Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924102202946 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 102 202 946 In compliance with current Copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 2005 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE HAYDN SEBIES. DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY, coxTAiyixc; •iiiK CHIEF EVENTS IN THE LIVES OF EMINENT PERSONS OF ALL AGES AND NATIONS. PRECEDED BV THE BIOGRAPHIES AND GENEALOGIES OP THE CHIEF REPRESENTATIVES OP THE ROYAL HOUSES OF THE WORLD. EDITKO JtV BENJAMIN VINCENT, UBRAHIAN of the EOTAL INSTITUIIOK of great BRITAIN : AKD EDITOR OP HArDN's " DICTION \RV OF DATES." 'FACTA NON VERBA." LONDON : AVARD, LOCK, & CO., WARWICK HOUSE, SALISBURY SQUARE, E.G. London: 3eadbukt, aonew, & co., printers, whitepriar3. PEEFACE. This volume is a revised and greatly enlarged edition of the work published in 1870, entitled " Haydn's Universal Index of Biography/' which was planned, and three-fourths compiled, by the present Editor, as a suitable companion to the " Dictionary of Dates." In the preparation of both these works, the Editor's chief difficulty has been selection from too abundant materials ; and he is fully awp.re that in each there will be perceived omissions and redundancies. In regard to these he can merely plead his own limited ideas of utility and impartiality, and state that he will gratefully receive notices of errors, with suggestions for improvements. A list of the great number of books consulted during the preparation of this volume would be useless ; but in reo'ard to contemporaries, he has to thank several eminent persons for private information. The daily and weekly journals, together with the publications of British and foreign scientific and literaiy bodies, have been vigilantly searched, in order to bring the work down to the time of publication ; and no small difficulty has been frequently experienced in the endeavour to reconcile conflicting statements. In the Addenda will be found notices of Deaths and other chanoes which have occun-ed during printing, which can be easily marked under the names in the book, as well as a few additional articles. EoTAL Institution, BIOGEAPHIES AND GENEALOGIES. [In the Genealogies the year of death is giTcn, except when otherwise specified ; a line ■ the names signifies marriage.] ■ between AUSTRIA AND GEEMANT. BADEK. BATAEU. BELGIUM. BRAZIL BRUNSWICK. DENMARK. EGYPT. FRANCE, Legitimist, Imperiai,, Orleanist. GERMANY. (See Austria and Prussia.) GREAT BRITAIN. GREECfi. HANOVER. HATTI AND ST. DOMINGO. HOLLAND. ITALY. LUCOA. MEXICO. MONACO. PARMA. PERSIA. POPES. PORTUGAL PRUSSIA AND GERMANY. RUSSIA. SAXE COBURG. SAXONY. SPAIN. SWEDEN. TURKEY. TUSCANY. TWO SICILIES. UNITED STATES Of NORTH AMERICA. ■WURTEMBEKG. AUSTEIA. In 800, Charlemagne, wlio liad added to his hereditaiy dominions the gi-eater pai-t of Germany and Italy, and a portion of Spain, received, from Pope Leo III., the imperial cro\vn with the re- vived titles of Caesar and emperor of Rome. He was succeeded hy eight of his descendants, the last, Louis IV., dying in 912. Conrad, duke of Franconia, was then chosen emperor, and the crown remained elective until the dissolution of the German empire in 1806. The emperors, -with few exceptions, succeeded by dynasties. Thus, at the death of Conrad, Hem-y, sumamed the Fowler, duke of Saxony, was elected, whose successors were his descendants, Otho I., Otho II., Otho III., and Henry II. Then came Conrad of Franconia (said to have been descended from Otho I.), his son Henry III., his grandson Henry lY., and his great grandson Heniy V. Conrad of Suabia (son of Agnes, daughter of Henry IV., and of Frederick, count of Hohenstaufen, ^nd duke of Suabia), was elected in 1 125, and his family gave six emperors, who reigned till 1269. Then succeeded Eodolph of Hapsburg, whose descendant— through the line of Maria Theresa (and Francis I., duke of Loixaine), now reigns in Austria. In 1806, after Bavaria, WUrtembm-g, Baden, Hesse Darmstadt, Nassau, and several other States were formed into the Confederation of the Rhine, the emperor Francis II. resigned the title of Emperor of Germany, and took that of Emperor of Austria. This Confederation lasted till 1813 ; and in 1815 the congress of Vienna established the Germanic Confederation, whose •diet was held at Franlcfort-on-the-Main, Austi-ia presiding and having a casting vote. A result of the war of 1866 was the establishment of the North German Confederation, by which Prussia acquired the supremacy lost by Austria. This confederation ended with the revival of the German •empire in 1871. FiiANCis Joseph (Charles I.), emperor of Austria, king of Hungary, of Bohemia, &c., eldest son of the archduke Francis Charles Joseph, and of the archduchess Sophia Frederica Dorothy WUhelmina, daughter of MaximOian I., king of Bavaria, was horn 18 Aug. 1830. He became •emperor, 2 Dec. 1848, his father renoimcuig his claim to the thi-one, and the emperor, Ferdinand I., his childless uncle, abdicating in his favour. The Italian provinces, supported by Sardinia, were then in open revolt, and Hungaiy had con- stituted itself a republic under Kossuth. The Italian insurrection was quelled by the victoiy gained by general ^Eadetzti at Novara, 23 March 1849, which compelled Sardinia to sue for peace ; and by Russian help Hungary was soon reduced to submission. Having regained all his dominions by the capitulation of Venice, 22 Aug. 1849, the emperor sought to recover the prerogatives relincLuished by his predecessor in 1848. He disbanded the national guard, abolished the liberty of the press, and annulled the constitution, which he him- self had gi-anted in March 1849. To centralise his power, he abolished the customs dues be- tween the German provinces of his empire, and those of Hungary and Italy. In 1855 h» signed a concordat with the pope, by which the clergy acquired many important privileges ; among others, the right of controlling the press and superintending public education. When hostilities broke out between Turkey and Russia he joined the Western Powers in the treaty of alliance of 2 Dec. 1854, but did not take an active part in the war. In .1859, when Sardinia entered into aUiauce with France for the liberation of Lombardy and Venice, he sustained a series of reverses, ending in the battle of Solferino, 24 June, at which he was present, whereby he was compelled to abandon Lombardy and retire to Venetia. He then signed the treaty of ViUafranca, by which Venetia was guaranteed to him. In i860 the troubles is Hungaiy and the Venetian territories induced him to re-establish the ancient constitutions of Hungary, Croatia, and Ti-an- AUSTEIA. sylvauia, and to concentrate a powerful force in Venice, to oppose the tritnupliant movement for Italian unity. In 1864, lie joined Pmssia, in an expedition against Denmark to enforce the- views of the German Confederation, with regard to the duchies of Sleswig and Holstein. A dis- pute having arisen between Austria and Prussia, in consequence of the appropriation of Holsteia by Prussia, an offensive and defensive alliance was entered into between Pmssia and Italy, In the war of seven weeks which followed, Austria was obliged to divide her forces. She gained a signal victoiy over the Italians at Custozza, and her fleet distinguished itself at Lissa, but her army in Germany after many reverses was totally defeated at Sadowa, 3 July 1866. The emperor at once gave up Venetia to the emperor of the French, and negotiations with Prussia .resulted in the treaty concluded at Prague, 23 Aug. 1866, by which the emperor of Austria agreed to re- cognise a new confederation of Germany, in which Austria should take no part ; and in that at Vienna, 3 Oct., by which Venetia was ceded to Italy. The empire was ordered to be officially styled " The Austro-Hungariau Monarchy," 14 Nov> 1868. Chief of the ministry, the count J. Andrassy, 14 Nov. 1871. The emperor married 24 April 1854, Elizabeth Amelia Eugenie, the daughter of Maximilian Joseph, duke of Bavaria, and has issue : — 1. Gisella Louisa Mary, h. 12 July 1856. 2. Sodolph Francis Charles Joseph; h. 21 Aug. 1S58. 3. Marie Valeria, Matilda Amelia ; S. 22 April 1868. EMPERORS OF GERMAIHT AND AUSTRIA. 3. LOT^AIRE I., d. 855- Louis. Kin.' of Bavaria. 4. LOUIS II., 875. , 1 House of Chaklemaqne, 1. CHAKLEMAGNE, d. 814. 2. LOUIS, le Bebonnaire, 840. Alpajg. Luitgarde. Carloman, 880. 8. ARNcIld. 8qo. Begon, Count of --;— T.^OHARLBS. Paris. «. lAuIS. III., B. CHARLES, the Bald, d. 877. the Fat, 868. Otto, D. of Saxony. House op Saxony. 11. HENi[y I., 936. 9. LEWIS IV., 912. Placidia. Eberardus. Dudes. Conrad, D. of Franconia. 10, coWrad I., king. ike Stammerer, 880. Jui dit'h. 12. OTHO L, the Great. 973. | ^™P- Conrad L Ludolph, D. of Prauconia. 13. OT^O II,. 983- Otho, D. of Prancouia 14. QTHO III. Hemy, D. of Francooia. ^°°^- House op Franconia. 16. CONRiDII.,1039. 17. HENiv III., 1056. 18. HENi[yiV.,iio6. Placidia. Henry, D. of Bavaria. Hildegarde, Thierry I., Couu of Holland. Baldwin I., 878. Thierry II.. 947- BaldwinIL,9i8. ' Thieny III., 9S8. Arnold, I., 964. Amola, 995. Baldwin. Ill, 961. Thieny IV., 1039. Arnold 11., 988. Plorent I., 1061. Baldwin IV., 1034. Thierry V., 1091 Baldwin V., 1067. Plorent II, Matilda. Hermann, Count of Northeim. Sigfned I. Sifffried II. Henry J), of Saxony. Risa^ heiress of laxony. Henry. 15. HEjnIrY II. WiUiam, the Conqueror, of England. Henry I. , of England, 1135. Empress Matilcfa, 1167. Earl of Anjou. Henry II., 1189. Thieny ^1., 1163, Florent III.. 1190. "William I., 1223, Florent IV. ,1235. ST.WILLIAJIII., 1335. j 20.LOTHAIREII. 19. HENRY v., 1125, Maud. '* LeoDold lV^°M Palatine I of Eiscbweiler. 20 FRilDE- Elector ■^ii^h ^■' Palatine. Elector Palinate. 21. CHARLES LOUIS, Elector Palinate. 22. CHARLES, Elector Palatine. Christian ™_ . ,, L, „ Ausustus. Christian II. , Palatine I of Birkeufeld. Theodore. ™. . ^. I ,,,, ^ A— I Christian III., Palatine LES Jolia- ^^ Birkenfeld. William, „„ _J, 19. FREDE- Elector Palatine. RICK IV., I Elector 1 Palatine. 24. Ji 26. CHARLES Frederick. THEODORE, Palatine of Sulzbach, Elector Palatine of Bavaria. JOHN, Duke of Bavaria Munich, 1397. ERNEST, iuke of Bavaria Munich, 1438. ALBERT III.,' Duke of Bavaria Munich, 1460. ALBERT IV. 'Duke of Bavaria Munich, 1505. WILLIAM IV.,' Duke of Bavaria Munich ALBERT v., l)uke of all Bavaria, 1573. WILLIAM V.', duke of Bavaria, 1626, MAXIMILIAN,, Ellector of Bavana, 1651. FERDINAND, Elector of Bavana, 1679. MAXIMILIAN, Elector of Bavaria. CHARLES Albert, Elector of Bavaria, (Charles VII., Emperor of Germany, 174S-) CHARLES MAXIMILIAN Joseph, Elector of Bavaria. EiNGs OF Bavaria. MAXIMILIAN I. Joseph, 1825. Wilhelmina Augusta, of Hesse Darmstadt, 179S. Caroline, of Baaen, 1841. LOUIS I., Charles Charlotte Augusta Augustus, 1786-1S68, now Caroline, o£ abdicated, 1848. Austria, 6. 1792. Theresa Charlotte, &c., of Saxe-Altenburg, b. 1792. Charles Theodore b. I79S- Elizabeth Louisa, &. 1801. Frederic William IV., of Prussia. Amelia Augusta, b. 1801. John, of Saxony. Fredenca, &c., Mary, kc-, b. j^5^ b. 1805. Charles Joseph, Frederick, of Austria. of Saxony. Louisa, &c.,. ^^.^1808. Maximilian,. of Bavaria. MAxLaIILIAN IL Matilda Otho Frederick, Joseph 1864. Caroline, &c.. King of Greece, Frederica Augusta _ &■ 1813. 1S67. Mary, of Prussia, Louis II.. of I Hesse, b. 1806. Luitpold Charles, &c., 6. iSai. Augusta Ferdinanda, &c.,of Tuscany. LOUIS IL.Otho, b. 1845. Otho William, b. 1848. Adelgonda Augusta, &c., 5- 1823- Francis V, , of Austria Este, b. 1779- Alexandra Amelia, b. 1826. Adalbert William, Ac, b. iSsS. Amelia Philippina,, of Spain, 6. 1834, BELGIUM. The iiistory of the royal family of Belgium is that of the house of Saxony, to the birth of Leo- ipold the first king of the Belgians. Ernest, the eldest son of Francis duke of Saxe Coburg .Saalfeld, succeeded to liis father's dukedom in 1806 ; and, having manied the daughter of the duke of Saxe Gotha, who died without heirs male, succeeded also to the dominions of that prince in 1825. His brother Leopold was bom on the i6th December 1790. At the age of fifteen he was well acquainted with the classical and the principal modern languages, and had studied the sciences and public law. The marriage of his sister with the grand duke ConBtantine, induced him to enter the service of Russia, which he was, however, obliged to leave in 1810 to attend to the alfairs of Saxe Coburg, after which he travelled till 1813. He then re-entered the Kussian army, and served with much distinction in the campaigns which terminated by the entry of the allies into Paris and the final overthrow of Napoleon. At the visit of the allied sovereigns to this country, he accompanied the emperor Alexander, and it was then that he became acquainted with the princess Charlotte, whom he manied, 2 May 1816, when a pension was granted to him of 50,000?. a year. After the death of the princess in 1817, he lived in retire- ment at Claremont till the beginning of 1830, when he was ofiered the crown of Greece. Having refused this offer, he was soon afterwai-ds requested to accept that of Belgium, which he did on the 12th Julj' 1S31. He made his entry into Brussels on the 21st, from which date he gave up 35,oooZ, of the pension he had derived from England, stipulating only that the Claremont estate should be kept up. In 1830 he man-ied the princess Louisa of Orleans, daughter of Louis PhiUppe, and in the same year hostilities were commenced against Belgium by Holland, when a French army came to the assistance of the Belgians, and took the citadel of Antwerp. It was not till 10 April 1830, however, that the diflerences between Belgium and Holland were finally settled by treaty. I'l 1S33 was promulgated the constitution of Belgium, which is one of the most liberal in Europe. It insures civil and political equality, the right of meeting, the equality of all a-eligions, and the liberty of the press. The executive power is placed in the hands of the king, the legislative power being confided to two chambers elected by almost universal suffrage. It ■was always the greatest desire of king Leopold I. to rule according to the provisions of this con- .stitution and to satisfy public opinion, which he had gr-eat tact in ascertaining. The most ■serious difficulties of his reign were occasioned by the antagonism of the two gi-eat parties (the catholic and the liberal) which have divided Belgium. Each of these, by turn, has had the ascendency, and they still continue t6 exist. Belgium passed through the critical period of 1848 Tvithout any serious commotion, although some feeble republican manifestations were made. In i860 vague rumours of annexation to France produced a number of loyal addresses to the king, and gave rise to the volunteer movement throughout the country. The Belgian government has ■entered into treaties of commerce with France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Sweden and Norway. Conventions have also been entered into with France and other countries for the pro- tection of literary and artistic property, by which Belgian piracy has been virtually abolished. Leopold I. died 10 December 1865, and was succeeded by his son Leopold Louis Philip Maria Victor II.,. who was bom 9 April, 1835. In the speech which he made to both chambers ■of the legislature on the day of his inauguration, 17 Dec. 1866, he said, "I shall religiously follow the example and precepts of my father, I will be a Belgian from my heart and souL 1 love those great institutions which guarantee order and liberty, and which ai'e the most solid bases of the throne." The respect aiid admii'ation which the king has always evmced for parliamentaiy liberty, have nobly redeemed these words. In Oct. 1866 he and his subjects gained great popularity among Englishmen, by the magnificent manner in which they received and entertained a large body of English volunteers who had gone over to celebrate the anniversary of Belgian national independence. In the return visit, the following year, the Belgian volunteers were greeted in London with equal cordiality and enthusiasm. Before the accession to the throne, king Leopold II. travelled through Egypt, Lower Nubia, and Sinai, and is the only reigning sovereign who has ever visited India and China. In 1866 he was created a knight of the garter. On 22 Jan. 1869, he lost his only son, the prince royal, Leopold, duke of Brabant, Viho died after a lingering illness in his tenth year. In Nov. 1869, the king visited London, was ■entertained by the queen, and by the coi-poration of London, and received a lai-ge deputation from the officers of the anny, navy, and volunteers, accompanied by the mayors of most of the cities of Great Britain. Leopold II. manied (22 Aug. 1853) Maria Menricita Anne, archduchess of Austria, by whom he has issue : i. ,Zmiise Marie Amelie ; bom 18 Feb. 1858 ; married prince Philip of Saxe- ■Coburg Gotha, 4 Feb. 1875. 2. Leopold Ferdinand ; born 12 June 1859 ; died 22 Jan. 1869. 3. Stephanie Clotilda Louise Herminie Marie Charlotte ; born 21 May 1864. 4. ClcDientine Alherte Marie Leopoldine ; born 30 July 1872. The heir presumptive is Philip, count of Flanders, brother to the king, born 24 March 1837 ; married princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Signraringen, 25 April 1867. Issue : Baldwin, and thi-ee •daughters. Pi ^ o p i" 1— 1 p o 1-3 lb" f£i ^ m pR 1 oo 6 ^ o 1 OS 00 CQ cS 5 1— 1 c4 iz; o O n3= §1 1— 1 M 1 H CQ S-s EH O O |3 H gjt^ a loo H ^vo O o S 02 S H ln-9 Q ^5 ■=0 a .oo « M 03 l5 "^ a a s '^< P< r? S 5j iA .2 a 'S.SP 11-^ oo -ajS 1^ Ih- I— I ro O CO §-• 1-1 Cvl ■ pqrO ■■hS. '3 " a J . Fr n:J ■^00 o ^ o P ^ Li-> jr BRAZIL. Brazil, from its discovery almost simultaneously by Vicente Yaiiez Pinzon and Pedro Alvarez Cabral in 1500, until recent times was the most important possession of Portugal beyond the seas. Many attempts were made from the sixteenth to the eignteonth century by the French and Dutch to gain a settlement on its coasts, but both eventually failed. The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 having compelled the royal house of Braganza to leave that country, they retired to Brazil, and landed there in 1808. In 1815 Brazil was raised by John VI. to the rank of a kingdom, and his eldest son, dom Pedro, was left by him as regent upon his return to Portugal in 1821. The speedy recall of the regent by the Cortes at Lisbon brought to a climax the growing discontent of the Brazilians with the Portuguese government, and dom Pedro was urged to refuse compliance with the orders that he had received. The independence of Brazil was declared in 1822, and dom Pedro crowned emperor, but these acts were not recognised by Poi-tugal until 1825. Upon the death of king John VI. in 1826, the crown of Portugal devolved upon the emperor dom Pedro, the two countries thus being again united under the same sovereign. The emperor, however, resigned the Poi'tiiguese throne to his daughter, dona Maria da Gloria, in order that the old discontent with the mother country might not be revived. Nevertheless, disputes arose between the emperor and the chamber of deputies, which, with the disordered state of the national finances, increased the universal dissatisfaction to such an extent that dom Pedi'o resolved to abdicate, 7 April 1831, in favour of his infant son, the present emperor. Dom Pedro I. died at Lisbon, 24 Sept. 1S34, at the age of thirty-six. Dom Pedro II. d' Alcantara (John Charles ^Leopold Salvador Bibiano Francis Xavier de Paul Leocadio Michael Gabriel Eaphael Gonzaga), emperor of Brazil, only son of the emperor dom Pedro I., and his first wife, the empress Maria Leopoldina Caroline Josephine, second daughter of Francis L, emperor of Austria, was bom at Rio Janeiro, 2 Dec. 1825. He ascended the throne in accordance with the act of abdication of his father, signed at Boavista, 7 April 1831, under the guardianship of the celebrated Jose Bonifacio de AJidrada e Silva. The affairs of the empu-e were directed by a council of regency of three persons until Oct. 1835, when Diego Antonio Feijo became sole regent. He was replaced in Sept. 1837 by Pedro de Araujo Lima, afterwards marquis of OUnda, who held the office until the majority of the young emperor, wliich was fixed for the completion of his eighteenth year. His aptitude for business and his popularity were, however, so great that he was declared of age by the Chambers, 23 July 1840. He accordingly assumed the reins of government, and his coronation took place 18 July 1841. His higMy cultivated abilities and varied attainments bear ample testimony to the care with which his education was directed by the eminent statesman who was his guardian. The chief measures of his reign have been directed with much success to the increase of the commercial and agricultural prosperity of Brazil, and to ^the extinction of slavery throughout the empire. He is also a warm patron of science, literature, and of all industrial enterprises. The wreck and plunder of the British ship "Prince of "Wales " in 1861, at Albardao, on the coast of Brazil, and the murder of some of the crew, led to reprisals on the pai-t of the British, and eventually, in 1863, to a suspension of diplomatic intercourse between the two countries, which was not resumed until more than two years after. The decision of the late king of the Belgians in favour of Bi-azil, in further disputes that arose in Great Britain out of this affair, tended greatly to establish the Brazilian ^resiij/e in Europe. The war with Eosas, the dictator of Buenos Ayres, in 1851-52, and that which broke out with Paraguay, at the close of 1864, in which Brazil has been aUied with TJmguay and the Argentine Confederation, have still further extended the influence of the empire, the emperor himself leading the army against the forces of Lopez, but latterly it was imder the oommand of the count of Eu. The emperor visited London, and became a fellow of the Royal Society, and member of the Royal Institution, in 187 1. He and the empress were present at the opening of the International Exhibition, at Philadelphia, 10 May 1876. The president of the ministry is the duke de Caxias, 25 June 1875. Dom Pedro II. married in person, 4 Sept. 1843, the princess Theresa Christina Maria, fourth daughter of the late Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies, The empress was bom 14 March 1822, and has had issue, besides two sons who died in infancy, two daughters : — 1. The princess imperial dona Isabella Christina Leopoldina Augusta Michaella Gabriella Eapnaella Gonzaga, bom 29 July 1846, and married at Rio Janeiro, 15 Oct. 1864, to Louis Philip Maria Ferdinand Gaston of Orleans, count of Eu, (born 29 April 1842,) eldest son of Louis, duke of Nemours, and grandson of Louis Philippe, late king of the French. She is the beiress presumptive to the throne. Son born 15 Oct. 1875. 2. Princess dona Leopoldina Theresa Frances Caroline Michaella Gabriella Raphaella Gonzaga, born 13 July 1847, and married 15 Dec. 1864, to prince Louis AugiisUis Maria Eudes of Saxe-Coburg-Cohary, (born 9 Aug. 1845), second son of prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg- Cohary, and grandson of Louis Pliilippe, late king of the French, by whom she has issue three sons, Pedro, bora 19 March, 1866, Augiistus, bora 6 Dec. 1867, Josi, bom 21 May 1869 ; Luis, bom 1870. Bo o W esq o ^ ^ Fd ti-i FQ rt" ^ "w O ^1 <5 s. M S s II S to O 1^ ft, 00 Pi < *gi oi Si H < O O enil of the, PEDRO Emperor E-i M n [I o •SCO !25 tS it. H O OQ o 'S w 'fcc? o i^ <" ri s .S J^ ^ H T3 O w w-s ^ IH a 'c3 S o 1-3 00 Tl o Ph CJ 03 -a [| a rn *G OJ ;^^ 00 cS '-' pi 03 P^ & CD & . ■^J-H ' — ] -Il ^ o is a >i br T- p! rt rS K_ vo a : ) rt ao ■n a> 7^ i^ Q rC l=( i7? II 5 o\ ^ *■* a =? w II -a M O) to m -: ^ O* fi -a m o irj -a ro 1 35 BRUNSWICK, The founiler of the family of Brunswick is generally considered to bo Albert Azzo, margi-are of Este, Tvlio, towai-ds the end of the eleventh century, manied Cunigunda, a daughter of Gueljih, of the family of the counts of Altdorf. His son, Guelph I., acquired the dukedom of Bavaria, and inherited all the possessions of the Guelph family. His successors continued to add to their territory principally by their alliances, until their dominions reached from Italy to the Baltic. The gi-eat grandson of Guelph I., Henry the Lion, displeased the emperor Frederick I., and was deprived of Bavaria, Saxony, Austria, and other possessions by ban of the empii-e, in 1180, and was allowed to retain only Luneburg, Kalenberg, Gottingen, Grubenhagen, and Brunswick Wolfenbuttel. Otto, the grandson of Hem-y the Lion, was the first to receive the title of duke of Brunswick. At his death, his possessions were divided between his two sons Albert and John, but became united again, under Magnus IL, in cousequenc^ of the extinction of the line founded by John. Magnus left fo\ir sons, of whom Frederick, his immediate successor, became emperor of Germany; Bernard continued the main line, and Henry foimded the intermediate line of Brunswick, which became extinct in 1634. Ernest, a descendant of Bernard, inherited Brunswick and Luneburg. His eldest son Henry, duke of Lunebui'g Dacneburg, founded th& line of Brunswick "Wolfenbuttel, and William, his yoimger son, that of Brunswick Luneburg. The great grandson of the latter, George Louis, became king of England in 1714. At the death of Augustus, the son of Henry, the line of Brunswick "Wolfenbuttel, was divided! into two branches. Ferdinand Albert, the son of Augustus, inherited the duchy of Bevem, and. founded the line of that name, and his nephews, Augustus "William and Louis Eodolph^ dying without male issue, he succeeded to their title and reunited the territory. During the reign of his great gi-andson Charles "William Ferdinand, who was killed at the battle of Auerstadt, Brunswick was occupied by the French, and taken to form the kingdom of "West- phalia. Frederick William, son of the la-st mentioned, a general in the English service, distinguished himself greatly in the war against France, at the head of 7000 of his own troops, including his celebrated regiment of hussars, the Black Bmnswickers. In 1813, he was- enabled to assume the government of his dominions, but at the return of Napoleon from Elba, he again took the field, and was killed at Quatre Bras, 16 July 1S15, leaving two sons to the- guardianship of their uncle, the prince regent of England, afterwards George lY. Charles (Frederick Augustus William) the elder, was born 30 Oct. 1804, and Augustus Louis William Maximilian Frederick, 25 April 1806. Their infancy was passed in exile ;. first, in Sweden, with their mother, afterwards at Baden and Vienna, and ultimately in England. At the death of their father, Charles succeeded to the duchy, which was governed diuing his minority, by count Munster, the regent's minister at Hanover. He was declared of age, in October, 1823, and, two years afterwards, ruled in person. Dming his seven years' reign I1& was constantly at variance with his uncle, George I"V". of England, as to the disposal of his private fortune. Finally, by what prince Metternioh termed a "revolution de famiUe," he was forced to quit his duchy, and further declared by the Germanic Diet incapable of reigning. His brother, who was then at Berlin, immediately assumed the government, and was recognised by the Diet' and by his family, as the legal successor, 20 April 1831. His rule, at first, did not give entire satisfaction, but, in 1848 and 1849, he established trial by jury, the equality of all religions before the law, liberty of the press, and various other liberal measures, which had probably the efi"ect of preventing a, revolution in his dominions, during that critical period. Charles died 18 Aug. 1S73. As the reigning duke, like his brother, has no issue, the duchy would have reverted to the house of Hanover, had not that family been deprived of its territories. Brunswick now forms part of the German empire. DESCENT OP THE DUKES OP BRUNSWICK. Albert Azzo II., Margrave t- Cunigunda, datio:hter of Guelph II., of Este, 1081. I of the family of the Counts of Altdorf. Dukes op Bavakia created by the Emperor Henry IV. in 107 i. Guelph, iioi. Henry, the BUwIc, 1125. Henry, /fee Prmtd^ 1139. Henry, Ike Lion, Dulce of Saxony, Brunswick, ^PMatilda," daughter of Henry 11., and Luuehiirg, 1195. Dukes ov Brunswick. ■yrilliam of Winchester, =pHelen, of Denmark. Duke of Luneburg, 1213. OTHO, iiist Duke of Brunsmck Luneburg, 1232. ALBERT, the Great, 1279. King of England. ALBERT, the Fat, 1318. MAGNUS I., 1368. MAGNUS II., 1373. FEBDERICK, 1400. Elected Emperor of Germany. WILLIAM, Duke of Brunswick, 1292. BD, i434=rl BERNABb, i434=f Margaret of Saxony. OTHO, Dnke of Luneburg, 1543. FREDERICK fte Jtlsf, 147S. OTH0, the Megnanimoits, Duke of Luneburg, 1471. HENRY, the Young, 1532. ERNEST, Duke of Zelle, 1546. William, Duke of Zelle and Luneburg, 1592. of Brunswick Duke of Bruns- Duke of Bruns- Duke of Bruns- Duke of ] Eleanor, Luneburg. wick Luneburg. wick Limeburg. wick Luneburg. Hanover, I of Hesse 1 64 1 I Darm- 1 1 1 1 .stadt. Henry, Duke of Luneburg Danneberg, 1598, AUGUSTUS, 1666, Duke of | f T I I Brunswick Wolfenbuttel. ERNEST, Duke CHRISTIAN, AUGUSTUS, FREDERICK, GEORGE.t: Anne FERDINAND ALBERT, Duke of Brunswick Bevem, 1687. FERDINAND, 1755= Amelia of Brunswick. CHARLES, Duke of Brunswick, 1780. CHARLES WILLIAM, 1806. FREDERICK WILLIAM, 1815. Cliristian, Duke of Zelle. George -pEleanora Ernest, firstr^oi^ia. William, Desmicrs. Elector of | 1705. Hanover, I l6g8. I Sopbia=GcorgeI., King GEORGE, I., 1727, of England. King of England. CHARLES FERDINAND WILLIAM, bom 1804 ; deposed by the Diet, 1830 : died 1873. AUGUSTUS LOUIS WILLI.'i.M, bom i8o€. DENMAEK. The ancient kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, were united by the ti-eaty or union of Calmar, in 1397, under queen Margaret, who has heen styled the Semiramis of the North, and this union contmued imtil Sweden, led hy Gustavus Vasa, in 1521, enforced its separation from the two other kingdoms. In 1448 the late royal house of Oldenburg ascended the throne in the person of Christian, count of Oldenburg, who was also elected count of Holstein and duke of Sohleswig in 1459. His descendants were elected kings without intennission untU 1665, when Frederick III. changed the elective into an hereditary and absolute monarchy vested in his pwn family. Norway remained annexed to Denmark untU 1814, when it was ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel in exchange for Pomerania and Biigen, which were again exchanged in 181 s with Prussia for the duchy of Lauenburg. The Oldenburg dynasty was terminated by the death without issue of king Frederick VII., 15 November 1863, when the crown devolved upon the reigning sovereign by virtue of the protocol of Warsaw, 24 May — S J*™^ 1851, and of the conference-protocol concluded in London, 8 May 1852, by the great European powers, and following the law of the Danish succession passed 31 July 1853, by which the throne was settled in the line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gliicksburg. Christian IX., king of Denmark, of the Vandals' and of the Goths, duke of Schlesivig-Holstein, Stormasken, Ditmarsken, Lauenborg, and Oldenborg, is the fourth son of the late duke Frede- rick William Paul Leopold, of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, by the duchess ioMisa; Caroline, daughter of the landgrave Charles of Hesse-CasseL He was bom at the castle of Luisenlund, near Schleswig, 8 April 181 8, and for some time occupied the post of inspector- general and commander-in-chief of the Danish cavalry. When the insurrection broke out in the duchies in 1848, he was the only prince of the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gliicks- burg who remained in the military service of Denmark during the war of 1848-50. He ascended the throne in accordance with the above-mentioned acts upon the decease of king Frederick VII., November 15, 1863, at a time when the relations between Denmark and the duchies had assumed a most critical aspect. His first act was to give his assent to the new constitution that had been passed by the rigsraad. Duke Frederick of Schleswig- Holstein-Sonderburg-Augusten- burg immediately asserted his claims to the sovereignty of the duchies, although his father, duke Christian, had renounced in favour of Denmai-k all his rights to them for a compensation of 3,500,000 dollars, 30 Dec. 1852. The aspect of affairs wafs thus completely changed, and the Diet of the Geimanio Confederation resolved to support the pretensions of duke Frederick. Federal execution was decreed at Frankfort, 21 Dec. 1863, and the Saxon and Hungarian troops entered Altona. The Danes thereupon retired from Holstein in order to avoid a collision with the Federal army. Dissensions, however, arose between Austiia and Prussia and the rest of the Germanic Confederation, and resulted in an alliance of the fonner powers to secure to themselves the entire direction of the war in opposition to the wishes of the Diet. The Austrian and Prussian troops occupied Holstein, and invaded Schleswig after overcoming by mere force of numbers the heroic defence of the Danes. An eventful campaign ensued for the possession of the duchies, and after many desperate contests the decisive assault by the allies of the fortifications of Diippel, the bom- bardment of Alsen, and the occupation of Jutland, led to the termination of hostilities by a treaty of peace, signed at Vienna, 30 Oct. 1864. By this ti-eaty the king of Denmark renounced all his rights to the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, and placed them at the disposal of the allies. He also consented to a rectification of the Danish frontier, and to the indemnification by the duchies of the allies for the expenses incurred by them during the war. The inhabitants of the duchies were accordingly released from their allegiance, 16 Nov. 1864. The only subsequent events of importance have been the new constitution, sanctioned by the king in July 1866, and the treaty for sale of the Danish West Indian islands of St. Thomas and St. John to the United States in October 1867 for £1,500,000, which, however, has not been as yet ratified by the latter power. The president of the ministry is J. B. S. Estrup, appointed 1 1 June 1875. King Christian married, 26 May 1842, Louise Wilhelmine Frederikke Caroline Auguste Julie, princess of Fressen-Cassel, daughter of the late landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel, and of the princess Louise Charlotte, of Denmark, sister of king Christian VIII. The queen was bom, 7 Sept. 1817, and has issue: — 1. The crown prince Christian Fredcrik William Carl, general, heir-apparent to the throne, bom 3 June 1843. He man-ied, 28 July 1869, the princess Louisa, only child of Charles XV., king of Sweden and Norway, who was born 31 Oct. 1851. (Three children.) 2. Princess AUjxiiidra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julie, bom i Dec. 1844, and married, 10 March 1863, to Albert Echjoard, prince of Wales. 3. Prince Christian fFtWieZm Ferdinand Adolph Georg, born 24 Dec. 1845, became Georg I.j king of the Hellenes, 6 June 1863. See Greece. 4. Princess Maria Sophia Frederikke Dagmar, bom 26 Nov. 1847, now gi-andduchess Maria Feodorovna. Married, 9 Nov. 1866, Alexander Alexandi-ovitch, czarevitch of Kussia. 5. Princess Thyra Amalia Caroline Charlotte Anna, bom 29 Sept. 1853. 6. Prince Valdemar, bom 27 Oct. 1858. DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF DENMARK. Tlieodoric, the Fortmiats, Connt of OMenbiu'g, 1440. 1. CHPJSTIAjSr I., ele ct ed King of De nmark, 1448, d._n&i. Dorothy, widow of Cliristopher, King of Denmark. 2. JOHN, 15 13. 4. FEEDERICK I., 1533. 3. CHRISTIAN 11. , deposed 5. CHRISTIAN III., 1559. 1523, d. 1550. I John, 15 1 7. 6. FREDERICK II., 1588. John, Duke of Sonderburg, I d. 1622. 7. CHRISTIAN IV., 1648. 8. FREDERICK III., 1670. 9. CHRISTIAN v., 1699. I 10. FREDERICK IV., 1730. 11. CHRISTIAN VI., 1746. 12. FREDERICK V., 1766. Alexander, 1627. Augustus, 1675. Frederick, 1727. Frederick. Chai-les. 13. CHRISTIAN VII., 1808. Frederick. Sophia, of Mecklenburg- Schwerin. 14. FREDERICK VI., 1839. I 1 5. CHRISTIAN VIII., i^ Charlotte Fredei-ica, of Charles Augustus, Mecldenburg-Schwerin. FredeflcaTof Schheben. 16. FEEDEEICK VII., 1863. Frederick William Paul Leopold, ofSchleswig- Holstein-Sonderburg- Gl iicksbnrg, 1831 . Louisa Caroliaie, of Hesse; 17, CHRI STIAN IX ., &. 181S. Louisa Wilhehiiina, of Hesse Ca.ssel. Frederick, Alexandra "William, now Dagmar, now Maria Thyra, Valdemar, 1>. 1843. b. 1S44. George, King of Feodorovna,6. 1847. 5.1853. &. 1858. Louisa, of Sweden, Albei-t Ed- G reece, h. 1S45. Alexander, of J.1851. ward, Prince Olga, of En.ssia. Russia, of Wales. h 2 EGYPT. Egtpt, which had been under the sovereignty of the Borgeeh or Cii-cassian Mamelukes since 1382, Tras taken by Selim I., sultan of the Turks, in 1517. It then became tributary to Turkey,_and was governed by Mameluke beys, under a pacha appointed by the sultan, till the French invasion of 1799. The French iaving been dispossessed in 1801 by the English, the Tui-kish govei-nment was restored. Me- heniet AJi, a man of humble origin, who had been raised to high command in the Turldsh army, was at that time Avith his eoi-ps of Albanians at Cairo, and became popular on account of the strict discipline and order which he maintained among his ovra troops, whose behaviour contrasted favoui-ably mth that of the Mamelukes, who had rendered themselves odious by numerous acts of violence. Having been proclaiiued pacha in 1804, Mehemet Ali refused the dignity, which was then confeixed on Khurshed. The latter, however, in a short period, became detested on account of his exactions, and then Mehemet Ali declared against him, and, ivith the suppoi-t of the sheiks and backed by the interest of France- was appointed to the pachaUc of Egypt by the sultan in 1806. The first few years of his reign were passed m contentions \vith the Mamelukes, whose power, however, he effectually subdued by the mas- sacre of their chiefs in 1811. Having overcome opposition in Egypt, the efforts of Mehemet Ali were directed to the accomplishment of a scheme for emancipating himself from the yoke of Turkey ; and in 1830 a oii-cumstance occurred wliich served him, as a pretext, for setting the authority of his sovereign at defiance.. Several thousand fellahs had quitted Egypt, and settled at Acre. On the refusal of Ab- dallah, the pacha of that city, to give them up, Mehemet Ali sent an expedition, under the command of his reputed son, Ibrahim, to enforce his demands. This expedition, on account of a serious outbreak of cholera did not start till the foUoTi-ing year, when SjTia was invaded, and the towns of Gaza, Jaffa, and Cai'ffa, soon sun-endered. Acre resisted longer and made a heroic defence, but was, at length, taken by assault after. a six months' siege. The invasion of Syria being a clear act of rebellion, the sultan decreed the deposition of the viceroy and his son, and sent an army against them. The Tiu-ks were defeated at Homs (Emesa), ig July 1832, and again at Konieh, 20 Dec. 1832, when the forces of the sultan were so completely shattered that the empire itself was, for a moment, at the mercy of the conqueror. The piincipal European powers then intervened and matters were arranged, for a time, by the treaty of Kutameh, 14 May 1832, Syria remaining in the possession of Ibrahim. The systematic evasion, on the part of the pacha, of all obligations entered into between the Porte and other countries, especially Eng- land and Austria, compelled the sultan, in order to maintain good relations abroad, to enforce Ma authority by anns. He Avas again unsuccessful in the field (24 June 1839), and had the further mortifi- cation of seeing the Turkish admiral pass overAvith his fleet to the enemy (14 July 1839). The triumph of the pacha then seemed complete. Negotiations were then attempted by the pi-mcipal powers, but France, whose influence had always been paramount with the pacha, could not be brought to coun- tenance any measm-es of coercion against him. England, Austria, Prussia, and Bussia, therefore, signed the treaty of London, without France, and began operations immediately. Sidon, JJeyrout, and Acre were captured, and the Egj-ptians were driven out of Syria. On the other hand, the sultan was pre- vailed upon by the powers to make the pachaUc of Egj'pt hereditarj' in the family of Mehemet Ali. Mehemet AJi abdicated in favour of his adopted son Ibrahim in Sept. 1848, and died, 2 Aug. 1849. Ibrahim reigned only a few months, dying 10 Nov. 1848. The successors of Ibrahim were Abbas, the son of Tussun Bey, Mehemet's eldest son, who died, 14 July 1854; Said, the fourth son of Mehemet, who died, 18 Jan. 1863. Ismail Pacha, the present viceroy, who assumed the title of khedive (by firman, 8 June 1867) is the second son of Ibrahim, and was bom at Cairo, 31 Dec. 1830. He was educated with his eldest brother, Ahmed Eifaat, at the Stafl' College, at Paris. On his return to Egypt in 1849, he joined the party then ojiposed to the viceroy Abbas. In 1855, he was sent by his uncle, Mohammed Said, on a confidential mission to the court of France, and on his return, through Italy, ™ited the pope, to whom he was the bearer of an autograph letter of the viceroy, accompanied by magnificent presents. In the absence of Said from Egypt, 1861, he earned on the government, and at the end of the same year took command of an aniiy sent to subdue some revolted tribes on the frontiers. He succeeded to the pachalic at the death of his uncle Said, on the 18 Jan. 1863. One of his first cares was to promote the cultivation of cotton, the supply of which had become veiy much diminished in consequence of the American civU war. In Nov. 1 865, he estabUshed an Assembly of Deputies, which, however, has the power of discussing such subjects only as the viceroy chooses to lay before it. The policy of the viceroy, which, in accordance with that of his family, seems to be directed to the ultimate emancipation of Egypt from the sovereignty of the Porte, lately tlneatened to cause a rupture between him and his suzerain. He has, however, thought proper to accept the conditions set forth in a late firman of the sultan, requiring that aU taxes should be levied in the sultan's name, that no new taxes should be imposed without necessity, and that no new foreign loan should be contracted without the sultan's authorisation. He has also intimated his wUlingness to surrender to the Porte the breech- loaders and ironclads which had been ordered by him. The reign of Ismail Pacha will be remembered in connection -nith the successful completion, in 1869, of the canal through the Isthmus of Suez ; a work commenced in 1858, during the pachalic of Said, and carried thi-ough, with indomitable energy and perseverance, by its projector, M. Ferdinand de Lesseps, now duke of Suez, in spite of considerable opposition from various quarters, as well as from the present Wceroy himself, at the beginning of his reign. The canal was opened in the presence of the viceroy, the emperor of Austria, and the empress of the French, 17 Nov. 1869. The khedive's shares in the canal were purchased for the British government, Nov. 1875. After much discussion Ms financial affairs were aminged by Messrs. Goschen and Joubert on behalf of Ms creditors ; agi-eemeut signed 10 Jfov. 1876. SUCCESSION OF THE VICEROYS OF EGYPT. 1. MEHEMET ALI, 1S06-48, .abdicated ; d. 1S49. 2. IBEAHIM, 1S48. Tussun, 1816. 3. ABBAS, 1S54.. 4. SAID, 1863. Ahmed Pdfaat, 185 5. ISMAIL, h. 1830. jVIeliemed Tewfik, h. 1S5:!. Mustapha, J. 1832. FRANCE— LEGITIMIST. Hexet IV., the first prince of the house of Bourhon, who reigned in France, came to the throne in August 1389, when the family of Valois became extinct at the death of Henry III. The Bourbons reigned until Louis XVI., the fifth sovereign of the line was deposed and executed. 21 Jan. 1793. In 1814 the dynasty was restored in the person of Louis XVIII., who was, however, obliged to leave France on the return of Napoleon from Elba, but was brought back again by the allies, after the battle of "Waterloo, in 1815. At his death, in 1824,, he was succeeded by his brother, Charles X., who reigned till July 1830, when in consequence of his ordinances, suppressing the liberty of the press, and reconstituting the Chamber of Deputies, a revolution took place in Paris, which ended in the expulsion of the elder branch of the Bourbon family from the country. Henry Charles Ferdinand Maria Dieudonne d'Artois, duke of Bordeaux, and count of Cham- bord (styled Henry V. of France), the representative of the elder branch of the house of Bourbon, was born at Paris on the 29th of Sept. 1820. He is the son of Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, duke of Berry, who was assassinated, 13 Feb. 1820, and of Caroline Ferdinanda Louisa, daughter of Francis I., king of Naples, now the widow of the marquis Lucchesi Palli Campo Pignatelli. After the revolution of July 1830, his uncle, the duke of Angouleme, having renounced his rights to the throne as eldest son of Charles X., the latter abdicated in his favour, and he was proclaimed king of France, under the name of Henry V., in the presence of the troops assembled at Eambouillet. His reign, however, never had any practical existence, and he accom- panied his family into exile. For the next six years he resided by turns at Holyrood House, Prague, and Goritz, after which he spent a few years in visiting the military establishments of the principal countries of Europe, in most of which he was treated with honours which are Jisually only paid to de facto sovereigns. At the end of 1843 he settled for >• time in Jjondou at a house in Belgrave Square, where he established his court, and received the homage of the principal members of the legitimist party. Not having thought proper to take any active measures to advance his cause, when the revo- lution of February 1848 drove Louis Philippe from the throne, the political acts of the duke of Bordeaux have been limited principally to declarations in favour of the temporal jjower of the pope, to keeping together the members of the legitimist party, and to endeavouring to effect a imion with the Orleans branch of his family, in order that his prospects may be the better, should circumstances ever arise in his favour. On S July 1871, the count issued a letter professing devotion to France and adhesion to a liberal policy, but declining to give up the white flag of Henry IV., and on 29 Jan. 1872, he declared that he would not become a legitimate king by revolution ; on 5 Aug. 1873, the Orleanist princes recognised the rights of the comte. In a manifesto signed "Henri V. 2 July 1874," he says, "France has need of monarchy. My birth has made me your king. ... I reject the formula of modem importation, which all our national traditions repudiate, with its king who reigns, and does not govern." On 16 Nov. 1846, he married Maria Theresa Beatrix Gaetana, the eldest daughter of the duke of Modena (bom 14 July 1817), and has no children. FRANCE— LEGITIMIST. HOUSB OF BouaBON". PHARAM0ND,427. CLODTO, 448. Albro. Taubertua, 526. Ansbert. Amold, 601. St. Arnold, 640. Anchises, 679. Pepin, of Heristal, 714. ChildeDrand. Nebelons, Count of Autun and Burgundj. Theodebcrt, Count of Mascon or Auton. Robert the Saxon. Robert, the Strong, 866, Count of Orleans, Duke of France. ROBERT, 923. Hush, the Great, 95^. Count irf Paris. HUGH CAPET, 997- Robert, 1031. HBNRYI..106G. PHILIP I.. 1108.J LOUIS VI.. 1137. LOUIS Vn.,ii8o. PHILIP II., X223. LOUIS VIIL, 1226. ST. LOUIS IX., 1270. Robert, Count of Clermont, 6th son «f Louis IX., King of France, 1317. Louii I., first Duke of Bourbon, 1341. James, Count of Marche, 136Z. John, I., 1393. Louis, Count of Yendftme, 1446. John II., 1477- PrancxB, 1495. Charles, 1537. Anthony, King of Navarre, 1562. HENRY IV., i6io. I. Margaret of Valois. z. Mai7of Sledicis. LOUIS XIII., 1643- LOUIS XIV., 1713. Philip I., Duke of Orleans, Louis, Dauphin, 1711. Louis, Duke of Burgundy, 1712. LOUIS XV., 1774. Louis, Dauphin, ijC£. [See Francc-OrleanUt.] LOUIS XVI., 1793. LOUIS XVIII.. 1824. CHARLES x!., abdicated. 1830. LOUIS XVIL, 1795. i ~ ^1 Louis Anthony, Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Dauphm. Bfirry, aBaagginated 14 Feb. iSao . Caroline, daughter of Ferdinand I King of the Two Sicilies, 6. 5 Nov. 1798 ; d. 1870. HENRY Charles Ferdinand Maria Dieudonn^j Duke of Bordeaux, 6. 29 Sept. 1820. Mary Theresa, Archduchess o Austria, eldest daughter of Francis IV., Duke of Modena, 6. 14 July 1817. FRANCE— IMPERIAL AND REPUBLICAN. The vast empire of Charlemagne, including not only tlie ancient Franeonia, tut likewise Saxony, Upper Italy, Spain, and Burgundy, became dismembered dm'ius; the feeble reign of his son and successor, Louis le D^bonnairo, and the Carlovingian dynasty came to an end with the death of Louis the Indolent in 987. Hugues Capet was thereupon elected king by the nobles, and the crown remained in his family until the decease of Charles IV. in 1328, when it passed to the house of Valois in the person of Philip VL, and continued in that line until the assassiuation of Henry III. in 1589. Henrj', king of Navan-e, then ascended the throne and established the dynasty of the Bourbons, who reigned until overthrown by the Revolution of 1792. The Fie.st Ebptjblic was then constituted, but was virtually terminated by the appointment of Napoleon Bonaparte as first consul in 1799. The Empire was proclaimed 18 May 1804, and ended with the abdication of Napoleon I., 22 June 1815. The restoration of the Bourbon dynasty followed, but was of short duration, for on the 30th of July 1830, Charles X. was deposed, and the succession transferred to the younger branch of the Bourbons, the house of Orleans. Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, was raised to the throne, 9 Aug. 1830, and occupied it until 24 Feb. 1848,' when he was compelled to abdicate. The Second Eepublio was then declared, and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president, which office he held until 2 Dec. 1852, when he was pro- claimed emperor. Napoleon III. (Charles Louis Napoleon), emperor of the French, was the third son of Louis Bonaparte, sometime long of Holland, brother of the emperor Napoleon I., by his wife Eug&ie Hortense de Beauhamais, daughter of the empress Josephine by her first mai-riage. He was bom at the palace of his mother, rue Cerute (since Lafitte), 20 April 1808, and was baptized by cardinal Fesoh at the palace of Fontainebleau, 10 Nov. 1810, the emperor Napoleon and the empress Maria Louisa being sponsors. At the age of seven his training in the school of adversity be- gan, when he left France as an exile. His education was most carefully conducted by his mother, and he went through the usual curriculum at the gymnasium of Augsburg. In 1824 they fixed their residence at Arenenberg, on the lake of Constance, and he became an officer in the Federal army. After having been engaged, in 1830, in the vain eSort of the Italians to regain their iu- dependence, he resolved on making at Strasbourg, 30 Oct. 1836, a rash attempt to gain pos- session of the throne of France. The affair proved a miserable failure, and he was arrested and exiled to America. He soon returned to England, and on the 6th of August, 1840, made a second descent upon the French coast near Boulogne, was again captured and sentenced to im- prisonment for life. Sent to the fortress of Ham, he remained there until 25 May, 1846, when he effected his escape to England in the disguise of a carpenter. Here he resided untU the revo- lution of 1848 broke out, when he was elected a member of the National Assembly. This honour he at first declined ; but uponlbeing afterwards re-elected, he accepted the position, and took his seat on the 26th of September. The choice of a president of the Republic ensued on the loth of December, and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected by an overwhelming majority. On the 2d of December, 1851, by a coup-d'etat he dissolved the National Assembly and decreed universal suffrage, and on the 22d of the same month was elected president for ten years. The re-estab- lishment of the empire in the person and family of the priace-president was voted by the senate, 7 Nov. 1852, and this being ratified by the voice of the nation, Louis Napoleon Bonapart* was proclaimed emperor, 2 Dec. 1852, by the title of Napoleon III. In Nov. 1853, an attempt was made to assassinate the emperor. The Crimean war, in which France and England were allied with Turkey against Russia, commenced in March 1854, and after several victories was ended by the treaty of Paris in March 1856. In April 1855, the emperor and empress visited FEANCB-IMPERIAL. London, and later in the sanie year two attempts were made upon the life of the emperor. Be- sides these, his assassination was attempted by Orsini and his accomplices in January 1858, as he ivas going to the opera. The Italian war arose in May 1859, and France entered into an alliance with Sardinia against Austria. The emperor himself took the command of the French army throughout the campaign, and defeated the Austrians at the battle of Magenta, 4. June, and again at Solferino, 24 June. Peace was agreed to at VUlafranca, 12 July, and the emperor returned to Paris, the empress having been left regent dui'ing his absence. The annexation of Savoy and Nice, 24 March i860, fonncd a sequel to the war, and in February the greatest part of the principality of Monaco was purchased for four million francs. "War was declared against Mexico, 16 April, 1862, of which the only result was to place the unfortunate archduke Maxi- milian upou the throne of that country. The convention with Italy for the evacuation of Eome was concluded, 15 Sept. 1864, in accordance with which the French troops left the Holy City ill Dec. 1865, but were at a later period compelled by unforeseen events to return. During these eventful years the emperor has been aided by many trusted friends, among whom may be named the count "Walewski, the due de Morny, the due de Persigny, and M. Eouher, who was minister of state from Oct. 1863 uutU July 1869, when he resigned in consequence of the adoption by the emperor of reforms demanded by the liberal majority of the legislative assembly. M. Piouher how- ever still remained the chief adviser of the emperor until Dec. 1869, when a liberal cabinet was formed under the presidency of M. Emile Ollivier. On 22 March the emperor ■nTote to M. Ollivier approving of modifications in the constitution of the senate, and a 2'l^Kscite to ascertain whether the people ajjproved of these changes was taken on 8 May, the result being — Yes, 7>S27,379 ; No, 1,530,909. In July following angry feelings arose against Prussia tlii-ough the nomination of prince Leopold of Hohenzollem to the throne of Spain, which were not aUayed by the withdi'awal of his candidature, and war was declared, 15-17 July. The emperor joined the ai-my on the Rhine, 28 July, and was present at the captm-e of Saarbruck. His army was defeated at Wisemboxu'g, 4 Aug., at Worth, 6 Aug., before Metz, 14, 16, 18 Aug., and at Sedan, i Sept. On 2 Sept. the emperor with marshal MacMahon and his army sun-endered to the king of Prussia ; The emperor having -ivi'itten, " Mon frere, n'ayant pu mourir a la tete de mes troupes, je depose mon ep& au pied de votre majesty. — Napoleon. " The emperor was immediately conveyed to "Wil- hehnshohe, near Cassel, where he resided till the peace, when he proceeded to England, arriving at Dover, 20 March 1871. His deposition was affirmed by the National Assembly, i March, and Ms protest against it issued, 6 March. After a severe illness he died at Camden House, Chisel- hurst, Kent, 9 Jan. 1873. Dming the long years of his exile, as well as since his accession, the emperor Napoleon was much devoted to the study of history, and of militaiy and engineering science. His ' ' Reveries politiques,'' pubHshsd in 1832, " Id&s Napolfenieimes," 1839, " Fragments historiques, ou Comparaison des Revolutions de 1688 et 1830," 1841, and "Etudes sur le Passe et I'Avenir de FArtillerie," 1846-63, his " Melanges," collected and re-published in his "CEuvres," 1856, and lastly, bis "Histoire de Jules Cesar," 1865-6, the two volumes of which issued have been translated into several European languages — all bear indubitable testimony to his great abiHty and profound knowledge of historical events. The emperor married, 29 Jan. 1853, Marie Eugenie de Montijo de Guzman y Porto-Carrero, countess of Teba, second daughter of Manoel, count of Montijo and of Teba, and duke of Pene- randa. She was born at Granada, 5 May 1826, and has one son, the prince imperial Napoleon Eugene Louis John Joseph, who was bom at the palace of the TuUeries, 16 March 1856, The Third Republic was proclaimed 4 Sept. 1870. By the "Pact of Bordeaux," 17-18 Feb. 1871, Louis Adolphb Thiebs (born 16 April 1797), became chief of the executive power. On 3 1 Aug. following he was nominated president of the Republic and resigned on the defeat of his ministry, 24 May 1873. His successor, Ma-Kshal MacMahon, due de Magenta, (bom 28 Nov. 1S08), elected on 24 May, was settled president for seven years on 20 Nov. 1873. FRANCE— IMPERIAL. GIOVANNI BONAPARTE, Consul of Treriso, 1183. Giovanni Bonaparte, Syndic of Asolo, living 1250. Nordius, d, 1290. Ildebrando, living 1260. Bonsomblant^ d. 1308. Branch of Flohence, Nicolo, d. 1280. 1 Cornido. Corrado, Podesta of Sienna, 1311. Jacopo, ambasador of Pope Nicholas IV. Giovanni Gnglielnuna=Romeo di Sarzaaa. Guelfuccio. founder of Branch of Sarzana. Vita de' Pusqualini=Giovanni=GioTanna Sachetti, d. about 1312. Moecio. Jacoi>o-rGiBla di Vivaldo. living 1324. 1 Nicolo, d. about 1397. Giovanni. Leonardo Antonio, Jacopo=FFrederJghi ) I belieadedj 1441. I Giovanni^sabella Calendrini, Jacopo. living 1404. G iovanni^Maria Jacopo Moccio, d. 1441. Gran don i. Pietro. Cesare-r-ApoUonia Malespina, living 1 1465- I GiovanuL Filippo, living 1484 Branch of Corsica. Nicolo. Jacopo. Pietro-rCattarinl j Albizzi. Branch of San Miniato. I Francesco-T-Cattarina d. 1529. Benedetto ^Toniasa jVlberti. Jacopo, living 1527. Pietro Antonio. Giovanni. Guido do Castellato. Cesare, living 1489. Gabriello, living 1567. Antonia=.Fniuci?sco Mont;iui, Gcronimo, living 1601. Antouia. Francesco, living 1626. Sebastiano, &. 1603, living 1668. Carlo, living 1681. Gieuseppe, living 1702. Sebastiano, lining 1720. Fulvio. Ludovico=Maria di m. 1632. Goudi. Napoleone, living 1764. Giuseppe. I living 1760. Isabella=Luigi d'Ornano. I d. 1816, I leaving issue. | Luciano, Archdeacon of Ajaccio, d. 1792. A ^ w - . -r ^ 2§igi|si;d-=-cs"^li FRANCE— OELEANI ST. The Orleans dynasty in France lasted from the overthrow of Charles X. in July 1830, to that of Louis Philippe on the 24th of February 1848. Louis Philippe Albert d'Orleans, count of Paris, representative of the Orleans branch of the house of Bourbon, is the eldest son of Ferdinand Pliiiip Louis Charles Henry Joseph, duke of Orleans, eldest son of king Louis Philip, and of Helena Louisa Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick Louis, prince of Mecklenburg Schwerin, and was born 24 Aug. 1838. His father always a favourite with the French x^eople, was educated at the college of Louis le Grand, like the son of a private gentleman, and earned ofi' prizes except by merit alone. He distinguished him- self in two campaigns in Africa, and also at the siege of Antwerp, and endeared himself to the poor by many an act of charity. Had his life been spared, it is not unreasonable to suppose that his influence would have become powerful in the councils of his father, and that the events of the last quarter of a centiu-y would have been considerably modified, not only in France, but in Em-ope. He died in consequence of a fall from his carriage in July 1842. The comte de Pai-is was then but four years old. Five and a half years later the Kevolution of February drove his grandfather from power, and then took place the most momentous occurrence of the young prince's life, an occuixence which nearly had the effect of placing him on the throne. Ou the 24th of February the Chamber of Deputies was summoned to meet at three o'clock. Most of the members had already arrived at half-past twelve, and were scattered in the various offices adjoining the great chamber, discussing the momentous events then taking place in Paris. Before one o'clock, the President, at the request of the members present, declared the sitting to be opened, and ordered business to begin. At that moment M. Dupin entered the chamber, accompanied by the duchess of Orleans, and the due de Nemours, the duchess leading her two little sons, the comte de Paris, and the duc'de Chartres. M. Dupin announced that, "Incon- sequence of the events which had taken place, the king had abdicated in favour of H.R.H the count of Paris, and had constituted the duchess of Orleans regent." Here arose cries of '' Vive le Eoi ! Vive le Prince ! Vive la Eegente ! " "Gentlemen," continued M. Dupin, "these cheers, so gi'atifying to the new king and to the regent, are not the first which have greeted them. They have just traversed the 'Tuileries and the Place de la Concorde on foot, vn& no other escort than the peo^de and the national guard. Gentlemen, it is the most earnest desire of the regent to govern in accordance with the wishes of the people for the public good, and for the gloiy and prosperity of France." These words were received with renewed cries of " Vive le Koi ! " and M. Dupin urged the president to record that the new king and the regent had been accepted by acclamation by the Chamber. The president was about to comply, when he was interrupted by M. Lamartine, who moved that the sitting should be suspended. A number of strangers, consisting of mechanics, students, national guards, and others, some armed with muskets and swords, had, by this time, made their waj' into the Chamber. The due de Nemours and several deputies m-ged the duchess to retire. She, however, kept her place. General Oudinot said, " If the duchess wishes to leave we will accom- pany her ; if she chooses to remain, let her do so, and she will do well, for she wiU be protected by our devotion." The pressure of strangers kept increasing, the deputies were being driven into the centre of the room. The duchess then retired towards the steps leading to the door under the clock, and took up her position on the last row of seats. The president called in vain on the strangers to retire. M. Marie, after many endeavom's to get a hearing, said, "That a law already existed, fixing the regency on the due de Nemours, and that the Chamber had no power to create a regency ; their immediate duty was to form a provisional government." MM. Cr^- mieux, OdiUon, BaiTot, Ledru Eolliu, and Larochejaquelin, followed to the same purpose ; the multitude all the time continued waving flags, brandishing weapons, and sliouting, "Down with the king. '' M. Chevalier, who was not a member, here rose and said, ' ' Beware of pro- claiming the comte de Paris without authority, but only let the duchess and the count have the courage to show themselves on the boulevards in the midst of the people, and the national guard and I will answer for their safety ; and if the people do not raise him to power—" AH eyes were now turned towards the seats lately occupied by the duchess and her family, but the royal party had left. The remainder of the speaker's words were drowned in cries of "Vive la RdpubUque." The prince's chance was lost. After 1848 the prince resided principally in England, mth the exception of a short pieriod during the American war, when he and his brother served in the Federal army on the stall of general MaoClellan. At an interview at Frohsdorf, 5 Aug. 1873, the count of Paris recognised the count de Chambord as the head of the house of Bourbon, and heir to the crown. The count of Paris manied on the 30th May 1864, Mary Isabella, the daughter of the duke of Montpensier, and has issue^ 1. Marie Amelie Louise HSline, bom 28 Sept. 1865. 2. Louis Philippe Robert, bom 6 Feb. 1869. 3. HUine Louise Henriette, bom 16 June 1871. FRANCE— ORLEANIST. Louis XIII., Kin^ of France, d. 1643. Louis XIV., 1715. From wliom descends the elder branch of the Bourbons. [See France — Legitimist.'] Philip L, Duke of Orleans, 1701. Philip 11. Regent of France under Louis XV., 1723. Louis, 1752 Louis Philip, r785. Philip, 1793. LOUIS PHILIP, Duke of Orleans, Elected Kin^ in 1870. Abdicated in favour of his grand- son, Louis Philip Allwrt, Count of Paris, 1848 ; d. 1850. Ferdinand Philip Loids Charles Henry Joseph, Duke of Orleans. d. 1842. Helen Louisa Elizabeth, of Mecklenburg Schwerin. Louis Charles Philip Raphael, Du ke of Nemours. Victoria Augusta Antoinette, of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha. Maria Clementina Caroline Leopoldina Clotilda. Augustus Louis Victor of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha. Francis Ferdinand Philip Louis Maria, Prince of Joinville. Frances Caroline Jane, of BraziL Henry Exigene Philip Louis, Duke of Auinale, 1). 1822. Tjouis Philip Ferdinand Maria PhilipMaria, Ferdinand Duke of Margaret Blanche Adelaide Mary Amelia Gaston, Count of Eu, b. 1842. Alengon, h. 1844. Mary, 1). 1846. Sophia Charlotte Augustina, of Bavaria. b. 1847. Louisa, Victoria Mary Amelia Sophia Isabella Christina Leopoldina, of Brazil. Caroline Louisa Victoria, b. 1857- Maria Caroline Augusta of the Two Sicilies, d. 1869. Francis Louis Philip Maria, Duke of Guise, 6. 1854. Antony Maria Pliilip Louis, Duke of Montpensier, 5. 1824. Maria Louisa Ferdinanda sister of Isabella IL Frances Mary Amelia, b. 1844. Robert Duke of Chartres. Peter Philip John Maria, Duke of Pentliievre, b. 1845. b. g July 1869. LOUIS PHILIP Albert, Count of Paris, b. 1 838. Mary Isabella, daughter of the Duke of Montpensier. Slary Louis Philip Helen, Amelia, Robert, h. 1871. h. 1865. b. 1869. Robert Philip Louis Eugene Ferdinand, Duke of C hartres- Frances Mary Amelia, daughter of the Prince of Joimdlle. I Mary, b. 1865. Boljert, b. 1865. Henry and others. b. 1867 ; et seq. Maiy Isabella. b. 1848. Count of Paris. Mary Amelia, Mary Christina, Ferdinand Maria IMaria de las Anthony "* Louis Maria b. 1851. &c., b. 1852. Henrj' Charles, Mercedes, &c., Louis Philip, Philip Anthony 6. 1859. 6. i860. &c., b. 1866. b. 1867, GREAT BEITAIN. The Stuart dynasty having teen terminated in 17 14 by the death of queen Anne, and the «xile of prince James, usually called the Pretendei-, the only surviving child of king James II., the crown of Great Britain and Ireland was transferred to the house of Hanover, in accordance with the provisions of the Act of Settlement of 1700. George Louis, elector of Hanover, son of the electress Sophia, and grandson of Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, the eldest daughter of James I., thereupon ascended the British throne as George I., and was succeeded in 1727 by his son George II., at whose decease, in 1760, the crown devolved upon liis gi-andson, George III., the eldest son of Frederick, prince of "Wales, and father of George IV., William IV., and Edward, duke of Kent, the father of our present sovereign. Alexandeina Victoma, queen of Great Britain and Ireland, is the only daughter of lldward, duke of Kent, fourth son of George III., and of the princess Victoria Mary Louisa of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, fourth and youngest daughter of Francis, duke of Saxe-Cohurg-Saalfeld, ■and widow of Emich Charles, prince of Leiningen. She was bom at Kensington Palace on the 24th of May 1819, her parents having hastened their return from Leiningen in order that their •child might be "born a Briton," and was baptised there on the 24th of June, the sponsors being the prince regent, the emperor Alexander of Russia, the queen-dowager of Wurtemberg, and the duohess-dowager of Saze-Coburg-Saalfeld. Upon the sudden death of the duke of Kent, 23 Jan. 1820, the care and education of the j'oung princess devolved upon her mother, who was ^eatly aided in her arduous task by her brother Leopold, the late king of the Belgians, by whose advice the superintendence of her studies was at first intnisted to the baroness Lehzen replaced at a later period by the talented duchess of Northumberland. The princess Victoria ascended the throne at the decease of her uncle, WUliam IV., 20 June 1837, when she had just completed her eighteenth year-, and was cro'mied in "Westminster Abbey, 28 June 1838. Two years subsequently, she mamed, 10 Feb. 1840, her cousin, prince Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was born 26 Aug. 1819, and styled "prince consort" by royal wan-ant, dated 25 June 1857. The administi-ation of public affairs was retained from the date of the late king's death until August 1841 by lord Melbourne who had instructed her majesty in the principles of the constitution previously to her accession. The chief events of this period were the adoption of sir Eowlaud Hill's scheme of the penny postage, and the outbreak of the war with China in March 1839, which did not terminate until August 1842, when the Melbourne cabinet had given way to the Tory government of sir Robert Peel. About this time two attempts were made to assassin.T.te her majesty, by fu-in" at her GEEAT BRITAIN. whilst driving in the parks ; the first by Edward Oxford, lo June 1840, the second by John Francis, 30 May 1842. In both, her majesty escaped injury. In the autumn of 1843, the queen went to France on a visit to Louis Philippe at the ChS.teau d'Eu, and two years later paid her first visit to Germany. The railway mania and the anti-corn law agitation engrossed public attention during the year 1845, and on 26 June 1846, the act for the repeal of the com laws received the royal assent. This was followed in the next month by the resignation of the Peel ministry, and the formation of an administration by lord John Eussell. At the close of 1845, the Sikh war broke out, and after a series of brilliant victories, was terminated by the annexation of the Punjab to the British dominions, 29 March 1849. The Great Exhibition of 1851, was opened by her majesty on I May, and owed its complete success to the exertions of the prince consort. In February 1852, the Russell ministry yielded up the reins of government to lord Derby, who was, however, unable to retain them longer than December follo^nng, when lord Aberdeen came into office at the head of a coalition ministry. The eastern question soon after assumed a serious aspect, and in March 1854 led to the alliance of Great Britain with France and Tm-key, and the declaration of war against Russia. The Crimean war ensued, marked by the victories of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann, and brought to an end by the storming of Sevastopol in Sept. 1855, and the treaty of Paris, 30 March 1856. Meantime, an adverse vote in the House of Commons, respecting the conduct of the war, caused the resignation of lord Aberdeen in Feb. 1855, and the reconstruction of the ministry by lord Palmerston, and in the same year a visit of the emperor and empress of the French to London was returned by the queen and prince consort visiting Paris. "War again arose with China in Oct. 1S56, and after the captm-e of Canton, was concluded by the treaty of Tien-tsin, 26 June 1858. The mutiny of the Indian army, which threatened the very existence of our Indian empire, began in March 1857, accompanied by fearful atrocities, and spread rapidly through Bengal. Delhi and Cawn- pore were retaken and Lucknow relieved by the exertions of sir H. Havelock and lord Clyde, but the pacification of the country was not accomplished before May 1859. Previously to this, the sovereignty of the East India Company had ceased, i Sept. 1858, and her majesty had been proclaimed sovereign of India. The return to office of lord Derby in Feb. 1858, was followed by the formation of the Palmerston cabinet in June 1859. The Chinese war re- commenced in Aug. i860, was terminated two months later by the surrender of Pekiu. Early in the year 1861 the decease of the duchess of Kent cast a gloom over the royal house- hold, which was ere long deepened a hundred-fold by the sudden death of the prince consort, 14 Dec, and which has never yet been entirely dispelled. The International Exhibition of 1862 shed some radiance upon that year, but this was destined soon to be obscured by the great distress caused by the cotton famine that ensued upon the outbreak of the civil war in the United States. Tlie decease of lord Palmerston, 18 Oct. 1865, caused a rearrangement of the govern- ment under the premiership of lord Eussell, who resigned in June 1866, having been defeated upon his Refonn Bill. The control of state affairs for a third time devolved upon lord Derby, who was successful in repressing the Fenian disturbances, and in passing the Reform Act of 1867, to which the Refoi-m Acts for Scotland and Ireland of 1868 formed the sequel. In Feb. 1868, lord Derby was compelled by ill-health to resign the lead of the Conservative party to Mr. Disraeli, who held office until the ensuing December. Mr. Gladstone became premier, 9 Dec. 1868, resigned, 12 March, but resumed office a few days after. Not obtaining a majority in the elections, he resigned again, 17 Feb. 1874, and was succeeded by Mr. Benjamin Disraeli, created earlof Beaconsfield, Aug. 1876. The Queen was proclaimed empress of India, in London, r May 1876, in India, i Jan. 1877. GEEAT BEITAIN. Her majesty has always devoted much time to literature and art, and contributed largely to the "Early Years of H.R.H. the Prince Consort," published in 1867, since which she has published '' Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands," 1868. The queen has issire : 1. Victoria Adelaide Maiy Louisa, princess royal, h. 21 Nov. 1840, m. 25 Jan. 1858, to Frederick William, crown prince of Prussia ; has several children. 2. Albert Echoard, prince of Wales, and duke of Cornwall, J. 9 'So\. 1841, in. 10 March, 1863, to the princess Alexajidra Caroline Mary Charlotte Louisa Julia, (i. i Dec. 1844,) eldest daughter of Christian IX., reigning king of Denmark, by whom he has issue : — (i.) Albert Victor Christian Edward, 5. 8 Jan. 1864; (2.) George Frederick Ernest Albert, h. 3 June 1865 ; (3.) Louisa Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, h. 20 Feb. 1867 ; (4.) Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary, b. 6 July 1868 ; (J.) Maud Charlotte Mai-y Victoria, J. 26 Kov. i86g. 3. Alice Maud Mary, b. 25 April, 1843, ™- I July i86z, to prince Frederick William Louis Charles of Hesse ; has several children. 4. Alfred Ernest Albert, duke of Edinburgh, earl of Kent and Ulster, captain E.N., b. 6 Aug. 1844 ; m. 23 Jan. 1874, the grand duchess Marie Alexandrovna ; has three children. 5. Helena Augusta Victoria, b. 25 May 1846, m. 5 July 1866, to prince Frederick Christian- Charles Augustus of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg ; has several children. 6. Louise Carolina Alberta, J. iS March 1848 ; m. John, marquis of Lome, 21 March 1871. 7. Arthur William Patrick Albert, lieutenant K.E., duke of Connaught and Strathearn, carl of Sussex, b. I May 1850. 8. Leopold George Duncan Albert, b. 7 April 1853. 9. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, S. 14 April 1857. DESCENT OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF GREAT BRITAIN. EGBEKT, Kini of England, d. 837. 2. ETHELWULP, d. 857. 3, ETHELBALD, S60. t. ETHeLbERT, 866. 0. ETHEiRED 1., 871. 6. ALFRED the Great, sot. 7. EDWARb' I„ 925. a. ATHELSTAN, 940. H. Ebwy, 958. 9. EDJIDtli I., 94S. 12. EDgIr, 975. 10. EDe!eD, 95S Richard I., B. of Normandy, Th yra. 13. Ei>WARBII.,tha Martyr, 979. 14. ETHELREBII. , Emma. 1016. 14, Ethelred, K. Richard II. 16. EBMUKD II. Edward. Eii^Tn. Emma, of Enitland. ' \ '■ Eo IronBides, 1016. 20. EBWARB I II., the ConfeBsor, 1066, .,1 Gormo III.TK. of Denmark. Harold VIH. , i. of Benmark, 981. 15. SUENO, K. of Denmark, 1014. I 17. CANUTE, 103s. Estn da. 1038. Richard II., D. of Normandy. r Atneling Margaret. Githa. 21 HAROLD II., 1066. 22. WILLIAM L Malcolm III, K. of Scotlaad. Maud- 24. Henry I, K. of Englajid. 1 18. HAROLD L, [ 1040. , the Conqueror, 1087. 19. HARDICANUTE 1042. 23, WILLIAM li., BufuB, iioo. 2 4. HENRY I., 1135 . Ade'la. Maud, 1167. Emperor Heniy v., 1125. I Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 1150, 26. HENRY f L, 1189. Maud, of Scotland. Stephen, Count of Blois 1 25. STEPHEN, of Blois, IIS4. 27. RICHARD, Coeur-de-Lion, 1199. 28. JOHN, i=i6. 29. HENEtllL, i=7s. 30. EDWaIeD I., 1307. 31. EDWAkD IL, 1327- 32. EDWARD III., 1377. Edward, the Black Prince, 1376. 33. RIOHARI) II., 1399. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 1399. 34. HENRY IV,, 1413- 36. HENKY V., 14=2. 36. HENI|!y VI., 1461. John, Earl of Somerset. John. Edmund, Duke of York. Richard, Duke of York. Richard, Duke of York- Marffaret. 37. EDWARD IV. 1483. 39. RICHARD HI. I4S5. Edmuud, Duke of Eichmoud. 40. HENKY YII. ', 1309 . 38. BDWAED V. , Elizabeth, Elizabeth, of York. I 1483. 40. HENRY VIL, 1509. 41. HENrV VIIL, 1547. 42. EDWARD VI., I3S3. 43. jJaEY, 1558. 43. Philip, King of Spain, 1598. 44. ELII^ABETH, 1603. Margaret. Jamea IV., King of Scotland. Jamea V., King of Scotland. Mar y, Queen of Scotland, 1587. Henry, Lord Damley. 46. JAMES I. of England, and VI. of Scotland 1625. Mary. Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Fra nc es. Henry Grey. Lady Jane Grey, 1554. 46. CHAIILESI.,J649. 47. CHARLES II, 1683. ■ 48. JAiIeS II., deposed, 1688. 49. .MARY. Elizabeth. Fredericlf, K. of Bohemia. 49. MARY, 1694. So phia, known as the Electress of Han over- 49. WILLIAM,~j;megt.AuKUatus, Elector of Brunswick. f Pnuce of Orauge. , „„^ J„ 60. Ai'NE, ,7.4 49. WILLi'aM III., .70.. "- ^^H^ ,V '"'■ ^1 52. GEORGE II., 1760. Frederick, Rince of "Wales, 1751. 53. GEOKGini.,1820. I 54. GEORGE IV., 1830. Prederick. 1). of York, J 827. 55. WILXIAM IV., 1S37. Edward, D. of Ernest- Auguatua- Adolphua- Charlotte Kent, 1820. Augustus, Frederick, Frederick, Auguata D. of Cum- Duke of D. of Cam- Elizabatn berland, and Susaex* bridge, Mary K. of HanoTet, 1843. 1850. Sophia, 185 1. AmeUa. 86. Alexandrina-VICTORIA, Queen of Great Britain, b. 1819 . Francis-AIberi^AugustufrCnarlea-Emmanuel, Duke of Ma^cony, Prince of Saxe-Coburs-Gotha, 5. 1819, m. 1840, d. 1B61. Albert; Edward, V. of Wales, 6. 1841. Alfred, D. of Arthur, D. of Edinburgh, Connaught, 6. 1844. b. 1850. Leopold, b. 1833. Victoria, b. 1840. Alice, b. 1843. Helena, b. 1846. Louise, b. 1848. Beatrice, 6. 1S57 Alexandra, Princess of Denmark. 6. 1S44, m. 1863. Albert Victor, b. 1864, Creorge Albert, b. 1865. Louisa, b. 1867. Sfaud. b. 11J69. GREECE. The classic land of Greece, after liavinj; been subject to the Turkish yoke for three centuries, regained her independence by the treaty of Adrianople in 1829, at the close of a heroic sti'nggle that lasted for upwards of ei^ht years. The sovereignty of the newly-constituted kingdom was offered in 1830 to the late king of the Belgians, then prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, bxit he thought it prudent to decline the honour. The choice of the three protecting powers. Great Britain, France, and Eussia, by a treaty concluded at London, 7 May 1832, then fell upon prince Otho, second son of Louis L, king of Bavaria, who ascended the throne of Greece as Otho I. The government was carried on by u, regency imder the presidency of count Ludwig von Aimansperg until i June 1835, when it was assumed by the young king upon the completion of his twentieth year. His rule, although well-intentioned towards Ms adopted counti-y, utterly failed to enUst the sympathies of his people, and a long and troubled reign was closed by his flight and deposition, 22 Oct. 1862. He died at Bamberg in Bavaria, 26 July 1867, aged 52. The vacant throne was by universal suffrage conferred upon prince Alfred of Great Britain by 230,016 out of 241,202 votes, the young duke of Leuchtenberg, nephew of the emperor Alexander 11. of Russia, being also a candidate. Prince Alfred was declared king by the National Assembly, 3 Feb. 1863, but the crown was not accepted. The duke of Saxe-Goburg- Gotha, the duke d'Aumale, and king Ferdinand of Portugal having also declined the sovereignty, it was resolved by the National Assembly, 18 March 1863, to offer it to prince WiUiam of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, who is now the reigning sovereign. George I. (Christian "William Ferdinand Adolphus George), king of the Hellenes, was bom 24 Dec. 1845. He is the second son of Christian IX., the present king of Denmark, by his queen, Louisa, third daughter of the late landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel, and is brother of the princess of Wales and of the czarevna of Russia, the princess Dagmar. Prince WiUiam entered the Danish naval service, in which he holds the rank of admiral. He was proclaimed by the National Assembly at Athens as king George I., 30 March 1863, and the venerable admu-al ICanaris proceeded to Copenhagen to make a fonnal offer of the crown, with the consent of Great Britain, France, and Russia, the three protecting powers, on condition of the annexation of the Ionian Islands to Greece. This was accepted on prince William's behalf by the late king Frederick VII. of Denmark, 6 June 1863. The newly-elected king was declared of age 27 June ; he arrived at Athens, 30 Oct. , and took the oath to the constitution on the following day. On 12 Sept. 1863, he signed an act giving precedence over himself to his younger brother, prince Waldemar, and his issue, in the line of succession to the throne of Denmark. The stipulated annexation to Greece of the Ionian Islands took place 28 May 1864, and a visit was paid to them by the king a few days afterwards. In Nov. 1864 a new constitution was passed by the National Assembly and accepted by the sovereign. The succeeding years of his reign have been chiefly marked by endeavours to improve the financial position of the state, by frequent changes of ministry, and by the popular sympathy manifested towards the Cretan insun-ectionists, which almost involved the country in war with the Ottoman empire. The principal statesmen at the head of affairs have been Balbis, Kanaris, Zoumoundouros, Boulgaris, and Zaic'?. Zaimis became chief minister, 10 Dec. 1876. King George married, 27 Oct. 1867, in the chapel of the Winter Palace at St. Petersburg, the grand-duchess Olga Constantinovna, eldest daughter of the grand-duke Constantine Nioolaie- vitch of Russia, and niece of the emperor Alexander II. His uncle, prince John of Sclileswig- Holstein-Sonderburg-GlUcksburg was appointed regent during the king's absence from Greece. The queen of the Hellenes was born 3 Sept. 185 1, and has three sons, Constantine, duke of Sparta, bom at Athens, 2 Aug. 1868, who is the heir apparent to the Hellenic throne, George, count of Corfu, born 24 June 1869 ; and Nicolas, bom 21 Jan. 1872 ; and two daughters. o 5 o o g fa cq ^3^^ ^^ - 2^ -3 tf >a Jbs. to s JS e 3 oT ■ S .2-<1«S 5 ot„H 1-- et^- eg PJ M ^ er ^ N ^ 's < t o w a >< o ci p ci X> a ^=s " "S ^ t-J >— I bpx) C ■•2 i4 ■-0 '3 -a 2oo fa in .Soo S g g II -^■ 2 a SO s ^ -- o ^ 55"" ^3oo ooo - O M E=3 • O -, ^^ m f-r^ n — Scs rt «*-( o w T5 o a> ;=p o ■3 ^i1 ^ m Ph _Q -< n ?s J fCi i a 00 O- el's ft fa HANO VEK. The founder of the present hoxise of Hanover was "William, tlie second son of Ernest, diiie of Brunswick Limeburg, of the illustrious family of Guelpli, who acrjuired the duchy of Luneburg in 1549, to which, in 1585, be added the county of Diepholz. He was succeeded, snccessiTely, by his sons, Ernest, Christian, Augustus, who obtained the principality of Calenberg and the county of Hoya, and Frederick. The successors of Frederick were Christian Louis and George "VViUiam, first and second sons of the above-mentioned WiUiam. George William died in 1705 without male issue, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Ernest Augustus, who mamed Sophia, grand-daughter of James I., and received, in 1692, the title of elector of Hanover. His son, George Louis (George I. of England), united the territories of Luneburg into one state, which was further augmented, dming the Northern war in 17 16, by the duchies of Bremen and Verden ; in 1803 by Osnaburg ; and in 1814 and 1815 by Hildesheim, East Friesland, and other places. In 1803 Hanover was occupied by the French. In i8o5 it was given by Napoleon I. to the king of Prussia, and in the following year the greater part of it was combined -ivith the newly-created kingdom of Westphalia. In 1813 it reverted to its former sovereign, and in 1814 was erected into a kingdom. Hanover continued a part of the British empire until the death of William lY. in 1837, when it came into the possession of Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumber- land, fifth son of George III., by virtue of the law regulating the succession in the Guelphic German dominions, which gives preference to the male branch. Geokge v., the son of Ernest Augustus, by the princess Frederica Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz, was bom 27 May 1819. At an early age he lost his sight, and it was doubtful whether it would be possible for him, on account of his infirmity, to rule the lungdom. His father, however, took the precaution to have the question settled at an early period by a decree, ordering that all docirments presented to the future sovereign, for signature, should be read to him in the presence of a committee of twelve witnesses, and countersigjied by their secretary. He succeeded his father, 18 Nov. 1851. During the fifteen years of his reign the prosperity of his countiy was greatly promoted by the establishment of docks and harbours at Harburg, Geestemunde, Emden, Leer, and Papenburg, and by the construction of numerous roads and railways ; while international commerce was benefited by the abolition of the Staden dues. During the war in the Crimea he remained neutral, and would not permit recmitiag to take place in his dominions for the service of England. In the war which Prussia waged against Austria and the Germanic Confederation, he defended the confederation, and, accompanied by his son, the crown-pi-ince Ernest Augustus, led his army to the field and was present at the battle of Langensalza, which he won over a body of Prussians and Coburgers. On the following daj', however, being surroimded by an army three times superior to his own in number, he was obliged to capitulate. At the termination of the war, the kingdom of Hanover was annexed to Prussia by decree of 20 Sept. 1866, against which king George protested before all the courts of Em-ope. Since the loss of his dominions king George has resided at Hietzing, near Yienna. He is pas- sionately fond of music, and has composed several pieces. He manied, 18 Feb, 1843, Alexandra Maria, the daughter of Joseph, duke of Saxe-Alten- biu-g, and has issue : — 1. Ernest Augiistus William Adolphus George Frederick, born 21 Sept. 1845. 2. Frederica Sophia Mary Henrietta Ameha Theresa, bom 9 Jan. 1848. 3. Mary Ernestine Josephine Adolphine Henrietta Theresa Elizabeth Alexandra bom 3 Deo. 1849. DESCENT OP THE KINGS OF HANOVER. Albert Azzo II., of Este, cl. loSi. Dukes op Bavaria. Guelpn, iioi. Heniy, (Iio Black, 1125. Henry, the Frond, 1139. Hemy, tJic Lion, 1195, Duke of Saxony, Brunswick, and Luneburg. Dukes op Brunswick. William, of Limcburg, 1213. Otho, the YovAig. 1252, Albert, Hlo G-rcat, 1279. Albert, the Fat, I'll 8. I Magnus. I., 1368. Magnus II., 1373. Bernard, 1434. Frederick, tlic Jiist, 1478. Otho, the McKfimnirnmis, 1471. I Hemy, tlie Young, 1532 Ernest, of Zelle, 1546. Dukes op Brunswick and Hanover. William, of ZeUe, 1592. George, 1641. ERITEST, first^Zccioj- of Hanover, 1692; d. 1698. GEORGE I., King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1727. GEORGE II., King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1760. Frederick Louis, i??!. I GEORGE III., King of Great Britain andiCharlotte, of Mecklenburg. Ireland, 1820; first King of Hanover, 18 14. | GEORGE IV. WILLIAM IV, King of Great King of Great Britain and Britain and Ireland, and of Ireland, and of Hanover, 1830, Hanover, 1837. Edward, Duke=rVictoria, of ERNEST, Duke of =i=Frederic3, of Kent, 1820. Saxe-Co- Cumberland, sue- burg- ceeded to the throne Saalfeld. of Hanover by virtue of tlie Salic law, at VICTORIA, Queen the death of WiUiam of Great Britain IV., and became and Ireland. King of Hanover. of Meck- lenb Str GEORGE v., 5. iSigi Mary, of Saxe-Al- tenburg. Ernest AugustuB, I. 1845. Frederica, t. iS Mary, h. 1849. HAYTI AND SAINT DOMINGO. The island of St. Domingo, tlie second in extent of the West Indies, was discovered by Columbus, in Dec. 1492. It remained a Spanish colony until 1630, when its western portion was captm'ed by French buccaneers. This portion became a colony of France in 1677, and remained so till 1791, when the black population revolted, and two years later massacred nearly all the whites. Toussaint I'Ouverture, the chief of the insurgents, was recognised by the French Directoiy as general-in-chief of the troops in 1794. In 179S, the eastern part of the island was ceded to France by Spain. Toussaint I'Ouverture, attempted to establish an independent republic in iSoi, but, in the following year, was taken prisoner by the French, whO' sent him to France, where he died shortly after. In consequence of a fresh insuiTection raised by general Dessalines, a negro, the French evacuated the island in 1803. Dessalines was raised to power, 8 Oct. 1804, under the title of emperor, and styled James I., and was assassinated 17 Oct. 1806. In 1808, the emjiii'e was divided into two parts ; the blacks fomiing a monarchy mider Christophe, a man of colour, who styled himself Henry I., king of Hayti ; and the mulattos constituting themselves a republic, under the presidency of Pethion. The latter was succeeded in 1S18 by Boyer, who, at the death of Christophe, by suicide in 1820, was elected regent for life over both states, and recognised by France in 1825. In 1843 ^^ was deposed, and, wheu St. Domingo declared itself a repubhc, and chose for its president Pedro Santana, was re- cognised by France in 1848, and by Great Britain in 1850. In March, 1861, during the presi- dency of Jos^ Valdevende, St. Domingo declared for annexation to Spain, and the offer was- accepted by the queen, on the 20th May. In 1863, it revolted against the Spanish authority, and after a wai' of two years, Spain renounced her sovereignty over the state by a royal decree, dated 5 May 1865, and the Spanish troops iinally evacuated the country in September following. General Buenaventura Bacz, then elected president of the republic, was driven away in con- sequence of a revolution organised by Pimentel in June, 1866 ; he returned, however, but the whole country revolted against him, .and civil war continued until March 1869, when general Cabral, the ex-president, promised submission and fidelity to president Baez. Tlie project formed by the latter of giving yqi the Bay of Samana to the United States aroused much dis- content. Baez was exiled, and Ignacio Gonzales elected president 20 Dec. 1873. Hayti, after the successive short reigns of several presidents, elected general Soulouque who took the title of emperor, 26 Aug. 1849, and styled himself Faustin I. His government having proved veiy tyrannical, an insun-ection took place at Gona'ives in Deo. 1858, when general Gteffrard was proclaimed president of the republic of Hayti by the French provinces of Artibonite and the ' ' Nord." General Geffrard appears to have governed with wisdom and moderation. In 1862 a conspii-acy, at the head of which was general Legi'os, occasioned the condemnation to death of twelve persons whose sentence, however, was commuted by president Geffrard into that o£ imxn'isomnent. Another revolt occurred in 1865, under Salnave, which was suppressed, partly by the assistance of a British squadron, which, in consequence of an insult to the British consul by Salnave, bombarded the forts of Cape Hayti. After this the government troops took the place by assault, and Salnave made his escape to St. Domingo. Revolts occurred again in July, 1S66, and in March, 1867, when president Geffrard abdicated and sailed for Jamaica. On the i6th June following, general Salnave was elected president for four years. Another revolution began in July, 1868, since which time civil war has been clu'onic. President Salnave was captui'ed by the revolutionary party, and having been tried by com-t- martial, was shot, 15 Jan. 1870. General Nissage Saget was president 1870-4; general Michel Domingue was elected president for eight years, 14 June 1S74. After an insurrection Boisrond Canal was xiresident. May, 1876. HAYTI AND SAINT DOMINGO. TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTUEE, General-in-Cliief, 1794- 1802. [Tfie Island held by France, 1802-3.] JAMES I. (Jean Jacques Dessalines.) Emperor of Hayti, 1804-6. \_TJie Island divided.'] HAYTI. SAINT DOMINGO. HENRY CHRISTOPHE, President, 1807-11. Emperor as Henry I., 181 1-20. [The two States united, 1820.] JEAN PIERRE BOYEE, JEAN PIERRE BOYEE, President, 1820-43. President, 1818-43. [The Island again divided.] ALEXANDRE PETHION, President, 1S07-18. PIERROT, President, 1843-46. JEAN BAPTISTE EICHE, President, 1846-47. FAUSTIN SOULOUQUE, President, 1847-49. Emperor as FAUSTIN I., 1849-59. NICOLAS FABRE GEFFRARD, President, 1859-67. TURIN SALNAVE, President, 1867-70. NISSAGE SAGET, President, 1870-4. MICHEL DOMINGUE, President, 1874-6. BOISROND CANAL, President, 1876. I PEDRO SANTANA, President, 1844-49, BONA VENTURA BAEZ, President, 1849-53. PEDRO SANTANA, President, 1853-56. BONAVENTURA BAEZ, President, 1857-58. JOSE DESIDERIO VAL VERDE, President, 1858-61. [Saint Domingo re-united to Spain, 1861-65.] JOSE MARIA CABRAL. Provisional President of Republic, 1865, BONAVENTURA BAEZ, President, 1865-66. JOSE MARIA CABEAL, President, 1866-68. BONAVENTURA BAEZ, President, 1868. IGNACIO GONZALES, President, 1873 and 1876. HOLLAND, OR NETHERLANDS. The House of Nassau is one of the most ancient and illustrious of Europe. Its genealogy can be traced to Otho, count of Nassau, a general in the army of Henry the Fowler, emperor of Germany. Heniy II., his descendant, left two sdns, "Wali-am, from -whom are descended the branches of Nassau, Wiesbaden, Weilburg, and Idstein ; and Otho, the founder of the branch of Dillemburg, Orange, and Siegen. William, called the elder, a descen'dant of the latter, shared the patrimony with his brother Henry, obtaining for his portion the counties of Nassau, Dillem- burg, Beilstein, and Diest. It was he who introduced the protestant religion into his dominions. William, prince of Orange, one of his sons, became chief of the united provinces of the Netherlands in their struggle against Spain for independence, and was assassinated by Balthazar Gerard, lo July 1584. At his death, the principality of Orange devolved successively upon his sons Philip William, who was a catholic and favoured the pretensions of Spain ; Mauiice, stadtholder of the Netherlands, and Frederick Henry, also stadtholder. William II., the son of the last named, was the father of William III., who, by his maniage with Mary, the daughter of James II., became king of England. Henrica Emilia, daughter of Frederick Henry, married Frederick William, count of Nassau-Dietz, whose father, Ernest Casimir, count of Dietz, was the grandson, and whose grandfather, John, count of Dillemburg, was the son of William the elder. From Frederick Henry and Henrica Emilia, followed, in the direct Hue, Henry Casimir, John William, William IV., who became hereditary stadtholder, and William V., who retired on the invasion of the French in 1795. The house of Orange was restored in 1813, when William, the son of the last mentioned, assumed the title of king of the Netherlands. He was succeeded in the direct line by William II., and the present king. In 1831 Belgium was separated from Holland ; war ensued ; and a treaty of peace was not signed till 19 April 1839. See Belgium. William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis III., the eldest son of William II. and Anna Paulovna, the sister of the emperor Nicholas, was born 19 Feb. 1817, and came to the throne, at the death of his father, 17 March 1849. During his reign the provisions of the new constitution, which came into force shoi-tly before his accession, have been carried out in a most liberal spirit, and many important I'eforms have also been effected in the administration of the law, in the working of the post office, &c. A treaty had been concluded with Belgiimi for the abolition of the Scheldt dues, and many privileges, formerly exclusively enjoyed by the Dutch shipping interest, have been extended to traders of other countries. The finances, also, have reached so healthy a condition that the receipts, for many years past, exceeded the expenses, the king, himself, having given an early example of economy, by considerably reducing the civil Ust, which in the budget of 1869 was put down at only 750,000 florins, and remained at that sum in 1S75. Religious equality is established in the Netherlands, and the king has allowed the court of Eome to establish ecclesiastical dignities. The prosperity of the countiy has also been much enhanced by the consti'uction of railways and canals, the draining of the lake of Haarlem, and various other important works. In 1866 occun-ed a difficulty which threatened to kindle a war in Europe. Prussia having acquh'ed a great accession of territory by her war against Austria, France, among other demands insisted that no political union should continue to exist between Germany and any territory belonging to the Netherlands, and, consequently, that the Pmssian gaiTison should be ^vith- drawn from the fortress of Liixemburg. Pi-ussia, umvUling to accede to this demand, asserted, in a dispatch addressed to the Netherlands' government, that her troops occupied the town not only as a federal ganison, but by vii'tue of the treaties of 1816 and 1856 between Holland and Pmssia. The Dutch government in its reply, however, declined to admit a solntion of the question which endeavom-ed to reconcile the dissolution of the German confederation with the presence of Prussian troops in Luxemburg, especially as Luxemburg had been declared a federal foi-ti-ess as far back as 1814 and 1815. After much angry feeling had been excited, the matter was settled at a conference held at London, under the presidency of lord Stanley, by the repre- sentatives of the powers who had signed the treaty of 1839, and it was agi-eed that Luxemburg should remain under the sovereignty of the house of Orange Nassau, that it should be neutral, and that its fortress should he demolished. In Dec. 1873 war began between the Achinese natives in the Dutch colony of Sumatra, which is stiU lingering, although the Dutch have been generally victorious in numerous severe conflicts (April 1877). King William III. manied, on i8th June, 1839, Sophia Frederica Matilda, daughter of WiUiam I. , king of Wurtemberg, and has issue : 1. William Nicholas Alexander Frederick Charles Henry, prince of Orange, born 4 Sept. 1840. 2. William Alexander Charles Henry Frederick, born 25 Aug. 1851. DESCENT OF THE KINGS OP HOLLAND. CorxTS OP Nassau. Otlio I., 972. Walraiu I., 1020. Walrfim II., 1068. Ro'bei't, mo. Walram III., 1156. Hemy I., 1199. Otho II., 1213. Henry II., 1254. Otho, 1292. Heniy III, 1323. Otho, 1369. John. 1400. Engelhert, 1442. I John II., 1475. John III., 1516. William, iTic Elder, 1559. J Stadthoxdeus op the Netheklands. 1, WILLIAM, tJie Great, Prince of Orange, assassinated 1584. Dhn, 3. MAURICE, 2. PHILIP WILLIAM, 4. FREDERICK HENRY, Prince of Orange, Prince of Orauge, Prince of Orange, 1647. 1618. 1625. I Jo] Count of Dillemliurg. Ernest Casimir, Count of Dietz, 5. WILLIAM II., Prince of Orange, 1 650. Maiy, daughter of Cliarles I., King of Great Britain. 6. WILLIAM IIL, Prince of Orange, King of Great Biifciln, 1702. Mary, daitghter of James II„ of Great Britain, 1694. Henrica Emilia. Frederick William, Count of Nassau-Dietz. I i Henry Casimir, 1696. 7. JOHN WILLIAM, 1711. 8. WILLIAM IV., 1751. 9. WILLIAM v., abdicated 1802, d. 1806. Kings op the Netheiilands. 1. WILLIAM I., King of the Netherlands, king, 1813 ; abdicated, 1840 ; d. 1843. i 2. WILLIAM II., 1849. Anna Paiilovna, of Baseia, 1865. William Fi-ederiok Cliarles, ^- 1797- Louisa Augusta Wilhebnina, of Pmssia, 6. 1808. Wilhelmina Frederica Louisa, &c., ?>■ i8ro. Fi'edeiick Henry Albert, of Prussia, &. 1809 ; d. 1872. Wilhelmina I^ederica Louisa, &■ 1828. Cliarles XV., of Sweden. Wilhelmina Mary, h. 1S41. 3. WILLIAM IIL, b. 1S17. Henix 6- 1820. Sophia of Wm-teniberg, Amelia Maria, of Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, Sophia, &. 1824. &. 1S18. &. 1830 ;ci. 1872. Charles Alexander, of Sajte-Weimar-Eisenach. William, h. 1840. Alexander, b. 1 851. ITALY. HuMBEUT I., viceroy of Aries and coimt of Maurienne, the son of Berthold of Saxony, who lived in the eleventh centnry, is generally considered by genealogists to be the founder of the royal family of Savoy. Having obtained Chablais and the Valais as a, recompense for services rendered to GeiTnany in the field, he left the lordships of Savoy, Maurienne, and the Valais, to his son Amadeus, at .-n-hose death they came into the possession of his brother Otho, who, by his marriage with the daughter of the marquess Manfred, had already acquired the marquisate of Susa mth Turin, Pignerol, the valley of Aosta, and other places. Peter, the eldest son of Otho, dying without male heirs, the whole of the territoiy came into the possession of Amadeus II., his second son. Amadeus II, was succeeded in the direct line by Humbert II., Amadeus III., Humbert III., Thomas I., Amadeus IV., and Boniface. The last dying without male issue, his uncle Peter took possession of the crown. Peter was succeeded by his next brother, Philip, arch- bishop of Lyons, at whose death, without issue, the crown descended to his nephew, Amadeus V., the second son of Thomas, an elder brother of Peter and Philip, who had died during the reign of Boniface. Amadeus V., called the Great, added considerably to his dominions, and defended Rhodes against the Turks. After Amadeus V. the succession followed in the direct line in the persons of Edward Aymon, Amadeus VI., Amadeus VII., and Amadeus VIII., in whose reign Savoy was erected into a duchy by the emperor Sigismund. Amadeus VIII. abdicated in 1434 in favour of his son Louis, and was afterwards elected pope under the name of Felis V. In 1449 he renounced the tiara, and died in 1451. Louis, his son, added parts of Novara and other places to his territories. Amadeus IX., and Philibert I., followed in direct succession. The latter, who died at the age of seventeen, was succeeded by his brother Charles, then fourteen years old. Charles conquered Saluzzo and CaiTnagnola, and acquired the title of king of Cypi'us by the will of Charlotte, widow of Louis of Savoy, his uncle. He was succeeded by liis son, Charles II. , at whose death, in 1496, the line of Amadeus IX. becoming extinct, PhUip, the son of Louis, came to the throne, who was followed by Philibert II. and Charles III., his fii-st and second sons, after whom followed. in direct succession Emmanuel Philibert, Charles Emmanuel the Great, Victor Amadeus I., and Francis Hyacinth I. The last dying at the age of six, after a reign of one year, was succeeded by his brother, Charles Emmanuel II., in whose reign some of the most magnificent stractures of Turin were erected, and the passage was cut through Monteviso. Victor Amadeus III. of Savoy, the son of Charles Emmanuel II., followed, who, after the war of the Spanish succession, was made king of Sicily by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, but exchanged that title for that of king of Sardinia in 1720. In 1730 he abdicated iu favour of his son, Charles Emmanuel II., (III. of Savoy,) by whom he was afterwards imprisoned, and died in 1732. Victor Amadeus III. and Charles Emmanuel IV. followed indirect succession. The fomier having joined with other powers of Europe to put down the French revolution, lost Savoy, and the latter, after having been deprived of all his possessions with the exception of the island of Sardinia, abdicated iu 1802. Victor Emmanuel I., his brother, succeeded, but Sardinia was incorporated into the kingdom of Italy in 1805, and remained part of the French empire till the fall of Napoleon in 1814, when Victor Emmanuel was restored. The congress of Vienna re-established the limits of the kingdom of Sardinia as they had been in 1792. Victor Emmanuel resigned in 1821, and was succeeded by his brother, Charles Felix, at whose death, without issue, in 1831, the crown devolved upon Charles Albert, the father of the present king of Italy, a descendant of Thomas Francis, prince of Carignano, a younger sou of Charles Emmanuel I. ITALY. ViOTOE Emmanuei (Maria Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas) II. is the son of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, and queen Theresa, the daughter of Ferdinand, grand-duke of Tuscany, and was born 14 March 1820. In 1849 he accompanied his father in the war against Austria, and was wounded at the battle of Goito. After the defeat of the Sardinian army of Novara, 23 March 1849, he succeeded to the crown by the abdication of his father. AUowing the idea of Italian unity to remain in abeyance for a time, he inaugurated his reign, under the able ministiy of the marquis d'Azeglio, and afterwards of count Cavour, by accomplishing various- important internal reforms, establishing order in the finances, reorganising the army, &c. At the proposal of count Cavour, the prinleges of the clergy were veiy much curtailed, and public education was taken out of the hands of the religious corporations, by whom it had hitherto heen monopolised. On the loth April 1855, he entered into a convention with England and France to assist in the war against Kuasia, and sent 15,000 men to the Crimea, imder the command of general La Mai-mora, who greatly distinguished themselves at the battle of the Tchernaya. About this time, the king lost within a short period, his mother, his wife, his brother, and. Ills youngest chUd, and he himself suffered a serious illness. The organs of the ultramontane party both in Italy and France did not fail to attribiite this to the wrath of heaven. The king, however, continued resolutely in his course. In 1857, Austria remonstrated against the attacks of the free Sardinian press, but obtaining no satisfaction from count Cavour, diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken off, and it was felt that peace would not be of long dm-ation. In the autumn of 1858, count Cavour paid a memorable visit to the emperor Napoleon at Plombieres, at which the futm'O course of the French and Sardinian goverimients is considered to have been arranged. On the new year's day following, the emperor, at his reception, declared to the Austrian ambassador that the " relations between Fi-ance and Austria were not so good as formerly." On the 30th Jan. 1859, the alliance between Sardinia and France was cemented by the marriage of the princess ClotOda, the daughter of the king, with prince Napoleon, the emperor's cousin. Tlie king, in his speech at the opening of parliament this year, said that "cries of woe had reached him from aU parts of Italy." Both Austria and Sardinia had, in the meantime, been increasing their forces and strengthening their positions to the utmost. Austria began hostilities, on the 26th April, by crossing the Ticino, and, on the foUoiving day, Victor Emmanuel took the field. The emperor of the French declared war against Austria, on the 3rd of May, and joined his aimy. The allies were successful at Montebello, Palestro (where the king displayed great personal valour), Magenta, Maleguano, and iinaUy at Solferiuo, at which last battle the emperors of France and Austria, and the king of Italy were present. Lombardy was then in the possession of the aUies, and the war was brought to a close, without any attempt being made on Venetia, where the Austrians were exceedingly strong, by the emperor of the French and the emperor of Austria signing preliminaries of peace at Villa- franca, to Sardinia. The revolted states of Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Eomagna were soon after, at their request, annexed to Sardinia. The expedition of Garibaldi to Sicily and Naples, at iirst diplomatically disavowed by count Cavour, afterwards received support from the Sardinian government, who sent an expedition through the territories of TJmbria and the Marches, lately taken from the jjope, and completed the conquest of the kingdom of the Two- Sicilies by the capture of Gaeta. Before all these annexations the wishes of the people were ascertained by universal suffrage, and in a year and a half from the commencement of the Austrian war, Victor Emmanuel was in possession of the whole of Italy, -vrith the exception of Home and the Venetian provinces, and took the title of king of Italy, by virtue of a law passed 17th March 1861. The difficulty of the Italian government, after this, was to restrain the premature action of Garibaldi and his party, impatient for the annexation of the rest of the peninsula. Prior to the breaking out of hostilities between Austria and Prussia in 1866, the king of Italy had concluded a treaty of alliance with the latter country, and on the iSth June declared war against Austria, on the pretext that Austria had notified her intention of defending the German confederation against Prussia. The king joined the ai-my on the 21st, leaving the government in the hands of the prince of Carignano. In the war which followed, the king's two sons, Humbert and Amadeus, displayed great bravery, and the latter received a wound in the chest. The Italians took Borgoforte, and were successful in some minor engagements, but ITALY. were repiilsed, with heavy loss, at Custozza, and were defeated at the naval battle of Lissa, Austria, however, heing nnsuccessful against the Prussians, ceded Venetia to France. In October following, France gave up Venice to a conimimal council of that city, and on the 4th Nov. the king of Italy received a deputation fi'om Venetia, transmitting to him the result of a popular vote, by which all the Venetian provinces declared their desire for annexation to Italy. After this, the only portion of Italy not in the possession of the king was Rome, with its surround- ing tenitory. There were, however, serious difficulties in the way of its acquisition. On the I5tli Sept. 1864, the king had signed with the French government a treaty for the departure, within two years, of the French troops from Rome, in which he had guaranteed that the papal territory should not be attacked from without, and that Florence should be made the caxrital of his kingdom. The French troops, in consequence, quitted Rome in Dec. 1866. The aspirations of the Italian people for the possession of Rome had been put into form by a resolution which had been passed almost unanimously by the senate and the chamber of deputies as far back as 1861, to the effect that Rome ought to be the capital of Italy, but that it oxight to be acquired by moral means. When, therefore, in Oct, 1867, Garibaldi published a proclamation in Florence, inviting the nation to join in an expedition against Rome, the Italian government, not wishing to lose popularity, took no measures to prevent him from carrying his scheme into execution. Prance immediately sent troops to assist the pope, and uphold the treaty of September, and Garibaldi was defeated at Mentana. In consequence of the war with Prussia, all the French troops quitted Rome, 8 Sept. 1870, and the Italians entered the city after a brief resistance by the papal troops, 20 Sept. following, and after a plebiscite, 2 Oct., the Roman provinces were incorporated with the kingdom of Italy by decree, 19 Oct. King Victor Emmanuel, who from his personal uprightness, has acquired the well-deserved appellation of iZe Galantumno, married, on the 12th of April, 1842, Maiy Adelaide Frances Kainera Elizabeth Clotilda, the daughter of Rainer, archduke of Austria, by whom (who died 20 Jan. 1855), he has sm'viving issue : — 1. Clotilda Maria Theresa Louisa, born 2 March 1843; married, 30 Jan. 1859, to prince ITapoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte. 2. Humbert Rainer Charles Emmanuel John Maria Ferdinand Eugene, prince of Piedmont, born 14 March 1844 ; married, 22 April 1868, to Maria Margaret Theresa Jane, princess of Savoy, who has issue :— Victor Emmanuel Ferdinand Maria Januarius, prince of Naples, born 11 Nov. 1869. 3. Amadeus Ferdinand Maria, duke of Aosta, born 30 May 1845 ; accepted the cro^^^l of Spain, 4 Dec. 1870; resigned it, 11 Feb. 1873; married, 30 May 1S67, to Maria Victoria Charlotte Hemietta Jane, the daughter of prince Charles Emmanuel dal Pozzo deUa Cistema, and has issue : — Emmanuel Philibert,"duke of Apulia, born 13 Jan. 1S69; Victor Emmanuel, count of Tuiin, born 24 Nov. 1870; Louis, born 31 Jan. 1873. 4. Maria Pia, born 16 Nov. 1847 > mamed 6 Oct. 1S62, to Louis, king of Portugal. DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF ITALY. CouxTs OF Savoy. 1. BERTHOLD, 1023. 2. HUMBERT, 1048. 3. AMADEUS I. 1047. Adela. [Not counted by some autliors.] 3. OTTO, 1060. I 4. AMADEUS II., 1072. 5. HUMBERT II., 1 108. I 6. AMADEUS III., 1149. 7. HUMBERT HI., 1188, 8. THOMAS, 1233. I S. AMADEUS IV. 10. BONIFACE. Tliomas, 1259. 11. PETER, 12. PHILIP, f 1268. Archbishop 13. AMADEUS v., 1323. of Lyons. A. 14. EDWARD, 1329. .L I 15. AIMON, 1343. Anne. Beatrix. Emperor King of 16. AMADEUS VI., pateologus Bohemia. 1383. III. 17. AMADEUS VIL, 1391. So,voy iMidc 0, JXichy by the Emperor Sigisnuaid, 1416. Dukes of Savoy. 1. AMADEUS VIIL, 1451 (Pope Felix V.). 2. LOUIS, 1465. Mary. . Louis HI., K. of Naples. 3. AMADEUS IX., 1472. I I 4. PHILIBERT L, 1482. 5. CHARLES I., K. of Cyprus. 6. CHARLES IL, K. of Cyprus. 7. PHILIP, sine terra. C harlotte. _ Louis XI of France. I Anne. Frederick, K. of Naples. 8. PHILIBERT IL, 1504. I 9. CHARLES III., T- 10. EMMANUEL PHILIBERT, 1380. I 11. CHARLES EMMANUEL L, 1630. Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignan. 12. VICTOR AMADEUS I., 1637. I Emmanuel Philibert 13. FRANCIS Hyacinth, 1638, 14. CHARLES EMMANUEL IL, 167s. Amadeus, 1709. aged 6 years. | !, TlisDiicUnofSavoy hecoviestlic KUwdom of Sicily, J71-2, oi Sardinia, 1720. \ lotor Amadeus, 1741. j j- 1 01 • 1 j KiNOS OF Sakdinia. Louis Victor, 1778. | I 1. VICTOR AMADEUS IL, Victor Amadeus Louis, 1780. Abdicated 1730 ; d. 1732. 2. CHARLES EMMANUEL IIL, 1773. 3. VICTOR AMADEUS III., 1796. Charles Emmanuel Ferdinand, 1800. 7. CHARLES ALBBRT,i849.. 8. VICTOR EMMANUEL IL, &. 1820. King of Sardinia, 1849 ; King of Italy, 1861. 4. CHARLES EMMANUEL IV. 5. VICTOR EMMANUEL. 6. CHARLES FELIX, Abdicated in 1802. Abdicated 1821. A. 1831. Humbert, 7), 1844. Jilurgaret, Princeaa of Savoy. Victor Emmanuel Prince of Naiiles. &. 1869. Amadeus Ferdinand Maria, Duke of Aosta, 6. 1843. Clotilda, h. 1843. Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte. I Maria Pia, &. 