Qfutnell Utiioetaitg ffiibtaty 
 
 iltttacEi, S^eiu ^pch 
 
 THE JAMES VERNER SCAIFE 
 
 COLLECTION 
 
 CIVIL WAR LITERATURE 
 
 THE GIFT OP 
 
 JAMES VERNER SCAIFE 
 
 CLASS OF 1889 
 
 1919 
 
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MY LITTLE 
 
 War Experience. 
 
 Historical Sketches and Memorabilia^ 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD W. SP ANGLER, 
 
 Private Company K, 
 
 130th Regfiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, 
 
 Second Brig^ade, Third Division, Second Corps, 
 
 Army of the Potomac. 
 
COPYRIGHTED 1904 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD W. SP ANGLER. 
 
 All Rights Reserved. 
 
 Printed by the York Dally Publlehing Company, York, Pa. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE generous tribute oi praise bestowed upon 
 the writer's brief and insignificant Army Ex- 
 perience upon its appearance serially in the 
 York Daily is his excuse for essaying its publication 
 in book form. This tribute was doubtless evoked 
 more by the appendant historical sketches than the 
 commonplace narrative itself. A large majority of 
 our present population has grown up since the termi- 
 nation of the terrible internecine struggle for the 
 maintenance of the Union, which logically ended in the 
 abolition of slavery and the perpetuity of republican 
 institutions. To them, especially, this book may be 
 instructive and entertaining — notably the parts relat- 
 ing to slavery — the primary cause of war, the bitter 
 hatred engendered thereby, the graphic battle descrip- 
 tions by the commanders on both sides of the great 
 contest, and the portrayal of the cognate contempora- 
 neous events. To the younger local population must 
 be peculiarly gratifying the patriotism displayed by 
 their ancestors in the enthusiastic war meetings held 
 in York, published in full because they were typical 
 of patriotic assemblages held during the war period 
 throughout the entire North. 
 
 The sires nobly supported the flag when the war 
 clouds first emerged above the horizon, and were ever 
 conspicuous in the stirring local events and scenes 
 enacted during the greatest conflict in history. Dur- 
 
IV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ing the great struggle, they, too aged themselves to 
 enlist, furnished their full quota of men and money, 
 and extended a most generous and practical hospital- 
 ity to the thousands of sick and wounded men sent 
 from the front to the York Soldiers' Hospital. They 
 were sons of heroic forbears of a County which sent 
 more equipped soldiers to the theatre of war in the 
 Revolution and lost more men in proportion to popu- 
 lation than any other section of the Colonies. 
 
 This prosaic narrative, without literary finish, is in 
 itself but a weak and attenuated thread which has 
 been made the expedient for suspending from it cam- 
 paign excerpts and historical sketches and memora- 
 bilia, relevant and irrelevant, that were believed to 
 be specially interesting and instructive. The book, 
 therefore, can justly be denominated a medley or 
 hodge-podge. The thrilling battle scene and other 
 pictures, perhaps too profuse, illustrative of the text 
 and as varied, were also conceived to be attractive to 
 the reader for whose entertainment, if any, this lyit- 
 tle War Experience was alone written and compiled. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Causes of the Great Civil War. 
 
 The Private Soldier. Protective Tariff and 
 African Slavery. Slavery in York County. 
 Sensational and Most Remarkable Negro Re- 
 ligious Meeting in New Orleans. Contention 
 FOR Secession. The Brutal Assault upon Sen- 
 ator Sumner. Intense Indignation in the 
 North. The Dred Scott Decision. Disgrace- 
 ful Melee in Congress. The John Brown In- 
 vasion I — 12 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 The Genesis of the War. 
 
 Southern States Secede. Patriotic Meetings 
 IN York. Fort Sumter Surrenders. Intense 
 Excitement in the North. Enlistments. Off 
 for the Front. At Arlington, Va. The 
 March through Maryland. The Battle of 
 South Mountain 13 — 28 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Antietam. 
 
 Nothing Like Imminent Peril to Stimulate 
 Piety. Sensations upon Entering a Battle. 
 The Fears Experienced by Generals Grant 
 and Sherman. The Battle of Antietam. The 
 Bloodiest Single Day of the War. "Bloody 
 Lane." Gallantry of the 130TH Regiment. 
 Compliments by Gen. French. Desperate Con- 
 dition of the Enemy. Errors and Mistakes. 29 — ^45 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Losses in Battle. 
 
 Immense Losses of the Second Corps. The Best 
 Fighting Corps in the Army. Its Extraor- 
 dinary Achievements. Confederate Descrip- 
 tion OF the Battle of Antietam. Comparison 
 OF Battle Losses with those of Europe. Im- 
 mense Superiority of the American Soldier. 
 My Shattered Rifle. Taken to Hagerstown 
 ON A Hay Wagon. The York Soldiers' Hospital. 
 
 30—53 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Fredericksburg. 
 
 Return to the Army. Picturesque Harper's 
 Ferry. Cousins in the Confederate Armies. 
 Gen. McClellan Removed. At Belle Plains. 
 Our Extreme Hardships and Sufferings. Ter- 
 rible Fighting in the City of Fredericksburg. 
 The Rigid Dead Confederate. Our Division 
 Makes the First Charge on Marye's Heights. 
 The Awful Slaughter. The Field Literally 
 Covered with Dead and Wounded. The En- 
 try of the Shell. Fortunate Escape. 
 
 54—69 
 
CONTENTS. vli 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Description of the Battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 By the Count of Paris, 'and Generals French 
 AND Couch. Gen. Franklin's Assertion that 
 Gen. Burnside's Going to Sleep Lost us the 
 Battle. His Erroneous Letter and Conclu- 
 sion. Gen. Burnside's Utter Incompetency. • 7° — 80 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 After the Battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 Taken to the Hospitals at Washington and 
 Philadelphia. Minister to a Wounded and 
 Dying Confederate. Thaddeus Stevens in 
 Congress. His Intellectual Supremacy, and 
 Invaluable Services in the Cause of the Union. 
 Noble Tribute by his Contemporaries. Henry 
 Ward Belcher's War Lectures. His Great 
 Speeches for the Union in Great Britain. He 
 Confronts Angry and Violents Mobs. Converts 
 a Hostile Public Sentiment at a Critical 
 Period. Fierce and Ludicrous Scenes. 81 — 86 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Chancellorsville. 
 
 Return to the Army in Front of Fredericksburg. 
 Winter Dug-outs. Picket Duty. Battle of 
 Chancellorsville. The Rout of the Eleventh 
 Corps. That Dreadful Saturday Night; Both 
 Armies Mixed Up in Total Darkness. Horrors 
 OF the Shrieking Wounded, Mingled Curses. 
 Havoc Wrought by the Artillery. 87 — 93 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Chancellorsville. 
 
 Stonewall Jackson's Mortal Wound and Death. 
 Thrown from his Litter. Graphic and Thrill- 
 ing Descriptions of the Horrible Night-Battle 
 AND Jackson's Tragic Death, by the Count of 
 Paris, and Jackson's Widow in his Memoirs. His 
 Rank as a Chieftain. A Religious Fanatic. 
 Demands the Killing of all Prisoners of War. 
 His Death, and not the Battle of Gettysburg, 
 the Turning Point of the War 94 — 108 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Chancellorsville. 
 
 The Battle Renewed on Sunday. Gen. Berry 
 Killed in our Company. The Fatal Blunder 
 OF his Successor. The Terrible Retreat Step 
 BY Step to an Inner Line. Hand to Hand 
 Conflict. Horses .Shot .Between .the .Lines. 
 President Lincoln's Unique Letter to Gen. 
 Hooker. The Latter's Incompetency as an 
 Army Commander. Corps Commanders in Coun- 
 cil OF War, Urge a Renewal of the Attack 
 which would have Retrieved the Disaster. 
 The Retreat to our Abandoned Winter 
 Quarters log — 120 
 
CONTENTS. ix 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Our Return Home. 
 
 Hospitable Reception Given by the Citizens of 
 York. Heroism Extolled. York County in 
 THE Revolutionary War. Continental Con- 
 gress IN YoRKTOWN. Generals Lafayette, Gates 
 and Wilkinson and the Conway Cabal in York. 
 The Unfought Duel. Ducking of the Tory 
 Rector in York. Banquet on the Commons to 
 THE 130TH Regiment. Witty Toasts and Elo- 
 quent Speeches. Complimentary Order by our 
 Division Commander, Gen. French. 120 — 129 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 NOTE I. 
 (Page 6. 
 
 Negro Religious Meeting. 
 
 Negro Religious Meeting in New Orleans before 
 THE Civil WIar. Graphic and Humorous De- 
 scriptions OF THE Ministers and Congregation 
 who even Surpassed in their Ejaculations, 
 Shrieks and Spasms the "Howling Dervishes" 
 of the East 131 — 138 
 
 NOTE 2. 
 (Page 8.) 
 
 Assault upon Senator Sumner. 
 
 The Murderous Assault by Preston Brooks upon 
 Senator Charles Sumner in 1856. A Most 
 Interesting Description of the Acrimonious 
 Slavery Debate that Led to it, and the Preg- 
 nant Consequences 139 — 144 
 
 NOTE 3- 
 (Page 10.) 
 
 Free Fight in Congress, 1858. 
 
 The Swagger of Southern Fire-eaters is Resented 
 BY Blows. Struggling Masses in Fistic Con- 
 flict. Grow fells Keitt. Ludricrous end of 
 THE Row. How the loss of the W,ig of Gen. 
 Barksdale (afterwards killed at Gettysburg) 
 Stopped the General Melee 145 — 148 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 NOTE 4- 
 (Page 12.) 
 
 John Brown Invasion. 
 
 The John Brown Raid and Battle at Harper's 
 Ferry. His Last Moments and Execution. In- 
 tense Excitement Throughout the Country. 
 149—153 
 
 NOTE 5. 
 (Page 14.) 
 
 Union Meeting in York, 1861. 
 
 154^155 
 
 NOTE 6. 
 (Page 15.) 
 
 Fearful Excitement in York. 
 
 "Large and Enthusiastic Town Meeting, April 
 i8th, 1861. Patriotic Speeches and Resolu- 
 tions. Aid for the Families of York Citizen 
 Soldiers. Telegraph and Railroad Communica- 
 tions WITH Baltimore Suspended. Ordering off 
 AND Departure of the York Military. Passage 
 of Troops. Patriotism of York Citizens." • 156 — 158 
 
 NOTE 7- 
 (Page 16.) 
 
 "The War Excitement in York." 
 
 Arrival of the Military. Over Five Thousand 
 Troops Quartered in York. Return of the 
 York Companies. Immense County Meeting. 
 Appropriation of $10,000 by the Commissioners 
 and $5,000.00 Subscribed for the Families of 
 Soldiers. Formation of a Home Guard 159 — 163 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 NOTE 8. 
 (Page 17.) 
 
 "The President's Call for Troops in 1862." 
 
 War Meeting in York. Large and Enthusiastic 
 Gathering of the People 164 — 166 
 
 NOTE Q. 
 (Page 48.) 
 
 Losses in Battle. 
 
 Our Battle and Regimental Losses in the Civil 
 War Compared with those of the Great Con- 
 flicts OF Europe. Americans the Best, most 
 Courageous and Tenacious Fighters in the 
 World. 167—170 
 
 NOTE ID. 
 (Page 55.) 
 
 Harper's Ferry. 
 
 By President Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 171 — 172 
 
 NOTE II. 
 (Page 83.) 
 
 Thaddeus Stevens. 
 The Great Commoner. 
 
 173— 181 
 
APPENDIX. xni 
 
 NOTE 12. 
 (Page 86.) 
 
 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher in Great Britain. 
 
 1863. 
 
 Delivers Brilliant Speeches to Convert the Dom- 
 inant Class of that Country to the Cause of 
 THE North. Is Confronted by Armed and Hos- 
 tile Mobs. In Imminent Peril. Graphic and 
 Humorous Descriptions. His Transcendent 
 Swaying Power as an Orator 182 — 187 
 
 NOTE 13. 
 
 (Page 122.) 
 
 Conway Cabal, Lafayette. 
 
 Gen. Lafayette's Rebuff to the Conway Cabal in 
 York. His Second Reception in York, 1825. 
 Early Stages and Primitive Cars 188 — 190 
 
 NOTE 14. 
 (Page 122.) 
 
 Gates— Wilkinson Duel. 
 
 Generals Gates and Wilkinson at York, 1778. 
 They meet to Fight a Duel at the "English 
 Church," York. The Conway Cabal 191 — 194 
 
 NOTE i.s. 
 (Page 123.) 
 
 The Ducking of the Tory Rector in York. 
 
 1775- 
 194—195 
 
 NOTE 16. 
 (Page 123.) 
 
 York County Patriotism in the 
 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 196 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Edward W. Spangler, 1863-1903 Frontispiece 
 
 Soldiers and Sailors Monument, York, Pa. 
 
 The Cause of the Civil War ! 4 
 
 United States Slave Trade (old print) 4 
 
 African Slavery (old print) 12 
 
 John Brown 12 
 
 Off for the Front, 1861 18 
 
 Return of the Survivors, 1865 18 
 
 Col. Michael H. Spangler, 1814 24 
 
 Battle Monument, Baltimore, 1838 24 
 
 Defeat of Gen. Braddock (old print) 28 
 
 The Battle of Bloody Run (old print) 28 
 
 Where Gen. Grant was Frightened 30 
 
 The Commons, York, Pa 30 
 
 Battery in Full Charge 36 
 
 Bloody Lane, Antietam 36 
 
 Havoc Wrought to a Battery 40 
 
 Fire too Hot; Limbering Up 40 
 
 Artillery in Action 46 
 
 French's Division at Antietam 46 
 
 Harper's Ferry, 1830 50 
 
 Spengler Hall, Strasburg, Va 50 
 
 Settler's Cabin in Primeval Forest 54 
 
 An Old Virginia Mill 54 
 
 Hospital Scene as Seen by the Reserves 58 
 
 A Battle with Mosby's Guerillas 58 
 
 Supply Trains, Belle Plains, Va 62 
 
 Laying Pontoons at Fredericksburg 62 
 
 Bombardment of Fredericksburg 68 
 
LIST OF ILLRSTRATIONS XV 
 
 A Recollection of Fredericksburg 68 
 
 Charge of Second Corps on Marye's Heights 72 
 
 Charge on the Ramparts, Fredericksburg 72 
 
 An Evening in Camp at the Front 78 
 
 The Mills House, Fredercksburg 78 
 
 The Standard Bearer Faithful unto Death 84 
 
 After the Battle 84 
 
 The Dream of the Soldier 92 
 
 Severing Communications 92 
 
 Gen. Hooker's Headquarters, Chancellorsville 100 
 
 Stampede of the Eleventh Corps, Chancellorsville. . . . loo 
 
 Artillery Massed at Chancellorsville 106 
 
 Battle on the Plank Road, Chancellorsville 106 
 
 On the March to Chancellorsville 114 
 
 Retreat from Chancellorsville 114 
 
 York's Fourth Company in the Revolution 122 
 
 Return of the Veterans 126 
 
 The Last Muster 126 
 
 The Slave Market, Ancient Rome 136 
 
 Return of the Missionary and Slave 136 
 
 The Last Moments of John Brown 150 
 
 Abolishing Slavery in the House 1 50 
 
 Capt. Rudolph Spengler's Comp. in the Revolution. . 156 
 
 Centre Square, York, Pa 162 
 
 East Market Street, York, Pa 162 
 
 Reconnoitring 168 
 
 Hon. Thaddeus Stevens I74 
 
 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher 184 
 
 Bent on Storming a Beecher Meeting 184 
 
 Gen. LaFayette's Stage Tour, 1825 188 
 
 Ball Given to Gen. LaFayette, York, Pa 188 
 
 Primitive Coal Train 192 
 
 Primitive Passenger Train 192 
 
 Continental Congress at York, 1777 196 
 
 Stop Firing 202 
 
 Last Thoughts 202 
 
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS MONUMENT, YORK, PA, 
 
My Little War Experience. 
 
 Ctd:A.F"rE::Fi I. 
 
 The Causes of the Great Civil War. 
 
 The Private Soldier. Protective Tariff and 
 African Slavery. Slavery in York County. 
 Sensational and most remarkable Negro Re- 
 ligious Meeting in New Orleans. Contention 
 for Secession. The Brutal Assault upon Sen- 
 ator Sumner. Intense Indignation in the 
 North. The Dred Scott Decision. Disgrace- 
 ful Melee in Congress. The John Brown In- 
 vasion. 
 
 IN compiling the historical portion of a work issued 
 several years ago* the writer found but few scraps 
 . that threw light upon the movements or experi- 
 ences of the battalions of York County troops sent to 
 the front in the - Revolutionary War. Any personal 
 narrative, even from a private soldier, would have- 
 
 ^Spangler Annals, with Local Histoiical Sketches. 
 
2 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 been of great local historical value and profoundly 
 interesting. 
 
 Perhaps in the distant future some local chronicler in 
 writing with a proper perspective the history of the 
 York County troops in the great Civil War, may glean 
 at least a bit of information from these pages in relating 
 the inconsiderable part taken by the 130th Regiment, 
 Pennsylvania Volunteers, of which the writer was a 
 yonthful and humble private. 
 
 The private soldier in an army of 100,000 or more, 
 men is, individually a mere atom, as it were, playing a 
 very insignificant part. The range of his observation is 
 limited to his immediate surroundings. He knows no- 
 thing of the destination of his division, the general 
 movements of the army, or the plans of a campaign. 
 His province is to obey orders and shoot. 
 
 But why the fierce, savage and rentless fratricidal 
 strife and dreadful carnage between the North and South 
 for four long, anxious and heartrending years, with a 
 sacrifice of 360,000 Union soldiers, and a cost of $3,- 
 000,000,000 in money, to which must be added $2,700, 
 000,000 paid since in pensions? The only answer, is. 
 Slavery, with a protective tariff as an incident. The 
 conflict between slavery and treedom was "an irrepressi- 
 ble conflict." 
 
 The great moral and social evil was so radical and 
 deeply rooted that a permanent cure could only be effect- 
 ed by a resort to arms, with emancipation as a logical 
 sequence. Most of the decisive wars in Christendom, 
 since the dark ages, have, like our great struggle, been 
 waged to mitigate or eradicate some great moral and 
 public wrong, eventuating in the amelioration and up- 
 lifting of mankind. Abraham I/incoln rightly contend- 
 ed that the Union could not exist half free and half slave, 
 
THE CAUSES OF THE WAR. 3 
 
 and the South, recognizing the fact, made war against 
 the Union to decide the issue. The pregnant and por- 
 tentous events that led up successively to the final crisis 
 and crash may, as introductory, prove instructive at 
 least to the generation born since the war. 
 
 The remote and proximate causes of the great Civil 
 War, as stated, were tariflf for protection and African 
 slavery. The South, devoted solely to agricultural in- 
 terests, demanded free trade. The North, depending 
 largely for its wealth upon the products of its manufac- 
 turing industries, insisted upon protection. The prices 
 of fabricated commodities being enhanced, as alleged, as 
 a result of a protective tariff without a corresponding 
 compensation to the South, John C. Calhoun and his 
 States' sovereignty associates asserted that the laying 
 of imposts, not for revenue, but for protection, was 
 ultra vires — an illegal exercise or want of power; that 
 the States had the right to judge of infractions of the 
 Federal Constitution and could nullify such laws by 
 right of Constitutional resistance. The arguments in 
 support of this doctrine by orators of scholastic attain 
 ments were more metaphysical and refined than rational 
 and sound.* 
 
 The chief source, however, of irreconcilable division 
 was slavery. Upon the invention of the cotton-gin in 
 
 *Mr. Calhoun, in 1816, made a vigorous speech in behalf of a protec- 
 tive tariflE as calculated . "to bind together more closely our wide-spread 
 republic." In 1832, and years prior thereto, the Southern States were 
 almost unanimous for free trade, and so now was Mr. Calhoun, their brilliant 
 exponent, and as there was no immediate prospect of a repeal of the exist- 
 ing protective system. South Carolina in the same year adopted an ordi- 
 nance to nullify the tarifiE, and if not repealed, avowed a determination 
 to declare its independence. One of the leading facts in President Jack- 
 son's administration was the prompt and complete crushing of the con- 
 templated secessive of South Carolina, and in which he threatened "by 
 the Eternal to hang Calhoun higher than Haman." 
 
4 MY LITTLB WAR KXPKRIENCE. 
 
 1793, cotton planting became immensely profitable; 
 slave labor, indispensable in its ciiltivation, was in ex- 
 cessive demand, and negroes were imported in vast 
 numbers.* 
 
 In the opinion of the Southern planter, the slave 
 catcher in Africa was a greater benefactor than the re- 
 ligious missionary; that the capture and enslavement of 
 the hapless African negro contributed immeasurably to 
 his benefit and advantage, and that the institution itself 
 had the sanction of Divine authority. The ascendancy 
 of slave labor degraded and crowded out the relf-respect- 
 ing white laborer, and left a class known since as the 
 "poor whites," shiftless and densely ignorant. 
 
 Immigrants refused to settle in the slave States and 
 capital declined investment, and in consequence the 
 Northern States were growing so much faster than the 
 South in wealth and population that the latter became 
 apprehensive of its ability to extend the institution of 
 slavery into the territories which were rapidly filling 
 with settlers, the majority of whom, save in the South- 
 west, were from the North. 
 
 The slave holders asserted that not only would this 
 extension be arrested, but by reason of the rapidly-in- 
 creasing and intensifying abolition sentiment in the 
 Free States, the institution was menaced in the States 
 in which it already existed. The antagonism thus en- 
 
 *Prior to the discovery of the cotton-gin, the South was engaged in in- 
 dustrial pursuits. Its representative citizens— Washington, JeflEerson, 
 Governor Spottswood and Col. William Bird and others of equal rank — 
 were engaged in manufacturing. But the "cotton-saw" opened the 
 Southern region to a new field for energy and capital, which for half a 
 century, by slave labor, yielded most extraordinary profits. In 1791, 
 186,316 pounds of cotton were exported; but the invention principally 
 raised it to 17,789,803 pounds in 1800. By this very fact it fastened 
 slavery on the South for at least a generation longer than it would otherwise 
 have existed. 
 
THE CAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR. (Old print.) 
 
 UJiS'lTEB STAXKS SJL.AVK TlKA\.DlE. 
 
 Old Print.) 
 
THE CAUSES OF THE WAR. 5 
 
 gendered had its origin in the beginning of our history. 
 But for the compromises on the slavery question inserted 
 in the Constitution — the permission to import slaves 
 until 1808, the three-fifths representation of slaves in 
 Congress, and the return of fugitives from service to the 
 owner — the Thirteen States would not have been able 
 in 1787 "to form a more perfect Union." 
 
 The anti-slavery agitation in England which ended 
 in the memorable Act of 1807, abolishing the slave trade 
 in the British Colonies, exercised a powerful influence 
 in the United States. 
 
 For sentimental and economic reasons, slavery in the 
 North was gradually abolished. In 1780 the Legisla- 
 ture in Pennsylvania passed an act for its gradual aboli- 
 tion. The slaves in 1790 in York County, which then 
 included Adams County, were 499, and 156 in 1800. 
 The last slave in York County died in 1841. 
 
 The subjoined advertisements in the Pennsylvania 
 Herald and York Advertiser of January 4th, 1792, show 
 even as early as the end of the i8th Century, the horrors 
 of slavery in selling the slave mother from her children, 
 and the brutal application of the lash:* 
 
 *"To BE Sold. 
 
 "A healthy stout MuUato Wench 16 years old; she had the small pox 
 and measles, can cook, wash and can do most sorts of house work. In- 
 quire of Robert White, Tavern Keeper, York. 
 
 Feb. 14, 1798." 
 
 " Negro Female. 
 
 "The subscriber has for sale a NEGRO FEMALE, who is a slave for 
 life, about 32 years of age, very healthy and stout, well acquainted with 
 business, either in house or field; she has three female children, the oldest 
 near six years of age, and the youngest about three months; the two oldest 
 are registered according to law. The largeness of the subscriber's own 
 family, and her propensity for breeding, are the principal reasons she is 
 offered for sale. The purchaser on giving bond and sufficient security, 
 will be indulged with one year's credit, or more if necessary. A tender- 
 ness in separating a parent from her children, is the inducement for pro- 
 
6 MY LITTLE WAE EXPERIENCE. 
 
 In the Southern States, the slaves of the old aristo- 
 cratic families were generally treated kindly and taken 
 care of in old age. They were given religious instruc- 
 tion, and the services, under the guidance of colored 
 ministers, were fervent and earnest, even if they appear- 
 ed extremely boisterous, comical and ludicrous to the 
 educated white observer. A very entertaining and hu- 
 morous description of one of these remarkable religious 
 gatherings is given by a noted traveller throughout the 
 South before the war.f 
 
 But there was a large minority of slave-owners, — a 
 large majority in the Cotton States, — who subjected 
 their slaves to great hardships and cruelties — a class so 
 vividly depicted in "Uncle Tom's Cabin." They had 
 no compunctions whatever in cruelly over-working their 
 slaves, and on the coarsest diet, and in exercising the 
 lash with undue severity, torturing with the pillory, and 
 in separating on the auctioneer's block the husband 
 from his wife and the parents from their children. 
 
 These abuses, repugnant to every moral feeling, na- 
 turally intensified the anti-slavery feeling of the Free 
 States, and accentuated the determination to prevent the 
 extenstion of the institution into the territories. New 
 
 tApp. Note 1. 
 
 posing the whole together; but if circumstances on contracting, render it 
 necessary, they will be sold separately, except the youngest, by 
 
 Oct. 13, 1790. Moses McClean, Gettysburg, Pa " 
 
 "Thirty Dollars Reward." 
 
 ".Runaway from the subscribers, November 26, 1791, living on Sugar- 
 land Run, Loudon County, Virginia, two negro men named Philip and 
 Daniel. Phil is about 30 years old. He is apt to smile when spoken to, 
 has a flat nose, large mouth, thick lips, wrinkled forehead, with some scars 
 on it, and has the marks of the whip on his back." 
 
 " Daniel is a low full-fed lad 19 years of age, and has a scar on the joint 
 of his little finger and hand. James Coleman. 
 
 John Jenkins." 
 
THE CAUSES OF TH« WAR. 7 
 
 and increased markets for slaves being thus menaced, and 
 the tariff laws arraigned as an alleged unconstitutional 
 invasion of their rights, the slave States contemplated, 
 even in the first quarter of the last century a political 
 separation. With this end in view, their statesmen 
 contended that the bond which held the States together 
 was a mere compact, and the Federal Union a league or 
 confederation which might be dissolved at the will of 
 the States. 
 
 It was held by the statesmen of the North, and in the 
 earlier days by the constitutional lawyers and jurists of 
 the South, that when the States adopted the Federal 
 Constitution, the several States abdicated, except as to 
 the local powers reserved, their sovereignty to the Fed- 
 eral Union, and that, after such abdication, the States 
 possessed none of the attributes of sovereignty, such as 
 coining money, laying imposts, emitting bills of credit, 
 making treaties and levying war. The government of 
 the United States being therefore a Nation, no one State 
 could secede from the Union without the consent of all 
 the others. It was never denied that the inalienable 
 right of revolution, by reason of intolerable oppression, 
 resided inherently in every people. But that was not 
 the contention of the South for the basis of revolution 
 did not exist. The right contended for was that ot 
 secession in virtue of the Constitution. 
 
 With the famous Missouri Compromise began the 
 aligned slavery struggle that led to the Civil War. In 
 1820, the territory of Missouri, a part of the Jefferson, 
 Louisana Purchase of 1803, applied to Congress for ad- 
 mission as a State into the Union. It was proposed that 
 it be admitted as a free State. This bitterly enraged 
 the pro-slavery party of the South; and then began a 
 long series of acrimonious discussions both in and out 
 
8 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 of Congress. It was finally agreed that slavery be per- 
 mitted in Missouri, but prohibited in all the territories 
 north and west of the northern boundary of Arkansas. 
 This was supposed to be a complete settlement of the 
 slavery dispute; but soon proved to be a source of 
 trouble, the South alleging that it had been obstructed 
 in the constitutional exercise of its slave property rights. 
 
 In 1850, the Fugitive Slave Bill was passed, enabling 
 the slave holder to recover his slaves in the free states. 
 Any assistance rendered a fugitive to enable him to 
 escape was penal and subjected the party to damages. 
 All citizens were required, when called upon by the 
 officers of arrest, to render personal assistance in the 
 performance of their duties. These officers were gener- 
 ally the scum of the earth, and unscrupulous in their 
 effiarts to secure the big rewards offered for the restitu- 
 tion of fugitives. To command a free people with 
 humitarian instincts, under a posse comitatus, to join 
 in a hunt of maltreated and hounded slaves was so 
 ■odious and repugnant that a refusal nearly always fol- 
 lowed the fiendish demand, and the law became practi- 
 cally a dead letter. 
 
 In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed; the 
 act of repeal giving the people of all the territories the 
 option to adopt or exclude slavery when applying for 
 admission as States. Then began the bitter contention 
 in the territory of Kansas. Freemen rushed in from 
 the North, and Border Ruffians mostly from Missouri. 
 A reign of terror and violence ensued unparalled in the 
 history of the country. Kansas, despite the determined 
 pro-slavery efibrts of the Buchanan administration, was 
 ultimately admitted as a free State. 
 
 It was during the acrimonious debate in the United 
 States Senate in 1856, on the "Crime against Kansas," 
 
THE CAUSES OP THE WAR. » 
 
 that the cowardly and murderous assault was made in 
 the Senate Chamber by Preston Brooks a member of 
 the House from South Carolina, on Senator Charles 
 Sumner, of Massachusetts.* It was the most sensational 
 •event before the war and stirred the North to its depths. 
 The day after the assault many members of Congress 
 went to their seats armed. 
 
 In 1857, the remarkable Dred Scott decision was 
 rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, 
 under which the owner might, without molestation, 
 carry his slaves with him into any State in the Union. 
 Slaves were declared by the Court to be mere chattels or 
 things, same as cattle, and had no standing in Court. 
 
 In the State of Pennsylvania even swine were held 
 to have a locus standi; for there is found a Supreme 
 Court case in 1833, reported in loth Sergeant &Rawle, 
 page 393, entitled The Commonwealth at the relation 
 of Jonathan Wilson against Fourteen Hogs, in which 
 the hogs were captured, and secured their freedom by 
 an action in the nature of a habeas corpus. The Su- 
 preme Court said: " The argument on the part of the 
 captor here is, that a hog is an out-law, caput lupinum, 
 and may be shot down like a mad dog," a position that 
 the Court denied. 
 
 In the opinion filed in the Dred Scott case, the Su- 
 preme Court for the first and only time enunciated the 
 indefensible doctrine, originated by Calhoun, that the 
 Constitution extended ex proprio vigore (of its own 
 force) over acquired territory; in other words, that inas- 
 much as the organic law permitted slavery in the States, 
 it carried itself into the acquired territories, and that 
 the laws of Congress limiting slavery in certain terri- 
 tories, as in the Missouri Compromise, and allowing the 
 *App. Note 2. 
 
10 MY WTTLM WAR EXPERIENCE 
 
 people of a territory to determine whether it should be 
 free or slave when applying for admission into the Union, 
 were unconstitutional. This decision is the one chiefly 
 relied upon by the appellants in the Porto Rico and 
 Philippine importation cases, argued in the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, and which a year ago (1902) 
 challenged the attention of the entire country. 
 
 A citizen of Porto Rico in 1900 imported merchan- 
 dise from his island; a soldier brought rings to San 
 Francisco from the Philippines, and were both taxed as 
 imports from foreign countries. The contention was 
 made by the attorneys for the appellants, that the mo- 
 ment these new insular possessions were ceded by Spain 
 to the United States, under the treaty of Paris, they be- 
 came integral parts of the United States, and its people, 
 ipse jure, citizens thereof ; and inasmuch as commerce 
 is free of duty between the States under the provisions 
 of the Constitution, and as the latter, under the Dred 
 Scott decision, carries itself by its own force into ac- 
 quired territory, therefore the imposition of custom 
 duties upon commerce between these islands and the 
 United States was a palpable infraction of the Consti- 
 tution. 
 
 The antagonism between the North and South 
 reached a climax in Congress in 1858 when occurred a 
 disgraceful melee in the lower house of Congress be- 
 tween struggling masses. The encounter was fierce with 
 a most ludicrous ending.* 
 
 One of the most exciting and momentous events of 
 the country was the John Brown Raid at Harper's 
 Ferry, Va., in the fall of 1859, ^^^ ^^^ capture by 
 United States troops under the command of Captain 
 Robert E. Lee, afterwards the most famous of Confed- 
 
 *App. Note 3. 
 
THB CAUSES OF THE WAR. 11 
 
 erate Generals. The bitter feeling engendered on both 
 sides by the Dred Scott aflfair was aggravated by this 
 filibustering incursion, and Brown's violent methods 
 were treated by the South as a demonstration of North- 
 ern sentiment. The execution of John Brown and his 
 associates by the Sheriff of the County was doubtless 
 justified by the law of the land but proved to be a signal 
 blunder. Under the peculiar circumstances executive 
 clemency should have been extended. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln spoke in the Cooper Institute, New 
 York, February 27th, i860, and referred to John Brown 
 in cold, measured and judicial words: "John Brown's 
 effort was peculiar," he said. "It was not a slave in- 
 surrection, it was an attempt by white men to get up a 
 revolt among slaves, in which the slaves refused to par- 
 ticipate. In fact, it was so absurd that the slaves, with 
 all their ignorance, saw plainly enough it could not 
 succeed. That affair in its philosophy corresponds with 
 the many attempts related in history at the assassination 
 of kings and emperors. An enthusiast broods over the 
 oppression of a people until he fancies himself com- 
 missioned by Heaven to liberate them. He ventures 
 the attempt, which ends in little else than his own ex- 
 ecution." 
 
 John Brown was controlled by the noblest motives, 
 the highest sentiments of philanthropy and humanity. 
 However fatuous, unlawful and violent his methods, he 
 represented in his convictions on the great national evil 
 of slavery the sentiment and conscience of the North. 
 His purpose was the freedom of a race, a purpose since 
 achieved, and in which the people of the South, and 
 the exponents of Southern opinion, now profess to re- 
 joice. It is even now (1903) proposed to place the 
 statutes of Gen. Robert E. I^ee, of Virginia, and John 
 
12 MY LITTI,E WAR EXPERIENCB. 
 
 Brown, of Kansas, as representatives of their respective 
 States among the immortals in the Statuary Hall of 
 Fame in Washington. 
 
 The last sad moments of John Brown, the stern old 
 Puritan, have been ably depicted on canvas and in 
 verse.* 
 
 *App. Note 4. 
 
AFRICAN SLAVERY. (Old print) 
 
 
 JOHN BROWN, (pp 10, 149) 
 
OtiA^F-TE^FS II. 
 
 The Genesis of the War. 
 
 Southern States Secede. Patriotic Meetings 
 IN York. Fort Sumter Surrenders. Intense 
 Excitement in the North. Enlistments. Off 
 FOR THE Front. At Arlington, Va. The 
 March through Maryl^^-nd. The Battle of 
 South Mountain. 
 
 DURING the greater part of the Buchanan admin- 
 istration, the South secretly and sedulously be- 
 gan making preparations for war. Buchanan's 
 Secretary of War treacherously transferred from North- 
 ern to Southern arsenals large stores of arms and ammu- 
 nition. The small arms so distributed and sold to the 
 Southern States up to 1861 amounted to one hundred 
 and fifty thousand of the most improved pattern. Thus 
 the North, to a large extent, was unarmed, whilst the 
 South was thoroughly equipped for the coming conflict. 
 After the eleetion of Abraham L,incoln, the Southern 
 States, one after another, passed ordinances of Secession 
 — the border slave States remaining irresolute until 
 later, — and on the 4th of February, i860, the delegates 
 of the seceded States met in general congress at Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama. In these States the ordinance of 
 
14 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Secession was received with great rejoicing: bon-fires 
 were lit, the towns illuminated, and the militia paraded 
 the streets; and in many cases the Federal Arsenals 
 were seized and the Federal forts occupied by the State 
 troops. 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was in- 
 augurated. The Southern orators, notwithstanding the 
 President's pacific assurances, renewed with still greater 
 insolence, taunt and sarcasm, their diatribes against the 
 freemen of the North, who were designated dough-faces 
 and cowards, and who would not dare to use force to 
 compel the seceding States to remain in the Union. 
 
 The political atmosphere of the whole country had 
 for a long time been in an electrical condition which 
 presaged a storm. Indignation and resentment were 
 accentuated in the North to a pitch that required only 
 an overt act to give the "Irrepressible Conflict" a bellig- 
 erent expression. Patriotic meetings were held all 
 over the North. York was not a laggard. 
 
 A large and enthusiastic War Meeting was held in 
 the Court House on January 8th, 1861, for the purpose 
 of considering the grave condition of National affairs. 
 A Committee of thirty-three members reported resolu- 
 tions which demanded a total sacrifice of all partisan 
 feeling, denounced the right of secession, and expressed 
 a determination to give an earnest, decided and effective 
 support in vindicating the Constitution and enforcing 
 the laws.* 
 
 The storm came like a cyclone upon the capture of 
 Fort Sumter, April 13, 1861. This intelligence set the 
 entire North aflame with patriotism. It acted as an in- 
 spiration, consolidating public sentiment, and dissipating 
 political differences. President Lincoln forthwith issued 
 *App. Note 5. 
 
THR GENESIS OF THE WAR. 15 
 
 a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 
 three months, which was responded to with an unparal- 
 leled outburst of enthusiasm. The young and middle- 
 aged rallied to the standard of the Union with a celerity 
 that astonished even the fire-eating Southerners, who 
 fatuously believed that the dismemberment and destruc- 
 tion of the Republic, and the establishment of a slave 
 empire in the South, would be an easy task. 
 
 The present generation can form no adequate concep- 
 tion of the indignation and intense excitement of that 
 memorable April 13th, and the weeks following. In 
 the history of National uprisings it was unequalled. 
 All were for immediate war. On the i8th of April, the 
 citizens of York assembled in the Court House in great 
 numbers, for the purpose of giving a practical expres- 
 sion of their devotion to the Union. The Borough au- 
 thorities appropriated $1,000.00, the County Commis- 
 sioners made an appropriation of $10,000.00 the week 
 following; Hanover and Wrightsville gave liberally, 
 and nearly $4,000.00 were contributed by the citizens of 
 York.* 
 
 On April 19th the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in 
 passing through Baltimore was attacked by a large mob, 
 and a number killed and wounded. Portions of the 
 track of the Northern Central Railroad were torn up 
 and the bridges burned between Cockeysville and Balti- 
 more. 
 
 On Satarday, April 20, at 11 o'clock P. M., the York 
 Rifles and the Worth Infantry Companies left in a special 
 train going towards Baltimore, and were stationed in 
 squads at the several bridges of the road in Maryland as 
 far as Cockeysville. Ten or twelve trains containing 
 3,000 troops passed through York on Sunday for Ash- 
 
 *App. Note 6. 
 
16 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 land and Cockeysville. On Monday, these regiments re- 
 turned and encamped on the Pair Grounds, and by the 
 7th ot May, 5,500 men were in camp there. 
 
 These troops were soon after transferred to General 
 Patterson's command operating beyond Harper's Ferry 
 to prevent Gen. Joseph E. Johnson's division from re- 
 enforcing Gen. Beauregard at Manasses. Johnson out- 
 generaled Patterson, and his timely support of Beaure- 
 gard's exhausted and shattered forces lost us the battle 
 of Bull Run. 
 
 The great war meeting of April 20th, 1861, was suc- 
 ceeded by a patriotic meeting of the ladies of York who 
 offered their services in preparing lint and bandages 
 and to minister to the sick and wounded soldiers, 
 ministrations that were emphasized in a most worthy, 
 signal and practical manner a year later when on the 
 Commons of York a large soldiers' barracks was convert- 
 ed into a spacious hospital which was filled with thous- 
 ands of sick and wounded men until the end of the war 
 — total 14,256. From the beginning of the month of 
 May regiments of troops passed daily through York for 
 the seat of war, cheering lustly as they passed through 
 the city. Company after company was recruited in 
 York and sent to the front.* 
 
 On July 21, 1 86 1, was fought the disastrous battle of 
 Bull Run. In response to President Lincoln's second 
 call, patriots flocked to arms, and on December 2, 1861, 
 the Union armies aggregated 660,971 men. July i, 
 1862, ended the "seven days' battle" on the Chicka, 
 hominy before Richmond, and the retreat of McClellan's 
 Army to the James river. 
 
 On August 4th, 1862, President lyincoln called for 
 300,000 volunteers to serve for nine months. In con- 
 
 *App. Note 7. 
 
THE GE^fKSIS OE THE WAR. 17 
 
 sequence, another war meeting was held by the citizens 
 of York, for the purpose of taking measures to fill the 
 county's quota — four companies which were quickly re- 
 cruited.* 
 
 In the fall of 1861, I was rejected on account of my 
 youth and small stature as a drummer boy in the 87th 
 Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers then forming on the 
 York Commons, — eight Companies from York County 
 and two from Adams. 
 
 It was on these historic Commons that the York 
 Troops in the Revolutionary War were recruited and 
 drilled ; and where two regiments of the Pennsylvania 
 I/ine in 1781 on their way to the South under General 
 Anthony Wayne, encamped. On account of the priva- 
 tions and want of supplies, mutiny became rampant in 
 the camp, and after a drumhead Court martial, seven 
 were shotf On these Commons, also, 5,000 Pennsyl- 
 vania Militia assembled in the War of 1812-14 ready,, 
 if needed, to confront the British at Baltimore or else- 
 where. 
 
 About August 5th, 1862, having obtained my mother's 
 written consent, tearfully given, to my enlistment in the 
 army, in company with my brother Frank, two years my 
 senior, we resigned our store clerkships. I was then a 
 little over sixteen years of age and weighed ninety-two 
 pounds. A company was recruited by Levi Maish with 
 headquarters in the Hartman building which Frank and 
 I joined. The Company was quickly filled, and with 
 three other York County Companies immediately re- 
 paired to Harrisburg and rendezvoused at Camp Cur- 
 tin, about one mile North of the Capitol. 
 
 Volunteers responded to the President's call through- 
 
 *App. Note 8. 
 
 tNote — Spangler Annals, pp. S69-574. 
 
18 MY LITTI<E WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 out the State by hundreds and thousands ; companies 
 were formed and assigned to regiments in the Camp. 
 Only those then living have a true conception of the 
 patriotic ardor and wild enthusiasm that prevailed. 
 Every train to Harrisburg carried companies in citizen 
 clothes to march out a week later in uniforms of blue 
 with glistening rifles and bayonets. 
 
 Our first night's experience consisted in sleeping in 
 tents, on board floors, the reverse of comfort. The next 
 day the company was assembled in a large tent, and ex- 
 amined nude by an army surgeon. When my turn 
 came to be inspected, sounded and measured, he said to 
 me, "Young man, you are only five foot two — two inches 
 too short." I immediately stood on my toes and said) 
 "Try it again." He did; and, winking, replied, "That's 
 all right." I afterwards wished that I hadn't been so 
 fertile in resource. 
 
 Meanwhile, ten companies were selected, from the 
 -scores of new companies just arrived in camp, to form 
 the regiment — four from York County and six from 
 Cumberland County and vicinity — and designated the 
 130th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. On August 
 '9th, 1862, the regiment was aligned and mustered into 
 the service of the United States for a period of nine 
 months, unless sooner discharged by a termination of 
 ■the war. The following morning. Governor Curtin de- 
 livered the regimental flag in a most eloquent and pa- 
 triotic address. We immediately marched, amid the 
 plaudits of the people of Harrisburg, to the railroad 
 station, where we were placed in box cars and started 
 for Washington. On our arrival at York, a large con- 
 course of relatives and friends awaited us and gave us a 
 most enthusiastic reception, and a tearful and God-Bless- 
 You send-off. 
 
From Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 
 
 OFF FOR THE FRONT, 1861. (p18) 
 
 RETURN OF THE SURVIVORS, 1865. 
 Grand Review of the Union Armies at WasPiington. 
 
THB GENESIS OP THE WAR. 19 
 
 The regiment arrived at Baltimore about 6 P. M. 
 The demonstrations of the populace so far as manifested 
 were friendly, the hostile mob element of the previous 
 year having mostly gone into the Confederate Army. 
 In marching up Calvert Street from Calvert Station, we 
 passed in Monument Square the famous Battle Monu- 
 ment with its Egyptian base surmounted with a classic 
 shaft, griffins and eagles, and bassi relievi representing 
 battle scenes of the fierce struggle in 1814 at North 
 Point, below the city, between our militia forces and 
 the British troops just fresh from their victory at Blad- 
 ensburg. Gen. Ross, the British Commander-in-Chief, 
 was killed, and his forces driven to their ships. It was 
 in this battle that Captain Michael H. Spangler's York 
 Rifles, the only Pennsylvania troops in the engagement, 
 fought with great gallantry.* 
 
 Upon our arrival at Camden Station of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad, we were furnished supper by the 
 Union Relief Association of the city. We arrived in 
 Washington at midnight, and were quartered at the 
 Soldiers' Retreat, a spacious wooden structure, at the 
 railroad depot. At daylight we got our first view of the 
 white marble Capitol. We had never before seen an 
 edifice so large, noble, majestic and imposing in appear- 
 ance. Its present lofty dome, with its tiers of columns, 
 beautiful ornamentations, its summit surmounted by the 
 colossal statute of Liberty, was then erected only a score 
 of feet above the adjacent wings, with a huge crane pro- 
 jecting from the opening. 
 
