^XjGS)^^ C\MA Y\A \<\cA\ CORNELL UNIVERSITY. THE BosroeU p. IFIotocr Itibrarg THE GIFT OF ROSWELL P. FLOWER FOR THE USE OF THE N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 1897 " 8394-1 Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell university Library QM 551. G68 A manual of general histology 3 1924 001 035 694 Date Due MAR 1 2 1956 flit. YnbP rtftJTfttTt jjan ttuc N5 w^ PRINTED IN U. S. A. Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Cornell University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in limited quantity for your personal purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partial versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commercial purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924001035694 digitized by Microsoft® A MANUAL GENERAL HISTOLOGY WILLIAM S. GOTTHEIL, M.D. PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY IN THE AMERICAN VETERINARY COLLEGE, NEW YORK; PHYSICIAN TO THE LEBANON HOSPITAL, NEW YORK; FORMERLY SENIOR LECTURER ON DERMATOLOGY AT THE NEW YORK POLICLINIC; DERMATOLOGIST TO THE NORTHWESTERN AND THE GERMAN WEST- SIDE DISPENSARY, ETC. FULLY ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK WILLIAM R. JENKINS 851-853 Sixth Avenue 1901 Digitized by Microsoft® Copyright, 1894, by Sabiston, Murray & Co. Ssi Qk8 Wo-'b^l, Digitized by Microsoft® PREFACE, Histology is the basis of the Physician's art, as Anatomy is the foundation of the Surgeon's science. Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- stand the changes of disease and the actions of remedies. As the architect must know his building materials, so must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate structure of the body. No experience and no skill can entirely compensate 1 him for the absence of this knowledge. He will not be able to see into the dense organs of the body, to watch their parts at work, to detect their deviations horn normal .standards, and to apply rational agents to influence them. Digitized by Microsoft® IV PREFACE. To present this knowledge in an accessible and simple form has been the author's task. Some considerable experience in teaching it to beginners has shown him the necessity of excluding theories and moot points, and of reducing the . explanations of the structure of the body to their simplest possible terms. This, he trusts, he has in some degree accomplished. January, 1894. Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS. Introduction, The Cell, .... Part I. The Simple Tissues, Chapter I. Blood and Lymph, . Chapter II. Epithelium and Endothelium, Chapter III. The Connective Substances, Mucoid Tissue, Chapter IV. The Connective Substances (Cont'd), "White Fibrous Tissue, Yellow Elastio Tissue, Chapter V. The Connective Substances (Cont'd), Fatty Tissue, . Cartilage, Chapter VI. The Connective Substances (Cont'd), Bone, .... Chapter VII. The Muscular Tissue, Unstriped Muscle, Striated Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, 1 10 10 15 20 21 23 23 25 27 27 29 33 33 40 40 42 45 Digitized by Microsoft® VI CONTENTS. Chapter VIII. The Nervous Tissue, Nerve Fibres, . Nerve Cells, Paet II. The Compound Tissues, . Chapter IX. The Vessels, . The Bloodvessels, The Lymph Vessels, Chapter X. Membranes, . Mucous Membranes, Serous Membranes, Synovial Membranes, Part III. The Organs, Chapter XI. The Glands, . Lymphatic Glands, Salivary Glands, The Pancreas, . The Mammary Gland, Chapter XII. The Glands (Continued), The Spleen, . The Liver, Chapter XIII. The Alimentary Canal, The Teeth, The Mouth, . The Tongue, . The (Esophagus, 46 46 53 55 55 55 58 59 59 61 61 63 63 63 66 68 68 71 71 74 80 81 83 Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS. Vll •Chapter XIV. The Alimentary Canal (Continued;, 84 The Stomach, . 84 The Small Intestine, . 87 The Large Intestine, . 90 •Chapter XV. The Respiratory System, . 92 The Larynx, . 92 The Trachea, . 93 The Bronchi, . 93 The Lungs, . 95 •Chapter XVI. The Urinary System, . 98 The Kidneys, 98 The Ureters, 104 The Bladder, 104 The Urethra, 105 Chapter XVII. The Male Genital Organs, 106 The Testis, . 106 The Epididymis, 109 The Prost ate, 110 The Penis, . 110 Chapter XVIII. The Female Genital Organs, 112 The Ovary, .... 112 The Uterus, .... 116 The Fallopian Tubes, 117 The Vagina, 117 Nymphss, Clitoris and Vestibulum, 117 Digitized by Microsoft® Vlll CONTENTS. Chapter XIX. The Skin, . . 118 The Nails, . 122 The Hairs, . 122 Chapter XX. The Eye, 126 Chapter XXI. The Central Nervous System, 13a The Spinal Cord, . 133 The Brain, . . . . 13& Digitized by Microsoft® A manual of General Histology. INTRODUCTION. The Cell. OUR accurate knowledge of the constitution of organic bodies is only of recent date. Prior to the labors of Schleiden in the vegetable world, and of Schwann upon animals, our ideas of the intimate methods of the life processes of living beings were of the crudest possible kind. The elder physiologists and anatomists had indeed a general knowledge of the grosser phenomena of life ; but their minute nature was unknown to them. When, therefore, Schwann discovered the true structure of the animal tissues, a new era began for all these sciences that are concerned with the constitutions and functions, normal and abnormal, of the animal body. A flood of light was thrown into a thousand dark places, and undreamed of fields of investigation were revealed. An impetus was given to Biology and Medicine and all their subsidi ary sciences, the result of which has been the brilliant achievements of the last half century. Digitized by Microsoft® 2 A MANUAL OP GBNBRAL HISTOLOGY. The fact that Schwann proclaimed was this : That every animal tissue is built up of an immense number of minute bodies, each one of which is a complete organic being, and capable of all those things which together we call life. These minute living bodies are the cells. Constitution of cells. — Most cells consist of three distinct parts. First we have the cell body, usually semi-fluid ; then the cell wall, of a harder and more resistant material ; then the nucleus, placed inside the body, and generally round in shape ; and finally, still another minute body, inside the nucleus, called the ■nucleolus. The earlier investigators believed that all these parts were essential for the complete cell, and so great an authority as Virchow supported them. But