1847. Louis I. King of Portugal. LUCCA. Lucca, a small territory in the nertli of Italy, on the shores of tlie Mediterranean, at one time a Roman colony, passed under successive rulers until 1370, when it purchased its freedom of the emperor Charles IV. for 200,000 florins. It retained its independence until the invasion of the French. In 1805, it was united to Piomhino, and formed into a principality by ITapoleon I., who assigned it to his sister Eliza, the wife of colonel Bacciocohi. After the fall of Napoleon, the congress of Vienna created I;ucca a duchy, and conferred it on Maria Louisa, the daughter of Charles IV., of Spain, and widow of Louis, king of Etruria, and her children ; the conditions being that, should the duchess or her children come into possession of the duchy of Parma, or should the family become extinct, the duchy of Lucca should be united to the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany. Maria Louisa assumed the reins of government in 1818, and died 13 March 1824. Charles Lotiis, her son and successor was born 22 Dec. 1799. Being assured of one day obtaining the duchy of Parma, he does not appear to have taken a great personal interest in the affairs of the lesser state, the government of which he left to his ministers. After the death of the marquess di Mansi, the finances of the duchy fell into apparently hopeless confusion, through the mismanagement of his successor, and the duke experienced much anxiety in consequence. He was extricated from his diificulty, however, by the administrative skOl of a young native of Yorkshire, who had entered his service as groom, and on whom he subsequently confeiTed the title of baron. Baron Ward had a genius for diplomacy, and was, above all, an honest man. When the duke had discovered his merits, he left the management of affairs entirely to him. " He consulted him (says sir Bernard Burke in his " Vicissitudes of Families ") in many perplexed and difficult cases, and he invariably found such benefit from the advice of his new counsellor that he began to regard him as almost infallible." In 1838, the duke attended the coronation of the emperor of Austria, at Milan, as king of Lombardy, and then proceeded to England to be present at that of her majesty queen Victoria. In 1847, when it was clear, from the state of health of the archduchess Maria Louisa, that the sovereignty of Parma would soon devolve upon him, he ceded Lucca to Leopold, gi-and-duke of Tiiscany, 5 Oct. 1847 ; but his escape from the cares of state was not of long duration. Maria Louisa died 17 Dec, when he was required to assume the sovereignty of Parma. Here again he was relieved from much trouble by baron Ward, who, according to the above-named authority, governed the Italian principality, although generally residing at Vienna, where he was accredited minister plenipotentiaiy. When troubles arose in 1848, the duke established a regency, which was replaced by a provisional government a few days afterwards. He quitted the duchy on the 19th of April, renouncing the sovereignty in favour of his son, Ferdinand Charles, 14 March 1849. Charles Louis, since his abdication, has resided principally on his Tuscan estate near Viareggio. He married, 5 Sept. 1820, Maria Tlwresa Fferdinanda Felicia Gaetaua Pia, daughter of Victor Emmanuel I., king of Sardinia, and had issue, one daughter, who died in infancy, and the above-named son, Ferdinand Charles, who was born 14 Jan. 1823, and assassinated, 27 March 1854. Feedinand Chaeles manied Louisa Maria Theresa of Bom-bon, the daughter of the duke of Berri, and had issue, Egbert Charles Tx)uis Maria, heir to the families of Plantagenet, Stuart, Tudor and Bourbon, born 9 July 1848, and married (5 April 1869) to Maria Pia, the daughter of Ferdinand IL, king of the Two Sicilies. Lucca, with Tuscany, became part of the kingdom of Italy in i860. DESCENT OP THE DUKE OP LUCCA. Alexander Famese (Pope Paul III.), 1549. Dukes of Paema. Peter, assassinated 1547. Octavius, 1586. Alexander, 1592. Rainutius I., 1622. Odoardiis, 1646. Rainutius II., 1694. Odoardus, 1693. Elizabeth. PMip v.. King of Spain, 1746. I Charles III., King of Spain, 1788. C harles IV., sf Spain', 18 08. Louisa Maria Theresa. I I MARIA LOUISA JOSEPHINE, Duchess of Lucca, 1824. Louis, King of Etruria, 1803. CHARLES (Louis), Duke of Lucca, h. 1799. Maria Theresa Ferdinanda Felicita Gaetana Pia, daughter of Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia. FERDINAND CHARLES (Joseph Maria Victor Balthasar,) Duke of Parma, 1854. Louisa Maria Theresa, of Bourbon, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Bern, 1864. Philip, Duke of Parma, 1765, Ferdinand Maria Louis, 1802. I Maria Louisa Charlotte, b. i8o2. Maximilian, of Saxony. Margaret, b. 1847. Robert, Duke of Parma, h. 1848 . Alice, b. 1849. Charles of Spain. Maria Pia des Graces, of the Ferdinand IV., Grand- Two Sicilies, b. 1849. Duke of Tuscany. Henry, }, 1851. MEXICO. Benito Jitabez, the late president of Mexico, descended from the Indian race of the Tapa- tecos, was born in 1802. Although without the advantage of fortune, he was enabled, by his o'rni efforts, to acquire a regular education. He gi-aduated in the college of Oaxaca, studied law, and, in 1830, became a member of the Institute of Arts and Sciences of Mexico. In 1833 he was elected member of the Chamber of Deputies, and successively held the important posts of professor of canon law at the Institute of Oaxaca, secretary to the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, substitute judge of the same, civil judge of the first instance, and attorney-general of Oaxaca. In 1846 he became a member of congress, where he advocated the secularisation of church property. In 1851 he became president of the Supreme Court of Justice. When president Comonfort was compelled to make way for president Zuloaga, in January, 1858, Juarez, then chief of the constitutional party, refused to recognise the new president, and established a government of his o-\vn at Vera Cruz. Civil war ensued, but mthout any important result during the presidency of Zuloaga. When Zuloaga was deposed in December, 1858, and general Miramon placed in power, the latter laid siege to Vera Cruz, but was obliged to retire to defend Mexico, which was threatened by the constitutional party. In April, 1859, the govern- ment of the United States, which had previously recognised general Miramon, being unable to obtain the ratification of a treaty for placing the provinces of Chihuahua and Sonora, situated on the highway to the Gulf of California, under the protection of the United States, transferred its confidence to Juai-ez, who made the concessions required. This was a triumph to the latter, who turned his advantage to account by at once confiscating the property of the clergy, establishing civil marriage, caiTying on the railway from Vera Cruz to Mexico, and performing and promising many other important acts. In the meantime the civil war continued, but Juarez had the immense advantage of being well supplied with funds from the custom-house of Vera Cruz, while money was scarce in the treasui-y of his rival. On the 22nd of December, i86o, general Miramon was finally defeated at the battle of San Miguelito, and Juarez entered Mexico on 1 1 January i86i. He immediately dismissed the officials of the previous government, eipeDed the representatives of foreign powers who had shown sympathy with general Miramon, and, after having been recog- nised by England and France, caused himself to be re-elected to the presidency, 11 June 1861. His difficulties, however, were not over. Depending for funds on forced loans, confiscations, and extortions of all kinds, and being, consequently, unable to meet his engagements, he passed a decree on 17 July 1861, suspending for two years payments to creditors of the state. This violation of good faith induced England, France, and Spain to combine in an anned expedition to enforce their claims. England and Spain having declared themselves satisfied with concessions promised to them, withdrew from the expedition, and France was left to carry on the war alone. Juarez made preparations for a stout resistance, and obtained a loan of 25,000,000 dollars from the United States, pledging as secuiity several provinces of Mexico. The French received a check at Puebla, but, after receiving reinforcements under general Forey, succeeded in occupying the country from the coast to the city of Mexico. Juarez, in the meantime, though obliged to fall back, never ceased to keep a semblance of government in some part or other of the Mexican territory. An assembly of notables met at Mexico, 8 July 1863, to deliberate on the future form of government, and decided — i. That Mexico should adopt a limited hereditary monarchy under a Catholic prince. 2. That the sovereign should bear the title of emperor. 3. That the imperial crown should bo offered to the archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria. 4. That, should the archduke Maximilian be prevented from accepting the offer, the emperor Napoleon III. should be requested to designate some other Catholic prince. A deputation was sent to the archduke at his seat at Miramar, who accepted the crown on the conditions that the whole Mexican nation should confirm the wishes of the capital, and that the integrity of the new empire should be sufficiently guaranteed. These conditions being obtained, he gave up his claims to the Austrian succession, and departed for Mexico. He arrived at Vera Cruz, 29 May 1864, where he was well received by the native population, and made his entry into the city of Mexico on the 12th of June following. The emperor initiated several refomis, and his reign would doubtless have been a. boon to the counti-y. He was, however, engaged in a constant struggle with the supporters of Juarez, of Ortega, and other opponents, supported by bands of filibusters organised in the United States. After the departure of the French army, at the beginning of 1867, he left Mexico at tho head of all his available troops, and marched to Queretaro, which he reached on February 19. After a brave defence, this city was taken (May 15) by general Escobedo. The emperor was made prisoner of war, and on the igtlx of June following condemned to death by a council of war, and shot, together with generals Miramon and Mejia, notwithstanding the protests of the European powers. Juarez, re-elected president, had to contend against insurrections raised by Martinez, Ortega, Negrete, and others, which were suppressed with much slaughter. He died of apoplexy, 18 July 1872. Sebastian Lerbo de Tejada was elected president in 1872 and 1876. His rule has been much disturbed by the insun-ections. In March 1877, Porfirio Diaz held the capital and formed a ministry. SUCCESSION OF THE RULERS OF MEXICO. Mexico, from its con(juest by the Spaniards in 1521, until it ac(iuii-ed its independence, was governed by viceroys nominated by the king of Spain,. In 1821, after a struggle extending over eleven years, it threw off the Spanish yoke, and has since been ruled by the following emperors,- presidents, and dictators : — ■ AUGUSTINE ITURBIDE, Generalissimo, 1821 ; Empeeor, 1822. Generals GUEREERO, BRAVO, and NEGEETE, Dictators, 1823. General G. VICTORIA, Rresident, 1824. General PEDRAZA, President, 1827. General GUERRERO, President, 1828 ; Dictator, 1829. General BUSTAMENTE, President, 1830. General PEDEAZA, President, 1832. General SANTA ANNA, President, 1833. JOSEPH J. CARO, President, 1836. General BUSTAMENTE, President, 1S37. General PARIAS, Dictator, 1840. ;General BUSTAMENTE, President, 1S41. General SANTA ANNA, Dictator, 1841. General CANALIZO, President, 1845. General HEEREEA, President, 1845. General PAEEDES, President, 1847. General ARISTA, President, 1850. Dr. M. J. CEBALLOS, President, 1852. S. M. LOMBARDINI, President, 1853. General SANTA ANNA, President, 1853. J. ALVAREZ, President, 1855. General COMONFORT, President, 1856. P. ZULOAGA, President"; BENITO JUAREZ, Anti-President, 1858. General MIRAMON, President ; B. JUAREZ, Anti-President, 1859-60. BENITO JUAREZ, President, 1861. MAXIMILIAN, Emperoe, 1S64. BENITO JUAREZ, President, 1S67. SEBASTIAN LERDO de Tejada, President, 1872. Civil war, 1876-7. MONACO. Situated upon the confines of France and of Italy, the little state of Monaco is hounded on the south by the Gulf of Genoa, on the north and east by Savoy, and on the west by the department of Tar. The sovereignty of this tei-ritory has been vested in the noble Genoese family of Grimaldi ever since the year 968, when the emperor Otho I. bestowed upon Grimaldi I. the fortress and lordship of Monaco, from which he had expelled the Saracens. One of his descendants, Charles the Great, led the renowned Genoese archers and perished in their discomfiture at the battle of Crecy in 1346. After having been since 1450 under the protection of Spain, Honorius II., in 1553, invoked the protection of Francis I. of France, but soon returned to his allegiance to the king of Spain, and fought valiantly at the battle of Lepanto. Honorius II., his grandson, in 1641, di'ove the Spaniards from his dominions, and by the treaty of P^ronne again placed them under the protectorate of France. For this act, his Milanese and Neapolitan possessions were confiscated by Spain, and he received from Louis XIV., as compensation for these losses, the duchy of Yaleutiuois and other estates. The direct male line of the Grimaldi princes of Monaco became extinct upon the death of prince Anthony, 26 Feb. 1731, when the piiacipaUty was carried into the house of Matignon by the marriage of his eldest daughter, Louisa Hippolyta, with Jacc[ues Frangois de Leonor Goyon-Matiguon, count of Torigny, who assumed the surname and arms of Grimaldi, and received the duchy of Valentinois upon his mamage in 1715. United to France in 1793, by decree of the National Convention, Monaco regained its iudepen. deuce in 1814 under Honorius V., and by the ti-eaty of Paris, 20 Nov. 1815, was placed under the military protectorate of Sardinia. In 1848 the communes of Mentone and Eoquebrune revolted against the authority of his brother and successor Florestan I., and demanded to be annexed to Piedmont, This was decreed by Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, 18 Sept 1848, and Mentone and Eoquebnme were occupied by his ti'oops, but, upon appeal to France their annexation was srrspended, and the Sardinian troops withdrawn. Florestan I., who in his younger days had been an actor at the theatre of the Ambigu-Comique, died at Paris, 29 June 1856. Chablbs III. Honorius, pi-ince of Monaco, and duke of Valentinois, is the only son of Florestan I., prince of Monaco, by his wife the princess Maria Louisa Caroline GabrieUa Gibert de Lametz, who was born 18 July 1793, and is still living. He was born 8 Dec. 1818, and in 1853 endeavoured to excite at Mentone a public demonsti-ation in his favour against his father. No sooner, how- ever, was he recognised, than the people rose against him, and he owed his safe escape to the national guard and Sardinian carabineer's, who escorted him to prison and thence to Genoa, where he was at once released. He succeeded his father, 20 June 1856, and on the 2 Feb. 1861 he ceded to France his sove- reign rights over the communes of Mentone and Eoquebrune, receiving as indemnity the sum of four million francs. These communes now form part of the department of the Alpes Maritimes. Monaco, with its beautiful chateau, and its casino, was alone reserved by prince Charles, who resides for six months alternately there and at Paris. Prince Charles man-ied, 28 Sept. 1846, AiiioiiwUc Ghislaine, countess of M&ode, who was bom 28 Sept. 1828, anddied 10 Feb. 1864, leaving issue anonly son, .liiue, 1824. 13. CHARLES IL, King 12. :MARIA LOUISA, of Austria (widow of Napoleon I.), 1847. )f Etruria, Duke of Lncoa, h. 1799. Mai-y Theresa, of Sardinia. 14. FERDINAND CHAR LES III., 1S54 . Louiisa Maria Tlieresa, of Bourbon, 1864. Heniy Chaiies Ferdinand Maria D ieudonn e d'Ai-tois, Duke of Bordeaux. Louisa 31arla Tlieresa. [ Margaret, 7). 18^7. Cliarles Maria, of Sitain. 15. ROBERT CHARLES Louis Maria, 6. 1 848. Maria Pia des Graces, of the Two Sicilies, h. 1849. Five children. Alice, 5. 1849. Ferdinand IV. , of Austria, Grand-Duke of Tuscanv. Henrj', &. 1851. P E E S I A. The founder of the reigning dynasty of Persia was Agha Midiammad Klian Kajar who, after Persia had for many years heen torn by civil war, acf[mred the sovereignty by his victory over Luft All Khan Zend in 1795. Agha Muhammad was assassinated in 1797, and suooeeded^by his nephew, Fatah Ali, who, in his wars ivith Eussia, lost most of his provinces on the Caspian, together with Erivan and the countiy of the Araxes. His successor was Muhammad, a grandson of Fatah Ali and father of Nasr-ed-DIn, the present shah. Nasp.-ed-DIn was born in 1830, and succeeded to the throne, 10 Sept. 1S48. From the geographical position of the Persian dominions it is almost impossible for a ruler of that country to avoid being swayed either by English or by Russian influence, and the present shah has doubt- less, at different times, submitted to each. At the beginning of the war between Russia and Tm-key he declared his neuti'ality, but, shortly before its close, entered into a treaty ivith Russia. In the foUovving year, in consequence of the occupation of Herat by Persian troops, the govern- ment of India declared war against him (i Nov. 1856). After a few months of hostilities, during which general Outram captured Karrack, Bushir, and other places, a treaty of peace was signed, at Paris, by lord Cowley and the Persian ambassador, in which ample satisfaction was given to England. The shah has had wars with several neighbouring states, and was successful in an expedition against the Turcomans. Shah Nasr-ed-Dln has always shown a disposition to advance the welfare of his subjects by adopting, whenever possible, the civilisation of Em-ope. In 1873 he visited Europe, staying some time in England and France. His army is diiUed after the Euroxieau method, a navy is in process of formation, and the electric telegraph has been introduced into liis dominions. The children of the shah are — 1. Muzaffer-ed-DIn, heir apparent, born in 1S50. 2. DjUal-ed-Dauleh, bom in 1853. SUCCESSION OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA, OF THE DYNASTY OF THE KAJAES. y Mvihammad Hiisain Khan. 1. AGHA MUHAMMAD KHAN KAJAE. Miizaffer-ed-Din, heir-apparent, b. 1850. Husain Kuli Khan. 2. FATAH ALL Abhas Mirza. 3. MUHAMMAD SHAH. 4. NASE-ED-DIM-, Djilal-ed-Dauleh h. 1853. POPE PIUS IX. Giovanni Mastai Feuetti, Pope Pius IX., was 130111 at Sinigaglia, 13 May 1792, and educated at the college of Volterra. At the age of eighteen, in consequence of bad health, he left college, and, after a short period, entered the corps of noble guards in the sei-vice of the pope. His health, still continuing bad, he left the army, and entered the church, and was made archbishop of Spoleto in 1827, bishop of Imola in 1832, cardinal in 1840, and became pope, at the death of Gregory XVI., 16 June 1846. His iirst acts as pontiff filled most of the higher clergy and officials with dismay, greatly excited the enthusiasm of the populace, and made him for a time the most popular man in Italy. He dismissed his Swiss guard, granted an unconditional amnesty to all persons suifering punishment for political offences, named a commission to reform the law, diminished the expenses of the court, and gi'anted a constitution, which was promulgated on the 14th March 1848. The liberal pai-ty, however, excited by the insurrectionary movements in other states of Italy, and by the French revolution of February 1848, clamoured for concessions which the government had never intended to make. One of the most earnest wishes of the people was that the papal states should take an active part in assisting Lorabardy and Venice to gain their independence. The pope, unwilling to offend Austria, delayed giving way to the popular ciy as long as possible, but at length sent an anny of observation of 17,000 men under general Dui'ando, who, disobeying his iustmctions, actively assisted the insurgents, in consequence of which his conduct was immediately disavowed by the pope. Great agitation followed. Several ministers succeeded each other without allaying the discontent, the last of whom, Rossi, was assassinated on the steps of the chamber of deputies. An insurrection arose the day afterwards, and the pope left his dominions for Gaeta, in the territory of the king of Naples. A constituent assembly was elected at Eonie by universal suffrage, which decreed the over- throw of the pope as temporal sovereign, and proclaimed a democratic republic, Mazzini, Annellini, and SafE, being named triumvirs. The pope, in the meantime, sought the assistance of France, Austria, Spain, and Naples, and France ha.stened to respond to the call in order to be in the field before Austria ; the principal conditions being that a general amnesty should be proclaimed ; that the government should be secularised ; and that the law should be earned out according to the code Napoleon. Rome was besieged and taken by the French, under general Oudinot. The pope did not return immediately, but sent three cardinals, of kno\\-n consei-vative principles, as commissioners to rule in his name ; and it was not till the 4th of April that he re- entered his dominions. When Sardinia, supported by France, declared war against Austria, the integi-ity of the Pioman states was guaranteed. The emperor Napoleon even formed a scheme for establishing a con- federation of Italian states, over which the pope was to preside. A rising, however, took place in the legations, wMch ended in their being annexed to Sardinia ; and, notwithstanding the gallant efforts of the papal araiy, chiefly raised for the protection of the Roman territory, and placed under the command of general Larmoriciere, little of that territory remained in the possession of the pope, besides Rome and Civita Vecchia. By the convention of 15th September 1864, between the emperor Napoleon and the king of Italy, the integiity of the papal teiritoiy was again guaranteed. Florence was to be made the capital of Italy, and the French troops were to be withdi'awn from Rome in two years. The troops were withdrawn by France, but the Italian government allowed general Garibaldi, in October, 1867, to concentrate his foDowers at Montana, with the view of creating a general rising for the pm-pose of effecting the annexation of the remainder of the Roman tenitoiy to Italy. The Garibaldini were encountered by the papal troops, assisted by a French detachment sent by the emperor to cause the convention of September to be respected, and completely routed. ' The French troops having withdrawn from Rome during the Franco-German war, 8th Sept. 1870, the Italians took possession of Rome on 20th Sept., and the remainder of the papal tenitory was annexed to the kingdom of Italy by decree, igth Oct. following. Pius IX. established the Roman hierarchy in England in 1850, signed a concordat with Austria in 1855 ; published encyclical letter containing the "Syllabus of En-ors," 8th Dec. 1864 ; issued severe allocutions against the kingdom of Italy, 29th Oct. 1866 ; summoned a general council, 13th Sept. which met on the 8th Deo. 1869. and adopted the dogma of papal infallibility, and adjourned, i8th July 1870. He celebrated his jubilee, i6th June 1871 ; dedicated the universal church to the sacred heart of Jesus, 16 June 1875. He issued an allocu- tion against the Italian government, and a circular to foreign powers, on account of a bill to re- press clerical abuses, March 1877. In the arts and sciences Pius IX. is a distinguished proficient ; his attainments in the chief European languages, and his memoiy with regard to men and things, is far beyond the average ; while his benignity and purity of life are generally admitted. " < ^ (i. ;<. s>< u.ii.ii.ii,'A Si^i'-o^.S) I-* |^-3k« . — ^BtWMM^ire^'r'': ; £■- • M « 7S T u: ifsOM pmsrec: iS' = s c « t |r S5-= .-s 5-5. -' E e 5*2 6 =i § s 1^ " " "s -1= sIlllHI t iill.ll = HII"! nil H":'! =1 i P^ ■ 1=1 i i I'll sfJ 1 ■i " si riilflfii .|?l :E6=s1ic;|i; Oi- i fS-i sis ! If ! i :- |.= ?'^= 5 s ;.!; E i Si; £ £r Sllii^esa - I-" » = ■<" -am : 53g53£g^s:=5s: :Z2 : /- c N - :i; c; r-pwo=-5wF fi >*■ !Ai ca "1 K t/j r- >< -^ w X t^ M 5 E~S5 soaxOHSs=: .omhomhS'=o ou3io>a>a>a*aia PORTUGAL. In the wars which Alfonso, king of Castile, wageJ against the Moors, he was verj- much assisted by Heniy of Burgundy, a descendant of Hugli Capet, to whom, as a reward for his services, he gave his natural daughter Theresa in mamage, with the government of the northeni part of what now constitutes the Jcingdom of Portugal. The son of Henry, Alfonso Henriques, extended Ids territoiy l>y conquest as far as tlie Tagiis, and gained the memorable battle of Onrique, in whidi he is said to have defeated 300,000 men commanded by five Moorish kings. After the victory, which took place 25 July 1139, he wns hailed king by his troops, and from that date is reckoned, tlic foundation of the Poituguese monarchy. Alfonso Henri(iues wiis succeeded by his sou and his grandson, Sancho I. and Alfonso II., who both gained impoi-tant victories over the Moors. Saucho II., the son of the latter, was deposed by pope Innocent IV. owing to priestly intrigues, and to the influence exerted over him by his queen. He was succeeded by his brother, Alfonso III., who added to his khigdom the province of Algarve, The succes- sors of Alfonso III, in the direct male line, were Denys — who founded the university of Coimbra, foimerly seated at Lisbon — Alfonso IV., Peter tlie Cruel, and Ferdinand I. Oil the death of the last, without male heirs, the crown was claimed by tlie husband of BeatrLx, his daughter, John I., king of CastUe. By the Portuguese hiw of succession, a daughter might succeed to the crown in default of sons, i)ro\ided she were not maixied to a foreigner. Beatrix, by her maniage having forfeited her rifj'ht, the next in succession "was don John, king Pedro's legitimate son, by Ifies de Castro. As he was held in captivity by the king of Castile, the cortes elected John, a natm-al son. of Pedro, who promised to deliver up his authority to his brother if ever he should regain his freedom. John I., whose reign was distinguished by the maritime expedition, and geographical discoveries of his thii-d son, iirince Henry, was siicceeded in the direct male line by Edward, Alfonso V., and John II. The last dying without issue, the crown devolved on Emanuel, tlie gi'audson of Edward, in whose reign took jilace the memorable expedition of Vasco da Gama to India, rounil the Cape of Good Hope. Emanuel was followed by his son, John III., who was succeeded by Sebastian, his grandson. Tliis prince, who had tiiken an army to Africa to assist Muley Mahomet to gain the throne of Morocco, was defeated, ancl probably killed at the battle of Alcarjarquivii*, although his fate was involved iu an imcei-tainty which enabled two or three i>seudo-Sebastians to claim the crown. The only male of the royal family tlien siu-viving was Heni-y, a son of king Emanuel, and a cai'dinal, at whose death, after a reigii of two years, tlie sovereignty was claimed by seven different candidates. Philip II. of Spain, who chiimed, in right of his mother Isabel, the eldest daughter of king Emanuel, succeeded, though not without the assistance of an nnnj' under the duke of Alva, which defeated the forces of jVntony, prior of Crato — an illegitimate son of Louis, Eniamiel's third son — who had been proclaimed king. Portugal remained in the jiossession of the kings of Spain, of the house of Austria, Philip II., Philip III., and Philip IV. for sixty yeai-s, when the principal nobles succeeded in thi-owing utf the yoke, and placing ou the throne John, duke of Brugaiiiia, who was descended froiu king Emanuel, and also from John I. Portugal has been goveiiied by the house of Braganza to the present time, ivitli the exception of a short period during which it was occupied by the French. The sovereigns of this family have succeeded in the following order : — Alfonso VI., son of John IV., was dethroned and imprisoned iu 1667, and died 1683. Petlro II. died in 1706. John v., sou of Pedro IT., died 1750. Joseph I., son of the preceding, in whose reign Portugal attained a high degree of prosperity, under the ad- ministration of his eminent minister the marquis of Ponibal, died 1777. Mary I,, the daughter of Joseph, manied her uncle, don Pedro (Pedro III.), and governed jointly with hun until she became hisane, in 1790, when her son, John VI., became regent, and at her death, in 1816, king. It was dimng his regency that Portugal was invaded by the French, and, being unable to offer any effective resistance, the royal family took refuge in Brazil. In 1815 John VI. raised that possession into a kingdom, but the cortes insisting that he should reside in Eurojpe, he returned to Lisbon m 1821, leaving don Pedro, the prince royal, at Kio. The latter, in 1822, assumed the sovereigutj'" of Brazil, and his title was recognised in 1825 by the king of Portugal. At the death of John VI., 10 March 1826, the emperor Pedro of Brazil was proclaimed king of Portugal, as Pedro IV., but immediately abdicated in favour of his eldest daughter, Maria da Gloria, who, it was agreed, should many her uncle, don Miguel, who claimed the crown. Don Miguel refused to fulfil the agi-eement, and proclaimed himself king of Portugal. Tliis led to tlie civil war which resulted in the overthrow of don Miguel, and the secure establishment of donna Maria on the throne in 1834. Her iininediate successor was Pedro V., who was fol- lowed by, Dom Lcis I,, (Louis Philip Maria Ferdinand Peter d'Alcantara Anthony Michael Raphael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francis d' .crisis John Julius Augustus Wolfandus de Braganza Bourbon), the present king of Portugal and of the Algan'es, second son of the late queen donna Maria II. da Gloria, by her second marriage with the xirince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Antony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was born on the 31st of October 1838. The troubled reign of queen donna Maria having ended with her death on the 15th of November 1853, the crown devolved upon her eldest son, who ascended the throne as dom Pedro V., under the regency of his father, Idng Ferdinand, he being then a minor. He visited England, France, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland, in company with his brother the duke of Opoi-to, the present sovereign, and married, in 1S57, the princess Stephanie of Hohenzollern Signia- ringen. Her untimely death from diphtheria took place 16 July 1859, and in little more than two years she was followed to the grave by the king, who was carried off" by gastric fever on the nth of November 1861. He was succeeded ou the throne by his brother, the duke of Oporto, as dom Luis I., who was at that time a captain in the Portuguese navy. Like the late kin^j he takes much interest in public affhirs, and has continued the government of liis kingdom upon liberal constitutional principles. Dom Luis maiTied on tlie 6th of October 1862, the princess Maria Pia (bom i6th October 1847), yoxmger daughter of Victor Emanuel, king of It. 1866. b. 186S. Dorothea, b. 1872. h. 1855. b. 1857. Margaret & 186-^ b. 1859. d. 1866. b. 1870. b. i860. ' " RUSSIA. Michael Feodoko vitz, the'first czar of Russia of the house of Eomanoff, from whom the present imperial is descended, was elected in 1613. At his death the succession proceeded, not always in regular order, as follows : — Alexis, his son ; Feodor, Ivan, and Peter the Great, three sons of Alexis ; Catherine I., the widow of Peter ; Peter II., his grandson ; Anne, a daughter of Ivan, ■elected to the prejudice of Elizaheth, the daughter of Peter the Great, to whom the crown should have devolved according to the will of her father ; John of Brunswick, a great grandson of Ivan, ;and Elizaheth, the above-mentioned daughter of Peter the Great. The throne of Eussia then came into the possession of the present reigning family by the accession of Peter III. , the son of Anne, daughter of Peter the Great and Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein Gottorp. Peter was murdered, and .succeeded by his wife Catherine II., after whom followed his son Paul (miirdered, 24 March 1801), and his grandsons Alexander, and Nicholas, the late emperor. Alexandee, II., the son of the emperor Nicholas and the empress Alexandra Feodoro^vna, the daughter of Frederick William III. of Prussia, was born on the 29th April 1818. His education ■was superintended first by general Moerder, a Protestant, and afterwards by the poet Zhukovsky, his military training being under his father. At the age of sixteen he attained his majority, but was subject for some years afterwards to such severe discipline that his health suffered in consequence, and he was obliged to travel to recmit it. He visited Germany and made a long stay at the court of Hesse Darmstadt, where, in 1841, he manied the princess Mary, daughter of the grand-duke Louis. Socn after his marriage, he endeavoured to gain popularity among the inhabitants of Finland by patronising the Finnish Academy and establishing a professorship of Finnish language and literature. He also received the thanks of his father for the care with which, as director of the military schools of the empire, he had caused the youth to be trained in the "true Russian feeling. " In 1850 he visited Southern Russia, and obtained the order of St. George by his behaviour in a skii-mish with the Circassians of the Caucasus. Although he is said to have disapproved of the policy which led to the war with Turkey, he nevertheless continued the contest with vigour after his accession, 2nd March 1855, and swore " to persevere in the policy which his father had pursued," but accepted ]peace as soon as the taking of Kars enabled him to do so without loss of dignity. After the Crimean war he turned his attention to public education, and, by a decree of Oct. 1855, abolished the restriction which limited the number of graduates in the universities of Eussia, and also founded a chair of Eastern languages in the university of St. Petersburgh. Notwithstanding several concessions made to Poland, a formidable insurrection broke out in that country, in 1861, which was not quelled till 1864. In March 1861, the emperor performed one of the most important acts of his reign, by eman- cipating the serfs to the number of about 23,000. This measure, which met with gi-eat opposition from his principal counsellors, is due almost entirely to himself. The same boon was granted, after the insurrection, to the serfs of Poland. In 1866 an attempt was made on the life of the emperor ; Karakasoif, the would-be murderer, was executed, and thirty other persons, said to have been his accomplices, were imprisoned. A war, of some months' standing, with the emir of Bokara, was settled in Nov. 1866, and in May 1867 Russian America was sold to the United States for 7,200,000 dollars. Rebellions in Khiva were suppressed in 1873. Eussia was neutral during the Franco-Pnissian war, but took the opportunity to get the Black Sea clauses of the treaty of Paris abrogated in March 1871. The czar's only daughter Mary was married to the duke of Edinburgh, 23 Jan. 1874 ; and he visited them in the following May. The empire was enlarged by the annexation of Khokand, in Asia, on 29 Feb. 1876, after a campaign. After much negotiation respecting the treatment of the Christians in the Turkish empire, ending with the sultan's rejection of the proposals of the six great powers, — Great Biitain, France, Russia, Austria, Germany, and Italy, — set forth in a protocol, signed in London, 31 March 1877, the czar declared war against Tiu'key on 24 April, and his army immediately crossed the Pruth and entered Eoumania. The emperor Alexander, by his marriage with Wilholmina Augusta Sophia Mary, daughter of Louis II., grand-duke of Hesse, 28 April 1841, has surviving issue — 1. Alexander, heir-presumptive, born 10 March 184S ; manied Mary (Dagmar) of Denmark, 9 Nov. 1866 ; 3 children. 2. Vladimir, born 22 Apiil 1847. 3. Alexis, born 14 Jan. 1850. 4. Mary, born 17 Oct. 1853 ; mawied to Alfred, duke of Edinburgh, 23 Jan. 1874. 5. Sergius, born 11 May 1857. 6. Paul, bom 3 Oct. i860. , S3 M CO Pi Pi o k1 ^ « M K H 5— s H O ^ IB g a" .5 §^ £d > ^ C3 ^ t^ 1 i> _^- ■g a -il 3J S -a |J1 ■*! «-e M •3 CO ^»^ a z! ^o Si O ■ /J' cS O ■^ m O 03 SSP3 .3 ° -!- a o " <0 ^2 SM M a ■ a "* "o i?-^ SAXE-COBTJEG-GOTHA. Ernest II. (Augustus Ernest Charles John Leopold Alexander Edward), duke of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha, the elder son of the late duke Ernest I., hy the princess Louise, only daughter of Augus- tus, last reigning duke but one of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, was bom at the ducal palace at Coburg, on 21 June 1818. His childhood was passed in the constant companionship of hia younger brother Albert, the late prince consort. The marriage of their parents not having been a happy one, a separation took place in 1824, and the duchess never saw her children again ; but their youth was watched over with the most devoted love and care by their grand-mothers, the dowager duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and the dowager duchess of Saxe-Gotha-Alten- burg. When prince Ernest was five years old, they were intriisted to the care of a tutor, Herr Florschiitz, of Coburg, who fulfilled his task with much success. He completed his education at the university of Bonn, where he made a special study of political economy. In 1836 he travelled in Belgium, France, and England, in company with his brother, who on this occasion first met the queen, then princess Victoria. He afterwards visited Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Africa. He succeeded his father, 29 Jan. 1844 ; and in 1846 anticipated the wants of his people by granting a liberal constitution to the two duchies, owing to which the critical period of 1848 and 1849 passed over without disturbance in his dominions. In 1849 he had command of a division of the Federal ai-my in the war against Denmark, and to him was due the victoiy at Eokem- fa:rde. After the dissolution of the Germanic confederation, the duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha were incorjiorated in the North Gei-man Confederation, the ducal ai-my being placed under the command of the king of Prussia. Duke El-nest has always had a gi'eat fondness for the arts and sciences ; music, especially, has been with him a favourite study from his chQdhood, and he has attained considerable success as a composer. Several of his operas have been well received, not only at Gotha, but in other towns of Gei-many. One of them, Casilda, translated into French, has been perfoi-med at Brussels, and another, Santa Cliiara, appeared in 1855, at the gi-and opera at Paris. Among his other musical compositions, one of the most important is a cantata for soprano and baritone with choi-uses and orchestral accompaniments, entitled Immcr Lieie, the words by Ai-not. The duke mairied, on 3 May 1842, Alexandrma Louisa Amelia Frederica Elizabeth Soxihia, daughter of Leopold, late grand-duke of Baden. The prince of Wales, having resigned his rights on 19 April 1863, prince Alfred of England is heir presumptive to the ducal throne. DESCENT OF THE DUKES OF SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA. Frederick, the Facific, Elector of Saxony, 1464. Ernest, Elector of Saxony, 1486. Albert, founder of the Albertine I line and ancestor of the Eoyal I family of Saxony. John, tJie Constant, Elector of Saxony, 1532. John Frederick, the Magnanimous, Elector of Saxony, 1554. John 'William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, IS73- John, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, Eisenach, and Gotha, 1605. Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, 1675. John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld, 1730. Christian Ernest, Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Saalft'ld, 1 764. Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld, I 1745- I Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld, iSoo. Francis Frederick Antony, Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld, 1S06. ERNEST Antony Charles Loiiis, Duke of Saxe-Cohurg and Gotha, 1S44. EEITEST (Augustus Charles John Albert Francis Augustus, Leopold Alexander) II. 1S19-1861. Alexandrina Louisa Amelia Frederica Victoria, Queen of Great Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of Leopold, Britain and Ireland, Grand-Duke of Baden, b. 1S20. J. 1819. r -1 Albert Edward, Prince of Vales, i. 1S41, Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, renounced his rights to the duchy i. 1844. in favour of his brother, 19 April, 1S63. SAXONY. When tlie family of Albert the Bear, Marquis of Salzwedel, to wliich the duchy of Saxony had helonged, became extinct hy the death of Albert III. in 1422, the duchy with the title of elector was confen'ed by the emperor Sigismimd on Frederick the Warlike, margrave of Misnia (Meissen) supposed to have been descended from Witikind, the leader of the Saxons in their wars against Charlemagne. Frederick was succeeded by his son Frederick the Good, at whose death, in 1464, the ten-itory was divided between his two sons, Ernest and Albert. From the former arg descended the families of Saxe-Altenburg, Sase-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Sase- Weimar, and from the latter the present royal house of Saxony. Ernest succeeded to the electoral dignity, which after him devolved successively on his two sons, Frederick the Wise and John the Constant. The latter was succeeded by John Frederick, his son, who, having headed the Protestant league of Smalkald, was placed under the ban of the Empire and deprived of the electorate, which was transferred to Maruice, margrave of Misnia, grandson of Albert. Maurice became a great supporter of the protestaiit cause, and concluded with the emperor Charles T. the convention of Passau, whieh secm-ed religious liberty to the protestants of Germany. At his death, the electorate devolved on his brother Augustus, in whose reign his cousin John George, at the instigation of an adventurer named Grumbach, laid claim to the electorate, and attempted to raise a revolt against the emperor Maximilian II. On the refusal of John George to give up Grumbach, Augustus was ordered by the emperor to enforce the demand, which he did by taking Gotha, putting Grumbach and others to death, and sending John George captive to Yienna. Augustus was succeeded by his son Chi-istian, whose two sons, Christian and John George, followed in succession. After Jolin George, the electoral cro\vn descended, in the direct line, through John George II., John George III., and John George IV., who was succeeded by Ms brother Frederick Augustus, who became king of Poland. The last was succeeded in the direct line by Frederick Augustus II., who also obtained the crown of Poland, Frederick Clu-istian, and Frederick Augustus, on whom the emperor Napoleon confen-ed the title of king, with great ac- cessions of territory, a large portion of \yhich, however, was ceded to Prussia by the congi'ess of "Vienna. Frederick Augustus was succeeded by his brother, Antony Clement, who, dying with- out male issue, was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick Augustus II., the son of duke Maximi- lian, who renounced his claim to the throne. John (Nepomucene Maria Joseph), the next king, -was a younger son of duke Maximilian and Caroline Maria Theresa, daughter of Ferdinand, duke of Parma, and was born, 12 Dec. 1801. His education was superintended by general Forell, baron Weisenberg, and general Watzdorf. After his accession to the throne, 9 Aug. 1854, he introduced several liberal measures and much improved the administration of justice by appointing justices of the peace throughout his domi- nions, notwithstanding the opposition of tlie nobility. In Nov. 1865, the king concluded a treaty of commerce with Italy, and recognised that kingdom. In June 1866, when Austria de- clared against the legality of the Prussian occupation of Holstein, and proposed the intervention of the Confederation and the mobilisation of the Federal amiy. Saxony was one of the powers which supported the motion. After the conclusion of the German war, the king of Saxony did not immediately accept the invitation of Pnjssia (dated 16 July 1866), to form a new confedera- tion, but concluded a separate treaty with that power on the 21st Oct. following, by which it was settled that Saxony should become a member of the North German Confederation, and pay ten millions of thalers; and that her troops should be incorporated with the Confederate array under the king of Prussia. In 1824 he became president of the Society of Antiquaries of Saxony, and in 1852 and 1853 presided at the Gei-man Society of History and Antiquities. He published a translation, in blank verse, of Dante's Divina Commedia, under the pseudonym of PhUalethes, and a history of Romagna from 1274 to 1304. King John married on the 21st Nov. 1822, Amelia Augusta, the daughter of Maximilian, king of Bavaiia, and died, 29 Oct. 1873. He was succeeded by — Albert, the present king, born 23 April 1828 ; married 18 Juue 1853, to Caroline Fredcrica Frances Stephanie Amelia Cecilia, daughter of prince Gustavus Vasa, born 5 Aug. 1833. They have no issue. He held a command and did good service in the Franco-Prussian war, in 1870-1. DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF SAXONY. WITIKIXD, Duke of Saxony. WITIKIND II, BIETGREltUS. KIND ] rEEDEKICK. DITJIARUS. [ETRIi DIETltlCPS. BIETRICnS. DBDO. Counts Palatine OF Saxony. _L 3Iatilda, heiress of Mism.-u Mahgraves op Misnia. THI.\[0. COJIRAD, the Pious, 1137. I OTTO, the Rich, 11S9. PREDERIOK I. I FREDERICK II. I PKEDEHICK III. FREDERICK IV. FREDERICK V. ALEERT, (he Proud, 1193. DIETRICUS, 1197. IIENRY, the Ill-Mtriow, 1287. ALBERT, the beiieiiende, 1388. FREDERICK, the Bittm, 1314. FREDERICK, the Grave, or Severe, 1349. FREDERICK, thu ValUiut, 1381. Electors of Saxony. FREDERICK, the WnrUlie, 14=8. FREDERICK, the Good, 1464. DrxES OP Saxony. 5'reclerickIII., 15-5. ERNEST, 1 I John Constans, 133; ALBERT, the Conratreoujt, 1500. GEORGE, the Rich, 1339. JIATJRICE, 1353. HENRY PiuB, i34r. Electors op Saxony. I CHRISTIAN 11., 1611. JOHN GEORGE IV., 1094. JOHN GEORGE I., 1636. I JOHN GEORGE II., 1680. JOHN GEORGE III., 1691. ADGU.STD.S, 1586. CHRISTIAN I., tS9i. 1. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS L, 18=7. 2. ANTHONY CLEMENT, 1836. FREDERICK AUGU.STUS I., Elector of Saxour, and King of Poland, 1733. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II., Elector of Saxonj', and Iving of Poland,. 17G.I. FREDERICK CHRISTIAN, 1763. I Kings of Saxony. I JI-IXIMILIAN, 1838. Caroline Jlaria Theresa, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma. ^1 3. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II., 1854. 5. ALEERT, 4c., h. i8g8. Caroline Frederica, &c., daughter of Gustavus, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. 4. JOHX Neiiomucene Maria Joseph, 1873. Amelia Augusta, daughter of Jlaximilian, King of Bavaria, I Elizabeth, &c., &. 1830. Ferdinaud of Hardinia, 1855. George, !'. 18^2. Mary Aime, daughter of Maria 11. da Gloria Queen of Portugal. 3Iatilda, b. 1S63. Frederick. Augustus b. 1865. Mary, &c. b. 1867. John George, b. J 869. MaxJmnian, b. 1870, Albert, 6. 1875. e 2 SPAIN. Spain, formed into one kingdom in 1512 by the union of Leon and Castile -with Ai-agon, at the maniage of Ferdinand of Avagon and Isabella of Castile, and by the subsequent conquest of Granada and Navarre, was ruled by Ferdinand the Catholic until his death in 1516, when the crown devolved upon the house of Austria in consequence of the marriage of Joanna of Castile, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, with the archduke Philip of Austria. The archduke Charles, their son, succeeded Ferdinand upon the throne of Spain, and in 15 19 became emperor Charles V. of Germany. He resigned the Spanish crown in 1556 to his son, Philip II., and it continued in the Austrian line until the decease, without issue, of Charles II. in 1700, who by his will nominated as his successor Philip, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of France, the first sovereign of the Bourbon dynasty, whose mle has lasted until the present time, excepting only the periods from 1808 to 1813, when the throne was occupied by Joseph Bonapai-te, and the intervals noticed below. Isabella II. (Maria Isabella Louisa), the cx-queeu of Spain, is the elder daughter of the late king Ferdinand VII., by his fourth wife, the princess Maria Christina Ferdinanda (who was bom 27 April 1806, and is now the wife of Fernando Miifioz, duke of Eianzares), second daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. She was born at Madrid, 10 Oct., 1830, and on 29 Sept. 1833, succeeded her father, the Salic law having been abolished by the late king in her favour by the pragmatic sanction of 29 March 1830, to the exclusion of her uncles, don Carlos and don Francisco. During her minority the regency was assumed by queen Christina, who immediately found herself involved in a war with the adherents of don Carlos, which lasted for seven years, when don Carlos took refuge in France. In Oct. 1840 queen Christina resigned her power into the hands of marshal Espartero, who was soon after declared by the Cortes regent dmring the queen's minority. Insun-ections in favour of the queen-mother broke out in various towns, bxit were quelled, until at length a successful revolution drove Espartero from of&ce in July 1843. Isabella, thirteen years old, was declared by the Cortes to be of age 8 Nov. 1843, and marshal NaiTaez appointed president of the ministry. This was followed by the retm-n of queen Christina, and the mamages of the queen to her cousin, don Francisco d'Assisi, and of her sister the infanta Maria Louisa to Antoine, diike of Montpensier, fifth son of Louis Philippe, king of the French, on 10 Oct. 1846. In Jan. 1851 marshal Narvaez resigned, and ministerial changes followed in quick succession. An attempt was made, 2 Feb. 1852, by a Franciscan monk named Merino, to assassinate the queen as she was going to the church at Atocha at Madrid, but she escaped with only a slight stab. In July 1854 a militaiy insurrection again placed Espartero in power. He retained office until July 1856, when a new cabinet was foi-med by marshal O'Donnell, by whom the war with Morocco that broke out in Oct. 1859 was successfully ended in March i860. O'Donnell resigned in Feb. 1863, but, after frequent changes and conspii-acics, returned to ofSce in Jime 1865. Jan. i866 was marked by a military insun-ection at Aranjuez led by general Prim, which was the prologue to the more serious outbreak that occurred at Madrid on the 22nd of June, and which was not suppressed without much bloodshed. This caused the resignation of O'Donnell and the recall of Narvaez, at whose death, 23 April 1868, a new ministry was formed by senor Gonzalez Bravo. On the i8th September 1868 admiral Topete hoisted the insurgent flag in Cadiz Bay, and was immediately joined by marshal Serrano and general Prim, who had been, in fonner days, loaded by favours from the queen. In eleven days the revolution triumphed, and on 30 Sept. queen Isabella left San Sebastian to seek an asylum in France. The throne was the same day declared vacant, and a provisional government established, which at once reversed the policy of the late government. A new constitution was promulgated 6 June 1869, and the government of the covmtry was can'ied on by marshal Serrano, duke de la Torre, as regent, who was sworn into office 18 June 1869, and was aided by a ministry of which general Prim was president. The cro^^-n, declined by Thomas, duke of Genoa, and by Espartero, duke of Victory, was accepted by Amadeus, duke of Aosta, son of the king of Italy, 4 Dec. 1870 ; but resigned by him II Feb. 1873, when a republic was voted by the Cortes. The Carlist insurrection, which began in May 1872, then gained strength, and much severe fighting ensued. After several political changes the prince of Asturias, son of the ex-queen Isabella, was proclaimed king on 31 Dec. 1874, and soon after generally recognised. The Carlists were gi'adually vanquished, and Carlos himself took refuge in England, 4 March 1876. Queen IsabellaNvas married, 10 Oct. 1846, to her cousin don FnAxcisco d'Assisi Maria Fer- nando, duke of Cadiz, eldest son of the infant don Francisco de Paulo, who was born 13 May 1822, and by whom she has surviving issue : — 1. Maria Isabella, born 20 Dec. 1851, and man-ied 13 May 1868, to prince Gaetano JSIaria Federico, count of Girgenti, brother of the ex-king Frauds II. of the Two Sicilies. 2. King Alfonso XII. Francisco Pelayo Fernando Pio Juan de Maria de la Concepcion Gregorio, prince of Asturias, born 28 Nov. 1857. 3. Maria del Pilar, born 4 June, 1861. 4. Maria de la Paz, born 23 June, 1862. 5. Maria Eulalia, bom 12 Feb. 1S64. DESCENT OF THE KING OF SPAIN. 1. IXICiO ARISTA, elected King ot Navarre. 2. GARCIA lyiOO. K ing of Navarre and Aragoa. Urraca. heiress ut Aragou. 3. SANCHO. 10 34. Obtained Castile by marriage, and other StateR by eoniinest, and proclaimed himself Muua, heiress of Castile Navaiuie. Kmperor of Spain, ifis' three sons divided the ^empire into tlie kingdoms of Navarre, Castile and Leon, and Aragou. Castile and Leon. AllAOON. 4. GARCIAS, I0S4. 5. S.VNCHO, 1076. Kamires, of Calahovia. FERDINAND I. marries heiress of Leou, 1065. S.VNOHci I., RatniresofMouci m. Cliristina. dsiuiihter of the Cid!' ALPHOXSO I. of Castile, VI. of Leon, 1109, TJRRACA, 1126. KAMIRiiti I., 1063- SANOno RAMIRES, 1094. I'ETEll I., 1104. .ALPHONSO I., 6. Ramires, 1J50 7. Silncho, HQ4. Raymond, of Alphonso, of Aragon, Frauche Comtfi. [Alpouso VII. of Castile and Leon.] Alphonso vIII., "57. C.VSTILE. I I Leon. 8. Sancho, deposed 1234. RlanUe. Saneho II., ..58. Thibault, of AlphonsnlX.. 1214. Champ^agne. Eleanor, of England. Tliibault, 1253. [- '- ■ ■ Bcreugenu 1 HENRY I., 1=17- Eere hgera. Ricli.ird i., I Alphouso IX. PERBInIxD II.,ii88. ALPHoi'SO X., 1330. IIAWRES, 1147. PETRONILLA , 1173- Raymond, of Barcelona. ALPHONsi II,. 1196. PETER II., 1=13. .TA11E.S i, 1276 PETER itl, 1=85. 1^ of England. Tliibault II., 1254. Henry T., 1=70. Jane^i394. I'hilip IV., of France. of Leon. Theresa, of I Berengeva, ,t t.i^,.x-^.,-. ttt c t , TiT*t; tt ,,0., Portugal. I of Castile. -'^I'PUl^^i'Uin., 1296. JAMES II., 13=7. I ALPHONSO IV., 1336. I PETER ll., 1387. LOUIS IX. of France.! JANE, 1349. CHARiIes, 13S6. OH.VRiIeS, 14=3- r.IiANCHE, i44t . J ohn II., King of Aragon. BLEAN^OR, 1479. Oaston, Prince of Vienna. JIagdalene, of France. 1' JOHN, 1395. Castile and Leon. FEKDINjlNi) III., 1=52. ALPHONst) X., 1284. SANCHo'lV.,i29i FERDINAlilD IV., 1312. ALPHONs'o XI. 1350. JL^llTlN, 1410. Eleanor. . John I., King of - yastile. PETER, 1369. HENRt II., 1379. J OHN l'., 1 393. Eleanor, of Aragon. PHCEEUS. HENRT^ II. JANE. CATHERINE, is>7 HENRY IV., deposed 1463. ISAEe'l, 1504. Ferdinand, of ^Vi-agon. HENRY Jll., 1406. ■ PBRDIKAli,-D I., r4i6. JOHN it, 1454. I " 1 I ALPHONSO v., JOHN II., 1479- 1458. FERDINAND, the Catholic, 1516. Isabel, Queen of Castile. Anthony, of Bourbon. HENRY' III., of Navarre. [Henry IV., of France, 1610.] IThe Kingdom of Navarre Avivs then united to France. 1 LOUISIXIII., of France.l 1643. LOUIS [XIV., of Franc e.1 171 5. Mai-y Theresa, of Spain. House of Austria. jane, th e Jiisniie. Philip, of Austria. CHARLES v., Emperor of Germany, and King of Spain, 1558. PHlLIp'lI., 1398. PHILIP ill., 1621. PHILIp'lV, i«s. _ llary Theresa. I.4)uis XIV. of Fnuice. OHARLis II. i7< House of Bourbon. PHILI^ v., 1746. LOUIS, 1724. Louisa of Orlean.s. _ FER DIKANI ). i759._ CHAR LES III., 178S. Slary Magdalene, of Portugal, llary Amelia Christim^ of Saxony. OHARUS IV . Louisa Maria Theresa, of Parma- FERDINA N^D VI I., 1833. Maria Chrisilina, of Naples. Maria ISABELLA IL , Francis d'Assisi Maria Ferdinand, Duke of Cadiz. .Alaria Louisa Ferdinanda, h. 1832^ Anthony, Duke of Montpensier. .VMADEUS, King 1S70-3, see Zfa7j. Maria Isabella, b. 1851. Gaetan, Count of Girgenti. ALPHONSO XIL Maria del Pilar Eerenguela, 6. 1857 ; King 1875. b. 1861. Maria de la Paz, b. 1862. Maria Eulalia, b. 1864. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. OsoAK 11., king of Sweden and Norway, was bom 21 Jan. 1S29. On 18 Sept. iSyz'he succeeded Ms elder brother, Cliarles XV., having previously been duke of Ostrogothia and an oflB.cer in the army. His brother, Charles XV., was bom on 3 May 1826. Their parents were king Oscar I. and the princess Josephine Maximiliana EugSnie, (who was bom 14 March 1807, and is still living), eldest daughter of Eugene de Beauliarnais, viceroy of Italy, and afterwards duke of Leuchtenberg. Their grandfather, marshal Bernadotte, reigned over these kingdoms as Charles XIV., John. Sweden and Norway were united in 1814, in which year Norway, which had belonged to Denmark since 1397, was ceded to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel. Marshal Bernadotte, prince of Ponte Corvo, was the first sovereign of the reigning dynasty, having been in 1810 elected crown-prince and presumptive heir to king Charles XIII., who had no children. The aged king at once transferred to him the cares of government, and lie succeeded to the throne upon the death of Charles XIII. on 5 Feb. iSi8. He was succeeded, 8 March 1844, by his son Oscar, who governed until 25 Sept. 1857, when illness compelled him to transfer the reins of government to his son, who was appointed regent. He ascended the throne upon the decease of his father, on 8 July 1859, and was crowned at Stockholm, 3 May, and at Trondhjem 5 Aug. i860. His reign was peaceful, notwithstanding the close proximity to his kingdoms of the seat of wax iu Schleswig and Holstein in 1864, and the sympathies of his subjects with the Danes in thei desperate straggle with Austria and Prussia to retain possession of those ducliies. A fundamenta change was made in the constitution by the establishment of a parliament composed of two elective chambers, the estabUshment of free-trade, the de facto abolition of capiital punishment, and the greatly extended liberty of conscience. His Majesty was an artist and poet of considerable ability and in 1868 published "Idees et Pieflexions sur les Mouvements de la Tactique Modeme." He married, 19 June 1850, the princess WUhelmina Erederica Alexandra Anna Louisa, of Orange, bom 5 Aug. 1828, elder daughter of prince William Frederick Charles of the Netherlands, by whom he has an only daughter, Louisa Josephine Eugenie, who was bom 31 Oct. 1851, and married the crown-prince of Denmark, 28 July 1869. Oscar II. married 6 June 1857, the princess Sophia "Wilhelmina Marianna Henrietta, (born 9 July 1836), youngest daughter of AVUliam, late duke of Nassau, by whom he has issue, — 1. Oscar Gustavus Adolphus, duke of Wei-mland, born 16 June 1858. 2. Oscar Charles Augustus, duke of Gothia, bom 15 Nov. 1859. 3. Oscar Charles "William, duke of Vestrogothia, bom 27 Feb. 1861. 4. Engine Napoleon Nicholas, duke of Nericia, born 1 Aug. 1865. DESCENT OF THE KINGS OP SWEDEN. Eric Vasa, Dxike of Gripsholm, descended from the ancient Icings of Sweden. I 1. GTJSTA7US VASA, elected King, 1523, d. 1560. siv., ( 2. ERIC SlV., deposed 1563, d. 1577. 3, Jo: 1502, HN ni., 5. CHARLES IX., 1611. 4. SIGISMUNB, dethroned 1604, d. 1532. I 1638. Family of Christina.=pMargraTe of I Baden. Duke of Deux Fonts. Deux Ponts. 8. CHARLES X., 1660. I Albertma, of=pChriatiaii 9. CHARLES XI., 1697. Baden. Augustus, of Holstein- Gottorp. Family op Holsteix. 10. CHARLES XII., 1 1718. 13. ADOLPHUS=j=Louisa, of 6. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, 1632. 7. CHRISTINA, abdicated 1654, d. 1689. FREDERICE, 1771. Pi-ussia. 11. ULRICA, 1-41. 12, FREDERICK, of Hesse- Cassel, 1 75 1. 14. GUSTAVUS III.,=i=Sophia, of Dennrark. 1792. I 15. GUSTAVUS IV.,=Dorothy, of detlironed 1809. Baden. 16. CHARLES XIIL, 1818. Family of BEr.NADOTTE. 1. CHARLES XIV.,=rEugenia JOHN Baptiste Jules Bemadotte, 1844, a distinguished French marshal, nominated to succeed Charles XIII. Bernardino Desiree. 3. OSCAR I.,=i=Josephine Maxi- 1859. 3. CHARLES XV., 1872. = "WOhelmina Frederica Alexandiina Anne Louisa, of Orange, b. 1828. 4. OSCAR IL, b. 1829. miliana Eugenia, b. 1807. Louisa Josephine = Christian Frederick Eugenia, b. 1851. "William Charles, of Denmark, b. 1843. • Sophia Eugenia, Nicholas =Theresa AmeHa, Wilnelmina b. 1830 Augustus, &c., of Saxe- Marianne d. 1873. Altenhurg, Henrietta, }. 1836. of Nassau, h. 1836. Gustavus, b. 1858. Oscar, b. 1859. Charles, b. 1861. Eugene, b. 1865. T U E K E Y. The Turks are descended from a tribe of Tartars, which, in the middle of the eighth century, settled in Armenia, and afterwards spread over a great part of Asia Minor. In 1298, their dominions were united into a single state by Othman, one of their chiefs, who assumed the sovereignty under the title of sultan, and whose family rules in Turkey at the present day. The Turks rapidly increased their dominions at the expense of the declining empire of the East, which was finally overthrown by the taking of Constantinople in 1453, by the seventh sultan, Mahomet II. The Turldsh Empire continued to extend itself, and by the middle of the sixteenth century included Greece, a part of Italy, Egypt, Syria, the islands of the Archipelago, Rhodes, and Cyprus. In 1571, Turkish conquest received a check at the battle of Lepanto, where the navy of Sefim was destroyed by the combined fleets of Spain, Venice, Genoa, Malta, and the pope, under the command of don Juan of Austria. In the course of the following hundred and fifty years the Turks took Candia and retook the Morea, but also sustained serious reverses, and before the middle of the eighteenth century then' power began to decline. Their fleet was defeated by England and Eussia in 1770. The Eussians took the Crimea in 1784, and Turkey suffered greatly in a war with Austria and Eussia in 1787-91. In 1807, she was again engaged in liostiEties with England and Eussia, which ended in the treaty concluded with Russia at Bucharest in 1812, by which it was stipulated that the river Pruth should be the boundary of the two empires. In 1821 began the movement in Greece to throw off the Tm-kish yoke, which resulted in the independence of the Greek nation in 1829. The years 1828-9 were occupied by another war with Eussia. In 1831, the pacha of Egypt revolted against the sultan, took Acre, and advanced to within eighty leagues of Constantinople. The sultan then invoked the assistance of Russia. The differences between the sultan and his vassal were settled by the interference of the western powers, who induced the sultan to make the pashalic of Egypt hereditary in the family of Mehemet-Ali. In 1853 arose the dispute between the Greek and Latin chm'ches as to the possession of the holy places in Palestine, which led to the last war with Eussia, in which Turkey was assisted by England, France, and Sardinia. During the war with Eussia, an insurrection arose in Epirus and Albania, which was fomented by the Greek government. Hostilities took place, in consequence, between Greece and Turkey, to stop which England sent troops to the Pii-ajus, upon which the king of Greece promised to observe strict neutrality. In i860, in consequence of a great massacre of Christians at Damascus, principally by the Druses, France sent an army which, together with Turkish troops under Fuad Pacha, attacked them and compelled them to deliver up their chiefs, several of whom were condemned to die. On 25 June 1861 the late sultan Abdul Medjid died, and was succeeded by his brother, AMul Aziz, the second son of sultan Mahmud, born on 9 Feb. 1830. He began his reign by many important refonns. He reduced the civil list from 70,000,000 to 12,000,000 piastres ; recognised the equality of all his subjects, of whatever religion ; and declared his intention of having but one wife. His general, Omar Pasha, completely put dovra a serious insm-rection in Montenegi-o, and a more formidable rebellion in Candia was also qxrelled. He ■\dsited England in July 1867. A formidable insurrection broke out in the Herzegovina in July 1875. After several sanguinary engagements, with varying results, the European powers intervened, urging certain refonns upon the sultan, who accepted and xiroclaimed them in Feb. 1876; and peace ensued. Much dissatisfaction was caused by the decree, in consequence of the deficit of 5,000,000^. in the budget, that for five years half the interest of the national debt should be paid in cash, and half in 5 per cent, bonds. The sultan, through his extravagance and despotism, was very unpopular. On 29 May the gi-and vizier, and other ministers, requested him to give up some of his treasures to save Turkey from ruin ; on his refusal, deposed him and proclaimed his nephew as Murad V. on 30 May 1876. Great political and financial reforms were promised. Abdul- Aziz, after recognising his nephew, committed suicide, 4 June following. Murad V. was deposed for mental and bodily illness, and succeeded by his brother, Abdtjl-Hamid, 31 Aug. same year. Abdul-Hamid II., son of Abdul-Medjid, was bom 22 Sept. 1842. At his accession, the war which had been declared against the sultan by Servia and Montenegro, i July 1876, was at its height. The Turks were successful in Servia; an aimistice was arranged in September, and peace was ratified 4 March, 1877. The armistice with Montenegro was not renewed. After fruitless negotiation, the czar declared war against Turkey 24 April, and hostilities immediately began, without the concun-enoe or approval of the British government, as stated by Lord Derby I May, in reply to the circular of prince Gortschakoff. A new political constitution for the Turkish empire was proclaimed 23 Dec. 1876, and a parliament of two chambers was opened by the sultan 19 March 1877. DESCENT OF THE SULTAN OE TURKEY. Ottoman Dynasty. 1. OTHMAN I., 1326. 3, ORCHAN, 1360. 3. AMUKATH, 1389. 4. BAJAZET I., 1403. Solyman. Musa. [Note.— Solyman and Musa each reigned over a part of the empire only, and are not usually counted amoDg the Sultans of Turkey.] 5. MAHOMET I., 1421. I 6. AMUEATH II., 1451. 7. MAHOMET II. Took Constantinople in 1453 ; d. 1481. 8. BAJAZET n., 1512. I 9. SELIM I.; 152D. 10. SOLYMAN, 1566. 11. SELIM II., 1574. 12. AMI7EATH IH., 1595. msi 13. MAHOMET IH., 1603. I 14. ACHMET L, 1617. 15. MUSTAPHA I., deposed 1618; restored 1622 ; strangled 1623. 16. OTHMAK, 1622. I I 17. AMUEATH IT., 1640. 18. IBRAHIM, 1648. 19. MAHOMET IV., deposed i6g7 ; d. 1693. 20. SOLYMAN II., 1691. 21. ACHMET II., 1695. STAPHA II., 22. MUSI abdicated 1702; d. 1703. 24, MAHOMET Y., 1754. 25. OTHMAN III., 1757. 23. ACHMET III., deposed 1730; d. 1736. 26. MUSTAPHA III., 1774. 27. ABDUL-HAMID I., or Achmet lY., 1789. I 28. SELIM ni, 18 29. MUSTAPHA lY., 1808. I 30. MAHMUD II., 1839. 31, ABDUL-MEDJID, i86i. Sul tana Adile , h. 1826. Mahommad Ali Pasha. 32. ABDUL- AZIZ, }. 1830 ; sultan i85i ; deposed ; d. 1876. 33. AMUEATH Y. (Murad), 30 May; deposed 31 Aug. 1876. 34. ABDUL-HAMID H., proclaimed sultan 31 Aug. 1876. Other sons. TUSCANY. The powerful mediaeval republic of Florence, -which anciently formed part of the Lombard kingdom, and rose in the fifteenth century under the government of the Medici to be the fore- most of the Italian republics, was made a duchy in 1531, and Alessandro de' Medici became its first duke. He was succeeded in 1537 by Cosmo de' Medici, surnamed the Great, who was invested by pope Pius V. with the title of grand-duke of Tuscany, 24 Aug. 1569. The Medici dynasty became extinct upon the death of Giovanni Gastone, the seventh grand-duke, 9 July 1 737, aud Tuscany was given by the treaty of Vienna to Francis, duke of Lorraine, the husband of the empress Maria Theresa, who became in 1 745 emperor of Germany. Upon his decease in 1765 Tuscany was inherited by his second son, Leopold, who also became emperor of Germany in 1790, and thereupon transferred the grand-duchy to his son Ferdinand, who was expelled by the French in 1801, and Ms states merged in the new kingdom of Etruria. Etruria was in turn engulphed by France in 1807, and Eliza Bonaparte, eldest sister of the emperor Napoleon, and wife of prince Bacciocchi, made grand-duchess of Tuscany in 1S09. Upon the abdication of Napoleon in 1814, Ferdinand III. was restored to his dominions, and effected many judicious reforms. He died 18 June 1824, and was succeeded by his son, Leopold II., who was bom 3 Oct. 1 797, and continued the conciliatory measures of his father. The duchy of Lucca was ceded to Tuscany in 1847. In February 1849 an insurrection at Florence di-ove Leopold from his capital, but he was restored by the aid of Austrian troops, and thenceforward adopted a retrogi-ade policy, which eventually resulted in his departure from Florence, 27 April 1859, and the formation of a provisional government. On the 21st of July 1859, he abdicated in favour of his son, prince Ferdinand, and died at Eome, 28 Jan. 1870. He was distinguished by great love for literature and art, and Florence owes to him much that has rendered her so fascinating to the artist, con- noisseur, and man of letters. Feedinakd IV. (Salvator Maria Joseph John Baptist Francis Louis Gonzaga Kaphael Eainer Januaiius), grand-duke of Tuscany and archduke of Austria, is the eldest son of the gi-and-duke Leopold II., and of his second wife, the princess Marie Antoinette Anne, (bom 19 Dec. 1814,) daughter of Francis I., king of the Two Sicilies. He was bom 10 June 1835, and succeeded his father by virtue of his act of abdication, 21 July 1859, but the constituent assembly of Tuscany declared against the house of Hapsburg-Lorraine, and voted for annexation to Sardinia. The grand-duchy of Tuscany was united to the dominions of the king of Sardinia by the royal decree of 22 March i860, against which act the grand-duke in vain x^rotested, and Florence was made the capital of the newly-created kingdom of Italy, 11 Dec. 1864. The gi-and-duke Ferdinand IV. has been twice married ; first, 24 Nov. 1856, to the princess Anne, daughter of John, king of Saxony, who was born 4 Jan. 1836, and died 10 Feb. 1859, leaving issue a daughter, Marie Antoinette, born 10 Jan. 1858 ; secondly, 12 Jan. 1868, to Alice, younger daughter of Charles HI., late duke of Parma, who was born 27 Dec. 1849, and is sister of Robert, duke of Parma and Placentia. DESCEJS^T OF THE GIUND DUKES OF TUSCANY. HorsE OF Medici. Oiovaimi tie' Moilici, i363-i4i9,=I>iccarila Bueri. (.■OS:\lO I.,=Couteasiii;i EuviU. 13S9-1464. I PIETRO I., 1416-1469. I Lucrezia, Toinabuonl (Jjitvani- Maria fiinevra C'lirlo, nnt. sou I d. 1482. d. 1463. I (lyfc'li Albizi.j Lorenzo =Giiievra J395-iiMo. I Caviilcanti. Pier Fnince3co=Ijaiitloniia 1458-1467, or 1476. I Acciajuoli. :ENy.o I., tha ^^agnificent^ Pliu. of iloreuce, 1442-1492. I Cosmo, d. 1461 ■Clarice (iIULIA?IO I., Orsini, Priuce of Floreucfl, d. 1488. 1453-1478. 'iiulio ,uat. son, Popu as I'lenieut VII., d. 1534. Giuliauo, d. 15S8. Lnreuzo=Semiramicle U. 1503. I A])piaui. Pior Francesco, =3Iaria Soclerini. liviuy 1522. I I GioTanm,=Cattcrina Sforza^ 1467-1498. j d. 1509. Giovanni = Maria yalviati,. 1498- 1526. Lorenzino, i5r4.i548. d. 1543- PIETRO U.= 1471-1503- I Alfonsina Giovanni, GTTTLIANO II.,=Phili. d. 1520. Pope as Leo X., Duke of herte, LORENZO II.,=Madeleine iJuke of UrMno, i de la Tour, liiat legitimate f Countess of descendant of j Auvergne, Oosmo I., I d. 1519. 1492-1519. j !Ncmoui*s, 1478-1516. of Savoy. Eleanora- of Toledo, d. 1562. 1. COSMO I. ilie ffrwi^=Camilla Jlartelli,. 1519-1574, Grand Duke of d. 1590. Tuscauy, 1569. T 1-] i. Giovanni,: Il)l>olito, nat. Arch- I 8on, Cardinal, duchess I5IT-I535- of , , I , , Austria, Asdmbale, d 1-73 Bat. son, " d. 1565. I.FItAX'.i MARIA 1541-15R7 L=Eianca 3. FERIJT- Cappello, NANDI. d. 15S7. 1549-1609. ,J- C'attenna=HenryII., ALES.SANDIlO=Margherita Philip, Eleauoii 1519-1589. Ivjuff of nat. son 1510-1537, dauffhterof i5''7-Sj. France, Duke of Florence, theEmpei-or 1519-1559- 1532. Uliarlcd V. Giulio,=Lucrezia ) nat. sou, Gactiiui. 4. COSMO II. ,= d. 1600. 1590-1621. =V]ncenzo Maria= Henry IV., Antonio, (ioiiza^, 1573-1642. Kintr 1576-1621. Duke of of France, Mantua. 1553-1610. Chrifltina, looter,, of 1554-1604. Lorraine, d. 1637- I Natural Suns Cosmo. =Lucre2ia Gaetaui. Angelica, d- 1636, Giuliano=Livia iSpinola. Maria Madeleua, Francis, Charles, Cardinal Laurence,, of Austria, 1594-1614. 1595-1666. 1600-1643. d. 163 1. 5. FEIIDIN.4ND IL,-Victi.ria della 1610-1670. I llovere, d. 1094- John Charles, Cardinal, 1611-1663. Mathias, 1613-1667. Francis, LeormlJ, 1614-1634. Cardinal. 1617-1675. 6. COSitOIIL, 1642-1723. = Marffaret Louisa, of I Orleans, d. 1721. Francis Maria, C;irdinal, 1660-1711, Ferdmand,=Violante Beatrice, 1663-1713. of Bavaria, cl. 1731, 7. JOHN GASTON,=Anne Maria Frances 1671-1737, last of of Saxe Lauenburg, the last of the' 3] the House of Medici. d. 1741. HorsE ov Hapsburg-Loiiiiai>-e. Anne. 1667-1743,= Medici. Elector Palatine. =John "William, 8. FRANCIS II., 170S-1765, Grand-Duke 17.37. Emperor of Gennany, i745=SIaria Theresa, Empress of Germany, 1717-1780. Joseph II., Emperor of Germany, 1741-1790. 9. PETER LEOPOLD, 1747-1792, Grand-Duke, i765-r79o,=Maria, Louisa, of Spain.. Emperor of Germany, 1790. I Francis III.. Emperor of Germany, i;68-i835. 10. FERDINAND III., Grand-Duke, 1790, deiiosed i3oi. XiNGDOM OF EXIIUKIA. LOUIS, 1773-1803, King, i8oi=Maria Louisa, of Spain, d. 1824. CHARLES LOUIS, 1799-1849, King, 1803-1807. ]_Ttiscany merged in Kingdom of Italy^ 1807-1809.] ELIZA BONAPARTE, Grand-Dnchess, 1809-1814. House of Hapsbtjkg-Lorrainb. 19. FERDINAND II., 1769-1824, restored i8i4=Louisa Amelia, daughter of Ferdinand IV., King of the Two Sicilies. ilaria Anna, of Saiony, 1799-1832=11, LEOPOLD II., 1797-1870, abdicated i859=Maria Antoinette, daughter of Francis I., I I King of the Two Sicilies, &. 1814. Augusta, 1825-1864. =Leopold of Bavaria, h. 1E21. [ lsabella,= Francis h, 1834. (le Paula, Count of Trapani, \), 1827. Anne, d. of=12. FERDI=Alice, d. of Charle6=3Iaria Immaculata, Maria= Charles, Louis John, NAND IV„ Charles III., Salvator, d. of Francis II., Louisa, Prince of Z;. 1847. King of I). 1835. Duke of it. 1839. Kin" of the Two }). 1845. Tsenburg- Saxony, Parma, Sicilies, &. 1844. Birstein, 1836-1859. &. 1849. 6. 1838. Antoinette, h. 1858. John Nepo- mucene.- &. 1S52. Leopold, h. i868 TWO SICILIES. The kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, iirst united in 1085 iinder count Eoger I., continued under one sovereign until the deposition in Sicily of Charles of Anjou in 12S2, by the revolution ■well known as the ' ' Sicilian Vespers. '' Sicily then fell under the dominion of Spain, and to this power the kingdom of Naples also became subject in 1503, under Ferdinand the Catholic. They remained in this condition until 1707, when Naples, and ia 1718 Sicily, came into the possession of the archduke Charles of Austria, afterwards the emperor Charles VI. of Ger- many. He did not however retain them long, but sun'endered them to Spain in 1 734, when Charles, son of Philip V., king of Spain, was made king of the Two Sicilies, and they became vested in the Bourbon dynasty. The Two Sicilies were again separated in 1S06, when the •emperor Napoleon placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne of Naples, and Ferdinand IV. retired to Sicily. In 1808 Joseph Bonaparte was transfeiTed to Spain, and the Neapolitan crown was conferred by Napoleon on his brother-in-law, Joachim Murat. The Bourbon dynasty was restored in 1815, when Ferdinand IV. re-ascended the throne as Ferdinand I., king of the Two Sicilies. He died 4 Jan. 1825, and his descendants reigned over these kingdoms untU they were merged into the kingdom of Italy in 1S61. Fkancis II. (d'Assisi Maria Leopold), king of the Two Sicilies, and of Jerusalem, is the eldest son of the late king Ferdinand II., by his first marriage with the princess Maria Chris- Una Caroline Josephine Gaetana Eliza, daughter of Victor Emmanuel I. , king of Sardinia. He was bom 16 Jan. 1836, and succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father, 22 May 1S59, giving hopes that he would rule his kingdom with greater regard for the Avishes of his subjects than his predecessor had done. These expectations were not fulfilled, and on 26 Jlareh i860 the foreign ambassadors were constrained to address a collective note to the king, urging upon him the necessity for reform. This remaining unheeded, an insurrection btbke out in Sicily in April i860. GaribahU landed with a body of volunteers at Marsala, May 11, pro- claimed himself dictator, took Palermo by stonn, and totally defeated the royal army at Malazzo, 20 July. Prior to this the king had aunoimced a liberal change in his government, but the revolution rapidly spread to Naples, and the king and queen were forced to abandon the capital, and take refuge in the castle of Gaeta, 6 Sept. i860, which suiTcndered to the Sardinian troops under general Cialdiui on the 13th of February 1S61, after a gallant defence of six months' duration, forming one of the most stining military episodes of modern tunes. For his intrepidity, the king received from the principal European powers their highest decorations, and the queen was presented with the military cross of St. George of Prussia, and is the only lady thus distinguished. Garibaldi assumed the dictatorship until the an-ival of king Victor Emmanuel, and on the 21st of October i860 the annexation of Naples to Sardinia was voted for almost xmanimously. After the fall of Gaeta the king retired to his palace in Rome, and has been unceasing in his efforts to regain his throne. The king married by proxy at Munich, 8 January, and in person at Bari, 3 Feb. 1859, the duchess Maiua Sophia Amelia, third daughter of Maximilian Joseph, duke of Bavaria, and younger sister of the empress of Austria. She was born at Possenhofen, 4 Oct. 1841, and won the admiration of Europe by the undaunted courage and true heroism she displayed during the protracted siege of Gaeta. TWO SICILIES. „ I xtogar. dauffhtor of Garcias, K. of Navari-e. 4. TANCRED, 1194. I 5. WILLIAM III., deposed 1194. House of Normandy, Tfiucred, of Normandy. Hoger, Count of Sicily, nor. 1. KOOBR, crowned king by the Popo, 1134. a. WILLIAM I., iiM. 3. WILLIAM II., 1189. STA 6. CONSTANTIA. Emp. Henry VI., of Suabia. 1197. House or Suabia. 7. FREDEEICK II., 1350. 9. MANFRED, I. Gonatantta. rotor III., K. of Aragon and of Sicily, 1383. Kings of Naples-House of Anjou. Kings'op Sicily-House of ARiooN. Louia VIII., K. of Franco, iirf. 8. CONRAD IV., 12S4. 10. CONRADIN, 1=68. I_ Louis IX., 1370. Philip III. 1285. Charles of Valois. PhiUp VI., John II., 1364. Louis I., 1384. Louis II., 1417. 11. Charles I., 1=83. I 18. Charles IT., noj. Mary, heiress of Hungary. II. JAMBS, 1=53. 1 Alphonso, 1336. Peter IV., 1387. III. PREDEKIOK II., 1337. IV. PETe'r II., 1342. _ Eleanor. John I-,' K.of Castile and Leon. House of Castile, X. Ferdin and I. Eleanor of Castile. V. LoilS, 1353. VI. FREDERICK, :c IX. MARGIN, tilt Elde; _ V III. MAiJtIN, tUYoun gir, 1409. '''II- MaIrT. r4o^ \r»rv ' Martin the Youngerv ^- King of Sicily? Louis HI., Rcnatus. Charles IV. 1434- Charles, K. of Hungary. I- 13. ROBERT, Philip I. of K. of Naples. Tarento. Charles li^l'Si;'. Louis J 14. ANDREW, n' q'-°""-' °f"'^^h°ri^ "•i?eSS- John, DuTce of Durazzo, 1335. 14. .Tane, : Joatt, Queeu of Naples. Andrew, of Hungary. Louis, of Tarento. ~jj^ne"i~ Charles, of Dnroazo. LOUIS. M.argare't. IS. CHARLES III., i 16. L.VDI^LAS. 17. J.AiIe II. ,. "/^LPHONSq I XI. JOHN II., K. of Naples and Sicily, 1438. K. of Sicily, t47g. 19. PKRijINAND I., XII. 23. FEr'diNANDl K. of Naples, 1494. the Catholi c, 1316. 20. ALPhSnSO 22. FRE. ^'''''°"''' f '■''^="'«- IL, 149s. DERICK II., 21.Pi!rdi.*''^='''="- NANDIL,i49«. Austria. Jane, 1535. Philip lToT House of Austria. I 24. CHARLES V., Emperor of Germany, 1558. 25. PTITLTP IT., of Spain, 1598. Catharine. Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy. _ I iLousE OP Savoy. AmadeuG I., 1637. Charles Emanuel II., 1673. XIII. AMADEUS II. ^Taria Theresa. Louis XIV., of France. House of Bourbon. Louis, the Dauphin. 29. PHILIP v.. 1746. 31. CHARLES, resigned 1739 : d. 1788. 32. PERDIKANi) IV,, king, T75Q: lost Naples, 1806 ; Sicily, 1812 ; d. 1823. 26. PHILIP III., 1621. 27. PHILIP IV., 1665' H 28. CHARLES II, 1700. Ferdinand I.. Emperor, 1364. Charles, 1596, Ferdinand TI., Emperor, 1637. Ferdinand III., 1637. 30. CHARLES VI.| Emperor,. 1740. 33. FRANCIS I., 1830. Mary TsahelTa, of Spain, 1848. Jrary Clementina, of Germany, 1801. _Ijeopold, 1831. 3Iary Clementina Frances Josephine,"" of Austria, h. 1798. _ Mary Caroline Augusta 1822-1869. Henry, i)uke of Aumale. 3 4. FERDINAND I T., 1850. ilary Jtaiy Theresa, Clinstina, Isabella, of of Sardinia, Austria, 1836. 1867. ': Ulaiy Leopold Ben.iamin Christina, Joseph, i860. , b. 1806. Mary Victf.ria Louipa Philiberta, I of SaToy,&. 1S14, J I *i?™^3? Ferdinanda Louisa; I Charles d'Artoiai Jlarquess Lucchesi I Duke of Eerry, 1820. Palli Cam^o et Heniy.iukeof PiS"atelU. I Bordeaux. ^'^A7„f"??°'U''"^ Theresa Christina Louis Charles FraAcis de Anne, h. 1814. Mai^;,_&. i822._ Maria Joseph, Paula Louil Leopold II., of Pedro II., of Brazil. &■ 1824, _ Emmanuel, Tuscany, Mar? Januaria, 6- 1827. '^57-1870. &c. , of Brazil. Staiy t<«ibSUt j Annonciada, ftc., of Tuscany; Louis Jfaria Ferdinand, h. 1843. Philip Louia Maria, &. 1847. jraiT Antoinette LeopoldJEaria, SlaTT Caroline. Mary ^Vnnonciada Josephine, b. 18^1. &. 1833. 6. 1856. ;, ,g-8 Alphon°Q. Count di Casi-rba. 35. FRANCIS XL, 6. 1810; de posed i860 . Mary Sophia Amelia, of Uavaria, Louis JIaria, Alphonso Mary 6. 1838 _ Count of Caserta. Annonciada "Matilda, &■ 1841- Isabella, Duchess of Mary Antoinette 5; i?*3' Bavaria. Josephine. Charles Louis, Austria. Maria Tneresa, Ferdinand Pius &. 1867. Maria, b. 1869. Marv Tmmaculata Clementina, &■ 1844. Charles, of Tuscany. r. I . , I Gaetan Maria Maria Pia Pns^l Ma'nr Fredenck, des Graces, Maria ImmacSlata ^^_?87i. 6^ 1849. &. 1832. Louisa. Mary Isabella Robert, 1855. Frances of Duke of [Spain, h. 1831. Parma. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Ulysses Simpson Gra-nt, late president of the United States of America, is of Scotcli descent, ■and was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont county, in the state of Ohio, on the 27th of April, 1822. At the age of seventeen he entered the military college of West Point, which he left, in 1843, with the rank of brevet second lieutenant in the 4th regiment of infantry. In 1846 he served in the Mexican war, and was promoted for his bravery to the rank of brevet captain. In 1854 he quitted the service, entered into the leather trade, and married Miss Julia Dent. He afterwards settled at Galena, in Illinois. At the breaking out of the civil war he took service in the United States army, and passed rapidly through the ranks of colonel, brigadier-general of the volunteers of Illinois, commander- in-chief of the army of West Tennessee, and major-general, and distinguished himself greatly at various battles and skirmishes, especially at Paduoah, Fort Douelson, Pittsburg- Landing, and at the siege of Corinth, where he was at first second in command under general Halleck, and after- wards commander-in-chief. The failure of general Sherman before Vicksburg induced the Tederal Government to appoint general Grant in his stead, 27 Dec. 1862. After a succession of ■obstinate engagements, the outworks of that town were carried one by one, and general Pembertoii ■with over 30,000 men sun'endered unconditionally on 14 July. In October 1863 he was selected i;o replace general Eosencranz, and on 12 March, 1S64, was appointed by president Lincoln com- mander-in-chief of the forces of the Union. His plan appears to have been to surround the ■Confederates, and to advance on Pvichmond by however slow degrees, and at whatever cost in men :and money. Making the Potomac his base of operations, he directed three divisions agaiu.st the Confederates, he himself, with one of them, threatening the army of Lee. He at first made little progi'ess, and his army received some checks in front of Petersburg. The battle of the Wilderness, •one of the many actions in this campaign, lasted five days, and terminated in Grant's favour, but "vvith a fearful loss. Other engagements, disastrous for both armies, but especially discouraging to the Federal troops, obliged general Grant to retire from his position in Pottsylvania. In June, however, after having secured the James River, he was enabled to lay siege to Petersbui-g, one of the keys to Kichmond. Several obstinately contested conflicts took place before that city, in one of which, on the 1 8th June, the Federals lost more than 8000 men. At this period, although, on the whole. Grant himself was gaining ground, his generals suffered freqiient defeat, and Ijce ■was enabled several times to cross the Rappahanoc and the Potomac, and threaten Washington. Grant nevertheless pursued, mth inflexible deterniination, his operations against Petersburg, which, after eight months' siege, and much bloodshed, surrendered, 23 April 1865. The surrender of Piichmond immediately followed. After this, the cause of the Confederates was hopeless. Their resources were exhausted, and no means existed to renew them. Lee and tlie other Con- federate generals laid down their arms, and the Union was restored. After the war, in the summer of 1865, general Grant visited New England and Canada, and, later in the year, made a tour of inspection through the Southern States. In 1867 he became .secretary ad interim in the place of Mr. Stanton, suspended by president Johnson, but gave up the keys of office when the senate passed a resolution disapproving the president's act. On the 2iat of May 1868, at the National Republicar, Convention assembled at Chicago, he ■was nominated as candidate for the presidency of the Republic by general Rogan, chairman of the delegation from Illinois. In a letter which he addressed to the president of the Convention, accepting the nomination, he said, " It is impossible . . to lay down a policy to be adhered to, light or wrong, through an administration of four years. . . A purely administrative officer should always be left free to execute the will of the people. . . Peace and universal prosperity -i^ill lighten the burden of taxation, while it constantly reduces the national debt. Let us have peace." General Grant was elected president on the 3rd of Nov. 1868, and succeeded president Johnson 4th March 1869. In his inaugural proclamation he promised to govern according to law ; and, among other things, said, " Let it be understood that there must be no repudiation of a single farthing of the public debt ;" and soon after he expressed himself in favour of a gradual resumption of cash payments. The disputes with Great Britain respecting the Alabanui were settlei by a ■commission which met at Washington 27 Feb. 187 1 ; the result being a treaty signed 8 May following. General Grant was re-elected president 5 Nov. 1872 ; and assumed office 4 liarch. 1873. His third election was proposed but not favourably received. PtiTTHERFORD B. Hates, the nineteenth president, was born at 'Delaware, in Ohio, 4 Oct. 1822. He was educated for the legal profession, and became city solicitor at Cincinnati in 1856. When the civil war began, he joined the northern army, and became lieutenant-colonel in 1862, and brigadier-general in 1864. In 1867 and 1869 he was elected governor of the state of Ohio ; and in 1876 was nominated president of the United States by the republican party. The elec- tion of Mr. Samuel Tilden in November was disputed. On 2 March 1877 Mr. Hayes ■was declared to be elected by a majority of one, by a tribunal appointed for the crisis, and he was accordingly inaugurated 4 March. Hitherto his policy has been very impartial, and peace has been restored in the distracted state of Louisiana. SUCCESSION OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, FEOM THE ACCEPTATION OP THE CONSTITUTION. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. *9. 10. H. *12. 13. 14. 15. *16. 17. 18. 19 GEORGE "WASHINGTON ... . From ~^^^~— ^^^— ^^^^-^^^— — — • . • . , , JOHN ADAMS .... . . „ THOMAS JEFFERSON . . . . . ,) JAMES MADISON ...... J, JAMES MUNROE ,■ JOHN QUINCY ADAMS . . • • ,, ANDREW JACKSON MARTIN VAN BUEEN . . "WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON . . „ JOHN TYLER JAMES KNOX POLK ZACHARY TAYLOR MILLARD FILIMORE ,, FRANKLIN PIERCE ... . ,, JAMES BUCHANAN ABRAHAM LINCOLN . . . • ' • ANDRE'S^ JOHNSON „ ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT . • — . . . . ,f RUTHERFORD B. HAYES . . . • „ * Died while in ofBce. April 30, 17S9, to March 4, 1793 March 4, 1793 it 1797 »» 1797 a 1801 ;* iSoi it 1 80s ?) 1805 it 1809 >» 1809 13 1813 13 1813 ii 1817 3) 1817 it 1821 ») 1S21 3» 1825 )> 1825 ti 1S29 51 1829 it 1833 yl 1833 11 1837 J> 1837 it 1841 J) 1841 to April 4, 1841 April 4, 1 841 to March 4, 184s ]Mai-cli 4, ,1845 tt 1849 J) 1849 to July 9 1850 July 9, 1850 to March 4, 1853 March 4, 1853 11 1857 it 1S57 11 1861 it 1861 it 1865 ii 1865 to April 15, 1865 April 15 :, 1865 to Maroli 4, , 1869 Slarch 4. , 1869 it 1873 it Ji 1873 1S77 11 1877 WURTEMBEEG. The history of the royal family of "Wurtemherg is very tmcertain before the time of Dlrich, who was count of Wurtemherg from 1246 to 1265. He considerably enlarged his dominions and left two sons, XJlrich and Eberhard, ivho each ruled in succession. The latter, who obtained the surname of Illustrious, made war on the imperial cities, entered into a confederacy against the emperors Rudolph and Albert, and, at the death of the latter, was a candidate for the imperial crown. "Wben Henry, count of Luxemburg, was elected emperor, Eberhard was 'put imder the ban of the empire for his hostility to the cities and deprived of his dominions, but regained them by the assistance of his brother-in-law, the margrave Eudolph of Baden, at the death of the emperor in 1313. He was succeeded in 1325 by his grandson Ulrich III., who left two sons, Eberhard II. and Ulrich IV., who reigned together, until the death of Ulrich, in 1366, when Eberhard reigned alone till 1392. Eberhard was succeeded by his grandson and great grandson Eberhard III. and Eberhard I V. The latter left two sons, Louis and Ulrich, who reigned toge- ther until the yoimger became of age, in 1433, when they divided their patrimony. In 1482, Eberhard, the son of Ulrich, gave up his territory to his cousin, Eberhard V., the son of Louis, for an aijnuity, and the country thus became reunited. Eberhard reigned wisely and with great advantage to his subjects, and received from the emperor Maximilian the title of duke of Wwc- temberg and Teck. His cousin who had previously resigned in his favour, succeeded at his death, as Eberhard VI., but was deposed by the emperor, who conferred the duchy on his cousin Ulrich VI., who reigned till 1550. Ulrich was followed successively by his son and grandson Christopher and Louis the Pius, and the last dying without issue, the duchy devolved on Frede- rick I. , surnamed the Magnanimous, the son of George, duke of Mompelgard and brother of Ulrich VI. Frederick was succeeded in the direct lino by John Frederick, Eberhard VII., "WUliam Louis, and Eberhard Louis, the last being succeeded, in 1733, by his cousin, Chailes Alexander, the son of Frederick Charles, 'William Louis' brother. Charles Alexander left three sons, Charles Eugene, Louis Eugene, and Frederick Eugene, who reigned in succession after him. The French revolution began before the death of the last-mentioned, and Wurtemberg suffered much in the wars which followed. Duke Frederick Eugene was succeeded in 1797 by his son, Frederick William Charles, who in the war between France and Austria in 1805 joined France, and in the following year received the title of king from the emperor Napoleon. Frede- rick I. was succeeded in 1816 by his son, William I., the late king. To him Wurtemberg is indebted for the constitution by which it is now governed and for numerous liberal measures, among others for a decree extending the liberty of the press. He was opposed to the German constitution established at Frankfort in 1849, refused to recognise the king of Prassia as emperor of Germany in 1850, and gi'eatlj assisted in replacing the Germanic confederation on its ancient basis. In 187 1 Wurtemberg became part of the revived empire of Germany. William I., born in 1781, was, at his death, 25 June 1864, the oldest reigning monarch of Europe. He was succeeded by his son, the present king — CHAELEf3 (Frederick Alexander) I., who was born 6 March 1823, and man-ied on 13 July 1846, Olga, daughter of Nicholas, emperor of Russia. He made a treaty with Prussia in Aug, 1866 ; and supported the king in the war with France, 1 870-1. He has no issue. DESCENT OF THE KINGS OF WURTEMBERG. Eiiieric I. I Emeric II. Albert, Lord of Beutelsbach. Eberharcl I., Lord of Beutelsbach. O. UlricU II., Count of ■\Viiiteml)er 1279. Hiklegaide, daughter of Emperor Charlemagne. Eberliai'd XL, Lordof Beutelsbacli. Emicli, Lord of Beuteisbacli. Heiirj', Lord of Beutelsljach. Ulricli L, Lord of Beutelsbach. Albert, Lord of Beutelsbach, Wui-temberg, and Loweustein. 1. "Wilburgia. 2. UMch, Count of Wui-temberg. 3. Jolin, Count of 'Wui'temberg, 4. Louis, Count of "Wui-temberg. 5. Kenry, Count of "Wm-teinberg. 6. Eberhard I., Count of Wiirteniberg. 7. Ulrich L, Count of Wurtemberg, 1265. 14. L»jui«, Count uf AVurteniberj 1450. 1. EBERHAKD 1., Duke of "Wurteniber, 1496. 9. Eberhai-d II., Coimt of "Wurteiiiberg, 1^25. 10. Ulrich III., Count of "Wui-temberg, 1344. 11. Eberhard III., Count ofV\''ui-temberg, 1392. Ulrich IV., Count of Wurtemberg, 1366. 12. Eberhard IV., Count of Wui-temberg, 1417. 13. Eberhard v., Count of Wurtemberg, 1419. 1480. 15. Uhicli v., Cuuiit of "Wiirtemberg 2. EBERHARD II., Duke uf Wurtemberg, deposed 1498. 3. HENRY, Duke of Wm-temberg, —I 1519- 4. ULRICH, Dukcof Wm-teuiberg, 1550. George. ^5. CHRISTOPHER, 1568. 7. FREDERICK, theMagmuumoits, Duke of Wurtemberg, 1608. 6. LOUIS PIUS, 1593. 8. JOHN FREDERICK, Dukedf Wuiiembcrg-Stuttgart, and Neustadt, 1. EBERHARD III., Duke of'wui-temberg-Stuttgart, 1674. 2. WILLIAM LOUrS, Duke of Wurtemberg, 1677. S. EBERHARD LOUIS, Duke of Wui-temberg, 1733. Frederick Charles. 4. CHARLES ALEXAXDE It, Duke of Wui-temberg 1737- 5. CHARLES 6. LOUIS, 7. FREDERICIv (Eugene) L, EUGENE, Duke EUGENE, Unke Duke of Wui-temberg- Mf Wurtemberg, 1793, of Wui-teniberg, 1795. Stuttgai-t, 1797. 1. FREDERICK II., Duke ; made King in 1805, under the na^ie of FREDERICK I., 2. WILLIAM (Frederick Charles)!., 1864. Catherine Paulovna, Pauline Theresa of Russia, 1819. Louisa, of Wurtemberg, h. Paul Charles Frederick Augustus, t8>z. Catherine Cltarlotte, of tiaxe-Altenburg, 1S47. Mary, It. i8i6. Soidii a , h. 18 18. Alfred, Count ot Neiiiperg, William IIL, of Holland, b. 1817. Catherine, h. i82r. Frederick Charles __ Augustus, of 01, Wui-temberg, 1870. 3. CHARLES L, Frederick Alexaii'ler, h. 1823 ,, of Russia, h. 1822. Augusta, h. 1836. Hermann of Sax e- Weimar, 1j. 1825. Frederica Charlotte Mary, now Helena Paulovua, ?/. i8o7^_ Michael, Gnind-Duke of Rus.sia, 1849. Frederick Augustus, Charles h. 1813. Augustus, 1870 . Catharine, &. 1821. I William, h. 1848. DICTIONAEY OF BIOGEAPHY. AAGAAED AAGAAED, Christian, Daniali Latin jjoet; 5.27 Jnn. 1616; wrote "Tlireni Hj'pcrborsBi " on the death of Christian IV., &c. ; d. 5 Feb. 1664. AAGAAED, Niels, brother, Danish scholar ; I. 1612 ; d. 23 Jan. 1657. AALI PACHA, Turkish statesman ; I. 1815 ; ambassador at London, 1841-4; grand vizier, Aug. — Oct. 1852; July 1855— Nor. 1856; Jan. 1858— Oct. 1S59; Jan.— Nov. 1861 ; Feb. 1867; regent, July— Aiig. 1867 ; d. 7 Sept. 1871. AAIiST, see Aeht. AARON, b. B.C. 1571, coadjutor of Moses; con- secrated high priest, 1491 ; excluded from the pro- mised land ; d. 1453. ABAILAED, see Ahelard. ABANO, Pietro d' (Petms de Apono), Italian physician and alchemist; h. about 1250; narrowly escaped burning by the Inquisition ; his " Conciliator Differentiarum Philosophorum et Medioorum " printed 1472; d. about 1316. ABAEBANEL, see Abrahanel. ABASOAL, Jose Fernando, Spanish statesman ; b. 1743; assisted to defend the Havannahs against the English, 1796 ; for his able government of New Galicia made " Marques de la Concordia Espanola del Peru" by the Cortes, 30 May 1812 ; d. 30 June 1821. ABATI, or AbbatE, Niccolo dell', Italian fresco painter ; b. 1512 ; d. 1571. ABAUZIT, Firmin, French philosopher and scholar ; friend of Newton; b. 11 Nov. 1679; d. 20 March 1767. ABBADIE. d'. brothers, French travellers ; bom in Dublin; Antoine Thomson, b. 1810; Amaud Michel, b. 1815; after visiting Algeria, explored Ethiopia, 1837-45, 1853-54; Antoine began " Geo- desie de la Haute Etmopie" i860. ABBADIE, Jacques, French Protestant theolo- gian, dean of Eillaloe ; b. about 1658 ; friend of mar- shal Schomberg ; present at his death at battle of the Boyne, i July 1690 ; d. 25 Sept. 1727. ABBAS I.— III., shahs of Persia. 1. the great ; 6.1557; dethrones his father ; shah, 1587 ; defeats Turks, 1590, 1618 ; recovers Bag- dad, i6z2 d. Jan. j6a8 2. b. 1629 : shah, 1642 ... , , d. 1666 3. &. 1732 ; last of the Sophi dynasty d. 1736 ABD-EL-EAHMAN ABBASPACHA, viceroy of Egypt; b. 1813 ; succeeded his uncle Ibrahim, 10 Nov. 1848 ; pro- moted railway fi-om Alexandria to Cau-o, 185 1 ; d. 14 July 1854. ABBOT, Charles, J. 14 Oct. 1757 ; speaker of house of commons, 10 Feb. 1802-17; haron Col- chester, 3 June 1817 ; d. 8 May 1829. ABBOT, George, b. 29 Oct. 1562 ; archbishop of CanterbuiT, 1610; accidentally killed a park-kee|)er, 24 July 1622 ; opposed the tyranny of the govern- ment, 1626-33; '*• 4 Aug. 1633. ABBOT, George, nephew; b. 1600; published " Paraphrase of the Book of Job," 1640 ; " VindicisB Sabbatas," 1641 ; d. 4 Feb. 1648. ABBOTT, Charles, b. 7 Oct. 1762; chief justice of the king's bench, 1818 ; created baron Teuterden, 30 April 1827 ; d. 4 Nov. 1832. ABBOTT, rev. Dr. Jacob, American writer; h. 14 Nov. 1803 ; published " The Young Cliristian,'^ 1825 ; " The Comer Stone," 1826 ; above a hundred books for the young. ABDALLAH-BEN-ABDELMOTTALIB, father of Mahomet ; h. about 545 ; d. 570. ABDALLATIP, Arab physician and philo- sopher; b. 1162; favomite of Saladia; d. 8 Nov. 1231. ABD-EL-KADEE, Arab chief; b. 1807. Preached a holy war to expel the French ; raised 10,000 men ; vigorouslj", but unsuccessfully, be- sieged Oran 1832 Recognised by the French as emir of Mascara, by treaty (soon broken) ... 26 Feb. 1834 Carried on a guerilla warfare . . , 1835-36 Thoroughly defeated by Bugeaud ; recognised the French supremacy 30 May 1837- War renewed ; declared a rebel ; Algiers annexed to France Feb. 1842 The emir incited the Moors to attack the French ; defeated by Bugeaud at Isly . . . 14 Aug. 1844 Surrendered to Lamoricifere . . , 23 Dec. 1847 Taken to France and imprisoned . . Feb. 1848 Released by Louis Napoleon . . i6 Oct. 185* Resided at Broussa . . . Jan. 1853-Feb. 1855 At Damascus, rescued many Christians from the massacre July i860 Visited Paris and London . . . Aug. 1865 ABD-EL-WAHAB, founder of the "Wahabites, a fierce Arab sect; b. 1692 ; d. 14 June 1787. ABD-EL-EAHMAN I.— V., Ommiade ca- liphs of Spain. 1. Chosen ruler of the Saracens in Spain, 754 ; B ABDUL- AHMED ABU-ABDAliAH took Cordova, and became caliph, 755 ; instituted academies, &o. 773-785 ... d. about 787 2. caliph, 822 ; patronised learning, &c. . fi. 852 3. calijih, 912; defeated the Christians at Jun- quera, 921 ; victorious in Africa, 930 . cl. Oct. g6i 4. caliph, 1017 ; killed in battle near Granada 1021 5^ caliph, T022 ; assassinated . 1023 ABDUL- AHMED (-Hamed), I., II-, sultans nf Turkey. 1. b. 20 May 1725 ; sultan ... 21 Jan. 1774 Defeated by Russia ; submitted to treaty of Kut- cbuk Kainardji, 21 July 1774 d. 7 April 1789 2. son of Abdul-Medjid ; b. 22 Sept. 1842 ; sultan afterdepositionof his brother Aiimrath (Murad)V. 31 Aug. 1S76 ABDUL- AZIZ, sultan nf Turkey ; h. 9 Feb. 1830 ; d. by Buicide 4 June 1876. Succeeded Ms brother, Abdul-Medjid 25 June 1867 Promised economical reforms . - . July ,, Promoted industrial exhibition at Constantinople, March-July 1863 ; visited Egj'pt . 7-17 April „ Declined to surrender Candia at the request of the western powers 31 March 1867 Visited Pai'is, 1-12 July; London, 12 July ; enter- tained by the queen at Windsor, 13 July ; sailed from Dover, 23 July ; at Vienna, 27 July ; at Con- stantinople 7 ji-ug. 1S67 Refused to give up treasures to save Turkey ; de- posed, 29 May ; committed suicide, 4 June 1876 AEDUL-MEDJH), sultan of Tui-key; *. 23 April 1823; d. 25 June 1861. Succeeded his father, Mahmud II. . .2 July, 1839 Established his father's civil reforms . . 3 Nov. ,, Eefused to surrender Hungarian fugitives Sept. 1849 Declared war with Russia . • • 5 Oct. 1853 Peace signed at Paris . 30 Mar. 1856 ABDY, Jolm Thomas, li.d., jurist; b. 5 July 1822 ; Gresham lecturer ; published " Sketch of Civil Procedure among the Romans," 1857 ! edited Eent's " Commentaries." A'EECKETT, Gilbert Abbot, comic writer; b. 181 1 ; a founder of "Punch," 1841 ; a London police magistrate, 1849; d. 30 Aug. 1856. ABEILLE, Gaspard, French poet and drama- tist; b. 1648; wrote "Crispin bel Esprit," &o. ; d. 21 May 1718. ABEL, king of Denmark, assassinated and suc- ceeded his brother Eric, 1250; defeated and slain by the rebelling Frisians, 1252. ABEL, Carl Friedrich, German musician; b. about 1725; musician to Geo. II. of England, 1759; d. 22 June 1787. ABEL, Clarke, surgeon and naturalist ; b. about 1780; published " Narrative of a Journey in China," 1818 ; d. 26 Dec. 1826. ABEL, Gaspard, German historian ; h. 14 July 1676; d. 10 Jan. 1763. ABEL, Niels Heni-ik, Swedish mathematician ; i. 5 Aug. 1802 ; d. 6 April 1829. ABBLA, Giovanni Francesco, Maltese archseo- logist; b. 1582; published "Malta Jllustrata," 1647 ; d. 4 May 1655. ABELAED, or Abailaed, Pierre, teacher of theology and philosophy; b. 1079; seduced and married Helo"ise, 11 19-20; condemned for heresy, 1121 ; founded the Paraclete, 1122; (Heloise first abbess, 1136;) d.21 April 1142. ABELLI, Louis, French theologian ; b. 1603 ; pubhshed "Medulla Theologica," 1650; "Tie da Vincent de Paul," 1664; d. 4 Oct. 1691. ABEN EZEA, " the Wise," Spanish rabbi ; b. about Ilig; wrote commentaries ou the Talmud; d. about 1174. ABEECOEN, James Hamilton, duke of; b. 21 Jan. l8li ; marquis, 1818; lord-lieutenant of Ire- land, July i865— Deo. 1868 ; Feb. 1874 ; created duke, 18 Aug. 1868. ABBECEOMBIE, John; b. 1726; pubUshed "Dictionary ofGardening" (under name of Mawe), 1778 ; d. i8'o6. ABEECEOMBIB, John, m.d. ; b. 11 Nov. 17S1 ; published " Inquiry concerning the Intellec- tual Powers," 1830; " Philosophy of Moral Feel- ings," 1833 ; d. 14 Nov. 1844. ABEECEOMBT, James, son of sir Puilph ; b. 7 Nov. 1776 ; master of the mint, and rnbiiiet minister, 1834 ; speaker of house of commons, 19 Feb. i83i;-g; created baron Dunfermline, 7 June 1839; d. 17 April 1858. ABBRCEOMBY, Pati-ick, Scotch historian; b. i6s5 ; published " Martial Achievements of the Scotch Nation," 1711 ; ACTUAEIUS, Joannes, Greek physician, 13th century. ACUS"A, Cristoval de, Spanish Jesuit and geo- grapher; b. 1597; accompanied Teixeira in his exploration of the river Amazons, 1639; published a report, 1641 ; d. about 1675. ACUNA, Pedro Bravo de, Spanish general; governor of the Philippines, 1602 ; conquered the Moluccas, April 1606; d. July 1606. ADAIE, James Makittriok, Scotch physician ; b. 1728; wrote on the Bath waters, 1786; d. 1802. ADAIE, sir Eobert, diplomatist; b. 24 May 1763 ; minister at Vienna, April iSo5 ; at Constan- tinople, 1808; d. 3 Oct. 1855. ADALBBET I. duke of Tuscany, 890-917. ADALBEET II. king of Italy, 950-961. ADALBEET, St. bishop of Prague, apostle of Prussia ; b. about 939 ; martyred, 23 April 997. ADALBEET, archbishop of Bremen, 1043; able and ambitious regent of Geimany ; deposed ; d. 16 March 1072. ADALBEET, archbishop of Mentz, iiii; a vigorous opponent of the emperor Henry V. ; d. 14 July 1 137. ADALBEET, prince of Prussia, traveller ; b. 29 Oct. 1811 ; commander-in-chief of the Prussian navy, 1851 ; d. 6 June 1873. ADAM, created, B.C. 4004; d. 3074 (Usher). ADAM, Adolphe Charles, French opera com- poser; b. 24 July 1803 ; opened a third Ij'ric theatre in Paris, Nov. 1847, unsuccessful through revolu- tion of Feb. 1848; d. 3 May 1S56. ADAM, Albrecht, German artist; b, about 1786 ; d. 29 Aug. 1862. ADAM, Alexander, Latin scholar ; b. 24 June 1741 ; published " Eoman Antiquities," ka., 1791 ; "Dictionary of Classical Biography," iSoo; d. 18 Dec. 1809. ADAM de la Halle, French trouvere, foundei of the musical drama; composed " Li Jeu de Robin et de Marion," at Naples, about 1282 ; d. 12S6. b2 ADAM ADHEMAE ADAM, Frenci sculptors, brothers ; Lambert Sigisbekt, &. lo Feb. 1700 ; d. 13 May, 1759. Nicolas Sebastien, ("Prometheus chained,") 6. 1705; d. 177S. Fkanqois Gaspakd, h. 1710 ; d. 1759. ADAM, Jean Victor, French painter ; rf . Feb . 1 801 . ADAM, Johaan Ludwig, German musical com- poser; b. about 1760; appointed professor at the Consen-atoii-e, Pans, 1797 ; d. 8 April 1848. ADAM, Melchior, German divine, " Vitse Ger- manorum Philosophoi-um, &c." 1615-20; d. 1622. ADAM, Nicola?, French philologist; i. 1716; translated Horace, Phaedrus, Johnson's Easselas, &c. ; d. 1792. ADAM of Bremen, German chronicler and mis- sionary ;_/?. 1067. ADAM of Mirimuth, chronicler of the four- teeth century ; wrote " Chronicon " about 1302 ; d. 1343- ADAM, Maitre, (or Billaut,) "the joiner of Nevei-s," popular French poet; d. 19 May 1662. ADAM of Orleton, bishop of Winchester ; fc about 1285; a turbulent prelate ; ■ 1643 ; sultan, 1691 d. 1695 3. 6. 1673 ; suten, 1702 ; received Cliarles XII. of Sweden, 1709 ; Peter I. of Russia, hemmed in on the Pruth, accepts pe-ace of Falczi, 24 July 1711 ; conquers the Morea from the Venetians, 1715 ; defeated at Peter-AVaradin, 5 Aug. 1716 ; deposed by Janissaries, 30 Sept. 1730 ; d. in prison April 1739 4. see AMul-AhTned I, AIDAJSr ALBANI AID AN, Saint, bishoji of Lindisfame ; rf. 651. AIGNAN, Etienne, Frencli dramatist and politician; b. 1773; Trrote "La Mort de Louis XVT." 1793; d. 25 N"ov. 1824. AIKIN, Arthur, mineralogist; b. 19 May 1773; secretary to society of arts, 1817-40 ; d. 15 April, 1854- AlKIN, John, M.D. scientific wi-iter; b. 15 Jan. 1747 ; (with daughters) published "Evenings at Home," 1795; "Annals of George III." 1813; d. 7 Dec. 1822. AIKIN, Lucy, daughter^ historian and poet ; b. 6 Nov. 1781; published ''Court of Elizabeth," 1S18; " Court of James I." 1822; rf. 29 Jan. 1864; see also Barbauld (sister). AIKMAN", William, Scotch portrait painter ; b. 1682 ; d. 7 June 1731. AILLY, Pierre d' (de AUiaco), French cardinal ; " the Hammer of Heretics," and " the Eagle of French Doctors ;" l>. 1350; d. 1420 or 1425. AILEED, abbot of Eevesby ; b. 1109; d. 1 166. AIMARD, Grustave, French novelist; b. about 1818; travelled in America, and wrote American stories, "Trappeurs de 1' Arkansas," 1858; "Les Nuits Mexicains," 1863; "L'Araucan," 1864, &c. AINMULLEE, Maximilian Emmanuel, Gei-man painter ; b. 1807 ; exhibited architectural interiors of Venice, England, &c.; d. 9 Dec. 1870. AINSWOETH, Henry, nonconformist divine ; translator of the Pentateuch, Psalms, and Song of Solomon ; published " Communion of Saints," 16 — ; d. 1623. AINSWOETH, Robert, Latin scholar; b. Sept. 1660; published his Latin dictionary, 1736; (i. 4 April 1743. AINSWOETH, William Francis, surgeon and geographer; b. 9 Nov. 1807; published "Travels in Asia Minor," 1842, &c. AINSWOETH, ■ffilliam HaiTison, novelist; cousin of preceding ; b. 4 Feb. 1805 ; published "Eookwood," 1834; "Jack Sheppard," 1839; " Guy Fawkes," 1841, &e. ; " Ainsworth's Maga- zine," 1842; "Boscobel," 1874. AIED, Thomas, Scotch poet ; b. 28 Aug. 1802 ; editor of "Dumfries Herald," 1835; published " Poetical "Works," 1848 ; d. May 187b. AIEET, sir Eichardj g.c.e. general ; b. 1805 ; quarter-master general m the Crimea, 1854-5 i °^ the forces, 1857-65 ; governor of Gibraltar, 1865-70. AIET, sir George Biddell, astronomer; b. 27 July 1801; elected Lucasian professor at Cambridge, 1826 ; director of the new observatory there, 1828 ; astronomer-royal, 1835 ' ^ pendulum experiments to detei-mine the density of the earth, 1826, 1828, 1854; published " Lectures on Astronomy," 1849; " Magnetism," 1870 ; president E.S. 1871-3 ; k.o.b. July 1872 ; received freedom of London, 4 Nov. 1875- AISLABIE, John, chancellor of the exchequer, March 1718; implicated in the South Sea bubble; resigned, 23 Jan. 1721. AITON, William, Scotch botanist; b. 1731 ; superintendent of Kew gardens, 1759: published " Hortus Kewensis," 1789; d. i Feb. 1793. AITZEMA, Lieuwe van, Dutch historian ;b. ig Nov. 1600; published "History of the United Provinces," 1655-71 ; d. 23 Feb. 1669. A JALA, Martin Perez de, Spanish bishop ; b. 1504; published "Traditiones ApostoUcce," 1562; d. 1566. AKBAE, the Great, emperor of Hindostan ; b. 14 Oct. 1542; emperor, 1556; enlai'ged his do- minions, 1558-g; conquered Guzerat, 1572-4; re- annexed Bengal and Behar, 1575-6; troubled by revolts in his family, 1603-4 ! <^' '3 O''*' ^^5- AKENSIDE, Mark, m.d., poet ; b. 9 Nov. 1721 ; published "Pleasures of Imagination," 1744; d. 23 June 1770. AKEEMAN, John Tonge, antiquary; b. 12 Juno 1806 ; a founder (and long secretary) of Numis- matic society," 1836; sec. of society of Antiquaries, :848-6o; published " Eoman Coins," 1839; "Nu- mismatic Manual," 1832-40 ; " Tradesmen's To- kens," 1843, &c. ; d. 18 Nov. 1873. AXiABASTEE, William, theologian ; 5. about 1567; published "Lexicon Pentaglotton," 1637; d. April 1640. ALACOQUE, Marguerite Marie, French nun ; b. 1647 ; asserted that Christ appeared to her and took out her heart, placed it in his own, and re- turned it ; d. 17 Oct. 1690 ; her " Devotion auCceur de Jesus," published 1648, led to the " Devotion of the Sacred Heart," now popular. ALAIN de LiUe (Alanus de Insulis) ; the " uni- versal doctor;" *. 1114; d. about 1203. ALAND, sir John, see Fortesciie, ALAECON Y MENDOZA, Juan Euiz de, Spanish American dramatist ; d. after 1634. ALAED, Jean Delphin, French violinist ; b. 8 March 1815 ; published " Ecole du Violon," &c. ALAED, Lambert, German historian ; b. 27 Jan. 1602 ; d. 29 March 1672. ALAEI (or AlAET), Jules Abraham Eugene, French musician ; b. 1814; operas: "Eosmonda," 1840 ; " Tre Nozze," 1851 ; " Toix Humaine," :86l ; " Locanda Gratis," 1867. ALAEIC I. king of the Visigoths, 382 or 398; made aUiance with the emperor Theodosius, 395 ; sacked Eome, 24 Aug. 410 ; d. 410. ALAEIC II. king of the Visigoths, 484; de- feated and slain by Clevis at Vougle near Poitiers, 507- ALASCO, or A LasCO, John, Polish bishop ; i. 1499 ; abjured Catholicism, and came to England about 1545 ; returned to Poland, 1556 ; d. 13 Jan. 1560. ALAVA, Esquivel Diego de, Spanish bishop of ■Cordova; wrote "De ConciUis XJniversalibus," published 1582; d. 16 Feb. 1562. ALAVA, Miguel Eicardo de, Spanish states- man; b. lyyi', abandoned king Joseph and joined Wellington, 181 1 ; retired to England, 1823; re- turned to Spain, 1833 ; ambassador in England, 1834; France, 1835; d. in France, 1843. ALBA, see Alva. ALBAN, Saint, British protomartyr, about 285. ALBANI, Francesco, Bolognese painter ; b. 17 March 1578; d. 4 Oct. 1660. ALBANI, Giovanni Francesco, Italian cardinal and statesman; b. 1720; cardinal, 1747; promoted the election of Pius VII. 1800; d. 1809. ALBANI, Giovanni Girolamo, Italian cardinal ; b. 3 Jan. 1504; d. 23 AprU 1591. ALBANY AiBANY, dukes of, regents of Scotland. BoBERT Stewart, &. 1339 ; regent, 1389-98 ; caused his nephew David, duke of Rothesay, to be murdered, 1405 ; regent, 1406 ; d. 3 Sept. 1420. Murdoch, son, regent, 1420 ; resigned to James I., who returned from his captivity in England, 1424 ; he and his family tried and executed. May 1424. John, made regent, 1514 ; retired to France in disgust at disaffection, 1523 ; at Pavia, 1525 ; iJ. 1536. ALBANY, Louise, countess of, daughter of count von Stolberg; b. 27 Sept. 1753; nianied prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1772; left him for a convent, 1780; secretly married to Alfieri, 1788; widow, 1803 ; d. 29 Jan. 1824. ALBEMAELE, see Kcppel and Monlc. ALBEEGATI CAPACELLL Francesco, marchese d', Italian actor ; b. 29 April 1728 ; named the "Garnet of Italy;" d. 16 March 1804. ALBEEGOTTI, Francesco, ItaUan jurist, called "Doctor BoMasVeritatis;" 5. 1304; d. 1376. ALBEEIC, marquis of Camerino ; impi-isons Marozia, his mother, and governs Rome, 932 ; recon- ciled to Hugh, king of Italy, 936; d. 954. ALBEEONI, GiuUo, Italian cardinal; b. 31 May, 1664; prime minister of Spain, 1714; dis- missed and banished, Dec. 1719; d. at Eome, 26 Jime 1752. ALBEET AZZO, lord of Este; married Cune- gonda, heiress of the Guelphs, 1047 ; (issue, Guelph, duke of Bavaria, founder of the house of Bruns- ■wiek;) d. 1097. ALBEET, archduke of Austria; b. 1559; a cardinal and archbishop of Toledo ; resigned, and married Isabella of Spain, becoming governor of the low countries, 1598 ; defeated by the Dutch at Mieuport, 2 July 1600; d. 1621. ALBEET, archduke of Austria, commander-in- chief of the Austrian army; b. 3 Aug. 181 7; go- vernor-general of Hungary, 1851-60 ; defeated the Italian army at Custozza, 24 June 1866 ; published in German " EesponsibiUty in War," 1869. ALBEET I. — III. margraves of Brandenburg. 1. the Bear, 6. 1106 : made margrave, 1134 ; duke of Saxony, 1138 ; lost his states in war ; recovered them, and made an imperial prince, 1142 ; visited the Holy liOnd, 1158 ; d. 18 Nov. 1170. 2. margrave, 1206 : d. 23 Feb. 1221. 3. (named Achilles and Ulysses), &. 24 Nov. 1414 ; mar- grave, 1470; d. II March i486. ALBEET of Brandenburg ; b. 17 May 1490; grand master of the Teutonic order, 1512; d. 20 March I5fa8. Made an imperial ecclesiastic prince . . . 1525 Turned jtrotestant; expelled the knights, and be- came first duke of Pnissia . . . „ Put to the ban of the emi)ire . . . 1532 ALBEET of Brandenburg and Culmbach (named Alcibiades the warlike) ; b. 28 Mai-ch 1522. Joined Charles V. ...,,, . 1546 Taken prisoner at Rocitz 1547 Liberated after battle of Miihlberg ... „ Joined Maurice of Saxony against Charles V. . . 1552 Re.joined Cliarles . . . . „ Defeated by Maurice 1553 Banned and deprived of his states, 1554 d. Jan. 1558 ALBEET, duke of Brunswick, the Great; divided his states at his death, 15 Aug. 1278. ALBEPi,T I. — II. emperors of Germany. 1. 6. 1248 ; duke of Austria 1282 Defeated Adolphus of Nassau, and became emperor 2 July 1298 Revolt of the Swiss 1307 Assassinated by his nephew John . . i May 1308 ALBINUS . 1404 d. 27 Oct. 1439 2. &. 10 Aug. 1397 ; duke of Austria Emperor, 1438 ; an able ruler ALBEET I.— III. dukes and electors of Saxony. 