 After breakfast, the regiment with colors flying moved 
 under a hot sun up Pennsylvania Avenue, unpaved and 
 full of ruts, down to Long Bridge spanning the Po- 
 tomac, which we crossed, and proceeded to Camp Welles 
 
 *Spaiiglei Annals, pp. 161, 475. 
 
20 MY LITTLE WAR KXPERIENCE. 
 
 three miles beyond, where we bivouacked for the night. 
 A day or two after, our company was detailed to guard 
 and protect Arlington, an old classic Virginia mansion 
 with an estate of a thousand acres on the right bank of 
 the Potomac immediately opposite Washington. The 
 buildings, surrounded by venerable trees, consisted of a 
 large and stately brick structure with slave quarters and 
 stables. From the ample porch with its immense Colo- 
 nial columns, we had a picturesque view of the Capitol 
 City. The old portraits of the Custis and L,ee families 
 were still hanging on the parlor walls. For years prior 
 to the outbreak of the war it was the home of General 
 Robert E. Lee who married a daughter of George Wash- 
 ington Parke Custis, a grandson of Mrs. Washington. 
 The interior architecture in Mr. Custis' time, was a per- 
 fect reproduction ot an aristocratic Virginia interior of 
 a century ago. All about the place had the aspect of 
 antiquity and former wealth and ease. Where is now 
 located the beautiful Soldiers' National Cemetery was 
 then a dense forest of stately oaks and chestnuts ex- 
 tending miles around. 
 
 It was rumored that our company was detached to 
 perform guard duty at Arlington during our entire term 
 of service. To this we emphatically demurred, as we 
 had enlisted to fight the enemy, and not to protect from 
 spoliation the property of the great Confederate chief- 
 tain. However, after a week's service, we were ordered 
 to return to our regiment. The next day the regiment 
 marched about six miles further up the Potomac pass- 
 ing many lorts on the way, and encamped at Fort Marcy 
 near the Chain Bridge. The day was very hot and 
 sultry, and the marching with our heavy clothing and 
 accoutrements very fatiguing. Many were exhausted 
 and fell out of the ranks before half the distance was 
 
THE GENESIS OF THE WAR. 21 
 
 compassed. Singlarly enough, I was not one of the 
 number and reached the new camp with the regiment. 
 
 Here we had our first company and regimental drills, 
 which, with picket duty and swimming the rapid and 
 turbulent current of the falls of the Potomac, constitut- 
 ed our daily routine. Company cooking in huge iron 
 kettles gave us a monotonous daily supply of bean-soup, 
 often burnt in the cooking, for our noonday meal. This 
 constrained us to hanker for active service in which the 
 commissary doles to each soldier his meagre and inex- 
 pensive ration to appease with his own cooking an ap- 
 petite that is always keen. 
 
 While at Fort Marcy, the bloody battle of Second Bull 
 Run on August 29th and 30th was fought. The terrific 
 cannonading sounded to us like the continuous detona- 
 tions of distant thunder. We were anxious to know the 
 result of the battle, and had not long to wait, for, on the 
 second day after, along came the retreating Army of the 
 Potomac, dust-laden, ragged and weary. 
 
 On the 5th of September began the invasion of Mary- 
 land by Gen. L,ee's Army, and on the 6th the Army ot 
 the Potomac, under Gen. McClellan, crossed in pursuit 
 the Chain Bridge into Maryland. It was our first day's 
 march with the army. The heat was sultry and oppres- 
 sive, and after we had gone but a short distance on the 
 turnpike, all superfluous clothing was doffed, and both 
 sides of the highway were strewn with overcoats, knap- 
 sacks and other impedimenta. We had no tents, and 
 our only covering at night thenceforward were thin 
 woolen blankets. These were rolled up in the form of 
 a scarf, tied together at the ends and worn from the left 
 shoulder to the right side. After compassing about fif- 
 teen miles, we arrived very tired and fatigued at Rock- 
 ville, Maryland. 
 
22 MY LITTLB WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Company cooking having been abandoned, each 
 soldier thereafter prepared his own meal, which fortu- 
 nately did not require much skill in the culinary art. 
 His cooking utensils consisted of a quart tin cup, and 
 a small tin pan. The cup was used to boil coffee, and 
 to soak in water hard-tack which was fried in a pan 
 with pickled pork, an unpretentious meal, but eaten 
 with gusto after a hard day's march. 
 
 Early next morning the army was again in mo- 
 tion. The heat was still intense, and the suffocating 
 dust more than ankle deep. It ascended in clouds above 
 the highest trees, so that the movements of the army 
 could be descried miles distant. Many of the green 
 troops were prostrated with sunstroke, and stretched 
 along the highway. 
 
 We arrived in the evening at a large grove called 
 Camp Defiance. Here our regiment, the loSth New 
 York and 14th Connecticut, all new troops, were brig- 
 aded, and assigned as the second brigade under the 
 command of Col. Morris of the 14th Connecticut, to 
 Gen. French's Third Division of the Second Corps com- 
 manded by General Edwin V. Sumner. The 12 th New 
 Jersey joined the Brigade after the battle of Fredericks- 
 burg. The other Brigades of the Division were Max 
 Weber's and Kimball's, and the other Divisions of the 
 Corps were those of Sedgwick and Richardson. As we 
 approached the enemy, the army marched in three par- 
 allel lines, the artillery on the public highway, and the 
 infantry divisions on both sides, ready to deploy in line 
 of battle. 
 
 On the morning of September 13th, as we crossed a 
 commanding range of hills southeast of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad bridge spanning the Monocacy river, 
 
THE GENISIS OP THE WAR. 23 
 
 we beheld the church-spired city of Frederick and the 
 broad, fertile and opulent valley of the Monocacy, shut 
 in by low mountains of surpassing grace and outline, 
 with all nature abloom, — a scene in the fierce sunlight 
 of enchanting beauty. Before we entered the city, Gen. 
 McClellan with a brilliant staff rode up the turnpike 
 through our corps, and was greeted with the most en- 
 thusiastic cheers. 
 
 The march of the corps, through Frederick, with 
 full brigades with all the pomp of war and past the 
 Army Commander and glittering staff, the streets re- 
 sounding with applause, amounted to an ovation. The 
 stars and stripes, furled while the commands of Stone- 
 wall Jackson and D. H. Hill had possession of the city 
 a few days before, were now unfurled and floated to the 
 breeze. Ladies, dressed in their best, waved their hand- 
 kerchiefs and flags. The populace cheered to the echo, 
 tokens of a most cordial welcome, and supplied water 
 and refreshments to the thirsty and hungry men. Their 
 smiles and tears of gratitude and joy, attested their loy- 
 alty to the Union in no uneertain degree. That the 
 aged and celebrated Barbara Frietchie greeted our corps 
 by waving her historic flag, can, of course, not be 
 doubted. 
 
 It was in Frederick, about 6:30 P. M. that McClellan 
 was put in possession of Lee's famous "Lost Dispatch"' 
 to Gen. D. H. Hill, disclosing by the routes of march 
 the positions of the divided wings of Lee's army, capa- 
 ble of being annihilated in detail. It was an order 
 of such importance, present and prospective, in making 
 McClellan master of the military zodiac, of which 
 he utterly tailed to take advantage, that I copy it 
 in full, with explanations of its pregnant signifiance 
 later on: 
 
24 MY LITTI^B WAR EXPERIENCE;. 
 
 " SPECIAL ORDERS No. 191. 
 Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia, 
 
 September 9, 1862. 
 
 The army will resume its march tomorrow, taking the Hagerstown road. 
 General Jackson's command will form the advanoe, and, after passing 
 Middletown, with suoh portion as he may select, take the route toward 
 Sharpsburg, cross the Potomac at the most convenient point, and by Fri- 
 day night take possession of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and capture 
 such of the enemy as may be at Martinsburg, and intercept such as may 
 attempt to escape from Harper's Ferry. 
 
 General Longstreet's command will pursue the same road as far as 
 Boonesboro', where it will halt with the reserve, supply, and baggage 
 trains of the army. 
 
 General McLaws, with his own division and that of General R. H. An- 
 derson, will follow General Longstreet; on reaching Middletown, he will 
 take the route to Harper's Ferry, and by Friday morning possess himself 
 of the Maryland Heights, and endeavor to capture the enemy at Harper's 
 Ferry and vicinity. 
 
 General Walker, with his division, after accomplishing the object in 
 which he is now engaged, will cross the Potomac at Cheek's Ford, ascend 
 its right bank to Lovettsville, take possession of Loudon Heights if 
 practicable, by Friday morning. Key's Ford on his left and the road be- 
 tween the end of the mountain and the Potomac on his right. He will, as 
 far as practicable, co-operate with General McLaws and General Jackson 
 in intercepting the retreat of the enemy. 
 
 General D. H. Hill's division will form the rear guard of the army, pur- 
 suing the road taken by the main body. The reserve artillery, ordnance 
 and supply trains, &c., will precede General Hill. 
 
 General Stuart will detach a squadron of cavalry to accompany the com- 
 mands of Generals Longstreet, Jackson and McLaws, and with the main 
 body of the cavalry will cover the route of the army and bring up all strag- 
 glers that may have been left behind. 
 
 The commands of Generals Jackson, McLaws, and Walker, after ac- 
 complishing the objects for which they have been detached, will join the 
 main body of the army at Boonesboro' or Hagerstown, 
 
 Each regiment on the march will habitually carry its axes in the regi- 
 
From Spangler Annals. 
 
 Col. MI'CHAEL H. SPANGLER, 1814 (p 19) 
 
 From Spangler Annals, 
 
 BATTLE MONUMENT. BALTIMORE, 1838. (p 19) 
 
THB GENESIS OF THB WAR. 25 
 
 ineiital ordnance wagons, for use of the men at their encampments, to 
 ^procure wood, etc. 
 
 By command of General R. E. Lee. 
 
 R. H. Chilton, 
 Assistant Adjutant General. 
 Major-General D. H. Hill, 
 
 Commanding Division." 
 
 After passing through Frederick, we bivouacked in 
 its western outskirts. The rifles were stacked, and im- 
 mediate preparations made for the evening repast. Rail 
 fences, according to custom, were appropriated for a 
 roaring fire. Quite a number of our company had their 
 quart cups of water boiling on a blazing fire, ready for 
 coffee, when a careless comrade stumbled against the 
 -end of a rail, upsetting all our cups. The imprecations 
 heaped on his unhallowed head by the hungry victims 
 were more forcible than elegant. 
 
 We were in motion at daylight the next morning, 
 September 14th, and soon heard the dull, booming 
 sounds of distant guns in the mountains to the west. 
 During a considerable portion of the day we marched 
 and counter-marched over and around the Catoctin 
 Mountains. These oscillations so bewildered me as to 
 points of the compass, that I was certain the sun that 
 ■evening set in the east — Joshua's earlier battle miracle 
 laid completely in the shade. 
 
 Couriers later reported that a battle was raging at 
 Turner's Gap, a pass in the South Mountain through 
 which runs the main highway from Frederick by Mid- 
 dletown to Hagerstown. South Mountain is the crest 
 of a spinal ridge running from north to south, and a 
 thousand feet in height, and the Gap about four hundred 
 feet. D. H. Hill's division of five brigades held this 
 strong defensive for the purpose of holding McClellan 
 in check long enough to enable L,ee to reunite his divid- 
 
26 MY UTTI,E WAR EXPERIBNCE. 
 
 ed forces. The engagement opened early in the morn- 
 ing -with Pleasonton's command of cavalry and artillery. 
 Cox's division of Reno's Ninth Corps soon after arrived 
 and joined in the conflict. At 2 P. M. Reno's remain- 
 ing divisions and Hooker's First Corps appeared on the 
 scene. To meet this attack were present D. H. Hill's 
 five brigades, and at 3 P. M. two brigades and at 4 P. 
 M. four additional brigades, from Longstreet's command. 
 The battle raged with great violence until evening when 
 the Confederates divisions were dislodged and driven to- 
 wards Hagerstown. 
 
 During our progress we heard the constant detona- 
 tions of the artillery. About 4 P. M. we came in sight 
 of the battle field, and upon reports received of a victory 
 we halted for the day. Rail fires were quickly support- 
 ing our cups filled with green corn. Just then Gen. 
 Sumner observed Confederate columns hastening to the 
 support of their hard-pressed divisions at South Moun- 
 tain. The command of "fall in" was instantly given, 
 and the simmering corn was reluctantly thrown away. 
 Before our arrival within the zone of fire the battle was 
 practically won, and in consequence we were halted 
 about dusk, at a supporting distance. It fell to the un- 
 fortunate lot of our and other companies to be stationed 
 in a meadow entirely too soggy to recline upon for much 
 needful rest and slumber. 
 
 Fatigued, weary and almost famished, we were com- 
 pelled to stand in this uninviting spot for hours. When 
 finally about midnight we began to move, I was so ex- 
 hausted that I could absolutely march but a few steps 
 farther. As we emerged, I threw myself on a bank by 
 the roadside, and covered with my blanket, fell into a 
 profound sleep. At daybreak I awoke much refreshed, 
 and forthwith went in pursuit of the regiment which I 
 
THE GENESIS OF THE WAR. 27 
 
 found at the edge of the battlefield sound asleep. I did 
 not tarry, but, anxious to see what a battlefield looked 
 like, made a short sojourn up the National turnpike to- 
 the Gap. 
 
 The first evidence I saw of the conflict was a dead 
 cavalryman, evidently a courier. He was shot through 
 the head, and his blood-covered face and glassy eyes 
 made a ghastly sight. He was the first dead soldier I 
 saw, and it was by no means a pleasing spectacle. 
 
 As I reached the crest of the mountain near the 
 "Mountain House," hundreds of dead Union ■ and Con- 
 tederate soldiers covered the ground, denoting the vio- 
 lence of the contest. The loss was 1,568 killed and 
 wounded, and the casualties of the enemy were almost 
 as heavy. 
 
 At sunrise we were in pursuit of the enemy. In our 
 advance, the 8th Illinois Cavalry charged upon their 
 rear guard, sabring some and taking prisoners. The 
 latter, in passing to our rear, gave us the first view of 
 live Confederates. They presented a ragged and un- 
 kempt appearance, save a handsome young lieutenant 
 who was attired in a brand new uniform of gray. In 
 answer to our questions as to whether any more rebels 
 were left, he replied that we would see lots of them 
 shortly, and we did. 
 
 Late in the afternoon, impelled by an aching void and 
 a desire for a change of diet, I repaired to a spacious 
 farm-house near the highway, in quest of a pie for value. 
 The matron emphatically refused compensation, and 
 stated that as she was Union to the core she would take 
 no pay from a Union soldier. As I had neither time 
 nor inclination to argue my faint protest, I thanked her 
 for her hospitality and returned to the regiment much 
 refreshed. We passed through Boonsboro and Keedys- 
 
28 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 ville and halted for the day. In a churchyard near 
 Boonsboro my maternal grandfather, Yost Herbach, 
 (now Harbaugh) lay buried — a fact I did not know at 
 the time. In 1831 he visited his daughter, Mrs. Ben- 
 jamin Emmert, residing in that vicinity and in the same 
 year died there. In 1755, when but 14 years old, he 
 accompanied Braddock's expedition as a teamster, and 
 was also at Bloody Run in the Indian wars. He was a 
 captain in active service in the Revolutionary War. 
 
DEFEAT OF GENERAL BRADDOCK. (Old print.) (p 28) 
 
 THE BATTLE OF BLOODY RUN. (Old print.) (p 28) 
 
Ctl A.F'TE^IR III. 
 
 Antietam, 
 
 Nothing L,ike Imminent Peril to Stimulate 
 Piety. Sensations upon Entering a Battle. 
 The Fears Experienced by Genera.ls Grant 
 AND Sherman. The Battle op Antietam. The 
 Bloodiest Single Day of the War. "Bloody 
 Lane." Gallantry of the 130TH Regiment. 
 Compliments by Gen. French. Desperate Con- 
 dition of the Enemy. Errors and Mistakes. 
 
 ON the morning of the 15th, Lee, with Longstreet's 
 and D. H. Hill's commands, established himself 
 on a range of hills between the Antietam and 
 Sharpsburg. The position was strategic and a strong 
 defensive one. On the i6th Jackson, conquerer of 
 Harper's Ferry, arrived with Stark's and Lawton's 
 divisions; those of Anderson, McLaws, Walker and A. 
 P. Hill arrived in succession on the following day. 
 
 In the forenoon of the 15th McClellau had our and 
 four other Corps with Pleason ton's Cavalry confronting 
 the two Confederate commands, but he permitted that 
 day and the next to be frittered away. Early on the 
 morning of the i6th our division was placed at the 
 brow of a hill, with its crest toward the enemy. To- 
 
30 MY I.ITTI,B WAR BXPKRIENCB. 
 
 wards noon artillery battalHons became engaged. 
 Screaming shells passed over our heads exploding 
 with a deafening roar. These fear-producing missiles 
 gave us the first real taste of war, and the sensations 
 of the green soldiers were anything but pleasant. 
 The idea harbored before, that we would "rather 
 fight than eat " became suddenly susceptible of con- 
 siderable moderation, and a square meal, even with- 
 out dessert, out of range would have been more palata- 
 ble. I was dreadfully scared and began to pray for a 
 safe deliverance from the impending battle, as doubtless 
 did thousands of others. The Colonel of the 14th Con- 
 necticut Regiment, commanding our brigade, read his 
 prayer-book or Bible on horseback. 
 
 There is nothing like solid shot and shell to stimu- 
 late piety. Some in reading this, may be malevolently 
 disposed to repeat to themselves the ancient couplet: 
 
 " When the Devil was sick, the Devil a Monk would be; 
 When the Devil was well, the Devil a Monk was he." 
 
 Unorthodox as I am, I have always believed in the 
 appropriateness of prayer, and the duty and obligation 
 of all to invoke protection, mercy and forgiveness from 
 aij All-Merciful and All-Benignant Creator. I never 
 entered a battle without such an invocation, and to 
 Divine intervention I alone ascribe my miraculous 
 escapes in three of the bloodiest battles of the war, in 
 all of which many comrades next or near me were either 
 killed or wounded. 
 
 Of course, my piety was not confined to battle-fields 
 alone, but on all other occasions it was not quite so fer- 
 vent, nor came to me with such sudden and headlong 
 spontaneity. If our prayers are not always answered as 
 we would wish, for He knoweth best, the appeal at least 
 
WHERE GEN^ GRANT WAS FRIGHTENED, (p 31) 
 
 From Spangler Annals. 
 
 THE COMMONS, YORK, PA. (p17) 
 
ANTIRTAM. 31 
 
 manifests a dependence, reliance, reverence, gratitude 
 and thankfulness to the Great Creator of all; and no 
 matter of what religion the supplicant may be, or what 
 God he may worship, if the worship is sincere and 
 honest, it will reach the Supreme Being. 
 
 From personal observations, I believe that the thought 
 of the soldier, green or veteran, with rare exceptions, is, 
 as he advances toward the firing line amid showers of 
 tinearthly shrieking projectiles, that he will not likely 
 escape from being either wounded or killed. This ante- 
 cedent fear seizes the bravest of soldiers and officers, 
 some of whom have not hesitated to give their sensations 
 public expression. The braggart who boasts the con- 
 trary never smelt gun powder in battle, and the truth is 
 not in him. Gen. Sherman, in his memoirs, says: 
 
 " All men naturally shrink from pain and danger, and only incur their 
 risk from some higher motive or from habit, so that I would define true 
 courage to be a perfect sensibility of the measure of the danger, and a 
 mental willingness to incur it, rather than the insensibility to danger of 
 which I have heard far more than I have seen. The most courageous men 
 are generally unconcious of possessing the quality. Therefore, when one 
 professes it too openly by words or bearing, there is reason to mistrust it." 
 
 Gen. Grant, phlegmatic and imperturbable as he was 
 by nature, in his memoirs, remarks of his first battle in 
 Mexico: 
 
 " What Gen. Taylor's feelings were during the suspense I do not know; 
 but for myself who had never heard a hostile gun before, I felt sorry that 
 I had enlisted. A great many men when they smell battle afar off, chafe 
 to get into the fray. When they say to themselves, they generally fail to 
 convince their hearers that they are as anxious as they would like to make 
 believe. As they approach danger they become more subdued. This rule 
 is not universal for I have known a few men who were always aching for a 
 fight when there was no enemy near, who were as good as their word, 
 when the battle did come. But the number of such men are small." 
 
32 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 As Gen. Grant's brigade at the battle of Belmont 
 in 1 86 1 came near the Confederates, he courageously 
 confessed his trepidation: 
 
 " My sensations, as we approached what I supposed might be a field of 
 battle, were anything but agreeable. As we approached the brow of the 
 hill from which it was expected we conld see Harris' Camp, and possibly 
 find his men ready to meet us, my heart kept getting higher and higher, 
 until it felt to me as though it was in my throat. I would have given any- 
 thing to have been back in Illinois. But I had not the moral courage to 
 halt, and I kept right on." 
 
 We bivouacked on this field, and early the next morn- 
 ing, September 17th, by order of Gen. French, our divi- 
 sion commander, we divested ourselves of blankets and 
 other extras and made ready for battle. Each man car- 
 ried forty rounds of ammunition in his cartridge box 
 and forty in his coat-pockets. As the order to advance 
 was delayed, I read a chapter of my pocket Bible and 
 then handed it to Christian Good, a small private like 
 myself of the rear rank, and said, read it, for it may be 
 your last opportunity. The poor fellow was killed with- 
 in an hour afterwards. A carbuncle had for some days 
 been gathering on my right knee, and when I arose that 
 morning my leg was inflamed and painful and as stiff as 
 a ramrod. I showed it to my captain who said that I 
 could not go into the battle with such a leg, and direct- 
 ed me to stay behind. At this, a few of my comrades 
 made invidious remarks, implying that I was showing 
 the white feather. This put me on my mettle, and I 
 determined to go in, crippled as I was. 
 
 Gen. Hooker crossed Antietam Creek the evening be- 
 fore, to engage the Confederate left under Stonewall 
 Jackson. Next morning the struggle in his front began 
 in earnest and a terrible slaughter ensued. Mansfield's 
 Twelfth Corps came to Hooker's support and suffered a 
 
ANTIBTAM. 33: 
 
 heavy loss. Hooker was severely wounded and carried 
 from the field. Sedgwick's division of our Corps then 
 went to the relief ol Mansfield, who was killed, and 
 was met with a murderous fire. The entire right was 
 checked in the onslaught. 
 
 When we began our march for the battle line, about 
 8 A. M., a battalion of artillery with guns at full gallop 
 swept into position, opening in volleys. It was a grand 
 and inspiring sight to witness batteries going headlong 
 into action, — the neighing of horses, the rumbling of 
 caissons, the halt, the furious cannonade, the officers on 
 their chargers with swords gleaming in the sunlight, 
 with buglers clanging out the orders, the passing of 
 ammunition, the ramming, the sighting, the firing,, 
 and the swabbing, — the guns booming in chorus like 
 heaven-rending thunder. 
 
 We passed through a hollow in the rear of this artil- 
 lery batallion, the Confederate shells all the while pass- 
 ing over us. We forded Antietam Creek, several feet 
 in. depth, in three columns. Immediately beyond our 
 division faced to the left, forming three lines of battle,, 
 and against a hot artillery fire moved toward the enemy. 
 Our brigade was in front, with Gen. Kimball's and Max. 
 Weber's veteran brigades following, the former en eche- 
 lon on our left. The advance was so rapid that I, with, 
 my stiff leg, could not keep up. After traversing an ex- 
 tensive meadow for about a quarter of a mile, the regi- 
 ment was halted and re-aligned, enabling me to catch 
 up. As I climbed over a post-fence a rebel bullet whizzed' 
 past my head which made me dodge. Our company 
 passed between the barn and garden fence of the Roulette 
 premises. Here a number of our company and regiment 
 bolted as they did in every battle, but they are drawing 
 their pensions all the same. The enemy was driven by 
 
Si MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 our regiment out of the garden and orchard beyond, and 
 after passing over a deep gulley in a ploughed field, we 
 were ordered to lie down on the eastern slope of a hill, 
 our company being in the immediate vicinity of a large 
 €lm tree. 
 
 While prostrate, the Confederates on the crest of the 
 hill fired volleys into our ranks. The bullets flew 
 thicker than bees, and the shells exploded with a 
 deafening roar. I was seized with fear far greater 
 than that of the day before. I hugged the ploughed 
 ground so closely that I must have buried my nose 
 in it. I thought of home and friends, and felt that 
 I surely would be killed, and how I didn't want to be! 
 Fortunately, the Confederate rifles were aimed just a 
 little too high, and only a few of our company were 
 then wounded. 
 
 The First Delaware regiment of Max Weber's bri- 
 gade of our division forming the second line, now pass- 
 ed to the front, but only succeeded in reaching the brow 
 of the hill, when a galling fire of the enemy hurled them 
 headlong through our ranks. We were immediately 
 ordered to take the hill which we did in gallant style, 
 forcing, with a withering fire, one of Gen. D. H. Hill's 
 brigades pell-mell into a sunken road, famous in history 
 as the "Bloody Lane." The rails of the fence on the 
 near side of the road had been previously piled before 
 it, placing the enemy, as it were, in a fort, which gave 
 them, except as to their heads, immunity from our rifle 
 fire. 
 
 The moment I discharged my rifle, all my previous 
 scare was gone. The excitement of the battle made me 
 fearless and oblivious of danger ; the screeching and ex- 
 ploding shells, whistling bullets and the awful carnage 
 all around me were hardly noticed. Nothing but posi- 
 
ANTIKTA.M. 35 
 
 tive orders would have induced me to cease firing. I 
 never experienced such excitement and rapture. Our 
 many wounded were carried off the field by comrades, 
 but I was so busily engaged in firing at the enemy, that 
 it never occurred to me to participate in this commend- 
 able and humane service. The hill from which we de- 
 livered our fire descended abruptly to the fortified road 
 filled with Confederates, and not more than three hun- 
 dred feet distant. A score or more venturesome 
 ones came out of this road and advanced toward us 
 along the rail fence of a lane on our immediate left 
 running from the sunken road to the Roulette build- 
 ings. All these brave men were killed. Adjoining our 
 regiment on the left and across this lane, was the 7th 
 Virginia (Union) Regiment, of Kimball's Brigade, 
 entirely exposed to the enemy's fire. I could not 
 help admiring the admirable discipline of these vet- 
 erans, standing up as if on inspection, and firing 
 from a perfectly straight line. Further on the left, 
 I saw during the engagement the Irish brigade ot 
 Richardson's division of our corps charge the enemy 
 in gallant style. Meanwhile, the battle was raging 
 with the greatest fury, and the field thickly dotted 
 with the dead. The infantry fire was at close range 
 and the cannonade terrific, causing the earth to shake 
 and tremble. 
 
 After I had discharged the forty cartridges in my 
 cartridge-box, I replaced them with the forty in my coat 
 pocket. During the time in which we were engaged, I 
 fired as fast as I could load, causing the barrel of my 
 rifle to become so hot that it burnt me when I touched 
 it. After my eighty rounds were exhauted, I turned 
 over a soldier of the First Delaware, the top of whose 
 skull was shot off, and took from his cartridge-box, ten 
 
36 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Enfield rifle cartridges, wliich fortunately fitted the 
 barrel of my Springfield rifle. 
 
 During the engagement, D. H. Anderson's division 
 arrived from Harper's Ferry as a greatly needed re- 
 inforcement, and plunged down the hill opposite, to- 
 ward us with their regimental flags waving, the stars 
 and bars being clearly discernible in the noonday sun. 
 Before they entered the sunken road, where they found 
 nearly all their comrades of the first line wounded or 
 killed, one of their regiments wavered. A large Con- 
 federate officer, evidently of high rank, waved his sword 
 in the air in rallying his men, and was especially con- 
 spicuous. I was so anxious to get a shot at him that in 
 the hurry I neglected to extract my ramrod, and fired it 
 with the charge. I replaced the ramrod with an En- 
 field one. Others as anxious as myself, doubtless, 
 aimed at him, and he soon fell wounded or killed. In 
 the midst of the battle a Confederate tried to climb 
 over the fence at the further side of Bloody Lane, but 
 was shot in the rear as he reached the top, his body 
 hanging on the upper rail. When our regiment buried 
 him, it was found that he had been riddled with seven- 
 teen bullets. A correct sketch of this lane filled with 
 dead Confederates, as well as of the one hanging on the 
 rail, was made by Captain James Hope on the spot, 
 immediately after the retreat of the enemy, and is re- 
 produced here. This Lane was literally packed with 
 their dead. At one point, according to Captain Hope, 
 thirteen dead bodies lay on a heap, at other places they 
 lay two, three, even five deep. No battle of the late 
 war, of so short duration, presented such a scene of 
 carnage. 
 
 Our regiment about two o'clock was relieved, the am- 
 munition having been exhausted. I had then two En- 
 
BLOODY LANE, ANTIETAM. (p 36) 
 
 BATTERY INI^FULL CHARGE, (pp 37, 198) 
 
ANTIETAM. 37 
 
 field cartridges left, having fired eighty-eight rounds in 
 all. Immediately after the regiment was relieved I no- 
 ticed that the stock of my rifle was pierced by a rebel 
 bullet, presumably while loading, otherwise I would 
 have been hit. It muse also have occurred about 
 the time I stopped firing, or I would have seen it 
 sooner. Only eight of our company, myself included, 
 remained on the field when we were relieved. Of these, 
 I can now remember only James McComas, George 
 Young and brother Frank. Not only was the loss very 
 heavy, but each severely wounded man required from 
 two to four men to carry him ofi" the field. 
 
 A wide gap occurred on the immediate right of our 
 brigade, on account of French's division having di- 
 verged too far to the left. A daring body of Confeder- 
 ate infantry in perfect alignment marched into this in- 
 terval, shortly before we returned from the field. A 
 battery of artillery with grape and canister alone pre- 
 vented them from taking us in reverse. A right wheel 
 brought them at right angles to our brigade, where they 
 were confronted by a brigade of Franklin's fresh divis- 
 ion which opportunely came up the Roulette lane and 
 confronted them. Upon the arrival of Franklin's 
 other brigades they were instantly driven back, and the 
 line of battle re-established. No one, unless he has 
 seen it, can realize the tremendous impact of a bullet 
 striking a soldier squarely when discharged at short 
 range. It knocks him down like a catapult. Lieuten- 
 ant Tomes, of Company B., a man of large stature, was 
 struck in the groin by a bullet, and hurled fully two 
 feet in the air. 
 
 In our march to the rear to replenish our ammuni- 
 tion, became separated from my company on account 
 of the jambing of the retiring regiments into the Ron- 
 
38 MY WTTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 lette lane and the arrival of reinforcements. While 
 endeavoring to find the locality of our wounded, Con- 
 federate shells from their large guns came hurtling in 
 every direction. A number ricochetted quite near me 
 with most hellish sounds. I did not delay my footstepsi 
 nor tiy a few Parthian shots in return. I found several 
 barns filled with wounded, but none of our company. 
 In my further search, I reached the hill where Gen- 
 McClellan had his headquarters. From this elevation I 
 had a survey of the whole battle-field on which the 
 contending armies were still fiercely engaged. I par- 
 ticularly noticed a battery near the Clipp house engaged 
 in a deadly duel with a Confederate batallion of ar- 
 tillery located on the commanding plateau south of the 
 Dunkard Church. The enfilading fire wrought havoc 
 among men and horses, compelling the battery to lim- 
 ber up and change to a more sheltered position. The 
 battle field was mostly covered with an immense sheet 
 of smoke miles in extent, through which could be seen 
 the flashes of the infantry and artillery fire. The rattle 
 of musketry and the thunder of the furious cannonade 
 were simply terrific. 
 
 I soon afterwards found the house and barn in and 
 around which the wounded of our brigade were col- 
 lected and where I first ascertained our casualties. My 
 haversack was empty and I was very hungry. I cap- 
 tured a chicken, and with my bayonet dismembered it. 
 While I was engaged in this menial occupation,. Jacob 
 Brillinger, who had just arrived from York to witness 
 the battle, came along, followed later by Alderman 
 Augustus l/oucks. I greeted him with " How are you, 
 Mr. Brillinger ? " He replied, " Who in the devil are 
 you ? " After giving my name, he said, " Why, I 
 thought you were a little darkey." The smoke of bat- 
 
ANTIETAM. 39 
 
 tie had colored my face and hands into an almost Sene- 
 gambian darkness. It is needless to say that after a daily 
 diet of pork and hard-tack, the stewed pullet was rel- 
 ished as a feast fit for the gods. 
 
 The house, barn and adjacent lawns were covered 
 with wounded. One ot my company, Adam Brown, I 
 found shot through the abdomen. As mortification su- 
 pervened, his body turned green, and he implored me to 
 put an end to his agony. He died shortly after. The 
 sight of hundreds of prostrate men with serious wounds 
 of every description was a appalling. Many to re- 
 lieve their sufiering, were impatient for their turn upon 
 the amputation tables, around which were pyramids of 
 severed legs and arms. Others screamed with excruci- 
 ating pains. A few, under the influence of anaesthetics, 
 ripped out a succession of oaths that must have re- 
 quired years of sedulous preparation. Many prayed 
 aloud, while others shrieked in the agony and throes of 
 death. No one can adequately depict this horrible 
 spectacle and pandemonium of distressing and heart- 
 rending sounds. With the close of day ended the blood- 
 iest single day of the war. Night afforded to the un- 
 harmed much needful slumber. 
 
 Daylight next morning disclosed the enemy in the 
 second line to which they were driven the afternoon be- 
 fore. The wounded of both armies were drawn into 
 their respective lines and the dead who lay within reach 
 were buried. Save desultory shots fired by skirmishers, 
 both armies remained inactive during the day, greatly 
 to the relief of the Confederates. Lee had his last man 
 in action, with no hope of reinforcements. His condi 
 tion was desperate. His losses were terrible, and the 
 survivors so used up and demoralized that, according to 
 Gen. I/ongstreet, a division of 10,000 men could by a 
 
40 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 resolute charge on the preceding afternoon, have routed 
 and captured Lee's entire army. 
 
 During the night of the 17th and the morning of the 
 i8th, Couch and Humphrey's divisions of 14,000 men 
 .arrived on the field. These with Porter's reserve divis- 
 ion of 12,000 men, backed by the remainder of the 
 army, should have been ordered to renew the struggle- 
 With such odds the decimated ranks of the enemy must 
 have been crushed by the onset. But McClellan lost 
 courage. He, as usual, greatly overestimated the 
 strength of the opposing forces, and declined to em- 
 brace Ihe golden opportunity. By nature he lacked 
 prompt discernment, indomitable energy and the imper- 
 turbability, inflexible courage and staying powers of the 
 great chieftains in history. These lamentable defects 
 were later equally apparent in Gen. Hooker, at Chancel- 
 lors ville. 
 
 On the morning of the 19th orders for a general at- 
 tack were at last given, and the army advanced, only to 
 find Lee's entire forces across the Potomac. The martial 
 quarry escaped, to refit and recuperate, and ready to 
 pour, from the impregnable hill of Marye's Heights, a 
 murderous and irresistible fire, and inflict a signal defeat 
 upon the brave army of the Potomac — a defeat due 
 solely to a still more incapable, if not imbecile. Com- 
 mander. On the evening of the 19th, five Confederate 
 guns were captured in a brigade attack across the Po- 
 tomac, followed by a counter assault in which our forces 
 were driven back across the river with an appalling loss 
 of life. McClellan gave the army a few day's rest, and 
 then moved it to Bolivar Heights at Harper's Ferry, to 
 be restored to its normal condition. 
 
 The finding of the " Lost Dispatch " was a piece of 
 rare good fortune, and of priceless value to McClellan 
 
HAVOC WROUGHT TO A BATTERY GOING INTO ACriON. (pp 33, 198) 
 
 FIRE TOO HOT, LIMBERING UP. (p 38) 
 
ANTIBTAM. 41 
 
 in placing the army of Lee at his mercy. This special 
 order disclosed the all-important fact that Lee had di- 
 vided his army by sending Jackson's command and Mc- 
 Laws, R. H. Anderson's and Walker's divisions to cap- 
 ture the garrison at Harper's Ferry of 11,500 troops with 
 73 cannon and 200 wagons, which was accomplished on 
 the 15 th by a most disgraceful capitulation. The re- 
 maining divisions of Confederates were ordered via. 
 Boonsboro, to Hagerstown. These separated wings were 
 not within supporting distance of each other if either 
 should be attacked before the 17th. It required only 
 strenuous efforts to enable McClellan to attack Long- 
 street before Jackson could come to his support. Such 
 an attack would have annihilated Longstreet's command, 
 with the inevitable defeat and capture of Jackson's di- 
 visions to follow. Even with the progress the army 
 was making Longstreet could have been forced to battle 
 ■on September i6th. Having delayed until the 17th, 
 all the divisions engaged at Harper's Ferry were able to 
 participate in the battle, and save the day. Despite 
 their timely arrival, Lee's army was so reduced by 
 losses, that McClellan could yet have crowned the day 
 with a signal victory, had he hurled early in the after- 
 noon Gen. Porter's reserve corps of 12,000 men against 
 Lee's centre. 
 
 Another signal blunder of McClellan's was the unre- 
 lated and isolated methods of attack. Hooker on the 
 right was beaten before the arrival of Mansfield ; Sum- 
 ner, in the centre, did not reach the field until Mansfield 
 was discomfitted ; and on the left, Burnside, by irres- 
 olute and indecisive assaults, failed to take the Bridge 
 before the combat in Sumner's front practically ended. 
 There was even an absence of co-operation by the differ- 
 ent Corps divisions. The bloody endeavors to cross the 
 
42 MY UTTI.E WAR KXPKRIENCE. 
 
 bluff-protected Bridge could have readily been avoided 
 by an effort to discover a ford* existing a short distance 
 below, which could have been crossed without material 
 opposition. Toomb's Brigade alone defending the 
 Bridge, could have been brushed aside, Lee's centre 
 taken in reverse, and by a simultaneous assault in front,, 
 the Army ot Northern Virginia would have been driven 
 into the Potomac. 
 
 Burnside's delay in taking the bridge enabled Lee^ 
 when the battle was most violent in his centre and left, 
 to transfer on an interior line of a crescent-shaped field, 
 nearly all the forces on his right to the other sections 
 of the field so seriously menaced. In fact, as Longstreet 
 says, Lee massed his forces to such an extent on his 
 centre and left that when the conflict was at its fiercest 
 he had but a few hundred men on the steep bluff over- 
 looking and defending the Burnside Bridge. Subse- 
 quently at Gettysburg, the line of battle of the con- 
 tending forces was reversed, and by reason of Lee's ex- 
 tended exterior line of battle and absence of simulta- 
 neous attacks by his centre and wings, each was 
 beaten in succession. 
 
 In the organization of our armies, we also erred in 
 forming brigades from regiments of different States, 
 thus losing the stimulus of State pride. The Southern 
 generals knew better; their brigades being formed by 
 regiments of the same State. Pickett's gallant division, 
 as an instance, was composed entirely of Virginians. 
 
 Another significant error was made in sending to the 
 front undrilled regiments whose officers and men were 
 entirely green, — a mistake avoided by the Confederacy. 
 
 *A fact related to me by Col. H. Kyd Douglass, of Hageistown, a 
 member of Stonewall Jackson's staff, vrho had actual knowledge of the 
 ford. 
 
ANTIETAM. 43- 
 
 While fighting gallantly, they could have done st ill bet- 
 ter if merged into the thinned regiments of tried vet- 
 erans. Their courage was often misdirected by th e lack 
 of officers of experience to lead, and instil by example 
 an imperturbable bravery. Gen. Sherman, in his me- 
 moirs, states the immense advantage of this system of 
 replenishing the army. 
 
 " The great mistake made in our Civil War was in the method of re- 
 cruiting and promotion. When a regiment was reduced by the necessary- 
 wear and tear of service, instead of being filled up at the bottom, and the 
 vacancies among the ofiEcers filled from the best non-commissioned of&cers 
 and men, the habit was to raise new regiments with new colonels, captains> 
 and men, leaving the old and experienced battalions dwindle away to mere 
 skeleton organizations." 
 
 " I believe with the volunteers this matter was left to the States exclu- 
 sively, and I remember that Wisconsin kept her regiments filled with re. 
 cruits, whereas other States generally filled their quotas by new regiments, 
 and the result was that we estimated a Wisconsin regiment equal to an 
 ordinary brigade. I believe that five hundred new men added to an old 
 experienced regiment were more valuable than a thousand men in the form 
 of a new regiment, for the former by association with good experienced 
 captains, lieutenants and non-commissioned officers, soon becames veter- 
 ans, whereas the latter were generally unava lable for a year." 
 
 The Confederates had another advantage in fighting 
 their battles — Antietam and Gettysburg excepted — on 
 their own soil and among their own people who gave 
 invaluable information of the movements of the North- 
 ern armies. They also invariably took advantage of 
 every strong defensive position and behind every avail- 
 able cover. The dense forests of Chancellorsville and 
 the Wilderness, and the wooded and mountainous coun- 
 try from Chattanooga to Atlanta were specially taken 
 advantage of by them. Jackson's position in a railroad 
 cut at the second battle of Bull Run, and I^ee's centre 
 
44 MY I<ITTLB WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 in the sunken road (" Bloody Lane ") at Antietam, 
 saved the day to the Confederates in both battles. 
 
 Gen. Sherman states these advantages more cogently; 
 
 "The Confederates took advantage of the shape of the ground and o< 
 every cover. We were generally the assailants and in wooded or broken 
 countries had a positive advantage over us, for they were always ready, 
 had cover and knew the ground in the immediate front; whereas, we, 
 their assailants, had to grope our way over unknown ground, and generally 
 found a cleared field or prepared entanglements that held us for a time 
 under a close and withering fire." 
 
 These extended observations are given to show, inde- 
 pendent of the lamentable incapacity of many of our 
 generals, why the preponderant Union forces were not 
 always successful where they otherwise should have 
 been. 
 
 Our company loss in this battle ot about sixty-five 
 men engaged, was six killed and thirteen wounded. 
 Our regimental loss, of about six hundred and fifty ef- 
 fectives, was according to Bates' History of Pennsylva- 
 nia Volunteers, forty killed and two hundred and fifty- 
 six wounded. Col. Fox, in his "Regimental Losses in 
 the Civil War," places the loss thirty-two killed and 
 and one hundred and forty-six wounded. Among the 
 extraordinary losses of regiments in this battle he men- 
 tions the 130th alone of the "Nine Months" Pennsyl- 
 vania Regiments. The author further says, "The per- 
 centage of killed in soldiers of the Keystone State, as 
 based upon the white troops, was greater than in the 
 quota of any other Northern State." 
 
 General French, commanding our division, said in his 
 official report: 
 
 " The conduct of the new regiments must take a prominent place in the 
 history of this great battle. Undrilled, but admirably armed and equipped, 
 every regiment, either in advance or reserve, distinguished itself, but ac- 
 cording to the energy and ability of their respective commanders." 
 
ANTIETAM. 45^ 
 
 The report of Col. Morris, commanding our brigade, 
 exhibits the service of his command: 
 
 " There never was such material in any army, and in one month these 
 splendid men will not be excelled by any!" 
 
 Gen. Walker, in his history of the Second Corps, de- 
 scribes the charge of our brigade of new troops : 
 
 " All these regiments came under a savage fire, which they bore with 
 remarkable composure, considering it was their first action." 
 
 A writer, Charles Carleton Coffin, in Volume 2, of 
 " Battles and I/caders in the Civil War," which contains 
 a correct steel-plate illustration of the charge of French's 
 division, gives a thrilling description of the advance of 
 French's and Richardson's divisions. He was an eye 
 witness and says: 
 
 " How beautifully the lines deployed. The clouds which hung low all 
 the morning had lifted, and the sun was shining through the rifts, its 
 bright beams falling on the flags and glinting from the gun-barrel and 
 bayonet. Memory recalls the advance of the line of men in blue across 
 the meadow at Roulette's. They reach the spacious barn which divides 
 the line of men as a rock parts the current of a river, flowing round it, but 
 uniting beyond. The orchard around the house screens the movements in 
 part. I see the blue uniforms beneath the apple-trees. The line halts for 
 alignment. The skirmishers are in advance. There are isolated pufiEs of 
 smoke, and the Confederate skirmishers scamper up the hill and disap- 
 pear. Up the slope moves the line to the top of the knoll. Ah! what a 
 crash ! A white cloud, gleams of lightning, a yell, a hurrah, and then up 
 in the corn-field a great commotion, men firing into each other's faces, the 
 ground strewn with prostrate forms. The Confederate line in ' Bloody- 
 Lane' has been annihilated, the centre pierced." 
 
Losses in Battle. 
 
 Immense Losses of the Second Corps. The Best 
 Fighting Corps in the Army. Its Extraor- 
 dinary Achievements. Confederate Descrip- 
 tion OF the Battle of Antietam. Comparison 
 of Battle Losses with those of Europe. Im- 
 mense Superiority of the American Soldier. 
 My Shattered Rifle. Taken to Hagerstown 
 on a Hay Wagon. The York Soldiers' Hos- 
 pital. 
 
 THE loss in killed and wounded of the Second 
 Corps in this battle amounted to more than 
 double that of any other corps engaged. Of 
 15,000 effectives it lost 883 killed, 3,859 wounded and 
 336 missing; total 5,138. The entire loss of the army 
 was 2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded and 1,043 niissing, a 
 total of 12,469. The Second Corps was known as the 
 "Fighting Corps" of the Army, and for that reason 
 was selected for the advance in most ot the engagements 
 of the Army of the Potomac. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, 
 who had a command in the corps, in his " Personal 
 Recollections," says of it: 
 
 " It inscribed a greater number of engagements upon its banners than 
 
From Battles and! Leaders of the Civil War. 
 
 ARTILLERY IN ACTION, (p 33) 
 
 From Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 
 
 FRENCH'S DIVISION CLOSING AROUND THE ROULETTE PREMISES, 
 ANTIETAM. (p 33) 
 
LOSSES IN BATTLE. 47 
 
 -did any other corps of the army, and I think, more than any other army- 
 corps in the history of the world. The graves of its fallen are to be found 
 on every battle-field of the Army of the Potomac from the date of its or- 
 ganization to Appomattox. As the war for the Union was unprecedented 
 in the history of the world, so the history of the Second Army Corps was 
 unprecedented in that war. Its aggregate wounded and killed in battle 
 exceeded in number that of any other corps. The greatest aggregate of 
 killed and wounded in any division of the army was in the First Division 
 of that corps, and the highest aggregate of killed and wounded in any one 
 regiment of the whole army was in a regiment belonging to the Second 
 Army Corps. The largest percentage of killed and wounded in a single 
 •engagement in any one regiment was a regiment belonging to the Second 
 Corps. The second highest per centage of regimental loss by deaths and 
 wounds was also in a regiment of that corps. As to the successes and 
 achievements of that famous corps, they are indicated by the fact that it 
 captured in a single day as many battle-flags, cannon and prisoners of the 
 enemy as it lost in the entire four years of war." 
 
 Major-General Winfield S. Hancock, who command- 
 ed the corps after the battle of Chancellorsville, says in 
 a letter dated August, 1864, before Petersburg, Virginia, 
 and addressed to lyieutenant-General Grant: 
 
 " It is perhaps known to you that this corps never lost a color or a gun 
 :previous to this campaign, though oftener and more desperately engaged 
 than any other corps in this army, or perhaps in any other in the country. 
 I have not the means of knowing exactly the number of guns and colors 
 captured, but I saw myself nine in the hands of one division at Antietam, 
 and the official reports show that thirty-four fell into the hands of that 
 -corps at Gettysburg. Before the opening of this Campaign it had at least 
 captured over half a hundred colors, though at cost of over twenty-five 
 -thousand (25,000) casualties. During this campaign you can judge how 
 the corps has performed its part. It has captured more guns and colors 
 than all the rest of the army combined. Its reverses have not been many, 
 and they began only when the Corps had dwindled to a remnant of its 
 former strength; after it had lost twenty-five brigade commanders and 
 over one hundred and twenty-five regimental commanders, and over 
 .twenty thousand men." 
 
48 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Gen. Miles further observes as to the extraordinary 
 fighting qualities and tenacity of the famous Army : 
 
 " The Army of the Potomac was probably engaged in as many desper- 
 ate battles as any army ever was in the history of the world. The map o£ 
 the country between Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and Appomattox, Virginia, 
 is red with the crimson spots that indicate its history. That army was 
 charged with the grave double responsibility of protecting the national 
 Capitol, and of capturing the capitol of the Confederacy. It was further 
 charged with the destruction or capture of the Army of Northern Vir- 
 ginia, commanded by one of the ablest of generals, Robert E. Lee, sec- 
 onded by that thunderbolt of war, " Stonewall Jackson." All these tasks the 
 Army of the Potomac accomplished. The number and desperate char- 
 acter of its encounters may be illustrated by the history of the single corps- 
 of that army already mentioned. Its personnel were largely volunteers 
 who had been quick to oSer up their lives for the preservation of the 
 Union. Knowing the value of military discipline thej accepted without 
 complaint its eztremest requirements. This explains the matchless forti- 
 tude displayed by that army through the long and trying years of the war, 
 much of the time sufEering under reverses and disasters that would have 
 destroyed the morale of any army composed of less choice material. And 
 of the same choice material were the entire national forces composed- 
 While heroic sacrifices were made by the Army of the Potomac, other 
 armies and fleets were with similar devotion engaged in the same noble 
 cause." 
 
 It is interesting to note the heroism and inflexible 
 determination of the American soldier compared with 
 that of the European. It shows the immense superiority 
 of the former. A comparison of regimental and battle 
 losses incontestibly demonstrates it.* 
 
 The bravery and unconquerable tenacity exhibited, 
 on both sides in this battle is shown by Gen. Long- 
 street. That McClellan, by throwing in Porter's fresh 
 corps at the decisive moment on the afternoon of the 
 17th, or by renewing the attack on the i8th with 
 
 *App. Note 9. 
 
LOSSES IN BATTLE. 49 
 
 the reinforced army, could have annihilated L,ee's 
 Army, is confirmed by the same General in his graphic 
 description of the battle in our immediate and adjacent 
 front. His humorous description of Gen. D. H. Hill's 
 dilemma is one of the few amusing episodes in "grim- 
 visaged war:" 
 
 " D. H. Hill was on the left extending toward the Hagerstowa — Sharps- 
 burg pike, and Jackson extended out from Hill's left toward the Potomac. 
 The battle opened heavily with the attacks of the corps of Hooker, Mans- 
 field and Sumner against onr left centre, which consisted of Jackson's 
 right and D. H. Hill's left. So severe and persistent were these attacks 
 that I was obliged to send Hood to support our centre. The Federals 
 forced us back a little, however, and held this part of our position to the 
 end of the day's work. With new troops and renewed efiEorts McClellan 
 continued his attacks upon this point from time to time, while he brought 
 his forces to bear against other points. The line swayed forward and 
 back like a rope exposed to rushing currents. A force too heavy to be 
 withstood would strike and drive in a weak point till we could collect a 
 few fragments, and in turn force back the advance till our lost ground was 
 recovered. A heroic efEort was made by D. H. Hill, who collected some 
 fragments and led a charge to drive back and recover our lost ground at 
 the centre. He soon found that his little band was too much exposed on 
 its left flank and was obliged to abandon the attempt. Thus the battle 
 ebbed and flowed with terrific slaughter on both sides." 
 
 " The Federals fought with wonderful bravery and the Confederates 
 olung to their ground with heroic courage as hour after hour they were 
 mown like grass. The fresh troops of McClellan literally toie into shreds 
 the already ragged army of Lee, but the Confederates never gave back." 
 
 ************* 
 
 " Nearly one-fourth oi the troops who went into the battle were killed or 
 wounded. We were so badly crushed that at the close of the day ten 
 thousand fresh troops could have come in and taken Lee's army and every- 
 thing it had. But McClellan did not know it, and (apparently) feared, 
 when Burnside was pressed back, that Sharpsburg was a Confederate vic- 
 tory, and that he would have to retire. As it was, when night settled 
 down both armies were content to stay where they were." 
 
50 MY LITTLK WAR EXPEKIRNCB. 
 
 " During the progress of the battle of Sharpsburg, General Lee and I 
 were riding along my line and D. H. Hill's, when we received a report of 
 movements of the enemy and started up the ridge to make a reconnois- 
 sance. General Lee and I dismounted, but Hill declined to do so. I said 
 to Hill, " If you insist on riding up there and drawing the fire, give us a 
 little interval, so that we may not be in the line of the fire when they 
 open up on you." 
 
 "General Lee and I stood upon the top of the crest with our glasses, 
 looking at the movement of the Federals on the rear left. After a mo- 
 ment I turned my glass to the right — the Federal left. As I did so, I 
 I noticed a pufE of white smoke from the mouth of a cannon. "There 
 is a shot for you," I said to General Hill. The gunner was a mile away, 
 and the cannon shot came whisking through the air for three or four sec- 
 onds and took oS the front legs of the horse that Hill sat on and let the 
 animal down on his stumps. The horse's head was so low and his croup 
 so high that Hill was is a most ludicrous position. With one foot in the 
 stirrup he made several eflEorts to get the other leg over the croup, but 
 failed. Finally we prevailed upon him to try the other end of the horse, 
 and he got down. He had a third horse shot under him before the close 
 of the battle. That shot at Hill was the second best shot 1 ever saw. 
 The best was at Yoxktown. There a Federal ofiScer came out in front of 
 our line, and sitting down to his platting table beg^n to make a map. One 
 of our ofEcers carefully sighted a gun, touched it oS, and dropped a shell 
 into the hands of the man at the little table." 
 
 I brought my shattered rifle with Enfield ramrod from 
 the battle-field to our barn hospital, and prevailed upon 
 Peter lyoucks, now deceased, and Albert Smyser, to take 
 it home to my mother. It escaped detection by rolling 
 it in the wagon curtains of their team. After the rifle 
 reached York there was a good deal of publicity about 
 it and of my narrow escape. This came to the ears of 
 an officious and unscrupulous assistant provost marshall 
 of York County, who immediately demanded it from 
 my mother, claiming it was government property and 
 seized it. As the rifle, shattered as it was, was of no 
 further use to the United States, the seizure was en- 
 
From Spangler Annals. 
 
 HARPER'S FER^Y AN0;3HENAND0AH VALLEY, 1830. (pp 40, 54, 171) 
 
 From Spangler Annals. 
 
 SPENGLER HALL, STRASBURG, VA. (p 55) 
 
LOSSES IN BATTLE. 51 
 
 tirely unwarranted, and the person responsible for the 
 dastardly act, I only forgave when he died, so that Saint 
 Peter would be relieved from putting embarrassing 
 questions. Upon my return from the army I made 
 strenuous efiforts to recover it, but without success. If 
 I now had it money could not buy it. 
 
 In the battle I fired a portion of the time on my 
 knees, and in the excitement and turmoil forgot all 
 about the carbuncle on my knee. On the day succeed- 
 ing the battle, my right leg became more inflamed and 
 swollen. I experienced the greatest difficulty in walk- 
 ing to Boonsboro, a mile or more distant, where the 
 swelling further increased. The day following, I was 
 conveyed in great pain, with the other sick and wound- 
 ed on a jarring hay wagon, to Hagerstown, where I was 
 carried to a public hall converted into hospital purposes. 
 A surgeon's knife was plunged into the inflamed car- 
 buncle, followed by a copious flow of pus. In a few 
 days I was transported by rail to York and lodged in the 
 army hospital on the Commons. 
 
 This spacious hospital, covering the major portion of 
 the Commons, was first opened for the reception of pa- 
 tients on the 1 8th day of June, 1862. Extensive frame 
 buildings were first erected as a barracks for the 6th 
 New York (Ira Harris) Cavalry in December, 1861, who 
 were quartered there during the winter. After their de- 
 parture for the front, at the instance of Rev., George M. 
 Slaysman and upon the reccommendation of Captain 
 Putnam, U. S. A., the barracks greatly enlarged and 
 improved, was prepared for the accommodation of the 
 thousands of sick and wounded soldiers who were 
 ministered to during the remainder of the war. The 
 most liberal contributions in money and provisions were 
 made by the citizens of York. The corps of surgeons 
 
62 MY UTTLR WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 was assisted by scores of ladies of the city who volun- 
 teered their services in furnishing delicacies of every 
 description and were untiring in alleviating the hapless 
 condition of the sufferers. Mrs. Robert J. Fisher, in 
 describing the harrowing daily scenes, says: 
 
 " Constant accessions to the hospital were received from the various 
 bloody fields. None but an eye-witness can conceive the horrors that hung 
 over the death-freighted cars. The worst cases were immediately after the 
 battle of Antietam. The wounded brought directly from the battlefield 
 were laid upon the floors of the cars which ran with blood from many an 
 uncomplaining hero. One by one the sufiEerers were tenderly taken and 
 placed upon stretchers to be carried to the hospital, followed by a compas- 
 sionate procession eager to do something for their relief." 
 
 Funeral processions headed by muffled drums, from 
 the hospital to the self-consecrated spot in Prospect Hill 
 Cemetery, where of almost daily occurrence. This ab- 
 normal rate of mortality appeared alarming, and yet in 
 number insignificant compared with the 359,378 soldiers 
 who died in this war in the service of their country. 
 
 " The muffled drums sad roll has beat 
 
 The soldier's last tattoo; 
 No more on Life's parade shall meet 
 
 That brave and fallen few." 
 
 " On Fame's eternal camping ground 
 
 Their silent tents are spread, 
 And Glory guards, with solemn round. 
 
 The bivouack of the dead." 
 
 " Rest on, embalmed and sainted dead. 
 
 Dear as the blood he gave ! 
 No impious footstep here shall tread 
 
 The herbage of your grave ; 
 Nor shall your glory be forgot 
 
 While Fame her record keeps. 
 Or Honor points the hallowed spot 
 
 Where Valor proudly sleeps." 
 
LOSSES IN BATTLB. 53 
 
 With a happy, free, opulent and prosperous Union — 
 prosperity and happiness unprecedented — we can only 
 now fully appreciate the patriotism and self-denial of 
 these heroes and what they died for. 
 
 Think of it ! Had the Southern Confederacy triumph- 
 ed there would have been a divided people — a slave 
 Empire of the South and a Free Republic in the North, 
 with only an imaginary and intangible line of demarca- 
 tion from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; a divided Missis- 
 sippi to arrest the prosperity and development of the 
 great West; Free Trade in the one, and a Protective 
 Tariff in the other — the continuous clashing of hostile 
 interests and policies; idle factories, destroyed com- 
 merce, distress everywhere; turmoil and eruptions 
 among contiguous sections, and incessant wars along 
 the entire border — and finally exhausted, the pity of 
 our friends, the derision of our foes, and a prey to the 
 rapacious Monarchies of Europe. We should therefore 
 never fail to revere the memories of the great deeds ot 
 those who shed their blood for their country, nor forget 
 the value of the great heritage which comes to us and 
 succeeding generations through so much of sacrifice and 
 death. 
 
Fredericksburg. 
 
 Return to the Army. Picturesque Harper's 
 Ferry. Cousins in the Confederate Armies. 
 Gen. McClellan Removed. At Belle Plains. 
 Our Extreme Hardships and Sufferings. Ter- 
 rible Fighting in the City op Fredericksburg. 
 The Rigid Dead Confederate. Our Division 
 Makes the First Charge on Marye's Heights. 
 The Awful Slaughter. The Field Literally 
 Covered with Dead and Wounded. The En- 
 try OF THE Shell Fortunate Escape. 
 
 ON my recovery from illness the latter part of Oc- 
 tober, 1862, several hundred soldiers left the 
 York hospital with me to rejoin their respective 
 regiments. We went by rail to Harper's Ferry, where, 
 on Boliver Heights the Army of the Potomac encamped, 
 recuperated and drilled after the battle of Antietam. 
 Upon our arrival we found the army had about a week 
 before gone up the I,oudon valley east of the Blue 
 Ridge. 
 
 The village of Harper's Ferry is nestled in a gorge at 
 the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers 
 which, united, forced here in ages past a passage through 
 
From Spangler Annals. 
 
 SETTLER'S CABIN AND THE PRIMEVAL FOREST, (p 55) 
 
 From Spangler Annals, 
 
 AN OLD VIRGINIA MILL, (p 56) 
 
FREDERICKSBURG. 56 
 
 the Blue Ridge Mountains. The scenery is perhaps 
 the most singularly picturesque in the country east of 
 the Rocky Mountains. Immediately above the village 
 is Bolivar Heights. Here is found Jefferson Rock, a re- 
 markable stratified formation that rises abruptly from 
 the street. Maryland Heights on the north and east 
 presents jagged and precipitous sides. Its cliffs iu the 
 centre maintain splendid palisades or escarpments. On 
 the right can also be descried overhanging masses of 
 projecting stone known as " Profile Rock." On the 
 south looms up the lofty I^oudon Heights with its de- 
 clivitous surface and gigantic rocks and sides seamed 
 with innumerable fissures and dry ravines. To obtain 
 an extended view of the fertile Virginia Valley to the 
 south and west with its undulating wooded slopes and 
 cultivated fields, I climbed by a perilous path to the 
 summit of the Heights. A slip would have precipitated 
 me down many hundred feet to sure destruction. The 
 grand and extended view from this lofty summit amply 
 repays the fatigue and hazard incurred in the ascent. 
 
 The great Thomas Jefferson, before we were familiar 
 with all the natural wonders of our western land, has 
 left a powerful description of the scenery of this roman- 
 tic spot.* 
 
 About 1790, six sons of Philip Caspar Spengler (orig- 
 inal spelling), my great-grandfather's brother, settled in 
 this section, then to a large extent an untamed wilder- 
 ness. Two of them, Charles and Philip, had been brave 
 Revolutionary soldiers; Charles Spengler died in 1833 
 and was buried by the Virginia Militia with the honors 
 of war. Philip was Lieutenant-colonel of the 6th Regi- 
 ment of Virginia Militia in the war of 1813. Anthony 
 Spengler, a prominent and wealthy citizen, built "Speng- 
 
 *App. Note 10. 
 
66 MY LITTLB WAR EXPERIBNCB. 
 
 ler Hall " at Strasburg, Va. The remaining three were 
 men of esteem in the community. Their male descend- 
 ants nearly all enlisted in the Confederate Army, Col- 
 onel Abraham Spengler being the last commander of 
 the famous " Stonewall Brigade." In every battle in 
 the east the Spengler soldiers of the South were arrayed 
 against their cousins of the North.* 
 
 Company B of our regiment remained at Harper's 
 Perry guarding government property. With this com- 
 pany we left the town the day following our arrival. 
 On the evening of the second day's march, we bivouck- 
 ed in an orchard where we found a half dozen or more 
 swine which were quickly dispatched, and filled our 
 haversacks with juicy pork. The following noon we 
 reached the eastern outlet of Snicker's Gap in the Blue 
 Ridge Mountains where a squadron of Union cavalry 
 was watching a detachment of Mosby's famous guer- 
 rillas, ensconced in the mountains, and to which in a 
 bloody conflict they were driven headlong a few days 
 before. Expecting a Confederate reinforcement, we 
 were cautioned not to relax our march. As we were in 
 danger of capture, with Andersonville Prison Pen in 
 prospective, we continued to move until we reached the 
 village of New Baltimore after midnight. 
 
 The second day after, our haversacks were empty, 
 and in the evening we were quartered in an ancient log 
 grist-mill, with large overshot wheel on the outside, 
 typical of all Virginia mills. The little log house ad- 
 joining was tenanted by a poor white family, who sup- 
 plied our famished stomachs with flap-jacks made of 
 corn-meal and water, without salt, and about eight 
 inches in diameter, for each of which we paid twenty- 
 five cents. The next morning we reached our regiment 
 ♦Spangler Annals, pp. 84-88, 94-108. 
 
FREDEEICKSBUKG. 57 
 
 ■encamped near Warrenton where the commissary sup- 
 plied our wants. We rested there nearly a week when 
 news came that President Lincoln had relieved General 
 McClellan as Commander of the Army of the Potomac. 
 On November loth, the Second and Fifth Corps were 
 •drawn up in columns of regiments with intervals suffi- 
 cient to give place for batteries, on both sides of the 
 Centreville Pike. McClellan and his brilliant staflF then 
 passed between these gallant corps in taking a sad and 
 last farewell of the army, amid the roar of cannon and 
 cheers of the soldiery. The army certainly had a sin- 
 cere affection for him, although it knew that as its 
 commander he had not proven a success. His successor, 
 Gen. Burnside, was also a great favorite with the army, 
 and that, probably, was the reason for his selection as 
 successor. 
 
 To carry out the purpose of McClellan, the army was 
 now divided into " three grand divisions." The Right 
 Grand Division, under Sumner, was composed of the 
 Second and Ninth Corps, the Centre Grand Division of 
 the Third and Fifth Corps, and the Left Grand Division 
 of the First and Sixth Corps. A numerous artillery, 
 accompanied each division in these three grand divis- 
 ions. The cavalry remained under the command of 
 Oen. Pleasanton. The total present for duty of the 
 army on March loth, is said to have been 127,574 offi- 
 cers and men. 
 
 Our Right Grand Division immediately began the 
 march for the Rappahannock. The Second Corps, 
 under Gen. Couch, reached the river opposite Freder- 
 icksburg, November 17, when a short artillery duel 
 ensued. There was on the south bank but a small force 
 of Confederates, un-entreuched, on the heights behind 
 the city. Our infantry could have crossed the river at a 
 
58 MY WTTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 ford at Falmouth, a short distance above. Gen. Sum- 
 ner proposed to cross, but Gen. Burnside deemed it in- 
 advisable and impracticable — a fatal mistake, as subse- 
 quent developments proved. 
 
 The condition of the army was, perhaps, especially 
 in morale, better than it had ever been in its history.. 
 By tactical manoeuvring the army had gotten between 
 the two wings of Lee's army, and Burnside's unpardon- 
 able delay alone enabled Lee to bring Longstreet and 
 Jackson together at Fredericksburg. 
 
 In the latter part of November, our brigade, Gen. 
 Palmer commanding, was moved to Belle Plains, the 
 nearest landing on the Potomac, about eight miles dis- 
 tant from Fredericksburg. We were sent there to un- 
 load commissary and quartermaster stores from a fleet of 
 transports and canal boats. In unloading one of the 
 steamers, I saw roasting in a pan a succulent pig which 
 made me ravenous. The continued presence of the 
 cook, alone prevented its disappearance. The weather 
 was cold and it rained a great deal, often mingled with 
 snow. As we had no tents or shelter of any kind, and 
 the plain being low, flat and impervious, causing water 
 to stand inches deep, we suffered intensely. On several 
 occasions we had to stand up all night. 
 
 The complaints were loud and deep, but without 
 redress. In this dilemma, I conceived a justifiable rem- 
 edy for at least a few of us. With an air ot authority, 
 I went upon one of a score or more canal boats filled 
 with tents, and asked the soldier on guard whether this 
 was one of Quarter-master Captain Pitkin's boats, and 
 upon receiving an affirmative reply, I stated that I was 
 commanded to secure one of his tents. Believing me, 
 he allowed me to take a large one which I had the 
 greatest difficulty in carrying to our company. To pre- 
 
From Harper's. 
 
 HOSPITAL SCENE, AS SEEN BY THE RESERVES, (p 39) 
 
 From Harper's, 
 
 A BATTLE WITH MOSBY'S GUERRILLAS, (p 56) 
 
FREDERICKSBURG. 59' 
 
 vent discovery, I cut off about two feet of the lower 
 part of the tent, and it was even then large enough to 
 afford needed shelter to a half-dozen of our company. 
 Many inquiries were made as to where and how I got 
 the tent, but I deemed it inadvisable to give the " snap " 
 away for fear that others might adopt the remedy and 
 fail, with martial penalties imposed upon all. In view of 
 the extreme suffering, the taking was in equity adjudged 
 a justifiable appropriation, without criminal intent. 
 
 After about two weeks in the performance of this ser- 
 vice, during which our provisions were always plentiful, 
 and considerable regimental drill, we marched back 
 through mud and snow in a violent storm to within two 
 miles northeast of Fredericksburg, and rejoined our 
 division. On the way we passed a quarter-master's tent, 
 surrounded by barrels of pickled pork and beef. In one 
 oi the open barrels I espied a large beef tongue, which 
 my agitated hand momentarily bereft of all moral sen- 
 sibility, involuntarily appropriated. To my army cul- 
 tured palate, it was, when fried later, the best-tasting 
 morsel I ever ate. We camped on the north side of a 
 hill covered with pine timber and snow. With no 
 covering save thin woolen blankets, and the tempera- 
 ture near zero and with no axes to fell timber to build 
 fires, we nearly perished from exposure. 
 
 Not wishing to die just yet, I determined next morn- 
 ing to forage, and nearby I discovered another quarter- 
 master's depot in which there were no pork barrels, but 
 piles oi axes absolutely useless when unemployed. I 
 returned to camp with a number, amid the plaudits of 
 my shivering comrades, and. given absolution. Even if 
 apprehended I must have been acquitted under the triple 
 pleas of Non animus furandi ; Necessitas not habet le- 
 gem ; Inter arma silent leges. 
 
^0 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 The pine timber was soon felled and the fires started, 
 but as the nights were intensely cold, they gave us 
 but a modicum of comfort, and we still sufEered in- 
 tensely. In consequence, two of our company, Samuel 
 C. Campbell, the tallest man of the regiment, and Dan- 
 iel P. Raffensberger, were taken ill, and died from ex- 
 posure. The smoke emitted from the burning green 
 pine logs so blinded me that when paid there eleven 
 dollars a month by the brigade paymaster, I could not 
 distinguish a one-dollar greenback from a ten. 
 
 On our departure from this icy camp, my Belle Plains 
 tent, now used as a miniature company hospital, re- 
 mained to shelter our Captain Seipe, I,ieut. John J. 
 Frick and two others who were compelled to remain 
 in camp on account of sickness and frozen feet. It was 
 not until after Christmas that shelter tents were sup- 
 plied to the regiment, the only one in the division with- 
 out them. The blame was put upon the Colonel, an 
 accusation to which he emphatically and rightly de- 
 murred. 
 
 A shelter, or dog tent, is made of two or three pieces. 
 Each man is provided with an oblong piece of stout 
 muslin about six feet by four and a half, bordered all 
 around by buttons and button-holes. These were but- 
 toned and stretched over a cross-piece resting on two 
 crotched stakes, or other available support. Two of 
 these pieces thus placed will make a weged-shaped tent 
 about three and a half feet high at its apex and open at 
 both ends. In rainy weather, a third partner is per- 
 mitted to enter the firm with a piece of muslin of tri- 
 angular shape and buttoned at the end confronting the 
 storm. In this diminutive enclosure, haversacks and 
 canteens can be stored for head-rests, leaving enough 
 space to accommodate three men lying side by side. It 
 
FRKDERICKSBURG. 61 
 
 will keep out rain, snow and wind, and is cosy enough 
 within abbreviate limitations. 
 
 No troops were ever more delighted when, on Decem- 
 ber nth, we received orders to break camp on this 
 snow-covered and inhospitable spot, and proceeded to 
 Fredericksburg. On our way through the forest, wild 
 turkeys flew over our heads, and all for the time being 
 wished for shot guns. As we reached the large plain 
 opposite Fredericksburg, we beheld a hundred or more 
 guns on the north bank of the river bombarding the 
 city for the purpose of dislodging a brigade of sharp- 
 shooters concealed in the houses, enfilading our pon- 
 toniers with a deadly fire. It was not till later in the 
 day that the pontoon bridge to the city was finished. 
 The inhabitants had received previous notice to quit the 
 city, but many were disenclined or unable to leave and 
 sought shelter in the cellars. That night we bivou- 
 acked at a stately mansion, the I^acey House, opposite 
 the city. It was very cold, and the ground being snow- 
 covered, I was singularly fortunate in being able to 
 sleep on a wet plank. 
 
 As soon as the bridge was completed, with heavy 
 loss, a brigade of infantry was thrown into the city and 
 forced the enemy from house to house. Palfrey gave 
 an account of this fierce struggle : 
 
 " A very sharp experienoe befel a part of Hall's (Third) brigade of 
 the Second Division, immediately after the Lacey House Bridge was com- 
 pleted. The Seventh Michigan and Nineteenth and Twentieth Massa- 
 chusetts, which had crossed in boats, belonged to his command. As soon 
 as the Lacey House Bridge was completed, the three remaining regiments 
 of his brigade crossed by it. It was growing dark, Howard's division, to 
 which Hall's brigade belonged, was coming across, and the troops were 
 crowding into an unmanageble mass near the bridge head. Hall sent back 
 urgent requests to have the column halted the other side of the river, to 
 
62 MY I,ITTI.IJ WAR EXPERIBNCB. 
 
 give time, (as he said) to fight the enemy in his own way, but was ordered 
 to push ahead. He ordered Captain Macey, commanding the Twentieth 
 Massachusetts, to clear the street leading from the bridge at all hazards. 
 What follows is taken from his official report : ' I cannot presume to ex- 
 press all that is due the officers and men of this regiment for the unflinch- 
 ing bravery and splendid discipline shown in the execution of the order. 
 Flatoon after platoon was swept away, but the head of the column did not 
 falter. Ninety-seven officers and men were killed or wounded in the 
 space of about fifty yards. ' ' ' 
 
 This infantry fire was terrific and continued until late 
 in the night. A large number of houses were burning, 
 shedding a lurid glare over the city and both banks of 
 the river. The crash of the incessant house to house 
 fighting in the darkness, the cheering and curses of the 
 infuriated soldiers and the cries and shrieks of the af- 
 frighted women and children, many of whom remained 
 in the town, conspired to make a scene of indescribable 
 horror. 
 
 At daybreak members of our company crossed the 
 bridge into the city, and finding soldiers breaking open 
 barrels of whiskey, secured a tub which they partly 
 filled with the tonic, and brought it to our company. 
 On account of the intense cold, I was prevailed upon to 
 take a drink^ — the first in my life — and it produced a 
 warmth that was congenial, to say the least. 
 
 Our division was the first to cross the pontoons the 
 following morning. Upon reaching the opposite banks, 
 we saw smoking ruins here and there and many dead 
 Confederates along the houses skirting the river. One 
 dead Confederate especially attracted my attention. He 
 was in a standing position leaning against the corner ot 
 a block-house with his gun in his hands, and all of the 
 head above his mouth was taken off" by a shell. I have 
 read in a magazine an article describing the attitude of 
 
From Harper's. 
 
 SUPPLY TRAINS FROM BELLE PLAINS STUCK IN THE MUD. (p 58) 
 
 -^-"^i^y^l,^^ I 
 
 :7' ^.^^^^-~^^ -J. , ..•-^,,,, 
 
 From Frank Leslie's. 
 
 LAYING PONTOONS AT FREDERICKSBURG, (p 61) 
 
FREDERICKSBURG. 63 
 
 -soldiers who maintained a lifelike attitude after death 
 by reason of rigor mortis ; but none of these equalled 
 in peculiarity the remarkable standing position of this 
 beheaded soldier. 
 
 The first street running parallel with the river was 
 •covered with Union and Confederate dead. One of the 
 latter was lying in the middle of the street pierced 
 with a shell, taking off both arms. The glassy eyes 
 and the agonies of death pictured on the counte- 
 nances of the dead made a ghastly sight. We tarried 
 in the city during the day, awaiting the rapid transfer 
 -of the remainder of our Grand Division. Many of 
 the inhabitants having fled, the soldiers took posses- 
 sion of the houses, in nearly all of which provisions 
 were stored for the winter. Many of our men stuffed 
 their bosoms with chewing tobacco. In one of the 
 cellars I found a box full of eggs, and emptying a 
 jar of pickles, I filled it with the contents of several 
 dozen. I also secured several pounds of brown sugar, 
 and with a cleaned chicken which I bought from a 
 comrade for fifteen cents, my haversack was filled to 
 repletion. That night I slept on a mattress and under 
 a featherbed in the Methodist Church, As the town 
 had, when demanded, refused to surrender, and had to 
 be carried by assault, with great loss, there was in this 
 plundering nothing contrary to the laws of war. Ac- 
 cording to martial regulations governing such cases, 
 the conquerors had the rights of belligerents to sack 
 and pillage. 
 
 Early next morning, we prepared for battle. Gen. 
 Lee had fully four weeks to fortify the range of hills 
 back of the city, which were now occupied by the en- 
 tire Confederate army. Three hundred Confederate 
 ^uns were advantageously posted on every eminence 
 
64 MY LITTLE WAR EXPKRIENCE. 
 
 ready to rake every foot of ground on -whicli they could 
 be approached. Nearly all our artillery was massed 
 on the north bank of the Rappannock too distant to 
 materially assist our troops in their attack, or to silence 
 the numerous and protected batteries of the enemy. In 
 fact they created some havoc among our own men until 
 Burnside silenced them. At eleven o'clock the move- 
 ment of our division, selected for the initial assault, be- 
 gan. As we marched along a street parallel to the river, 
 we saw on our right the concentrated fire of the Confed- 
 erate artillery tearing through and silencing the five 
 batteries brought across the river and stationed at the 
 edge of the city. Screaming shells shattered the roofs 
 of many of the houses scattering the debris over our 
 heads. 
 
 When we came to the street in which the railroad 
 station then stood, leading directly to the range of hills 
 covered with Confederate infantry and artillery, howl- 
 ing projectiles made great gaps in the ranks of our divi- 
 sion. The fire was too hot and destructive for some of 
 the soldiers who, convinced that "absence of body is 
 better than presence of mind" sought shelter behind a 
 brick ware-house. I would have given all my posses- 
 sions, which were nil, as well as those of my relations,, 
 present and prospective, could I have honorably follow- 
 ed suit. An Ohio colonel in our front swore " like a 
 trooper " to keep up courage, as was the habit ot many 
 officers and men, especially the officers of the regular 
 army. West Pointers. 
 
 Emerging into the open we were about to deploy 
 in line of battle under a deadly fire, when we en- 
 countered a mill-race or canal, from four to six feet 
 deep and fifteen feet wide, which ran clear around the 
 city in the rear. The existence of this canal was com- 
 
FREDERICKSBURG. 65 
 
 municated by Gen. Couch to Burnside the day before. 
 But the latter alleging personal acquaintance with the 
 topography of Fredericksburg, indignantly denied its 
 existence. It was impassable, except at the few street 
 bridges, some of which had nothing left but stringers 
 over which we had to pass in single file. 
 
 It was first discovered in our division by the head of 
 column, and was a most serious and embarassing ob- 
 stacle, and very disconcerting under a raking storm of 
 projectiles. After crossing, we were compelled for a 
 considerable distance to march by columns of lour. 
 While in this formation a shower of missiles created 
 havoc in our ranks, one of which took off the head ot 
 Captain Mcl^aughlin of Company E, scattering the 
 brains over our company. In re-aligning, we had 
 to climb over a rail fence, and as my brother 
 reached the top rail, a cannon ball cut the third rail 
 below, only three feet to my right. A second either 
 way would have been a fatal shot to him, or three feet 
 to the left would have obviated the infliction upon the 
 reader of this commonplace and unvarnished narrative. 
 
 As we came to the slope of the first elevation, we 
 were met with a still more frightful fire of shell, grape 
 and musketry. The Confederate artillery converged its 
 fire on our hapless division, and our men were stricken 
 down by hundreds. 
 
 When we approached the crest of the hill in the im- 
 mediate front of Marye's Heights we were ordered to 
 lie down. As my haversack was filled to the top, as 
 I have stated, my brother requested me to doff it as it 
 would retard me in charging up the Heights, and I re- 
 luctantly complied. laying on my left was Eli Myers, 
 formerly a clerk in P. A. 8i S. Small's store, and on my 
 right was William Clemens, and next to him, Frank. 
 
66 MY LITTLE WAR EXPEKIENCE. 
 
 A bullet knocked off Clements' cap, and a moment later 
 a shell exploded over us, a piece of which violently 
 struck Myers in the back. I got up to assist in carry- 
 ing him ofE the field, but being small, was pushed aside 
 by others equally anxious to get beyond the range of 
 fire, for we all felt that success was a forlorn hope. The 
 wound proved fatal. We then moved forward and as 
 we approached the stone wall, rifle pits and redoubts on 
 the Heights, we poured in a heavj' volley and charged, 
 hut were swept back a short distance by blazing mus- 
 ketry, grape and canister, rising tier after tier, which no 
 troops could withstand. As we were about to renew the 
 charge the Confederates sprang from their breast works 
 and charged, but were hurled back in confusion. Con- 
 federate reinforcements arrived, all veteran marksmen, 
 until they were four ranks deep and completely shelter- 
 ed. These poured forth such an unremitting blast of 
 deadly fire that our regiment again began to waver. It 
 was then that Colonel Zinn, our heroic commander, 
 seized the regimental flag staff in his left hand, and 
 waving his sword with his right, cried out, " Stick to 
 your standard, boys ! The One Hundred and Thirtieth 
 never abandons its colors; give them another volley !" 
 The words had scarcely left his lips, when his brain 
 was pierced by a Confederate bullet. He was an in- 
 trepid and accomplished officer, a strict disciplinarian, 
 and an adept in tactics, and would, had he lived, have 
 attained high rank. 
 
 Shattered and broken, we fell back, meeting as our 
 support General Hancock's First Division of our corps, 
 moving towards the Heights. The General and his 
 staff were mounted, and that he was unharmed in that 
 enfilading fire was simply miraculous. As we retired 
 past him, not knowing that we had encountered a wall 
 
FREDERICKSBURG. 6 7 
 
 and terraces of fire, he made the air sulphurous with 
 imprecations. Until then I did not know the English 
 language was so rich in eruptive possibilities. A half 
 an hour later, he and his division were also hurled 
 into the city. If he was at all reminiscent, he must 
 have felt sorry for upbraiding us. In the immediate 
 front of these impregnable heights our losses were 
 tenfold the enemy's — our causalties in the entire army 
 being in the proportion of nearly three to one of the 
 Confederates. A few yards from Gen. Hancock's posi- 
 tion on the field, a severely wounded comrade exposed 
 to the withering fire, begged to be carried to a spot less 
 exposed. Frank and I tore a board from an adjoining 
 fence and put him on it, but in lifting him, he shrieked 
 with agony, and we had to abandon him. Just 
 then a very tall German came hobbling along, hav- 
 ing been shot in the ankle, and imploring our assistance, 
 we got under his arms and helped him to shelter 
 behind a garden wall in the hollow near the canal. Con- 
 ceiving that we had done our full duty we, with thous- 
 ands of others, then made a bee-line for the city, but a 
 short distance off". 
 
 In turning the first corner of the depot street a pro- 
 jectile struck a soldier not more than six feet behind 
 me. Many houses were already filled with wounded, 
 and the pavements were littered with amputated arms 
 and legs. The streets were filled with the returning 
 remnants of repelled divisions, meeting other commands 
 on their way to the field of carnage to be exposed in 
 their turn to like pitiless, useless, hopeless slaughter. 
 Nor did nightfall mercifully arrest this fruitless massa- 
 cre; for it was not till 8 p. m. that the last of the brig- 
 ades of Sumner and Hooker were hurled from the bloody 
 field. 
 
68 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 The survivors of our company with its wounded, re- 
 paired to a two-story brick house on the street running 
 parallel and next to the Rappahannock. At. nightfall, 
 the boys began to bake "slapjacks" in the yard. The 
 brisk fire was so vivid in the Egyptian darkness that it 
 attracted the fire of the enemy, several shells passing 
 over the house. The men were requested to desist, but 
 were too hungry to refrain. About 7 o'clock, when 
 asleep from sheer exhaustion on the first floor of the 
 house, a spherical shell penetrated the brick wall, crash- 
 ed through the washboard and fell on the floor scatter- 
 ing the bricks and mortar debris all over the room, and 
 affrighting everybody in it. Frank was sleeping in a 
 rocking-chair near the wall, and my head was reposing 
 on my canteen at his feet. His canteen between the 
 chair and the wall was dinged, and the impact knocked 
 his feet from under him. Fortunately, the fuse of the 
 shell was spent, otherwise there would have been great 
 loss of life in the crowded room. Fearing that other 
 shells might lodge in the same place, the greater por- 
 tion of the occupants went into the basement, soon to 
 return and remain without further mishap until morning. 
 
 In the house, at the time, was the owner, Mrs. Mills, 
 a lady of intelligence and good breeding aged about 
 thirty years, and her two prepossessing daughters, aged 
 respectively about ten and twelve years. Of course they 
 were in great consternation, when the shell penetrated 
 the wall. In conversation they proved to be Confeder- 
 ates to the core. 
 
 In January, 1890, on my way to Florida, I stopped at 
 Fredericksburg to survey the battle-field and cemetery. 
 While in the city, I searched for this house, and dis- 
 covered it by the new bricks which replaced those de- 
 molished by the shell. Upon ringing the door-bell, a 
 
From Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 
 
 BOMBARDMENT OF FREDERICKSBRUG. (p 61) 
 
 ' ■ 
 
 .;':'!^v^^>^:^'^9H|^H^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H 
 
 ^ M 
 
 Wt^^^m^^mK^^mfm 
 
 w^^^^ 
 
 rl^lF " i^^JPTr^fc''' ?-%-.^r-. 
 
 
 
 From a Painting. 
 
 A RECOLLECTION OF FREDERICKSBURG, (p 64) 
 
FKSOBRICKSBUKG. 69 
 
 lady of noble proportions and unusually handsome in 
 face and figure appeared. After disclosing the object of 
 my visit and on inquiry as to the whereabouts of the 
 mother and daughters who occupied the premises dur- 
 ing the battle, I was surprised when told that she was 
 Mrs. Retta Mills Merchant, and one of the daughters in 
 the house on that fearful night. The remarkable inci- 
 cident created a friendship at once, and sending for her 
 husband, Mr. Merchant, proprietor of the leading Fred- 
 ericksburg newspaper, I was cordially invited to stay to 
 tea. As time would not permit, I was compelled to de- 
 cline. Mr. Merchant, however, was so pleased with the 
 peculiar event, that he accompanied me on the train to 
 Richmond. 
 
 From the Fredericksburg Star, January 4, 1890: 
 
 " Visited Old Scenes. 
 Mr. E. W. Spangler, of York, Pa., paid the old Buig a yisit last 
 Thursday. During the late war he was a gallant soldier in the Federal 
 Army and the night after the "battle took refuge with the wounded and 
 remnants of his company m the home now occupied by the editor of the 
 " Star,,' which he visited and was kindly shown through. His memory 
 was very vivid, recollecting all positions of the furniture and the place 
 where a spent shell passed through the wall of the house that night and 
 fell on the floor within two feet of his head. The wife of the editor was 
 also in the house that terrible night, and both remembered the fright that 
 ponderous shell occasioned to all the inmates." 
 
 The picture of the Mills House is from a photograph 
 taken in March, 1901, with Mrs. Merchant on the porch. 
 The cross represents the place where the shell entered. 
 
 The two armies stood facing each other on the two 
 succeeding days. Having left my haversack on the 
 field, and with no commissary stores in the city, I be- 
 came so hungry, that on the 15th I determined to re- 
 cover it if possible, but the pickets refused to let me pass. 
 
70 MY I,1TTI,B WAR HXPERIENCB, 
 
 Despite the terrible carnage of the disastrous 13th, 
 Burnside, horribile dictu, determined to renew the con- 
 test next day with his former Ninth Corps, and on the 
 very point where the Confederate lines had been proved 
 to be impregnable at a cost of 10,000 men. Butchery 
 as fruitless and still more demoralizing would doubtless 
 have been incurred but for the timely and forcible re- 
 monstrance of stern old Sumner. 
 
 During the night of the 15th, in a heavy storm, the 
 army, without mishap, recrossed the Rappahannock) 
 and tramped through mud in a cold and driving rain 
 that was most disheartening and depressing. There is 
 no denying it that the army was dispirited, not due so 
 much to exposure and hardships, as to the fact that there 
 was inflicted upon it a most incompetent, obstinate and 
 reckless commander, who was responsible alone for the 
 fruitless results of misdirected valor. 
 
Description of the Battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 By the Count of Paris, and Generals French 
 AND Couch. Gen. Franklin's Assertion THij.T 
 Gen. Burnside's going to sleep L,ost us the 
 Battle. His Erroneous Letter and Conclu- 
 sion. Gen. Burnside's Utter Incompetency. 
 
 GEN. SUMNER, in his report of the battle of 
 Fredericksburg, says : 
 " I was ordered to select the corps to make the attack. I selected the 
 divisions of French and Hancock, two of the most gallant officers of the 
 army — and two divisions, neither of them had ever turned their backs to 
 the enemy — they did all that men could do." 
 
 The Count of Paris, in his admirable history of the 
 Civil War, gives the following graphic description of 
 the battle in front of Marye's Heights : 
 
 " To French's division of Couch's corps was assigned the perilous task 
 of leading the attack, that of Hancock was to follow and support it. The 
 Confederates awaited, without moving, the attack of their adversaries, but 
 as soon as they saw the town of Fredericksburg filled with Federal troops, 
 who had been massed there after crossing the river, their artillery opened 
 its fire upon this doomed city. The heights of Marye's Hill were imme- 
 diately circled with a double crown of white smoke, the bluish tinge of 
 which could not be mistaken for the lingering wreaths of the morning fog, 
 and which revealed the strength of the means of defence accummulated. 
 
72 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 by Lee at this point. This prelude should have made Burnside feel the 
 rashness of his undertaking, but his purpose was irrevocably fired. He 
 gave the signal of attack to his right, and French's column, emerging into 
 the plain, soon diverted the attention of the enemy's cannoniers from the 
 
 town. 
 
 "These columns emerging by way of the cemetery, were obliged to defile 
 over the two or three bridges that still remained in order to cross the large 
 draining ditch, and to deploy afterward on the other side under the mur- 
 derous fire of all of McLaw's batteries. The cannon-balls committed a 
 fearful ravage among those deep and almost immovable masses. They 
 were not, however, staggered, and as soon as the line was formed, Kim- 
 ball's brigade, followed at a short distance by two other brigades, ad- 
 vanced against the stone wall adjoining the road behind which were posed 
 the Confederate brigades of Cook and Cobb. For the space of six hun- 
 dred metres, over which these troops had to pass, every step in the advance 
 was marked by dead bodies ; they closed their ranks without stopping. 
 When within two hundred metres of the enemy, they were received by 
 discharges of musketry, every shot of which, aimed at leisure, made sure 
 of a victim. 
 