1. duke, 1212 d. 1260 2. duke, 1260 d. 25 Aug. 1298 3. duke, 1418 .... . d. 1422 ALBEET of Mecklenburg, elected king of Sweden, 1364; defeated by Margaret, 1389; re- leased from prison, 1395; renounced the crown, 25 Nov. 1404; d. 1412 or 1414. ALBEET, prince consort of queen Victoria' duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ; b. at the Eosenau near Coburg, 26 Aug. 1819; d. at Windsor castle, 14 Deo. 1861. At the university of Bonn . May 1837 — Scpi 1838 Visited England, 1838-39 : naturalised 24 Jan. 1S40 Married to Queen Victoria, his cousin 10 Feb. „ Elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge 28 Feb. 1847 Advocated the great exhibition of 1851, and be- came leader of the movement 29 June 1849-51 Visited Paris Aug. 1855 Field marshal ; styled, by royal warrant, " prince consort" 25 June 1857 Gave an address, as president, at the Aberdeen meeting of the British association . 14 Sept. 1859 Bmied at Windsor, 23 Dec. 1861 ; at the mauso- leum, at Frogmore 18 Dec. 1862 ALBEET EDWAED, prince of Wales, see ALBEET, king of Saxony; *. 23 AprU 1S2S; succeeded his father John, 29 Oct. 1873. ALBEET, the name assumed by Alexandre Martin, French mechanic and journalist; b. 27 April 1815. Implicated in the insurrection at Lyons . Nov. 1S31 Established the popular Journal, "I'Atelier," at Paris .... . . 1S40 Fought at Paris 23 Feb. 1848 A secretary to the provisional government 24 Feb. — May „ He and Louis Blanc presidents of the government commission (of the Luxembourg) for workmen 28 Feb. „ Condemned for attack on the constituent assembly 15 May „ ALBEETI, Leone Battista, Italian poet,painter, and ai-chitect ; b. 18 Feb. 1404 ; d. about 1484. ALBEETI, Salomon, German anatomist and physiological discoverer ; }. 1540 ; d. 1600. ALBEETEANDY, Jan Chrzciciel, « Polish Polyhistor;" A. 1731 ; published "Annals of the Eoman EepubUo," " Aimals of Poland," 1768 ; d. 10 Aug. 1808. ALBEETUS Magnus, of Bollstadt, German philosopher and scholar; A. about 1 193: lectured at Cologne, 1248; d. 15 Nov. 1280. ALBI, Henri, French Jesuit; b. 1590; pub- lished "Histoire des Cardinaux illustres," iGs'!: d. 6 Oct. 1659. ALBINI, Alessandro, Italian painter ; b. about 1568 ; d. 1646. ALBINI, Franz Joseph von, baron, German diplomatist; b. 1748; employed hy the emperors of Germany and Austria, 1792 ; d. 9 Jun. 1816. ALBINUS (Weiss), Bernhard Siegfried, Ger- man anatomist ; *. 24 Feb. 1696-7 ; published " De Ossibus Corporis Humani," 1726 ; " Historia Mus- culorum," anatomical plates, 1734; '^- 9 Sept 1770. ALBINUS, Clodius, Roman general, governor of Britain, 192; emperor in Gaul, 193; defeated and slain by Severus at Lyons, 19 i'eb. 107. ALBINUS 9 ALEANDRO ALBINUS (Weiss), Petrus, (iernum poet and historian; wrote clu'onicles of Jli-nia and Thu- ringia, and Latin poems ; d. I Aug. 1598. ALBITTE, Antoiue Louis, French jurist and TevoUitionist ; d. dui'ing the retreat from Moscow, 25 Dec. 1812. ALBIZZI, Bartolomeo, Pisan Cordelier ; wrote tbe " Franciscan Koran," 1399; d. 10 Dec. 1401. ALBO, Jose, Spanish rabbi; -wrote "Ikkai-im" (foundations of the faith), 1425; d. 1428. ALBOIN, king of the Lombards, 543 ; defeated the Gepidffl, .i;SO-566; took Milan, Sept. 569; Pavia, 572 ; murdered by his wife, Eosamond, for compel- ling her to di-ink out of her father's skull, 28 Jan. 573- ALBONI, Marietta, Italian contralto singer; i. 10 Mar. 1826; first appeared in London at Covent Garden in " Semiramide," 6 April 1847 ; married count Pepoli and retired, 1863. ALBORESI, Giacomo, Bolognese architectural painter ; b. 1632 ; d. 1677. ALBOENOZ, Gil Alvarez Carillo^ Spanish cardinal ; conducted the siege of Algesiras, 1343 ; made cardinal, 1350; repressed Eienzi and the condottieri ; d. 24 Aug. 1367. ALBRECHT, "Wilhelm, German agriculturist ; i. 1786; d. 1848. ALBRECHTSBERGEE, Johann Georg, German musical composer; 0. 3 Feb. 1746; pub- lished an "Introduction to Composition," 1 790; d. 7 March 1809. ALBRET, Jeanne d', queen of Navan-e; 5. 1528 ; married Autoine de liourbon, duke of Ven- dome, 20 Oct. 1548; mother of Henry LV. of France, 23 Dec. 1553; established the refoi-ma- tion in her domimons, July 1567 ; poisoned, 10 June 1572. _ ALBTJCASIS, or Abulcasis, Arab physi- cian ; d. about 1 106. ALBUMAZAR, or Abtt-Mashab,, Arab astronomer; l>. about 776 ; d. 885. ALBUQUERQUE, Affonzo d', "the Portu- guese Mars;" b. 14S3; conquered Goa, and be- came governor, 25 Nov. 1510; enlarged the Por- tuguese dominion in India; d. in unmerited disgi-aee, 16 Dec. 1515. ALBY, Ernest, French writer; b. 1 July 1809; published "Catherine de Navarre," 1838, &o. ; d. 24 June 1868. A TiCSiUS, Greek lyric poet; ^. about e.g. 600. . ALCAMENES, Greek sculptor, pupil of Phei- dias; Ji. about B.C. 444-400. ALCAZAR, Luis de, Spanish Jesuit ; b. 1554 ; ■wrote on fievelation ; d, 16 June 1613. ALCIATI, Andrea, Italian jurist; i. May 1492; wrote " Emblemata ;" d. 1550. ALCIBIADES, Athenian general and states- man; b. about B.C. 452; assassinated, 404. Saved Socrates at the battle of Deliura . . . 424 Banished ; .loined the Spartans, and caused the de- feat of the Athenians 413 Eecalled to Athens; frequently defeated her ene- mies . . . . , . 411, 410 Superseded ; retired to Thrace 407 ALCINOUS, Greek philosopher; ^. 1st cen- tury ; wrote an introduction to Plato. ALCIPHRON, Greek sophist; /?. about 170. ALCMAN, Greek lyric poet; ft. about B.C. 670. ALOMtEON, Greek natural philosopher ; ^ B.C. 500. ALCOCK, John, prelate and diplomatist ; mas- ter of the rolls, 1462 ; ambassador to Castile, 1470; bishop of Rochester, 1471 ; of Worcester, :477 ; of Ely, i486 ; lord high chancellor, 1475, 1485-87 ; founded Jesus College, Cambridge, 1496; wrote "Mens Perfectionis ad Carthusianos," 1501; d. I Oct. 1500. ALCOCK, John, musical composer ; b. 11 April 1715; published " Harmonia Festi ; " d. 2^ Feb. 1806. •^ ALCOCK, sir Rutherford, k.o.b., diplomatist; b. 1809 ; surgeon in Portugal, 1833-4 ! envoy to Japan, 1859 ; to China, 1865 ; k.c.b., 1862 ; pub- lished " Capital of the Tycoon," 1863. ALCOTT, Amos Bronson, American mystical writer; b. 29 Nov. 1799; published " Orphio Sayings," 1842 ; " Tablets," 1868.— Louisa Mat, daughter, novelist, &o. ; b. 1833 > published " Hos- pital Sketches," 1863: "Little Women," 1867; "Little Men," 1871, &c. ALCUDIA, duke of, see Godot/. ALCUIN, poet, philosopher, friend of Charle- magne ; b. at York about 735 ; instituted monastic schools ; d. at Tours, 19 May 804. ALDEGREVER, Heinrich, German painter and engraver; b. 1502; pupil of Albrecht Diirer; d. about 1562. ALDER, Joshua, zoologist; (with Albany Hancock) published "Monogi-aph of the British Nudibranchiate MoUusca," 1845-55 ! '^- J*"^- 1867. ALDERSOlSr, sir Edward Hall, judge; b. 11 Sept. 1787 ; justice of the common pleas, 12 Nov. 1830 ; baron of the exchequer, 29 April 1834 ; d. 27 Jan. 1857. ALDERSON, sir James, 51.D. ; b. ; pre- sident Royal Coll. Phys. 1867; knighted, 1869; published " Observations on Diseases of Stomach," 1847. ALDHELM, Saint, Saxon prelate ; b. about 656 ; bishop of Sherborne, 705 : d. May 709. ALDINI, Giovanni, Italian natural philoso- pher, nephew of Galvani; b. 10 April 1762; d. 17 Jan. 1834. ALDRED, archbishop of York, diplomatist; sent to Germany by Edward the Coniessor ; sup- ported Harold, but crowned William the Con- queror; bishop of Woicester, IO46; archbishop, 1061 ; d. 10 Sept. 1069. ALDRICH, Henry, scholar, architect, and musical composer; b. 1647; dean of Chiist Church, 1689; published " Aitis Logicje Rudimenta," 1691; d. 14 Dec. 1710. ALDRICH, Robert, bishop of Carlisle, 1537 ; wi-ote " Epigrammata ; " d. ^ March 1555. ALDEOVANDI, Ulisse, Italian naturalist; {. II Sept. 1522; his "Opera omnia" published, 1599-1668 ; d. 10 Nov. 1607. ALDUS MANUTIUS, see Manutius. ALEANDRO, Girolamo, Italian cardinal and Greek scholar; b. 13 i'eb. 1480 ; published "Lexi- con Grffico-Latinum," 1512 ; sent to oppose Luther at Worms, 1520 ; taken prisoner with Francis I. at Pavia, 24 Feb. 1525 ; lus palace destroyed at the capture of Rome, 20 Sept. 1526; cai-dinal, 1538; d. 31 Jan. 1542. ALEANDEO 10 ALEXANDEE ALBANDEO, Girolamo, Italian poet and jurist; h. 29 July 1574; d. g March 1629. ALEGAMBE, Philippe, Belgian Jesuit his- torian; b. 22 Jan. 1592; published enlarged edition of Eibadeneira's " Bihliotheca Soriptorum Sooie- tatis Jesu," 1643 ; d. 6 Sept. 1652. AiEMAN, Louis, French cardinal, archbishop ofAi-les; l>. 1390; setup Amadcus VIII,, duke of Savoy, as Felix V., anti-pope, 1439; advised him to abdicate, 1449; r, count and dukes of. Chaeles de Valois, count, brother of Philip VI. of Fi-ance : killed at Creuy, 26 Aug. 1346. Jeax db Valois, duke ; &. 1385 ; killed at Agincourt, 25 Oct. 1415. Jean, son, cunJemned for treason with the English ; imprisoned, 1456 ; released, 1461 ; again condemned, 1474 ; d. 1476. KENfi, son, iraiirisoncd, 1482 ; released, 1483 : d, 1492. FnANgois DE Valois, duke, brother of P'rancis II., Charles IX., and Heniy III, kings of France: &. j8 March 1554 : opposed his brother, Henry HI. , 1574 ; proposed maniage to Elizabeth, queen of England, 1581 ; d. 10 June 1584. ALENI, Tommaso (il Fadino), Italian painter; i. 1500; d. 1560. ALENIO, Giulio, Italian Jesuit missionary in China ; li. 1583 ; d. Aug. 1649. ALEOTTI, Giovanni Battista, Italian archi- tect; 0, 1546; translated the "Pneumatics" of Hero of Alexandria ; d. 1636. ALEE, Paulus, Geiinan Jesuit philologist; b, Q Nov. 16^6 ; published " Dictionariuni Germanico- Latiuum, 1724; d. 2 May 1727. ALES, Alexander, Scotch Protestant theologian ; }, 23 April 1500; fled into Gennany; d. there, 17 Slarch 1565. . ALESSANDEI, Alessandro, Neapolitan ju- rist; li. 1461 ; published " Dies Geniales," 1522; d. 2 Oct. 1523. ALESSI, Galeazzo, Italian architect ; b. 1500 ; desig-ned many palaces at Genoa ; d. 1572. ALEXANDEE I., II. kings of Egypt. 1. king, B.C. 107 ; banished . , 89 2. son, king, b.c. 81 ; killed . . 80 ALEXANDER 1.. II. "kings of Epirus. 1. kijig, B.C. 342 ; Rnlled into Italy by the Tarentines, 332 ; slain at Paiidosia, 326. 2. king, B.C. 272 ; dispossessed by the llaccdoinans, but regained his kingdom, about 206-5 '> f^- 242. ALEXANDER I .— V. Idngs of Mciceclon. 1. king B.C. 500-454- 2. kittg 369-367 3. the Great ; 1). at Pella, tiutumn Placed under Aristotle, about Fought bravely at Cheroneia .... King on assassination of his father, Philip II. Subdued the Greeks, destroyed Thebes Made war with Persia ; crossed the Hellespont Defeated the Persians near the Granicua 22 May Defeated them again at Issus . . . Nov. Took Tyre ; conquered Syria and Egypt ; founded Alexandria Defeated Darius at Gauganiela (Arbela) i Oct. Conquered Parthia, Media, Bactria, &c. . 33°- Married PLOxana, a Bactiian princess ; invaded India, and defeated Porus ; overran Asia ; re- turned to Persepolis .... 326- Quelled a mutiny in liis army at Opis ; returned to Babylon, proiecting fresh conquests . Died of Fever at Babylon . - May or June His body embalmed and sent to Alexandria 4. jEgus ; posthumous son of preceding; b. b.c. 323 ; murdered with his mother Roxana, by Cassander 5. ^gus ; contends with bis brother Antipater for the throne, 298-6 ; killed by Demetrius Polior- cetes . . Dec. 356 342 338 336 335 334 332 331 32S 394 ALEXANDER I.— yilL popes. 1. saint, about . . . loS-iig 2. (Anselmo da Baggio) io6r . . d. 21 April 1073 3. (Rolando Rainucci) 1159; learned; canonised Thomas i Becket, 21 Feb. 1173 ; excommunicated the emperor Frederick Barbarossa ; pardoned him, 1177 ; held 3rd council of Lateran, 1179 d. 30 Aug. iiSi 4. (Rinaldo di Segni) 1254 . . d. 25 May 1261 5. (Pietro Philargi) 1409 ; excommunicated John Hiiss ci. 3 May 1410 6. (Rodrigo Lenzoli Borgia) &. about 1430 ; elected, 1492; dissolute, treacherous, and covetous; d. by poison intended for another . . 18 Aug. 1503 7. (Fabio Chigi) &. about 1598 ; elected, 1655 ; favoured learnhig . . . . rf. 22 Slay 1667 8. (Pietro Ottoboni) &. 1610; elected, 1689; added to the Vatican libi-ary the collection of MaS. of queen Christina of Sweden . d. i Feb. 1691 ALEXANDER I., II. grand dukes ol Eussia. 1. 6. 1219; defeated the Swedes near the Neva, and hence called "Nevski" ... 15 July 1240 Defeated the knights of the sword, on the lake of Peipus 5 Apill 1242 Succeeded hi.s father, Yaroslav .... 1245 Resisted efforts of the popes to convert him d, 1263 2. grand-duke, 1327 ; expelled by the Tartars . 1328 ALEXANDER I., II. czai-s of Russia. 1, 1). 23 Dec. 1777; succeeded his father Paul 24 March 1801 Made peace ^\'1th England . . 17 June „ Joined the coalition against Fi-ance . 11 April 1805 Present at the defeat at Austerlitz . 2 Dec. „ His army defeated at Eylau, 8 Feb. ; at Friedland 14 June 1807 Met Napoleon on a i-aft at Tilsit, and joined him in an alliance against England . . July ,, Met Napoleon at Erfurt . , 27 Sept. 180S Incorporated Finland with Russia Mar.-Nov. ,, Annexed Moldavia and "Wallachia . . Jan. 1810 Declared war against Napoleon ; Russia invaded 25 June 18 1 2 Moscow fired ; the French retreated with im- mense loss .... Sept.-Dec. „ Entered Paris, 30 March ; visited London June 18x4 Signed the "Holy Alliance," . z6 Sept 1813 Established the kingdom of Poland . Nov. „ Died I Dec. 1825 2. b. 29 April 1818 ; succeeded his father, Ni- cholas L ... .2 March 1855 Visited the army in the Crimea . . Nov. „ Decreed emancipation of the serfs in two years 3 March 1863 His assassination attempted by Berezowski at Paris . 6 June 1867 ALEXANDER I— III. kings of Scotland. 1. liing, 8 Jan., 1107 , . . d. 27 April 1124 2. b. 24 Aug. iigS; king, 4 Dec. 1214; marrieil princess Joan of England, 25 June 1221 ; d. S July 1249 ALEXANDER 11 ALFONSO S. 6 4 Sept. 1241; king ■ 8 July 1249 Married Margaret of England . 25 Dec. 1251 Visited London .... . 1260 Repelled invasion of Haco of Norway . . 1263 Gained the Hebrides and Man .... 1265 Killed by riding over a precipice . 16 March 1286 ALEXANDER, prince of Servia (son of Kara George, or George the Black), founder of the inde- pendence of Servia ; 5.1806. Cho.senprinceattheexpiilsionof Miloach I. 14 Sept, 18^2 Compelled to abdicate . . . -23 Dec. 1858 Accused of complicity in the assassination of prince Michael, Oct. 1868; acquitted . May 1871 ALEXANDER L, IL kings of Syiia. 1. Balas ; usurped the throne, B.C. 150; defeated by Ptolemy ; slain . . 146 2. 2ebinas ; B.C. 128; slain ... . 122 ALEXANDER AB ALEXANDRO, see ^lessandri. ALEXANDER, Saint, patriarch of Alexan- dria, 312; condemned Arius for heresy ; present at the council of Nice, 325 ; d. 17 April 326. ALEXANDER, bishop of Lincoln, 1 123 ; went to E,ume, and made legate, 1 142; rebuilt Lincoln cathedral; d. 20 July 1147. ALEXANDER, see Sales, ALEXANDER, the Paphlagonian, an im- postor ; professed to have found a new god, Grlj-cou, and obtained credence, about 166. ALEXANDER JANN^US, king of the Jews, termed "the Thracian"; high priest and king, r,.c. 104; suppressed with gxeat cruelty an insurrection of the Pharisees, 95 ; d. 78. ALEXANDER of Judasa, son ofAristobulus II. ; he^dtd revolt; defeated by Antony, B.C. 57; by Gabiuius, 56 ; by Cassius, 53 ; beheaded at An- tioch, 49. ALEXANDER SEVERUS, see Sererus. ALEXANDER TRALLIANUS, Greek physician ; Jl. 6th century. ALEXANDER, sir James Edward, Scotch officer; b. 1803; served in Burmese, Persian, Turk- ish, and Kaffir wars; published *' L'Acadie," 1849, "Passages in the Life of a Soldier," &c. 1857. ALEXANDER, Stephen, American astrono- mer ; b. I Sept. 1806 ; published many papers. ALEXANDRA, princess of "Wales, daughter of Christian IX. king of Denmark ; b. i Dec. 1844 ; married, 10 March 1863. See Wales. ALEXANDRE, of Bemay, or of Paris, French poet; ff. I2th century; author of the "Alexandri- ade," the most ancient poem in French. ALEXANDRE, Jacques, French Benedictine ; b. 24 Jan. 1653 ; constructed an equational clock, 1698; published "Traite des Horloges," 1734; d. 23 June 1734. ALEXANDRE, Noel, French Dominican theo- logian; b. 19 Jan. 1639; excommunicated by Inno- cent XI. 13 July 1684; published " Theologia Moralis," 1703; d. 21 Aug. 1724. ALEXIS or Alexius L— Y. emperors of Constantinople. 1. Comneuus ; J. 1048 ; deposed Nicephorus and became emperor, 1081 ; obtained fealt>' from the crusaders, and gained Niciea and other cities, 1097 (?. 15 Aug. 1118 2. Comnenus; 'b. 1167; emperor, 1180; murdered by Andronicus Coninenus 1183 3. Angelus ; dethroned and blinded his brother Isaac, 1195 ; expelled by the crusaders, July 1203 ; returned to Greece, and blinded Alexis V. 1204 d. about I2TO ; 4. Angelus; emperor, 29 July 1203; murdered, 28 Jan. 1204 5. Ducas, called " Murtzuphlus ; " emperor, 8 Feb. 1204 ; killed by the crusaders after their capture of Constantinople on . . 12 April 1204 ALEXIS I. — IV. Comnenus, emperors of Trebizond. 1. 6. 1182 ; founded the empire, April 1204 ; d. Feb. 1222 S. &. 1282; emperor, 1297 . . d. 1330 3, emperor, Dec. 1349 ... . . rf. 1390 4. emperor, 1412; murdered. about 1446 ALEXIS, czar of Russia; b. 20 March 162^; succeeded his father Michael, 13 July 1645; vic- torious over the Poles, 1654; over bwedes, 1658; over Cossacks, 1667; d.S Feb. 1677. ALEXIS, son of Peter the Great, czar of Russia; b. 28 Feb. 1690, left Russia, 1716 ; re- turned ; arrested ; tried, and sentenced to death ; cK 6 or 7 July 1718. ALEYN, Charles, poet; wrote "Battles of Crescey and Poictiers," 1631 ; d. about 1643. ALEANI, Italian painters: Donienico, b. about 14S3 ; d. after 1553 ; Orazio, son, b. 1510 ; d. Dec. 1583- ALFARABIUS, Arab philosopher ; d. 950. ALFIERI, Yittorio, ItaHan poet; b. 17 Jan. 1749 ; his " Cleopatra" acted itt Turin, 1775 ; married Louise, countess of Albany, 1788; d. S Oct. 1803. ALEONSO I.— V. kings of Aragon. 1. "The Battler;" king, 1104; married Urraca, daughter of Alfonso VI, king of Leon and Castile ; king of Castile, iiog-1114; vit'torious over the Moors, 1128 ; defeated, 17 July . d. 7 Sept. 1134 2. king, 1162 . . d. 25 April 1196 3. 6. 1265; king, 1285 . , , d. 18 June 1291 4. ft. 1299; king, 1327 . . d. 24 June 1336 .5. "Tile VVise ; " h. 1385; king, 2 April 1416; con- quered Naples, 1442 d. 27 June 145S ALFONSO I.— XII. kings of Leon and Castile. I. of Asturias, the Catholic; &. 693; king, 739; greatly enlarged his kingdom by expelling Moors ; ^- 757 3. of Asturias arid Leon, the Chaste ; &. 758 ; king, 791 ; abdicated, 833 .- . . . . d. Z^-z 3. the Great ; b. 848 ; king, 866 ; annexed Navarre as an hcreditai^ fief, 873 ; victorious over the Mahometans, 907-10; abdicated, 910; d. 20 Dec. giz 4. king, 925; became a monk, 930; attempted to reclaim his crown, but defeated , . . d. 931 5. &. 994 ; king, 999 ; mamed his son to the heiress of Castile, 1026 ; killed at the siege of Viseo, 5 May 1028 6. of Leon ; &. 1030 ; king, 1065 ; I. of Castile on the assassination of Sancho I. 1072 ; epoch of the Cid Rodrigo d. 30 June 1 109 (7). king of Aragon, with his wife Urraca, daughter of Alfonso VI., 1109 ; marriage annulled . . 1114 7. Raymond, of Leon, II. of Castile, called "The Emperor;" 6. 1106; king, 1126 . d. 21 Aug. 1157 8. of Leon, III. of Castile; 6. 1155 ; king, 1158; maiTied Eleanor of England, 1170; wars with the Moors ; defeated them at Las Navas de Tolosa, 16 July 1212 ; encom-ased education ; d. 5 Aug. 1214 9. of Leon only; king, 11S8 . . . d. 23 Sept. 1230 10. (or IX.) of Leon, IV. of Castile, called the Wise ; king, 1252 ; frequent wars and revolts ; the Alphonsine astronomical tables compiled, the Scriptures translated, and new laws promul- gated under his auspices . d. 4 April 1284; II. of Leon, V. of Castile; &, 1310; king, 1312; successful against the floors . d. 26 March 1350 12. of Spain (sou of Isabella II. and her cousin Francisco); 0. 28 Nov. 1857; as prince of Astu- rias, studied at Sandhurst, 1874; proclaimed at Madrid, 31 Dec. 1874 ; received there, Jan. 1875 ; endof Carlist war; entered Madrid 2oMai-cli 1876 ALEONSO I., IL kings of Naples. 1, (V. of Aragon); conquered Naples, 1442; d. 27 June 1458 2. &. 1448 ; king, 1494 ; abdicates, 1495 ; d. 19 Nov. 1495 ALFONSO 12 ALLAN ALFONSO I.- VI. kings of Poitugal. 1. Henriquez, count ; h. 1096 ; proclaimed king, after defwitiiitj tlie Moors at Omique, 25 July 1139; took Lisbon, 1147 . . . d. 6 Dec. 1185 2. &. 1185; king, 1212; excommunicated, 1220-3; d. 25 March 1223 3. &■ 1210; king, 1248; acquired AlgaiTe, 1267; d. 16 or 20 Feb. 1279 4. tlie Brave; 6. 1290; king, 1325; defeated the SIooi-s ; commanded the death of his son's wife, luez de Castro, 1355 . d. 28 May 1357 5. b. 1432 ; king, 1438 . . . (7. 28 Aug. 1481 6. h. 1643 ; king, 1656 ; excessively profligate ; de- posed by conspiiacy of his wife and brother, 1667 . d. 12 Sept. 1683 ALPOE,D, Chfirles "Richard, bishop of Victoria ; b. 1816; consecrated, 1867 ; retired, 1871. ALFORD, Henry, dean of Canterbury ; b. 7 Oct. 1810; published " Poems," 1831 ; " School of the Heart," 1835; "Greek Testament," 1841-61 ; dean, 1857; " 0-ueen's English," 1864, &c. ; d. 12 Jan. 187 1. AXjFOUD, Michael, Jesuit historian ; b. 1587; his " Annales Ecclesiastic! ct Civiles Britannoi-uni," &c. published, 1663 ; d. 1651. ALFEED, king of Northumbna, 686; d. 14 Dec. 705. AIjFEED, the Great (Alured), king of Eng- land, b. 849; d. 21 or 28 Oct. 901. Sent to Rome, and anointed by the pope . . . 854 Succeeded his brother Ethclred . . 23 April 871 Defeated Danes at Ashendown and Wilton . . ,, Alter seven years' conflict, compelled to retire to Athelney 878 The Danes defeated at Ethandun ; Guthrum and others bajitized, and given territories , . ]\Iay ,, The D:ines ncknowledged Alfred's sovereignty . . SSo _ ^_ _ _ Defeated the Danes at Rocliester, and captui'ed part | aiUhoritv over Greece' i8o67 disgraced, 1812 ; pro. ALIBAUD, Louis, fired at king Louis Philippe, 25 June ; executed, II July 1836. ALI BET (Hobrowski), Polish scholar; chief dragoman of the Sultan Mahomet IV. ; translated the Bible into Turkish; d. 1675. ALI BET, a Mameluke chief; i. 1728; ob- tained supreme power, and sought to regenerate Egypt, 1766 ; independent of the Porte, 1768 ; de- clared sultan, 1771 ; invaded Syria, victor, 1771 ; defeated and killed, April 1773' ALI BET, pseudonym of Domingo Dadia y Leblich, Spanish traveller ; *. 1 766; travelled in the East and in North Africa as an Arab ; pub- lished " Voyages en Asie et en Afrique," 1814 ; d. 30 Aug. 1818. ALIBEET, Baron Jean Louis, Ereneh physi- cian ; d. 12 May 1766; published "Physiologie des Passions," 1825; d. 4 Nov. 1837. ALIGNT, Felix Claude Theodore Caruelle, French historical painter and etcher ; b. 24 Jan. 1708; produced "Massacre of the Draids," 1831 ; " Defeat of Du Guesclin," &c., 1840; d. 25 Feb. 1871. ALIBEANDI, Geronimo, Sicilian painter, called the Raphael of Messina ; d. 1470 ; d. 1524. ALICE Maitd MabT, princess, second daughter of queen Victoria ; *. 25 April 184^ ; maiTied prince Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt, I July, 1862. Victoria, b. 5 April, 1863; and five other children. ALIGHIBEI, see Dante. ALI BACHA, Albanian chief; l>. about 1741 ; usurped the pachalic of Janina, 1 788 ; treacherously massacred the Suliotes, Dee. 1805 ; extended his of their fleet Rcpahed Loudon 886 C'luinienced lii.s Anglo-Saxon translations DdfeatetT the Danes at Farnliam and Benifleet . . 894 CiHi.stnieted a powerful navy and stopped the Danish invasions . . . . 897 scribed, 1820; surrendered; treacherously put to . 838 , death, S Feb. 1822. I ALISON, rev. Archibald, Scotch essayist ALFEED, or AlFEIC, abbot of Mabuesbury ; bishop of Creditou, 990 ; d. about 999. 'Essay on Taste," b. 1790; 13 Nov. 1757 ; published d. 17 May 1839. ALISON, sir Archibald, hart., son, Scottish historian; b. 29 Deo. 1792 ; published " History of ALFEED, or AluBED, monk of Beverley ; j Europe," 1839-59; "Life of Marlborough," 1848; "Wiote "Annales, sive Historia de Gestis itogum p^- ^3 ^ay 1867. Biitimniie;" d. II26or I136. ALISON, sir Archibald, son, soldier ; J. 21 Jan. ALFEED, prince, youngest son of George III. ; I 1826 ; engaged in suppre^ssing Indiari mutiny, l8y ; b. 22 Sept. 1780; d. 20 Aug. 1782. ALFEED Eenest Albert, second son of Queen Victoria; see Edinburgh. ALGrAEDI, Alessandro, Italian sculptor ; b. about 1600; executed "Fuega d'Attila," an enor- mous alto-relievo ; d. 10 June 1654. ALGAEOTTI, Francesco, count, Italian critic and philosopher; b, 11 Dec, 1712; wrote "Ncw- tonianismo per le Dame," 1733 ; d. 3 March 1767. ALGHAZZALI, Arab philosopher ; b. 1058 ; d. nil. ALGHISI, Francesco, Italian musical com- poser; b. 2 June 1666; d. 29 March 1743. ALGHISI, Tommaso, Italian surgeon; b. 17 Sept. 1669; d. 24 Sept. 1713. ALHAZEN, Arab geometrician ; wrote " Op- ticse Thcsauras," published in Latin, 1572 ; d. 1038. ALI, caliph ; b. 598 ; embraces Islam, 609 ; vizier, 614; marries Mahomet's daughter Fatima, 619 ; set aside as caliph by Abu-bekr, 632 ; caliph, June, 656 ; victor at the b'attle of the Camel, 656 ; assassinated, 23 Jan. 661. iiiid in Ashantee war, 1874 ; published " Army Or- ganization," 1869. ALKAN, Charles Valentin, called Morhange, French musician ; 4.30N0V. 18 13 ; published " Les Omnibus," variations, 1832; " BouiTee d'Au- vergne," 1852, &c. ALKMAAE, Hendrik van, Dutch poet ; first translated and published " Keyneke de Voss," ("Reynard the Fox,") 1498. ALLAINVAL, Lconor Je-in Christine Soulas d', French dramatist; b. about 1700; ''rEcole des Bourgeois," 1728 ; d. 2 May 1753. ALLAM, Andrew, scholar ; b. April 1655 ; d. 17 June 1685. ALLAN, David, painter, termed the " Scotch Hogarth ;" b. 13 Feb. 1744 ; d. 6 Aug. 1796. ALLAN, George, antiquary ; published Hcgge's "Legend of St. Cuthbert,'' 1777; d. 18 May iSoo. ALLAN, Thomas, Scotch mineralogist ; b. ly July 1777; d. 12 Sept. 1833. ALLAN, sir William, Scotch historical painter ; b. 1782; A.R.A., 1825; u.A., 1835; P.K.S.A., 1838 ; knighted, 1842 ; d. 22 Feb. 1850. ALLAED 13 AL-MANSUE ALLAED, Guy, Frencli genealogist ; b. 1645 ; publislied ' • Bibliotheque de Uauphine," 1680; d. 1716. ALLAED, Jean Franqois, French general ; b. 9 Mar. 1785 ; entered the service of Runjeet Singh, chief of the Sikhs, and organised his army, 1822 ; d. 23 Jan. 1839. ALLAEDICB, Robert Barclay, captain, Scotch pedestrian; b. 25 Aug. 1779; claimed the earldom of Airth, 1839; d. 8 May 1854. ALLATIUS, or Allacci, Leo, Greek scholar, h. 1586 ; librarian of the Vatican, i66l ; d. 19 Jan. 1669. ALLECTUSi Roman general ; murdered Ca- rausius and became emperor in Britain, 293 ; de- feated and slain bj^ Asclepiodotus, general oi' Con- stantius, 296. ALLEGEAIN, Christophe Gabriel, French sculptor; b. 1710; d. 17 April 1795. ALLEGEI, Alessandro, Italian poet ; d. about 1596; his "Rime" published, 1605-13. ALLEGEI, Antonio, called Correg^io, Italian painter; b. 1494; his chefs-d'a3uvre are "St Je- rome" at Parma, and "Nativity" ("Notte") at Dresden ; d. 5 March 1534. ALLBGEI, Gregorio, Italian musical com- poser; b. about 1580; d. 18 Feb. 1652. ALLEUT, Richard, nonconfonnist divine ; b. 1611; ejected, 1662; published "Vindicias Pieta- tis," 1663 ; d. 22 Deo. 1681. ALLEINE, Joseph, nonconformist divine; b. 1633 ; ejected, 1662 ; imprisoned for preaching, 1663, 1665 ; " Alarm to Unconverted Sinners," published 1672 ; d. Nov. 1668. ALLEN, Alexander, philologist; b. 21 Sept. 1814; published " Eclogaj Ciceronianse,'' 1839; d.b Nov. 1842. ALLEN, Ethan, American colonist, colonel of the " Green Mountain Boys ;" founded the state of Vei-mont during the war of independence ; prisoner in England, 1775-78; captured Ticonderoga, 9, 10 May; captured at Montreal, 24 Sept. 1775; pub- Ushed "Narrative of his Captivity,'' 1779; d. 13 Feb. 1789. ALLEN, John, archbishop of Dublin ; b. about 1476; made by Wolsey chancellor of Ireland and archbishop, 1528 ; murdered, 28 July 1534. ALLEN, John, Scotch physician ; b. Jan. 1770 ; published ' ' Illustrations of Hume's Essay on Liberty and Necessity," 1795 ; master of Duhvich college, 1820 ; d. 3 April 1843. ALLEN, Joseph W., landscape painter; b. 1803 ; d. 26 Aug. 1852. ALLEN, or AlLETN, Thomas, antiquary and mathematician; S. 21 Dec. 1542; d. 30 Sept. 1632. ALLEN, Thomas, antiquary and topographer ; b. 1803 ; published " History of Lambeth," 1827 ; " History of London," 1827-28 ; " History of county of York," 1828-31 ; d. 20 July 1833. ALLEN, Alajst, or MJL-Ers, William cai-dinal ; b. 1532 ; left England at the accession of Elizabeth, 1558; at Rome, 1575, 1580; cardmal, 1587 : iacited Philip II. to invade England ; pub- lished " Defence of the doctrine of Catholics con- cerning Purgatory," 1565; "Admonition to the Nobles and People of Engiand," 1588; d. 6 Oct. IS94- ALLEN, William, chemist and philanthropist ; b. 29 Aug. 1770 ; lectured on chemistry at Guy's hospital, 1804-27; exi.eriments on respiration, 1808-9; ^- 30 Dec. 1843. ALLEN, William, d.d., American author; b. 2 Jan. 1784; pubUshed " American Biographical and Historical Dictionary," the first issued in the United States, 1809; d. i'6 July i858. ALLESTEEE, or AllESTRY, Richard, D.D.; b. March 1619; fought in the civil war; ■nith a band of students defended O.'jford for the king; provost of Eton, 1665 ; d. 28 Jan, i58i. ALLETZ, Pons Augustin, French miscel- laneous writer; b. 1703 ; d. 7 March 1785. ALLEY, William, bishop of E.xeter; b. about 1500; consecrated, 1560 ; published " Poor Maii'S' Library,". 1565 ; translated the Pentateuch for the Bishops' Bible ; d. 15 April 1571. ALLETN, Edward, actor; b. i Sept. 1566; built Fortune theatre, Cripplegate, l5oo ; pur- chased manor of Dulwioh, 1606; built Dulwioh college, 1613-7; endowed the college, 21 June 1619 ; d. there, 25 Nov. 1626. ALLIBONE, Samuel Austen, American bib- liographer; 4. 17 Aprili8l6; published " Critical Dictionary of Enghsh Literatm'e," 1858-71. ALLINGHAM,WilUam, Irish poet; b. 1828; published "Poems," 1850; "Day and Night Songs," 1854-5 i " Laurence Bloomfield," 1864. ALLIOLI, Joseph Franz, German theologian ; b. 10 Aug. 1793; published his translation of the Vulgate into German, 1839-45. ALLIONI, Carlo, Italian botanist; b. 1725; wrote "Flora Pedemontana," 1785; d. 1804. ALLIX, Pierre, French Protestant contro- versialist ; 0. about 1631 ; came to England, 1685 ; published "Reflections on the Books of Holy Scripture, " 1688 ; d. Feb. or Mar. 1717. ALLOISI, Baldassare, Bolognese painter; b. 1578 ; d. 1638. ALLON, Hem-y, d.d., congregationaUst ; b. I J Oct. 1818; pastor of Union chapel, Islington, 1852. ALLOEL Alessandro, called Bronziuo, Floren- tine painter ; b. 3 May 1535 ; painted " Sacrifice of Abraham ; " d. 22 Sept. 1607. ALLOEI, Cristofano, son, Florentine painter ; b. 17 Oct. 1577; d. 1621. ALLSTON, Washington, American historical paiuter and poet; b. 1779; d. 8 July 1843. ALLUT, Jean, French enthusiast and Cami- sard ; suiTendered to Villars, 1 704; in London fined for pretending to prophesy, Dec. 1707 ; d. after 1714. ALMA, see Tcidema. ALMAGEO, Diego de, Spanish navigator; b. 1475 ; accompanied Pizarro in his conquest of Peru, 1532 ; revolted, and put to death by Pizarro, July i53»- ALMAGEO, Diego de, son, governor of Peru; b, about 1520; killed Pizan'o, and was executed, Sept. 1542. AL-MAMOUN, see Mamoun. AL-MANSUE, or Almansor, the invincible, second Abbasside caliph, 754; favoured learning ; built Bagdad, about 762 ; d. 18 Oct. 775. ALMEIDA 14 AMADEUS ALMEIDA, ApoUinario, Portuguese mission- ary; b. 1587; killed in Abyssinia, 1638. ALMEIDA, Brites de, the Portuguese Joan of Arc ; supported John I., king of Portugal, in the deliyeraiice of his country from Castile at the battle of Albajurrota, i4Aug. 1385. ALMEIDA, Francisco de, first Portuguese viceroy in India, 1505; defeated Egyptian fleet, 1508 ; murdered at Saldanha bay, i March 1510. ALMEIDA, Louren(;o de, son, Portuguese na- vigator; killed, 1508. ALMEIDA, Manoel de, Portuguese Jesuit missionary in India and Abyssinia ; b. 1580 ; d. 1646. ALMELOVEEN, Theodorus Janssonius van, Dutch phj;sidan ; b. 24 July 1657 ; published "Onoraasticon Eerum Inveutarum," 1684; "Pasti Eom. Consul," 1705 ; d. 28 July 1712. ALMON, John, publicist ; b. 1738; condemned for selling copies of the "Letters of Junius;" established the "Parliamentary Hegister," 1774; d. 12 Dec. 1805. ALOMPRA, founder of the reigning dynasty of Burmah; b. about 1711 ; revolted against Pegu, 1752; gained Ava, 1753; founded Eangoon, 1755 ; d. 15 May 1760. ALOPJEUS, David, Finland diplomatist; b. 1769; negotiated peace Frederikshavn, 1809; d. 13 June 1831. ALPHEGE, St., archbishop of Canterbuiy, 1006 ; seized and imprisoned by the Danes, lOi i ; killed .19 April 1012. ALPINI, Prospero, Venetian physician and botanist ; b. 15^3 ; published " De Plantis ^gypti," 1592 ; d. s Feb. 1&17. ALP-ARSLAN, b. 1029 ; Seljuk sultan, 1059 ; conquered Ai-menia, &c. 1063 ; defeated, and took emperor Eomanus IV. at Mankizert, 26Aug. 1071 ; assassinated, 15 Dec. 1074. ALSOP, Anthony, B.D., Latin poet; his " Odes," published, 1751; d. 10 June 1727. ALSOP, Vincent, nonconfoiTnistdivine ; ejected, 1662 ; attacked Sherlock in his " Anti-Sozzo," 1675 ; d. 8 May 1703. ALSTED, Johann Heinrich, Gei-man theolo- gian and historian ; b. 1588; published " Enojclo- pKdia," 1610 ; d. 8 Nov. 1638. ALSTON, Charles, Scotch botanist and phy- sician; b. 1683 ; d. 22 Nov. 1760. ALSTEOMEE, Jonas, Swedish patriot ; b. 7 Jan. 1685 ; in London, 1696 ; introduced cotton, silk, ana woollen manufactures into Sweden ; d. 2 June 1761. ALTDOEFER, Albrecht, Gei-man painter and engraver ; b. 1488 ; d. 1538. ALTEN, Carl August, coimt, Hanoverian general and statesman; t. 20 Oct. 1764; d. 20 Apiil 1840. ALTER, Franz Carl, Gei-man Jesuit and scho- lar; b. 27 Jan. 1749; edited "Novum Testamen- tum ad Codicem Vindobonensem Grasce," 1786-7 ; d, 29 March 1804. ALTHAMEE, Andi-eas, German reformer ; h. 1498; d. 1564. ALTEEN, Ehan, a Persian; b. 1711; first cultivated madder in France, 1763; d. 1774- ALTHOEP, see Spenoer. ALTHUSEN, or AltHUSITTS, Jan, Dutch jurist ; b. 1556 ; d. 1638. ALTILIO, Gabriello, Italian Latin poet; b. about 1440 ; d. about 1501. ALTINGr, German Protestant theologians : Heinrich, h. 17 Feb. 1583; published "Historia Ecclesiastica Palatina," 1644 rt. 25 Aug. 1644 Jakob sou, 6. 27 Sept. 1618 . . . d. 20 Auy. 1679 ALTING, Menso, Dutch geographer ; b. 1636 ; published "Notitise Germanije Inferioris," 1697; "Deseriptio Frisise," 1701; d. 1712. ALUM, see Shall Alum. ALUEED, monlc of Beverley, see Alfred. ALVA, or Alba, Femmdo Ah-arez, dulce of, Spanish general and statesman ; S. 150S; d. 12 Jan. 1582-3. Invaded the papal states by order of Pliilip II. . 1556 Sent to quell the rebellion in the Netherlands . . 1567 Governed with great seventy ; treacherously exe- cuted counts Egmont and Horn . . 5 June 1568 Cajjtured Alkmaar, but failed iit Haarlem ; recalled, after having put to death about jS.ooo persons, Dec. 1573 ALVANLET, lord see Arden. ALVARADO, Alfonso de, captain-general of Peru; b, about 1500; companion of Pizarro, 1533; engaged in many conflicts ; d. 1554. ALVARADO, Pedro de, companion of Cortes in his conquest of Mexico, 1519-20; massacred nobles at a festival, May 1520; conquered Guate- mala, 1523 ; killed in a conftiot with the Indians, 1541. ALVAREZ, Francisco, Portuguese missionary in Abyssinia, 1515-27 ; d. after 1540. ALVAREZ, Jose, Spanish sculptor; }. 1768; d. 1827. ALVAEOTTO, Jacopo, Italian jurist; h. 1385 ; d. 18 June 1453. ALVENSLEBEN, Philipp Carl von, count, Prussian statesman ; §. 16 Dec. 1745 ; ambassador at Paris, 1787; London, 1788; minister of war, 1791; d. 21 Oct. 1802. ALVIANO, Bartolommeo, Venetian general; defeated the emperor Maximilian in Friuli, 1508; defeated at Agnadello, 14 May 1509; helped Francis I. at Marignano, 14 Sept. 1515; d. 7 Oct. 1515- ALVINZI, Joseph, Austrian general ; b. 1735 ' defeated by Bonaparte at Ai'cola, 15-17 Nov. 1796 ; at Eivoli, 14-16 Jan. 1797; d. 25 or 27 Nov. 1810. AMADEUS I-, Iting of Spain: Ajiadeo Ferdinando Maria, duke of Aosta, second son of Victor Emanuel, king of Italy ; h. 30 May 1845 Elected king of Spain, 16 Nov. ; accepted the crown, 4 Dec. 1870 Entered Madrid, and visited the body of Prim (as- sassinated 2g Dec.) 2 Jan. 1871 Escaped assassination .... 19 July 1872 Abdicated ; in his message stated that he sees Spain in a continual struggle ; the era of peace more distant ; his efforts sterile . 11 Feb. 1873 AMADEUS I.— IX., counts and dukes of Savoy. 1. count of Maurienne only, 1048 2. first count of Savoy, 1108 . 3. count, 1253 ; supported the emperor Frederic II. grcitly favoured by him, 1241 . d. 24 June 1253 4. or 5. the great ; b. 1249 ; count, 12S5 ; helped the kniglits to defend Rhodes against the Turks, 13T5 rf. 16 Oct. 1323 6. the green ; 6. 1334 ; count, 1343 ; acquired d. aboiit 1072 d. I April 1148 Piedmont, 1382 d. 2 Slarch 1383 AMALASUENTHA 15 AMIOT •7. the red ; &. 1360 ; count, 1383 ; acquirecl Nice and other places, 1388 . . . d. i Nov. 1391 8. the pacific; &. 13B3; count, 1391 ; made duke "by the emperor Sigismund, 1417 ; resigned, and became a monk at Ripaglia, 1434 ; pope as Felix V. April 1440 ; resigned, and retired to Ripaglia, April 1449 . . . (i. 7 Jan. 1451 G, S. 1435 ; duke, 1465 . . d. 28 Jlai-ch 1472 AMALASUENTHA, queen of the Ostrogoths ; i. about 498; married to king Eutharic, 515 ; widow, and regent, ^24 ; marries and makes king Theodahadus ; assassinated by him, 534 or 535. AMALEIC, or AeNATJLD, abbot of Citeaux, 1 201 ; chief of the crusade against the Albigenses, i2og ; d. Sept. 1225. AMALTEO, brothers, Italian writers : CoKNELio, physician; &. 1530; wrote " Proteus," a poem predicting the battle of Lepanto, 1572 ; d. 1603 GiROLAMO, philosopher and physician; 6. 1506: d. 24 Oct. 1574 Oiam-Battista, 6. 1525 ; secretary of poi^e Pius IV. 1561 ; wrote Latin epigl'ams . d. 1573 AMAMA, Sixtinus, Dutch Protestant theolo- gian ; b. 13 Oct. 1593; published " Anti-Bai-barus Biblicus," 1628 ; d. 9 Nov. 1629. AMAND, St., apostle of the Netherlands ; b. about 594 ; missionary, 628 ; bishop of Tongi-es, 628; of Maestricht, 646 ; '^^ 9 ■'^ug- 1694. AENAULD, Henri, brother, bishop of Angers : b. 1597 ; wrote " Negociations a la Cour de Rome, published 1748; d. 8 June 1692. AENAULD, JacqueHne Marie, called Marie Angelique de Sainte Madeleine, abbess of Port Koyal ; b. 8 Sept. 1591 ; d. 6 Aug. 1661 ; her niece, Amg^lique de Saiut Jean, also abbess ; b. 28 Nov. 1624; d. 29 Jan. 1684. AENAULT, Antoine Vincent, French poet and dramatist; b. i Jan. 1/66; wi-ote "Venitiens" at Venice, 1797; "Germanicus," performed 1816; d. 16 Sept. 1834. AENDT, Christian Gottlieb von, German phi- lologist; 4.2 Dec. 1743; published "Origin of European dialects," 1818 ; d. 2 Jan. 1S29. AENDT, Ernst Moritz, German writer and patriot ; 4. 26 Dec. 1 769 ; published " Geist der Zeit," ("Spirit of the Times") aud many songs against Napoleon, 1807; professor of history at Bonn, 1818; dismissed for liberal opinions; re- stored 1840 ; member of the national assembly at Frankfort, 1848-9; d. 29 Jan. i85o. AENDT, Johann, German mystic theologian ; b. 27 Dec. 1555; published (in Gei-man) "True Christianity," 1609; d. 11 May 1621. AENDT, Josua, German theologian ; b. 9 Sept. 1626 ; d. 5 April i685. AENDTS, Ludwig, Prussian lawyer; b. 19 Aug. 1805 ; published " Rechts-lexicon," 1834-5. AP^NE, Susannah Maria, see Cibber. AENB, Thomas Augustine, Mus.D. musical AENIM 23 AEEAN AENIM, Hiin-y Earl Eduard, count, Prussian diplomatist ; b. 3 Oct. 1824. Ambassador at Rome, 1864-70; at Paris . . . 1871 Recalled 29 April 1874 Eomau despatches published at Vienna; Arulm tried for embezzling documents ; convicted of removing some ; sentenced to imprisonment, 19 Dec. „ New trial; sentenced to nine month's imprison- ment ... ... 29 June 1S75 Verdict affirmed 20 Oct. „ Indicted for treason in publishing " Pro Nihilo," a pamphlet ... . Nov. ,, AENIM, Ludwig Achim ron, German poet and novelist; b. 26 Jan. 1781 ; published " ffinter- garten" (tales), i8og; d. 21 Jan. 1831. AENIS-ffiUS, Henningus, Geiman physician ; h. about 1580; established a laboratory and botan- ical garden at Helmstadt ; published " Observa- tiones Anatomicse," 1618; 1^. Nov. 1636. AENOBIUS, Christian philosopher in Africa ; wrote "Libri adversus Gentea," about 296, AENOLiD, of Brescia, "patriarch of political heretics;" b. about I105; pupil of Abelard; at- tempted reform of the church and state at Home, 1 139; banished, 1140; returned to Eome, 1 145; seized and put to death by Adrian IV. and Frederick I-, 1155- AENOLD of Melchthal, one of the three founders of the independence of Switzerland, 1308. AENOLD ofWinkelried; Swiss hero; killed at Sempach, 9 July 1386. AENOLD, Arthur, publicist; b. 28 May 1833; having been commissioner, published "History of Cotton Famine (1863)" 1864; editor of " Echo," 1868-75. AENOU), Benedict, American general; J. 3 Jan. 1740 ; censured by "Washington for his exac- tions, 1779 ; revenged himself by deserting to the English ; connected with Andre, who was hanged as a spy, 1780; d. at London, 14 June 1801. AENOLD, Christoph, German philologist ; J. 12 AprU 1627; published "Testimonium ]?lavia- num, 1661 ; d. 30 June 1685. AENOLD, Edwin (brother of Arthur), orient- alist and poet; b. 10 June 1831 ; long principal of Sanskrit college. Poena; published "History of Administi-ation of India under the marquis of Cal- housie," 1862-4. AENOLD, Gottfried, Gennan theologian ; b. 5 Sept. 1665 ; published " Sophia ; or. Mysteries of the Divine Wisdom," 1702; "History of the Church," 1699-1700; d. 30 May 1714. AENOLD, John, chi-onometer maker; b. 1744; d. 25 Aug. 1799; his son, John Eoger, also im- proved chronometers ; d. 26 Feb. 1843. AENOLD, Matthew, poet, son of Dr. Thomas ; b. 24 Deo. 1822 ; an inspector of schools, 1851 ; published " Strayed Eeveller," 1848 ; " On trans- lating Homer," 1861 ; " Lectures on Celtic Litera- ture," 1868 ; professor of poeti-y at O.'cford, 1S57-67. AENOLD, Richard, chronicler; fi. 1451-1521; published his " Chronicle," 1502. AENOLD, Samuel, Mus. D., musical composer ; b. 10 Aug. 1740; -wrote music for "Maid of the Mm," "Inkle and Tarico," &c. ; edited Handel's works, 1786, et seq. ; d. 22 Oct. 1802. AENOLD, Thomas, Scotch physician; }. 1742 ; published " Observations on Insanity," 17S2 ; d. 2 Sept. 1816. AENOLD, Thomas, d.d. ; b. 13 June 1795 ; head-master at Rugby school, 1828 ; published " Thucydides," 1830-35; "History of Rome," 1838-42 ; d. 12 June 1842. AENOLD, Thomas Kerchever, critic and clas- sical scholar ; i. 1800; published "Henry's first LatiQ Book," 1839; and many other classical school books; d. 9 March 1853. AENOLDI, Johannes von, Gennan statesman and historian; 0. 30 Dec, 1751; entered the service of the house of Orange ; opposed Napoleon in Ger- many, and endeavoured to raise Hesse, 1809 ; present at the congress of Vienna, 1815 ; d. 2 Dec. 1827. AENOLDTJS de Villa Nova, see Arnauld. AENOLPO di Colle, often erroneously called " di Lapo," Italian architect and sculptor ; b. 1232 ; d. 1300. AENOT, Hugo, Scottish historian; b. 8 Dec. 1749; published "History of Edinburgh," 1779; d. 20 Nov. 1786. AENOTT, Neil, m.d. ; b. 15 May 1789; lec- tured, 1824; published "Elements of Physics," 1827-64; invented his water bed, 1830; ^vrote "Essay on Warming and Ventilating," 1838; " Survey of Human Progress," 1861 ; gave 1000^. each to universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrew's, and London, 1869; d, 2 March 1874. AENOTT, James Moncrieff, Scotch surgeon; b. 1794 ; twice president of R. Coll. of Surgeons. AENOTT, see Walker. AENOIJL, or Aenulph, bishop of Lisieu.t, 1 141 ; sent as legate to England, I160; endeavoured to reconcile Henry II. and Thomas a Becket ; d. 3 Aug. 1 183. AENOULD, sir Joseph, lawyer; b. 1815; judge at Bombay, 1859; published his "Treatise on Marine Insurance," 4th ed. 1871. AENOULD, Madeleine Sophie, French actress, b. 1744 ; d. 14 Feb. 1803. AENOULT, Jean Baptiste, French Jesuit; b. 1689; published "Lo Preceptcui-," 1747; d. 1753- AENTZEN, Jan, Dutch jurist; b. 1702; d. 1759- AENU, Nicolas, French Dominican theologian ; {. II Sept. 1629; d. 1692. AENULP of Bavaria, emperor of GemJany; elected king of Gei-many, 887; defeated the Nor- mans ; conquered northern Italy, 894 ; captui'ed Rome, and crowned emperor; compelled to return to Bavaria, 896 ; d. 24 Nov. 899. AENULP I.— in. counts of Flanders. 1. count, 918 . . . . "" . . . d. 96s 2. count, 965 d. 989 3. count, 1070 d. 1071 AENULPH, or EentopH, bishop of Roches- ter; b. about 1040; consecr.ited, 1114; compOed '• Textus Roffensis ; " d. ic, March 1124. AEOMATAEI, Giuseppe degli, Italian phy- sician; b. about 1586; d. 16 July 1660. AEOUET DB VOLTAIB,E, see Voltaire. AEPAD, Magyar chief; b. 869; founded tha kingdom of Hungary, 889; his dynasty ended with Andrew III. 1301 ; d. 907. AEPINO, Giuseppe Cesari d', see Ccsari. AEEAN, James Hamilton, earl of, 1503 ; sup- pressed rebellion of lords of the isles, 1504 ; engaged in many conflicts ; regent of Scotland at the death of James VI. 1542-54; defeated at Pinkey, 10 Sept. AEEEBOE 27 ASCHBACH 1547 ; created duke of Chatelherault in France, 1549 J headed the anny against Mary, 1565 ; took her side, 1567 ; d. 22 Jan. 1575. AEEBBOE, Anders, Danish poet; i. 1587; bishop of Drontheim, 1618 ; deposed, 13 Nov. 1621 ; d. 1637. AEEEDONDO, Isidore, Spanish historical painter; b. 1653; d. 1702. AEEHID^US, or Aeid^us, half-brother of Alexander the Great; succeeded him as Philip III. Idng of Macedon, B.C. 323; mui-dered by Olympias, 317. AEEIAN, Greek historian; prefect of Cappa- docia, 136; made consul, 146; d. about 170. AEEIVABENE, Giovanni, ItaUau publicist ; h, 1801 ; condemned to death for political offences, 1824; naturalized in Belgium, 1840; translated Mill's " PoUtical Economy," &o. ; d. Oct. 1874. AEEOWSMITH, Aaron, geographer and map- maker ; h. 14 July 1750 ; published '' Atlas," 1817 ; &c. ; d. 23 April 1823. — John, b. 23 April 1790; published "London Atlas," 1834; d. 2 May 1873- AEEOWSMITH, John, puritan divine; b. 29 March 1602 : published "Tactica Sacra," 1657; a. Feb. 1659. AESACES, revolted against Antiochua Theus, king of Syria, B.C. 254 ; established the dynasty of the Arsacidaj in Parthia, 250 ; d. 248. AESES, king of Persia, B.C. 339; killed by Bagoas, 336. AESLAN, see Alp. AETABANUS, king of Persia; murdered Serxes I., and reigned ; lolled B.C. 40)5. AETAPHEENES, Persian general ; defeated by Milti.ades at Marathon, B.C. 490. AETAVASDES, king of Armenia, B.C. 56 ; defeated Antony, 36 ; defeated by him, and taken prisoner, 34 ; killed by Cleopatra, 30. AETAVASDES, or Aetabasdus, revolted against Constantino Copronymus ; proclaimed em- peror, about 742 ; defeated and killed, Nov. 743. AETAXEEXES I.— III. kings of Persia. 1, Longimamia ; killed Arta'banus, and became king, B.C. 46s Permitted the Jews to return . . . . ' . 458 His fleet defeated by the Greeks at Salamis, 449 ; d. 425 S. Mnemon ; king e.g. 405 Defeated his brother Cyrus at Cunaxa, 401 ; war with Greece .... ... 399 Defeated by Agesilaus near Sardis . • . 395 Agi-eed to peace of Antaleidas, 387 . . d. 362 3. Uchus ; Icing, B.C. 362 ; poisoned by Bagoaa, about 338 AETAXEEXES, see Ardshir. AETEDI (Arctedins), Peter, Swedish zoologist ; b. 22 Feb. 1705; wrote " Ichthyologia," published 1738; A 27 Dec. 1735. AETEMISIA, queen of Hahoamassus ; fought on the Persian side at Salamis, B.C. 480. AETEMISIA, queen of Caria ; erected to the memory of her husband and brother, Mausolus, the mausoleum at.Halicarnassua, one of the seven won- ders of the world, B.C. 352 ; d. 350. AETEVELiDB, Jacob van, Flemish patriot; brewer of Ghent ; expelled Louis, count of Flan- ders, 1336 ; ruled till killed in a tumult, ig July 1345- AETEVELDE, Philip van, son; captain of Ghent; defeated count Louis at Eriiges, 2 May; regent of Flanders ; defeated and killed at Eosbecij, 27 Nov. 1382. AETHUE, British king ; mythic ; said to have lived 500-32, and to have beaten the Saxons at Badon, 516. AETHUE I. duke of Brittany, son of Geoffrey, and heir to the English crown; b. 1187; said to have been murdered by his uncle king John, 3 April 1202-3. S. b. 1262 ; duke, 1305 ; d. 27 Aug. 1312. 3. 6. 22 Aug. 1393 ; duke 22 Sept. 1457 ; d. 26 Dec. 1458. AETHUE, prince of Wales, son of Henry VII. ; b. 20 Sept. i486 ; married Cathai-ine of Aragon, 14 Nov. 1501 ; d. 2 April 1502. AETHUE William Pateick Albert, pi-ince, third son of queen Victoria, see Con~ naught. AETHUE, rev. 'William, Irish methodist; b. 1819 ; published " Successful Merchant," 1852 ; "Italy in Transition," i860 ; &c. AETIGAS, Fernando Jose, Montevidean gene- ral ; b. about 1760 ; at the end of the war, settled in Paraguay under Francia, 1820 ; d. 1826. AETIGNY, Antoine Gaehat d', French writer; b. 8 Nov. 1 70S; published "Nouveaux Memoires d'Histoire," 1749-156; d, 6 May 1778. AETOIS, counts of : Robert, regent of Naples, 1287; defeated and slain by the Flemings at Courtrai, 11 July 1302. Robert, repulsed by the Flemings at St. Omer, 1340 ; joined the English invaders ; killed at Vannes, 1342. AETOIS, Jacques van, Belgian painter; b. 1613 ; d. about 1665. AEOTTDEL op WaedOTJR, Blanche Arundel, lady ; b. 1583 ; defended Wardour castle against the parliament ; d. 28 Oct. 1649. AEUNDEL, Howard, earl of. Philip, earl of 6. 28 June 1557 Persecuted by Elizabeth ; attainted . . . 1589 d. in the Tower 19 Oct. 1593 Thomas, son, &. 7 July 1592 ; restored to honours, 1604 ; collected the Arundelian marbles, given to Oxford university by his son, 1667 ; d. 4 Oct. 1646. AEUNDEL, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- bury ; b. 1353 ; d. 20 Feb. 1414. Appointed bishop of Ely 1373 Made lord high chancellor . . . • . . 1386 Archbishop of York 1388 Archbishop of Canterbury 1396 Dreaded by Richard II. ; tried for treason, and banished .^ Sept. 1397 Restored by Henry IV. 1399 Opposed the Wicliffites 1408 ASA, king of Judah ; reigned B.C. 958-914. ASAN n. king of Bulgaria; defeated and bhnded Theodore, emperor of Thessalonica, 1230; supported the Latin empire, 1237 ; d. June 1241. ASCENSIUS, see Badius. ASCHAM, Eoger, Latin secretary to Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth; b. 1515; read Greek publicly at Cambridge, 1536; published "Toxo- philus, the Scheie of Shootmge," 1545; made pre- ceptor to princess Elizabeth, 1548 ; her Latin secre- tary, 1558 ; wrote his " Schole-master," 1550 (published 1570) ; d. 30 Dec. 1568. ASCHBACH, Joseph, German historian; b. 29 April 1801 ; published in German " History of the Visigoths," 1827 ; of the Moors in Spain, 1830-7; of the emperor Sigismond, 1838-45. ASELLIO 28 ATAHUAX,PA ASELLIO, Gaspare, Italian anatomist ; i. about 1581 ; discoverer of the lacteal vessels in a dog, 23 July 1622 ; d. 1626. ASFELD, Claude Francois Sidal de, marshal of France ; b. about 1665 ; lieut.-gen. of the armies, 1704; took Majorca, 1715 ; Philipsburg, 1734; d. 7 March 1743. ASFELD, Jacques Yinoent Bidal de, French Jansenist abbe; b. 1664; published "La Genese, aveo uue Explication," 1732; d. 1745. ASGILL, John, M.p. political and religious en- lhu^^iast ; b. about 1650 ; jmbhshed " Possibility of avoiding Death," 1700; the book burnt; im- prisoned for nearly thirty years; d. in prison, Nov. 1738. ASH, John, Baptist minister ; b. 1724; pub- lished "English Dictionary," 1775; "Sentiments on Education," 1777; (i. April 1779. ASH, John, M.D. pubUshed his experiments on foreign mineral waters, 1788; d. 18 June 1798. ASHBTJENHAM, John, m.p. royalist; b. 1604; companion of Charles 1. at Hampton court; aided his escape, and advised his surrender to colonel Hammond, 1647 ; favoured by Charles II., 1660; Ms "Narrative" published 1830; d. 1671. ASHBHRTON", see Baring and Dunning. ASHBY, sir John, admiral; d. 12 July 1698. ASHE, Audr^w, Irish flautist; b. 1759; d. March 1838. ASHE, Simeon, puritan minister; published seriuons before tlie house of commons, 1642 ; before tie house of lords, 1645 ; d. 1662. ASHLEY, see Shaftesbury. ASHMOLE, Elias, antiquary, astrologer, and alchemist; b. 23 May 161 7 ; published " Theatnira Chemicum," 1G52 ; " History of the Order of the Garter," 1672 ; founded the Ashmolean Museum, O.xford, with the collections of the Tradescants, of whom he was executor, 1682 ; d. 18 May 1692. ASHPITEL, Arthur, architect and antiquary ; ^.15 Dec. 1S07 ; published " Ancient Rome," 1858 ; " Modern Eome," 1859 ; d. 18 Jan. 1869. ASHTON, Charles, philologist; b. 25 Jlay 1665; published "Tully and Hirtius reconciled," and other papers ; d. March 1752. ASHWELL, George, theologian; b. 8 Nov. S612; published " Fides ApostoUca," 1653; "Gestue Eucharisticus," 1663 ; d. 8 Feb. 1693. ASHWOETH, Caleb, D.D., Baptist minister ; b. 1722; d. 18 July 1755. ASKEW, Anne, martyr ; b. 1521 ; man-ied Mr. Kyme; burnt for denying transubstantiution, i5 Jiily 1546. ASKEW, Anthony, physician and book-col- lector; b. 1722; (?. 27 Apiil 1774; his library sold by auction, 1775. ASPAE, Roman general ; took Ravenna from John Primicerius, and beheaded him, 425 ; helped to make Leo 1. emperor of the East, 457 ; who killed him and his sons, 471. ASP ASIA, mistress of Pericles, ruler of Athens ; accused of impiety ; acquitted, B.C. 432. ABPEE, Hans, Swiss painter ; b. 1499 ; d. 21 March 157 1. ASPEETINI, Amioo, Italian painter; b. 1474; (?. 1552. ASPINWALL, 'William, American physician ; b. 1743 ; d. 16 April 1823. ASSELTN, Jan, Dutch landscape painter ; b. 1610 ; d. 1660. ASSEMANI, Syrian scholars : Giuseppe Simone, 6. 1687 ; collected oriental JtSS. for the Vatican ; compiled a catalogue, " Bibliotlieca Orientalis," 1719-28; d. 13 Jan. 1768. Stefa^o Evodio, &. 1707 ; d. 24 Nov. 1782. Giuseppe Luigi, 6. about 1710 ; published " Codex Litm'gicus EcclesiBB Universos," 1749-63; d. g Feb. 1782. Simone, 5. 20 Feb. 1752 ; d. 7 April 1851. ASSEE, John, bishop of Sherborne ; wrote life of his friend king Alfred ; d. about 910. ASSEEETO, Giovacchino, Genoese painter ; h. 1600; d. 1649. ASSHETON, WilUam, e.b., b. 1641 ; pub- lished " Toleration Disapproved and Condemned by Authority,'' 1674-6; d. Sept. 1711. ASSPLLANT, Jean Baptiste Alfred, French joui-nalist and novelist; b. 1827; "Jean Rosier," " Rose d' Amour," " Rachel," 1874, &o. ASSOUCT, Charles Coypeau d', French bur- lesque poet; b, about 1604; d. about 1679. AST, Georg Anton Friedrich, Geiman philo- sopher and scholar ; b. 1778 ; edited Plato, 1819- 32 ; published " Lexicon Platonicum," 1834-9 ! "■ 30 Dec. 1841. ASTBUET, Samuel, potter; b. about 1678; greatly improved the manufacture ; d. 1743. ASTELL, Mary, scholar; b. 1668; published " Letters concerning the Love of God,' ' 1695 ; "Reflections on Marriage," 1700; d. 11 May 1731- ASTLE, Thomas, antiquary; b. about 1734; puljlished " Origin and Progress of Writing," 1784; d. I Dee. 1803 ; his valuable library bought by the Royal Institution, London, 1804. ASTLET, Jacob Astlev, lord, royalist general ; created baron, 1645 ; d. Feb. 1651. ASTLEY, John, portrait painter ; d. 14 Nov. 1787. ASTLEY, Philip, equestrian; b. 1742; built his amphitheatre, 1780; which was burnt, 16 Aug. 1794; rebuilt and opened, 6 April 1795; published " Modem Riding-master," 1775; d. 20 Oct. 1814. ASTOLPHUS, king of Lombardy, 749 ; wars with France and Rome ; d. 756. ASTON, sir Arthur, royalist commander ; go- vernor of Drogheda ; d. Aug. 1649. ASTON, sir Thomas, bai-t. liigh sheriff of Chesliire ; d. ai wounds, 24 March 1645. ASTOE, John Jacob, a German merchant; b. 17 July 1763; settled in America, 1784; greatly increased the fur trade, making an enormous for- tune; founded Astoria on the Columbia, iSri; bequeathed funds to establish the public Astor library (126,000 volumes) at New York; d. 29 March 1848. ASTEUC, Jean, French physician; b. 19 March 1684; published " De Morbis Veuereis," 1736; " Doutes sm' rinoculation," 1756; d. 5 May 1766. ASTYAG-ES, last king of Media, grandfather of Cyrus, B.C. 595-560. ATAHUALPA, last king of Pern; killed by PizaiTO, 29 Aug. 1533. ATAULPHUS 29 AUBBEY ATAULPHUS, see Adolphus. ATI-IALARIC, Gothic king of Italy, 526 ; d. 534- ATHALIAH, queen of Judah; usurped the throne, B.C. 8S4; skin, 878. ATHANAEIO, Gothic rliief; warred with A^ulens ; made peace, visited Theodosius at Con- stantinople, II Jan. 369; d. 25 Jan. 381. ATHANASIUS, Saint; b. 296; d. 2 May 373- Caused the council of Alexaudria to be held asainst Arius .... . . 321 Opposed the Arians at Nice . . 325 Elected bishop of Alexandna . . . 326 Falsely accused and baulslied to Gaul . . 336 Restored . .337 Deposed by synod of Antioch : fled to Kome, and introduced nionnchism .... 341 Restored, 342 : and returned to Alexandria . . 349 Ai^ain deposed, 355 ; expelled . . 356 Again restored, and again banished . . 362 ■Finally returned to Alexandria . 367 ATHANASIUS (Astric), Saint, apostle of the Hungarians; i. 954; crowned king; Stephen, 997; d. 10 Sept. 1044. ATHELSTAN, king of England; b. about 895 ; king, 925 ; victorious in Scotland, 933 ; and over the Danes, Scots, and "Welsh at Brunauburgh, 937 ; d. 27 Oct. 940. ATHENiEUS, of Naucratis, philosopher; author of the " Deipnosophistaj,' * (banquet of the learned) ; fl. 228. ATHENAGOEAS, Christian Platonist ; ad- dressed an "Apology" to the emperor Marcus AureUus, about 168. ATHEESTONE, Edwin, poet; I. 17 April 1788; published " Fall of Nineveh," 1828-30-47; " Israel in Egypt," 1861 ; d. 29 Jan. 1872. ATHLONE, Godart de Ginkell, earl of, Dutch officer ; b. 1640 ; defeated the Irish and French at Aughrim, 12 July 1691 ; created earl, 4 March 1692; d. 11 Feb. 1720. ATHLUMNEY, Wm. Somerville, lord; *. 1802 ; liberal, chief secretary for Ireland, 1S47-52 ; d. 7 Dec. 1873. ATHOLE, 'Walter Stewart, earl of ; murdered James I. of Scotland at Perth, 20 Feb. 1437 ; be- headed, April 1437. ATHOLE, John MuiTay, duke of; b. 6 May 1729; succeeded, 1764; sold his rights over the isle of Man to the British government for 70,000/., 1765; d. 5 Nov. 1774. ATKINSON, Thomas "William, architect; I. about 1799; published "Oriental and AVestem Siberia," 1857; d. 13 Aug. 1861. ATKYNS, sir Robert, judge ; b. 1621 ; made justice of the common pleas, 1672; opposed the court ; dismissed or resigned, ifaSo ; chief baron of the exchequer, 1689; d. 1709. ATKYNS, sir Robert, son; b. 1646; wrote "History of Gloucestershire," published 1712; d. 29 Oct. 1711. ATLAY, James, bishop of Hereford : b. 1817 ; vicar of Leeds, 1859-68 ; consecrated, 1868. ATTAIQ-NANT, Gabriel Charles de 1', French abbe and poet ; b. 1697 ; d. 10 Jan. 1779. ATTALUS I.— III., kings of Pergamus. 1. king, 241 : defeated the Galatian invaders, B.C. 240 defeated fleet of Philip V. of Macedon, 201 . d. 197 2. king, B.o. 159; ally of Rome . . . d. 13S 3. king, B.C. 138; bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans . .... t^- 13? ATTALUS, made emperor of Rome by Alaric, 409 ; deposed by him, 410. ATTAE, Ferfd Ud-dm, Persian poet ; b. about III9; murdered, 1202. ATTEEBUEY, Francis, bishop of Rochester; b.6 March 1662; consecrated, 1713 ; suspected of treason, and committed to the tower, Aug. 1722 ^ deprived and banished, 27 May 1723; d. 15 Feb. 1732- ATTICUS, Titus Pomponius, friend of Cicero ; b. B.C. 109; resided at Athens, 85-65 ; d. 32. ATTICUS HEEODES, Greek rhetorician; i. about 104; greatly adorned Athens and Attica; d. 180. ATTILA, the " Scourge of God," king of the Huns, 434; preceptor to Lady Jane Grey; consecrated, 1576' helped Fo.x with his " Acts and Monuments ; " published " Haborowe for Faithful and True Sub- _iects" in answer to John Knox's "Blast against the Government of 'Women," 1559! d. 3 June 1594- AYLOPFE, sir Joseph, bart. antiquai7 ; b. 1708 ; published " Calendars of Ancient Chartere," 1772; d. 19 April 1781. AYLWAED, Theodore, musician; composed anthems ; d. 1 80 1. AY MAE, see Adcmar. AYEES, John, caligi-apher ; published "Arith- metic," 1693; "Tutor to Penmanship," 1695-9S; d. about 1765. AYETON, Acton Smee, ban-ister; b. 1816^ M.P. for Tower Hamlets, 1857-74; parliamentary secretary to the treasury, 1868 ; first commissioner of works, Oct. 1869-73 i i^'^S^ advocate-general, Aug. 1873— Feb. 1874. AYETON, Edmtmd, musical composer; b. 1734 ; wrote church music ; d. 23 May 1808. AYSGOUGH, George Edward, dramatist; his " Semiramis" performed, 1776 ; d. 14 Oct. 1779. AYSGOUGH, Samuel, assistant librarian of the British Museum ; 'b. 1745 ; published " Inde.^ to Shakespeare," 1790 ; d. 30 Oct. 1804. AYSCUE, or AtsCOITGH, sir George, admiivil; served under the parliament; captured the Scilly isles, 1651 ; aided Blake in his victories over the Dutch, 1652; taken prisoner, June 1666; d. about 1674. AYTON, sir Robert, Scottish poet; b. 1570; friend of Hobbes, Jonson, &c. ; d. March 1638. AYTOUTST, William Edmonstoune, Scottish poet and scholar, known also by the pseudonym "Bon Gaultier;" b. 1813; professor of rhetoric Edinburgh, 1845; published "Lays of Scottish Cavaliers," 1848; "Firmilian," a spasmodic tragedy, 1854; "Bothwell," 1856; d. 4 Aug. 1865. AZAEA, Felix de, Spanish naturalist ; b. iS May 1746; explored Paraguay, iStc., and described the'natural historj', 1780-1801; d. 1811. AZAEA, Jose Nicolas de, Spanish diplomatist ; b. 1731 ; ambassador at Rome ; helped the abolition of the order of the Jesuits ; edited the works of Mengs, 1780; d. 26 Jan. 1804. AZAEIAH, king of Judah, see Uzziah. AZEGLIO, Massimo Taparelli d', marchese, Italian statesman and author; b. 2 Oct. 1798; published his patriotic romances, "Ettore Fiera- AZOE 33 BACHB mosco," 183^; " Nicolo di Zappi," 1841 ; president I of the council of ministers at Turin, May 1849 ; re- placed by count Cavour, 20 Oct. 1852; d. 11 Jan. 1866. AZOE> Juan, Spanish Jesuit theologian; b. 1533; published " Institutiones Jloralcs," much attacked by the Borainicans and Jansenists; d. 1603. AZPILCUETA, Juan, "Navarre," Spanish traveller; d. 1555. AZPILCUETA, Martin, "Doctor IfavaiTO," Spanish canonist ; 4. 13 Deo. 1493: d. 22 June 1586 ^^^ AZO, or AzZO, Porzio, Italian jurist; wrote "Surama Coclicis," "Snmma Institutiouura ; " d. about 1230. AZUNI, Domenico Alberto, Italian jurist; b. Aug. 1749; published "Sistema uniTer.-ale," 1786-88; "Histoire de Sardaignc," 1802; r'. 23 Jan. 1827. AZZI NE' FobTI, Faustina d', Italian poetess; b. I March 1650 ; d. 4 ilay 1724. AZZO, see Albert and Este. AZZOG-TJIDI, Yalerio Felice, Bologness anti- quary ; b. 1651 ; d. 18 April 1728. AZZOLINI, Decio, Italian cardinal ; b. 1023 ; created cardinal, 1664; d. l6Sq, B. BAADER, Franz Savier von, German mystical philosopher; b. 1765; d. 23 May 1841. BAAN, Jan van, Dutch portrait painter and patriot; b. 20 Feb. 1633; d. 1702. BAASHA, king of Israel ; reigned, B.C. 954-930. BABA, All, first independent dey of Algiers ; elected, 1710; favoured the English, 1716; d. 1718. BABBAGrB, Charles, mathematician; b. 26 Dec. 1792 ; d. 18 Oct. 1871. Began his calculating macliine . . . 1823 Su-spended the construction after it was so far com- plete as to print a table of logarithms from i to 100,000, and had cost £17,000 1833 Elected professor at Cambridge ... . 1828 Published "Logarithms," 1826; "Decline of Science," 1830; "Economy of Manufactures," 1832 ; " Ninth Bridgewater Treatise," 1837 ; " Exposition of 1851," 1851 : " Passages in the Life of a Philosopher" . . . 1864 BABEE, founder of the Mogul empire in India; b. 14 Feb. 1483 ; sovereign of Ferghana, 1493-4 5 king of Canbul, 1504; first invaded India, 1519; defeated sultan Ibrahim, 21 April 1526; completed his conquest, 1527-9; d. 26 Dec. 1530. BABEE, rev. Henry Hervey; b. 22 Aug. 1775; keeper of the printed books in the British Museum, 1812-37 ; edited " Tetus Testa- mentum GrEecume Codice MS. Alexandrine," (fac- simile), 1816-28; d. 28 March 1869. BABEUF, Francois Noel (sumamed Cains Gracchuis), French politician ; b. 1764; founded the journal, " Tribun du Peuple," 1794; conspired against the French directory to obtain agrarian laws. May 1796 ; committed suicide when con- demned, 27 May 1797. BABIN, FranQois, French theologian ; }. 6 Dec. 1651 ; published " Conferences du Diocese d' Angers;" a. 19 Dec. 1734- BABINET, Jacques, French physicist; b. 5 March 1794; improved the air-pump, &c. ; d. 19 Oct. 1872. BABINGTON, Benjamin Guy, m.d.; 5. 1794; heliied to found Epidemiological Society, 1850 ; published translation of Hecker's " Epidemics of the Middle Ages," 1859 ; d. 8 April 1866. BABINGrTON, Charles Cardale, botanist; b. 1808; published "Manual of British Botany," 1843. BABINGTON, rev. Churchill, scholar, natu- ralist, and archasolosist ; b. 1821 ; edited " Oration of Hyperides against Demosthenes," 1850 ; elected Disney professor of archaeology at Cambridge, 1865. . BABINGTON, Gervase, bishop of Worcester, biblical commentator; b. about 1550; d. 17 May l6io. BABINGTON, William, m.d., Ii-ish minera- logist; A.June 1756; published "New System of Mineralogy," 1799 ; d. 29 April 1833. BABO, Joseph Maria, German dramatist; b. 1756; wrote "Otho von Wittelsbach," 1782; d. 5 Feb. 1822. BABEIUS, Greek fabulist;/, about ist cen- tury B.C. BABYNGTON, or BabINGTON, Anthony, conspirator; joined Savage's plot to kill queen Elizabeth, and release Mary, queen of Scots ; exe- cuted, 20 Sept. 1586. BACCHINI, Benedetto, Italian Jesuit scholar; b. 31 Aug. 1651 ; d. I Sept. 1721. BACCHIS, king of Coiinth ; /. B.C. 925. BACCHYLIDES, Greek lyric poet ; ft. b.o. 450- BAGCIO DA Monte Ltjpo, Florentine sculptor and architect; b. about 1455; d. about 1533- BACCIO BELLA POETA, see Bartolommeo. BAGCIOCCHI, Felice Pascale, prince, French general; b. in Corsica, 18 May 1762; married. EUsa Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon I., 5 May 1797; crowned prince of Piombino and Lucca, 10 July 1805 ; d. 28 April 1841. See Bonaparte, Marie Anne Misa. BACH, a family of German musicians, at on& time a hundred in number, of whom the most eminent were the following : JoHANN Sebastian ; 6. 21 March 1685 ; aiithor of "Pas- sionsmusik," 1729 ; d. 28 July 1750. Sons : — WiLHELM Friedemaijn ; &. 1710 ; cL. I July 1784. Carl Philipp Emandel ; &. 1714 ; d. 14 Dec. 1788. JoHANN Christoph Friedrich ; &. 1732; d. 26 Feb. 1795- JoHAKN Christian; 6. 1735 ; d. Jan. 1782. BACHAUMONT, Louis, French wiiter; b. about 1600; his " Memoires secrets" published, 1777; d. 28 April 1771. BACHE, Alexander Dallas, American physi- cist, grandson of Franklin; b. 19 July i8o5; super- intendent of the United States coast survey, l8j.^ ■ (?. 17 Feb. 1867. •^' BACHE BACHE, Franklin, M.D., brother, chemist; b. 25 Oct. 1792; published (with Dr. "Wood) " Dis- pensitoi7 of the United States," 1833; d. 19 March 1864. BACHELIEE, Jean Jacques, French histori- cal and flower painter; b. 1724 ; d. April 1806. BACHMAN", John, D.D., American naturalist; I. 4 Feb. 1790; assisted Audubon in his " Birds of America," 18215-38, and "Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America," 1846-54; d. 1874. BACICCIO, or BacCICCIO, Giovanni Battista Gauli, Genoese painter ; b. 1639; d. 1709. BACK, sir George, admiral, arctic navigator; I. 6 Nov. 1796; went with Beechey and Franklin in their arctic voyage, 1818 ; with Franklin, 1825 ; in search of sir J. Koss, 1833-35 ; commanded the Terror in expedition of 1836-7 ; published " Nar- rative," 1838 ; knighted, 1839 ; admiral 1867. BACKEB, Dutch historical painters : — Adriaan; b. 1643; d. 1686; Jakob; b. 1609; d. 27 Aug. 1641. BACKHOUSE, "Wimam, alchemist; b. 1593; d. 30 May 1662. BACON, Francis, son of sir Nicholas ; b. 22 Jan. 1561 ; d. 9 April 1626. Made solicitor-general, 1607 ; attorney-general 1613 Lord high chancellor, and lord Verulam Jan. 1618 Viscount St. Alban's Jan. 1620 For accepting presents, sentenced to be deprived, fined, and imprisoned ; (sentence remitted) . 1621 Published "Advancement of Learning," 1605 ; "No- vum Organum," 1620 ; " History of Henry VII." 1622; "De Augmentis Scientiarum," 1624: "Apophthegms" 1625 BACKHUTSEIT, Ludolf, see Bakhuisen. BACON, John, sculptor ; b. 24 Nov. 1740 ; A.E.A., 1770; K.A., 1778; d. 7 Aug. 1799. BACON, sir Nicholas, statesman; b. about 1 5 10; lord keeper, 1558; opposed giving up Mary, queen of Scots, 1571, but asserted the right of the Stuarts to the throne ; d. 20 Feb. 1579. BACON, Eoger, philosopher; b. about 1214; a cordelier at j?arls, about 1240 ; proposed to the pope to rectify the calendar, 1264; sent him his "Opus Majus," 1265 ; liis works condemned as " suspected novelties," 1278 ; d. at Oxford, 11 June 1292. BACONTHOEP, or Bacon, John, "the resolute doctor," wrote commentary on the " Master of the Sentences;" d. about 1346. BADIUS, Jodocus (Ascensius), Flemish printer and satiric poet ; b. 1462; settled at Lyons, 1491; removed to Paris, about 1500; published "Stulti- ferffl Naves," 1500 ; d. 1535. BAECK, Abraham, Swedish naturalist ; b. 1713; d. 1795. BAEHEi, Johann Christian Felix, German phi- lologist and liistorian ; b. 13 June 1798; published •"Geschiehte der Eomischen Literatur," 1828; edited " Herodotus," 1830-35; d. 28 Nov. 1872. BAEE, Karl Ernst von, Esthonian physiologist; b. 28 Feb. 1 792 ; demonstrated the origin of all animals to be identical, and their development a progi-ess from the general to the special, 1828. BAEZ, Buenaventura, J.inHayti, 1820; elected president of the Dominican republic, 1849-56-65 ; expelled by Cabral, March 1866; returned, and again president March 1868 ; again expelled, about Nov. 1873. 3'i BAILEY BAFFIN, William, navigator; J. abouti5S4; pilot under Hudson, 1612-16 ; killed at a siege near Ormuz, in Persia, 23 May 1622. BAQ-AED, Cesar, French sculptor ; b. 1639 ; d. 1709. BAGEHOT, "Walter, publicist; i. 3 Feb. 1826; long editor of the " Economist ;" published " Kug- lish Constitution," 1867 ; " Physics and Politics," 1872 ; " Lombard Street," 1873, &c. BAGFOED, John, antiquary; b. 1657; d. 1716. BAGGALLAY, sir Eichard, lawyer; b. 18 16; solicitor-general, Sept. — Dec. 1868 ; attorney-gene- ral, April 1874; judge of appeal, No.v. 1875. BAGGEE, John, Lutheran bishop of Copen- hagen ; b. 1646 ; travelled in England, &e. ; opposed the reception of the banished French protestants, 1684 ; d. 1693. BAGGESEN, Jens, Danish poet (wrote in German) ; b. 15 Feb. 1764; published " Gedichte," 1803 ; " Adam und Eva," 1826; d. 3 Oct. 1826. BAGLIONE, Giovanni, Soman painter; b. about 1573 ; d. after 1642. BAGLIVI, Giorgio, Italian physician and pliilo- Bopher; b. Sept. 1669; d. March 1707. BAGOAS, Persian general ; poisoned Ochus and his sons, and made Arses king, B.C. 338 ; killed Arses, and made Darius Codomanus king, who put him to death, 336. BAGOT, sir Charles, g.c.e. diplomatist ; b. 23 Sept. 1781 ; governor-general of Canada, Oct. 1841 ; d. there, 18 May 1843. BAGOT, P-ichard, bishop of Bath and "Wells ; b. 22 Nov. 1782; bishop of Oxford, 1829; of Batli and "Wells, 1845 ; d. 15 May 1854. BAGEATION, Peter, piince, Russian general ; }. about 1765 ; d. of wounds, 7 Oct. 1812. B AHE, Johan Fredrik, Swedish chemist ; b. 17 July 1815. BAHEAM, or VaeANES, Persian general; repulsed the Turks, 586 ; defeated by the Komans ; revolted when censured, 589; usurped the throne, 590; defeated; 'in, I307;'«;. 1311. , BECK 45 BEGER BECK, Lewis C, American chemist and miue- ralogist; b, 1798; d. 20 April 1853. BECKEE, Nicolaus, German poet; b. 1816; wrote the " Hymn to the Rhine," containitjg the lines, " they shall not have it — the German Ehine," when Thiers spoke of enlarging the French frontier, 1840 ; d. 28 Aug. 1845. BECKBT, Thomas a, Saint, archbishop of Canterbury; b. about in8; d. 29 Deo. 1170. Archdeacon of Canterliury . .1154 Chancellor to Henry II 1155 Elected arclibisliop of Canterbury ; soon after re- signed the chancellorship . . . 24jM''y 1162 Assented to constitutions of Clarendon, Jan. ; fju;;r- relled with the king ; coudenmed for m.al-adiui- nistration while chancellnr, and suspended from office : appealed to the pope, and fled to France, Oct. 1 1 64 Excommunicated the liishops who sxtljmitted to the council of Clarendon . . Juneii66: and 1169 Formally reconciled to Henry at Fretville, 22 July 1170 Bcturned to Canterbm-y, 3 Dec. ; excommunicated certain bishops ; through angry words of the king, murdered in his cathedral . . 29 Dec. ,, Canonised by pope Alexander HI. . . Feb. 1173 Henry did penance at his tomb , . . i2julyii74 BECKPOE.D, William, lord mayor of London; h. 1705; mayor, 1763 and 1770: replied boldly to George III. when reproving the corporation, 23 May 1770; d. 21 June 1770. BECKFOED, William, son; b. 1760; pub- lished " Vathek " in French, 1784 ; settled in Por- tugal, 1754 ; buUt and ornamented Fonthill, 1801- 22 ; published "Italy," 1834; d. 2 May 1844. BECKINGTON, Thomas, bishop of Bath and Wells ; b. about 1385 ; tutor of king Henry VI. ; assisted in negociating the peace of Arras, 1435 ; consecrated bishop, 13 Oct. 1443 ; lord privy seal, 1446 ; fostered literature and the arts ; d. 14 Jan. 1465. BECKMAITN, Johann, German physicist; b. fjune 1739; published (in German) ''History of nventions," 1780-1805 ; d. 4 Fob. 1811. BECKX, Pierre Jean, Gei-mau priest; b. 8 Feb. 1795; a Jesuit, Oct. 1819; elected general of the order, 1853; published " Mois de Marie," 1843. BECLABD, PieiTO Augnstin, French anato- mist and physician ; b. 17 Oct. 1785 ; published "Elements d'Anatomie Generale," 1823; d. 17 March 1825. BECON, or BeACOU", Thomas, refonner; b. 1512 ; wi'ote " Newcs out of Heaven," 1541 ; " Potacion for Lent," 1542, &c. ; d. about 1570. BECUTJEEEL, Alexandre Edmond, French physicist; h. 24 March 1820 ; published "Traitj de rElectricite," 1855; " Forces IPhysico-Chemiciues," 1875- BECQUEEEL, Antoine Cesar, father of pre- ceding, French physicist ; b. 1 March 1788; pub- lished "Traitede rElectricite et du Magnetisme," 1834-40 ; " Traite de Physique," 1842-4. BECTOZ, Claudine de, "lasceurscholastique," French abbess of St. Honorat ; h. about 1480 ; d. 1547- BED A, Noel, French theologian, syndic of the Sorbonne; persecuted Robert Estienne and other Protestants ; d. 8 Feb. 1537. BEDA, or BedE, Venerable, historian and astronomer; b. about 673 ; completed his " His- toria Ecclcsiastica," about 731 ; d. 26 May 735. BEDS, Cnthbert, see Bradley, Ediv. BEDDOES, Thomas, m.d. physicist (teacher of Humphry Davy) ; b. 15 April 1760 ; founded pneumatic institute at Bristol, 179S; d. 24 Dec. 1808. BEDELL, William, bishop of Kilmore; b. 1570; encouraged the translation of the Bible into Irish; d. 7 Feb. 1642. BBDFOED, dukes of: John, third son of Heniy IV. : "b, 1390 ; duke, 1415; regent of France, 1422 ; defeated Cliarles VII. at Verncuil, 17 Aug. 1424 . . . d. 13 Sept. 1435 William Russell, earl, 1641 ; fonglit for the parlia- ment, 1642 : joined the king, 1643 ; created duke, II May 1694 d. 7 Sept 1700 John, states'ntan ; 6. 1710 ; duke, 1732 ; first lord of the admiralty, Nov. 1744; lord lieutenant of Ire- land, 1757, 1759; lord president, Nov. 1763; d. 15 Jan. 1771 Francis, great promoter of agriculture ; 6. 23 July 1765 ; duke, 1771 d. 2 March 1802 BEDPOED, Paul, comedian; S. about 1798; d. II Jan. 1871. BEDOS DE CelLES, Fran(;ois, French Benedictine; b. 1 706; published "Gnomon Pra- tique," 1760; "Artdu Facteur d'Orgues," 1766; d. 25 Nov. 1779. BEECHEE, American family : Lyman, D.D., American congi-egational minister; &. 1775; A. 1863. His children : — Catheeine, &. 6 Sept. 1800 : devoted herself to educa- tion of women; published "Duty of American Women," "True Remedy for Wrongs of Women," 1851 ; " Physi- ology and Calisthenics," 1B56. Charles, clergyman; h. 1815; published "The Incarna- tion," 1849 ; " Fen Pictures of the Bible," 1855. Edward, D.D. &. 1804; published " Bajitism, its Im- ports and Modes," 1848 ; " Conflict of -'Vges," 1853 ; "Concord of Ages," i860. Harriet Elizabeth, see Stows. Thomas Kennicut, minister ; 6. 10 Feb. 1824 ; published " The Seven Cliurches," 1870. Henry Ward, minister and journalist ; b. 24 June 1813 ; published "Life Thoughts," 1858; minister of Ply- mouth congregational church, Brooklyn, 1847 ; charged with adultery by his colleague, Theodore Tilton, 1874 ; declared innocent by a committee of his congregation ; after a long trial (Tilton v. Beecher), jury disagreed ; discharged, 2 July 1875. BEECHEY, Frederick William (son of sir William), rear-admiral; b, l'jg(>; accompanied Parry and Franklin in Arctic voyages, 18 18- 19; commanded a polar expedition, 1825-8 : surveyed Bristol and Irish channels, 1837-47 ; rear-admii-al, 1854 ; d. 29 Nov. 1856. BEECHEY, sir William, e.. a., portrait painter; b. 12 Deo. 1753 ; d. 28 Jan. 1839. BEEK, see Calkeon. BEEE, August, German physicist ; b. 31 July 1825 ; author of many papers, 1848, et seg. ; d. iS Nov. 1863. BEEE, Mayer, see Meyerbeer. BEEE, Wilhelm, German astronomer (brother of the composer, Jacob Meyer, called Meyerbeer) ; b. 4 Jan. 1797; with Miidler published a map of the moon, 1836 ; d. 27 March 1850. BEESLY, Edward Spencer ; political writer ; b. 1831 ; professor of history, univ. college, London, i860. BEETHOVEN, Ludwig von, German musical com^lOse^; b, 17 Dec. 1770; astonished Slozart, 1790; his "Leonora" (now called "Fidelio,") performed, 1805 ; "^iTote " Mount of Olives," 1803 ; " Pastoial Symphony," 1807; many sonatas, sym- phonies, masses, &c. ; d. 26 or 27 March 1827. BEGEE, Laurenz, German numismatist ; b. 19 April 1653 ; d. 21 April 1705. BEGH 4G BELLAY BEGH, or Le BeGUE, Lambert, founder of the Beguines ; d. iiyj. BEHAIM, or BEHEM, Martin, Gei-man geo- grapher and navigator; A. 1436 or 1437 ; constructed a terrestrial globe (said to have led to the discovery of America), 1492; d. 2g July 1507. BEHMEN, Jacob, see Bohme. BEHlf, Aphara, Uoentious novelist and drama- tist ; d. 16 April 1689. BEKNES, William, sculptor; *. about 1790; d. 3 Jan. 1864. BEHEENS, Georg, German chemist ; h. 1662 ; published " Hercynia Curiosa," 1703; d. 1712. BEHRENS, Thomas Georg, Gei-man physicist; h. 17 Jan. 1775; invented an electrometer, termed "Bohnenberger's;" d. 22 Jan. 1813. BEHEING or (Bering), Veit Russian navi- gator ; b. about 1680 ; discovered Behring's Straits, 1728; d. 8 Dec. 1741. BEK, see Beck. BEKE, Charles Tilston, scholar and geographer; b, 10 Oct. 1800 ; travelled in Abyssinia, 185 1 ; pub- lished " Origines Biblicae," 1835 ; " Sources of the Nile," i860; " British Captives in Abyssinia," 1867 ; d. 31 July 1874. BEKEEE, Balthasar, Dutch theologian; 5. 20 March, 1634; published " De Betooverde Weereld," (World Bewitched,) 1691 ; d. II June 1698. BEKKEE, Elisabeth Wolf, Dutch novelist and poet; b. 25 July 1733 ; died 5 Nov. 1804. BEKKEE, Immanuel, German philologist; b. 21 May 1785 ; edited Plato (1814-21) : Aristotle (1831-6) ; and other classics; d. 7 June 1871. BEL, Matthias, Hungarian historian ; b. 1684 ; published " Prodromus Hungarias," 1723; d. 1749. BELA I.— rV., kings of Hungary. 1. king, alter killing his brother Andrew in battle, 1060 ... . d. 1063 2. king, 1131 d. 1141 3. king, 1173 : recovered Croatia and Dalmatia 1181 . . o, 10 Dec. 1850. Fought under Bavoust in Poland . . 1812 Captain in Russian service 1819 Long imprisoned for alleged insubordination ; released . 1825 Commanded in Polish insurrection . . 1830-1 And in Hungarian revolution .... 1848-9 Captured Hermanstadt twice, 11 March, 5 Aug. 1849 Defeated at Temeswar ; fled to Turkey 9 Aug. „ Embraced Islamism, and named Amurath pacha ; settled at Aleppo, Feb. ; defended Christians there against the Mahometans . Nov. 1850 BEMBO, Pietro, ItaUan poet, reviver of litera- ture ; b. 20 May 1470; historiographer of Ver.ice, 1486-1530; private secretary to pope Leo X., 1513; cardinal, 1538 ; d. 18 Jan. 1547. BENAVIDIO, Marco, " Mantuano," ItaUaa jurist; b. 25 Nov. 1489; d. 2 April 1582. BENBOW, John, commodore; b. about 1650; bombarded St. Malo, 17, 18 Nov. 1693; unsuc- cessful in attack on French fleet off Carthagena through cowardice of his captains 19 Aug. 1702; d. of wounds, 4 Nov. 1702. BENEDEK, Ludwig von, Austrian general; b. 1804 ; governor of Hungary, i860 ; defeated by the Prussians at Konigsgriitz (or Sadowa), 3 July 1866; reported rf. 14 Nov. 1871. BENEDETTI, Vincent, comte, French di- plomatist ; b. about 1815 ; envoy to Italy, i85i- 63 ; ambassador to Prussia, 1864 ; insulted by the kmg of Prussia at Ems ; telegraphed to Paris ; led to war, July 1870; published "Ma Mission en Prusse," Oct. 1871. BENEDICT I.-XIV. popes. 1. Bonosns, pope, 574 . . d. 30 July 578- 2. Pope, 684 d, 7 May 685 3. Pope, 17 July 855 . . . d. 8 April 858 4. Pope, 6 April goo . . , . d. 20 Oct. 903 5. Pope, 964 d. s July 965 BENEDICT, ST. 48 BENTINCK 6. Pope, 2o Dec. 972 . killei in pristm 974 7. Pope, 973 d.6 July 984 8. Pope, 17 June 1012 ; expelled ; restored by, and crowned the emperor Henry II. 1014 ; d. 10 July 1024 9. Pope, 1033 ; expelled for his simony and vices, 1048 i- penitent 1034 10. GiovannidiVc'Uetri, anti-pope, 1058; deposed; d. 18 Jan. 1059 11. Nicolo Boccasini, pope, Oct. 1303; poisoned, 6 July 1304 12. -Tacques Foumier, pope at Avignon, 1334; a reformer d. 25 April 1342 (13. Anti-pope), Pedro de Luna, .at Avignon, 1394 ; d. Nov, 1424 13. Vicenzo Orsino ; 6. 2 Feb. 1649 ; pope, 29 May 1724; celebrated a, jubilee, 1725 d. 21 Feb. 1730 14. Prospero Lambertini ; 6. 13 March 167s ; pope, 17 Aug. J740 ; favoured the Stuarts, 1747 ;A 3 May 1738 BENEDICT, St., founder of western mona- chism; h. 480; retii-ed from the world about 497 ; collected disciples, 520-7 ; founded a monastery at Monte Casino m Campania, 528-9; d. about 542- BENEDICT, see Biscop. BENEDICT d'AnIANTE, St., monastic re- former ; b. about 750 ; retired from his monastery, and founded a new one, about 782; compiled " Codex Eegularum ; " rf. 821. BENEDICT, sir Julius, German musician and composer; b. 27 Nov. 1804; pupil of Weber, 1821- 4; came to England, 1835; produced "Gipsy's Warning," 1838 ; " Lily of KiUamey, 1862 "Legend of St. Cecilia*' 1866; "St. Peter," 1870; knighted 24 March 1871 ; received grand testimonial, 19 May 1874. BENEDIX, Julius Eoderich; German dra- matist; b. 1811 ; d. 26 Sept. 1873. BBNGEL, Johann Albert, German theologian and scholar; b. 24 June 1687 ; published " Novum Testamentum Grsecum," 1734; d. 2 Dec. 1752. BENGEE, Elizabeth Ogilvy, historia.n ; b. 1778 ; published " Memoirs of Anne Boleyn," 1821 ; "Memoirs of Mary Queen of Scots," 1823; d. 9 Jan. 1827. BEN-HADAD, king of Sji-ia ; wnrred with Ahab, liing of Israel, B.C. 901 ; killed by Hazael, 885. BENJAMIN OF TUDELA, Spanish rabbi and traveller in the East, 1160-73. BENNET, Abraham, electrician; b. 1750; in- vented the gold leaf electrometer, 1786; published " Experiments on Electricity," 1789; d. May 1799. BENNET, Benjamin, nonconformist minister ; b. 1674; published " Chi-istian Oratory," 1728; d. 1 Sept. 1726. BENNET, Christopher, physician ; b. about 1617 ; pabliahcd " Theatri Tabidorum Vestibulum, 1654; d. I May 1655. BENNET, Robert; published "Concordance of Synonymous Words in Scripture," 1657; d. 6 April 1687. BENNET, Henry, see Arlington. BENNET, Jarnc.';, D.D., dissenting minister; 0. 1774; ^"'"t^ wi*'> David Bogue, "History of the Dissenters," published 1808 et seq; d. 4 Dec. -1862. BENNETT, James Gordon, Scotch journalist; b. iSoo; went to America, 1819; began "New York Herald," S July 1835 ; devoted about 8000;. to expedition in scarcli of Livingstone, who was found hy H. F. Stanley, 10 Nov. 1871 ; d. 2 June 1872. BENNETT, John Hughes, physiologist; b. 31 Aug. 1812 ; first president of Medical Society of Paris, 1837 i published his work on cod-liver oil, 1841 ; " Clinical Lectures," 1852; (f. 25 Sept. 1875. BENNETT, William Cox, popular poet; b. 1S20 ; helped to establish public libraries, baths, i'l'. ; publi.shed " Poems," 1850 ; " Songs," 1859 ; " Our Glory Eoll;" " National Poems," l865. BENNETT, rev. William James Early, tracta- rian ; b. about 1805 ; resigned St. Paul's Knight-i- bridge; vicar of Frome Selwood, 1851 ; published "Errors of Romanism," 1S42; "The Eucharist," 1851 ; case of Sheppard v. Bennett, decided in his fiivnur, 1871. BENNETT, sir WilUam Stemdale, musician and composer; h. 13 April 1S16; professor at Cambridge, 1856; produced "May Queen," 1858; "Woman of Samaria," 1867; knighted, 1S71 ; d. I Feb. 1875. BENNINGSEN, Levin A. T., Russian gene- ral : b. at Brunswick, 1745 ; fought in Poland, 1 791 ; in Persia, 1795 ; a conspirator against the czar Paul, March 1801 ; fought against the French, 1805-7 ; succeeded Kutusoff, 1812 ; greatly aided in the victory at Leipzio, 10-19 Oct. 1813; retu-cd into Hanover, 1818 ; died 3 Oct. 1826. BENOIT, Anglo-Norman Trouvere, favoured by Henry II. (1154-89) ; wrote " Histoire en vers des Dues de Normandie." BENSEEADE, Isaac; French poet and dra- matist; b. 1612; d. 19 Oct. 1691. BENSON, George, nonconformist writer; b. 1699 ; published " History of the First Planting of Christianity," 1735 ; d. 6 April 1672. BENTHAM, rev. James, antiquary ; h. 170S ; published "History of Ely Cathedi-al," 1771 ; d. 17 Nov. 1794. BENTHAM, Jeremy, the " utilitarian" pliilo- sopher; 4. 15 Feb. 1747-8 ; published "Fragment on (Jovemment," 1776; "Defence of Usury," 1787 ; " Panopticon, or Inspection House," 1791 ; " Draught of a Code for France," 1790-1 ; d. 6 June 1832. BENTHAM, sir Samuel, brother of Jeremy, naval engineer; b. 11 January 1757; travelled in Russia, 1780; lieut.-col. in Russian army, 1784; returned to England, 1791 ; appointed inspector- general of naval work, 25 March 1 796 ; made many refoi-ms ; the office abolished, 28 Nov. 1812 ; d. 31 May 1831. BENTINCK, dukes of Portland: favourite of William III William, favourite of William III. ; 6. in Guilder- land about 164S Came to England with William 1670 Created carl of Portland ... 9 April 16S9 Distinguished at the battle of Bojme . i July 1690 Negotiated the treaty of Ryswiek, 1697; and Par- tition treaty . . .... 1699 Impeached and acquitted, 1701 . . d. 23 Nov. i7,:,9 1. Henry, earl, 1709 ; created dulce, 6 July 1716 ; governor of Jamaica, 1721 . . . cJ 4 July 1726 S. WiLLi/iM, I). 1709 ; acquired the Barberini or Portland vase, in the British museum ; d. i May 1762 3. William Henry Cavendish ; 6. 14 April 1738; duUe, 14 April 1738; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1782 ; first lord of the treasury, 1783; chancellor of the university of Oxford, 1792 : home secre- taix 1794; lord president of the council, 1801 ; flr.st lord of the treasury, March 1807 ; d. 30 Oct 1809 4 William Henry Cavendish Bentisok-Soott ; 6 24 June 1768 ; lord president of the council, 1S27 <*■ ^7 March 1854 5. William John Cavendish; 6. 18 Sept. 1800; tl^^].g 27 March ,, BENTINCK, lord George Frederick Caven- dish, statesman ; b. 27 Feb. 1802 ; private secretary BENTINCK 49 BEEKELBY to Canning, 1827 ; leader of the country Qn-otcc- tioiiist) party, 1846; d. 21 Sept. 1848. BENTIlSrCK, lord ■William Henry, statesman ; 11.14 Sept. 1774; captain-general of Sicily, 1812; governor-general of India, 1828-35; abolished suttees (telai-ed illegal), 14 Bee. 1829; d. 17 June 1839. BENTITOGLIO, Guido, ItaUan cardinal, iSJg; wrote memoirs of his times, 1629, &o. ; d. 7 Stpt. 1644. BENTLET, Joseph Clayton, line-engraver : b. 1809; <;. 9 Oct. 1851. BENTLBT, Richard, classical scholnr; b. 27 Jan. 1662; published "Dissertation on the Epistles ofPhalaris,'' 1697; master of Trinity college, Cam- hiidge, I Feb. 1700; involved in di-sputes with the follows, &c. 1709-38; published " Horace," 1711; «. 14 July 1742. BENTLET, Richard, bookseller; b. about 1794- ; with C. Dickens started "Bentley's Miscel- Imy," 1837; d. 10 Sept. 1871. BENTLET, Robert, botanist ; b. 1823 ; pro- fessor of botany. King's college, London institution, :nid Pharmaceutical society; published "Manual of J3otany," 1861. BEFVENTJTO, see Cellini. BENTOWSKI, Moritz August, Hungarian soldier; i. Jan. 1741 ; entered Austrian service, 1755 ! escaped from prison in Kamtschatka, 1770; loimed French settlements in Madagascar, 1774; opposing the French, Idlled there, 23 May 1786. BENZEL, Eric, Swedish theologian ; b. 1632 ; edited the Swedish Bible, published 1703; d. 17 i'eb. 1709. BBNZEL, Eric, son; b. 1675 ; published " Mo- unmenta Sueco-Gothioa," and "Ulphilas Illus- trata ; " d. 23 Sept. 1743. BBlSrZENBEEGr, Johann Friedrioh, German astronomer; i. 5 May 1777 ; published " Researches on Meteors," &o. 1798 ; d. 8 June 1846. BBEAJSTGrEE, Pien-e Jean de, French song- writer; *. 19 Aug. 1780; d. 16 July 1857. published his works . ... 1803 Refused the office of censor 1815 For his satirical songs condemned to imprisonment, 8 Deo. 1821 and 10 Dec. 1828 Released: refused honours and recompense, July 1830 Elected deputy for the assembly; declined to sit. May 1848 BEEAED, Jaques Etienne, French chemist ; b. 12 Oct. 1789; d. July 1869. BEEATJZ), Laurent, French physicist ; 5. 5 Jtarch 1702; published "Physique des Corps Aiiimes," 1755; <^- 26 June 17:7. BEEATJIiD, Nicolas, French scholar ; b. 1473 ; preceptor of admiral Coligny and others ; published " Dictionnaire Grec et Latin," 1521, &c. ; d. 1550. BEECHETT, Pierre, French painter ; b. 1659 ; I 1 720. BEECHEUE (Berchorius), Pierre, French lienedictine; wrote " Eeductorium, Eepertorum et Diitionarium Morale utriusque Testamenti " (prin- ted 1474) ; d. 1362. BEECHTOLD, Leopold, count, philanthropic tvaveller; i. 1758; d. 26 July 1809. BEEENGARIA of Navarre, man-ied to Ei- diard I. of England, 12 May 1191 ; d. about 1230. BEEENGAEIUS (Berenger), of Tours, theologian and philosopher; punished for deniing -ttansnbstantiation, 1050; compelled to recant. retracted, 1059 ; recanted again, 1079 ; d. 6 Jan. 1088. EEEENGEE I., H. kings of Italy : 1. duke of Friuli, claimed the crown . . .883 Defeated by Guido di Spoleto 889 Conquered him and became kinf^ ... 89S "Wars with the Hungarians and Loi\is of Aries, whom he took prisoner and blinded . got Declared emperor of the west 915 Assassinated at Verona .... March 9:54 S. marquis of Ivrea ; crowned king , . 5 Dec. 950 "Wai-s with Albert Azzo .... . 953 Conquered by Otlio, g6i - . • , . . d. 966 BEEENGEE, Laurent Pierre, French wiiter; b. 28 Nov. 1749; published "La Morale en Action," 1783; "Soirees Proven(;ales," 1786; d. 1822. BEEESEOED, rev. James, humorous poet; b. 1764 ; published " Miseries of Human Life," r8o6 ; d. Sept. 1840. BEEESEOED, Wniiam Carr Beresford, vis- count, Irish general; b. 2 Oct. 1768; defeated Soult at Albuera, l6 May 1811; created baron, 17 May 1814 ; viscount, 28 March 1823 ; master of ordnance, 1828-30 ; d. 8 Jan. 1854. BEEESEOED, see Sope. BEEGEMAJSTN", Karl "Wilhelm, German che- mist and mineralogist ; b. i5 Feb. 1804. BEEGEN, Karl August von, German physicist ;. b. II Aug. 1704; d. 7 Oct. 1759. BEEGENEOTH, Gustav, German scholar ; b. 1813 ; produced " Calendar of State Papers in Simancas Collection," published 1862-8 ; d. 14 Feb. 1869. BEEGHAUS, Heim-ichKarl Wilhelm, German, geographical engineer; b. 3 May 1797; published his " PhysikaUscher Atlas, in 90 sheets, 1838-48. BEEGHEM, or Berchem, Nicolas, Dutch, painter; b. 1624; d. 18 Feb. 1683. BEEGIEE, Nicolas, French historian ; b. 1567;. published " Histoire dcs Grands Chcmins de TEm- pire Eomain," 1622 ; d. 15 Sept. 1623. BEEGMjUSW, Torbem Olof, Swedish physi- cist; 4. 9 or 20 March 1735 J published " Historia. Chemiae," 1782 ; and many memoirs, 1755, et seq. ; d. 8 July 1784. BEEIGAED (or Beatjeegaiide), Claude, French philosopher ; b. about 1591 ; his " Circuli» Pisanus ' (commentary on Aristotle's physics),, published, 1661 ; d. 1664. BEEHSTGTOJST, Joseph, historian; b. about 1760; published "Lives of Abelard and Heloise," 1784 ; " History of the Reigns of Heni-y II. and his Sons," 1790; "Literary History of the Middle- Ages," 1814; d. I Dec. 1827. BEEIOT, Charles Auguste de, Belgian violin- ist; b. 20 Feb. 1802; married Madame MaUbran, 1836 ; d. 10 Apiil 1870. BEEKELET, George, bishop, Irish philoso- pher; b. 12 March 1684; published "New Theory of Vision," 1709; "Principles of Human Know- lege," 1710; visited the Bermudas, 1728-31 ; "The Minute Philosopher," 1732; bishop of Cloyne, 1733 ; " Siiis ; on the Virtues of Tar- water," 1744 1 d. 14 Jan. 1753. BEEKELET, hon. George Charles Grantley Fitz-Hardinge, wiiter on field sports; b. 1800; published " Berkeley Castle;" "Life and Eecol- BEKKELET 50 BEENOUILLI lections," 1864 ; " Anecdotes of Upper Ten Thou- sand," 1867; "Habits and Treatment of Animals," 1874. BERKELEY, rev. Miles Joseph, botanist ; I. 1803; published " Cryptogamio Botany," 1857; ka. BERKENHOUT, John, physician and natu- ralist; b. about 1730; published " Clavis Anglica Liuguffi Botanicee Linnsei," 1764; "Pharmacoposia Medici," &c., 1782; d. 3 April 1791. BERLICHHSTGElSr, Goetz Ton, "with the iron hand," German warrior; d. 23 July 1562. BERLIOZ, Louis Hector, French musical com- poser; b. II Dec. 1803; wrote " Hymn to France; " published " Traite d'Instrumentation," 1844; d. g March 1869. BERMUDEZ, JoSo, Portuguese traveller ; pa- triarch of Ethiopia ; (?. 1575. BBRMUDO, or VeeEMUND, kings of Spain : 1. king, 788 ; iiTjclicated 791 2. king of Leon, 982 : defeated, and made peace with Almanzour, ggS d. 999 3. king of Leon, 1028 ; killed in battle with Ferdi- nand I. . . . about 1037 BERNADOTTE, Jean Baptiste, general in French anny; S. 26 Jan. 1764; defeated by arch- duke Charles at Nieumark, 23 Aug. 1796; prince of Ponte Corvo, i8o5; chosen crown prince of Sweden; took name of Charles John, 21 Aug. 1810; joined allies against Napoleon at Leipsic, 16 Oct. 1813; king of Swedbn as Chakles SIV. 5 Feb. 1S18 ; d. 8 March 1844. BERNAL, see Osborne. BERNARD, son of Pepin; king of Italy, 812; killed, 818. BERNARD, Saint, monastic reformer ; I. about 1091 ; a monk, 1113 ; foimded monastery and became abbot of Clairvaux, 1115; persecuted Abe- lard, I140; preached the second crusade, I146; supported papal authority o.gainst Arnold of Brescia, 1 150 ; (founded or restored about 72 monasteries) ; d. 20 Aug. 1153; canonized, 1174. BERNARD, Catherine, French poet; }. 1662 ; d. 6 Sept. 1712. BERNARD, Claude, "le pauvre Pretre," French philanthropist; b. 1588; d. 23 March 1641. BERNARD, Claude, French physiologist; b. 12 July 1813 ; published " Leijons de Physiologic," 1855; &c. BERNARD, Edward, astronomer; h. 2 May 1638 ; professor at Oxford, 1673 ; published " Lon- gitudes and Latitudes of Stars," 1684; d. 12 Jan. 1697. BERNARD, Herman Hedwig, Hebrew scholar; b. 1785; d. IS Nov. 1857. BERNARD, right hon. Mountague, jurist; b. 28 Jan. 1820 ; comniis-sioner on law of naturalisa- tion, i86q ; for treaty with United States ; signed treaty of Washington, 8 May 1871. BERNARD, Nicholas, theologian; published " Life and Death of Archbishop Ussher," 1656 ; d. 1661. BERNARD, Pierre Joseph, "Le Gentil," French poet; b. 1710; d. i Nov. 1775. BERNARD, Eiobard, theologian; b. 1566; wrole "Thesaurus Biblious," published 1661 ; d. 1641. BERNARD, Samuel, French banker; b. about 165 1 ; (^. immensely rich, 1739. BERNARD, Simon, French general and en- gineer; 4. 28 April 1779; served under Napoleon, 1801; ; employed by the goverament of the United States in constructing canals, &c. 1814-30 ; re- turned to France, and employed by Louis Philippe, 1830 ; minister of war, 1836 ; d. 5 Nov. 1S39. BERNARD, Simon, accomplice of Orsini; acquitted in London, April, 1858. BERNARD, sir Thomas, philanthropist; b. 27 April 1750 ; one of the founders of the Eoval Insti- tution, London, March 1799; d. i July 1S18. BERNARDES, Diego, Portuguese pastoral poet; his "0 Lyma" printed, 1596; d. 1596. BERNARDINO of Sienna, saint; b. 8 Sept. 1380; entered the Franciscan order, 1404.; became vicar-general ; refonned the order; and founded many monasteries; d. 20 May 1444; canonised, 1450. BERNARDONI, Francisco Giovanni; founded the Franciscan order of mendicant friars, 1207 ; d. 1226. BBRNECK, Carl Gustav von, Gei-man novelirt ; b. 28 Oct. 1803 ; translatedByron, &c.; i^. 8 July 1S71. BERNERS, or Barnes, Juliana, prioress of Sopwell nimnery ; b. about 13S8; wrote "Bokvsof Haukyng and Huntyng," printed at St. Alb'aus, 1486 ; d. after 1460. BERNERS, John Bourchier, lord, soldier and statesman ; b. about 1467 ; suppressed Cornish in- surrection, 1497; chancellor of exchequer, IS15 ; translated Froissart, 1523-5 ; d. governor of Calais, 19 March 1532. BERNHARD, duke of Saxe-"Weimar; b. 1604; succeeded Gustavus Adolphns in command of Ger- many, 16 Nov. 1632; maiutained protestant as- cendancy, 1633 ; defeated the imperialists at Rhciu- feld, 1638 ; d. 8 July 1639. BERNHARDI, Johann Jacob, German che- mist, botanist, and mineralogist; b, 7 Sept. 1774; published many papers, 1806 ct seq. ; d. 13 May 1850. BERNI, Francesco, Italian poet ; recast Boiardo's " Orlando Innamorato ; " 0. about 1490; d. 26 May 1536. BERNIER, FranQois, French historian and traveller in India ; d. 22 Sept. 1688. BERNIER, Jean, French physician and anti- quary; b. 1622; published "Histoire de Blois," 1682; "Essais de Mcdeciue," 1GS9; d. iS May iCg8. BERNIER, Nicolas, French musical composer of Motets ; b. 28 June 1664 ; d. 5 Seijt. 1734. BERNINI, Giovanni Lorenzo, ItaUan painter, .scnlijtor, and architect, tci-med the " Modern Michael Angelo ; " S. 7 Deo. 1598 ; constracted the colonnade at St. Peter's, Eome ; d. 28 Nov, 1680. BERNIS, Francois Joachim de Pien-e de, French admu-al and diplomatist ; b. 22 May 1715 ; ambassador at Venice, 1748; at Pome, 1769; re- fused the oaths to the republic, and resigned his office, 1791 ; d. 1 Nov. 1794, BERNOUILLI, a family of eminent mathe- maticians, descended from Jacques, who fled from the oppression of the duke of Alva at Antwerp; settled in Germany, and died, 1583. Jacques I. ; 6. 27 Dec. 1654; wrote " Ars Conjec- taudi" .... . d. 16 Aug. 1705 BEBNSTOEFF 51 BERTEAM Jean, b. 27 July, 1667 : made cUscoveries relating to the elasticity of fluids. &c. . . d. i Jan. 1748 Nicolas, son of Jean I. ; b. 27 Jan. 1695 ; d. 26 July 1726 Daniel, second sou vof Jean ; 6. 29 Jau. 1700 ; pub- lislied " Hydrodynamica," 1738 d. 17 March 1782 Jea-s, &. 18 May 1710 . . d. 17 July 1790 BERNSTOEIT, counts of, Danish statesmen : Andreas Peter, 6.28 Aug. 1735; minister of state, 1769, 1780 . . . . (i. 21 Jan. 1797 Christian, son; &. 1769; forei;;^n minister, 1797; Joined in the armed neutrality against France, i£o5 ; resigned, 10 April 1810 ; represented Den- mark at Vienna, 1814 : signe.l cession of Nonvay to Sweden, 1815 ; entered into service of Prussia, 1818 d. April 1835 Albrecut, Zj. 22 March 1809 ; envoy to England, 3854-61 : ambassador, 1862 . d. 26 March 1873 BBEOAJLDE (Eerould), Mathieu, of Paris, protestant theologian and historian ; wrote " Chro- nicon Scriptune Saor^ Constitutum ;" d. 1576. His son, FiiAN(;ois Bero.alde de Verville, philosopher and mathematician ; b. 28 April i«8 ; his " Moyens de Parvenir" (an immoral work), printed 1610 ; (I. about 1612. BEEOALDO, Filippo, Italian scholar; i. 7 Dec. 1453 ; taught at Eologna, Parma, Milan, and Paris; d. 17 July 1505. His nephew, Filippo, poet; i. I Oct. 1472; professor at Eome, 1514; president of the Roman academy, and librarian of the Vatican, 1516; d. 1518. BEEOSUS, of Babylon, wrote history of Syria, and other works, about B.C. 260. BEEQUIN, Amaud, French writer; 4.1749; published "Ami des Enfans," 1784; d. 21 Dec. 1791. BEEQUIIT, Louis de, French protestant; 6. 1489 ; burnt for heresy, 22 April 1529. BEEEETINI, Pietro da Cortona, painter ; b. 1596; d. 1669. BEEEIMAl^, William, theologian ; b. 24 Sept. 1688 ; d. s Feb. 1750. BEERUTEE, Joseph Isaac, French.Jesuit ; b. 7 Nov. 1681 ; published " Histoire du Peuple de Dieu," 1728 (condemned 1731) ; d. 18 Feb. 1758. BEEET, dukes of: Jean de Fr.\nce, son of Jean n. . b. 30 Nov. 1340 A prisoner in England 1360-67 Governed tlie south of France very tyrannically, 1381-92 Joined the Armagnac party ; besieged and taken at Bourges, 1412 . . . d. 15 June 1416 Chaules, son of Charles VII. and brother of Louis XI. ot France . . . . 6. 28 AprU. 1446 Ji»ined with Charles the bold and other nobles in the league of the public good . . Dec. 1464 2laile due of Guienne, and exiled from Paris, 29 April 1469 Poisoned 24 or 28 May 1472 Charles, grandson of Louis XIV. &. 31 Aug. 1686; d. 4 May 1714 Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, son of comte d'Ar- tois (afterwards Charles X.); &. 24 Jan. 1778; emigrated, 1792: came to England; married Jliss Brown (whom he deserted), 1801 , married Caroline of Naples, 17 June 1816; assassinated, 13 Feb. 1820 His wife. Caroline de Bourbon, princess of Naples, i. 5 Nov. 1798 : [her son, Henri, due de Bor- deaux, or comte de Cliambord, &. 29 Sept. 1820 ;] vainly attempted to raise an insuiTection in Brittany ; alTCSted and imprisoned, Nov. 1832 ; .announced her marriage with the comte de Jjucehesi-Patti, 22 Feb. ; gave bii'th to a son, 9 May ; embarked for Sicily, 9 June 1833 : d. 17 April 1870 BEEEX, literary sisters, friends of Horace ■Walpole; Mary, b. 16 March 1763; d. 20 Nov. 1852; Agnes, b. 29 May 1764; d. Jan. 1852; " Journals and Con'espondenoe published, 1865. BEERYEE, l^iene Antoine, French advocate, orator, and legitimist politician; b. 4 Jan. 1790; defended marshal Ney at his trial, 4 Deo. 1815; and Louis Napoleon in 1840; protested against coup d'etat, 2 Dec. 1851 ; elected member of the legislative assembly, 1863 ; entertained by the benchers of the Temple, 1865 ; d. 29 Nov. 1868. BEESMANN, Georg, German poet and scho- lar; 4. II March 1536; wrote " Psalterium Davidis ver.sibus descriptum ; " d. 8 Oct. i5ii. BEETAUT, Jean, bishop of Seez, French poet ; b. 1570; favourite of Henry III. ; assisted in the conversion of Henry IV. ; baptized Louis XIII. 1607; and buried Henry JV. 1610; d. 8 June 1611. BEETHELOT, MarcelUn Pierre Eugene, French chemist ; b. 29 Oct. 1827 ; reproduced al- cohol synthetically, 1855 ; discovered acetylene, a new inflammable gas, aoout 1862. BEETHIEE, Louis Alexandre, prince of Wag- ram, French general; b. 20 Dec. 1753; captured fiome, 15 Feb. 1798; prince of Neufchatel, 1806; submitted to Louis XVIII. 1814 ; desired to remain neutral, March; either threw himself (or was thrown) from a window at Bamberg, and killed, i June 1815. BEETHIEE, Pierre, French mineralogist; 6. 3 July 1782; published " Traite des Essais par la Voie Seehe," 1833 ; d. 29 Aug. 1S61. BEETHOLLET, Claude Louis, comte, French chemist ; b. 9 Nov. 1748 ; d. 6 Nov. 1822. Published experiments on the decomposition of nitre ... ... 7 Sept. 1781 Discovered composition of ammonia, 1785 ; and bleaching powers of chlorine .... 1786 Published "Art de la Teinture," 1791; "Artdu Blanchiment" . . 1795 Accompanied the army to Egypt .... 1799 Published "Statique Chimique," 1803 ; memoirs 1807-17 Founded '* Societe d'Arcueil " . . 1807 BEETHOUD, Ferdinand, Swiss watchmaker ; b. 19 March 1727; published "Essais sur I'Horlo- gerie," 1763; d. 20 June 1807. BERTI, Alessandro Pompeo, Italian scholar; b. 23 Dec. 1686 ; taught at Naples and Rome ; pub- lished "la Caduta de' Decemviri della Eomana EepubUca," &o. 1717; d. 23 March 1752. BEETIN, Antoine, French erotic poet; b. 10 Oct. 1752; his "Amours" publiBhed, 1780; (f. June 1790. BEETEN", Louis Francois, French jonmalist; b. 14 Dec. 1766; with his brother founded the "Journal des Debats," about 1799; d. 13 Sept. 1S41. BEETEST, Pierre Augusta, French physicist; b. 13 Feb. 1818. BEETIlSri, Henri Jerome, French pianist ; 4. 28 Oct. 1798; published excellent " Studies." BEETltrS, Pierre, Flemish geographer; b. 14 Nov. 1565; cosmographer to Louis XIII. 1618; published "Theatrum(jeographia3Veteris," 1618-9; d. 3 Oct. 1629. BEETOLI, Giovanni Domenico, Italian anti- quary ; b. 13 March 1676 ; published " Le Anti- quita di Aqueleja," 1739; d. after 1750. BEETON", baron Jean Baptiste, French general ; b. 15 June 1769 ; served in Germany, 1S06 et seq. ; executed for insurrection at Saumur, 5 Oct. 1822. BEETEAM, Bonaventure Corneille, French orientalist; b. 1531 ; published "De Republic^ Judaica," 1580; d. 1594. E 2 BEETEAND 52 BEUENONVILLE BERTEAND, £lie, Swi.-s geolosist and pbilo- soplier; b. 1/12 ; d. 1777. BEETRAJSTD, Hein-y Gratien, comte, French general; b. 28 jMfirch 177^ ; in the national guard defended Louis XYI., 10 Aug. 1792; entered army, and served under Napoleon ; accompanied him to Elbe, 1814; to France and to St. Helena, 1815; pennitted to return to France, and reinstated in Ms military ofBces, 1821 ; d. 31 Jan. 1844; his sons published " Campagne d'Egypt et de Syrie " (dic- tated by Napoleon to their father), 1847. BERTEANDj Joseph Louis Franqois, French mathematician; 0. 1822; published "Arithme- tique," 1849; "Algebra," 1850; and many me- moirs. BERTEAND, Louis, French mathematician ; b. 3 Oct. 1731 ; d. 15 May 1812. BEETRAND de Molleville, Antoine Framjois, marquis de, French statesman; t. 1744; minister of marine, 1791 ; published " Histoire de la Kevolution," 1800-3; ^- 19 Oct. 1818. BEEULLE, Pierre, French theologian and statesman, and favourer of literature ; b. Feb. 1575 ; founded the congreg.ition of the oratory, approved by the pope, 1613 ; made cardinal, 1627 ; minister of state ; soon after retired through Eichelieu's jea- lousy; d. 2 Oct. 1629. BERWICK, James Fitz-James, duke of, natu- ral son of James 31. ; 4. 21 Aug. 1670 ; duke, 1687 ; served with his father in Ireland, 1689 ; with the French, 1693; general in Spain against the English and allies, 1704; defeated them at Almanza, 25 April 1707 ; took Barcelona, 12 Sept. 1714 ; killed at the siege of Philipsburg, 12 Jime 1734. BERZELIUS (BebZEL), Jons Jacob, baron, Swedish chemist and physicist; b. 29 Aug. 1779; published his " Treatise on Chemistrj'," 1808-18; very many memoirs, 1800-47; discovered cerium, 1803; selenium, 1818; zirconium, 1824; thorium, 1829 ; d. 7 Aug. 1848. BESCHEEELLE, Louis Nicolas, French phi- lologist; b. 10 June 1802; published "Grammaire Rationale," 1834 ; " Dictionnaii'e Nationale," 1843-6. BESLT, Jean, French historian, jurist, and poet; b. Oct. 1572; his "Histoire des Comtes de Poitou," printed, 1647 ; d. 18 March 1644. BESOIGNE, Jerome, French theologian of Port Koyal; b. 1686; published "Histoire de I'Abbaye de PortEoyal, 1756; d. 25 Jan. 1763. BESSAEION, Joannes, learned Greek monk ; b. 1389 or 1395; sent to Italy by the emperor; made cardinal by pope Eugenius IV. 1439 ; fre- quently acted as legate ; promoted study of litera- ture and philosophy ; d. 19 Nov. 1472. BESSBOEOUGH, John William, earl of; h. 1781 ; lord-Ueutenant of Ireland, July, 1846; pro- moted public works to relieve general distress, Sept. 1846; d. 17 May 1847. BESSEL, Fi-iedrich "Wilhelm, German astro- nomer; 4. 22 July 1784 ; published "Fundamenta Asti'onomisB " (based on Bradley's observations), i8l8; d. 17 March 1846. BESSEMER, Hemy, civil engineer ; *. 6 Jan. 18 13; invented a method of making steel bypass- ing cold ail- through liquid iron, 1856 ; received Albert gold medal of Society of Arts, 1872 : his Bessemer saloon for steamers to avoid sea sickness tried, 1875 ; considered unsuccessful, 1876. BESSIEEES, Jean-Baptiste, French marshal : 5. 6 Aug. 1768; chief of biigade in Egypt, 179S ; defeated Spaniards at Medina del Eio Secco, 16 July 1808; duke of Istria, 28 May 1809; killed at Liitzen, I May 1813. BESSTJS, Persian satrap ; murdered Darius ; killed by Alexander, :5.c. 330. BEST, sir "Wm. Draper, judge ; b. 13 Dee. 1767: chief justice of common pleas, 1824; re- signed; created baron Wynford, 4 June 1S29; d. 3 March 1845. BBSTOUJEE-RUMINE, Alexis Petrowich, Russian statesman; b. 1693 ; d. April 1766. Left service of elector of Hanover for that of Kussia, joining the party of Biren . , 1717 Made chancellor .... 15 July 1744 Negotiated alliance with Denmark, 1746 ; and England 1747 Helped to overthrow the count de I'Estorq . . 174S Disgraced for political intrigues by Elizabeth ; re- stored by Catherine II. . . 1762 BETAN^OS, Domingo de, Spanish missionaiy to Hispaniola, 1514; ai-rived at Mexico, 23 June 1526; founded a convent in Guatemala, 1528; by his exertions induced the pope Paul III. to issue a bill condemning the cruelty of the Spaniards, and declaring the Indians to be their brethi-en, 1537 ; returned to Spain ; d. July 1549. BETHAM, sir "William, herald; b. 1779; Ul- ster king-at-arms, 1820; pubHfhed "Baronetage,'* 1801; " Etruria Celtica," 1842; rf. 26 Oct. 1853. BETHELL, Richard, lord Westbury, lawyer ; 5.30 June 1800; M.p. 1851-61; solicitor-general, 1852; attorney-general, Nov. 1856 — March 1858, June 1859 — June 1861 ; lord chancellor, 26 June 1861 ; resigned 4 July 1865 ; d. 20 July 1873. BETHENCOTJET, Jean, Seigneur de, cham- berlain of Charles VI. of France ; discovered and conquered the Canaries, 1402 , d. in Normandy, 1425- BBTHLEM, Gabor ; b. about 1580; made him- self sovereign of Transylvania, 1613 ; invaded Hungary, 1619: and made himself king, 25 Aug. 1620 ; resigned and made peace with Ferdinand II. 1624 ; d. 5 Nov. 1629. BETHUNE, see Siilhj. BETTEETON, Thomas, eminent actor; J.Aug. 1635 ; engaged by sir W. Davcnant, 1662 ; opened the Lincoln'.? Inn Fields theatre, 30 April 1695 ; d. 28 April 1710. BETTY, Master, "the young Eoscius;" b. 13 Sept. 1791 ; made his dcb&t, Aug. 1803 ; made money; last appearance, 9 Aug. 1824; d. 24 or 25 Aug. 1874. BEUDANT, Franqois Sulpioe, French geolo- gist and physicist ; b. e, Sept. 1 787 ; published " Cours de Mincralogie, &c., 1841 ; d. lo Dec. 1850. BEUGNOT, Jacques Claude, French states- man ; b. 1761 ; served under Bonaparte 1799 — ■ 1814 ; and under Louis XVIII., minister of state, 1815; d. 1835. BEULE, Charles Ernest, French archajologist ; b. 20 June 1826; published "Les Fi'ontons des Parthenon," " L'Acropole d'Athenes," " Augusta," 1867; "Tibere," 1868; minister of interior under MacMahon, 1873 ; d. 4 April 1874. BEUENONYILLE, Pierre de Rucl, marquis de, French marshal; b. 10 May 1752; fought in East Indies, 1779-81; in the low countries, 1792; seized by Dumouiiez, whom he was sent to arrest. BBUST 53 BIOKEESTETH April 1793; released Nov. 1795; honoured by Napoleon, 1800-14 ; and by Loms XVIII., 1815; d. 23 April 1 82 1. BEUST, Friedriob Constniitin von; German geologist; b. 13 April i8o5; inspector of mines at Preiberg ; ■wrote many papers. BEUST, Friedriob Ferdinand von, German statesman (brother of preceding) ; b. 13 Jan. 1809. Foreign minister of Saxony . . . Feb. 1849 Snppressed llie insurrection, Maaxli ; laboured in vain to raise the i)Ower of the small German 1 states .... A ... . 1863-6 ! Resigned ; became Austrian foreign minister, 30 Oct. 1866 President of the council ... 7 Feb. 1867 Chancellor of the empire, 23 June 1867 ; resigned ; ambassador at London . 1871 BEVEB, Thomas, jurist; J. 1725; published " History of the Legal Polity of the Roman State," 1781; d. 8 Nov. 1791. 1 BEVEEIDGE, "William, theologian and orien- j talist; b. 1638; bishop of St. Asaph, July 1704; published " Synodicon, sive Pandeotoe Canonum Apostolomm," c&c. 1672 ; d. 5 March 1708. BEVEELEY, John de, " the first master of ails at Oxford," (Fuller) ; archbishop of Tork, 687 ; founded a college at Beverley, 704 ; d. 7 May 741. BEVEEN, August "Wilhelm, duke of Bruns- wick-Luneburg, German general ; b. 10 Oct. 1715; defeated by the Austriaus at lireslau, 22 Nov. 1757 ; defeated them, 7 Aug. 1762 ; d. 2 Aug. 1782. BEVBENINCK, Jerome van, Dutch states- man, b. 25 April 1614; negotiated the peace "with England, 23 April 1654 ; favoured science ; d. 30 Oct. i6go. BEVEEWYCK (Beveuoticius), John, Dutch physician; b. Nov. 1594; published " De E.'icellentia Fosminei Sexds, 1643 ! ''• '9 •f^'^' 1647. BEWICK, Thomas, wood engraver; b. 12 Aug. 1753; published "Birds of Great Britain," 1797- 1805; d. 8 Nov. 1828. BEWICK, William, painter ; b. 20 Oct. 1795 ! pupU of Haydon ; sketched Elgin Marbles, loifa ; portraits of lord Eldon, Brewster, Jeffrey, &c. ; d. 8 June 1866. BEXPIELD, WiUiam Eichard, musical com- poser; b. 27 April 1824; d. 5 Nov. 1853. BEXLEY, lord, see Vansittart. BEXON, Gabriel Leopold Charles Ame, French naturalist; 4. March 1748; published " Catechisme d' Agriculture ;" and "Systeme de Fertilisation," 1773; d. 13 Feb. 1784. BEYLE, Marie Heiud, (wrote as Stendhal), French novelist, poet, &o. ; 0. 23 Jan. 1783; pub- lished "Lettres ecrites de Vienne^" 1814; "Vies de Haydn, de Mozart, et de Metastase," 1817; " la Chartreuse de Parme," &c., 1839 ; d. 23 March 1842. BEYSSEE, Jean Michel, French general; b. 1734; distinguished himself in the service of the republic, 1793; accused of royalism ; seized in the midst of his army; executed 13 April 1794. BEZA (Beze), Theodore de, French reformer; b. 24 June 1519 ; d. 13 Oct. 1605. Published a justification of the punishment of here- tics by the civil power, 1554 ; and his L.itin New Testament .... ... 1556 Settled at Geneva with Calvin .... 1559 Assisted at the conference at Poissy . . . . 1561 Preached at Paris . 1562 Succeeded Calvin as head of the church . . . 1564 Published " Histone Ecclesiastiqne." 1580 ; Psalms in French verse 1563 Assisted in the translation of the Bible, published 1588 BEZOUT, Etienne, French mathematician and antiquary; b. 31 March 1730; published " Cours de Mathematiques," 1764-72; d. 27 Sept. 1783. BIANCHI, Francesco, Italian musical com- poser; b. 1752; his best work, "Merope," 1799; d. 24 Sept. 1811. BIAirOHI, Francesco Ferrari, "U Frari," painter;, b. 1447; d, 1511. BIANCHI, Giovanni, (Janus Plancus), Italian physiologist: b. 3 Jan. 1693 ; d. 3 Dec. 1775- BIANCHINI, Francesco, Italian astronomer and antiquary ; b. 13 Deo. 1662 ; patronised by the popes; published many memoirs, 1684-1728 ; drew a fine of the meridian at Home, 1702 ; d. 2 March 1729. BIANCONI, Carlo, Italian; b. 26 Sept. 1785 ; came to Ii-eland as a printseller, &c. ; introduced cars into Ireland greatly improving locomotion, 1815; natm-aUsed, 1831 ; mayor of Clonmel ; d. 22 Sept. 1875. BIAED, Auguste Franijois, French painter ; b. 1800 ; exhibited " Family of Mendicants," 1832 ; " Crossing the Line," 1834 : " The Slave Trade," 1835. BIAS of Priene, one of the seven wise men of Greece,^?, about B.C. 544. BIBBIENA, Bernardo di Tarlatti, Italian car- dinal and scholar, a friend of the Medici ; i. 4 Aug. 1470 ; d. 9 Nov. 1520. BIBEE, rev. George Edward, D.D., German scholar ; ordained in English church, 1839 ; edited " English Eeview,' ' and published many pamphlets ; d. 19 Jan. 1874. BIBLIANDEE, (Buchmann), Theodor, Swiss orientalist; b. 1504; published a Hebrew Grammar, 1538 ; edited the Bible of Zurich, 1 543 ; d. 24 Sept. 1564. BIBEA, Ernst, German chemist and traveller; b. 9 June 1806. BICHAT, Marie Francois Xavier, French sur- geon and physiologist; b. 11 Nov. 1771 ; esta- blished an mdependent lecture theatre, 1797; published " Traite des Membranes," " Eecherches sm-la Vie et la Mort;" and "Anatomie Generals," &c., 1798-1801 ; d. a martyr to his zeal for science, 22 July 1802. BICKEESTAEF, Isaac, dramatist; b. about 1735; produced "Loveina ViUage," 1763; "Lionel and Clarissa," 1768 ; d. after 1787. BIOKEESTETH, Edward, d.d. (nephew of lord Langdale) ; b. 18:4; vicar of Aylesbury and archdeacon of Buoldngnam, 1853 ; prolocutor ot convocation, 1864-66-68. BIOKEESTETH, rev. Edward, zealous Church of England Evangelical clergyman ; b. 19 March 1786; quitted business, ordained, 1S15 ; rector of "Watton, 1830 ; d. 28 Feb. 1850. BIOKEESTETH, rev. Edward Henry, son, vicar of Chnst Church, Hampstead; b. Jan. 1825; published " Poems," 1849; "Eockof Ages," 1859, &c. BIOKEESTETH, Henry, lord Langdale, judge; b. 1783; master of the rolls, and baron Langdale, Jan. 1836 ; d. 18 April 1851. BICKEESTETH 64 BIE.AEGUE BICKEESTETH, Eobert, (nephew of lord Langdale), bishop of Eipon; b. 24 Aug. 1816; con- secrated 1S57 ; published "Bible Landmarks," 1850 ; " Lent Leotui-es," 1851. BIDDEE, George Parlces, civil engineer, the " calculating boy ; " b. about 1800; friend of George Stephenson ; president of institution of civil engi- neers, i860. BIDDLE, John ; b. 1615 ; first English So- cinian; published his confession of faith, 1648; frequently imprisoned for his opinions ; d. 22 Sept. 1662. BIDLOO, Godefroy, Dutch anatomist; b. 12 March, 1649 ; published " Anatomia Corporis Humani," 1685 ; rf. April 1713. BIEL, Johann Christian, German scholar; b. 1687; d. 1745; '"^ " NoTus Thesaurus Philolo- gicus; sive Lexicon in LXX." &c., published 1779-80. BIELA, "Wilhelm ron, German astronomer ; b. 19 March 1782; discovered Biela's comet, 27 Peb. 1826; d. 18 Feb. 1856. BIEESTADT, Albrecht, German artist; b. 1828; talcen to United States, 1830; brought out " View of the Eocky Mountains," 1863 ; visited the Pacific coast, 1873. BIGELOW, Erastus Brigham, American me- chanic; b. 1814; invented automatio-loom for counterpanes, and power-loom for carpets, 1838-9. BIGELOW, John, American journalist ; b. 25 Nov. 1817 ; connected with " New York Evening Post," 1850-61; and "New York Times," 1869; visited and published "Jamaica in 1850." BIGLAND, John, historian; b. 1750; pub- lished "History of Spain," 1809; "Letters on History," 1804; d. 22 Feb. 1832. BIGNE, Gaces de, French poet; accompanied king John to England; wrote "Eoman des Oj'seaulx ;" d. about 1474. BIGNON, Jerome, French antiquary ; b. 1589; published " Chorographie ; ou Description de la Terre Sainte," 1600 ; patronised by iffenry IV. ; presented to him, " De I'Excellence des Eois et du Iloyaume de France," 1610; d. 7 April 1656. BIGNON, Louis Pierre Edouard, French diplo- matist and historian; b. 3 Jan. 1771 ; d. 6 Jan. 1841. Served in Russia and Germany, softening much the asperities of war i8cx>-i4 Helped to save the bridge of Jena at Paris from destruction by Bluclier July 1815 Peer of France . 