 " Hunt's artillery had vainly endeavored to silence the batteries posed on 
 Marye's Hill; the distance was too great. They disdained to reply to him, 
 devoting all their attention to the assailants, and Hunt himself was obliged 
 to intermit his fire for fear of killing more friends than foes. The lield- 
 pieces of Couch's corps could not accompany their infantry;* they would 
 have been dismounted in an instant. French's soldiers, however, were 
 still pushing forward, but at fifty paces from the wall, the first line, which 
 was reduced to a handful of men, halted and began to skirmish. The two 
 brigades, that were following could not pass beyond this fatal point, and 
 after a single discharge they retired, leaving one-third of their comrades 
 on the ground. 
 
 " Hancock immediately took their place. This brilliant ofScer, who had 
 always inspired the soldiers with the ardor by which he was himself ani- 
 mated, was in command of well-tried troops. The sight of the massacre 
 of their companions and the formidable positions that rose before them, 
 
 *Note: This is error; five batteries were in action at the street outlets, 
 as already stated. 
 
From Frank Leslie. 
 
 CHARGE OF THE SECOND CORPS ON MARYE'S HEIGHTS- (p 65; 
 
 From a. Painting. 
 
 CHARGE ON THE RAMPARTS, FREDERICKBURG. (p 66) 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG. 73 
 
 did not cause them to hesitate for a single instant. Three flags, planted 
 by Fiench's soldiers within eighty or one hundred metres of the enemy's 
 line, floated amid the cannon-shot and musket-balls alone above the dead 
 bodies that surrounded them." 
 
 "They seemed to call for new combatants, or rather new victims. 
 Meagher's Irish brigade was the first to rush forward. A portion of 
 French's troops, who had felt reluctant to leave the vicinity of this field of 
 carnage, joined, and the rest of Hancock's division followed close. How- 
 ard'! division came out of the town for the purpose of following in the 
 track* of Hancock should the latter meet with any success. On the left, 
 Wilcox had deployed the Ninth Corps in front of Pickett's Confederate 
 Division; the divisions of Sturgis and Getty extended from Hazel Run to 
 Deep Run, while that of Burns was on the other side of the latter stream, 
 near Smith's Corps. The embankment of an unfinished railroad covered 
 Hancock's left to within a certain distance of the stone wall; his centre, 
 a* well as his right, was utterly unprotected. Nevertheless, his whole line 
 reached and passed beyond the flags planted by French ; but when within 
 twenty or twenty-five metres of the wall, it also halted, and all those who 
 had gone beyond were instantly struck down. The Federal line wavered, 
 without, however, falling far back, while, enveloped in smoke, it opened a 
 sharp fire upon the defenders of the stone wall. From time to time a 
 group of soldiers was seen advancing to reach the obstacle; but this 
 movement, always unsuccessful, was soon followed by a speedy retreat, 
 which brought back the small number of those who had escaped death. 
 The Federals, however, maintained themselves; and if they could not 
 gain ground, they sufiEered themselves to be decimated without abandon- 
 ing the place. Their losses were enormous, but their adversaries were 
 also beginning to suEer; in vain did they shelter themselves behind the 
 wall, in vain did the artillery which fired over their heads, throw its 
 shrapnel into the midst of the assailants ; their ranks were fast thinning 
 ■off." 
 
 " The two lirigades which, up to this time, had alone defended the stone 
 wall, lost their two commanders at the same moment — General Cobb killed 
 and General Cook seriously wounded. But numerous re-inforcements were 
 at hand. Ransom's brigade had come to the relief of Cook's; Kershaw 
 had been sent by McLaws to succor Cobb's soldiers. These new troops 
 were placed in rear of those they came to support; and owing to a slight 
 
74 MY I.ITTLB WAR EXPHRIENCE. 
 
 inclination of the ground they occupied on the road, they were enabled tO' 
 open a well-sustained fire of four ranks upon the assailants. The Fed- 
 erals had no hope left. The bravest among them acknowledged that it 
 would be folly to remain any longer before a position which it was impos- 
 sible to carry." 
 
 Gen. Couch describes the slaughter as follows : 
 
 " A few minutes after noon French's division charged in the order of 
 Kimball's, Andrew's and Palmer's brigades, a part of Kimball's men 
 getting into the cluster of houses in the fork of the road. Hancock fol- 
 lowed them in the order of Zook's, Meagher's and Caldwell's brigades, 
 the two former getting nearer to the stone wall than any brigade which 
 followed them. 
 
 " Without a clear idea of the state of afiEairs at the front, since the 
 smoke and light fog veiled everything, I sent word to French and Han- 
 cook to carry the enemy's works by storm. Then I climbed the steeple 
 of the Court House, and from above the haze and smoke got a clear view 
 of the field. Howard, who was with me, says I exclaimed, " Oh, great 
 God! see how our men, our poor fellows are falling! " I remember that 
 the whole plain was covered with men, prostrate and dropping, the live 
 men running here and there and in front closing upon each other, and the 
 wounded coming back. The commands seemed to be mixed up. I had 
 never before seen fighting like that, notiiing approaching it in terrible 
 uproar and destruction. There was no cheering on the part of the menr 
 but a stubborn determination to obey orders and do their duty. I don't 
 think there was much feeling of success. As they charged the artillery 
 fire would break their formation and they would get mixed; then they 
 would close up, go forward, receive the withering infantry fire, and those 
 who were able would run to the houses and fight as best they could ; and 
 then the next brigade coming up in succession would do its duty and melt 
 like snow coming down on warm ground." 
 
 In Gen. Ivce's memoirs is found the following : 
 
 " During the attack on the right, preparations were in progress to assail 
 the Confederate centre. Dense masses of troops which had been pre- 
 viously concentrated in and about Fredericksburg were now formed in col- 
 umns of attack to be led against Marye's Heights. About noon the attack 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE OP FREDERICKSBURG. 75 
 
 commenced. Column and column advanced to the assault, to be hurled 
 back with terrible slaughter. Attack after attack was hopelessly renewed 
 until the stoutest heart quaked at the dreadful carnage that ensued." 
 
 Greely, inhis "American Conflict," says: 
 
 " Braver men never smiled at death than those that climbed Marye's 
 Heights that fatal day ; their ranks ploughed through and lorn to pieces 
 by Rebel batteries even in the process of formation; and when, at heavy 
 cost, they had reached the foot of the hill from behind which Confederate 
 brigades of infantry mowed them down like grass, exposing but their 
 heads to our bullets, and these only while themselves firing.'' 
 
 "Thus Hancock's and French's corps were successively sent up against 
 those slippery heights, girdled with batteries, rising, tier after tier, to its 
 crest, all carefally trained upon the approaches from Fredericksburg; 
 while that fatal stone wall —so strong that even artillery could make no 
 impression upon it — completely sheltered Barksdale's brigade, which so 
 soon as our charging columns came within rifle shot, poured into their 
 faces the deadliest storm of musketry." 
 
 In Picket's famous and historic charge at Gettysburg, 
 his men were not subjected to such a terribly destructive 
 and deadly fire. This hopeless slaughter is well ex- 
 pressed in a boast of an artillery ofiicer of Lee that "the 
 guns were so placed that *a chicken could not live' 
 within the concentric arc of their fire on the plains 
 below." Col. E. P. Alexander, Lee's Chief of Artillery, 
 says : " While I was looking at Burnside's dense 
 columns so swarming through the fire of our guns 
 towards Marye's Hill, Gen. Lee said : ' It is well that 
 war is so terrible, or we would grow too fond of it.' " 
 
 Gen. Wm. F. Smith, commanding the Sixth Corps of 
 Gen. Franklin's left wing, in a late (1903) interview, 
 says: 
 
 " A few days after that, about December 1st, 1862, I was at General 
 Burnsid's headquarter'! and he said to me: " I want you to come and take 
 a ride with me." We rode out along the river bank and he pointed out to 
 me every projecting blufE on our side. ' Do you see what splendid artillery 
 
76 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 positions these are?' he asked. I answered 'Yes,' not having the least 
 idea of what was to come. 
 
 " ' Well,' he said, ' I have never given my reserve artillery a chance, 
 and I am going to do it now.' 
 
 " He hadn't, as a matter o£ fact, had the reserve artillery very long to 
 give it a chance. His remark impressed me so much that I could not for- 
 get it; it was exactly what MeClellan had said to me at the Seven Days' 
 fight before Richmond. 
 
 " ' I am going to cross here at the town of Fredericksburg,' General 
 Burnside continued ; ' you will cross down below. I don't want you to 
 say anything about this to anybody, but I have made up my mind, and 
 intend to begin the battle here.' 
 
 " ' Well,' I said, ' there's no trouble, General, about crossing this river 
 at almost any point. But you see those hills over there ? ' pointing to 
 Marye's Heights, back of Fredericksburg. They ran down for about a 
 mile and a half, I think, below our crossing. 
 
 "Oh, yes, he replied, 'but I know where Lee's troops are, and I can 
 get across and surprise him.' 
 
 " 'If you can, do that,' I answered, 'there is nothing more to be said,' 
 and I returned to my headquarters." 
 
 Prior to December ist, Gen. Burnside had determined 
 to cross the main army at Shrenker's Neck, fourteen 
 miles below Fredericksburg, and make the attack on 
 I,ee's right where the country was comparatively level 
 and the defensive troops easily assailable. As four weeks 
 elapsed since Sumner's arrival opposite the city, and two 
 days, December nth and 12th, wasted in laying the 
 pontoons and getting the army across the Rappahan- 
 nock at Fredericksburg, L,ee, of course, could not then 
 have been taken by surprise, and Burnside again revert- 
 ed to the original plan. Gen. Smith says further : 
 
 " There were now (December 12th) really two days gone. I think it 
 was somewhere about 3 o'clock that Burnside came down to our end of the 
 line. We all knew him very well and had been on such terms with him 
 that we could say to him anything that we thought in regard to the plan. 
 
nESCRIPTION OF THK BATTLE OF FRKDERICKSBUKG 77 
 
 On that day Franklin, Reynolds and I had determined that the only pos- 
 sible course for our side then was to have the left wing attack the rebels 
 in strong force. We suggested to Burnside to put 40,000 men, which was 
 about the strength of the left grand division, into an assault upon the rebel 
 right. The Third Corps, which was on the left bank of the stream, 
 should come over early and relieve my corps in guarding the pontoon 
 bridges, so that we could be in position in line of battle for the coming 
 action. The men could sleep on their arms and at daylight of the 13th be 
 up and oflE. 
 
 " So Burnside went along the lines and was cheered, as all great sold- 
 iers are, and when he turned back Franklin called him into our tent and 
 told him that we had gone over the whole situation, and what we desired to 
 suggest as the best way to reach the enemy. Burnside listened to it all, 
 said ' yes, yes, yes,' as if in full acquiescence, and we thought — though I 
 cannot recollect that he said positively that he would do it — that he had 
 accepted our plan of battle. As he went away Franklin said to him: 
 
 ' Now, Burnside, you understand that we have a good deal of work to 
 do to-night to get ready for this movement, and you will have to send us 
 the orders very soon.' 
 
 " ' Oh, yes; you shall have them directly,' he replied. 
 
 "Those are possibly not his exact words, but that is the sense of them. 
 Franklin said to him again that the Third Corps would have to come over 
 early to relieve the Sixth Corps, to allow me to go into my proper place in 
 line and so that the men might have their full night's rest before the in- 
 tended assault. 
 
 " We waited and waited. Franklin sent, I think, two or three messen- 
 gers that night to headquarters to ask Burnside to hurry the order, saying 
 that it was imperative that we have it soon. 
 
 "The three of us were together until about 2 o'clock of the morning of 
 the 13th. when Reynold's said: "Well, I have a hard day's work ahead 
 of me, and I am going to get some sleep.' Franklin and I, however, sat 
 up there until perhaps half -past 7 o'clock in the morning, when the orders 
 came. 
 
 " What those orders were and the rest of the story are settled matters 
 of history. The attack that was ordered was not that which Franklin had 
 suggested. He was permitted to use, for the essential part of the move- 
 ment, only a small part of his force, while the great bulk of it was tied up 
 
78 MY LITTLK WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 by waiting orders. The slaughter and sacrifice that ensued are well knowB. 
 I have not the slightest doubt that, if the order had come in time to use 
 -the 40,000 in the left grand division, as Franklin wished to use them, our 
 success would have been complete." 
 
 Gen. Burnside did not issue the orders lie promised 
 General Franklin, nor in the time promised. Burnside's 
 order to Franklin was to make a mere reconnoissance in 
 his front as the main attack would be at Fredericks- 
 burg. Gen. Burnside testified before the Congressional 
 Committee on the Conduct of the War that he started 
 this order at 4 o'clock on the morning of the 13th- 
 The order was dated by Gen. Parker (his chief of stafE) 
 5:55 A. M. Gen. Burnside was therefore in error. 
 
 General Smith further says in this interview : 
 
 " There is a good deal to be said as to the battle of Fredericksburg 
 about things that took place behind the curtain. There was a staS officer 
 who stated that some time after daylight on the morning of the 13th he 
 went up into the cupola of the Phillips house, which was Burnside's head- 
 quarters, to watch the movements on the other side of the river, and 
 shortly afterwards he heard some one coming up the stairs, and on look- 
 around he saw that it was Eurnside, and that Burnside said to him : 
 " ' I am so sleepy that I must lie down and take a nap.' 
 " Of course, personally, I know nothing about this story. General 
 Franklin, however, has told me it several times. We have frequently 
 discussed the matter together. Whatever Franklin told me was as good as 
 though I had heard it myself, because we had always the greatest confi- 
 dence in each other. 
 
 It was doubtless this episode that led Gen. Franklin 
 more than eigeteen years after the battle to write the 
 subjoined letter to Gen. St. Clair A. Mulholland : 
 
 " Office of Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co. 
 
 Hartford, Conn., April 29th, 1881. 
 -" My Dear General: — 
 
 I only received your article on the Battle of Fredericksburg, and have 
 read it with much pleasure. 1 think that you began it at the right date. 
 
^■■1 
 
 ^^^^^^t^ 
 
 
 
 From a Painting. 
 
 AN EVENING IN CAMP AT THE FRONT, (p 199) 
 
 Fronn a Photograph. 
 
 THE MILLS' HOUSE, FREDERICKSBURG, (p 68) 
 
DRSCKIPTION OF THK BATTLE OF FRKDERICKSBUKG. 79 
 
 that o£ the lemoval of McCIellan, and I think that you have told the 
 ghastly stoiy as well as it can be told. Of course I can only speak defi- 
 nitely of my own command, the left wing. Burnside's going to sleep, 
 instead of issuing his promised orders, is at the bottom of all the trouble. 
 For this he should never be forgiven. 
 
 What a delightful monograph would a " History of Burnside's Career 
 as the Commander of the Army of the Potomac," beginning where you 
 began and ending with the order relieving him from the command, telling 
 the story of order No. 8, &c., &c. 
 
 Will you say to Gen. McCandless that I have not forgotten his request 
 -for a copy or copies of my pamphlet. I have none by me just now, but 
 will send them when I get some which I hope soon to get. 
 
 Truly your friend, 
 
 W. B. Frankun, 
 <Jen. St. C. a. Mulholland, 
 Phila., Pa." 
 
 The facts already related do not justify Gen. Franklin 
 in his conclusion that "Burnside's going to sleep, in- 
 stead of issuing his promised orders, is at the bottom of 
 all the trouble." " The bottom of all the trouble" was 
 that he did not intend to issue the order to make 
 the main attack on the left as Gens. Franklin, support- 
 ed by Reynolds and Smith, earnestly requested. Sleep 
 had nothing to do with the order issued. Besides, the 
 order started at 5:55 A. M., on the morning of the 13th, 
 whereas, it was only shortly after daylight on the morn- 
 ing of that day that Burnside, in the cupola, said, " I 
 am so sleepy that I must lie down and take a nap." 
 The sun rose on that day at 7:16, and " to watch the 
 movements on the other side of the river," in dark- 
 ness, at 5:55 would have been impossible. 
 
 As as a matter of history. Gen. Burnside had no plan 
 of attack whatever when he crossed the river, and up to 
 the morning of the 13th was vacillating in purpose. 
 Undoubtedly, the wisest and only practical course to be 
 
80 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 pursued was to make his attack with the whole army on 
 Franklin's front on the left. In fact, lyce was quite as- 
 tonished when he ascertained to a certainty that Burn- 
 side's main attack would be made on fortified and im- 
 pregnable Marye's Heights. It is a familiar military 
 maxim that a general should never do what his adversary 
 wishes him to do. Utterly incapable of commanding 
 so large an army, Burnside lost his head the moment he 
 confronted so able and formidable an adversary as I/ce. 
 He did not class with the chieftain of whom the poet 
 Horace said : " Impavidum ferient ruinae." 
 
After the Battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 Taken to the Hospitals at Washington and 
 Philadelphia. Minister to a Wounded Con- 
 federate AS he Dies. Thaddeus Stevens in 
 Congress. His Intellectual Supremacy, and 
 Invaluable Services in the Cause of the Union. 
 Noble Tribute by his Contemporaries. Henry 
 Ward Beecher's War IvEctures. His Great 
 Speeches for the Union in Great Britain. He 
 Confronts Angry and Violent Mobs. Converts 
 A Hostile Public Sentiment at a Critical 
 Period. Fierce and L,udicrous Scenes. • 
 
 OWING to exposure from rain and cold I became 
 ill, and after an examination by two army sur- 
 geons was placed on a train and taken to Acquia 
 Creek on the Potomac, thence by boat to Washington. 
 During the battle, my left worn-out pantaloon leg was 
 torn oflF, and when I left the boat at Washington for the 
 hospital, my only covering for the limb was underwear. 
 I was taken in an ambulance to a branch of the Trinity 
 Episcopal Church Hospital and placed in ward H. The 
 building was, I think, at the corner of Third Street and 
 a street about three blocks North of Pennsylvania Ave- 
 
82 MY tlTTLK WAR EXPERIBNCE. 
 
 nue, and used before the war as a ware-house. After I 
 was able to sit up and walk around the ward, a kind 
 Washington lady supplied me with a cinnamon-colored 
 pair of trousers. 
 
 A week or two after my arrival a very large and se- 
 verely wounded Confederate soldier was brought into 
 the ward. Believing that he would soon die, he re- 
 quested the attending surgeon to get some one to read 
 the Bible to him. I was selected, and while reading as 
 the extemporized Chaplain of the room, he expired. 
 
 Being convalescent, towards the latter part of January, 
 1862, I was permitted, when the weather was fine, to 
 take brief outings and in one of these I had a tin-type 
 picture taken on Pennsylvania Avenue, which is repro- 
 duced as a frontispiece. The black great-coat and blue 
 trousers, most ample in proportion on my slender frame, 
 were issued from the hospital. 
 
 I also visited Congress then in session. By means of 
 diagrams of the Senate and House, I soon knew by sight 
 the leading members of both branches. The political 
 hatred between the Republican and Democratic mem- 
 bers was rancorously bitter, and I heard some of the 
 most brilliant and acrimonious discussions of the war 
 period. It was easy to discern that Thaddeus Stevens, 
 the founder and champion of common schools of his 
 adopted State, the unchallenged head of the Pennsylva- 
 nia Bar, the Great Commonor, and the Metternich of 
 Republicanism, stood in point of eloquence, wit, satire, 
 intellect, and courage, head and shoulders above every 
 member in either House of Congress. He was not only 
 an authority on political questions, but on finance, poli- 
 tical economy, constitutional law and the laws of na- 
 tions and war, having been a profound student of Adam 
 Smith, Turgot, Neckar, Peel, Grotius, Bynkershoek and 
 
A.FTBR THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG. 83 
 
 Vattel. He was a born leader, had absolute dominion 
 of the House, and commanded universal party obedience. 
 It is but necessary to read his admirable biography, 
 written by Congressman McCall, to appreciate the in- 
 tellectual supremacy of the greatest of all Pennsylva- 
 nians, Benjamin Franklin, perhaps, alone excepted. It 
 seems strange that the five greatest Pennsylvanians, 
 were exotics, — Benjamin Franklin, of Boston ; Robert 
 Morris of England ; Albert Gallatin, of Geneva ; Gen. 
 Meade, born in Spain, and Thaddeus Stevens, of 
 Vermont. 
 
 Mr. Stevens had Pluto's iron countenance, and yet 
 was bending, kind and philanthropic. The House had 
 great Parliamentary ability. It had its Washburn, its 
 Wilson, Bingham and its Blaine. It had but one Thad- 
 deus Stevens. I beheld Sumner, Trumbull, Wilson, 
 Howe, Wade and other Senatorial magnates in constant 
 consultation with him in his seat, thus evincing a merit- 
 ed regard for a collossal and overpowering genius.* 
 
 Not having fully recovered my strength, and unfit to 
 return to the army, I, with many other convalescents, 
 was sent to Philadelphia to make room in Washington 
 hospitals for the more severely wounded from the battle- 
 field hospitals. At Philadelphia I was taken to an im- 
 provised hospital at the northwest corner of Broad and 
 Cherry Streets. The only person I knew in Philadel- 
 phia was William R. Stouch, then salesman in the 
 wholesale dry-goods house of Ludwig, Kneedler & Co., 
 which sold large invoices of goods to my former em- 
 ployer, Peter Wiest. He called on me frequently at the 
 hospital and later entertained me at dinner at his hotel. 
 To me, after a diet largely of codfish hash, it was a I<u- 
 cullus feast. He introduced me to his friends as his 
 
 *App. Note 11. 
 
84 MY I,ITTI,:e WAR BXPSRIENCE. 
 
 hero York soldier boy, and I have always been deeply 
 grateful for the consideration and hospitality shown me. 
 
 The passenger coaches of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 were then drawn by horses to the station at Market 
 and Eleventh Streets. The freight depot embraced the 
 Market Street section of Wanamaker's present Empo- 
 rium. One of the pleasantest features of the city were 
 the four squares of shade and greenery, full of stately 
 and venerable trees, at the intersection of Market and 
 Broad Streets, known collectively as Penn Square. Lit- 
 tle did William Penn think when he laid out these hand- 
 some little parks for the health and recreation of the 
 populace for all time, that in the Nineteenth Century 
 impious hands would build upon them a huge and very 
 costly City Hall of doubtful architectural beauty, which 
 arrested not only the business extension of Market Street 
 westward, but bisected and forever ruined Broad Street, 
 the noblest boulevard of the country. 
 
 A week before my departure for my regiment, I, with 
 others, was taken to the top gallery or " Family Circle " 
 of the Academy of Music to hear Clara l,ouise Kellogg 
 in grand Italian Opera. She was then in the apogee of 
 her lyrical triumphs, and sang with exquisite force the 
 dramatic role of Gilda, in Verdi's Rigoletto. 
 
 There, also, for the first time, I heard Rev. Henry 
 Ward Beecher, the distinguished and eloquent preacher 
 and lecturer, deliver one of his famous patriotic war 
 lectures. 
 
 The oratory and courage of Mr. Beecher, whom 
 Spurgeon, the great English divine, called the " Shakes- 
 peare of the Anglo-Saxon pulpit," were shown at their 
 best when, in 1863,- he repaired at his own expense to 
 Great Britain to deliver a number of addresses for the 
 purpose of converting the hostile governing caste and 
 
From a Painting. 
 
 THf STANDARD BEARER FAITHFUL UNTO DEATH, (pp 66, 199) 
 
 From a Painting. 
 
 AFTER THE BATTLE, (pp 72, 74, 200) 
 
ASTER THE BATTLE OP PREDERICKSBTJRG. 85 
 
 the aristocratic and business classes to the cause of the 
 North. He offered his services at a very critical period 
 of the war when the entire country was black with 
 thunder clouds and ablaze with lightnings of war. 
 Public opinion was wavering between support of the 
 North and support of the South. He delivered speeches 
 in Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburg, Glasgow and L,on- 
 don, which were masterpieces of oratory. In facing the 
 turbulent and hostile audiences he exhibited grit and 
 courage of the first order. When Mr. Beecher was 
 asked to raise the flag on Fort Sumter, Abraham I^in- 
 coln, in 1865, remarked, "but for his speeches in Eng- 
 land, there might have been no flag to raise." These 
 voluntary and patriotic services entitled him to at least 
 a single notch in the annals of his country, and yet not 
 a history of the war even deigns to mention them. 
 
 Mr. Beecher's philippics were especially hurled against 
 the institution of slavery. Before his arrival in Eng- 
 land, a lecturing firm put up the idea of raising lectur- 
 ers to go through England and turn the common people 
 away from the North and toward the South. By the 
 time he got through with his forcible and unanswerable 
 speeches, this scheme was abandoned, and the enthusi- 
 asm of the whole country, outside of a portion of the 
 aristrocratic classes, went strongly in the other direction. 
 It constituted one of the greatest triumphs ever achieved 
 by an orator. Everywhere the weavers and the labor- 
 ers, who, by the cotton famine were thrown out of em- 
 ployment and in the greatest distress, continued hostile 
 to slavery, and in consequence, staunch and true to the 
 right instincts of the laboring man. They never 
 flinched and the cause of the North was successful in 
 England by reason of the fidelity of the great working 
 common people of England. 
 
86 MY LITTI,E WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Mr. Beecher's own humorous and graphic descriptions 
 of his encounters with these howling mobs will be 
 found very entertaining and interesting reading.* 
 
 *App. Note 12. 
 
Chancellorsville. 
 
 Return to the Army in Front op Fredericks- 
 burg. Winter Dug-outs. Picket Duty. Bat- 
 tle OF ChanceIvLOrsville. The Rout of the 
 Eleventh Corps. That Dreadful Saturday 
 Night ; Both Armies Mixed Up in Total Dark- 
 ness. Horrors of the Shrieking Wounded, 
 Mingled Curses. Havoc Wrought by the Ar- 
 tillery. 
 
 IN the beginning of March, 1863, I returned to the 
 regiment then in winter quarters about two miles 
 northeast of Fredericksburg. The winter bunks 
 consisted of oblong holes dug in the ground about two 
 and a half feet and lined with logs projecting about 
 three feet above the ground, over which upon uprights 
 and a cross-piece were stretched our shelter tents. At 
 the exterior of one end was a chimney -place about three 
 feet square, topped with empty commissary barrels 
 about eight feet high, which constituted the chimney. 
 The bunk which gave me shelter was, prior to my arrival, 
 occupied by three other comrades, who kindly invited 
 me to become the fourth joint tenant. It required 
 tight squeezing to enable all four to lie on our backs at 
 
88 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 night. In the chimney-corner was a nest of half a 
 dozen or more mice, which, although frequently running 
 over our faces at night, were never disturbed. 
 
 Our regiment was assigned to picket duty on the 
 banks of the Rappahannock immediately opposite 
 Fredericksburg. Picket duty forms a very responsible 
 part of army service when an alert enemy is in front. 
 The advance pickets are under the command of a cap- 
 tain or lieutenant for a given space on the front line, 
 the pickets pacing to and fro on their beats. The line 
 is divided into three parts, each of which is called a 
 " relief," the three being known as the first, second and 
 third relief respectively, and under the command of a 
 sergeant or corporal. Each relief must stand guard 
 two hours on and four hours ofiF for twenty-four hours. 
 Each picket is furnished with the countersign which is 
 changed daily. About midnight, a body of ofiScers, 
 known as " The Grand Rounds " goes all along the 
 line, examining every picket to see that " all is well." 
 To sleep on the picket line is death. The Rappahan- 
 nock separating the armies, picketing did not require 
 the usual degree of caution and vigilance, especially as 
 the pickets of both armies were on the most friendly 
 terms. Occasionally, tiny boats with sails were sent 
 over to them with coffee, and returned freighted with 
 tobacco. The Confederates had several drag seines 
 with which they caught unmolested considerable quanti- 
 ties of shad. 
 
 Towards the last of April a public meeting was held 
 at Fredericksburg, at which some fiery orators from 
 Richmond exhorted the troops amid rapturous cheer- 
 ing. I was on the picket line that night directly oppo- 
 site the city and parts of the impassioned speeches were 
 audible. 
 
CHANCELLORSVILLE. 89 
 
 Gen. Burnside's usefulness as Commander of the 
 Army of the Potomac ended January 26, 1863. In his 
 delirium, Major Generals Franklin, Wm. F. Smith and 
 other officers of high rank were relieved trom duty with 
 the army. Major General Hooker with Brigadier-Gen- 
 eralsBrooks, and Newton, were designated in an order 
 for ignominious dismissal. This general order was sub- 
 mitted to President Lincoln, who, instead of approving 
 the order, decided to relieve Burnside from command, 
 and appointed Hooker in his stead. 
 
 A feature introduced during Hooker's administration 
 was the adoption of corps badges. The device for the 
 Second Corps was the trefoil, or clover-leaf, the first 
 division having in red, the second in white and the 
 third in blue. General Couch was now the Second 
 Corps commander, and the division commanders were 
 Gen. Hancock ot the first. Gen. Gibbon of the second, 
 and Gen. French of the third division. 
 
 When Gen. Hooker assumed command of the Army 
 of the Potomac, its morale was at a low ebb and the 
 desertions numerous. He devoted the tw© ensuing 
 months in reorganizing it and exalting the spirits of its 
 men. He had now ready for action about 100,000 in- 
 fantry, 10,000 artillery, and 13,000 cavalrymen. He 
 opened the Chancellorsville campaign towards the last 
 of April by dispatching Gen. Stoneman with nearly all 
 the cavalry towards Richmond to destroy the interven- 
 ing telegraphs, railroads and bridges in order to cut off 
 Lee's source of supplies and to intercept the Confederate 
 Army in the contemplated compulsory retreat. Hooker, 
 with his left wing, made a feint to cross the Rappaha- 
 nock some distance below Fredericksburg where Lee's 
 right, under Jackson, was located. 
 
 On April 30th, Hooker, with the main portion of his 
 
WU MY I,ITTI<E WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 army, made a successful crossing of the Rappahannock 
 over pontoon bridges at the various fords from five to 
 ten miles above Fredericksburg. General Sedgwick, 
 with 28,000 men, remained near Fredericksburg, to 
 cross later at that city and carry the Heights beyond, 
 now weakly defended by a division of Lee's army. 
 Upon carrying the Heights he was directed to march on 
 the Plank Road to Chancellorsville and take Lee's right 
 in reverse. Hooker's original plan of campaign was 
 admirably conceived, but subsequently reversed and the 
 changed plan disastrously executed, as the sequel shows. 
 
 At three o'clock, A. M., on the 30th of April, our 
 company squad was relieved from the picket line oppo- 
 site Fredericksburg and ordered to return to the regi- 
 ment. On our arrival at camp, our winter quarters 
 were already demolished and our entire corps ready for 
 an advance. About noon, we reached the United States 
 Ford about six miles northwest of Fredericksburg. Here 
 an order of General Hooker's was read to the troops to 
 the effect that General Lee was outgeneraled and his 
 army compelled to either ingloriously fly or give him 
 battle on his own ground, where certain destruction 
 awaited it. Of course, this welcome intelligence 
 and hopeful forecast were implicitly believed and 
 cheered to the echo. We crossed the Rappahannock on 
 a pontoon bridge, and about five miles beyond struck 
 the Confederate rear guard behind earth-works at the 
 the White House on the road to Chancellorsville. 
 These were summarily carried and the division biv- 
 ouacked on the spot. 
 
 Next day. May ist, the division passed Chancellors- 
 ville, a "village" consisting of a large brick mansion in 
 a clearing of perhaps fifty acres, and then marched to a 
 ridge about two miles beyond. Here the country was 
 
CHANCB1,I,0RSVII.I,B. 91 
 
 largely open and admirably suited for the development 
 of our superior infantry and artillery. It was in an open 
 country tliat Hooker originally contemplated to fight 
 the impending battle, in which the Army of the Poto- 
 mac could see the enemy they were called to fight — a 
 battle to be fought on equal terms. Yet he now de- 
 termined to abandon this advanced position and re- 
 verse his purpose of aggression to fight in the open 
 — an act little short of suicide. Instead, he directed 
 the army to return to Chancellorsville and vicinity 
 where the country was densely wooded with tangled 
 undergrowth, with neither perspective nor eminence, 
 in which it was impossible to manoeuvre an army to 
 advantage, and in the absence of unremitting vigilance 
 liable to surprises. Gen. Couch and other officers vainly 
 endeavored to have this fatal order rescinded but Hooker 
 was obstinate and seemed to have lost both his head and 
 his courage. 
 
 The day following, instead of correcting the error 
 by selecting a suitable battle ground, the army remain- 
 ed stationary and inert awaiting developments of the 
 enemy. They came from an unexpected quarter about 
 6 P. M., when General Stonewall Jackson's Corps of 
 26,000 men, after a night and all-day march from below 
 Fredericksburg, impetuously assaulted General How- 
 ard's nth Corps forming Hooker's right. Howard not 
 having his front properly picketed was completely sur- 
 prised and his command put to a disgraceful flight. 
 
 When the disaster began our division was a short dis- 
 tance east of Chancellorsville and about half a mile in 
 the rear of Howard. Shortly after, we encountered 
 stampeded wagons, ambulances, packmules, cannon and 
 caissons, with men and horses running for their lives. 
 
 Our brigade commanded by General Hays and Gen- 
 
92 MY UTTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 eral Sickles' Third Division under General Berry were 
 immediately ordered to meet the enemy, stay the im- 
 petuous advance and arrest the rout. It was already 
 dusk when we moved to the front. The Confederate 
 shells came in showers, the fuses making streaks of fire 
 like blazing meteors or huge rockets and burst over our 
 heads with a deafening roar. We soon met the victori- 
 ous Confederates and the onslaught was at once check- 
 ed. Our company, the left of the regiment, was located 
 on the famous Plank Road. The sky was overcast 
 and in the dense forest night was of Cimmerian dark- 
 ness, and in consequence, the flashing fire more vivid. 
 It was the most frightful and terrible night I ever 
 experienced and the horror of the scene defies even 
 an approximate description. General Sherman's de- 
 claration that "W^r is Hell" was here most grimly 
 exemplified. The musketry rattle and artillery de- 
 tonations began along the line for perhaps half an 
 hour and momentarily ceased. The opposing lines in 
 many places in the total darkness and thickets of the 
 woods ran against each other at haphazard, disorder 
 reigned supreme among the intermingled contestants 
 and the din was appalling. In the fitful intervals of 
 fire arose the cries and groans of the wounded and the 
 shouting and swearing of the more profane. The yells 
 and cheers on both sides were such as one can alone 
 hear in the furor of battle. After a temporary pause, 
 pandemonium again became rampant, the battle renew- 
 ed — " at first like pattering drops upon a roof ; then 
 a roll, crash, roar and rush" — with deep and heavy ex- 
 plosions like the crashing of thunderbolts. Our artil- 
 lery battatlions were massed on the Chancellorsville 
 plateau, Fairfax, an extended elevation about one hund- 
 red and fifty yards to our rear, where guns double shot- 
 
THE DREAM OF THE SOLDtER. 
 
 SEVERING COMMUNICATIONS (p 89) 
 
CHANCBI<I,ORSVII,I<a. 93 
 
 ted with grape and canister, in continuous roar, thund- 
 ered volleys over our heads, causing the ground to con- 
 vulsively quake and tremble. Finally about 2 A. M., 
 from sheer exhaustion, the combat languished and finally 
 died away — the forest strewn with dead and wounded. 
 
Chancellorsville. 
 
 Stonewall Jackson's Mortal Wound and Death. 
 Thrown from his I^itter. Graphic and Thrill- 
 ing Descriptions of the Horrible Night-Battle 
 and Jackson's Tragic Death, by the Count of 
 Paris, and Jackson's Widow in his Memoirs. His 
 Rank as a Chieftain. A Religious Fanatic. 
 Demands the Killing of all Prisoners of War. 
 His Death, and not the Battle of Gettysburg, 
 THE Turning Point op the War. 
 
 DURING a lull in the storm ot battle, Stonewall 
 Jackson, with a portion of his staff, in recon- 
 noitring, rode up the Plank Road, to the inter- 
 mingled lines of troops, and perceiving his mistake, gal- 
 loped back when his infantry, mistaking him and the 
 staff for a squadron of our cavalry, fired a volley, killing 
 a portion of the staff and mortally wounding Jackson 
 himself. The terrific enfilading fire from our double- 
 shotted guns created such chaos, havoc and disorder 
 where Jackson lay wounded that his removal had several 
 times to be abandoned. The consequent shock and 
 hemorrhages so enfeebled him that when eight days 
 later pleuro-pneumonia supervened he succumbed to 
 
CHANCBI,I.ORSVILI,E. 95 
 
 the insidious disease, and yielded his soul to the AIl- 
 Beneficent Creator who gave it. 
 
 A very interesting and thrilling description of that 
 horrible night-battle and the mortal wounding of Stone- 
 wall Jackson is given by the Count of Paris in his ad- 
 mirable history of the Civil War. 
 
 The stirring and interesting narrative begins at the 
 conclusion of the surprise, rout and flight of Howard's 
 Corps, by Jackson's Corps. After the first rush in the 
 dense forest and thickets and checked by the raking 
 fire from our new line of infantry and artillery, the 
 Confederate ranks were intermingled and in disorder. 
 After his lines were restored, Jackson, during a lull in 
 the conflict, paused to reconnoitre before striking the 
 final and decisive blow: 
 
 " Being desirous of reconnoitring in person this position, which gives 
 him the key to the whole system of Hooker's interior defences, Jackson 
 presses forward, followed only by a few mounted men, whilst Hill, without 
 waiting for the remainder of his division, takes Lane's brigade, which, 
 having escorted the artillery along the road, is the first at hand, and posts 
 it in front of Rode's division. This and Colston's division being in the 
 greatest confusion, it has been found impossible to detach a line of skirm- 
 ishers from it in order to clear the wood in front of them. Hill has or- 
 dered Lane to employ one regiment in forming this line, but Jackson 
 passes on before the order has been executed, and ignorant of this fact, 
 he advances without mistrust in the direction of the enemy. Hill, seeing 
 him before him, follows him close with his stafE." 
 
 " It is ten o'clock in the evening. The night is dark; a profound si- 
 lence has succeeded the din of battle. The exhausted conquerors are 
 waiting for the third line to take their place, and confine themselves to 
 keeping up a brisk fire along their line of skirmishers, which has finally 
 taken position on the outskirts of the woods. On the side of the Federals, 
 Sickles, always ready for an attack has asked Hooker for permission to 
 take the offensive with his three divisions as soon as he shall have been 
 able to organize his line of battle. In the meanwhile, Berry's and Sir- 
 
96 MY I,ITTI,E! WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 ney's battalions, the latter south, the former north of the position de- 
 fended by Pleasanton, cause their skirmishers to advance, who drive back 
 those of the enemy and cautiously penetrate into the forest. Birney's 
 skirmishers soon perceive the group of mounted men on the road formed 
 by Jackson's stafE, and open fire upon them." 
 
 " The Confederate general, perceiving his error, rushes hurriedly into 
 the wood, northward, in order to avoid the bullets and to join, across the 
 thicket, his line farmed on that side by the Eighteenth North Carolina, 
 which is stationed about one hundred yards in the rear; Hill joins him. 
 The Southern soldiers, under the two-fold effects of fatigue and fighting, 
 had lost their coolness and self-possession which characterizes well-tried 
 troops; at the least alarm during that bloody night shots were fired at 
 random, and more than once the Confederate skirmishers meeting una- 
 wares, fired upon each other. Lane's brigade had been warned to be on 
 its guard against the Federal cavalry. The soldiers of the Eighteenth, 
 seeing Jackson and his followers coming at full gallop toward them, nat- 
 urally believe they are about to be attacked. The first rank kneels to the 
 ground, and when the stafE is only within twenty paces of their line they 
 receive it with a terrific discharge of musketry. This volley caused by 
 the merest accident, and which another accident, equally triSing might 
 have prevented, proved more fatal to the Confederate cause than a lost 
 battle. Jackson is seriously wounded by three balls. Around him lie 
 men and horses. The animals that are not mortally wounded carry ofiE 
 their riders, exposing them either to be dashed against a tree or to fall into 
 the enemy's lines. 
 
 " Jackson has received one ball in the right and two in the left arm; 
 he has been no doubt struck at the moment when he was parting the 
 branches of the tree3 before him; nevertheless, he succeeds in stopping 
 his horse. Being turned towards his soldiers, whose officers have caused 
 their fire to cease, he looks at them with astonishment, unable as yet to 
 believe in so fatal a mistake, and asking himself whether he has not fallen 
 into an ambush of the enemy. He faints away, and falls into the arms 
 of his aid-de-oamp. Captain Wilbourne, the only one who has not been 
 wounded among those around him. The left arm is shattered close to the 
 shoulder; the artery is severed and the blood flows in streams ; Wilbourne 
 has nothing but a pen-knife with which to dress the wound, through which 
 life is fast ebbing away. Fortunately, Hill, who has remained a little in 
 
CHANCEL,LORSVII,LE. 97 
 
 the rear, arrives at this critical moment, and his skillful appliances suc- 
 ceed in stopping the hemorrhage." 
 
 " The Federals, who have no suspicion of what is passing within a 
 few rods of them, advance very slowly, groping their way cautiously, but 
 their skirmishers are already approaching the spot where Jackson has 
 fallen ; two of them are captured by Hill by the side of his chief, while a 
 Unionist general, in advance of his men, appears for a moment near the 
 group which surrounds him, to disappear immediately after in the dark. 
 It is important to hide from the enemy, at all risks, the precious prey 
 which lies so close to them, and while Hill is returning to his post to pre- 
 pare for the attack with which he is menaced, Jackson, making a des- 
 perate effort, proceeds on foot in the direction of the Confederate lines, 
 where he finds a litter upon which he is placed." 
 
 "While this incident, so serious for the future of the war, is passing in 
 the dark recesses of the forest unknown to almost all the combatants — to 
 those who followed Jackson with enthusiasm, as well as to those who had 
 learned to dread him — the Federals are preparing to check the victorious 
 march of the enemy by assuming a vigorous offensive attitude themselves. 
 On the left Sickles has massed the whole of Birney's division on the 
 borders of the wood along the road which connects with the turnpike from 
 Hazel Grove and it is the skirmishers of his first brigade, under Ward, 
 who have encountered Jackson ; Whipple is placed so as to support him ; 
 on the right, along the turnpike, it is again the Third Corps that is about 
 to take the offensive." 
 
 " As we have stated, Hooker, at the sound of battle, had started with 
 Hays' Brigade of the Second Corps and with Berry's whole division. 
 This was the same division he had himself organized eighteen months 
 before on the borders of the Lower Potomac, and that he had led through 
 many battles since the day when it was decimated at Williamsburg; it was 
 at the head of this diviston that he had acquired all his military reputa- 
 tion, and among these soldiers, many of whom he could cali by name, 
 that he had exhibited all the dash to which he was indebted for his 
 reputation. He had thrown himself among the fugitives of the Eleventh 
 Corps with drawn sword. Under his lead. Berry's troops had passed 
 through the frightened crowd without being shaken by the demoralizing 
 spectacle, and had come, with Hays' brigade, to range themselves north 
 
98 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 of Fairview, in the positions selected by an engineer ofGcer, General 
 Warren." 
 
 " Slocum, on his part, although obliged to face south of Chancellors- 
 ville, where Lee is menacing his line of battle, has brought on Williams' 
 division with most of his guns— a reinforcement far more useful, under 
 those circumstances, than infantry. He posts the artillery upon the 
 Heights of Fairview, so as to oppose a large barrier against the enemy in 
 case the latter resumes the offensive, and causes Williams to advance along 
 the road in order to support Sickles. These troops arrive just in time, 
 toward nine o'clock in the evening, to take position to the right of the 
 road between Birney and Berry, so as to complete the line of battle of 
 the Third Corps. At the same hour. Hooker, who has accompanied this 
 last division, seeing that the ofiEensive movement of the enemy has been 
 checked, returns to his quarters, where his presence is required. But he 
 has scarcely arrived when he receives the message from Sickles, and he 
 renews the order he had already sought to convey to him through Berry, 
 directing him to attack the enemy and to recapture as much oiE the ground 
 as possible. At eleven o'clock that night. Sickles gives Birney the signal 
 of attack. Ward's brigade is the first to penetrate into the thicket; his 
 four regiments on being deployed form but a single line without intervals; 
 the superior officers are all on foot behind the rear ranks; the words of 
 command are spoken in a low tone." 
 
 " Scarcely has this brigade disappeared in the woods than the other 
 two, breaking into companies, follow in their turn. Sickles' order is to go 
 forward, driving back whatever may be encountered, until the causeway 
 is reached along which aid may be given to Berry. The first line pro- 
 ceeds for some distance without encountering anybody, listening for the 
 least noise and looking for the enemy behind each tree. But suddenly 
 the few isolated shots, which, like funeral knells, had resounded in the 
 distance, are followed by a furious discharge of musketry which bursts 
 at once in every corner of the wood. Unionists and Southerners, who 
 are looking for each other in the dark, are suddenly brought face to face. 
 One soon hears the cheers of the battalions that are charging upon one 
 another; in one place the assailants are victorious; at another point they 
 are repulsed, Although Birney's troops, who have attacked Rodes, are 
 still separated from the road by a ravine and a dense thicket, the Federal 
 
CHANCELI,OESVII,LK- 99 
 
 Artillery, at the sound of musketry, advanees along that road and pene- 
 trates into the woods, supported on the right by a portion of Berry's in- 
 fantry. Eut the remainder of this division, finding the left of the Con- 
 federate line strongly posted on the wooded slopes which rise northwest of 
 Fairview, does not venture to go after it." 
 
 " In the meanwhile, the Federalist artillerists, having boldly planted 
 their pieces within less than one hundred yards of the Confederate bat- 
 talions, open a terrific fire upon them. The grape shot which sweeps the 
 right line of the causeway carries death and confusion not only to Lane's 
 brigade, but to the remainder of Hill's division, which has not yet been 
 completely formed into line, the largest portion of which is massed in 
 column upon that causeway. General Hill is wounded, and one of the 
 men who is carrying Jackson is struck at the same time; the aides-de- 
 camp of the latter place him in the ditch by the roadside, and lay them- 
 selves alongside of him in order to avoid the shower of projectiles which 
 has caused the Confederate column to disperse in an instant. The sold- 
 iers have scattered right and left into the wood, and the road, which but 
 a while ago was so full of life, would have been deserted if the Federals 
 had not been seen approaching within a short distance. 
 
 " In order to get away from them, Jackson makes another efiEort to 
 walk across the woods, but he is exhausted by the loss of blood, and has 
 to be laid once more upon a litter; and again the bearers, stumbling in 
 the dark, fall to the ground with him. The unfortunate wounded 
 general, rolling over upon his shattered arm received then, it is said, 
 some internal injuries which proved to be the ultimate cause of his death. 
 His sufferings did not prevent him from giving his attention to the battle 
 which was raging around him, and on General Pender coming to inform 
 him that his soldiers, all in confusion, can no longer maintain themselves 
 in their position, he replies with his wonted firmness of voice, "They 
 must remain in it." Notwithstanding all the precautions taken to con- 
 ceal from the troops the loss of their chief, Jackson has been recognized, 
 and before he has reached the ambulance near Wilderness Tavern, where 
 he finds at last some rest, the news of his wounds has already spread 
 from mouth to mouth." 
 
 In the " Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson " by his 
 widow, is presented a graphic and pathetic narrative ot 
 
100 MY I,ITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 the terrible nocturnal conflict at Chancellorsville, par- 
 ticularly the Confederate side of it, and the details of 
 Jacksons's fateful tragedy which proved to be an irre- 
 parable loss to the Southern Confederacy. This descrip- 
 tion is given in extenso, in addition to that of the 
 Count of Paris, because it reveals dramatically the dire 
 Confederate dilemma, and is intensely interesting. Both 
 narratives are specially momentous and important, when 
 we consider that the death of Jackson, and not the battle 
 of Gettysburg, was the real turning point of the war ; 
 for if Jackson, instead of Ewell, had commanded Lee's 
 left wing at Gettysburg, Cemetery Hill, the key of the 
 position, would have been taken on the evening of July 
 ist, and a Union victory turned into a Union defeat. 
 The Confederate victory at Chancellorsville was entirely 
 due to Jackson's famous flank movement and attack. 
 It was Ivce's last victory. 
 
 The subjoined description begins just before Jack- 
 son's initial attack in which he crushed Hooker's right 
 under Howard : 
 
 "Stuart was covering this flank movement with his vigilant cavalry, 
 and from his outposts Jackson was able to gain a glimpse of the enemy's 
 position, which satisfied him that he had obtained the desired vantage- 
 ground from which to attack. 
 
 " The country around Chancellorsville is densely wooded with scrub 
 oak and pine, which, with tangled undergrowth, form almost impenetra- 
 ble depths from which it is appropriately called " The Wilderness." But 
 in the open fields near the old Wilderness Tavern, General Jackson found 
 space in which to draw up his troops. He formed them in three parallel 
 lines, and selected two picked batteries to move down the turnpike, which 
 marked the centre of his lines— the thick forests into which he was about 
 to plunge affording no passible position for the rest of his artillery. By 
 six o'clock all was in readiness for the advance, and at the word of com- 
 mand the three lines charged forward, rushing with all the speed it was 
 possible to make through the forests and dense brushwood, which almost 
 
From Leslie. 
 
 GEN. HOOKER'S HEADQUARTERS, CHANCELLORSVILLE. (p 90) 
 
 From Harper's. 
 
 STAMPEDE OF THE ELEVENTH CORPS CHANCELLORSVILLE. fp91) 
 
CHA.NCELLORSVILI.E. 101 
 
 tore the clothing of the soldiers from their bodies, and compelled them to 
 creep through many places; but still they pressed on, as best they could. 
 The following description of what followed is taken from "The Battle- 
 Fields of Virginia : 
 
 'The forest was full of game, which, startled from their hiding-places 
 by the unusual presence of man, ran in numbers to and over the Federal 
 lines. Deer leaped over the works at Talley's, and dashed into the wood 
 behind. The Federal troops had in most cases their arms stacked, and 
 were eating supper. All danger was thought to be over for the night. 
 The startled game gave the first intimation of Jackson's approach. But 
 so little was it suspected or believed that the suggestion was treated as a 
 jest. Presently the bugles were heard through which orders were passed 
 along the Confederate lines. This excited still more remark. Ere it had 
 been long discussed, however, there came the sound of a few straggling 
 shots from the skirmishers, then a mighty cheer, and in a moment more 
 Jackson was upon them. A terrible volley from his line of battle poured 
 among the Union troops ere they could recover from their surprise. 
 Those in line returned a scattered fire; others seized their arms and 
 attempted to form ; officers tried to steady their men and lead them to 
 meet the attack. All was in vain .... Like a tornado the Con- 
 federate lines passed over the ground, breaking, crushing, crumbling 
 Howard's corps. Artillery, wagons, ambulances, are driven in frantic 
 panic to the rear, and double the confusion. The rout is utter and hope- 
 less. The mass of pursuers and pursued roll on until the position of 
 Melzi Chancellor's is reached. Here a strong line of works had been 
 constructed across the road, which, having a shallow ditch, could be made 
 
 to face in either direction Some of Schurz's men rally 
 
 on Buschbeck, and for a short time the Confederate advance is arrested. 
 But Jackson cannot long be held back. Colston's division has eagerly 
 pressed on, and is already commingled with Rodes. Together they charge 
 with a yell; and in a few moments the works are taken. Pell-mell now 
 rush the Eleventh Corps, the last semblance of organization gone, through 
 the forest towards Chancellorsville. Onward sweep the Confederates in 
 hot pursuit. The arms, knapsacks, and accoutrements of the fugitives 
 fill the woods. Artillery carriages are to be seen overturned in the narrow 
 roads, or hopelessly jammed in the impenetrable jungle. The wouaded 
 and dying, with their groans, fill the forest on every side. The day is 
 
102 MY WTTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 rapidly drawing to a close; night comes to add confusion to the scene. 
 It had been impossible in the broad daylight, owing to the intricacy of the 
 forest, to prevent a commingling of regiments and brigades along the Con- 
 federate lines. The confusion thus produced is greatly increased by the 
 darkness. In a brushwood so dense that it is impossible, under favorable 
 circumstances, to see thirty yards in any direction, companies, regiments, 
 brigades, become inextricably intermixed. Colston's division, forming 
 the second line, has already become merged with Rodes'. Both move on 
 in one confused mass. The right of the Confederate line soon reaches an 
 abatis which has been felled to protect the approach to some woods on the 
 opposite heights. The troops, already disordered, became still more so 
 among the felled timber. Behind this abatis some troops and artillery have 
 been gathered to make a stand. Rodes finds it impossible to push farther 
 until the lines can be reformed. This right is first halted, and then the 
 whole Confederate line. Rodes sends word to Jackson, requesting that 
 the third line (A. P. Hill's division) be set forward to take fhe advance 
 until the first and second can be reformed. 
 
 " While this was being done, there was a lull in the storm of battle Jack- 
 son had paused for a time in his pursuit; Hooker was attempting to stop 
 and reform his flying legions." 
 
 " During this splendid charge, Jackson was the impersonation of mili- 
 tary enthusiasm, dashing on at the head of his men, with the words of com- 
 mand, 'Forward!' 'Press on!' continually ringing from his lips. He 
 leaned forward upon his horse, and waved his hand, as though by its 
 single strength he were trying to impel his men onward. As cheer after 
 cheei rose from the Confederate line, announcing new successes, his flash- 
 ing eyes and glowing cheeks showed how deeply he was moved, and he was 
 observed frequently to look upwards and lift his right hand to heaven in 
 prayer and thanksgiving. 
 
 Thus far his most sanguine hopes had been realized. His flank move- 
 ment was a brilliant success — the enemy had been surprised, and their 
 right flank had been driven back in confusion. But he knew that much 
 had yet to be done before the victory could be complete. The first blow 
 must be followed by others. He therefore deeply regretted the disorder 
 in which his own lines had fallen. After marching twenty miles, and 
 fighting over three miles on difiicult ground, it was no wonder the men, 
 feeling assured of victory, halted from weariness and broken ranks, as 
 
CHANCELI-OESVILLE. 103 
 
 though the day's work was done. But though the enemy had been driven 
 from an important defence, which might be reoccnpied at any moment if 
 the Confederates failed to seize it, Jackson saw that everything depended 
 on immediately reforming his lines. He dispatched his staS in every di- 
 rection to order the officers to get the men back into ranks and press for- 
 ward. Dashing along the lines himself, almost unattended, he kept say- 
 ing: 'Men, get into line! Get into line! Whose regimect is this? 
 Colonel, get your men instantly into line.' Turning to an officer who 
 came up to report, he said: 'Find General Rodes, and tell him to occupy 
 that barricade at once with his troops.' He then added: 'I need your 
 help for a time, this disorder must be corrected. As you go along the 
 right, tell the froops, from me, to get into line, and preserve their order.' 
 After this strenuous effort to restore order to his lines, he rode forward 
 to make a reconnoisance himself, and found that Hooker was advancing a 
 powerful body of fresh troops in his direction. Being pressed in front by 
 General Lee, the Federal commander turned upon the foe in the rear, and 
 endeavored to recapture the all-important barricade. General Jackson, ac- 
 companied by a part of his staff, and several couriers, advanced on the 
 turnpike in the direction of the enemy about one hundred yards, when he 
 was fired upon by a volley of musketry from his right front. The bullets 
 whistled among the party, and struck several horses. This fire was evi- 
 dently from the enemy, and one of his men caught his bridle-rein and said 
 to him: 'General Jackson.'you should not expose yourself so much.' 'There 
 is no danger,' he replied, 'the enemy is routed. G" back and tell Gen- 
 eral Hill to press on.' But in order to screen himself from the flying bul- 
 lets, he rode from the road to the left and rear. The small trees and 
 brushwood being very dense, it was difficult to effect a passage on horse- 
 back. While riding as rapidly as possible to the rear, he came in front of 
 his own line of battle, who, having no idea that he, or any one but the 
 enemy, was in their front, and mistaking the party for a body of Federal 
 cavalry, opened a sharp fire upon them. From this volley General Jackson 
 received his mortal wounds. His right hand was pierced by a bullet, his 
 left arm shattered by two balls, one above and one below the elbow, break, 
 ing the bones and severing the main artery. His horse, 'Little Sorrel,' 
 terrified by the nearness and suddenness of the fire, dashed off in the direc- 
 tion of the enemy, and it was with great difficulty that he could control 
 him — his bridle hand being helpless, and the tangled brushwood, through 
 
104 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 which he was borne, almost dragging him from his seat. But he seized 
 the reins in his right hand, and arresting the flight of his horse, brought 
 him back into his own lines, where, almost fainting, he was assisted to the 
 ground by Captain Wilbourne, his signal ofiicer. By this fire several of his 
 escort were killed and wounded, among the former was the gallant Captain 
 Bosswell, and every horse which was not shot down wheeled back in terror, 
 bearing his rider towards the advancing enemy. The firing was arrested 
 by Lieutenant Morrison, who, after his horse was killed under him, ran to 
 the front of the firing line, and with much difficulty in making himself 
 heard, told them they were firing into their own men. As soon as this 
 was efEected, he returned to find his general lying prostrate upon the 
 ground, with Captain Wilbourne and Mr. Winn by his side. He was 
 wearing at the time an india-rubber overcoat over his uniform, as a pro- 
 tection from the dampness of the night. This Wilbourne was ripping up 
 with a pen-knife to get at the wounded arm and stanch the bleeding. Gen- 
 eral A. P. Hill, who was near by, was speedily informed of the disaster 
 and came at once. Dismounting from his horse, he bent down and asked, 
 'General, are you much hurt?' He replied, 'Yes, general, I think I am; 
 and all my wounds are from my own men. I believe my arm is broken; 
 it gives me severe pain.' 'Are you hurt anywhere else, general.'' he was 
 asked. 'Yes, in my right hand,' But when asked afterwards, if it should 
 be bound up, he said: 'No, never mind; it is a trifle,' And yet two of 
 the bones were broken, and the palm almost pierced through. Amidst all 
 his sufferings he uttered no complaint, and answered all questions in a 
 perfectly calm and self-possessed tone. He asked for Dr. McGuire, but 
 when told that he was engaged in his duties far in the rear, he said to 
 Captain Wilbourne: 'Then I wish you to get me a skillful surgeon.' Gen- 
 eral Hill stated that Dr. Barr was near at hand, and he was immediately 
 summoned. Upon his arrival. General Jackson whispered to General Hill: 
 'Is he a skillful surgeon?' The answer was that he stood high in his 
 brigade, and all that would be required of him would be to take precau- 
 cautionary measures until Dr, McGuire could arrive. To this General 
 Jackson answered, 'Very good,' His field-glass and haversack were re- 
 moved from his person, and the latter was found to contain only a few 
 ofiicial papers and two religious tracts. While the sufferer was still lying 
 prostrate, within a circle of his miriistering attendants around him, two 
 Federal soldiers, with muskets cocked, walked out of the brushwood, and 
 
cha.nceli,orsvii<i,b;. 105 
 
 approached within a few feet of the group. General Hill, in a perfectly 
 quiet tone and manner, turned and said: 'Take charge of those men.' 
 In an instant two orderlies sprang forward and seized their guns, which 
 the astonished soldiers yielded without any resistance. Lieutenant Mor- 
 rison, hearing voices in the direction of the enemy, stepped to the edge of 
 the wood to reconnoitre, and in the moonlight saw a section of artillery 
 being unlimbered not over a hundred yards distant. Returning with all 
 haste, he reported the fact, when General Hill gave orders that General 
 Jackson should immediately be carried to the rear, and that no one should 
 tell the troops that he was wounded. Remounting his horse, he returned 
 to his own command, and was soon afterwards disabled by a wound. 
 Lieutenants Smith and Morrison, Captain Leigh, of General Hill's staff, 
 with a courier, now took General Jackson up in their arms, but after bear- 
 ing him a short distance, he told them he was suffering so much pain from 
 being carried that he would try to walk, and after they assisted him to his 
 feet, he did walk as far as the turnpike. 
 
 Just as they reached the road, the battery which had been seen to un- 
 limber swept over them a volley of canister-shot, the balls hissing through 
 the air, and crashing through the trees, but fortunately passing over their 
 heads. The whole party then lay down on the side of the road, shielding 
 the general, as far as possible, by placing him on the lowest ground. 
 While lying here, the earth around them was torn up by shot, covering 
 them with dust, and a hurricane of lead and canister dashed against the 
 flinty gravel and stones of the road, making it literally glow with flashes 
 and streaks of fire. So furious and deadly was the tempest, that the es- 
 cape of any of the party seemed miraculous. Once General Jackson at- 
 tempted to rise, but was restrained by his attendants, who sought to pro- 
 tect him with their own bodies. Lieutenant Smith threw his arm over 
 him, holding him down and saying; 'General, you must be still; it will 
 cost you your life if you rise.' With such fidelity did these young soldiers 
 stand over the prostrate form of their beloved chief, trying to save his 
 life, though it should be at the sacrifice of their own. 
 
 The enemy soon changed from canister to shell and elevated their 
 range, when the young men renewed their efforts to get General Jackson 
 to the rear, supporting him with their strong arms, as he slowly and pain- 
 fully dragged himself along. As the Confederate troops were hurrying 
 to the front, they met the party, and the question came from the lips of 
 
106 MY I,ITTI<E WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 almost every passer-by, 'Who have they there?' The general, not wish- 
 ing his troops to recognize him, gave orders to leave the road and diverge 
 into the woods. He said to his attendants: 'Don't tell them who it is, 
 but simply say it is a Confederate officer.' Despite these prepautions, he 
 did not escape recognition by some oi his men, who exclaimed with grief 
 and dismay: 'Great God! it is General Jackson!' General Pender, of 
 North Carolina, was one of those who recognized him, and after approach- 
 ing and expressing his deep regret at his wounding, said to him: 'The 
 troops have suffered severely from the enemy's artillery, and are some- 
 what disorganized,' I fear we cannot maintain our position.' Faint and 
 exhausted as he was, a gleam of the old battle fire flashed from his eyes, 
 and instantly he replied: 'You must hold your ground. General Pender; 
 you must hold your ground, sir.' This was the last order given by the 
 hero of so many battle-fields. 
 
 Growing more faint after this, he asked to be permitted to sit down and 
 rest, but the dangers of the enemy's fire and from capture were too immi- 
 nent, and a litter having now been procured from an ambulance corps, he 
 was placed upon it, and the bearers hurried forward, still keeping out of 
 the road to avoid the fire of the enemy. As they struggled through the 
 dense thickets, his face was scratched and his clothing torn; but this was 
 nothing in comparison with the agony caused by a fall from the litter. One 
 of the bearers was shot in the arm, and, letting go his hold, the general 
 fell violently to the ground, upon his wounded side, causing such pain 
 that for the first time he was heard to utter a groan. His attendants 
 quickly raised him up, and finding the blood again flowing, and a look of 
 deathly pallor upon his face, feared he might be expiring. Lieutenant 
 Smith cried out, 'Oh, General are you seriously hurt.'' 'No, Mr. Smith 
 don't trouble yourself about me,' he replied, and presently added some- 
 thing about winning the battle first, and attending to the wounded after- 
 wards. He was again placed upon the litter, and carried a few hundred 
 yards under a continuous fire, when the party was met by Dr. McGuire 
 with an ambulance. Some whiskey and morphine was administered to 
 him, and placing him in an ambulance, it started for the Corps Field In- 
 firmary, at the Wilderness Tavern. On the morning of May Sth, he 
 was placed in the ambulance and takon to the Chancellor House, at 
 Guiney's Station. On the 7th, pleuio-pneumonia set in, and on the 10th 
 he died." 
 
From Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 
 
 ARTILLERY MASSED ON CHANCELLORSVILLE PLATEAU, ^p 92) 
 
 From Leslie. 
 
 BATTLE ON THE PLANK ROAD, CHANCELLORSVILLE. (p 92) 
 
CHANCELLOESVILLE. 107 
 
 That Stonewall Jackson was one of the great Chief- 
 tains of the century is undisputed. He was fertile in 
 resource, indomitably energetic, unconquerably tena- 
 cious, fearless in battle, quick in apprehension and swift 
 in execution. The undetected transfer in 1862 of his 
 command, himself disguised to avert all possible dis- 
 covery of the adroit movement, from the Virginia Val- 
 ley to Richmond was a masterpiece of strategy. With- 
 out his command present, which vigorously attacked in 
 rear and forced back the right wing of the Union forces 
 at Mechanicsville, there would have been no Confederate 
 victories in the Peninsular Campaign. His gaining 
 Pope's rear at Manassas, immediately preceding the 
 battle of Second Bull Run, was the causa causans of that 
 signal Confederate victory. He possessed a signal ad- 
 vantage in a thorough knowledge ot the topography of 
 the Virginia country, the material aid given him by a 
 friendly population, and an efficient cavalry to veil his 
 movements. While in command of independent forces 
 in the Virginia Valley he was also exceptionally fortu- 
 nate in having for his adversaries incapable Union 
 commanders. His famous flank attack at Chancellors- 
 ville was capable of success alone on the assumption of 
 rank inefficiency of some Union Commanders ; and the 
 monumental incapacity displayed by both Hooker and 
 Howard justified his expectations. Pitted against 
 Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Thomas or Hancock, many 
 of his triumphs would ha,ve been defeats. 
 
 Stonewall Jackson was a compound of the Scotch- 
 Irish Presbyterian and the erstwhile savage. He was 
 the only officer of high rank, and for that matter, of 
 any rank or station on either side of the war to propose 
 and urge at the threshold of the war, the barbaric and 
 unspeakable horror of butchering prisoners of war. " I 
 
108 MY LITTI^E WAR BXPBRIENCE. 
 
 always thought," declared Jackson, "that we ought to 
 meet the Federal invaders on the outer verge of just 
 right and defence, and at once raise the black flag, viz: 
 ' No quarters to the violators of our homes and fire- 
 sides.' It would in the end have proved true humanity 
 and mercy. The Bible is full of such wars, and it is 
 the only policy that would bring the North to its 
 senses."* 
 
 He possessed a religious fanaticism akin to that of 
 the old Puritan, John Brown, without the latter's 
 philanthropy, humanity and lofty purpose. The one 
 died to keep the slave in bondage, while the other 
 died to make him free. 
 
 ■ Note — Life of Jackson by his widow, page 310. 
 
Chancellorsville. 
 
 The Battle Renewed on Sunday. Gen. Berry 
 Killed in our Company. The Fatal Blunder 
 OF HIS Successor. The Terrible Retreat Step 
 BY Step to an Inner Line. Hand to Hand 
 Conflict. Horses Shot between the Lines. 
 President Lincoln's Unique Letter to Gen. 
 Hooker. The Latter's Incompetency as an 
 Army Commander. Corps Commanders in Coun- 
 cil OF War, Urge a Renewal of the Attack 
 which would have retrieved the disaster. 
 The Retreat to our Abandoned Winter 
 Quarters. 
 
 AT daybreak next morning (Sunday, May 3rd,) the 
 battle was renewed along the whole line. Our 
 company was still located at the Plank Road. In our 
 immediate front and right was a dense forest almost im- 
 penetrable on account of the dense undergrowth. On 
 our left front was an open clearing of about twelve acres, 
 and extending along the Plank Road towards the Con- 
 federate line about three hundred yards. Brigade after 
 brigade plunged into this opening only to be repulsed 
 in detail by the Confederates who were advantageously 
 lodge(^ 19 thg ffopsewood at the edge of the forest. 
 
110 MY LITTI<E WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Meanwhile, Gen. Berry's division of the Third Corps 
 moved up from our right and took the front line, placing 
 us in the second. As we could not fire over the heads 
 of these intervening troops, and our regiment thus tem- 
 porarily inactive, Jacob G. Reever and I became so im- 
 patient as well as excited at the gallant fight on the left 
 of our comrades in the clearing, that we started to leave 
 our company to join in the struggle, but were called 
 back by our Captain, much to our regret. 
 
 The battle along the entire line raged with the great- 
 est fury, the Confederates slowly gaining a little ground 
 on our right. In our immediate front, a Napoleon 12- 
 pounder had the evening before been rushed in an ad- 
 vanced position on the Plank Road about fifty yards 
 beyond our Company. It was this gun, double-shotted 
 with grape and canister, that helped to rake the enemy 
 in its immediate front the night before. While the bat- 
 teries on the plateau and infantry were hotly engaged, 
 the horses of the caisson became wedged in the trees 
 between the firing lines. Realizing their critical posi- 
 tion, they trembled in the agony of terror. A few of 
 our company cut the harness and tried to extricate them, 
 but were unsuccessful, and all were killed. 
 
 Meanwhile, there was' a hand to hand contest for the 
 possession of the cannon, in which the enemy was driven 
 back. A gallant dash from the plateau was then made 
 for it by cannoniers with the caisson of a battery in our 
 rear, and the gun recovered. 
 
 The mounts of General Berry and staff, as the battle 
 progressed, became exposed between the lines and know- 
 ing their peril, shook with fear, and successively all 
 fell. After dismounting. Gen. Berry came to our comp- 
 any, and while viewing the struggle with bis field glass 
 
CIiANCEtI.ORSVlI,LB. Ill 
 
 was struck by a bullet and killed. Four members of 
 our company carried him from the field. 
 
 A dash was made by the enemy upon the 12th New 
 Jersey, the right of our brigade, which gave way en. 
 abling the Confederates to capture Gen. Hays command- 
 ing the brigade. The regiment rallied and drove the 
 enemy back, but the General was not rescued. 
 
 Immediately after Gen. Berry fell. Gen, Revere, who 
 succeeded in command,^jWithout authority or justification 
 ordered a retreat of both Gen. Berry's division and our 
 brigade. Gen. Sickles, whose gallant troops on our left 
 kept the Confederates in check, perceiving this, in vain 
 tried to correct the fatal blunder, but the enemy broke 
 into the gap made by the order of retreat, and as we had 
 retired to the Chancellor House before the error was dis- 
 covered, it was too late to re-establish our line of battle. 
 Gen. Revere was afterwards court-martialed and mildly 
 sentenced to a dishonorable dismissal from the army. 
 The Confederates having taken Sickles' two other divi- 
 sions in reverse, he was compelled to fall back. With 
 his retreat came all the batteries massed on the plateau 
 which had kept up a continuous roar that made the 
 ground tremble with its power. The batteries retreated 
 step by step firing grape and canister before limbering 
 up. As our division, under orders, reluctantly fell back 
 amid the exploding shells from the enemy's advancing 
 artillery, we beheld Hancock's troops gallantly repel 
 charge after charge of the Confederates on the left of 
 the Chancellor House, then in flames, but as the Con- 
 federates threatened his right rear, his division also re. 
 tired to the new line then in formation in the Bullock 
 clearing. Mrs. Chancellor and her family during the 
 battle sought shelter in the basement of her house, and 
 when aflame with exploding shells were rescued with 
 
112 MY I,ITTI,E WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 with the greatest difficulty from their perilous situation. 
 The forest where the battle raged the fiercest was now 
 on fire, and many of the severely wounded were burnt 
 to death. One of the nerviest things I saw in our new 
 position was a tall soldier, with his right arm shot off, 
 walking from the field apparently unconcerned. Earth 
 works were immediately thrown up on our new line 
 which the Confederates did not attempt to attack. Dark- 
 ness now came on and the dreadful carnage for the time 
 being was ended. 
 
 The First and Fifth Corps under Generals Reynolds 
 and Meade and extending from Howard's right to the 
 Rappahannock were not engaged at all. After the re- 
 treat to the second line of battle on Sunday, both of 
 these commanders urged Hooker to give them au order 
 to attack with their redoubtable corps of 30,000 men the 
 Confederate left taking it in reverse, but Hooker having 
 lost his head refused to issue the order. If issued, they 
 would have recovered the ground lost and annihilated 
 Jackson's decimated corps, and a. Confederate victory 
 turned into an overwhelming defeat. It was Reynold's 
 First Corps that on the first day's battle Gettysburg 
 crushed two divisions of Gen. A. P. Hill's command to 
 such an extent that they were of little service to Gen. 
 Lee in the second and third days' struggle. 
 
 The subjoined account of Gen. Hooker's discreditable 
 part in the Sunday disaster is by Gen. Couch, and is in- 
 teresting, if humiliating: 
 
 "At about 5 a. m., May 3rd, (Sunday,) fighting was renewed at Chan- 
 chellorsville, when the Third (Sickle's) Corps began to retire to the left of 
 our proper right flank, and all of that flank soon became fiercely engaged, 
 while the battle rang along the whole line. The enemy's guns on the 
 heights to our left, as well at every point on the line where they could be 
 established, were vigorously used, while a full division threw itself on 
 
CHANCBI,LORSVII<LE. 113 
 
 Miles at Mott's Run. On the right flank onr guns were well handled, those 
 of the Twelfth Corps being conspicuous, and the opposing lines of infantry 
 operating in the thicket had almost hand-to-hand conflicts, capturing and 
 recapturing prisoners. The enemy appeared to know what he was about, 
 for pressing the Third Corps vigorously he forced it back, when he joined 
 or rather touched the left of Lee's main body, making their line continuous 
 from left to right. Another advantage gained by this success was the pos- 
 session of an open field, from which guns covered the ground up to the 
 Chancellor House." 
 
 »** * * * ***» 
 
 " Not far from 8:30 a. m., the headquarters pennants of the Third and 
 Twelfth Corps suddenly appeared from the right in the open field of Chan- 
 cellorsville ; then the Third began to fall back, it was reported, for want 
 of ammunition, followed by that portion of the Twelfth fighting on the 
 same flank, and the division of the Second Corps on its right." 
 
 ** * * ***** 
 
 * 
 
 "The open field seized by Jackson's old corps after the Third Corps 
 drew off was shortly dotted with guns that made splendid practice through 
 an opening in the woods upon the Chancellor House, and everything else, 
 for that matter, in that neighborhood. Hooker was still at his place on the 
 porch, with nothing between him and Lee's Army but Geary's division of 
 the Twelfth and Hancock's division and a battery of the Second Corps. 
 But Geary's right was now turned, and that flank was being steadily press- 
 ed back along his entrenched line to the junction of the Plank Road and 
 the Turnpike, when a cannon shot struck the pillar against which Hooker 
 was leaning and knocked him down." 
 
 " The enemy having 30 pieces in position on our right, now advanced 
 some of his guns to within 500 or 600 yards of the Chancellor House, 
 where there were only four of Pettit's Second Corps guns to oppose them, 
 making a target of that building and taking the right of Hancock's divi- 
 sion in reverse, a portion of which had been withdrawn from its intrench- 
 ments and thrown back to the left to meet the enemy should he succeed 
 in forcing Mott's Run. This flank was stoutly held by Colonel Miles, 
 (now General,) who, by the bye, had been carried off the field, shot through 
 the body." 
 ** * * ****** 
 
 " It was now too late to save the day. Fifty pieces of artillery, or even 
 
114 MY I.ITTl.E WAR EXPERIRnCU. 
 
 forty, brought up and run in front and to the right of the Chancellor 
 House, would have driven the enemy out of the thicket, then forcing back 
 Geary's right, and would have neutralized the thirty guns to the right 
 which were pounding us so hard. 
 
 But it is a waste of words to write what might have been done. Hooker 
 had made up his mind to abandon the field, otherwise he would not have 
 allowed the Third and part of the Twelfth Corps to leave their ground for 
 want of ammunition. A few minutes after my interview with Geary, a 
 staS officer from Hooker rode up and requested my presence with that 
 general. Turning to General Hancock nearby, I told him to take care of 
 things and rode to the rear. The Chancellor House was then burning, 
 having been fired in several places by the enemy's shells." 
 
 " At the farther side of an open field half a mile in the rear of Chancel- 
 lorsviUe, I came upon a few tents (three or four) pitched, around which, 
 mostly dismounted, were a number of stafE officers. General Meade was 
 also present, and perhaps other generals. General Hooker was lying 
 down I think in a soldier's tent by himself. Raising himself a little as I 
 entered, he said, 'Couch, I turn the command of the army over to you. 
 You will withdraw it and place it in position designated on this map,' as he 
 painted to a line traced on a field sketch. This was perhaps three- quarters 
 of an hour after his hurt. He seemed rather dull, but possessed his mental 
 faculties. I do not think that one of those officers outside of the tent knew 
 what orders I was to receive, for on stepping out, which I did immediately, 
 on getting my instructions, I met Meade close by, looking inquiringly as 
 if he expected that finally he would receive the order for which he had 
 waited all that long morning, 'to go in.' Colonel N. H. Davis broke out: 
 'We shall have some fighting now.' These incidents are mentioned tg 
 show the temper of that knot of officers." 
 
 The day following our retreat to the second line, Gen. 
 I,ee marched his almost entire right towards Fredericks- 
 burg, and repulsed Gen. Sedgwick's Corps, which, dur- 
 ing the fighting at Chancellorsville, was on its way to 
 connect with Hooker, after having captured Fredericks- 
 burg Heights. Here was Hooker's opportunity to strike 
 Lee's weakened line, in relief of Sedgwick, but he was 
 
From Leslie ON THE MARCH TO CHANCELLORSVIlLE. (p 90) 
 
 From Leslie RETREAT FROM CHANCELLORSVILLE. (p115) 
 
CHANCELLOKSVILLE. 115 
 
 unequal to the occasion, and allowed himself to be 
 beaten in detail. 
 
 Says General Couch: 
 
 " Some of the most anomalous occurrences of the war took place in this 
 campaign. On the night of May 2nd the commanding general, with 80,000 
 men in his wing of the army, directed Sedgwick, with 22,000, to march to 
 his relief. While that officer was doing this on the 3rd, and when it would 
 be expected that every effort would be made by the right wing to do its 
 part, only one-half of it was fonght (or rather half-fought, for its ammu- 
 nition was not replenished, ) and then the whole wing was withdrawn to a 
 place where it could not be hurt, leaving Sedgwick to take care of him- 
 self." 
 
 Upon Lee's return, skirmishing and minor attacks, 
 with occasional cannonading, were indulged in, entail- 
 ing but few causualties. 
 
 On the afternoon of May 5tli, while asleep from fati- 
 gue, a thunder storm came suddenly unannounced, and 
 at a tremendous crash of lightning every man of our 
 brigade hastily grabbed his rifle, thinking the battle had 
 re-opened. As night came on, the order to retreat was 
 given, and the army began its dreary march to the Rap- 
 pannock by the old road as well as new roads cut 
 through the timber and thickets of the forest. The 
 worst planned and executed series of engagements of 
 the war, Fredericksburg perhaps alone excepted, re- 
 sulted in a disgraceful defeat. The troops engaged 
 never fought more gallantly, the disaster being alone 
 due to the indefensible errors and blunders of the com- 
 mander of the army and one of his corps subordinates. 
 
 From the very inception, when the army was with- 
 drawn from the open country into an almost impassa- 
 ble forest and the right flank not properly picketed and 
 protected, the most costly blunders of General Hooker 
 followed in rapid succession and lost us the battle. 
 
116 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 The whole affair was unrelated and disjointed. There 
 was an utter absence of simultaneous movement or co- 
 operation between the troops employed, to say nothing 
 of the several large corps not engaged at all. 
 
 Hooker, certain of victory, sent the cavalry of the 
 army, under Gen. Stoneman, to destroy the railroad be- 
 tween Fredericksburg and Richmond so as to cut ofE 
 Lee's retreat. Cavalry are the eyes of the army. Stone- 
 man's cavalry with the army, and employed to explore 
 the way, the battle would never have been fought in 
 in a dense forest, at a great disadvantage, nor would 
 Jackson's masterly flank movement been undiscovered. 
 In the event of victory, the cavalry could have been 
 most potently employed to harass the fleeing enemy and 
 capture demoralized detatchments. Lee used his ca- 
 valry to veil Jackson's circuitous route on our right, and 
 it was its absence prior to the struggle at Gettysburg, 
 that precipitated and lost him that battle. 
 
 A combined attack by the whole army after May 4th 
 could still have redeemed the blunders, and perched 
 victory on our banners. But, according to Gen. Couch, 
 Hooker was completely demoralized, and determined to 
 retreat: 
 
 "At twelve o'clock on the night o£ the 4th-5th, General Hooker as- 
 sembled his corps commanders in council. Meade, Sickles, Howard, 
 Reynolds, and myself were present; General Slocnm, on account of the 
 long distance from his post, did not arrive until after the meeting was 
 broken up. Hooker stated that his instructions compelled him to cover 
 Washington, not to jeopardize the army, etc. It was seen by the most 
 causual observer that he had made up his mind to retreat. We were left 
 by ourselves to consult, upon which Sickles made an elaborate argument, 
 sustaining the views of the commanding general. Meade was in favor of 
 fighting, staling that he doubted if we could get o£E our guns. Howard 
 was in favor of fighting, qualifying his views by the remark that our 
 present situation was due to the bad conduct of bis corps, or words to that 
 
CHA.NCEI,l,ORSVILLE. 117 
 
 eSect. Reynolds, who was lying on the ground very much fatigued, was 
 in favor of an advance. I had similar views to those of Meade as to get- 
 ting off the guns but said "would favor an advance if I could designate 
 the point of attack.' Upon collecting the suffrages, Meade, Rey- 
 nolds and Howard voted squarely for an advance. Sickles and myself, 
 squarely no; upon which Hooker informed the council that he should 
 take upon himself the responsibility of retiring the army to the other side 
 of the river. As I stepped out of the tent Reynolds, just behind me, 
 broke out, 'What was the use of calling us together at this time of night 
 when he intended to retreat anyhow?' 
 
 " On the morning of May Sth, corps commanders were ordered to cut 
 roads, where it was necessary, leading from their positions to the United 
 States Ford. During the afternoon there was a very heavy rainfall. In 
 the meantime Hooker had in person crossed the river, but, as he gave 
 orders for the various corps to march at such and such times during the 
 night, I am not aware that any of his corps generals knew of his depar- 
 ture. Near midnight I got a note from Meade informing me that General 
 Hooker was on the other side of the river, which had risen over the 
 bridges, and that communication was cut ofiE from him. I immediately 
 rode over to Hooker's headquarters and found that I was in command of 
 the army, if it had any commander. General Hunt, of the artillery, had 
 brought the information as to the condition of the bridges, and from the 
 reports there seemed to be danger of losing them entirely. After a short 
 conference with Meade I told him that the recrossing would be suspended, 
 and that 'we would stay where we were and fight it out,' returning to my 
 tent with the intention of the enjoying what I had not since the night of 
 the 30th ultimo, a good sleep; but at 2 a. m., communication having been 
 re-established, I received a sharp message from Hooker, to order the re- 
 crossing of the army as he had directed, and everything was safely trans- 
 ferred to the North bank of the Rappannock." 
 
 " In looking for the causes of the loss of Chancellorsville, the primary 
 ones were that Hooker expected Lee to fall back without risking battle. 
 Finding himself mistaken he assumed the defensive, and vas out-gener- 
 aled and became demoralized by the superior tactical boldness of the 
 enemy." 
 
 In the retreat from Chancellorsville, I became so tired 
 
118 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 and exhausted tramping through mud and thickets and 
 stumbling over stumps that I was compelled twice to 
 fall out of ranks and lie down and take brief rests. The 
 thought, however, of becoming a prisoner and confined 
 to horrible rebel prisons nerved me to renewed efforts 
 until, finally, after daylight, with the whole of the Army 
 of the Potomac recrossed to the North bank of the Rap- 
 pahannock. After a short halt for rest, we plunged 
 through the mire until we arrived at our late winter 
 quarters near Falmouth. 
 
 The casualties of the three battles in which we were 
 engaged, were on the Union side, 42,350, and on the 
 Confederate, 30,680; total, 73,030. 
 
 That President Lincoln was somewhat distrustful of 
 Gen. Hooker's ability to successfully command the 
 Army of the Potomac is shown by the following inimi- 
 table letter to Hooker after giving him the command, 
 of February 26, 1863: 
 
 " I have placed you at the head of the Army of the Potomac. Of 
 course I have done this on what appears to me to be sufGcient reasons, 
 and yet I think it best for you to know that there are some things in re- 
 gard to which I am not quite satisfied with you. I believe you to be a 
 brave and skillful soldier, which, of course, I like. I also believe that 
 you do not mix politics with your profession, in which you are right. Yon 
 have confidence in yourself, which is valuable, if not an indispensable, 
 quality. You are ambitious, which, within reasonable bounds, does good 
 rather than harm; but I think that during General Burnside's command of 
 the army you have taken counsel of your ambition and thwarted him as 
 much as you could, in which you did a great wrong to the country and to a 
 most meritorious brother officer. I have heard, in such a way as to be- 
 lieve it, of your recently saying that both the army and the Government 
 needed a Dictator. Of course it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I 
 have given you the command. Only those generals that can gain successes 
 can set up dictators. What I now ask of you is military success and I will 
 risk the dictatorship. The Government will support you to the utmost of 
 
CHANCEIvLORSVILlvB. 119 
 
 its ability, which is neither more noi less than it has done and will do for 
 all commanders. I much fear that the spirit which you have aided to 
 infuse into the army, of criticising their commander and withholding con- 
 fidence from him, will now turn upon you. I shall assist you as far as I 
 can to put it down. Neither you nor Napoleon, if he were alive again, 
 could get any good out of an army while such a spirit prevails in it. And 
 now beware of rashness, but with energy and sleepless vigilance go for- 
 ward and give us victories." 
 
 The easily acquired victories of Fredericksburg and 
 Chancellorsville so exalted the Confederates in their con- 
 ception of superior prowess and invincibility, as to 
 make them apprehensive that the Army of the Poto- 
 mac would not dare stand up to a fair and square fight. 
 This idea prevailed not only with the rank and file but 
 with the very head of the Confederate Army. 
 
 Gen. E. P. Alexander in command of lyce's Reserve 
 Artillery, left Greenwood eighteen miles west of Gettys- 
 burg at I a. ra., of July and, for the scene ol action. He 
 says: "There was a very natural anxiety to know how 
 the enemy had fought the day before at Gettysburg. As 
 we met the wounded and staff officers who had been in 
 the action, I remember many questions asked on that 
 subject. There was no great comfort to be derived 
 from the answers which were generally in profane 
 simile. Indeed, I have heard survivors ot the war say 
 since, that some of the fighting of the Union troops 
 that day equaled or surpassed any they ever saw from 
 first to last,"* 
 
 The disillusion came sooner than expected. Early 
 on the morning of July 2nd, I^ongstreet commanding 
 the Confederate right at Gettysburg, suggested to Lee 
 to throw his army around Meade's left so as to interpose 
 between the Union forces and Washington, and then in 
 
 * Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. Ill, page 358. 
 
120 MY LITTLE WAR BXPKRIENCE. 
 
 a strong defensive position compel Meade to attack. 
 To which L,ee, apprehensive of a Union retreat, replied: 
 " No, the enemy is there and I am going to attack hint 
 there."* 
 
 But for the Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg dis- 
 asters, there would have been no Gettysburg. Truly, 
 "God moves in a mysterious way, his wonders to per- 
 form." He prolonged the struggle for tour devastating 
 and sanguinary years that all the fight, at first so de- 
 monstrative and vehement on both sides, might be 
 knocked so effectually out of both belligerents, that 
 there should never be a recurrence of fratricidal war be- 
 tween the North and South. The success was com- 
 plete. 
 
 * Battles and Leaders o£ the Civil War. Vol. Ill, page 393. 
 
Our Return Home. 
 
 Hospitable Reception Given by the Citizens of 
 York. Heroism Extolled. York County in 
 THE Revolutionary War. Continental Con- 
 gress IN YoRKTowN. Generals I^afayette, 
 Gates and Wilkinson and the Conway Cabal 
 IN York. The Unfought Duel. Ducking of 
 THE Tory Rector in York. Banquet on the 
 Commons to the 130TH Regiment. Witty 
 Toasts and Eloquent Speeches. Complimen- 
 tary Order by our Division Commander, Gen. 
 French. 
 
 OUR term of enlistment having expired, May 12th, 
 we were ordered to Harrisburg to be mustered 
 out of service. When in sight of York, we all 
 regretted that the regiment was not permitted to stop 
 over and march with the veteran swing through the 
 streets of York to enable our people to see what fully- 
 accoutred veterans, begrimed, bedraggled and in any- 
 thing but a dress-parade aspect, looked like. 
 
 At Harrisburg, May 21st, 1863, the regiment was 
 mustered out of service and our rifles and cartridge 
 boxes turned over to the State. After ablutions in the 
 Susquehanna and a little burnishing and beautifying, 
 
122 MY LITTI,B WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 we returned to York where we were received by the 
 hospital Patapsco Guards and various civic societies. 
 After a short parade through the streets, abloom with 
 the stars and stripes and amid the cheers of the patriotic 
 populace, we were banquetted under an open canvas with- 
 in the United States Hospital enclosure on the Commons. 
 
 From the York Gazette of May 19, 1863. 
 
 "The 130th Penna. Regiment. 
 
 " This gallant regiment of nine months men composed of four com- 
 panies from this county and six from our neighbor Cumberland passed 
 through this Borough on their way to Harrisburg to be mustered out of the 
 service, their time having expired on Friday morning last about 6 o'clock. 
 As soon as they shall have been paid o£ and mustered out, those from 
 this county will return to our midst, and as will be seen from the proceed- 
 ings of a public meeting published elsewhere be received in this borough 
 in a manner befitting their gallantry and distinguished services. This 
 regiment has participated in several of the hardest battles of the war and 
 on no occasion gave us any reason to do else but feel proud of them; they 
 were always among the 'bravest of the brave.' The order of General 
 French, their division commander, discharging them from the service, 
 shows how highly their services were appreciated by him. It is a well- 
 merited tribute to the faithfulness and bravery of the regiment." 
 
 York county responded patriotically to every national 
 emergency. In proportion to population it furnished 
 more troops in the Revolutionary war than any other 
 portion of the Colonies. It extended most hospitable 
 shelter to the Continental Congress from September 
 1777 to June 1778, during the sessions of which the 
 Articles of Federation were passed. It was in York 
 that the Conway Cabal was rebuked and stifled by La- 
 fayette,* and in consequence of which Generals Gates 
 and Wilkinson met to fight a duel in 1778 at St. John's 
 Episcopal "English" Church,t whose Tory rector was 
 
 •App. Note 13. tApp. Note 14. 
 