1838 In conformity with a legacy and request from Na- poleon, wrote " Histoire de France, 1799-1812;" published, 1829-38 a. 5 Jan. 1841 BIGOD, earls of Norfolk : Hugh, made earl, 1135 ; rebelled against Stephen, 1137 ; surrendered Norwich castle to Henry 11. 1155 " ■L''' Peintres des Fetes GaUintes," 1853. BLANC, Jean Joseph Louis, brother, French publicist and historian ; b. at Madrid, 28 Oct. 18 13. Began " Revue du Progres " 1838 A representative for Paris and member of the pro- visional govenmient, Feb. 1848 ; came to England to escape prosecution . . . 25 Aug. 1848 Published "Histoire des DLxAns, 1830-40" . 1841 " Histoire de la Revolution " . . . 1847, &c. Returned to France 8 Supt. 1870 Elected a deputy for the Seine . . . 8 Feb. 1871 Opposed Thiers ; protested against the treaty of peace . . i March ,, BLANCHAED, Francois or Jean Pierre, French aeronaut; b. 1738; with Jeff'eries crossed the chamiel at Dover in a balloon, 7 Jan. 1785; made many ascents in the Tyrol, &c., 1793; as- cended with 16 persons at Eouen, 1798; d. (after 66 ascents) of apoplexy, 7 March 1809. Mahie Madeleine, his wife, frequently ascended with him ; b. 25 March 1778 ; killed by explosion of the balloon, 19 July 1819. BLANCHAED, Jacques, painter, termed " the French Titian; " b. 1600; d. 1638. BLANCHAED, JeanBaptiste, French scholar; b. 1 731; published "Le Temple des Muses Fabu- listes," 1766; d. 15 June, 1797. BLANCHAED, Laman, journalist and essay- ist; b. 15 May, 1803 ; secretary to Zoological So- ciety, 1827-31 ; d. 15 Feb. 1845.— Edward Laman, son, novelist and dramatist ; b. II Dec. 1820. BLANCHE of Bourbon; 4. about 1338; mar- ried to Peter the cruel, king of Castile ; repudiated after throe days' marriage, 1353 ; imprisoned, 1354 ; murdered, 1361. BLANCHE of Castile ; married to Louis, son of Philip II. Augustus, 1200 ; queen, 14 July 1223 ; a widow, I'egent for her son, Louis IX., 8 Nov. 1226 ; suppressed a rebellion of the count of Cham- BLANCHET 0( BLOSIUS pagne, &c., 1227; regent during the crusade of Louis, 1248; d. I Dec. 1252. BLANCHET, Alexandre Lnuia Paul, French physician; b. 1819; studied the deaf-mute, and published works on their treatment, 1844-52 ; d. 21 Feb. 1867. BLiAND, Eev. Eobert, poet ; b. 1779 ; published "Collections from the Greek Anthologj'," 1813 ; d. 12 March 1825. BLAND IN, Philippe Frederic, French anato- mist ; 4. 3 Dec. 1798 ; published " Anatomic Topo- graphique," 1826 ; d. 16 April 1849. BLANDEATA, Giorgio, Italian physician; successively Eoinanist, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Arian ; persecuted by all parties ; became physician to John Sigismund, prince of Transylvania, 1563; went to Poland ; assassinated by hia nephew about 1590. BLANE, Sir Gilbert, physician; b. 29 Aug. 1749 ; energetic in preserving health of seamen, 1780- 1830; published "Medical Logic," 1S19; d. 26 June 1834. BLANQUI, Jerome Adolphe, French economist and traveller; b. 21 Nov. 1798; published " His- toire de I'Economie Politique en Europe," 1837-42; "Voyage en Angleterre," 1824; "Voyage a Madrid," 1826; d. 28 Jan. 1854. BLANQUI, Louis Auguste, French revolu- tionist; i. 1805; d. 2 Feb. 1876. FouRht on the Lanicades . ... 1830 F]'cqueutly conspiied diu'hig reign of Louis Phi- lippe; founded the club of central repuhlican society Feb. 1S48 Condemned to 10 years' imprisonment for revolu- tionai'y attempt on ... . 15 May „ "Went to Pai'is ; founded " La Republique en Dan- ger " . . Sept. 1S70 V-ainly attempted, with Gustave Flourens, Ledru Rolliu, and others, to establisli tlie Coimnnne, 10, II Oet. ,, Supported the Commune . . . March 1S71 Condemned to death for contumacy ; suirendered ; fiii.ally sentenced to imprisonment . May 1872 Published " Eternity daas lesAstres" . 1872 BLATNEY, Benjamin, philologist, professor of Hebrew at 0.xford, 1787 ; revised the English Bible, published, 1769; d. 20 Sept. 1801. BLEECK, Peter Tan, Dutch painter and en- graver; b. about 1700; d. 20 July 1764. BLEGNT, Nicolas de, French physician and quack; b. 1652; royal physician, 1687; dismissed for trickery, 1693; d, 1722. BLEISMICK, Peter van, grand pensionary of Holland; b. 1724; published " De Aggeribus," 174s ; d. 1790. BLESSINGTON, Jfarguerite, countess of, Irish miscellaneous writer; b. (Power) i Sept. 1789 ; raanied (second time) to earl of Blessington, Feb. 1S18, (he died, -May 1829) ; published "Sketches," 1822; "Idler in Italy," 1839; d.in Paris, 4 June, 1849. BLETTERIE, Jean Philippe Eene de la, French historian ; b, 25 Feb. 1696 ; published " Histoire de I'JimpereiU' Julian," 1735 ; " Histoii-e de I'Empereur Jovien," 1748; d. I June 1772. BLI.GH, "William, navigator; b. 1753; d. 7 Dec. 1817. Sailed with Cook on third voyage . . . 1776-80 Captain of the " Bounty," sailed . . 23^60. 1787 Discovered Bounty Isles near New Zealand, 19 Sctit. 1788 S.ailcd from Tahiti for West Indies with hroad-iruit plants ; mutiny in his ship . 28 April 1789 Exposed, with a part of his crew, in a sloop, I Hay to 14 June 1789 Returned to Poi-tsraouth ... 10 March 1790 Sailed again for the Pacific, Aug. 1791 ; returned ahout June 1793 Governor of New South Wales, 1806; aiTested for his tyranny . . . 26 Jiui. i8o3 BLIND, Karl, German republican ; b. 4 Pcpt. 1S26; led revolution in Black forest, Sept. li^S; taken prisoner ; released, 1849 ; came to England ; supported Gennan cause, 1870- 1. BLISS, Nathaniel, astronomer; b. 28 Nov. 1700; astronomer royal at Greenwich, 1762; d. 2 Sept. 1764. BLIZAED, sir 'William, surgeon; b. 1748; d. 28 Aug. 1835. BLOCK, Joanna Kcerten, Dutch artist; b. 17 Nov. 1G50; patronised by Pcler of Eussia ; d. 28 Dec. 1715. BLOCK, Marius Elieser, GeiTnan naturalist ; [1. 1723 ; published his work on the fishes of Germany, 1785-95; (^-fiAug. 1799. BLOEMART, Dutch painters : Abraham, &. 1564 CoaNElLLE (sou), &. 1603 d. if.(7 d. iCSo BLOEMEN, Van, brothers, Dutch painters : John PnAiJcis, &. 1656 d. 1740 Peter d. 1659 NOREERT ... b- 1672 BLOIS, Peter of (PetrusBlesensis), archdeacon of Batb), I175; continued Ingulphus's History, from Iiooto II18; d. about 1200. — SeeBlosius. BLOMEFIELD, rev. Francis ; b. 1705 ; began to publish " History of Norfolk," 1739 ; d. 15 Jan. 1751- BLOMFIELD, Chnrles James, b. 29 Ifay 1786; edited "J2schylus," 1810-12; bishop nf Chester, 1824; of London, 182S; resigned, Oct. 1856; d. 5 Aug. 1857. BLOND (Blon), Jacques Christophe, artist; b. 1670; patented colour printing, 1740; d. 1741. BLONDEL, David, French prolestant; b. 1591 ; refuted the fable of pope J{Min, 1647 ; hia " Eclaircissements de I'Eucharistie," puoliihecl 1691 ; d. 6 April 1655. BLONDEL, Francois, French architect and engineer; b, 1617; d. I Feb. i685. His nephew, jAcauES,4. 7 Jan. 1705 ; published " Coui-s d' Archi- tecture," 1771-7 ; d. 9 Jan. 1774. BLONDEL, Francois, physicist; b. 1617; <;?. r Feb. 1686. BLOOD, Thomas, colonel; attempted to assas- sinate the Duke of Omiond, 6 Dec. 1670; at- tempted to steal the royal jewels from the Tower, 9 May 1671 ; d. in prison, 24 Aug. 1680. BLOOMFIELD, P^bert, poet; b. 3 Deo. 1766; published "Fanner's Boy," 1800; "Eural Tales," 1802 ; d. 19 Aug. 1823. BLOOMFIELD, rev. Samuel Thomas, canon of Peterborough, Greek scholar; b. about 1784; published Greek Testament with English notes, 1829 ; 8th ed. with additions, 1850-1 ; d. 28 Sept. 1869. BLOSIUS (De Blois), Francis Louis, Fle- mish theologian; b. 1506; wrote "Speculum Ee- ligiosornm" (published as " Directeur des Ames Religicuses," 1726; and as "Guide Spirituel," 1820) ; d. 1563 or 1566. BLOTHSTT 53 BODONI BLOUNT, see Mowitjoy. BLOUNT, Charles, philosopher, brother of sir Thomas Pope; b. 1654; -wrote against revealed re- ligion ; his pamphlet, " King William and Queen Mary, Conquerors," condemued to be burnt, 1O89 ; pubUshed " Anima Mundi," 1679 ; " Great is Diana of the Ephcsians," 1680; "Janua Scientiarum," 1684; d. by suicide, on being prevented maiTyiug Ms wife's sister, Aug. 1693. BLOUNT, sir Henry, traveller; ardent royal- ist ; b. 15 Dec. 1602 ; published his " Voyage to the Levant," 1634 ; " Praise of Tobacco and Coflee," 1657 ; d. 9 Oct. 1C82. BLOUNT, Thomas, Eomanist, miscellaneous writer ; b. l6i8 ; pubUshed " Glossographia ; or, Dictionary of English "Words derived from the Greek," &o. 1656; "law Dictionary," 1671 ; "Boscobel, a History of the King's Escape," 1660, &o. ; d. 26 Deo. 1679. BLOUNT, sir Thomas Pope (son of Henry) ; b. 1649 ; published " Essays," 1687 ; " Natui-al His- tory," 1693 ; d. 9 June 1697. BLOW, John, Mus. D. ; b. 1648 ; published "Amphion Anglina" (music), 1700; d. 10 Oct. 1708. BLIJCHER, Gebhard Lebrecht von, prince of "Wahlstatt, Piiissian field-marshal, termed " Mar- shal Forwards," from his celerity ; b. 16 Dee. 1742; defeated Ney on the Katzbach, 26 Aug. 1813 ; ■visited London with his sovereign, June 1814 ; sup- ported 'Wellington at Waterloo, 18 June 1815 ; entered Paris, 3 July 1815 ; d. 12 Sept. 1819. BLUM, Joachim Christian, Gennan poet; b. 17 Nov. 1739; published '* Spruchworterbuch " (Dic- tionary of Proverbs), 1780-2 ; d. 28 Aug. 1790. BLUM, Johann Eeinhard, Gennan mineralo- gist; b. 28 Oct. 1802. BLUM, Eobert, Gei-mnn politician ; }. 10 Nov. 1807 ; leader iu the revolution at Vieima, March to Oct. ; executed, 9 Nov. 1848. BLUMENBACH, Johamr Friedrich, German physiologist; b. 11 May 1752; published in Ger- man, "Handbook of Natural History," 1779-80; " Manual of Comparative Anatomy," 1805 ; d. 22 Jan. 1840. BLUMENTHAL, lieut-gen. Leonard von, Gennan strategist; b. ip July 1810; commanded 3rd amiy, and chief of the general staff, 1870-1. BLUNT, rev. John Henry ; b. 1823 ; published " The Annotated Book of Commoir Prayer," 1869; "Dictionary of Theology," 1 870; "Dictionary of Sects," &c. 1874. BLUNT, John James, B.D.; 1794; lady Jlar- garot professor of divinity at Cambridge, 1839-55 ; d. 17 Jiuie 1855. BLUTEAU, Eaphael, Portuguese Icxieogi-a- plier; b. 4. Dee. 1038; published " Vocabulario Portugnez e Latino," 1712-21 ; d. 13 Feb. 1734. BOABDIL, see AbilalUh. BOADEN, James, dramatist and critic ; b. 1762; published " Jlemoirs of Mrs. Inchbald," 1823 ; " Memoirs of J. P, Kemble," 1825, &c.; d. 1839. BOADICEA (BoTJiiiCEA, or Bunduca), queen of the Iceni ; rose to avenge the oppression of the Eonians; burnt London; defeated by Sue- tonius Paulinus ; d. 61. BOCCACINO, Italian painters ; Eocc;acio, h. about 1460; d. about 151S. His son, Cajiillo, b. 1511 ; d. 1546. BOOCA DI FeeUO, Luigi, Italian physician and scholar ; b. 1482 ; taught philosophy and letters at Bologna and Rome ; d. 3 May 1545. ^ His nephew, Gieolamo, jurist ; b. 1552 ; published " Consultationes," 1623; d. I March 1623. BOCCACCIO, Giovanni, Italian novelist and poet, father of Italian prose; b. 13 13; lectm-ed on Dante at Florence, 1373; wrote "Decamerone" (including description of the plague at Florence of 1348), about 1352; d. 21 Dec. 1375. BOCCAGrE, Marie Anne le Page, French poet (said to be " Fonna Venus Arte llinerva"); b. 22 Oct. 1710; published " La Colombiade," 1749; d. 8 Aug. 1802. BOCCALINI, Trajano, Italian satirist; b. 1556 ; his " Eagguagli di Pamaso," published, 1612 ; d. 16 Nov. 1613. BOCCANEEA, Simon, first doge of Venice ; elected by acclamation, 1339. His son Battista elected, 1400. BOCCHERINI, Luigi, Italian instrumental composer; b. 14 Jan. 1740: worked hard for a small pension at Madrid ; d. 1806. BOCCHOEIS, king of Egypt; /. B.C. 812. BOCCHUS, king of Mamitania ; gave up Ju- gnrtha to the Eomans for part of Numidla, n.c, 106. BOCCOLD, see John of Ley den. BOCCONE, Paolo (afterwards Silvio), SicUian naturalist ; b. 24 April 1633 ; d. 22 Dec. 1 704. BOCHAET, Samuel, Frenrh theologian ; b. 30 Mny 1509; published " Geogriipliia Sacra," 1 64(1 ; " Hierozoicon, sive de Animalibus Seiiptuno Sauctse," 1663 ; d. 16 May 16O7. BOCHEE, Joan, of Kent; burnt for heresy, 2 May 1550. BOCK, John, Flemish poet; b. 27 July 1555; travelled from Italy to Russia; d. 13 Jan. 1609. BODE, Christoph August, Gennan orientalist ; b. 28 Dec. 1722 ; edited the Gospel of Matthew in Ethiopia, 1749; in Persian, 1750; d. 7 March 1796. BODE, Johann Joachim, German musician and philosopher; b. 16 Jan. 1730; joined Weishaupt, the founder of Hluminism, about 1763 ; d. 13 Deo. 1793- BODE, Johann Elert, Gennan astronomer; b. 19 Jan. 1747 ; published Berlin Asti-onomical Tear- Book for 1776-1829 ; d. 23 Nov. 1826. BODENSTEIN, see Carlstadt. BODIN, Jean, French political writer ; b. about 1530; his " Six Livres de la Eepubliqne," printed 1576 ; d- 1596. BODLET, sir Thomas, scholar and diplomatist; b. 2 March 1544; employed iu emba-ssies by Eliza- beth, 1585-97; founded Bodleian library, 0.xford, 1598 ; d. 28 Jan. 1612. BODMEE, Johann Jacob, German poet and re- former of German literature ; b. g July i6g8 ; pub- lished " Miimesanger," 1758; d. 2 Jan. 1783. BODONI, Giambattista, printer at Parma; b. 16 Feb. 1740; printed his " Manualo Tipo- grafico," 1788; "Homer," in foho, 1808; d. 20 Nov. 1S13. BOECE 69 BOJAEDO HM (BOEHME, or BehMEN), Jakob, mystic; i. 1575; published "Aurora" BOECE, see JSoothius. BOECKH, August. German scholar and philo- Ingist; l>. 24 Nor. 1785; edited Plato and other cl.issios; published the "Public Economy of Athens" (m German) 1817 ; d. 3 Aug. 1867. BOEOKMANN, German physicists at Carls- ruhe : JOHANN LoRENZ, 6. 8 May 1741 ; papers on electricity and magnetism, 1786-8 ; telegraphy, 1794 ; d. 15 Dec. 1802. Carl Wilhelm, sou ; h. x Oct. 1773 ; many papers, 1813-21 ; d. 13 June 1821. BOEHM, Joseph George, German astronomer and physicist; 5. 27 March 1807. BOEHM German _ ^ ^ (containing alleged revelation from God), 1612 ; d. 18 Nov. 1624. BOERHAAVE, Herman, Dutch physician and chemist; b. 31 Deo. 1668; published "Aphorismi," 1709; "Elementa Chemise," 1732; d. 23 Sept. 1738. _ BCBRNB (BomTE) Ludwig, German Jew, pub- licist and humourist; b. 22 May 1786; became a Chi-istian, 1817; published "Bnefen aus Paris," 1832-4; a. 12 Feb. 1837. _ BOETHIUS, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Seve- rinus, Koman philosopher ; 6. about 470 ; con- structed water-clock, &c. 503 ; prime minister of Theodorio, Idng of Italy, 504; unjustly imprisoned; wrote " De Consolatione Philosophise," 523 ; stran- gled, 23 Oct. 526. BOETHIUS, or BOECE, Hector, Scottish his- toiian; b. about 1465; "History of Scotland," published, 1526 ; d. about 1536. BOETIE, Etienne de la, French scholar, inti- mate friend of Montaigne ; b. I Nov. 1530; wrote " Servitude Volontau-e," printed 1546; afterwards named " Le Contr'un ;" d. 18 Aug. 1563. BCETTOHEE (BoTTGEE), Adolf, Gei-man poet; b. 21 May 1815; published "Gedichte," 1846; translations of Byron, 1840 ; Pope, 1842 ; Milton, 1846; d. 16 Nov. 1870. BCETTIGEE, see mttiger. _ BCETTOHEE (orBcETTIGEE), Johann Fried- rich, German alchemist; b. about 1685; founded the porcelain manufacture at Meissen, in Saxony, about 1710; d. 13 March 1719. BOPFEAND, Germain, French architect; b. 7 May 1667 ; restored Palais-Bourbon, Paris, 1720 ; published "Livred' Architecture," 1745 ; d. iSMarch 1754- BOGAEDUS, James, American mechanician ; i. 14 March 1800; invented "ring-flyer" for cotton spinning, 1828; eceentiic mill, 1829; ma- chine for engine-turning ; received prize for postage Et imp machine, 1839 ; delicate pyrometer, &c. ; d. July 1874. BOGATZKT, Karl Heinrich von, protestant a.S'.etic (author of the "Golden Treasury"); 5. about 1690; d. 15 Jan. 1774. BOGDASrOWICZ, Ippolyt ; i. 28 Deo. 17, _ (Psyche) ; d. 6 Jaii. 1803. eian scholar and poet work " Douchenka '■ t Fedorowicz, Eus- eo. 1743 ; his best BOGUE, David, dissenting minister ; J. March 1750; an editor of the " Evangelical Magazine," 1793; ""lo of the founders of the Religious Tract Society, 1 795 ; with J. Bennett published " History of the Dissenters," 1809; d. 25 Oct. 1825. BOHA-EDDIN, Arab historian; b. 1145; wrote "Histci-y of the Sacred "War," and "Life of Saladin; d. 1235. BOHEMITND, son of Eobert Guiscard ; joined the first crusade, 1096; made prince of Antioch, 1097; taken prisoner, iioi; engaged in war in Epirus and Italy ; d. nil. BOHLEN, Peter von, Gennan oriental scholar ; b. 13 March 1796 ; d. 6 Feb. 1840. BOHN, Henry George, bookseller and trant- lator; b. 4 Jan. 1796; published "Guinea Cata- logue," 1841 ; new edition of Lowndes' Biblio- grapher's Manual, 1857-64; Standard, Scientific, Ecclesiastical, Philological, Antiquarian, Histo- rical, Classical, and other Illustrated Libraries, 1846-64. . BOHNENBEEGEE, Johann Gottlieb Fried- rich von, German astronomer and physicist; d. 5 June 1765 ; invented a machine explaining the revolution of the earth on its axis, &c., described 1817 ; d. 19 April 1831. BOIAEDO, or BojAEDO, Matteo Maria, ItaKan poet; b. about 1434; published "Orlando Innamorato," about 1495 ; d. 20 or 21 Dec. 1494. BOILDIEU, Adrien Francois, French musical composer; }. 15 Dec. 1775; performance of "Jean de Paris," 1812; " La Dame Blanche," 10 Dec. 182s ; d. 8 Oct. 1834. BOILEAU, Jacques, French doctor of Sor- bonne ; b. 16 March 1635 ; published " Historia FlageUantium," &c. 1700; d. 1 Aug. 1716. BOILEAU-DESPEEAUX, Nicolas, French poet; b. I Nov. 1636; published "Satires," 1666; "Epitres," 1669; " L'Art Poetique," 1673 ; "Le Lutrin," 1674; d. 13 March 1711. BOIS-EETMOND, Emil Heinrich du, Ger- man physicist ; b. 7 Nov. 1818; published "Ee- searches on Animal Electricity," 1848-9-60; lec- tured at Eoyal Institution, London, 1855-1866. BOIS, see £oi/s and Dubois. BOISSARD, Jean Jacques, French antiquary ; b. 1528 ; published " Vitse et Icones Sultanorum Tm-corum, ' 1596 ; " Eomance Urbis Topographia," 1597 ; d. 1602. BOISST D'AnglAS, Francois Antoine de, French statesman ; b. 8 Deo. 1756; deputy of the States-getieral, 1789; voted for detention only of Louis XVI. 21 Jan. 1792; helped to overthrow EobespieiTe, 27 July 1794; secretary of the con- vention, Sept. 1794; acted heroically at the insur- rection of Germinal, 12 April 1795 ; served under Napoleon, 1800; and Louis XYIII. 1814; published " Etudes d'un Vieillard," 1825 ; d. 20 Oct. 1826. BOISST, Louis de, French poet and journalist; }. 26 Nov. 1694; wrote "I'Hoimne du Jour;" d. 19 ApiU 1758. B0I8TE, PieiTe Claude Tictoire, French lexi- cographer ; b. 1765 ; published " Dictiounaire t'ni- versel de la Langue Francjaise," 1800 ; d. 24 April 1824. BOrVIN", Francois de, baron de Tillars ; mib- lished " Memoires sur les Guerres dans le Pio- mont," &c. 1607 ; d. 1618. BOIVnST DE ViLLENEUVE, Jean, French scholar-; J. 28 March 1663 ; edited Greek classics; d. 29 Oct. 1726. BOIZOT, Louis Simon, French sculptor; }. 1748 ; d. 10 March 1809. BOJAEDO, see JSoiardo. BOL 60 BONAPARTE BOL, Hans, Flemish painter ; b. i6 Dec. 1534 ; ^^.29 Nov. 1583. Ferdinand, Dutch painter; b. about 1610; d. 1681. BpLD, Samuel, theolog:ian; published "Chris- tianity for French Kefugees," 1682 ; ** Exhortation to Charity," 16S9; "Han's Great Duty," 1693; d. about 1737. BOLESLAS I.— Ill- kings of Bohemia ; I. made king, 936 ; II. king 967 ; III. king 999. BOLESLAS I.— V. dukes or Idngs of Poland : 1. duke, 992 ; warred with Bohemia, &c. ; threw off subjection to Russia, and became king d. 1025 2. ting, 1058 ; mm-dered Stanislaus, bishop of Cracow; expelled, 1079 . . . d. about logo 3. king, 1102 ; conquered Pomerauia and Riigen, 1124 d. 1139 4. king, 1147; rendered homage to the emperor Fiederic I. 1163 .... d. 30 Oct. 1173 5. king, 1227 ; war with the Mongols, 1241 ; with Bohemia, 1253 d. Dec. 1279 BOLEYN", Anne, see Amie. BOLEYN, George, lord Eoehford, brother of queen Anne, poet; executed, 17 May 1536. BOLINGBEOKE, Hem-y St. John, viscount, statesman ; b. i Oct. 1678 ; entered parliament, joining the tories, Feb. 1701 ; secretary of state for war, 1704-8; for foreign affairs, 1710; fled to France; charged with treason, Oct. 1714; returned to England and settled, Sept. 1742; published "Idea of a Patriot King," about 1735 ; *' Letters on History," 1752; d. 15 Dee. 1751. BOLIVAR Y PONTE, Simon, "El Dibe- rador; " h. 24 July 1783; d. 17 Dec. 1830. Joined the revolution in South America under Miranda 1811 Leader of the independent movement in Venezuela 1S16 Established republic of Colombia by uniting New Granada and Venezuela, and became president . 1819 Assisted Peru, 1820; styled its "Liberator," 1824; and made its president for life . . . 1826 Elected dictator of Colombia . . . 1S28 Resigned all his offices ... 20 Jan. 1830 BOLLANDUS, Jean, Flemish Jesuit; b. 13 Aug. 1596; commenced publication of the "Acta Sanctorum," 1643 {the continuators termed " Bol- Inndists") ; d. 12 Sept. 1665. BOLOGrNA, Giovanni da, Italian sculptor and Lirchiteut; h. about 1524; d. 1608. BOLTON {or BoLTOUN), Edmund, anti- quary; published "Elements of Armory," 1610; "Life of Henry II." BOLTON, Eobert, theologian; b. 1572; "Dis- course of True Happiness," published loii ; " Four Last Things," 1633; d. 17 Dec. 1631. BOLTON, Robert, dean of Cai-lisle ; b. 1697 ; published "Employment of Time," 1750; d. 26 Nov. 1763. BOMAE.ELLI della Eovere, Guidu- haldo, Italian poet ; h. 25 Dec. 1563 ; d. 8 Jan. 1608. BOMBELLI, EaffaeUe, Italian mathemati- cian ; composed a treatise on algebra, "which ap- peared 1572. BON DE ST. HILAIBE, Francois Xavier, French naturalist and scholar* b. 15 Oct. 1678; published "Dissertation sur rAraignee," l1io\ presented the empress with gloves made of spiders' eilk; d. 18 Jan. 1761. BON, Louis Andre, French general; b. 25 Oct. 1758; fought in America and Italy; killed at St. Jean d' Acre, 10 May 1799. BONA, Giovanni, Italian scholar; b. 10 Oct. 1609; cardinal, 1669; published "EesLiturgicaD," 1671 ; d. 27 Oct. 1674. BONALD, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, vicomte de, philosopher and statesman; b. 2 Oct. 1754; puh- lished "Theorie du Pouvoir PoUtique et Keli- gieuse (condemned and seized by the directory) 1796; " Legislation Primitive," 2d edition, 1821 ; "Divorce," 1801 ; d. 23 Nov. 1840. BONALD, Louis Jacques Mauiice de, son of preceding, French bishop and orator ; b. 30 Oct. 1787; nominated bishop of Pay, 1823; archbishop of Lyons, 4 Dec. 1839; cardinal, i March 18^1; condemned Dupin's "Manuel de Droit Ecclesi- astique," as opposed to the libeities of the church, 1844 ; exhorted the clergy to submit to the republic, 27 Feb. 1848; d. 24 Feb. 1870. BONAPARTE family : Charles, &. in Corsica, 1746; a follower of Pascal Paoli, 1767-8 d. 24 Feb. 1785 Maria Letizia Ramolina, his wife ; 6. 1750 ; d. at Rome . . 1836 Issue : 1. Joseph ... . &. 7 Jan. 1768 !Made king of Naples . . 30 March x8o6 King of Spain 6 June 1808 Defeated at Yittoria by Wellington . 21 June 1813 Retired to New York as comte de Survilliers . 1815 Came to England . . . 1832 Returned to America, 1837; to England . . 1839 d. at Floience, 28 July 1844 His daughter Zenaide, &. 8 July 1802 ; married her cousin Charles, prince of Canino (son of Lucien), 29 June 1822 . . d. 8 Aug. 1854 2. Napoleon, emperor; &. 15 Aug. 1769; d. 5 May 1821 (See Napoleon I.) 3. Lucien (created prince of Canino by the pope) ; h. 21 Slarch 1775 President of the 500 (under the directory), 23 Oct. 179s to 10 Nov. 1799 Minister of the interior . , Dec. „ Ambassador to Spain . Nov. 1800 Signed treaty of BadaJo2 . . . 29 Nov. 1801 Retired, 1802 ; reorganised the In.stitute, Feb. 1803 Displeased his brother by his marriage ; quitted Fi-anee ... . April 1804 Unsuccessful interview for reconciliation, 13 Dec. 1807 Made prince of Canino by the pope ; sailed for America; captured by the English ; brought to England 28 Dec. 1810 Retunied to Rome ; dedicated to the pope his poem ''Charlemagne" . . . 1814 Joined Napoleon . . . 20 March 1815 rf. at Rome, 30 June 1840 Sons: — I. Charles . . . 6. 24 May 1803 Married his cousin Zenaide . . 29 June 1822 Supported the republican party at Rome 1847-9 Published "American Ornithology" . 1825-33 Author of many other works . d, 29 July 1857 2. Louis Lucien, b. 4 Jan. 1813; great linguist; published parts of the Bible in many dialects 1857-60 3. Pierre Napoleon, b. 12 Sept. 1815 ; president- general of Corsica ; killed Victor Noir, a jour- nalist, in a quarrel (fined) . . 10 Jan. 1870 4. Elisa, 6. 3 Jan. 1777 ; married Felix Bacciocho, 5 May 1797 Jlade princess of Lucca and Piombino, 18 March and 21 June 1S05 Grand duchess of Tuscany 3 Mai'ch 1809 Retired, 1814 .... d. 7 Aug. 1820 5. Louia, &. 2 or 4 Sept. 1778 ; married unwillingly Hortense Beauhai'uais (she died, 5 Oct. 1837), 4 Jan. 1802 Made king of Holland, 5 June 1806 ; abdicated, 2 July 1810; styled comte de St. Leu; d. 25 July 1846 Sons : — I. Napoleon Charles, &. 10 Oct. 1802 ; d. 5 May 1807 .i. Napoleon Louis, 6. 11 Oct. 1804 ; married his cousin Charlotte, 1827; an ardent republican ; declined to interfere with France, 1830; d. 17 March 1831 3. Charles Louis Napoleon, 6. 20 April 1808 ; see Napoleon III, BONAVENTUEA 61 BONNET 6. FA.ULINB . . . . b. 20 Oct. 1780 Married general Leclerc ... . . 1801 Arrived -witli liim in St. Domingo, l Feb. ; a widow there ... 3 Nov. 1802 Married prince Camille Borghese . . 28 Ang. 1803 Made ducliess of Guastalla, 1806 . d. 9 June 1825 7. Caroline ... I>. 25 March 1782 Married to Joachim Murat . . 20 Jan. 1800 Grand duchess of Berg and Cloves 15 March 1806 Queen of Naples . .15 July 1808 Her husband shot .... 13 Oct. 1815 Resided witli her sister Elisa .... 1815 Voted a pension by the French logisl.ature, 2 June 1838 . d. 18 May 1839 See Jlfuraf. 8. jEnoME, 1). 15 Nov. 17S4; married Ehzaboth Paterson in America ... 24 Dec. 1803 A son, Jerome, horn at Cambcrwell, London, 7 July 1805 Marriage annulled hy Napoleon . 21 March „ Married princess Catheiine of "Wiirtemberg, 12 Aug. 1807 ; king of Westphalia, i Dec. 1807 ; retired .... .26 Oct. 1813 Supported Napoleon 1815 Returned to Paris and made marshal of Fi-ance, &c. 1852 .... d. 24 June, i860 Issue (by second marriage) — X. Mathilde, 5. 27 May 1820 ; married prince Anatole Demidoff, i Nov. 1840; separated . 1845 ■^. Napoleon Jerome . . . &, 9 Sept. 1822 Elected member of the legislative assembly, ^ and termed " prince Montague " . . . 1850 Married princess Clotilde, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II. king of Italy . . 30 Jan. 1859 Governor of Algeria a short time . . . . „ Attacked the Orleans family, and declined the due d'Aumale's challenge . . . .1861 President for great exhibition of 1S67 ; resigned on being reproved for speech in Corsica 27 May 1865 Urged the emperor to a liberal policy . , 1869 Went on mission to Italy, July 1870 ; published " La Verity " 1871 Bani.shed from France . , . 12 Sept. 1872 Claimed to be head of his family in opposition to the empress ; declared for a republic. May 1875 Elected deputy for Ajaccio, Corsica May 1876 Issue — Napoleon Victob . . 6. 18 July 1862 Napoleon Louis . . . 6. 16 July 18^4 Marie .... J. 20 Dec. 1866 BONAVENTUEA, St. GioT.mni de Fidenza, the " Seraphic Doctor," and cardinal ; b. 1221 ; general of the Franciscans, 1256; d. 14 July 1274. BONCHAMP, Charles Melchior Artus de, Ven- dean general ; 4.1759; defeated before Chollet and mortally wounded; (he ordered the republican pri- soners to be spared), 18 Oct. 1793. BOND, George Phillips, American astronomer ; }. 1826; described Donati's comet, 1858; d. 17 Feb. 1865. BOND, Henry, physicist; published "Longi- tude found by H. Bond," 1676; " Variation of ilag- netic Needle," 1668. BOND I, Clemenzo, Italian poet; b. 1742 ; trans- lated Virgil, Ovid, Eacine, &c. ; d. 21 June 182 1. BONE, Henry, enamel painter ; b. 1755; d. 17 Ice. 1834. BONEE, Charles, traveller; *. 1815; lived as tutor in prince Thum's family, Eatisbon, 1836 et seq. ; corresponded with Wordsworth, Darwin, Miss Mitford, &o.; published "Charles Boner's Book," 1S48; " Chamois-hunting in Bavaria," 1853; "Fo- rest (jreatures," i86r; "Transylvania," 1865; d. 7 April 1870. BONEE, TJlrich, German fabulist, early in 14th century; his " Edelstein " (Jewel), printed 1461. BONEADIO, Jacopo, Italian scholar; his "Aimalium Genuensium Ijbri V." printed 1586 ; d. 19 July 1559. 29 BONGAES, Jacques, learned French protestant ; }. 1546; ambassador at Home from Henry XV, published " Gesta Dei per Francos," 1611 ; d. 2 July 1612. BONHEUE, Eosalie, French animal painter; h, 22 March 1822; painted "Chevres etMoutons," 1841 ; " Labourage Nivemais," 1849; "Horse Fair," 1853; &c. BONIOHON, FranqoiB, French priest of the oratory; published " Pompa EpiscopaUs," 1650; d. 1662. BONIFACE I.-IX. popes : 1. St. pope, 28 Dec. 418 .. . d. 25 Oct. 422 5. pope, IS Oct. 530 . . . . d. 8 Nov. 532 3. pope, 607 d. 60S \ 4. pope, Aug. 608 ... d.-i May 615 I 5. pope, 24 Deo. 6i3 . . . . d. 24 Oct. 624 6. pope, 15 days d. 89S 7. anti-pope, 974 d. 985 8. Benedetto Gaetano, pope, 1294 . d. 11 Oct. 1303 Published the buU, " Ciericis laicos," defending the clergy against taxation, &c. Sept. 1296 ; much opposed by Philip le Bel . . . 1297 Claimed Scotland as a fief . . 1300 Held a.iubilee at Rome Placed Prance under an interdict (Philip appealed to a council) ... . . 1302 Died in consequence of insults . . . Oct. 1305 9. Pietro Tomacello, pope, 1389 ; instituted " an- nats;" held jubilee at Rome, 1400 d. i Oct. 1404. BONIFACE of Montferrat, leader of the fourth crusade, 1202 ; made king of Thessalonica, 1204 ; sold Crete to Venice, 1205 : killed in battle with the Bulgarians, 1207. ' BONIFACE, St., "WiniJi-id, apostle of Ger- many; b. in Devonshire about 58o; sent to Ger- many by pope Gregory II., 716 ; made archbishop and primate of Genuany by pope Gregory III. be- tween 731-41 ; martyred by Frisians, 5 or 9 June 755. BONIFACE I.— III. dulcee of Tuscany: 1 . d. about 823 2. son, duke , 3. duke, 1027 ; murdered, 1052 : (his vast territories acci-uud to his daughter, the countess Matilda). BONIFACIUS, Eoman general, rival of Ae- tius; rebelled in 427; invited Genseric and the Vandals into Africa, 428 ; attempted to expel them, 430; defeated, 431; d. of his wounds in combat with Aetius, 432. BONINGTON, Eichard Parkes, landscape painter ; b. 25 Oct. 1801 ; d. 23 Sept. 1828. BONJOUE, Gmllaume, French Augustin ; b. 1670; called to Eome by Clement XI., and to re- form the Gregorian calendar, 1695; d, in China, 1714. BONN, Andreas, Dutch surgeon ; }. 1738; pub- lished " TabulEB Ossium Morbosorum," 1789, &c. ; d, about 1819. BONNECHOSE, Pranqois Paul Emile Eois- normand de, French historian and dramatist ; b. 18 Aug. 1801; published " Histoire de France," 1S34; " Kcformateurs avant la Eefonne du XVmesiccle," 1844; " Histoire del'Angleterre," 1858-9; d. i5Feb. 1875. BONNEE, Edmund; h. about 1500 ; bishop nf London, 1539 ! supported the reformation till death of Henry Vlll. 1547 ; refused oath to Edward VI. ; deprived and imprisoned, 1549 ; restored by Mary, 1553 ; with severe inquisitorial powers for sup- pressing heresy, 1557 ; degraded and imprisoned by Elizabeth, 1559 ; d: 5 Sept. 1569. BONNET, Charles, Genevese naturalist and jihj'sicist; b. 13 March 1720; published " Essai de Psychologie," 1754; " Contemplation de la Nature," 1764-5; rf. 20 May 1793. BONNET * BONNET (BONET), TlieophiiB, Genevese pliy- eiciau; i. 5 Slarcli 1620; published '■ Pharos Me- dicorum, 1668 ; d. 29 March 1689. BONNEVAXi, Charles Alexandre, comte de, French military adventurer ; b. 14 July 1675 \ quan-elled with the minister of war, defied him, and left the service, 1 705 ; entered the Austrian service under prince Eugene, 1 706; distinguished Jiimself against the Turks, 1715 ; quan-elled with Eugene ; deserted to the Turks and became mussul- raauas Achmet pacha, 1730; exiled for proposing military reforms, 1738; d. 23 March 1747. BONNIVAIID, Francois de, politician ; b. in Savoy, 1496 ; intrigued with the Genevese against the duke of Savoy ; imprisoned two years at Grolee, 1519-21 ; and for six years at Chillou, 1530; re- leased by the Bernese, I ^36 ; his " Chiouuiue de Geneve," piinted, 1825 ; d. about 1570. BONNIVET, GuUlaume Gouffier, French ad- miral (favourite of Francis I., and enemy of the constable Bourbon) ; b. about 1488 ; commanded unsuccessfully in Italy, 1523 ; killed at the battle of Pavia, 24 Feb, 1525. BONNTCASTLE, John, mathematician ; pub- lished his "Arithmetic," 1700; "Algebra," 1782; d. 15 May 1821. BONOMI, Giuseppe, Italian architect ; b. 1739; settled in England, 1 767 ; d. 9 March 1808. BONOMI, Joseph, son, antiquary and artist ; b. 1796; published "Nineveh and its Palaces," 3d ed., 1857; " Nubia and Ethiopia," 1862. BONONCINI, Giovanni, Italian musician ; b. about 1660; unsuccessful rival of Handel about 1727; d. about 1760. BONOSUS, Eoman general; proclaimed em- peror by his soldiers in Germany; subdued by Probus; killed himself about 281. BONPLAXD, Aime, French naturalist; 5.22 Aug. 1773; accompanied Humboldt in travels in America, 1799-1805; employed by the empress Josephine at Malmaison, 1805-14; publrshed "Plantes Eq[uinoctiales," 1809-16; proceeded to South America; received "with jealousy; seized by Francia, the dictator of Paraguay, 3 Dec. 1821 ; released, 2 Feb. 1830; resided in Brazil; d. 11 May 1858. BONSDOEFP, Pehr Adolph von, physicist of Finland; b. 27 Oct. 1791 ; d. 11 Jan. 1839. BONSTETTBN, Charles Victor de, Swiss philo- sopher ; b. 3 Sept. 1745; published "Rechercbes Bur la Nature et Its Lois de I'lmagination," 1807; "Etudes sur I'Homme," 1821 ; d. 3 Feb. 1832. BONTEMS (BONTEMPS), Marie Jeanne de Chatillon, French poet; b. 14 Jan. IV18; translated Thomson's "Seasons," 1759; d. 18 April 1768. BONZI, Pietro Paolo, Italian painter (named Gobbo da Cortona, de' Frutti, or de' Can-aoci), about 1550. BOODT, AnselmeBoece de, Flemish naturalist; published " Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia," 1609; d. about 1634. BOOLE, George, mathematician and metaphy- sician; b. 2 Nov. 1815; published his "New Method of Analysis," 1844; " Mathematical Theory of Logic and Probabilities," 1853; "Laws of Thought," 1854 ; d. 8 Dec. 1864. BOONE, Daniel, North American coloniser; b. Feb. 1735; left North Carolina for the forests, 62 BORDONI I May 1769; founded Boonesborough, and other places, 1775; his estates seized, 1805 ; restored, 1814 ; d. 26 Sept. 1820. BOONEN, Arnold, Dutch portrait painter ; b. 16 Dec. 1669 ; employed by nearly all the monarchs of Europe ; d. 2 Oct. 1729. BOOTH, Barton, tragedian and di-amatist; b. about 16S1 ; appeared at Drury Lane, 1 701 ; d. 10 May 1733. BOOTH, sir Felix, distiller in London; b. 177s ; paid expenses of Koss's second voyage, 1839 ; d. 1850. BOOTH, rev. James, mathematician; b. 1814; published " The Lord's Supper, a Feast after Sacrifice," 1870; many papers. BOOTH (Junius Brutus), actor ; rival of Kean ; b. I May 1796; d. 30 Nov. 1852. His sons: — John "Wilkes, assassinated President Lincoln at "Washington, 14 Api-il ; fled; killed, 26 Api-il 1865 ; re-interred v.ith his family, 26 June 1869 ; Edwin", tragedian ; b. Nov. 1833 ; successful in England, 1861 ; built a theatre at New York, 1868-70 ; un- successful. BOPP, Franz, German philologist and orien- talist; b. 14 Sept. 1791 ; published " Comparative Grammar," ("VergleichendeGrammatik,") 1833-52 ; 1856-61 ; " Glossarium Sanscritum," 1840 ; d. 23 Oct. 1867. BOE.DA, Jean Charles, French physicist and geographer ; b, 4 May 1733 ; travelled to determine the latitude and longitude, 1 771-2; recommended the decimal system of weights and measures, 178S ; d. 20 Feb. 1799. BOEDE, Andrew, physician and poet (the original of "Merry Andrew"); b. about 1500; wrote " Breviary of Health," "Principles of Astro- iiom}'," " Merie Tales ;" d. 1549. See La Horde. BOEDEAIJX, Henri Charles Ferdinand, duo de, son of Ch.irles Ferdinand d'Ai'tois, due de Bern (assassinated, March 1820) ; and grandson of Charles X., king of France ; b. 29 Sept. 1820. Chateau de Charabord purchased for liim by n.ation.il subscription ... .1 May 1821 Left France 1830 Married princess Theresa, archduchess of Austria- Este, daughter of Francis IV. duke of Modena 16 Nov. 1846 Protested against the second empire . 25 Oct. 1852 Met the due de Nemours at Frohsdorf, -^^heu the two branches of the Bourbons were said to have been reconciled Nov. 1853 Wrote letters expressing his readiness to appear in Fi-auce when called on 1866 Issued invitations to the nation to rally round him, 9 Oct. 1870 ; 7 Jan. 8 May 1S71 Assumed the style of king, refusing to give up the white flag 5 July „ Recognised by the comte de Paris and the Orle.an- ists 5 Aug. 1S73 In a letter to M. de Chesnelong, refused to enter into guarantees, saying, "I am a necessary pilot, the only one capable of guiding the ship into port, because I have for that a mission of autho- rity" 27 Oct. 1873 Is.'^ued manifesto recognising a limited monarchy, but objecting to parliament£iiy struggles, and rejecting the formula, that " the king reigns and does not govern," signed Henry V. . 2 July 1874 Requested his friends in the assembly not to vote so as to prevent or delay the restoration of the monarchy Nov. „ BORDBLON, Laurent, French theologian and dramatist; b. 1653; d. 6 April 1730. BORDONI, Antonio Maria, Italian physicist ; b. 20 July 1789 ; d. 26 March i860. BOREL G3 BOSQUET BOEEL, Pwn-e, French phj'sician, chemist, and antiquary ; b. about 1620 ; published " Tresor des Jlecherches et Antiquite Gauloises ; " and " de Yero Telescopii Inventore," 1655 ; d. 1689. BOEELLiI, Giovanni Alfonso, Italian physicist ; i. 28 Jan. i5o8; published " Euolides Eestitutus," 1658; "de Motiouibus Naturalibus," 1670; in- vented a diving-bell; d. 31 Dec. 1679. BOEELLT, Alphonse, French astronomer; discovered j^gina, minor planet, 4 Nov. 1866 ; and six others, 1868-75. BOSG-HESE, Italian iiimily, seeFaul y.,Fope. GiovAN Battista, ambassador of Philip V. at Rome ; d. T.TIT, Marco Antonio, viceroy of Naples, 1721. Camillo maiTied Pauline Bonaparte, widow of general Leclerc, 1803 ; d. 1832. BOKGrHINI, Vincenzo, Italian antiquary; h. 29 Oct. 1515 ; d. 15 Aug. 1580. BOEGrIA, or EOJA, a Spanish family, see Alex- ander VI. and CaUistiis III., Fopea. BOEGrIA, Cesare, son of pope Alexander yi., priest, wai-rior, and statesman ; killed in battle in Spain, 12 March 1507. Student at Pisa ; made arclibisliop of Pami^elima and cardinal, 1492 ; resigned .... 1497 Said to have murdered his brother, Giovanni, dulte of Gandia ; seized his territories . . . „ Married Charlotte, sister of the king of Navan-e . 1499 Nuiiied general of the papal anny .... 1500 JIade himself master of Faenza and other cities, and killed many persons .... 1501-2 At his father's deatli, 18 Aug., deprived of his gains ; expelled from Rome by Julius II. . . . 1503 Imprisoned ; released ; retired to Navarre : at- tacked the Castilians . . 1504-7 BOEGrIA, Francesco, Jesuit; duke of Gandia ; b. 1510; general of the order, 1565; d. 30 Sept. 1572; canonised, 1671.^ BOEGrIA, Lucrezia, daughter of pope Alex- ander VI. ; maiTied Giovanni Sforza, 1493 ; di- vorced, 1497 ; niaiiied Alfonso of Arragon, 1498 ;. who was murdered (probably by Ca3sar Borgia^, 1500 ; married Alfonso d'Este, end of 1501 ; cl: 1523. BOEGIA, Stefano, ItaEan cardinal, antiquary; ^.1731; laborious collector of antiquities ; founded a museum at Velletri ; assisted to restore the ad- ministration of public afjairs at Kome, 1800-4; '^^ at Lyons on his journey to Paris vjith the pope to crown Napoleon, 23 Nov. 1804. BOEGNISi Giuseppe Antonio, Italian phy- eicist; b. about 1781 ; published "Traite de Me- caniqne appliquee aux Afte," 181S-23. BOEGfO, see Fozzo. BOEIE, Pien-e Hose Dumoulin, missionary and bishop ; b. 20 Feb. 1808 ; arrived at Macao, 15 July 1830 ; persecuted and put to death in Cochin China, 24 Nov. 1838. BOEIS GODUNOV, czar of Russia, 1598 ; caused a revolt by his cnielty, 1604 ; lulled himself, 1605. BOELACE, Edmiuid, Irish historian and anti- quary ; published " Eeduction of Ireland, in 1 172," 1675; "History of Irish Kebellion," 1680; d. 1O82. BOELASB, rev. 'William, antiquary and natu- ralist; b. 2 Feb. i6q6; published " Antiquities of Cornwall," 1754; " Natural History of Cornwall," 1758; d. 31 Aug. 1772. BOEMANN, see Burmann, BOEN, Ignaz von, German niineralopst ; b. 26 Dec. 1642; his " Metallurgie," published, 1787; d. 24 July 1791. BOENB, see Bmrne. BOEOWLASKI, count, Polish dwarf; b. 1739; d. Sept. 1837. BOEEOMEO, San Carlo; b. 1538 ; archbishop of Milan and cardinal, 1560; devoted liimself to relief of sufferers by the plague, 1576 ; d. 3 Nov. 1584. BOEEOMEO, Federico; b. 1564; succeeded his uncle as ai-ehbishop of Milan, 1595 ; greatly relieved sufferers by the famine, 1627-8 ; and by the plague, 1630; d. 22 Sept. 1631. BOEEOMINI, Francesco, eccentric Italian architect ; b. 1599 ; -worked under Eei-nini, 1629 ; committed suicide, 1667. BOEEOW, George, traveller and linguist ; b. 1803 ; published " Zincali," 1S41 ; " Bible in'Spain," 1842; " LavengTO," 185 1 ; "EomanyBye," 1857; ' ' Word-Book of the Eomany," 1874. BOET DE St. Vincent, Jean Baptists George Marie, baron, French physicist; b. 1780; accompanied Baudin in his voyage, 1800; published " Voyage dans les isles d'Afnque," 1804: attached to the staff of Marshal Ney, 1808 ; proscribed and banished, 15 July 1815; returned toFrance; charged with snpcnntendence of the scientific expedition to the Morea, 1829; published '■ L'Homme," 1827; d. 23 Deo. 1846. BOS CBOSOH, or BOSCO), Jerome, Dutch painter; b. about 1450; d. 1500. BOS, Lambert, Gei-man scholar; b. 23 Nov. 1670 ; published work on " Greek Ellipses, 1702 ; d. 3 or 6 Jan. 1717. BOSC, Louis Augustin Guillaume, French natu- ralist; b. 29 Jan. 1759; d. 10 July 1828. BOSCAN-ALMOGAVEE, Juan, Spanish poet ; b. about 1500 ; works published, 1543 ; d. 1544. BOSCAWEN, Edward, admiral ; b. 9 Aug. 1711; defeated the French at Lagos bay, 17, 18 Aug. 1759; d. 10 Jan. 1671. BOSCH, Balthasar van den, Dutch painter ; b. 167s ; d. 1715. BOSCOVICH, Euggiero Giuseppe, Italian physicist and astronomer ; i. r8 May 171 1 ; became a jfesuit, 172J ; discovered the sun's equator and rotation by observing the spots, 1736; his "Ele- menta Universa Matheseos," published, 1755; d. 13 Feb. 1787. BOSE, Georg Matthias, inventor of the con- ductor in the electric machine; b. 22 Sept. 1710; published " de Attractione et Electricitate," 1738 ; d. 17 Sept. 1 761. BOSIO (Bosiirs), Giacomo, Italian historian ; wrote " Istorie della Sacra Eeligione di San Gio- vanni Gierosolimitano," printed, 1594. His nephew Antonio's "Eoma Sotten-anea," published 1632 ; d. 1629. BOSIO, Franijois Joseph, baron, French sculp- tor ; b. 19 March 1769 ; employed by Napoleonand Josephine ; d. 29 July 1845. BOSO, created duke of Lombardy and Pro- vence, Feb. 876 ; styled king of Provence, Ai'les, and Burgundy, 879 ; d. Jan. 888. BOSQUET, Pierre Franqois Joseph, French marshal; b. 8 Nov. 1810; served in Algeria, 1834- 53 ; in the Crimea, 1854-55 ; d. 3 Feb. 1861. EOSSI 6i BOUDEWYNS BOSSI, triuseppe Carlo, tarone di, Italian diplomatist and poet; b. 15 Not. 1758; (?. 2oJaii. 1823. BOSSI, Giuseppe, Italian painter; i. 11 Aug. 1777; d. IS Dec. 1815. BOSSI, Luigi, count, Italian historian ; i. 28 Feb. 1758; published " Istoria d'ltalia," 1S18-23; "Storia della Spagna," 1821 ; d. 10 April 1835. BOSSU, Eene de, French coimsellor and critic, friend of Boiloau ; b. 16 March 1631 ; d. 14 March 16S0. BOSSUET, Jacques Benigne, French hishop and orator ; b. 28 Sept. 1627 ; rf. 12 April 1704. Preceptor of the dauphin (for whom he composed his "Discours sur I'Histoire Universelle," and other works) 1670-81 Bishop of Meaiix, 1681 ; puMished "Histoire des Variations des Eglises Protestantes '■ . . 168S Opposed Madame Guyon and the Quietists . i693'4 Quarrel with Feuelon . ... i6g6 BOSSTJT, Charles, French physicist ; b. 11 Aug. 1730; published "Histoire des Mathematiques," 1762; a. 14 Jan. 1814. EOSTOCK, John, M.B., physiologist and phy- sicist; b. 1774; d. 6 Aug. 1846. BOSTON, Thomas, Scottish theologian; b. 7 March 1676; published "Human Nature in its Fourfold State," 1720; d. 20 May 1732. BOSWELL, sir Alexander, (son of James), poet ; b. 1775 ; killed by James Stuart in a duel, 2.5 March 1022. BOSWELL, James, Scotch biographer; b. 29 Oct. 1740; came to London; introduced to Dr. Johnson, 16 May 1763 ; published " Corsica," 1768; " Tour to the Hebrides,'"* 1785 ; " Life of Dr. John- son," 1790; d. 19 May 1795. BOSWOETH, lev. Joseph, CD., linguist; b. about 1788 ; British chaplain in Holland, 1829-41 ; published " Anglo-Saxon Grammar," 1823; "An- glo-Saxon Dictionary," 1838 and 1848 ; " Gospels in Gothic," 1865 and 1873, &c. ; professor of Anglo- Saxon, Oxford, 1858 ; d. 27 May 1876. BOTAL, Leonardo, Italian physician and dis- coTerer in physiology,.;?. 1550. BOTELHO, Nurio Alvarez, Portuguese navi- gator: governor of Portuguese India, 1628; rescued Malacca, and named " father of the country," blown up in his ship, 26 March 1630. BOTEEO, (Benisius), Giovanni, Italian scholar and politician ; b. 1540 ; secretary of cardinal Carlo Borromeo, 1581 ; published "della Eagione di State," 1583; d. 1617. BOTPIELD, Beriah, antiquary; J. 1807; pub- lished " Notes on Cathedral Libraries," &c., 1849, et sfq. ; supported the investigations at Wroxeter, 1861-3 ; d. 7 Aug. 1863. BOTH, Jan and Andries, brothers, Flemish painters; b. about 1610; d. about 1650. BOTHWELL, James Hepburn, earl of; b. about 1526; obtained influence over Mary queen of Scots, 1566; tried for murder of her husband, Henry Darnley ; acquitted, 12 April, 1566 ; seized the queen, 24 April ; compelled her to marry him, 15 May; fled when the nobles rose in arms, July 1567 ; seized as a pirate by Norwegians ; died mad, about 1575- BOTTA, Carlo Giuseppe, Italian historian; b. 6 Kov. 1/56; arrested for his liberal opinions, 1792; juember of the French legislative assembly, 1802 ; published his " Storia dell' Italia," 1824-32; d. 10 Aug. 1S37. BOTTA, Paolo Emilio, Italian arrha:ologlst, son of preceding; b. 1805 ; published his " Monu- ments de Nineve," 1846-50; d. 18 April 1870. BOTTICELLI, see Filipepi. BOTTCHER, see Bcettcher. BOTTIGEE, German scholars: Kakl August, 6. 8 June 1760 ; published " Griechissche Vaseugemalde," &c. 1797-1800 ; d, 17 Nov. 1835. Kakl Wilhelm, 6. 15 Aug. 1790 ; published " Uuivcrsal Histoiy," 1849 ; " History ot Geimany," 1845; "His- tory of Bavaria," 1837 ; of Saxony, 1836, Ac. ; d. 26 Kov. 1862. BOTZAEIS, Marco, Greek chief, termed "Leo- nidas;" b. about 1790; commenced the insurrec- tion in 1820; fought bravely, 182 1-2; Idlled in a sally at the siege of Missolonghi, 20 Aug. 1823. BOUCHAEDON, Edme, French sculptor; b. 27 May 1698; completed " Fontaine de Grenelle," Paris, 1739-45; li-^l July 1762- BOUCHEE, Franijois, French erotic painter ; b. 29 Sept. 1703; d. 30 May 1770. BOirCHEED'AE,GIS,AntoineGaBpard^rench. jurist; b. 3 April 1708; published "Code Rural," 1749-62; a. 26 Jan. 1791. His son, Andr£ Jean, lawyer; b. 15 Nov. 1751 ; opposed the violence of the revolution ; denounced Marat's " Ami du Peu- ple ;" condemned; executed, 23 July 1794. BOUCHEE DE Ceetecceur de Perthes, Jacques, French dramatic poet and antiquary, termed the founder of "archseo-geology;" b. 10 Sept. 17S8; discovered, at Abbeville, fiint implements in the drift ; found a supposed fossil human jaw bone, 28 April 1863 ; d. about Aug. 1868. BOUCHEE, rev. Jonathan, philologist ; b. iz March 1738; went to America about 1756; com- pelled to resign his living there ; returned to Fug- land, 1775; commenced a new English dictionary, 1804; d. 27 April 1804. BOUCHEEIE, August, French chemist ; *. Sept. 1801 ; published memoir on his method of preserving wood by metallising it. May 1840. BOUCHET, Jean, French writer; b. 30 Jan. 1476; his "Amoureauxtrausi sans Espoir," printed 1507; "Angoisses et Eemedes d' Amour," 1537 > "les Eegnards Traversant," 1498; "Annales d'Aquitaine," 1 524; d. about 1550. BOUCHIEE, Thomas, cardinal-archbishop of Canterbui-y ; crowned Henry VII., 1485 ; d. i486. BOUCICAUT, Jean le Maingi-e, French mar- shal ; b. 1364 ; sent with an army to assist Sigis- mund of Hungary; defeated and taken pi-isoner at Nicopolis, 28 Sept. 1396 ; made governor of Genoa, ruled well, 1401 ; overcome by the Genoese ; re- turned to France, 1409; taken prisoner at Agincourt, 25 Oct. 1415; d. 1421. BOUCICAULT, Dion, Irish dramatist ; b. 26 Dec. 1822; brought out "London Assurance," 1841; " Colleen Bawn," i860; "Formosa," 1869; opened Astley's amphitheatre as the " Theatre Royal, Westminster," 25 Deo. 1862; sold it, 1868; brought out "After Dark," 1868 ; " Dark Night's Work," "The Rapparee," 1870; "The Shaugh- raun," Sept. 1875. BOUDEWYNS, Michel, Flemish physician ; published " Ventilabrum Medico-Theologicum,'" 1666; rf. 29 0ct. 1681. BOTIDON Go BOITE,BON BOTIDON, Henri-Marie, French ascc'io; b. 14 Jan. 1624; publislied " JJicn Seul le saint Jiaola- Tage de I'adinirable l,[6re du Dicu," 1674, &c. ; d, 31 Aug. 1702. BOUE, Aime, French geologist and traveller ; J. 16 March 1794. BOUFFLEES, Louis Francjois de, French mar- eh;tl ; 0. 10 Jan. 1644 ; made general, 1681 ; vic- torious in Flanders, 1691-T708; saved pnrt of the army at Marlborough's victoi'y over Villars at ILalplaquet, II Sept"l709; d. 22 Aug. 1711. BOUGAINVILLE, Lonis Antoine de, French mathematician; b. 11 Nov. 1729; circumnavigated the globe, Deo. 1766 — March 1769; publislied "Voyage," 1771 ; d. 31 Aug. 1811. BOUGEANT, Guillaume Hyacirthe, French Jesuit historian and poet; b. 4 Kov. 1690; pub- lished "Amusements Philosophiques siir le Lan- gage des Betes," 1739; " Eistoire du Traite de ■Westphalie," 1744; a. 7 Jan. 1743. BOUGUEE, Pierre, French mathematician; b. 16 Feb. 1698 ; invented a photometer, 1729 ; and the hcliometer employed by Bessel to measure the Bun's distance from the earth, 1748; went to Peru with Godin and La Condamine to study the figure of tbe earth, 1736; published " Theorie de la Figure de la 'Terre," 1749; " Traite d'Optique sur la Gradation de la Luraiere," 1760; d. 15 Aug. 1758- BOUHOUES, Dominique, French scholar ; i. 1628 ; published " Fntretieiis d'Ariste et d' Eugene," 1671 ; d. 27 May 1702. BOITILLAUD, or BouILLATJ (latinised Bullialdus), French scholar and astronomer, iV-c. ; ardent defender of the Coperniean system; b. 28 Sept. 1605 ; published "Astronomia Philolaica," 1645 ; d. 25 Nov. 1694. BOUILLE, Francois Claude Amour, marquis de, French general ; b. ig Nov. 1739; sncces.>ful in the wars of America and Germany ; well received in London after the peace, 1783 ; endeavoured to save Louis XVI. and the monarchy; his " Mb- moires" printed in London, 1797; d. in England, 14 Nov. 1800. BOUILLET, Marie Nicolas, French scholar; b. 5 May 1798 ; first published " Dictinnnaire Uni- versel do I'Histoire," &c. 1842 ; " Dictionnaire des Sciences," &c. 1854; d. 28 Dec. 1864. BOUILLON, Godefroy, due de ; b. 1060; en- tered the service of the emperor Henry IV. ; mor- tally wounded his opponent, Rudolph, 1081 ; joined the crusades, and became leader; took Antioch and Jerusalem; proclaimed king, 15 July 1099; de- feated the infidels at Ascalon, 12 Aug. 1099 ; d. 18 July 1 100. BOUILLON de la Tour d'Auvergne, dues de : Henri, marechal de France, father of Turenne ; zealous protestant aud statesman; friend of Henry IV 6. 28 Sept. 1555 Involved in the conspiracy of Biron ; (forgiven) 1603 ; and in political intrigues .nftenvards ; d. 25 March 1623 Fbederic-Maurice (son), successful general ; &. 22 Oct. 160S Involved in the conspiracy of Cinq-Mars ; de- livered from punishment by his wife's heroism, and by smrcndering his city, Sedan June 1642 Abjured Calvinism at Rome 1644 Settlement of his possessions by treaty, 20 March 1651 d. 9 Aug. 1652 Emakuel ThjSodose, son ; B. 24 Aug. 1644 ; cardinal^ 1669 ; ambassador at Rome 1698 Opposed the condemnation of Fenelon and quietism 1699 Refuspfl to return to Fiuncc when comma;jded ; exiled from com-t 1710 His revenues restored . d. at Heme, March 1715 BOULAINVILLIEES, Henry de, French historian and philosopher; b, II Oct. 1658 ; 'pub- lished "Eistoire de I'Ancien Gouvernement de France," 1727; (Z. 23 Jan. 1722. BOULAT DE LA MeuETHE, Antoine Jacques Claude, comte, Frencli statesman ; b. 19 Feb. 1 761; a chief of the moderate constitutional party, 1794-1800; as friend of Napoleon, banished, 24 July 1815 ; permitted to return, 1819 ; d. 4 Feb. 1840. BOULAT (Bulaeus), Cesar Egasse, French historian ; published " Historia Universitatis (Parisiensis)," 1665-73; ^^ 1678. BOULDUC, French chemists : Simon, d. 1729. His son, Gilles Franqois, b. 1675 ; made researches on salts ; (?. 15 Jan. 1742. BOULLENOIS (Boulenois), Louis, French jurist; b. 14 Sept. 1680; hi-i "Traite de la Per-^ sonalito" publislied, 1766; d. 23 Dec. 1762. BOULLIEE, David Eenaud, Dutch theolo; gian; i. 24 March 1699 ; published "EssaiPhiW^ sophique sur I'Ame des Botes," 1727, &c. ; d. 23 Dec. 1759. BOULLOGNB, French painters and en- gravers : Lotus, &. about 1609 : d. June 1674. His cliiklrcn : BoN,. b. 1649; d. 16 Mny 1717. Lotus, 6. 1654; '/. 2 Nov. 1733. GfiNEvifivE, 6. 164S : d. 170S. Madeleine, &. 1646; d. 30 Jan. 1710. BOULTON, Matthew, machinist; i. 3 Sept. 1728: purchased Soho near Binningham, 1762; ex- pended about 47,000/. in helping James Watt to- construct the steam engine, and took out a patent, 1769 ; brought out new copper coinage, 1797 ; intro- duced gaslighting at Birmingham, 1798; d. 17 Aug. 1809. BOUQUET, Martin, French Benedictine; b. 6 Aug. 1685; began to publish " Kccueil des His- torieus des Gaules et de la France," 1738-52; d. 6 April 1754. BOUEBAKI, Charles Denia Sauter, French general, of Greek origin; b. 22 April 18 16; served in the (Crimea, 1855 ; in Italy, 1859 ; with the army of Metz ; escaped for a secret negociation ; organised the aiTny of the Loire ; commauded an army in the- east; had indecisive conflicts with "VVerder, 9-10, H-18 Jan. ; retreated with his army into Switzer- land, 30 Jan. 1871. BOUEBON, dukes of: Archambaud I. held the fief aTjont goo; his de- scendant, Beatrice, ia 1272, raarned Robert (brother of Louis IX. of France), count of Clermont, 1, Louis I. their son ; 6. 1279 ; succeeded his mother in the lordship of Bourbon, 1310 ; made duke, 27 Dec. 1327 . . . . d. Jan. t34r S, Peter L son; 6. 1310 .... d. 1356 3. L0U13 IL son; &. 13 Aug. 1337; served Charles V, against the English ; fought in J Spaiuagainst the Mahometans, 1374, d. 19 Aug. 1410- / 4. John I. son; b. 1381 ; mado x>risoner at Agincour, 25 Oct. 1415,^. at London, Jan. 1434 or 1435. 5. Chakles I. son ; &. 1401 ; compelled to many Agnes of Burgundy by the duke, John, her father, 1418; joined the war of the "pra- gnerie " against the king, 1440 . d. 4 Lee. 145& 6. John II. son ; 6. about 1426 ; gi'ancl chamber- lain, 1457: joined the "league of the public good ; ■' made peace with Louis XI. 5 Oct. 1464 ; constable uf Fiunce, 23 Oct. 1483 d. 1 April 1488 7. Charles II. brother ; &. 1437 ; "cardinal, 1477 ; duke, 14S3 d. end of 1483 8. Peieb II. "brother, seigneur de Beaujeu; b. BOTJEBON 06 BOUVEEIE 1439 ; married Anne, daughter of Louis SI. 1474 : their daughter, Susanna, bom, 1491 d. 1502 9. Charles IV. constable de Bourbon, comte de Montpensier ; (descended from Louis, son of JohnL) t. 17 Feb. 1489-go Married Susanna of Bourbon .... 1505 Successful general in Italy 1515 Injured by f'rancis I. and liis mother, Loxiise of Savoy ; rebelled and took the command of the imperial army 1523 Killed at the capture of Rome , . 6 May 1527 (The duchy forfeited). BOXTRBOK, Louis de (son of Charles I.), "bishop of Liege ; murdered by the cointe de la Marck, Boar of Ajdennes, 14S2. BOTJKBOr, cardinals of (see 7th duke) : Louts de Vendome, 6. 2 Jan. 1493 ; cardinal, 1516 ; governor of Paris, 1552 . . d. 17 March 1556 Chap.les de Vendome. uncle of Henry IV. ; &• 22 Dec. 1520 : proclaimed king as Charles X. 24 Nov. 1589 ; resigned his title . . . d. g May 1590 Charles de Vendoue, h. about 1560 ; claimed the throne . .... d 30 July 1594 BOTJEBON, see Albret, Condi, and Vendome. BOTJEBON, ITicolas, " I'Ancien,'' French Latin poet; l>. 150^; published " Nugje," IS38; " Psedologia," 15^6; d. 1550. His nephew, Kico- LAs; b. 1574; w"icte "Poemata," piinted 1630; d. 1644. BOTJEGHENU, Jean Pierre Moret de, mar- quis de Valhonnais, French historian ; b. 1651 ; " Mcmoires pom- I'Histoire du Dauphine," printed 1711; d. 1730. BOTJEGHIEE, see Berners. BOURDALOUE, Louis, eloquent French preacher; b. 20 Aug. 1632; preached at court, 1669; d. 11 May 1704. BOUEDEILLE, Pierre, see Brantome. BOUEDIGNE, Charles de, French poet; ■wrote " Legende de Pien-e Faifeu," printed 1526 ; d. 1545- BOUEDOIsr, Aime, French anatomist ; b. 1638 ; his "Nouvelles Tables Anatomiques " published, 1707 ; d. 21 Dec. 1706. BOUEDON, Sebaste, French painter and en- graver; b. 1616; a founder of the academy of painting, 1648 ; employed by Christina of Sweden, 1652; d. 8 March 1671. BOUEDON DE LA CeOSNIEEE, Leo- nard Jean Joseph, French revolutionist; b. 1758; voted for death of Louis XVI. 19 Jan. 1763 ; greatly aided the overthrow of Robespierre, seizing him and the rest of the Mountain, 27 July 1794 ; headed the conspii'acy of the faubourgs, i April 1795 ; d. about 1815. BOTJEGr, Anne du, French protestant magis- trate; b. 1521; executed for heresy, 20 Dec. 1559. BOTJEGELAT, Claude, b. about 1712 ; founder of first veterinary school in France, at Lyons; d. 3 Jan. 1799. BOTJEG-EOIS, sir FranciSj painter ; b. 1756 ; bequeathed his collection of pamtings to Dulwich college; d. 8 Jan. 1811. BOTJEGEEY, Marc Jean, French surgeon; b. 29 May 1797; published, with M. Jacob, "Traite Complet de I'Anatomie de 1' Homme, 1832-54; d. 1849. BOUEGOING, Jean Francois, baron de, French diplomatist; b. 20 Nov. 1748; published " Tableau de I'Espagne," 1789 ; d. 20 July 1811. BOUEGUET, Louis, French naturalist and archffiologist ; b. 23 April 1678 ; his " Disserta- tions surlesPierres figurees" (1 7 1 5), and "Traite des Petrifactions" (1762) combined the study of fossils with crystallography ; d. 3: Dee. 1742- BOUEIGNON, Antoinette, French enthu- siast; b. 13 Jan. 1616; abjured cathoUeism and preached refonned doctrines at Amsterdam ; d. 30 Oct. 1680. BOTJEKE, see Mayo. BOTJEKE, hon. Eohert (brother of Lord Mayo) ; 4. II June 1827; M.p. for Lynn, 1868; under-secre- tary for foreign affairs, Feb. 1874. BOTJEMONT, I-ouis Auguste Victor, comte de Chaisne de, French general; b. 2 Sept. 1773! ^n active royalist, fought in La Vendee, &o. 179;1-, 1799; escaped from prison, 1804; joined Junot in Portugal, 1808 ; adhered to Louis XVIII. 1815 ; commanded at the conquest of Algiers, July 1830 ; declined to submit to Louis Philippe ; dismissed, 1832 ; d. 27 Oct. 1846. BOUENE, Hugh, founder of the sect of " Pri- mitive Methodists;" b. 3 April 1772; commenced camp-meetings, 12 July 1801 ; expelled from the ■Wesleyan body, 1808 ; travelled in America, 1841 ; d. 11 Oct. 1852. BOURNE, Vincent, Latin poet; b. about 1700; published " Poemata," 1734; d. 2 Dec. 1747. BOTJENON, Jacques Louis, French mineralo- gist; b. 21 Jan. 1751; d. 24 Aug. 1825. BOUEQUENET, b.irou Francois Adolphe, French diplomatist; b. 7 Jan. 1800 ; employed by Louis PhUippe, 1830-48; by Napoleon III. 1853-5; d. 27 Dec. 1869. BOUEEIENNE, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, French diplomatist, secretary and friend of Napo- leon L; 0. 9 July 1769; his "Memoii-es" pub- lished, 1829-31 ; d. 7 Feb. 1834. BOTJESATJLT, Edme, French dramatist and journalist; b. Oct. 1638; d. 15 Sept. 1701. BOTJRSIER, Laurent Fran(;ois, French theo- logian ; b, 1679 ; published ** Action de Dieu sur les Creatures, 1713 ; his " Quatre Eveques " against the council of Embrun led to his disgrace ; d. 17 Feb. 1749. BOUESIEE, Louise Bourgeois, French mid- wife, employed by Marie de Medicis, queen of Henry IV. ; published " Observations sur la Steri- lite," &c. 1609. BOTJSSINGATJIjT, Jean Baptiste, French agricultm-al and physiological chemist; b. 2 Feb. 1802 ; published " Economie Eurale," 1844 ; " Agronomie," 1860-8. B0TJTEEV7EK, Friedrich, German philoso- pher and poet; b. 15 April 1766; published " Manuel des Sciences Philosophiques," 1813 ; " Histoire de la Poesie et de I'Eloquence," iSoi- 19; d. 9 Aug. 1828. BOTJVAET, Alexis, French astronomer, friend of La Place; b. 27 July 1767; first remarked the perturbation of Uranus, which led to the discovery of Neptune ; d. 7 June 1843. BOTJVAET, Michel PhiUppe, French physi- cian ; b. II Jan. 1717; published " de Dignitate Medicinaj," 1747; " de Experientije et Studiaj Necessitate in Medicin&," 1747 ; d. 18 Jan. 1787. BOUVEEIE, rt. hon. Edward PleydeU, sou of following ; b. 26 April 1818 ; m.p. for IClmaraock, 1S44— Jan. 1S74; chairman of committees, 1853-5; BOUVEEIE G7 BOYLE president of poor-law board, Aug. 1851; — March 1858 ; ecclesiastical commissiouer, since 1869. BOUVEPJE, 'WUliara Plcydell, earl of Ead- nor, liberal politioinn ; i5. II May 1779; friend of Pitt, Fox, and Cobbett ; d. 9 April 1869. BOVEEIUS, Zacliarias, Italian theologian; b. 1568; a capuchin, 1590; published "Aunales, seu liacra Historia Ordinis liiuorum S. Francisci," 1632; cJ. 31 May 1638. BOVES, Joseph Thomas, cruel royalist general in South America ; chief of the "infernal division," and kUled at the capture of Urioa, 5 Dec. 1814. "ROVTT.Ti, sir William, lawyer; h. 26 May 1814; M.P. for Guildford, 1857-66; solicitor-gen. June 1866; ch. just. comm. pleas, 6 Nov. 1866; tried case "Tichbome v. Lusbington," 11 May 1871— 6March 1872; d. i Nov. 1873. BOWDICH, Thomas Edward, traveller in' Africa ; h. 1790 ; published " Mission to Ashantee," 1819 ; d. 10 Jan. 1824. BOWDITCH, Nathaniel, American astronomer and physicist ; b. 26 March 1793 ; piiblished trans- lation of " Meoanique Celeste," 1829-39 ; d. 16 March 1838. BOWDLEE, Thomas; b. 1754; editor of "Family Shakspeare," published 1818; d. 1825. BOWEN, sir George Ferguson, Irish scholar and statesman; b. 1821; chief secretary to Ionian government, 1854-9 ; published " Ithaca in i8so," 1854; governor of Queeu.sland, 1859; of New Zea- land, 1867 ; of Victoria, 1873. BOWEE, Archibald, Scotch Jesuit; b. 17 Jan. 1686 ; left the Jesuits, 1726 ; published " History of the Popes," 1748; d. 3 Sept. 1766. BOWLE, John; i. 1725; edited " Don Quixote," with notes, 1781 ; d. 26 Oct. 17S8. BOWLES, Catherine, see Southey. BOWLES, rev. William Lisle, canon of Salis- biuy, poet and critic; b. 24 Sept. 1762 ; published "Spirit of Discovery," 1804; edition of Pope's works, 1807; "Missionary of the Andes," 1815; his Controversy respecting Pope, 1819-28 ; d. 7 April 1850. BOWMAN, William, ophthahnic surgeon; b. 1816 ; published "Lectures on Operations in the Eye," &c. 1849. BOWEING, Edgar Alfred, son of sir John, poet; b. 1826; secretary to royal commission for great exhibition of 1851, 1850-68; published "Book ofPsalms," 1858. BOWEINGr, sir John, philosopher, linguist, long editor of the " Westminster Keview ;" b. 17 Oct. 1792 ; d. 23 Nov. 1872. Published "Specimens of Kiissian poets," 1S21-3 ; and of Batavian, Bavarian, Spanish, Polish, and Ifagyar 1824-30 Commercial reports on France, Switzerland, the East, &c. .... 1S34-40 M.P 1835-7 Knighted and made governor of Hong Kong . 1S54 "Went to Siam, concluded a treaty . . . 1855 PublLslied " Kingdom of Siani " 1859 ■Connected with the beginning of the Chinese war ity ordering reprisals for the outrage on the "Arrow" „ Heturned to England ,* BOWYBE, sir George, bart., lawyer ; b. 8 Oct. 1811 ; published " Commentaries on English Law," 1846 ; became Roman Catholic (and has since ener- getically defended the pope), 1850; published "Commentaries on Constitutional Law," 1S46; on "Modern Civil Law," 1848; on "Universal Public Law," 1848. BOWYEE, William, printer; b. 19 Dec. 1699; printer to house of commons, 1729; to house of lords, 1767; published "Origin of Printing," 1766; " Critical Conjectures on the Greek Testament," 1772; d. 18 Nov. 1777. BOXALL, sir William, painter, b. 1800 ; ex- hibited " Milton's Reconciliation with his Wife," 1829; "Cordelia," 1830; "Hope," 1838; .t.it.A. 1851; E.A., 1863; director of National Gallery, 1865-74; knighted, 24 March 1871. BOXHOEN, Marc Zuerius, Dutch critic; b. 25 Sept. 1612 ; published, in Flemish, "Cbronicon Zelandiffi," 1643 ; d. 3 Oct. 1653. BOYCE, William, musical composer ; b. 1710; ^Tote " Serenade of Solomon," &c., 1743; published "Cathedral Music of English Masters," 1760 ; d. Feb. 1779. BOYD, rev. Andrew Kennedy Hutchison, D.D., essayist, known as A.K.H.B. ; b. Nov. 1825 ; published "Recreations of a Country Parson," 1861 ; Essays," 1870; &c. BOYD, rev. Henry, Irish poet ; translated "Dante," published, 1785, 1802; d. 17 Sept. 1832. BOYD, Hugh, Irish journalist, supposed by some to have been "Junius;" b. 1746 ; went to China with lord Macartney, 1781 ; d. 1794. BOYD, Mark Alexander, Scotch scholar ; wi-ote "Latiu Hymns," &0. ; b. 1562; d. 1601. BOYD, Robert, lord, Scotch statesman; ap- pointed regent at the accession of James III. a minor, Aug. 1460; with his brother Alexander (favourite of the king) absorbed all the power, 14C6 ; created earl of Arran, 1467 ; disgraced ; fled to England ; Alexander executed, 1469 ; d. 1470. BOYD, Zacharie, Scotch clergyman and poet ; published "Battle of the Soul in Death," 1619; " Garden of Zion," 1644 ; d. about 1653. BOYD, see Eilmarnoclc. BOYDELL, John, alderman and printseller ; {. 1719; published his "Shakspeare," &c., 1792- 1801 ; ids Shaltspeare gallery projected, 1786; sold by lottery, 1804 ; rf. 1 1 Dec. 1804. BOYEE, Abel, French lexicographer, protes- tant; b. 1664; published "French Grammar," 1700; "French and English Dictionary," 1702; d. 16 Nov. 1729. BOYEE, Alexis, French surgeon; b. March 1757; published "Traite d'Anatomie," 1797-9; d. 25 Nov. 1833. BOYEE, Jean Pierre, a mulatto; I. 28 Feb. 1776; president of part of Hayti, 1818; of all the island, 1822; deposed, 1843; '^- ^t Faris, 9 July 1850. BOYLE famCy: Richard, earl of Cork, statesman . 6. 3 Oct. 1366 Went to seek his fortune in Ireland . . . 1588 Gained royal favour ; became secretary for Ireland 1603 Earl of Cork, 1629; lord treasurer for Ireland, 1631 d. 15 Sept. 1644 Roger, earl of Orrery, general ; 6. 1621 ; served under Charles I., Cromwell, and Charles II. : d. 16 Oct. 1679 Robert, philosopher . . . . 6. 25 Jan. 1627 A founder of the Eoyal Society of London . . 1660 Published " Experiments on Air; " made an air- pump, &c. .... 1660, ct seq. By his will founded the divinity lectures ; d. 30 Dec. 169T F 2 BOYS 6S Charles, earl of Orrery (after whom was named the Planetaiium, designed by Graham and made by Rotv- ley) : &. Aug. 1676 : published " Phalaridis EpistoVc?," wliicll led to controversy with Bentlcy, 1695 ; d. about 28 Aug. 1731. Richard, earl of Burlington ; b. 25 April 1695 ; erected Burlin^on house, Piccadilly, London; d. 17 ■^3. John (son of Charles), scholar ; 6. 1707 ; published Translation of "' Pliny's Epistles/' 1762 ; d. 17 Nov. 1762. BOYS, or BOIS, John, theologian ; i. 1560 ; one of the translators of the DeanB' Bible published 161 1 ; d. 14 Jan. 1643. BOYS, "William, antiquary; b. 1735; published " History of Sandwich," 1786-92 ; d. 15 Mar. 1803. BOYSB, Samuel, poet ; i. 1708 ; the " Deity," 3d editiou, published, 1752; d. May 1749- BOZB, Clande Gros de, French numismatist ; b. 1680; published "Medailles du Kegne de Louis le Grand," 1723 ; d. 10 Sept. 1753. B0ZZAEI8, see Sotzaris. BRAGOIO DA MONTONE, or FORTE- BRACCio; a gr„i.t condottiere or mercenai-y leader ; b, 1368 ; entered seiTice of Ladislas of Naples, 1408 ; took Perugia and became lord, 19 July 1416 ; entered into the service of pope Martin V., 1420; quarrelled with him and excommunicated ; defeated and taken pi-isoner, 2 June ; d. 5 June 1424. BBACCIOLINl, see Poggio. BEACE, Charb s Loving, American philanthro- pist; b. 1826; travclhd through Great iiritain and the Continent to observe the poor and dangerous ■ classes, and published books, and organised houses of industry, 1852-74. BEACKENBUEY, military wi-iters : Ch.\iile3 Booth, captain, military writer ; &. 7 Nov. 1831 ; present in the Crimean war, 1854-5 ; German war, 1865 ; Franco-Gennan war, 1870-1 ; published " European Ai-maments," 1867 ; '* Winter Campaign of prince Frederick Charles," 1871. Henry, major ; I. i Sept. 1837 ; professor at Woolwich Academy ; acted for British National Society in war, 1870-1 : sen'ed in Ashanti campaign, 1873; and pub- lished narrative, 1874. BEACONNOT, Henri, French physiological chemist; b. 29 May 1781 ; d. 13 Jan. 1855. BEACTON, Henry de, judge ; wrote " de Le- gibus et Consuetudimbus AngiiiE," about 1269; published 1569. BEADBUEY, Thomas, facetious dissenting preacher; b. 1677 ; his " Sermons" (very political), published, 1772; d. 9 Sept. 1759. BEADDOOK, Edward, general ; defeated by the French and Indi.'.iis, and killed near Fort Quesnel, 9 July 1755- BEADDON, Mary EUzabefh, novelist; b. 1837 ; pubUshed " Lady Audley's Secret," 7th edi- tion, 1862 ; many other tales since. BEADFOED, John, prebendary of St. Paul's ; protestant martyr ; burnt, I July I555. BEADFOED, ■William, American artist; b. 1830; visited Greenland; drew pictures; lectured at fioyal Institution, London, and exhibited many photogiaphs (taken duiing his voyage in 1869), 16 June 1871. BEAD LEY, rev. Edward (Cuthbert Bede), antiquary and novelist; b. 1827 ; rector of Denton, 1859; published "Verdant (Jreen," "Jledley," "Motley," " Glencreggan " (in the West High- lands), 1862, "'White Wife," 1864; "Eook's Gar- den," &c. 1865. BEAMHALL BEADLEY, James, astronomer; b. March 1692 ; discovered the aberration of light, 1727 ; 3d astronomer-royal at Greenwich, 1742; d. 13 July 1762. BEADLEY, Bichard, physicist and botanist ; described the kaleidoscope, 1717; d. 5 Nov. 1732. BEADSHAW, George, original publisher of "Bradshaw's Eailway Guide," 1841 ; d. 6 Sept. 1853- BEADSHAW, John, I. 1586; president of the court for trying Charles I., Jan. 1649; frequently opposed Cromwell; d. 22 Nov. 1659. BEADWAEDINE, Thomas, theologian and mathematician, the "profound doctor;" b. 1290; abp. of Canterbury, 1349 ; d. 26 Aug. 1349. BEADY, sir Maziere, descended from Dr. Nicholas Brady; b. 1796; Irish solicitor-general, Feb. 1837 ; attorney- general, Feb. 1839 ! chief baron, Aug. 1840; lord-chancellor, July 1846 — Feb. i8«; Jan. 1853— Feb. 1858; June i85g — June 1866; (all for Ireland); baronet, Jan. lSu8; d. 13 April, 1871. BEADY, rev. Wra. Maziere, D.D., nephew; opposed Irish Church ; published " Essays on the English State Church in Ireland," 1869: received into the Catholic Church at Kome, May 1873. BEADY, Nicholas, Irish theologian; b. 28 Oct. 1659 ; with Tate, published " New Version of the Psalms," 1698 ; d. 20 May 1726. BEADY, Robert, physician ; b. 1643 ; pub- liihed " History of England," 1685 ; d. 1700. BEAG(J, Braxton, American confederate gene- ral; b. 1815; di-tinguished himself at battle of Shiloh, 6, 7 April 1862 ; succeeded Beauregard in the command ; beaten at PeiTysville, 9 Oct. ; de- feated Rosencranz, at Chickaraauga, 19, 20 Sept. 1863 ; defeated by Sheraian and Thomas at Chat- tanooga, 23, 24 Nov. 1863 ; superseded, Dec. 1863. BEAHAM (Abraham), John, vocalist; b. 1774; appeared first at Covent Garden, 21 April 1787; opened the St. James' theatre (unsuccessful), 14. Dec. 1835; d. 17 Feb. 1856. BEAHB, Tycho (Tyge), Danish astronomer; b. 14 Dec. 1546; lectured on astronomy to Frederick II. of Denmark, 1574; his observatoiy "Urani- berg," founded at Hoenc, 13 Aug. 1576; and wrote "Historia Coclestis," (pubhshed 1660); mathema- tician and counsellor to the emperor Budolph II., 1599 ; d. 24 Oct. 1601. BEAIDWOOD, James, able superintendent of the London fire brigade; b. at Edinburgh, 1799; killed at the Toolcy street fire, 22 June, 1861. BEAIDWOOD, Thomas, teacher of deaf and dumb; b. 1760; d. 1806. BEAMAH, Joseph, machinist; b. 13 April 1749; published "Dissertation i>n Locks, 1787; patented his hydraulic machine, 1796; invented mode of numbering bank notes, 1806 ; d. 9 Dec. 1814. BEAMANTE Di Uebiko, or Lazzoei, Italian painter and architect, master and friend of Raphael; b. 1444; commenced building St. Peter'a at Rome, 1513; d. 1514. BEAMHALL, John, archbishop ; b. about 1593 ; made bishop of Derry, 1G34 ; endeavoured to makff Iiish church oonfonu to English; impeached in Ireland with Strafford; released, 1640-1 ; his con- BEAMPTON 69 BREDA troversy ivith Hobbes respecting free-will published 1656 ; archbishop of Armagh about i65o ; d. June 1663. BRAMPTON, "William de, chancellor; re- puted author of the legal treatise " Fleta ; " about 1274-1307. BRAMWELIj, sir George ■William "Wilshire ; h. 1808; baron of the excheq^uer, 1856; judge of appeal, 1876. BRANOALEONE, Dandolo, dictator at Eome, styled "Senator;" governed vigorously, 1253; deposed; recalled, 1257; d. 1258. BRANCAS, see Lauracjuais. BRAND, right hon. Henry Bouveiie "Wm.; h. 24 Dec. 1814 ; M.P. for Lewes, 1852 ; for Cam- bridgeshire, 1868 ; speaker of house of commons, Feb. 1872. BRAND, rev. John, antiquary ; J. about 1741 ; published "Popular Antiquities,'' 1777; "History of Newcastle," 1789; d. 11 Sept. i8o6. BRAND E, 'William Thomas, chemist; h. 11 Jan. 1788 ; introduced by Davy to tAe Royal Insti- tution, London, 1801 ; began lecturing, 1808; pro- fessor of chemistry at the Koyal Institution, 1813-52 ; pubhshed his " iLanual of Chemistry," six editions, 1813-48; "Dictionary of Science and Ai't," 1842; d. II i'eb. 1866. BRANDENBURG, Frederick Wilhehn, count, natural son of Frederick "William II., Prus- sian general; h. 24 Jan. 1792; prime minister, Nov. 1848 ; d. 6 Nov. 1850. BKANDER, Georg Friedrich, Gennai4 machi- nist; d. 28 Nov. 1713; improved the microscope, &o., 1769; d. I April 1783. BRANDES, Heinrich Wilhelm, Gei-man phy- sicist; b. 27 July 1777; d. 17 May 1834. BRANDES, Hudolph, German chemist ; 6. 18 Oct. 1795 ; d. 3 Dec. 1842. BRANDIS, Chi-istian August, Gorman scholar ; i. 13 Feb. 1790; with Bekker edited "Aristotle," 1831-6 ; published in German, " History of Greek Pmlosophy," 1862-4; jZ. 24 July 1867. BRANDMtJELER, Gregor, Swiss painter ; 5. 25 Aug. 1661 ; d. 7 June 1691. BRANDOLINI, Aurelio, il Lippo, Itahan poet and scholar; b. about 1440; his " Paradoxa Christiana " printed, 1531 ; d, 1497. BRANDON, Charles, viscount Lisle; fought at Flodden, 9 Sept. 15 13 ; made duke of Suflblk, i feb. 1514 ; mamed privately Mary, queen dowager of Prance, sister of Henry Vlil. 1515 ; d. 22 Feb. 1545- BRANDT, Swedish count, confederate of Stru- «isee ; beheaded with him, through the plot against itatilda, queen of Denmark, 1772. BRANDT, Georg, Swedish chemist; b. 26 June 1694; discovered cobalt, 1733; zinc in blend, &c., 1735; d. 29 April 1768. BRANDT, or BeANB, German alchemist; Slid to have discovered phosphorus in urine, about 1667 ; d. about 1692. BRANTOMB, Pierre de, abbot of Bourdeilles, chamberlain of Charles IX. and Henry III., French liistorian; b. about 1540; wi-ote " Memoires," jiinted 1666 ; d. 15 July 1614. BRASIDAS, Spartan general; took Amphi- jiolis B.C. 424; killed when victor over Clcon and the Athenians at Amphipolis, 422, BRASSEY, Thomas, great railway engineer; b. 1805; constructed railway under Joseph Locke, 1835 ; many others ; d. 8 Dec. 1870. BRATHWAITE, Richard, poet ; b. 15S8 ; pub- lished " Golden Fleece," 1611 ; " Strappado forthe Dieuell," 1615, &c. ; " JBamabee's Journall," 1628 ; d. 4 May 1673. BRAUWER, or Brottwee, Adrian, Dutch painter, talented and dissipated ; b. 1608 ; d. 1640. BRAVAIS, Augusts, French physicist and ma- thematician ; 6. 28 Aug. 1811 ; d. 31 JIarch, 1863. BRAVO-MURILLiO, Juan, Spanish lawyer and statesman ; b. 8 June 1803 ; d. Jan. 1S73. Journalist ... 1840 Incited rebellion against Espjirtero . . . . 1843 Minister of justice, 1847 ; of comuierce . . 1847-9 President and minister of finance . . Jan. 1851 Resigned Dec. 1852 President of the chamber of deputies , . 1858 Compelled to quit Spain . . . . 1854 Recalled . . . . . . 1856 BRAVO-MURILLO, Louis Gonzales, Span- ish statesman ; b, 1817 ; minister of the interior, under Narvaez, 1864, 1866, 1867; president, Apiil 1868 ; fled at the revolution of Sept. 1S68 ; d. Dec. 1874. BRAY, Anna Eliza, (Kcmpe), novelist; b. about 1800 ; married to Charles titothard, 1818 ; pubhshed "Letters from Normandy," 1820; her husband accidentally killed, 1821 ; published *' De Foix," 1826; " the "White Hoods," 1S28 ; "Joan of Arc," 1873; " Koseteague," 1874: &c. BRAY, sir Reginald, architect; beg.an St. George's Chapel, "Windsor, 1476; first stone of Henry "VTI.'s chapel, AVestminster, laid by iiim and by the abbot, John Isly, 18 Jan. 1502 ; d. 5 Aug. 1503- BRAY, rev. Thomas, theologian ; b. 1656 ; a founder of the '* Society for the Propagation of the Gospel," 1697 ; d. 15 Feb. 1730.' BRAY, WilUam, antiquary; b. Nov. 1736; edited and enlarged " Mannmg's History of Surrey," 1804-14 ; d. 21 Dec. 1832. BRAY, van, Dutch painters ; Salomon, }. 1579 ; d. May 1664. His sou, Jakob, b. about 1604 » ^• April 1664. BRAYBROOKE, Richard Griffin, lord ; b. 26 Sept. 1783 ; succeeded his father, 28 Feb. 1825 ; edited "Diary and Correspondence of Samuel Pepys," published May, 1825 ; d. 13 Feb. 1858. BRA'YLEY, Edward "Wedlake, antiquary and topographer; b. 1773 ; edited, with John Britton, the " Beauties of England and Wales," 1801-16; d, 23 Sept. 1854. BRA'YLEY, Edward "William, son ; b. 1801 ; long librarian of London Institution; published papers on science ; Catalogue of Library ; &c. ; d. 1 Feb. 1870. BREAKSPEAR, Nicholas, see Adrian IV. pope. BBEBEITE, GnUlaume de, French poet; b. 1618 ; published " Pharsale ; '* censured severely by Boileau ; d. Deo. 1661. BRECKENRIDGE, John Cabell, American general; b. 21 Jan. 1821 ; secictary of war to Jef- ferson Davis, 1865 ; d. 17 Way, 1875. BREDA, Jacob van, Dutch physicist ; b. July 1743 ; d. Oct. 1S18. His son; b. 24 Oct. 1788 ; d. 2 Sept. 1867. BREDA, Jan van, Flemish painter ; b. 1683 ; d. 1750. BKEDEEODE 70 BEIDGE BEEDEEODE, Hemik van, Flemish patriot ; pronounced against the Spanish party, and signed the " Compromise of Breda," 1565 ; presented to the duchess of Parma the request wnin.h brought on the insurrection, 1566; d. in exile, 15 Feb. 1568. BEEDOW, Gabriel Gottfried, German his- torian; I). 1773 ; d. 5 Sept. 1814. BEEGUET, Abraham Louis, Swiss watch- maker and mechanician; d, 10 Jan. 1747 ; friend of Arnold of London ; greatly improved chronometers ; employed by the French government; d. 17 Sept. 1823. BEEGT, or Brz GIS, Chai-lotte Saumnise de Chazim, beauty and wit of the court of Anno of Austria, queen of France; b. 1619; d. 13 April 1693. BEEISLAK, Scipione, Italian geologist, friend of Cuvier ; b. 1 748 ; published ' ' Viaggi nella Cam- pania," iSoi; d. 15 Feb. 1826. , BEEITHAUPT, Johann Friedrich, Gennan mineralogist; b. 16 May, 1791 ; d, 22 Sept. 1873. BEEITKOPP, Johann Gottlob Emanuel, Ger- man printer and scholar; b. 1719; improved Ger- man types, and invented musical t3'pes, 1755 ; pub- lished (in German) " Hiatoi-y of the Discovery of Printing, " 1774 ; " Histoi-y of the Origin of Play- ing Cards," 1784; d. 28 Jan. 1794. BEEMEE, Fredrike, Swedish novelist and traveller; b. 17 Aug. i8oi ; published "The Neigli- houi"s," 1842; visited America, 1849; published "Homes of the New World," 1853; " Hortha," 1856; "Father andDaughter," 1858 ; d.;^i'Dec. 1865. BEEMEE, sir James John Gordon, admiral ; i. 1786; blockaded Canton, 28 June; took Chusan, 5 July 1840; Bogue forts, 26 Feb. 1841 ; d. 14 Feb. 1850. BEENNnS, leaders of the Gauls : 1. Overrnn Italy ; took Rome ; author of the say- ing "Vffi Victis" . . . B.C. 39001382 2. Ravaged Macedonia and North Greece ; de- feated by the Greeks at Delphi ; said to have ended his life by drinking . . e.g. 279 , BEENT, Sir Nathaniel, jurist : b. 1573 ; pub- lished translation of Sarpi's " History of the Coun- cil of Trent," 1619; d. 6 Nov. 1652. BEENTON, Edward Pelham, captain, philan- thropist; b. 1774; published "Naval Histoiy of England, 1783-1822,^' 1823 ; d. 6 April, 1839. His brother. Sir Jahleel, bart., admiral; b. 1770; published " Hope of the Navy," 1839; d. April 1844. BEENTZBN (Brentius), Johann, Gei-mnn protestant theologian ; b, 24 June 1499 ; disciple and colleague of Luther, and a principal actor in the discussions ; drew up the " Confessio "Wnrtem- burgica;" sent to the council of Trent; d. 11 Sept. 1570- BEEEEWOOD, Edward, antiquary and ma- thematician; b. 1565; first Gresham professor of astronomy, 1596; d. 1613. BEEQUIGNT, Louis George Oudard Feudrix de, French historian and antiquary ; b. 1716; pub- lished " Diplomata et alia Monumenta ad Ees Francicas spectantia," 1791 ; d. 3 July 1795. BEET, Antoine, French dramatist; b. 1717; published " Commentaire sur les CEuvres de Mo- liere," 1773 ; "TheAtre," 1778; d. 25 Feb. 1792. BEETETJIL, Louis Aiiguste le Tounelier, baron de, French diplomatist; b, 1733; much em- ployed by Louis XY. and XVI. ; his advice to the court not accepted, 1789 ; emigrated to Soleure, and treated with foreign powers on behalf of the king ; retired to Hamburg, 1792 ; d. 2 Nov. 1S07. BEETON, Raymond, French missionary to the West Indies; b. 1609; published " Dictionnaire Fran(;ais-Caraibe," 1665 ; d. 1679. BEBTON de los Hereeros, Manuel, Sjianish popular dramatist; b. ig Dec. 1796; select works published, 1853 ; d. Nov. 1873. BEETONNEATJ, Francois, French Jesuit preacher; b, 31 Deo. 16O0; published "Yie da Jacques II.," 1703, &c. ; d. 29 May 1741. BEETSCHNEIDEE, Kari Anton, Gci-man aiathematician ; b. 27 May 1808. BEETSCHNEIDEE, Heinrich Gottfried von, German writer and traveller in England, Sec. ; b. 6 May 1739 ; satirized Goethe's " Werther" 1774; d. I Nov. i8lo. BEETT, Thomas, theologian ; b. 1667 ; joined the nonjurors, 1715; published "A Collection of Liturgies, with a Dissertation," 1702; rf. 5 March 1743- BEETT, sir William Baliol, judge ; b. 1817 ; solicitor-general, Feb. — Aug. 1868 ; a justice of the common pleas, 24 Aug. 1S68 ; judge of the court of appeal, Sept. 1876. BEETTSCHNEIDEE, KarlGotlieb, German theologian; b. i: Feb. 1776; published "Hand- buch der Dogmatik der Lutherischeu Eu-che," 1814- l8 ; d. 22 Jan. 1848. BEEUGHEL, Flemish painters : Peter ; 6. about 1530 ; d. 1560. Peter, son ; 6. about 1564 ; a. 1637 or 163S. Johann, brother, called " Velvet Breui^licl ;" b. 1568 ; d. 1625. BEEWEE, rev. John Shen-cn ; b. 1810; professor of English literature, King's college, Lon- don, 1841 ; an editor of "Calendars of State Pa- pers," now publishing, 1876 ;" Athanasian Origin of Athanasian Creed," 1872. BEEWSTEE, hon. Abraham, Irislilawj'cr; b. 1 796 ; Irish attorney-general, 1853 ; lord chancellor, 1867 ; d. 26 July 1874. BEEWSTEE, sir David, Scotch physicist; b. II Dec. 1 781; d. 10 Feb. i868. Published his treatise ou "New Philosophical In- struments" ... . . 1813 Invented the k.aleidoscope 1816 Started the " Edinburgh PhilosophicalJoij-nal " . 1819 Helped to found the Scottish Society of Arts . . 1821 Pulilished his " New System of Illumination for Lighthouses" 1827 One of the founders of the British Associiition . 1831 Published " Optics," 1831 ; " Natural Magio " . 1832 Published " Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton " 1S31 ; 1^5 BEETDBL, Flemish painters: Chaules (land- scapes); b. 1677; <^- 4 Nov. 1774. Francois, (portraits) ; b. 8 Sept. 1679 ; d. 2 Nov. 1750. BEEYN, Johann Pliilipp, German botanist; b. 1690; d. 1764. BEIAJSr BOEOIMHE, king of Ireland, 1001 ; defeated the Danes at Clontarf, and slain, 23 April, 1014. BEIDAINE, Jacques, eloquent French preacher; b. 21 March 1701 ; publi^'ded "Can- tiqucs Spii-ituels," 1748; d. 22 Dee. 1767. BEIDGE, Bewick, mathematician ; b. 1766 ; published " Mathematical Lectures," 1810-11 ; d. 15 May 1833. BEIDGE 71 BEODEEIP lied at Poitiers, 19 Sept. BEIDGE, "William, puritan theologian, mem- ber of the Westminster assembly ; b. 1600 ; retired to Eotterdam; a minister at Gi-eat Yarmouth, 1642 ; ejected, 1662 ; d. 12 March 1670. BEIDGEMAN", sir Orlando, lawyer; i. about 1606 ; chief baron of exchequer, June ; chief justice of common pleas, Oct. 1660; lord chancellor, 1667 ; deprived, 17 Not. 1672 ; d. 25 June 1674. BEIDGES, John, antiquary; b. about l565; his "Antiquities of Northamptonshire," published by 'Whalley, 1791; d. 30 July 1724. BEIDGEWATEE, Francis Egerton, duke of; b. 21 May 1736; duke, 1748; employed James Brindley to make his canal, 1758-73 ; d. 8 March 1803. BEIDGEWATEE, Francis Henry Egerton, earl of; b. 11 Nov. 1758; bequeathed 8000^. for production of the " Bridgewater Treatises," by will dated 25 Feb. 1825 ; d. 11 Feb. 1829. BEIDPOET, see jELood. BEIENNE, Gualtier de, duo d'Athenes, con- stable of France ; after the loss of Athens, came to Italy, made lord of Florence, June 1341 ; expelled for tyranny, 26 July 1343 ; made constable by John of France, 6 May; kille' ■ — • ■ 1356- BEIENNE, Jean de, crusader ; b. about 1 148 ; titular king of Jerusalem, 1206; led crusaders against Egypt, 1218 ; captured Baraietta, 1219 ; elected emperor of the east, 1228; d. 1237. BEIGGS, Henry, mathematician; b. about 1556; visited Napier, 1616-17; published the first table of common logarithms, ibi8 ; the first Sa- vilian professor at Oxford, 1619 ; d. 26 Jan. 1630. BEIGGS, Henry Perronet, painter; b. 1793; R.A. 1832 ; d. Jan. 1844. BEIGGS, William, oculist; b. about 1641 ; published " OphthalmograpMa," 1676 ; d. 4 Sept. 1704. BEIGHT, Henry, landscape painter; d. Oct. 1873- BEIGHT, John, politician; b. 16 Nov. 181 1; elected M.p. for Durham, July 1843 ; active mem- ber of the council of the anti-com-law league, 1838-46; and of the reform league, 1866-7; m.p. for Manchester, July 1844 ; for Birmingham, Aug. 1857 ; president of the board of trade, 9 Dec. 1868- Dec. 1870 ; chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, Aug. 1873-Feb. 1874. BEIGHT, rev. Timothy ; published " Treatise on MelanchoUe," 1586; U. about i6i6. BEIL, Flemish painters: Matthaus, b. 1550; d. 1584. Paul, brother ; b. 1556 ; d. 1626. ■ BEILLAT-SAVAEIN, Anthelme, French magistrate; b. I April 1755; published "Physio- logic du Goat," the code of gastronomers, 1825; d. 2 Feb. 1826. BEINDLEY, James, engineer ; b. 1716 ; con- structed Bridgewater Canal, 1758-73; d. 27 Sept. 1772. BEINKLEY, John, bishop of Cloyne, astrono- mer-royal of Ireland; 0. 1763; published papers, 1800-26; consecrated, 1826; d. 13 Sept. 1835. BEINTIELIEES, Marie Marguerite d'Au- bray, marquise de ; executed at Paris for poisoning many persons, 16 July 1676. BEISBANE, sir Thomas Macdougall, hart., general astronomer; b. 23 July 1773 ; served in the war, 1793-1815 ; governor of New South Wales, 1821-6; founded obseiwatory at Paramatta, 1822; and at Makerstoun, Scotland, 1841 ; d. 27 Jan. i860. BEISSAC, see Cossk. BEISSON, Bamabe, French jurist, magistrate, and scholar; b. 1531 ; as president of the parlia- ment, involved in political troubles; seized and executed by the Council of Sixteen governing Pai-is, 15 Nov. 1591. BEISSON, Mathuriu Jacques, French physicist and naturalist; b. 30 April 172J; published " Or- nithologie," 1760; " Dictionnaire de Physique," 1781 ; " Pesanteur specifique des Corps," 1787; d. 23 June 1806. BEISSOT DE "WarvILLE, Jean Pien-e, French philosopher and politician; b. 14 Jan. 1754; executed 31 Oct. 1793. Puljlislied " Theorle des Lois criminelles," 1781 : "DelaVerite" 1782 Went to London and irablislied tlie " Journal du Lycee de Londres " 1784 Returned to France ; imprisoned in the B.astille ; went to England and America ; returned to France and joined the revolution, and formed the Girondist party .... . 178^ Protested against execution of Louis XVL J.in. 1793 Succumbed to the Mountain ; executed with 21 of his colleagues 31 Oct. 1793 BEISTOL, see Digbtj, Bervey. BEISTOW, Edward, landscape painter; b. 1786; d. 12 Feb. 1876. BEISTOW, Henry Wm., geologist; b. 1817; employed on the' geological survey, 1867 ; pub- lished " Glossai-y of Mineralogy" 1861 ; and many papers. BEITANNICUS, son of Claudius and Messa- lina ; b. 40 or 42 ; murdered by Nero, 55. BEITO, Bernardo de, Portuguese historian ; b. 20 Aug. 1569 ; his " Monarchia Lusytania " printed 1597; d. 27 Feb. 1617. BEITT02Sr, John, antiquary; b. 7 July, 1771 ; published, with E. W. Brayley, "Beauties of England and Wales," 1801-16 ; " Architectural Antiquities of England," 1805-26; "Cathedral Antiquities of England," 1814-32; d. i Jan. 1857. BEITTON, Thomas, "musical small-coalman," founder of perhaps the first concerts in England ; b. 1650 ; d. Sept. 1714. BEIZZIO, Francesco, Italian landscape painter; b. 1574 ; d. 1623. BEOCCHI, Giovanni Battista, Italian na- turalist; b. 18 Feb. 1772; published " Conchylio- . logia Fossilis Subapennina," 1814 ; " Dello Stato fisico delta Suola di Koma," 1820; d. 25 Sept. 1826. BEOCK, rev. William, D.D., eminent baptist; b. about 1S07 ; many years minister of Bloomsbury chapel, London ; published " Life of Havelock," 1858 ; d. 13 Nov. 1875. BEOCKEDON, William, topographical artist; b. 13 Oct. 1787; published "Illustrations of the Passes of the Alps," 1827-9 ; d. 29 Aug. 1854. BEOCKHAUS, Friedrich Arnold, German bookseller; b.A May 1772; published "Conversa- tions-Lexicon since loio; d. 20 Aug. 1823. BEODEEIP, William John, naturalist and magistrate ; b. 21 Nov. 1787 ; published " Zoological Eecreations," 1847 ; Leaves from the Note-book of a Naturalist," 1851 ; d. 27 Feb. 1859. BEODIE 72 BROSSES EEODIE, sir Benjamin Collins, bart. : 1. surgeon h. q June 1783 Author of many physiological and surgical ^vQi'ks ; received Copley medal .... 1811 Elufled first president of the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom . 23 Nov. 1858 President of the Royal Society, 30 Nov. 1858 d. 21 Oct. 1862 2. son, chemist; 6. 5 Feb. 1817 ; propounded the polarity of chemical elements, 4 June 1847 ; pab- lished Researches on AUotropism, 1852 ; on gi'a- pliite, 1862 ; professor of chemistry at Oxford 1855-73 BEODIE, George, Scottish historian ; b. 1786 ; published " History of British Empire, from Charles I. to the Eestoratioii," 1822 ; new ed. 1865 ; historiographer of Scotland, 1836 ; d. 22 Jan. 1867. BEOEKHTJISEN (Buoukkusius), Jan van. Butch scholar and poet; li. 1649; Latin poems published, 1684; d. 15 Dec. 1707. BEOFFEEIO, Angclo, Italian democratic po- litician; b. 6 Dec. 1802; imprisoned, 1830-42; published "Canzone," 18^9-55; "History of Piedmont" (from 1814), 1S49-52 ; d. 26 May, 18G6. BEOGLIE, de, marshals and peers of France : 1. Victor Maurice, comte . . 6. about 1639 Fouj-'ht in Flanders, &c. . The lirst miirshal of France, created 1667-84 2 Feb. 1724 d. 4 Aug. 1727 2. Franqois-Marik, comte, son . b. 11 Jan. 1671 Fought in Germany and Italy, &c. . . 1685-1741 M.ivshal, 17 June 1734 ; duke, June 1742 d. 22 May 1745 3. A'iCTOR FRANgois, duc, son . 6. 19 Oct. 1718 Fought in Italy, Germany, (fee. . . 1734, &c. Exiled for defeat at ViUinghauscn, 1761 ; recalled 1764 Jliuister of war 1789 Eiuigi-ated ; invaded Champagne with Pnissians imsucccssfuUy, 1792 . . d. 1804 4. Claude Victor, prince, son 5. 1757 Deputy to the states-general . . . 1789 Commanded the army of the Rhine . . . 1791 Resigned, Aug. 1792 ; guillotined . 27 June 1794 5. ACUILLE LEONCi: ViCIOR CHARLES, dUC, FlCUCll statesman and diplomatist h. 2S Nov. 1789 Employed by Napoleon 1812 Accepted the restoration 1814 Opposed execution of Ney . . . Dec. 1815 Accepted the revolution of July . . . 1830 Minister with Guizot and Thiers, Oct. 1S32— Feb. 1S36 Retired from public life, Dec. 1851 (i. 25 Jan. 1870 6. Charles Jacques Victor Albert, sou b. 13 June 1 821 Elected deputy for the Euje . . . I-'cb. 1871 President and foreign minister under MacjVtahoii 24 April 1873 Resigned 16 May 1874 Published " fitudos Morales," 1853 ; " L'Eglise et I'Empire Romaine au Quatrieme Siicle " . 1856 BEOKE, sir Philip Bowes Vcre, hart.; b. 1776; captain of the "Slianuon;" captured the " Chesapealce," Ameiicau fri^'ate, after an action of 1 1 minutes, I June 1813 ; d. 2 Jan. 1841. BEOKE, see Ilrooke. BEOME, Alexander, royalist poet and dra- matist ; b. 1620; published songs, ice, 1664; d. 29 June 1666. BEOME, Eichard, dramatist ; d. 1652. BEOMFIELD, sir William, surgeon, a founder of the "Lock Hospital;" b. 1712; d. 24 Sept. 1792. BEOjMLET, "William, A.n.A., line-cngiaver ; b. 1769; (/. 1842. His son, John, b. 1795; d. 1839. EEQISTGNIAET, French naturalists and mi- neralogists : 1. Alexandre, associate of Cuvier ; &. 5 Feb. 1770; made director of the jiorcclaiu manufactory at S6vres, 1800 ; published " Trait6 de Min6- ralogie," 1807 . . . . d. 7 Oct. 1847 2. Adolphe THfioDORE, SOU, geological botiinist ; h. 4 Jan. 1801 : published " Histoire des Vege- tanx Fossiles," 1828 . d. about 18 Feb. 1876 BEONTE, sisters, novelists : 1. Anne, known aa "Acton Bell;" wrote " Agnes Grey " d. 28 May 1849 2. Charlotte, known as " Currer Bell ;" &. 1816 ; published " Jane Eyre," 1847 ; " fcihirley," 1849 ; " ViUette," 1853 ; married Rev. A. B. Nicholls, 1854 d. 31 M.ircli 1855 3. EiMlLY, known as "Ellis Bell ;" wrote " Wnther- ing Heights " . d. ig Dec. 1848 BEOOK, Benjamin, dissenter; b. about 1775! published " Lives of the Puritans " (continuation of JS'eal), 1813; d. 5 Jan. 1848. BEOOKE, Fulke Oreville, lord, pliilnsopher and poet, friend of sir Philip Sidney; b. 1554; cl. 30 Sept. 1628 ; works printed, 1633. BEOOKE, Henry, poet and novelist ; i. 1 706 ; published "Fool of Quality," 1767; d. 10 Oct. 1783- BEOOKE, Henry James, mineralogist; b. 25 May 1771 ; d. 26 June 1857. BEOOKE, sir- James, rajah of Sarawak; b. 29 AprU 1803 ; d. II June 1808. Served in Indian army ; visited Cliina . . . 1S30 Devoted himself to crush piracy in Indian Ocean 1838 Subdued insurrection in Borneo . . . 1S41 JIade rn.jali of Sarawak ... 21 Sept. ,, Founded settlement of Labuan in Borneo 2 Dec. 1846 Returned to England .... 1847 Created K.C.B. 1S4S Suppressed piracy July 1S49 A(;quitted of charges 1851-2 Published "Letters," &c. .... 1853 Returned to England iSOo Visited Borneo several times . . . 1S61-3 BEOOKE, Eobert CreviUe, lord; with lord Say received grant of Connecticut, K. A., 1631 ; killed at Lichfield, 2 March 1643. BEOOKE or Broke, sir Eobert, judge; d. 5 Sept. 1558; Ms " Graunde Abridgement " printed 1568. BEOOKE, rev. Stopford Augustus, minister of St. James's chapel, "Westminster, 1865 ; published "Life and Letters of F. \V. Eobertson," IbSo; "Freedom in the Church of England," 1871; ser- mous, 1872-4. BEOOKES, Joshua, anatomist; b. 24 Nov. 1764; his valuable museum sold, 1S28; d. 10 Jan. i833- BEOOKEIBLD, rev. "William H., eminent preacher ; b. about 1810 ; prebendary of St. Paul's, 18O8; d. 12 June 1874. BEOOKS, Charles Shu-ley, novelist and dra- matist; b. i8iy, published " Gonlian Knot," 1S59; "Silver Cord," &e. ; editor of "Punch," 1870-4 ; d. 23 Feb. 1874. BEOOME, "William, poet; b. 16S9; t?. 16 Nov. 1745- BEOSSAED, Sebastien de, French ecclesiastic and musician; b. 1660 ; published " Diutioiuiaire de Musiquc," 1703; d. 10 Aug. 1730. BEOSSE, Gui de la, French botanist; first keeper of the " Jardin dcs Plantos " at Paris, established 1O26; published a "Description" of it, 163C; d. 1641. BEOSSES, Charles de, French liistorian and aulinuaryj b. 17 Feb. 1709; publislied "Lettrta BEOSSETTE 73 BEOWN Eurl'Etatai-tueld'Herculaneum," 1750; "Histoire AoB Navigations aux TeiTSS Australcs," 1756; d. 17 Mavch 1777. BEOSSETTE, Claude, French liistorinn ; b. 1671; founded academy of Lyons, 1700; published " Histoire de Lyon," 1 711; a. 1743. BEOTHEES, Eiohard, a fanatical enthusiast, published " llerealed Knowledge of tlie Pro- I'hccics," 1794 ; imprisoned for foretelling the death of the king, 1792; long conliued as a lunatic; cl. 25 Jan. 1824. BEOTIEE, Gabriel, French Jesuit scholar; b. 5 Sept. 1723; published "Tacitus," 1771 ; "Pliny the Younger, 1779; d. 12 Feb. 1789. His ne- phew, Andue Chakles, scholar; b. 1751; con- demned to death for royalist conspiracy ; sent to Cayenne, 1787; d. 13 Sept. 1798. BEOUGH, William, popular burlesque writer; b. 1826; d. 13 March 1870. — Lionel, brother, comedian; b. 10 March 1836. BEOUGHAM, Henry Peter, lord Brougham and Vaux; b. ig Sept. 1779; d. 7 May 1868. A founder of the " Edinbiu-gli Review " . 1802 Called to English bar . . . . - . . . 1808 M. P. for Camelford : joined the whigs . . . 1810 Denounced orders in council ttd their aholition . 1812 Voted for repeal of Septennial Act . 19 May i8i8 Published letter on abuse of public charities wliich led to appointment of the commission . . „ Attorney-general for queen Caroline Aiiril 1820 Defended her at the trial . . Ang -Kov. 1821 Denounced the Holy Alliance . . . 1823 lleljied to found London Mechanics' Institute . ,, T.ord rector of Glasgow University . . 4 April 1S25 Chairman of Society for Diffusion of Useful Know- ledge ... 1827 Elected 5[. P. for Yorkshire . . . 5 Aug. 1830 Lord chancellor and a peer . . 22 Nov. ,, l^^signed 15 Nov. 1834 Published Ills " Researches on Light" . . 1850-54 Founder of the National Association for Promotion of Social Science Hay 1857 Also of the Working Men's Club and Institute Union 4 June 1862 Ilis miscellaneous works republished . . 1855-60 BEOUGHTON, Hugh, theologian and He- braist; b. 1549; published "the Concert of the Scriptures," 1588; "Treatise of Melehisedech ; " d. 4 Aug. 1612. BEOUGHTOK, John Cam Hobhouse, lord; I. 27 June 1786; travelled Avith lord Byron, 1809- 10 ; for his pamphlet, " A Trifling Mistake," com- mitted to Newgate by the Speaker, 13 Dec. 1813 ; baronet, 1831 ; secretary at war, 1832-33; chief secretary for L-eland, 1833 ; president of the board ofeoutiol, 1835-41; agam, 1846-52; created baron, 26 Feb. 1851 ; G.C.B., 1852; published " Journey into Albania," 1812 ; "Italy," 1859; d. 3 June 1S69. BEOtOSrCKEE, "William Erouncker, viscount, matlieuiatician ; b. about 1620 ; president of Koyal Society, 1663-77 ; d. 5 Api-il 1684. BEOUSSAIS, Francjois Joseph Victor, French medical teacher ; 0. 17 Dec. 1772 ; published " His- toire des Phlegmasies chroniques," 1808; "Ii-rita- bilite etFoUe," 1828-9; d. 17 Nov. 1838. BEOUSSON, Claude, French theologian and jiu-ist; b. 1647, an earnest Protestant; published " Lettres aux Catholiques Eomains," 1688 ; aceu.sed of treason, tried, and broken alive on the wheel, 4 Sov. 1698. BEOWN, Charles Brookden, American novelist; i. 17 Jan. 1771 ; published "Sky-walks," 1793; " Edgar Huntley," 1799; d. 22 f'e'b. 1810. BEOWN, Ford Madox, historical painter; b. 1821; exhibited ""Wioklifi'e reading," 1848; "King Lear," 1849; "Chaucer," 1851; 50 pictui-es, 1865. BEOWN, Henry Kirlce, American sculptor; 5. 1814; works; "Hope," "Pleiades," "HyaJes," many busts : statues of Washington and Lincoln at New York. BEOWN, rev. Hu^h Stowell, nephew of Eev Hugh Stowell; b. 1823; brought up an en- gineer; became popular Baptist minister, Jan. 1848. BEOWN, rev. James Baldwin; {. 19 Aug. 1820; educated for the bar; became independent minister at Derby, 1843 ; in London, 1846 ; pub- lished "Christian Pohey," 1869; "The Higher Life," 1874. BEOWN, John, of Haddington, Scotch theolo- gian and scholar ; b. 1722; published "Dictionai-y of the Bible," 1778; "Self-Interpreting Bible," 1769; d. 19 June 1787. BEOWN, John, Scottish physician; *. 1735; author of the " Brunonian System ; " published his doctrine of the " excitabrhty " of muscles, &c., in his "Elementa Medicinoe," 1780; d. 8 Oct. 1788. BEOWN, John, Scotch M.D. ; published " Hoi'ce Subsecivfe" (containing "Eab and his friends," &c.), before 1862. BEOWN, John, captain, a violent agitator for negro emancipation in the United States; fought in the struggles to prevent Kansas from being made a slave state, 1855 ; attempted an insurrection at Harper's ferry, 16 Got. ; executed, 2 Dec. 1859. BEOWN, Lancelot (Capability Brown), land- scape gardener; b. 1715 ; laid out gardens at Kew, Blenheim, Stowe, &c. ; d. 6 Feb. 1773. BEOWN, or BeOTV^TE, Maximilian UlysseB, Austrian marshal, termed his "teacher" by Frederick the Great; b. 1705; mortally wounded at Prague, 6 May; d. 26 June, 1757. BEOWN, Robert, nonconfoi-mist, founder of the Brownists or independents ; published a " Treatise of Reformation, without tarrying for any man," 1582; d. 1630. BEOWN, Eobert, Scotch botanist, termed by Humboldt, " facile princeps botanicorum ; " b. 21 Dec. 1773; accompanied Flinders in exploration of Australia, 1801-5 ; published " Prodromus I'lorte NovoD Hollandias," 1810; discovered the "BroAvniaa motion " in dew, 1827 ; d. 10 June 1858. BEOWN, sir Samuel, captain E.N., civil en- gineer; b. 1776; made experiments which led to introduction of chain cables in the navy; made model, 1813; patented his iuvcnlion of chain bridges, 1817; constructed chain pier at Brighton, 1823 ; d. 15 March 1852. BEOWN, Thomas, satirist and humorist; b. 1663 ; d. 1704. BEOWN, Thomas, theologian; b. 1604; pub- lished tr.anslatiou of Camden's "Ajinals of queen Elizabeth," 1629 ; d. 6 Dec. 1673. BEOWN, or BeowjtE, sir Thomas, physician and antiquary; b. 19 Oct. 1605; published " Pseu- dodoxia Epidemica ; or. Enquiries into Vulgar Errors," 1646; " Religio Medici," 1642; d. 19 Oct. 1682. BE,0WN, Thomas, metaphysician; b. g Jan. 1778; "Inquiry into the Eelatiou of Cause and Effect," published i8o6; "Plrilosophy of the Haman Mind," 1822; d. 20 April 1820. BEOWK 74 BEUGMANS BROWN, orBP-OWITE, 'William, poet ; b. 1590; author of " Britannia's Pastorals," publislied 1655; d. about 1645. BEOWN, Sii' William, merchant ; b. In county Antrim, 1784; emigrated to America, 1800; M.P. for South Lancashii'e, 1845-59; founded free library, &o., in Liverpool, 1853-7 i '^- 3 March 1864. BROWN, or Browne, "William Lawi-ence, theologian; b. 1755; published "Essay on the Existence of a Supreme Creator" (obtained first Burnett prize, 1816) ; d. 11 May 1S30. BROWNE, Charles Farrer, American humor- ist, known as "Artemus "Ward;" b. 1836; d. 6 3Iavch 1S67. BROWNE, Charles Tliomns, poet and journal- ist ; b. 1825; published "Astrello," 1S50; d. 7 Oct. 1868. BROWNE, Edward Harold, bishop of Ely; i. 1811; published "Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles," 1850-53; consecrated, 1S64; bishop of "Winchester, Aug. 1873. BROWNE, George, Protestant reformer ; ori- ginally an Augustinian friar in London, made arch- bishop of Dublin by Henry VIII. 1535 ; eng.aged the church to reject the pope's supremacy; made piimate, 1551; ejected by Mary, 1554; d. about 1556. BROWNE, Hablot Knight; b. 1818; illus- cth Barrett, 1846. Published "Bells and Poine?raiintes" , 2G42-6 " Cliristmas Eve and Easter JJ.iy " . . . 1850 "Poems," collected edition .... 1S68 " Pilng and the Book " , . . 186S-9 "Balaustion's Adventure ;" and "Fiinre Hohen- stiel-Scliwangau" . . . . 1871 " Fiflne at the Fair " .... . . 1872 "Red Cotton Nightcap Coiuiiry" .... 1S73 "Aristophanes' Apology ;"" Inn Album" . . 1S75 " Pacchiarotto " Ang. 1876 BROWTSTRIGG, Elizabeth, executed for mur- dering female apprentice, 14 Sept. 1/67. BEOWNRIGG, "William, M.D., chemist; b. 24 March 1711; published results of investigation into gases of coal-mines, &c., especially choke-damp, 1741, 176'i, 1774; "Art of Malcing Common Salt," 174S; "Considerations on Preventing Contagion," 1771 ; d. 6 Jan. 1800. BEOWN-SEQUAED, Edward, physician; />. (at the Mauritius) 1818; professor atl'Jicolede Mcdecine, Paris; made many discoveries respecting diseases of the nerves. BEUAT, Armand Joseph, French artuira'. ; b. 26 May 1796 ; commanded the French fleet in the Black Sea during the Ciimean war ; d. 19 Nov. 1855- BRIJCB, see David II. of Scotland. BE"UCE, Edward brother of Robert I. of Scotland; invaded Ireland, May 1315 ; proclaimed king, 1 316; defeated and killed at i'oughard, near Dundalk, 5 Oct. 1318. BRUCE, Eobert, earl of Annandale, father of Bobertl. ; b. 1210; regent for Alexander III. about 1255; prisoner at battle of Lewes, 1264; released, 1265 ; candidate for Scottish crown, 1290-2 ; d. 1295- BR"UCE, earls of Elgin : Thomas, h. 20 July 1766 ; collected the " Elgin marbles " at Athens . 1B02, et seq. Transported them to England 1814 Sold them to the govemineiit for £35,ocx3 for the " S16 . d. 14 Nov. 1841 &. 20 July iSii March 1842— Aug. 1846 . fcjept. 1S46— Sept. 1854 Postmaster-general 1S59 Plenipotentiai-y in China , . . 1857-S, i860 Viceroy of ludia 21 J.in. 1862 d. 20 Nov. 1863 BRUCE, Henry Austin, lord Aberdare, states- man; b. 1815; vice-president of the committee of council on education, 1S64 ; home secretary, Dec. 186S ; baron, and lord-president of the council, Aug. 1873 ; resigned, Feb. 1S74 ; president of social science association, 1875. BRUCE, James, Scotch ti-aveller; b. 14 Dec. 1730; set otf to discover the source of the Nile, June 176S; explored Abyssinia; discovered the source of the Blue Nile, 14 Nov. 1770; returned home, 1773; published "Travels," 1790; rf. 27 April 1794. British Museum, James, son . Governor of Jamaica Governor of Canada BRUCE, sir James Lewis Knight ; b. 4 Nov. 1791 ; vite-chanccUor, 1841; judge of appeal, 1S54; d. 7 Nov. i865. BRUCE, John, la\vyer and anti(}uary ; b. 1802; treasurer of the society of antiquaiies and Camden society; editor of works published by Camden society, 1S38-61 ; of Calendars of state paper.s. Do- mestic series of the reign of Charles I. (i62c,.-!,y), 1858-68; (?. 28 Got. 1869. BRUCE, rev. John CoUingwood, antiquary; b. 1805; published " Eoman "Wall," 1851-66. BRUCE, Michael, Scottish poet; b. 27 March 1746; d. 6 July 1767. BRUCIOLI, Antonio, Italian scholar; pub- lished the Bible in the Tuscan dialect, 1532 ; and Aristotle's "Politics," 1547, and "Physics," 1551, in Italian. BRUCKER, Johann Jacob, German historian; 6.22 Jan. 1696; published hia "Historia critioa Philosophise," 1741; d. 1770. BRUCKMANN, Franz Ernst, German natu- ralist; *. 27 Sept. 1697 ■ d. 21 March 1753. BRUEYS D'AIGALLIERS, Francois Paul, French admiral; b. 1753; commanded and kUled at the battle of the Nile, i Aug. 1798. BRUGMAN, Jan, eloquent Flemish E.G. preacher ; d. 1473. BRUGMANS, Anton, Gemian physicist ; b. 22 Oct. 1732; published " Magneiismus," 1778; d. 27 April 1789. BRUGMANS, Sebald Justin, Dutch natura- llist; b. 1763; as inspector re-organised the sani- BEUGNATELLI 75 BRUNTON tary arrangements of the ai-my, 1815 ; d. 22 July 1819. BEUGjSTATELLI, Luigi, Italian chemist ; b. 14 Feb. 1761; published "Annali di Chimica," 1790-1805; "Giomale di Fisica," 1808-11;; d. 24. Aug. i8l8. BETJGSCH, Heinrich Karl, Pnissian Egypto- logist; b. 18 Feb. 1S27; favoured by Frederick WilliaiiilV. ; visited foreign museums; keeper of Iig\ptiau museum, Berlin, l8w; visited Persia, i860; Egypt, 1869; published Ms travels and other works. BRITGTJIEEES, Jean Guillaume, French naturalist; 4. 1749; accompanied Kerguelen in his voyage to the South, seas, 1773; travelled through the East, 1792; d. I Oct. 1799. BEUHIER D'ABLAINGOUET, Jean Jacques, French physician; published "disserta- tion sur rincertitude des Signes de la Mort," 1742 (attacked by Louis) ; d. 24 Oct. 1756. ERTJHL, Heinrich von, count, German states- man ; b. 1700 ; primeminister and ruler of Saxony, 1748; cl. 28 Oct. 1763. BRUIX, Eustache, French admiral; b. 17 July 1759; minister of marine under Napoleon; d. 18 March 1805. BEITLLIOT, Franz, Gcmiau engraver; i. lb Feb. 1780; published " Dictionnaire des Jlono- graramcs," 1817-18 ; d. 13 Nov. 1836. BRUMMEL, George Bryan (Beau), dandy; b. 1778; favourite of George IV.; d. 29 March 1840. ERUMOT, Pion-e, French scholar and Jesuit; i. lCjb8; published "Theatre des Grecs," 1730; d. 16 April 1742. BRUN", Antoine, French scholar and diplomat- ist; b. at Dole, 1600; d. n Jan. 1654. BRTJN, see Ze JBnin. BRUNCK, Eichard Franz Philipp, German philologist; b. 30 Dec. 1723; edited Anacreon, 1778; JEschylus, 1779; Aristophanes, 1781-83; Sophocles, 1786; Terence, 1797; ruined by the revolution, 1791 ; d. 12 June 1803. BRUNE, Guillaume Marie Anne, French marshal; i. 13 May 1763; took Berne, 12 April 179S; defeated the duke of York, 19 Sept. and 6 Oct. 1799; general of the army of Italy, 1800; governor of Hanse towns, 1807 ; murdered at Avig- non by a mob, 2 Aug. 1815. BEUNEAU, Antoine, French lawyer; b. 10 April 1640; published "NouveauTraitedesCriees" (auctions), 1676; d. about 1720. BRUNEHAUT, or Betjnehild, queen of f^'igebeit, king of Austrasia; 6. 534; queen, 566; xegent for their son, Childebert, 575 ; caused the juurder of Theodebert, 612 ; killed by Clotaire U., 28 Feb. 613. BEUNEL, civil engineers : Sir Marc Isambard ; 6. in France 25 April 1769 A aailor 1786-93 ; came to England . 'March 1799 Invented a metliod of hnproving block machinery, &c., 1802; for which he received by instal- ments £17,663 .... 21 Aug. 1810 Patented improvements in saw-mills . 1806-13 Invented a copying press 1820 Improved marine steam engines .... 1822 Constructed the Thames tunnel ; hegun, 2 March 1825 : opened, 25 March 1843 d. 12 Dec. 1849 Sir Isambard KiNonoM, son . . 6. 9 Api-il i8o6 Engineer to the Great Western railway ; intro- duced the broad gauge . . . 1833 ^, Designer and engineer of the Great Western; completed, 1838 ; and of Great Eastern (launched, 31 Jan. 1858) steamers d. 15 Sept. 1859 BRUNELLESCHI, FiHppo, Italian architect; b. 1377; invented a new system of constructing vaults, 1419; designed and constructed cifpola of / Santa Maria, Florence ; d. 1444. ' xy BRUNET, Jacques Charles, French biblio- gi-apher; 4. 2 Nov. 1780; published "Manuel du Libraire," 1810; 6th ed. 1S60-5 ; d. 14 Nov. 1S67. BEUNPELS, Otto, reviver of botany, Gennan sician; A. about 1464; published "Herbarum ivselcones," 1530; d. 1534. BRIJNI, Antonio, Italian poet; Jl. l6th cen- tury; his " Epistole Eroiche," printed, 1626-7. BRUNI, Leonardo, sumamed Aretino, Italian scholar and restorer of letters ; b. at Arezzo, 1369 ; secretary to Pope Innocent VIl., 1405, and suc- ceeding popes; published a history of Florence, of which he was made chancellor, 1427 ; d. 9 March 1444. BRTTNINGS, Christian, Gennan protestant; b. 16 Jan. 1702; published "Compendium Anti- quitatum Graecarum;" d. 6 March 1763. BRUNN, or BeUNNEE, Johaim Conrad, Swiss phj'sician; 4. 16 Jan. 1653; consulted by George I. of England, and other sovereigns; d. 2 Oct. 1727. BRUNN, Johann Jacob, Swiss physician ; b. 1591 ; published " Systema Materiaj Medicos;" d. 22 Jan. 1660. BRUNNOW, Ernst Philipp, baron von, Ger- man diplomatist; 4. 31 Aug. 1797; ambassador for Itussia at London, 1840-54; again, 1857-74; d. II April 1875. BRUNO, Saint ; 4. about 1030 ; founded Cis- tercian order, 1084 or 1086; d. 6 Oct. iioi. BRUNO, the Great; 4. about 925; archbishop of Cologne, 953 ; wi-ote Commentaries on the Pen- tateuch, Evangelists, &c. ; died 11 Oct. 965. BRUNO, Giordano, Italian mathematician and pantheistic philosopher; 4. about 1550; visited England about 1583 ; burnt as a heretic at Venice, 17 Feb. 1600. BRUNSWICK, dukes of: Charles "William Ferbinand, heroic general &. 9 Oct. 1735 Fought in the seven years' war ; duke of Bruns- wick- Luneburg , T780 Took the command of the Pnissian anny . . 17S7 Puhlished his manifesto against the French re- publicans 15 July ,792 Took Longwy, 23 Aug., and Verdun . 2 Sept. 1792 Made a successful campaign . 1793 Resigned command 179. Took the command of the Prussians ; defeated and mortally wounded at Auerstadt, 14 Oct. d. 10 Nov. 1806 Freberick William, son; &. 9 Nov. 1771; entered Pnissian service ... . 1702 Formed a regiment against the French . 1800 Eeeovered his states .... Dec. iSi-* Killed at Quatre Bras . . . .16 June iSif Charles, son; b. 30 Oct. 1804; assumed the go- vernment, and ruled badly . . 30 Oct. 1S2- Quarrelled with his uncle, George IV. of England 1826-7 Bevolution, fled, Sept. 1830 ; d. (leaving his pro- perty to the city of Geneva) . iBAu" 1S73 William, brother ... 6. 25 April, 1S06 Assumed the government provisionally, Sept. 1830 ; definitively , 25 April 1831 BRUNTON,Mary, Scotchnovelist; 4. (Balfour) 1778; published " Self-Control," 1810; "Disci- pline," 1814; d. ig Dec. 1818. BEUSCH 70 BUCKINGHAM BitUSOH, Gasparcl, German and Latin poet and historiun; b. Aug. 1518; crowned imjierial pot't-laiu-e:Ue, 1552 ; murdered 1559. BETJTO, or BUUTI, Gian Michele, Italian his- torian; b. about 1515; published " Floreutina I Historia," 1562 ; d. 1594. '. BRUTUS, Decius Junius ; serTed under Ctesar, and made one of his heii'S, B.C. 56-45; one of his assassins, 15 March 44; betr-aj^ea by his soldiers, ; and slain by command of Antony, 43. BRUTUS, Lucius Junius, consul after expel- ling the Tarquins ; killed in battle with them, e.g. 509- BRUTUS, Marcus Junius ; 5. E c. 85 ; served under Ponipey, 49 ; pardoned and favoured by CLCsar, 48 ; his chief assassin, 15 March 44 ; raised an aiTuy, and assumed the title of imperator, 43 ; defeated by the triumvirs; killed himself, Oct. 42. BRUYERE, see La Bruyere. BRUYN, Coi-neliiis van, Dutch painter and trav(dler; b. 1652; travelled in the East, &c. ; published his voyages, 1714-18. BRUTS, Fran(;ois, French protestant ; b. 7 Feb. 170S; published *'Histoire des Papes," 1732-34; d. 20 May 1738. BRUYS, Pierre de, a Manichee ; attacked the clergy; wrote a book entitled " Antichrist," about 1 120 ; biinit in France as a heretic, 1147. BRYAN, Michael, biographer; b. 1757; pub- lished *'lJictionai'y of Painters and Engravers," 1813-16; d. 21 March 1821. BRYANT, Jacob, classical scholar; b. 1715; published "Analysis of Ancient Mythology," 1774- 6; d. 14 Xoi'. 1804. BRYANT, "William Cullen, American poet and jourualist; b. 3 Nov. 1794; published " Thana- tnpsis" 1819; the "Ages," 1821; the "Talisman," an annual, 1827-30; complete works, 1855 ; trans- lation of Homer, 1870-2. BRYDGES, sir Samuel Egerton, genealogist ; b. 30 Nov. 1762; edited CoUins's "Peerage of ling- laud," 1812 ; d. 8 Sept. 1837. BRYDONE, Patrick; b. 1741 ; published "Tour through Sicilj'," 1773; <^- 19 June 181S. BRYENNIU8, Nicephorus, Byzantine gene- ral; rebelled against the emperor Michael VII., 1077; defeated and blinded, 1078. His son or nephew, husband of Anna Coninena, conspired wilh her against her brother John, but failed, and was punished mth banishment and fine, 1118 ; re- stored; d. about I137. BU ACHE, Philippe, Frmch hydrographer ; b. 7 Feb. 1700; published "Atlas Physique," 1754; d. 24 Jan. 1773. BUAT NAN^AY, Louis Gabriel, comte de, French historian and diplomatist; b. 2 March 1732 ; published "Histoire ancienne dea Peuples de I'Europe," 1772; d. 18 Sept. 1787. BUBB-DODINGTON, George, lord Mel- combe; b. 1691 ; took name Dodington, 1717; autlior of " Diary ; " treasurer of the navy, 1744 ; created baron, 1761 ; d. 28 July 1762. BUCER, Martin, German reformer ; b. 1491 ; adopted opinions of Luther, 1521 ; zealously op- posed the " Interim," a compromise favouriu"- the Eomanists ; visited England by invitation of Cranmer, 1548 ; d. at Cambridge, 27 or 28 Feb 1551- BUCH, Christian Leopold von, German geolo- gist; b. 25 or 26 April 1774; studied Vesuvius, Feb. 1799; explored great part of Europe, 1799- 1810 ; visited and described the Canaries, 1815 ; d. 4 March 1853. BUCHAN, John Stuart, earl of; b. about 1380; entered into service of Charles VII, of France ; helped in the defeat of the duke of Clarence and the English at Beauge, 22 March 1421 ; said to have been kiUed at Vemeuil, 1424 ; or d. 1450. BUCHAN, Elizabeth, Scotch fanatic ; b. 1738; chief of a sect, the Buchanites, 1779; d. May 1791. BUCHAN, Wiffiam, M.D. ; b. 1729; published "Domestic Medicine," 1770; d. 25 Feb. 1805. BUCHANAN, Claudius, missionary in India; b. 12 JIarch 1766; went to India, 1796; published "Christian Kesearches in Asia," 181 1; d. q Feb. 1815. ■' BUCHANAN, George, Scottish historian aad Latin poet; b. Feb. 1506; published "Francis- cauus," 1538; Latin version of the Psalms, 1570; preceptor of James I., 1570 ; d, 28 Sept. 1582. BUCHANAN, James, American statesman; b. 23 April 1791 ; ambassador in London, 1853-6 ; president of United States, 1857-61 ; d. i June 1868. BUCHANAN, Robert, Scotch poet and critic; b. 18 Aug. 1841 ; published "Undertones," i860; "Id) Is," 1865; " London Poems," 1866; "Napo- leon Fallen," 1871; "Drama of Kings," 1871 ; "Fleshly School of Poetry," 1872; "Collected Works," 1874. BUCHHEIM, Paul, see Fa,jius. BUCHHOLZ, Christian Friedrich, German chemist; b. 19 Sept. 1770; made galvanic dis- coveries, 1808 ; d. 9 June 1818. BUCHHOLZ, Wilhelm Heimich, German mineralogist ; b. 23 Sept. 1734; d. 16 Dec. 1798. BtrCHNER, Friedrich Charles Christian Lud- •wig. Genn.an philosopher ; b. 29 March 1824; pub- lislied" Kraft undStoff" (Force and M.atter), 1855; "Natur und Geist," 1859; " Natur imd Wisseu- schaft," 1862. BUCKERIDGE, John, bishop of Ely, 1628; published " De Potestate Papte in rebus temporaU- bus," 1614; d. 23 May 1631. BUCKHUBST, Thomas Sackville, lord, states- man aud poet ; b. 1527 ; created baron, 8 June, 1567 ; earl of Dorset, 13 March 1603 ; d. 19 April BUCKINGHAM, dukes of: Humphrey Staitoed, lord high constable ; de- feated and slain at Northampton . 