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 FAC-SIMILE (REDUCED) OF THE AUTHOIRZATION AND FORMATION OF YORK'S 
 
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 FOURTH COMPANY IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. (pp 122, 196) 
 
OUR RETURN HOME. 123 
 
 ducked a few years before.* The brilliant record of 
 York County in all National events has never be sur- 
 passed, f 
 
 From the York Gazette of May 19, 1863. 
 "Proceedings of the Town Meeting for the Reception of the 
 130th Pennsylvania Volunteers. 
 
 In pursuance of the public call a large meeting of the citizens of York 
 Borough and vicinity was held in the Court House on Friday erening the 
 ISth inst., for the purpose of making arrangements and for giving a proper 
 reception for Colonel Maish's 130th Regiment. The meeting was organ- 
 zed by tailing John Evans, Esq., to the chair and the election of the fol- 
 lowing vice presidents and secretaries : 
 Vice Presidents — York Borough. 
 
 First Ward— William Tash, George Welsh, Dr. C. H. Bressler. 
 Second Ward — Daniel Hartman, Philip A. Small, S. R. Slaymaker. 
 Third Ward— James Kell, J. D. Schall, Dr. E. H. Pentz. 
 Fourth Ward — David Small, Abraham Forry, Geo. H. Maish. 
 Fifth Ward — Lewis Carl, Daniel Kraber, Alex. Wantz. 
 Hellam Township — Frederick Sultzbach. 
 Dover Township — Henry Bender. 
 
 Manchester Township — W. W. Wolf, Emanuel Herman. 
 Hopewell Township — Hon. Adam Ebaugh. 
 Secretaries: 
 
 E. H. Weiser, James W. Latimer, Hiram Young and William Hay. 
 On motion, the following named persons were appointed a committee to 
 report resolutions expressive of the objects and views of the meeting: E. 
 H. Weiser, C. A. Morris, E. A. King, J. Carl, J. W. Kerr, W. A. Stahle. 
 On motion, the following were appointed as committee of arrangements, 
 of which it was agreed that the chairman of the meeting, John Evans, Esq., 
 should be the chairman. 
 
 First Ward— Dr. C. H. Bresler, Wm. Tash. Second Ward— 
 
 . Third Ward— Jacob D. Schall, Dr. E. H. Pentz. 
 Fourth Ward — James Schall, Abraham Forry. Fifth Ward — Daniel 
 Kraber, Lewis Carl. Hellam Township— Frederick Sultzbach. Man- 
 chester Township— W. W. Wolf. 
 
 *App. Note IS. tApp. Note 16. 
 
124 MY UTTI<E WAR BXPURIBNCB. 
 
 On motion, the orders of Major General French, commanding the divi- 
 sion, to which the 130th Regiment was attached, on leaving Falmouth were 
 read to the committee and ordered to be printed with the proceedings of 
 the meeting. 
 
 On motion. Dr. Palmer, surgeon of the United States Military Hospital 
 at York, addressed the meeting and paid a high compliment to the 130th. 
 
 The committee here reported the following resolutions which were adopt- 
 ed bj acclamation: 
 
 Resolved, That as citizens of York County, we are proud of the noble 
 deeds of those of our borough who were sent forth to the fields of battle at 
 the call of their country as members of the 130th Fenn'a Regiment, and 
 that we gratefully welcome them to their homes and parents. 
 
 Resolved, That it becomes ns all without distinction of party to receive 
 them on their return as brave soldiers, defenders of their country's flag — 
 all war-Gcarred and toil-worn as they are. 
 
 Resolved, That we appreciate and feel proud of the language employed 
 in the special order No. 122 of Major General French commending the 
 division to which the 130th was attached, relieving the regiment from duty 
 on the 12th inst., which is as follows: 
 
 'The general commanding the division takes pleasure in promulgating 
 in orders their gallantry soldier-like bearing and efficiency during their 
 entire term of service. 
 
 Within the nine months for which they were enrolled they have partici- 
 pated most prominently in the battles of Antietim, Fredericksburg and the 
 series of engagements near Chancellorsville. They have lost in that short 
 period the Colonel who first brought them into the field, the brave Zinn 
 who led them at Fredericksburg. 
 
 Soldiers, you return to your native State which has received lustre from 
 the achievements and your devotion to your country's cause. This army 
 the division to which you are attached, although they lose you, will always 
 retain and cherish the credit of your military bearing on all occasions as re- 
 flected on them.' 
 
 Resolved, That whilst we rejoice at the return of the survivors of our 
 noble regiment, we are not unmindful of those whose lives have been sacri- 
 ficed to their country's sacred cause, and that we hereby tender our warm- 
 est sympathies to the families and friends of the departed and assure them 
 
ODR RETURN HOME. 125 
 
 that their memories shall be cherished as long as the vital fires shall burn 
 upon our country's altar. 
 
 Resolved, That we hear with pride and pleasure of the bravery and he- 
 roic conduct of Colonel Maish and his noble men who come to us bearing 
 upon their persons evidences of their noble deeds and sacrifices. 
 
 After the adoption of the resolutions, E. H. Weiser being called for, 
 briefly addressed the meeting at the conclusion of which the meeting ad- 
 journed with three cheers for Colonal Maish and his Regiment. 
 
 On motion, it was resolved that the proceedings of the meeting be pub- 
 lished in all of the papers of the Borough." 
 
 "Headquarters Third Division, Second Corps, Army of the 
 Potomac, May 12th, 1863. 
 Special Order No. — . Extract. 
 
 III. The 130th and 132nd Pennsylvania Regiments of nine months 
 volunteers will be relieved from duty with this division, the first at retreat 
 to-day, and the latter at retreat on the 15th inst. ; transportation will be in 
 readiness at Falmouth Station at 7 a. m. to-morrow for the 130th, and 132d 
 on the 15th, unless otherwise directed. A staEE- officer from this head- 
 quarters will proceed to Acquia Landing where by roll calls, he will ascer- 
 tain that no unauthorized persons leave with the regiment. The general 
 commanding the division takes pleasure in promulgating in orders their 
 gallantry, soldier-like bearing and efficiency during their entire term of 
 service. Within the nine months from which they were enrolled they have 
 participated in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, and the series of 
 engagements near Chancellorsville ; each having lost in that short period 
 the Colonel who first brought them into the field, the brave Zinn who led 
 the 130th in Fredericksburg, and the gallant Oakfoad of the 132d who fell 
 at Antietam. 
 
 Soldiers, yon return to your native State which has received lustre from 
 your achievements and by your devotion to your country's cause. The 
 army and division to which you are attached, although they lose you, will 
 always retain and cherish the credit which your military bearing on all 
 occasions has so reflected on them. 
 
 Your division commander cherishes the belief that after a sojourn at 
 your homes with the friends you are all anxious to behold, those of you 
 
126 MY LITTI<E WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 who have passed unscathed through the midst of so manj dangers will 
 again rally round the flag which you have so nobly defended. 
 ( Signed) 
 
 By command of Major General French, commanding Division. 
 John M. Marvell, Chief of Staff and A. A. G., Headquarters Second 
 
 Brigade, May 12th, 1863. 
 Official, J. Parke Postles, Captain and A. A. A. G." 
 
 From the York Gazette of May 26th, 1863. 
 
 " Reception of the 130th Pennsylvania Regiment. 
 
 The portion of the 130th Regiment from the Borough and vicinity arriv- 
 ed here about four o'clock on Saturday afternoon and were received in a 
 becoming manner. At about two o'clock the dispatch announcing their 
 departure from Harrisburg was received, when the bells were rung as the 
 signal for the closing of stores, &c. On the arrival of the regiment, the 
 bells were again rung and the returned volunteers were received on North 
 George Street when the procession was formed and marched over the 
 designated route to the barracks where a handsome collation provided by 
 the Ladies Aid Society was furnished the war-worn and sun-burned 
 heroes. 
 
 The procession was headed by the Patapsco Guards accompanied by the 
 Hospital Band, after which followed the returned soldiers. Free Masons, 
 Odd Fellows, Red Men, Laurel Fire Company, with their magnificent 
 gallery engine drawn by four horses, and a large number of citizens. All 
 the flags were thrown to the breeze, the town was filled with people, which 
 gave it a lively and animated appearance." 
 
 From the York Gazette of June 2nd, 1863. 
 
 "The Reception of the 130th Regiment." 
 
 We were unable last week to get a full and satisfactory report of the 
 proceedings at the welcome home of the true and tried heroes of this regi- 
 ment at the hospital where the collation was prepared, and after the re- 
 moval of the cloth, the following proceedings took place : 
 
 Regular Toasts. First — The 130th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers: 
 As long as the waters of the Antietim and Rappahannock continue to 
 murmur a requiem to the brave men who laid down their lives on the 
 banks of these now classic streams in defence of the Union and freedom, 
 so long shall the heroic deeds of the 130th Regiment, P. V. live in history. 
 Responded to by Col. Maish. 
 
From Leslie. 
 
 RETURN OF THE VETERANS, (p 121) 
 
OUR RETURN HOME. 127 
 
 2. The memory of the gallant dead of the 130th. Standing and in 
 silence. 
 
 3. The Union, the Constitution and the flag of the United States. The 
 Union containing as it does, the hallowed memories of the past and en- 
 folding all our hopes of the future, the Constitution as the charter of our 
 rights, and the flag as the cherished and glorious emblem of our privileges, 
 are worth all the blood and treasure that has been sacrificed in their es- 
 tablishment and defence. Responded to by three cheers. 
 
 4. The President of the United States, patriot and statesman. May 
 the God of battles bless him, and may he be supported in all his efforts to 
 put down treason and rebellion by the association of loyal men throughout 
 the land. Standing and in silence. 
 
 5. The army of heroes of this, which like the heroes of '76, their 
 bravery, devotion and patriotism entitled them to the honor and gratitude 
 of posterity as long as the stars and stripes shall float in the free air of 
 America. General Wm. B. Franklin was expected to respond to this toast 
 but was called away from town the day before the reception, a letter re- 
 gretting his absence was here read. Responded to by J. Carrothers, Esq. 
 
 6. The navy, its gallant achievements in the war of '61 proves that 
 America rules the waves. Responded to by Purser Sterret Ramsay. 
 
 7. His Excellency, Gov. Curtin, his untiring real and energy in sus- 
 taining the national administration in its efEorts to put down the accursed 
 rebellion against the constituted authorities of the land, have placed his 
 name high on the list of defenders of the Union and have demonstrated 
 anew that Pennsylvania is indeed the Keystone of the Federal arch on 
 which all other parts depend for support. Responded to by William 
 Hay, Esq. 
 
 8. The ladies of the Soldiers' Aid Society like the women of the Revo- 
 lution, they have shown their patriotism and devotion in encouraging their 
 husbands, brothers and sons to go forth to battle in their country's cause 
 and when the heroes have fallen in the fight, or sickness in the camp, 
 they have bound up their wounds and given them such comfort as only 
 women can. Responded to by E. H. Weiser, Esq. 
 
 9. Volunteers of Pennsylvania, the first to respond to the call of the 
 President to defend the Capitol. They followed the flag into the fight and 
 will never sheath their swords until the Rebellion is crushed, treason sup- 
 
128 MY WTTI<E WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 pressed, and the authority o£ the government is acknowleged from the Po- 
 tomac tothe Rio Grande. Responded to by G. W. McEIroy, Esq. 
 
 The sentiment offered by Purser Ramsay, in response to toast 6th — The 
 Ladies Soldiers' Aid Association of York, their patriotic efforts in behalf 
 of our brave soldiers returning from the tented field where they have 
 served our beloved country so faithfully, cannot be too highly commended. 
 May they be rewarded with the blessings of a happy union, domestic and 
 potitical, a union of hearts and a union of States, and may the rising gen- 
 eration follow their example. 
 
 10, Volunteer toasts. Surgeon Henry Palmer —His skill as a physi- 
 cian, devotion as a patriot and the zealous efforts of himself and his corps 
 of able assistants, in the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers, have 
 made the United States Hospital at York, Pa., a Soldiers' Home; and the 
 prayers and gratitude of these brave men will ever fallow him. 
 
 At the conclusion of the reading of the toasts, it was announced that by 
 request of the ladies, the remnant of the feast, not one-fourth of which had 
 been consumed, would be appropriated to the use of the soldiers of the 
 Hospital. The Company then adjourned with three rousing cheers for the 
 Union." 
 
 The cordial reception and hospitality extended were 
 highly appreciated. The general welcome evinced a 
 deep sense of gratitude for services faithfully rendered, 
 sacrifices heroically made, hardships universally endur- 
 ed, and lives fearlessly imperilled. As the soldier 
 stood by them, they stood by him. 
 
 " Stand Up for thb Soldier Man. 
 
 Stand up; stand for up the soldier man! 
 
 Stand as he stands for you. 
 Stand up for the man who does and dares 
 
 For the old Red, White and Blue. 
 Send a hail to the soldier man 
 
 Sturdy and stanch and brave. 
 For the good God knows when the bugle blows 
 
 Its last song o'er his grave. 
 
OUR RETURN HOMR. 129 
 
 Stand up; stand up for the soldier man! 
 
 Nor quibble and criticise; 
 God knows you are glad when we need his help, 
 
 That he marches and fights and dies. 
 Send a cheer to the soldier man, 
 
 Ready and true and grim; 
 Tell him fair for his good deeds there 
 
 His country's proud of him. 
 
 Stand up; stand up for the soldier mac! 
 
 Fighting my foe and yours. 
 A hundred years has his blood run red 
 
 And constant the strain endures. 
 Send a hail to the fighting man, 
 
 Honest of heart and soul; 
 With his country love and the flag above, 
 
 And the Great Peace for his goal." 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ]>4GDte I. 
 (Page 6.) 
 
 Negro Religious Meeting. 
 
 Negro Religious Meeting in New Orleans be- 
 fore THE Civil War. Graphic and Humorous 
 Descriptions of the Ministers and Congrega- 
 tion WHO EVEN surpassed IN THEIR EJACULA- 
 TIONS, SHRIEKS AND SPASMS THE " HOWLING DER- 
 VISHES " OF THE East. 
 
 From "The Cotton Kingdom " by Olmstead. 
 ^^ TV TEW ORLEANS, Sunday,— Walking this morning through a 
 i. ^ rather mean neighborhood I was attracted, by a loud chorus 
 singing, to the open door of a chapel or small church. I found 
 a large congregation of negroes assembled within, and the singing being 
 just then concluded, and a negro preacher commencing a sermon. I en- 
 tered an empty pew near the entrance. I had no sooner taken a seat, than 
 a negro usher came to me, and, in the most polite manner, whispered, 
 'Won't you please to let me give you a seat higher up, master, 'long o' 
 tudder white folks?' 
 
 I followed him to the uppermost seat, facing the pulpit, where there were 
 three other white persons. One of them was a woman — old, very plain, 
 and not as well dressed as many of the negroes ; another looked like a 
 ship's officer, and was probably a member of the police force in undress — 
 what we call a spy, when we detect it in Europe; the third was a foreign- 
 
132 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 looking person, very flashily dressed and sporting a yellow-beaded walk- 
 ing-stick, and much cheap jewelry. 
 
 The remainder of the congregation consisted entirely of colored persons, 
 many of them, however, with light hair, and hardly any perceptible indi- 
 cations of having African blood. On the step of the chancel were a number 
 of children, and among these one of the loveliest young girls that I ever 
 saw. She was a light mulatto, and had an expression of unusual intelli- 
 gence and vivacity. During the service she frequently smiled, I thought 
 derisively, at the emotions and excitement betrayed by the older people 
 about her. She was elegantly dressed, and was accompanied by a younger 
 sister, who was also dressed expensively and in good taste, but who was a 
 shade darker, though much removed from the blackness of the true negro, 
 and of very good features and pleasant expression. 
 
 The preacher was nearly black, with close wooly hair. His figure was 
 slight, he seemed to be about thirty years of age, and the expression of his 
 face indicated a refined and delicately sensitive nature. His eye was very 
 bright, deep and clear; his voice and manner generally quiet and im- 
 pressive. 
 
 The text was, 'I have fought a good fight, I have kept the faith; hence- 
 forth there is laid up for me a crown of glory;' and the sermon was an ap- 
 propriate and generally correct explanatiom of the customs of the Olym- 
 pian games, and a proper and often eloquent application of the figure to 
 the Christian course of life. Much of the language was highly metaphori- 
 cal; the figures long, strange, and complicated, yet sometimes, however, 
 beautiful. Words were frequently misplaced, and their meaning evidently 
 unapprehended, while the grammar and pronunciation were sometimes 
 such as to make the idea intended to be conveyed by the speaker incompre- 
 hensible to me. Vulgarism and slang phrases occasionally occured, but 
 evidently without any consciousness of impropriety on the part of the 
 speaker or his congregation. 
 
 As soon as I had taken my seat, my attention was attracted by an old 
 negro near me, whom I supposed for sometime to be suffering under some 
 nervous complaint; he trembled, his teeth chattered, and his face, at in- 
 tervals, was convulsed. He soon began to respond aloud to the sentiments 
 of the preacher, in such words as these : 'Oh, yes!' 'That's it, that's it!' 
 'Yes, yes, — glory, yes!' and similar expressions could be heard from all 
 
NEGRO RRLIGIODS MEETING. 133 
 
 parts of the house whenever the speaker's voice was unusually solemn^ or 
 his language and manner eloquent or excited. 
 
 Sometimes the outcries and responses were not confined to ejaculations 
 of this kind, but shouts and groans, terrific shrieks, and indescribable ex- 
 pressions of ecstacy— of pleasure or agony — and even stamping, jumping 
 and clapping of hands were added. The tumult often resembled that of 
 an excited political meeting; and I was once surprised to find my own 
 muscles alt stretched, as if ready for a struggle — my face glowing, and my 
 feet stamping — having been afEected unconsciously, as men often are, 
 with instinctive bodily sympathy with the excitement of the crowd. So 
 wholly unintellectual was the basis of this excitement, however, that I 
 could not, when my mind retroverted to itself, find any connection or 
 meaning in the phrases of the speaker that remained in my memory; and 
 I have no doubt it was his 'action' rather than his sentiments that had 
 given rise to the excitement of the congregation. 
 
 I took notice as well as I could of a single passage of the sermon. The 
 preacher having said that some of the games of the arena, were 'rastlin' 
 (wrestling) and boxing, and described how a combatant, determined to 
 win the prize, would come boldly up to his adversary and stand square be- 
 fore him, looking him straight in the eyes, and while he guarded himself 
 with one hand, would give him a 'lick' with the other, continued in these 
 words: 'Then would he stop, and turn away his face, and let his adver- 
 sary hit back? No, my brethren, no, no! he'd follow up his advantage, 
 and give him another lick; and if he fell back, he'd keep close after him, 
 and not stop? — and not faint! — not be content with merely driving him 
 back! — but he'd persevere! (yes, glory!) and hit him again! (that's it, 
 hit him again, hit him again! oh glory! hi! hi! glory!) drive him into 
 the corner! and never, never stop till he had him down! (glory, glory, 
 glory! ) and he got his foot on his neck, and the crown of wild olive leaves 
 was placed upon his head by the lord of the games. (Ha! ha! glory to 
 the Lord! etc.) It was the custom of the Olympian games, my brethren, 
 for the victor to be crowned with a crown of wild olive leaves; but some- 
 times, after all, it wouldn't be awarded right, because the lord of the games 
 was a poor, frail, erroneous man, and maybe he couldn't see right, or 
 maybe he wasn't an honest man, and would have his favorites among the 
 combatants, and if his favorite was beaten, he would not allow it, but 
 
134 MY LITTLK WAR EXPBRIENCK. 
 
 would declare that he was the victor, and the crown would descend on his 
 head (glory!) But there ain't no danger of that with our fight with the 
 world, for our Lord is throned in justice. 'Glory! — oh, yes! yes! — sweet 
 Lord! sweet Lord! ) He seeth in secret, and He knoweth all things, and 
 there's no chance for a mistake, and if we only will just persevere and 
 conquer, and conquer and persevere (yes, sir! Oh, Lord, yes!) and per- 
 severe not for a year, or for two year, or ten year, nor for seventy year, 
 perhaps; but if we persevere (yes! yes!) — if we persevere — (oh, Lord 
 help us!) — if we persevere unto the end — (Oh, oh! glory! glory! glory!) 
 until he calls us home! (Frantic shouting.) Henceforth there is laid up 
 for us a crown of immortal glory! — (Ha! ha! ha! — not a crown of wild 
 olive leaves that begin to droop as soon as they touch our brow (oh! oh! 
 oh! I but a crown of immortal glory! That fadeth not away! Never be- 
 gins to droop! but is immortal in the heavens!' ( Tremendous uproar, 
 many of the congregation on their feet, and uttering cries and shrieks im- 
 possible to be expressed in letters.) The shabby gentleman by my side, 
 who had been fast asleep, suddenly awakened, dropped his stick, and 
 shouted with all his might, 'Glory to the Lord!' 
 
 The body of the house was iilled by the audience; there were galleries, 
 but few persons were in them; on one side, two or three boys, and on the 
 other, on the seat nearest the pulpit, about a dozen women. 
 
 The preacher was drawing his sermon to a close, and offering some sen- 
 sible and pertinent advice, soberly and calmly, and the congregation was 
 attentive and comparatively quiet, when a small old woman, perfectly 
 black, among those in the gallery, suddenly rose, and began dancing and 
 clapping her hands; at first with a slow and measured movement, and 
 then with increasing rapidity, at the same time beginning to shout 'ha! 
 ha!' The women about her rose, also, and tried to hold her, as there ap- 
 peared great danger that she might fall out of the gallery, and those below 
 left their pews that she might not fall upon them. 
 
 The preacher continued his remarks — much the best part of his sermon 
 — but it was plain that they were wasted ; every one was looking at the danc- 
 ing woman in the gallery, and many were shouting and laughing aloud (in 
 joyful sympathy, I suppose. ) Hi9 eye flashed as he glanced anxiously 
 from the woman to the people, and then stopping in the middle of a sen- 
 tence, a sad smile came over his face; he closed the book and bowed his 
 
NEGRO RELIGIOUS MEETING. 186 
 
 head npon his hands to the desk. A voice in the congregation struck into 
 a tune and the whole congregation rose and joined in a roaring song. The 
 woman was still shouting and dancing, her head thrown back and rolling 
 from one side to the other. Gradually her shout became indistinct, she 
 threw her arms wildly about instead of clapping her hands, fell back into 
 the arms of her companions, then threw herself forward and embraced 
 those before her, then tossed herself from side to side, gasping, and finally 
 sunk to the floor, where she remained at the end of the song, kicking, as if 
 acting a death struggle. 
 
 Another man now arose iu the pulpit, and gave out a hymn, naming 
 number and page, and holding a book before him, though I thought he 
 did not read from it, and I did not see another book in the house. Having 
 recited seven verses, and repeated the number and page of the hymn, ha 
 closed the book and commenced to address the congregation. He was a 
 tall, full-blooded negro, very black, and with a disgusting expression of 
 sensuality, cunning, and vanity in his countenance, and a pompous, patron- 
 izing manner — a most striking contrast, in all respects, to the prepossesing, 
 quiet, and modest young preacher who preceded him. He was dressed in 
 the loosest form of the fashionable sack overcoat, which he threw off pre- 
 sently, showing a white vest, gaudy cravat, and a tight cut-away coat, 
 linked together at the breast with jet buttons. He commenced by propos- 
 ing to further elucidate the meaning of the apostle's words; they had an 
 important bearing, he said, which his brother bad not had time to bring 
 out adequately before the congregation. At first he leaned carelessly on 
 the pulpit cushion, laughing cunningly, and spoke in a low, deep, hoarse, 
 indistinct, and confidential tone ; but soon he struck a higher key, drawl- 
 ing his sentences like a street salesman, occasionally breaking out into a 
 yell with all his strength of extraordinarily powerful lungs, at the same 
 time taking a striking attitude and gesturing in an extraordinary manner. 
 This would create a frightful excitement in the people, and be responded to 
 with the loudest and most terrific shouts. I can compare them to nothing 
 else human lever heard. Some times he would turn from the audience 
 and assume a personal opponent to be standing by his side in the pulpit. 
 Then, after battling for a few minutes in an awful and majestic manner 
 with this man of Belial, whom he addressed constantly as 'sir!' he would 
 turn again to the admiring congregation, and in a familiar, gestnlatory, 
 
136 MY LITTLE WAR EXPBRIENCE. 
 
 and conversational tone explain the diESculty into which he had got him, 
 and then again suddenly turn back upon him, and in a boxing attitude give 
 another knock-rlown reply to his heretical propositions. 
 
 His language was in a great part unintelligible to me, but the congrega- 
 tion seemed to enjoy it highly, and encouraged and assisted him in his 
 combat with 'Sir' Knight of his imagination most tumultously; and I soon 
 found that this poor gentleman, over whom he rode his high horse 
 so fiercely, was one of those 'who take unto themselves the name of 
 Baptist,' and that the name of his own chargee was 'Perseverence- 
 of-the-Saints.' 
 
 The ouly intelligent argument that I could discover, was presented under 
 the following circumstances. Having made his supposed adversary assert 
 that 'if a man would only just believe, and let him bury him under de 
 water, he would be saved,' — he caught up the big pulpit Bible, and using 
 it as a catapult, pretended to hurl from it the reply — -'Except ye persevere 
 and fight de good fight unto de end, ye shall be damned!' 'That's it, 
 that's it!' shouted the delighted audience. 'Yes! you shall be damned! 
 Ah! you've got it now, have ye! Pooh! — What's de use o' his tellin' us 
 dut ar'.' — he continued, turning to the congregation with a laugh; "wha't 
 de use on't, when we know dat a month arter he's buried 'em under 
 de water — whar do we find 'em? Ha! ah, ha! Whar? In de grog- 
 shop! (Ha! ha! ha! ha!) Yes, we do, don't we? (Yes! Yes! In de 
 rum-hols! (Ha! ha! ha! Yes! yes! oh Lord!) and we know de spirit of 
 rum and de spirit of God hasd't got no 'finities. 'Yah! ha! ha! yes! yes! 
 dat's it! dats it! Oh, my Jesus! Oh! Oh! glory! glory!) Sut'nly, sah! 
 you may launch out upon de ocean a drop of oil way up to Virgmny, and 
 we'll launch annudder one heah to Lusiana, and when dey meets — no mat- 
 ter now how far they deen gone — dey'll unite! Why, sah? Because dey's 
 got de'finities, sah! But de spirit of rum haint got nary sort o' 'finity 
 with de Spirit,' etc. 
 
 Three of the congregation threw themselves into hysterics during this 
 harangue, though none were so violent as that of the woman in the gallery. 
 The man I had noticed first from his strange convulsive notions, was shak- 
 ing as if in a violent ague, and frequently snatched the sleeve of his coat 
 in his teeth as if he would rend it. The speaker at length turned to the 
 
From a Painting. TH E SLAVE MA RKET, ANCI ENT ROM E. (p 200) 
 
 From a Painting. RETURN OF MISSIONARY AND SLAVE. 
 
NEGRO ee;ugious meeting. 137 
 
 hymn, repeated the number and page and the first two lines. These were 
 sung, and he repeated the next, and so on, as in the Scotch Presbyterian 
 service. The congregation sang; I think every one joined, even the 
 children, and the collective sound was wonderful. The voices of one or 
 two women rose above the rest, and one of these soon began to introduce 
 variations, which consisted mainly of shouts of Oh! oh! at a piercing 
 height. Many of the singers kept time with their feet, balancing them- 
 selves on each alternately, and swinging their bodies accordingly. The 
 reading of the lines would be accompanied also by shouts, as during the 
 previous discourse. 
 
 When the preacher had concluded reading the last two lines, as the 
 singing again proceeded, he raised his own voice above all, turned around, 
 clapped his hands, and commenced to dance, and laughed aloud — first 
 with his back, then with his face to the audience. 
 
 The singing ceased, but he continued his movements, leaping with in- 
 creasing agility, from one side of the pulpit to the other. The people be- 
 low laughed and shouted, and the two other preachers who were shut in the 
 pulpit with the dancer, tried hard to keep out of his way, and threw for- 
 ward their arms and shoulders, to fend o£E his powerful bufiEets as he surged 
 about between them. Swinging out his arms at random, with a blow of 
 his fist he knocked the great Bible spinning off the desk, to the great 
 danger of the children below; then threw himself back, jammed the old 
 man, who was trying to restrain him, against the wall. 
 
 At the next heave, he pitched head-foremost into the young preacher, 
 driving him through the door and falling with him half down the stairs, 
 and after bouncing about a few moments, jerking his arms and legs vio- 
 lently, like a supple jack, in every direction, and all the time driving his 
 breath with all the noise possible between his set teeth, and trying foam at 
 the mouth and act an epileptic fit, there he lay as if dead, the young 
 preacher, with the same sad smile, and something of shame on his face, 
 gifting on the stair holding his head on his shoulder, and grasping one of 
 his hands, while his feet were extended up into the pulpit. 
 
 The third man in the pulpit, a short, aged negro, with a smiling face, 
 and a pleasing manner, took the Bible, which was handed to him by one 
 of the congregation, laid it upon the desk, and, leaning over it, told the 
 
138 MY LITTLB WAR KXPERIBNCH. 
 
 people, in a gentle, conversational tone, that the 'love feast' would be held 
 at four o'clock; gave some instructions about the tickets of admissioa, and 
 severely reproved those, ''who were in the habit of coming late, and insisted 
 upon being let in after the doors were locked. He then announced that 
 the doxology would be sung, which accordingly followed, another woman 
 going into hysterics at the close. The prostrate man rose, and released 
 the young preacher, who pronounced the Apostles' blessing, and the 
 congregation slowly passed out, chatting and saluting one another at 
 they went, and bearing not the slightest mark of the previous axcite- 
 ment" 
 
(Page 8.) 
 
 Assault upon Senator Sumner. 
 
 The Murderous Assault by Preston Brooks upon 
 Senator Charles Sumner in 1856. A most 
 interesting description of the acriimonious 
 Slavery Debate that led to it, and the preg- 
 nant CONSEQUENCES. 
 
 THE brutal and cowardly assault in the United 
 States Senate Chamber in 1856 by Preston 
 Brooks, a member of the House from South 
 Carolina, upon Charles Sumner, a Senator from Massa 
 chusetts, did more to arouse indignation and solidify 
 public opinion in the North against the slave oligarchies 
 of the South than any other act preceding the bombard- 
 ment of Fort Sumter. 
 
 The fierce debate arose in the Senate upon the discus- 
 sion of " The Crime against Kansas" — the suppression 
 by intimidation, fraud and murder of the verdict of the 
 freemen of Kansas in favor of the admission of the ter- 
 ritory as a free State, by out-laws, ruffians and assassins 
 who emigrated mostly from Missouri for the purpose of 
 coercing it into a slave State. Ballot boxes were plund- 
 
140 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 ered and horrid and incredible atrocities committed to 
 accomplisli the nefarious purpose. 
 
 Senator Sumner was a very learned and fearless Sen- 
 ator, although somewhat conceited and overbearing. 
 His philippics against slavery breathed defiance to the 
 South and challenged the admiration of the North. 
 His speeches against the slave-power were sometimes 
 extravagant in statement, somewhat turgid in rhetoric 
 and on the occasion in question unduly personal. Sena- 
 tor Butler, the object of the attack, and Brooks came 
 from fine South Carolina families and their private de- 
 portment was unexceptional. 
 
 Rhodes, in his admirable History of the United 
 States, gives the subjoined account of the murderous 
 assault: 
 
 " If there had been no more to Sumner's speech than the invective 
 against the slave power, he would not have been assaulted by Preston 
 Brooks. Nor is it probable that the bitter attack which the Senator made 
 on South Carolina would have provoked the violence had it not been coupl- 
 ed with personal allusions to Senator Butler, who was a kinsman o£ Brooks. 
 In order that the whole extent of the provocation may be understood, it is 
 necessary to quote Sumner's most exasperating reflections. 'The Senator 
 from South Carolina, (Butler,)' he said, 'and the Senator from Illinois, 
 (Douglass,) who, though unlike as Don Quixote and Sancho Fanza, yet, 
 like this couple, sally forth together . . in championship of human 
 
 wrongs.' 
 
 'The Senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry, 
 and believes himself a chivalrous knight, with sentiments of honor, and 
 courage, of course, he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his 
 vows, and who, although ugly to others is always lovely to him; though 
 polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight — I mean the harlot 
 slavery. For her his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be im- 
 peached in character, or in any proposition made to shut her out from the 
 extension of her wantoness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood 
 of assertion is then too great for this Senator. The frenzy of Don Quixote, 
 
ASSAULT UPON SENATOR SUMNER. 141 
 
 in behalf of his wench, Dulcinea del Toboso, is all surpassed.' On the 
 second day of his speech Sumner said: 'With regret I come upon the 
 Senator from South Carolina (Butler) who, omnipresent in this debate, 
 overflowed with rage at the simple suggestion that Kansas had applied for 
 admission as a State; and, with incoherent phrases, discharged the loose 
 expectoration of his speech upon her representative atid then upon her 
 people. There was no extravagance of the ancient parliamentary debate 
 which he did not repeat; nor was there any possible deviation from truth 
 which he did not make . . . The Senator touches nothing which he 
 does not disfigure — with error, sometimes of principle, sometimes of fact. 
 He shows an incapacity of accuracy, whether in stating the Constitution 
 or in stating the law, whether in the details of statistics or the diversions 
 of scholarship. He cannot open his mouth but out there flies a blunder.' 
 
 A careful perusal of Butler's remarks, as published in the Congressional 
 Globe, fails to disclose the reason of this bitter personal attack. His re- 
 marks were moderate. He made no reference to Sumner. . . . The 
 vituperation was unworthy of him and his cause, and the allusion to But- 
 ler's condition while speaking, ungenerous and pharisaical' The attack 
 was especially unfair, as Butler was not in Washington, and Sumner made 
 note of his absence. It was said that Seward, who read the speech before 
 delivery, advised Sumner to tone down its ofiEensive remarks, and he and 
 Wade regretted the personal attack. But Sumner was not 'fully conscious 
 of the stinging force of his language.' To that, and because he was ter- 
 ribly in earnest, must be attributed the imperfections of the speech. He 
 would annihilate the slave power, and he selected South Carolina and her 
 Senator as vulnerable points of attack. 
 
 The whole story of Sumner's philippics, and its result, eannot be told 
 without reference to his sharp critcism of Douglass. 'The Senator from 
 Illinois,' he said, 'is the squire of slavery, its very Sancho Panza, ready 
 to do all its humiliating offices. This Senator, in his labored address, vindi- 
 cating his labored report —piling one mass of elaborate error upon another 
 mass — on this floor, the Senator issued his rescript, requiring submission 
 to the usurped power of Kansas; and this was accompanied by a manner 
 — all his own — such as befits the tyrannical threat. Very well. Let the 
 Senator try. I tell him now that he cannot enforce any such submission. 
 The Senator, with the slave power at his back is strong; but he is not 
 strong enough for this purpose. He is bold. He shrinks from nothing. 
 
142 MY LITTLE WAR HXPEKIKNCE. 
 
 Like Danton, he may cry: 'L 'audace! 1' audace! toujours 1' audace!' 
 but even his audacity canDOt compass the work. The Senator copies the 
 British ofEcer, who, with boastful swagger, said that with the hilt of his 
 sword, he would cram the 'stamps' down the throats of the American 
 people, and he will meet a similar failure.' 
 
 When Sumner sat down, Cass, the Nestor of the Senate, rose and said: 
 'I have listened with equal regret and surprise to the speech of the honor- 
 able Senator from Massachusetts. Such a speech — the niost un-American 
 and unpatriotic that ever grated on the ears of the members of this high 
 body — I hope never to hear again here or elsewhere.' 
 
 When Cass had finished, Douglass spoke of the 'depth of malignity that 
 issued from every sentence' of Sumner's speech. 'Is it his object,' Doug- 
 lass asked, 'to provoke some of us to kick him as we would a dog in the 
 street, that he may get sympathy upon the just chastisement?' 'If the 
 Senator,' Douglass continued, 'had said such harsh things on the spur of 
 the moment, and then apologized for them in his cooler hours, I could re- 
 spect him much more than if he had never made such a departure from the 
 rules of the Senate . . But it has been the subject of conversation 
 
 for weeks that the Senator from Massachusetts had his speech written, 
 printed, committed to memory . . The libels, the gross insults, 
 
 which we have heard to-day have been conned over, written with a cool' 
 deliberate malignity, repeated from night to night in order to catch the ap- 
 propriate grace; and then he came here to spit forth that malignity upon 
 men who differ from him — for that is their offence.' Douglass further- 
 more charged Sumner with being a perjurer, for he had sworn to support 
 the Constitution and yet publicly denied that he would render obedience to 
 the fugitive law. Sumner's reply was exasperating. 'Let the Senator re- 
 member,' he said, 'that the bowie-knife and the bludgeon are not the 
 proper emblems of senatorial debate. Let him remember that the swag- 
 ger of Bob Acres and the ferocity of the Malay cannot add dignity to this 
 body that no person with the upright form of man can be allowed, 
 
 without violation of all decency, to switch out from his tongue the perpet- 
 ual stench of offensive personality,' taking for a model 'the noisome squat 
 and nameless animal.' Douglass made an insulting retort, and Sumner 
 rejoined: 'Mr. President, again the Senator has switched his tongue, and 
 again he fills the Senate with its offensive odor.' Douglass ended the 
 
ASSAULT UPON SENATOR SUMNER. 143 
 
 angry colloquy by declaring that a man whom he had branded in the Senate 
 with falsehood was not worthy of a reply.' 
 
 Two days after this exciting debate (May 22nd,) when the Senate at 
 the close of a short session adjourned, Sumner remained in the Chamber, 
 occupied in writing letters. Becoming deeply engaged, he drew his arm 
 chair close to his desk, bent over his wrltting, and while in this position 
 was approached by Brooks, a representative from South Carolina and a 
 kinsman of Senator Butler. Brooks standing before and directly over 
 him, said 'I have read your speech twice over carefully. It is a libel on 
 South Carolina and Mr. Butler, who is a relative of mine.' As he pro- 
 nounced the last word, he hit Sumner on the head with his cane with the 
 force that a dragoon would give to a sabre-blow. Sumner was more than 
 six feet in height and of powerful frame, but penned under the desk he 
 could offer no resistance, and Brooks continued the blows on his de- 
 fenceless head. The cane broke, but the South Carolinian went on beat- 
 ing his victim with the butt. The first blow stunned and blinded Sumner 
 but instinctively and with powerful efiEort he wrenched the desk from its 
 fastenings, stood up, and with spasmodic and wildly directed efforts at- 
 tempted unavailingly to protect himself. Brooks took hold of him, and, 
 while he was reeling and staggering about, struck him again and again. 
 The assailant did not desist until his arm was seized by one who rushed to 
 the spot to stop the assault. At that moment Sumner, reeling, staggering 
 backwards and sideways, fell to the floor bleeding profusely and covered 
 with his blood. 
 
 The injury received by Sumner was much more severe than was at first 
 thought by his physicians and friends." 
 
 The blows would have killed most men. Sumner's 
 iron constitution and perfect health warded oflF a fatal 
 result. His spinal column was seriously aflFected. He 
 was unable to regularly resume his senatorial career until 
 December 1859, nor did he speak again until June i86o- 
 Brooks resigned his seat in the House but was immedi- 
 ately re-elected by an almost unanimous majority. 
 Brooks died in the following January, but not before he 
 had confessed to his friend, Orr, that he was sick as the 
 
144 
 
 MY LITTIE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 representative of bullies aud disgusted at receiving tes- 
 timonials of their esteem. Butler lived but a few days 
 over a year from the time that the assault was made in 
 satisfaction of what was deemed his injured honor. 
 
iSlote 3. 
 (Page 10.) 
 
 Free in Fight in Congress, 1858. 
 
 The Swagger of Southern Fire-eaters is re- 
 sented BY BLOWS. Struggling Masses in Fis- 
 tic Conflict. Grow fells Keitt. Ludicrous 
 end of the row. how the loss of the wig 
 OF Gen. Barksdale (afterwards killed at 
 Gettysburg,) stopped the general Melee. 
 
 THE decade preceding the Civil War was the most 
 exciting ten years of Congressional legislation. 
 The passions of men were influenced by the 
 struggle over the question of the extension or restriction 
 of the limits of slavery. On the afternoon of February 
 5th, 1858, the racket in the National House of Repre- 
 sentatives commenced with a struggle as to whether 
 the President's Message on the Lecompton Constitu- 
 tion of Kansas should be referred to the Democratic 
 Committe on Territorities or to a select committee of 
 fifteen. The session was protracted into the night, and 
 after midnight but tew spectators remained in the gal- 
 leries. Those Representives who could secure sofas en- 
 joyed naps between the roll-calls, while others visited 
 
146 MY LITTLB WAR BXPBRIENCE. 
 
 the Committee rooms, in which were private supplies of 
 refreshments. 
 
 Upon the question of ordering the previous question 
 on the motion to refer the President's Message to a select 
 Committee of fifteen, a fiUibuster was begun which last- 
 ed throughout the night. At 2 a. m. Galusha A. Grow, 
 of Pennsylvania, entered the arena and plunged into the 
 controversy that raged with all the force of his nature. 
 He was a young man, ardent and strong of conviction, 
 ready, resolute, resourceful, ol commanding presence 
 and powerful voice, athletic and muscular. 
 
 Mr. Grow was standing near the extreme right on the 
 Democratic side talking with Mr. Hickman, an anti- 
 Lecompton Democrat from his State. 
 
 Nearby, on the adjacent aisle, sat Mr. Keitt, of South 
 Carolina. Mr. Quitman, of Georgia, from his place, 
 asked unamious consent to make a suggestion. 
 
 This Mr. Grow refused to give, but at the request of 
 Mr. English, of Indiana, afterwards the candidate for 
 Vice-President on the ticket with Gen. Hancock, he 
 withdrew the objection. Mr. Quitman's suggestion was 
 that in view of the fact that the pending motion could 
 result in no good, all motions subsequent to the motion 
 for the previous question on Mr. Harris' motion to refer, 
 be withdrawn. 
 
 Whether or not this would have been done it is im- 
 possible to say, for in the meantime Keitt, resenting 
 Grow's objection, rose from his reat, and going to where 
 Grow was standing, insolently inquired: 
 
 " What do you mean by objecting? If you want to 
 object, go over to your own side." 
 
 Grow responded: " It's a free hall; I'll be where I 
 please." 
 
FREE FIGHT IN CONGRESS, 1858. 147 
 
 Keitt lost control of himself at this, which was not 
 strange, for every one's nerves were on edge over the 
 strain of the protracted session. He sneered: 
 
 " You're nothing but a Black Republican puppy. Go 
 back to your own side." 
 
 Mr. Grow, still keeping himseli in hand, said: "No 
 matter what I am, no nigger driver can crack his whip 
 over me." 
 
 Then Keitt struck at Grow and instantly, of course, 
 the House was in the utmost disorder and excitement. 
 While Grow and Keitt were indulging in these person- 
 alities, Reuben Davis, of Mississippi, a brother of Jeffer- 
 son Davis, had come up to them, and he seized Keitt by 
 the right arm, just as Keitt struck at Grow, making the 
 blow of no effect, and pulling him halfway round ex- 
 posed him to the full force of Grow's return blow. 
 
 It caught Keitt just under the left ear and down he 
 went on his knees, as far as he could go in the press that 
 surrounded him. The area in front of the desk was 
 filled with a shrieking, struggling mass of men, in indi- 
 vidual conflict wherever possible. 
 
 The Republicans had resolved to defend and support 
 Grow, while the Democrats were ready in behalf of 
 Keitt. Owen L,ovejoy, of Illinois, and I^amar, of Mis- 
 sissippi, held the centre of the scene for a moment, 
 while one of the most active participants was the us- 
 ually staid and placid Mott, of Ohio, a Quaker. 
 
 John F. Potter, of Wisconsin, who afterwards accept- 
 ed a challenge from Roger A. Pryor, of Virginia, and 
 selected bowie-knives for weapons, who was a dead- 
 shot with the rifle, the vanquisher of grizzly bears with 
 a knife, and ambidextrous, was one of the first at Grow's 
 side, plunging through his foes whom he swept aside, 
 
148 MY LITTLE WAR BXPERIENCE. 
 
 to the right and left. As Keitt went down, William 
 Barksdale, of Mississippi, threw his arms around Grow, 
 and was still holding him when he received a blow 
 from Potter. 
 
 Barksdalle thought it came from KUhu B. Washburne, 
 who with his brother Cadwalader, was in the aisle, and 
 asked: 
 
 " Did you strike me?" 
 
 Mr. Washburne replied he did not, but Barksdale did 
 not believe him, and dropping Grow, drew back to 
 strike Washburne. The blow was stopped however 
 by Cadwalader Washburne who endeavored to hit back. 
 
 The blow was a glancing one on the forehead, lifting 
 from Barksdale's scalp the wig which he wore, until 
 then without the knowledge of his associates. The sight 
 of his bare poll caused a general shout of laughter, the 
 one thing needful to avert further trouble. It afforded 
 a vent for the over-wrought feelings of the combatants, 
 hostilities ceased, and in a few moments order was re- 
 stored. 
 