10 July 1460 Henkv Stafford, gi-anilaon; supported Eichard III. ; made oonstable ; Joined the Lancastrians ■ betrayed ; beheaded . . . i Nov 1481 Edward Stafford, son : dulce, 14S6 ; beheaded by Henry yiH jf George ViLLiEBs . . . . S zoAu" 1^02 Kuling favourite of James I. . . . °. 1613 Made dulie ; accompanied prince Charles on liis visit to Spain . . . ^^ Failed in attack on the isle of Rhi5 July— Oct 1627 Assassinated by Feltou .at Portsmouth 2, Auk 16-8 George Villiers, son . . . 6. 30 jaS! 16^7 Succeeded as duke ... 2, Ano- tAoH With Cliarles II. . . . . . ^ 1650-60 Favoured nonconformists and opposed the Test act .... igg- Member or tlie "CabiU" Ministry . ' . ' '. r6io Introduced plate-glass manufacture from Venice, 1673 d. 17 Axn-il i633 BUCKINGHAM 77 BULWER BUCKINGHAJM AND OHANDOS, dukoa of: EicHARD Ntjoent Temple Grenyillb 6. Marclx 1776 DiUce of Buckingham and Chandos . 4 Feb. 1822 d. 17 Jan. 1839 Richaud Plantagenet, "the farmer's friend:" h. II Feb. 1797 . . d. 29 July 1861 Richard Plantagenet . . , b. 10 Sept. 1823 Chairman of London and N.W. railway . Oct. 1853 Duke .... .... 1861 Lord president of the council . , . June 1866 Seeretaiy for the colonies , March 1S67 — Dec. 1868 Appointed governor of Madras . . May 1875 BUCKINGHAM, James Snic, traveller; b. 17S6; established a journal at Calcutta, 1816; ex- pelled from India for writings in the "Calcutta Journal," 182? ; M.P. for Sheffield, 1832-37 ; pub- lislied " Travels," 1822-25-27 ; d. 30 June 1S55. BUCKINGHAMSHIEB, John Sheffield, duke of, poet; b. 1649; d. 24 Feb. 1721. BUCKLAND, Francis Trevelyan, surgeon and naturalist, son of rev. "Wm. ; b. 17 Deo. 1826; established Museum of Economic Fish Culture, at South Kensington Museum; inspector of salmon fisheries for England and Wales, 1867. BUCKLAND, rev. William, geologist ; b. 12 March 1784; published "Account of Kirkland Cave," 1822; " EeliquioaDiluvianse," 1823 ; Bridge- ivater Treatise on Geology, 1836 ; dean of West- minster, 1845; ^- 14 Aug. 1856. BUCKLE, Henry Thomas, philosopher and his- toiian; b. 24 Nov. 1S22; published "History of Civilisation," 1857-61 ; d. 29 May 1862. BUCKLER, John, architect; b. 30 Nov. 1770; d. 6 Dec. 1851. BUCKMAN, James, geologist and botanist; b. 1816; professor at Agricultural College, Ciren- cester, 1848-63 ; published " History of British Grasses," 1858; "Science and Practice in Farm Cultivation," 1863. BUCKSTONE, John Baldwin, dramatist and actor ; b. 18 Sept. 1802 ; produced " Luke the Labourer," 1828; "Green Bushes," and above 150 other pieces ; manager of the Hajmiarket theatre, ^853"7S ; retired from management but continued lessee, June, 1875. BUDD, WUliam, M.D. ; *. 181 1 ; pubKshed "Typhoid Fever," 1S73 ; advocating the "germ theory of the origin of diseases." BUDDHA, or teacher, a name given to Sakya Mouni, the founder of Buddhism, who died about 543 B.C. _ BUDE, Guillaume, French scholar; b. 1/sfiT, restorer of Greek literature in France, and patron of the Greek refugees ; d. 23 Aug. 1540. BUDGELL, Eustace, essayist and poet; b. about 1685; wrote in the "Spectator;" drowned himself, 4 May 1736. BUFF, Heinrich Ludwig, German chemist ; b. 23 May 1805 ; d. 2 Uec. 1872. BUFFALMACCO (name given to Buonamico di Ciistofano), Italian painter (in fresco in Campo Santo, Pisa) ; b, 1262 ; d. 1340. BUFFET, Louis Joseph, French statesman; b. 26 Oct. 1818. Minister of commerce ; resigned , . Dec. 1849 Minister of finance under Emile Ollivier, 2 Jan. ; resigned .... 10 Ajiril 1870 Elected deputy for les Vosges . . Feb. 1871 President of the national assembly . 4 April 1873-5 Headed a cabinet as minister of the interior 10 Mar. 1875 Not elected senator, 30 Jan. ; resigned 22 Feb. 1876 Elected lite senator .... 16 June 1876 BUPFON, Geoiges Louis Le Clerc, oomte de, French naturalist ; b. 7 Sept. 1707; began to pub- lish "Histoire Naturelle," 1749; " Epoqnes de la Nature," 1780; d. 16 April 1788. BUGEAUD DE LA PICONNERIE, Thomas Kobert, French marshal: b. 15 Oct. 1784; d. 10 Juite 1849. Fought under Napoleon (beginning as a grenadier) 1805-15 Elected a deputy and made marshal . . . 1831 H 'nt to Algeria ; made peace with Abd-el-Kader . 1837 Governor of Algeria . . March 1840 Defeated Abd-el-Kader at Isly . . 14 Aug. 1844 BUGENHAGEN, Johann, "Pomeranus," German reformer; b. 24 June 14S5 ; friend of Luther, helped him to translate the Bible ; became l.astor and professor at Wittemberg; declined rich bishoprics ; d. 20 April 1558. BUHLE, Johann Gottlieb, German philosopher ; b 29 Sept. 1763; published (in German) "History of Modem Philosophy," 1800-5 ; " History of Kosi- crucians and Freemasons," 1803; rf. Aug, 1821. BULL, George, theologian; b. 25 March 1634; published " Harmonica Aposlolica," 1670; " Defen- sio Fidei Nicense," 16S5 ; bishop of St. David's, 1705; d. 17 Feb. 1710. BULL, John, Mus. D. ; b. 1563 ; said to have composed "God save the King, 1606; d. about 1622. BULL, Ole Bomemann, Norwegian violinist; b. 5 Feb. 1810. BULLEE, Charles, statesman; b. Aug. i8o5; president of poor-law board, Nov. 1847 ; d. 28 Nov. Nisi BULLEE, sir Francis, judge ; {. 1745 ; pub' lished " Introduction to the Law of Trials at Nis: Prius," 1767; d. 4 June 1 800. BULLIADUS, see Boulliaii. BULLINGEE, Heinrich, Gei-mau reformer; b. 1504 ; established protestantism at Zurich, icli ■ d. 17 Sept. 1575. BULLION, Claude de, French statesman and financier ; served under Kichelieu; d. 22 Dec. 1640. BULLOCK, rev. Charles, rector of St. Nicholas, Worcester, i860; published "The Way Home," 1858; editor of "Our Own Fireside" " Day of Days," and " Home Words." BULMEE, William, printer ; b. 1758; printed foHo Shakspere, 1791-1805; d. 9 Sept. 1830. BifLOW, Friedrich Wilhelm von, Prussian general ; b. i-]z,c, ; defeated the French at Denne- witz, 6 Sept. 1813; Dt Breda, 12 Jan. 1814; d 2=; Feb. 1816. ■" BtJLOW, Heinrich, baron von, Prussian states- man; b. 1790; ambassador in London, 1827; pre- sent at the conferences on the aifairs of the Nether- lands, and signed the treaty of 15 July 1840; foreio-a minister, April 1842 ; resigned, 1S44 ; <^- 6 Fe°b. 1846. BULWEE, Edward George Earle Lytton, lord Lytton, statesman, novelist, and di-amatist ; b. May 1806. ■' M.P. (a radical) for Lincoln Created baronet . M.P. for Herts (conservative) Lord rector of Glasgow Colonial secretary Created baron Published— A^OMfe : "Pelham" " Disowned ;" " Devereux " "Godolphin;" "Eugene Aram" " Eienzi;" "Last Days of Pompeii 1832-41 July 183S 1852-65 . iSs6-8 May 1858— June 1859 July i8b5 . 1827 > . 1829 . 1831 . . . 183s BULWER 78 BURGESS ** Ernest Maltravers ;" "Alice" .... 1836 *' Pilgrims of the Rhine " . . ■ , . 1840 " Zanoni," 1842 ; " Last of the Barons '* . . 1843 *' Lucretia," 1847 ; "Harold" . . , . :848 " Caxtons," 1849 ; "My Novel" .... 1853 "What will he do -with it?" 1858 "The Coming Race," 1871 ; "Kenelin Chillingly," 1873 "Parisians " 1874 Foems: "New Tiraon," 1846; "King Arthur" . 1848 " Lost Tales of Miletus " 1S66 FUiys: "Lady of Lyons," 1838: "Richelieu," 1839; "Money" . . . 1840 " Not so Bad as we Seem " i860 Mif'cdUnieoiis : "England and the English," 1833; Tlie Student" (pax:)ers), 1835; " Pilgrims of the Rhine" 1840 For his wife and son, see Lytton BULWEE, Sii- Henry Lytton Earle, brother; i. 1804; British envoy at Madrid, Nov. 1843 ; for his opposition to the arbitrary court, dismissed by the Spanish minister, May 1848 ; ambassador to the United States, Dec. 1849; Tuscany 1852; Con- stantinople, May 1858; returned, 1865; created baron Balling, 1871 ; published •' Historical Cha- racters," 1867; "Life of Viscount Pabnerstou," 187! ; d. 23 May 1872. BULWEE, John, physician; published "Phi- locophus, the deaf and dumb man s friend," 1648; 'I Pathomyotomia ; or. Dissection of the significa- tive Muscles of the Affections of the Mind," 1649; "Anthropometamorphosis," 1653; "Chirologia; or, NaturalLanguageoftheHand, 1644; (?. uncertain. BUNN", Alfred, theatrical manager and drama- tist ; d. 20 Dec. i860. BUNNTK, Dutch landscape painters; i. Jan. 1654; d. 1717; Jakob, brother; d. 1725. BUNSEN, Christian Carl Josias, baron von, German scholar ; b. 25 Aug. 1791 ; d. 28 Nov. i860. Studied under Heyne at Gottingen . . 1812-13 AVith Niebuhr and Schleiermacher, at Berlin 1815-16 Formed .acquaintance of Alex, von Humboldt . 1816 Went to Rome as secretary to Niehuhr . . 1818 Left Rome .... . . 1838 Prussian ambassador in England . . 1841-54 Assisted in the establishment of the protestant bishopric of Jerusalem 1841 Puhhslied, in Germ.an, " Church of the Future," 1845 ; " Egypt's Place in Universal Histoiy," 1848-60 ; " Hippolytus and his Age," 1851. BOTTSEN, Robert Wilhelm, German chemist ; b. 31 March 181 1 ; invented the carbon galvanic battery, 1842 ; associated with Kirchhoff in the dis- covery of chemical analysis by the spectrum, by which they discovered new metals, i860. BUNYAN, John, baptist minister; b. 1628; parliamentary soldier, 1645; joined the baptists, 1650; a minister, 1653; imprisoned in Bedford gaol; published " PUgiim's Progress," 1678-84; d. 31 Aug. 1688. BUOL-SCHAUBNSTEIN, Cari Ferdinand von, count, Austrian statesman ; b, 17 May, 1797; foreign minister, 1852-59; d. 28 Oct. 1865. BUOJSTAPAETE, see Bonaparte. BUONAEEOTI, Michelangelo, Italian pain- ter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and poet ; b. 5 March 1474-S ; d. \1 Feb. 1563-4. Placed under the brothers Ghirlandajo i April 1488 Patronised by the Medici . . . 1482-94 "Worked at Venice 1494 Produced his " David " at Rome ; uncovered B Sept. 1504 Commenced the monument for Julius IL . . „ Completed the painting of the roof of the Sistine chapel : exiiibited first . . . i Nov. 1512 Directed the defence ot Florence against the impe- rialists . . .... 1529 Proscribed .at its capture 1530 His picture ot the "Last Judgment" exhibited 2 Dec. 1541 Employed on the fortifications of Rome . . 1555-9 Fourth centenary of liis birth celebrated at Flo- rence . . . 12 Sept. 1875 BUONO, Candido del, Italian physicist, a founder of the Accademia del Ciniento, Florence ; b. 22 July 1618 ; d. 19 Sept. 1776. BUONTALENTI, Bernardo (delle GiraudoleV Italian painter, sculptor, and ardhitect ; J. 1 536 > d. 1608. BUECEAET, see Spalatinus. BUECESAEBT, Johann Karl, Gei-m.an astro- nomer; J. 30 April 1773 ; published "Tables of the Moon," 1812; d. 22 June 1S25. BUECKHAEDT, Johann Ludwig, Swiestra- veller in Nubia, Syria, and Arabia, 1809-15 ; b. 24 Nov. 1784; published "Travels," 1819-22-29; d. at Cairo, 15 Oct. 1817. BUEDEE, George, dissenting minister; b. c June 1752; editor of "Evangelical Magazine, 1802; published "Village Sermons," 1799-1812 ; d. 29 May 1832. BURDETT, sir Francis, bart., politician; b. 25 Jan. 1770; d. 23 Jan. 1844. Married Miss Coutts, 1793 ; baronet . . . 1797 M. P. for Middlesex . . . . July 1802 First elected for Westminster .... 1807 Committed to the Tower for contempt of house of commons by the speaker . . 24 March 1810 His action for false imprisonment lost May 1811 Presented petition for reform . . , Feb. 1817 Fined and imprisoned for libel against government April 1820 Chairman of London political union . 31 Oct. 1831 Separated from the liberal ijarty . , . 1835 Retired from Westminster ; elected for Wilts 1837 BUEDETT-COUTTS, Angela Georgiua, oa- roness, daughter of Sir Francis Burdett; b. AprU 1814; Inherited much of the property of her grandfather, Thomas Coutts, the "banker, at the death of his widow, who died duchess of St. Alban's 6 Aug. 1837 Endowed the colonial bishoprics of Adelaide, Capetown, and British Columbia, and several churches and schools ; promoted emigration. Inaugurated Columbia market, Bethnal Green 28 April 1869 Baroness 24 May 1871 Eeceived freedom of London, n July, 1872 ; of Edinburgh . 15 Jan. 1874 BUEDON, VVilliani ; pubKshed " Materials foi Thinking," 1803-10; d. 1818. BUEE, see Bebure. BUEEN, Martin van, American statesman ; b 5 Dec. 1782; president of the United States, 1S37 41 ; d. 24 July 1862. BUEETTE, Pierre Jean, French archjeologist , b. 21 Nov. 1665 ; d. 19 May 1747. BtJEGEE, Gottfried August, German poet; b. I Jan. 1748; author of "Leonore," "Wild Hunts- man," " The Brave Man," &c. ; d. 8 June 1794. BUEGES, George, Greek scholar; b. 17S6; edited Euripides' "Phoenissffi," i8io;d. 11 Jan. 1864. BUEGESS, Daniel, dissenting minister; *. 1645 ; tutor to Lord Bolingbrolce ; publislied " The Golden SnuiTere," sermon, 1697 ; d. Jan. 1713. BUEGESS, rev. Henry ; b. iSoS ; orientalist ; editor of " Clerical Journal," 1854-68 ; rector of Whittlesea, 1861. BUEGESS, rev. Eichard; b. 1796; rector of Upper Chelsea, 1836-61 ; of Horningshcath, 1870 ; published " Ludi Circensos," 1827 ; " Topography of Rome," 1831. BUEaHEESH BUENBT BTJEGHEESH, see Westmorelnnd. BUEGESS, Thomas, bistop of Salisbury; b. 1756; consecrated, 1805; chief founder of the Koyal Society of Literature, 1821 ; d. 19 Feb. 1837. BUEGH, Hubert de, statesman; present at signing of Magna Charta, 15 June 1215; regent of England, 1219; earl of Kent, 1227; deprived by Henry III., about 1232; reconciled. May 1234; d. 12 May 1243. BUEGKMAIBE, Johann, German painter and engraver, pupU of Albrecht Diirer ; b. 1474 ; <«• 1543- BUEGOS, Francisco Xavier, Spanish states- man and writer; b. 22 Oct. 1778; served under the French, 1810; lied to Fiance, 1814; returned to Spain, 1817 ; foi-med a part of the regency, Sept. 1833; retired into private life, 1S39; a. after 185B. EUEGOjST, rev. John TVm. ; b. about 1819; Gresbam professor of divinity; published '*Life and Times of Sir Thos. Gresham," 1839; dean of Chichester, Nov. 1875. BUEGOYNE, John, general and dramatist; defeated Americans at Gennantown, 3 Oct. 1777; suiTendered bis army at Sai-atoga, 17 Oct. 1778; ■wrote " Lord of the Manor," 17^81 ; d. 4 Aug. 1792. BUEGOTNB, sir John Fox, bart., son of pre- ceding; b. 1782; entered royal engineers, 1798; served in peninsular war, 1809-14; as inspector- general of fortifications, reported to duke of "\V^ellington on the defenceless conditi'on of the country, I S45 ; served in the Crimea, 1854-5; '"''^- stable of the tower, 1865 ; field marshal, i Jan. 186S; d. 7 Oct. 1871. His son, capt. Hugh; b. 1S33 ' commander, 1856 ; diwvned in the Captain, 7 Sept. 1S70. BUEGUNDT, dukes of, see Charles, IPhilip, John. BUEGTJNDY, Louis, duke of, diuphin, gi-and- son of Louis XIV. ; b. 6 Aug. 16S2 ; d. 18 Feb. 1712. BUEIDAN, Jean French nominalist philo- sopher ; Jl. 14th cent. ; to him is imputed the sophism of the ass between two measures of oats, in reference to the principle of free-will ; d. about 1358- BUEIGNT, Jean Levesque de, French his- torian ; b. 1692 ; published " Histoire de la Philo- sophie Payenne," 1724; "Histoire de Sicile," 1745; d.S Oct. 1785. BUEKB, Edmund, Irish orator; b. I Jan. 1729 or 1730 ; d. 9 July, 1797. Published the " Sublime and Beautiful " , . 1756 Commenced writing "Annual Register" , . . 1759 Private secretary to the marquis of Rockingham when premier 17 July 1765 First sat as M.P. 14 Jan. 1766 Great speech against American taxation 19 April 1774 Paymaster of forces in Rockingham ministry, March 1782 Brought in charges against Warren Hastings, 4 April 1786 Great speeches . . 21, 25 April, 5, 7 May 17S9 Published, " Reflections on the Revolution in France" Nov. 1790 Broke connection with Fox and the Wliigs . May 1791 Retired from parliament, June ; lost his only son, 2 Aug. 1794 Wrote " Letter on a Regicide Peace," and " Letter to a Noble Lord" . . ... 1796 BTJEKE, sir John Bernard, ^Ulster king-at- arms; b. 1815 ; made Ulster, 1853 ; knighted, 1854; O.B., 1868; published "Commoners of England," 1838; " EncyclopEcdia of Heraldry," 1844; "Peer- age .and Baronetage," 38th edition, 1876; governor of National Gallery of Ireland, 1874. BUEKB, Peter, brother, Irish lawyer; 1^. 7 Mayi8ii; published "Celebrated Trials," 1848; " Eomance of the Forum," 1854; and legal works. BUKKE, Robert O'Hara, Australian explorer ; with W. J. Wills and others started from Mel- bourne, 20 A\ig. i860; crossed the continent of Australia to the gulf of Carpentaria ; all pi-rishcd on their return except John lung, who arrived at Melbourne, Nov. i85i; Burke's remains publicly buried at Melbounre, 21 Jan. 1863. BUEKB, 'William, Irish shoemaker ; excutod for murdering persons to provide bodies for Edin- burgh surgeons, 16 Feb. 1S29. ' ,BUEKITT, rev. William, theologian; b. 1650; his "Expository Notes on the New Testament" published, 1739; d. Oct. 1703. BUELAMACCHI, Francesco, gonfaloniere of Lucca ; endeavoured to establish a republic in Tuscany; executed about 1546. BUELAMAQUI, Jean Jacques, Swiss pub- licist; b. 24 July 1694; published " Principes du Droit Naturel"' 1747; rf.' 3 April 1748. BUELBIGH, see Cecil. BUELEIGH, or BuRLET, Walter, Angli- canus, philosopher, " Doctorpl.anus et conspicuus;" b. 1275 ; tutor of Edward III. ; commentator on Aristotle ; d. 1357. BUELINGAMB, Anson, American diplo- matist ; b. about 1822 ; acted on behalf of China at Washington, 1S67 ; at London, i8!;8-9; d. at St. Petersburg, 23 Feb. 1870. BUELINGTON, see Boyle and Devonshire. BUEMANN, Pieter, Dutch scholar ; 5. 6 July 1668; edited Horace, 1699; Lucan, 1740 ; Vu-gil, 1746; d. 31 March 1741. BUEMANN (BOBMANN), Gottlob Wilhelm, German poet; b. 18 May 1737; published "I'oems without the letter E," 1788; "Fables, &c.,"l769; &c. ; d. 5 Jan. 1805. BUEMBISTBE, Earl Hermann Conrad, Ger- man naturalist ; b. 15 Jan. 1807; translation of his "Manual of Entomology " published, 1836; visited Brazil ; published " Annuals of the Brazils," 1S54-6. BUEN, Richard, lawyer; b. about 1720; pub- lished "justice of the Peace," 1755; "Ecclesi- astical Law," 1760; d. 20 Nov. 17S5. BUENAND, Francis Cowley, novelist and burlesque writer; b. 1837; ^^is " Black-eyed Susan," plaved 400 nights; published " Happv Thoughts," 1868, 1871; "My Health," 1872; "My Time and What I've done "with it," 1874; took "the Mirror," to be called "the Eoyal Duke's Theatre," Deo. 1875- BUENES, sir Alexander, diplomatist ; b. 16 May 1805 ; travelled in Asia, 1831 ; sent on mission to Affghanistan, 1836-8; murdered at Cabul, 2 Nov. 1841. BUENBT, Gilbert, bishop of SaUsbury ; b. at Edinburgh, 18 Sept. 1643; published "History of the Reformation,' 1679-1715; accompanied prince of Orange, drew up liis manifesto, 1688; consecrated, 1689 ; published " E.xpositiou of the Thirty-nine Articles," 1699; d. 17 March 1715, BUENBT, James, lord Monboddo, Scotch judge; b. 1714; published "Origin and Progress of Language," 1773 ; d. 26 May 1799. BURNET 80 BUSHNBLL BUENET, John, Soottisli painter and en- graver; b. 20 March 1784; published "Practical Treatise on Painting," 1822-27; "Landscape Painting in OU," 1849; "Life and "Wovlis ui Turner;" "Progress of a Painter;" d. 29 April 18O8. BUENET, rev. Tliomns, geologist; b. 16^5; published " Telluris Thcoria Sacra," 1681-89; master of the Charter House, 16S5 ; d. 27 Sept. 1715. BURNETT, see Monboddo. BURNETT, Gilbert Tliomas, botanist; b. 1^ April 1800; published "Outlines of Botany," 1833; if. 27 July 1835. BURNEY, Charles, Mus. D. ; b. ^ April 1726 ; published "History of Music," 1776-89; d. 15 April 1814. His family ;^ Charles, d.d., schnTar; h, 4 Dec. 1757 ; d. 28 Dec. 1817 Frances, daugliter, novelist ; b. 13 Jiuie 1752 : t'^'blisiiod "Evelina," 1777; "Cecilia," 1782; married M. Alex- iindre d'Arblay, July 1793 (lie died 1818); d. 6 Jan. 1840. James, admiral, son ; h. 1749 ; sailed with Cook in his first two voyages : published " Clironological History of Discoveries in the South Seas," 1803: " History of the Buccaneers," 1816; rf. 17 Nov. 1821. BURNEY, William, naval historian ; b. f/62 ; founded and dii-ected the royal naval academy at Gosport, 1788-1828; published "Naval Heroes of Great Britain," 1806; "Dictionary for the Marine," 1816; d. 20 Feb. 1832. j BURNOUF, Eugene, French orientalist; b. ■ 12 Aug. 1801 ; published " Histoire du Boudhisme," 1845 ; d. 28 ILay 1852. ! BURNS, Eohert, Scotch poet; 5. 25 Jan. 1759 ; published his "Poems," 1786; married Jean Armour, 5 Aug. 1788; an exciseman, 1 789; d. 2 1 July 1 795. ' BURNS, rev. Jabez, d.d., b. 180S ; minister of United Christian church, Perth, 1 830- 5 ; Baptist minister, London, 1835; published "Christian Sketch Book," 1829-36; editor of "Temperance Journal," 1839 ; " Pulpit CyclopoDdia," 1846-60 ; many sermons and tracts; d. 31 Jan. 1876. BURNSIDE, Ambrose Everett, American federal general; b. 23 Way 1824- successful at Eoanoke, North Carolina, 7 Feb. 1862 ; succeeded M'Clelian in command of the army of the Potomac, 7 Nov. 1862; defeated at Fredericksburg, 15 Dec. 1862 ; superseded by Iloolcer, 26 Jan. 1863 ; served under Grant before Bichmond, June 1864 ; tried to mediate between the French and Germans during the siege of Paris, 1870. BURR, Aaron, American statesman; 5. 6 Feb. 1756; vice-president of United States, 1801 ; killed general Hamilton in a duel, July 1804 ; d, 16 Sept. 1836. BURRHUS, Pioman general ; helped to make Nero emperor, 55 ; murdered by him for attempt- ing to stop his cruelties, 63. BURRITT, Elihu, American blacksmith; b. 8 Dec. 1810; published "Sparks from the Anvil," 1848; "Olive Leaves," 18^3 ; ""Walk from London to John o'Groats," 1864; "Walk to Land's End," 1865; "Lectures," 1869. BURROUGH, Edward, quaker preacher; J. 1634; protested against persecution to Cromwell and Charles II. ; published "Wholesome Informa- tion to the ICing of England," 16C0; d. in New- gate, 1668. BURROUGHS, Jeremiah, purilan minister; b, 1509; published "Moses' Choice," 1641; "E.x- position of Hosea," 1643; "Saints' Treasury," 1656; d. 1646. BURROUGHS (BtTUBmiS), sir John, garter kiDg-of-anns, 1633 ; " Sovereignty of the J!riti-h Seas proved," written 1633 ; published 1651 ; d. 21 Oct. 1643. BURROW, sir James, master of eroAvn office, 1724; published "Eeports in King's Bench," 1756-72 ; d. 5 Nov. 1782. BURROWS, sir George; b. 1801; M.n,, 1831; president of Medical Council, 1864-70; physician to the queen, 1873; baronet, 1874; pre- sident of College of Physicians, 1871-4. BURT, Tiiomn.s, self taught coal-minrv: li. 12 Nov. 1837; secretary to Northumberland SI hiei-s' Mutual Association, 1865; elected M.i'. for JIoi- peth, Feb. 1S74. BURTON, Edward, b. n Feb. 1794; regiu.i professor, 0.\ford ; edited Greek Testanicut, 1831 ; d. 19 Jan. 1836. BURiTON, Henry, theologian; b. 1570; con- demned to fine and imprisonment for his writing against the church, 1636 ; d. 16 Jan, 1648. BURTON, John Hill, advocate, historiographer for Scotland; b. 22 Aug, 1809; published " His- tory of Scotland (since 1688)," 1853; (before 1688), 1867; new edition, 1873. BUBTON, Richard Fr.ancis, captain, traveller; b. 1821 ; published " Personal Narrative of a Pil- grimage to El-Medina and Mecca," 1855-56 ; " Lak'? llegions of Central Africa," l8bO ; consul at Da- mascus, 1861-72; at Trieste, 1872; pnbhshed " Zan- zibar," and " Unexplored Syria," 1872. BURTON, Robert ; b. 8 Feb. 1576; publisbwl "Anatomy of Melancholy," 1624; d. 25 Jan. 1639-40. BURTON, William, pliilologist and topo- gr:ipher; b. 1609 ; " Historia Lingua) Gra?ca^ " published 1657; "Commentary on Antoiiinus's Itinerary," 1658; d. 28 Deo. 1657. BURTON, WiUiam, topograjiher (brother of Robert); b. 1575; his "Description of Leicester- shii e " piiblislied 1622 ; d. 6 April 1645, BURY, viscount, see Keppel. BURY, Arthur, theologian; his book, " Tlie Naked Gospel," ordered to be burnt, 19 May i(jgo, and himself expelled from Oxford. BUS, Cesar de, French teacher; b. 3 Feb. IS44; founded the "Congregation of the Christian Doc- trine; " d. 15 April 1607. BUSBECQ.orBuSBEQirnrS, iugier Ghislain de, Flemish diplomatist; b. 1522; employed by the emperors, 1554-92 ; d. 28 Oct. 1592. BUSBY, Richard, master of Westminster school 55 years; b. 22 Sept. 1606; d. 6 April 1695. BUSCHING, Anton Friedrich, German geo- grapher ; i. 27 Sept. 1724; published " Erdbe- schreibung" (description of the earth), 1754-92; d. 28 May 1793. BUSENBAUM, Herman, German Jesuit theo- logian; b. 1600; published "Medulla Theologi» Moralis," 1645 ; d. 31 Jan. 1668. BUSHNELL, Rev. Horace, American inde- pendent theologian ; i. April 1802 ; published "God in Christ," 1848; "Christ in Theology," 1858; d. 17 Feb. 1876. BUSK 81 BUYS-BALLOT BUSK, Georg:e, surgeon and naturalist ; b. — ; joint translator of Kblliker's " Manual of Human Histology," 1854. BUSK, Hans, captain; b. 1815; advocated lifle clubs since 1837, and the volunteer movement since 1858 ; brouglit out a life-sliip, 1S68-9. BUSK, Eachel H., sister of Hans ; published " Patrafias (Spanish Folk-lore)," 1870; "House- hold Stories from the Land of Hcfer," 1871 ; "Folk-lore of Eome," and "Valleys of the Tirol," 1874. BUSLEYDENCBUSTJDIITS), Jerome, Dutch diplomatist (friend of Erasmus, More, &c.) ; b. 1470; d. 27 Aug-. Ii;i7. BUSS, E- W., painter; d. 26 Feb. 1875. BUSSE, Fi-icdrich Gottlieb von, German phy- sicist; b. 3 April 1756; d. 4 Feb. 1835. BUSSY-EABUTIN, Soger, comte de; b. 18 April i6i8; wrote "Histoire Amoureuse des (iaules" (a satire on Louis XIT.) ; d. 9 April 1693. BUSSIEEES, Jcnn do, French poet and his- toi-ian, Jesuit; b. 1607; published "Historia Francica," 1670 ; d. 26 Uct. 1679. BUTE, John Stuart, carl of; b. 1713 ; secretary of state, 25 March 1761; prime minister, 29 May 1762 — April 1763 ; attacked in " North Briton " by Wilkes, 1762; d. 10 March 1792. BUTE, John Patrick Cricliton Stuart, third marquis of; b. 12 Sept. 1847; became a Eoman Catholic, 24 I)cc. i3CS. BUTEO (Borrcl), Pierre, French mathema- tician ; b. 1492 ; (/. 1572. BUTLEE, rev. Alban; b. T710; published "Lives of the Fathers and Saints," 1745-80; prin- cipal of College of St. Omer, 1766; d. 15 May 1773- BUTLEE, T'orjarain Franklin, American general ; b. 5 Nov. iSiS; general of militia at An- n.ipolis, Maryland, April 1861 ; captured Hatteras and Clarke, August i85i; a rigorous governor of New Orleans, May — Oct. 1862 ; active opponent of president Johnson, 1868; unsuccessful in his at- tempt to be nominated governor of Massachusetts, 1871-3. BUTLEE, Charles, theologian and gram- marian ; b. 1560 ; published " The Feminine Mon- archy (Bees), 1609; "English Grammar," 1633; d. 29 March I&47. BUTLEE, Cliarles, Eoman catholic lawyer, nephew of Alban; b. 1750; published "Horse Ijiblioffi," 1799; "Hor<8 Jmidicas Subsecivas," 1804-7 ; ^- z Julie 1832. BUTLEE, James Armar, captain ; b. about 1827 ; heroically defended Silistria against the Prussians ; d. 20 June 1854. BUTLEE, Joseph, bishop of Durham ; b. 1692 ; .published "Sermons," 1726-49; "Analogy of Eeligion," 1736; consecrated, 1750; d. 16 June 1752- BUTLEE, Samuel, poet; baptized 13 Feb. i5i2 ; published " Hudibras," 1674; d. 25 Sept. 16S0. BUTLEE, Samuel, bishop of Lichfield; b. 30 Jan, 1774; published his " Geography," 1S13 ; rf. 4 Dec. 1S39. BUTLEE, William, educational wi-iter; b. 1748 ; d. 1S22. BUTLEE, "William Archer, Irish phi losoplier ; b. about 1S14 ; first professor of moral philosophy at Dublin, 1837; published "Letters on Koiuan- ism ; " Lectures on the History of Ancient Philo- sophy ; d. 5 July 1848. BUTLEE, dukes of Ormond : 1. James, marquis ; I). 1610 ; lord-Iieutcnant of Irel.aiid, 1642-7 ; 1648-50 ; 1662-9 '■ 1677-85. Defeated by republicans near Dublin , 2 Ang. 1649 Endeavoured to raise tlie royalists in Enylantl, Jan.— f'eb. 1658 Slade (liilce 20 July 1660 Narrowly escaped assassination by col. Blood, 6 Dec. 1670' d. 21 Jnly i6wo i Thomas, earl of Ossory, lord Butler, son ; &. 8 July ' 1634 : general of the horse in Ireland, 1661 ; distinguished himself in the w.ar with the Dutch i 1673 d 30 Jnly i63o 1 3, James, son ; &. 29 April 1665 ; duke, 21 July | i6S3 ; lord high-constable at the coronation of 1 "William aud Mary .... u Ajjril 1689 j Commander of the land forces at the destruction of ^ tlie ileets at Vigo .... 12 Oct. 1702 i Succeeded Marlborough in the command of the ' army ; remained inactive .... 1712 Attainted, 20 Ang. 1715 ; captain-gener.al in Spain, 1718 . . d. 16 Nov. 1745 or 1747 i BUTT, Isaac, Irish ban-ister; b. 1813; "Whately ' professor of political economy at Duolin, 1836; published " History of the Kingdom of Italy," 1S60 ; an originator of the Home-fiule movement, 1870 ; M.P. for Limerick, 1871. BUTTEEPIELD, "William, architect; b. 7 Sept. 1814; designed St. Augustin's college, Can- terbury, Keble college, O.xford, and many churches. BUTTMANN, Philipp Karl, German scholar; b. 5 Dec. 1764; published Greek Grammar, 1792; j d. 21 June 1829. ] BUTTNBE, Christian "Wilhelm, German natu- I ralist and philologist ; b. 1716; published "Tables, of Alphabets," 1771-79; d. 8 Oct. 1801. BUTTS, sn "William, physician to Henry Ttll. ; d. 17 Nov. 1545. BUTTON, sir Thomas, navigator ; explored coast of North America, 1612. I BUXBAUM, Johann Christian, Gei-man bo- tanist; b. 1694; published " Centuriffi qiiiiique i Plantarum in Orieute observatui-um," 1728; d. 7 July 1730. B"UXTON, Charles, politician; b. 18 Nov. 1822; , pubUshed "Memoirs of Sir T. F. Buxton" (his' father), 1848; "Ideas of the Day on Policy," 1866; d. 10 Aug. 1871. BUXTON, Jedediah, the calculating man ; ' b. about 1705; d. before 1780. i BUXTON, sir Thomas FoweU ; b. 1 AprU 1 786 ; philanthropist, and active against slavery, 1823, et scq. ; baronet, July 1840 ; d. 19 Feb. 1845. ' BUXTOEP, Johann, German Hebraist ; 4. 25 ! Dec. 1564; published " Synagoga Judaica," 1603; 1 " Bibha Hebrsea Eabbinica," 1618-19 ; d. l^, Sept. 1629. " I BUXTOEF, Johann, son, Hebraist ; b. 13 Aug. 1559; published "Lexicon Chaldaicum," ib22;' ci. 16 Aug. 1664. B"UY BE MoENAS, Claude, French geogi-.ipbcr; published an excellent " Atlas Metlmdique do Gco- grai'hie ct d'Histoii-e," 1761-70; d. July 1783. EUYS-BALLOT, Christoph H. C, Dutch physicist; b. 10 Oct. 1817. BYLES 82 CADELL BTLES, sir John Barnard, lawyer; h. 1801 ; piiblishcd " Treatise on the Law of Bills of Ex- change," 1S29 ; " Sophisms of Free Trade Ex- amined" (anoiij'inously), 1848; made a justice of the court of common pleas, 1858 ; resigned, Jan. 1873- BTNG, admiral sir George ; h. 1663 ; defeated Spanish fleet off Messina, 31 July 1718; made nscount Ton-ington, Sept. 1721; d. 17 Jan. 1733. BTNG, admiral John, son of preceding; b. 1704.; failed in his attack on the French fleet off Minorca, 20 May 1756; tried and condemned for error of judgment, 28 Jan. 1757; executed 14 March 1757. BTNEEESHOECK, Cornells van, Dutch puhlicist; 4. 20 May 1673; published " Quajstiones Juris Publici, 1737 ; d. 16 Apiil 1743. BTEGE (BteGIITS), J'ust, Swiss mathemati- cian ; b. 1552 ; doubtfully said to hare constructed a pendulum clock and proportional compasses ; d. 1632. BTROM, John, poet; b. i6gi ; published his "Universal Short-Hand," 1767; "Poems," 1773; d. 28 Sept. 1763. BTROlSr, Commodore John; J. 8 Nov._ 1723; served under Lord Anson in his circumnavigating voyage, 1740-44; published his "Voyage, 1764-6," 1767 ; d. 10 Apiil 1786. BTBON family: William, lord ; t. 5 Nov. 1722 ; killed WiUiom Cliaworth, esq. in a duel, 26 Jan. 1765 ; tried and found guilty of man.';laugliter by his peers, but discharged, 16, 17 April 1765 . d. ig May 1798 George Gordon, lord . . . 7). 22 Jan. 1783 Succeeded liis grauduncle William (above), 1798 ; sent to Harrow ... . 1800 Went to Cambridge ... . Oct. 1805 Published " Hoi;rs of rdleness " . . . 1807 " English Bards and Scotch Reviewers " . 1809 Travelled on the continent . . 1809-10 Published " Childe Harold " I. II. . . 1812 " Gii^our," May ; " Bride of Abydos " Dec. 1813. " Corsair, " Jan. ; "Lara" . . . Aug. 1814 MaiTied Anne Isabella Milbanke Noel, 2 Jan. 1815 His daughter Ada Augu. reduced Done to a jelly, and proposed it as food; '' 29 June 1828. CASET-GASSICOURT, French pharma- ceutical chemist; i. 23 Jan. 1769; published " Dic- tionnaire de Chimie," 1803; d. 21 Mov. 1821. CADMUS, founder of Thebes; alleged intro- ducer of letters from Phccnicia about B.C. 1493. CADOUDAL, Georges, Chouan chief; b. i Jan. 1777; executed, 25 June 1804. Beg.in resistance to the Fiencli republic in La Vendee , . , June 1793 Opiioseil the pacification .... April 1795 Became chief, and organised the Chonannerie war- fare in Morbihan ; pretended to accept peace . 1796 Renewed the war . 30 Oct. 1799 Defeated by Harty . . .26 Jan. 1800 Signed a treaty with Brune . . . Feb. „ Joined Pichegru in the conspiracy against Napo- leon Bonaparte 1803-4 Arif sted : professed boldly his intention to endea- vour to restore the Bourbons . 9 March 1804 C.3EDM0N, Anglo-Saxon monk and poet ; ■wrote a paraphrase of the book of " Genesis," and other parts of the Scripture history, (published by Junius, 1655) ; d. about 680. CjESALPINO, Andrea, Italian botanist and pb3'sici;in to Pope Clement VIII. ; b. 1519; "Libri de Plantis," published 1583 ; d. 23 Feb. 1603. CffiSAE, aCius Julius, Strabo Vopiscus, Roman orator; killed by Marius, B.C. 87. CJESAE, Caius Julius, the Dictator ; b. 12 July B.C. 100; assassinated 15 March44. Saved by Sylla from proscriiition . . B.C. 82 Practised as an advocate . . 77-76 Elected qutestor .... 68 Joined Pompeius . . ... 67-66 Headed the popular party . 65 Pontifex Jlaximus 64 Spoke against the execution of Catiline's accom- plices 5 Dec. 63 Praitor ; fruitlessly attacked by the senate 62 His first campaign in Spain successful ... 61 Formed the tii'st triumvirate (with Pompeius and Crassus) ... 60 Consul with M. Bibnlns 59 Carried an agrarian law in opposition to the senate 58 Conquered Gaul .... 58-56 Invaded Britain, with little success . . . 55-54 He and Pompeius alone in the government through death of Crassus S3 Subdued the revolts in Gaul under Ambiorix, 53 ; and under Vercingetoiix 52 Quarrelled with Pompeius, who had joined the aristocracy 51 Commanded by the senate to disband his army ; refused, and crossed the Rubicon, wliich sepa- rated his province from Italy ; war declared 49 Entered Rome as master of Italy ; nominated dictator; elected consul . . . . ,, Totally defeated Pompeius at Pharsalia 9 Aug. 48 Nominated dictator again ; conquered Egypt (in the Alexandrine war) 47 Defeated Pharnaces at Zela (when he wrote home, " Veni, vidi, vici") .... 2 Aug. ,, Defeated the Pompeian army at Thapsus, and tlms became master of the Roman world . 6 April 46 Made dictator for ten years; celebrated four triumphs, enacted sumptuary laws ; as Pontifex Maximus, refonncd the calendar . . . . „ Defeated Cneius and Sextus Pompeius at Munda, 17 March ; styled " Father of his country " . 45 Consul for 10 years ; declined the public offer of the diadem by Antony .... 15 Feb. ,, Assassinated in the senate house by Brutus, Cassias, and others 15 March 44 C-iESAE, sir Julius, baronet; I. 1557; master of the rolls, 1614-29 ; d. 28 April 1636. CjESAEION", reputed son of Julius Casa-, by Cleopatra ; b. B.C. 47 ; styled " kin;? of kings," by Antony, 34 ; put to death by Augnstus, 30. CAPE A, Melchiore, Eoman sculptor ; b. about 1631 ; d. 1687. CAPPAEELLI DU FaigA, Louis Jlarie, French general ; b. 13 Feb. ;i756; served ably in Egj'pt under Bonaparte, 1798; lost an arm at St. Jean d'Acre ; d. AprU 1799. His brother, Frax- 901S, b. 7 Oct. 1761 ; also served under Bonaparte ; a. 23 Jan. 1849. CAFFIAUX, Philippe Joseph, French Bene- dictine historian; b. 1712; published "Ddfense du Beau Sexe,", 1753; "Tresor Genealogiq ue," 1777 ; d. 26 Dee. 1777. CAFPIEEI, Italian sculptors; FlLlppo, 6. 1634 ; d. J716. Jean Jacques, &. at Paris, 1723 ; d. 21 June 1792. CAGLIAEI, Paolo, see Faolo Veronese. CAGrLIOSTEO, Alexandre, comte de, Sicilian impostor, (real name, Giuseppe Balsamo) ; ^. 8 June 1743; d. I Oct. 1795. Travelled in the East ; married Lorenza Feliciani, a clever intriguante .... about 1773 Tr.avcrsed Europe professing to effect miraculous cures . . 1780 Settled in Paris, and founded his *' Egyptian masonry ; " trusted by the cardinal De Rohan, and implicated in the " I>i«moud Necklace" affair . , 1785 Condemned to death at Rome as a magician ; d. in prison, 1795 CAGNLA.ED de la TouE, Charles, French physicist; b. 31 March 1777 ; invented the Sirene (acoustic machine), 1819; d. 5 July 1859. CAGNOLA, Luigi, ItaKan architect ; b. 1762! d. 14 Aug. 1833. CAHEN, Samuel, French Jew ; b. 4 Aug. 1796; began to publish his "Traduction de la Bible," 1831 ; d. 8 Jan. 1862. CAHOUES, Auguste Andre Thomas, French chemist; b. 2 Oct. 1813; published "Chimie Gene- rale," 1856. CAHUSAC, Louis de, French dramatist; b. 1700 ; published " La Danse, ancienne et modeme," 1754; d. 22 June 1759. CAILLAUD, Frederic, French\ traveller ; i. 17 March 1787; in Africa, 1815-18, 1819-22; pub- lished " Recherches sur les Oases," 1322; "Voyage a Meroe," 1826. | CAILLE, or CAILLIE, Renei French tra- veller in Africa; b. 19 Sept. 1799; d.\] M.iy 1838. CAILLET, Guillaume, leader of the Jacquerie or peasant insurrection in France ; assumed the name " Jacques Bonhomme," 1358 ; apprehended and beheaded, 1359. CAIN, Auguste, French sculptor of animals ; b. Nov. 1822; works: "Dormouse and Tomtit," 1846; "Frogs," 1850; "Eagles," 1850-2. CAIED, James, Scottish agricultural and sta- tistical writer; b. 1816; published "High Farm- ing, as the best Substitute for Protection," 1849; " Food of the People, ' 1868-9 ; M.P. for Dart- mouth, 1857 ; for Stirling, 1859-65. CAIED, John, d.b., Scotch clergyman; b, 1823 ; preached before the queen at Crathie ; prin- ciiiai of University of Glasgow, Feb. 1873. g2 CAIENES 84 CALLAED DE LA DTJQUERIE CAIENES, John Elliot, Irish economist; h. 1824; Whately professor of political economy, Trinity College, Dublin, 1857; "since at Galwav; at London University, 1866-72 ; published "The Slave Power," 1862; "Essays on Political Economy," 1873; &c.; <^. 8 July 1875. CAIENS, Hugh M'Calraont,lord, Irifih lawyer ; h. 1819 ; knighted and soUcitor-general, Slai'ch 1858 —June 1859; attorney-general. June — Nov. 186S; judge of appeal in chancery, Nov. i856 ; chancellor of ■university of Dublin, 1867; peer; lord chan- cellor, March — Dec. 1868 ; Feb. 1874. CAIEO, Francesco, Milanese painter ; h. 1598 ; d. 1674. CAITHNESS, James Sinclair, earl of; *. 16 Dec. 1821 ; succeeded his father, 24 Dee. 1855; has invented a tape-loom, a steam carriage for travelling on common roads, and the Caithness gra- vitating compass. CAIUS, see Caligula, and Gains. CAIU8, St., nephew of Diocletian; pope, 283; d.2\ April, 296. CAIUS, John, M.D., royal physician about 1548-G8; b. 6 Oct. 1510; enlarged and endowed GonviEe college, Cambridge, 1558; d. 29 July, 1573- CAJETAN, Tommaso di Vio, Italian cardinal ; h. 25 July 1470 ; defended Julius II. at the council of Pisa, and asserted that the pope alone could convene a council, 1508; d. about Aug. 1534. CAJETAN, or Caetan, Henri, Italian diplo- matist ; cardinal, 15S5 ; went to Paris as legate to support the Holy League, 1590; d. 1599. gAKTA MOinSri, see Sahya Mount. CALAMT, Edmund, presbyterian divine; b. Feb. 1600; one of the authors of " Smectymnus," (written against Episcopacy), 1641 ; retamed his royal chaplaincy, 1660; resigned living, Aug. 1662 ; d. 29 Oct. 1666. His son, Benjamin, published " Discourse about a Scrupulous Conscience," 1685 : (f. Jan. 1686. > J> CAIiANDEELLI, Giuseppe, Italian physicist; 0. 22 Hay 1749; described a new pyrometer, 1815: (?. 27 Dec. 1827. 'J' . CALANDEINI, Giovanni Ludovico, phy- sicist; }. 1703; described the aurora boreaUs at Geneva, 1726; d. 30 Dec. 1758. CALAJSTUS, ludiaa gymnosophist ; followed Alexander the Great ; and when near death com- mitted himself to the flames on a funeral pUe, e.c 325- GALAS, Jenn, French protestant merchant of Toulouse ; b. i('.c,8 ; falsely accused of the murder of his son who had become a catholic, Oct. 1761 ; condemned and broken on the whecl,9 March 1762 ;' his innocence demonstrated chiefly by the exertions of Voltaire, 1 764. CALASIO, JWario di, Italian Hebraist,; b about 1550; published " Dictiounaire Hebraique," 1617; d. 1620. CALCAG-NINI, Celio, Italian philosopher and poet; b. 17 Sept. 1479; d. 27 Aug. 1541. C ALCEOLAEI, Francesco, Italian naturalist ; csplr.rcd Monte Haldo, 1554 et sea.; published " Iter Ualdi Montis," 1571. CALDAEA, Polidoro, see Caravaggio. ^ CALDAS, Francisco, Jose de, Spanish Ame- rican uaturaliot; b. about 1770; explored New Grenada, &c., about 1797; measured Cliimborazo, 1804 ; joined the liberals ; executed by llorillo, 30 Oct. 1816. CALDECOTT, John, astronomer ; b. 1800 ; d. 16 Dec. 1849. CALDEE, sir Eobert, Scotch admiral ; b. 2 July 1745 ; took two ships from French and .Spanish fleet off Ferrol, 22 July 1805 ; reprimanded for eiTor of judgment in not renewing the action, 23 Dec. 1805 ; d. 31 Aug. r8i8. CALDEEON de la BarCA, Pedro; Spanish dramatic poet; b. I or 17 Jan. 1601 ; gained pri;',e for poetry, 1622 ; knighted, 1637 ; became priest, 1661 ; royal chaplain, 1663 ; d. 25 Hay 1687. CALDEEON, Philip Hermogenes, French painter; b. 1833; a.k.a., 1864; e.a., 1867; exhibited " The Gaoler's Daughters," 185S ; "Queen of the Tournament," and "Half-hours with the Best Authors," 1874; "Les Coquettes," 1875; " Watchful Eyes," 1876. CALDEEONI, Domizio, Italian scholar; I. isATi d. 1478. CALDEEWOOD, David, Scotch theologi.™ ; *■ 1575; wrote " History of the Church of Scot- land, 1560-1625;" d. about 1651. CALDWELL, see Marsh. CALED, see Kalcd. CALENZIO, Elisio, Italian scholar and poet ; author of " De BeUo Ranarum et JIurium," (imita- tion of Homer;) d. 1503. CALEPINO, (Da Calepio), .Vmbrogii, Italian, lexicographer ; b. 6 June 1435 ; d. 30 Nov. 1511 ; his " Lexicon seu Dictionarium XI. Liiigna- rum," printed, 1598. CALETTI, Giuseppe, "II Cremonese," Italian painter ; b. 1600 ; d. about 1660. CALHOUN, John Caldwell, American politi- cian; b. i8 March 1782; vice-president of United States, 1825 ; strongly opposed president Jackson, 1828; (Z. 31 March 1850. CALIAEI, Paolo, see Paolo Veronese. CALIDASA, see Kalidasa. CALIGULA, (Caius Cesae), third Eoman emperor, son of Germauicus by Agrippina ; b. 31 Aug. 12; emperor, March 37 ; reigned Arith intense cruelty and wickedness; murdered, 24 Jan. 41. CALIPPUS, or CallIPPUS, astronomer of Cyzicus; invented the Cahppic cycle; ft. about B.C. 300. CALIXTUS, or CAILISEN, George, Gennan protestant theologian; b. 14 Dec. 1586; d. 19 March 1656. CALIXTUS, or Callixtus I. -III. popes. 1. St. elected, 219 . . martvred 14 Oct. =■>•> 2. elected, Feb. iiig; liberal to 'tlie ciuu-di « . ^ ^'- 12 Dec. 112.1 3. AiFoxso Borgia ; elected, 8 April 1455 ; aiiiutl- led the sentence against Jeanne d'Arc, and ajr- pealed to Christendom against tlie Turld.sh invasion, 1456 . . . d. 6 Aug. 1458 CALKOEN, Jan Frederik van Beek, Dutch astronomer; b. 5 May 1772 ; published " Euiyohis," 1S02; "Guides des Marius," 1806; d. 25 "March 1811. CALLAED DE LADuauEElE, Jean Baptiste, French physiciiin and botanist ; b. 1630 ; published " Lexicon Medicum Universale Etyniologicum " 1673-1715; d. 1718. CALLCOTT 85 CAMBEONNE CALLCOTT, six Augustus "Wall, p[iinter ; b. 20 I'eb. 1779; R.A., 1810; knighted, 1S37 ; works: "The Brook," 1806; "Eciphael and Fomariua," 1837 ; d. 25 Nov. 1844. CALLCOTT, John "WaU, brother, musical composer; b. 20 Nov. 1766; assisted in founding tlie (jlce-club, 1787 ; published " Musical Gram- mar," 1805 ; many glees ; d. insane, 15 May 1S21. CALLCOTT, llai-ia, lady, miscellaneous ivviter; b. (Dundas) 1788; travelled in India and South America; married, I. Captain Graham, 1809 ; 2. sir A. W. Callcott, 1827; -wrote "Memoii-s of Toussin," 1820; "History of Painting," 1836; " Little Arthur's History of England," 1836; and other works for the young ; d.21 Nov. 1842. CALLENBEEG, Johann Heiiirich, German oi'ientalist, promoted conversion of the Jews and Mahometans; b. 12 Jan. 1694; d. 16 July 1760. CALLET, Jean FranQois, French mathemati- cian; b. 25 Oct. 1744; "Tables des Logarithmes," 1783; planned a telegraph, 1797; d. 14 Nov. 1798. CALLICEATIDAS, Spartan admiral; suc- ceeded Lysander ; defeated and slain by the Athe- nians under Conon at Arginusos, e.g. 406. CALLIMACHUS, Greek ai-tist, alleged in- ventor of the Corinthian column, before B.C. 396. CALLEMACHUS, Greek grammarian and jDoct; d. about B.C. 240. CALLINUS, Greek poet, alleged inventor of elegiac!!; Jl. about B.C. "30. CALLIPPUS, Athenian disciple of Plato, as- sassinated his friend Dion at ISyracuse ; usurped the government; murdered by his soldiers, B.C. 353- CALLISTHBNES, Greek philosopher, pupU of Aristotle ; killed by Alexander, about b. c. 328. CALLISTEATUS, Greek orator and com- mander with Chabrias against Agesilaus, B.C. 378 ; put to death about 356. CALLT, Pierre, French theologian and philo- sopher; d. 31 Dec. 1709. CALMET, Augustin, French Benedictine; b. 26 Feb. 1672 ; published " Dictionnaire de la Bible," 1722-8 ; d. 25 Oct. 1757. CALOGIEEA, Angelo, Italian theologian and translator ; b. 7 Sept. 1699 ; d. 29 Sept. 1768. CALO-JOANNES, see John II., emperor. CALOMAEDA, Francisco Tadeo, Spanish statesman ; b. 1775 ; Kept in power, 1823-32 ; joined the Carlist party ; escaped from arrest, 1833.; d. 21 June 1842. CALONNE, Charles Alexandre de, French statesman; d. 20 June 1734; as finance minister of Xouis XVI. excessively prodigal, 1783; compelled to resign, 2 Feb. 1787; retired to England; per- mitted to return, 1802; d. 30 Oct. 1802. CALPUENIU8, Latin bucolic poet ; described the games celebrated by the emperor Carinus, 284. CALVEET, Frederick Grace, chemist ; b. 1819; educated in France; professor at Manchester, about 1S46 ; devoted himself to industrial chemistry, and especially to carbolic acid, for disinfection; d. 24 Oct. 1873. CALVEET, James, theologian ; published " Ool- luotatio Naphtali; de Eeditu decem Tribuum," 1672 ; d,. Dec. 1698. CALVEET, see Baltimore. CALVI, Lazzaro, Genoese painter ; d. 1607. CALVIN, or CauvtN', Jean, b. near Paris, 10 July 1509; d. 27 May 1564. Early converted to protestantism, preached at Paris 1513 Fled ; protected by Margaret of Valois ; published his "Institutes" ic^.^ Settled in Geneva, where he instituted his eccle- siastical discipline . . . . 1536 Obtaiued great influence at Geneva . 1541 Caused Castalio to be disgraced .... 1543 lusti-umental in putting to death for here.sy Jacques Gruet, 26 July 1547 ; aud Michael Servetu-s, 27 Oct. ISS3 CALVTSIUS, Sethus, Gemian astronomer, musician, and poet; b. 20 Feb. 1556; published "Opus Chronologicum," 1606; "Ixmnula Calen- dani Novi," 1613 ; d. 23 Nov. 1615. CALVUS, Caius Liciniua Macer, Latin orator and poet, friend of Catullus ; }. 28 May B.C. 82 ; d. about 47. CAMAILLO, Tommaso, Italian philosopher and poet; b. 7 April 1668; published " I'Adamo, owero il Mondo Creato," 1709 ; d. 7 Feb. 1740. CAMBACEEES, Jean Jacques Eegia de, French statesman ; b. l8 Oct. 1753; deputy to con- vention, 1792 ; on committee of pubJic safety, March 1793; made second consul in France (with Bonaparte and Lebnm), 25 Dec. 1799; arch-chan- cellor of the empire and presiJeut of the senate, May 1804; duke of Pai-ma, 1808; pennitted to return from e-xile by ordinance, 13 May 1818 ; d. 8 March 1824. CAMBAULES, leader of the Gauls invading Greece, B.C. 279. CAMBIASO, Luoa (Lucchetto da Geneva), Italian paintSr ; b. 1527; d. 1585., CAMBIS-VELLBEON, Joseph Louis Domi- nique, marquis de, French historian; b. 1706; d. I"72- CAMBEAT-DIGNY, GugUelmo, conte di, Italian statesman ; b. 1823 ; finance minister of Italy, 1867. CAMBEIDGE, dukes of: George Augustus, electoral prince of Hanover; created duke, 9 Nov. 1706; king, as George II. II June 1727 Adolphus Fredebick, fifth sou of George III. ; &. 24 Feb. 1774; fought in Flanders, 1793 ; created duke, 27 Nov. 1801 ; governor of Hanover, 1813-37 . . . . . . *■ 8 July iSso George William Frederick Charles, son ; &. 26 March 1819 ; succeeded his father . 8 July „ Colonel in the army, 3 Nov. 1837 ; major-general, 7 May 1845 ; commanded the first division of the army in the Crimean war, and present at the battles of the Alma, 20 Sept. ; Balajilava, 25 Oct. ; and Inkermann . . 5 Nov. 1854 President of Christ's hospital . 22 March ,, Made general commanding in chief . 5 July 1856 Governor of Woolwich Academy, Feb. 1862 ; pre- sident . . . March 1870 CAMBEIDGE, Pachard Owen, satirist ; //. 14 Feb. 1717; published " Scribleriad," 1751; d. 17 Sept. 1802. CAMBEONNB, baron Pierre Jacques Etienne, French general; b. 26 Dec. 1770; fought in the wars of the republic and empire • to him has been inconectly applied the saying, when summoned to surrender at Waterloo, " La garde meurt, et ne ee rend pas," 18 June 1815, which is said to have been uttered by a major of the garde; Cambronne's reply said to have been shorter and no less ener- getic ; d. 8 Jan. 1842. CAMBTSES 86 CAMPE CAMBYSES, father of Cyrus the great, about B.O. 592. CAMBTSES, son of Cyras ; succeeded him, B.C. 529; conquered Egypt, 525; d. of a wound, 522. CAMDEN, see Fratt. CAMDEN, "William, antiquary; b. 2 May 1551 ; published Ms "Britannia," 1586-1607; " AngliaNormannica," &c. 1603; " Annales," 1615 ; d. 9 Nov. 1623. CAMELEOED, Thomas Pitt, baron, captain, E.N. I b. 25 Feb. 1775; wounded in a duel by captain Best, 6 March; d. 10 March 1804. CAMEEABIUS, Joachim, German scholar; i. 12 April 1500; reformed the university of Leip- sic, 1541 ; d. ly April 1574. His son Joachim, botanist; b. 6 Nov. 1534; published "Hortus Medicus," 1588 ; d. II Oct. 1598. CAMERON, Dr. Charles Archibald, partici- pated in the rebellion of 1 745 ; seized while on a secret visit to Scotland, 16 April 1753; tried; exe- cuted, 7 June 1753. CAMEEON, Eiohard, Scotch preacher, leader of the " Hill men," or M'MiUanites; took up arms against Episcopacy ; killed, 20 July 1680. CAMEEON, Simon, American statesman; i. 8 March 1799 ; a printer, became editor of a news- paper, 1820-2 ; senator, 1845 ; secretary of war, 1860-2 ; minister in Russia, Jan. — Nov. 1862. H AME EON, lieut. Temey Lovett; b. i July 1844; entered navy, Aug. 1857 ; sailed to support Livmgstone's exploring expedition, 20 Nov. 1872 ; surveyed Lake Tangauyka; left Ujiji, 14 May 1874 ; crossed Afiica to the Atlantic in the course of Livingstone's river Lualaba (probably the Con- go), exploiing 1200 miles of fertile countiy, 1874-S i i>-c.L. Oxford, 21 June 1876. CAMIDGE, John, Mus.D., musical composer ; b. about 1790; d. 21 Sept. 1859. CAMILLUS, Marcus Furius, Roman consul; defeated the Veientines, &c., and took Veii, B.C. 396; ungratefully exiled, 391 ; rescued Rome from the Gauls, and totally defeating them, 390; de- feated the Etruscans, &c., 386; d. of the plague, 365- CAMOENS, Luis de, Portugeuse poet; b. about 1524 ; went to India, 1553 ; returned to Lisbon, 1569; published "Lusiades," IS79- 1572; d. CAMP AN, Jeanne Louise Herriette Genest; French educational writer; b, (BerthoUet) 1752 ; marriediM. Campan, 1770; her " Memoires de la Vie pi-ivte de Marie Antoinette," published 1822; d. 16 March 1822. CAMPANELLA, Tommaso, Italian philo- sopher ; b. 1568 ; imprisoned 27 years on suspicion of conspiracy to expel the Spaniards from Naples ; d. 21 Jlarch 1639. CAMPBELL, earls and dukes of Argyll : Earls : * 8. Archibald, 6. 15^8 ; created marquis, 1641 ; opposed Cliarles I. in Scotland, and commanded the army against Montrose .... 1644 Defeated ; resigned his command . . 1645 Crowned Charles II. at Scone . . 1 Jan. 1651 Submitted to Cromwell and his son ; condemned for treason, 25 May: executed . . 27 May 1661 9. Abohibald, obtained his father's title and estates . 165- Took the test oath with reser\'atioii . 3 Nov. 168 1 Condemned for treason, and fled . . Dec. Taken prisoner during an armed descent into Argyleshire and executed . 30 June 1685 Dukes : . 1. Akchibald, loth earl : satin convention of i68g. A lord of the treasury . . . . i6go Made a duke, June 1701 . d. Sept. 1703 2. John, 6. 10 Oct. 1678 ; dnke . . ,, Ambassador and generalissimo in Spain . . 1711 Defeated the earl of Mar and the rebels at Dun- blane or SherifFmuir . . 13 Nov. 1715 Dismissed from oflice, June 1716 d. 4 Oct. 1743 3. Archibald, his brother . . .6. June 16B2 From his great power called " king of Scotland " 1725 Duke, 1743 .... d. 15 April 1769 8. George, b. 30 April 1823 ; duke, 26 April . . 1847 Opposed lay patronage in Scotland, but declined to join the " Free Church " 1842 Lord privy seal Jan. 1853 Postmaster-general, Nov. 1855 ; resigned . . 1858 Lord privy seal . . . June 1859 — June 1866 Pubhshed *' The Reign of Law," 1866 : " Primeval Man," 1869; "lona," 1870; "Patronage Act of 1874" 1874 Secretary for India . Dec. 1868— Feb. „ Hie son : John George Edward Henry Douglas SirrHER- LAND, marquis of Lome ; 6. 6 Aug. 1845 ; married princess Louise, 21 March 1871 : published " Trip to the Tropics," &c., 1867; "Guide and Rita" (poem), . . Nov. 1875 CAMPBELL, sir Colin, see Clijde. CAMPBELL, George, Scotch theologian; *. 1719; pi-incipal of Mariscbal College, Aberdeen, 1759 ; pubUshed " Dissertation on Miracles," 1763 : "Philosophy of Rhetoric," 1771; "Translation of the Gospels; " d. 6 April 1796. CAMPBELL, sir George, Scotch statesman; b. 1822 ; in Indian civil service, 1842 ; published " Modem India," 1852 ; " India as it may be," 1873- CAMPBELL, James Colquhoun, bishop of Bangor; b. 1813; consecrated 1859. CAMPBELL, John Campbell, lord, Scotch lawyer; b. 15 Sept. 1781 ; d. 23 Jmie 1861. Solicitor-general, 1832 ; attorney-general . . 1834 Lord-chancellor of Ii'eland and a peer, 30 June : resigned Sept. 1841 Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster . . July 1846 Lord chief-justice of the queen's bench . . , 1850 Published "Lives of the Chancellors of England," 1845-50 ; "Lives of the Chief Justices of England," 1849-57 Lord-chancellor . . . Juue 1859 CAMPBELL, John, Scotch historian,*. 1708 ; Eublished "Lives of the Admirals," 1742-4; a. 29 leo. 1775. CAMPBELL, John, independent minister ; b. March 1766; travelled in South Africa, 1812-14; 1818-21 ; published his journal, 1822 ; d. 4 April 1840. CAMPBELL, John, d.d., Scotch independent minister ; A. 5 Oct. 1 794 ; began controversy on the Bible printing monopoly, 1839; established " Chris- tian "Witness," 1844; "British Banner," i8i;8-C6- 1859; " Duchesse de Bom-gogne," 1867. CAPBL, Arthur Capel, lord, royalist general and politician; b. about 1600; raised troops for Charles I., 1642; surrendered Colchester to Fairfax, 28 Aug. 1648; executed on charge of conspiracy, 9 March 1649. Akthuk (son), b. 1635 ; created earl of Essex, 1661 ; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1672 ; connected with the Kyehouse plot ; committed sui- cide in prison, 13 July 1683. CAPEL, Monsignor John Thomas, E.G. bishop ; i. 28 Oct. 1836 ; vice-principal of St. Maiy's col- lege. Hammersmith, 1854; priest, i860; eminent preacher ; at Rome ; private chajjlaiu to Pius IX., i858 ; domestic prelate, 1873 ! rector of the new R.C. university college, opened 15 Oct. 1874 ; pub- lished "Reply to Et. Hon. W. B. Gladstone's Political Expostulation," 1875." CAPELLA, or CapeA, Galens. Flavio, Italian statesman and historian, employed by emperor Charles T.; b. 7 March 1487 ; d. 23 Feb. 1537. CAPELLA, Martianus Mineus FeUx, Roman poet and philosopher, flft hoentury. CAPELLO, Bianca, grand duchess of Tuscany, cruel Venetian adventuress ; b. about 1542 ; induced Cosmo I. to marry her, 1579.; d. (poisoned) 20 Oct^ 1587. CAPEEN", Edward, poet, "Rural Postman 01 Bideford;" b. 29 Jan. 1819 ; published "Poems," 1856; "Ballads," 1858; " Wayside "Warbles," 1865. CAPET, Hugues, seeSugues. CAPISTEANO, San Giovanni di, Neapolitan friar; b. 1385 ; preached a crusade against heretics; joined the army against the Turks ; d. near Bel- grade, 23 Oct. 1456. C-APITOLmUS, Marcus Manlius; delivered the Eoman capitol from the Gauls, B.C. 390; put to death for favouring the plebeians, 384. C-APITON, (Kopstein), Wolfgang Fabricius, German scholar and refoi-mer ; b. 1478 ; d, Dec. 1541. CAPMANT T DE MoNTPAlAir, Antonio de, Spanish historian and philologist ; b. 24 Nov. 1742; "Memorias de Barcelona," 1791; "Dic- cionario Frances-Espaiiol'," 1805 ; d. 14 Not. 1813. CAPO D'IstEIA, John, count of, Greek states- man; h. 1776; employed in Russian foreign office, 1809 ; assisted in arranging treaty of Paris, March 1814 ; long active for Greek independence ; elected president for Greece, 14 April 1827 ; assassinated, 9 Oct. 1831. CAPPEE, Charles, political economist ; b. 1822; published " Port and Trade of London," 1862 ; d. 21 March, 1869. CAPPEE, James, traveller; traversed Arabia deserta, 1778-g; published "Observations on the Passage to India," 1784; d. 6 Sept. 1825. CAPPONI, Gino Alessandro Giuseppe Gaspare, marchese, Florentine constitutional statesman and writer; b. 14 September 1792; minister of state, 1848; senator of kingdom of Italy, i860; published poems, and a "History of Florence," 1875; d.% Feb. 1876. C-APEAEA, Giovanni Battesta, Italian cardi- nal and diplomatist; b. 1733; legate in France, 1801 ; croAvned Napoleon king of Italy, 28 May 1805 ; d. 21 June 1810. CAEA, Mustapha, Turkish grand vizier and general ; b. 1634 ; executed foriU success, 26 Dec. 1683. CAEACALLA, emperor of Rome ; i. 4 or 6 April 188 ; succeeded his father Severus, 4 Feb. 211 ; murdered Geta, his brother and colleague, Feb. ; and massacred thousands who commiserated him, 212 ; ravaged Parthia, 216 ; assassinated by a sol- dier, 8 April 217. CAEAOCI, or CabeACCI, Italian painters : LcDovico, 6. 1555 . . d. 1619 Annibale, &. 1560 . . . d. 1609 Francesco, &. 1595 . . d. 1623 Agostino, 6. 1557 . . . d. 1601 or 1605 CAEACCIOLI, ItaUan general; b. 1480; served the Spanish ; lost Melfi ; entered service of Francis I. of France, 1528; d. 1550. CAEACCIOLO, Ser Gianni, secretary of queen Jane of Naples, 1416; assassinated 17 Aug. 1432. CAEACCIOLO, Francesco, Neapolitan admi- ral ; b. about 1750; entered English service; com- manded at Toulon, 1793 ; entered the service of the Parthenopean republic, and resisted the Anglo- Sicilian fleet under Nelson ; tried and hanged, June 1799- CAEACTACU8 CARLBTTI CAEACTACUS, or Oaeadoc, king of tlie SUures, a British tribe, defeated ty Ostorius Sca- piili ; and treacherously given up to Hm, 50 ; sent to Home ; released by Claudius, 51. CAEADOC DB LaUCABVAK, "Welsh histo- lian; d. about 1154. CAEAPPA, Neapolitan family : Anto:?io, CiU'dinal ; d. 1591. Antonio, Austrian field-inarslial ; rf. 1603. ViNCENzo, 7th general of the Jesuits ; 6. May, 1585 ; d. 1649 — see Pa2d IV., xiojie. OAEAPFA, or Caeapa, Jfichele Enrico Francisco Aloisio Vincenzo Paolo, Neapolitan musi- cian; 4. 28 Not. 1785; distinguished as a solditr under king Joachim (iMurat); returned to music, and brought out "II Vascello," 1814; came to Paris, 1821 ; brought out "Le Solitaire," 1822; many operas, &c., 1823-34; d. 26 July 1872. CAEAMTJEL de Lobkowitz, Juan, Spanish philosopher and scholar ; li. 23 May 1606 ; d. 8 Sept. 1682. CAEANUS, founder of the Argire dynasty in Macedonia, about B.C. 750.or 800. CAEAUSIUS, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, Ro- man usurper in Britain, 287 ; murdered by his chief ofiioer Alleotus, 293. CAEAVAGGIO, Italian mathematicians, &c. : POLiriORO Caldaba, Italian painter ; &. 1495 ; assassin.-ited 1543 Michelangelo Asierichi, Italian painter ; &. 1560 a. i6og PiETRo Paitlo, 5. 1617 ; d. 1668. Son, &. 1658 d. 1723 ^ CAEAYON, Auguste, French Jesuit histo- rian, b. 1813 ; published "Documents Inedits concemant la Compagnie de Jesus," 1863-5; '''"'' other works respecting the order, 1864-b. CAEBO, Roman plebeian family : Caius Papirius Careo, Roman plebeian, friend of the Gracclii ; cluiuged his ijolitics when made consul, B.C. 120 ; foreseeing his condemnation, took poison . iig Cneius Papirius Carbo, Roman general, pro- consul of Gaul ; caused a decree to he made a.|5ainst Sylla and his party, B.C. 83; sever.al times defeated hy Metellus and the patricians ; put to death by Pompey . . .82 CAEDANO, Girolarao, Italian physician and philosopher ; b. 24 Sept. 1501 ; inventor of the " Cardan mle," 1545; visited Great Britain, 1552; wrote 222 treatises : "Avtis Magnje Liber Unus," 1545; " de PropriSl Yita," 1543 ; " de Subtilitate," 1550 ; &c. ; d. 21 Sept. 1576. CAEDI, see Ciffoli. CAEDIGrAN", James Thomas Bnidenell, earl of; b. 16 Oct. 1797; tried by his peers for wound- ing lieutenant 1 uckett in a duel ; acquitted, Feb. 1841 ; led the " Charge of the 600" at the battle of Balaklava, 25 Oct. 1854 ; d. 27 March 1868. CAEDUCCIO, Bartolommeo, Florentine pain- ter, sculptor, and architect ; b. 1560 ; d. 1610. ViNcrKZo, brother, painter; b. 1568; d. 1638. CAEDWELL, Edward, D.D., ecclesiastical historian; b. 1787; published, "Coinage of the Greeks and Romans, 1832 ; " History of Confer- ences on the Book of Common Prayer, 1840 ; d. 23 May 1861. CAEDWELL, Edward, viscount, statesman ; i. 24 July 1813 ; president of the board of trade, Dec. i8;2 — Feb. i8S5 > chief secretary for Ireland, June, isw ; chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, July 1861 — March 1864; colonial secretary, March 1864 — June 1866 ; war secretary, Dec. 1868 ; resigned, Feb. 1874. CAEfiME, Marie Antoine, learned French cook, " prince of the cuUnary art ;" b. 8 June 1784 ; entered service of Talleyrand, about 1804; viilh prince regent of England, 1815-17; published "Maitre d'Hotel," &c.; d. 12 Jan. 1833. AEEW, Bampfield Moore, long of the gipsies ; b. 1693 ; d. about 1770. CAEEW, George, earl of Totnes ; b. 1557 ; as lord justice, subdued rebellion in Ireland, 1602 ; earl, 1625; "Pacata Hibernia," published 1633; d. 27 March 1629. CAEEW, George, diplomatist (in Poland and France) ; d. about 1613. CAEEW, John Edward, Irish sculptor ; b. about 1785 ; employed by lord Egremont ; work on base of Nelson monument; and " VVhittington hastening to London Bells;" d. 30 Nov. 1868. CAEEW, sir Nicholas, courtier; relative of queen Anne Boleyn ; executed for conspiracy in favour of cardinal Pole, 3 March 1539. CAEEW, Richard, b. 155; ; published transla- tion of Tasso's "Jerusalem, 1594; " Smwey of Cornwall," 1602 ; d. 6 Nov. 1620. CAEEW, Thomas, poet ; b. 1589 ; d. 1639. CAEET, Henry, musician and poet, natural son of George SavUle, mai-quis of Halifa.'i; b. about 1696; d. 4 Oct. 1743. CAEEY, Henry, earl of Monmouth, miscella- neous writer; b. 1596; d. 13 June 1661. CAEEY, Henry Thomas, American political economist; 0. 15 Dec. 1793; published " Principles of Political Economy," (protectionist), 1837-40; " Credit System," 1038 ; " Harmony of Interests," "Principles of Social Science," 1858-9; "Unity of Law," 1873. CAEEY, missionaries and orientalists : Til- ham, b. 1761 ; published " Mahratta Grammar," 1805; "Mahratta Dictionary," 1810; d, 2 Sane 1834: Felix, son, b. 1786; d. 10 Nov. 1822. CAEIBEET, see Charibert. CAEINUS, Marcus Aurelius, emperor of Rome; with Numeriau succeeded their father Canis, 2S3 ; assassinated by his of&cers after defeating the army of Diocletian at Margum, about May 285. CAELEN, Emilia Flyggare, voluminous Swe- dish noveUst; b. 8 Aug. 1807 ; " Waldemar Klein," 1838. CAELETOIT, Dudley, viscount Dorchester, diplomatist; b. 1573; viscount, 1628; d. 15 Feb. 1632. CAELETOISr, George, bishop of Chichester (1619), theologian; b. 15S9; published "On Juris- diction, Regal, Episcopal, and Papal," 1610 ; d. May 1628. CAELETOlSr, sir Guy, Iiish general; h. 3 Sept. 1724; commanded in the American war; cupelled the Americans from Canada, 1776; suc- ceeded sir H. Clinton as commander, 1781 ; surren- dered New York, 1783; created viscount Dorchester, 1786; d. 10 Nov. 1808. CAELETON", "Wmiam, Iiish novelist ; ^.1798; published " Traits and Stories of the Irish Pea- santrj'," 1830 ; (?. 30 Jan. 1869. CAELETTI, Francisco Saverio, Tuscon liberal statesman; made peace with France, 9 Feb. 1795 ; ambassador at Paris; expelled, 1795; d. 11 Aug. 1803. CAELETTI 90 CAEO CAELETTI, Nifcolo, Neapolitan arcliitect; b. 1723; published " Topografia cli Mapoli," 1776; d. 1800. CAELI, Gian Einaldo, conte de, Italian anti- quary and numismatist ; b. April 1720; published " Antichite Italiche," 1788-91 ; d. 22 Feb. 1795. CAELINI, Francesco, Italian astronomer ; b. 8 Jan. 1783 ; d. 29 Aug. 1862. CAELILE, Richard, bookseller; sentenced to fine and imprisonment for republishing Paine's " Age of Eeason," 12 Oct. 1819 ; d. 10 Feb. 1843. CAELINGEOED, see Forteseue. CARLISLE, present bishop, see Goodwin. CARLISLE, see Soward. CAELISLE, sir Anthony, surgeon and natural philosopher; b. 15 Feb. 1768; with Nicholson de- composed water by the Voltaic battery, 30 Apiil 1800; d. 2 Nov. 1840. CARLISLE, Nicholas, antiquary; b. 1771 ; secretary of Society of Antiquaries, 1807 ; pub- lished " Topographical Dictionaries of Great Britain and Ireland," 1808-13 ; " History of Grammar Schools," i8i8; d. 1847. CAELOMAN", French liings: 1. son of Charles Martel, governed Austrasia d. 747 2. son of Pepin the Short ; 6. about 751 ; king, 768 d. 4 Dec. 771 3. son of Louis the Stammerer ; received Aquitaine and Burgundy. 879 ; sole king of France, 882 d. 6 Dec. 884 4. son of Cliarles the Bald; a priest; conspired against his father ; degraded and deprived of his beuelices, 870 ; again rebelled ; his eyes put out d. 886 CAELOS, Don, infant of Navarre; b. 1420; defeated in his attempt to recover Navarae from his father, 1452 ; imprisoned for refusing to marry the infanta of Portugal ; during an insurrection re- leased by the Catalonians ; suspected to have been poisoned, 23 Sept. 1461. CAELOS, Don, son of Philip n. of Spain ; d. 8 Jan. 1545 ; quan-elled with his father for nian7ing Ehzabeth of France, 1559 ; accused of conspiracy ; said to have been executed by poison, 24 July 1568. CAELOS, Don, de Bourbon, son of Charles FV. ofepain; i. 29 March 1788 ; compelled to renounce his rights, 1808; claimed the throne, as Carlos V., on the death of his brother Ferdinand VII., 29 Sept. 1833 ; waged civil war until 29 Aug. 1839 ; resigned his rights to his son, 18 March 1845 ; d. 10 Mai-ch 1855. CAELOS, Don (son), count of Montemolin ; b, 31 Jan. 1818; declared himself Idng, as Carlos VI., at Tortosa; defeated; arrested, April; re- nounced his claim, 23 April i860 ; d. suddenly, 13 or 14 Jan. 1861. CARLOS, Don, duke of Madrid, son of Don Juan, and nephew of preceding ; b. 30 March 1848. His father, Juan, renounced his claims . Oct. 1868 Proclaimed in N. Spain as Carlos VIL, 21 April; issued a proclamation promising ancient liber- ties, &c. . . . . . 16 July 1872 Entered Spain 15 July 1873 Denounced Alfonso SII. in a proclamation 6 Jan. 187s End of the war, after varying success ; Don Carlos landed at Folkstone and came to London ' 4 Mar. 1876 CAELSON, Frederik Ferdinand, Swedish historian; b. 13 June 181 1 ; professor at Upsal, 1836-47 ; published " History of Sweden," 1855-6. CAELSTADT (CakOLOST-UDT), name taken by Andreas Bodenstein, German theologian; b. about 1483 ; joined Luther, 1517 ; disputed with Eck, 1519; excommunicated by the pope, 1520; dis- puted with Luther, respecting the rea:l presence, 1524; ac- quitted of treason, 23 Jan. 1680; ambassador to the pope from James ll., 1685-7 ; (his wife Barbara misfa-ess of Charles II., was created duchess of Cleveland) ; d. 28 July 1 705. CASTLEEEAGH, see Londonderry. CASTOE, St., French bishop of Apt; founded monastery subject to the rule of Egypt \ d. zi Sept. 419. CASTEACANI, see Castmccw. CASTEEN, Jlatniias Alexander, Finland phi- lologist: b. 2 Dec. 1013 ; d. 7 May 1852. CASTEIOT, Georgi, see Scanderbeg. CASTEO, Guilhen de, Spanish dramatist; b. about 1569; published " Comedias," 1614-25; d. about 1 63 1. CASTEO) liiez de ; privately married by Pedro of Portugal, 1345 ; murdered by his father Alfonso IV., 7 Jan. 1355. CASTEO, Joao de, Portuguese heroic and just viceroy of Indies; b. 27 Feb. 1500; accompanied Dom Luis in his expedition, 1533 ; d. 6 June 1548. CASTEUCCIO, Castracani, Italian Ghibel- line soldier ; made count palatine about 1283 ; ruler of Lucca, 1316; defeated Florentines at Alto Pascio, Sept. 1325 ; said to have projected the consolida- tion of Italy ; d. 3 Sept. 1328. CASWALL, Heiuy, d.d., b. 1810; clergy- man in Canada and United States; returned to England, 1842 ; prebendary of Salisbury ; pub- lished "City of the Mormons," 1842; "The American Church," 1861, &c. ; d. Jan. 1871. CAT, see Le Cat. CATALANI, Angelica, Italian singer, 5. 17S2; debut at Rome, 1802 ; travelled over the continent; eight years in England ; d. 13 June 1849. CATALDI (CATUiDl), Pietro Antonio, Italian mathematician; b. about 1548; published "Suova Algebra," 1619; d. 1626. CATANEO, Tommaso, Italian philosopher ; b. 1660; d. 1725. CATEL, Charles Simon, French musician; b. about 1770; published "Traite de I'Harmonie," 1802 ; d. Kov. 1830. CATEL, Guillaume, French historian; b. 1560; published " Histoire des Comtes de Toulouse," 1623; d. 5 Oct. 1G26. CATESBY 94 tfvUSSIN DE PEECEVAL CATESBY, Mark, naturalist; a i68o ; pub- lished " Natural History of Carolina," 1731-43; d. 23 Deo. 1749. CATESBY, Robert, partisan of Devereux, earl of Essex, Feb. 1601 ; planned the gunpowder plot ; shot while raising rebellion ill "Worcestershire, 8 Not. 1605. CATHCAET, sir George, lieutenant-general ; h. 12 May 1794; as goyemor of the Cape, quelled the CafFres, and made peace, 9 March 1853 ; k.c.b. 1853 ; killed at Inkeniiann, 5 Not. 1854. CATHCAET, William Shaw, lord, British general and diplomatist; b. 17 Sept. i75Si '^^ '7 June 1843. CATHAEnSTE DB MEDICIS, see Medici. CATHAEINB, St., of Alexandria; martyred about 307. CATHAEINE,St.,ofBologna;i. I4i3;(?.i463. CATHAEINE, St., of Sienna; b. 1347; con- sulted by Pope Urban VI., 1378 ; d. 29 April 1380. CATHAEINE I., II. empresses of Russia. 1. a Swedish peasant; 6. 1684; married to a dragoon 1701 Lost her husband ; sent a prisoner to Moscow ; became mistress of Peter the Great ; bore him several children (one being Elizabeth, after- 1 wards empress) 1702 ei seq. ' Priyatelymarried to Peter, 29Mayi7ii : aclrnow- ledged empress, 19 Feb. 1712 ; crowned at Moscow . . 1724 Reigning empress at Peter's deatli 28 Jan. 1725 d. 17 May 1727 2. Sophia Augusta of Anbalt Zerbst; 6. 2 May 1729 ; married to the grand dulie Peter, nephew of the empress Elizabeth . . i Sept. 1745 Accession of lier husband as Peter III. 5 Jan. 1762 Eeigning empress at his deposition by the Orlofs, Potemkin, and others .... 9 Jnly „ Victorious in wars with Poland, Turkey, Sweden, and Persia, 1768-93 . , d. 17 Nov. 1796 CATHAEINE, queens-consort of England. 1. of Valois, daughter of Cliarlcs VI. of Prance ; 6. 27 Oct. 1401 ; married Henry V. . 2 June 1420 A widow, 31 Aug. 1422 ; man-ied privately Owen Tudor, 1423 d. 4 Jan. 1437 2. of Aragnn, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain .... . . b. 1483 Married Artliur, prince of "Wales, 14 Nov. ; at his death contracted tu his brother Henry, after- wards Henry VIII 1502 MaiTied, 7 June ; crowned . . 9 June 1509 Legatine court to try validity of her marriage opened, 31 May : Catharine' protested against its authority, 18 June ; witlidrew, 21 June ; tlie court adjourned . . 30 July 1529 The marriage annulled by Cranmer . 2q May 1533 d. 6 or 7 Jan. 1536 3. Howard &. 1522 Manied to Henry VIII. ... 28 Jnly 1540 Accused of "impure living," Dee. 1541 ; be- Iicaded . .... 12 Feb. 1542 4. Parr, b. about 1509 ; widow of lord Latimer . 1529 Became the sixth wife of Henry VIII. 12 July 1543 After his death (18 Jan. 1547), married Thomas, lord Seymour of Sudely, 1547 d. 5 or 7 Sept. 1548 5. of Braganza, daughter of John IV. of Portugal ; h. 1638 L married Charles II. 20 May 1662 ; he dii-d ... . . 6 Feb, 168s Returned to Portia gal .... March 1692 Go^'emed fur liei brother, 1693 : regent, 1704 ; d, 31 Dec. 1705 CATHO, Angelo, archbishop of Vienna ; astro- loger and philosopher ; almoner of Louis XI. ; favoured Comines ; d. 1494. CATILINA, Lucius Sergius, Roman patrician ; /;. aliout B.C. 109; governor of Africa, 68; his plot to overturn the government detected and sup- pressed by Cicero, Nov. 63 ; raised an army ; de- feated and .slain, 62. CATINAT DE LA PauCOISTNERIE, Nicolas de, French marshal ; i. I Sept. 1637 ; defeated Victor Amadeus of Savoy at Staffarde, l8 Aug. 1690; defeated by prince Eugene at Carpi, 9 July 1701 ; d. 22 or 25 Feb. 1712. CATLIN, George, American artist; b. 1795 ^ ascended the Missouri and visited Lidian tribes, 1832-40; came to Loudon and published "Illus- trations of North American Indians," and exhibited his collections, 1841 ; "North American Port- folio," 1844; "Notes of Travel," 1848; d. 23 Dec. 1872. CATO, Dionysius ; wrote " Disticha de Mori- bus," 2d century. CATO, Marcus Fortius, the Censor, Roman statesman ; b. B.C. 234 ; as consul, commanded successfully in Spain, 215; chosen censor, he reso- lutely endeavom-ed to check lu.^ury and refonn morals, 184; d. 149. CATO, Marcus Fortius, of TJtica, philosopher; b. B.C. 95; long strup;gled to maintain liberty; joined Pompey against Cajsar; defeated at Thapsus; committed suicide, 46. CATEOU, Francois, French theologian ; b. 28 Dec. 1659 : d. 18 Oct. 1737. CATS, Jacob, Dutch poet ; b. 10 Not. 1577 ; wrote "Emblems;" d. 12 Sept. 1660. GATTENBUEQ-, Adrian van, Dutch Armi- nian theologian ; b. 2 Nov. 1664; d. 1737. CATTEEMOLE, George, water-colourpainter; }. 1800; made drawings for Britten's Cathedrals, about 1817 ; Shakspere and Scott ; d. 24 July i858. CATULLUS, Valerius, Roman erotic poet ; b. B.C. 87 ; d. about 47. CATULUS, Caiua Lutatius, Roman consul ; ended the first Punic war by defeating Hanno and the Carthaginian fleet near LUyboium, 10 March B.C. 241. CATULUS, ftuintius Lutatius, consul with Marius ; totally defeated the Cimbri, near Milan, 30 July B.C. lOl ; slain in the great proscription, 87. CAUOHY, Augustin Louis ; French mathe- matician; b. 21 Aug. 1789; d. 23 May 1857. CAULAINCOUET, Armand Augustin Louis de, French diplomatist ; b. 9 Dec. 1772 ; seiTed the emperor Napoleon I. at St. Petersburg, &c., 1800 ; made duke of Vicenza, 1805; foreign minister, 1813; d. 19 Feb. 1827. CAULIAC, see ChauUac. C AUMONT, Narcisse de, French archaeologist ; b. 28 Aug. 1802; published "Cours d'Antiquitcs Monumentales," I030-9; " Abecedaire, on Rudi- ments d' Architecture," 1853; d. May 1873. CAUS, or Cattx, Solomon, French physicist ; said to have known the principle of the steam engine; b. 1576; d. about 1630. CAUSSIDIEEE, Marc, French politician ; b. 18 May 1808 ; fought with the insun-ectionists at Lyons, 1834; and at the barricades; afterwards made prefect of police at Paris, and elected member for the department of the Seine, Feb.,«< seq., 1848; charged with supineness, resigned, and fled to London, Aug. 1848 ; d. 27 Jan. 1861. CAUSSIN DE Perceval, Amand Plen-e, French orientalist; b. 1795; dragoman at Aleppo about 1821 ; professor of Arabic at College de France, 1833; published "Essais surl'HistoiredeB. Ai-abes," 1847; d. March 1872. CAUSSIN 95 CELLAEIUS CAUSSIN, Nicolas, French ascetic theologian : S. 1583; made confessor to Louis XIII. by Eiche- lieu, and dismissed on opposing him; published " SymboUca jEgyptiorum Sapientia ;" d. 2 July 1651. CAUTLET, sir Proby Thomas, colonel; i. 1802; entered Bengal artUlery, 1819; projector and engineer of the Ganges canal, finished 1854 ; member of H.M.'s council for India, 1858 ; d. 25 Jan. 1871. OAVAIGNAO, Louis Eugene, French general and statesman ; b. 15 Oct. 1802 ; served in Africa, 1844-6 ; governor of Algeria, Feb. 1848 ; put down the red insurrection in Paris, 23-26 June 1848 ; appointed president of the council, 28 June 1848 ; resigned, 20 Dec. 1848; arrested, 2 Dec. 1851; re- tii-ed into private life ; a. 28 Oct. 1857. CAVALIEE, Jean, chief of the Camisards, {" Enfants de Jlieu,") insurgent protestants in Languedoc; i. about 1679; obstinately resisted the royal ai-my, 1703 ; his treaty wita Villars disallowed by his oi\ti party. May 1704; went to England ; made governor of Jersey ; a. m London, May 1740. CAVAXiIEEI, Bonaventirra ; Italian mathe- matician; b. 1598; author of "Methodus Indivi- sibilium," 1635; d. 3 Deo. 1647. C AVALLO, Tiberio, Italian physicist ; i. 30 March 1749; published "Treatise on Electricity," 1777; "on Air," 1781; invented the "Electric Collector," 1788 ; d. Dec. 1809. CAVANILLES, Antonio Jose, Spanish bota- nist ; b. 16 Jan. 1745 ; published " Icones Planta- rum," 1791-9; d. May 1804. CAVE, Edward, printer, friend of Johnson; b. 1691; founded "Gentleman's Magazine," 1731; d. 10 Jan. 1754. CAVE, "William, ecclesiastical historian; b. 30 Dec. 1637; published "Lives of the Apostles," 1676; "Lives of the Fathers," 1677; "Historia Literaria," 1688; d./^Avg. 1713. CAVEDONB, Jacopo, Bolognese painter; b. April 1577; d. 1660. CAVBNBISH, Henry, physicist, the "Newton of chemistry ;" 4. 10 Oct. 1731 ; coeval with "Watt, discovered the composition of water and of nitric acid, 1784; formed water by sending the electric spark through a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen ; determined natme of carbonic acid, 1766; invented eudiometer, 1783 ; d. 24 Feb. 1810. CAVENDISH, see Bevonsldre, Sartington, and Newcastle. CAVENDISH, sir Thomas, navigator and privateer; sailed from Plymouth, 22 July 1586; sniled round the globe ; returned, g Sept. 1588 ; sailed again, 6 Aug. 1591 ; d. oif Brazil, 1593. CAVENDISH, sir William, ancestor of the dukes of Devonshire ; author of " Life of Wolsey," his patron ; b. about 1505 ; d. IS57- CAVENTOU, Jean Baptiste, French pharma- ceutical chemist ; b. 30 June 1795 ; discovered strychnine and chlorophyll, 1818; sulphate of qui- nine, 1820. CAVOUE, Camillo Benso, conte di; Italian statesman; b. 10 Aug. 1810; d. 6 June 1861. Established the journal "II Eisorgimento" . -1847 Appointed Sardinian minister, 1851 ; president of council . . ... 1852 Visited England ,, Beel.ared in favoiur of free trade . . June 1857 Promoted war with Austria ; resigned at the peace of Villa Franca .... 13 July 1859 Returned to office as premier ... 16 Jan. i860 Re-constituted his ministry to represent all Italy, April 1861 CAXTON, 'WUUam, piinter; t. about 1421; piinted his earliest known book, " the Eeouyell of the Historyes of Troye," at Bruges about 1472 ; his earliest at "Westminster, "theDictesor Sayengis of the Philosophres," 1477 ; d. about 1491. OAYIiEY, Arthur, mathematician and lawyer; b. 16 Aug. 1821 ; author of many papers in Phil. Trans. U.S., &c. CAYLUS, Anne Claude Philippe de Tubieres, French ai'chteologist ; b. 31 Oct. 1692; revived encaustic painting, 1755 ; published "Eecueild'An- tiquites," &c., 1752-67; d. 5 Sept. 1765. CAZES, Pien-e Jacqnes, French painter; i. 1676; d. 25 June 1754. C AZOTTB, Jacques, French comic poet ; royal- ist; b. 1720; guiUotiued, 25 Sept. 1792. CEAN-BEEMUDEZ,JuanAugustin, Spanish critic; b. 17 Sept. 1749; d. 3 Dec. 1829. CEBES, Theban philosopher, author of the "Pinax;" about B.C. 404. CECCO (Francesco) d'Ascoli, Italian natural philosopher; h. 1257; condemned for magic; burnt, Sept. 1327. CECIL, lord Eustace Brownlow Henry, brother of marquis of Salisbury ; b. 24 April 1834 ; ensign in the army, 185 1 ; served in Ciimea, 1854-5 ; m.p. 1865; published "Impressions of Life," 1865; sur- veyor-general of ordnance, Feb. 1874. CECIL, "William, lord Burghley, statesman, minister of queen Elizabeth; b. 13 Sept. 1520; master of requests, 1547 ; secretary of state, 1548- 51 ; created baron, 1571; lord treasurer, 1572; d. 4 Aug. 1598. CECIL, see Cranborne, Exeter, and Salisbury. CECILIA, St., patroness of music, martyr, about 230. CECEOPS, first king of Attica, about B.C. 1556. CEDEENUS, George, Greek chronicler, nth century. CELESTE (Elliott), madame, French dancer; b. 6 Aug. 1815 ; as " Fenella," (" MasauieUo") at Liverpool, 1830; in "United States, 1834 ; a director of Adelphi, 1844-61 ; retired 22 Oct. 1870 ; has occasionally appeared since. CELESTI, Andrea, Venetian painter ; J. 1637 • d. 1706. CELESTIN I.— v., popes. 1. St. ; consecrated, lo Sept. 422 : sent missions to Ireland; opposed PeLisianisni in 'Britain; d. 6 April 432- 2. Guido di Castello ; elected, 2^ Sept. 1143; d. Z March 1144 3. Hyacinto Orsini ; 5. 1107 ; elected 30 Jlarch . iigi Excommunicated emperor Henry VI. for im- prisoning Richard I. 1194 . . d. Z Jan. iioB 4. Gioffredo Castiglione ; elected Oct. d. Nov. 1241 5. Pictro di Morone, the soUtaiy; 6. ahout 1215; elected, 5 July ; abdicated, 13 Dec. 1294 ; d. 19 May 1296- CELLAE-IUS, Christopher, GTerman scholar ; h. 22 Nov, 1638 ; published many classics ; " Geo- graphia Aiitiqua," 1691 ; d. 4 June 1707. CELLARIUS, Daniel, German geographer;. , published " Speculum Orbis Terrarum," 1578. CELLINI 96 CHALMERS CELLINI, Beuvenuto, Italian sculptor, en- graver, and goldsmith; h. 1500; at the siege of llome said to have killed the constable de Bourbon, 6 May 1527 ; patronised by Francis I. of France ; worked at Pans ; d. 13 or 25 Feb. 1570. CELSIUS, Anders, Swedish astronomer and physicist; i. 27 Nov. 1701 ; divided the thenno- ineter into TOO degrees, 1742 ; observed the daily variation of the magnetic declination, 1 740; rf. 25 April 1744. His son, Ola.tjs, botanist; b, 1670; published " Hierobotanicon," 1745 ; d. 1756. CELSUS, Epicurean philosopher; wi-ote against Christianity ; refuted by Origen; fl. about 160. CELSUS, Aulus Cornelius, author of "dc lledicina ;" jf, about 14. CENCI, Beatrice ; executed with her brother Giacomo, on the cliarge of murdering thcii' infa- mous father, Francesco, 15 Sept. 1599. CENTLIVEE, Susanna, Irish dramatist; 5. about 1G67; wrote the "Wonder," "Busy-body," &c. ; d. I Dec. 1723. CEPHISODOTUS, Athenian orator ; fl. about B.C. 372. CERACCHI, Giuseppe, Italian sciilptor; b. about 1 760 ; helped to establish a republic at Home, 1798; e-^ecuted at Paris for conspiracy, 10 Feb. 1 802. CERATINUS (TeiTTG), Jacobus; Dutch classical scholar ; published " Lexicon Gra;eo- Xatinum," 1524; d. 20 April 1530. CERCEAU, Jean Autoine du, French Jesuit poet; b. 12 Nov. 1670; d. 4 July 1730. CERE, Joan Nicolas, French botanist; b. 1737 ; ■while at the Mauritius, supplied plants to many European hotanio gardens, 1775 et seg. ; d. 2 May 1810. CERINI, Giuseppe, Italian poet; b. 1738; d. S Sept. 1779. CERINTHITS, heretic, ist century. CERITO, Francesca, Neapolitan dancer ; b. 11 March 181 1 ; tenncd " the fourth grace ;" married to JI. M. Leon; separated, 1850. CBRQUOZZI, Michel Angelo, Eoman painter; b. 1602 ; d. 1660. CERUTTI, Joseph Antoine Joachim, Italian writer in French; b. 13 June 1738; wrote " Me- moire pour le Peuple Francjais ;" d. 3 Feb. 1792. CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, Miguel de, Spanish novelist and poet; b. 9 Oct. 1547; d. 23 April 1616. Foaght at the battle of Lepanto, 7 Oct. 1571 ; and in Africa 1572-75 A prisoner among the Moors ; released . . '1580 Published " Gal.itca " . . . . 1584 Held a financial office 15S8-93 Publisjicd first pai-t of " Don Quixote," I'^os : second part, 1615; "Galatsa," 1584; "Sovelas Exeiiiplares " ... 1612 CESARI, Giuseppe, Italian painter; b. about 1568; d. 1640. CESARINL Giliauo, (the cardinal Julian) ; b. I'lgS ; made cardinal and sent to Gemianv by Pope Martin V., 1426; presided at the council of Fer- rara, and acted fairly towards the Hussites, 1438 ; counselled Ladislas of Hungary to break the truce with Amurath ; killed at the battle of 'Varna, 10 Nov. 1444. CESAROTTI, Melchiorre, Italian poet; b. 15 ilay 1730; d. 3 Nov. 1S08. CESPEDES, Pablo de, Spanish scholar and artist; b. 1538; d- 1608. CHABANNES, de, French wamors : Jacques, French captain, gi-and-nw ster of France; distinguished in wai's against the Englisli : &. about 1400 d. no Oct. 1454 Antoine, brother; 5. 141 1 : grand-master; captain of " les eeorcheurs" (flayers), ravaged France during the wars ; became comte de Dammartin by his marriage 1439 Opposed Louis 21. while dauphin ; imprisoned by him ; escaped ... . . i4'^'5 Became his chief friend, 1468 . d. 25 Pec. 14S3 Jean, son; violent and unscrujiulous d. nliout 1502 Jean, nephew of Jacques, suniamed the "Little Lion ;" friend of Bayard . . d. 1524 CHABANON, Michel Paul Gui de, French poet and dramatist ; b. 1730; d. 10 June 1792. CHABERT, Joseph Bernard, marquis de, French admiral and astronomer ; b. 28 Feb. 1 724 ; d. I Dec. 1801;. CHABR,IAS, Athenian general and admiral; defeated the Spartans at jEgina, B.C. 3S8; at Naxus, 9 Sept. 376 ; admiral in Social war ; killed at the siege of Chios, 357. CHACORNAC, Jean, French astronomer; b. 21 June 1823 ; discovered Phocco, and live other new planets, 1853-G0; d. 24 Sept. 1873. CHAD, or CeABDA, St. ; d. 673. CHAD WICK, Edwin, economist ; b. 24 June 1801 ; fi'iend of Jeremy Bentham ; assistant com- missioner of poor laws, 1832 ; cormnissioner of board of health, 1848-54. CHJEREA, Caius Cas«ius, Eoman tribune ; killed Caligula, with the view of re-establishing the republic, 24 J.an. ; executed by Claudius, 41. CHAILLU, see Bu Chaillu. CHAISE, Francjois de la, French Jesuit ; con- fessor to Louis XIV. ; b. 1624 ; d. 20 Jan. 1709. CHALCONDYLES, Demetrius, Greek gi-am- marian ; taught Greek in Perugia about 1450 ; his "Erotemata" published about 1493; d. at Milan about 1510. CHALCONDYLES, or Chalcocondyles, Laonicus or Nicolaus, Byzantine historian ; ambas- sador to the sultan Amurath, 1446 ; wrote history of the empire, 1298-1463. CHALIER, Maine Joseph, French politician ; b. 1747; joined Kobespierre ; endeavoured to de- stroy the Girondist party at Lyons, Jan. — May ; de- feated ; guillotined, 1 7 July 1 793. CHALLE, Michel Ange Charles, French painter and architect; b. 18 March 1718; d. 8 Jan. 1778. CHALLIS, rev. James, astronomer and phy- sicist; A. 12 Deo. 1803; Plumian professor of astro- nomy at Cambridge, 18.36 ; published " Creation in Plan and Progress," 1861 ; " Principles of Calcu- lation," 1869; "Translation of Epistle to the Ro- mans," 1871. CHALLONER, see Clialoner. CHALLONER, Eichard, Roman catholic theologian; b. 1691; d. 17S1. CHALMERS, Alexander, Scotch journalist, &c. ; b. 29 March 1759; edited Steevens' Shak- speare, 1803-5 > " General Biographical Die tionarv," 1812-17; d. 10 Dec. 1834. CHALMERS, David, Scotch priest, statesman, and jurist; b. about 1530; digested laws of Scot- land, about 1506; friend of Mary, and accused of CHALMERS 97 CHANTAIi participation in murder of Daraley; became lord of session ; d. 1592. CHALMERS, lieorge, Scoteh historian; I. V\i\2 ; published " Life of Queen Mary of Scots," 1818; "Caledonia," 1807-26; d. 31 May 1825. CHALMERS, James, inventor of the Chal- mers' target; 4. about 1814; d. 26 Dec. 1868. CHALMERS, Patrick, Scottish antiquary ; h. 31 Oct. 1802 ; published " Sculptured Monuments of Angus;" d. 23 June 1854. CHALMERS, Thomas, D.D., Scotch clergy- man, natural philosopher, and political economist ; h. 17 March. 1780; minister of Tron parish, i8K-g; lectured on astronomy, 1816 ; professor of diTi- nity, Edinburgh, 1828-43; a leader of the move- ment which led to the secession and establishment of the Free Church of Scotland, 18 May 1843 ; principal of New College, 1843-7 ; d. 31 May 1847. CHALONEE, sir Thomas, diplomatist; I. about 1515 ; sent by Elizabeth to Germany and Spain; d. 7 Oct. 1565. Sir Thomas, son, chemist; h. 1559; discovered and set up the alum works at Guisborough, Yorkshire, about 1600; published "The Virtues of Nitre," 1584 ; d. 17 Nov. 1615. CHAM, see He Noe. CHAMBEELATNE, Edward, chronologist ; I- J3 Dec. i5i6; published " Anglia: Notitia;, or the Present State of England," 1668, et seq. : d. 1703. His son, John, published "Manuer of making Tea, Cofl'ee, and Chocolate," 1685; d. 1724. , CHileMBEES, Ephraim ; b. about 1680 ; pub- lished his " Cyclopedia," 1728; d. 15 May, 1740. , CHAMBERS, George, marine painter to WU- liam IV. ; li. about 1800 ; (painted panorama of London at the Colosseum, for Mr. Hornor ;) d. Oct. 1840. CHAMBERS, George Frederick, astronomer; published "Handbook of Astronomy," i85i; "Descriptive Astronomy," 1867. CHAMBERS, sh- William, R.A., architect ; b. 1726 ; published treatise on CivU Architecture, 1759-68; designed Somerset House, built 1776-86; d. 8 March 1796. CHAMBERS, brothers; "WiUiam, b. 1800; Egbert, b. 1802; d. 17 March 1871; united to publish Edinburgh Journal, 4 Feb. 1832 ; Ency- clopedia of English Literature, 1844 ' (l'^"'"'!"' said to have ^viitten "Vestiges of Creation," published 1844) ; and Chambers' Encyclopaedia, 1859-67-75. CHAMBORD, comte de, see Bordeaux. CHAMFORT, or ChaMPFOET, Sebastieu Eoch Nicolas, French poet and dramatist, called by Mirabeau, "tete electrique ;" b. 1741 ; d. 13 April 1794- CHAMIER, Daniel, French protestant writer ; b. 1570 ; killed at siege of Montauban, 21 Oct. 1621. CHAMIER, Frederick, captain, novelist; b. 1796; published "Life of a Sailor," 1834; "Ben Brace," 1835; "Arethusa," 1836; d. i Nov. 1870. CHAMILLARD, Etienne, Jesuit, French an- firuai-y and numismatist; b. 11 Nov. 1656; d. I July 1730. CHAMILLARD, Michel de, French financier, ifavourite of Louis XIV.; b. 1651; d. 14 April 1721. CHAMISSO, Adelbert von, German poet and traveller; b. in France, 30 Jan. 1781; author of *' Peter Schlemil," 1813 ; d. 21 Aug. 1838. CHAMOUSSET, Claude Humbert PiaiTon de, French philanthropist; b. 1717; d. 27 Api-il 1773. CHA]\IPAGNE, Philippe de, Belgian painter ; b. 26 May 1602 ; " LesEeligieuses," about 1662 ; d. 12 Aug. 1674. CHAMPAGNT, count Franz de, French his- torian and pubUcist; b. at Vienna, 10 Sept. 1804; a defender of liberty of teaching in the Catholic church, in pamphlets 1844-50 ; published " Histoire des Cesars," 1841-3, 1853; " Les Anto- nins," 1863-6. CHAMPEATJX, Guillaume de, French scho- lastic philosopher, end of nth centuiy; founded abbey of St. Victor, II13; d. II2I. CHAMPIEE, (Ca>ipeiii[js, or Campe- Gius) , Symphorien, French physician and historian ; b. 1472; "Vie de Bayard," 1525; d. 1533. CHAMPLAIN, Samuel de, Frenchgeographer; founder of Quebec, 3 July 1608, and governor of New France, 1633 ; d. 1635. CHAMPMESLE, Charies Cherillet, sieur de, French dramatist and actor ; d. 1701. "Wife, Mahib Desmahe.?, an eminent actress; b. 1644; d. 1698. CHAMPOLLION", Jean Francois, French orientalist and Egyptologist ; b. 23 Dec. 1790 ; pub- lished "Egypte sous les Pharaons," 1814; "Pan- theon Egyptien," 1823 ; d. 4 March 1832. CHAMPOLLION-FIGEAC, Jean Jacques, brother ; French archasologist ; b. 5 Oct. 1778 ; pub- lished " Egj-pte Ancienne et Moderne," 1040, &c. ; d. 9 May 1867. CHANCELLOR, Richard, navigator; tra- velled in Russia to begin trade; established the Russian company, 1553-4 ; drowned, 10 Nov. 1556. CHANDLER, Edward, Irish theologian; }. 1671 ; bishop of Duiham, 1730; published "De- fence of ChiTstianity," 1725; d. 20 July 1750. CHANDLER, Richard, arohseologist ; b. 1738; published " Marmora Oxoniensia," 1763 ; "Travels in Asia Minor," 1775; " Life of IVaynflete," 1811; d. 9 Feb. 1810. CHANDLER, Samuel, theologian ; b. 1693 ; published "Vindication of the Christian Religion," 1725-8; "Witnesses of the Resurrection," 1744; d. 8 May 1766. CHANDOS, John, eminent warrior of king Edward III. ; regent, 1360 ; defeated Bertrand du Guesclin at Auray, 29 Sept. 1364; killed in battle at Leusac, 31 Dec. 1369. CHANGAENIEE, Nicholas Anne Theodule, French general ; }. 26 April 1793. Fought in Algiers . , .... 1836 Governor of Algeria 1847-8 Suppressed the insurrection in Paris . June 1849 Imprisoned after the coup d'etat . , 2 Dec. 1851 Went into exile 1852 His services accepted by Napoleon III. at an inter- view, 8 Aug. ; shut up in Metz ; fruitless inter- view with prince Frederick Charles, 25 Oct. ; sur- rendered 27 Oct. 1870 Elected deputy ; supported Thiers . . Feb. 1871 CHANNING, "William EUery, American uni- tarian minister and philosopher; b. 7 April 1780; ordained 1803; published "Essay on National Literature," 1823; many discourses; ""Works," 1841 ; d. 2 Oct. 1^2. CHANTAL, Ste. Jeanne Franijoise Fremiot de, French devotee ; 5. 1 572 ; a widow, she founded the first convent of the Order of Visitation, 1610; d. 13 Dec. 1641 ; canonised, 1767. CHANTEREAU 98 CHARLE S CHAHIBEET II. king of Aquitaine; de- feated the Gascons, 630; d. 631. CHAEIDEMUS, Athenian orator; received a gold crown at Athens, 3^7 ; banished by demand of Alexander ; fled to Danus, and killed by him, E.o. 333- CHAEILAUS, king of Sparta, pupil of Ly- curgus, B.C. 884. CHAELEMONT, J. Caul6eld, ear! of, Irish statesman; b. 1 728; d. 4 Aug. 1 799. CHAELES MARTEL, son of Pepin d'Her- istal; h. about 689; chosen chief by the Austra- sians, 715 ; defeated the Neustrians, and their allies at Soissous, 719; defeated the Saracens near Tours and Poitiers, and saved Europe, 10 Oct. 732 ; d. 22 Oct. 741. CHAELES I.— VII. emperors of the "West, or Geimany. 1. Charlemagne (Carolus M.igims), &. 2 April 742 ; with Carloman, king of France, 768 ; sole king, Dec. 771 Conquered the Saxons 772-6 Successful in Italy ; crowned king . . . 773-4 Subdued northern Spain 778 Surprised and defeated at RoncesT.illes by the Gascons, and his nephew Roland slain . . ,, Put down the revolting Saxons under Witikiud ; created new bishoprics, &c 780 Visited Kome ; his son Pepin crowned king of Italy . . 7S1 Continued his victories over the Saxons . . 781-4 Conquered Bavaria ; repulsed the invading Avars and Greeks . 7S8 Founded the uuiver.sity of Paris . . . 794 Made Aix-la-Cliapelle his cajiital . , . , -jg^ Expelled the Saracens from France, and checked the Saxon immigration , 756 Re-establislied the pope 7gg Cro^vned emperor of the west by pope Leo III. at Rome ... .25 Dec. Soo Eflected a general peace .... 812 Called five councils to regulate church affairs 813 d. 28 Jan. 814 2. the Bald, son of Lords I. le Di^bonnaire (.son of Charlemagne), 6. 13 June 823 ; lung of France, 20 June 840 Had frequent wars with his rel.itives ; acluiow- ledged emperor 875 Defeated by his nephew (whom he had wronged) at Andemach, 8 Oct. 876 d. 6 or 13 Oct. 877 3. the Pat, son of Louis the Gennan . b. about 832 Becamekingof Italy, 879; emjjeror . 881 King of France ... . . 884 Deposed by the Germans, 8S7 . d. 12 Jan. 588 4. of Luxemburg, son of Jolin, king of Bohemia, &. 16 May 1316 Elected emperor j'346 After long opposition, crowned at Rome . 1355 Promulgated the '■ Golden Bull," 1356 ; d. 29 Nov. 1378 5. h. at Ghent 24 Feb. 1500 King of Spain (as Charles I.) . . 23 Jan. 1516 Elected emperor .... 28 June 1519 Visited England, and made alliance with Henry VIII . 1520 and 1522 War with France ; Francis I. taken prisoner at Pavia 24 Feb. 1525 War with the pope ; Rome stormed . 6 May 1527 Held diet at Spire ; made peace with pope Cle- ment VII ijsg Crowned king of Lombardy, and emperor, Feb. 1530 Opened diet at Augsburg . . 13 June ,, League of Smalcald formed . , . Dec. „ Made peace with France . . . . Nov. 1537 Visited Francis I. at Paris 1540 His unsuccessful ex-pedition against Algiers, Oct. — Nov. 1541 Began hostilities with the protestants, 1546 ; and defeated them at Miihlberg . . 24 April 1547 Issued the uusatisfactory "Interim of Augs- burg" 1548 Surprised at Innspruck by Maurice of Saxony; fled : revoked the interim .... 1552 His son Philip married to Mary of England, 25 July 1554 Resigns the Netherlands to Philip at Bmssels, 25 Oct. 1555 CHANTEEEAU, Lefevre Louis, French ju- rist and historian; h. 12 Sept. 1588; d. 2 July 1658. CHANTEBT, sir Francis, E.A., sculptor; b. 7 April 1782 ; works: "Lady Louisa Eusseil," 1818; "Sleeping Children," Lichfield,_ 1817; &c. (be- queathed much property, after his wife's decease, to the Eoyal Academy ; she died, Jan. 1875) ; d. 25 Nov. 184I. CHANUT, Pierre, French statesman; b. 1600; d. July 1662. CHANZT, Antoine Eugene Alfred, French general; b. 18 March 1823 ; in the navy, entered Ecole nulitaire, Oct. 1841 ; served in Algeria, Italy, and Syria; general of division in German war, 21 Oct. 1870; vigorously resisted till Feb. 1871; I deputy, Feb. 1871 ; published " Deuxieme elected l_^____ ,, Armee de la Loii-e,' 1871. GHAPELAIN (Capellajstus), Andi-e, French poet ; author of " de Arte Amatori^ ; " court chaplain about 1180-1223. CHAPELAIN", Jean, French poet; *. 1595; published " La PuceUe." 1656 ; d. 22 Feb. 1674. CHAPMAN, George, poet; b. 1557; published Translations of Homer, 1603-14; d. 12 May 1634. CHAPONE, Hester, moralist; b. 1727; pub- lished "Letters on the Improvement of the Mind," 1773; (f. 25 Deo. 1801. CHAPPE, Claude, French engineer ; invented a machine which he named " telegi'aphe " or sem- aphore, about 1790 ; a line on his system ordered to be constructed by the convention, 4 April 1793 ; first used in Aug. 1794 ; d. by suicide, 23 Jan. iSoo. CHAPPE D'AutEROCHE, Jean, French astronomer; b. 1722 ; published ** Voyage en Si- berie," 1768; d. I Aug. 1769. CHAPPEL, Vniiam, bishop of Cork ; b. 1582 ; pubUshed "Methodus Concionandi," 1648; d. 13 May 1649. CHAPTAL, Jean Antoine, comte de Chante- loup, French chemist and statesman ; b. 4 June 1756; minister of public instruction, Dec. 1799 — March 1802; published "Elemens de Chimie," 1790; " Chimie appliquee aux Arts," 1806; made improvements in dyeing, &c. ; (Z. 30 July, 1832. CHAEAS, Moise, French chemist ; b. 1618 ; published Ha " Pharmaoopee Eoyale," 1672 ; d. !■] Jan. 1698. CHAEDIN, Jean, French traveller in the East; b. 16 Nov. 1643; published "Journal du Voyage," 1686 and 1711 ; d. 15 Jan. 1713. CHAEENTON, Joseph Nicolas, French Jesuit and missionary in India ; 0. 1659 ; d. 10 Aug. 1735. CHAEBS, unprincipled Athenian general ; fl. B.C. 367-333 ; — of Lindus, statuary of the Colossus of Ehodes, erected, B.C. 292-280. CHARETTE de la Contrie, Francois Athanase, Vendean general; J. 21 April 1763; taken prisoner ; executed, 29 March 1796. Atha- >-ASE, baron de, nephew; b. 1796; joined the roy- alists, 1814 ; d. 16 March 1848. CHARIBERT, or Charles-RcbEUT, king of Hungary, son of Charles M artel; b. 1292; the crown of Hungary awarded to him by the pope, 30 May 1303; recognised king, 27 Aug. 1310; d. 16 July 1342. CHARIBERT I. king of Pans and Aquitaine, S6r;(^,S67. ■ CHAELES 99 CHARLES His lebitjuiLtion of his kingdoiiis to las son Philip, 16 Jan. ; made piibUc ... 6 Feb. 1556 Sent tlie imperial crown and sceptre to his brother Ferdinand .... 7 Sept. „ Retired to the monasteiy of St. Juste, in Estre- niadura 24 Feb. 1557 Celebi-ated his o'wn funeral, 30 Aug. ; (1. 21 Sex:>t. 1558 ■6. h. 1 Oct. 1685; claimed thruue of iSpain . . 1700 War of succession. 1701-11 Elected emperor (last of the house of Hapsburg), 12 Oct. 1711 Increased his dominions by the peace of Utrecht, 2713-14 Publislied Pragmatic sanction, ig April 1713, d. 20 Oct. 1740 •7. Albert, h. 6 Ang. 1697 ; elector of Bavaria 1726 Elected emperor . . 24 Jan. 1742 Had a long wai- . d. 20 Jan. 1745 CHAHLES I.-X. kings of Frauoe. 1. 2. see Charles II. and III. cmjserors. ■3. the Simple ... . Z». 17 Sei^t, 879 Proclaimed king ; deposed, 892 ; sole king, 898, stormy reign ; deposed, 920 . d. 7 Oct. 929 4. Le Bel, the Fair, son of Philip the Fair . b. 1294 Succeeded his brother Philip V. . . 3 Jan. 1322 d, 31 Jan. 1328 5. the Wise, son of John ; &. 21 Jan. 1337 ; regent during his father's captivity . . . 1357 King at his father's death . . 8 April 1364 llecovered the provinces conquered by the Eng- lish, 1370 ; made peace, 1374 . d. 16 Sept. 13S0 6. the Well-beloved, son ; b. 3 Dec. 1368 ; king, 16 Sept. „ Stormy reign ; the EngHsh invasion, . 21 Ang. 1415 Henry V.'s victoiy at Agincourt . 25 Oct. „ Treaty of Troycs ; Henry V. declared succpssor to the crown, and marued Charles's daugliter Catharine, 1421 ; Charles d. 21 Oct. 1422 7. the Victorious, son . . . t. 22 Feb. 1403 Joined the Orleans party while dauphin in oppo- sition to the queen . - . 1417 Proclaimed king ... .28 Oct. 1422 Received Joan of Arc at Cliinon . 24 Feb. 1429 Crowned at Rheiuis . . 17 July ,, Made truce with England . . . . 1444 "War renewed ; recovered all the Engli.sli con- quests except Calais, 1449-53 . (/. 22 July 1461 Q. the Affable; h. 30 Jime 1470; succeeded his father Louis XI. (his sister Anne regent) 30 Aug. 1483 MaiTied Anne of Brittany ... 6 Dec, 1491 Clainied the crown of Naples ; crossed the Alps with an army .... Sept. 1494 Arrived at Florence, 17 Nov. ; at Rome, 31 Dec. „ Defeated the allies at Fornova . 6 July 1495 Re-crossed the Alps, 7 Nov. 1495 , d. 7 April 149S 9. 2nd son of Henry II. and Catherine de Medicis, 6. 27 June 1550 Succeeded his brother Franris n. . 5 Dec. 1560 Consented to the massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 1572 d. 30 May 1574 10. Charles Philippe, comte d'Artois, 4th son of Louis the daupliin, son of Louis XV. b. 9 Oft. 1757 Jfarried Maria Tlieresa of Savoy . 16 Nov. 1773 Fled from Paris with liis family . 17 July 1789 ConfeiTed with the emperor, inciting him to help Louis XVI. ... .20 Jlay 1791 Deseiied Charette the Vendean general June 1795 Hnoceeded his brother Louis XVIII. 16 Sept 1S24 iSigncd the unconstitutional ordinances ; dissolv- ing the chambers, restraining the press, &c. 25 July 1830 Abdicated in favour of the duke of Bordeaux, 2 Aug. ; embarked for England 16 Aug. 18:50 c?. 6 Nov. 3836 CHARLES I. II. kings of Great Britein : 1. sou of James 1 6. 19 Nov. 1600 Prince of Wales, through death of his brother Henry 6 Nov. 1612 Visited Madrid, to treat for maiTiage with the infanta, March ; treaty broken off . Bee. 1623 Succeeded his father James I. . 27 March 1625 Married Henrietta Maria of France . 13 June „ Began his struggle with the parliament . . . „ Ordered tunnage and poundage to be levied . 1626 Compelled to accede to the petition of right, 7 June 1628 Dissolved parliament ... 10 March 1629 Governed without one 1629-41 Published king James's " Book of Sports," 18 Oct. 1633 Attempted to introduce the English liturgy into Scotland, July 1637 ; compelled to abandon it, 9 Sept. 1638 Began war with the covenanters, Feb. ; made peace 18 June 2639 Opened the " Long " parliament . . 3 Nov. 1640 Permitted the execution of Strafford . 12 May 1641 Atteuiiited to arrest lord Kimbolton and five other members of the commons . . 4 Jan, 1642 Prepared for war ; set up his standard at Not- tingham, 22 Aug. ; began the war . . Sept. 1642 Totally defeated at Naseby . 14 June 1645 Joined the Scotch anny ... 5 May 1646 Takeu to Newcastle ; surrendered to the parha- mentaiy commissioners, 30 Jan. 1647; removed to Holmby house, Noi-thamptonshire ; seized by comet Joyce .... 4 June 1647 Placed at Hampton Court, whence he escaped to the Isle of AVight, 12 Nov. ; placed in Caris- brooke ca-stle, 14 Nov. ; attempted to escape, 28 Dec. „ Brought to trial at Whitehall, 19 Jan. ; con- demned, 27 Jan. ; beheaded . 30 Jan. 1649 Buried at Wmdsor .... 8 Feb. „ 2. eldest sou of Charles I. ; b. 29 May 1630; king de-jure, 30 Jan. ,, Invited to Scotland ; crowned at Scone i Jan. 1651 His army totally defeated at Woicester, 3 Sept. ; escaped to Nonnandy .... Oct. „ His declaration from Breda promising political amnesty, liberty of conscience, &c., issued 4 April 1660 Restoration ; entered London . 29 Mpy ,, Assented to the act of unifonnity . 19 May 1662 MaiTied Catharine of Braganza 20 May „ Became a pensioner of France . , . . 1668 Seized the bankers^ funds in the exchequer to cany on war . 2 Jan. 1672 Assented to the test act . . 29 March 1673 Dissolved parliament, and governed without one, 28 March 1681 Reconciled to the clurrch of Rome d. 6 Feb. 1685 CHARLES I.— rV. kings of NavaiTe: 1. see Charles IV. of France. 2. the Bad; b. 1332; king, 1350; intrigued with the English against king John of Fi-ance, 1355 ; imprisoned by him, 1356 ; escaped and made war, 1357; made j^eace with Charles V. 1365; accidentally burnt to death . . .1 Jan. 1387 3. the Noble; &. 1361; crowned, 25 July 1^90; d. 8 Sept. 1425 4. son of Blanche, daughter of Cliarles HI. ; b. ig May 1421; attacked by his father, John II. of Ai-agon ; d. by poison . . 23 Sept. 1461 CHARLES I. -v., kings of Naples and SicUy: 1. of Anjou, son of Louis VIII. of France; &. about 1220 Fought in the 8th crusade . . . 1249-50 Ci'owned king at Rome ... . 1265 Invaded Italy ; victorious at Benevento over Manfred, who was killed . . 26 Feb. 1266 Defeated Conradin at Tagliacozzo, 23 Aug. ; be- headed him, 29 Oct. 1266 . . rf. 7 Jan. 1285 2. the Lame ; h. 1248 " . . d. 6 May 1309 3. b. 1345 ; adopted by Joaima I. queen of Naples ; afterwards disavowed ... 23 June 1380 Crowned king by the pope ; entered Naples, 16 July 1381 Caused Joanna to be strangled . . 22 May 1382 Went to Hungary ; crowned king . 31 Dec. 1385 Assassinated at Breda ... 5 Feb. 1386 4. see Cliarles V. envperor. 5. see Cliarles II. of Spain. CHAKLES I.— III. dukes of Parma: 1. Ch.\rlesIII. of Spain. 2. (Louts de Bourbon), son of Louis, king of Etmria &. 22 Dec. 1799 King of Etruria, 27 May 1803 ; deposed, 1807 ; made dtdce of Lucca . . . 13 March 1824 Ceded Lucca to Tuscany, 5 Oct. ; made duke of Parma . . 17 Dec. 1847 Abdicated 14 March 1849 3. son; &. 14 Jan. 1823; duke, 14 March 1849; stabbed, 26 March . . . d. 27 March 1854 H 2 CHARLES 100 CHAKLEYAL CHARLES I.-III. tlukes of Savoy : 1. the Warrior; &. 29 March 1458 ; educated under 'Louis XI, of France . . . d. 13 March 1489 2. Charles John Amadeus ; h. 1489 . - d. 1497 3. the Good ; 6. 10 Oct. 14S6 ; snllered by the wars of Charles V. and Francis I. 1524 ; unsuccessfiil against the Sv/iss, 1531-4 - • ^- ^^ ^^P*- ^553 CHAKLES EMMAKUEL I. II. dukes of Savoy: 1. 6. 12 Jan. T562 ; duke, 1580; joined Spain and Austria, 1628 ; his country ravaged by the French, 1629 .... . . d. 26 July 1630 2. &• 20 June 1634 ; duke, 163S ; continual wars ; d. 12 June 1675 CHARLES EMMANUEL III. lY. kings of Sardinia : 3. 6. 27 April 1701 ; succeeded his father, 3 Sept. 1730 d.2o Feb. 1773 4. b. 24 May 1751 ; succeeded Victor Amadeua II. 16 Oct. 1796 ; Piedmont seized by the French ; retired to Sardinia, 1798 ; abdicated, 4 June 1802 ; d. 6 Oct. 1819 CHARLES FELIX, king of Sardinia; h. 6 Apiil 1765; viceroy of Sicily, 1799; succeeded Yictor Emmanuel I., 13 March 1821; d. 27 Apiil 1831. CHARLES ALBERT, of the line of Savoy- Cari^nan, king of Sardinia; b. 2 Oct. 1798; suc- ceeded Charles Felix, 27 April 1831 ; d. at Oporto, 28 July 1849. Promulgated a new code 1837 Proposed the regenei-ation of Italy ; granted a con- stitution to his states ... 23 March 1848 Defeated the Austrians at Goito, and took Pes- chiera . . . . . 3° May „ Defeated at Custozza 23 July „ Granted an armistice .... 9 ^^^S- » AVar resumed; defeated by the Austrians imder Radetsky at Novara ... 23 March 1849 Abdicated, and left Italy, 26 March ; d. 28 July „ CHARLES I.-IY- kings of Spain : 1. see Charles V. erivp&ror of Garmany ; h. 24 Feb. 1500 d. 11 Sept. 1558 2. b. 6 Nov. 1661 ; succeeded his father, Philip IV. 17 Sept. 1665 Made don John of Austria minister . . . 1677 Bequoatljed his dominions to Philip, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. 2 Oct. ; d. i Nov. 1700 3. &. 20 Jan. 1716; duke of Pal-ma . . . 1731 King of Two Sicilies 1733 Succeeded his brother Ferdinand II. as king of Spain 10 Aug. 1759 Expelled the Jesuits, 2 April 1767 d. 13 Dec. 1788 4. (son); &. 12 Nov. 1748; king . 13 Dec. „ Joined the coalition against France . . . 1793 Ruled by Godoy, " Prince of the Peace " , . 1795 Became subservient to Noiioleon I. . . . 1807 Abdicated in favour of his son, Ferdinand, 19 March ; and of Napoleon I. May 1808 ; d. ig Jan. 1819 5. 6, 7. see Carlos, Don. CHAELES I.— XY. kings of Sweden: 1. — 6. No authentic histoiy {Geijcr.) 7. Swerkerson, first king of the Swedes and Goths ; killed by Canute, son of St. Eric . . . . 1167 8. king Nov. 1449 Deposed by Christian I. of Oldenburg . . 1457 Recalled, and again deposed 1464 Recalled, 13 Nov. 1467 . . . d. 15 May 1470 9. 6. 4 Oct 1550; regent, 1594; accepted the crown, 1604 rf. 30 Oct. 1611 10. GusTAvus, fond of war; 6. 8 Nov. 1622; king on the abdication of his cousm. Christina, 6 June 1654 ; carried on war in Germany, 1642 d. 23 Feb. 1660 11. 6. 24 Nov. 1655 ; king, 23 Feb. 1660 ; hadfre- quentwars with Denmark . . d. 15 April 1697 12. the "Madman of the North," son; &. 27 June ' 1682 ; king 15 April 1697 Defeated the Russians at Narva . 30 Nov. 1700 Defeated the Poles at Pultusk . . i May 1703 Executed Patkal 1707 Totally defeated by the Russians under Peter at Pultowa 8, 9 July 1709 Took refuge at Bender 1709 Refused to depart ; taken to Adrianople . . . 1713 Escaped to Stralsund ... 22 Nov. 1714 Attacked Norway ; killed while besieging Frede- ricksliald n Dec. 171a 13. fe. 7 Oct. 1748 ; proclaimed king on the depo- sition of Gustavus IV., 6 June, 1809; named Marshal Bernadotte his successor, 21 Aug. 1810 d. 5 Feb. iBiS 14. SQQ Bernmlotie : 6. 26 Jan. 1764; king, 5 Feb. 181B d 8 March 1844 15. 6. 3 May 1S26 ; succeeded his father, Oscar I. 8 July 1859 Visited Englnnd and Fi-ance . . , Aug. i86r His daughter, Louisn, manied to Cliristian, crown prince of Denmark . 28 July 1869 d. 18 Sept. 1873 CHAELES I. king of "S7urtcmberg ; h, G. Murch 1823; succeeded his father, William I. 25 June 1864; m. grandduchess Olga of Russia, 13 July 1846; treaty -vTitli Prussia, 13 Aug. 1866. CHAELES LOUIS, archduke of Austria, military commander; b. 5 Sept. 1771 ; d. 30 April 1847. Fought under the prince of Coburg . . . 1793 Commander-in-chief of the Austrian army . . . 1796 Successful against Moreau and others in Germany and Switzerland . . . 1797-1800 Retired through ill health . ... 1800 Defeated Massena at C:ildiero . . 29, 30 Oct. 1806 Defeated Napoleon at Asperne and Essing 21, 22 May 1809 Defeated at "Wagram ... 5, 6 July 1809 CHAELES LE Temeeaire (the Bold), duke of Burgundy ; b. 10 Nov. 1433 ; killed 5 Jan. 1477- Joined the "League of the Public Good" against Louis XI 1465 Succeeded his father, Philip the Good 15 July 1467 Defeated the Lifgeois at liruenstein . 28 Oct. „ Manied Mai^aret, sister of Edward IV. of England 2 July 146S His interview with Louis XI. at Peronne 3 Oct. , , Made him be present at the sack of Liege . 30 Oct. ,, Made war with France ; threw oft" vassalage. 12 Nov. 1471 ; peace . . . 11 Nov. 1472' Invaded Switzerland; defeated at Granaon, 3 March ; at Morat .... 22 June 1476 Defeated by tlie duke of Lon-aine and the Swiss at Nancy, and killed . 5 Jan. 1477 CHAELES of Blois; claimed the duchy of Brittany at the death of John the Good ; supported by Philip IV. of France, in opposition to Jean d© Montfort supported by Edward III. of England, 1 34 1 ; defeated and slain by John Chandos at Aui-aj'-^ 29 Sept. 1364. CHAELES (the Good), r3th count of Flanders; assassinated at Bruges, 2 Mai-ch 1127. CHAELES EDWAED STUAET, prince; gi-andson of James II. ; b. 31 Dec. 1720; d. 31 Jan. 1788. Landed in the Hebrides .... July 1745 Raised an army, and marched to Edinburgh ; de- feated Sir John Cope at Prestonpans 21 Sept. „ Entered Carlisle, 15 Nov.; Lancaster, 24 Nov.; Macclesilold, i Dec. ; Derby, 4 Dec. ; made a rapid retreat ; entered Glasgow 25 Dec. „ Defeated Hawley at Falkirk ... 17 Jan. 174& Totally defeated by the Duke of Cumberland at Cnlloden, 16 April; escaped to Fi-ance Sept. ,, Married piincess Louisa of Stolberg-Gedem . . 1772 CHAELETON, "Walter, physician and phy- siologist; ^. 2Feb. 1619; published '*Physiologia,'* 1654 ; " Onomasticon Zoicon," 1668-71, &c. ; d, 1707. CHAELEVAL, Charles Jean Louis Faucon de Ky, seigneur de, French poet; b. about 1613 ; d. 1698. CHAELEVOIX 101 OHATEIAN CHAELEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Trencli Jesuit, traveller ; *. 29 Oct. 1CS2 ; pub- lished "Histoire de Japon," 1715 ; " Histoire de la Nourelle France," 1744; " Histoire de Para- guay," 1756; d. I Feb. 1761. CHARLIBR, Gilles (JEgidius Carlerlus), French theologian; wrote ''Scutum Veritatis;" d. 23 Not. 1473. CHAELOTTE of Savoy; h. 1445; married to Louis XI. of France, 1457; mother of Charles VIII. 13 June 1470; d. I Dec. 1483. CHAELOTTE, SopMa, queen of George III. •of England, daughter of Charles Louis, duke of Jleckleuburg-Strelitz ; i. 19 May 1744 ; m. S Sept. 1761; cl. 17 Not. 1818. CHAELOTTE AUGUSTA, prmcess, daugh- ter of George, prince regent, afterwards George IV. Ii. 7 Jan. 1 796 ; married Leopold of Saxe-Cobm'g, 2 May 1816; d. in childbii-th, 6 Not. 1817. CHAENOCK, John, naval historian ; J. 1756 ; pubhshed "Biogi-aphia Navalis," 1794; "History of Marine Architectui-e," 1800-2 ; d. in prison for debt, 16 May 1807. CHAENOCK, Richard Stephen, ph.d. archae- ologist; A. II Aug. 1820; president of Anthropo- logical Society, 1S71 ; published "Local Etymo- logy," 1859; " Manorial Customs of Essex, " 1870, &c. CHAEOLAIS, comte de, see Charles, duke of Burgundy. CHAEPENTIEE, Francois, French archoj- ologist; }. 15 Feb. 1620; d. 22 April 1702. CHAEPENTIER, Hubert, founder of several ecclesiastical establishments in France ; b. 1565 ; d. 1650. CHAEPENTIEE, (Cai-pentarius), Jacques, French philosopher : h. 1524 ; d. i Feb. 1574. CHAEEIER, Maro Autoine, French royalist politician; b. 1753; took up ai-ms against the re- pubUo, March; executed 17 Aug. 1793. CHAEEIEEE, Madame Ste. Hyacinthe de, French novelist ; b. about 1740; d. 27 Dec. 1805. CHAEEON, Pierre, French pliilosopher, friend pf Montaigne; b. 1541 ; published " de Trois Verites," 1594; " Traite de la Sagesse," 159S ; d. 16 Not. 1603. CHAETIEE, Alain, French historian and poet ; d. about 1458. Jean, brother, wrote " Chroniques de St. Denys ;" d. about 1462. CHAETEES, see Orleans. CHAETEES, Renaud de, cardinal archbishop of lUieims, ajxd diplomatist; b. about 1380; chan- cellor of France under Charles VIL, and long governed him, 1424 ; opposed Joan of Arc, 1423 ; did not tiy to saTe her, 1431 ; d. 4 April 1444. CHAETEES, Robert Philippe, due de, second son of Ferdinand PhiUppe, duke of Orleans (see Orleans); i. 9 Not. 1840; served in American war, 1S62 ; married his cousin, Francjois, daughter of prince deJoinville, 11 June 1863 ; served agaiustthe Germans, 1870; retumed to France, 1871. CHASE, Salmon Portland, American states- man; b. 13 Jan. 1808 ; governor of Ohio, 1856-60 ; secretary of the treasury, 1861-64; introduced green-backs ; d. 9 May 1873. CHASLES, Michel, French mathematician ; b. 15 XoT. 1793; published " Eecherches de Geo- inctriepure," 1829; " Geometric Superieure," 1852 ; announced the discovery of MSS. of Pascal, and others, derogating from Newton's claim to the de- monstration of the law of gravitation, June 1867; acknowledged that he had been duped by Vrin Lucas, a forger, Sept. 1869. CHASLES, Victor Euphemion Philarete, French pubhcist, and writer in the "Revue des DeuxMondes," "Journal desDebats," and " Revue Britamiique ; " S. 8 Oct. 1798; hnprisoned for par- ticipation in a plot, i8ij ; pei-mitted to go to Eng- land ; employed by Valpy the printer ; d. 19 July 1873- CHASSE, David Henry, baron, Dutch general ; b. 18 March 1765; entered French ai-my about 1787 ; fought under Napoleon ; made governor of Antwerp, and defended the citadel against the French, Dec. 1832 ; d. 2 May 1849. CHASSELOUP-Laubat, Fran9ois, comte, French geneial; b. 18 Aug. 1754; served the re- pubhc, empire, and kingdom ; d. b Oct. 1833. CHASSENEUZ, Earthelemy de, French jurist; b. Aug. 1480; endeavoured to save the Vaudois from extermination, Nov. 1540; d. sus- pected by poison, April 1541. CHASSEPOT, Antoine Alphonse, French gunsmith; b. 4 March 1783; employed by go- vernment, 1858 ; studied the Prussian needle-gim ; and produced the chassepot rifle; which "did wonders" at Mentana upon the Garibaldians, 3 Not. 1867. CHASTEL, or ChaTEL, Jean, French as- sassia; b. 1575; attempted to kill Ilemy iV., 27 Dec. 1594; executed, 29 Dec. 1594. CHASTELAED, Pierre de, French poet ; b. about 15J.0 ; accompanied Mary Stuart to Scotland, andfoU m loTe with her ; executed, 1563. CHASTELLET, GabricUe-fimilie, daughter of Baron de Breteiiil ; b. 1706; intimate with Vol- taire, 1733 ; published " Institutions de Physique," 1740; translated Newton into French; d. 10 Aug. 1749. CHASTELLUX, Fran(;ois Jean, marquis de, French miscellaneous writer ; b. 1734; d. 28 Oct. 1788. CHATEAUBEIAND, Francois Auguste, Ti- comte de, French writer and statesman ; b. 14 Sept. 1768; disgusted with tha revolution, retired to the United States, 1791; to England, 1793; retumed to Paris, 1800; published "Essai sur les Revolu- tions," 1797; "Atala," 1801 ; " Genie du Chris- tianisrae, 1802 ; "les Martyres," 1809 ; and many other works; minister of foreign affahs, 1823-4; a. 4 July 1848. CHATEAUBEIANT, Fran(;oise de Four, comtesse de, favourite of Francis 1. of France ; b. about 1495 ; d. (said to have been poisoned by her husband) 16 Oct. 1537. CHATEAUBEUN, Jean Baptiste Vivien de, French dramatist ; b. ib86 ; produced "Les Troy- ennes," 1754; "Philootete," 1755; d. i6Feb. 1775. CHATEL, Ferdinand Toussaint Fran9ois, French preacher ; founder of the " Catholic ft-ench> church; S. 9 Jan. 1795; wi-ote against cchbacyof the priests, abuses of confessional, &c. ; drew up a profession of faith and a catechjsm, 1S53; d. 15 Feb. 1857. , " ' ' CHATELHEEAULT, duke of, see Arran. CHATHAM, eari of, see Fltt. CHATEIAE", see Erchnann. CHATTEETON 102 CHETWOOD CHATTEETON, Georgiaua, ludr, novc-list, essayist, &c. ; b. Ireniouger ; married sii- William Abraham Ohatterton, 1824; Edw. H. Bering, 1859; published "Good Match," 1839; "HomeSlcetches," 1841 ; "PjTenees," 1843; " Keigniiig Beauties," 1858, &c. ; d. 6 Feb. 1876. CHATTEETON, Thomas, poet ; *. 20 Nov. 1752 ; articled to an attorney at Bristol, 1767 ; early began to forge old dociunents; produced poems alleged to be written by Thomas Eowleyj a monk of the 15th century, 176*8; committed suicide, 24 or 25 Aug. 1770 ; " Poems" published 1771. CHATJCEE, Geoffrey, poet ; *. 1328 ; pro- duced "ParUameut of Birds," 1358; m French ■wars made prisoner, 1359 ; employed as ambassador, 1377 : pensioned, 1380-8 ; wrote " Canterbury Tales," about 1383 ; appointed clerk of -works at the king's palaces, 1389 ; pensioned by Hemy IT. 1399; d. 25 Oct. 1400. CHAUDET, Antoine Denis, French sculptor ; b. 31 March 1763 ; d. 19 April 1810. CHAUFBPIE, Jacques Georges de, Dutch protestant preacher and historian; b. 9 Nov. 1702 ; d. 3 July 1786. CHAULIAO, CnATJLiEir, or Cauliac, Gui de, French surgeon, latter pai-t of 14th century. CHAULIETJ, Gmllaume, Amfiye de, French poet, tenned the " Anacrcon du Temple;" b. 1639; d. 27 June 1720. CHAULNES, a French family : Loms AuGDSTE d'Albeut d'Ailly, due de, mar- slial of France, vidame d'Amiens ; &. 22 Dec. 1676 ... . . . cL 9 Nov. 1744 Michel, son, general, and physicist ; h. 31 Dec. 1714 ... . . d. 23 Sept. 1769 Marie Joseph Louis, son, clieinist; 5. 1741 ; de- monstrated tlsat the liiepliitic air of brewers' vats is CiU-bonic acid, 1775 . d. 1793 CHAUMETTE, Antoine, French surgeon ; liis " Enchiiichou Chii-urgicum " published 1560. CHAIJMETTB, Pierre G aspard, violent French repubhcan; b, 24 May 1763; conspired against the "Mountain" party; executed, 13 April 1794. CHAUNCY, Charles, nonconformist and Greek scholar ; b, 1592 ; persecuted ; went to America ; became professor at Ilarvard college, 1634 ; d. 1672. CHAUNCY, sir Henry, antiquary ; *. 1632 ; published "Antiquities of Herefordshire," 1700; d. 1719. CHAUVEAU LAGAEDE, Claude Franijois, French advocate; b. 21 Jan. 1765 ; defended Biissot, Charlotte Corday, Marie Antoinette, &c., 1793; d. 20 Feb. 1841. CHAUVIN, Etieune, French protestant pliilo- Bopher; b. 18 April 1640; author of "Lexicon Eationale, sive Thesaunis Philosophicua," 1692 ; d. 6 ApiH 1725. CHAVES, Emmanuel, marquis de, Portuguese general ; opposed the constitutionalists ; d. 7 March 1830. CHAZELLBS, Jean Matthicu de, French astronomer; b. 14 July 1657; d. 16 Jan. 1707. CHAZELLBS, Lament, French magistrate; promoted horticulture ; i. 28 July 1 724 ; d. 28 May 1808. CHEEVEE, George BarreU, American D.D.; b. 17 April 1807; advocated temperance; attackecl for publishing "Deacon Giles's Distillery," 1835; wrote wai-mly against slavery, 1857-60. CHEKE, sir John, scholar; b. 16 June 1514; tutor to prince Ldward, afterwards Edward VI. 1544; imprisoned for promoting lady Jane Grey's accession to the throne, 1552: seized by order of Philip II. near Brussels, and sent to England, 1556 ; pubHdy recanted protestantism, 4 Oct. 1556 ; d. 13 Sept. 1557. CHELIUS, Maximilian Joseph, Gennan sur- geon; b. 1794; published " Handl>uch der Chirur- gie," 1843-5 ; translated by South, 1847 ; d. Aug. 1876. CHELMSFOED, lord, see Thcsigcr. CHEMNITZ, Martin, Gennan protestant theo- logian; J. 9 Nov. 1522; wrote "Examen Concilii Tridentini, 1565; d. 18 April, 1586. Philip Bogeslaus, gi-andson; b. 9 May 1605; pubUshcd "History of Swedish War in Gei-many," 1648-52; d. 1678. CHENBVIX, Kichard, Irish chemist; J. about 1774; published researches on palladium, corundum, &c., 1803 ; d. 5 April 1830. CHENIEE, De, French poets, brothers : Akdr£ Marie, French poet 6. 29 Oct. 1762 Tmvclled in the eti.st, &c. . . .- . 1784 SecretaiT to the embassy in England . . . 1787 Returned to France, and joined the Gironde party 1790 Wrote an ode to Charlotte Corday ; executed 25 Jidy J 794 Marie Joseph, brother, dramatic poet Z». 28 Aug. 1764 Threatened with ijroscription for his tragedy, " Caius Gracchus," 1792 d. 10 Jan. iSir CHEEON, Elisabeth Sophie, French pamtcr ; h. 3 Oct. 1648; d. 3 Sept. 1711. Locis, brother; b. 1660; d. 1723. CHEEUBINI, L.M.C.Z. Salvatore, Italian musical composer; b. 8 Sept. 1760; produced " Quinto Fabio," his first opera, 1780; employed in London, 1785; produced " Lodoiska," 1791; " Anacreon," 1803, t&c. ; d. 16 Mai'ch 1842. CHEESIPHEON (or CteSIPHON), the ar- chitect of the temple of Diana at Ephesus, about B.C. 560. CHESELDEN, WilUam, surgeon ; }. 19 Oct. 1688; published his "Anatomy," 1713; "Osteo- graphy," 1733 ; d. 10 April 1752. CHBSNEATJ (Qucrcitanus), Nic«las, French medical writer; b. 1601 ; pubUshed " Pharmacie Theoriquc," 1660; d. uncertain. CHESNEY, col. Charies Comwallis ; b. about 1827; published " Waterloo Lectures," 1868; able writer on military aflairs ; d. 19 March 1876. CHESNBY, Francis Eawdon, general, military engineer and traveller; b. 1789; sm-veyed the battle-fields of Napoleon, 1827-8 ; the Euphi-ates and Tigris, 1835-7; published his Survey, 1850; d. 30 Jan. 1872. CHBSTEE, present bishop, see Jacobson. CHESTEEEIELD, PhiKp Dormer Stanhope, earl of, statesman ; b. 22 Sept. 1694 ; succeeded his father Pliilip, 1726; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1745 ' pi'iucipal secretary of state, Nov. 1746. — Jan. 1748; d. 24 March 1773. "Letters to his Sou" published 1774. CHETHAM; Humphry, merchimt; b. 1580; founder of charities and a Horary at Manchester by his will ; d. 12 Oct. 1653. CHETWOOD, Knightly, dean of Gloucester, biographical writer ; b. 1652; d. 1720. CHETWOOD, William Eiifus, dramatist; pub- 1 isbcid " History of the Stage," 1749; d. :766. CHEVALIEE 103 CHNODOMAEIUS CHEVALIER, AntoineRodolphe, French phi- lologist ; b. 1507 ; French tutor of queen Elizabeth ; professor of Hebrew at Cambridge ; d. Sept. 1572. CHEVALIER, Michel, French political eco- nomist; J. 13 Jan. 1806; published ^' Letti-es sur I'Amerique du Nord," 1836; "Cours d'Economie politique," 1842-50 ; assisted Mr. Cobden in ne- gotiating the commercial treaty between England and Fi-ance, l85o. CHEVALIER, Sulpice Paul, French carica- turist, known as " Gavanii;" b. 1801 ; illustrated Hugene Sue's " Juif Errant," and Balzac's " Diable a Paris;" d. 24 Nov. 1866. CHEVALLIEE, rev. Temple; b. 1794; pro- fcssorof mathematics, Durham; translated Clement, Justin Martyr, Tertullian, and other fathers ; d. 4 Hor. 1873. _ CHEVEETON, Benjamin, sculptor (specially in miniatmres) ; b. about 1795 ; d. Feb. 1876. CHEVREATJ, Urbaine, French dramatist ; b. 20 April 1613 ; d. 15 Feb. 1701. CHEVREUL, Michel Eugene, French chemist and physicist, termed " father of the fatty acids;" i.31 Aug. 1786; began study of fats, 1816; pub- lished "Eecherchos Chimiques sur les Corps Gras d'Origine Animal," 1826; " Loi du Contraste des Couleurs," 1839; " Des Couleui's et lours Applica- tions," 1864 : many memoirs. CHEYNB, George, Scotch physician ; b. 1671 ; publislied his work on Gout, 1720; "English Ma- lady" (the spleen), 1733 ; d. 12 April 1743. OHETNELL, Francis, theologian; b. 1608; published " llise. Progress, and Danger of Socinian- isni," 1643; rector of Petworth, 1643; president of St. John's, Cambridge, 1648 ; removed and de- posed, 1660 ; d. 1665. OHIABEEEA, Gabriel, Italian poet; i. 8 June 1552 ; d. 14 Oct. 1637. CHIAEAMONTI, Scipione, Italian mathe- matician ; b. 22 June 1565 ; founded Accademia dd Ofi'uscati ; d. Oct. 1652. CHIARI,Pietro, Italian poet; d. 1788. CHICHELET, Hem-y, b. 1362; archbishop of Cmterbmy, 1414 ; persecuted Lollards ; encouraged Henry V. to make war with France, 1415 ; d. 12 April 1443. CHICHESTER, present bishop, see Btirn- Jurd. CHICOTNEAU, Franijois, French physician ; i. 1672; published "Traite de la Peste," 1744; d. 1752. CHIPPLET, Jean Jacques, French physician and historian; b. 21 Jan. 1588 ; d. 1660. CHILD, William, Mus. D., musical composer ; i. 1605; published " Psalms for three voices," 1639; d. March 1697. CHILD, sir Josiah, political economist and banker; b. 1630; published " Obseiwations con- cerning Trade,' 1668 ; a director of the East India company; d. 1699. CHILD E, Henry Langdon; h. about 1782; iuTented dissolving views about 1807 ; perfected, 1818; d. 15 Oct. 1874. CHILDEBEET I.-IIL, French kings : 1,6. about 405 ; king of Paris 511 With Clotaire, killed the sons of Clodomir 526 or 532 Founded the abbey of St. Germain des Prfes ; fre- quently at war with his brothers . . d. 558 S. king of Austrasia ; 6. about 570 ; king, 575 ; poisoned . 596 3. tlie Just ; "b. 683 ; king, 69s ; nominal ruler under Pei)in d'Heri.stal . . d. 711 OHILDBRIC I.-IIL, French kings: 1. king of the Salic Franks, 45S ; exceedingly vicious ; comijelled to fly, 459 ; returned, 464 rf. 481 2. son of Clovis II. ; &. 649 ; kiug of Austrasia, 660 ; of all France, 670 d. 673 3. last of the Merovingians ; made king by Pepin, 742 ; deposed by him, 752 . . d. 755 CHILDERS, Hugh Culling Eardley, states- man ; b. 1827 ; member of the government in Vic- toria, Australia, 1851-57 ; secretary to the treasury (in England), Aug. 1865 — July 1866; first lord of the admii-alt)', 9 Dec. 1868 — iMarcli 1871 ; chan- cellor of duchy of Lancaster, Aug. 1872 — Aug. 1873. CHILDERS, Robert C, orientalist, b. 1839 ; professor of Pali, University college, London ; pub- lished " Dictionary of Pali," July 1875 ; d. 25 July 1876. CHILDREN", John George, chemist and natu- raUst; b. 18 May 1777; published " E.^Lperiments with the Voltaic Battery," 1809-15; d. I Jan. 1852. CHILLING-WORTH, William, theologian; b. Oct. 1602 ; became Roman catholic ; recanted, and published "Religion of Protestants a safe waj to Salvation," 1638 ; assisted the royalists by hia knowledge of mechanics ; taken prisoner ; d. 30 Jan. 1644. CHILON, Ephor of Sparta; one of the seven wise men of Greece, B.C. 556. CHILPERIC I., XL, French kings: 1. ^. 539 : king of Soissons, 561 ; his concubine, Fredegonda, assassinated his wife, Galsuintha; married hun, 567 ; and assassinated him . . 584 2. king, 715 ; subjugated by Charles Martel . d. 720 CHIN-KOUNG, emperor in China, about B.C. 3218- CHIN-TSOUNG, emperor of China, 1573- 1619 ; persecutor of the Christian missionaries. CHIOCCO, Andrea, Italian physician and naturalist; b. 1563; published " Psoricon," 1593; d. 3 April 1624. CHIRAC, Pierre, French medical writer; d. about 1650; "Traite des Fievres Malignes" pub- lished 1742 ; d. I March 1732. CHISHOLM, Caroline, "the Emigrant's Friend;" b, (Jones) 1810; married captain Chis- holm, 1820 ; went to Australia, 1838 ; founded a home for emigrants, 1841 ; returned to England, 1846 ; to Australia, 1854. CHISHIJLL, rev. Edmund, theologian and antiquary; b. about 1670; published " Antiqui- tates Asiaticffi," 1728 ; d. 18 May 1733. CHI-TSOH, or Koubli-Khait, emperor of China, founder of the Mongol dynasty, 13th cen- tury. CHI-TSOUN(J, h. 1507 ; emperor of China, 1521; d. 1566. CHITTY, Joseph, legal writer; I. about 1776; published Treatises "on Game Laws," 1812; "Law of Nations," 1812; "Criminal Law," 1818: d. 17 Feb. 1841. CHLADNI, Ernst Florens Friedrich, German physicist; b. 30 Nov. 1756; published discoveries on the theory of sound, 1 787 ; discovered the lon- gitudinal vibrations of strings and his " Acoustic Figm-es," 1787; published "Die Akustik," 1S02; d. 3 April 1827. CHN0D0MARIU8, or CHOJsrDOJiARius, king of the Alemanni ; defeated and made prisoner by Julian, near Strasbm-g, 357. CHODOWIECKI 104 CHRISTIAN CHODOWIECKI, Daniel Nicholas, Polisii artist and engi-aver; J. i6 Oct. 1726; d. 7 Feb. 1801. CHODZKO, Jacob Leonard Boreyko, Polish historian; h. 6 Not. 1800; ti-avelled is-ith prince Michael Oginski, and published his life (at Paris), 1826; also several historical works, 1 83 1 -47; "La Pologne Historique," &c., 1837-47; "Histou-e de Pologne," and " Histoire de lurquie," 1855. CHCEEILUS, Greek tragic poet; about B.C. 523 ; gained the prize in a contest with iEschylus, 499 ; also, an epic poet; ji. about B.C. 404. CHOISETJL, a noble French family : Charles de, jriarechal de Praslin ; 6. about 1563 ; fought for tlie holy league ; submitted to HcMiry IV. about 1589 . . . . ci- I Feb. 1626 Cesar, due de, raar^chfil de Plessis, geueral and statesm.an ; Z). 12 Feb. 1598 . d. 23 Dec. 1675 Etienne-Franqois, due de, statesman ; &. 28 June 1719 ; instrumental in the suppression of the Jesuits, 26 Nov. 1764 ; disgraced, 24 Oct. 1770 d. May 178s CHOISETJL-GOUPPIEE,, Marie Gabrielle, comte de ; h. 27 Sept. 1752 ; travelled in the East; published " Voyage Pittoresque en Griice," 1782- 1809; ambassador in Tm-key, 1791 ; ordered to be arrested; retired to Russia, 1792; returned to France, 1802; d. 20 June 1817. CHOISX, Franqois Timoleon, abbe de, eccentric French miscellaneous wiiter ; h. 16 Aug. 1644 ; accompanied an embas,9y to Siam, 1685 ; published "Journal du Toyage," 1087 ; d. 2 Oct. 1724. CHOKIEE,, Erasme Surlet, baron de, Belgian statesman; I. 27 Nov. 1769 ; president of national assembly, 10 Nov. 1830 ; regent, 24 Fob. 1831 ; resigned on election of Leopold I. 21 July, 1831 ; d. 7 Aug. 1839. CHOPIN, Frederic, Polish musical composer ; h. 1810; went to Paris about 1832; d. 17 Oct. 1849. CHOPIN or ChoppIN, Bene, French jurist; h, 1537; published "de Domanio Franciie," 1574; d. 2 Feb. 1606. CHORIBE, Nicolas, French historian ; h. 1609; published " Histoire de Dauphine ; " d. 14 Aug. 1692. CHOEiIS, Louis, Russian painter and traveller ; h. 22 March, 1795; 'wrote "Voyage Pittoresque autour du Monde," 1821-23 ; killed, 22 March 1828. CHORLEY, Henry FothergiU, musical critic, novelist, and poet ; h. 15 Dec. 1808 ; published "Conti," 1835; "Lion," 1839; Pomfret," 1845: "Criticisms on Modem German Music," 1854; "Tliii-ty Years' Musical Recollections," 1862; Auto- biography published 1873 ; d. 15 Feb. 1872. CHORON, Alexandre Etienne, French writer on music; h. 21 Oct. 1772; published "Dictiou- naii-e des Musiciens," 1810-11 ; d. 29 June, 1834. CHOSROES (ArsaccsXXV.), king of Parthia; defeated Maximus and an anny of Trajan's : after- wards defeated and detlu'oned, 116 ; restored, 117. CHOSROES (Khosrou), I., II., longs of Persia : 1. the Great ; king, 531 ; successful wars with tlie Greeks, 532-3 ; 540-61 .... ti. 579 2. king, 590 or 591 ; conquered Jlesopoinmia, &c., 603-620 ; lost liis conquests to Ilcraclius, 621 ; deposed and slain by Ids sou . 28 i^'eb. 628 CHRIST, see Jesm. CHRISTIAN I.— IX., kings of Denmark : 1. of Oldenburg ; &. 1425 or 1426 ; crowned king of Denmark, 28 Oct. 1449 ; of Norwaj', 29 July 1450 ; of Sweden, 1458 ; lost Wweden, 1467 ; visited Rome, 1474 ; founded university at Copenhagen, 1478 ; d. 21 May 1481 2. &. 2 July 1481 ; as king, signed the "capitula- tion," subjecting royalty to the nobility and clergy 1513 Married Isabella, sister of the emperor, Charles V. 12 Aug. 1515 Cro'wned king of Sweden ... 4 Nov. 1520 Executed many Swedish nobles accused of con- spiracy ...... 7 Nov. „ Effected many legislative refonns, and promoted agriculture and manufactures , . . . 1521-2 In consequence of successful insurrection under Gustavus Vasa, 1521-23; fled from Copenhagen, 23 April 1523 Travelled in Gennnny, England, &c. ; invited to the throne of Norway ; landed ; deceived by a safe-couduct ; seized and imprisoned by Fi'ederic I. . . . . rf. 25 Jan. 1559 3. &. 1502; elected king 1534 Suppressed rebellion, 1535-6 ; established Lu- theranism as the state religion, Oct. 1536; annexed Norway, 1541 . . . d. i Jan. 1559 4. &. 12 April 1577 ; king . - 1588 Visited England .... . . 1606 Fostered literature, science, education, &.c., 1621, ci scq. Joined in the 30 years' wai", 1626-27; war with Sweden, 1643 ; defeated in naval battle, 23 Oct. 1644; peace, 23 Aug. 1645 . , d. 28 Feb. 1648 5. king .... . &. IS April 1646 Travelled in France, England, fee. . . . 1662 King, 1670 ; prospered while advised by his minister, Schumacher, count of GrifTenfeldt ; but condemned him to death, and imprisoned, him for life, 1676 ; published bis code, 1693 ; d. 25 Aug. 1699 6. fj- 30 Nov. 1695; king, 12 Oct. 1730; favoured literature and science . . d. 6 Aug. 1746 7. b. 29 Jan. 1749; king. . . . 14 Jan. 1766 Married Caroline Matilda, sister of George III. of England, i Oct. 1766 ; had Struensec as minis- ter 1770-71 Granted liberty of the press 1770 By a conspiracy of the queen-mother, the young queen and Struensee were accused of improper intimacy ; she was made to sign a confession, 16, 17 Jan. ijjz ; Struensee and Brandt be- headed, 28 April ; the queen divorced and exiled 1772 The crown prince, Frederic, declared co-regent, 1784 ; Cliustiau . . . d. 13 March 1808 8. h. 18 Seiit. 1786; regent of Nonvay, Feb. ; pro- claimed king of Norway, 19 May ; abdicated, 16 Aug. 1814; succeeded Fiederick VI. as king of Denmark, 3 Dec. 1839; proclaimed the in- separability of Sclileswig and !Denmark, 1846; d. 20 Jan. 1848 9. duke of Sclileswig- Hoi stein- Souderburg-Gliicks- biu'K ; &. 8 .\pril 1818 ; succeeded Frederick VII., 15 Nov, 1863; signed a new constitution, 18 Nov. ib63 ; his diet rHected the demands of Austria and Prussia, 14 tJan. ; his states invaded, i Feb. 1864 ; after a severe struggle, compelled to release the duchies from tlieir allegiance, 16 Nov. 1864 ; visited Iceland and gi-auted new constitu- tion Aug. 1874 Marriage of his daughters, Alexandra, to the prince of Wales, 10 March 1863; Daginar to the gi'and- duke, Alexander of Russia, q Nov. 1866 ; of his son, Christian, to the princess Louisa of Sweden, 28 July 1869 CHRISTIAN, apostle and first bishop of Prussia, I20g; d. about 1243. CHE-ISTIAJN", Prince, see under Augustenburg. CHRISTIAN, Anders, Danish medical -wi-iter ; b. 1551: d. 1606. CHRISTIAN, Edward, jurist ; pubHshed « Ex- amination of Precedents," 1790; an edition of Blackstoue's " Commentiuies,' 1795 "' " Treatise on Baula-upt Laws," 1812; d. 29 March 1823. CHRISTIE lOo ciAComus CHEISTIE, Samuel Hunter, mathematician; i. 22 Aug. 1784 ; published disopveries iu magnet- ism, 1833 ; d. 24 Jan. 1865. CHRISTIE, ■^''iUiam Dougal, liljeral politician ; i. at Bomtay, 3 Jan. i8i6 ; m.p. for Wej-mouth, 1842-47 ; in diplomatic seiTice, 1848-63 ; minister to Brazil, 1859-63 ; published " Lifc of A. A. Cooper, first earl of Shaftesbury ; " and " Essays on the Ballot," 1871 ; d. 27 July 1874. CHRISTINA, daughter of Henry IV. of France; i. 10 1'eb. 1C06 ; married Tictor Amadous I. of Savoy, 11 Feb. 1619; regent for her sons; governed till her death, 27 Dec. 1663. CHRISTINA, queen of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus ; b. 8 Dec. 1626 ; d. 19 April, 1689. Assumed tlie royal authority . . 7 Dec. 1644 UecUned to marry, and named her cousin, Charles Gustavus, lier successor, 1649 ; abdicated 6 Juue 1654 Travelled ; abjured Luthevauism ; bapti;!ed at Koine, Aug. „ Visited France . 1656 Caused Moiialdeschi, her secretary, to be executed for betraying her secrets ... 8 Nov. 1657 Neglected by the Swedes ; pensioned by the pope . 1658 CHRISTINA, Maria queen of Spain, daughter of Francis I. of Naples; o. 27 April 1806; married Ferdinand VII. of Spain, II Dec. 1829; widow, 29 Sept. 1833; regent tiU 12 Oct. 1840; her mar- riage with Ferdinand Muiioz, due de Itianzai-es (28 Dec. 1833), publidj' solemnized, 13 Oct. 1844 ; im- peached; quitted Spain, Aug. 1854; retm-ned, Sept. 1864 ; again retii-ed, 1868. See Aianzares. CHRISTINA or Pisa, French author and poet; h. about 1363; d. about 1431. CHRISTISON, Sir Eobert, Scotch physician and chemist; b. 18 July 1797; published " iVeatise on Poisons," 1829; baronet, Nov. 1871 ; elcoied president of British Association 1875 ; did not act, 1876. CHRISTMAS, Henry, see Nod Fearn. CHRISTOPHE, Hcmy, the thii-d black ruler of St. Domingo; i. 6 Oct. 1767; a chief in the insurrection of 1793 ; maintained war against the French, 1802-5 ; killed Dessalines, Oct. 1806 ; pro- claimed king of Hayti, 181 1 ; d. by suicide duiing an insurrection, 8 Oct. 1820. CHRISTOPHER, Saint ; fl. 3d century. CHRISTOPHER, emperor of Constantinople, 17 Aug. 920; d. 931. CHRISTOPHER I.-III., kings of Demnai-k : 1. king, 1252 ; had severe contests with the clergy, 1253-6 . . . . d. (by poison), 29 May 1259 S. 6. 1276: king, 1319; deposed, 1325; recovered his crown, 1330 ; lost it again ; d, in distress, 15 July 1336 3. elector of Bavaria ; elected king, 1440 ; sup- pressed a revolt, 1441 ; made Copenhagen his capital .... . d. 6 Jan. 1448 CHRISTY, Henry, naturalist and archoeologist ; i. about 1811; bequeathed to the nation his pre- historic and ethnogi-aphio collections ; d. 4 Jlay 1865. CHRTSIPPUS, a founder of the stoie philoso- phy ; b. B.C. 280; d. 207. CHRTSOLORAS, Greek writers : Demetrius, employed by the emperor Manuel, 1391-1425. Manuel, a reviver of Greek literature iu West Europe ; sent by the emperor Manuel to various courts to obtain help against tlie Turks, about 1389; taught Greek in Italy, 1397; d. at Con- stance IS April 1415 CHRYSOSTOMUS, St. Jo.annes, archbishop ; b. about 347 ; ordained presbyter, 386; archbishop of Constantinople, 397 ; deposed at the council of Chalccdon for his faithfulness, 403 ; d. 14 Sept. 407. CHUBB, Thomas, 'deistical pHlosophcr; 5.29 Sept. 1679; published " Discouree on Eeason;" " Supremacy of God the Father," 1738; d. 8 Feb. 1746. CHUDLEIGH, EUzabcth, b. 1720; maid of honour to tlie princess of "Wales ; niamed to Mr. Hervey (soon after separated), 4 Aug. 1744; to Evelyn, duke of Kingston, Feb. 1769; condemned for bigamy, punishment remitted, Apiil 1776: d. 28 Aug. 1788. CHUDLEIGH, lady Mary, essayist and poet ; b. 1656; d. 15 Dec. 1710. CHUN, emperor of China, about B.C. 2285. CHUN-TCHI, first of the present Mauchou dynasty; b. 1636; emperor, 1651 ; d. 1662. CHUN-TI, emperor of China, last of the Mon- gol dj'nasty ; d. about 1370. CHURCH, Arthur Herbert, chemist, b. 2 June 1834 ; professor Eoyal Agricultural College, Ciren- cester, 1863 ; published " Laboratory Guide," 1864 : " Manual of Colour," 1873. CHURCH, Frederick Edivin, American land- scape painter, b. 14 May 1826 ; completed " View of Niagara Falls," 1857; "Damascus," 1869; Jeru- salem," 1870. CHURCH, sir Eichard, Irish general ; i.i7S5 ; a commander-in-chief of the ai-niy of Greece ; active in the war of independence, 1821-7 ; resigned at the peace, July 1827 ; opposed the Ilussian party, 1831 ; long a councillor of state; d. 20 March 1873- CHURCH, very rev. Eichard "Wm., b. 1815 ; published "Essaj-s and Eeriews," 1854; "St. Ausehn," 1870; dean of St. Paul's, Sept. 1871. CHURCHILL, Charles, clergyman and satiric poet; b. Feb. 1731 ; priest, 1756; published the "Eosciad," 1761 ; cJ. 4 Nov. 1764. CHURCHILL, John, see Marlborough. CHURCHILL, sir 'Winston, father of the great duke of Marlborough; b. 1620; pubUshed " Divi Britannici," (a histoiy of the Idngs of Eng- land), 1675; d. 26 March i'6S8. Arabella, Ms daughter, mistress of James II. ; b. 1648; d. 1730. CHURCHYARD, Thomas, poet; b. about i£20 ; published " Chippes," 1575 ; " "Worthiness of wales, 1580; d. 1604. CHURTON, Kalph, theologian; b. 1754; d. 1831. CHURTON, ven. Edward, b. 1800; pubUshed " Early English Church," 1840; Archdeacon of Cleveland, 1846; "Memoir of Joshua 'Watson," 1861 ; d. 4 July, 1874. CHYTRJEUS, or KOCHAPP, David, German protestant theologian, friend of Melanchthon; b. 26 Feb. 1530; published " Historia Confessionis Augustanas, 1576; " Chi-onicoii Saxoniae, 1500-93," 1593 ; d. 25 June 1600. CIACONIUS, (Chacon), Alfonso, Spanish scholar; h. 1540; wrote "Historia utriusque Belli Dacici," in illustration of Trajan's column at Eome, 1576 ; d. 1599. Peter, Spanish antiquary; *. 1525 ; d. 1581. CIALDINI 106 CLAPPEETON CIAUDINI, Emico, Italian general ; b. 8 Aug. 1811. Educated first for a priest, then for a surgeon ; entered Spanish legion for tlie regent, queen Christina, 1834 ; retired . . . 1830 Aide-de-camp to Narvaez 1845 Returned to Itidy ; joined Cliarlos Alhert, and fought at Novara, &c 1848-9 Organised the " Cacciatori " 1859 Defeated the papal army at Castclfidardo, 18 Sept. i860 Governor of Najjlea .... July-Nov. 1861 Spoke warmly iji favour of the Franco-Italian con- vention of 15 Sept 6 Dec. 1864 In vain attemijted to form a ministiy . 21 Oct. 1867 Commander of army of Central Italy soon after. CIAMBEELANO, Lnca, Italian painter; t. 1586; d. 1641. CIAMPELLI, Agostino, Florentine painter; b. 1578 ; d. 1640. CIBBEE family : Caius Gabriel, Gennan sculp- tor; b. about 1030; d. 1700. Collet, son, di-amatist and actor : b. 6 Nov. 1671 ; poet laureate, 1730; d. 12 Dec. 1757. Theophilus (son of Colley), actor; b. 26N0V. 1703; drowned, Oct. 1758. Sdsanna (Ame), Ti-ife, actress ; d. 30 Jan. 1760. CICEEO, Marcus Tullius, the Roman orator ; h. 3 Jan. n.c. 106 ; killed, 7 Dec. 43. Served as a soldier 89 Began practice as a pleader 3i Studied at Athens, 79 ; and Rhodes . . . . 78 Retunied to Rome ... ... 77 Delivered his oration against Verres . Aug. 70 Elected prffitor 67 Elected consul ; detected and suppressed Catiline's plot 63 As tribune, vainly resisted the encroachments of Pompey, CEesar, and Cr.issns . . .59 Forced into exile by the enmity of Clodius April 58 Returned triumphantly to Rome . . 4 Sept. 57 Sent out of the way to govern Cilicia ; defeated the barbarians . . . . . 51 Returned to Rome 4 -Tan. 49 Retired to Greece in despair at the intestine troubles, June „ Reconciled to Cresar ; devoted himself to literature . 47 Death of his beloved d.aughter Julia . . . . 45 Betui-ned to Rome, and delivered his philippics against Antony .... Jan. to A]"»ril 43 Proscribed by the triumvirs, and killed with his brother Qnintus . 7 Dec. ,, CICOGNAEA, Lcopoldo, conte de, Italiananti- quary; b. 26 Nov. 1767; pubKslied " Storia della Scultui-a," 1813-18 ; d. 5 Marcli 1834. CID, EL C-\MPEADOE, Eodrijuej Diaz de Bivar, Castilian hero ; b. about IC25 or 1045 ; captured Valencia, logg; d. 1099. CIGNANI, Carlo, Bologncse painter ; b. 1628 ; d. 6 Sept. 1719. CIGNAEOLI, Giovanni Bettino, Ycronese painter; b. 1706; d. 1770. CIGOLI, or ClYOLI, Lnigi, Italian painter poet, and arcliitect ; b, 1559 ; his chefs-d ocuvre "Ecce Homo;" "St. Peter healing the Lame Man;" and "St. Paul's Conversion" at Eome; d. 8 June 1613. CIMABUB, Giovanni Gualtieri, Italian painter, of frescoes, reviver of painting and study of nature ; b. 1240 ; worked in the Dnomo, Pisa ; d. about 1300. CIMAEOSA, Domenico, Italian musical com- poser (of "II ilatrimonio Segretto," 1792, &c.) ; b. 17 Dec. 1749 ; d. 11 Jan. 1801. CIMON, Athenian statesman and general, son of Miltiadcs; defeated the Persian fleet at the Eurymedon, B.C. 466 ; exiled thi'ough jealousy ; recalled, 454 or 453 ; d. 449. CINCINNATUS, Lucius Quinctius, b. about B.C. 519; dictator, delivered Eome from the jEquians, 458; dictator, to oppose Spui-ius Ma;- Kus, 439. CINBAS, the Thessalian, friend of PtitIius, king of Epirus, and his eloquent ambassador at Eome, B.C. 280 and 278. GINNA, Lucius Cornelius, head of the popular party at Eome, B.C. 88-85 ! consul with Marius, 86 ; killed in a mutiny, 84. CINNA, Eoman poet, taken for Cinna the con- spirator against Caesar, and killed March 44. CINQ DA PiSTOIA (Guittoncino Guittone), Italian jurist and poet ; b. 1270 ; d. Jan. 1337- CINQ-MAES, flenri Coiffier de Euze, favourite of Louis XIV. of France ; b. 1620 ; introduced to the king by Eichelieu, about 1638 ; attempted to oppose the cardinal ; given up by the king, executed, 12 Sept. 1642. CIONB, see Orcagna. GIPEIANT, Giovanni Battista, Florentine painter; b. 1727; came to England, 1755; d. 14 Dec. 1785. CIECIGNANO, see Fomerancio. CIEILLO, Domenico, Neapolitan botanist; b. 1734; took office under the republic; executed by king Ferdinand, 1799. CIEOFBEEO, see Fcrro. CISNBEOS, see Ximciies. CISSBY, Ernest Louis Octave Courtet de, French general; b. 1812 ; served in African, Crimean, and Grei'man wars ; enclosed in Metz ; minister of war, 5 June 1871 ; head of the ministry under MacMahon, 22 May 1874 ; war minister only, 10 March 1875-Aug. 1870. CITOIS (CiTOSirs), Fran(;oi3, French physi- cian; b. 1572; d. 1652. GIVIALB, Jean, French physician and surgeon ; b. July 1792; perfonned lithotrity, i82i; received prizes, 1826-7 ) published " Lithotritie, 1826 ; d. July 1867. CIVITALI, Matteo, Italian sculptor and archi- tect; b. 1435; d. 1501. CIVOLI, see Cigoli. GLAGETT, 'Wimam, theologian; h. 14 Sept. 1646 ; wrote against Eomanism ; d. 28 Mar. 1688. CLAIEAULT (or GlAIRATIT), Alexis Claude, French mathematician, rival of D'Alembert; b. 13 May 1713; published " Theorie de la Terre," 1743 ; applied Newton's theory of gravitation to the comets inhis " Theorie duMouvement des Cometes," 1760; d. 17 May 1765. CLAIEON, Claire Legris de la Tude, French actress; b. 1723; resided with the margrave of An- spach, 1773-91; published her "Memoirs," 1799; d. at Paris, 18 Jan. 1803. CLANNY, "Wmiam Eeid, m.d. ; b. 1776 ; in- vented a safety-lamp two years before sir H. Davy, described as " a steady Ught in coal mines without the danger of explosion," 1813; d. 10 Jan. 1850. CLANEICAEDB, Ulick John de Burgh, marquis of ; 4. 20 Dec. 1802; mamed Harriet, only daughter of George Camiiug, 4 April 1825 [she died 8 Jan. 1875] ; ambassador in Eussia, Oct. 1838 — Oct. 184.1 ; postmaster, July 1846 — Feb. 1852 ; lord privy seal, Dec. 1857-Feb. 1858 ; d. 10 Api-11 1874. GLAPPEETON, Hugh, Scotch traveller; b. 1 788; explored northern and central Africa, 1822-4 J CLAEB 107 CLAUDET published his "Narrative," 1826; cl. in Africa, 13 Apiil 1827. CLAEE, see Fcmlrohe. CLAEE, John, Northamptoushire poet, i. 13 July, 1793 ; his "Poems Joseiiptive of Eui-al Life,''' npijeared 1820 ; " Eural Muse," 1836 : d. insane, 20 iayi864. CI/AEE, or Claea, St., French abbess; b. 1193 ; founded a sisterhood of St. Clare, 1212; d. Aiig." 1253. OLAEElfCE, dukes of: 1. Lionel PiiUTAaENET, 3rd son of king Edward III.; 6. 1338; created duke, 1362 . . d. 1368 8. Thomas, 2nd son of Henry IV. ; 6. 1389 ; duke, 9 July 1411 ; kUled in battle of Beauge, 22 March 1421 0. GnonoE, lirotlier of Idng Edward IV. ; 6. 1449 ; dulcp, 1461 ; lieutenant of Ireland, 1462 ; deseited lif&Jjrotlier, and joined Warwick, 1470 ; rejoined his orother at the battle of Bamet, 14 April 1471 ; - disgraowl ; put to death ... 18 Feb. 1478 4. William Henry, son of George III. ; J. 21 Aug. 1765 ; created duke .... 20 May 1789 See WiUiatii IV., king of England. CLAEENDON, Edward Hyde, earl of ; b. 16 Feb. 1608 ; chancellor of exchequer to Charles I. 1643 ; made chancellor by Charles II., 1657 ; earl anci lord chancellor, 1661 ; lost his favour, im- peached, and exiled, 1667 ; Avrote " History of the llcbcllion," 1670: his ovra. Life, published 1759; cl. at Rouen, 9 Dec. 1674. CLAEENDON, earl of, George "William Frede- rick Villiers; b, 12 Jan. 1800; d. 27 June, 1870. JIhiister at Madrid . . . 1838 Succeeded as earl . ... 22 Dec. „ Lord privy seal . . . Jan. 1840— Sept. 1841 Chancellor of ducliy of Lanca.ster, Oct. 1840^. June 1841 ; March 1864— Nov. 1865 President of the board of trade July 1846— May 1847 Lord-lieutenant of Ireland . May 1847 — Feb. 1852 Foreign seci-etarj', Feb. 1853 — Feb. 1858 ; Nov. 1865 — June 1866 ; Dec. 1868, e( scq. CLAEK, Alvan, American artist and optici.in ; }. 8 March 1804 ; received prize from tlie French academy for discovciy of a new star neai- Suius by his great refracting telescope, 1863. CLAEK, Eev. James, orientalist; b. 1836; published " Epochs of Language," 1866; " What is Christian Moral Science ? " 1870. CLAEK, Su- James, bai-t., Scotch m.d. ; b. 14 Dec. 1788; physician to the queen, 1837 ; pub- lished his work " on Sanative Iniiuence of Climate,' ' 1828 ; " on Pulmonary Consumption," 1835 ; greatly promoted medical education and sanatory reform ; d. 2g June 1870. CLAEK, "William Tiemey, civil engineer ; b. 23 Aug. 1783; erected suspension bridge over the Thames at Hammei*smith, 1824-7 '■> over the Danube at Pesth, 1839-49: d. 22 Sept. 1852. CLAEK, "William Greorge, scholar; b. 1821 ; published "Gazpacho," 1849; " Feloponnesus," 1856; edited Shakspeare, 1862-6; renoimced his ministry in Chinch of England, 1870. CLAEKE, Adam, ll.d., Irish "Wesleyan MethocUst minister and bibliographer; b. 1760; leoame methodist preacher, 17S2 ; published " Com- mentary on the Bible," 1810-26; " BibUogi-aphical Dictionary," 1802 ; d. 26 Aug. 1832. CLAEKE, Charles Cowden, poet, &c.; b. 15 Deo. 1787; friend of Lamb, &c. ; pubhshed "Tales from Chaucer," 1833; " Camiina Minima," 1859; " Shakspeare Characters," 1863 ; " MoUere Charac- ters," 1865. CLAEKE, Edward Daniel, traveller and mine- ralogist; b. 5 June 1769; brought the so-caUed sarcophagus of Alexander to England, 1806; pub- lished "Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa," 1810- 24; rf. 9 March 1822. CLAEKE, George Eoger, American general ; d. 13 Feb. 1808. CLAEKE, Hemy James "\^''illiain, duo de Foltre, French marshal and statesman; b. 17 Oct. 1 765 ; employed by the Dii-ectoiy to watch Napo- leon ISonaparte ; attachedhimself tolmu, 1799; be- came Ms minister of war, 1807-14; peer, 1814; d. 28 0ct. 1818. CLAEKE, Hyde, linguist and ethnologist ; b. 1815 ; published "English Dictionary," 1855 ; many pamphlets on linguistic subjects. CLAEKE, Jeremiah, musical composer ; i. about 1670; through hopeless love comiuitted suicide, July 1707. CLAEKE, John, one of the founders of Rhode Island ; persecuted for his religious freedom ; d. 20 Api-il 1676. CLAEKE, John, Scotch portrait engraver ; b. about 1650; d. 1 72 1. CLAEKE, John S., American comedian, b. 1835 ; very successful in New York, 1861 ; in London, 1867-76. CLAEKE, MaiT Cowden, novelist; b. (NoveUo) June 1809 ; married Charles Cowden Clarke, 1828 ; published " Concordance to Shakspeare" (idyeai-s' labour), 1845; "Iron Cousin," 1854; "Shak- speare's Plays, Annotated," 1869; "A Roundabout Story," 1874. CLAEKE, Samuel, theologian and philosopher ; J. II Oct. 1675 ; pubhshed "Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God," 1705; "Scripture- Docti-ine of the Tiinity," 1712; "Homer's ifiad," 1729-32 ; &c. ; rf. 17 May 1729. CLAEKE, Samuel, orientalist ; b. 1623 ; super- intended the piiuting of "Walton's Polj'glott Bible ; d. 27 Dee. 1669. CLAEKE, "William, theologian and antiquary ; b. i5q5 ; published " Connexion of Roman, Saxon, and English Coins," 1767 ; d. 21 Oct. 1771. CLAEKSON", Thomas, phaanthropist ; b. 26 March 1760; devoted liis life to the abolition of the slave trade and .slavery, 1785, &c. ; a society established, 22 May 1787: published "Portraiture of Quakerism," 1806 ; " Histoiy of the Abohtion of the Slave-trade," 1808 ; " Memou-s of "Wm. Penn," 1813 ; d. 26 Sept. 1846. CLA"DDE GELEE, or LoEEAnfE, French, landscape painter ; b. 1600 ; d. 21 Nov. 1682. CLAUDE of France, daughter of Louis XH., duchess of Brittany, the " good queen ; " b. 14 Oct. 1499 ; married to Francis, count of Angouleme, May 1514 ; queen of France, 1517 ; d. 20 July 1524. CLAUDE, Antoine Grabriel de, 5 . 26 Aug. 1 760 ; adhered to the royal family till proscribed, 1792; entered British sei-vice, 1795; taken prisoner; transported to neutral soil ; permitted to return to France, 1801 ; moderate politician at the restoration, 1815; took office under Louis PhiUppe, 1830; d. 2 Dee. 1838. CLAUDE, Jean, French protestant theologian ; b. 1619; published " Defense de la Reformation," 1673 ; d. 13 Jan. 1687. CLA'DDET, Antoine Jean Fran9oi3, French photographer; b. 12 Aug. 1797; invented focimeter and photographometer ; d. in London 27 Deo. 1867. CLAUDIANUS lOS CLEMENT CLAUDIANUS, Claudius, Komm poet, friend of Stilicho ; wrote " de Bello Getico ; d. about 408. CLAUDIUS, Roman patrician family : A ppius, the decemvir ; consul, B.C. 451; impeached for his attempt on Virginia ; killed by himself or others 449 Appius Cgcus v., an or-itor and poet ; earnestly opposed the plehs ; made the Appian way ; d. about 27 S Clodius Pdlcher, the enemy of Cicero ; im- peached Catiline, b.c. 65 ; profaned the mys- teries of Bona Dea in the house of Cffisar, 62 ; acquitted by bribery 61 Drove Cicero into exile, April 58 ; quarrelled and fought with Mile 57-53 Killed in conflict with him . . 20 Jan. 53 CLAUDIUS I., IL, emperors of Eome: 1. Drusus Nero Germaj^icus 5. B.C. i Aug. 10 Succeeded Caligula as emperor . a.d. 24 Jan. 41 Married his niece Agrippina, mother of Nero ; poisoned by her .... 13 Oct. 54 S. GoTHicus, &. Z14; emperor, '24 March 268; defeated the Goths near Naissns, 269 . d. Aug. 270 CLAUDIUS, Mathias, German poet, author of tlie"Ehine "Wine" song; l>. 2 Jan. 1740; d. 21 Jan. 1815. CLAUGHTON, Piers Calverley, d.d.; b. about 1814; published " Comparison of the Thirty- nine Articles," 1843; bishop of St. Helena, 1859-62 ; of ColomiJo, 1862-70 ; archdeacon of London, 1870; chaplain to the forces, 1875. CLAUGHTON, Thomas Legh, brother of preceding, bishop of Rochester ; b. 1808 ; professor of poetry at Oxford, 1852-7; consecrated, 1867. CLAUSEL, Bertrand, comte de, French marshal; b. 12 Dec. 1772 ; served under Napoleon, 1804-13; in Africa, 1830-6 : d. 21 April 1842. CLAUSEN, Thomas, GeiTnan astronomer; i, l5 Jan. 1801. CLAUSIUS, Eudolph J. E., Gennan physicist ; b. 2 Jan. 1822; published researches in heat, light, and electricity, 1847, et scq. CLAVBEHOUSE, see Graham. CLAVIEEE, Etienue, French statesman; b. 27 Jan. 173s; condemned; d. by suicide, 8 Dec. 1793- CLAVIGEEO, Francisco Saverio, Spanish Jesuit ; b. about 1 720 ; expelled from Spain ; settled in lIexico,i767; wrote "StoriaAnticadelMessico," 1780-1; (i. Oct. 1793. CLAVIJO Y PAXAEDO, Jose, Spanish essay- ist, &c. ; b. 19 March 1726; published "el Pensa- dor" (the tMnltcr), at Madrid, 1762; quan-elled ■with Pierre Caron de Beaumarchais for thiice re- fusing to fulfil a maiTiage engagement -vvith his sister, Marie Caron (the subject of a tragedy by Goethe), 1763-73 ; d. i8o6. CLAVIUS, Christoph, Gennan Jesuit and geometer; b. 1537; (^. 6 Feb. 1612. CLAY, Cassius Marcellus, American statesman, and opponent of slavery; }. 2 Oct. 1810; ambassa- dor at St. Petersburg, 1862-69. CLAY, Henry, American statesman; b. 12 April_i777; principal founder of the colony of Liberia, 1816: secretary of state, 1823-9; pro- posed the "Compromise" Act, 1850; d. 29 June 1852. CLAYTON, Eobert, bishop of Clogher; b. 1695; published " Yindication of the Old and New Testamenif' 1752-7; d. 26 Feb. 1758. CLEANTHES, Greek stoic philosopher; b. about 33.0. 300 ; succeeded Zeno in his school, 263 ; d. about 220. CLEAECHUS, Spartan general, leader of the Greek auxiliaries of Cyrus, the younger, at the battle of Cunaxa; entrapped, and killed by Artaxerxes, B.C. 401. CLEEF, Tan, Flemish painters ; Hendrik, &. about 1510 ; d. 1589. Jan, b. 1646; d. 1716. CLEGHOEN, George, Scotch physician; b. 18 Dec. 1716; introduced quinquina for fevers; d. Deo. 1789. CLEISTHENES, tyrant of Sicyon ; d. about B.C. 582. CLEISTHENES, gi-andson, an Athenian, head of the Alcmteonidas, returned at the expulsion of the PisistratidiB, when he restored the constitu- tion of Solon, and instituted ostracism, by wliich he himself suffered about B.C. 510. CLEITAECHUS, tyi-ant of Eretria in Euboea, B.C. 350; expelled thi'ough the influence of Demos- thenes, 341. CLEITUS, or Clittjs, friend of Alexander the Great; saved his Ufe at tlie Granicus, B.C. 334; made satrap of Bactria, and killed by him in a iit of dnmken rage, 328. CLELAND, John, etymologist; b. about 1707; wrote " Women of Pleasure ; " d. 23 Jan. 1789. CLEMBNCET, Charles, French Benedictine ; I. 1703 ; began " I'Ai-t de Verifier les Dates," 1750; wrote "Histoire de Port Eoyal," &c., 1756-67: d. 5 April 1778. CLEMENCIN, Diego, Spanish liberal states- man, and author; b. 27 Sept. 1765; opposed to Godoy and the French ; named librarian to the queen, and censor of the press, 1833 ; authoi' of commentary on Don Quixote, 1833-9; ^- 3° ^^7 1834. CLEMENS, Samuel Langhome, American hiunoru-ist ("Mark Twain"); b. 3 Nov. 1835^ successively printer and river-pilot; went to Nevada vrith his brother, the secretary to the terri- tory, 1861 ; to Hawaii, c&c, 1864; published the "Jumping Frog," 1867 ; "Innocents Abroad," r869; " Houghing It," 1872; "TomSaMryer," 1876; visited England and lectured, 1872 ; " The Golden Age " (comedy) performed in New York, 1874. CLEJMENS, Titus Flavius Alexandrinus, Greek father, author of the " Stromata," &e. ; d. about 213- CLEMENS EOMANUS, Mshop of Kome, see Clement I., pope. CLEMENT I.— XrV., Popes : 1. St. Clemens Romanus, reputed author of two epistles to the Corinthians . . . . d. loo 2. Suger, bishop of Bamherg; enthroned, 25 Dec. 1046 d. 9 Oct, 1047 3. Paulino Scolaro; elected, 19 Dec. 1187; pro- claimed the third crusade, 1189 . d. 28 March iigi 4. Guy Foulquois ; elected, 5 Feb. 1265 ; gave Sicily to Charles of Anjou, 1265 . d. 27 Nov. 1268 5. Bertrand de Goth; &. 1264; elected, 5 June 1305 ; subject to Philip the Fair ; removed the pai:ial seat to Avignon, 1 309 ; suppressed the knights templars, 1312 ; author of tlie " Clemen- tines" d. 20 April 1314 6. Pierre de Roger ; elected, 7 May 1342 ; opposed Rienzi the tribune . . . . d. 6 Dec. 1352 7. Giulio de' Medici ; elected, 19 Nov. 1523 ; signed treaty with England and France against the em- peror Charles V., 1526; besieged at Rome, and made prisoner, 5 June 1527 ; decided against CLEMENT 109 CLINTON divorce of Heniy VIII. and Catherine of Amgmi ; issiied decree, 23 March 1534 . d. 25 Sept. 1534 S. Ippolito Aldobrandini ; i. 1536 ; elected, 30 Jan. 1592 jabsolvedHenrylV. ofFranoe, i7Se]it.i5c)5 ; published the most accurate edition of the Vul- gate ; acquired Feri-ara, 1598 . d. 3 March 1605 9. Giulio Rospigliosi ; b. 1600 ; elected, 20 June 1667 d. g Dec. 1669 10. Giovanni Battista Emilio Altiori; 6. 13 July 1590 ; elected, 29 Ajiril 1670 . d. 22 July 1676 11. Giovanni Francesco Albini ; h. 22 July 1649 ; elected, 23 tTov. 1700 ; issued the bull " Unigeni- tus," Vfhich condemned Jansenism, 8 Sept. 1713 ; helped James Edward Stuart the pretender, 1715 ; d. 19 March 172T 12. Lorenzo Corsini ; 6. 7 April 1652 ; elected, 12 July 1730 d. 6 Feb. 1740 13. Carlo Rezzonico ; 6. 7 March 1693 ; elected, 6 July 1758; a reformer; lost Avignon (seized by France), 1768 d. 3 Feb. 1769 14. Giovanni Vincenzo, or Fra Lorenzo, Antonio Gangaoelli; 5. 31 Oct. 170s; elected, 19 May 1769; snppressedthe Jesuits, 21 Julyi773; d.(by poi-son?), 22 Sept. 1774. (Fictitious letters pub- li.shed under his name, 1776.) CLEMENT, FraiKjois, French Benedictine his- tori.in ; b. 7 April 1714; revised "Art de Verifier les Dates," published, 1783-7; d. 29 March 1793. CLEMENT, Jacques, fanatical monk ; i. 1567 ; killed, I Aug., immediately after stabbing Henry III. of France, who died, 2 Aug. 1589. CLEMENT, John, physician ; professor of rhe- toric, &c., at Oxford, 1519; d. 1 July 1572. CLEMENT, Julien, French accoucheur, em- ployed for Mile, de la Valliere, 27 Dec. 1663 (afterwai-ds eminent) ; d. 7 Oct. 1729. CLEMENTI, Muzio, Italian composer, "father of the pianoforte school," author of 606 sonatas ; }. 1752; helped to found the "Philharmonic Society," 1813 ; d. 16 April 1832. CLEOMBEOTUS, kings of Sparta: 1. king, B.C. 380 ; defeated and slain by the Thebans at Leuctra 371 2. king, about 243 ; deposed about . . . 240 CLEOMENES, kings of Spai-ta: 1. king, B.C. 519 ; aided in the expulsion of Hip- pias, 510; resisted Darius, 491 . . d. mad 490 2. king, 370 (J. 309 3. king, 236; killed the ephors and restored the ancient discipline ; opposed the Achrean league, 226 ; defeated at Sellasia, 221 ; fled to Egypt ; killed himself, 221 or 220. CLEON, Athenian demaffojue, satirised by Ai'istophanes, B.C. 426-422 ; kUled at the battle of Aniphipolis, 422. CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt, daughter of rtolemy Auletes ; b. e.g. 69; d. by suicide, 30. Queen, 51 ; captivated Julius Crosar . . . .48 Lived with him at Rome till his death, when she fled to Egypt 44 Met Antony on the Cydnus, and enslaved him . . 42 Her dominions greatly increased by him . . 36 War declared against them by Octavius Cffisar . .35 'Jiieir defeat at Actium .... 2 Sept. 31 CLEEC, see Leclerc. CLEEC, or Leclerc, Nicolas Gabriel, French jhj'sician and historian ; b. 6 Oct. 1726; physician to the hetman of the Cossacks, 1759 : published "Histoire deEussie," 1783-5; d. 30 Dec. 1798. CLEECK, Charles, Swedish entomologist ; pub- lished " Aranei Suecici," 1757. CLEBFAYT, Fran9ois Sebastien Charies Joseph de Croix, comte de, Austrian general; b. 14 Out. 1733; fought against the French in the low countries, 1792-6 ; d. 18 July 1798. CLERK, Sir George, statesman; b. ijSy ; served under Sir Robert Peel ; master of the mint, Feb. 1845— July, 1846; d. 23 Dee. 1867. CLERK, Sir George Russell, statesman; b. 1801 ; governor of Bombay, 1842-7 ; 1860-1. CLERK, John of Eklin; published "Naval Tactics," 1782-97; led to controversy; d. July. 1S12. CLERKE, Charles, navigator; }. 1741 ; as- sociate of Captain Cook ; succeeded him in the conunand when murdered, 14 Feb. 1779; d.near Kamtschatka, 22 Aug. 1779. CLERMONT, Louis de Bourbon-Conde, comte de; b. 15 June 1709; educated for the church; obtained a dispensation to bear arms, 1733 • fought at Dettingen, Fontenoy, &c. ; commanded the army in Gei-many; defeated by prince Ferdinand of Brunswick at Creveldt, 23 June 1758; d, June 1771. CLERMONT - TONNEERE, Stanislas, comte de ; b. 1747 ; liberal, yet actively opposed the repubUcana; massacred by the mob" of Paris, 10 Aug. 1792. CLERT, Michael, Irish annalist, one of the " four masters ; " d. 1643. CLETUS, Saint, see Anacletus. CLEVELAND, professor Charles Dexter; American scholar; b. 3 Dec. 1802; published " EngUsh Literature," 1849 ; edited " Xenophon," 1830 ; d. 18 Aug. 1869. CLEVELAND, or Cleitelaito, John, metaphysical and satirical poet; b. 1613 ; d. 29 April 1659. CLEYER, Andreas, German physician and botanist; published works on Chinese botany, l68o. CLIFFORD, Anne, countess of Dorset, heiress of the Cliifords ; b. 30 Jan. 1589 ; d. 22 March 1676. CLIFFORD, George, earl of Cimiberland, pri- vateer or pirate ; b. 8 Aug. 1558 ; sailed from Plymouth to attack Spanish America, Aug. 1586; fought in the conflicts with the Spanish Armada, July 1588 ; sailed on eleven e.xpe(Utions ; d. 30 Oct. 1605. CLIFFORD, sir Thomas, statesman; b. 1630; a member of the cabal ministi-y, 1667 ; lord trea- surer, 28 Nov. 1672 ; resigned, refusing to submit to the test act, 1673 ; d. 1673. CLIFFORD, '"ffaUam Kingdon, mathema- tician and philosopher; b. 4 May 1845; 1st n.A., 1868 ; professor of applied mathematics. University College, London ; lectured at Eoyal Institution on the philosophy of the pure sciences, 1873 ; on the- history of science, 1875. CLIFT, "William, surgeon and naturalist; b. 1775; d. 20 June 1849. CLIMACUS, St. John, the scholastic, doctor of the church ; b. about 525 ; retired to desert of Sinai, 541 ; d. 600. CLINT, Alfred, son of following, landscape painter ; b. 1807 ; president of Society of British Artists, Dec. 1869. CLINT, George, a.k.A., portrait painter and mezzotint engraver; b. 12 April 1770; d. 10 May 1854. CLINTON, Sir Henry, general; consraanded the British army in North America, 17^8 ; took CLINTON 110 COBB Cliarlestown, 1 779 ; superseded by sir Guy Carle- ton, 1782 ; d. 24 Dec. 1795. CLINTON, Henry Fyiies, classical scholar; b. 14 Jan. 1781; published "Fasti Hellenici," 1810-34; " Fasti Romani," 1845-50; d. 24 Oct. 1852. CLINTON, James de "Witt, American sfcites- man and philanthropist; b. 1769; d. 4 Feb. 1828. CLISSOLD, rev. Augustus ; b. 1797; published "Practical Nature of Swedeuborg's Writings," 1838 ; and other similar works. CLISSON, Oli-ricr de, constable of France ; i. about 1332 ; fought against the English ; as- sociate of fin Guesclin, 1370; deprived of offices, Nov. 1392 ; d. 24 April 1407. CLITTJS, see CMtus. CLIVE, Caroline, novelist ; b. (Wigley) iSoi ; married rev. Archer Clive, 1840 ; published "Paul Ferrol," i860; d. by fire, 13 July 1873. CLIVE, Robert, bai-on of Plassey ; !). 20 Sept. 1725 ; d. by suicide, 22 Nov. 1774. At Madras as a writer, 1744 ; entered the army . 1747 Fought at siege of Pondicherry, 174S ; took Arcot . 1751 Defeated the Surajali-Dowlah at Plassey, 23 June 1757 Governor at Calcutta ,, Defeated a Dutch armament sent to Bengal . . 1759 Beturned to England, 1761 ; made a iieer . . . 1761 Beturned to Calcutta governor of Bengal . 3 May 1765 Acquired for the company the full sovereignty of Bengal, Orissa, Beliar, &c. 12 Aug. ,. Final retxun to England 1767 Commission of inriulry into his conduct and ad- ministration 1773 Great debate in the commons ; "vvho vote that he "had rendered great and praiseworthy services to his eoiuitry " . . 22-23 May ,. CLODION, chief of Salic Franks, about 425. CLQDIUS, see imder Claudius. CLODOMIK, king of the Franks, son of Clovis ; b. 495 ; king of Oideaus, at his father's death, 511 ; (lefcatcd Sigismund, king of Burgundy; made him piisoner, and killed him, 523 ; Clodomir defeated and killed by the Burgundians at Vese- ronce, 524. CLONCUERY, Talentine Browne Lawless, lord; b. iq Aug. 1773; succeeded, 20 Aug. 1799; published his "Life and Times," 1849 and iSw; d. 28 Oct. 1853. CLOOTS, Jean Baptists, baron de, Prussian Utopian philosopher; b. 1755; assumed the name Anacliarsis, and /travelled "through Europe ; pro- claimed himself "orator of the human race;" presented himself to the national assembly at Paris, m June 1790; gave up 12,000 francs for "defence of France, 1 792 ; excited the hatred of llobespierre, and condemned to death, March 1794; d. by guillo- tine, about 24 March 1794. CLOQUET, French physicians, brothers. HippoLYTB ; b. 1787; d. 3 Starch 1840. Gee- main JuiEs; b. 18 Dec. 1790; published "Anato- mic de I'Hoinme," 1821-31; " Pathologie Chirar- gicale," 1 83 1. CLOSE, very rev. Francis, evangelical clergy- man ; b. 1797 ; very active incumbent of Chelten- ham, 1826-56'; dean of Carlisle, 1856. CLOT, CLOT-BET, or Antoine, French physician; b. 1795; entered sei-vice of Mehemet Ah, viceroy of Egypt, 1823; made bey, 1831; returned to France ; published " Apercu general de I'Egjirte," &c., 1S40; d. 1868. CLOTAIRE, I.— IV., kings of the Franks: 1. son of CTovie ; 6. 497 ; king of Soissons, 511 ; joined Chlldebert in the slaughter of the sons of Clodomir, 526 or 532 ; wars with the Saxons, 555; with his brother, Childebert, 556; sole king at his death 55S Suppressed revolt of his son, Chramme . 560 0: 561 2. succeeded his father, Chilperjc ; under his mother, Fredegonda, 584 ; sole king, 613 ; it. 622 or 628 3. king of Neustria and Burgundy at the death of his father, Clovis II., 6s6 . . . d. 670 4. made nominal king of Austrasia by Charles Martel, 717 ... , . d. 719 CLOTILDE, Saint, daughter of Chilperie, kiug of Burgundy ; b, about 475 ; manied by Clovis I. 493 ; aided by St. Remi, converted her husband, baptized with his amiy, 25 Dec. 496 ; d. 3 Juno 545 '(540 or 549). CLOUD (CloTOAIDE), St., son of Clodomii-, .spared by Ms uncles, Childebert and Clotaire, on becoming a monk, 526 or 532 ; d. about 560. CLOUET or CloET, Flemish painters : Jean le Vieux, in service of the duke of Burgundy, about 1475 Jean le Jeune (Jehannet), son ; in service of Francis I. of France 1518 Franqois (Jehannet), son ; sen'ed the French kings, Francis I. — Henry III. . d. about 1572 CLOUGH, Arthur Hugh, poet; b. I Jan. 1819; published " Bothie of Tober-na-VuoUch," 1848; d. 13 Nov. 1861. CLOVIS I.- III., kings of the Franks : 1. h. 465 ; chief of the Franks on the death of his father, Childeric Dcfe.ated the Roman general, Siagrius, near Soissons .... Man-ied Clotilde of Burgundy Defeated the Alemanni .it Tolbiac He and his army baptized ... 25 Dec. Defeated Alaric, king of the Goths (killed) at VougM . . Fixed his residence at Paris, 508 . d. 27 Nov. 2. &. 633 ; king (under Pepin), 6a8 . , d. 3. TJ. 681 ; king (under Pepin d'li^iistal), 691 ; d. CLO'WES, "WilUaro, painter ; b. I Jan. i d. 26 Jan. 1847. 481 486 493 496 507 511 695 CLUBBB, Jolm ; satirized b. 1703; d. 2 March, 1773. topogi'aphcrs ; CLUENTIUS, Habitus, successfuUy defended by Cicero from a charge of poisoning, B.C. 66. ,CLUSERET, Gustavo Paul, French commu- nist general; b. 23 June 1823; active in Feb. and June 1848 ; served in the Crhnea, and in Africa, 1853 et scq. ; compelled to retire; under Garibaldi, i860; organised a strike at Paris; ex- pelled France, 1869; active at Marseilles, Lyons, Paris, Sept. 1870-I ; imprisoned by the commune, April ; escaped ; condemned to death, 30 Aug. ; in London, Dec. 1871. CLUSIUS, Carolus^ Dutch botanist; b. 18 Feb. 1526 ; d. 4 April 11309. CLUTTEEBUCK, Robert, antiquary: b. 2 June 1772 ; published "History of Hertfordshire," 1815-27; d. 23 March 1831. CLtJVER (CltTWEb), Pliilipp, German geo- grapher; b. 1580; his " Introductio in Universara Geograpliiam," published 1629; (^. 1623. Detlef, his nephew, published " Geologia," 1700; d. 2i Feb. 1708. CLYDE, Colin Campbell, lord, field-marshal , b. 20 Oct. 1792 ; fought in peninsular war, 1808-13 , in N. America, 1814-5 ! "i China, 1842 ; in the Punjab, 1848-9 ; in the Crimea, 1854-5 ! li<^lfature dcs Comctes," 1665 ; and many papers in the " Journal dcs Savans ; d. Oct. if>93. ^ COMINES, or Commixes, Philippe de, sieur d'Ai-gcuton, French statesman and historian; b. 1445 ; entered the service of Charles of Burgundy about 1464 ; of Louis XI. of France, 1472 ; fined for his political intrigues, 1488; d. 17 Oct. 1509. COMITOLO, IS'apoleone, Italian bishop and jurist; t). 1544; d. 24 Aug. 1624. Paolo, Jesuit theologian; ii. 1545; d. iSFeb. 1626. COMMANDINO, Federigo, Italian mathe- matician ; i. I sog ; edited Euclid, Ptolemy, Pap- pus, &c. ; d. 3 Sept. 1575. COMMELIN", Isaac, Dutch historian ; b. 19 Oct. 1598; d. 3 Jan. 1676. Jan, botanist; b. 1629; d. 1692. His nephew, Ca,sp.4.e, botanist ; b. 1667 ; d. 25 Dec. 1731 COMMELIN, Jerome, French printer (of the fathers, &c.) ; d. 1598. COMMENDONE, Giovanni Francisco, Italian eardinal, ecclesiastical refonner ; i. 17 March 1524 ; d. 25 Dec. 1584. COMMEESON, Philibert, French naturalist ; 6. 18 Nov. 1727 ; d. 1773. COMMIEE, Jean, French Latin poet; b. 25 March 1625 ; pubhshed Latin poems, 1678 ; d. 1702. COMMODIAJSrUS, Christian Latm poet, author of " Instructiones adversus Gentium Deos," about 270. COMMODO, or COMODI, Andrea, Italian painter; b. 1560; d. 1638. COMMODUS, Lucius Ceionius, adopted I)y Hadrian as Lucius jEUus Vcrus, 131; or 136; d. suddenly, I Jan. 138. His son, b. 15 Dec. 130; adopted with Marcus Aurelius by Antoninus Plus, 25 Feb. 138 ; made emperor by Iris colleague, and stj'led Vcrus, March 161 ; d. 169. COMMODUS, Lucius Aurelius, emperor of Eome, son of Marcus Aurelius ; i. 31 Aug. 161 ; suc- cessful in v/ar against the Gennans, 1 76 ; succeeded his father, 17 March 180; on escaping assassina- tion, abandoned liiraself to cruelty and debauchery, 183 ; deified himself, 191; strangled, 31 Dec. 192. COMNENITS, Byzantine famUy, emperors of the East : Isaac I. d. about 1061. Alexis I. io3i-iii8- joannes ii. 1118-43. Manuel, 1143-80. Alexis II. 1180-83. COMPTON, see Northampton. COMPTON, Henry, bishop of London; *. 1632; bishop, 1675; suspended by James II. for his opposition to popery, 1686 ; gi'eatly helped forward the revolution, 1&88-9; d. 7 July 1713. COMTB, Auguste, French philosopher; b. 12 Jan. 1798; follower of St. Simon, 181^-25; pub- lished " Cours de Philosophic Positive, i8?o-42 ; d. 5 Sept. 1857. ^ COMTE, Fran9ois Charles Louis, French publicist; b. 23 Aug. 1782 ; published "Traite de Legislation Crunmelle," 1827 ; d. 13 April 1837. COMYN, sir John, the Bed; competitor for the throue, Oct. 1290; joined "Wallace, 1298; chosen one of the governors of Scotland, 1299 ; defeated the English at Eoslin, 1302 ; resigned the kingdom to Edward I. 9 Feb. 1304 ; slain by Bruce for treachery, Feb. 1306. CON AN" I.— IV., dulces of Brittany : 1. d. 27 June 992. 2. &. 1040 ; succeeded his father, 1040 ; cl. ir Sept. 1066. 3. &. 1089 ; duke, 1112 ; d. 17 Sept. 1148. 4. 6. about 1137; duke, 1155 ; d. 20 Feb. 1171. CONANT, Thomas Jefferson, d.d,, American theologian; published revised versions of Job, 1857 ; Matthew, i860 ; Genesis, 1858 ; Psalms, 1868. CONCA, Scbastiano, Neapolitan historical painter; b. 1676; d. 1 754. CONCHA, Jose Gutierrez de la, b. 1800 ; fought against Carlists, 1843-6 ; captain-general of Cuba, 1849-52 ; exiled to Majorca, 1854 ; captain of Cuba, 1854 ; ambassador at Paris, July — Dec. 1862 ; minister of war, March 186? ; president of senate, Dec. 1864. CONCHA, Manuel Gutien-ez do la, marquis del Duero (brother), Spanish general; b. 1794; shared in political changes; minister of the queen at the revolution ; retired, Sept. 1868 ; killed ui battle with Carlists near Estella, 27 June 1874. CONCINA, Daniele, Italian theologian; b. 1686; wrote "Defensio Concilii Tridentini," 174. c; rf. 21 Feb. 1756. CONCINI, Concino, marechal d'Ancre, Italian adventurer; came to France with Maria de' Medici, and married Galigai, her favourite maid, r6oo; after the death of Iloiiry IV. (1610), acquired jiower and became minister, 1612 ; ojiposed the princes, and killed by order of Louis XIII., 24 April 1617 ; his wife beheaded and bui-nt as a sorceress, 8 July 1617. COND AMINE, Charles Marie de la, French physicist; b. 28 Jan. 1701; with Bouguer and others measured a degree m Peru, 173^-46; pub- lished " Figure de la Terre deteiininee,^' 1749; ^• 4 Feb. 1774. CONDE, prmces of: Louis I. DE Bourbon", &. 1530 ; served under Guise at Metz, 1552 ; became a reformer, 1559 ; com- manded and taken prisoner at Dreiuc, 19 Dec. 1562 ; killed at Jarnac, 13 March .... 1569 Henry I. son ; 6. 1552 ; general of the protestants, 1575 . . . d. by poison, s March 1588 Henri II. son i>. i Sept. „ Renounced protestantism, and persecuted the Huguenots ; revolted against Maria de' Medici, the regent .... . 1614 Favoured by Richelieu ; . . . d. Dec. 1646 Louis II. son, due d'Enghien, great general ; &. 8 Sept. 1621 Defeated the Spaniards at Rocroy . ig May 1643 Victor at Nordlingen . .' . . 3 Aug. 1645 Succeeded his father as prince of Cond^ Dec. 1646 Victorious in Germany 1648 Civil war ; formed a new "Fronde" party . 1649 Opposed the court and Turenne . . . . 1650-1 Entered the service of Philip IV. of Spain ; fought with varying success against Tiuenue . 1652-5 Restored to his dignities, &c. ... 1659 Defeated the prince of Orange at Senef . 11 Aug. 1674 cZ. in retirement at Chautilly ir Dec. i6&5 I 2 CONDE 116 CONSTABLE Loujs Joseph, general ; b. 9 Aug. 1736 ; fought in the seven years' war . . . . 1758-63 Joined the allies against France . . . . 1793 Witli the emigrants, entered tlie British service, and served in Germany 1796 Received hy the emperor Paul at St. Petersburg, Dec. 1797 Settled in England, 1S02 ; returned to Fa-ance 1814 d. 13 May i3i8 CONDE, Jose Antonio, Spanish orientalist and Mstorian; l>. about I/fiS; author of " History of the Arabs in Spain ;" d. 20 Oct. 1820. CONDEK, Josiah, nonconfoi-mist minister and poet ; b. 17 Sept. 17S9; edited " Eclectic Review,'," 1814-37; priblished "The Choir and Oratorj'," 1837; d. 27 Dec. 1855. CONDILLAC, Etienne Bonnot de, French philosopher; b. about 1715 ; published " Essai sur t'Origine des Connaissances Humaines," 1746; " Traite des Systemes," 1749 ; " Cours des Etudes," 1755, &c. ; d. 3 Aug. 1780. CONDIVI, Asc-anio, Italian painter and sculp- tor ; b. 1520 ; published life of his master Michael Angelo, 1553; cl. unkno\ra. CONDOKCET, Mai-ie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Eavitat, marquis de, French mathematician and philosopher; /'. 17 Sept. 1743; published " Calcul Integral," 1 765 ; "Essai de 1' Analyse,' ' 1 768 ; " Lettres d'uu 'rheologien," 1774 ; professed republicanism, 12 July 1791 ; deputy for Paris in the assembly, Sept. ; proscribed -with the Girondins ; escaped, seized ; d. by poison to escape the guillotme, 28 March 1 794. Mahie de GnoucHT, his amiable -wife; b. 1764; d. 8 Sept. 1822. CONDIlElSr, Charles de, French theologian and diplomatist ; b. 1588 ; elected general of the Orato- riaiLS, 1629 ; "wi'ote against protestants ; d. 7 Jan. 1641. CONEQLIANO, Giovanni Battista Cima, Italian painter ; b. 1460 ; d. about 1517. CONFUCIUS, Koo:n-g-foo-tse, Chinese pliilosopher ; Jl. probably between B.C. 500 and 400. CONGLETON, lord, see Farnell. CONGEEVE, Eichard, M.A.; }. 4 Sept. 1818 ; resigned fellowship at Oxford, embraced Comtisni ; published " Catechism of Positive EeUgion," 1858; "Essays," 1874. CONGEEVE, sir "ffilUam, physicist; b. 20 May 1772; invented the Congreve rocket system, 1804; described it in his "Treatise," 1827; in- Teutcd the method of making bank-note paper, 1819; d. 15 May 1828. ^ CONGEEVE, William, dramatist and poet;^ 6. 1670; wrote " Double Dealer," 1694; "Love for Love," 1695 ; " Momning Bride," 1697, &e. ; d. ig Jan. 1729. CONINGTON, John, classical scholar and pnct; b. 10 Aug. 1S25 ; published translation of Horace, 1863 : Virgil, 1866 ; d. 23 Oct. 1869. CONNAUGHT, prince Artliur 'William Patrick Albert, duke of, tliird sou of queen Victoria ; b. i May 1850 : Cadet at Woolwich miUtar>' academy . Feb. 1S66 Lieut. R.B,, June 1S68 ; lieut. H.A. Feb. ; lieut. rifle brigade .- Aug. i86g Granted i5,aooZ. a year by parliament . . July 1871 C'apt. 7th hussars April 1874 Creiitod duke of Coimaught and Strathearn, and earl of i^ussex .... .26 May „ CONNOE, Ber-nard, Irish physiciau and philo- sopher ; b. about i566 ; published " Evangelium Medici," 1697 ; d. 30 Oct. 1698. CONOLLY, colonel, went to Bokhara, 1841 ; murdered there, about June 1843. CONOLLY, John, M.D., deUverer of the insane from mechanical restraint ; b. 1 7 94 ; intro- duced his system at HanweU, 1839 ; published " Treatment of the Insane," 1853 ; " Study of Hamlet," 1S63; d. 5 March 1866. CONON, Athenian general; by the aid of Persians defeated Spartan fleet at Cnidus, e.g. 394 ; restored the fortifications of the Poira^us, 393 ; sent to Persia; imprisoired, and probably killed, about 390- CONON, a Greek mathematician and astrono- mer, alleged inventor of the spii'al of Archimedes ; /. B.C. 2S3-222. CONON, pope ; elected, 686 ; d. 687. CONEAD I.— IV.,rulersof Gei-many: 1. count of Fi'anconia, elected king, Oct. gii ; tilled in battle with Arnold of Bavaria 23 Dec. gi8 2. the Salic ; elected king, 8 Sept. 1024 ; crowned emperor at Rome, 26 March 1027 . d. 4 June 1039 3. duke of Franconia, founder of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and the Ghibelline paily ; &. 1093 ; crowned king of Italy, 29 June 1128 ; excommuni- cated, 1132; elected king and emperor, 22 Feb. 1138 ; defeated duke Guelf at Weinsberg, 1140 ; ' luidertook a crusade, 1147-8 ; returned, 1149 ; cl. 15 Feb. 1152 4. &■ April 1228 ; emperor, 1250 ; excommunicated bytlie pope, 1251, anddespoded of all his posses- sions . . d. 21 May 1254. CONEAD, marqiris of Montferrat, crusader ; defended Constantinople against the barbarians, 1 186; defeated Saladin before Tyre, 1187 ; elected king of Jerusalem 1 190; assassinated, 1191. CONEADIN, last of the Hohenstaufens, son of Conrad IV. ; b. 12^2 ; despoiled of the kingdom of Naples by his uncle Manfred, 1254; invited to the tlu'one, 1267 ; defeated at Tagliacozzo by Charles of Anjou, 23 Aug. 1268 ; put to death, 29 Oct. 1268. CONE AET, Valentin, French protestant writer; b. 1603 ; father of the French academy, founded 1634 ; » Ojipused by Mahomet II. . . . . 1450 Kiik-d when Conbtantinople was talien . 29 May 1453 CONSTANTINUS, " the tyrant," emperor in Britain, 407 ; acknowledged by Honorius, and helped him, 409 ; treacherously killed by Itim, 411. CONSTANTIUS I.-III., ^^pevors: 1. FlaA'ius Valerius Chlorus (father of Constanti- nus I.); h. about 250; gained Eiitain from Al- lectus, 293-6 ; defeated the Alemanni in Gaul, 298 ; co-cniiieror with Galerius, 305 ; able, vir- tuous, r.nd Iiumane , , d. at York, 25 July 306 2. Flavins Julius, 3rd son of Canstantiiuis I. ; h. 6 Aug. 317 ; emperor (over Greece, Tliraee, Asia, &c.) . 337 Defeated by the Persians at Singara , , . 343 Suppressed rebellion of Magnentius, 351-3 ; nnd of Galhis, 354 . . . d. ^ Nov, 361 3. (of the West), able general; defeated; made co- emperor by Honoriu^i, 8 Feb. d. 11 Sept. 421 CONTAMNI, Ambrogio, Venetian diplonmtist and traveller ; an ambassador to Persia, 1473 ; his "Yiaggio " printed 1487. CONTAEINI, Gaspare, Itahan cardinal and diplomatist ; b. 1483 ; ambassador to Charles Y. 1521 ; negotiated peace A%-ith Charles V. 1529 : ^vl■ote " de Immortalitate Auimsc ; " cl. 1542. CONTAE,INI, Giovanni, Venetian painter ; 5. 1549 ; d. 1605. CONTAE,INI, Yincenzo, Italian antiquary; b. 1577 ; d. 1617. CONTE, see Ze Conte. CONTE, Jacopino del, Italian painter; 5.1510; d. 1598. CONTE, Nicolas Jacques, Prench chemist and mechanician; b. 4 Aug. i755 ^ ^ an " aerosticr," employed in a balloon at the battle of Fleurns, 26 June 1794; accompanied the amiy to Egypt, and constructed many machines for civil and miUtaiy purposes, 1798 et scq. ; d, 6 Dee, 1S03. CONTI, princes de, younger branch of the house of Coucte : Ahmand de BonnEo^?, son of Henri II. de Boiu-bon, eminent general ; b. 1629 ; converted ; retired from the world, and wrote on theology ; d. 21 Feb. 1666. Louis Armand, son, warrior ; 6. 1661 ; d. 1685. Fkanqois Louis, brother, warrior ; h. 1664 ; elected king of Poland (superseded by the elector of Saxony), 1697 ; d. 22 Feb. 1709. Louis Abm.\nd, son ; poet ; dissolute ; b. 1695; d. 1727. Louis Fean^uis, son; able genei'al; b. 1717; headed the ojiposition to the court, 1771 ; d. 1776. CONTI 118 COOPEE Louis Francois Joseph, comte de la Marche, son ; last of the house ; &. 1734 ; expelled by the Dii'ectory, 1795 ; cJ. 1814. CONTI, Charles Etienne, French Bonapnrtist st.itesmiin; b. in Corsica, 31 Oct. 1812 ; supporter of Louis Napoleon, 1851 ; private secretary of him when emperor, 1864. CONTI, GioTanni Francesco, Italian polygraph, (surnamed Quiuzano, and Quiiitianus Stoa) ; b, i486 ; patronised by Louis XII. of France ; d. 7 Oct. 1557. CONTI or CONTE, Prime (Petrus Comes, or de Comitibus), ItaUau linguist and traveller ; b. 1498; ^- 1593- CONTI, Noel (NataUs Comes, or de Comitibns) ; Italian ^\iiter and scholar ; d. about 1582. CONTI Dl Vai MONTOIS'E, Giusto di, Italian poet; d. 19 Nov. 1449. CONTUCCI, Arcangelo, Italian antiquary; b. 21 Miu'ch 1688 ; d. ig March 1768 ; see Sansovino. CONTBEAEE, John, theologian ; b. 1692 ; published " Defence of Revealed Iteligion," 1732; d. 13 July 1755. CONTBEAEE, John Josias, geologist and an- tiquar}' ; b. 1779; d. 11 June 1824. CONTBEAEE, 'Williara Daniel, dean of Llan- datf, geologist ; b. 7 June 1787 ; published " Geology of England and "VVales," 1822; d. 12 Aug. 1857. COODE,sh" John, civil engineer ; b. 1816; com- pleted Portland breakwatei", 1847-72; knighted, 1872. COOK, Eliza, poet; b. about 1818; published "roeuis," 1840; " Eliza Cook's Jotu-nal," 1849-54; " New Echoes," 1864. COOK, rev. Frederic Charles ; i. about 1810 ; editor of " the Speaker's Connncntary," (on the Bible), 1871-6. COOK, James, navigator ; b. 27 Oct. 1728 ; sailed on Iiis first voyage (with Banks), 30 July 1768 ; returned, 12 June, 1771; sailed on his second voyage to explore the South Seas, 13 July 1772 ; returned 30 July 1775 ; sailed on his tnii-d voyage, 12 July 1776; discovered Sandwich isles, 18 Jan. 1778 ; killed by savages at Owhj-hee, 14 Feb. 1779- COOK, John Douglas editor of the " Saturday Eeview ; " d. 10 Aug. 1868. COOK, Pachard, R.A. painter; b. 1782; d. 11 March 1857. COOKE, sir Anthony, scholar, tutor to king Edward VI. ; b. about 1506; d. II June 1576. His daughter, Mildked, was married to lord Bur- leigh ; Anne to Nicholas, lord Bacon ; Elizabeth to lord Ilussel. COOKE, Benjamin, musical composer ; 6. 1739 ; Mus.D. 1777; d. Sept. 1793. COOKE, Edward 'William, n.A. marine painter ; b. 1811 ; published "Shipping and Craft," 1S29; produced 100 pictures, 1845- ^54; many since; k.a. 1863; "Sandy Cove," &c. 1875 ; "KuinsofKom- Omljo ; " " Zuyder-Zee Fishing," &c. 1876. COOKE, George Frederick, actor; b. 17 April 1756; debut in Loudon, 1778; rf. 26 Sept. 1812. COOKE, George "Wingrove, barrister and law re- former; b. 1814; published " Life of Bolingbroke," 1835 ; d. 19 June 1865. COOKE, George, engraver; b. 1781; d. c:'/ Feb. 1834. COOKE, John Esten, American ivriter ; b. 3 Nov. 1830; served with Jackson and Lee in civil war, i8(>2-4 ; published " Life of Stonewall Jack- son," 1866; "Life of R. Lee," 1871 ; "Leather Stocking and SUk," 1854, &c. COOKE, Thomas, poet ; b. about 1702; pub- lished translation of Hesiod, 1728 , and of other classics ; d. 20 Dec. 1756. COOKE, Thomas P., actor ; b. about 1786 ; d. 4 April 1864. COOKE, sir 'William Fothergill ; b. 1806 ; in IntUan army ; studied anatomy ; with professor 'Wheatstone patented magnetic-needle telegraph, 10 June 1837 ; set itp telegraph hne on part of Great "Western Railway, 1838-9; on Blackwall line, 1840, &o. ; received Eoyal Albei-t gold medal, 1S67 ; knighted 11 Nov. 1869. COOMBE, "fl^iUiam, comic poet; i. 1741 ; pub- lished " Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of the Picturesque," 1812 ; d. 19 June 1823. COOPEE, Abraham, pamter of battle-pieces ;. 5. Sept. 1787 ;" JIarston Moor," 1819, &c. ;e. a. 1820; d. 24 Dec. 1868. COOPEE, Anthony Ashley, first earl of Shaftes- bury ; b. 22 July 1621 ; d. 22 Jan. 1683. Joined the p.arliaiaent party, 1644 ; a comin.ander of parliamentary forces, Oct. 1644 ; separated from Cromwell ... ... Dec. 1654 Excluded from parliament 1656 Member of the " Healing Parliament," 1660 ; of the Cabal ministry . ..... 1670 Lord chancellor . . Nov. 1672 —Nov. 1673 Opposed the long prorogations of parliament, and the declaration of indnlgcjice, &c. . . . 1673-4- President of the council, 20 April ; struck off the coiuicil 15 Oct. 1679 Sent ito the Tower, July ; indictment against him rejected by the grand jmy . 24 Nov. i68r Fled to Holland . . . Nov, 1682 COOPEE, Anthony Ashley, third earl of Shaftesbury, philosopher; b. 26 Feb. 1671 ; pub- lished "Characteristics," 1711-23; d. 4 or II Feb, 1713- COOPEE, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, seventh earl of Shaftesbuiy ; religious philanthropist ; b. 28 April 1801 ; as lord Ashley, M.r. for 'Woodstock, 1826 ; is president of British and Foreign Bible Society, Pastoral Aid Society, and Society for Con- version of the Jews ; a lord of the admii-alty, Dec. 1834 — April 183s ; an ecclesiastical commissioner, 1841-7. COOPEE, sir Astley Paston, hart., surgeon; }. 23 Aug. 1768; surgeon to Geo. IV. 1820; to- queen Tittoria, 1837 ; published " Treatise on Ileniia," 1804; "Dislocations and Fractures," 1822; "Anatomy and Diseases of the Breast," 1829-40; d. 12 Feb. 1841. COOPEE, Bransby Blake, surgeon; b. 2 Sept. 1792; served in peninsular war, 1812 ; pro- secuted 'n''aiiley for libel, 1828 ; published " Lecturea on Anatomy," 1829; "on Surgery," 1S51 ; "Life of Sir A. Cooper (his uncle)," 1S43; d. 18 Aug. i853. COOPEE, Charies Henry, scholar; b. 20 March 1808 ; to^vn-clerk of Cambridge, 1849 1 pub- lished " Annals of Cambridge," 1842-52 ; (with his ROK Thompson) "Athena Cantabngionses," 1858- 61; "Memorialsof Cambridge," 1858; f/. 21 March 1866. COOPEE, Charles Purton, Q.c. ; i. about 1754; published "Public Records," &c., 1836; " Parliamentary and Political Miscellanies," 1851 ; works on chancery practice, 1852-3 ; d. 26 March ifi73- COOPEE 119 CORDOVA COOPER, James Fenimore, American no- Telist; b. 15 Sept. 1789; jmblished " Spy," 1821; "Pilot," 1823; "Lionel Lincoln," 1824; "Last of the Mohicans," 1826, &c. ; d. 14 Sept. 1851. COOPER, John Gnhert, poet, &o. ; b. 1723 ; d. 1769. COOPER, John Thomas, chemist ; h. 29 June 1790; improved the oxy-hydrogen microscope, 1835 ; d. 24 Sept. 1854. COOPER, Peter, American mechanician ; b. 12 Feb. 1791 ; erected machineiy for working iron at Baltimore, 1830 ; in New Jersey, 1845 ; founded " Cooper's Institute " at New York, for technical education. COOPER, Richard, engraver; b. 1730; his " Gallery of Pictures," published, 1808-18; d. about 1820. COOPER, Samuel, miniature painter; b. 1609; executed portraits of 0. Cromwell ; d. 5 May 1672. COOPER, Thomas, Kterary shoemaker; b. 28 March 1805 ; self-taught in languages became schoolmaster, 1828 ; leader of Chartists at Leicester, 1841 ; imprisoned, 1842; published "Purgatory of Suicides," a poem, 1845; "Baron's Yule-feast," i8d6 ;_" Captain Cobbler," 1850; "Aldei-man Ealph," 1853; renounced scepticism; began dis- cussions, Sept. 1856 ; published Ms " Life," 1872. COOPER, Thomas Sidney, animal painter ; b. 26 Sept. 1803 ; R.A. 1867. COOTE, sir Eyre, Irish general in India ; b. 1726; defeated Lally and took Arcot, 9 Feb. 1760; took PondicheriT-, 8 Dee. 1760; defeated Hyder All, I July 1781, & 2 June 1782; d. 26 April 1783 COOTE, Holmes, surgeon ; h. about 1819 ; pub- -ished " Homologies of the Human Skeleton," 1849; " Joint Diseases," 1S67; d. 22 Dec. 1872. COPE, Charles "West, historical and domestic painter; b. 1811 ; a.k.a. 1844; ^■^- 1848; painted cartoons in houses of parliament; professor of painting, h.a. 1867-75 ; exhibited " Hanging Com- mittee, R.A.," 1876. COPE, sir Jolm, general ; defeated by army of prince Charles Edward at Prestonpans, 21 Sept. 1745. COPERNICUS (KOPPEBNICK), Nieolaus, Gei-mau astronomer; 0. ig Feb. 1473; author of "De EcTolutionibus Orbium CcolestiumLibri'VI.," 1473 ; d. about 24 May 1543. COPLAND, James, Scotch m.d. ; h. 1792 or 1793 ; pubhshed " Dictionary of Practical Medi- cine," 1830-58; d. 17 July 1870. COPLESTON, Edward, bishop of LlandafT, classical scholar; b. 2 Feb. 1776; consecrated, 1827 ; " Prffileetiones AcademiciE," published 1813 ; d. 14 Oct. 1849. COPLEY, John Singleton, American historical painter; b. 3 July 1737/ painted "Death of Chatham ;" a. 9 Sept. 1815. His son, COPLEY, John Singleton, baron Lyndhurst, lawyer and statesman ; b, (at Boston, U.S.) 21 May 1772; d. 12 Oct. 1863. M. P. for Yarmouth 1818 Solicitor-general , • . . July 1819— Dec. 1823 Attorney-general . . Dec. 1823— Sept. 1826 Master of the Rolls . . . Sept. 1B26— April 1827 Lord chancellor and peer, April 1827-30, 1834-5 — Seijt. 1841— July 1846 Chief baron of the exchequer . . 1831-4 COQUEREL, Athanase Laurent Charies, French protestant pastor ; b. 27 Aug. 1795 ; pub- lished "Eeponse a la Tie de Jesus," 1842 ; " Medi- tations sur des Testes," &o. ; d. 10 Jan. 1868. Hig sou Athanase Josue, liberal protestant pastor ; b. 1820; published " Jean Galas, 1858; "LaSaint- Barthclemy," i860; " Precis de I'Eglise Eefonnee de Paris," 1862 ; " La Conscience et la Foi," 1867 ; seceded from the protestant church and opened au independent pulpit, 1872 ; d. 25 July 1875. COQUES, Gonzalo, Flemish painter; b. 1618; worked in England and Germany; d. iZ April 1684. CORAM, captain Thomas ; h. about 1668 ; pro- posed fomuling an " hospital for deserted children," 20 Nov. 1739; one opened, 27 Oct. 1740; the "foundling hospital" founded; opened 2 June 1756; d. 29 March 1751. CORAS, Jean de, French jurist ; b. 1513 ; a protestant ; massacred "with others, 4 Oct. 1572, Jacques, son, poet; b. 1630; published "Jonas," 1663 ; d. 1677. CORAY, Adamantius or Diamant, Greek scho- lar; i. 27 April 174.8; began to publish " BibUo- theque HeUenique, 1805 ; d. 6 April 1833. . CORBAUX, (Fanny) Marie Fran(;oise Cathe- rine Doetyer, water colour painter and Unguist; *. 1812. CORBET, Eiehard, bishop of Nonrich (1632), quaint writer ; b. 1582 ; " Poetica Stromata" printed 1647 ; d. 28 Jiily 1635. CORBOULD, artists : Richard; portrait and landscape painter; 6. rS April 1757; exlilbited "Fruit," 1776; "Cotta- gers," 1797; &c d. 27 July 1837 ■SoTis : George ; engraver ; &. 27 April 1786 . d. 5 Nov. 1846 Henry ; historical painter ; &. 11 Aug. 17S7 ; ex- lilbited "Coriolajius," 1808; "Lady of the Lake," (designs), i8ii ; drew Elgin marbles (30 year.^' work) ; d. 9 Dec. 1844. Edward Henry, son of Henry ; historical painter; b. 5 Dec. 1S15 ; many works ; illus- trated Chaucer, Spenser, "Tennyson, &c. CORBTJLO, Cneius Domitius, great Eoman general ; defeated the Chaiici in Gei-many, 47 ; conquered Armenia, 58; faithful to Nero; when his death was determined, killed himself, 67. CORCELLES,. Claude Fran(;ois Philibert Tire- cuir de, French diplomatist ; b, 27 June 1802 ; ambassador at Eome, 1848 and 1872. CORDARA, Giulio Cesare, Italian scholar ; 5. 17 Dec. 1704 ; historiographer of the Jesuits, 1742 ; published " Historia Sooietatis Jesu," 1750; d. 6 March or May 1785. CORDAY d'AeMANS, Marie Anne Char- lotte de, French enthusiast; b. 1768; assassinated Marat, 13 July; guillotined, 17 July 1793. CORDIER (CORDEEITTS), Mathurin, French grammarian, instructor of Calvin ; b. 1478 ; author of" Colloquies;" d. 8 Sept. 1564. CORDOVA, Don Fernando Fernandez de, Spanish general; b. 1792 ; opposed Espartero, 1841 ; minister of war, Sept. -Nov. 1847; head of ministry; compelled to fiy by iusui'rection, July 1854 ; minis- ter of war, 1864; supported Prim, i858; captain of Cuba, 1870; minister at Madrid, 1871. CORDOVA, Francesco Fernandez de, Spanish navigator; explored coast of Yucatan, 1517, &c. ; d. 1518. CORDOVA, Luis Fernandez de, Spanish general ; b. 1799; d. 29 Aug. 1840. COEBUS 120 CORTES COBDUS, Euricius, Gennim physician and poet, friend of Luther; b. 14S6 ; d. 24 Dec. 1535. Valerius, son, hotanist; b. 18 Feb. i^S ; pub- lished " Dispensatorium Phannacorum, 1535; d. 25 Sept. 1544. COEELLI, Arcangelo, Italian musician and composer; founder of the violin school; b. Feb. 1653; d. 18 Jan. 1713. COEENZIO, Belisaiio, Italian painter; b. about 1558; d. 1643. COEINNA, Greek poetess; 5th century, B.C. COEIOLANUS, Caius or Cneius Marcius, Eoman hero ; defeated the Volscians ; revolted to them ; saved Eome from them; about B.C. 490. COEK, see Boyle. COEMENIN, Louis Marie de la Haye, vicomte de, French statesman; i. 6 Jan. 1788; pubhshed pamphlets under the name of " Timon ;" "Etudes sur les Orateurs Parlementaires," 1844; d. 6 May 1868. COEMONTAINGNE, Louis de, French mili- tary engineer ; b. about 1692 ; pubhshed " Archi- tecture Militaire," 1741 ; d. 20 Oct. 1752. COENAEO, Giovanni, doge of Venice; 5.1647; doge, 1709; d. 12 Aug. 1722. CORNAEO, Ludovico, hygienist ; b. li\.(>'] ; d. 26 April 1566. COENEILLE, French painters : Michel, 6. 1602 . . . . d. 1664 Michel, son ; &. 1642 d. 1708 Jean Baptiste, another son ; 6. 1646 . d. 1695 COENEILLE, Pierre, French dramatist; J. 6 d. I Oct. V COENEILLEjThomas, cousin of Pierre,French dramatic poet ; b. 20 Aug. 1625 ; published " Dic- tioimaire des Arts et des Sciences," 1694; " Dic- tionnaire TJniversel Geographiciue et Historique," 1708; d. 8 Dec. 1709. COENELIS, or COENBLnJS, of Haarlem, portrait painter ; I. 1562 ; d. 1638. COENELIUS, Peter von, German painter; b. 26 Sept. 1787 ; completed illustrations of " Faust," 1811; made director of the academy at Munich, 1825 ; of that at Berlin, 1841 ; his " Last Judg- ment" at Munich is said to be the lai-gest pictui'e in the world ; d. 7 March 1867. COENELIUS, St., pope; elected, June 250; opposed by Novatian the heretic ; d. 14 Sept. 252. COENELL, Ezra, American mechanician; b. II Jan. 1807; made a fortune by telegraphs ; set np Coniell University, Ithaca, New York, 1868; including technical instruction. COENEE, Juha, educational writer and nove- list; b. 1798. COENEWALL, capt. James; b. 1698; in conflict with French and Spanish fleets off Toulon ; the admu-als MatthcAvs and Lestock differed ; but capt. Comewall would do his duty and was kUlcd with 42 men, 11 Feb. 1743-4; "■ monument was erected to bis memory, at national expense, in "Westminster Abbey, and the admh'als were dis- missed. COENEY, Bolton, antiquary, b. 1784; edited Dalrymple's "Essay on Landscape Gardening," from the MS. 1823; "New Curiosities of Litera- ture," 1S38 ; d. 31 Aug. 1870. COENUT, Jacques Philippe, French botanist ; b. 19 Oct. 1626; d. 23 Aug. 1651. COENWALL, Barry, see Procter. COENWALL, earl of, see Richard. COENWALLIS, Charles Cornwallis, marquis, statesman and general; b. 31 Dec. 1738; d. 5 Oct. 1805. Served in Ameriea under Howe .ind Clinton . 1776-9 Defeated tlie Americans, under Gates, at Camden 16 Aug. 1780 Took Toiivtown, Aug. ; besieged ; compelled to surrender tliere .... 19 Oct. 1781 Governor-general of India ; arrived at Calcutta 12 Sept. 1786 Defeated Tippoo Sahib at Arilcera 15 May 1791 CoinpoUed liiui to make peace 19 March 1792 Returned to England . . . Aug. 1793 Lord-lieutenant of Ireland . . June 1798-1801 Governor-geneiul of India again, 1S04 d. in India, 5 Oct. 1808 COEONELLI, Marco Vincenzio, Itahan geo- grapher and historian ; b. about 1650; cosmographer of Venice ; founded a geographical academy, named "the Argonauts;" constructed several large globes, and published more than 400 maps ; principal of the Friare Minor, 1702 ; d. Dec. 1 7 18. COEOT, Jean Bajitiste Camille, French land- scape and historical painter; b. July 1796; im- portant works, "View in Italy," "Bummg of Sodom," " Dante and Virgil," " Macbeth," &c. ; d. 22 Feb. 1875. COEEADI, Donienioo, "il Ghirlandajo," Florentine painter ; b. 1449 ; d. 1498. COEEADO, Sebastiano, Italian scholar; founded the " Academia dcgh Accesi" atEeggio; d. 1556. OOEEEA DA SeERA, Jose Francisco, Por- tuguese scholar and botanist; b. 1750 ; d.li Sept. 1823. COEEEGGIO, see AlUgri. COEEI, Domenieo, Italian musical composer; b. 1737; d. 22 May 1825. COEEOZET, GiUes, French printer and scho- lar ; b. 4 Jan. 1510; d. 4 July 1568. COEEY, Henry Thomas Lowtv ; b. 9 Mai-ch 1803; secretary to admiralty, Feb. 1845 — July 1846; March 1858 — June 1859; first lord, March 1867— Dec. 1868 ; d. 6 March 1873. COESSEN, "WUhelm, German scholar; b. 1820 ; published " Origines Poesis Eomana;," 1844: " Ueber Aussprache Vocalismus, und Betonung der Lateinisclien Sprache," 1858; "Corpus Inscrip- tionum Etruscai-mn," 1S74, '^'^- ! ^- 1875. COET, Henry, metallurgist ; }. 1740; invented " puddling ' ' and other improvements in the kon manufacture ; d. 1 800. COETE-EEAL, Gaspar de, Portuguese navi- gator; discovered Labrador, &c., ISCX); d. about 1502. COETES, or COETEZ, Hernando or Feraan- dez, " conquisdator " of Mexico ; 4. 14S5 ; d. 2 Deo. 1554 (01- 1547)- Accompanied Velasquez to Cuba . . . . 1511 Bailed on an expedition to Yucatan . 18 Feb. 1519 Destroyed liis shiiis after landing (and founded Vera Crnz) 21 Ajnil „ Made war with tlie Mexicans ; defeated them alter a severe contest, at Otuinba . . 8 July 1520 Besieged Mexico, the capital, 30 May ; took it 13 Aug. 1521 COETICELLI 121 COTTON Made captain-general ; rebuilt Mexico . . . 1522 Said to have discovered California . . . 1533 Superseded by Mendoza, 1536 ; returned to Spain . 1540 Accompanied Charles V. to Algiers . . . 1541 .COETICELLI, Salvadore, Italian jramma- rian; h. 1690; published an edition of the " Deca- mcrone," 1751 ; d. 5 Jan. 1758. COETONA, Pietro di, Italmn paiiiter and architect; b. 1 Nov. 1596; d. 16 May iGGg. COEVINUS, Bee Matthias. COEVISAET-DESMAEEST, Jean Nicolas, liaron, French physician; b. 15 Feb. 1755; P"''" lislied "Essais sui les Maladies du Cccur,'^^ 1808; d. 18 Sept. 1S21. COEVUS, Marcus Valerius, a Eomau hero ; b. B.C. 371 ; killed a gigantic Gaul in combat, 349; defeated the Volsci, 346 ; and the Saranitcs, 343 ; as dictator suppressed mutiny of tlio army, 342 ; defeated the Etruscans, 301 ; d. about 271. COETATE, Thomas, traveller in Europe and the East; b. 1577; published ."Crudities," 161 1; d. Dec. 1617. C08A, Juan dela, pilot of Columbus; pensioned, 1507 ; d. 1509. COSIN, John, bishop of Durham; }. 1594; published "Scholastic History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptui-es;" consecrated, 1660; d. 15 Jan. 1672. COSMA DE Koiios, Alexander, Hungarian orientalist aud linguist; b. about 1790; d. in Tibet, II April 1842. COSNAG, Daniel de, French bishop and de- fender of the liberties of the Galilean church ; b. about 1630; d. 18 Jan. 1708. COSSALI, Pietro, Italian mathematician snd astronomer; b. 29 June 1 748; published " Storia deir Origine, Traspoi-to,e primi Progressi in Italia dell' Algebra," 1779; d. 20 Dec. 1815. COSSE, Charles de, comte de Brissao, heroic French marshal ; b. 1505 ; d. 1563. His descendant, Louis Heecdle Timoleon, b. 14 Feb. 1734; ad- lered to Louis XVI. ; killed and cut to pieces in the massacres at Versailles, Sept. 1792. COSTA, sir Michael, Italian musician ; b. Feb. 1810; his oratorios produced at Binuingham, "Eli," 1855; "Naaman," 1864; knighted, 1869. .COSTANZO, Angelo di, Neapolitan histo- rian and poet ; b. 1507 ; published " Istoria di Napoli," 1582; d. 1591. COSTAED, rev. George, astronomer; b. 1710; published "History of Astronomy," 1757; d. 1782. COSTE, Pierre, French protestant critic; ti-ans- lator of Locke, Newton, &c. ; b. 1668; d. 24 Jan. 1747- COSTE, Jean Jacques Marie Cyprien Victor, French naturalist; b. 10 May 1807; devoted him- self to study of embryogeny, especially of fish ; ob- tained gold medal for "Eecheches sur la Genera- tion," 183d.; published "Instructions sur Pisci- culture," 1853 ; made inspector-general of fisheries, 1862 ; d. Sept. 1873. COSTELLO, Dudley, novelist and journalist; b. 1803; published " Tour through the Vallej of the Meuse," 1845; "Stories from a Screen," 1855; "Joint-Stock Banker," 1856; "Piedmont and Italy," 1861; d. 30 Sept. i&6^. COSTELLO, Louisa Stuart, poet, &c. ; sister of Dudley; 4. about 1799; pubUshed "Specimens of Eariy Poetry of France," 1835 i " Summer amongst the Bocages and the Vines, 1840; " PU- grim.age to Auvergne," "The Queen's Poisoner," 1841 ; "Celebrated Englishwomen," 1S44; "Mary of Burgundy," 1853; " Anne of Biittany," 1855; " Lay of the Stork,'^ 1856 ; d. 24 April 1870. COSTEE, Laurent, Dutch printer, one of the alleged ruventors of moveable types; b. about 1370; d. about 1440. COSWAY, Eich.ard, miniatui-e painter; b. 1740; E.A. 1771 ; d. 1821. COTELIEE, Jean Baptiste, French scholar, precocious cliild; b. 1627; tr.an.slated Hebrew and Greek, and expounded Euclid, in 1641; published "Chrysostom,' 1661; "Monamenta Ecclesia3 GrfflciLC," 1677-86; d. 12 Aug. 1686. COTES, Francis, painter; b. 1725 ; a foimder of the Eoyal Academy, 1768 ; d. 20 July 1770. friend ton's . , ^, ^ His " Hannouia Mensurarum" published 1772. COTGEAVE, Randal, pubUshcd " Dictionary of the French and English Tongues," 1632. - COTIN", Charles, French preacher, poet, and royal ahnoncr ; b. 1604 ; satirised by Mohure (as Trissotin in "les Femmes Savantes,") and by Boileau; d. Jan. 1682. COTMAN, John SeU, engi-aver; h. about 1780; published etchings of architectural antiquities of Yorkshire, Norfolk, and Normandy, 1812-20 ; d. 28 July 1842. COTTA, Bemhard, German geologist; b. 24 Oct. 1808; published " DendroUths," 1832; " Geo- logical Letters from the Alps," 1850. COTTA, Johann Fiiedrich, baron, German publicist and bookseller, friend of Schiller, Goethe, Kichter, &c. ; b. 27 April 1764; foxmded "Allge- meine Zeitmig," 1798; d. 22 Dec. 1832. COTTE, Louis, French meteorologist ; 5. 20 Oct. 1740: published " Traite de Meteorologie," 1774; (i. 4 Oct. 1815. COTTENHAM, Charles Christopher Pepys, earl of; b. 29 Apiil 1 781 ; solicitor-general, 1834; master of the rolls, 1834-6 ; lord high chancellor, 1836-41; again, 1846-50; created baron, 20 Jan. 1836 ; earl, i June 1850 ; d. 29 April 1851. COTTEEE AU, Jean, or Jean Chouan, Vendean chief; b. 30 Oct. 1757; excited the peasants to resist the republic, and foiTued a band, 25 Aug. 1792; after various encoimters, shot, 28 July; d. 29 July 1794. COTTIN, Sophie Eestaud, madame de, French novelist; b. 1773; published " MaMna," 1801 ; " Mathilde," 1805 ; " Elisabeth," 1806 ; d. 25 Aug. 1807. COTTLE, Joseph, Bi-istol publisher, friend of Coleridge; b. 1 770; published " KecoUections of Coleridge," 1837 ; d. 7 June 1853. COTTON, Charles, satu-ie poet; b. 1630; trans- lated Montaigne ; added to Walton's " Angler : " d. 16S7. COTTON, very rev. Hemy, antiquary; h. about 1790; published " Fasti Ecclesias HibemiosB," 1848-50; "List of Editions of the Bible, iqoiC- 1850,*^ 1852; cZ. 1S71. COTTON, Nathaniel, poet and physician; b. 1707; published "Visions in Verse, 1 751; d. 2 Aug. 1788. COTTON 122 COWLEY COTTON, sir Eobert Bruce, antiquary; b. 22 Jan. 1570; fonued the Cottonian collec- tion of IISS. in British Museum; d. 6 May 1631. COTTON, sir Sydney, general; b. 1792; seiTed -with distinction in India, 1816-58; thanked for his services during the mutiny ; d. 20 Peb. 1874. COTUGNO, Domcnico, Neapolitan physio- logist ; b. 1736 ; discovered the aqueducts in the internal ear, and the naso-palatine nerve ; d. 6 Oct. 1822. CQTTS, king of Thrace, B.C. 382 ; bribed by Philip against Pausanias, 357 ; murdered, 358. COULOMB, Charles Augu.stin de, French Ehysicist; b. 14 June 1736; invented torsion alauces; described, 1784; discovered the laws of electric attraction and repulsion, 1785-9; and method of determining magnetic deelijiation, &c., 1803-6 ; d. 23 Aug. 1806. COULON, Louis, French historian and gco- gi-apher; b. 1605; published " Histoire des Juifs," 1643 ; " Eirieres de France," 1644 ; d. 1644. COULVIEE-G-EAYIER, Eimi Armand, French meteorologist ; b. 26 Feb. 1802 ; published " Eecherches sur les Metcoros et sur les Lois qui ies regissent" (the result of many years' observa- tions), 1859 ; d. 12 Feb. 1868. COUPERIN, French musical famUy, in the l6th, 17th, l8tli and 19th centuries : Francois, "le Grand; " b. 1668; d.iyj;^. Armand Louis,i. 1721 ; d. 1789. COUPLET, Philippe, Belgian Jesuit, i. 1628 ; "went to China, 1659; returned, 1680; published " Confucius, Sinarum Philosophus," 1687 ; lolled accidentally on another voyage to China, 1692. COUEATBE, see Ze Couratjer. COUEBET, Gustave, French artist; b. 10 Jime 1819 ; exhibited successful pictures, 1848-61 ; joined the commune in Paris ; sentenced to fine and imprisonment, 2 Sept. 1871. COUECELLES, Thomas ; French theologian ; b. 1400 ; one of the judges who condemned Jeanne d'Arc, May 1431 ; d. 23 Oct. 1469. COUECT, John, lord de ; wan-ior ; one of the invaders of Ireland; viceroy, 1186; superseded; declared himself inclependent ia Ulster; fled to England; d. about 1199. COURIEE, de Mere, Paul Louis, French Hellenist and political writer; }. 4 Jan. 1772; published "Simple Discoure de Paul Louis," 1821 ; " Pamphlet de Pamphlets," 1824 ; made enemies ; assassinated, 10 April 1825. COUET, Antoine, restorer of protestantism in France ; b. 1696 ; began preacliing in Dauphiny, &c., 1715; d. 1760. COUETENAY, Peter de ; joined the crusade, 1190; emperor of the East, 1216; imprisoned; probably killed by Theodore Angelus about 1219. COUETENAY, see Devon. COUETNAY, AVilUam, archbishop of Canter- buiy; b. 1341 ; persecuted the "Wickliffites ; made archbishop, 1381 ; d. 31 July 1396. COUETOIS (Cortesi), French painters, bro- thers : Jacqces ("le Bourgiiignon "), 5. 1621 ; d. 1676. GUILLAHSIE, 6. 1628 ; d. 1679. COUSIN DE MONTAinsAM", see PaliJcao. COUSIN, Jean, French historical painter; b. aboxit 1500; author of "Livre de Perspective," 1560; d,. 1590. COUSIN, Victor, French philosopher; b. 28 Nov. 1792; published his Translation of Plato, 1812; "Lectures on Moral Philosoijhy," 1815-20; imprisoned at Berlin, 1824; minister of pubhc in- struction under Thiers, 1840; d. 15 Jan. 1867. COUSINS, Samuel, mezzotint 'engi-aver ; I. May 1801; engraved "Master Lambtou" (after Law- rence); " Bolton Abbey ; " " Midsummer Night's Dream," &o. ; e.a. 1855. COUSSEMAKEE, Charles Edmond Henri de, French musical archaeologist ; b. ip Api-il 1805 ; published "Histoire de I'Harmome au Movcn Age," 1852 and 1857; " Hai-monistes des XII= etXin=Si(;cles,"i864, &c. ; "Scriptores de Musica," 1865-7; d. end of Jan. 1876. COUSTOU, French sculptors : Nicolas, 6. 9 Jan. 1658 ; d. i Feb. or May 1733. GuiLLAUME, brother, h. 1678 ; d. 22 Feb. 1746. GuiLLACME, son Of GulUaume, &. 1716 ; d. 13 July 1777, COUTHON, Georges, French politician; b. 1756; member of the convention; supported EobespieiTe, and fell with him; guillotined, 28 July 1794. COUTO, Diego de, Portuguese historian; *. 1542; d. 1616. COUTTS, Thomas, Scotch banker; b. 1735 ; a. 24 Feb. 1822. See Burdett, and Melton. COUYEEUE, see Le Couvrmr. COUZA, Alexander John; b. 1820; elected prince of Moldavia, Aug. 1858 ; of 'Wallachia, 17 Jan. 1859 ; after a revolution, abdicated 24 Feb. 1866 : d. 15 May 1S73. COVENTEY, sir John, m.p. ; .attacked and mutilated by the duke of Monmouth, and other courtiers, for commenting on the king's licentious- ncsii, 21 Dec. 1670 ; " Coventry's Act " passed ia consequence, 1671. COVENTEY, Thomas Coventiy, lord, lawyer; b. 1578 ; lord keeper, 1625 ; d. 13 Jan. 1640. COVEEDALE, MUes, *. 1485 or 1487; assisted Tyndale in the translation of the Bible, about 1532 ; his 0A\'n translation (the first complete printed English Bible) published 1535 ; bishop of E.xeter, 14 Aug. 1551-3; went to Geneva, and assisted in the Genevese Bible, 1557 ; retmned to England, 1558; d. 20 May 1567. , COWAED, William, physician, *. 1656; pub- lished " Thoughts on the Human Soul" (condemned to be burnt) 1702; d. about 1725. CO WELL, John, lawyer and antiquary, b, about 1554; pubUshed " Institutiones," 1605; "Interpreter," 1607 ; d. II Oct. 1611. COWLEY, Abraham, lyiio poet; b. 1618; published "Poems: the Davideis," &o., 1656; a founder of the Eoyal Society," 1660; d. 28 July 1667. COWLEY, Hannah, dramatist; 5. 1743 ; wrote "The Belle's Stratagem," 1782; "Bold Stroke for a Husband," &e. ; d. 11 March 1809. COWLEY, Henry "Wellesley, baron (brother of the duke of "Wellington), diplomatist; b. 20 Jan. 1773 ; baron, 21 Jan. 1828 ; ambassador at Madrid, Vienna, Paris, 1841-6; (?. 27 April 1847. Henky COWPEE 123 CRANBOENE EiCHAED, Msson, A. 17 June 1804; succeeded h'.s father, 27 Ai^ril 1847 ; ambassador at Paris, COWPEE, Edward, b. 1790; patented im- provements in 2>i"inting raachmerr, 1815; pro- lessor of mechanics at Etqo-'s ColleKe, Loncfon ; r?. 17 Oct. 1852. COWPEE, John Curtis, fa-agedian; 5. 7 June 18 W ; appeared at Liverpool as lago, 26 April 1858 : Aclelphi, 1862; at Lyceum, 1866; Drury Lane, 1867 ; Holiom theatre, i868. COWPEE, 'William, anatomist; 5. 1666; alleged discoverer of " Cowper's Glands," described in 1702 ; pubhshed" Anatomy ofthe Human Body," 1697; rf. 8 March 1709-10. COWPEE, TVilliam, first earl ; lord chancellor, 1706; d. 10 Oct. 1723. COWPEE, 'William, poet, nephew of the lord chancellor; b. 26 Nov. 1731 ; published "John Gilpm, ' 1783; "the Task," 1785; 'Toeins," 1788, COYNE, Joseph Sterling, L-ish dramatist; . 1S05; a projector of "Punch;" d. 18 July 1868 179s ; "Homer," 1791 ; d. 25 April 1800. CpWPEE-TEMPLE, Wiffiam Francis; b. 13 -fJeo. i8n ; president of board of health, Aug. i°S5-o ) first commissioner of works, 1860-6. COX, David, water-colour painter; b. 1705; d. 7 June 1859. COX, Edward "Wm., lawver; b. 1809; serjeant- at-law, 1868; deputy assistant judge, Middlesex, 1870 ; published " AVliat am I i " 1874 ; founded "I'sychological Society," 1875. COX, Francis Augustus, D.D., Baptist minister; i. 7 March 1783 ; published " Biblical Antiquities;" d. S Sept. 1853. COX, rev. George "Wm., m.a. ; b. 1827; pub- lished "Mythology of the Aryan Nations," 1870; "Histoiy of Greece," 1874. COX, or COXE, Leonard; published "Arte or Crafte of Ilhctoiicke," 1524; d. about 1549. COX, Richard, theologian, refonner ; b. 1499 ; preceptor to Edward TI. ; master of Eton school; bishop of Ely, 1559 ; translated parts of the New Testament in the authorised Bible; d. 22 Julv 1581. ■' COX, sir Richard, Irish judge and stntesman; 0. 1650; published "Hibeniia Anglicana;" "History of Ireland," 1689-1700; lord chancellor, Ireland, 1703-6; d. 3 May 1733. COX, "Wm. Sands, sm-geon; b. 1802; founded at Birmingham Queen's College, 1830; Queen's hospital, 1841. C0XCTE2Sr, Michel van, Flemish painter; b. 1499 ; . about 1780; d. 30 Sept. 1861. CUNNINGHAM, Peter (son of Allan), anti- ■^q-uary; i. 7 April 1816; published "Handbook of tondon," 1849-50-51; edited "'Works of Gold- smith," 1854; Walpole's Letters, 1857-q, &c. ; d. 1 8 May 1869. CUNNINGHAM, rev. ■William, e.d., Scotch ■clergyman; b. Oct. 1805; active supporter of the Free Church, 1843; succeeded Dr. Chalmers as priacipal of the new college, 1847; d. 14 Dec. 1 861. CUPANI, Francesco, Sicilian botanist; b. 1657; wrote "Pamphytum Siculum," published 1715; d. 1711. CUPER, Gisbert, Dutch critic; b. 1644; pub- lished works on Coins and Medals; d. 22 Nov. 1 716. CUEJEUS, Joachim, Silesian physician and •antiquary; b. 22 Oct. 1532; pubUshed "Annales SilesiEe," 1571 ; d. 21 Jan. 1573. CUEETON, WilKam, canon of "Westminster, ■ orientalist; b. 1808; published "Corpus Ignati- anum," 1849; " SpicUegium Syriacum," 1855; ■{i. 11 June 1864. CUEIO, Caius Scribonius, Roman orator and politician ; kindled the civil war between Pompey and Cossar ; killed at Utioa, B.C. 46. CUEIO, Ca:lius Secundus, Italian protestant ■scholar; b. i May 1503; d. 24 Nov. 1569. CUEL, Edmund, bookseller; obscene writer ■and libeller of Pope ; d. 1748. CURLING, Thomas BHzard, surgeon; b. Jan. 1811 ; president of Eoyal Medical and Chirui-gical Society, 1871. CURRAN, John Pliilpot, Irish orator ; b. 24 July 1750 : defended Hamilton Rowan and others, 1795; master of rolls in Ireland, 1806-15; d. u Oct. 1817. CUREIE, James, Scotch m.d. ; b. 31 M.iy 1756; published " Medical Eeports on Effects of "Water " m fevers, 1707-1804; ""Works of Robert Burns," 1800 ; d. 31 Aug. 1805. CURTIS. ^Mlliam, botanist ; b. 1746 ; pubUshed "Floi-a Londinfnsis," 1777, et seq. ; "Botanical Magazine," 1787-98 ; d. 7 July 1799. CURTIUS, brothers, German classic scholars : Ernest, &. 2 Sept. 1814 ; published " Peloponnesus," 1851-2 ; " Plistoiy of Greece " (translation, i868-74^) George, 5. 16 April 1820; t'ublished Greek gramniar, 185s, &0. CURTIUS, Marcus, a Eoman knight, tradition- ally said to have leaped into a chasm in the forum as an offering to the gods, B.C. 362. CURTIUS, Rufus, Quintus, Latin historian; wTote " Life of Alexander the Great ;" Jl.va. ist or 2nd century. CUR"WEN, John, liberal politician and active christian; agriculturist; b. 12 July 1756; assumed name of Curwen, 1790; opposed the Lowthers; M.r. for CarKsle, 1786; founded "Workington Agricultural Society, 1805; published "Hints on Agricultural Subjects," Jan. 1808; carried repeal of the salt dutj', 1822 ; d. 10 Dec. 1828. CUE"WEN, John, independent minister; b. 14 Nov. 1816 ; invented " new methods of teaching reading and singing," 1838-44; founded Tonic Sol- fa Association, 1853 ; and eoUege, 1862 ; published books on the system. CUSA (Cuss or Ctjsel), Nicolas de, German cardinal and philosopher ; b. 1401 ; d. 1464. GUSHING, Caleb, American statesman; b. 1800; attorney-general, 1855; counsel for settle- ment of "Alab.ama" claims, 1S72; published " Treaty of "Washington," 1873. CUSHMAN, Charlotte Saunders, American actress; {. 23 July 1816; appeared at Boston, U.S., 18 Apiil 1855 ; successful in London at Princess's, 1845; retired (at New York), 8 Nov. 1874; d. 18 Feb. 1876. CUSPINIANUS, Joannes (Spieshammer), Gei-man physician and historian; b. 1473; pub- lished " De Cassaribus atque Imperatoribus," 1540; d. 19 April 1529. GUST, sir Edward, b. 17 March 1794; pub- lished " Annals of the "Wars of the i8th and 19th centuries," 1862; ""Warriors of the Seventeenth Century," 1867-9. CUSTINE, Adam Philippe, comte de, French general ; b. 1 740; sent to command the anny of the Ehine; took "Worms, 2 Oct.; Mentz, 21 Oct.; Frankfort, 28 Oct. 1792 ; recalled ; accused of treachery; guillotined, 27 or 28 Aug. 1793. CUSTINE, Renaud Philippe, son, French soldier; b. 1760; aide-de-camp to his father; con- nected with the Girondists; guillotined, 3 Jan. 1794- CUTHBERT, St., bishop of Lindisfarne, 685 ; his remains transferred to Durham, 995. CUTHBERTSON, John, physicist; improved the air pump, 1787 ; and electric machine, 1798- 1810 ; d. after 1816. CTJVIEE 128 DALBBRG CUVIEE, Geoi-gpes Chretien Leopold Dagobert, baron, French natiu'alist; b. 23 Aug. 1769; ex- ammed and described fossil remains at Montmartre, near Paris, reconstituting the animals, 1798, etseq.; published "Anatomie Comparee," 1799; " Eegne Animale," i8i5; " Recherches sur les Ossements FossUes," 1821, et seq. ; d. 13 May 1832. CUVIEE, Frederic (brother of Georges), French natui-alist ; 5. 28 June 1773; published " Histou-e Naturelle des Mammiferes," 1824, et seq. ; d. 17 July 1838. CUYP, or Kryp, Albert, Dutch landscape painter ; b. 1605 ; d. after 1683. CTAXAEES, king of Media, succeeded liis father, Phraortes, li.c. 634 ; fought with Lydians, 615-610; d. 594. CTPEIANUS, Thascius Csecilius. St., Latin father ; b. about 200 ; bishop of Carthage, 247 ; ■wrote "de Disciplinfl Vii-giuum," 248; "deXJni- tate Ecclesice," 252 ; " de Lapsis," 252 ; " de Pati- entia," 256; retired from the persecution of Decius, 250 ; supported Cornelius agamst NoTatianus, 252 ; beheaded by Galerius Maximus, 14 Sept. 258. CYEILLUS, St., Greek father, bishop of Alex- andria, 412 ; riolently opposed Nestorius, 430-1 ; d. 444* CYEILLUS, St., b. about 315 ; bishop of Je- rusalem, 348 ; deposed and restored seTcral times, 358-381 ; d. 386. CYEUS, the elder, founder of the Persian em- pire ; b. about B.C. 592 ; defeated his grandfather, Astyages, king of Media, and became king, 550 ; conquered Lydia, 546 ; captured Babylon, 538 ; killed during war with the Massagetse, 529. CYETJS, the younger, satrap of Lydia, 407 ; attempted to dethrone his brother, Ai'taxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia, B.C. 404 ; killed at Cu- naxa, near Babylon, 401. CZAETOEYSKI, Polish princes in the service of Russia : Adam Casi.mie, B. i Dec. 1734 . d. 22 March 1S23 Adam George (son), h. 14 Jan. 1770; present at Aiisterlitz, 2 Dec. 1S05 ; at Tilsit . June 1807 President of the Polish national government 1S31 Resigned and emigrated 15 Aug. ,, d. 15 Julj' 1861 CZEEMAK, Johann Kepomuk ; Bohemian physician; b. 17 June 1828; modified and applied the laryngoscope; d. Sept. 1873. CZEENI-GBOEGE, " Black George ; " sol- dier; b. near Belgi-ade about 1775 ; entered French ai-my about 1791 ; captain of banditti, 1800; hospo- dar of Servia, 1803 ; fought with the Turks, 180G-8; defeated them, 24 July 1814 ; beheaded July 1817. CZEENY, Charles, pianist and composer ; b. 21 Feb. 1791; d. 15 July 1857. D. DACH, Johann, German painter, b. 1566; d. 1650. DACIEE, Andre, French scliolar ; b. 6 April 1651 ; educated, and mamed Ansa, daughter of Tanneguy-Leferre (J. March 1654), 1683 ; and both assisted in preparing the editions of the classics, "ad Usum Delphini;" she d. 17 Aug. 1720; he d. 18 Sept. 1722. DAGEE, Barbarina Brand, baroness, poetess and novelist; b. 1767; d. 17 May 1854. DACEES, admiral sir Sydney ; *. 1805 ; dis- tinguished before Scbastopol; admiral 1870; go- vernor of Green^^'ich hospital, 1872. D'AGINCOUET, Jean Baptiste Louis Georges Seroux, French archa;oIogist ; b. 5 April 1730; travelled in England and the continent, andstucficd works of art, 1777-9 ; commenced publishing " His- toii-e de I'Art par les Monuments," 1811 (com- pleted, 1823) ; published " Eecueil de Fragments de Sculpture Antique in Terre cuite," 1814; d. 24 Sept. 1814. DAGOBEET I.— III., kings of France . 1. &. about 600 ; king of Anstrasia, 622 ; of Neus- tria and Burgundy, 628 ; of Aqnilaine, 632 ; en- deavoured to diminish the power of the mayors of the palace, and the clergy . .d. 19 Jan. 638 S. grandson, h. 652 ; sent with his head shaved to Ireland by Grimoald, mayor of the palace, 639 ; assassin.ated .... . 679 3. h. 699; nominal king, 711 d. 715 DAGOBEET-EONTENELLE, Luc Simon Auguste, French general; b. 8 March 1736; d. 28 April 1794. DAGUEEEE, Louis Jacques Mande, French artist; b. 15 Nov. 1787; invented the diorama, ex- hibited at Paris, 11 J'nly 1822; united with Nice- phore Niepoein endeavouring to fix the image in the camera obscura, 1S26-33 ; produced the " da- guerreotype," Jan. 1839 ; d. 10, 12, or 17 July 1851. DAGUIN, Pierre Adolph, French phvsicist ; b. 4 Aug. 1814; published excellent "Traite de Phy- sique," 1856-59-67. DAHL, Johann Chiistian, Gennan landscape painter; i. 24 Feb. 1778; d. 14 Oct. 1857. DAHL, Michael, Swedish portrait painter; b. 1656; d. 20 Oct. 1743. DAHL, Vladimir Ivanovich, Russian scholar; b. 1802; completed his " Dictionary of the Living Russian Tongue," 1S66; d. Oct. 1872. DAHLGEEN, John A., American nav.al com- mander; b. about 1810; invented his shell gun, 1847 ; superintendent of the navy yard, lS!:9-63 ; commanded the ileet before Charleston, 1863; d. 12 July 1870. DAHLMANN, Friedrich Chi-istoph, Gei-man historian; b. 13 May 1785 ; professor at Gottingcn, 1829; banished for protesting against the king's arbitrary measures, 1837 ; deputy to national as- sembly, 1848 ; published " QucUen der Dcutschen Gesehichte," 1830: "Geschichte Danemarks," 1840-3 ; d. 5 Dec. 1S60. DAHN, Johann Conrad, German historian ; b 19 Nov. 1762 ; d. 1833. DAILLE, or DALl,.ffiiis, Jean, French pro- testant theologian; b. 6 Jan. 1594; "Traite de I'Emploi des Peres," published, 1632; d. ic. April 1670. DALBEEG, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von- b. 8 Feb. 1744; published "Researches on Natural History," 1773; " Chemical Experiments," 1783- archbishop and elector of Mayence, July 1802 ■ arch- D'ALBBBT 129 DAMIENS duke of Frankfort, 1810-13; d. 10 Feb. 1817. JoHANN Fhiedrich, brother, musical composer ; i. 17 May 1760; d. 26 July 1812. D'ALBEET, Carl, German composer of dance music ; 4. 1815. D'ALBEET. see Aliret. DAXBY, Isaac, seK-taugbt mathematician ; h. IJ44; assisted in ordnance survey, 1790-6; d. 14 Oct, 1824. DALBY, John "Watson, poet and essayist ; b. 11 Not. 1799; published "Poems," 1822 ; "Beath of Aguirre, 1825 ; "Tales, Songs, and Sonnets," 1865. DAIiE, Thomas, canon of St. Paul's, poet; i. 22 Aug. 1797; published "Poems," 1836; pro- fessor King's College, London, 1836-9; canon of St Paul's, 1843; dean of Eochester, Feb. 1870; d. 14 May 1870. D'ALEMBBET, see Alemhert. DALENS, Dyrck, Dutch painter ; b. 1659 ; d. 1688. DALGAENO, George, Scotch linguist; b. about 1625 ; published " Ars Signorum," describing a universal character, 1661 ; and " Didascalocophus, or the Deaf and Dumb Man's Lector," 1680; d. 28 Aug. 1687. DALHOUSIE, James Andrew Broun Eamsay, marquis of, Scotch statesman ; b. 22 April 1812 ; goYernor-general of India, 1847-56 ; (annexed the Tunjaub, 1849; Pegu, 1852; Oude, 1856, &c. ; the Ganges Canal made ; agriculture improved ; ad- ministrative reform) ; warden of cinque-ports, 1852 ; d. 19 Dec. i860. DALHOUSIE, Fox Maule Eamsay, earl of, Scotch statesman ; b. 22 April 1801 ; secretary at ■war, 1846-52 ; president of board of control, Feb. 1852 ; succeeded his father as lord Panmure, April 1852 ; minister of war, 1855 ; succeeded his cousin as earl of Dalhousie, 19 Dec. i860 ; d. 6 July 1874. DALIBEAY, Charles Tion, French poet; d. 1655. DAT.TNr Olof von, Swedish poet; b. 1708; d. 12 Aug. 1763. DALLAS, Alexander James, American states- maa; b. 1759 ; secretary of state, 1796; d, 1817. DALLAS, E. C, literary critic ; b. ; pub- lished " Poetics," 1852 ; " The Gay Science," 1866 ; see Ghjn. DALLAS, sir George, jurist and political ^vriter; b. 6 April 1758; served in India, 1776-82; d. 14 Jan. 1833. DALLAS, George Mifflin, American statesman; ^.10 July 1792; ambassador at St. Petersburg, 1837-44 ; vice-president U.S., 1845-9 '> **■ London, 1857-61; published " Letters from London," 1869; d. 31 Dec. 1874. DALLAWAY, rev. James, poet and antiquary; 6. 20 Feb. 1763; published "JEimuirieB into the Origin and Progress of Heraldry in England," 1793; (i. 6 June 1834. DALLEET, Thomas Charles Auguste, French ensineer; b. 6 Sept. 1754; proposed the use of -vertical boilers for steam engines; the screw pro- peller, &c. ; placed a steamboat on the Seine, 29 March 1803 ; (disregarded ; but recognised by the Academy, 17 March 1845) ; d. I June 1835. DALLINGr, see Bulwer. DALL' ONGAEO, Francesco, Italian poet and politician; b. 1808; a priest ; renounced the oilice ; published " FaviUa," a revolutionary journal ; a colleague of Garibaldi at Rome, 1848 ; iicd to Paris, July 1849; professor at Florence, about 1S60; d. 10 Jan. 1873. DALMASIO, Lippo, (Lippo deUe Jladone), Bolognese painter ; b. 1376; d. T410. DALEYMPLE, Alexander, brother of David, Scotch hydrographer; b. 24 July 1737; explored the Malay archipelago, 1760 ; constructed various charts; made hydrographer to the East India Com- pany, and afterwards royal hydrograjAer; dis- missed; published "Historical Collection of Voy- ages," &o., 1770; d. 19 June 1808. DALEYMPLE, David, lord Hailes, Scotch jurist and historian; *. 28 Oct. 1726; published " Annals of Scotland," 1776; " Memoirs relative to the History of Great Britain," 1762; d. 29 Nov. 1792. DALEYMPLE, John Hamilton, Scotch his- torian; b. I'jzS; published "Memoirs of Great Britain," 1771-3; d. i8lo. DALEYMPLE-HAMILTON, sir Hew; b. 3 Jan. 1774; signed the bases of the convention of Cintra, 22 Aug.a8o8; d. 23 Feb. 1834. DALEYMPLE, Scotch family : James, viscount Stair, great lawyer . 6. May 1610 President of Court of Session ... 7 Jan. 1671 Published " Institutes of Law of Scotland ' . 1681 Made viscount Stair, 1690 . . tZ. 25 Nov. 1695 John, son, &. about 1648 ; master of Stair ; ap- pointed lord advocate, 1687 and i6go; secre- tary of state 1690 Chief instigator of the Glencoe massacre 13 Feb. 1692 Compelled to resign 1695 Made earl of Stair .... 8 April 1703 A commissioner of the union . . . . 1 706 d. suddenly, 8 Jan. 1707 John, second earl, &. 20 July 1673 ; in early youtli accidentally killed his elder brother ; secretary of state for Scotland, 1692 ; entered the army, and served under Marlborough . 1701 ei seq. Ambassador in France .... 1715-20 Commander at victory of Dettingen . 16 June 1743 Greatly improved agriculture in Scotland d. 9 May 1747 D' ALTON, John, Irish antiquary; b. 1792; published " History of Dublin and its Archbishops,' 1838; " of Drogheda," 1844; "of Ireland, to 1245," 1845 ; ^' 20 Jan. 1865. D ALTON, John, chemist and meteorologist; {. 5 Sept. 1766; published " Meteorological Obser- vations and Essays," 1793; began researches on the atomic theory, 1803; published it in his "New System of Chemical Philosophy," 1808, 1810, 1827; d. 27 July 1844. DALY, sir Dominic, Irish statesman ; }. 1798 ; governor of Tobago, 185 1 ; of Prince Edward Is- land, 1859 ; of South Australia, 1861 ; d. 19 Feb. 1868. DAMASCENUS, Joannes, Greek ecclesiastical writer ; d. about 756. DAMASUS I., II., po?r« : 1, St., elected, 366 ; styled po-JtifT by Theodosius, 23 Feb. 380; d, 10 or I r Dec. 384. 2. enthroned, July; d. 8 Aug, 1084. DAMEE, hon. Anne SejTU' ur, sculptor; b, 1748 ; m. Mr. Damer, 1767 ; d. 28 May 1828. DAMIANO, Pietro, Italian cardinal ; b. about 988 ; ecclesiastic reformer ; d. 22 Feb. 1072. DAl^fTANTTS, saint and martyr, 303-311. DAMIENS, Eobert Franqois, French fanatic b. 1714; stabbed Louis XV., 5 Jan. 1757; executed with most cruel torture, and made no disci osui-e, 28 March 1757. DAMM 130 DANNHAUEE DAMM, Christian Tobias, German scholar ; i. Q Jan. 1699 ; his " Lexicon Homericum," pub- Hshed, 1776; d. 27 May 1778. DAMOISEATJ, Marie Charles Theodor, French astronomer ; b. 9 Api-il 1768 ; d. 8 Aug. 1846. DAMPIER, ■WilUam, navigator; b. l6i;2; made thi-ee voyages of discovery round the world ; 1673-91, 1699-1701, 1704-10; d. 1710. DAMPIEEEB, Auguste Henri Marie Picot, marquis de, French general; b. 1756; entered the army, 1791; wounded in Holland ; d. 9 May 1793. DAMPIEEEB, Guide, count of Flanders ; b. 1225 ; quarrelled with Philippe le Bel, of France ; the French under Kobert of Artois victors, 1297 ; defeated at Courtrai, 11 July 1302; failed to ar- range peace, 1303 ; d. in prison, 7 March 1305. DAMEEMONT, see Danremont. DANA, James Freeman, American chemist ; b. 23 Sept. 1793; published "Epitome of Chemical Philosophy," 1825 ; d. April 1827. DANA, James Dwight, mineralogist ; 5. 2 Feb. 1813; accompanied captain C. Wilkes in his ex- ploring expedition round the world, 1838-42 ; pub- lished " System of Mineralogy," 1837 ; " Manual of Geology, 1863 ; " Corals and Coral Islands," 1872. DANA, Eichard Henry, barrister; b. I Aug. 1S15; published "Two Tears before the Mast," July 1840 ; "Seaman's Friend," 1841 ; appointed ambassador in London, March; not approved by eenate, did not act, 1876. DANBT, Francis, A.n.A., Irish landscape painter; b. 16 Nov. 1793; A.R.A. 1825 . d. 17 Feb. 1861. — James Francis, son, artist; 0. 1S16 ; d. 22 Oct. 1875. DANBT, eai-1 of, see Osborne. DANBT, "William, moral philosopher; d. 4 Dec. 1833. DANCE, architects : George, erected Mausion-house, London, 1739-40 ; d. 8 Feb. 1768. George, son, b. 1740 ; employed on Newgate prison, 1770 ; St. LuJie's hospital, &c. ; d. 14 Jan. 1825. DANCEE, Daniel, miser; succeeded to his family estate and commenced the life of a hermit, 1736; d. 1794. DANCHET, Antoine, French dramatic poet; b. 7 Sept'. 1671 ; d. 21 Feb. 1748. DANCKELMANN, Eberhard Christoph, Prussian statesman ; 5. 1643; educated Frederick I. (the first king), and became his minister, 16S8 ; favoured the establishment of academies, &c. ; dis- graced and impidsoned, 1697 ; restored by Frederick William I. 1713; d. 1722. DANCKEETS family, Dutch ai-tista : Cornelius, &. 1561 ; d. about 1620. Danckert, b. 1600. John and Henry lived in the 17th century. DANCOUET, Florent Carton, French dra- matist; b. I Nov. i66i ; d. 6 Dee. 1726. DANDOLO, doges of Venice: Enrico, doge (blind), 1192 ; helped the crusaders to cap- ture Constantinople ; sent many relics to Venice, and acquired Candia and other isles, 1204 ; d. 1205. Giovanni, doge, 1280; d. 1289. Francesco, doge, 1327-39. Andrea, doge, 1343 ; extended the power of Venice ; retook Zara after a long siege ; humbled Genoa ; d. 9 Sept. 1354. DANDOLO, Vincenzo, conte, Venetian philo- sopher; b. 26 Oct. 1758; published "Fondamenti della Scienza Fisico-Chemica," 1796; "Hommes Noureaux," 1799; d. 13 Dec. 1819. DANDEE-BAEDON, Michel French painter and writer; b. 1700; d. 1783- Francjois, 14 April DANE, Nathan, American jurist; b. 1752; d. 1834. D.ANEDI, see Montalto. DANET, Pierre, French classical s.-holar edited some authors, and compiled a "Diotiou- arium Autiquitatum ad Usum Delphini," 1677 ; d. 1709. DANGEAU, Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de, French courtier, author of a journal; b. 21 Sept. 1638; d. 9 Sept. 1720. Louis, brother, abbe, scholar; b. Jan. 1643 ; d. 4 Jan. 1723. DANGEEPIELD, Thomas, inventor of the "meal tub plot" against James duke of York; gave infonnation, 23 Oct. 1679 ; discredited, May, June 1680 ; mortally wounded while being flogged for perjury, i June 1685. DANIGAN, Franqois Andre, French musical composer and chess-player, called " PMllidor ; " *. 