 Later an adjournment followed until the next Monday, 
 when Mr. Keitt made a handsome apology. 
 
rstcDte 4. 
 
 (Page 12.) 
 
 John Brown Invasion. 
 
 The John Brown Raid and Battle at Harper's 
 Ferry. His Last Moments and Execution. 
 Intense Excitement throughout the Country. 
 
 IN October, 1859, the country was startled with the 
 uews that Captain John Brown, of Ossawotamie, 
 Kansas, — the "old terrifier" helped to make that 
 Commonwealth free — with twenty-two followers, 
 white and black, captured the United States Arsenal at 
 Harper's Perry, for the purpose of attacking slavery in 
 Virginia. By this incursion he expected the slaves in 
 the neighborhood, and ultimately through the South, to 
 rise in insurrection and thus secure their freedom: Af- 
 ter a bloody conflict. Brown, severly wounded, and his 
 few surviving comrades surrendered. Brown and some 
 of his followers were duly convicted, sentenced to death 
 and executed. Brown was a pure idealist imbued with 
 a gloomy fanaticism. 
 
 Col. Washington, of Harper's Ferry, who was taken 
 prisoner and a hostage to the barricaded Engine House 
 
160 MY LIITLE WAR EXPERIBNCK. 
 
 of the town, said: " Brown was the coolest and firmest 
 man I ever saw in defying danger and death. With one 
 son dead by his side, and another shot through, he felt 
 the pulse of his dying son with one hand, and held his 
 rifle with the other, and commanded his men with the 
 utmost composure, encouraging them to be firm and sell 
 their lives as dearly as they could." 
 
 Gov. Wise, of Virginia, said: "They are mistaken 
 who take Brown to be a madman. He is a bundle of 
 the best nerves I ever saw, cut and thrust, and bleeding 
 and in bonds. He is a man of clear head, of courage, 
 
 fortitude and he inspired me with great 
 
 trust in his rategrity as a man of truth. He is a fanatic, 
 vain and garruloos,. but firm and truthful and intelli- 
 gent." 
 
 To his younger children he wrote Irom hfs prison cell, 
 adjuring them to take from them the thought that the 
 manner of his death would be ignominious: "I feel 
 just as content to die for God's eternal truth on the 
 scaflFold as in any other way;" and on the same day he 
 assured his older children that "a calm peace seems to 
 fill my mind by day and by night." With prophetic soul 
 he added: "As I trust my life has not been thrown 
 away, so I also humbly trust that my death will not be 
 in vain. God can make it to be a thousand times more 
 valuable to his own cause than all the miserable service 
 (at best) that I have rendered it during my life." 
 
 "THE LAST MOMENTS OF JOHN BROWN." 
 
 In the picture. Brown's own figure is recognized as 
 the the old Puritan, half saint, half savage, who impress- 
 ed himself so forcibly upon all who met hirfl. The idea 
 of Hovenden's picture, a faithful transcript of the actual 
 
From a Painting. 
 
 THE LAST MOMEMTS OF JOHN BROWN, (pp 10, 12, 150) 
 
 From Harper's. 
 
 WILD SCENE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESNETATIVES, WASHkNGTON, 
 Upon the passage of the Amendment Abolishing Slavery. 
 
JOHN BROWN INVASION. 161 
 
 scene, is taken from John G. Whittier's poem of "John 
 Brown." 
 
 "John Brown, o£ Ossawotamie, they led him out to die, 
 And lo! a poor slave mother, with her child pressed nigh, 
 Then the bold blue eyes grew tender, and the old harsh face grew mild, 
 As he stooped between the jeering ranks, and kissed the negro's child." 
 
 The subjoined sublime and beautiful poem by the 
 present Commissioner of Pensions is a masterpiece: 
 
 JOHN BROWN. 
 
 BY EnGENE F. WARE. 
 
 " States are not great 
 Except as men may make them; 
 Men are not great unless they do and dare. 
 But States, like men. 
 Have their destinies that take them — 
 That bear them on, not knowing why or where. 
 
 The Why repels 
 The philosophical searcher — 
 The Why and Where all questionings de£y; 
 Until we find 
 Far back in youthful nurture 
 Prophetic facts that constitute the Why. 
 
 All merit comes 
 From braving the unequal; 
 All glory comes from daring to begin. 
 Fame loves the state 
 That, reckless of the sequel. 
 Fights long and well, whether it lose ar win. 
 
152 MY LITTLE WAR EXPBRIENCB. 
 
 Than our state 
 No illustration apter 
 Is seen or found of faith and hope and will. 
 Take up her story: 
 Every leaf and chapter 
 Contains a record that conveys a thrill. 
 
 And there is one 
 Whose faith, vrhose fight, whose failing 
 Fame shall placard upon the walls of Time. 
 He dared to begin. 
 Despite the unavailing. 
 He dared begin, when failure was a crime. 
 
 When over Africa 
 Some future cycle 
 Shall sweep the lake gemmed uplands with its surge; 
 When as with trumpet 
 Of Archangel Michael 
 Culture shall bid a colored race emerge; 
 
 When busy cities 
 There in constellations 
 Shall gleam with spires and palaces and domes. 
 With marts wherein 
 Is heard the noise of nations; 
 With summer groves surrounding stately homes- 
 There, future orators 
 To cultured freemen 
 Shall tell of valor and recount with praise 
 Stories of Kansas 
 And Lacedaemon — 
 Cradles of freedom, then of ancient days. 
 
JOHN BROWN INVASION. 
 
 From boulevards 
 O'erlooking both Nyanzas 
 The statued bronze shall glitter in the sun, 
 With rugged lettering; 
 John Brown of Kansas: 
 He dared begin; 
 
 He lost; 
 But losing, won. 
 
 153 
 
 V^^^^'^^^^' 
 
{Page 14.1 
 
 Union Meeting in York, 1861. 
 
 From the York Gazette, January 16, 1861. 
 * ' T N pursuance of a call, a large number of the citizens of this Bor- 
 L ough and County assembled in the Court House, on last Tuesday 
 evening, for the purpose of considering the present condition of 
 our National aSairs, and the meeting was organized by calling the Hon. 
 Adam Ebaugh, to the chair, and appointing as Vice Presidents, Col. John 
 Hough, Wesley Test, James Cameron, Wm. Smith, (Druggist, ) John H. 
 Hyde, Hon, Robert J. Fisher, G. Edward Hersh, Major A. N. Rutledge, 
 James L. McCall, Capt. Geo. W. Bollinger, E. C. Parkhurst, Capt. Thomas 
 A. Ziegle, Hon. Henry Logan, Alex. J. Frey, Hon. John Reiman, E. C. 
 Eppley, John A. Anderson, T. Kirk White, Wm Woods, William D. Elliott, 
 and as secreta.ies. Dr. H. G. Bussey, Col. Wm. L. Picking, Geo. Fisher, 
 Wm. H. Albright, J. A. Smyser, D. Wagner Barnitz, Jacob Small, Charles 
 A. Stair, Charles E. Smyser, Horace Bonham and Henry Myers, Jr. 
 
 On motion, the following committee, consisting of thirty-three members, 
 was appointed to draft resolutions expressive of the meeting: Dr. H. G. 
 Bussey, Adam H. Smith, D. B. Prince, P. S. Baum, Jno. B. Sayers, 
 Thos. Cooney, Benj. Sargent, David E. Small, Wm. Reeser, Gen. Geo. 
 Hay, Henry L. Fisher, Chas. Folgan, Wm. Matthews, Wm. B. Stein, R. 
 G. Wallace, Jesse Bortner, Col. Joseph Keedy, John Strickler, Henry 
 Stroman, John Deardorff, David Fulton, Col. Robert Graham, Levi G. 
 Kinsley, Henry Ginter, George Wehrly, Edie Patterson, Henry Lanius, 
 Peter Sehmuck, Samuel Mann, James H. Smith, Aaron J. Blackford, and 
 
UNION MEETING IN YORK, 1861. 166 
 
 Wm. Laumaster. The meeting was ably addressed by the Hon. Robert J. 
 Fisher, V. K. Keesey, Esq., E. H. Weiser, Esq., H. L. Fisher, Esq., 
 Alfred E. Lewis, Esq., of this place, and Jas. T. Buchanan, Esq., 
 of Baltimore. The committee, through their chairman. Dr. Bussey, re- 
 ported the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: 
 
 'Resolved, That the present crisis in our national aSairs imperatively 
 demands of the patriot a total sacrifice of all partisan feeling, and an earn- 
 est, decided, and effective support of the National administration in vindi- 
 cating the Constitution, in enforcing the laws.' 
 
 'Resolved , That this government was established by the people of the 
 United States, for the purpose of forming a more perfect Union, establish- 
 ing justice, insuring domestic tranquility, providing for the common de- 
 fense, promoting the general welfare, and securing the blessings of liberty 
 for themselves and their posterity.' 
 
 'Resolved, That we deny the right of any State to secede at pleasure 
 from this Union, and to carry with it the property of the United States 
 within its limit.' " 
 
Note; S. 
 
 (Page IS.) 
 
 Fearful Excitement in York. 
 
 " Large and Enthusiastic Town Meeting, April 
 i8th, 1861. Patriotic Speeches and Resolutions. 
 Aid for the Families of York Citizen Soldiers. 
 Telegraph and Railroad Communications with 
 Baltimore Suspended. Ordering off and De- 
 parture of the York Military. Passage ok 
 Troops. Patriotism of York Citizens." 
 
 From the York Gazette, April 26, 1861. 
 ••''I ""HE week just passed has been one of fearful interest and sus- 
 JL pense throughout the land, but particularly so in our borough, 
 the citizens of which have, within that time, seen the inaugura- 
 tion of a terrible civil war, almost as it were, upon their very borders. 
 
 The news of the attack upon, and capture of Ft. Sumter, and that the 
 President had called for 75,000 troops, caused a feeling of the most in- 
 tense excitement, and the pervading topic of the community was, 'Wari 
 War!! War!!! The telegraph office was besieged by anxious crowds, 
 while the daily papers and extras were seized upon with avidity by all class- 
 es. All the flags of the town were flung to the breeze, while fair hands were 
 busily engaged in the manufacture of these, so that our citizens might tes- 
 tify by this display their devotion to the glorious Stars and Stripes of our 
 country. At the present writing, flags innumerable are floating beautifully 
 
^^^.J^fi^^^^ -^^^^i^m^ • 
 
 
 ^4*», ^^^^tiS^V'^^Jr^Ja 
 
 
 
 
 :^f-^c^ 
 
 
 From Spangler Annals. 
 FAC-SIMILE (fl£DUCED) OF MUSTFR ROLL OF CAPTAIN RUDOLF SPENGLER'3 
 SIXTH YORK COMPANY, IN the REVOLUTIONARY WAR, FORMED 1776. 
 
 (pp 122, 196) 
 
PBARFDL EXCITHMENT IN YORK. 157 
 
 and gracefully at various points. They are so numerous that nothing of 
 the kind was seen in York before, and none can look upon the beautiful 
 sight without a feeling of love and admiration for the flag, which has so 
 long protected them, and which has been outrageously insulted, not by a 
 foreign foe, but by those who like ourselves, have grown up and prospered 
 beneath its 'bright stars and broad stripes.' The three largest are sus- 
 pended from the Republican Office, the Tremont House, and the Gazette 
 Office. On Saturday afternoon the Worth Infantry Band was kept busy 
 attending the various flag raisings, at which their services were requested. 
 About half -past two o'clock, they attended the raising of a flag near the 
 lumber office of H. Small & Sons. The pole to which it is attached is 
 nearly one hundred feet high, and as straight as an arrow. Patriotic ad- 
 dresses were delivered by Messrs. Henry L. Fisher, John Gibson and J. 
 W. Bittenger. Vocal music was in attendance. Immediately afterwards, 
 another flag was hoisted upon the car shops of Messrs. Billmeyer & Small, 
 and the band then proceeded to the raising of the flag in George Street. 
 Thence they proceeded to the residence of Mr. Gresley west of the bridge, 
 where a large and beautiful flag was run up. In the evening the Conti- 
 nental Club flung a beautiful flag to the breeze, the band meanwhile play- 
 ing national airs. A number of other flags were strung out on Saturday, 
 with less ceremony. On Wednesday, our military received notice that 
 their services would be required, and they were ordered to report at Har- 
 risburj^, on Monday. Great preparations for their departure were imme- 
 diately commenced, and their ranks were soon filled with a sufficient num- 
 ber. In pursuance of a general call, the people of this place assembled 
 in great numbers, in the Court House, on last Thursday evening for the 
 purpose of expressing their sense of the present condition of our National 
 aGEairs, and to ofEer aid to those called into service. The following gentle- 
 men were chosen officers of the meeting : 
 
 President — John Evans, Esq. Vice Preaidents — Adam Klinefelter, C. 
 A. Morris, David Small, Daniel Kraber, Feter Mclntyre, A. J. Glossbren- 
 ner, Philip A. Small, Henry Welsh, H. L. Fisher, Samuel Wagner, V. K. 
 Keefcy, Abraham Forry, George Welsh, Sr., Henry Caslow. 
 
 Secretaries — John N. A. Kolb, Michael Gallagher, William L. Picking. 
 
 The president in a short and appropriate speech stated the object of the 
 meeting, when, on motion of John Gibson, Esq., a committee composed of 
 
158 
 
 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 John Gibson, Dr. John F. Fisher, Henry L. Fisher, Alex. Underwood, 
 Lieut. C. H. Wells, Dr. H. M. McClellan, Philip Smyser, Dr. Alex. 
 Small, D. 3. Prince, John R. Donnell, Dr. Jacob Hay, Jr., and George 
 W. Stair was appointed to prepare resolutions embodying the spirit of 
 the meeting." 
 
(Page 16.) 
 
 'The War Excitement in York." 
 
 Arrival of the Military. Over Five Thousand 
 Troops Quartered in York. Return of the 
 York Companies. Immense County Meeting. 
 Appropriation of $10,000 by the Commissioners 
 and $5,000.00 Subscribed for the Families of 
 Soldiers. Formation of a Home Guard. 
 
 From the York Gazette of May 3, 1861. 
 
 April 30th, 1861. 
 • ' ^^ INCE our last issue, many events of interest have occurred in 
 
 v3 our midst. During the entire day of Monday, provision was 
 being made for the supply of troops at the Cockeysville camp. 
 An immense number of bullocks were slaughtered, and the beef placed 
 upon cars for shipment to that place; but as it was afterwards ascer- 
 tained, that the troops were to return and be quartered here, it was 
 unloaded, and taken to the Fair Grounds, where a portion of it was 
 cooked. A large quantity was cooked in the houses of our citizens. The 
 Hanover companies which arrived on Thursday evening, were quartered 
 on the Fair Grounds, and assisted in the preparations for the reception 
 of the expected troops. 
 
 Another immense meeting was held in the Court House on Monday 
 evening, the 22d inst., for the purpose of efEecting an organization, and 
 
160 MY LITTLB WAR EXPERIHNCB. 
 
 of piOTiding means for the defence of oui coantry, during these tronble- 
 some times. The occasion of the meeting being the evening of the first 
 day of the Court week, citizens from every section of the county were 
 present, and joined most heartily and earnestly in the wild enthusiasm, 
 which is firing so many of the hearts of our brave countrymen through- 
 out our land." 
 
 "The meeting was called by Robert J. Fisher, as President; Vice- 
 Presidents, C. A. Morris, 1st Ward; P. A. Small, 2nd Ward; Peter 
 Melntyre, 3rd Ward; George Albright, 4th Ward; Joseph Smyser, Sth 
 Ward, John Brillinger, Manchester; Daniel Loucks, Springgarden ; F. 
 Sultzbaeh, Hellam ; Tobias Dietz , Windsor ; Adam Paules, Lower Wind- 
 sor; James Cook, Wrightsville ; A. C. McCurdy, Feachbottom; John 
 Smeltzer, Chanceferd; William Caslow, Lower Chanceford; Henry 
 Runkle, Fawn; Andrew Wallace, Hopewell; Nathan ShefEer, Shrews- 
 bury; Benj. Lease, North Codorns; John Stough, Springfield; Adam 
 H. Smith, Heidelberg; George Snyder, Manheim; Daniel C. Myers, 
 West Manheim; Jacob Greenfield, Fairview; Jesse Frysinger, Hanover 
 Borough; Jacob Stickel, Washington; Jacob Bentz, (of Joseph), War- 
 rington; John Evans, Franklin; Solomon Tate, Monaghan; H. G. Little, 
 Carroll; John Ort, Newberry; Jacob Brenneman, Conewago; George 
 Dosch, Jackson; J. B. Baughman, Paradise; John Hoover, Dover; Wil- 
 liam Landis, West Manchester; James Peeling, York. 
 
 Secretaries — Horace Bonham, David Small, G. C. Stair, Oliver Stuck, 
 David A. Frey, Jacob Keech. 
 
 On motion of John Evans, Esq., the following committee was appointed 
 by the chair: Committee on resolutions, John Evans, Henry Welsh, 
 Borough; Adam Ebaugh, Hopewell; Samuel N. Bailey, Carroll; Thomas 
 Cochran, John E. Moore, Fairview; H. G. Bussey, Shrewsbury; William 
 S. Roland, Borough ; Robert M. Smith, Wrightsville ; V. C. T. Eckert, 
 Hanover; Hugh Ross, Chanceford; Henry L. Fisher, Borough; James 
 A. Murphy, Stewartstown. "The County Commissioners appropriated 
 $10,000.00, and $5,000,00 additional was subscribed." 
 
 The volunteers, on Monday evening, the 23d, elected the following 
 ofBcers: Theodore D. Cochran, Captain; Michael Gallagher, First Lieu- 
 tenant; A. Duncan Yocum, Second Lieutenant; George Smith, First 
 Sergeant; Jacob Sheetz, Second Sergeant; Edie Patterson, Third 
 Sergeant; Theodore Trumbo, Fourth Sergeant; Henry Buckinghtm, 
 
WAR EXCITEMENT IN YORK. 161 
 
 First Corporal; Charles D. Henry, Second Corporal; Jacob Buckminster, 
 Third Corporal; Andrew Rodes, Fourth Corporal." 
 
 More Troops at Camp Scott, York. 
 " On Monday night, a company arrived from Gettysburg, and were 
 quartered on the Fair Grounds. On Tuesday morning, about ten o'clock, 
 the three regiments, which had been encamped near Cockeysville, arrived, 
 and were likewise quartered on the Fair Grounds, where ample provisions 
 had been made for their reception. The camp there established has been 
 named Camp Scott. The men, on their arrival, looked much fatigued 
 and weatheibeaten. They were mostly without uniforms, but all armed. 
 They only carried about twenty rounds of ammunition apiece. The 
 Worth Infantry and York Rifles arrived at the same time and were 
 cheered enthusiastically in their progress from the depot. The only 
 brass band with the troops, is that of the Lancaster Fencibles, which has 
 been chosen as the regiment band of the First Regiment. They, how- 
 ever, furnish the music for all the drills for all the regiments. On the 
 26th two more Pennsylvania Regiments arrived, and over 5,000 troops 
 are now in Camp." 
 
 Ladies War Meeting. 
 
 April 30, 1861. 
 
 "Messrs. Editors: — It is no doubt generally known to our citizens 
 that the ladies of the Borough had a meeting on Friday last, to consider 
 measures for promoting the comfort of the sick soldiers now lying on the 
 camp grounds. It is proposed here to give a short account of their pro- 
 ceedings. Late on Friday morning bills were distributed partially in the 
 town, and it was gratifying to see, that upon such short notice so large 
 and respectable a number was in attendance. For want of time, the 
 distribution was not made as general as was desired, and many of the 
 ladies who would have been glad to give countenance to the measure, 
 remained entirely ignorant of the matter. The meeting was duly organ- 
 ized by appointing the different officers, among whom were Mrs. Samuel 
 Smyser, as president, and Mrs. C. A. Morris, as treasurer. It was also 
 proposed to appoint an executive committee, of one from each ward, with 
 the privilege of adding to their number. The following was the result: 
 
 First Ward— Mrs. Dr. Roland. 
 
 Second Ward — Mrs. Samuel Smyser. 
 
 Third Ward— Mrs. Knause. 
 
162 MY LITTLE WAR EXPEKIENCH. 
 
 Fourth Ward— Mrs. G. A. Barnitz. 
 
 Fifth Ward— Miss Ellen Smyser. 
 
 " It was arranged by the ladies that each ward committee shonid take 
 their turn weelcly, that they should visit the sick daily, inquire into their 
 wants, and then call upon the citizens to furnish the necessaries. It is, 
 therefore, suggested to our people who have shown such a good spirit 
 since the troops came among us, that anything they wish to supply should 
 be done through this committee. In this way only a proper system may 
 be observed, the exact articles wanted can be obtained, the supply will be 
 regular, not at one time too much, and at another too little. It may not 
 be out of place here 'to say that it was gratifying to observe the good 
 feeling manifested at the meeting on Friday. The ladies evinced strongly 
 that benevolent spirit so characteristic of their sex. One lady even wen' 
 so far as to ofEer her house as an infirmary for those sick men who left 
 their homes to fight in the battle of their country, but who were now 
 prostrated with disease. The ladies entered at once upon their duties. 
 No fear need be apprehended that our sick strangers will go uncared for> 
 with such patriotic ladies to watch over them." 
 
 May Snow Storm. 
 
 May 6th, 1861. 
 " Since the advent of the present month, the weather has rather 
 resembled that of mid-winter than of the middle of spring. Wednesday 
 and Thursday were both cold and disagreeable, and on Friday snow 
 commenced falling and continued during the day, and part of Saturday. 
 It fell in such large quantities, that some of the quarters at Camp Scott 
 were overflowed with water, and a large number of soldiers, had con- 
 sequently to be quartered in various buildings in town. At the present 
 writing, on Monday afternoon, the weather is rainy, with little prospects 
 of a change." 
 
 Pole Raising in Centre Square. 
 " On Monday afternoon of last week a Urge and beautiful pine pole 
 was raised in Centre Square between the two market houses. While 
 the pole was being raised in its place, addresses were delivered to 
 the large crowd present, by the Hon. Robert J. Fisher, and the Rev. 
 J. A. Ross, of the M. E. Church. After the addresses, a beautiful 
 
From Spangler Annals 
 
 CENTRE SQUARE, YORK, PA. 
 
 From Spangler Annals. EAST MARKET STREET, YORK, PA. 
 
WAR EXCITEMENT IN YORK. 168 
 
 bunting flag was run up, the band meanwhile playing the ' Star 
 Spangled Banner.' Since then a larger flag, 35 £eet in length and 
 of heavier material, has been attached to the pole." 
 Arrival of Artillery. 
 " Captain Campbell's Company of artillery, of Chambersburg, rode 
 into town on Sunday morning about ten o'clock. They brought with 
 them four pieces of artillery, together with caissons and other equip* 
 ments, and presented a handsome appearance. They are quartered 
 at Camp Scott." 
 
 
(Page 17.) 
 
 "The President's Call for Troops in 1862." 
 
 War Meeting in York. Large and Enthusias- 
 tic Gathering of the People. 
 
 From the York Gazette, July 29, 1862. 
 *' T T 7ASHINGT0N HALL was crowded to its utmost capacity 
 V V on Wednesday evening las! , in response to a call of many 
 citizens, "to take into consideration the condition of the 
 country in relation to the war, and devise means for encouraging 
 enlistments of volunteers. " The meeting was called to order by David 
 Small, Esq., who nominated Samuel Small, Esq., as President. Mr. 
 Small took the chair, and in appropriate words announced the object 
 of the meeting." 
 
 "Michael Smyser and John L. Mayer, Esqrs., were chosen Vice- 
 Presidents, and William Tash and Edward S. Rupp, Secretaries." 
 
 "On motion of £. H. Weiser, Esq., a committee of ten gentlemen 
 was appointed by the chair to draft resolutions, expressive of the 
 sense of the meeting. The chair appointed the following: E. H. 
 Weiser, John Evans, Horace Bonham Charles A. Morris, David Small, 
 and John Finly, who retired, and during their absence the meeting 
 was eloquently addressed by Thomas E. Cochran, Esq , Reverends 
 Street, Baum, France and Brown, and John Gibson, H. L. Fisher 
 and John Evans, Esqrs. " 
 
 "The committee, through the chairman, E. H. Weiser, Esq., repotted 
 the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: 
 
president's call for troops. 165 
 
 Whereas, The President of the United States has made a requisi. 
 tion upon the loyal people of the Union for an additional number of 
 volunteers, to aid in suppressing the unholy rebellion, now existing 
 in our land ; and whereas, the Governor of Pennsylvania has fixed 
 the quota to be supplied by York County, at three companies of vol- 
 unteers, and urged the loyal citizens throughout our borders to take 
 active measures for the encouraging of volunteering, and whereas, 
 York County should not be behind any of her sister counties, in tht 
 patriotic work of sustaining the government in this its hour of perils, 
 therefore. 
 
 Resolved, That we pledge our warmest efiEorts to aid in furnishing 
 the number of men required, and as many more as possible. 
 
 Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting there would be great 
 necessity, as well as propriety, in the Commissioners of York County 
 appropriating out of the County Treasury, a sum, which together with 
 that already appropriated by the Council of the Borough of York, 
 shall constitute a fund sufficient to pay a bounty, that will secure 
 the State's quota of volunteers — not less than fifty dollars to each 
 volunteer who shall enlist in York County under the recent calls for 
 additional troops in the expectation that the amounts so appropriated, 
 will be refunded by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, at its next session. 
 
 Resolved, That a committee of ten citizens be appointed by the 
 President of this meeting, to wait upon the Commissioners of York 
 County, and urge upon them the necessity of making the appropria- 
 tion referred to above, and that the money so contributed by tht 
 Commissioners, and by the Borough authorities, constitute a single 
 fund to be placed under the charge of the committee already appointed, 
 who shall appoint a treasurer of the same, by whom the amount of 
 bounty to each volunteer shall be paid on the production of the 
 proper evidence, that he has enlisted in York County, and been sworn 
 into the service of the United States. 
 
 " Resolved, That in this exigency, we deem it expedient to procure 
 by subscriptions amongst the people of this town and county, such 
 sums as they may be willing to contribute, to assist in promptly 
 raising the number of volunteers asked for by the Governor's proc- 
 lamation. 
 
 '^Resolved, That to raise the necessary funds, a committee of five 
 persons be appointed to carry out the object of the next preceding 
 resolution, with power to enlarge their numbers. 
 
 "Resjlved, That a committee of five be appointed to receive and 
 disburse the funds to be raised by private subscription, with discre- 
 tionary powers, as to its appropriation. 
 
 "Under the above resolution the chair appointed the following gen- 
 tlemes a committee, to wait upon the County Commissiooars: Henry 
 
166 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 WeUh, P. A. Small, W. Ilgenfritz, Ell Lewis, John Evans, A. J. 
 Glossbrenner, Hon. R. J. Fisher, E. Chapin, V. K. Keesey, Daniel 
 Hartman. The following committee to solicit subscriptions. E. G. 
 Smyser, Peter Mclntyre, Edward Lauman, George Heckert, David E. 
 Small. The following is the committee to receive the funds col- 
 lected and disburse the same: Henry Welsh, David Small, Abrthtm 
 Forry, Daniel Kraber, John Evans." 
 
 Prom the York Press of August 15, 1862. 
 
 York Coonty's Quota. 
 
 " The quota of three companies assigned'to York County has been more 
 than filled. In addition to the three full companies recruited by Captains 
 Maish, Glessner and Jenkins, another has been raised by Captain Lewis 
 Small, which left for Harrisburg on Friday morning last, and we are grat- 
 ified in being able to state that all the companies were accepted. 
 
 " Such a response speaks well for the patriotism and loyalty of onr 
 people. We have, excepting in the last quota, sent the greater part of one 
 regiment into the field, and we would pledge ourselves, if allowed the 
 privilege of volunteering, to raise another regiment. The people of York 
 will not allow any other County to go before them in their efforts to carry 
 on the war to a successful issue." 
 
 
IMotcs 9. 
 (Page 48.) 
 
 Losses in Battle. 
 
 Our Battle and Regimental Losses in the Civil 
 War Compared with those of the Great Con- 
 flicts OF Europe. Americans the Best, most 
 Courageous and Tenacious Fighters in the 
 World. 
 
 IN comparing the casualties in the Civil War with 
 those of European wars, Col. Fox, in his article : 
 " Regimental Losses in the Civil War," says : 
 
 " It was the greatest war of the century. On the Union side alone, 
 110,070 men were killed in battle, while 249,458 more died from disease, 
 accidents, in military prisons, or from other causes. Including both sides, 
 over half a million lives were lost. There have been wars which have 
 lasted longer — wars with intermittent and desultory campaigns; but in 
 this struggle, the two armies for four years never let go their clutch upon 
 each other's throats. For four years the echo of the picket's rifle never 
 ceased." 
 
 " It is hard to realize the meaning of the figures, 110,070 men killed; 
 and that, on one side only. It is easy to imagine one man killed; or ten 
 men killed; or, perhaps, a score of men killed. With some effort of the 
 mind one can picture a hundred men stretched, lifeless and bloody upon 
 the ground. The veteran recalls, as if in a dream, the sight of many more 
 
168 MY LITTtE WAR BXPERIENCB. 
 
 lying upon some battle field; bnt even he is nnable to comprehend the 
 dire meaning of the one hundred thousand, whose ever; unit represents a 
 soldier's bloody grave.'' 
 
 " The figures are too large. They will be better understood, however, 
 and a more intelligent idea will be formed when they are compared with 
 the losses of other wars. A better idea will also be obtained of the great 
 struggle which occurred within our own borders, and with it will come a 
 fuller recognition of American manhood." 
 
 " The Franco- Prussian war of 1870-71 was one of the greatest of Euro- 
 pean wars. Larger armies were never assembled. The Germans took 
 797,930 men into France. Of this number, 28,277 were killed, or died of 
 wounds — a loss of 3.1 percent. In the Crimean War, the allied armies 
 lost 3.2 per cent, in killed, or deaths from wounds. In the war of 1866, 
 the Austrian army lost 2.6 per cent, from the same cause. But, in the 
 American Civil War, the Union armies lost 4.7 per cent, and the Confed- 
 erates over 9 per cent. ; and this despite the greater area of country, which 
 required a large share of the troops to protect the lines of communication. 
 There are no figures on record to show that, even in the Napoleonic wars, 
 there was ever a greater percentage in killed. In fact, all the statistics 
 pertaining to the earlier wars of the century are loosely stated, and bear 
 on their face a lade of accuracy. The historians of that period give all 
 battle losses in round numbers, the killed, wounded, missing, and pris- 
 oners being lumped together in one amount. Each writer treats the 
 casualties as an unimportant part of bis story, and seems to have made no 
 efiEort to arrive at anjrthing like an accurate or classified statement. Per- 
 haps, the facts were not obtainable and the historians were obliged to 
 accept the wild, exaggerated stories of which there are always ■ plenty, 
 and which soon crowd out of sight the truthful narrative!." 
 
 WATESI,00 and GBTTYSBiniO. 
 
 " The two great battles of the age, in point of loss, are Waterloo and 
 Gettysburg. Between them there is a remarkable similarity, both in 
 numbers engaged and extent of casualties. At Waterloo, the French 
 numbered 80,000 men, and 252 guns; the Allies numbered 72,000 men, 
 and 186 guns. At Gettysburg, the Union army numbered 82,000 men 
 and 300 guns; the Confedaratai, 70,000 mcD aad 250 ^aai. At Watar- 
 
From a Painting 
 
 RETURN OF THE "600." (p170) 
 
 From a- Painting. RECONNOITRING, (pp 170,2011 
 
LOSSES IN BATTLH. 169 
 
 loo, Wellington's army lost 23,185; at Gettysburg, Meade's army lost 23,- 
 003. The loss of the French at Waterloo has never been officially an- 
 nounced, but has been estimated at 26,300 ; the Confederate loss at Get- 
 tysburg, as officially reported by the Confederate Surgeon-General, was 
 20,448, to which must be added 7,077 wounded and unwounded prisoners 
 whose names were omitted from his lists, but whose names appear on the 
 records at Washington. In short, the battles of Waterloo and Gettysburg 
 were fought with from 70,000 to 82,000 men on each side, and the com- 
 batants lost about 23,000 men each." 
 
 " In the Franco-Prussian War, the greatest loss occurred at the battle of 
 Gravelotte, where the Germans lost 4,449 killed (including the mortally 
 wounded); 15,189 wounded, and 939 missing; total, 20,577 out of 146,- 
 009 troops engaged, exclusive of 65,000 reserves. At Gettysburg, Meade's 
 •rmy sustained a greater loss with half the number engaged. 
 
 " In the American Civil War the Union Armies lost in killed 110,070 
 killed or mortally wounded, and 275,175 wounded; total, 385,245, exclus- 
 ive of the missing in action whose number has not as yet been offi- 
 cially stated. The deaths from all causes were 359,528. There were 
 112 battles of the war in which one side or the other lost over 500 
 in killed and wounded; and 1882 general engagements, battles, skir- 
 mishes, or aEairs in which at least one regiment was engaged." 
 
 Ons ImiENSE Regimsntal Losses Compared with ths Regimental 
 Losses of Eusofean Wars. 
 
 The heroism of the American soldier in the Civil war was never 
 equalled. The loss of the 81st Pennsylvania at Fredericksburg was 
 67.4 per cent. The First Minnesota at Gettysburg lost in killed and 
 wounded 85 per cent., the greatest regimental loss in any battle in 
 proportion to the number engaged. The 145th Pennsylvania in the 
 same battle lost 75.7 per cent. Sixty-two regiments in the Union 
 armies and forty-two in the Confederate armies lost more than 50 
 per cent. At Gettysburg, the 26th North Carolina went into action, 
 with an effective strength of over 800 men. They sustained a loss 
 of 86 killed and 502 wounded; total, 588. In addition there were 
 about 120 missing who fell into our hands, and nearly all were killed 
 or wounded. The First Texas lost at Antietam in killed and wounded 
 
170 MY LITTLK WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 82.3 per cent.; the 20t]j Georgia at Ball Run, 76.0; 26tli North 
 Carolina, above mentioned, 71.7; and the 6th Mississippi at Shiloh, 
 70.5 per cent. 
 
 In narrating the above losses, Col. Fox makes the 
 subjoined comparisons : 
 
 "It is well to pause here, and consider what these figures mean; 
 to think o£ what such extraordinary percentages imply. Perhaps their 
 significance will be better understood when compared with some extra- 
 ordinary losses in foreign wars; some well-known instance which may 
 serve as a standard of measurement. Take the charge of the Light 
 Brigade al Balaklava. Its extraordinary loss has been made a familiar 
 feature of heroic verse and story in every land, until the whole world 
 has heard of the gallant Six Hundred and their ride into the Valley 
 of Death. Now, as the Light Brigade accomplished nothing in this 
 action, — merely executed an order which was a blunder, — it must be 
 that it was the danger and its attendant loss which inspired the inter- 
 est in that historic ride. What was the loss? The Light Brigade 
 took 673 officers and men into that charge; they lost 113 killed and 
 134 wounded; total, 247, or 36.7 per cent." 
 
 "The heaviest loss in the German Army during the Franco-Prus- 
 sian war occurred in the Sixteenth Infantry (Third Westphalian) at 
 Mars La Tour. Like all German regiments of the line it numbered 
 3,000 men. As this battle was the first in which it was engaged — 
 occurring within a few days of the opening of the campaign — it car- 
 ried 3,000 men into action. It lost 509 killed and mortally wounded, 
 and 365 missing; total, 1484, or 49.4 per cent. The Garde-Schutzen 
 Battalion, 1,000 strong, lost at Metz, August 18th, 162 killed and 
 mortally wounded, 294 wounded and 5 missing; total, 461, or 46.1 
 per cent. 
 
 "A comparison of these percentages with those of the Union reg- 
 iments in certain battles just cited, will give some idea of the des- 
 perate character of the fighting during the American Civil War." 
 
JSIotts lO. 
 
 (P«geS5.) 
 
 Harper's Ferry, 
 By President Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 **'■ j '•HE passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, is per- 
 X. liaps, one of the most stupendous scenes in nature. Yon 
 stand on a very high point of land; on your right comei 
 «p the Shenandoah, having ranged along the foot of the mountain 
 a hundred miles to seek a vent. On your left approaches the Poto- 
 mac, in quest of a passage also; in the moment of their junction, 
 they rush together against the mountain, rend it asunder, and pass 
 aS to the sea. The first glance of this scene hurries our senses into 
 the opinion that this earth has been created in time; that the mount- 
 ains were formed first, that the rivers began to fiow afterwards, that 
 in this place particularly they have been dammed up by the Blue 
 Ridge of mountains, and have formed an ocean which filled the whole 
 valley; that, continuing to rise, they have at length broken over at 
 this spot, and have torn the mountain down from its summit to its 
 base. The piles of rock on each hand, but particularly on the 
 Shenandoah, the evident marks of their disrupture and avulsion from 
 their beds by the most powerful agents of nature, corroborate the 
 impression. But the distant finishing which nature has given to the 
 picture, is of a very different character; it is a true contrast to the 
 foreground; it is as placid and delightful as that is wild and tre- 
 mendous; for the mountain being cloven asunder, she presents to your 
 eye, through the cleft, a small catch of smooth blue horizon at an 
 
172 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 Infinite distance in the plain country, inviting yon, as it were, from 
 the riot and tumult roaring around, to pass through the breach and 
 participate of the calm below. Here the eye ultimately composes 
 itself; and that way, too, the road happens actually to lead. You 
 cross the Potomac above the junction, pass along its side through 
 the base of the mountain for three miles, its terrible precipices hang- 
 ing in fragments over you, and, within about twenty miles, reach 
 Frederickstown, and the fine country round that. This scene is worth 
 a voyage across the Atlantic, yet here, as in the neighborhood of the 
 Natural Bridge, are people who have passed their lives within half 
 a dozen miles, and have never been to survey these monuments of a 
 war between rivers and mountains, which must have shaken the earth 
 Itself to its centre." 
 
ISIotesr 11. 
 (Page 83.) 
 
 Thaddeus Stevens, 
 Tlie Great Commoner. 
 
 THADDEUS STEVENS, the eminent lawyer and 
 Great Commoner, was born in Danville, Ver. 
 mont, April 4, 1793. His family were desperately poor. 
 His father was a farmer and surveyor. His mother was 
 noted for her positive qualities, indomitable energy and 
 strength of mind, and made a heroic struggle to give 
 her children a good education. He was sickly in his 
 youth, but by his own feeble exertions and those of his 
 widowed and sainted mother enough was accumulated 
 to send him to Dartmouth College, from which he grad- 
 uated in 1814. He determined to study law, andtosupr 
 port himself taught school in his native State and 
 afterwards secured a position as instructor at the 
 Academy in York, Pa. 
 
 After his admission lo the Bar, he practiced law at 
 Gettysburg, Pa., and soon assumed the leadership of his 
 profession in Southern Pennsylvania. In 1833 he rep- 
 resented the County of Adams in the Lower House of 
 the State Legislature, where he at once became the pro- 
 moter and champion of the Common School system of 
 
174 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 his adopted State. His speech in 1834 against the repeal 
 of the school law was pronounced the ablest that had 
 ever been delivered in the Pennsylvania Legislature. 
 His victory was complete. Meanwhile, he practiced his 
 profession in his own and neighboring counties. In 
 1842 he moved to Lancaster, Pa., where he soon became 
 the undisputed head of the Bar. He invariably volun- 
 teered his services when proceedings were had for the 
 return of fugitive slaves. His practice throughout his 
 adopted State was very extensive and lucrative. He 
 was not only learned, he was profound. He well de- 
 served the tribute paid him by another eminent lawyer 
 and political opponent, Judge Jeremiah S. Black, that 
 at the time of his death he had no equal as a lawyer at 
 the American Bar. 
 
 In 1849 he took his seat for the first time in the 
 National House of Representatives, but returned to the 
 practice of his profession in 1853. In 1859 he reap- 
 peared in Congress and continued a member until his 
 death in 1868. At the outbreak of the war, when the 
 Republicans attained the ascendency in the House and 
 until his death, he was its acknowledged and undisputed 
 leader. As such guiding star he had no successor, for 
 no like genius has since appeared in the legal, political 
 or legislative firmament. He was facile princeps in the 
 creative legislation of the great Civil War and Recon- 
 struction periods. The internal revenue system, the 
 currency system, the national bank system, the form of 
 the national debt originated in the war juncture and 
 under his direction. No man in the country, in the 
 field or out of it, exercised a greater influence or per- 
 sonally did more to place our immense armies in the 
 field. Of the measures adopted to reconstruct the South, 
 Mr. Stevens was the author. He has left his impress 
 
HON. THADDEUS STEVENS, (p 173) 
 
THADDEtrS STBVSNS. 176 
 
 Upon the form and body of the times. All his life he 
 held the outposts of thought. Not his 
 
 "The Dorian mood 
 of flutes and soft recorders." 
 
 His speeches were noted for their wit, satire, striking 
 originality, profound learning, stately diction, felicitous 
 expression and inexorable logic. Incomparable as mas- 
 terpieces of learning, eloquence, argument and logic, it 
 is surprising that they have never been compiled and 
 published. 
 
 When he arose to address the House, there was in- 
 stantly a solemn hush, and the intense solicitude of great 
 and eager expectation at once became regnant. Members 
 of both political parties in great numbers clustered 
 around him, who were held breathless, as one stands 
 speechless when he suddenly comes into the presence of 
 a scene in nature whose sublimity is overwhelming. 
 All the Democratic speeches were directed, not against 
 the Republican side of the House, but against " the 
 gentleman from Pennsylvania," as the sole responsible 
 exponent and controlling factor of Republican doctrines 
 and legislation. It can be truly said of him what Quin- 
 tilian said of Cicero : ". That in his grandest efforts he 
 exhibited the felicitous exuberance of his immortal 
 genius." 
 
 James G. Blaine, in his " Twenty Years of Congress " 
 says : " Mr. Stevens was the natural leader of the House 
 and assumed his place by common consent. He spoke 
 with ease and readiness, using a style somewhat resemb- 
 ling the crisp, clear, sententiousness of Dean Swift. 
 Seldom, even in the most careless moment, did a sen- 
 tence escape his lips that would not bear the test of 
 grammatical and rhetorical criticism. ****** 
 The one great object of his life was the destruction of 
 
176 MY LITTLB WAR BXPERIENCB. 
 
 slavery and the elevation of the slave. From the pur- 
 suit of that object nothing could deflect him. Upon no 
 phase of it would he listen to compromise. * * * * 
 * He was easily moved by the distress of others. He 
 was kind, charitable, and lavish of his money in the 
 relief of poverty. He had characteristics which seemed 
 contradictory, but which combined to make one of the 
 memorable figures in Parliamentary history of the 
 United States — a man who had the courage to meet any 
 opponent, and who was never overmatched in intellect- 
 ual conflict." 
 
 Mr. Blaine also observes that Mr. Stevens was " some- 
 what lax in his personal morals." Without defects he 
 would not have been mortal. Himself illustrious he 
 had the most illustrious exemplars ; David, Solomon, 
 Achilles, Caesar, Napoleon, Antony, Voltaire, Franklin, 
 Hamilton, Webster. Men of positive, dominant and 
 pre-eminent virtues possess imperfections as inseparable 
 concomitants, that to diminutives appear mountain high 
 — to the broadminded they are engulfed in their virtues. 
 The considerate refuse to " draw his frailties from their 
 dread abode." It is only mediocrity and less that gloat 
 over the peccadillos of the great as a soothing balm to 
 their own inconspicuous inferiority. To incur malig- 
 nant envy is the penalty of greatness. 
 
 " He who ascends to mountain-tops shall find 
 
 The loftiest peaks most wrapt in clouds and snow; 
 He who surpassed or subdues mankind 
 
 Must look down on the hate of those below. 
 Though high above the sun of glory glow, 
 
 And far beneath the earth and ocean spread, 
 Sound him are icy rocks, and loudly blow 
 
 Contending tempests on his naked head. 
 And thus reward the toils which to those summits led." 
 
 But history will forget Mr. Stevens' failings, as it 
 bends with reverence before those exalted labors by 
 
THADDBUS STEVENS. 177 
 
 which humanity has been advanced ; or as stated by his 
 eulogist, Representative Maynard of Tennessee : 
 
 " In the awfnl presence of death every voice is silent 
 except the voice of sorrow and eulogy. The infirmi- 
 ties of mortality are forgotten, the good is alone remem- 
 bered ; criticism is disarmed ; censure loses its power ; 
 men instinctively concede, as they expect, this immun- 
 ity to the grave. It is, let us hope, an unconscious 
 prefiguration of the better life to come." 
 
 Hon. S. S. Cox, a contemporary of Mr. Stevens, and 
 a bitter political opponent, and yet an ardent admirer of 
 his great abilities, says in his " Three Decades of Federal 
 Legislation : " 
 
 •' Mr. Stevens was not superficial. He was profound. 
 His humor was not like that of ' Ben ' Harden or ' Tom ' 
 Corwin — irridescent and genial. It smacked of Vol- 
 taire. It had lurid lights. He had a will of audacious 
 an intolerant quality. He never hated a fair opponent. 
 He did hate bitterly some of his own party who would 
 not follow his doctrine." 
 