7 Sept. 1727; d. 30 Aug. 1795. DANIEL, Jewish prophet; captive in Babylon, about B.C. 607 ; expounded Nebuchadnezzar's dreams, 603 and 580 ; and the handwriting on the wall, 538; promoted by Darius, 537. DANIEL I., prince of Montenegro; b. 25 May 1826; aided by Russia; oijposed his uncle Thomas; proclaimed prince, 1851; maintained war mth 'rurkey, 1852-3, June — Nov. 1858; go- verned tj'ranuically ; assassinated, 13 Aug. i860. DANIEL, Saints: I. Stylites, b. about 410: lived long on the top of a column near Constanti- nople; d. 490; II. martyred in Africa, 8 Oct. 1221. DANIEL, Pere Gabriel, French historian ; b. 1649; published "Histoire de France," 1713; d. 23 June 1728. DANIEL, Joseph Hemi, French sculptor; b. April, 1804. DANIEL, Samuel, historical poet; }. 1562; published " History of the Civil "Wars between the houses of York and Lancaster," 1595 ; d. 1619. DANIELL, John Frederick, chemist and me- teorologist; *. 12 March 1790; published "Meteoro- logical Essays," 1823; "Chemical Philosophy," 1839; "Researches on the Voltaic Battery," 1836- 42 ; invented a hygrometer, 1820 ; Voltaic pile with constant current, 1836; d. 13 March 1845. DANIELL, William, e.a., painter and en- graver ; *. 1769; travelled in India, 1783; pub- lished "Oriental Scenery," completed 1808; en- gaged in illustration of "Voyage round Great Britain," 1814-25 ; d. 16 Aug. 1837. DANNECKEE, Johann Heinrich von, Ger- man sculptor; b. 15 Oct. 1758; made sculptor to duke of Wurtemberg, 1780; works, "Ariadne on a Leopard," 1809; "Christ," 1816-24; "Psyche" 1821 ; " John the Baptist," 1826 ; d. 8 Dec. 1841. DANNEE, Louisa-Christina Easmussen, coun- tess; J. 21 April 1815; m. morganatically to Frederick VTI. of Denmark, 7 Aug. 1850. DANNHAUEE, Johann Conrad, German theologian; b. 1603; his " Christeis, sive Drama Sacrum, published 1696 ; d. i666. DANHEMONT 131 DAEU DANEESIONT, Charles Marie Denis, French general ; i. 8 Feh. 1 783 ; fought in the wars, 1804-13; adhered to Louis XVIII., 1815; killed at the siege of Constantine in Africa, 12 Oct. 1837. DANNSE (or, D'Annsb db Villoison), Jean. Baptiste Gaspard, French Hellenist; b. 5 March, 1750; d. 1805. DANTAN, French sculptors, brothers : An- TOiNE Laurent ; 4. 8 Deo. 1798. Jean Piekre ; b. 28 Dec. 1800 ; d. Sept. 1869. DANTE ALIGHIEEI, Italian poet; b. at Florence, 8 May 1265 ; d. at Ravenna, 14 Sept. 1321. His Platonic love, Beatrice, died .... 1290 As a democi-atic Guelph, present at tlie battle of Campoldino . .... June 1289 Married Gemma Donati, belonging to the Neri or Black party, at Florence ; as a prior of the city, carried a law exiling chiefs of both the Neri and Bianchi parties June 1300 On the Bianchis' return, ■with permission of Charles of An^jou, sent to Florence by the pope as peace- maker Nov. 1301 "Wliile he is at Rome on an embassy, his house de- stroyed, and Florence ravaged . . . 1301-2 Banished by decree, 17 Jan. ; condemned to be burnt 10 March 1302 Resided chiefly at Verona with Cane della Scale, where he wrote bis " Paradiso * . . 1308-16 Invited the emperor, Henry VII., to come to Flo- rence to give peace, by letter . . April 1311 V/audered about Italy, 1317-18 ; settled with Guide da Polenta, lord of Ravenna . . . 1319-21 "Wrote "La Vita Nuova," " La Monarchia ; " "La Divina Commedia," first printed .... 1472 Sixth centenaiy of his birth celebrated at Florence May 1865 DANTE, or Dakti, Egnazio, Italian mathe- matician; J. 1536; d. 1586. D ANTINE, Maur Francois, French Benedictine, antiquary and paleographer ; b. i April 1688 ; assisted in the preparation of Du Cange's " Glos- sarium," Boucjuet's " Eocueil des Historiens," and "I'Art de Verifier les Dates ; " (f. 3 Nov. 1746. D ANTON, Georges Jacques, French politician; .*. 28 Oct. 1759 : guillotined, 5 Api-il 1794. Became a friend of Mirabcau ; earnestly supported the revolution 1789 Helped to establish the revolutionaiy tribunal to judge and sentence without appeal 10 March 1793 And the committee of public safety . 6 April „ Attacked by the Girondists and the ultra part of the Mountain ; agreed to the proscription of the former June „ Quarrelled with Robespierre ; arrested, 30 March ; condemned, 2 April ; executed with Camille Des- inouhns and others . , . 5 April 1794 DANZI, Franz, Gei-man musical composer ; h. 15 May 1763; d. 13 April 1826. DAPPER, Olfert, Dutch geographer; pub- lished " Besciuyving van Amsterdam," 1663 ; many geographical works with good plates ; d. i6go. D'AEBLAT, Madame, see Burney. DAEBOT, Georges, archbishop of Paris ; b. 1813 ; made archbishop, 1863 ; published " Les Femmes de la Bible ; " murdered by Communists, 24 May 1871. DAEC (or D'Arc), Jeanne, "la Pucelle," the maid of Orleans; b. 6 Jan. 1412 ; burnt, 31 May 1431- Said to have heard a vol ?e from heaven command- ing her to go and deliver the kingdom, in the summer of 1425 Received by the kin^, Charles VII. . March 1429 Helped to raise the siege of Orleans . 18 May ,, And defeat the English at Patay . . 8 June „ Present at Charles's coronation at Rheims 17 July „ Taken prisoner by the Burg:undian8 in a sortie at Compiegne . . . . 23 May 1430 Her trial for heresy begun . . . 12 Jan. 1431 Condemned to perpetual imprisonment, having been made to sign a form of abjuration, 23 May ; sentenced to be burnt on recanting her submis- sion, 30 May ; burnt ... 31 May 1431 Her sentence annulled at Rouen , . 7 July 1456 DAECET, French chemists : Jeak; &, 7 Sept 1725; published "M6moire sur Taction a'un Feu," 1766 . . fE. 13 Feb. i8or Jean Pierre Joseph, son ; &. 31 Aug. 1777 ; ap- plied chemistiy to manufactures and the preser- vation of food . . . . (i. 2 Aug. 1844 Felix, his son ; 6. about 1807 . . cZ. 18 Dec. 1846 DAEQ-AN, William, Irish r-ilway contractor ; }. 1799; planned and supported ..ablin exhibition of 1853 ; d. 7 Feb. 1867. DARIUS I.— III., kings of Persia : 1. son of Hystaspes ; helped to put to death Smerdis ; chosea king, B.C. 521 : took Babylon after a revolt, 516 ; invaded Scythia, 513 or 508 ; defeated in his invasion of Greece, 490 . d. 485 2. Ochns, or Nothus, king, e.g. 423 ; repeated re- bellions ; lost Egypt, 414 . . d, 405 or 404 3. Codomannus ; made king by Bagoas, whom he put to death, b.o. 336 ; defeated by Alexander at , the Granieus, 2 May, 334 ; at Issus, Oct. 333 ; at Arbela, 10 Oct. 331 ; killed by Bessus . July 330 DAELEY, FeUx 0. C, American ai-tist; b. 23 June 1822; illustrated works of Washington Irving ; F. Cooper ; Dickens, c&c. DARLING-, sir Charles Henry, statesman ; b. 1809 ; appointed lieutenant-governor of Newfound- land, May 1855 ; governor of Jamaica, Feb. 1857 ; of Victoria, Australia, June 1863 ; his disputes with the legislative assembly begun July 1865 ; re- called 26 Feb. 1866 ; d. 25 Jan. 1870. DARLING, Grace; *. 1815; aided her father, James, lighthouse keeper of the Feni isles, in rescuing persons wi-ecked in the " Forfarshii-e," 6 Sept. 1838; d. 20 Oct. 1842. DAENLET, Hemy Stuai-t, earl of; b. 1541 ; married Mary, queen of Scots, his cousin, 29 July, I '555; promoted the murder of David Eizzio, 9 Itarch, 1566; blown up in the house at Kii-k of Field, early morning, 10 Feb. 1567. DAEQUIEE DE Pellepoix, Augustin, French astronomer; b. 23 Nov. 1718; published " TJranographie," 1781; d. 18 Jan. 1802. D'AEEEST, Heinrich Louis, German astro- nomer, director of observatory at Copenhagen ; b, 13 July 1822 ; discovered several comets ; one so named after him, 27 June 1851 ; planet Freia, 21 Oct. 1862; published results of his study of spectrum analysis of fixed stars up to June 1875 > d. 14 June 1875. DAET, John, antiquary ; published " Antiquities of Westminster Abbey," 1725 ; and of Canterbury cathedral, 1726. DAEU, Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno, comte, French statesman; historian, and poet; b. 12 Jan. 1767; made inteudant of the imperial household, 1805 ; minister of war, 1812; went to Eussia, 1812-13; published "la Cleopedie ; " *'Histoii-e de la E^- pubUque de Venise," 1819 ; " Histoii-e de Bretagne," 1826 ; d. 5 Sept. 1829. DAEU, Napoleon, comte, French statesman, son of preceding; 5. 11 June 1807 ; retned from the army, 1847; accepted the republic, Feb. 1848; vice-president of tlie assembly, 1850-1; protested against the coup d'etat, Dec. 1S51 ; re-entered thp assembly, July 1869 ; foreign minister luidei £2 DAEWIN 132 DAYID EL DAVID OlliTier, 2 Jan. — Aug. 1870; membei- of the assembly, Feb. 1871 ; published " Le Comte Beugnot," 1865. DAEWIN, Charles Robert, grandson of Eras- mus, naturalist; b. 12 >'eb. 1809; accompanied captain FitzRoy in the " Beagle," and circum- navigated the globe, Dec. 1831 — Oct. 1836 ; pub- lished a journal of the voyage ; " Origin of Species by Natural Selection," 1859 ; "Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," Feb. 1868 ; " Descent of Man," 1871 ; " Expression of the Emo- tions," 1872 ; " Insectivorous Plants," and " Climb- ing Plants," 1875; &c. DARWIN, Erasmus, physician, naturalist, and poet; b. 12 Dec. 1731; published "The Botanic Garden," a poem, 1781; " Zoonomia," 1 793-6 ; " Phytologia," 1800; d. 18 April 1802. DASBNT, George "Webbe, D.c.i., scholar; b. about 1818 ; published translation of the " Younger Edda," 1842; "Norsemen in Iceland," 1855; " Story of the Burnt Njal," 1861 ; " Annals of an Eventful Life," 1871 ; edited Cleasby's " Icelandic- English Dictionary," 1874; knighted 27 June 1876. DASHKOV, Ekaterina Romanovna, learned Russian princess; b. 1744; partook in the con- spiracy against Peter III., July, 1762 ; discontented with her reward; retired to Moscow; visited Voltaire, 1771 ; made president of the new Russian academy, 1784 ; resigned her offices, 1796 ; d. 4 Jan. 1810. DASSIBE, Swiss medaUists : Jean ; &. 1676 ; engraved nied.als of the "Grands Homines du Siecle de Louis XXV.," 1718 ; visited cand worlced in England, 1728; at Turin, 1743; d. Oct. 1763. Jacqueb Antoine, son ; h. Oct. 1715 ; worked for the British Mint ; d. at Copenhagen, 1759. DATI, Agostino, Italian orator and historian; b. 1420; d. 6 April 1478. DATI, Carlo (sumamed " Smaiiito "), Floren- tine philologist; b. 2 Oct. 1619 ; d. 11 Jan. 1676. DAUBENTON, Guillaume, b. 1648 ; French confessor of Philip V. of Spain; dismissed, 1706; recalled, 1716; d. 1723. DAUBENTON, touis Jean Marie, French mineralogist; b. 29 May 17 16; assisted BufJbn in his great work, 1741, et seq. ; d. i Jan. 1800. DAUBBNT, Charles Giles Bridle, naturalist and chemist; J. 11 Feb. 1795 ; medical student at Edinburgh, 1815-18 ; professor of chemistry at Oxford, 1822-55 ; professor of botany, 1834 ! 'ra- velled in North America, i8'l7-8; president of British Association, 1856; published " Description ofVolcanos," 1826 and 1848; "Introduction to the Atomic Theory," 18^-1850; "Lectures on Climate," 1863 ; A. 13 Dec. 1867. DAUBERMESNIL, Jean Louis Marie Vilain, French politician; joined the Girondist party at the revolution ; escaped proscription ; founded the sect of " Theophilanthropists," (lovers of God and men), 1796; whose form of worship was established at Paris, 1797; and prohibited, 3 Oct. 1800; d. 1802. D'AUBIGNE, see Merle IfAubignL DAITBEEE, Paul, French mineralogist ; b. 25 June, 1814. DAUDIN, FranQois Marie, French naturalist ; b. 25 March, 1 774; with the help of his wife, an artist, published "Traite d'Omithologie," 1799- 1800; and " Histoii-e NatureUe des Reptiles," 1802- 4; d. 1804. DAUM, Christian, German scholar; h. 29 March 1612; d. 15 Dec. 1687. D'AUMALB, see Aumale, DAUMEE, Georg Friedrich, German philoso- pher; b. 5 March 1800; published " Urgeschichte des Menschengeist" ("Primordial History of the Human Mind"), &c., 1827; "Sketch of a New Philosophy of Religion," &e. DAUMESNIL, Pierre, baron, French general; b. 14 July 1777; refused to surrender Vincennes to Blucher for three million francs, 1815 ; preserved Charles X. and his family from the populace, Aug, 1830; d. 17 Aug. 1832. DAUN, Leopold Joseph Maria, Austrian gene- ral ; b. 23 Sept. 1 705 ; defeated Frederick the Great at Kolin, 18 June 1757; and at Hochkirchen, 14 Oct. 1758; defeated at Leignitz, 15 Aug., and wounded at Torgou, 3 Nov. 1760 ; d. 5 Feb. 1766. DAUNOU, Pierre Claude Framjois, French political wiiter and jurist; b. 18 Aug. 1761 ; op- posed the trial of Louis XVI., Sept. 1792 ; pub- lished "Essai sur I'lnstruction Publique," 1793: elected president of the convention, 3 Aug. 1795; retired, Dec. 1795; assisted in the preparation of the "Historiens de France," &c. ; d. 20 June 1840. DAVANZATI, BosticM, named "the Silent," Florentine writer ; b. 30 Aug. 1529 ; d. 20 March 1606. D'AVENANT, Charles, son of sir 'VVmiam, political economist ; b. 1656 ; published " Essay on Ways and Means of Supplying the War," 1695 ; made inspector-general of expoi*ts and imports, June 1703; d. 6 Nov. 1714. DAVENANT, John, theologian; b. about 1576 ; bishop of Salisbury, 1621 ; d. 20 April 1641. DAVENANT, sir 'Wmiam, poet and dran^atist ; b. Feb. 1605 ; fought for Charles I., 1641, et seq. ; taken prisoner; his life saved by intercession of Milton; published "Gondibert," 1651 ; d. 7 April 1668. DAVID, king of Israel, anointed by Samuel; killed Goliath about 1063 ; king of Judah, 1056; king of Israel, 1048 ; d. 1015. DAVID, prince of Armenia ; b. about 960 ; d. about 1046. DAVID III., the Strong, king of Georgia, 1089 ; victorious over invaders ; tolerant to Moham- medans; d. about 1 1 24. DAVID I., II., kings of Scotland : 1. king . . .27 April 1124 Favoured legislation and the clmrch ; visited Henry I. of England 1126 Invaded England : defeated at the battle of the Standard, near Northallerton 22 Aug. 1138 Knighted Henry, son of Maud, 1149 d. 24 May 1155 3. son of RoliPrt Bruce . 6. 5 March 1323 King (under a recent) ... 7 June, 132^ At invasion of Edward Baliol, fled to France . 1332 Returned from France 1341 Invaded England ; defeated by queen Pliilippaat Nevill's Cross, near Durham, and taken pri- soner 17 Oct. 1346 Released, Nov. 1357 . . . d. 22 Feb. 1371 DAVID BL DAVID (David the king), Jewish impostor, claimed to be the Messiah ; prepared for an insurrection in Persia ; assassinated about 1161. DAVID DAVID, Felicien C^sar, French musical com- poser; b. 8 March 1810; published "Melodies Orientales," 1835; his "Desert," performed 1844 ; d. 29 Aug. 187b. DAVID, Pranijois Anne, French engraver ; b. 1 74 1 ; published "Antiquites de Herculaneum," 1780-1803; "Museum de Florence," 1783-1805, &o. ; d. 2 April 1824. DAVID - GEORGE, Flemish theologian, founder of Davidists; b. about 1501 ; came to Eng- land with lord treasurer Howard, 1524; acquainted ■with Lutheranism ; joined the anabaptists, about 1534; d. at Basel, 26 Aug. 1556. .DAVID, Jacques Louis, French painter, re- viver of French art; b. 31 Aug. 1748; by order of the constituent assembly painted " Serment du Jeu de Paume," 1791 ; became an ardent republican, 1792; arrested by Eobespierre; released, 24 Oct. 1795 i named his first painter by Napoleon I., 1804 ; d. 29 Dec. 1825. DAVID, baron Jerome Frederic Paul, grandson of preceding, statesman ; b. 30 June 1823 ; a con- servative ; vice-president of the legislative assembly, 1867-9 i minister of works under PaUkao, 10 Aug. 1870. DAVID, Jean Pieire, French sculptor of Auj^ers, Mend of David the painter; b. 12 March 1789 ; his " Epaminondas " won the prize at Paris, 181 1 ; rf. 4 Jan. 1856. DAVID DE POMIS, Jewish rabbi and physi- tian; b. 1525; published a Hebrew and Latin lexicon, 1557 ; d. about 1600. DAVIDIS, Franz, Hungarian Socinian theolo- gian; b. about 15 10; modified the Socinian doc- trines, and imprisoned, 1571 ; d. 6 June 1579. DAVIDS, Arthur Lumley, linguist ; b. 28 Aug. iSi I ; went to Constantinople ; published a Tui-kish grammar, 1832 ; d. 19 July 1832. DAVIDSON, American poets, sisters : liUCBETiA.MAniA, 6. 27 Sept. 1808 ; d. 27 Aug. 1825. JIaegahet, &. 26 March 1823 ; d. 25 Nov. 1838. DAVIDSON, John, Irish traveller; b. about 1800; began to explore the world, 1826; mur- dered near Timbuctoo, 18 Dec. 1836. DAVIDSON, Samuel, d.d., Irish bibKcal scholar; b. 1807; professor at Lancashire Inde- pendent College, 1842 ; published " Biblical Criti- cism," 1843; "Introduction to New Testament," 1848-51-68; "to Old Testament," 1862; "Versions of Old and Ifew Testament," 1873-5. DAVIDSON, Thomas, Scotch geologist; b. 17 May 1817; the "British Fossil Braohiopoda," pub- lished by the Palseontographical Society, 1851-71. DAVIEL, Jacques, French oculist ; i. 1 1 Aug. 1696; d. 30 Sept. 1762. DAVIBS, sir John, statesman and poet; b. 1570; published "Nosce Ipsum," 1599; went to Ireland ; speaker of the first parhament ; published "Discovery of the true Causes why Ireland has never been subdued," &c., 1612; "Orchestra" (a poem on dancing), 1596; d. 7 Dec. 1626. DAVIBS, John, Welsh antiquary; published " Dictionariuin Britannico-Latinum, 1632; d. about 1644. DAVIES, rev. John Llewelyn; b. 26 Feb. 1826; rector of Christ Church, Marylebone, 1856; pub- lished " Theology and Morality," 1873. DAVIES, rev. "Walter, Welsh poet ; b. 15 July 1761 ; d. 5 Dec. 1849. 133 DAVY DAVILA, Enrico Caterina, Italian historian; b. 30 Oct. 1576; his "Historia delle Guerre Civile di Francia, printed, 1630 ; murdered, about July 1631. DAVILA, Pedro Franco, Peruvian naturalist ; formed museums at Paris and Madrid; d. 1785. DAVIS, Edward, buccaneer chief; ravaged the coasts of Peru and ChiU, 1684-5 i ^"^'^ ^° ^^^^ discovered " Terra Australis ; " retm-ned to England at the amnesty granted by James IT., 1688. DAVIS, Edwin Hamilton, American arehseoi logist ; J. 22 Jan. 181 1 ; studied monuments of the Ohio Valley, with E. G. Squier ; published "Monu- ments of the Mississippi Valley, 1848. DAVIS, Henry Wm. Banks, painter; b. 26 Aug. 1833; exhibited " Eough Pasturage," 1861 "Dewy Eve," 1870; "Summer Afternoon," 1873, &c. ; A.K.A., Jan. 1873; "Greenery," and "Mares and Foals," 1876. DAVIS, Jefferson, American statesman; b. 3 June 1808 ; secretary at war under president Pierce; elected president of the confederate states of the South, 4 Feb. 1861 ; at the fall of Richmond, fled, Apiil; made prisoner, 10 May, 1865 ; released; went to Canada, May 1867 ; arrived at Liverpool, 4 Aug. 1868 ; included in amnesty, 25 Dec. 1868. DAVIS, John, navigator, commander of the expedition in search of North- West passage, 7 June 1585 ; discovered Davis's Strait, Aug. 1585 ; under- took other voyages ; discovered Davis's southern isles, Aug. 1592 ; killed by pirates on coast of Malacca, 27 or 29 Dec. 1605. DAVIS, sir John Francis; b. 1795; went to China with lord Amherst, 1816 ; joint-commissioner with lord Napier, 1834; published " the Chinese," 1836; "Sketches of China," 1841, and other works ; plenipotentiary at Hong Xong, 1843-8 ; baronet, 1845; k.c.e., 1854. DAVIS, Nathan, traveller in Africa; b. about 1812; published "'Tunis," 1841; "Evenings in my Tent," 1854; "Carthage and her Eemains," 1861. DAVISON, see Goddard. DAVISON, William, statesman; secretary of state under Elizabeth, 1586; fined and impiisoned for forwarding the warrant for the execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587-1603; d. 21 or 22 Deo. 1608. DAVOUT, or DAVOTJST, Louis Nicholas, due de Auei^tadt, prince d'Eckmiihl, French marshal; b. 10 May 1770; d. I June 1823. Defeated Prussians under dute of Brunswick, at Auerstadt, 14 Oct. 1806 ; the Austrians at Eck- muhl 22 April 1809 Successfully defended Hamburg, 30 May 1813, to April 1814 Minister of war to Napoleon ; created immense re- sources March— June 1815 Commanded the French army after Waterloo ; pre- pared for battle ; submitted to Louis XVIII. 14 July „ Re-entered the chamber of peers . , . .1813 DAVY, Edmund, chemist, cousin of sir Hum- phry ; b. about 1785 ; assistant at Eoyal institution laboratory, 1807-12; professor of chemistry at Cork, 1813-26 ; d. 5 Nov. 1857. DAVY, sir Humphry, chemist and physicist; h. 17 Deo. 1778; d. 29 May 1829. Apprenticed to a surgeon and apothecary . , 1795 Assistant to Dr. Beddoes' Pneumatic institution 1798 Assistant lecturer at Royal Institution, London, 1801 ; professor of chemistry there . . ,1802 DAVY 134 DE FOE Decomposed the fixed alkalies and the earths by the voltaic battery, and produced potassium, 6 Oct. ; sodium a few days after . . . 1807 Decomposed the earths, and produced calcium, barium, and strontium 1808 Knighted ; and married Mrs. Apreece . 11 April 1812 Invented his safety-lamp .... 1815 Produced lithium ... ... 1818 Sent to Naples to examine the MSS. of Hercula- neum „ Made a baronet ... . . 20 Oct. ,, President of Royal Society . . . 1820-7 DAVY, John, M.D., brother of sir Humphry, physicist ; b. 24 May 1791 ; published the collected works of his brother, 1839-40 ; d. 24 Jan. 1868. DATYS, George, bishop of Peterborough; b. 1780; preceptor to princess Victoria, since queen; consecrated, 1839 ; d. 18 April 1864. DAWE, George, painter; b. 8 Feb. 1781 ; E.A., 1814 ; published " Life of Geo. Morland," 1807 ; d. 15 Oct. 1829. DAWES, Kiohard, classical scholar; b. 1708; published " Miscellanea Critica," 174S; d. 21 March 1766. DAWES, Tery rev. Eichard, promoter of secular education of the lower classes; i. 1792; dean of Hereford, 1850 ; d. 10 March 1867. DAWKINS, "Wm. Boyd, geologist ; b. 26 Dec. 1838 ; employed on the survey, 1862 ; published " Cave Hunting," 1874, and many papers. DAWSON, John Wm., geologist; b. in Nova Scotia, Oct. 1820 ; principal of McGill University, Montreal, 1855; published "Acadian Geology," 1855-08 ; " Story of the Earth and Man," 1872 ; discovered the Eozoon Canadense (oldest known form of ani:nal life), in Laurentian limestone, 1868. DAY, George Edward, M.D., chemist ; b. 1815 ; author of " Chemistry in its relations to Physiology and Medicine," i86o; d. 31 Jan. 1872. DAY, Jolm, printer ; b. 1522 ; piirited " Foxe's Acts and Monuments," 1562 ; d. 23 July 1584. DAY, Thomas, poet and philosopher; b. 1748; published " Sandford and Mertou, 1783-9 ; d. 28 Sept. 1789. DEACON, Henry, manufacturing chemist; b. 30 July 1822 ; invented a new continuous process for the production of chlorine by the action of heated salts (of copper, &c.,) on heated mixtures of hydro- chloric acid gas and oxygen, 1868 ; d. 23 July 1876. DEAK, Ferencz, Hungarian statesman; b. 1803; minister of justice under Bathyani, 1848; retired from public fife, 1849; leader of the moderate party in the diet, demanding restoration of autonomy, l86o-56 ; successful, 1867 ; d. 28 Jan. ; state funeral, 3 Feb, 1876. DEAN, Amos, American jurist; b. 16 Feb. 1803 ; published " History of Civilization," 1868- 69 ; d. 26 Jan. 1868. DEANE, sir Thomas, Ii-ish architect; *. 1792 ; greatly improved Cork ; knighted, 1830 ; d. 2 Oct. 1871. DEASY, Eichard, Irish judge ; b. 1812 ; solici- tor-general for Ireland, Jime 1859; attorney- general, Feb. i860; baron of the exchequer, Jan. i85i. DE BEEIOT, see Beriot. DB BONALD, see Bonald. DEBOEAH, Jewish prophetess; delivered Israel about B.C. 1296. DEBEY, Jean Antoine, French statesman ; h. 1760 ; d. 1834. DEBUEE, Guillaume Francois, French book- seller ; b. 1731 ; published " Uibliographie In- structive," 1763; d. 15 July, 1782. DECAISNB, Joseph, Belgian botanist; *. 7 March 1807. DECAMPS, Alexandre Gabriel, French land- scape and animal painter ; b. 1803 ; " Passage du Gue," much valued ; d. 22 Aug. 1860. DEOANDOLLE, see CandoUe. DECAZES, EUe, due de, French statesman ; b. 28 Sept. 1780; minister of police to Louis XVIII., 1815 ; as minister of the interior, promoted agriculture, manufactures, &c., 1818; president of the council, 1819 ; retired from the embassy at London, Dec. 1821 ; d. 24 Oct. i860. DECAZES, Louis Charles Elie Amanieu, due de, son of preceding ; b. g May, 1819 ; a leading member of the right centre ; foreign minister, Nov. 1873 ; re-appointed, March 1S75. DECEBALUS, Dacian chief; long resisted the Eomans under Doinitian and Trajan. Suicide, to avoid capture, 105. DECHILES, Claude Francois Milliet, French mathematician; edited " EucUd ; " b. 1621; d. 28 March 1678. DECITJS, made emperor of Home by the army of Moesia ; defeated Pliilip near Verona, about Oct. 249; defeated and slain by the Goths, Not. 251. DECITJS MTJS, Eoman hero ; devoted him- self to the Dii Manes during a battle with the Latins about B.C. 338. His son, in a battle with the Gauls, 295, and his gi*andson, in the wai- with Pyrrhus, followed Ms example, B.C. 280. DECKEE, see Belcher. DEE, John, alchemist, mathematician, and as- tronomer ; b. 13 July 1527 ; came to England ; well received, 1551; consulted by Elizabeth and her ministers, 1558 ; took Edward KeUy as assistant, 1581 ; visited the emperor Eudolph II., 1582 ; war- den of Manchester college, 1595 ; d. Dec. 160S. DEEEING, John Peter, r.a., architect; b. 1780; originally named Gandy; m.p. for Ayles- bury ; d. 2 March 1850. DEEFAND, or DeitAnt, Marie de Vichy Chamrond, marquise du, witty French woman; friend of Horace "Walpole and Voltaire ; b. 1697 ; married marquis du Defiand, 1718; d. 24 Sept. 1780. DE FOE, Daniel, (son of James Foe) ; b. about 1663 ; d. 24 April 1731. Voluminous miscellaneous writer ; strongly op- posed to the Stuai-ts, Catholicism, and the church ; joined duke of Monmouth ; escaped . 1685 For his "True-born Englishman," favoured by king William III 1701 Fined, pilloried, and imprisoned for his "Shortest Way with Dissenters" (as a libel on the high church), 29-31 July; wrote "Hymn to the Pil- lory" 1703 Employed by Godolphin in negotiating the union with Scotland, and pensioned .... 1706-7 Fined and imprisoned for his pamphlet, "And what if the Pretender should come t " and " What if the Queen die?" released . . . Nov. 1713 Gave up political writing; published "Weekly Review," 1704-13; "Apparition of one Mrs. Veal," 1705 ; " Bohinsou Crusoe," first part, 1719 ; " Family Instructor," 1715 ; " Captain Singleton," and " Duncan Campbell," 1720 ; 1724 ; '' The Fortunate Mistress, Eoxana," 1724 ; "PoliticalHistory of the Devil" . . . .1726 DE GEET 135 DELUO DE GUBY, see Sijion. DEIOCES, or CyaxAEES, founder of the Median empire about B.C. 711 ; built Eobatana. DEIOTAEUS, tetrai-ch of Gallo-Gr£ecia or Galatia, ally of Eome ; made king about B.C. 63 ; defended by Cicero from the charge of attempting to assassinate Julius Ciiesar, 45. DEKKEE, or DECKER, Jeremias de, Dutch poet ; b. 1610; d. Nov. 1666. DEKKEE, or Deckeb, Thomas, dramatist ; ■m'ote "Old Fortunatus," 1600; " Satiro-mastix," 1602 ; " Honest Whore," 1604 ; " Northward Hoe " and ""Westward Hoe,'' 1607, &o. ; " Gul'a Home- look," 1609; A^ about 1641. ' DE LA BECHE, sir Henry Thomas, geolo- gist ; b. 1796 ; d. 13 Apiil 1855. Inblished a paper "on the Geology ot Jamaica" . 1S26 "How to Observe in Geology " .... 1835 Promoted establishment of the Museum of Practi- c^il Geology, and iirst director . . . „ Established Geological Survey, and School of Mines ; united ... . . 1845 Iresident of the Geological Society .... 1849 rublished " Geological Observer " .... 1851 DE LA CEOIX, Ferdinand Victor Eugene, Irench romantic painter ; i. 26 April 1799; works: "Dante and Vii-gil," 1799; "Milton dictating laradise Lost," 1827; " Eichelien," 1828, &c. ; d. 13 Aug. 1863. DELAMBEE, Jean Baptiste Joseph, French astronomer; b. 19 Sept. 1749; with Mechain measxued an arc of the meridian between Uimkirk and Barcelona, the base of the decimal metric sys- tem, 1792, et scq., pubUshed, 1806-10; published "Histoire de I'Astronomie," 1817-21-27; d. ig lug. 1822. DELANDINE, Antoine Francois, French political writer; b. 6 March 1756; published " His- toires des Assemblees Nationales de France," 1788 ; Toted with the monarchical party in the states- general, 1789; d. 5 May 1820. DELANE, John Thaddeus, b. Oct. 1817; as- sistant to T. Barnes, editor of the " Times," 1839 ; editor, 1841. DELANGLE, Claude Alphonse, Frenchstates- man; b. 6 April 1797; supported Louis Napoleon, 1848-52 ; employed by him ; minister of interior, 5 June _ 1858 ; of justice, 5 May 1859 — 23 June 1863 ; vice-president of the senate, 18 Oct. 1863 ; d. 21 Deo. 1869. DELANX, Mary, wife of dean Delany; b. 1700; WTote her"LLfe," published 1861-2; d. ic. April 1788. DE LA POLE, see Fole. DE LA EIVE, see £a Sive. DE LA EOCHE, Hippolyte (called Paul), Prench historical painter; b. 17 July 1797; painted "Cromwell contemplating the body of Chanes L," 183 1 ; "Lady Jane Grey," V. 1856. 1834; "Strafford," 1837, &c. ; d. 4 Nov. 185' DE LA EITB, Gervais, abbe, French his- torian; b. 1751 ; published " Essais Historiques sur les Bardes," &c., 1834; d. 1835. DE LA EUE, Thomas, manufacturer; b. in Guernsey, 1793 ; greatly improved manufactures connected with stationery and printing ; d. 7 June 1866. DE LA EUE, ■Wan-en, D.C.L., son, chemist and astronomer; b. about 1815; in Spain photo- graphed the solar eclipse, 18 July i860 ; also the moon, Saturn, Mars, and other planets since. DELAUN AY, Charles Eugene, French mathe- matician; b. 9 April 1816; professor at Ecole des Mines, 1845-50 ; director of the Paris Observatory, 2 March 1870 ; published " Cours d' Astronomic," 1853; "Cours de Mecanique," 1854-6; "Theorie de la Lnue," 1860-7 ; drowned at Cherbourg, 5 Aug. 1872. DBLAVIGNE, Jean Francois Casunir, French lyric and dramatic poet; b. 4 April 1793; wrote " Les V^pres Siciliennes," "Comediens, "I'Eoole des Tieillards," &c. ; d. II Dec. 1843. DELAUNEY, Enamanuel Louis Henry, comte d'Antragues, Bourbonist political agent; assas- sinated at Barnes, Sun-ey, by his Italiau servant, 3 Jtily 1812. DELEPIEEEE, Joseph Octave, Belgian his- torian ; b. 1804 ; consul in London, 1849 ; published "Precis des Annales de Bruges," 1835; " Belgique Hlustree," 1840: "Marie de Bourgogne," 1841 ; " Maoaroneana," 1862. DELEUZE, Joseph Philippe Francois, French naturalist; b. March 1753; translated Darwin's "Loves of the Plants," 1799; Thomson's "Sea- sons," i8oi ; d. 31 Oct. 1835. DB L'EPEE, see Upee. DELES8EET, Benjamin, French banker and philanthropist; li. 14 Feb. 1773; promoted the es- tablishment of savings' banks, and encoui'aged the arts and sciences ; d. i March 1847. DELEICO, Melchiore, Neapolitan lawyer, his- torian, and legal reformer; b. i Aug. 1744; d. 21 June 1835. DELILLE, Jacques, abbe, French poet ; b. 22 June 1738 ; translated " Virgil," Milton's " Paradise Lost," Pope's "Essay on Man;" wrote "Lea Jardins," 1782; " L' Imagination ; " d. I May 1813. DE LISLE, see lisle. DELITZSCH, Franz, b.b., German theolo- gian ; b. 23 Feb. 1813; professor at Eostook, 1846; at Erlangen, 1850; at Leipsic, 1867; published "History of Jewish Poetry," 1836: " Biblico-Pro- phetical Theology," 1845 ; " Commentary on Ha- bakkuk. Song of Solomon, and Genesis," &c., 1843-52. DELITJS, Christoph Traugott, German minera- logist; b. 1728; published, in German, a " Treatise on the Origin of Mountains," 1770; d. 21 Jan. 1779- DELITJS, Heinrich Friedrich, German physi- cian ; b. 8 July 1720 ; d. 22 Oct. 1791. DELLA MAEIA, Domenico, Italian musical composer; b. 1768; d. 9 March 1800. DELLA EOBBIA, see Jiobbia. DELMONT, Deodato, Flemish painter; 5. 1581 ; d. 25 Nov. 1634. DELOLME, Jean Louis, Genevese writer ; b. about 1740; lived long in London by literary work; published his work on the " Constitution of Eng- land," in French, 1771 ; in English, 1775; "His- tory of the Flagellants," 1782 ; d. 16 July 1806. DELOEME, Philibert, French architect; 5. about 1518; employed by Francis I. and Henry II. in the construction of Fontainebleau ; published " Nouvelles Inventions pour bieu batir a petit frais," 1551 ; d. 1577. DELUC, Jean Andre, Genevese physicist and geologist; 4. 8 Feb. 1727; discovered the maximum density of water, 1772 ; published " Eecherches but DEMADES 136 DENISON I'Atmospliere," 1772; " Lettres Physiques," 1778 ' " Voyages Geologiques," 1810-13; (f. 8 Not. 1817. DEMADES, Athenian orator, partisan of Philip in opposition to Demosthenes ; interceded with Alexander and saved the orators, B.C. 335 ; killed by Antipater for attacking him in a letter to Pcrdiccas, 318. DEMETEIUS I., II., kings of Macedon: 1. Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, king of Asia ; &. about B.C. 338 ; fought under his father, 317, etseq. Made king by his father 306 Besieged Rhodes without success . . . . 305 Liberated Greece from Ptolemy and Cassander, and nominated commander-in-chief of all Greece 303 Defeated by Lysimachus and Scleucus, and his father slain at Ipsus .... .301 Eejected by the Athenians; besieged and took Athens 295 Caused Alexander to be assassinated, and became king of Macedon 294 Attempted to recover Asia ; unsuccessful : sur- rendered himself pi-isoner to Seleucus, 286 ; d, 283 Q. son of Antigonus Gonatas, son of Demetrius I. ; king, 239 . d. 229 DEMETRIUS, son of PhiUp T. of Macedon ; given up as a hostage to the Romans, B.C. 198 ; re- stored, 193; accused by his brother Perseus, and put to death about 178. DBMETEITTS I.-III., khigs of Syria : 1. Soter ; long a hostage at Rome ; king, 162 : de- feated and killed by Alexander Balas . . . 150 2. Nicator, son; recovered the kingdom, 146; de- feated and taken prisoner by Trj^ihon, 138 ; re- covered his kingdom, iz8 ; said to have been as- sassinated by his wife Cleopatra . . . 125 3. Eucaims ; king . .... 95-83 DEMETRIUS CTDONIUS, Greek theolo- gical writer, about 1384. DEMETRIUS PHALEEEUS, Athenian statesman, orator, poet, and philosopher ; i. about B.C. 345: made governor of Athens by Casander, 317 ; fled at approach of Demetrius Poliorcetes, 307 ; d. soon after 283. DEMETRIUS, Russian grand dukes : 1. the Terrible, 1276 ; expelled by his brother Andrew 1294 2. 1322 ; killed his father's murderers ; put to death by Usbeck, khan of the Tartars . . . 1325 3 1360-63 4. &. 1349 ; grand duke, 1359 ; defeated the Tartars in a great battle, Sept. 13S0 ; Moscow taken by them, 26 Aug. 1382 ; made the tlurone hereditary ; d. 1389 DEMETRIUS, son of Ivan I V. , czar of Russia ; h. 1581 ; either murdered, or killed himself by accident, 15 May 1591. DEMETRIUS, (Dmtri), the false czar : Appeared in Poland declaring himself to ha the murdered Demetrius 1603 Helped by the Poles ; defeated prince Feeder and the Russians Dec. 1604 Accepted by the Russians on the death of the czar Boris April 1605 Killed during the insun-ection termed " the m.atins of Moscow" 28 May 1606 DEMETZ, Frederic Auguste, French lawyer, philanthi-opist ; b. 12 May 1796 ; studied the peni- tentiary system in America, 1836; founded the re- formatory system in an agricultural colony at Mettray, near Tours, 22 Jan. 1840 ; helped to in- troduce into Great Britain ; guest of the queen, 1855 ; published " Societe Patemelle," 1839 ; d. Nov. 1873. DEMIDOFP, Anatoli, comte, learned Russian; i. 1812 ; publisliod " Voyage dans la Euhsio Meri- diouale," 1S39-41 ; married princess Mathilde, daughter of Jerome Bonaparte, 1841 : separated by mutual consent, 1846 ; d. 29 April 1870. DEMOCRITUS, Greek phUosopher, the *' laughing philosopher;" travelled over Asia and Africa; b. about B.C. 460; studied to discover causes, and opposed the doctrine of chance; in- vented atomic theory; d. about 357. DE MOIVEB, Abraham, French mathemati- cian ; b. 26 May 1667 ; as a protestant, came to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 1685 ; associated with Newton and his contem- poraries; published " Doctrine of Chances," 1718 ; " Annuities of Lives," 1724; " Miscellanea Analy- tica de Seriebus et Quadraturis," 1730 ; d. 27 Nov. 1754- DE MORGAN, Augustus, mathematician ; b. in India, June 1806; contended for the unionof logic and mathematics; professor in University College, London, 1828-31, 1836-66; published " Elements of Algebra," 1835; "Elements of Tri- gonometry," 1837; "Essay on Probabilities," 1838; "Book of Almanacs,'^ 1851, &c. ; "Budget of Paradoxes," 1872; d. 18 March 1871. DEMOSTHENES, Athenian general; un- successful in war with the .EtoUans, B.C. 426; de- feated at the siege of Syracuse ; surrendered ; put to death, Sept. 413. DEMOSTHENES, Athenian orator and statesman ; b. about B.C. 382 or 385 ; d. 322. Entered public life 356 His first philippic 352 His oration on the peace with Philip . . . 346 Opposed iEschincs and the party bribed by PhiUp, 346, et seq. His second philippic, 344 ; his third philippic . . 342 Successful ; increased the power of Athens . . 340 Advised union with the Thebans ; defeated by Philip at Chffironea 338 Aided Thebes against Alexander 336 Delivered up to him, but spared by him , . , 335 Oration " for the crown " against .^schines . . 330 Exiled from Athens 325 Recalled at Alexander's death 323 After the defeat of the Greeks at Cranon, 7 Aug., took poison 13 or 14 Oct. 322 DEMOURS, Pierre, French oculist and naturalist; b. 1702 ; d. 26 June 1795; his son, Antoine-Piehre, b. 16 Dec. 1762; employed belladonna to dUate the pupil, and invented an artificial pupil ; d. 4 Oct. 1036. DEMOUSTIER, Charies Albert, French dra- matic poet; b. II March 1760; d, 2 March i8oi. DEMPSTER, George, miscellaneous writer; b. 1736; d. 1818. DEMPSTER, Thomas, Scotch theologian and scholar, very eccentric; b. 23 Aug. 1579; (3UIN0EY, Thomas, essayist and critic; b. 1785 ; became acquainted with Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey, 1807 ; published " Confes- sions of an English Opium-eater," 1822; "Logic of PoUtical Economy," 1844; his collected' works, 1856, et seq. ; d. 8 Dec. 1859. DERBY, earls of: 1—8. De Ferrers 1138-1278 9. Henry Plantagenet; son of Henry, earl of Lancaster ; earl of Derby, 16 March 1337 ; duke of Lancaster, 6 March 1351 ; d. 1361. His heiiess, Blanche, married John of Gaunt, created duke of Lancaster . . . . . d, 23 Feb. 1399 10. Henry ; son ; king Henrj' IV. ... „ 11. Thomas Stanley ; married countess of Eicli- mond 1482 Imprisoned by Richard IIL 1483 Made lord steward and constable of Engl.md, 16 Dec. 1483 Deserted him at Bosworth field, and proclaimed Henry VIL king .... 22 Aug. 1485 Created earl of Derby .... 27 Oct. „ d. 1504 12. Thomas ; gi-andsou ; carl, 1504 . d, 23 May 1521 13. Edward; son; &. about 1510; helped to sup- press the "pilgrimage of grace," 1536; to invade Scotland, 1542 d. 4 Deo. 1574 14. Henry ; son ; earl, 1574 . . d. 25 Sept. 1592 15. Ferdlnando; earl, 1592 ... d. 1594 16. William ; brother ; earl, 1594 . . d. 1642 17. James ; son ; lord Strange, 1628 ; earl, 1642 : supported the king, 1642 ; taken prisoner at "Worcester, 3 Sept. ; beheaded . 15 Oct. 1651 His wife, Charlotte de la Tr^moiUe, defended Lathom against Fairfax till relieved by prince Rupert, 27 Feb.— i!7 May 1644 . d. 31 March 1663 18. Charles; son; earl, 1651 ; joined the royalists in Cheshire ; taken prisoner, 1659 . d. 21 Dec. 1672 19. William George Eichard; son; earl, 1672 ; d. 1702 SO. James ; brother ; eaxl, 1702 . , . d. 1736 21. Edward (descended from George, 3rd son of Thomas, nth earl); &. 1689; earl, 1736; d. 24 Sept. 1776 22. Edward Smith; 5. 12 Sept. 1752 ; earl, 1776; married, 2ndly, Eliza Farren, actress, i May 1797 ; d. 21 Oct. 1834 23, Edward Smith ; son ; b. 21 April 1775 ; earl, 1834 ; eminent naturalist ; a founder of the Zoolo- gical Society of London . . d. 30 June 1851 24, Edward Geoffrey Smith . . b. 29 March 1799 As Mr. Stanley, M.P. for Stockbridge . . . 1820 As chief secretary for Ireland, strenuously op- posed O'Conuell 1830-3 Secretary for the colonies, March 1833 to July 1834 and Sept. 1841 to Dec. 1845 Called to house of peers as baron Stanley . Oct. 1844 Succeeded his father as earl of Derby 30 June 1851 His first administration ... 27 Feb, 1852 Elected chancellor of the university of Oxford, Oct. „ Defeated on the budget, 16 Dec. ; resigned, 17 Dec. „ His second administration ... 25 Feb. 1838 Reform bill rejected, 31 March; resigned (through vote of want of confidence in the commons), XI June 1S59 Published translation of the Iliad . . .1864 DERCTLLIDAS 138 DESMAEETS His third .admiiiistvfitioii . . . .6 July 1866 Resigned on aceuunt of ill liealtli, 25 Feb. 1S68 d. 23 Oct, 1869 S5. Edward Henry Smith ; son of preceding ; &. 21 July 1826 As lord Stanley, under-secretary for foreign affairs March-Dec. 1852 Declined office under lord Palmerston . . . 1855 Coniraissioner for India .... May 1858 Secretary for India . . Aug. 1858-Juiie 1859 Foreign secretary under Mr. Disraeli June 1866-Dec. 1868 Lord rector of Glasgow university . i April 1869 Foreign minister again .... Feb. 1874 Lord rector of Edinburgh university Nov. „ DERCYLLIDAS, Spartan diplomatist; ex- cited the cities on the HeUespout to revolt against Athens, B.C. 411; made peace with Tissaphemes, 396- DEEHAM, William, D.D., clergyman and astronomer; b. 26 Nov. 1657; published " Physico- Theology," 1713 ; "Astro-Theology, 1714; "Arti- ficial Clock-maker," 1714; d. 5 April 1735. DEEIO, Gilles, French historian; published "Histoii-e Ecclcsiastique de Bretagne," 1777-80; d. about 1796. DEEOSNB, Charles, French chemist and me- chanic; b. 1780; improved the manufactm'e of sugar from beet-root, 1811; applied animal char- coal from burnt bone to the purification of syrup in the sugar manufacture, 1813 ; d. 1846. DEEWENTWATEE, James EatclyfTe, earl of; li. 1C189 ; took up arms for the pretender ; taken at Preston, 13 Nov. 1715 ; tried and condemned, 9 Feb. ; executed 24 Feb. 1716 See SaUlyffe. DBEZHAVIN, Gabriel Eomanovioh, Russian Soet and statesman; b. 3 July 1743; his " Oda log" (address to the Deity), much admired; d. 6 July 1816. DESAGUILIEES, Jean Theophile, French physicist; b. 12 March 1683; a protestant' ciime toingland at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 22 Oct. 1685 ; professor at Oxford, 1702-12 ; pub- lished "System of Experimental Philosophy," 1725; d. 29 Feb. 1744. DESAIX DB VoTGOrx, Louis Charles Antoino, irench general; i. 17 Aug. 1768; killed, 14 June 1800. Served in the army of the Rhine, and declared to be the best general 1794 Ordered to be arrested, but saved by his soldiers ; commanded in the expedition to Egypt ; cap- tured Alexandria 2 July 1798 Gained the victory at the PjTamids . 21 July ,, Conquered upper Egypt .... Aug. ,, While returning to France, made prisoner by tlie English ; released ; arrived at Toulon . 3 May 1800 Arrived at Marengo ; and helped to gain the vic- tory ; killed . . -14 June „ DESAEGUES, Gaspard, French mathema- tician, friend of Pascal and Descartes ; b. 1593 ; d. 1662. DESATJGIEES, French musical composers: Maro Antoine ; &. 1752 ; d. 10 Sept. 1793. Maro Antoine Madeleine ; popular song-writer and dramatist ; 5. 17 Nov. 1772; d, g Aug. 1827. DESATJLT, Pierre, French physician; intro- duced salivation ; b. 1675; d. about 1740. DESAUTjT, Pierre Joseph, French surgeon ; b. 1744; d. I June 1795. DES BAEEEAUX, Jacques YaU^e, French poet ; b. 1602 ; d. 9 May 1673. DESBILLONS, Francois Joseph Terrasse, French Latinist, surnamed " last of the Romans ; 5. 27 Jan. 1711; published "Fabulse," 1754; " Ars bene Vivendi," mveighin"; against the use of tea, &e., in Latin iambics, 1788; d. 19 March 1789. DES CAETES, or Des Quartes, (Car- tesius), Rene du PeiTot, French philosopher, ma- thematician, propounder of the doctrine of vortices ; b. 31 March 1596; published "Discours de la Mc- thode pour bien conduii'e sa Eaison," 1637 ; "Sum- ma Philosophiie," 1644 ; accepted the invitation of queen Chi-istina; d. at Stockholm, 11 Feb. 1650. DESCHAMES, fimile , French poet and dra- matist; b. 20 Feb. 1791 ; published " La Paix c»u- quise," 1812 ; supported the romantic against the classic drama, 1818 ; translated " Romeo and Ju- liet," 1839; "Macbeth," 1844; d. 3oApiil 1871. DESCEOIZILLES, French chemists : Franqois ; &. 20 Sept. 1707 ; discovered a new purgative salt, 1760 . . d. 11 March 1788 Franqois Antoine Henri ; son ; 6. n June 1751 ; invented an alkalimeter, and other apparatus ; d. 14 April 1825 DESEEIZ (Deseritius), Joseph, Hungarian bishop, plulosopher, and historian ; }. 1702 ; d. DESEZB, Raymond, French lawyer ; b. 1748; defended Louis XlV. at his trial, 25 Dec. 1792 ; ar- rested, Oct. 1793; released, Aug. 1 794; first presi- dent of court of cassation, Feb. 181 ^ ; d. 2 May 1828. . ^ ' DES EONTAINES, Rene Louiche, French naturalist; b. about 1751 ; published "Flora At- hintiea," 1778; explored liai-bary, 1783; d. 16 Nov. 1833. DESGENETTES, Nicolas Rene Dufriche, baron, French physician ; b. 22 May 1762 ; acted heroically as cliief physician in the Egyptian expe- dition, 1 798-99 ; accompanied the army into Ger- many, Poland, and Russia, 1812-13 ; d. 3 Feb. 1837. DESGODETS, Antoine, French architect; b. 1653 ; his " Lois des Batiments " published, 1748 ; d.zo May 1728. DESHAYS DE COLLEVILLE, Jean Bap- tiste, "le Remain," French painter; b. 1729; d. 10 or II Feb. 1765. DESHOULIEEES, Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde, learned French poetess; b. about 1634; wi-ote Idylls ; d.iy Feb. 1694. Her daughter, An- toinette, poetess ; 4.1662; rf. 8Aug. 1718. DESIDEEIUS, (or Didier), last Lombard king of Italy, succeeded his brother Astolphua, 756; dethroned by Charlemagne, whom pope Adrian I. invited into Italy, 774 ; d. iaa monas- tery about 775. DESJAEDINS or BATIMGAltTEN, Mar- tin van den, Dutch sculptor ; b. 1640; d. 1694. DESMAHIS, Joseph Fran9oi3 Edouard de Corsembleu, French poet and di'amatist ; b. 3 Feb. 1722; d. 25 Feb. 1761. 745- DESMAEES, Toussaint Qui Joseph, French Jansenist preacher ; b. 1599 ; d. 5 Jan. 1669. See Champmesle. DESMAEETS de St. Sorlin, Joan, French Clitic ; b. 1595 ; d. 28 Oct. 1676. DESMAEETS, Nicolas, French financier, nephew of Colbert; b. about 1650; dii-ector of DESMICHELS 139 DEVEREUX finances; made comptroller-general, 1708; dis- missed, Sept. 1715; d. 1721. DESMICHELS, Louis Alexis, baron, French general; b. 15 March 1779; served under Napoleon, 1802-15; in Africa, 1833; published "Eelationdcs Evenements en Algerie, 1835 ; d. 8 J>me, 1845. DESMOULINS, Camille, French poUtical writer ; b. 1762 ; d. 5 April 1794. Wrote "le Vieux Cordelier," and revolutionary pamphlets ; excited the people to arm and destroy the iBastile ... . 12-14 July 1789 Denounced by the court . . , 2 Aug. 1790 Joined the "Club Cordelier" (Danton, Marat, &c.) 1791 Published "le Vieux Cordelier," attacking Robes- pierre, who tried to save him, 7 Jan. ; condemned ; guillotined, 5 April; (.his wife executed, 13 April) 1794 DESMOULINS, Antoine, French physiolo- gist and naturalist ; b. 1796; published "Histoire NatureUe des Eaees Humaiaes," 1S26 ; d. 1828. DESNOTERS, Auguste Gaspard Louis Boucher, baron, French artist ; b. 20 Dec. 1770; d. 15 Feb. 1857. DESNOYEES, Jules PieiTe Francois Stanis- las, French historian and geologist; b.8 Oct. 1800. DESOEMBAUX, Joseph Louis Eipault, French historian ; A. 3 Nov. 1724; published " His- toire de la Maison de Bourbon," 1772-88; d. 21 March, 1793. DESPAED, col. Edward Marcus, Irish mili- tary officer; b. about 1755; served against the Spaniards; engaged in a plot to overthrow the government ; tried, condemned, 20 Jan. ; executed, with associates, 21 Feb. 1803. DESPAES, Jacques (Jacobus de Partibus), Frcuch physician; b. 1380; d. 3 Jan. 1458. His commentanes on Aviccnna printed 1498. DESPENCEE, Hugh le, favoured and en- riched by Fdward IL of England, 1320; his lauds ravaged by the nobles, and Mmself banished, Aug. 1321 ; recalled by the king, Oct. 1321 ; during an insun-ection headed by the queen, hanged, Oct. 1326 ; son, Hugh, hanged, Nov. 1326. DESPBEEIEES, Bonaventure, French sati- rist, author of the " Cymballum Mundi," 1537 ; d. about 1544. DBSPOETES, Francois, French animal pain- ter; b. 24 Feb. i56i ; d, 15 April 1743. DESPOETES, PhiHppe, French poet; *. 1545 ; published " Psaumes," 1603 ; d. 5 Oct. 160b. DESPOETES, Jean Baptiste, French botanist, physician at St. Domingo; b. 1704; d. 1748. DESPEEAUX, see Boileau. DESPEETZ, Cesar Mansuete, French phy- sicist ; A. 4 or 10 May 1792 ; published " Eecherches Experimentales sur les Causes de la Chaleur Animale," 1824 ; d. 15 March 1863. DESPEEZ or DepEES, Josquin, French musician and composer; b. about 1450; composed masses, songs, &c. ; d. about 1532. DESPEEZ, Louis, French sculptor; b. 7 July, 1799. DESEOCHES, Madeleine and Catherine Neveu, French poetesses; published "CEuvres," 1578; rf. 1587. DBSSALINES, Jean Jacques, despotic em- peror of the blacks at Hayti; b. a slave, about 1760; assassinated 17 Oct. 1806. Joined the iusmTeution under Toussaint I'Ouver- ture 1801 Afterwards joined the French under Leclerc ; re- joined the rebels ; became commander, and de- feated and expelled the French . . Nov. 1803 Proclaimed governor, i Jan. ; ordered frightful re- prisals on the whites, March ; crowned emperor as Jacctues I. . . . 8 Oct. 1804 D'ESTE, sir Augustus Frederic, K.O.H., son of Augustus Frederic, duke of Sussex, and lady Augusta Murray ; *. 1794 ; d. 28 Dec. 1848. DESTOUCHES, Philippe Nericault, French comic dramatist ; 4. 1680 ; employed diplomatically by the regent Orleans, 1717; wrote "L'lrresolu, 1713 ; " Le Glorieux," 1732, &c. ; d. 4 July 1754. D'BSTEEBS, Gabrielle, mistress of Henry IV. of France, see under Bstrees ; d. 10 April 1599. DB THOir, see Thou. DE TOTT, Francois, bai-on, French diplo- matist; b. 1733; re-organised the Turkish army, 1768 ; d. 1793. DEUCALION", king of Thessaly; deluge in Ms time, dated B.C. 1503; 1504 (Hales); 1433 (Clinton). DBUSDEDIT, Saint, pope, see Adeodatus. DBUTSCH, Emanuel Oscar Menahem, Prus- sian Jew; A. 28 Oct. 1829; earnest student; at Berlin, &c. ; assistant at British Museum, 1855; worked hard there ; published article on the Tal- mud in " Quarterly lleview," Oct. 1867 ; lectured on it at Eoyal Institution, 15 May 1868 ; went to Phcenicia, March — May 1869; lectm-ed on Semitio Culture at Royal Institution, 1869 ; went to Egypt, 18 Dec. 1872; d. at Alexandria, 12 May 1873; " Literary Remains " published, 1874. DE VEEB, sir Aubrey, baronet, Irish poet ; b. 12 May 1807 ; published " Julian the Apostate," 1S22 ; " Song of Faith," 1842 ; d. 5 July 1846. DE VBEB, Aubrey Thomas, son of preceding, poet ; b. 1814 ; pubhshed " Waldenses," 1842 ; "English Misrule and Irish Misdeeds," 1848; "Poems," 1858; "Infant Bridal," 1S64; "Irish Church," 1867-8 , " Legends of St. Patrick," 1872 ; " Alexander the Grreat," 1874. DBVEEBUX, earls of Essex : 1. Waiter, viscount Hereford ... i. 1540- Suppressed the rebellion in Northumberland . 1571 Made earl of Essex .... 4 May 157^ Governor of Ulster ; wrote " Complaint of a Sinner," a poem ; said to have been poisoned by tire earl of Leicester (who married his widow), Sept. 1576- 2. HOBEET S. 10 Nov. 1567 Fought under Leicester in the low countries . 1585 Favourite of queen Elizabeth, with whom he often quarrelled . 158^ Sent to assist Henry IV 1591 Took and plundered Cadiz . . 15 Sept. 1596 Made earl marshal 1597 Made lord-deputy of Ireland at his own request, to suppress the rebellion . . 12 March 159^ Unsuccessful ; returned abruptly to England, and presented himself to Elizabeth, 28 Sept. ; committed to custody ... 2 Oct. „ Vainly attempted to recover the queen's favour ; leagued with Romanists and Puritans . . 1600 Imprisoned the counsellors sent to warn him from treason ; marched witli an army through London ; not supported ; surrendered 8 Feb. i6oi Tried, 19 Feb. ; executed ... 25 Feb. „ 3. Robert, son it. 1592 Restored to his rank . .... 1603 Married lady Frances Howard .... 1606 Divorced ; — raised troops and joined the elector palatine i6ao At lii-st employed by diaries I. to treat with the Scots Oct. 1640 General of the southern army , , Sept. 1641 Distrusted ; dismissed .... Nov. DBVILLE 140 DICEY Made captain-general of the parliament army, 12 Jiiiy 1642 Opposed Charles himself at the indecisive battle ofEdgehill . .... 23 Oct. „ Took Keading, 27 April; relieved Gloucester, 6 Sept. 1643 Defeated royalists at Newbiiry . . 20 Sept. „ Marched to Cornwall, June ; surrounded with, a few officers, escaped to PljTnouth ; his army laid down arms, and allowed to retire . Sept. 1644 Retired "through self-denying ordinance," 2 April 1645 d. 14 Sept. 1646 DEVILLE, see Sainte- Claire Deville. DE VIGNE, Alfred, count, French poet and novelist ; b. 27 March 1799 ; published " Cinq Mars," 1826; d. 18 Sept. 1863. DEYON or DeyONSHIEE, earls of: BlCHARD DE ReDVERS, d. II37. Hugh Courtenay, son of Hugh Courtenay and Mary de Kedvers ; earl, 1335. Thomas Courtenay ; earl, 1458 ; attainted and be- headed, 1461. Humphry Stafford; earl, 17 May; beheaded, 17 Aug. 1469 ; a marquis of Exeter. Edward Courtenay ; earl, 1485 ; d. 1509. "William Courtenay; earl, 1511 ; maxried Catherine, daughter of king Edward IV, ; d. 1511. Henry Courtenay, son ; earl, 1511 ; marquis of Exeter, 18 June, 1525 ; attainted and beheaded, 1539. Edward Courtenay ; restored earl, and marquis, 1553 ; d. 1556. (Extinct). Charles Blount ; t-arl, 1603 ; d. 1606. (Extinct). "William Courtenay ; claimed the earldom, 1830 ; earl, 14 March 1831 ; d. 26 May 1835 William Reginald Courtenay, cousin ; h. 19 June 1777 ; d. 19 March 1859. William Reginald Courtenay, son ; 6. 15 April 1807 ; earl, 19 March 1859 J chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, July 1866 to May 1867 ; president of poor-law board, May 1867— Dec. 1868. DEVON, see Ifountjoy. BEVONSHIEE, Cavendish, earls and dukes of : William, son of sir William Cavendish (which see) ; earl, Aug. 1618 ; d. 1625. William, son ; earl, 1625 ; d. 1628. William, son; earl, 1628 ; d. 1684. William, son ; earl, 1684 ; duke, 12 May 1694 ; d. 18 Aug. 1707. William, son; d. 1729. William, son ; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1737 ; d. 5 Dec. 1755. William, son ; b. 1720 ; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1754 ; d. 2 Oct. 1764. William, son; &. 14 Dec. 1748 ; d. 29 July 1811. William Spencer, son ; 6. ai May 1790 ; d. 17 Jan. 1858. William, cousin ; b. 27 April 1808 j earl of Burlington, 9 May 1834 ; chancellor of university of London, 1836-56; duke, 17 Jan. 1858; chancellor of university of Cambridge, Jan. 1862. DEVONSHIBE, duchesses of, wives of Wil- liam, fifth duke : Georgiana Spencer, poet, friend of Fox and the Whigs ; b. 9 June 1757 ; married, 6 June 1774 ; d. 30 March 1806. Elizabeth Foster, &. 1759 ; married, ig Oct. 1800 ; long resided at Rome, and fostered the fine arts ; published Caro's translation of the " Eneide," with engravings, 12 vols., folio, 1818 ; d. 20 March 1824. DEWAR, James, Scotch chemist ; b. 20 Sept. 1842; published "Kesearches on Specific Heat of Carbon, "Physical Constitution of Hydrogenium/* &c., 1868-71; " Physiological Action of Light," 1873 ; Jacksonian professor of chemistry at Cam- hridi^e, 1875. DEWEY, OrviUe, American d.d., unitarian; b. 28 March 1794; travelled; published works (" the Old "World and the Kew," " Human Life," &c.), 1S47. DEWEZ, Louis Dieudonne Joseph, Belgian historian; b. 4 Jan. 1 760; published "Histoire de Belgique," 1805-7; d. 28 Oct. 1834. D'EWES, sir Symonds, antiquary ; b. 18 Dec. 1602; published "Harangue conceraing the An- tiquity of Cambridge," 1642; compiled journals of the parliaments of Elizabeth, (published, 1682) ; d, 18 April, 1650. D'HILLIEES, see Baraguay. D'HOZIEE, see Hozicr, DE "WINTER, Jan "WUlem, Dutch admiral ; b. 1750; d, 2 June 1812. DE WITT, Jan, Dutch statesman; h Sept. 1625; massacred, 24 July, 1672. Opposed the ambition of the house of Orange . 1650 Grand pensionary 165Z Made peace with Cromwell 1654 At the restoration made alliance with France, and. war with England . 1664 Allied with England against France . . . 1667 Louis XIV. invaded Holhind ; Williara of Orange called to command of army and navy ; Jan and Cornells De Witt massacred by the mob, 24 July 1672 DEZAIiLIER d'Argentille, Antoine Joseph, French naturalist ; b. 4 July 1680 ; d. 29 Nov. 1765. DHULEEP SINGH, son of Kunjeet Singh, rajah of the Punjaub; b. 1838; the;Punjaub an- nexed; a pension of 40,000/. granted him, March 1849; became a Christian ; naturalized in England ; married a protestant at Alexandria, 1864. DIADTJMENIANUS, Marcus_ OpeHus An- toninus, Roman emperor, son of Macrinus, who suc- ceeded Caracalla, 217 ; kiUed, 218. DIAGORAS, Greek philospher of Milos ; op- posed the popular religion, and termed " the Atheist; " d. ahout B.C. 436. DIAJNE DE Poitiers, duchesse de Valen- tinois ; b. 3 Sept. 1499 ; married Louis de Breze, comte de Maulevrier, about 1512 ; widow, 3 July 1 521; interceded for the life of her father, and became mistress of Francis I. about 1527; and of his son, Henry IL, who made her a duchess, 1548; d. 22 April 1566. DIANE OF France, illegitimate daughter of Henry II. , talented and able ; b. 1538 ; married Francois due de Montmorency, 1557; widow, 1579; reconciled her brother, Henry in., to Henry, ting of Navarre, 1588 ; d. 3 Jan. 1619. DIAS, or Diaz, Bartholomew, Portuguese na- vigator; discovered the Cape of Good Hope, which he named "Cabo Tormentoso,'* i486 or 1487; d. 29 May 1500. DIBDIN family : Chahles, writer of sea songs and operas ; 6. 1745 ; his "Quaker" performed, 1777 ; d. 25 July 1814. Thomas, son, dramatist and song-writer ; (wrote the " High-Mettled Racer") ; b. 1771 ; d. 16 Sept 1841. Rev, Thomas Frognall (nephew of Charles), biblio- grapher; b. 1770; published "Bibliomania," 1811 ; assisted to found the "Roxburghe Club/' 1812 ; pub- lished "BibUotheca Spenceriana, 1814-15 ; "Biblio- graphical Decameron," 1817; "Bibliographical, An- tiquarian, and Picturesque Tour in France and Germany," 1821 ; d. 18 Nov. 1847. DIC-^AHCHUS, peripatetic philosopher, geographer, and historian ; d. about B.C. 285. DICETO, Eaoul de ; wrote " Historia de Kegi- bus Britonum usque ad Ssec. VII. ; " d. 1283. ' DICEY, Edward, jouraaHst; b. May 1832 ; edl- [ tor of *'I)ailyNcws," 1870; "Observer," 1870; pub- DICK 141 DIGBY lished " Schleswig-HolsteiH War," 1864; "Month inEussia," 1867; " The Morning land," 1870. DICK, Thomas, d.d., Scotch "secession" ■minister and writer on science ; b. 1774 ; pub- lished " Christian Philosopher," 1823; " JPhilosophy of Religion," &o., 1821; : d. 29 July 1857. DICK-LAHDEE, see lauder. DICK, sirEobert, major-general ; entered army, 1800 ; fought in peninsula ; killed at Sobraon, io Teb. 1846. DICKENS, Charles, noTeUst ; b. 7 Feb. 1812 ; d. 9 June 1870. Published " Sketches by Boz '* . . . 1836 " Posthumous Memoirs of the Pickwick Club " 1S37 " Oliver Twist" 1838 " Nicholas Nicklchy " 1839 " Humphry's Clock." (" Old Curiosity Shop," and " Bamaby Hudge ") 1840-1 " Christmas Carol " 1S43 Tisited America, 1841 ; Italy .... iS^ Commenced editorship of " Daily News " i Jan. 1846 " Dombey .and Son" .... 1847-8 "Household Words" 1850-59 " David Copperfield " 1850 "Bleak House" 1&53 " Little Dorrit" 1856 " All the Tear Round," &c 1859 ** Our Mutual Friend " 1864 Gave readings, 1858-70 : in United States . 1867-68 Mystery of '• Edwin Drood " . . .1870 DICKENSON" or Dickinson, Edmund, phy- sician and philologist; i. 1624; pubUshed " Delplii Phcenicizantes " (in which he derives Greek my- thology from the Old Testament), 1655 ; " Physica Vetus et Vera," 1702; d. April, 1707. DICKINSON, John, paper-maker; b. 29 March 1782; patented new machinery, 1807-9; "^ II Jan. 1869. DICKSON, James, Scotch botanist; S. 1738; d. 1822. DICTTS CEBTENSIS, mythical author of a contemporary ephemeris of the Trojan war; dis- covered at Crete, 66. DIDEEOT, Denis, French philosopher; b. 5 Oct. 1713 ; refused to choose a profession, and de- voted himself to literary study ; published " Pensees Philosophiquea " ^urnt), 1746; "Lettres Bur Aveugles," (for which he'waa miprisoned), 1749; with D'Alembert and Eousseau, published "En- cyclopedie," 1751-72 ; d. 30 July 1784. DIDIUS, Marcus Salviua Julianus, emperor; b. about 133; bid against Flavins Sulpicianus for the Boman purple ; proclaimed emperor, 28 March ; slain, I June 193. DIDIER, see Dcsiderius. DIDO, queen of Phoenicia ; founded Carthage, date varying from B.C. 1025 to 794. DIDOT, Fran(;ois Ambrose, French printer ; b. 1730; d. 10 July 1804. He and his family greatly improved printing and arts connected with it; especially his son, Piebre, b. 1760; his folio "Virgil," 1798; "Horace," 1799; d. 31 Dec. 1853. DIDEON, Adolphe Napoleon, French archseo- logist; b. 13 March 1806; published " Iconographie Chretienne," 1843. DID YMUS, Alexandrian grammarian \fl. about I A.D. DIEBITCH SABAiKANSKI, Ivan Fre- deric Karl Anton, count, Eussian general ; b. 13 May 1785 ; fought in the wars against Napoleon, i8o5-i consecrated, 1683 ; d. II April 1686. DOLBY, see Sainton. DOLCE, or DoLCI, Carlo, Tuscan painter ; b. 25 May 1616 ; d. 17 Jan. 1686. DOLCE, Luigi, Italian poet ; }. 150S ; d. about 1568. DOLCINO, see Dulcinus. DOLET, Etienne, French scholar and printer ; b. 1509 ; executed for heresy, 3 Aug. 1546. DOLGOEOUKI, Ivan Mikhailovitch, Russian poet J b. 1764; d. Deo. 1823. DOLLINGEE, Johann Joseph Ignatius, Ger- man Roman catholic theologian and historian ; b, 28 Feb. 1799 ; published " Hippolytus and Kallis- tus," 1853; " Kirche und Kirchen, 1861 ; attacked the dogma of papal infallibility and became head of the " Old Catholic " movement, 1871 ; presided at the conference at Boim, Sept. 1874. DOLLOND, John, Erench optician ; b. 10 June 1706; invented achromatic telescope- object glasses, 1757 (and received the Copley medal) ; optician to the king, 1761 ; d. 30 Nov. 1761. Peter, son, ojitician; b. 1730; d. 2 July 1820. George (Huggins), nephew, b. 25 Jan. 1774; d. 13 May 1852. DOLOMIE"Cr, Deodat Guy SUvain Tanerede Gratet de, French mineralogist and geologist; b. 24 June 1750; published "Voyage aux lies de Lipari," 1783; d. 26 Nov. 1801. DOMAT, or DOTJMAT, Jean, French jurist, friend of Pascal, the " restorer of reason in juris- prudence ; " b. 30 Nov. 1625 ; " Lois Civiles dans leuT ordre naturel," publis'hed, 1689-1702; d. 14 March 1696. DOMBAY, Franz von, Austrian orientalist; b, 1756; d. 12 Dec. 1810. DOMBEY, Joseph, French botanist and tra- veller; b. 20 Feb. 1742; visited South America, 1778-85; (i. May 1793. DOMBEO"WSKI, Jan Henryk, Polish general ; b. 29 Aug. 1755; fought against Russia, 1792-4; entered the French service, and formed the Polish legions, 1797; d. 26 June 1818. DOMENICHI, Luigi, Italian poet; d. 1564. DOMENICHINO, see ZampieH. DOMINIC, St., Italian austere cenobite ; d. 14 Oct. 1060. DOMINIC, St. (Domingo de Guzman), founder of the order of preacbing iViars (Dominicans) ; b 1170; one of the inquisitors employed against the Albigenses, 1208; d. 6 Aug. 1221; canonized, 3 July 1234. DOMINIC 145 DONOVAN- DOMINIC, "the Greek," painter, sculptor, and architect; b. 1548; d. 1625. DOMINIS, Marco Antonio de, archbishop of Spalatro, mathematician; S. ahout 15G6; supported the Venetians against pope Paul V. ; iied to Eng- land and became a protestant about 1616 ; published "De Republic^ Ecclesiastic^.," 1617; dean of "Windsor, 1622; returned to Italy to recant; im- prisoned by the inquisition ; d. probably by poison, Sept. 1624. DOMITIANUS, Titus Flavins, emperor of Rome ; b. 24 Oct. 52 ; for his vices excluded frooi public life by his father Vespasian, and his brother Titus; proclaimed emperor, 13 Sept. 81; assassi- nated, 18 Sept. 96. DOMNA, Julia, a Syrian, married to Severus (afterwards emperor), 175; empress, 193; Icilled herself by starvation at the death of her sons, Geta and Caracalla, 217. DOMNUS, or DONirS I., II., popes : 1. elected, 2 Nov. 676 . . d. 11 April 67S 2. pope three months . . . 974 DOMVILLB, sir 'William, sheriff of London, 1804; committed to Newgate for favouring sir Prancis Bui-dett, II March 1805; as lord mayor entertained the allied sovereigns, June 1814; a, 8 Feb. 1833. DON, David, Scotch botanist; h. 1800; pro- fessor of botany at King's College, London, 1S36 ; d. 8 Dec. 1840. DON, George, Scotch botanist; b. 1798; d. 25 Feb. i8s6. DONALD I.— VII., kings of Scotland : 1. d. 216 ; 2. 3rd century ; 3. d. 260 ; 4. drowned about 647 6. king, 854 : dethroned ; committed suicide about 858 6. king, 893 ; made alliance with Alfred of Eng- land d. 904 7. Donald Bane, brother of Malcolm IIL Canmore ; king, 1093 ; deposed . . ... 1098 DONALDSON, John William, philologist ; b. 1812 ; published " New Cratylus," 1839, &c. ; " Theatre of the Greeks," 1827 ; d. 10 Feb. 1861. DONALDSON, Thomas Leverton, architect; b. 17 Oct. 1795; professor at London university, 1843-64; published "Examples of Door-ways from Greece and Italy," 1833 ; " Pompeii illustrated," 1837; "Specifications, or Guide to Architects," 1859. DONATELLO, or DowATO Di Belto Bae- DO, Italian sculptor ; b. 1383 ; d. 13 Dec. 14G6. DON ATI, Corso, Guelphio chief of Florence; Icilled himself, 1308. DONATI, Vitaliano, Italian physician and Tiaturahst and traveller ; b. about 1713; published " Storia Maturale dell' Adriatico JIare," 1750; risoned by ChaiOes the Bald ; d. 890. ENGELBEET, St., archbishop of Cologne ; favoured by Frederic II.; assassinated, 7 Nov. 1225. ENGELBEET, German abbot; wrote "de Ortu, Progressu, et Fine Eomani Imperii;" d. 1331- ENGELBEETS, CoiTielis, Dutch painter; b. 1468; d. 1533. ENGBLBEECHT, Johann, German visionai-y, b. 1599 ; after an illness, asserted that he would live for ever, 1622; d. Feb. 1642; his ""Wunder- reicherBindebrief" ("'Wonderful Letter"), pub- lished 1658. ENGELBEEKT, Swedish patriot; reported the grievances of Dalecarha to king Eric in vain ; headed an insurrection, June 1434 ; assassinated (it is said at the instigation of Charles Canutson), 1436 or 1438. ENGELHAEDT, Earl August, German his- torian; b. 4 Feb. 1768; published in German, " Histoiy of Saxouy," 1802-5 ; d. 28 Jan. 1834. ENGELMANN, Godefroy, French manu- facturer, one of the inventors of lithography and chromo-lithogi-aphy ; b. 17 Aug. 1/88; set up the first lithographic printing establishment, 1815 ; published "Manuel du Dessinateur Lithographe," 1823; "Traite de Lithographie," 1839-40; d. 25 April 1839. ENGHIEN, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, due d', grandson of the prince of Conde ; b. 2 Aug. 1772; served with the emigrants against the re- public, 1791-6; seized on neutral territory, 15 March ; carried to Paris ; after a brief trial, shot at Vincennes by order of Napoleon Bonaparte, on the charge of taking arms against France m the pay of England, 21 March 1804. ENQILBEET, Saint, see Angilbert. ENGLEFIELD, sir Henry, physicist and as- tronomer; b. about 1752; published "Description of the Isle of Wight," 1816 ; d. 21 March 1822. ENJEDIM, or Entedin, George, Transyl- vanian Socinian ; b. about 1550 ; d. 28 Nov. 1597. ENNIUS, Koman poet; termed "Noster En- nius;" b. B.C. 239; friend of Scipio ; served in the African and iEtolian wars; wrote annals, satires, tragedies, &c. ; d. about 169. ENNODITJS, Magnus Felix, Str, Latin father; b. 473 ; bishop of Pavia, 511 ; d. 17 July 521. ENOCH, *. B.C. 3382 ; translated, 3017 B.C. ENT, George, physiologist ; b. 1604 ; friend of Harvey ; published " Apologia pro Circulatione Sanguinis, 1641 ; d. 13 Oct. 1689. ENTICK (or EutinCK), rev. John, compiler; b. 1713; published "History of London," 1767; Latin 'Dictionary, 1771 ; English SpeUing Dic- tionary, 1764; d. 1773. ENTEBCASTEAIJX, Joseph Antoine Bruni d', French admiral; b. 1739; took a voyage in search of La Perouse, and explored the South Seas, 28 Sept. 1791-3; d. at sea, 20 July 1793. ENTINOPTJS, Cretan architect, reputed foun- der of "Venice, about 413. ENZIO (Entitjs), Hans, or Enrico, titular king of Sardinia, son of Frederic II., emperor; b. 1224; admiral of his father's fleet; with the Pisans, defeated the Genoese near Meloria, 3 May 1241 ; taken prisoner, 26 May 1249; retained in. honourable captivity at Bologna till his death, 14 March 1 2 72. BOB ANUS HBSSUS (Helits), German historian and poet; b. 6 Jan. 1488; d. 5 Oct. 1540. EON, see J)' Eon. BOTVOSi Jozef, baron, Hungarian statesman and novelist; b. 3 Sept. 1813; published "The "Village Notary," 1844; "Hungary in 1514," 1S47; appointed minister of public instruction, 1867 ; d. 3 Feb. 1871. EPAMINOND AS, Theban general and states- man ; defeated the Spartans at Leuctra, July B.C. 371 ; killed during liis victory at Mantineia, 27 June 302. EPEE, see L'Eijie. EPHIALTBS, a Malian, who betrayed Leonidas and the Spartans at Thermopylae, e.c. 480. EPHOE"D"S, Greek historian; b. B.C. 405; d. after 333 ; fragments of his works published by Mar.t, 1 81 5. EPHEAIM, or EpheeM, patriarch of An- tioch, 526; zealous against heresy; d. about 5.^6. EPHEAIM, or EphKAEM, saint, of Nisibis, a Syrian ; Greek father ; wrote Treatises and Songs to counteract heathen ballads against Chi-istianity ; d. about 373. BPICHAEM"D"S, Dorian comic poet; satirized the gods; b. about B.C. 540; d. about 450. EPICTETUS, Greek Stoic philosopher; favoured by the emperor Adrian ; Jl. about 100. EPICUE"US, Greek philosopher; b. about B.C. 342 ; instructed by Xenocrates at Athens about 323 ; established his school there, 306 ; lived tem- perately and calmly ; d. 270. EPIMBNIDES, Cretan prophet and poet; said- to have ' visited Athens about B.C. 596 ; (thought to be alluded to by Paul in Titus i. 12.) JEPINAT, Louise Florence Petronille de la Live d', French writer, friend of Rousseau, Grimm, &c. ; b. about 1725; published "Conversations d'Emilie," 1774; her "Memoires" appeared 1818; d. 17 April 1783. BPIPHANIUS, Greek father, bishop of Con- stantinople, about 520-536. EPIPHANIUS 165 ERIC EPIPHANIUS, St., Greek father, bishop of Constantia, 367 ; opponent of Chrysostom ; d. 403- EPISCOPIUS (BiSCHOP), Simon, Dutch Ai- min ian theologian; 4. Jan. 1583; a defender of Arminius's doctrines in a conference,, 161 1 ; pro- fessor at Leyden, 1612 ; soon driven into exile ; reduced Arminiauism to a system ; d. 4 April 1643. EPPS, John, M.D., homccopathiBt; 5. 1804; pub- lished "HoriE Phrcnologicje," 1829 ; "Homoeo- pathy," 1850 ; d. 12 Feb. 1869. EE.ARD, Sebastien, French musical instrument maker; b. 5 April 1752; came to London about invented the double movement harp about improved the grand piano, 1823 ; d. 5 Aug. 1808 1831 ERAE.D, Pierre, nephew, also an eminent manufacturer ; d. Aug. 1855. ERASISTRATUS, Greek physician and phy- siologist; em|iloyed by Selcucus Nicator, and cured his son, Antiochus, about B.C. 294; founded a medical school at Smyrna ; said to nave dissected living criminals, and made physiological discoveries ; d. after 258. ERASMUS, Desiderius (Gerhard, son of Ger- hard Praet), the great reviver of classic Kterature, and modem Latiuist ; S. at Eotterdam, 28 Oct. 1467 ; d. at Basel, 12 July 1536. £*' Ernsmus laid tlie egg (of the Reformation), and Tjiither hatched it."— Sf'yiwp at the time] Studied at Deventer, making great progress and reputation ... . . 1476 et seq. Eociime a monk (after great persuasion), i486 ; priest 25 Feb. 1492 Tauglit at tlie College de Montaigu, Paris, and made friends 1496-7 First visit to England ; acquired the friendship of Colet and others ; studied Greek at Oxford . 1497-9 ITis " Ad.ngia " printed at Paris . . 1500 "Wrote " Enchiridion Militis Clu'istiani " . . 1501 Eesidcd occasionally in France and the low coun- tries, principally at Paris and Louvain (working hard) 1500-8 Received a letter from prince Henry (afterwards Henry Vni.) ; visited Rome : well received . 1509 Came to England ; lodged with Thomas More ; wrote "MoriDB Encomium" (Praise of Folly," satirizing the monks and clergy) ; taught Greek at Cambridge 1510 cC seq. Resided in England, with occasional visits to the continent (working hard at translations, &c.) . 1511-8 His "New Testament" (Greek and Latin), pub- lished at Basel : rapid sale 1516 His " Colloquia," printed . . ... 1519 Friendly correspondence with Luther, 1519 ; urged by his friends to controversy : declined : cen- sured alike by Romanists and Protestants, 1520, et seq. Printed Ids tract, " De Libero Arbitrio " (against Luther) 1524 Ciosen rector of the university of Basel, and chiefly resided there .... . . 1522-36 BRASO, Benito, Spanish general; S. 1789; sei-ved against the French, 1809-14; proclaimed Carlos v., king of Spain, 12 Oct. 1833 ! commanded in his service till his death, Sept. 1835. ERASTUS (LlEBES), Thomas, Swiss physician and theologian ; *. 7 Sept. 1524; d. 31 Dec. 1583. In his "Explicatio Qua^stionis Gravissimaj de Excom- municatione," asserted that a church might decide who were to be its members, but not expel them for immorality; opposing ecclesiastical censures in civil matters, as interfering with the office of the magistrate. ERATOSTHENES, Greek geometer and as- tronomer; invented the plan for measuring the earth and its distance from the sun and moon; b. B.C. 276 ; d. about 196. ERAUSO, Catalina d', la Monja Alferez, the " Nun-Ensign," Spanish heroine ; li. 1592 ; escaped from a convent and put on male dress, 18 May 1607 ; embarked for Ainerica, when she became a soldier; distinguished herselt and was made en- sign; discovered herself, and returned to Cadiz, Nov. 1624; re-embarked for America, and disap- peared on landing at Vera Cruz, 1635. ERBEN, Karle Jaromir, Bohemian poet and archa:ologist; b. i8ll ; published "Eegesta Diplo- matica necnon Epistolaria Bohemiaj," &o., "The Nosegay" (tales), &c. ; d. Dec. 1870. ERCILLA T ZUNIGA, Alonzo de, Spanish poet and soldier; b. aliout 1530; fought at St. Quentin, 10 Aug. 1557; travelled over Europe, and went to Amei-ica, and assisted at the conquest of Araucana: his poem "Arauoana," published, 1597 ; d. about 1595. ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN, two French novelists ; IEmile Erckmaoti . . . . 6. 20 M.ay 1822 Alexandre Chathian ... 6. iS Deo. 1826 They met, 1847 ; wrote conjointly, " Illustre Dr. Mathfius," published 1859 '• " Contes Fantas- tiques," &e., i860; "Histoire d'un Conscrit," 1864; " L'Invasion- Waterloo," 1865; " Le Blo- cus," 1867 : " Histoire d'un Paysan," 1S68, &c. ERDMANN, Otto Linne, Gei-man chemist; b. n April 1804 ; one of the founders of the "Journal fur praktische Chemie," 1834. ERIBERT, archbishop of Milan, 1015 ; made lieutenant of Italy by the emperor Conrad, 1026 ; warred with the nobles and the emperor; con- structed the " carroccio," a species of ark, for his standard ; founded the order named " HumUiati ; " d. 1045. ^ ERIC, the Red, Scandinavian chief ; said to have discovered Greenland and North America early in the nth century. ERIC I.— VII., kings of Denmark : 1. the Child ; governed Zealand, Scania, and Jut- land, 840 : commenced the invasion of England, France, &c d. 860 2. or 3. the Good ; king, 1095 ; founded "guilds" for internal security . . . d 11 July 1103 3. or 4. the Proud: king, 1134; murdered his brother and nephews ; himself assassinated . 1137 3. or 5. the lamb; king, 1137 ; fa voui-ed the clergy ; abdicated, and became a monk d. 11^7 4. or 6. Plough-penny ; king is^i Taxed the plough ; kUled by his brother Abel during an insurrection ... 9 Aug. 1250 5. or 7. succeeded Christopher 1 1259 With his mother, taken prisoner by the count of Holstein, 28 July 1261 ; liberated . . . 1264 Granted right of justice to the clergy and nobles, 1269 ; assassinated .... 21 Nov. i2c6 6. or 8. son; king (under "Waldemar, duke of Sleswig) Nov. „ War with the Norwegians, 1289-1308 ; d. 13 Nov. 13,9 7. or 9. see .Eric XIII. of Sweden. ERIC I— XIV., kings of Sweden: 1. — 8. no authentic history. 9. the saint ; king Converted Finland to Christianity after war ; killed in battle against the Danes . 18 March 10. Canutson; kmg after defeating and killing Swerker Favoured the clergy; married Rikissa of Den- mark, and made peace .... d. 11. the Lame ; king, 1222 ; virtuous and weak ; l-uled by the jarl, Canut Johannsson ; d. 12 Feb. 12. son of Magnus ; king with his father, 1350 ; d. of poison 13. (7. or 9. of Denmark), 6. 1382 ; king of Den- mark, Sweden, and Norway . , zt July "55 1160 1210 1216 1252 ■359 1397 ERICSSON 166 EENESTI Governed "by foreigners tyrannically ; rebellion of Engelbrekt, who became regent of Sweden, 1435 I assassinated .... 1436 or 1438 Fled to Gothland, and gave himself np to piracy 1439 ■Wrote "Historic! Narratio de Origine Gentis Danorum" ...... d. 1459 14. son of Gnstavus Vasa ; violent, cruel tyrant ; &, 13 Dec. 1533 ; associated in the government 1557 Sole king 29 Sept. 1560 War with Denmark; his army defeated, 20 Oct. 1565 Proposed marriage to Elizabeth of England; married his mistress, Catherine Mansdotter Dec. 1567 Governed tyrannically and cruelly; dethroned by his brother John (whom he had imprisoned four years), 1569; hardlytreated ; poisoned, 26 Feb. 1577 EEICSSON, John, Swedish mechanicLin ; b. 1803. Exhibited his "flame engine" in England . . .1826 Produced a locomotive, said to have run 55 miles an hour 1829 Brought out his caloric engine in London . .1833 Tried the " Ericsson," and failed . . Jan. 1853 Built the first "Monitor" iron vessel, which re- pulsed the Confederate " Merrimao," 9 March . 1862 Afterwards adopted Cowper Coles's invention of cupola or turret ships. EEIGBNA, Joannes Scotus, a schoolman; b. in Ireland ; visited France, and employed by Charles the Bald ; -wrote " de Divisioue Natm^," and " de Diving Prsedestinatione ; " d. about 875. ERINNA, Greekpoetesses : I. Priend of Sappho, about B.C. 61Z. 2. Contemporai-y of Demosthenes, about B.C. 350. EEIZZO, Paolo, Yenetian governor of Negro- ?ont, ■which he bravely defended against Mahomet I. ; killed, July 1470. EEIZZO (EeICITJS), Sebastiano, Venetian philosopher and antiquary ; b. 19 June 1525 ; mib- Ushed " Trattato deir Instrumento," 1554; "Dis- corso sopra le Medaglie de gli Antichi," 1559 ; d. 5 March 1585. EELACH, Rodolph, Swiss hero ; yictorious general of the Bernese ; murdered by his son-in- law, Jobel Eudenz, 1360. EELACH, Jean Louis, S-wiss general, and Prench marshal; b. 1 595; successively served Nassau, Saxe "Weimar, and Prance; d. 26 Jan. 1650. EELE, sir "William, judge : b. 1793 ; a justice of the common pleas, 1844-46 ; of the queen's bench, 1846-59; chief justice of the common pleas, 1859-66. EEMAN, Georg Adolph, German physicist ; i. 12 May 1806; published his "Travels round the "World'' (1828-30) 1833-41. EEMAN, Paul, German physicist : }. 29 Feb. 1764; d. II Oct. 1851. EEMENGrAEDE, empress of the Franks; married Louis le Debonnaire, 798 ; caused his nephew, Bernard, Icing of Italy, to be cruelly mur- dered, 818 ; d. 3 Oct. 818. EENEST, of Austria: 1. the Valiant, margrave of Austria; killed in battle with the emperor, Henry IV. . 9 June 1075 2. duke of Austria ; 6. 137S ; ruled vigorously ; d. 10 June 1424 3. archduke of Austria ... 6. 15 June 1553 Named governor of the low countries . . 1592 Entered Brussels 30 Jan. 1594 Proposed peace with the republicans in vain ; accused of the attempt to assassinate Maurice of Nassau ; said to he "good for neither peace nor war" . ... d. zi Feb. 1595 EEiSTEST, duke of Bavaria, fostered letters and the arts ; d. i July 1438. EENEST, of Baden : Erntist, first margrave of Baden Dourlach ; 6. 8 Oct. 1482 d.6 FelD. I5S3 Ernest Frederick . . . . &. 17 Oct. 1560 Joined the protestant princes in their meeting at Heilbronn to defend religious liberty, March 1594 Professed Calvinism in place of Luthcrauism _, 1599 d. 14 April 1604 EENEST, margrare of Brandenburg; b. JZ April 1583; profcEsed protestantism, i6io; naraed commander of the order of St. John, 1611 ; d. 18 Sept. 1613. ERNEST, dukes of Brunswick and Gruben- hagen : 1, duke, 1332 d. 1344 S. &. April 1518 ; joined John Frederic of Saxony in the war with the eiuiieror; taken prisoner at Miihlberg .... 26 April 1546 Soon released; dulcc, 1551 . . d. 2 April 1567 EEiNEST, dukes of Brunswick-Lunenberg ; 1. of 2ell; earnest protestant and able warrior; h. 26 June 1497 Joined John Frederic of Saxony, and with him and other princes signed the "protest" against the decree of the edict of Spires , ig April 1529 Acquired Branswick-Wolfenbuttel d. n Jan. 1599 2. 5. 31 Dec. 1564; duke . . . 20 Aug. 1592 Joined and supported the Hanseatic league, 1606 ; d. 2 March 1611 3. Augustus, general; 6. 20 Nov. 1629; destined for the church ; named canon , . . 1638 Rector of the university of Marburg , . 1641 Ti-avelled ; married Sophia princess palatine, 17 Oct. 1658; (their son, Geoi-ge, 6. t66o, became king of England, 1714.) Served the emperor in liis wars, &c. ; signed the league of Augsburg against Fi-ance , 9 July 1GS6 Made elector of Hanover . 19 Dec. 1692 d. 28 Jan. 1698 ERNEST of Bavaria, archbishop of Cologne ; 5. 17 Dec. 1554; appointed archbishop, 15S3 ; ex- pelled Gerard Truchses, the deposed archbisliop, after several battles, 15S4; repressed brigandatje and governed ably ; d. 17 I'eb. 1612. EENEST, first landgrave of Hesse : b. 8 Dec. 1623; became a catholic, 1652; published " Catho- licus Discretus," 1666; d. 12 May 1693. ERNEST, duke of Saxe-Gotha; b. 1745; governed v?ell, and fostered science ; d. 20 April 1804. ERNEST the pious, duke of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg; b. 1601 ; able general; \nih liis brother, Bei-nard of Saxe-Weimar, served under Gnstavus Adolphus of Sweden, 1628 ; and carried the victory after his death atLutzen, 16 Nov. 1 632 ; d. 1675. ERNEST, elector of Saxony, founder of the Ernestine line ; b, 25 March 1441 ; stolen in his j-outh, and brought up as a charcoal-burner ; buc- ceeded his father, 7 i^'eb. 1464; enlarged his do- mioions by purchase and conquest; discouraged commerce about 1482 ; d. 22 March i486. ERNEST, dukes of Saxe-Cobui-g and Gotha: 1. ft, 2 Jan. 1784 . . . . d. 29 Jan. 1844 2. son (brother of Albert,- prince- consort of Great Britain) . . . &. 21 June 1818 ERNEST Augustus, king of Hanover, fifth son of George III. ; b. 5 June ly/i; created duke of Cumberland, 24 April 1799 ; became king, 20 June 1837 ; abolished the liberal constitution, 18^7 ; compelled to grant another, 1848; d. 18 Nov. 1051. ERNESTI, German scholars : JoHANN August; h. 4 Aug. 1707; edited Cicero, with a Clavis, 1737-g; published "Institntio Interpretis Novi Testanicnti," 1761 ; d. n Supt. 1781 EEPEN 167 ESPINOSA August Wiliielm (nepliew) : 6. 26 Nov. 1733 ; pub- lished "de Disoiplini Camerarii," 1775; edited Quintilian, 1769 . . . . d. iq July 1801 JOHANN Christian Gottlieb ; I>. 1756 ; published "Lexicon Tecliiiologi83 Gi-cccorum Blietoricai," 1795; "Lexicon Teelmologiie Romanorum Rhc- toricee," 1797 d. 5 Juno 1802 EEPEN, Thomas van, Dutch orientalist ; b. 7 Sept. 1584: published " Proverbia Arabica," 1614; ■" Lokmani Fabuhc," 1615; d. 13 Not. 1624. EEEAKD, Charles, Frencli painter and archi- tect ; b. 1606 ; helped to found the academy at Jlomc, 1666: d. 15 May 1689. EESCH, Johanu Samuel, German bibliogriiplier and journalist ; b. 23 June, 1766 ; with Grubcr, com- menced the " AUgemeine Encyclopiidie," 1818: d. 16 Jan. 1828. J7S1 1783 1793 1794 1797 EESKIISrE, Scotch family: John, baron of Dim, Scotcb reformer; 6. about 1508 ; travelled ; introduced the study of Greek into Scotland, 1534 ; joined the lords of the con- gregation, 1559; gave up anus for preaching; helped to complete the "Second Book of Disci- pline," 1577 d. 21 March 1591 John, jurist; 6. 169s; published "Principles of Law of Scotland," I7S4 . . . . d. 1765 David, lord Dun ; judge ; 6. 1670 ; published "Ad- vices," 1752 .... . . d. 1755 Edenezeb, 1). 22 June 1680: d. 2 June 1754: Ralph, b. 16 March 16S5 : wrote " Gos]jel Sonnets," &c. ; d. 6 Nov. 1752 ; founders of the " Secession Kirk" . . . . 1734 John, theologian: 6. 2 Jime 1721: published "Sermons," 179S ; "Sketches of Church His- tory," 1790 ... . d. iq Jan. 1803 Thojias, lord Erskine, lawyer, orator, and wit: h. 21 Jan. 1750 Served in the army 1768 Successfully defended captain Baillie, 1778 : and lord George Gordon . 5 Feb. M.P. for l^ortsmouth For defending Tom Paine, deprived of the attor- neyship to the prince of Wales . Feb. Defended Home Tooke, and othera . Oct. Published "View of the Causes and Conse- quences of the present War with France " . . , . Lord chancellor . . 7 Feb. i8c6— April 1807 Published his Speeches, 1810-12 d. 17 Nov. 1823 EEWIN VON SteinbACH, German archi- tect; superintended the rebuilding of Sti-asburg cathedral tiU his death, 17 Jan. 1318. BEXLEBEN, Johann Christian Polycarp, German naturalist; b. 22 June 1744: published "Systcma Kegni Naturalis," 1777; d. 18 Aug. 1777- ESAIT, brother of the patriarch Jacob : b. about B.C. 1836; reconciled to Jacob, 1743; they buried Isaac, 1716. ESCHENBACH, "WoKram Ton, Gei-man min- nesinger : said by Schlegel to be " the greatest poet Germany has over had ; " composed his chief work, " Parzival," about 1204. ESCHKB, Ernst Adolf, German philanthro- pist; A. 17 Dec. 1766 ; established an institute for deaf and dumb at Berlin, 1788; d. 17 July 1811. ESOHOLTZ, Johann Friedrich, German natu- ralist; b. I Nov. 1793; accompanied Kotzebue in Ids expeditions, 1815-S, 1823-6; published "Ento- mographien," 1823 ;" Zoologisoher Atlas," 1829; d. 19 May 1831. ESCOBAE, Marina de, Spanish nun; b. 8 Feb. 1554; founded a new religious order, called "the Eecollection of St. Bridget," 1582; «?. 9 June 1633. ESCOBAE Y MENDOZA, Antonio, Spa- nish Jesuit preacher, casuist, and poet; satirized y Moliiire in "Tartuffe;" b. 1589 : d. 4 July 1669. ESCOIQUIZ, Juan, Spanish statesman ; A- 1762; tutor of the prince of Astui-ias (Ferdinand VII.), and obtained influence over liim ; em- ployed by him, hut soon disgraced, 1814; d. 27 Not. 1820. ESCOEBIAC, Jean d', French poet, nephew of Du Bartas ; published " la Christiade," 1613. ESMENAED, Joseph Alphonse, French poet and journalist ; b. 1770 ; banished by Napoleon for attacking Eussia; d. 25 June 1811. ESPAGNET, Jean d', French magistrate and alchemist ; published " Enchiridion Physicoe liesti- tutffi," 1625. ESPAETEEO, Joaquin Baldomero, duke of Victory, Spanish statesman, son of a cartwriglit ; b. 27 Feb. 1793. Served as volunteer .against the French . . 1808-14 Served under Morillo against the insiu-gents in Peru . 1815-24 Escaped from prison there 1825 Married a rich wife ; came to Barcelona ; declared in favour of the new law of succession . . 1832 With Mina commanded the royal army: defeated the Carlists near Bilbao . . . June 1835 Made viceroy of Navarre . . 7 Sept. 1836 Gained the battle of Bilbao ... 25 Dec. „ Terminated the war by the treaty of Vergai-a, 31 Aug. 1839 Prime minister Oct 1840 M.ade regent in room of queen Christina, whom he had opposed 8 May 1841 Quelled an insurrection by O'Donnell, Oct. ; took Barcelona, 15 Nov. ; entered Madrid . 30 Nov. „ Reaction against him ; successful insurrection in favour of Christina, July ; compelled to retire to England Aug. Returned to Spain, and settled at LogroHo Joined O'Donnell in an insurrection, July ; again prime minister, 31 July 1S54: resigned, July With the " Progresista " p.irty abstained from poU- tical action until they joined the insurrection, Sept. Received Alfonso XII. at LogroDo, and exchanged decorations ... . 9 Feb. 1843 1848 1856 87s ESPEJO, Antonio de, Spanish ti-aveller ; joined Augustin Ruiz in a mission to convert the Indians north of Mexico, and explored the country, 1580-3. ESPEN, Zeger Bernard van, Dutch jurist ; b. 9 July 1646; d. 2 Oct. 1728. ESPENCB, Charles d', French theologian;*. 1511; published "Institution d'nn Prince Chre- tien," 1548 ; d. 1571. ESPEE, Eugen Johann Christoph, German entomologist; b. 2 June 1742; published " Euro- pean Butterflies," 1777-1807; d.iiio. ESPEE, Johann Friedrich, brother, German physicist ; b. 6 Oct. 1732 ; d. 18 July 1781. ESPLNEL, Vicente de, Spanish poet and novelist ; b. about 1540 ; said to haTe added a fifth string to the guitar; published "Arte Poetica Es- panola," 1591 ; " Eelaciones de la Vida del Escu- dero Marcos de Obregon " (imitated by Le Sage in Gil Bias), 1618 ; d. about 1630. ESPINOSA, Diego de, Spanish cardinal and statesman ; b. 1502 ; faTourite and overbearing prime minister of Philip II. ; concerned in the murder of don Carlos, 30 July 1568 ; suddenly dis- graced ; d. 5 Sept. 1572. ESPINOSA, Nicolas, Spanish poet; b. about 1520; published a continuation of the "Orlando Furioso" of Ariosto, 1555. ESPE-EMESNIL 168 ESTE ESPEEMESNIL, Jacques Duval d', French statesmen : 1. Opposed the English in India ; travelled dis- guised as a Brahmin through India ; chief of the council at Madras, 1746; returned to France "When it was given up to the English, 174S d. 1767 S. His son, 6. 1746, accused the queen, Marie Autoinette, of complicity in the " diamond neck- lace affair" .... ... 17S6 Discovered and firmly opposed the plan of the court to anniliilate the parliaments, forpretcnded reforms 1787 Arrested during a session of the parliament, 3-5 April 17SS Deputy for Paris in the states-general . May 1789 Contended for a limited monarchy under Louis XVI 1790 Retired from politics 1791 Tried, executed ... 23 April 1794 ESPEIT, Jacques, French poet, &c. ; b. 23 Oct. 1611; published "Maximes," 1669; d. 6 July 1678. ESPEONCEDA, Jose de, eccentric Spanish poet; b. 1808; joined a secret society, and com- ptllcd to flee, about 1821 ; took: pai-t in the revo- lution at Paris, July 1830; returned to Spain, and employed by the government, 1840-1 ; ^vrote '*il Yerdugo " (the executioner ;) "il Mendigo" (the beggar;) d. 23 May 1842. ESPY, James Pollard, American meteorologist ; b. 9 May 1786 ; published " Philosophy of Storms/' 1841 ; a. 24 Jan. i860. ESQUiKOL, Jt'an Etiennc Dominique, French physician; b. 4 Jan. 1772; improved treatment of the insane; published *' Dcs Etablissemcnts d' Alienes en France," 1819; " Des Maladies Men- tales," 1838; d. 12 Dec. 1840. ESQUIE-OS, Henry Alphonse, French essayist and poet; ^.1814; published "EvangileduPeuple" (for which he was imprisoned), 1840 ; " Histoire des Montagnards," 1847; compelled to leave France after 2 Dec. 1851; m the "Ilevue des Deux Mondes," wrote many papers on England and the English, 185^, et seg.; elected a deputy to the apsembly, Feb. 1871 ; a senator, 1S76; a. 12 May 1876. ESSAKTS, Pierre des, French statesman; b. about 1360 ; fought in the Scotch armies against Eichard II. and Henry IV. ; taken prisoner at Ilomcldon, 1402 ; returned to France ; supported the Armagnacs; captured and put to death by John, duke of Burgundy, i July 1413. ESSEN", Hans Henrik, Swedish general ; b. 1 755 ; warned Gustavns III. of the plot to assassinate him, March 1792; governor of various provinces, 1795-1810 ; defended Stralsund against the French, 1S07; governed Norway, 1813-16; d. 28 July 1824, ESSEX, earls of, see Capelj Cromxcellj De- vereuxy fSiejjhcns. ESSEX, James, reviver of pure Gothic archi- tectuie ; b. 1723 ; d. 14 Sept. 1784. ESSLINGER, master of the school of German troubadours ; wrote satii'es on Uudolpli of Hapsburg, about 1273. ESTA^AO (StATKTS), Achille, Portuguese poet; d. 24 June 1524; published *' Sylvan," 1549; "MoDomochia Navis Lusitani^," &c. 1574; a. 28 Sept. 1581. ESTAINGr, Charies Hector d', daring but un- sldlfal French admiral; b. lyzg; d. 28 April 1794. Served in the war with England in the East Indies, 1759-63 ; and in North America . ... 1778-80 Defeated in a daring attack on Savannah. 9 Oct. 1779 Disgraced on his return home 1780 Made commander of the national guard ; adhered to tlie king, and endeavoui-ed to act as mediator, 1789-90 Condemned by the revolutionary tribunal ; exe- cuted ... ... 28 April 1794 ESTAMPESi Anne de Pisseleu, duchesse d', beautiful and learned; i. 150S; became mistress of Francis I., 1526; married to Jean de Brosse (made due d' Estampes) 1536 ; bribed by emperor Charles V. 1540 ; influenced Ii-ancis to consent to the treat}'^ of Crespy, 18 Sept. 1544; deprived of jewels and exiled by Henry II. ; a. in disgrace about I577* ESTCOURT, James B. Bricknall, major- general; b. 12 July 1802 ; adjutant-general in the Crimea, 1854-55 ; d, 23 June 1855. ESTCPURT, Thomas Henry Sutton Sotheron, conservative statesman; b. 4 April 1801 ; m.p. (for Marlborough) 1829; president of the poor law board, 1848; home secretary, 1859; retired from public life, 1865 ; d. 6 Jan. 1876. ESTE, see D'JEste, ESTE, marquises of Tuscany, afterwards lords of Ferrara, ancient Italian family : Obeuto I. Tuscan prince ; d. about 972. Oberto II. marquis of Tuscany ; d. about 1015, Albert Azzo I. son, marquis; oi^posed tlte emperor Henry II. ; imprisoned, 1014 ; d. 1029. Azzo II. son, marquis ; lieutenant of Henry II. in Italy, 1045 ; took possession of Maine, about 1066 ; d. 1097. Huao, count of Maine, son ; h. aliout 1060 ; sold his inheritance to his brother Fult, 1095 ; d. about 1135. FuLK I. brother; h. about 1060; defended his ticfs against his brother Guelf of Bavaria ; d. about 1135. Obizzo, sou, joined Lombard league against Frederic I., about 1167 ; made peace, 1177; elected podci^ta of Padua, 1182; made marquis of Milan and Genoa, about 1184 ; d. about iigo. Azzo HI. IV. insignificant. Azzo V. son ; obtained power in Ferrara. A2Z0 VI. son; b. about 1170; ardent supporter of the popes ; defeated by Eccelino of Verona ; d. Nov. 1212. Aldobrakdino, sou ; divided government of Ferram with Salinguerra, 1213 ; compelled to surrender Este to Eccelino of Verona ; d. probably poisoned, 1215. Azzo VII. the young, brother ; 6. about 1205 ; acquired Ancona, 1224 ; after a struggle recovered Ferrara, 1240 ; recovered Padua from Eccelino, tlie Ghibelline, June 1256; defeated him at Cassano, 16 Sept. 1259; d. 4 Feb. 1264. Obizzo II. grandson ; h. about 1240 ; joined Cliarles of Anjou against Manfred of Sicily, 1265 ; elected lord of Modcna, 15 Dec. 128S ; d. 13 Feb. 1293. Azzo VIII. son ; lord of Ferrara and Modena, 1293 ; civil war with his brothers ; d. 31 Jan. 130S. FuLK III. gi-audson ; succeeded, 1308 ; soon lost his stiites. FRANCEdCO and Aldobrandtno II. sons of Azzo VIIL, lords of FciTara, 1310-12. RiNALDo, Obizzo II., and N'icolo I., lords of Fen-ara and Rovigo, sons of Aldobrandino H. ; fii-st part of the 14th century. Aldobrakdino hi. son of Obizzo II. ; b. 1335 ; vigorous and able ; d. 3 Nov. 1361. NicoLO II. brother; d. 26 March 1388. Albert, brother ; put his nephew, the son of Obizzo, to death ; d. 30 July 1393. NicoLo HI. son; b. 13S4; defended by Venice, &c., from his relative Azzo, 1394 ; captain-general of the papal army against Milan, 1403 ; beheaded his second wife Parasina Malatesta for lidultery, 1425 ; d. at Milan, 26 Dec. 1441. LioNELLo, son ; patron of letters ; negotiated a peace between Venice and Sicily, 1450 ; d. x Ott. 1450. Bouso, brother ; made duke of Modena and Ileggio, 1452; of Ferrara, 1471 ; cstabhshed printing in "his states ; d. 20 Aug. 1471. ESTHER 169 ETTMULLEB Ebcolo I, brother ; b, 1433 ; war to disiiosiiraa liim failed, 1484 ; fostered letters ; Boiardo his frieud and minister ; d. 25 Jan. 1505. Alfonso I. 6, i486 ; joined the league of Cambrai, and fought against the Venetians, and gained sevend vic- tories, but lost his states, 1509-12 ; manied Lucrezia Borgia, 1502; recovered his states, 1513, 1522; d. 31 Oct 1534. Ekcolo II. Bon ; h. 4 April 1508 ; made jjeneral of the jiapal army against Spain, but made peace, 18 March 1558. Alfonso II. son ; d. ■without issue, 27 Oct. 1597. {Pope Clement VIII. seized Ferrara, 1598.) The descendants of his brother Cesare ruled Modena, &e. ESTHER or EdissA, queen of Ahasuci-us (Xerxes I,), lung of Persia ; her mediation ou be- half of the Jews, SI4, said to have led to the esta- blishment of the Feast of Purim, about B.C. 509. ESTIENNE (StephAITUS), learned French printers : Henri, 6. about 1460; disinherited for printing, 1482; printed izo works; the first, "Ethics of Aristotle," 1502; d. 1520. His sons : PKANQOis, &. 1502 ; d. 1550. Charles, 6. 1504; published "Cicero," 1555; "The- saxu'us Ciceroneanus," 1557; d. 1564. Robert I. ; &. 1503 ; married Perette, daughter of Josse Bade, professor and printer, 1528. Published his great Latin Bible, 1528 ; Hebrew Bible, ^ 1539-44- Greek Testament, 1546; the same, with the Vulgate and Erasmus's Translation ; division into verses introduced, 1551. Freiieh Bible revised by Calvin, 1553. Through his religious convictions and expected perse- cution, made arrangements for his family, and retired to Geneva, 1551. Published his " Concordance," 1555 ; d. 7 Sept. 1559. Eekhi H. son of Robert I. ; b. 1528 ; printed Anacreon at Paris, 1554; set up an oflice at Geneva, 1557; published " Dictinnnaire de Mfidecine," 1564. "Thesaui-us Gi-aecaa Linguse" (materials partly col- lected by Robert), 1572. Severely treated by the council at Geneva for expres- sions in his "Apologie pour Hcrodote," and ":^pi- gi'ammes," 1579-30. d. early in March, 1598. Pacl, son of Henri if. ; 6. Jan. 1566; completed his father's unfini,slied works ; commenced a series of Greek classics, 1599. Compromised in a conspiracy on behalf of the duke of Savoy; banished from Geneva, 1605-11. Sold his printing otficc, and d. about 1627. His son, Antoine. b. 1592 ; set up at Paris ; became a catho- lic ; printer to the Idng, 1615 ; d. 1674. Robert II. second son of Robert I., poet ; 6. 1530; d. at Geneva, 1570. His son, Robert; 6. about 1560; d. 1630. FiiANgois II. son of Rubei-t I. ; zealous prote-stant ; set up an office at Geneva, 1562; pnnted a Bilile with engraviugs ; censured by the couucU, 15G6-7 ; d. nu- cei-tain. ESTIUS, see Ressels. ESTOCQ, see Zesfocfi. ESTOILE, see rJSstoile. ESTOR, Johann Goorg, German jurist; b, 9 July 1699; d. 25 Oct. 1773. ESTOUTEYILLE, Guillaumed', French pre- late and cardinal ; b, before 1403 ; maintained the liberties of the French church ; reformed the uni- versity of Paris; enlarged and adorned Eoueu cathedral; d. 22 Dec. 1483. ESTEADES, Godefroi, comte d' French statesman and marshal ; ^.1607; d. 26 Feb. 1686; his " Lettres, Memou-es, et Ncgociations" printed 1709 and 1710. ESTEEES, d', French family : FuANQOis Annibale, duc, marshal and diplomatist (bro- ther of Gabrielle), b. 1573; his " Mcmoires de la Re- gence dc Marie de Mtdicis," published 1666 ; d. 5 May 1670. Gabuielle, b. 1571 or 1572. Became mistress of Honry lY. of France . 1590 Entered Paris as if queen . . . 15 Sept. 1594 Amassed great riches ; became ducliesse du Be:m- fort 1595 d. (possibly of poison) in the night, g or 10 April 1599 Jean, son of Frangois, admiral and marshal; b. 1624* blamed for inaction in the battles with tlie Dutch at Sole bay, 28 May 1672 ; and at tlie Texel, 11 Aug. 1673 ; bombarded Algiers, 1682 ; Tunis, 1685 ; d. 19 May 1707. CfisAR, son of Francois, cardinal ; 6. 5 Feb. 1628 ; nego- tiated the treaty "Peace of the Chm'ch;" and made cardinal, 1674; d. 18 Dec. 1714. Victor Maeie, son of Jean, marshal and diplomatist ; 6. 30 Nov. 1660 ; encouraged literature ; served under Tour-\ille, 1690, et seq, ; at the incomplete battle of Slalaga, 13 Aug. 1704 ; d. 28 Dec. 1737. Louis Charles C£sar, Le Tellier, marquis de Cotu-- tanvaux, comte (nephew of Victor) b. 4 May 1697 Fouglit in Spain and Germany ; decided the bat- tle of Fontenoy in favour olthe French, 11 May 1745 Defeated the duke of Cumberland at llastoiu- back -26 July 1757 Replaced by Richelipu. soon after; miuibtcrof state, July 1758; duc, 1763 . . . d. 1771 ETAMPES, duchesse d', see Bstampcs. ETEX, Antoine, French sculptor, b. 20 March 1808 ; published ''Fssai sur le Beau," 1851. ETHELBALD, king of Wessex,/. 850-C50. ETHELBEET, king of England, 85S-O6. ETHELBEET. long of Kent, 560 ; Brctwalda, 569; mairied Bertha, a Christian, daugliter of Charibert, king of Paris, about 575 ; rccein-d Augustin the monk ; baptized, 25 Dec. 507 ; issui.-d a collection of laws about 600; established a ca- thedral at Canterbury, 602; d. 23 Feb. 616. ETHELFLEDA, daughter of Alfred the great; styled "Lady of Mercia;" governed the states of her husband, Ethclred : d. 922. ETHELEED I., II., kings of England : 1. S(m of Ethclwolf; king, 866; contended with the Danes d. April 871 2, the Unready, son of Edward II. ; 6. 968 ; king, 18 Maich, 979 ; lirst paid tribute to the J^ancs for peace, 991 ; married Emma of Normandy, 1002 ; ordered the Danes in England to be slain on 13 Nov. 1002 (severely revenged) ; lied to Nor- mandy, 1013 ; retm-ned, and defeated Danes, 1014 d. 23 Axu'il ioi5 ETHELWOLD, St., friend of Dunstan ; b. about 925 ; bishop of Winchester, 963 ; reformed the raonasteiics, enforcing cclibac}'- ; d, 1 Aug. 9S4, ETHELWOLF, son of Egbert, king of Eng- land, 837 ; d. Jan. or June 85S. Fought with the Danes ; defeated them thoroughly at Ockley, 851 ; visited Rome, 855 ; married Ju- dith, daughter of Charles the Bakl, i Oct. 856 ; ^ divided the kingdom with his son, Ethclbald . 857 ETHEEEOE (or Etheridge), sir George, dramatist: i. about 1636; his " Comical Revenge; or, Love in a Tub," performed, 16O4; d. about 1694. ETHICUS, or JEthictjs, Christian philoso- pher of the 4th century : wrote a " Cosmographia." ETIENNE, see Esticmie. ETTINGSHAUSEN, Andreas von, German physicist ; b. 25 Nov. 179b ; published a treatise ou natural philosophy, 1844-45. ETTMULLEE, Michael, German medir-nl philosopher; d. 26 May 1644; published "lustim- tiones Medicinas," 1676; d. g ilarch 1683. ETTY 170 EUSDEN ETTT, "William, painter; i. 10 March 1787: B..A., 1828; exliibited " Coral-finilei-s," 1820; "Cleopatra," 1821 ; "Pandora," 1824: "Youth, and Pleasme," 1832; "Joan of Arc," 1847 ; d. 13 Nov. 1849. EXT, Lonis Philippe Marie Ferdinande Gaston d' Orleans, eldest son of the duo do Nemours, son of king Louis Philippe; S. 28 April 1842; married Isahelle, eldest daughter of Pedro II., emperor of Brazil, 15 Oct. 1864; commanded the Brazilian army in the war with Paraguay, closed by the death of Lopez, I March 1870. EUCLID (ErrCLEIDES), Alexandrian geome- ter; /. about B.C. 323-283. E'DD.SIMON, Giovanni Andrea, Candian Jesuit ; b. about 1560 : wrote many controyersial papers; "ad Ludovicum XIII. Admonitio" (a Ubel), 1625 ; d. 1625. EUDES, croTVned king of France, 887; defeated EoUo the Norman, 889; beaten by him, 890; quelled the Aquitanian rebels, 891 ; d. I Jan. 898. EUDES, Jean, French monk and orator ; b. 14 Not. 1601 ; travelled as a refonning missionary through France, 1632-5 ; established a new religious society, tei-mcd "Eudistes;" authorised, Dec. 1642; constituted, 25 March 1643 ; published " Vie et Royaume de Jesus," &o., 1O37 ; d. 19 Aug. 1680. EUDES, EUDON, or OdOST, duke of Aqui- taine ; h. 665 ; d. 735. Increased his territories by conquests from his neighbours O87-71S Contended with Charles Martel ; peace . . . 720 Tt)tally defcited the Sar.icens under Abd-el-llalolc 721 liefeated by the Saracens 732 With Charles Martel totally defeated them between Tours and Poitiers . . Oct. „ EUDOCIA (bom Athenais), empress, daughter of the sophist, Leon ; b. about 393 ; converted and baptized ; married to the emperor, Theodosius II., 421 ; inllucnced public affairs about 435-442 ; re- pudiated by her jealous husband, 444 ; retired to the Holy Land ; a. about 460. EUDOXUS of Cnidus, Greek astronomer and physician; Jl. about B.C. 366. EUGENE, Francis, prince of Savoy-Carignan ; general ; b. 18 Oct. 1663 ; d. 21 April 1736. Entered service of Emperor, Leopold II. . . 1683 Defeated the Tiu-ks at Zenta . 11 Sept. 1697 Defe.ited tlie French, under Villeroi, at Carpi, 9 July ; at Chiari i Sept. 1701 Siu'prised Cremona and captured Villeroi 31 Jan. and i Feb. 1702 "With ]\Iarlhorongli defeated Tallard at Blenheiiii 13 Aug. 1704 His indecisive battle at Cassano . . 16 Aug. 1705 Defeated tlie French at Turin . . 7 Sept. 1706 "With Marlborough defeated the French, under Villars, at Malplaquet ... 11 Sept. 1709 Came to London to support Marlborough against his enemies early in . .... 1712 Defeated at Denain by Villars . . 24 July ,, Signed peace with VUlars at Ilastadt . 6Marchi7i4 Took command of the army against the Turks ; de- ^ feated them at Fetenvardein . . 5 Aug. 1716 , Besieged Belgrade ; defeated the anny sent to re- lieve it, 16 Aug. ; entered the city . 18 Aug. 1717 Resumed command in the war respecting Poland . 1733 Advised the peace of Vienna, signed . 3 Oct. 1735 EUGENE BEAUHAENAIS, see Bcau- harnais. EUGENIE, empress of the French (daughter of Maria Manuela liirkpatrick, countess of Monti- jos) ; b. 5 May 1826 ; married Napoleon III., 29 Jan. 1853; appointed regent during the war, 27 July 1870 ; after the revolution, 4 Sept. fled and landed at Kyde, 9 Sept. 1870; widow, 9 Jan. 1873. EUGENICS BULGAEIS, learned Greek prelate; b. 1716; made archbishop of Slavonia and Cherson by Catherine II. ; translated the Mneii. into modem Greek, piiuted 1786-94 ; d. 1806. EUGENIUS I.— IV. popes : 1. elected, 8 Sept. 654 . . . d. s Jime 658 2. elected, 824 ; promoted popular education ; said to have introduced trial by cold water d. 27 Aug. 827 3. Beimardo of Pisa; elected, 27 Feb. 114s; ex- pelled by Arnold of Brescia, who declared that Christ's "Itingdora is not of this world;" re- turned d. 8 July IIS3 4. Gabrielle Condolmere ; elected, March 1431 ; opposed the coimcil of Basel, and promoted a brief re-union of the Greek and Latin churches at the council of Florence, 1439 ; accused of en- couraging the Hungarians to break the trace with the Turks, which led to the disastrous battle of Varna, jo Nov. 1444 . . . d 23 Feb. 1447 EULER, Leonhard, Swiss mathematician and physicist; A. 15 April 1707; professor at St. Peters- burg, 1730; at Berlin, 1741 ; oecarae blind, and re- turned to St. Petersburg, 1766; published "Let- tres a une Princesse d'Allemagne," 1768-72 ; and numerous treatises and papers ; d. 7 Sept. 1783. His sons, mathematicians : Johann Albreoht, &. 27 Nov. 1734 . . . . d 6 Sept. 1800 Carl, h. 15 July 1740 . . . d. 7 March 1790 Christopii, h. I May 1743 .... d. 1812 EUMENES, ofCardia, Greek general ; b. about B.C. 361 ; secretary to Alexander the Great; op- posed Antigonus ; defeated, and sniTcndered by his own soldiers, and put to death in the winter of 317-16. EUMENES I., II. of Pergamus : 1. ruled B.C. 263-241 2. king, 197 : .allied with the Romans, and fought witii them against Antioclms at Magnesia . . 190 Visited Rome ; obtained Jlysia, Lydia, &c., as his reward ; intrigued with Perseus of Mace- don, and heuce suspected by Rome, 167 d. 159 EUNAPIUS, Greek sophist and historian ; b. about 347 ; wrote " Lives of the Sophists." EUNOMIUS, Greek heretic ; founder of the Eunomiaus, or Anomcei, about 360. EUNUS, leader of the Sicilian slaves in the servile war, B.C. 136; at Enna, assumed the title of Icing Antioehus, 135; gained several victories over the Romans; defeated by Calpurnius Naso, 133 ; made prisoner : d. 132. EUPOLIS, Greek satirical di-amatist ; b. about B.C. 446. EUmC, Hug of Visigoths ; killed and succeeded bis brother Theodoric II., 465 ; made conquests in Gaul, 470-80 ; d. about Jan. 485. EURIPIDES, Greek tragic poet ; b. about B.C. 480 : said to have written 75 or 92 plays ; 18 ex- tant ; Alcestis exhibited, 430 ; Medea, 431 ; He- cuba, 423, &c. ; d. in Macedon, 406. EUSEBIUS, saint, elected pope, 20 May ; d. 26 Sept. 310. EUSEBIUS of Caesarea, Greek father; b. about 264; bishop of Cffisarea, about 315; depre- cated the punishment of Arius, but opposed his doctrines, 327; wrote " Chronicon," " Proeparatio Evangelica," and " Historia Ecclesiastica, &o. ; d. about 340. EUSEBIUS of Nicomedia, friend of Arius ; h. about 324 ; banished ; restored ; d. about 342. EUSDEN, Lawrence, poet laureate, 1719; published "Poems" on various events, 1717-27; d. 27 Sept. 1730. EUSTACHI 171 EVEEETT EUSTACHI, Bartolomeo, Italian anatomist; b. early in i6th centuiy; discovered the Eus- tachian tube, leading from the ear-drum to tlie throat ; wrote " de Audittts Organo," " de Deuti- bus," " Ossium Examen," &c. ; d. about 1574. EUSTATHUrS, bishop of Antioch; zealous opponent of Arius ; falsely accused and banished, 329 or 330 : d. in exUe. EUSTATHUrS, archbishop of Thcssalonica ; most learned man of his age ; -wrote a commentary on Homer: d. 1198. BUTEOPIUS, Roman historian; Jl. about 320. EUTEOPIUS, eunuch, influential minister of Aroadius, the emperor ; beheaded, 399. BUTTCHES, Greek heretic; i. 378; he maintained peculiar notions respecting Christ's in- carnation, approved by the "Thieves' synod" at EphesuB, 449 ; condemned at Chalcedon, 451 ; his followers tei-med Eutychians and llonopliysites ; d. about 454. EUTTCHIANUS, saint, pope ; ordained, 5 or 6 Jan. 275 ; d. y or 8 Dec. 283. EUTTCHIUS, Arabic historian and philo- sopher ; A. 876 ; patriarch of Alexandria, 933 ; -ivrote a history of the Saracens, universal history, &c. ; d. 12 May "940. EVAGOEAS, Greek warrior, ally of the Athen- ians, B.C. 405; obtained power in Cyprus, 387; king of Salamis, 385 ; assassinated with liis sou Phytagoras, 374. EVAGEIUS, Greek theologian, patriarch of Antioch, about 388— of Epiphaneia, or Scholasti- cus ; wrote ecclesiastical history ; d. about 536 — of Poutus, ascetic ; wrote " Monachus ; " d. about 399- EVANGELI, Antonio, Italian critic and poet ; b. 1742; translated Gray's "Elegy" into Latin, 1772 ; d. 28 Jan. 1805. EVANS, Arise (Rice or John), a "Welsh clergy- man, necromancer ; published " Almanacks " and prognostications, 1713, 17^5* EVANS, Caleb, American baptist; i. 1737; defended the American colonists in a letter to John Wesley, 1775 ; d. g Aug. 1791. EVAN'S, David Morier, journalist; b. 1819; commercial ^vriter in Times, &c., published " Com- mercial Crisis," 1847-8; 1857-8; " Facts, Failures, and Frauds," 1859; started the Horn; 1873; d. I Jan. 1874. EVANS, Evan 'Welsh theologian and poet; 6. about 1730; published " Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient \Velsh Bards," 1764; d. 1790. EVANS, sir George De Lacy, Irish general; i. 1787; sei'ved in India, Peninsula, America, and France, 1807-15; m.p. for "Westminster, 1833-1JI, 1846-65 ; commanded the Spanish legion in Spain, 1835-7 ; engaged in the Crimea, 1854-5 ; made G.O.B., 1855 ; d. 9 Jan. 1870. EVANS, James Harrington, Baptist minister ; S. 1785; d. I Dec. 1849. EVANS, John, dissenting minister; b. 1767; published" Sketch of Denominations of Chiistians," 1794, &c. ; d. 20 April 1827. EVAN'S, John, antiquary and geologist; b. 1823; published "Ancient British Coins," 1864; " Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Orna- ments of Great Britain," 1872. EVANS, Marianne, noveUat and kno\vn by lier nom de 'plume of " George Shot ; ' b. about 182b : published " Scenes of Clerical Life,' 1858; "Adam Bede," 1859; "Mill on the Floss," 1860; "SDas Maraer," 1861: "Romola," 1863; "FeUx Holt," 1866; "The Spanish Gypsy," a dramatic poem, 1868 ; " Middlemarch," 1871-2 ; " Daniel Deronda," 1876. EVANS, OKver, American engineer; I. 1755; invented machinery for cotton manufacture; ob- tained a patent for a steam carriage, 21 May 1797 ; his factoi-y at Pittsbm-g burnt down, 1 1 March ; d. 15 March iSll. EVANS, ven. Robert "Wilson ; i. 30 Aug. 1789 ; archdeacon of "Westmoreland, 1856; published " Rectory of Talehead," 1842 ; " Scripture Bio- graphy," 1848; "Bishopric of Souls," &c., &o. ; d, 10 March 1866. BVANSON, Edward, theologian; b. April 1731 ; attacked Christianity in his " Dissonance of the four generally received Evangelists," 1792; d. 25 Sept. 1805. EVAEIST"US, St., pope, 100; multipUed churches ; ordered altars to be made of stone and blessed ; divided Rome into parishes ; d. 109. E'VEL'TN, John, scholar, philosopher, and ardent royalist ; b. 31 Oct. 1620; d. 27 Feb. 1706. Published "Sculptura," a history of engraving, 1662; " Sylva, a discoUKC of Forest Trees," 1664; "Funii- fugium," 1661 ; "Terra," 1675 ; "Mundus Muliebris," 1690: "Numismata," 1697; "Acetaria," 1698. Pctei- the Great, czar of Rnssi.i, resided in his house at 8ay's court, Deptford, three months, 1697. His Diary (1641-1706) published, 1818. EVEL'YN, John, son; I. 14. Jan. 1654; pub- lished " History of the Grand Vizier," &o., 1673; translated Renatus's work "of Gardens," 1673; d, 24 March 1699. EVEMEEUS, or EunEMEKUS, Sicilian philosopher, about B.C. 320 ; in his " Sacred His- tory," suggested that the Greek mythology referred to men. EVEEAED, orE"raB,AEETS, Johannes Secun- dus, Dutch statesman and poet; b. 10 Nov. 1511 ; wrote " Basia," printed, 1631 ; d. 8 Oct. 1536. EVEEDINGEN, Aldert van, Dutch marine and landscape painter ; b. 1621 ; d. Nov. 1675. EVEEEST, sir George, colonel and mihtary engineer ; b. 4 July 1790 ; suiweyed Java, 1814-16 ; appointed superintendent of the trigonometrical survey of India, 1823 ; completed the measurement of a meridional arc m India, 1841 ; published his " Measurements," 1847; d. I Dee. 1866. ("Mount Everest," 29,002 feet high, in the Himalayas, the highest mountain then known.) EVEEETT, brothers, American diplomatists and scholais : Alexakber Henbt ; &. 19 March 1790 : accompa- nied Adams to St. Petersburg . . 1809 Visited London, Paris, &c i8iz Joined liis brother Edward, in the direction of " North American Review " .... 1S29 Published "Europe; or, a General Survey," &c., T822 : " New Ideas on Popul.atiou," 1823; "Ame- rica ; or, a General Survey," fee, 1827 ; d. 29 June 1847 Edw,vrd ; 6. II April 1794; educated for a clergy- man ; preached before Congress . . Feb. 1820 Travelled in Europe, &c. .... 1815-19 Editor of " North American Review " . , 1820 Professor at Boston ,, &[eniber of Congress 1824-34 Governor of Massachusetts .... 1835-iJ EVEESLET 172 EZEA American mmister in Londiin . T841-5 President of Harvard College . . 1846-9 Secretary of State under Fillmore, 1850 d. 15 Jan. 1865 EVEESLEY, viscount, see Shaw Le Feme. EWALD, Hans, Danish poet ; b. 18 Nov. 1743 ; wrote the " Death of Balder,^' " The Fishers,' ' &c. ; d. 17 March 1781. EWALD, Johann Ludwis, German theologian and educational writer ; b. 16 Sept. 1747: opposed rationalism ; published " What should the Nobility now do ? " 1793 ; " Eeyolutions ; their Causes," &c., 1792 ; d. 19 March 1822. EWALD, Georg Heinrioh August, German orientalist and historian; b. 16 Nov. 1803; pro- fessor at Gottingen ; with the Grimms, Gei-vinus, and others, deprived for protesting against abroga- tion of the liberal constitution, 1837 ; professor at Tiibingen, 1838; returned to Gottingcn, 1848; firmly adhered to the expelled dynasty, 1866, et seq. ; published work on Genesis, 1823; "Critical He- brew Grammar," 1835; "History of Israel," 1843, et seq. ; imprisoned for libel on prince Bismarck, 1874; d. 4 May 1875. EWAKT, Joseph Christopher, liberal politician; i. 1800 ; M.p. for Liverpool, 1855-65 ; d. 14 Dec. 1S68. EWAET, 'WiUiam, brother, merchant, liberal politician; b. 1798; M.P. for Liverpool, 1830-I, 1833-7 ; for Dumfi-ies, 1841-67 ; instrumental in the appointment of a committee on weights and measures, 1862 ; and passing an act permitting the use of the metric system, July 1864; d. 23 Jan. 1S69. EWING-, GreviUe, Scotch minister; h. Jjej; published Greek Grammar and Lexicon, 1802, 1827 ; d. 1S41. EWLITA-EPFENDI, learned Turkish tra- veller; b. 1611; ambassador at Vienna, 1664 ; translation of his ''Travels," priuted, 1834-50; d. about 1679. EXELMANS, Ecmy Joseph Isidore, French marshal; b. 13 Nov. 1775; d. 10 July 1852. Served in Italy, &c. .*.'.. 1799 Aide-de-camp of Miirat iSoi Submitted to Louis XVHI 1S14 llejoincd Napoleon, fought at Waterloo 18 June 1815 Proscribed ; escaped ; recalled and employed . 1819 -Grand chancellor of the legion of honour . . 1850 Marshal of France . . . 11 March 1S51 EXETER, present bishop, see Temple. EXETEE, dukes of ; 1, John Holland, son of Thomas and Joan Plantagenet, gr.and-danglitcr of Edw.ird I. ; duke, 1397 ; beheaded lor plot against Heni-y IV., Jan. 1400. Z. Thomas Beaufort, natural son of John of Gaunt, 1416 ; d. 27 Dec. 1426. 3. John, son of ist duke ; restored, 1417 ; duke, 1443 ; d. 1446. 4. Henry, son : attainted, 1461 ; d. 1473. EXETEE, marquises of, see Devon. Thojnas Cecil, son of lord Burghley ; created earl, 1605 ; d. 1622. His descendants : — 1, Henry, 6. 14 March, 1754 ; created mar(;^uis, Feb. 1801 ; d. I May 1804, 2. Beownlow, b. 2 July 1795 ; lord steward of the household, 1858-9 ; d. 16 Jan. 1861. 3. William Alletne, b. 30 April 1S25. EXMOUTH, see I'ellew. EXPILLT, Claude d', French lawyer and poet; b. 21 Dec. 1561; published " Orthographie Fran(;oi8e," l6r8, &c. ; d. 25 July 1636. EXPILLY, Jean Joseph, Abbe d', French geographer; b. 1719; published " Cosmographie," 1749; •' Polychorograpriie," 1755, &c. ; d. 1793- EXPILLY, Louis Alexandre, French prelate ; b. 24 Feb. 174^; elected bishop of FinisteiTe, con- secrated by TallejTand, and admitted into the National Assembly, 24 Feb. 1791 ; executed with twenty-five of his colleagues for having appealed to the department against the convention, 22 May 1794- EYCK, van, Flemish painters : Jan, of Bruges, inventor or reviver of oil painting; &. about 1390 ; painted " the Adoration of the Mystical Lamb," (at Ghent), 1420 ; patronised by Philip, duke of Burgundy, 1426; settled at Bruges, 1428 .... d. July 1440 Hubert, brother ; 6. 