 He had an ineffable repugnance for all Republican 
 dalliance or apostasy. A year before his death, in a 
 conversation I had with him at the National House, 
 York, he gave expression of his most sublime contempt 
 for both Secretary of State Seward and Senator Sumner, 
 who both became converts to the fatuous, impractical 
 and ridiculous Reconstruction policy of President 
 Johnson. 
 
 Col. A. K. McClure in his " I,incoln and Men of War- 
 times," places Stevens during the war even on the same 
 pedestal with Lincoln, and says : " The country has 
 almost forgotten the exceptionally responsible position 
 of Stevens as the Great Commoner of our Civil War. 
 It is the one high trust of a free government that must 
 
178 MY UTTLK -WAB HXPEEIKNCE. 
 
 be won solely by ability and merit. The Commoner of 
 a republic is the organ of the people, and he can hold 
 his place only when all confess his pre-eminent qualities 
 for the discharge of his duties. * * * * * j^ 
 all my acquaintance with lawyers of Pennsylvania, I 
 regard Stevens as having more nearly completed the 
 circle of a great lawyer than any other member of 
 the Pennsylvania Bar." 
 
 In " Paradise Lost," Milton, said a contemporary of 
 Stevens, in describing the rising of a supernatural orator 
 to address a supernatural audience, gives an accurate 
 description of him as he arose to address the House : 
 
 " With grave 
 
 Aspect he Tose, and in rising seemed 
 A pillar of state ; deep on his front engraven 
 
 Deliberation sat, and public care; 
 And princely counsel in his face yet shone, 
 
 Majestic, though in ruin. Sage he stood. 
 With Atlantpan shoulders, fit to bear 
 
 The weight of mightiest monarchies; bis look 
 Drew audience and attention still as night 
 
 Or summer's noontide air." 
 
 Nothing more brilliant has ever been written of any 
 Americau Statesman than the noble tribute to Mr. 
 Stevens by Henry Watterson. The following is an 
 extract : 
 
 " With his principles and bis politics I have no sympathy what- 
 ever. Even on economic questions I diSer from him in the abstract 
 and the concrete, in whole and in part; but his grandeur of char- 
 acter and his force of intellect all candid men are bound to acknowl- 
 edge who will calmly read bis utterances in and out of Congress. 
 * * * * * Stevens was called the Great Commoner but he had 
 mai^y .of tbe tttribvtes of Peter RomanoS. Henry Clay was Apollo 
 
THADDHtrS STBVENS. 179 
 
 stalking imong the swine-herds of Admetns, Stevens, pleb in the 
 baronial halls; and both are names to excite the emulation of yonth 
 so long as great deeds and eloquent tongues excite the admiration 
 of civilized man, ' Immortal names that were not born to die ' " 
 
 In a speech delivered in the House January 13, 1865 
 (Vol. 54 ol the Globe page 266) Mr. Stevens said : 
 
 " I will be satisfied if m; epitaph shall be written thus : ' Here 
 lies one who never rose to any eminence, and who only courted the 
 low ambition to have it said that he had striven to ameliorate the 
 condition of the poor, the lowly, the downtrodden of every race and 
 color.' " 
 
 His noble tribute in the House upon the announce- 
 ment of the death of Mr. Noell, of Missouri, whom he 
 knew and with whom he sympathized, concluded : 
 
 "Other men more eloquent than he may have been called to the 
 bar of Judgment, but no man ever appeared before that dread tri- 
 bunal with more numerous and ardent advocates. His advocates were 
 the oppressed ones of every nation, the crushed of the Satanic insti- 
 tution of slavery." 
 
 " Who would not rather have his chance in the great day of accounts, 
 before that Judge who is the Father of all men, than the chance of 
 ordained hypocrites, miserable wretches, who, professing to hold a 
 commission from on high, impiously proclaim slavery a divine insti- 
 tution? " 
 
 Mr. Stevens died at Lancaster, August 11, 1868. Mr. 
 McCall concludes his biography : 
 
 " The body of Mr. Stevens was buried in a humble cemetery ia 
 the city of his home. His choice of the spot grew out of his un- 
 swerving devotion to the cause which lay close to his heart during 
 every moment of his life. Upon the monument which has been reared 
 may be read the following inscription, prepared by himself : 
 
180 MY LITTLB WAR EXPERIENCE- 
 
 'THADDEUS STEVENS, 
 
 BesH AT Danville, Caledonia, Co., VEaMoirr, 
 
 April 4, 1792. 
 
 DIED AT Washington, D. C, 
 
 ADGOST 11, 1868. 
 
 i repose in this quiet and secluded spot 
 
 Not from any natural preference foe solitude, 
 
 But, finding other Cemeteries liuited as to Kacb 
 
 By Charter Rules, 
 
 1 have chosen this that i might illustrate 
 
 In my death 
 
 The Principles which I advocated 
 
 Through a long life: 
 
 EQUALITY OF MAN BEFORE HIS CREATUR.' 
 
 * His epitaph well indicates his chief distinction. A trner demo- 
 ent never breathed. Equality was the animating principle of his 
 life. He deemed no man so poor or friendless as to be beneath the 
 equal protection of the laws, and none so powerfnl as to rise above 
 their iwaj. Privilege never had a more powerful nor a more con- 
 sistent foe." 
 
 I have descanted rather extensively upon the salient 
 characteristics and transcendent abilities of this Great 
 Commoner, and the incomputable labors contributed to 
 the cause of popular education — the handmaid of civili- 
 zation, — to the cause of the Union in its darkest and 
 gloomiest days, and in the uplifting of the down-trodden 
 and the oppressed. I have done so because the man, 
 his unselfish labors, his exalted patriotism and civic 
 triumphs appear to be now so little known or appre-. 
 
THADDECS STEVKNS. 181 
 
 ciated. No encomium, however lofty, bestowed upon 
 this genius is flattery; and I trust that my humble 
 tribute to his life and memory may awaken and stimu- 
 late an interest and study of the man and his imper- 
 ishable services, and enlist the sympathy and assistance 
 of others so that we may be no longer remiss in render- 
 ing tardy justice by rearing a stately and imposing shaft 
 to him who contributed so much to the * ''completion of 
 the edifice of which Washington, Jefferson, Hamilton 
 and their illustrious compeers laid the foundation — the 
 temple of Universal Freedom around which the op- 
 pressed of all the nations of the earth may worship." 
 
 *(His ending of a famous speech.) 
 
 ^ 
 
(Page 86.) 
 
 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher in Great Britain, 
 1863. 
 
 Delivers Brilliant Speeches to Convert the 
 Dominant Class op that Country to the 
 Cause of the North. Is Confronted by Armed 
 AND Hostile Mobs. In Imminent Peril. Graphic 
 and Humorous Descriptions. His Transcend- 
 ent AND Swaying Power as an Orator. 
 
 MR. BEECHER'S invaluable services to the Union 
 during the Civil War are not generally known 
 to this generation. His courageous and forceful 
 speeches in England in 1863 were made on his own 
 responsibility to convert an intensely hostile public 
 sentiment and prevent a recognition of the Southern 
 Confederacy by Great Britain. The entire British 
 Cabinet was rabidly pro-Southern, and the slightest 
 pretext would have been taken advantage of to ensure 
 such recognition — and war as an inevitable consequence. 
 We had our hands full as it was, and to fight Great 
 Britain in conjunction would have been a most serious 
 and fatal handicap. What the probable issue would 
 have been unless Russia, our ancient friend, had come, 
 
BEECHER'S conquest in ENGLAND. 183 
 
 as she had stated she would, to our rescue, is too 
 horrible to contemplate. 
 
 Mr. Beecher's speeches and eflForts to prevent such an 
 alliance with the South deserve our lasting gratitude. 
 He himselt describes the hostile feeling and attitude of 
 nearly all of the British upper classes . 
 
 " Almost every man in England," says Mr. Beecher, '' who rode in a 
 first-class car, was our eoemy. The great majority of professional men 
 were our enemies. Almost all the Quakers were against n». All the 
 Congregational ministers in England — not in Wales — were either indiffer- 
 ent and lukewarm, or directly opposed. The government was our enemy. 
 It was only the common people, and mostly the people who had no votei 
 that were on our side. Everywhere the atmosphere was adverse. In 
 Manchester our American merchants and men sent out to buy were 
 afraid, and knuckled down to the public feeling. The storm in the air 
 was so portentous that they did not dare to undertake to resist it. No man 
 ever knows what his country is to him until he has gone abroad and heard 
 it everywhere denounced and sneered at. I had ten men's wrath in me, 
 and my own share is tolerably large, at the attitude assumed all around 
 me against my country.'' 
 
 His first speech was made in the city of Manchester. 
 The meetings following throughout England were almost 
 as tumultuous and riotous as those in which he made 
 his initial effort. He says : 
 
 " We reached the hall. The crowd was already beginning to be 
 tumultuous, and I recollect thinking to myself as I stood there looking at 
 them, ' I will control you ! I came here for victory and I will have it, 
 by the help of God!' Well, I was introduced, and I must confess that 
 the things that I had done and sufiEered in my own country, according to 
 what the chairman who introduced me said, amazed me. The speaker 
 was very English on the subject, and I learned that I belonged to an 
 heroic band, and all that sort of thing, with abolition mixed in, and so on. 
 By the way, I think it was there that I was introduced as the Rev. Henry 
 Ward Beecher Stowe. But as soon as I began to speak the great 
 audience began to show its teeth, and I had not gone on fifteen iQin,utes 
 
184 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 before an unparalleled scene o£ conTusion and interruption occurred. 
 No American that has not seen an English mob can form any conception 
 of one. I have not seen all sorts of camp-meetings and experienced all 
 kinds of public speaking on the stump; I have seen the moat disturbed 
 meetings in New York city, and they were all of them as twilight to 
 midnight as compared with an English hostile audience. For in England 
 the meeting does not belong to the parties that call it, but to whoever 
 chooses to go, and if they can take it out of your hands, it is considered 
 fair play. This meeting had a very large multitude of men in it who 
 came there for the purpose of destroying the meeting and carrying it 
 the other way when it came to the vote.'' 
 
 " I took the measure of the audience and said to myself, ' About one- 
 fourth of this audience are opposed to me, and about one-fourth will 
 be rather in sympathy, and my business now is not to appeal to that 
 portion that is opposed to me nor to those that are already on my side, 
 but to bring over the middle section.' How to do this was a problem. 
 The question was, who could hold out longest. There were five or six 
 storm ctntres, boiling and whirling at the same time; here some one 
 pounding on a group with his umbrella and shouting, " Sit down there; " 
 over yonder a row between two or three combatants; somewhere else a 
 group all yelling together at the top of their voice. It was like talking 
 to a storm at sea. But there were the newspaper reporters just in front, 
 and I said to them, " Now gentlemen, be kind enough to take down what 
 I say. It will be in sections, but I will have it connected by-and-by." 
 I threw my notes away, and entered on a discussion of the value of 
 freedom as opposed to slavery in the manufacturing interest, arguing 
 that freedom everywhere increases a man's necessities and what he needs 
 he buys, and that it was, therefore, to the interest of the manufacturing 
 community to stand by the side of labor through the country. I never 
 was more self-possessed and never in more perfect good temper, and I 
 never was more datermined that hearers should feel the curb before I got 
 through with them. The uproar would come in on this side and on that 
 and they wonld put insulting questions and make ell sorts of calls to me, 
 and I would wait until the noise had subsided, and then get in about five 
 minutes of talk. The reporters would get that down and then up would 
 come another noise. Oscasionally I -would see things that amused me 
 and would laugh outright, and the crowd would ' stop to see what I was 
 
BRBCHER'S conquest in ENGLAND. 185 
 
 laughing at. Then I wonld sail in again with a sentence or two. A 
 good many times the crowd threw up questions which I caught at and 
 answered back. I may as well put in one thing that amused me hugely. 
 There were baise doors which opened both ways into side-alleys, and 
 there was a huge burly Englishman standing right in front of one 
 of those doors and roaring like a bull of Bashan; one of the police- 
 men swung his elbow round and hit him in the belly and knocked him 
 through the doorway, so that the last part of the bawl was outside in the 
 alley-way; it struck me so ludicrously to think how the fellow must have 
 looked when he found himself " hollering " outside that I could not 
 refrain from laughing outright. The audience immediately stopped its 
 uproars, wondering what I was laughing at, and that gave me another 
 chance and I caught it. So we kept on for about an hour and a half 
 before they got so far calmed down that I could go on peaceably with my 
 speech. They liked the pluck. Englishmen like a man that can stand 
 on his feet and give and take; and so for the last hour I had pretty clear 
 sailing. The next morning every great paper in England had the whole 
 speech down. I think it was the design of the men there to break me 
 down on that first speech, by fair means or foul, feeling that if they 
 could do that, it would be trumpeted all over the land. I said to them 
 then and there. " Gentlemen, you may break me down now, but I have 
 registered a vow that I will never return home until I have been heard 
 in every county and principal town in the Kingdom of Great Britain^ 
 I am not going to be broken down nor put down. I am going to be heard, 
 and my country shall be vindicated." * * * * 
 
 "I went from there (Edinburgh) to Liverpool. If I suppose I had 
 had a stormy time I found out my mistake when I got there Liverpool 
 was worse than all the rest put together. My life was threatened, and I 
 had communications to the efEect that I had better not venture there. 
 The streets were placarded with the most scurrilous and abusive cards, 
 and I brought home some of them and they are in the Brooklyn Historical 
 Society now. It so happened, I believe, that the Congregational Associa- 
 tion of England and Wales was in session there, and pretty much all of 
 the members were present on the platform. I supposed there were five 
 hundred people on the platform behind me. There were men in the 
 galleries and boxes who came armed, and some bold men on our side 
 went up into those boxes and drew their bowie knives and pistols and 
 
186 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 said to those young bloods, "The first man that fires here will rue it." 
 I heard a good many narratives o£ that kind afterward, but knew nothing 
 of it at the time. But of all confusions and turmoils and whirls I never 
 saw the like. I got control of the meeting in about an hour and a half 
 and then 1 had a clear road the rest of the way. We carried the meeting, 
 but it reqnired a three hours' use of my voice at its utmost strength. 
 I sometimes felt like a shipmaster attempting to preach on board of a 
 ship through a speaking-trumpet with a tornado on the sea and a 
 mutiny among the men. By this time my voice was pretty well used 
 up, and I had yet to go to Exeter Hall in London." 
 
 Dr. Campbell, a distinguished Englishman who was 
 present, is reported to have said that he never heard 
 anything like it since the days of Daniel O'Connell; 
 that he had heard some of his best things, and he 
 thought, on the whole, that not one of them equalled 
 Mr. Beecher's efforts at that time. 
 
 The effect of Mr. Beecher's transcendent eloquence, 
 pathos, wit and dramatic power has not been exaggerat- 
 ed by his biographers: 
 
 " The speeches in England which Mr. Beecher has thus simply but 
 graphically described may fairly be characterized as the greatest oratorical 
 work of his life. It may well be doubted whether, if oratory is to be 
 measured by its actual results, there is in the history of eloquence 
 recorded any greater oratorical triumph than that achieved in this 
 brief campaign. The only parallel in public eSect is that produced 
 by Demosthenes' orations against Philip. The orators of the American 
 Revolution spc^e to sympathizing audiences; those of the anti-slavery 
 campaign in this country produced far less immediate effect ; the 
 orations of the great orators in the British House of Commons — 
 Chatham and Burke — rarely changed the vote of the House; and though 
 Lord Erikine won his victories over his juries in spite of the threats of 
 the judges and the influence of the Government, the issues which 
 engaged his attention were not so grand, nor the circumstances so trying, 
 nor the immediate results so far-reaching. It is not too much to say that 
 Mr. Beecher, by giving a voice to the before silenced moral sentiment 
 of the democracy of Great Britain, and by clarifying the question at 
 
BEECHER's conquest in ENGLAND. 187 
 
 issue from miiunderstandings which were well nigh univarsal and mis- 
 representations which were common, changed the public sentiinent, and 
 so the political course of the nation, and secured and cemented an 
 alliance betweon the mother country and our own land, which needs no 
 treaties to give it expression, which has been gaining strength ever since, 
 and which no demagogism on this side of the water and no ignorance 
 and prejudice on that have been able to impair. 
 
 -PC 
 
ISioXes: 13 
 
 (Page 122.) 
 
 Conway Cabal, Lafayette. 
 
 Gbn. lyAFAYETTE's Rebuff to the Conway Cabal 
 IN York. His Second Reception in York, 1825. 
 Early Stages and Primitive Cars. 
 
 DURING the sessioa of Continental Congress in 
 York, 1777-8, many Continental Officers were 
 quartered there. While Gen. Lafayette visited 
 Congress, Gen. Horatio Gates and other members of the 
 Conway Cabal, gave a feast in his honor, with a view ot 
 winning him over to the Conspiracy. 
 
 The faith and devotion of this young and gallant 
 French officer never faltered toward the man he so 
 loved and honored. In spite of the frowns and silence 
 accompanying it, he gave as his toast: "The Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the American Armies." 
 
 From "Lossing's Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution," Vol. 2, p. 339: 
 " Sparks relates that, when Lafayette arrived in York be found Gates 
 at table, surrounded by his friends. The Marquis was greeted with great 
 cordiality, and accepted an invitation to join them at table. The wine 
 passed around and several toasts were drunk. Determined to let his 
 eantiments be known at the outset, he called to the company as they were 
 about to rise, and observed that one toast had been omitted, which he 
 
From Spangler Annals 
 
 GEN. LAFAYETTE'3 STAGE TOUR, 1825. (p 189) 
 
 
 From Spangler Annals. 
 
 BALL GIVEN TO GEN. LAFAYETTE IN YORK, PA., 1825. (p 89) 
 
CONWAY CABAL, LAPAYBTTE. 189 
 
 would propose. The glasses were filled and he gave : " The Commander- 
 in-Chief of the American Armies." 
 
 " The coolness with which it was received confirmed Lafayette in his 
 suspicions." 
 
 His Second Visit to York in 1835. 
 
 Gen. I^afayette, on a tour throughout the country, in 
 1825, visited York. He was accorded a most hospitable 
 reception, and a ball was given in his honor. A mem- 
 ber of the committee of reception in a letter describes 
 his impressions as follows: 
 
 "We had the {jreat Lafayette here about two weeks ago. I was 
 appointed one of the committee to receive, and had the honor to be 
 much about his person, and enjoyed his conversation. He speaks the 
 English very readily, making use of good and appropriate language 
 though he has much of the French accent. He has a very pleasing and 
 expressive countenance, eyes full, large nose, eye-brows much arched, 
 and when he speaks he throws them up and down with a smile, every 
 look and gesture manifesting peculiar interest to whatever he says. He 
 is very ready of access and makes every one easy in his company. When 
 I said to him — General, I am happy to see you look so well — you appear 
 much younger than I expected to see you — He replied — Thank you, Sir — 
 I have enjoyed very good health, I am 67 years. You have been in this 
 place before? — I was here once, in '77 — I stayed but a short time — 35 
 hours — ray business was with the Congress and the Board of War." 
 
 Early Stages and Primitive Cars. 
 
 Gen. Lafayette made his tour of the States in the 
 regular stages ot the period. From 1756 to 1834 may 
 be described as the Stage-Coach Era of the United 
 States. The mail was carried from Philadelphia to 
 Pittsburg in nine days. Each successive improvement 
 of the highways of travel and comrperce met its full 
 share of opposition. The turnpike provoked a fierce 
 antagonism ; for Stage-Coach and Conestoga Wagon 
 rendered the pack-horse a useless institution. 
 
190 MY LTTTI^E WAR EXPaRIBNCK. 
 
 General Alexander Ogle, member of Congress in the 
 days of General Jackson, in the course of a Fourth of 
 July oration, described the opposition to the turnpike 
 and wagon transportation: "Your grandmother," said 
 he, "can tell you what a rumpus these ninnies raised 
 around the first wagon road over the mountains to Pitts- 
 burg. It would break up the pack-horse men and the 
 horse breeders would be ruined. I told them that one 
 wagon could carry as much salt, bar iron and brandy 
 from Philadelphia or Baltimore as a whole caravan of 
 half starved mountain ponies, and I further told them 
 that of all the people in the world fools have the least 
 sense." 
 
 The Stage was succeeded by the primitive Locomo- 
 tive Coaches and Canal Packets. To the stage-owners 
 and tavern-keepers the railroad and canals were inno- 
 vations and unwelcome improvements. When the rail- 
 roads came first into being, the cars had a kind of stage- 
 coach body. In 1835 the building of railroads had so 
 far progressed that the Postmaster-General recommend- 
 ed that the mails be carried on the railroads then being 
 constructed. In that year, however, the contract for 
 carrying the mails between New York and Philadelphia 
 was given to the stage-coach line because the railroad 
 protested that the schedule time required (thirteen miles 
 an hour) was too fast. 
 
JMote 14. 
 (Page 122.) 
 
 Gates— Wilkinson Duel. 
 
 Generals Gates and Wilkinson at York, 1778. 
 They meet to Fight a Duel at the " English 
 Church," York. The Conway Cabal. 
 
 COINCIDENT with the intrigues of the Conway 
 Cabal (in preceding note) were the reflections by 
 General Gates on the conduct of Gen. Wilkinson, 
 Adjutant General of the Continental Army. The latter 
 deeming his honor deeply wounded by the course of 
 General Gates, determined to demand satisfaction, and 
 a duel was arranged to take place behind the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church on North Beaver Street, York. 
 
 The account of this meeting of Gen. Gates is given 
 by Gen. Wilkinson himself in his "Memoirs" in these 
 words: 
 
 " I immediately pioceeded to Yoiktowa, where I purposely arrived in 
 the twilight, to escape observation; there I found my early companion 
 and friend Capt. Stoddert, recounted my wrongs to him, and requested 
 him to bear a message to Gen Gates, whose manly proSer of any satis- 
 faction I might require, removed the difficulties which otherwise might 
 have attended the application ; he peremptorily refused me, remonstrated 
 
192 MY i,itti<e; war experience. 
 
 against my intention, and assured me I was running headlong to destruc- 
 tion ; but ruin had no terrors for an ardent young man, who prized hia 
 honor a thousand fold more than his life, and who was willing to hazard 
 his eternal happiness in its defense. Pardon me. High Heaven, in pity 
 to the frailties of my nature. Pardon fme, Divine Author of ray being, 
 for yielding to the tyranny of fashion, the despotic prescription of honor, 
 when I sought, by illicit means to vindicate the dignity of the creature, 
 whom thou hast fashioned after thine own likeness ; for the first time in 
 our lives we parted with displeasure, and I accidently met with Lieut. 
 Col. Burgess Ball, of the Virginia line whose spirit was as independent 
 as his fortune, and he willingly became my friend. By him I addressed 
 the following note to Gen. Gates, which I find with date, though it was 
 delivered the same evening (the 23rd) ; 
 
 ' 1 have discharged my duty to you and to my conscience ; meet me 
 to-morrow morning behind the English Church, and I will there stipulate 
 the satisfaction which you have promised to grant. I am 
 
 Your most humble servant, 
 
 GEN. GATES.' JAMES WILKINSON. 
 
 " The general expression of this billet was calculated to prevent unfair 
 advantages, for, although Gen. Gates had promised me satisfaction, I 
 determined to avoid unnecessary exposition ; and therefore Col. Ball was 
 instructed to adjust the time, and circumstances, and made no difficulty 
 about the arrangements. We were to meet at 8 o'clock with pistols, 
 and without distance. We arose early the next morning, had put our 
 arms in order, and was just about to repair to the ground, when Capt. 
 Stoddert called on me, and informed me Gen. Gates wished to speak 
 with me. I expressed my astonishment and observed it was ' impossible! ' 
 He replied with much agitation, ' for God's sake be not always a fool, 
 come along and see him.' Struck with the manner of my friend, I 
 inquired where the General was? He answered ' in the street near the 
 door.' The surprise robbed me of circumspection ; I requested Col. Ball 
 to halt and followed Capt. Stoddert ; I found Gen. Gates unarmed and 
 alone, and was received with tenderness but manifest embarassment ; 
 he asked me to walk, turned into a back street end we proceeded in 
 silence till we passed the buildings, when he burst into tears took me by 
 the hand, and asked me how I could think he wished to injure me? I 
 was too deeply affected to speak, and he relieved my embarassment by 
 
From Spangler Annals. 
 
 PRIMITIVE COAL TRAIN, (p 190^ 
 
 
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 From Spangler Annals. 
 
 PRIMITIVE PASSENGER TRAIN, (p 190) 
 
GATES— WILKINSON DUEL. 193 
 
 continuing ' I injure you? It is impossible, I should as soon think of 
 injuring my own child.' This language not only disarmed me, but 
 awakened all my confidence, and all my tenderness ; I was silent, and he 
 added, 'besides there was no cause for injuring you, as Conway acknowl- 
 edged, in his letter, and has since said much harder things to Washington's 
 face.' Such language left me nothing to require; it was satisfactory 
 beyond expectation, and rendered me more than content. I was flat- 
 tered and pleased, and if a third person had doubted the sincerity 
 of the explanation, I would have insulted him ; a long conversation 
 ensued, in which Lord Sterling's conduct was canvassed, and my 
 purpose respecting him made known, and it was .<!ettled I should 
 attend at the war office ( York ) in my capacity of secretary a few days, 
 and then have leave to visit the camp at Valley Forge, where Lord 
 Sterling was, 
 
 " I attended at the war office, and I think found there the honorable 
 Judge Peters and Col. T. Pickering, but my reception from the Presi- 
 dent, Gen. Gates, did not correspond with his recent professions; he 
 was civil but barely so, and X was at a loss to account for his coldness 
 yet had no suspicion of his insincerity." 
 
 It is related by Mr. Dunlap, in his History of New 
 York, upon the authority, it is presumed, of the late 
 Gen. Morgan Lewis, that a day had been appointed by 
 the " Cabal " in Congress, at York, for one of them to 
 move for a committee to proceed to the Camp at Valley 
 Forge to arrest Gen. Washington, and that the motion 
 would have succeeded had they not unexpectedly lost 
 their majority which they possessed when the measure 
 was determined on. 
 
rs[c3te IS. 
 
 (Page 123.) 
 
 The Ducking of the Tory Rector in York, 
 
 1775- 
 
 DURING the Revolutionary -war, (with the exception 
 of a short interval) there was no divine service 
 held in St. John's Episcopal Church, known as 
 the " English Church," all the others being German. 
 It was for some time used as an arsenal. Being very 
 much out of repair through violence and long disuse, 
 it was after the Revolution again fitted up for a place 
 of worship. One of the first regular clergymen whose 
 names are mentioned in the records was the Rev. Daniel 
 Batwell. His residence was at the parsonage house in 
 Huntington, now belonging to Adams County, but he 
 preached steadily to the congregation in York. He was 
 a missionary from England, sent by the Propagation 
 Society, who commenced his services in York county a 
 short time before the Revolution, and began his pastor- 
 ate in York in 1774. His feeling, with respect to the 
 war for Independence, but ill coincided with those of 
 the people in his neighborhood. Having come from 
 Huntington township he preached at York on the 
 Sabbath, and on Monday morning following was seized 
 by some rude and boisterous friends of liberty by whom 
 he was three times ducked in Codorus Creek. 
 
DUCKING THE TORY RECTOR. 196 
 
 Being freed, he set out on his return to his dwelling 
 house, but he had hardly arrived there when a company 
 of armed men from York roughly seized him, and 
 returning confined him in the public prison. On the 
 2nd of October, 1777, a memorial from Mr. Batwell 
 was read in Congress. It set forth "that on a charge 
 of being concerned in a conspiracy to destroy the 
 continental magazines of this State, he was in custody 
 of the keeper of the Jail in York County, by virtue of 
 commitment, until Congress, or the Supreme Executive 
 Council of this State, shall take further order touching 
 him, or until he should be otherwise discharged accord- 
 ing to law." " It appealed to Congress," by the certifi- 
 cate of- Dr. Jameson, " that the memorialist was so 
 much emaciated by a complication of disorders that his 
 life would be endangered unless he would be removed 
 from the jail. Congress, however, referred the memorial 
 to the President and Supreme Executive Council of 
 this State, in the meantime permitting him to remove 
 from the jail, and receive every indulgence, yet still 
 remaining in safe keeping. 
 
 After some time Mr. Batwell was released, and re- 
 turned to England. Though his political views did 
 not coincide with those of Americans, yet it is due to 
 his worth to say, that he was an accomplished scholar 
 and a good man. After his return, he obtained a 
 church preferment in the county of Kent, where he 
 ended his days. 
 
 In rSio, a small house was erected near the York 
 Episcopal Church lor the use of the sexton. In remov- 
 ing the pulpit, several pounds of powder were found 
 concealed under it ; probably placed there in the begin- 
 ning of the Revolution by some one who had evil 
 designs upon the Rev. Mr. Batwell. 
 
]N[c3te IQ. 
 (Page 123. 
 
 York County Patriotism in the 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 V70RKT0WN, eleven miles west of the Susque- 
 ■^ hanna, was, during the Revolution, the only town 
 of importance west of that river ; and in it the 
 Continental Congress sought refuge while Gen. Howe 
 occupied Philadelphia, and in the late fall, winter and 
 spring of 1777-78. It was an important theatre of 
 action during the Revolutionary struggle. All the 
 troops from South to North and vice-versa passed 
 through the town. 
 
 The County ot York was especially patriotic. It 
 sent out more soldiers during the Revolutionary War 
 than any other section of the colonies in proportion to 
 population. 
 
 Thomas Hartley, a most valiant and distinguished 
 colonel in the Revolutionary War from Yorktown, a 
 member of Congress of the County from 1789 to 1800, 
 and a Major-General of the Pennsylvania Militia, wrote 
 from Yorktown, under date of March 17, 1779, to His 
 Excellency Jos. Reed, Esq., President of Pennsylvania, 
 as follows : 
 
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YORK IN THE KEVOLUTION. 197 
 
 " Upon my ariiTal here I found many of the inhabitants dissatisfied with 
 the determination of the council concerning the York election. They 
 thought it hard that a majority of the electors should be deprived of a 
 Representative in Council for years." 
 
 "They knew that they had been as patriotic as any; that the York 
 district had armed the first in Pennsylvania, and had furnished more 
 men for the war and lost a greater number of men in it than any other 
 district on the Continent of the same number of inhabitants. At Fort 
 Washington only, they lost 300 men, not SO of which have ever returned. 
 Their distressed parents and widows daily evince the melancholy truth." 
 
 In the York Moravian Church Records, made by 
 Pastor Neissor, under date of July 17, 1776, appears 
 the following entry : 
 
 " Yorktown seems quite deserted on account of the departure of all 
 men under fifty years of age. Thus only the old brethren and sisters 
 will be left. Several of our people, because the town has been so 
 emptied, have in addition to some other persons, been elected as 
 members of the Committee ad interim, with a guard given them day 
 and night, in order to maintain peace and order, and give security 
 against the plots of the Tories. All business and every occupation 
 are prostrated, all shops are closed. How many prayers and tears 
 will now be brought before the Lord by parents for their children, 
 by children for their parents, by wives for their husbands." (See 
 Spangler Annals, 361, 385, 394-462, 511-527.) 
 
 Yore Riflemen at Boston, 1775. 
 This Rifle Company left York July i, 1775, and 
 arrived at Boston on the agth, and was the first company 
 south and west of the Hudson to cross that river 
 for the theatre of war. The York Moravian records 
 of July 1st, have the further entry : 
 
 "This afternoon a company of 100 men of this town left for the 
 American army in New England, with the ringing of bells, after a 
 sermon had been preached by the Presbyterian minister on the text, 
 1 Samuel x, 12 in which they were exhorted to keep God before 
 their eyes during their expedition, and then they could be assured 
 of His protection and guidance; otherwise this would not be the case." 
 (Spangler Annals, p. 516.) 
 
rstote ir. 
 
 (Page 36.) 
 
 Description of Battle Pictures. 
 
 Battery in Fdll Charge. 
 
 ' ' '"T^HIS is a picture representing a eolon«l of mounted artillery 
 JL at full gallop, and with sword raised, giving the word of 
 command to his regiment who are seen a little behind him advaneisg 
 in ■ whirlwind of dust, and inspired, as it were, with the heroism of their 
 leader. One cannot contemplate it many minutes together without 
 fancying himself transported into the thick of the fight, amidst all 
 the neighing of the infuriated steeds, the hoarse command of the 
 officers, the deafening roll of the ammunition wagons, and the whistling 
 of the bullets. The part of the subject the most conspicuous is the 
 black charger of the colonel. This beautiful animal is still before the 
 entranced observer, his head turned to one side, his wild look, his 
 nostrils dilated and blowing violently, and his whole body glazed with 
 perspiration or white with foam. The picture is a perfect masterpiece 
 of a wonderful warlike movement.'' 
 
 Havoc Wrodght to a Battery Goiwg into Action. 
 
 (Page 40.) 
 
 "The form of battle has greatly changed since the early stages of 
 human history. Every epoch has had its own manner of conflict. In 
 antiquity, the armies were drawn up and fought hand to hand; afterwards) 
 war chariots were introduced, with long scythe-like blades projecting 
 from the axles. Then elephants began to be employed in battle, and 
 were taught by their masters to fight with all the vehemence and strength 
 
BA.TTLR PICTURES 199 
 
 which such creatures possess. The introduction of fire-arms again 
 changed the form of battle. The use of cannon dates from the thirteenth 
 or fourteenth century. Perhaps the most tragic act of the modern battle- 
 field is that relating to the management of batteries. In this picture we 
 have an example of the fearful havoc in that part where the guns are 
 played. Not the least part of this tragedy is the destruction of fine 
 horses. War does not spare these in its devastations. Here, in the 
 foreground, we have a battery going into action. The artist has done 
 full justice to the fearful scene. A blast from the enemy's guns has 
 struck down the battery horses, and there is still universal ruin. The 
 fight, however, goes on, and the morrow will take little heed of the 
 destruction of to-day," 
 
 An Evening Camp at the Front. 
 
 (Page 78.) 
 
 " This is a pleasing view of a group of artillerymen seated in a circle at 
 the foot of a redoubt, on which are seen a line of slender guns pointed 
 towards the horizon, and over whose menacing repose watches a sentinel 
 with sword in hand. The loquacity of the principal speaker of the group 
 is in quaint contrast with the silence of the guns. And, yet, the artillery- 
 man is evidently narrating something very humorous and his story is of 
 the highest interest. The day's labors have been so arduous that only 
 two or three of his companions, whose mouths are agape, have the 
 strength to keep awake and listen. The others are fast asleep and their 
 fatigue is evidently so overpowering that the entire battery might 
 thunder without waking them." 
 
 Thb Standard Beaker Faithful Unto Death. 
 
 (Page 84.) 
 
 " The theme of this picture from an incident of war. There has 
 been a charge against the enemy's earthworks. A repulse has followed, 
 and the brave vanguard of the assaulting party has been slain. The 
 battle is over, and in the gray of the early morning the dead are being 
 carried away from the scene of carnage. Every detail of the picture has 
 reference to the dead standard-bearer in the middle foreground, who 
 
200 MY LITTLE WAR EXPERIENCE. 
 
 clasps to his heart the tattered banner with its broken staS. The eagle 
 of his standard is in the dust, and his sword has been wrenched from 
 his grasp, but he has fallen in the front rank with his face to the foe. 
 The colonel stands with uncovered head in the presence of the dead 
 hero, and every figure in the picture shows by the attitnde or expression 
 of countenance the reverential response of the human soul to bravery and 
 unselfish devotion to duty. "Whene'er a noble deed is wrought, oui 
 hearts in glad surprise to higher levels rise," 
 
 After the Battle. 
 (Page 84.) 
 
 " Last night beheld them full of lusty life ; 
 
 Last eve in beauty's circle proudly gay. 
 The midnight brought the signal sound of strife, 
 
 The morn, the marshalling in arms — the day 
 
 Battle's magnificently stern atray! 
 
 The thunder clouds close o'er it, which rent. 
 The earth is covered thick with other clay 
 Which her own clay shall cover, heaped and pent, 
 Rider and horse, friend, foe — in one red burial blent." 
 
 The Last Mostek. 
 
 (Page 126.) 
 
 " This picture is a master-piece, and cannot fail to make a profound 
 impression. These old men — worn-out veterans of war — have assembled 
 in the chapel of a " Soldier's Home " and seem pathetically awaiting the 
 end after hard work done — while some gallant fellows whose lives a dozen 
 times risked had been devoted to the service of thsir country. They are 
 now mustered in the service of God to await his "last call." Even, as 
 we look, one has obeyed the summons beyond the power of his 
 kindly neighbor to awaken him." 
 
 The Slave Market, Ancient Rome. 
 
 (Page 136.) 
 
 " Slavery was a recognized institution in Rome. Under its various 
 governments alike, under Kings, the Republic and the Empire. Captives 
 in battle were sold into slavery, criminals and insolvent debtors became 
 
BATTLE PICTURES 201 
 
 slaves, and parents, at one time of the Republic, coald sell their children 
 into slavery. There was nothing therefore to shock the Soman citizen in 
 contemplating the Slave Market as one of the necessities of Rome, 
 In the picture there is an air of business-like reality about all concerned, 
 from the gross old keeper, dipping his fist into his bowl of olives, to 
 the youngster standing erect, so that every inch of his proportion may 
 show to the best advantage, and a look of 'Won't you buy me?' on his 
 babyish face. The central figure, probably a captured soldier, is a grand 
 study, and his proud figure is a strong contrast with the courtesan seated 
 contentedly at his feet. The four figures to the right run the gamut 
 downwards, from the despair in feature and gesture of the tall female, 
 the fearfulness and shrinking timidity on her right, sullen thoughtfulness 
 at her feet, to the little slattern at the top of the ladder, who waits as 
 patiently for a new master as a modern Biddy would wait in a modern 
 intelligence office. 
 
 Reconnoitring. 
 (Page 168.) 
 
 " A battallion of French foot Chasseurs are about to occupy a village 
 that has just been the scene of a cavalry engagement in the Franco- 
 Prussian War. The main body is seen advancing at the end of the 
 street. Entering the principal avenue from opposite sides are small 
 detachments, who have been scouring the town to prevent surprise. 
 The extreme van is led by the squad of men in the foreground, whose 
 commander is receiving information from a peasant youth. From 
 their attitude and expression, it is plain that they are so near the retiring 
 enemy that a skirmish is imminent. Melancholy proofs of the recent com- 
 bat are seen in the Prussian Calvarymen and his horse who together lie 
 weltering in their blood, and in the two wounded men on either side 
 of the road. The one to the right is probably a German, while the 
 other who is being succored by the inmates of the house at whose door 
 he lies, may be a Frenchman. The villagers, who have either fled or 
 shut themselves up in their houses, begin to show themselves again. 
 Besides those who minister to the wounded man, a woman is perceived 
 cautiously peering from an upper window; and two boys, terrified, yet 
 
202 MY LITTLE WAR BXPBRIKNCE. 
 
 led on by curiosity and love of exeitement, who creep slowly forward, 
 are clinging for safety to the wall. A deep and stirring sense of reality 
 pervades every part of the picture." 
 
 Stop Firing. 
 
 " It is a curious fact to notice that when man's fiercest passions are at 
 fever heat in the clash of war a touch of tenderness, all-controlling, is 
 passible for allaying all thoughts of conquest. A Sister of Mercy on the 
 battle field is wounded when in the exercise of heaven-sent mission — 
 caring for the wounded and dying — and instantly goes forth the request, 
 acknowledged by all brave men, ' Cease firing.' Too late it may be, for 
 the fatal bullet seems to have done its work in this instance; but the 
 Seeing and pursuers in an instant halt the mad career of combat to see 
 what can be done for the wounded woman. It is a noble picture, and 
 elevating in its lesson." 
 
 Last Thoughts. 
 
 " It has long been known that many persons in cases of escape from 
 death, say drowning, or hanging, or travelling accidents, who came to 
 tell of their feelings when hope of life had fled, with great uniformity 
 have said that the whole of their past life seemed to pass before them 
 at a glance, and most vividly their early home life. The painter, acting 
 on this, has painted the Trumpeter in full career, and while sounding 
 the battle-charge for his comrades is met by the deadly bullet, and he 
 knows instantly it is death. With one glance at the past, his last thoughts 
 rest on his home, and as he may once have seen his father and 
 mother and his young brother joined in prayer with the good pastor 
 for the safety and welfare of their soldier son." 
 
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INDEX. 
 
 African Slavery, the Cause of the Civil War 3-12 
 
 Antietam, Battle of 29, 32-45 
 
 Losses at 46 
 
 "Bloody Lane," 35, 36 
 
 Arlington, Va 20 
 
 Army Rations and Cooking 22 
 
 Army of the Potomac at Antietam 46 
 
 Its Strength at Fredericksburg 57 
 
 and Chancellorsville .89 
 
 Its Losses in these Battles 118 
 
 Battle Pictures, Description of 198 
 
 Beecher, Rev. Henry Ward. His remarkable oratory 
 
 in 1863 for the Union in England 84, 85, 182 
 
 Belle Plains, Va., Unloading Boats 58 
 
 "Bloody Lane," Antietam 35, 36 
 
 Brown, John, Invasion of Virginia, Battle and 
 
 Death 10, 149-153 
 
 Burnside, Gen. A. E. His costly errors and madness 
 
 at Fredericksburg 57, 63, 76, 78, 79, 80 
 
 Cars, Primitive 189 
 
 Chancellorsville, Battle of 86-114 
 
 That terrible Saturday night at 91, 92, 94-107 
 
 Confederates, Advantage of, on the defensive, and re- 
 cruiting ,. . 43 
 
 Congress United States. Free fight in 1858 145-148 
 
 Conway Cabal in York 179, 193 
 
 Dred Scott Case 9 
 
 Early Stage Coaches 189 
 
 England. Hostile to the Union in i'863 183 
 
INDEX 
 
 Enlistment in the Army 17 
 
 Fear of the Soldier in Battle 30, 31 
 
 Free Fight in U. S. Congress in 1858 145-148 
 
 Field Hospitals; Terrible Scenes after Battle 39 
 
 Franklin, Gen. Wm. B. Error in his Recollections. . 78 
 
 Frederick, City of 23 
 
 Fredericksburg, Battle of 61, 79 
 
 Fredericksburg, Hardships and Suffering Before the 
 
 Battle 59 
 
 Gates, Gen. Horatio. Wilkinson Duel 191 
 
 Gettysburg and Waterloo 168 
 
 Grant, Gen. U. S. Fear in Battle 31 
 
 Harper's Ferry, Surrender of 41 
 
 Its Remarkable Scenery 54, 171 
 
 Hartley, Col. Thomas 196 
 
 Hooker, Gen. Joseph. Blunders at Chancellorsville, 
 
 90, 91, 112 
 
 President Lincoln's Remarkable Letter to 118 
 
 Jackson, Gen. Stonewall 91 
 
 His mortal wound at Chancellorsville 91-107 
 
 Desire to raise the Black Flag 107-8 
 
 His death and not Gettysburg the turning point 
 
 of the war 100 
 
 A Great Chieftain 107 
 
 Lafayette, Gen. in York and Conway Cabal 179 
 
 Lee, Gen. Robert E., Lost Dispatch of 23, 24, 40. 41 
 
 At Antietam 50 
 
 At Fredericksburg 75 
 
 Over-confident at Gettysburg iig-120 
 
 Losses in Battle 45, 167 
 
 McClellan, Gen. Geo. B 21 
 
 At Antietam 40-48 
 
 Relieved of Command 57 
 
 Mills' House, Fredericksburg, Entry of Shell 68, 69 
 
 Missouri Compromise 8 
 
 Negro Religious Meeting in New Orleans before the 
 War; howling dervishes; humorous description. 1 31-138 
 
INDEX 
 
 One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment, Pa. Vol., for- 
 mation of i8 
 
 At Antietam 30-45 
 
 At Fredericksburg 61-68 
 
 At Chancellorsville 90-95, 109-112, 115, 118 
 
 Return Home and Banquet 121-128 
 
 Picket Duty at the Front 88 
 
 Pictures, Battle 198 
 
 Regimental Losses 169 
 
 Rifle Pierced at. Antietam 37, 50 
 
 Rigor Mortis at Fredericksburg 62 
 
 Second Corps, "The Fighting Corps" 46, 47 
 
 "Six Hundred," Losses of 170 
 
 Shelter Tents 60 
 
 South Mountain, Battle of 25-27 
 
 Spanglers of Virginia in Confederate Army 55 
 
 Spengler Hall 50 
 
 Stages, Early 190 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus 83, 84, 173 
 
 Sumner, Gen. Edwin V 22 
 
 Sumner, Senator Charles. Brutal Assault upon in the 
 
 United States Senate 134-144, 177 
 
 Tory Rector, York, 1775. Ducking of 194 
 
 Washington. In Hospital 81 
 
 Wilkinson, Gen. Gates' Duel, 1777 191 
 
 Winter Dug-outs 87 
 
 York County, African Slavery in 5 
 
 York County Companies in 130th Regiment 18 
 
 York County Patriotism in the Revolution 196 
 
 York Hospital 51 
 
 York in Revolutionary War 122 
 
 Gates-Wilkinson Duel 122 
 
 Ducking of the Tory Rector 122 
 
 York, War Meetings 14, 15, 16, 154, 156, 158, 164 
 
 Zinn, Col. H. I., Killed at Fredericksburg at the head 
 of the 130th Regiment 66