1366 . . d. 18 Sept. 1426 Mahqaret, sister . . d. about 1430 EYCKENS, Pierre, see YJcens. EYEIES, Jean Baptiste Bcnoit, French geo- grapher, &c. ; i. 24 June 1767 ; d. 21 June 1846. EYTELWEIN, Johann Albrocht, German en- gineer; *. 31 Dec. 1764; d. 18 Aug. 1848. EYEE, Edward John, traveller and colonial governor; b. about 1817- Scttled .as sheep farmer in Australia . . 1S33 Published his *' Discoveries in Central Australia " 1845 Lieut. -governor of New Zealand, 1846-53 ; of St Vincent, 1853-9 : of Antigua • • ■ 1859-60 Govemor-in-chief of Jamaica, 15 July 1864 ; sup- pressed an insmreetion . . . Oct. 1865 Recalled, being charged with undue severity July 1866 Grand jiiry reject bill of indictment against Imn 21 March 1S67 EYEE, major-general Vincent; S. 1811 ; en- tered Bengal artillery, 1828; served in Afghanistan, 1841-2; escaped from prison, loSept. 1842; published "Military Operations at Cabul," 1843; "MetaUio Boats, &c.," 1854. EYTON, rev. Robert WiUiam, topographer; published "Antiquities of Shropshire," 1S54-60. EZECHLEL, Armenian philosopher, astro- nomer, and physicist; b. about 673; travelled; established a school of astronomy and physics, and wrote a treatise; d. 727. EZEKIEL, Hebrew prophet ; caiTied to Baby- lon, 599; prophesied about B.C. 595-574. BZEA the priest, commissioned by Artaxerxes of Persia to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem, about B.O. 457. FABEEIZI 173 FABRONI F. FABBRIZI, Luigi Cinzio de, Venetian writeT ; i. atout 1450 ; published " Origine de' Volgari Pro- Terbi," 1526 ; a. about 1526. FABBRONI, see Fabroni. FABER, see Fevre. FABER, reT. Frederick, poet; i. 1S15 ; became Eomanist and oratorian ; published " Chei'well Water-lily," 1840; " Tracts on the Church," 1839; " Oratory of St. Philip Neri," 1850 ; d. 26 Sept. 1863. FABER, rev. George Stanley ; *. 25 Oct. 1773 ; master of Sherboume Hospital, Durham, 1832 ; published "Horse Mosaics (Bampton Lectures) 1801 ; " Dissertation on the Mysteries of the Ca- byri," 1803 ; " Origia of Pagan Idolatry," 1816 ; " Sacred Calendar of Prophecy," 1828 ; a. 27 Jan. 1854. FABER (Le Fevre) Johann, Geirman theo- logian, "Malleus Hajreticorum," friend of Eras- mus, opponent of Luther and Zwingle ; b. about 1478; d. 12 June 1541. FABER, Johann, German anatomist ; b. about 1570 ; practised dissection of the human body ; d. about 1650. FABERT, Abraham, French marshal; b. 15 Oct. 1599; son of a printer; in the retreat from Mayence contributed to save the French army, 1635 ; govemor of Sedan, which he fortified at his own expense, 1658 ; d. 17 May 1662. FABIAN, St., pope ; elected 10 Jan. 236 ; sent bishops into Gaul ; martyi-ed (under Decius) 20 Jan. 250. FABIAN, or FabtAJS", Robert ; b. about 1450 ; sheriff of London, 1493 ; his " Chronicles of Eng- land and France" printed by Pynson, 1516; d. 1512. FABIUS, the name of a Eoman gens, 306 of whom perished at the battle on the Cremera, B.C. 477- QuiNTTTS ViBULANUS Faeius, Roman consul, B.C. 485 ; deprived his soldiers of tlieir booty in war, and gave it to the public treasury ; killed in war B.O. 480 K^ESO ViEULANug, brother ; consul, B.C. 484 : pro- posed an .igr.irian law, 480 ; fought successfully against the Veientes, 479 ; proposed to the senate to make war with the Veientes with his o^vn rela- tives, at his own cost ; all cut off except one, at the Cremera 477 QuiNTUs ViBULANUs, SOU ; escaped alone at the Cremera, 477 ; consul, 467 ; a decemvir with Ap- pius Claudius, 450 ; exiled 449 Maxisius Rullianus, master of the horse to Papi- rius Cursor ; g.iined a victory over the Samnites, and narrowly escaped death for disobedience, B.C. 325 : consul, 322 ; 6th time, 296 . d. about 292 QuiKTUS Maximus, Cunctator (the delayer) ; &. about E. c. 275 ; consul (first time), 233 ; dictator against Hannibal (" nobis cunctando restituit rem." Ennius) 217 ; fifth time consul ; entitled prince of the senate, 209 ... d. 203 PiCTOB, the painter (of temples), about . . B.c. 310 QuiNTUs PicToB, Roman historian ("most ancient author," Livy\ wrote annals, beginning with arri- val of iEneas in Italy, about . . . B.C. 220 FAB RE, baron Fran(;ois Xavier, French painter; b. i April 1766; gained the grand prize; went to Eome, 1787 ; produced " La Saints Fa- mille," 1812 ; d. about 16 March 1837. FABRE, Jean Claude, French historian; b. 15 April 1668 ; published continuation of Fleury'a "Histoire Ecclesiastique," 1734; d. 22 Oct. 1753. FABRE D' Olivet, French philologist and musician; b. 8 Dec. 1768; attempted to teach mutes to speak ; (published " Notions sur le Sens de rOuie," 1819; d. 1825. FABRE D'EaiiANTlNE, Plulippe Francois Nazaire, French politician and dramatist ; b. 28 Dec. 1755; produced "Le PhiUnte de Moliere," 1790 ; involved in the revolution, and named one of the committee of public safety, 26 Mai-ch 1793 ; presented accusations against the Gii'ondists, 24 Oct. 1793; denounced for treason and corruption; exe- cuted, 5 April 1794. FABRE, French poets, brothers : Marie Joseph VrcToniN, French poet and orator ; &. 19 July 1785 ; wrote "Mort d'Henri IV.," 1808; "Tableau Litteraire de la France au i8e Si6cle," i8to (Z. 29 May 1831 Jean Raymond Augdste, poet and journalist ; 6. 24 June 1792; published "la Cal^douie," 1823; " la Revolution de 1830, et le Veritable Parti Re- publicain," 1833 . _ . d. 23 Oct, 183^ FABRETTI, Eaffaele, Italian antiquary; b. 1618; published " de Aquaaductibus Teteris fiomje,"' i58o; d. 7 Jan. 1700. FABRI, Honore, French Jesuit philosopher ; b. about 1607 ; published " Philosophia Universa," 1646; "Dialogi Physici," &c., 1665; d. 1688. FABRIANO, Gentile da, Italian painter; b. about 1370; produced "Adoration of the Eings," at Florence, 1423 ; d. 1450. FABRICITJS, Cains Luscinus, Eoman general and statesman; defeated the Samnites, &c., B.c, 282 ; helped to defeat Pyrrhus of Epims at Ascu- lum, 279 ; made peace with him, 278 ; as censor^ severely repressed Eoman luxury, 275. FABRICITJS, David, Gennan astronomer and astrologer; b. 1564; said to have discovered the spots on the sun, &c. ; published " Calendar," 1617 ; murdered, 7 May 161 7. FABRICIUS, Georg, Germaii philologist; b. 24 April 1516; published "Eoma, ejusdcm Itinera," 1550; d. i3July 1571. FABRICIUS, Jean Louis, Swiss theologian and diplomatist ; b. 1632 ; d. lo')'/. ■ FABRICITJS, Johann Albrecht, German scho- lar and literary historian ; b. 11 Nov. 1668 ; liis "Bibliotheca Latina" published, 1697; "Biblio- theca Grseca," 1705-28 ; "Bibliotheca Ecclesias- tica," 1718; " Bibliotheca Latina Mediffi et Infimae ^tatis," 1734-6; d. 30 April 1736. FABRICIUS, Johan Christian, Danish ento- mologist ; b. 7 Jan. 1748 ; published " Systema En- toniologiae," 1775; "Philosophia Entomologica," 1778 ; d. 3 March 1808. FABRIZIO D'AaiTAPENDENTE, Girolamo, Italian anatomist and surgeon; b. 1537; tutor of Harvey; rf.;2i May i6ig. FABRONI, Angelo, Italian biographer ; b. 25 Sept. 1732; published "Vitse Italomm ExceUen- tium," 20 vols., 1778-1S05 ; d. 22 Sept. 1803. FABRONI, or FaibRONI, Giovanni Valen- tino Mattia, Italian naturalist and chemist ; i. 13 FABEOT 174 PALOONETTO Feb. 1752; employed by Leopold of Tuscany, and Napoleon I.; bai'on. of Frencli empire, 1814; d. 17 Dec. 1822. FABEOT, Charles Annibal, Frencb. jurist ; h. 15 Sept. 1580; pubUsbed "BasiUconlib.bi;.," 1647 : ■" Theophill Institutiones," 163S ; d. 16 Jan. 1659. FABET, Jean Baptiste Germain, Frencb essay- ist, &o. ; h. 1780 ; pnbfishcd" Spectateur Francjais," 1805-12 ; " Itinerau-e de Bonaparte de I'lle d'Elbe a Ste Helene," 1816; d. 4 Jan. 1821. FABTAN, see Fabian. FACCIOLATI, Giacomo, Italian grammarian ; b. 4 Jan. 1682; d. 27 Aug. 1769; his projected " Totius Latinitati? Lexicon," principally executed by Forcellini, pubUsbed 1771. FAED, Jobn, Scotch painter; b. 1820; exhi- bited successfully in Ediubui'gb, 1850 ; in London since 1864 ; painted " Cotter's Saturday Night," " Tarn 0' Shanter," " The Wappenschaw," " John Anderson," " Hiring Fail-," &c. " In Memoriam," 1876. FAED, Thomas, brother; t. 1826; A.E.S. Scot, 1849; exhibited " Mitherless Bairn," "Pic- ture of the Season," 1855 ; " Home and the Home- less," 1856 ; " Sunday in the Backwoods," " Last o' the Clan," &c.; "She never told her Love," 1876; A.E.A., 1859; E.A., 1864. FAEBNE, Gabriels, Italian scholar, best mo- dem Latin poet; edited Cicero's orations, 1563; Terence's comedies, 1565; d. 17 Not. 1561. FAGAN, Christophe Bai-thelemy, French dra- matist; 5. 1702 ; d. 28 April 1755. FAGE, Durand, one of the enthusiastic pro- testant prophets of the Cerennes; b. 1681 ; came to London, "with Elie Marion and Jean Cavalier, autumn of 1706; wrote "l"he4tre Sacre des Ce- vennes," 1707; d. about 1750. FAGIUS (Buohlein), Paul, German Hebraist and refoiTuer; b. 1504; edited Levita's "Lexicon Chaldaicum," 1541 ; and David Kimchi's com- mentaiy on the Psalms, 1541 ; deposed at Sb-as- bm-g ; came to London with Bucer, and with him made professor at Cambridge by Cranmer, April 1549; d. 12 Nov. 1549 or 1550. PAGNANT, Giulio Carlo, marcbese de' Toschi, Italian mathematician ; b. 6 Dec. 1682 ; d. 26 Sept. 1766. FAGON, Gui-Crescent, French physician and botanist; b. 11 May 1638; chief physician to Louis Xiy., 1693 ; superintendent of the " Jardin Eoyal," 1698; d. II March 1718. FAHRENHEIT, Gabriel Daniel, German physicist ; b. 14 May i586 ; adopted mercury for the thermometer, and formed his scale, about 1714 ; lived in England some time ; made meteorological instruments for Eoyal Society, and became p.k.s. 1724; d. 16 Sept. 1736. FAIDHEEBB, Louis Leon Cesar, French ge- neral; b. 3 June 1818. Served in Africa, 1844-3, 1849-52 ; governor of Se- Mgid 1854-61 Suppressed an insurrection headed by a prophet, Hadj-Omar jggo Cliief commander of the army of the north 23 Nov. 1870 Bravely resisted at Pont i Noyelles ; compelled to retreat . . , . 23 Dec. ,, Also at St. Quentin . . . . ig Jan, 1871 Elected member of the national assembly 2 July ,, Published "Ease d'un Projet de I'Organisation de rArm6e," and " Carapagne de I'Armee du Nord" „ FAIDIT, Gaucelm, French troubadour; patro- nised by Eiohard I. of England; went to the ciaisade; received by the marquis of Montferrat and others ; d. after 1220. FAIEBAIEN, sir "WUliam, Scotch civil engi- neer; b. 19 Feb. 1789; began business, 1814; ?■ shipbuilder ; invented riveting machines, &c., 1836 et scq. ; published " Iron ; its History and Manu- facture," 1857-8; and works on mills and mill- work ; elected president of the British Association, i860 ; baronet, Oct. 1869; d. 18 Aug. 1874. FAIEFAX, Edward, poet; published transla- tion of Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered," 1600; d. about 1632. FAIEFAX, Ferdinand Fairfax, lord, parlia- mentarian general ; defeated by the earl of New- castle at Bramham Moor, 29 March 1643; took Tork, July 1644; resigned, through the "self- denying ordinance," April 1645 ; d. 13 March 1647. FAIEFAX, sir Thomas, afterwards lord, son of preceding; 5. 161 1; parliamentary general, 1642; defeated the royalists at Nantwicn, 25 Jan. 1644 ; named general of the parliamentary army, April 1645 ; defeated the king at Marston Moor, 2 July 1644 ; at Naseby, 14 June 1645 ; refused to march against the Scots ; resigned, 25 June 1650 ; helped forward the restoration, 1659-60; d. 12 Nov. 1671. FAIEHOLT, Frederick "William, artist and antiquary; b. 1814; published "Costume in Eng- land," 1846; " Dictionary of Terms in Art," 1854; " History of Tobacco," 1862, new ed. 1876; d. 3 April 1866. FAITHFULL, EmUy, promoter of employ- ment for women; b. 1835; established a printing office with female compositors, i860; commenced the "Yictoria Magazine, 1863; published " Change upon Change," a novel, 1868 ; honourably received at New York, 1872-3. FAITHOENE, "William, engraver; i. about 1616 ; published " Art of Graveing," 1662 ; d. 1691. "William, son; b. 1656; d. 1686. FALCANDTJS or FrrLCAHDUS, Hugo, Si- cilian historian ; wrote " de Tyrannide Siculorum," about I 180. FALCONEE, Hugh, m.d., Scotch naturalist and geologist; b. 29 Feb. 1808; d. 31 Jan. 1865. Went to India as assistant surgeon . . . 1830 Succeeded Dr. Royle as superintendent of the Bo- tanic Garden, Calcutta „ Explored the Sewalik Hills, and made great palffi- ontological discoveries .... 1831-4 Retm-ned to England with very large collections, which he was employed to arrange . 1835-48 Returned to India and made further researches 1848-55 Returned to England ; devoted to research 1856-65 " Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis " part published, 1846 ; PalEeontological Memoirs .... 1S68 FALCONEE, "WiUiam, Scotch poet ; b. about 1730; published " The Shipwreck," 1762; "Uni- versal Dictionary of the Marine," 1769 ; d. ship- wrecked, Dec. 1769. FALCONEE, "William, physician; b. 1743; published " fiemarks on the Influence of Climate," 1781; "Essay on the Bath "Waters," 1770; "on the Influence of the Passions on Disorders," 1788; d. 1824. FALCONET, Etienne Maurice, French sculp- tor; b. 1716; employed by Catherine II. for the great statue of Peter at St. Petei-sburg, 1776-78; d. 24 Jan. 1 791. FALCONETTO, Giovanni Maria, Veronese painter and architect ; b. 1458 ; d. 1534. PALIEEI 175 PAEINATO FALIEEI, Marino, doge of Venice; b. 1274; captured Zara, after defeating Louis of Hungarj', I July 1346; elected doge, 10 Oct. 1354; conspired against me republic because an insult to his wife was not sufficiently punished ; beheaded, 17 April I3SS- FAXiK, Johann Daniel, German satiric poet and philanthropist ; b. 1768; " Grotesken, U.S.W.," 1806-7; Fallc'a "Liebe, u.s.w." 1817; d. 14 Feb. 1826. . FALKENSTEIN, Eduard Togel von, Prus- sian general ; b. 5 Jan. 1797. Fought itt campaign of 1813-14 ; as chief of staff distinguished iu Danish war .... 1864 As commander of the main army, conquered Hano- ver and Cassel 1866 Defeated the Bavarians at Kissiiigen, and captured Frankfort 16 July ,, Commander of home troops against invasion July 1870 EALKLAND, viscount, see Cary, FALLE, Philip, geographer; b. 1655; pub- lished "Account of Jersey,", 1694; ^- 1742- FAIiLOPIO, Gabriele, Italian anatomist; b. about 1523 ; published " Observationes Anatomica3," 1561 ; d. 9 Oct. 1562. FALLOTTX, Alfred Frederic Pierre, comte de, French legitimist politician; b. 7 May 1811 ; pub- lished "Histoire de Loms XVI.," 1840; "Histoire de St. Pie v.," 1844; minister of public instruction, 20 Dec. 1848 ; retired at the coup d'etat, Dec. 1851 ; supported the papal "syllabus with Dupanloup, 1867. FALLOWS, rev. Fearon, astronomer ; son of a poor weaver; self-taught; S. 4 July 1789; director of the observatory at the Cape of Good Hope, 1821 ; published "Catalogue of Stars," 1824; his "Ob- servations at the Cape," published 1848 ; d. 25 July 1831. . FALSTALP (or FaISTOLF), sir John, war- rior; b. about 1377; served under Henry V. in France, 1415 et seq. ; defeated the French at the " battle of herrings" (intercepting a convoy of fish to reKeve the gaiiison of Oneans), 12 Feb. 1429; employed by the regent, 1430-40 ; d. 15 Oct. 1459. FAITCOUET, Samuel, dissenting minister; b. 1678 ; said to have founded the first circulating library in London; d. 1768. FANE, hon. Julian, diplomatist and poet, son of earl of VVestmoreland ; I. 2 Oct. 1827; published " Poems," 1852 ; secretary of legation at St. Peters- burg, Vienna, and Paris, 1856 ct seq. ; d. 19 April 1870. FANSHAWB, sir Eichard, royalist, diplo- matist, and poet, Latin secretaiy to Charles II. ; b. June 1608 ; translated Guarini's " Pastor Fido," &c. ; his " Original Letters " published, 1701 ; d. 16 June 1666. Ann, wife ; b. 1625 ; ^vrote " Me- moirs," published by H. Nicolas, 1829 ; d. 1679. FANT, Erik Michael, Swedish antiquary ; b. 9 Jan. 1 7J4 ; edited " Sciiptores Eerum Suecicarum Medii JEvi," printed 1818-28; d. 23 Oct. 1817. FANTI, Manfredo, Italian general ; b. 24 Feb. 1806; d. 5 April 1865. Served against Austrians .... 1831-2 In French army 1832-5 In Spain against the Carlists - . 1835 et seq. Joined Sardinian army 1848 Minister of m.irine and army for Italy Jan. — Sept. i860 Defeated Lamoricifere at Castel-Fidardo 18 Sept. i860 Retired June 1861 FANTONI, Giovanni, Italian lyric poet ; b. 27 Nov. 1755; published " Odi Oraziane ed Anacreon- tiche," 1785; d. I Nov. 1807. FANTOSME, Jordan, historical poet, 12th century ; wrote " Chronicle of the "War with the Scots," 1173-74: published 1839. FAEADAT, Michael, chemist, physicist, and philosopher, son of James Faraday, a smith ; b. 22 Sept. 1791 ; d. 25 Aug. 1867. Apprenticed to a bookseller and bookbinder . 1804 Appointed chemical assistant to Sir Humphry Da^'y in the Royal Institution . . i March 1813 Travelled with him (as assistant) on the continent Oct. 1813 — April 1815 Reported the discovery of the chloride of carbon Dec. 1820 Discovered the rotation of a magnet round an elec- tric current 25 Dec. 1821 Liquefied chlorine and other gases . . 1823 Began the Christmas lectures (on chemistry') 2() Dec. 1829 Published his discoveries of miigneto-electnc con- duction 24 Nov. 1831 Appointed FuUerian professor of chemistry at the Rnyal Institution 1833 Published new law of electric conduction 23 May ,, Laws of electric decomposition . 20 June „ Origin of power in the voltaic pile . 7 April 1834 Researches on frictional electricity , 30 Nov. 1837 Magnetization of a ray of light . . Nov. 1845 Dia-magnetism and the magnetic condition of all matter 18 Dec. „ Magne-crystallic force (in bismuth, &c.) 7 Dec. 1848 Discovery of magnetism of flame and gases 2 Aug. 1850 Researches on atmospheric magnetism, 9 Oct. and 19 Nov. „ Published " Chemic^ Manipulation " . 1827-30, 1842 " Experimental Researches in Electricity and Mag- netism," 3 vols. 1839.5s "Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics" 1859 Permitted publication of Lectures on " the Me- tals "1853: on "the Chemical Hi stoiy of a Cau- dle," 1861 : on " Forces of Matter" . . . i860 FAEADELLA, Michelangelo, Sicilian philo- sopher; b. 1650; published "Universse Philosophiin Systcma," 1691 ; d. 2 Jan. 1718. PAEEL, GuiUaume, French reformer; }. 1489 ; d. 13 Sept. 1565. Sustained thirteen theses on the points controver- ted between Romanists and Protestants at Basel 15 Feb. 1524 Quarrelled with Erasmus, whom he compared to Balaam ; retired to Strasburg . . March ,, Settled at Basel ; declared a protestant 15 Feb. 1528 Joined Calvin ; expelled from Geneva . April 1538 At NeufchAtel established a severe ecclesiastical discipline Feb. 1542 Preached throughout Switzerland ; married Marie Forcl about 1557 Imprisoned for iJrcaching at Gap (soon released) 24 Nov. 1561 FAEET, Nicholas, French historian and poet ; b. about 1600; published " Vertus Necessaii'es a un Prince," 1623, &c. : d. 1646. FAEEY, John, geologist; b. 1766; published " View of Agriculture and Minerals of DeAyshii-e," 1S11-17; d. 6 Jan. 1826. John, son, civil en- gineer; i. 20 March 1791; published " Treatise on the Steam Engine, 1827 ; ^. 17 July 1851. FAEIA T SOUZA, Mauoel de, Portuguese historian; b. 1590; began to publish his "Epi- tome de las Historias Poituguezas," 1628 ; exiled for his comments on the " Lusiades ; " his " Europa Portugueza," printed, 1667; " Asia Portugueza," 1666-75 i " Africa Portugueza," 1681 ; d. 3 June 1649. FAEINATO, Paolo, Veronese painter ; b. 1525; d. 1606. FAEINELLI 176 FAITJAS FAEINELLI, Carlo Broschi, Italian Binger (said to have had the finest tenor voice known) ; b. 24 Jan. 1705 ; favourite of Phihp V. and Ferdinand VI. of Spain, 1736-59; d. 15 July 1782. FAEINGDON, Anthony, eloquent preacher; J. 1596 ; d. Sept. 1658. FARINI, Carlo Luigi, Italian statesman and physician; b. 22 Oct. 1822; expelled the Eoman states; returned, and became minister of the in- terior under the pope, 1847 ; retir-ed when the re- public was proclaimed, Feb. 1849; published " Stato Romano, 1815-50," 1850 ; Letters to Mr. Gladstone, 1856; to Lord John Russell, 1859; dictator of the province of ^miUa (includmg Parma, Modena, and the Romagna), i860 ; Sar- dinian minister of the interior, 1 860-1 ; d. 1 Aug. 1866. FAEISH, "William, physicist; b. 1759; pro- fessor at Cambridge ; d. 12 Jan. 1837. FAEiLEY, James Lewis, Irish scholar; b. 9 Sept. 1823 ; accountant of the state bank at Con- stantinople (afterwards imperial Ottoman bank), i860 ; published " Two Tears in Syria," 1858 ; " The Druses and Maronites," 1861 ; " Resources of Turkey," 1862; "Turkey," i8()6; Turkish Con- sul at Bristol, 1870 ; acted in favour of the Her- zegovina insurgents, Sept. 1875 ; secretary of the Christian league in aid of Chi'istians in Turkey, formed early in 1876. FAEMER, Hugh, dissenting theologian; J. 1714; published "* Dissertation on Miracles," 1771 ; "Essay on Demoniacs of the New Testament," 1775 ; d. 6 Feb. 1787. FAEMER, Dr. Richard, arehasologist ; b. 28 Aug. 1735; published "Essay on the Learning of Shakspeiire," 1766; librarian imiv. Camb., 1778; d. 8 Sept. 1797. FAEKABIE, Thomas, philologist, and emi- nent schoolmaster ; b. 1575; went with Drake and Hawkins, 1595 ; published " Systema Grammati- cum," 1641 ; d. 12 June 1647. FAENESE, Italian family, dukes of Parma, &c.: 1. PlETRO LuiOT, son of pope Paul I. ; &. about 1490 ; estcibliahed the duchy of Parma and Fla- ceutia, 1545; assassinated by conspirators against his tyranny .... 10 Sept. 1547 2. Ottavio, son ; 6, about 1520 ; recovered his duchy about 1555 . . . . d. 18 Sept. 1585 3. Alessandro, son ; great general ; &. 1546 ; re- covered tlie soathern Netherlands for Spain, 1578-9 ; reduced Antwerp hy famine, 1584-5 ; duke, 1585 : made Henry IV. raise the siege of Paris, 1590 . . . d. of wounds, 3 Bee. 1592 4. Ranuzio, son; 5. 1569; duke, 1592; tyranni- cal ; put down a conspiracy with severity, 19 M.ay, 1612 ... . d, March 1622 5. Odoardo, son ; &. 28 April 1612 ; duke, 1622 ; joined Fr.ince against Austria ; nearly ruined, 1633 ; favom-ed literature d. 12 Sept. 1646 6. ItANUzio II., son; Z). 1630: lost Castro; be- headed his b.-Lse minister, Uaufridi, by whom he had suffered losses, 1670 , . d. ji Dec. 1694 7. Francesco, son ; &. 19 May 1678 ; the duchy subjected to the empire by treaty, 1720 d. 26 Feb. 1727 8. Antonio, brotlier ; h. 29 Nov. 1679 ; d. 20 Jan. 1731, when the family was extinct FAENHAM, Eliza, American philanthropist ; b. (Bmians) 17 Nov. 1815 ; matron of state piison, New York ; ruled by kindness, 1844-8 ; visited California, 1849-56; published " California, In-door and Out; " d. 15 Dec. 1864. FAEQUHAE, George, Irish dramatist; b. 1678; published "Recruiting Officer," 1705; "Beaux Stratagem," 1707; d. April 1707. FAER, William, m.d., statistician; b. 1S07; appointed compiler of abstracts in the registrar- general's office, 1838 (and since superintendent), 1838 ; census commissioner, 1851 and 1861 ; eon- Btmcted " the English Life-Table," printed for the government, 1864; corresp. mem. French Institute, May 1872. FAERAGUT, D.ivid Glascoe, American admi- ral; b. 5 July 1801 ; d. 14 Aug. 1S70. Midshipman, 1810 : capt.ain .... 185s Captured New Orleans . . 25-28 April 1862 Passed the batteries of Fort Hudson, and joined Grant in the investment of Vicksburg March 1863 Took forts, and destroyed the confederate flotilla 5-8 Aug. 1864 Nominated admiral of tlie United States of America 1866 FAEEANT, Richard, musical composer; d. about 1585. FAEEAR, rev, Frederick William; b. 1831; assistant master at HaiTow school, 1855 ; master of Marlborough College, 16 Jan. 1871 ; published "Essays on the Origin of Language," i860; "Chapters on Language," 1865; "Essays on a Liberal Education," 1868; "Life of Christ, 1874; 14th edition, 1875, &c. ; canon of Westminster, 1876. FAEEEN", Eliza, dramatic singer; b. 1759; made her rfeiuMn Liverpool, 1773; London, 1777; married to the earl of Derby, i May 1797; d. 23 April 1829. FAEEEN, Wmiam, comedian; b. 1787; d. 25 Sept. 1861. FASTOLF, sir John, see Falstalf. FATTMA, daughter of Mahomet ; b. about 606 ; married AU, 623 ; d. O32. From her descended the caliphs of Egypt. FATIO DE DtriLLEltS, Nicolas, Swiss geo- meter and fanatic ; b. 16 Feb. 1664 ; suggested the controversy between Leibnitz and Newton respect- ing the discovery of the ditferential calculus, about 1685 ; defended the prophets of the Cevennes in England, 1706; d. 1753. FAUCHEE, Cesar and Constantin, French generals, tenned " the twins of La Reole; " b. 20 March 1759 ; served under the republic and the empire, 1794-1814; joined Napoleon on his return from Elba; tried and shot, 27 Sept. 1815. FAUCHEE, Leon, French political economist ; b. 8 Sept. 1803; began to write in the "Temps," 1830 ; published " Reforme des Prisons," 1837 ; "itudes sur I'Angleterre," 1845 ; " Recherches sur rOr et 1' Argent," 1843; " du Droit an Tra- vail," 1849 ; appointed minister of the interior, 29 Dec. 1S48; resigned, 14 May 1849; again minister, April— Oct. 1851 ; d. 13 or 14 Dec. 1854. FAUCHET, Claude, French historian; b. 3 July 1530; published " les Antiquitcz Gauloiscs et Francoises," 1579-99; d. about 1601. FAUCHET, Claude, French orator and poKti- cian; b. 22 Sept. 1744; executed 31 Oct. 1793. Supported the revolution ; published his " Reli- gion Nationale," and helped to reorganise the Church 1789-90 Made constitutional bishop of Calvados . . 1791 Edited " Jounial des Amis " ... . „ Accused of complicity with Charlotte Cord.iy 18 July 1793 Said to have recanted in prison . July ,," PAUCIT, Helen, actress ; b. about 1816 ; made her debiit as Julia in the "Hunchback," 5 Jan. 1836; maiTied Theodore Martin, 1851. FAUJAS DE St. Fond, Barthelemi, French geologist and traveller ; J. 17 Xlaj' 1741 ; professor in the Jardin des Plantcs, Pai-is, 1 793-1818; FAULHABEE 177 FEOKENHAM published " Minuralogie des Volcans," 1784; "Ex- periences de la Machine Aerostatique de Montgol- ner," 178J-4; "Voyages Geologiques," 1805-6; d. 18 July 1819. _ FAULHABEB, Johann, German mathema- tician and engiut-er, addicted to alchemy; h. 5 May 1580; published in German " a Arithmetioo-oubical Pleasure-Garden," 1604; d. 1635. FATJLKNEE, George, Irish printer, friend of Swift, &c.; h. about 1700; began "Faulkner's Journal," 1728 ; d. 28 Aug. 1775. FAUXKNEE, Thomas, topographer; *. 1776; published "History of Chelsea," 1810; "History of Fulham," 181 5; "History of Kensington," 1820; d. 26 May 1855. FAUNTLEEOT, Henry, banker, executed for forgery, 30 Nov. 1824. _ FATTQUES, Mariaime Agnes de, French nove- list; b. about 1720; escaped from a convent ; came to Loudon ; befriended by lady Craven, sir WiUiam Jones, &e. ; d. after 1777. FAURIEL, Claude, French scholar and critic ; i. 21 Oct. 1772; published " Chants Populaires de la Grece Modeme," 1824-5 ; " Histoire de la Gaule Mtridionale," 1836 ; " Histoire de la Croisade cen- tre les Albigeois," 1837; "Histoire de la Poesie Proven(;ale," 1846 ; &o. ; d. 15 July 1844. FAUST, Johann, see Tust. FAUSTA, Flavia Maximiana, daughter of Maximianus; married to Constantino the Great, 307 ; suffocated for causing her step-son Crispus to DB put to death, about 326. FAUSTIN, see Soulouque. FAUSTINA, empresses : — I. Annia Galeria, profligate wife of Antoninus Pius ; empress, 138 ; d. 141. II. Annia, daughter, profligate; married M. Aurelius, about 145 ; d. about 175. FAUSTUS, Eeiensis, Latin father ; bishop of Biez, 472 ; d. about 490. FAVAET, Charles Simon, French dramatist; b. 13 Nov. 1710; persecuted and imprisoned by marshal Saxe on account of his beautiful wife ; a. 12 May 1792. Marie Justine Benoite Duronceray, wife, actress; h. 15 June 1727. FAVAET DE LAJfGIiABE, baron Guillaume Jean, French jurist; b. 20 April 1762; served under Napoleon, and Louis XVIII. ; edited " Code Civile," 1804, et scq. ; d. 14 Nov. 1831. FAVEEB AU, Jacques, French poet and jurist ; b. 1590 ; wrote " la MilUade," a satire that gave offence to Eichelieu, 1637 ; d. 1638. FAVONIUS, Marcus, Roman patrician, states- man ; befriended Pompey after his defeat at Phar- salia, B.C. 48; adhered to Brutus and Cassius; captured at Philippi, and put to death, 42. FAVOEINUS, Platonic philosopher ; favoured by Trajan and Adrian;.^, about 100; seeJPhavorinus, FAVEE, Gabriel Claude Jules, French advocate and politician ; b. 31 March 1809. Secretary under tlie provisional government Feb. 1848 Opposed tlae expedition to "Rome . . Dec. „ Defended Orsini Marcli 1858 Opposed the Mexican war, &c. * . . 1862-4 Opposed the policy of Louis Napoleon . 1849-68 Foreign minister under the new repxiblic 4 Sept. 1870 Issued a circular, saying, " We will not cede either an inch of our territories or a stone of our for- tresses " 6 Sept. „ Met Bismarck to treat, without effect, 19, 20 Sept. „ Foreign minister in Thiers' ministry, 17 Feb. ; re- signed about 23 July 1871 Published ' ' Gonvemement de la Defense Nationale" June 187a PAWCETT,, Henry, political economist; b. 1833 ; bUnded when out shooting, Sept. 1858 ; ap- pointed professor of political economy at Cambridge, 1863 ; published " lyianual of Political Economy," 1863-9; "Pauperism," 1871; m.p. for Brighton, 1864-74; for Hackney, Apiil 1874. Millicent, wife; 0. (Garrett) ; mamed, 23 April 1867; published " Tales on Political Economy," 1874 ; advocates rights of women, &c. FAWCETT, sir ■William, general; b. 1728; published " Keveries, or Memoirs on the Art of war," 1757, &o. ; d. 22 March 1804. FAWKES, rev. Francis, poet ; b. about 1721; published "Bramham Park, 1745 ; translation of "Anacreon," 1760; d. 26 Aug. 1777. FAWKES, Guy, conspirator ; for his share in the gunpowder plot (seized in a vault under the parliament house, 5 Nov. 1605), executed 31 Jan. 1606. FATDIT, Gaucelm, see Faidit. FAY, Joseph, Gei-man painter; b. 10 Aug. 1813; obtained distinction by liis early worlcs, " Samson and "Cleopatra;" settled at Paris, 1845-50; re- tm-ned to Germany; d. 27 July 1875. FATE, Herve Auguste Etienne Albans, astro- nomer; b. 5 Oct. 1814; discovered a new comet, 22N0V. 1843; published "Le(;onsdeCosmographie," 1852-54. FAYETTE, see Za Fayette. FAYOLLE, Francois Joseph Marie, French poet, musician, mathematician, &c. ; b. 12 Aug. 1774; published " Dictionnaire des Musiciens," 1814; '' Acontologie ; " " Dictionnaii'e des Epi- grammes," 1817; edited several French classics; taught in England, 1814-20 ; d. 2 Dec. 1852. FAZIO, Bartolomeo, Italian historian ; d. 1457 ; his " de Yiris sui .31vi Illustribus" printed 1745. FAZY, Jean Jacques, Swiss statesman; b. 12 May 1796; journalist at Paris; opposed the ordi- nances of Charles X., July 1830 ; returned to Geneva, and obtained much influence ; member of the great council ; through indiscretion at election riots, Aug. 1864, compelled to retire, Nov. 1864. FEAENE, Charles, jurist ; b. 1749 ; published " Essay on the Learning of Contingent Remain- ders," &c., 1772; d. 21 Jan. 1794. FEATLY, or Faieciough, Daniel, theolo- gian; b. 1582; joined the assembly of divines at ■Westminster, 1643 ; deprived for attachment to the Anglican church ; wrote " Clavis Mystica," 1636 ; " the Dipper Dipt," &o. ; d. 17 April 1644. FEBUEE (Fevre), Michel (Pere Justinien de Tours), French missionary and orientalist ; b. about 1640; published " Etat present de la Turquie," 1675; "Theatre de la Turquie," 1682; d. after 1684. FECHT, Johann, German theologian; b. 26 Dec. 1636; attacked the pietists; d. 5 May 1716. FECHTEE, Charles, actor; b. about 1823; made his debut as Hamlet, i860; opened Lyceum Theatre, 10 Jan. 1863 ; successful in United States, 1870. FECKENHAM, John Howman de, last mitred abbot who sat in the house of peers ; displeased queen Mary by interceding for Elizabeth and other PEDOR 178 FENWICK protestants; declined to conform to protestantism ■with the offer of the see of Canterbury, 1558 ; im- prisoned by Elizabeth, 1560; d. 1585. FEDOE, or Feodoe, czars of Eussia : 1. IvANOviTCH, 6. 1557 ; czar, 1584 ; pious and weak ; Boris Gudonof ruled ; d 1598. 2. BoRlssoviTCH, &. 1598 ; czar, 1605 ; murdered by tlae false Demetrius, 10 June 1605. 3. Alexievich, &. 1657; czar, 1676 ; reformed the aris- tocracy ; promoted education ; punished heresy ; 6,. 27 April 1682. FEDOE, Iranovich Charles Frederic, Eussian painter, of Tartar origin; h. 176^; taken prisoner, 1770; patronised by Catherine II.; baptized and educated in Italy; came to London with lord Elgin; d. 1821. FEIJOO, see Feyjoo. FEITH, Ererhard, Dutch antiquary and scholar ; h. about 1597 ; d. about 1625 ; his " Antiquitates Homeriose printed 1677. FEITH, Ehijnvis, Dutch poet; 5. 7 Feb. 1753; published " Inez de Castro," tragedy, 1793 ! " Oden en Gediehten," 1796-1810; d. 8 Feb. 1824. FELIBIEN, French wi-iters : ANDRfi, Sieur des Avaux et de Javerey, architect, historian, &c. ; 6. May, 1619 : pubhshed " En- tretiens sur les Vies et les Travaux des Peintres," 1666-89 d. w June 1695 Jacques, brother, theologian ; &. 1636 ; published " Pentateuchus Historicus," &c., 1703 d. 23 Nov. 1716 Jean Fbanqois (son of Andr5), architect ; &. about 1658 ; pubUshed " Recueil de la Vie et des Onv- rages des Architectes," 1687 d. 23 June 1733 Michel, Benedictine historian ; b. 14 Sept. 1666 ; published " Histoire de I'Abbaye de Saint Denis," 1706 ; " Histoire de Paris," printed 1755 d. 25 Sept. 1719 FELINSKI, Sigismond Felix, Polish Eoman Catholic prelate; h. 1824; archbishop of "Warsaw; neutral in the reyolution; sympathized with suf- ferers ; an-ested ; exiled, 1862-3. FBLIN'SKT, Aloisy, Polish scholar and poet ; I. 1773; d. 23 Feb. 1820. FELIX, Antonius, procurator of Judsea; car- ried off Drusilla, the wife of Agrippa ; trembled at Paul's preaching, 60; recalled, 62. FELIX, Marcus Miuucius, Eoman lawyer; ■wrote " OctaviuB," an apology for Christianity, about 180 or 230. FELIX I— rV. popes: 1. St, elected, 29 Dec. 269 ; d. 22 Dec. 275. 2. ordained by the emperor and tlie Arians, 355 ; ex- pelled, 358 ; d. 22 Nov. 365. 2. or 3. St. elected, 2 March, 483 ; rejected Zeno's edict for the union of the Greek and Latin churches, and excommunicated Acacius ; d. 22 or 25 Feb. 492. 3. or 4. elected, 24 July 526 ; d. Oct. 530. 6. antipope, ^^ Amojdens of Savoy. FELIX, Spanish heretic ; bishop of Urgel, 779 ; proijounded doctrine respecting the souship of Christ (the adoption heresy), 791 ; condemned by the pope and councils, 791-4 ; recanted, Dec. 799 ; d. about 818. FELIX DE ValOIS, St.; I. 19 April I127; a founder of the Order of the Trinity, or, of the redemption of captives, termed " Mathurins," about 1197; d. 4 Not. 1212. FELL, John, theologian and scholar ; S. 1625 ; fought for Charles I. ; promoted by Charles 11., 1660; bishop of Oxford, 1676; pubhshed " Epistles of St. Clement," 1677 ; " Aratus," 1670, &c. ; d. 10 July 1686. FELLENBEEGf, PhiUppe Emmanuel de, Swiss philanthropist; h. 27 June 1771; founded, with Pestalozzi, an institution at Hofwyl for in- struction in agriculture, mechanics, &o., 1802; d. 21 Nov. 1844. FELLEE, Franijois Xavier de, Belgian jour- nalist, ex-Jesuit; h. 18 Aug. 1735; pubhshed " Dictionnaire Historique," &e. ; d. 23 Hay 1802. FELLEE, Joachim, Gei-man scholar; b. 30 Nov. 1628; d. 5 April 1691. Joachim Frieduich, son, historian ; J. 26 Dec. 1673 ; published " Gene- alogische Historie des Brarmschweigischen Hauses," 1717; d. 15 Feb. 1726. FELLOWS, Sir Charles, antiquary; h. 1799; published " Journal of his Excursion in Asia Minor," 1839; "Discoveries in Lycia," &c., 1841 and 1852 ; obtained the marbles from Lycia in the British Museum, 1841-4; d. 8 Nov. i860. FELTHAM, Owen, morahst; h. about 1610; pubUshed " Eesolves, Divine, Moral, and Political," 1627-8; d. about 1678. F E L T N, Cornelius Conway, American scholar; h. 6 Nov. 1807; edited "Homer," 1833; d. 26 Feb. 1862. FELTON, John, Irish soldier; assassinated George ViUiers, duke of Buckingham, at Ports- mouth, 23 Aug. ; executed, 28 Nov. 1628. FELTON, Henry, d.d.; h. i6tj; published "Dissertation on Eeading the Classics," 1711; d. I March 1740. FELTEE, due de, see Clarke. FENELON, Francois de Salignac de la Mothe, French prelate; b. 6 Aug. 1651 ; d. 7 Jan. 1715. Superior of the "Nouvelles Catholiques ;" dean of Carenas ; wrote " de I'Education des Filles " about 1681 Appointed preceptor to the duke of Burgundy (for whom he wrote " Tel6maque ") . . . 1689 Consecrated archbishop of Cambray . 10 July 1695 Disgraced for his defence of Madame Guyon, and the Quietists 1698 Removed from his office of preceptor of the " Chil- dren of France " Jan. 1699 " Tel6maqne" surreptitiously published in Holland April „ His " Explication des Maximes des Saints " con- demned by the pope . . 12 March „ PENN, sir John, antiquary ; b. 26 Nov. 1739; published "Paston Letters," 1787-89; d. 14 Feb. 1794- FENNING, Eliza, a young girl ; executed for attempt to poison (said to be innocent), 26 July 1815. FENTON, Edward, navigator; b. about 1550; accompanied Frobisher, 1576; sailed for Brazil, 1582; distinguished himself in the defeat of the Armada, July 1588 ; d. 1603. FENTON, Elijah, poet; b. 20 May 1683: translated part of the (Jdyssey for Pope ; published miscellaneous poems, 1717 ; a. 13 July 1730. FENTON, sir Geoffrey, published translation of Guicciardini's history, 1579; d. 19 Oct. 1608. FENWICK, rev. George; published"Thoughts on the Hebrew Titles of the Psalms," 1749; " the Psalter in its Original Form," 1759; a. about 1760. FENWTCK, sir John, attainted of high treason for complicity in the " AssassinationPlot," ii Jan. ; executed 28 Jan. 1697. FEODOR 179 FEKDINAND FEODOE. I.— III., see Fedor. FEEDINAND I— II., kings of Aragon: 1. the Just ; 6, 1373 ; king, 30 June 1412 ; an ally of England, Germany, &c. . . d. o. April 1416 i3. &. 10 March. 1452 Jfarried Isabella of Castile clandestinely iS Oct. 1469 Proclaimed king of Cas(iZe as Ferdinand V. 13 Dec. 1474 Succeeded his father, John IL, as king of Ar- agon and Sicily . . . , ig Jan. 1479 Abolished privileges of the Castilians . . 1480 Esto.bUshed the inquisition ; 298 heretics burnt at Seville between . . 6 Jan. — 4 Nov. 1481 Published new and severe "Instructions" 29 Oct. 1484 Completed the expulsion of the Moors by the conquest of Granada (for which the pope named him "The Catholic") . 2 Jan. 1492 Acquired the sovereignty of the new world by Colmnbus's discovery of America . 12 Oct. „ Gained Naples . * . ... 1503 ■Treacherously annexed upper Navarre to Spain June 15 1 2 d. 23 Jan. 1516 FEEDDTAKD I., emperor of Austria : h. 19 April, 1793 ; succeeded his father, Francis I. 2 March 183S Promised a constitution during the insurrection at Vienna, March ; fled from Vienna . May 1848 Abdicated for his nephew, Francis Joseph 2 Dec. 1848 d. 29 June 1875 FERDIKAND I,— IV., kings of Castile and Leon: 1, the Great, son of Sancho of Navarre ; king, 1035 ; defeated and killed Bermudez III., and annexed his kingdom Leon, 1037 ; becazue the most powerful sovereign in Spain d. 27 Dec. 1065 S, of Leon, 1157 ; seized Castile, 1158 d. zi Jan. 1188 3. the Saint; 6. 1200; king of Castile, 1217; of Leon, 1230 ; subdued the Moors, and took Cor- dova, 1236 ; and Seville, &c., 1248-50 ; persecuted heretics tZ. 30 May 1252 4. ^. 1285 ; king, 1295 ; stormy minority ; defeated the IMoors, 1305-8 ; took Gibraltar, 1309 ; put to death two brothel's, Carvajal, and summoned by them to appear before God d. 30 days after 1312 FERDINAND V .— VII., kings of Spain : 5. see FerdinaTid II. of Aragon. €. the Wise, son of Philip V. ; t. 23 Sept. 1713 ; king, 10 Aug. 1746; patronized the arts; signed tlie treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 28 June 1748 d. 10 Aug. 1759 7 &. 14 Oct. 1784 In opposition to his father and Godoy, prijice of the peace, solicited the protection of Napoleon, for which he was seized and imprisoned Oct. 1807 Compelled to renoimce his rights . . May 1808 Servilely subjected himself to Napoleon; re- sided at Bayonne 1800-13 Restored to his kingdom ... 14 May 1S14 Abolished the Cortes, and restored the Inquisi- tion, &c ,, Swore to observe the constitution, (in conse- quence of an insurrection) , . 9 July 1820 By the help of the French army, put down an insurrection, and re-established absolute des- X)otism Oct. 1823 MaiTied Christina of Naples . . 11 Dec. 1829 Abolished the Salic law for his daughter March 1830 d. 29 Sept. 1833 FERDINAND I.— III., emperors of Ger- many: 1. second son of Philip of Austria, king of Castile 6, 10 March 1503 Becognised king of Bohemia, 24 Feb. ; of Hun- gary .... .28 Oct. 1527 Nominated king of the Romans . . pJan. 1531 Caused the death of bishop Martinuzzi ig Dec. 1551 Emperor, by the abdication of his brother, Charles V., 1556 . . . d 25 July 1564 2, grandson, son of archduke Charles &. g July 1578 King of Bohemia, 161 7 ; of Hungary . . 1618 Succeeded his cousin Matthias, as emperor May i6rg Began the thirty years* war against the protes- tants, 1618 ; published the '^Edict of Eestita- tion," requiring church lands from the protes- tants, 1629; defeated in his project of extirpa- ting protestantism . . . d 15 Feb. 1637 3. son, b. 1608; succeeded his father . , . „ Acceded to the peace of Westphalia, signed 24 Oct. 1648 d. 2 April 1657 FERDINAND I.— III., kings of Naples: 1. (of Aragon); b. 1423; king, 1458: able, cjniel, and perfidious ; defeated John of Anjou, 7 July 1460 ; and 18 Aug. 1462 ; excommtmicated lay the pope, 1489 ; made peace. May 1492 d. 25 Jan. 1494 2. grandson; succeeded on the abdication of his fatlier, Alfonso II., 1494 ; defeated the French invaders, July 1495 . . . d 7 Oct. 1496 3. see Ferdinand II. of Aragon, and V. of Castile. 4. see Ferdinand I. of the Two Sicilies. FEEDINAND I.— II., Sicilies : kings of the two 1. {IV. of Naples) ; 6, 12 Jan. 1751 ; succeeded hig father, Charles, who became king of Spain 5 Oct. 1759 Ruled by his wife, Maria Caroline of Austria, married April 1768 Settled the disputes with the pope . . . 1792 His minister, Acton, ruled .... 1784-95 Took Rome from the French , . . Nov. 1798 Naples taken by the French, and the Paitheno- pean repubUc established . . . Jan. 1799 Fled to Palermo . ... 24 Dec. 1798 Restored by Nelson ; (broke faith with the liberals) 30 June 1799 Made peace with France, with great loss March 1801 Compelled to flee to Sicily ; his kingdom uivcn to Joseph Bonaparte ... 30 March 1806 Resided in Sicily protected by a British fleet 1B06-14 Recovered Naples ; re-entered liis capital, 17 June 1815 ; granted a constitution by compul- sion 1 Oct. 1820 Took part in the congress at Laybach 8 Jan. 1821 Instigated the Austrians to invade Naples to put down the liberals, 28 Jan.— 25 March 1821 d. 3 Jan. 1825 2. named "Boraba"; b. 12 Jan, 1810 ; succeeded his father, Francis L ... 8 Nov. 1830 Dispute with great Britain respecting sulphur monopoly, 1838; settled . . . May 1840 Fearing an insurrection, granted a liberal consti- tution 29 Jan. 1848 Gave up the hberal party and bis capital to the reactionary royalist troops and the lazzaroni 15 May „ Put down an insurrection in Sicily, July— Sept. 1848 d. 22 May 1859 FEBDTNAND, king of Portugal ; b. 27 Feb. 1340; succeeded his father, Pedro I., 18 Jan. 1367; frequent wars with. Castile ; d. 22 Oct. 1383. FERDINAND I.— III., grand dukes of Tuscany : 1. de' Medtci ; h. 1549 ; succeeded his brother, Francis, 19 Oct. 1587 ; able, warlike, and suc- cessful ; helped Heniy IV. of France against the league d. 17 Feb. 1609 2. grandson; K 14 July 16 10 ; succeeded his fa- ther, Cosmo 11., 28 Feb. 1621 ; founded the Acca- demia del Cimento at Florence, 19 July 1657 ; mediated the peace of Pisa between the pope and France, 12 Feb. 1664 . . * . d. 23 May 1670 3. (of Austria) ; b. 6 May 1769 ; grand-duke, 2 July 1700 ; recognised the French republic, Feb. 1793; his territory annexed to Fi-ance, 1799; made elector of Salzburg, 1803 ; of Wurzburg, 1805 ; grand-duke of Wurzburg, 1806 ; restored to Tuscany, 7 Sept. 1814 . . d. iB June 1824 4. b. 10 June 1835 ; succeeded on the abdication of his father, Leopold II., 21 July, 1859 ; Tus- cany annexed to Sardinia . . 22 March i860 FERDINAND of Spain, cardinal; b. 17 May 1609; appointed governor of the low countries, 1634 ; took active pai-t in the wars of the period ; d. 9 Not. 1641. N 2 FEEDIN'AND 180 FEEEAEI FEEDINAND of Cordova, Spnnish scholar; I. about 1420; employed as diplomati-t by Fer- dinand v., 1475 ; wrote Commentaries on the Bible; d. about 1480. FERDINAND DE Jesus, preacher, "the SpanishChrysostom;" &. 1571; wrote Commentaries on parts of the Bible, Ai'istotle, &c. ; d. 1644. FERDINANDI, Epifanio, Italian medical teacher; b. 2 Oct. 1560; published "Thcorema MedicaetPbilosophica, 1611; d. 1638. FEEDOITSI, or FlKDOtJSI, Thousi, Persian poet ; b. 940 ; wrote " Schah Nanieh," (" Book of Kings,") presented to long Mahmoud, loio; d. about 1020. FEEG, Paul Franz, Gennan painter; 5. 1689; came to England, 1718; d. about 1740. FBEGTJS I.-III., kings of Scotland, doubtful : 1. king, 330. 2. king, 404 ; said to have been killed in war with the Romans, about 420. 3. king, 764 ; poisoned by his queen, 767. FEEGUSON, Adam, Scotch minister and philosopher; b. 1724; published "Essay on the History of Civil Society," 1767; "History of the Eoman Republic" 1783; d. 22 Feb. i8i5. FEEGUSON", James, Scotch astronomer and physicist, self-taught; b. 17 10; lectured in Lon- ___i_i_- -L^ji « . _i e-vplained upon 1 "Lectures," J 1805 ; d. 16 Nov. 1776. FEEGTJSON, James, astronomer; discovered the small planets, Euphrosyne, I Sept. 1854 ; Vir- ginia, 4 Oct. 1857 ; Echo, 14 Sept. i860. FEEGUSON (orFERGUSSON),Eobert, Scotch poet; b. 1751; wrote "The Farmer's Ingle ; " his "Poetical Works," published, 1774; (i. insane, 16 Oct. 1774. FEEGTJSON', Eobert, Scotch physician; b. 1799; published "Essay on Puerperal Fever," 1839 ; a. 25 June 1865. FEEGUSSON, James, Scotch architect; }. 1808; in India, 1829-39, 1842; published "IlluE- trations of the Rock-cut Temples of India," 1845 ; "Essay on Topography of Jerusalem," 1847 ; "Handbook of Architecture," 1855; "History of Architecture," 2nd edition, 1874-6; "History of Modem Styles of Architecture," 1864; "Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis Restored," 1851 ; " 'J'ree and Serpent Worship," 1868; " Histoiy of Indian and Eastern Architecture," 1S76; received gold medal of the Royal Institute of Architects, ly April, 187 1. FEEGUSSON, sir James, Scotch soldier and statesman ; b. 14 March, 1832 ■ appointed govenjor of South Australia, Aug. 1868 ; of New Zealand, 2 March, 1873. FEEGUSSON, sir William, Scotch surgeon ; b. 20 March, 1808 ; president (and professor) of Royal College of Surgeons, England, 14 July, 1S70; published "System of Practical Surgery," 5th edition, 1857. FEEISHTAH, Mohammed Caseem, Moham- medan historian ; b. about 1570 ; wrote the liistory of India, published in lithograph, 1831 ; translated by Dow, 1770; by Briggs, 1829; &c. ; d. after 1626. FEEMAT, Pien-e de, French geometer; ?- Aug. i6oi ; friend of Descartes, Wallis, &c. ; dis- covered a method for finding maxima and minima, resembling the differential calculus ; d. 12 Jan. 1665. FBENANDEZ, Juan, Spanish navigators : 1. Conquistador ; helped Pizarro in his conquest of Mexico, 1531 ; explored Chili, Peru, &c., 1534 : d. 1538. 2. Explored coasts of Chili, &c. ; discovered Isola Mas- a-teiTa (since termed Juan Fernandez), 1563, which he colonised about 1572 ; said to have discovered Easter Island ; d. 1576. FEENE, Henry, theologian; b. 1602; chaplain to Charles I., 1642-7 ; vice-chancellor, Cambridge, .ind bishop of Chester, 1660 ; pubUshed " Resolving of Conscience," 1642; "Episcopacy and Presby- tery," 1647; d. 16 March 1662. FEENE, sir John, antiquary; published " Blazon of Gentrie," 1586 ; d. about 1610. FEENEL, Jean, French physician, "the Modem Galen ; " b. 1497 ; recognised as head of the teachers, 1534; his "Medicina" published, 1554; d. 26 Apiil 1558. FEEEACINO, Bartolomeo, Italian engineer ; b. 18 Aug. 1692 ; invented a saw -mill, hydraulic machine, &c. ; d. 24 Jan. 1777. FEEEAND, Antoine, French poet; b. 1678; his " Poesies" published 1737 ; d. 1719. FEEEAND, Antoine Franijois Claude, comte, French statesman and journalist; b. 4 July 1751 ; emigrated, 1789; wrote against the Revolution, 1789-94; published "Esprit de I'Histoire," 1S02; minister of state and director of the post uuder Louis XVIII., 13 May 1814; d. 17 Jan. 1825. FEEEAND, Jacques Philippe, Freuch enamel painter; b. about i6j3 ; published " I'Art du Feu, ou la Mauiere de Peindre en Email," 1723 ; d, 1732- FEEEAE, Nicholas, Protestant enthusiast; b. 22 Feb. 1592-3 ; while secretary for the colony of Viruinia and M.P., withdrew from the world, and established a monastery at Little Gidding, Hants, " the English Nunnery," about 1624 ; denounced 1641 ; d. about Nov. 1637. FEEEAEA, Francesco, Sicilian economist; b. Deo. 1810; founded " Giornale di Statistica," 1834 ; member of provisional government at Palermo, 1847 ; went to Turin to olfer the crown t'> the duko of Genoa ; stayed there, 1847 ; professor, 1849 ; minister under Rattazzi, 1867 ; published " Biblioteca deU' Eoonomista," 1850 et seq. FEEEAEI, Antonio, "Galateo;" Italian naturalist and archccologist ; b. 1444 ; d. 22 Nov. 1516. FEEEAEI, Francesco Bernardino, Itahan archffiologist ; i. 1576; published "de llitu Sacra- rum Ecclesia; Catholics, 1618 ; d. 3 Feb. 1669. FEEEAEI, Gaudenzio, Milanese fresco painter and sculptor ; b. 1484 ; friend of Raphael and Romano; assisted in ornamenting the Vatican, 1516-24; d. about 1549. FEEEAEI, Giovanni Andrea, Genoese painter; b. 1599; d. 1669. FEEEAEI, Luigi, Italian mathematician; said to be "without equal;" b. 2 Feb. 1522; d. 1565. FEEEAEI, Ottavio, Italian arehaiologist ; b. 20 Jlav 1607 ; historiographer of Milan; published " de Re Vestiaria," 1642 ; d. March 16S2. FEEEAEI 181 FBUEEBAOH FEEEAEI, Ottaviano, Italian philosoplier ; b. 23 Sept. 1518; his " de yemionibiis Exotciicis" published 1575 ; "de Origine Komaiionim," 1607; d. 1586. PEEEAEIS, Joseph, Austrian general ; 5. 20 April 1726; constructed a map of Belgium, 17771 fought against France, 1793; field marshal, 1808 ; d. I Api-il 1814. PEEEAES, George, historian and poet ; b. about 1512; said to hare written "History of ^ueen Mary," published by Grafton; d. 1579. PEEEAES, George, m.p.; arrested for debt; the sheriffs and officers committed to prison for breach of privilege, 28 March 1542. FEEEATA, Eroole, Italian sculptor ; h. about 1610 ; d. 1685. PEEEEIEA, Aleesandro Eodrigues, the "Bra- zilian Humboldt;" h. 27 April 1756; explored South America, 1783, &c. ; d. 23 April 1815. FEEEEIEA, Antonio, called the "Portuguese Horace ; " b. 1528 ; wrote " Poemas Lusitanos," ■" Inez de Castro," &c. ; d. 1569. FEEEEE, Bartolomeo, Spanish navigator, pilot of the expedition of Cabrillo, which explored the coast of California, &c., 1542-3. FEEEEEAS, Juan de, Spanish historian ; b. 1652; published "Historia de Espaua," 1700-27; <^- 1735- FBEEEES, Lawrence Shiriey, earl; b. Aug. 1720 ; murdered "William Johnson, his steward, 18 Jan. ; convicted, 16-18 April ; executed, 5 Slay 1760. FEEEETI, Emilio, Italian jurist anddiploma- tist; b. 14 Nov. 1489; d. 15 July 1532. FEEEETI, Nicolo, Italian grammarian; b. jibout 1450 ; published " de lilotiueutia Lingua; Latino:," 1495; d. 1523. PEEEETO, of Vicenzo, Italian poet and his- torian ; wrote history of his own times ; d. about 1335- PBEEEY, Benjamin, arcliiteot; b. i April 1810; pupil of Aiigustus Pugin, 1S25; built many churches (St. Stephen's, Westminster, &c.). PEEEI, Ciro, Eoman painter, architect, and engraver ; b. 1634 ; worked at the Vatican ; d. i68g. FEEEIAE, John, physician; b. 1764; published ' ' lUustraitions of Sterne " (showing his p lagiarisms) , 1798; d. 1815. PEEEIEE, James Frederick, Scotch philoso- pher ; b. 1808 ; published " Institutes of Meta- physics," "Theory of Knowing and Being," 1854 ; professor of history in Edinburgh university, 1842 ; d.li June 1864. FEEEIEE, Susan Edmonstone, Scotch nove- list; *.i782;published"Marriage," 1818; "the In- heritance," 1824; "Destiny," 1831 ; d. Nov. 1854. FEEEIEE, David, physiologist; b. ; re- ceived gold medal for theses on the " Comparative Anatomy of the Corpora Quadragemina,' 1870 ; published his Croonian lecture " On the Locali- zation of Function in the Brain," E. S. Trans., 1874 ; many papers. FEEEIEEE-SAUVEBGETTF, comte de, French political agent; employed in Turkey, 1782; professed ultra-republicanism, 1789 ; published FEEET, Jules, French advocate and republi- can journalist ; b. 5 April 1832; member of the national assembly and of the government, Sept. 1S70. FEEET, Paul, French protestant theologian ; b. 24 Feb. 1591 ; published " Catechisme General de lalleformation," 1654 (attacked by Bassuet) ; "Der- nier Desespoir de la Tradition centre I'Ecriture," 1618 ; d. 28 Deo. i66g. FEESBN, counts of, Swedish statesmen: Axel, headed the nobility in opposition to the arbitrary measures of Gustavus III., 1778-86 ; arrested, but soon released .... 1789 Axel, son ; &, 1750 ; travelled in France, attached himself to Louis XVI., and endeavoured to aid his escape, June 1791 ; imprisoned ; returned to Sweden, m.ade marshal of tlje kingdom, chancel- lor of the University of the kingdom, &c. ; hated by the people, and suspected of poisoning prince Christian of Holstein, the heir to the throne ; massacred by the populace 20 June 1810 FEEUSSAC, Andre Etienne d' Audebard, baron de, French naturalist; b. 2 Dec. 1 786; publi-hed "Bulletin Universel des Sciences et de 1' Industrie " (supported by the government), 1823-30; d. 21 Jan. 1836. FESCH, Joseph, cardinal, half brother of tha mother of Napoleon I. ; i. in Corsica, 3 Jan. 1 763 ; nominated commissary to the French anny, 1794- 1801 ; resumed ecclesiastical orders, and helped to negotiate the concordat of I? July iSoi ; arch- bi..hop of Lyons, Aug. 1802 ; declined to be arch- bishop of Paris, and otherwise opposed Ni-ipoleon, 1809 ; collected a gallery of pictures, and left part to Lyons ; d. 13 May 1839. FESSEL, Friedrich, Gennan phiIo=ophical instrument-maker; b. 27 May 182 1 ; constructed wave-machine, to show motions of Hght, 1849 ; electro-magnetic machines, 1851. PESSENDEN, William Pitt. American s'ates- man; b. 16 Oct. 1806; senator, 1854-69; secretary of treasury, July 1864 — March 1865 ; d. 8 Sept. 1869. FESTUS, Porcius, procurator of Judea ; re- cognized St. Paul's iiinocence, 62. FESTUS, Sextus Pompeius, Eoman lexico- grapher after time of Martial {d. 104) ; abridged the work of Flaccus, " de Siguificatione Yerbo- rum." FETI, Domenico, Roman painter ; b. 1589 ; d. 1624. PETIS, Francois Joseph, Belgian musician ; b. 25 March 1784 ; published " Methode d'Hannonie," 1824; "Traite de la Fugue," 1825; " Biographie UniverseUe des Musioiens," 1834-48; " ^^' FEUILLEE 182 PIEVEE sen der Religion," 1845 ; " Theogonie," 1857; d. 13 Sept. 1872. FEUILLEE, Louis, French astronomer and botanist; b. 1660; explored South America, the Canaries, &o. ; published " Journal des Observa- tions," 1714-1725; d. 18 April 1732. FEUILLET, Octaye, French dramatist and novelist; b. 11 Aug. 1812; published (as Desire Hazard), -with others, " le Grand Vieillai-d," 1844; "le Cheveu blauc," " le Roman d' un Jeune Homme pauvi-e," "Un ilariage dans le Monde," 1875, & resi.-ted the pretender and suffered much loss, 1 745 ; published "Thoughts on Eeligion," 1750; d. 10 Dec. 1747. FOEBES, Edward, naturalist and poet; b. ia Isle of Man, 12 Jan. 1815; d. 18 Nov. i85'4. Medical student at Edinburgh . . . 1S31-2 Devoted himself to natural history as a profession 1836 Voyage in the jEgean sea in the " Beacon " . .1841 Curator of the Geological Society, and professor of botany at King's College, London . 1842 P.aln3ontologist to the geologicil survey i Nov. 1S44 Lectured at the Royal Institution , . 1845, 1S51 PuUislied "History of British Stor-Fislics," 1841 ; " Travels in Lyeia," 1846 ; " History of British Mollusca" 1848-52 Appointed jirofessor of natural history at Edin- burgh . . . . May 1854 FOEBES, James, orientahst; b. 1749; pub- lished " Oriental Memoii-s," 1813-15 ; d. 1 Aug. 1819. FOEBES, James David, "Glacier Forbes," Scotcli geologist and physicist; b. 20 April 1809; published "Tr.avcls thi-ough the Alps," 1843; " Norway and its Glaciers," 1853 ; principal of S^. Andrew's University, 1859; resigned, Oct. 1868 ; (.■'. 31 Dec. 1868. FOEBES, John, son of bishop Patrick; //. 1593 ; refused to sign the Covenant ; ejected, 164*" ; published " Institutiones Historia) 'TlieologicaB,'' 1645 ;" L-enicon pro Ecclesii Scotiana," 1629; 1/. 1648. FOEBES, sir John, physician; b. 18 Dec. 1787; served in the Navy, 1807-16; publishd " Manual of Medical Bibliography," 1835 ; " Phy- sician's Holyday," 1848; "Homoeopathy, Allo- pathy, and Physic," 1846; edited " British and Foreign Medical Keview," 1836-48; Icnighted, 1853; d. 13 Nov. 1861. FOEBES, John Hay, Lord Medwyn, Scotch judge; b. 1776; lord of session, 1825-52; d. 25 July, 1854. FOEBES, Patrick, bishop of Aberdeen; b. 1564; published " Commentarius in Apocalypsin," Ifji3 ; bishop, 1618 ; d. 1635. FOEBES, 'William, Scotch theologian ; b. about 1585; made first protestant bishop of Edinburgh, by Charles I., 1633 ; d. i April 1634. FOEBES, sir William, of Pitsligo, friend 0^ Johnson, Burke, &c.; b. 1739; published "Life Beattie," 1806; d. Nov. laob. FOEBIN, Claude de, French admiral; b. 6 Aug. 1656; d. 4 March 1733. Went with an embassy to Siam, and entered tlie king's sei-viee 1685-8 Served under Jean Bart ; taken with him ; escaped fi'om prison at Plymouth .... 1689 Wounded, but saved his vessel at the battle of La Hogue 16 May 1692 Greatly h.arassed the British and Dutch connnerce 1 706-7 Commanded .an expedition for James III. against the coa.st of Scotland ; unsuccessful 6 March 1708 Permitted to retire into private life . . ,, His "Memoirs," published 1730 FOEBIN, Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste, comte de, French painter and antiquary; b. i<) Aug. 1777; exhibited pictures, 1796; director of French Museums, 1814; published "Yayage au Levant," 1819 ; d. 23 Feb. 1841. FOECADE 1S9 FOESTEE FOECADE, Eugune, French journalist; b. 1820 ; established the " Semaphore " at Marseilles, 1837 ; published " Histoire des Causes de la Guerre de rOrieut," 1854; d. 6 Nov. 1869. FOECADE LA EOQUBTTE, Jean Louis Victor de, French statesman ; b. about 1820 ; finance minister, 28 Nov. i860 — Not. 1861 ; minister of worlcs, &c., 1867-9 i f^- 16 Aug. 1874. FOECELLINI, Egidio, Italian lexicogi-apher ; i. 26 Aug. 1688; compiled and published the "Totius Latinitatis Lexicon," projected by Faccio- lati, 1771 ; d. 4 April 1768. FOECHHAMMEE, Johann Georg, Danish chemist and mineralogist; b. 26 July 1794; P'^"" fessor at Copenhagen, 1829 ; d. 13 Oct. 1865. FOED, John, dramatist; b. 17 April 1586; ■wrote "the Lover's Melancholy," 1629; "the Broken Heart," 1633 ; " Perkin Warbeck ; " " 'Tis Pity She's a 'Whore," &c.; b. about 1639. FOED, Sir John, mechanical inventor ; b. 1605 ; fought for Charles I.; imprisoned for endeavouring to release him, 1647; invented a machine for supplying Thames water in high streets, 1656 ; patented a method of coining money ; d. 3 Sept. 1670. FOED, Eichard, traveller; b. 1796; published "Hand-book of Spain," 1845; "Gatherings in Spain," 1848; d. I Sept. 1858. FOEDUN', Johannes, father of Scottish history; wrote Scoti-Chi'onicon ; " d. about 1386. FOEDYCE, Scotch family: David, moralist: &■ 1711 ; " Dialofrues concerning Education," published, 1745; "TheodonLs; or, tlie Art of Preaching," 3752 d. shiijwreclicd 1751 James, brother ; ft. 1720 ; published " Semiuns to Tmmg Women," 1765; "Addresses to Toimg Men," 1777 .... d. 1 Oct. 1796 Sir William, brother, physician; 5. 1724; pub- lished "Inquiries into Causes of Fevers," 1773 d. 4 Uec. 1792 George, physician; 6. j8 Nov. 1736: published "Treatise on Digestion," 1791 ; " Dissertation on Fever," 1795 . . . • d, 25 May 1802 FOEEEST (FOEBSTTO), Peter van, Dutch physician ; i. 1552 ; d. 1597. FOEEIEO, Francisco, Portuguese theologian ; published " Isaias cum Commentario," 1563 ; d. 10 Jan. 1587. POEESTI, Giacomo Filippo, of Bergamo, Italian historian; b. 1434; wrote " de Claris Mu- lieribus Christianis," 1497 ; d. 15 June 1520. FOEET, Eley Frederic, French marshal; 6. 10 Jan. 1804 ; d. 20 Jmie 1872. Distinguislied himself in Africa . . . 1840-4 Wounded at Solt'erino ... 24 June 1859 Commanded French ai-my in Mexico ; landed 28 Aug. 1862 Assumed civil and military command at Vera Cruz Oct. „ Captured Puebla 18 M.ay 1863 Entered Mexico .... 10 June „ Eesigned, and returned to France . . i Oct. ,, FOEFAIT, Pierre Alexandre Laurent, French naval engineer ; b. 1752; employed by the govern- ment to develop the French marine, Jan. 1797- 1801; published "Traite de la Mature des Tais- Beaux,'^ 1788; d. 8 Nov. 1807. FOEKEL, Johann Nicolaus, German musical composer and critic; b. 22 Feb. 1749; d. 17 March 1818. FOELI, Melozzo da, Italian painter ; b. about 1436; first to foreshorten figures upon ceilings; excelled in perspective; painted an_ " Ascension " at Home, 1472 ; d. 1494. FOEMALEONI, Vicenzo, Venetian historian and traveller ; b. 1752 ; published " Descrizione del Dogado di Venezia," 1777; d, 1797. FOEJMAN, Simon, astrologer; b. 1552; em- ployed in the affair of the earl of Somerset and the' countess of Essex; d. 12 Sept. 1611. FOEMET, Johann Heinrich Samuel, German philosopher; b. 31 May 1711 ; published "la Eell& Wolfienne, ou Abrcge de IjaPhilosophie'Wolfienne," 1741-53; "le Philosophe Chi-^tien," 1750-6; d. & March 1797. FOEMOSUS, pope ; elected 8gi ; condemned Pbotius and his adherents ; d. 4 April 8g6. FOEEEST, Edwin, American actor; b. ^ March 1806; debut, 27 Nov. 1820; visited Eng- land; befriended by Macready, 1834; d. 12 Dee. 1872. FOEEEST, Thomas, navigator; pnblished his- "Voyage (1774-6) to New Guinea and the Moluc- cas," 1779; "Voyage from Calcutta to the Mergui Archipelago," 1792 ; d. about 1802. FOEEESTEE, Alfred Henry (Alfred Crow- quill), artist; b. 1805; his "Wanderings of a Pen and Pencil," published 1846 ; d. 26 May 1872. FOESELL, Karl af, Swedish statesman and engineer; b. 18 March 1783; completed a map of Scandinavia, 1817 ; d. 25 Oct. 1840. FOESHALL, rev. Josiah, orientalist ; b. about 1797; published catalogues of MSS. in British Museum, 1834-9; with sir F. Madden, cJited Wyclifie's Bible, published 1850 ; d. 18 Dec. 1S63. FOESKAL, Pehr, Swedish naturalist, pupil of Linnffius ; b. 1 736 ; travelled in the east ; pub- lished " Flora JEgyptiaco-Arabica," and "Descrip- tiones Auimaliuni qu£E in Itinere Urientali observa- vit," 1775 ; d. in Arabia, 11 July 1763. FOESTEE, Dr., Ernst Joachim, Gei-man art- critic ; b. 8 April 1800 ; publi-hed (in Gemuu) " Studies relating to History of Modem Art," 1835 ; "Letters on Painting," 1B38; " Histories of Ger- man and Italian Art," 1855 ; and 1869. FOESTEE, Friedrich, brother of Ernst, Ger- man historian ; fought in the campaign of 1813 ; published (in German) " Historical, Geographical^ and Statistical Handbook of Prussia," 1820-3; " History of Frederick William I.," 1834-5 ; " Fre- derick the Great," 1841-2; "Heroes of Pnissia," 1846 ; " Modem History of Prussia," 1850, et seq. } d. Dec. 1868. FOESTEE, Heinrich , d.d., German theologian ; b. 24 Nov. 1800; prince Ijishop of Breslau, 19 May 1853 ; zealous defender of Eomauism, 1844, et serj. ; published the pope's encyclical against the Falk ecclesiastical laws, March 1875; sentenced to deprivation, 6 Oct. 1875. FOESTEE, rev. Charles; b. about 1790; friend of bishop Jebb; published " Mahometanism Unveiled," 1S29; "One Primaeval Language," 1851 ; d. FOESTEE, Frank, civil engineer; b. 1800; assisted Robert Stephenson in constructing London and North- Western railway, 1830; appointed chief engineer of the metropolitan commission of sewers, but soon resigned ; d. 13 April 1852. FOESTEE, Johann, zealous German pro- testant Hebraist ; b. 1495 ; organised the Lutheran churches, Strasburg, 153S ; published "Diciion- arium Hehraicum i^ovum," 1552 ; d. 8 Dec. 1556. FOESTEE 190 FOSCAEINI FOESTEE, John, historian and critic ; b. 1812; a short time editor of "Daily News;" a commissioner in lunacy, 1861; published " States- men of the Commonwealth," 1840; "Life of Gold- smith," 1848 ; " Arrest of the Five Members," i860; "sir John EUot," 1864; "Walter Savage Landor," 1869; " Life of Charles Dickens," :87l-4; "Life of Swift," vol. i., 1875 ; d. I Feb. 1876. FOESTEE, Kathaniel, theologian and philolo- gist; b. 3 Feb. 1717; published "Reflections on the Antiquity of Grovemment, Arts, and Sciences in Egypt," 1843; " Bihlia Hebraica siae Punctis," 1750; d. 20 Oct. 1757. FOESTBE, German naturalists and travellers : JOHANN Keinhold ; 6. 22 Oct. 1720; accompanied Cap- tain Cook in his second voyage, June 1772 ; published "Observations made duriug the Voyage," 1779; d. g Dec. 1798. JoHAira Georq ADiM, son : 6. 27 Nov. 1754 : published Cook's "Voyage in 1772-5," 1777; went to France, Gennany, and Poland ; sent by the people o( Mentz to Paris to request incorporation, 1790 ; d. 12 Jan. 1794. FOESTEE, Thomas, astronomer, naturalist, and meteorologist ; b. 9 Nov. 1789 ; published "_ Re- marks on Atmospheiic Phenomena," 1812 ; " Circle of Seasons," 1828 ; iS:c. ; d. about 1850. FOESTEE, William Edward, liberal states- man; b. II July 1818; M.p. for Bradford, Feb. 1861 et seg. ; under-seoretary for colonies, l865-6_; as vice-president of committee of council on education, cai-ried the education bill through the commons, 1870; and the ballot bill, 187 1; in the cabinet, July 1870; resigned, Feb. 1874; declined leader- ship of liberal party, Feb. 1875 ; received freedom of Edinburgh, 5 Nov. 1875 ; elected lord rector of Aberdeen university, 13 Nov. 1875. FOESTNEE, Christoph, German diplomatist ; b. 7 Oct. 1598; published " Hypomnemata Politioa de itodemo Statu Imperii," &c. ; d. 28 Dec. 1667. FOESTTH, rev. Alexander John; i. I Jan. 1769; discoverer of the percussion principle applied to tirearma, about 1803 ; patented, 1S07 > d. II June 1843. FOESTTH, Joseph, Scotch traveller ; b. 1763 ; published "Remarks on Antiquities Arts, and letters, during an Excursion iu Italy, 1802-3," 1813 ; d. 1815. FOESTTH, sir Thomas, Indian statesman ; b. 1827 ; a commissioner in the Punjaub, 1852-6 ; helped to suppress the mutiny, 1857 ; successful envoy to Kashgar, 1873. FOESTTH, William, Scotch horticulturist; b. 1737; published "Culture and Management of Fruit-trees," 1804 ; d. 25 July 1804. FOESTTH, William, barrister; published "Hortensius; an Essay on the Duties of an Advo- cate," 1849; "Life of Cicero," Jan. 1864; "Cases in Constitutional Law," 1869; "Essays, Critical and Narrative," 1874; elected m.p. for Cambridge (but unseated for holding office), July 1865 ; for Marylebone, Feb. 1874. FOETE-BEACCIO, Nicolo, condottierre, nephew of Braccio de Montone ; sei-ved the Floren- tine republic ; subdued Volterra, 1429 ; at the in- stigation of Visconti duke of Milan, invaded the papal ten-itories; seized Tivoli; entered Rome, 1433 ; mortally wounded at the battle of Capo di Moite, 1435. FOETEGTJEEEA, Nicolo, Italian bishop and poet; b. 25 Nov. 1674; his " Riociardotto " printed, 1738; Declared for neutrality in tlie Russian war, 6 Sept. i S;,4 Surrendered Neufehatel . . . June 1S57 In consequence of illness liis brother William declared regent tenijiorarily, 23 Oct. 1857 ; iiei- manently . . . . 9 Oct. 135S d. 2 Jan. il,6t FREDERICK I.— III., electora of Saxony: 1. the Warlike, of Misnia ; &. 1380; made elector by emperor Sigi.smnnd, 6 June 1423 ; defeated by Proi;o])ius the Hussite, 15 July 1426 d. 4 Jan. 142S 2. tlie Gentle; ft. 1411 ; electni', 1428 ; d. 7 Feb. 1464, when liis sons, Ernest and Albert, divide his dominions, and form two lines. 3. the Wise; b. 17 Jan. 1463: elector, i486; pro- tected Luther, 1516; declined the imperial crown, 1519 ; rescued Luther after diet of Worms, April 1521 d. 5 May 1525 FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, or Aug TITS, electors of Siixony and kings of Poland : 1, &. 12 May 1670; elector, April 1694; fought against the Turks fur the emperor; professed Romanism 28 May Elected king of Poland ... 27 June Allied with tlie czar Peter ; recovered Polish ter- ritories by the treaty of Carhjwitz . . Jan. Made war with Charles XII. of Sweden Defeated in several battles ; compelled to give up Poland .... .... And make hiimiliating peace of Alt-Ranstadt, 24 Sept. At Charles's death, recovered Poland, 1709; d. I Feb. 2. 6. 7 Oct. 1696 ; elector .... Elected king of Poland ... 5 Oct. Obtained possession by means of a Russian army With Austria made war against Pnissia, and lost Saxony, 1745 ; recovered it . His army captured by Frederick II. of Prussia . Subjugated by Russian influence . d. 5 Oct. Frederick Christian, son; b. 1722; elector, 5 Oct. 1763 . . . , d. 17 Dec. US- i(q7 1699 1701 1704 1706 1733 173^ 1745 1756- 1763. FEEDEEICK 1U9 PEEGOSO FEEBBEICK AUGUSTUS I.-II., kings of Saxony : 1. b. 23 Dec. 1750; elector 1763 Entered the confederation of the Rhine, and made king Dec. 1S06 Allied with Napoleon ; made grand-duke of \V;U'sa\v' .... .... 1807 Ilis teiTitories the seat of war . Oct. 1S13 Lost much to Prussia . . . . 1814 d. 5 May 1827 2. nephew ; b. 18 May 1797 ; co-regent, 18 Sept. 1830 ; king, 6 June 1836 . , d. g Aug. 1854 PEEDEEICK I.— III., Icings of Sicily : 1, Frederick II., emperor of Germany. 2, b. 1272; elected king, 15 Jan. 1296; defended himself against his brother, James, king of Aragon, the pope, and Cliarles of Anjon ; mar- ried Charles's sister^ Leonora, and recognised, May T302 Made war on Naples 1312 Threatened with excommunication; made a truce I3i4and 1317 Renewed the war ; confiscated ecclesiastical pro- perty ; his kingdom placed under an interdict, 1320 Made his son Peter associate, April 1321 ; d. 25 June 1337 3, the Simple ; b. 1341 ; succeeded his father, Peter II., 16 Oct. 1355; reigned only nominally ; d. 27 July 1377 PEEDEEICK of Hesse-Cassel; king of Sweden; 4. 28 April 1676; d. 5 April 1751. Married Ulrica Leonora, sister of Charles XIL, 4 April 1715 King-consort, n Dec, 1718 : king . . . 1720 Made peace with Prussia, 21 Jan. 1720 ; with Russia .10 Sept. 1721 Renewed the war with Russia . Aug 1741 Signed an advantageous peace at Abo . . 1743 Founded the academy of Stockholm ; Linnaius, president , 1732 Promulgated a civil code . . . 1736 PEEDEEICK, duke, elector, and kingof Wijr- teniberg; 6. 6 Nov. 17J4; married Charlotte Augusta princess royal of England, 18 May 1797 ; duke (Frederick II.) at the death of his father, 23 Deo. 1797; obtained the title of elector with ten-itones, 2^ Feb. 1803; joined the confederation of the Uhine ; Decame king, I Jan. 1806; supported Napoleon witli troops during his wars, 1807-13 ; joined the allies, Nov. 1813 ; d. 30 Oct. 1816. PEEDEEICK, duke of York, second son of George III. of England; b. 16 Aug. 1762; d. 5 Jan. 1827. M.arried jirincess Fred^rica of Prussia , 29 Sept. 1791 Commanded BritLsli 'orces at Antwerp, 8 Ayiril 1793 : at siege of "Vi'i'encienncs . . 23 May 1793 Defeated at Dunkirk, 7 Sejjt. 1793 ; at Bois le Due, 14 Sept. ; at Bo.vtel . . . 17 Sept. 1794 Appointed commander-in-chief . . . 17^8 Defeated near Alkmaar . . 19 Sept. 1799 Resigned on account of scandals . .27 Jan. i S09 Again commander-in-cliief ... . iSii PEEDEEICK ChaelesNicholas, prince ; eldest son of Charles, brother of the emperor of Germany ; i. 20 Jilarch 1828 : Greatly improved the tactics of the army ; distin- guished in the wars of . . . 1866 and 1870-1 Aided by the crown prince, defeated the Austrians at Koniggvlitz 3 July 186C Defeated Frossard at Spicheren . . 6 Aug. 1S70 Invested Metz . 6 Aug. — 27 Oct. ,, Field-marshal 28 Oct. Iiefeated Aurelle de Paladines . . 10 Nov. ',', Captured Orleans 4 Dec'. " After 6 days tight, compelled Chanzy to retire, and entered Mans 13 Jan, 1871 PEEDEEICK Henry Louis, prince of Prussia; brother of Frederick the Great; see Henry. PEEDEEICK Louis, prince of Wales, son of George II., and father of George III.; i. 20 Jan. 1707; married Augusta of .Saxe-Gotha, 27 April 1736; quarrelled with his father; d. 20 March 1751- PEEDEEICK A\"iUiara Louis, grand-duke of Baden ; A. 9 Sept. 1826 ; recent to his father Leo- pold, 24 April 1852 ; took the title of gi-and-dulce, 5 Sept. 1856 ; an active ally of the Prussians in the war of 1870-1. PEEDEEICK William Nicholas Charies, imperial prince, eldest son of William I., emperor of Gei-many; b. 18 Out. 1831 ; married Victoria princess of Great Britain, 25 Jan. 1858; Lssue: Frederick William Victor Albert, i. 27 Jan. 1859 ; and five others ; distinguished in the wars of l8b6 and 1870-I ; conducted an army into Silesia; victorious in several engagements, June, 1S66 ; helped to gain the victory at Sadowa and Kbniggriitz, 3 July 1866 ; Victorious at Weisscnburg, 4 Aug. 1870; at Worth, 6 Aug. ; entered Versailles and prepared to invest Paris, 20 Sept. PEEDEEICK, see Lematlre. PEEELING, sir Francis, bart.; b. about 1764 ; employed by Mr. Palmer in improving the post- office arrangements, 1787 ; secretary to the post- office, 1797-1836 ; d. 10 July 1836. PEEEMAN, Edward Augustus, archajnlogist and historian; b. 1823; published "History of Architecture," 1849; "History of the Saracens," 18^6; " 11 istory of the Norman Conquest," 18(36-/6; " History of Federal Government," 1863; "History of the Cathedral of Wells," 1870; "Historical Essays," 1872-3. PEEEE, Martha Walker, b. 2C Oct. 1822; married rev. Jolrn Eobinsou, 1861 ; publislicd "Life of Miirgaret, queen of Navarre," and FEEGOSO, doges of Genoa: PiETRO, conquered Cj-prus, and m.ade an advan- tageous treatj"" j^^, Jaoopo ; doge, 1390 ; dethroned by Adorno, the preceding doge (, April 1,91 ToMASO defeated the Adorni, and became doge, July 1415 Attacked by the duke of Milan; compelled to resign ... , ... 1420 Recovered his dignity ... ' i^.,- Again deposed and exiled i .^., Declined restoration, 1450 . . d. about 1450 PiETno ; served the duke of Milan in his youth, arrd declared a public enemy and robber by the Genoese ; made doge ... 8 Dec. Censured for permitting the conquest of Con- " stantinople by the Turks 1.-3 Attacked by the king of Ar.agon ; oiTered the sovereignty of Genoa to Cliarles VII. of France, 1457 Banished by the French ; obtained alMes; killed in an attack on Genoa ... 14 Sept. 1450 GiANBATTisTA, aided by Milan, overcame the Adorni ; elected doge . . . 26 Nov. 1478 Deposed by his uncle, cardinal Paolo Frcgoso '. 1483 Joined the Adorni for vengeance; deirosed his uncle : banished by the Adorni . , . j^gs At Lyons wrote "Anteros, sive de Amore,'' printed, 1496 d. after 1509 Paolo, archbishop of Genoa, 1452 ; by intrigue and violence three times doge, 1463, 1477', 1483: d. 2 March 1493 Oitaviaho and Giano, brothers ; expelled the French from Genoa; Giano proclaimed doge, 1512; replaced by Ottaviano, 18 June 1513; Giano banished 1314 Surrendered Genoa to the French, himself to be governor, 1515 ; d. soon after the captui'e of Genoa by the Spaniards , , . May 1522 FEEHER 21./0 PEEYTAG torian; b. 26 July" 1565; publislied "Origines )\d. 13 May 16:4. FREHEE, Marquard, German jurist and his- orian; b. lb ^ ' ' " ' ' Palatinse," 1599 FEEILIGEATH, Ferdinand, German poet; h. 17 June 1810 ; d. 17 March 1876. Besigned a pension (received 1842) and fled from Geriuany 1844 Head of the democratic party at Dusseldorf . . 1848 Tried and acquitted for publisliing his " die Todteu an den Lebenden "(" the Dead to tlie Living ") . ,, Settled in London 1849 Published " Neuere Politische und Sociale Gediclite" FEEIND, John, physician ; b. 1675 ; im- prifionedin the Tower on the charge of treason, 15 March 1723; published "History of Physic," 1725- 26 ; d. 26 July 1728. FEEINTSHEIM, Johann, German philologist; I. 1608 ; d. 31 Aug. 1660. FEEIZE, Francisco Jose, Portuguese historian and philologist ; h. 1713; published "Vido do In- fante D. Henrique," 1758 ; d. 1773. FEEJUS, Eoland de, French ti-aveller; pub- lished an account of his travels in Mauritania tl666), 1670. FEEMINET, Martin de, French historical painter, called " the French Michael Angelo ; " b. 24 Sept. 1567 ; d. 16 June 1619. FEEMY, Edmond, French chemist: J. 28 Feb. 1814; published, with Pelou^e, " Traite de Chimie," 1860-4. FEEMONT D' ABLAiTCOITRT, Nicolas, French historian, protestant ; b. about 1625 ; ambassador in Portugal, 1663; patronised by the prince of Orange ; published '* Nouveau Dictionnaire des Eimes," 1648; " Memoires concemaut I'Histoire de Portugal," 1 701 ; d. about 1694. FEEMONT, John Charles, American traveller ; " the Pathfinder of the Eocky Mountains;" b. 21 Jan. 1813 ; went on five explorations, 1842-55, and published narratives; unsuccessful candidate lor the presidency, 1856. PEENICLE DE Bessy, Bernard, French mathematician ; b, about 1605 ; invented the ** method of exclusions," d. 1675. FREPPEL, Charles Emile, French priest ; b. 1827 ; at Eome assisted preparations for the Vatican council, 1869; published "Les Peres Apostoliques." 1859 ; and other works on the early church, 1860-8. FEERB, sir Henry Bai-tle Edward, k.c.b. Indian statesman, nephew of J. Hookham Frere ; b. 1815 ; chief commissioner in the Punjaub, i8tiO-62 ; governor of Bombay, 1862-67; at Zanzibar obtained a treaty from the sultan abolishing the slave trade. May 1873 ; received tlie sultan in London, June 1875 ; weiit to India with the pruice of Wales, 11 Oct. 1875 ; hart. May 1876. FRERE, John Hookham, diplomatist and sclioliir; b. 21 May 1769 ; translated when a boy the Saxon poem on Athelstan's victory at Bruuanburg ; wrote " Prospectus of a National work by "William and Eobert Whistlecraft " (a jeu d' esprit) ; " Trans- lations from Aristophanes," 1840; d, 7 Jan. 1846. FEERET, Nicolas, French scholar and critic ; h. 15 Feb. 16S8 ; wrote a memoir on the origin of the Franks (printed 1796), refuting the popular notions, for ivhich he was imprisoned in the Bastile, 1714-15 ; d. 8 March 1749. PRERON, Elie Catherine, French critic and poet, opponent of Voltaire ; b. 1719; d. 10 March 1776. Louis Stanislas, son, *. 1765; violent republican ; denounced Louis XVI. and his queen, June 1 791 ; as agent employed by the convention, cruelly punished Marseilles, (Jet. — I)ec. 1793; joined in the overthrow of EobespieiTe, July, 1794! and in the punishment of the Jacobins, 1794-95! went with Leelerc to St. Domingo ; d. there, 1802. PEESCOBALDI, Girolamo, Italian organist and composer; b. about 1588 ; published " Madri- gaU," and "Fantasie," 1608 ; " Capricci," 1624; " Fieri," 1635; d. about 1654. PEESENIUS, Kari Eemigius, German che- mist ; b. 28 Dec. 1818 ; first published (in German) his Introductions to Qualitative (1841) and Quan- titative (1846) Chemical Analysis (translated into French, English, Italian, &c.), many editions. PEESENIUS, Johann Philipp, German theolo- gian; b.22 Oct, 1705; published " Disputatio de Justificatione," 1725; cl. 4 July 17O1. FEESNE, see Ducange. FEESNEL, Augustin Jean, French physicist; b. 10 May 1788 ; published memoii-s on the diffrac- tion of light, 1826 ; double refraction, 1827 ; con- structed a dioptric- system of lenses, employed ill lighthouses, 1819; d. 14 July 1827. FEESNOY, see Jju Frcsnoy and Lcnght. FRETEAU DE St. JttST, Emmanuel Marie Michel Pliilippe, French magistrate ; b. 1745; im- prisoned for bold address to Louis XVI. respecting the " diamond necklace affair," 1787 ; elected presi- dent of the constituent assembly, 1789; retired from public life, 1792; executed for defending Christianity against atheism, 14 June 1794. PEEUND, Wilhelm, German philologist; b. i8o5; published his Latin-German Dictionary, 1834-45- FEEY, Jean Cccile, Swiss physician and philo- logist; b. about 1580; wrote " Philosophia Druida- rum," 1625; "Cribrum Philosophorum," 1628; d. I Aug. 1631. FEEY, Jean Jacques, Swiss theologian and orientalist ; b. 1682 ; published " de Officio Doctoiis Christiani," 1711-5 ; d. 1752. FEEYCINET, Louis Claude Dessaulses de; U). 7 Aug. 1779; d. 18 Aug. 1842); and Henki Louis (A. 31 Dec. 1777; d. 21 March 1840); brothers, French navigators : Fought in the same eugageincnts .... 1793-5 Accompanied Baudin in his exploring voyage on the south-west coast of New Holland, July 1800 ; mnde many discoveries ; returned . M.irch 1804 Louis, as commander of the " Uranie," s,-iiled from Toulon on another southern expedition, 17 Sept. 1817 His vessel wrecked in " Bale Fmugaise " 14 Feb. 1820 Bought the " Mercuix" an American vessel, which he named " La Physicicnne " . .4 May Returned to Havre .... 13 Nov. " His " Voyage de D^couvertes aux Torres Au.stralesj i8ai-4, ' published, 1807-16; "Voyage autour du Monde, 1817-24," published 1824-44 PEEYEE, Manoel, Spanish general; h. 1795; distinguished himself in the war of independence ; 1809-13; helped much in gaining the victory at Toulouse, 10 April 1814; faithful to constitutional principles ; retired from pubUc life, 1820; d. 1834. PEEYTAG, Georg Wilhelm, German orien- talist; b. 19 Sept. 1788; published " Lexicon Ara- bico-Latinum,'^ 1830-7 : " Ai-abmu Proveibia." 183S-42 ; d. i86r. ' FEETTAG 201 PEONTINUS FE.EYTAG-1 Guatav, German novelist, drama- tist, and journalist ; b. 13 July 1816 ; published " Soil und Haben" (6tli ed. 1856); "Die Ver- lorene Haudschrift," 1865; established the "Grenzboten" (jouraal) ; editor, 1847-70. FREZIEE, AiUL-dee Francjois, Savoyard engi- neer; b, 1682; published " Traite des I'eux d' Ar- tifice," 1706; employed to survey coast of Spanish colonies for defence, 1712-14; and St. Domingo, 1719-21 ; his " Voyage to the South Sea," published in England, 1717 ; d. 14 or 16 Oct. 1773. FEIEND, John, plotted against William III., May 1695 ; refused to join, yet executed as accom- plice in Assassination plot, 3 April 1696. PEIES, Jean, Swiss scholar ; b. 1505 ; friend of Conrad Gessner, Robert Stephens, &c. ; published ** Dictionarium Latino-Gennanicum," 1541 ; " He- siod," 1548 ; d. 28 Jan. 1565. FEIES, Jacob Friedrich, German philosopher, holding the principles of Kant and Jacobi; b. 23 Aug. 1773; published " System der Philosophic, 1804; "Lehren der Liebe," 1823; "System der Metaphysik," 1824; d. 10 Aug. 1843. FEISCH, Johann Leonard, German theologian and naturalist; b. 19 March i665; said to have | discovered the dye of Prussian blue ; published, in German, "Description of all the Insects in Ger- many," 1720-38; d. 21 March 1743. FEISCHLIN, Nicodemus, Gei-man poet and philologist; b, 22 Sept. 1547; received the poetic crown from the emperor Eodolph II. for his comedy, "Rebecca," about 1571 ; imprisoned by tile duke of "Wiirtemberg for imprudent letters ; killed while attempting to escape, 29 Nov. 1590. FEISI, Paolo, Italian mathematician; b. 13 April 1728 ; published " Disquisitio Mathematica in Causam Physicam Figurae et Magnitudinis Terra!," 1751 ; d. 22 Nov. 1784. FEISWELL, James Hain, novelist, essayist, and journalist ; b. 1827 ; published " About the "World," 1864; " Gentle Life," 21 editions; " Silent Hour," 1868; "A Man's Thoughts," 1872; "The Better Self," " Familiar Words," 1S64-74; &c. FEITH (or Feyth), John, protestant martyr; b. about 1507 ; wrote " Disputacion of Purgatorye ; " burnt at Smithfield, 4 July 1533. FEITH, William Powell, painter; b. 1819; exlubited "Othello and Desdemona" and " Mal- volio," 1840; " English Merry-making a Hundred Tears Ago," 1847 ; &c. ; elected b.a. 1852 ; has since painted the "Eam.sgate Sands," "Derby Day," " Kailwaj' Station," &c. ; " Sophia Wester,n "lorn Jones," &c., 1875; "Scene in Vicar of AVakefield," &c., 1876. FEITSCH, Ahasuerus, German polygraph ; h. 16 Dec. 1629; published " De Typographis," &c., 1675 ; d. 9 Sept. 1701. FEITZ, Father S.imuel, Gemian missionary and geographer; b. 1650; preached in South America, suffering much pri\ation; d. about 1730. FEIZON, PieiTe, French theologian ; pub- lished " La Sainte Bible Fran(^oise," with com- mentaries, 1621 ; " Gallia Purpm-ata," 1629 ; d. July 1650 or 1651. FEOBEN, Johann, Smss piinter, friend of Erasmus; b. 1460; began to print, 1494; printed (edited by Erasmus) Greek and Latin Testament, I5lh; St. Jerome, 1516; St. Cyprian, and Tertul- lian, 1521 ; St. Ambrose, 1527, &c. ; d. Oct. 1527. FEOBISHEE, sir Jlartin, navigator ; {. 1536 ; sailed to discover the North- West passage, 8 June ; entered Frobisher's strait, II Aug.; returned, bringing home dust supposed to contain gold, 2 Oct. 1576; second expedition, May — Sept. 1577; thii'd expedition, May — Oct. 1578 ; d. of wound received m attack on Brest, Nov. 1594. FECEBEL, German scholars, &o. ; Carl Poppo, scholar . . . . ?j, 2 Nov. 17S6 Edited many classics printed by Ins son, in imi- tation of the Elzevirs . . c7. 15 Nov. 1S24 Friedrich, sclioobnaster , . . b. 21 April 1782 After studying tlie system of Pestalozzi, and others, founded a " Kindergarten " at BIan1 d. about 1410. PEOMAGE, Pierre, French missionary and orientaUst; b. 12 May 1678; translated parts of the Bible, and other works, into Arabic; d, Dec. 1740. FEOMENT, Francjois Maiie, barm, French legitimist statesman; b. 9 July 1756; narrowly escaped massacre, with other catholics, at Nimes, 13 June 1790; secretary to Louis XVIII., 1793; active agent for the Bourbons ; pensioned by Eng- land; ungratefully treated, 1815 ; d. 22 Sept. 1825. FEOMENTIN, Eugene, French painter and novelist; h. Dec. 1820; went to the East and pro- duced pictures of Arab and Algerian life, 1847, et seq. ; published "Dominique," a romance, 1863; d. 27 Aug. 1876. PEOMMENT, Antoine, Genevese refoi-mer, and friend of Farel ; b. 1510; wrote "les Actes et les Gestes de Geneve comnien(;ant 1532" (printed 1854) ; d. about 1585. PEONTEAU, Jean, French archajologist ; b. 1614; published " Summa totlus Philosophise de ThomjeAquinatisDoctrina," 1640; d. 17 April 1662. PEONTINUS, Sextus Julius, prtetor urbanusof Rome, 70; wrote "Strategeniaticon," and "deAque- ductibus Romse ;" commanded iuBritain about 75-78. PRONTO 202 FULLER FEONTO, Marcus Conielius, "the orator;" tutor of M. Aurelius, consul, 1^3; founder of a class of rhetoricians termed "Frontoniaiii;" d. after l66 ; some of his epistles recovered ; printed 1815 and 1S23. FEOSSAED, Charles Auguste, French gene- ral; b. 1807; distinguished in Crimean and Italian wars, 1854-59; the imperial prince confided to his charge after the empress, 7 Oct. 1869 ; victorious at Saarbnicken, 30 July; defeated by the crown prince at Forhach, 6 Aug. 1870 ; published a report on the war, 1872. FEOST, William Edward, k.a., painter; b. Sept. 1810 ; befriended by Etty ; exhibited " TJna," 1846; "Disarming of Cupid," 1850; " The Graces," 1863; "L' Allegro," 1864; "Adonis," 1865; "Hy- las," 1867; "By the Waters of Babylon," 1869; "Serena," 1874; k.a. 30 Dec. 1870; retired from E.A. 1876. FEOUDE, James Anthony, historian ; b. 2; on Great Subjects," 1867 ; resigned editorship of " Fraser's Magazine," Aug. 1871 ; published " Kng- .''sh in Ireland," 1871-4; sent to Africa respecting Caffre insuiTCction, 1874; respecting South African confederation, 1875. FEOUDE, rev. Eichard HmTell, brother, theo- logian; b. 1803; his" Hemains," published 1838-39, leii to much controversy; d. 28 Feb. 1836. FliOWDE, Philip, dramatist, friend of Addi- son; d. 19 Dec. 1738. FEUGrONI, Carlo Innocenzio, Italian poet ; b. 21 Nov. 1692 ; d. 20 Dee. 1768. FEUMENTIUS, saint, preached Christianity in Abyssinia, about 329 ; d. about 3O0. FEY, Elizabeth, quaker preacher, philanthro- pist; b. (Gui-ney) 21 May 17S0; married Joseph Fry. 19 Aug. 1800; devoted hor life to visiting Bntish and foreign prisons, &c., 1S13, etscq.; d. 12 Oct. 1845. FEYTH, see Frith. FU AD Pasha, Mehemcd, Turkish statesman; b. 1815 ; d. about 11 Feb. 1869. At first a surgeon at Ti-ipoli ; secrntary to embassy in London ; ambassador at St. Petersburg . . 1849 Minister of foreign airairs . . . 1852-53, 1854 Commissioner for punisliing the atrocities at Da- mascus . . ... Ang.-Sept. i860 rresident of the council, July 1 861 ; seraslciur, Feb. 1863 Proposed confiscation of the xn'operty of the mosques . . . . . Sept. 1865 Superseded . . ... 5 June 1866 Foreign minister Feb. 1867 Eesigned, but resumed, Jan. 1868 ; d, about ir Feb. 18O9 FUCHS, Johann Nepomulc, German mineralo- gist ; b. 1$ May 1774 ; d. 5 March 1756. FUCHS, Leonhard, German botanist; b. 17 Jan. 1 501 ; published " Jledendi Methodus," 1541 ; d. 10 May 1566. FUENTES, Pedro ITcnriqutz de Azevedo, conde do, Spanish general and statesman; b. 1560; commanded in the war aguiu.st the French, 1635 ; killed at the battle of Ilocroy, 19 May 1643. FUESSLI, see Fiisdi. FUG-EE, Friedrich Heinrich, German painter ; b. 1751; illustrated Klopstock's" Messiah;" painted "Kestoration of Peace," 1815; d. 1818. FUGGrEE, Jakob, German merchant; b. 6 March 1459; ennobled with his brothers by Maxi- milian I., 1504 ; d. 30 Deo. 1525. FUGGEE, Uh-ich, German scholiir ; b. 20 Aug. 1526; collected a magnificent library, which he bequeathed to the university of Heidelberg; d. 25 June 1584. PULBEET, of Chartres, French bishop; b. about 950; patron of letters; d. 10 April 1028. His works edited by Papire le Masson, 1585. FULDA, Friedrich Carl, German philologist, &e. ; b. 13 Sept. 1724; d. 11 Dee. 1788. PULGENTIUS, Fahius Claudius Gordianus, siiint, bishop of Kuspina, in Africa, Latin father ; b. about 468 ; wrote against Arianism ; his works printed 1515 ; d. i Jan. 533. PULGENTIUS, Faliius Planciades, Latin grammarian ; wrote on mythology ; Jl, 6th century. FULK I. — v., counts of Anjou : 1. pious and liberal ... . d. 2. the Good, brave, learned, and wise . d. 3. Nerra ; V. 972 ; pi-eserved liis states from the Bretons by stratagem ; tlieir dulce Conan de- feated and killed . . about Visited Jerusalem Seized Saumur, and burnt the monasteiy of St. Florent . . . . . Visited Jerusalem . . . 1035 and Built many cities, cathedrals, &c. ; d. at Mftz 23 Slay 4. le Rechin &. 14 .Vin-il Quarrelled with his brother Geoffrey, 1060; and remained sole ruler Began to write the history of Anjou ; rereived a golden rose from pope Urban II., 1096; d. 14 April 5. the Young, son ; 6, 1090 : his d.aughter married William, son {1119) : and his son Geoffn-y niar- ' ried Jlatilda, daugliter of Henry I. of Eiighmd, Set out for Holy Land . . . . Miuried the d.iughter of B.ild\vin II., king of Jerusalem, and succeeded him as king ; crowned 14 Sei't. 1131 d. by fall from his horse at Ptolcmais 13 Nov. 1142 93S 958 Q90 1003 1025 1039 1040 1043 1127 1120 PULKE, 'William, puritan theologian; {.about 1540 ; published a severe " Commentary on the English Testament translated at Kheims," 1580; d. Aug. 1589. FULLARTON, lady Georgiana Charlotte, novelist, daughter of first earl Granville ; b. 23 Sept. 1812 ; married Mr. A. G. Fullarton, 13 July 1833; published "Ellen Middleton," 1844; "Lady Bird," 1852 ; " Too Strange not to be True," 1864 ; "Constance Sherwood," 1865; "A Stormy Life," 1867 ; " Mi-s. Gerald's Niece," 1869, &c. PULLER, Andrew, Baptist minister ; S. 6 Feb- 1 754 ; helped to found the Baptist Missionary So- ciety, 1792; published " ISocinianismlndefensible," 1799; "the Backslider," 1801; rf. 7 May 1815. FULLER, Charles Francis, sculptor; d. 10 March 1875. PULLER, Nicholas, theologian; b. 1557; nub- 1 lished " Miscellanea Theologioa," ibi2; d. 1622. PULLER, Sarah Margaret, American writer ; b. 23 May 1810; edited "the Dial," 1839-44; her " Papers on Literature and Art " published in Lon- uon, 1846 ; came to Europe ; married at Home the marchese d'OssoIi, 1849 ; drowned by shipwreck in sight of New York, 16 July 1850. PULLER, Thomas, theologian, ardent royalirt; b. June 1608; royal chaplain, 1660; published "History of the Holy War," 1640; "Holy and Profane State," 1642; " Church History of Britain," [655; " Worthies of England," 1662; d. 15 Aug. i6[)l. FULLEETON aU3 GABEIELLI FULLEETON, John, lord FuUerton, Scotch judge; b. i6 Dec. 1775 ; lord of session, 1828-53; d. 3 Deo. 1853. FULTON, Eoljert, American engineer ; b. 1765; d. 24 l-'eh. 1815. Came to London ns a painter, and ■worked under West 1787, d serj. Devoted himself to mctili.-inics under Ramsay about 1793 Invented various iiiacliines, and studied steam navigation „ ExliiTjitcd his torpedo (suli-inariue explosive) in tlie Seine, and olfered liis ' ' Nautilus " to tlie Diree- toiy witliout success . . . .. 17157 Tried his steamboat on the Seipe . . 9 AUq'. 1803 Not encouraged ; wont to Loudon . ... 1804 Ileturned to New York ; his steamboat successful on the Hudson . 1806 Patented tlie invention ... 12 Feh. 1809 Employed by the U.y. government to eonsti-uct steamei*s . . ... 1814 FULVIA, dissolute widow of Clodius and of Curio ; married and devotedly loved Marcus An- tonius, u.c. 44; jealous of Cleopatra ; raised an in- BuiTBctiou against her husb.ind; bitterly reproved by him ; A of a broken heart, 40. FUEETIEEE, Antoine, French poet, &c. ; b. 1620; published "le lloman Bourgeois," 1666; d. 14 May 16S8. FUEINI, Francesco, Florentine painter ; b. 1604; il. 1646. FUEIUS, Fcdcrico (Seriolanus), Spanish states- man and moralist; b. about 1510; contended for translations of the scriptures ; protected by Charles v., and made tutor to his sou Philip; vainly en- deavoured to make jipacc between Philip and the low Countries ; d. 1592. FURNESiS, AVilUam Henry, n.D., American unirariiin niini.'iter, tirui opposer of slavery; b. 20 April i8g2; published various works on Jesus and the Gospels, 1836-70. FtJEST, Julius, German Hebraist ; b. 12 May 180^; published "Great Hebrew Concoi-dance ; '■ (/. l-'cb. 1873. FUESTENBEEG, Ferdinand von, German bishop, pout, &c. ; b. 2! Oct. 1626; elected bishop of Paderborn, 1661 ; published "Pocmata," 1656; " Mouunienta Paderbornensia," 16C9; d. 26 June 683. FUSELI, or FUESSLI, John Henry, Swiss Eainter; 4. 1742; came to England, and patronised y Kej-nolds, 1763; a.A. 1790; professor ii.A. 1799; keeper u.A. 1803; published his " Lectures," 1820; d. (in London), 16 April 1825. FUSI, Antoine, French theologian ;_ b. about 1565; accused of soieery and immorality by the Jesuits, 1609 ; deprived and imprisoned for a libel " Mastigophore," written in revenge, 1612; retired to Geneva, became a Protestant, and manied ; pub- lished "le Franco Archer de la Vraye Eglise," 1619 ; d. 1635. FUSS, Ton, Swiss physicists : Nicolas ; h. 30 Jan. 1755 ; t>ecame assistant of Euler at St. Peterstrarg, 1773 ; secretary of the academy there, 1800 ; d. 4 Jan. 1826. Paul Heinrich, son ; 5. 2 June 1797: published "Cor- respondence de quelques C616brcs G^onietl'cs," 1843 ; "Kuleri Opera Postliuma," &c. ; d. 21 Jan. 1855. Georg Albert, hrothor; 6. 25 Dec. 1S06 : publishoil *' Geographical, Jiagiietical, and Hypsomctrical Obser- vations in a jnunrey to Siberia and China (1830-2)," 1838, (fee. ; d. 17 Jan. 1854. FUST, or Faust, Johann of Guttenberg, one of the reputed discoverers of printing ; with Peter Scoffer printed the Jlazarine Bible, 1455 ; Psalter, 1457 ; a. at Paris, about 1466. FUST, sir Herbert Jenner, judge; b. about 1777 ; made dean of the arches, and judge of the prerogative court of Canterbury, 1834 ; took the additional name of Fust, Jan. 1842 ; d. 20 Feb. 1S52. FUTTEH, Ali-Ochah, (Baba Khan), king of Persia; 4. about 1762; king, 1767; d. 1S34. FUX (or Ftjciis), Johann Joseph, German composer; b. 1660; )naster of the chapel to the emperors Leopold I., Josejih I., and Charles VI.; composed "Elisa," 1714, and other operas, &c. ; d. about 1740. FUZELIEE, Louis, prolific French dramatic author ; b. 1672 ; d. 19 Sejit. 1752. FYPE, Andrew, M.ri., Scotch chemist; b. iS Jan. 1792; published "Elements of Chemistry," 1827 ; eheniical papers, iStc. ; d. 31 Dec, i8fal. G GAAE, Johann Friedrich, German historian and theologian; b. 10 Oct. 1761 ; d. 2 March 1832. GABBIANI, Antonio Domenico, Florentine pniuter; b. 1652; killed by fall from a scafibld ^\hile painting, 1726. GABELENTZ, Hans Konon von der, German lingaist; b. 13 Oct. 1S07 ; published a Mantchoo grammar, 1832 ; a work on the Melanesian lan- guages, 1860-73; d. 3 Sept. 1874. GABINIUS, Aulus, Roman consul and legis- ■ later; proconsul of Syria; defended by Cicero when accused of treason and corruption; exiled, B.C. 54 ; d. 48 or 47. GABIOT, Jean Louis, French poet and drama- tist; 4. 1759; d. 12 Sept. 1811. GABLENZ, Ludwig Karl "Wilhelm, baron von, Sa.'ion general; b. 19 June 1S14; joined Austria, 1S48 ; covered the retreat at Solferino, 24 June 1859 ; commanded, in war, 1866 ; commander-in- chief in Hungary, July 1869 ; d. by suicide 28 Jan. 1874. GABEIEL DE ChinoN, French Capuchin missionary ; settled at Ispahan about 1640 ; d. at Malabar, 27 June, 1670; his " Jielations NouTellcs- du Levant," published, 1671. GABEIEL, Jacques, French architect; b. 1667; d. 1742. GABEIEL SlONITA, Syro-Maronite orien- talist; b. about 1577; studied at Home; went tO' Paris, and became professor, 1614 ; translated the Psalms from Syriao into Latin, 1625 ; d. 1648. GABEIELLE, " La Belle," see Estrees. GABEIELLI, Cattarina, Italian singer; b. 12 Nov. 1730; daughter of his cook; adopted and educated by Prince Gabrielli at Eome; d. April 1796. GABEIELLI, Giacomo, podesta of Orvieto; sunnnjned to the defence of Florence ; successful. GABRINI 204 GALBEAITH 1315; made " capitano," 1336; by Ms tyranny in- ■currfid hatred ; retii-ed, 1341 ; again governor of iiorence, 1357. GABEINI, see Hienzi. GACHAED, Louis Prosper, French historian ; i. 12 Oct. 1800; settled in Belgium, 1831; pub- lished "Don Carlos et Philippe II./' 1863; "Jeanne la FoUe," 1869, &c. GACON, Fran(;ois, French satiric poet; l>. 1667; imprisoned for his " Poete sans Fard," printed, 1696; wrote " Anti-Roi'sseau," 1712; "Ilomere Tenge," 1715 ; d. 15 Nov. 1725. " GADBTJEY, John, astiologer; *. 31 Dec. 1627; ■published "Celestial Ambassador," 1656; "Doc- trine of Nativities," 1658 ; " Astrological Sei-mon, ■with a Diary of the Weather for Twenty-one Tears," i6gi ; d. about 1692. GADDESDEN, John of, physician ; his " Kosa Anglica, seu Praotica Medicinse," printed, 1492 ; d. about 1350. GADDI, Florentine painters : ■Oaddo, -worked in Mosaic ; 6. 1239 . . d. 1312 Taddeo, son, puiiil of Giotto ; 6. 1300; d. after 20 Aug. 1366 Angiolo, son ; 6. 1324 d. 1387 GADEBUSCH, Fricdrich Conrad, German ihistorian; b, 29 July 1 7 19; published " Annals of Xivonia," 1 780-3; d, 9 July 1788. GAELEN, Ale.xander van, Dutch painter of battles; 4.1670; rf. 1728. GAEETNEE, or GaBTNER, Gei-man archi- •tects ; JOHANN ANDRE.VS, &. I743 . . . . d. 1S26 J^lEDaicH VON, sou ; 6. 1792 ; employed by the court of Bavaria . . . d. 21 April 1847 GAEETNEE, Joseph, German botanist ; *. 22 March 1739; published " de Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum," 1789-91 ; d. 13 July 1 791. GAPPAEEL, Jacques, French mystic; b. 1601 ; published " Abditu Divina: Hysteria," 1625; " Curiosites Inouycs sur la Sculpture Talismanique des Persans," 1629; d. 1681. GAFOEIO, or GafOEI, Franthino, Italian musician; b. 14 Jan. 145 1 ; published "'I'heoricum Opus Musica; Disciijlina;, i486 ; " Practica llusicto,' ' 1496; d. 24 June 1522. GAGE, Thomas, adventurer; b. about 1597; studied in Spain and became a Jesuit ; sailed for America as a missionary, July 1625 ; returned to England, and abjured Komanism, about 1639; pub- lished "Sui-vey of the West Indies," 1648; joined a buccaneering expedition against the Spanish isettlements, 1655; a. in Jamaica, 1655. GAGE, Thomas, general, governor of Montreal, 1760; succeeded lord Amherst in command of the liritish troops in America, 1763 ; governor of Mas- sachusetts ; carried out the repressive measm-es of the government against Boston, 1774; seized a " Histoire des Joumalistes de la Revolution (1789- •96)," 1845-46; d. 27 Dec. 1851. GALLOIS, Jean, French critic; b. 14 June 1632 ; edited the " Journal des S9aTants," 1665 ; d. 9 April 1707. GALLOIS, Jean Antoine Gauvain, French politician; b. about 1755; president of the tribu- nate, 1802; secretary, 1804-13; employed by Louis XVin., 1818 ; wrote " Retour de I'Age d'Or, ou Begne de Louis XVI.," a poem, 1774; d. 1828. GALLONI, Antonio, Italian martyrologist ; i. about 1550 ; d. 1605. GALLOWAY, Thomas, Scotch mathematician; i. 26 Feb. 1 796 ; wrote paper on Solar System, Phil. Trans., 1846 ; articles in Encyclopaedia Bri- fannica; d. I Nov. 18;:. GALLUCCI, Giovanni Paolo, Italian astro- nomer ; published " Theatrum llundi et Tempoiis,' ' ijSg; fi. i6th century. GALLUPPI, Pasquale, Italian philosopher ; i. 2 April 1770; endeavoured to re-establish the ■old philosophy, considering man in his double essence, spiritual and material; published *'Ele- raenti di Filosofia," 1832 ; " Filosofia della Vo- Imita," 1835-42, &o. ; d. Nov. 1846. GALLUS, Caius Aquillius, Roman jurist, prsetor with Cicero, B.C. 67-66. GALLUS, Caius Cornelius, Roman poet and orator; b. about B.C. 66; friend of Augustus; accompanied him to Egypt, and made prefect of it, 31 ; d'.Bgraced ; d. by suicide, 26. GALLUS, Caius Yibius Trebonianus, emperor of Rome; elected after the death of Decius, Nov. 2^1; made disgraceful peace with the barbarians ; killed by his soldiers, 253 or 254. GALLUZZI,or GaxltjCCI, Targuinio, Italian Jesuit ; b. 1574 ; published " Virgilianas Vindiea- tioaes," 1620; d. 1649. GALLY, Henry, theologian; b. Aug. i6g6; published translation of Theophrastus, 1725 ; " Dis- sertations against Pronouncing Greek according to Accents," 1754-5; '^' 7 •^■"S' ^l^O' GALT, John, Scotch novelist; 4. 2 May 1779; d. II April 1839. Published "Ayrshire Legatees," 1820-21 ; "Annals of the Parish," "The Entail," "Sir Andrew ■\Vylie," "The Spaewife," "Laurie Todd," &o., 1820, et seq. ; "Autobiography" .... 1833 Alexander Tilloch, sir, son ; &. 6 Sept. 1817 ; linance minister of Canada, Aug. 1858 — May 1S62 ; Mai-ch 18S4— Aug. 1866; knighted . . . . 1869 GALTON, hrothers : Capt. DovGLAS, K.E. ; b. ; inspector of rail- ways, Oct. 1851 ; of foi-tifications, Oct. 1859 ; director of public works, Jan. 1870 ; resigned on pension Aug. 1875 Francis, traveller and meteorologist ; h. 1822 ; published " Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa," 1853; "Art of Travel," 1859; " Mcteorographica," 1863 ; " Hereditary Genius," 1869; "English Men of Science" . . . . 1874 GALUPPI, Baldassare, " Buranello," Italian musical composer ; b. 1703; d. Jan. 1785. GALVANI, Aloisio, Italian physician and philosopher ; b. 9 Sept. 1737 ; discovered pheno- mena of galvanism and animal electricity, 6 Nov. 1 780 ; published " de Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari," 1791 ; d. 4 Dec. 1798. GAMA, Jose Basilic da, Brazilian poet ; b, 1740 ; published "I'Uruguay," 1769; d. 31 July 1795. GAMA, Tasco da, Portuguese naWgator; b. about 1450; sailed from Lisbon, 8 July; doubled the Cape and discovered the passage to India, 22 Nov. 1497 ; returned to Lisbon, about Sept. 1499 ; appointed admiral of the Indies, 10 Jan. 1502 ; made viceroy ; d. 24 or 25 Dec. 1524. GAMACHES, Etienne Simon, French philoso- ghcr ; J. about 1672 ; published (under the name harigny) "Systeme duCoeur," 1708; "Astronomie Physique," 1740; d. 7 Feb. 1756. GAMACHES, Philippe de, French theologian ; b. I';58; wrote commentaries on the "Summa" of St. Thomas; "Theologia Practiea," printed 1629; d. 1625. GAMALIEL, Jewish rabbi, teacher of Paul, advised the release of the apostles, 33. GAMBA, Jacques Fran9ai8, French traveller ; b. 26 Dec. 1 763 ; published " Voyage dans la Russie Meridionale, 1820-4," 1826 ; d. 27 May 1833- GAMBA, Pietro, conte de, Italian patriot, ardent friend of Greece, brother of the countess GuiccioU, mistress of lord Byron ; b. 1801 ; pub- lished " Narrative of Lord Byron's Last Journey to Greece," 1825 ; d. in Greece, 1826. GAMBACOETA, nobles of Pisa : Francesco, statesman, conservator of Pisa ; induced by a plot to surrender its liberties to the emperor Charles IV. : endeavoured to recover them ; executed with his brothers and others as traitors to the emperor, 26 May 1355- PiETRO, nephew, and his family recalled to Pisa, 1369 ; defended its liberties ; assassinated, 21 Oct. 1392. Giovanni, nephew ; last of the lords of Pisa ; recalled, 1405 : admitted the besiegmg Florentines into Pisa, 8 and 9 March 1406. GAMBAEA 207 GAECIA GAMBAEA, Lorenzo, Italian Latin poet ; b. 1506; pubUshed "de Navigatione C. Columbi," 1581 ; d. 1596. GAMBAEA, Veronica, Italian poetesa ; b. 29 Nov. 1485 ; d. 13 June 1550 ; her letters and poems printed 1759. GAMBAET, Jean F^lix Adolphe, Frcncli as- tronomer; b. May 1800; discovered thirteen comets, 1822-33 i '^- 23 "'^"ly 1836. GAMBETTA, Leon, French lawyer and statesman ; of Genoese family ; b. 30 Oct. 1838. Ultra-liberal; elected deputy for both Paris and Marseilles ; chose Marseilles .... 1869 Minister of interior iu government of national de- fence 4 Sept. 1870 Convoked national assembly (did not meet), 8 Sept. „ Escaped in a balloon from Paria to TourSj 7 Oct. ; at Eouen declared for " a pact with victory or death " 8 Oct. „ At Tours becomes minister of war as well as of the interior, virtually dictator . . 9 Oct. ,, Stigmatized the surrender of Metz as 1* crime, aS Oct. „ Disavowed the armistice signed by Favre and Bismarck, 28 Jan. . . . .31 Jan. 1871 His decree annulled, 4 Feb. ; he and his ministry resigned 5, 6 Feb. „ Elected for ten departments . . . Feb. ,, Travelled in the South; powerful speech at Gre- noble against Thiers .... 27 Sept. 1872 Powerful speech at Belleville defending the new republican constitution (adopted 25 Feb.), 23 April 1875 President of budget committee April 1876 GAMBIEE, James Gambier, lord, admiral; b. 13 Oct. 1756; d. 19 April 1833. Bombarded Copenhagen, and captured the Danish fleet, 2-8 Sept. ; made baron .... 1807 With lord Cochrane destroyed part of the French fleet in Basque roads . . 11 and 12 April 1809 Exonerated from charge of neglecting to support Cochrane ... . . 4 Aug. ,, GAMBOLD, John, philologist ; made a bishop by the Moravians, 1754; published "Short Sum- mary of Christian Doctrine," 1767 ; d. 13 Sept. 1771. GAMON, Chi-istophe, French poet; b. 1576; ■wrote " le Tresor des Iresors," " Les Pescheries," &c. ; d. 1621. GAMOND, see Tliome. GANDOLPHT, Peter, Romanist priest; b. about 1760 ; published " Defence of the Ancient Faith," 181 r; censured for a sermon on the rela- tions between the spiritual and temporal authority, 1816; d.lSl6. GANDON, James, architect; b. 29 Feb. 1742 ; edited " Vitruvius Britannicus ;" d. 24 Deo. 1824. GANDT, John Peter, see Deering. GANGANELLI, see aement XIV. GANILEL Charles, French political econo- mist; b. 6 Jan. 1758; published "Systcmes d'EconomiePublique,''' 1809-21; " Thiiorie d'Eco- nomie Politique," 1815-22 ; d. May 1836. GANNAL, Joan Nicolas, French chemist; b. 28 July 1791 ; applied science to manufacture of ink, candles, lint, paper, &c. ; published " Histoire des Embaumements," 1837 ; d. 1852. GANS, Edward, German jurist ; i. 22 March i79S;rf. sMay 1839. GAEAMOND, Claude, French engraver and type founder ; cast Greek type for Estiennes (the Ste])hcn5) ; d. 1561. GAEAMPI, Giuseppe, Italian bishop and antiquary ; b. 1723 ; collected a great library ; pre- pared materials for " Orbis Christianus ;" d. 4 May 1792. GAEASSE, Franijois, French Jesuit, sharp polemical writer ; b. I S85 ; published " Elixh- Cal- vanisticum," 1615; "Itabelais Ecforme," 1619; " Doctrine Curicuse des Beaux Esprits de ce Temps," 1623; d. 14 June 1631. GAEAT, Dominique Joseph, French politician: b. 8 Sept. 1749 ; d. 9 Dec. 1833. Worked for Panckoucke : made professor of history at Paris 1785 Elected member of the Assembly ; reported its proceedings in the " Journal dc Paris " 1789, et seq. As minister of justice, announced his sentence to Louis XVI. ... ... Jan. 1793 Minister of the interior .... May „ Vaiiily endeavoured to save the Girondists, March 1794 Employed under the directory, the consulate, and the empire 1795. f^^ *^. As senator, voted for the fall of Napoleon . April 1S14 Expelled from the Institute 1816 GAEAT, Jean Pierre, French vocalist ; b. 25 April 1764 ; d. i March 1833. GAEAT, Janos, Hungarian poet (blind) ; }. 1812; published " Czutar," 1836 ; a. 4 Nov. 1853. GAEAT, Juan de, Spanish captain ; b. 1541 ; founded Buenos Ayres, 15S0; d. about 1580. GAEBBTT, James, archdeacon of Chichester ; b. about 1802; professor of poetry, Oxford, 1842-52; published Bampton Lectures (" Christ as Prophet, Priest, and King"), 1842; "Christ on Earth," 1847. GAEBIEEI, Lorenzo, Bolognese painter; 5. 1580; (?. 1654. GAEBO, Eafaele, Florentine painter; b. 1476; ;arro, 9 April; made governor of Cuzco, 1548; d. 1559- GARCILASSO, termed the '*Inca" (from his mother, a Peruvian princess) ; son of preceding; b. about 1530; explored Peru, collecting antiqui- ties; excited suspicions of Philip II. ; imprisoned, 1560; his "Comentaries Eeales que tratan del Origen de los Incas," printed 1609; i/. 1568, 1616, or 1620. GARDIN" LUMESNIL, Jean Baptiste, French scholar; b. 1720; published ''Synonymes Latins," 1772; d. 1802. GARDINEE, Allen, commander E.N. ; b. 1794 ; left England on a mission to Patagonia, Sept. 1850 ; ^vith hU companions starved ; d. 6 Sept. 1851. GARDINER, James, colonel ; h. 1688 ; killed at the battle of Preston-Pans, 21 Sept. 1745. GARDINER, Stephen, bishop of "Winchester ; statesman; b. 1483; d. 12 Nov. 1555. Patronised by "Wolsey ; employed to negotiate the divorce of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Aragon 1527 Made bishop of "Winchester 1531 Adopted the king's views on the papal supremacy, and published " de Verfl. Obedientia," 1534; "Necessarie Doctrine of a Christian Man" . . 1543 Disgraced and imprisoned .... 1547-53 Restored by Mary, and made chancellor . Aug. 1553 Promoted persecution of the Protestants, and mar- riage of Mary with Philip of Spain . . 1554 GARDNER, Allan Gardner, lord, admiral ; b. 12 April 1742 ; in battle of i Juno 1794) and other engagements ; suppressed a mutiny at Portsmouth early in 1797 ; created baron, 27 Nov. 1806; d. 1808. GARENGEOT, Rene Jacques Croissant de, Prench surgeon; h. 1688; published "Traite des Operations de Chirurgie," 1723; d. lo Dec. 1759. GARET, Jean, French Benedictine; b. 1627; edited "Cassiodorus," 1676; d. Sept. 1694. GARIBALDI, Giuseppe, Italian general ; h. at Nice, 22 July 1807 ; Entered Piedmontese seiTice ; dismissed for joining Mazzini in a conspiracy 1834 Entered seiTice of the republic of Uruguay, and fought in several battles .... 1842 Entered service of Monte Video 1844 Hia services declined by Charles AlbRvt of Sardinia 1848 Elected deputy for Nice in the Piudmontese As- sembly Sept. „ Called to Rome by Mazzini; entriTsted with its defence April 1849 Defeated the Neapolitans under Roscllini^ 9 May ; under Ferdinand II. . . . ig Miiy „ Retired with a small army from Rome . 2 July „ Travelled in America, China, &c. . . 1850, ei scq. Returned to Genoa, and became captain of a mer- chant vessel; afterwards settled in a farm at Caprera 1854-g Organised Al^iine chasseurs, and fought in the war, May—June 1859 Exhorted Italians to arm, July ; appealed to tlie Neapolitans, Oct. ; retired from the Sardinian service Nov. „ Landed at Marsala in Sicily, 11 May; became dic- tator, 14 May; defeated Neapolitans at Calati- tima, 15 May ; at Melazzo . . .20 July i86(> Landed at Reggie. iS Aug. ; entered Naples, 7 Sept. ,, Defeated Neapolitans at the Volturno . i Oct. ,, Met Victor Emmanuel, and saluted him as "Kiny of Italy 1 ■' 26 Oct. „ Resigned the dictatorship, and retired to Caprera, 9 Nov. „ Proceeded to Sicily to raise an army against Rome ; called on the Hungarians to rise . July i352 Organised a provisional government in Catania, 19 Auj^. „ Landed at Melito in Calabria ; defeated, and wounded at Aspromoute by the royalist army, 29 Aug. „ Appealed to the English for intervention, 28 Seiit. ,, Received in England with great enthusiasm, April 1064 Denounced the Franco-Italian convention of 15 Sept 10 Oct. ,, Commanded a volunteer army in the Tyrol against the Austrians ; defeated in several conflicts, July 1S6S Captured at Sinalunga by conmifind of the govern- ment, when about to enter the papal territories, 23 Sept. ; invaded them ; defeated at Mentana, 3 Nov. ; sent to Caprera . . . 25 Nov. 1867 Offered his services to the new French government, Sept. 1870 Escaped from Caprera to Tours ; commanded a body of volunteers in the east . Oct. „ In several engagements had varj-ing success, Nov. 1870 — Jan. 1S71 Elected to the national assembly ; declined to sit, 13 Feb. „ Declined 3,500!., a national gift (voted him 19 Dec.). 31 Dec. 1874. Entered Rome, 24 Jan. ; took his seat amid accla- mation of members of the Italian parliament, 25 Jan. ; intei-view with the king . 30 Jan. 1S75 Advocated plans for improving the Tiber, the Campagna, &c Feb. ,, Resigned his seat and retired to Caprera 24 May 1876 GARIEL, Pierre, French historian; b. about 1580; d. 1670. GARISSOLES, Antoine, French protestant theolog:ian and Latin poet ; b. 1587; pnbUshed in. Latin, "A Defence of the Doctrine of Original Sin," 1648; *' Voie du Salut," 1637; d. about 1650. GARLANDE, Jean de, English poet and grammarian ; educated in France ; wrote " de Tri- umphis EcclesiEE ;" d. after 1081. GARNERAY, Jean Franijoia, French pain- ter; b. 1755; painted "Charlotte Corday," July 1793; d. II June 1837. GARNERIN, French aeronauts : AndriS Jacques ft. 31 Jan. 1769 Ascended in Charles Montgollier's balloon. . . 1790 Proposed the use of hydrogen 1793 Made an army inspector ; a captive with the Aus- trians 1793. fi* ^6?* Invented the parachute ; tried successfully, 22 Oct 1797 Ascended at St. Petersburg, 1800; London - . 1802 Patronised for a short time by Napoleon . . . i8o.(. ' d. through a blow on his head . . 18 Aug. 1823 Jean Baptiste Olivier, brother; 6. 1766; im- proved the parachute . . . d. 1849 GARNET, Heniy, Jesuit; b. 1555; executed for alleged complicity in the gunpowder plot, 3 May 1606. GARNETT, Hev. Richard, philologist ; b. 25 July 1789; assistant keeper of printed books in the British Museum, 1838; a. 27 Sept. 1850. GARNETT, Thomas; b. 1765 ; first professor at the Royal Institution of Great 13ritain, London, 1799 ; g^vs fir^t lecture there, 4 March 1801 ; d. 28 June 1802. GARNIER, Charles George Thomas; French writer; b. 21 Sept. 1746; published "Nouveau ProverbeB Dramatiques, 1784; "Voyages Imagi- naircs," 1787 ; d. 24 Jan. 1795. GAENIEE 209 GASSIOT GrARNIER, Etienne Barthelemy, French his- torical painter ; b. 24 Aug. 1 759 ; d. 15 Nov. 3849. G-AENIEE, Germain, French economist ; h. 8 ISoY. 1/54; translated Smith's ""WealUi of Na- tions," 1805; published "Propriete consideree dans ses Rapports avec le Droit Publique," 1792; d. 4 Oct. 182 1. GrARNIER, Jean, de Saintes, French politi- cian ; b. 1754 ; violent and cruel revolutionist, 1793; submitted to Napoleon, 1800; exiled, Julj' 1815 ; drowned in the Ohio, North America, 1820. GrARNIER, Jean Guillaume, French mathe- matician; b. 13 Sept. 1766; d. 20 Dec. 1840. GARNIER, Jean, French Jesuit philosopher ; i. 1612; d. 16 Oct. 1681. GrARNIER, Jean Jacques, French historian; i. 18 March 1729; published "Traite de I'Origine du Gouveruemeut Ciidle," 1765 ; d. 21 Feb. 1805. GrARNIER, Jean Louis Charles, French ai-chi- tect ; b, 6 Nov. 1825 ; designed " Conservatoire pour les Arts et les Metiers," 1848; travelled in Greece, &c., 1853-4; designed the new opera-house, Paris, opened 5 Jan. 1875. GARNIER, Robert, French tragic poet; *. 1534; published "Plaintes Amoureuses," 1565; " I'orcie," 1568 ; d. 15 Aug. 1590. GARNIER-PAGES, brothers, French politi- cians : lilTiENNE Joseph Loeis, French politician; h. 1^ Dec. 1801 Studied l;uv ; toolc to politics ; took part in tire revolution of July . . .... 1830 lu the chiiiuLer defended the iirincijile of the sovereignty of the people, 6 June 1832 : (/. 23 June 1841 liOUls Antoine /^. 18 July 1803 Assisted in organising the revolutions of July 1830, and Feb. 1848 A member of the provisional government, 7 M.iy ; brolceu up June ,, Puliltshed " Hi.stoire de la Revolution de 1848;" 1860-7 ! ' ' Histoire de la Commission Executive " i8fig A short time member of the government of national defence . Sept., Oct. 1870 GARRARD, George, animal painter; i. 31 May 1760; exhibited "Brewhouse Yard," 1784; ■"Peasant attacked by 'Wolves," 1802 ; d. 8 Oct. 1826. GARRETT, Elizabeth, see Anderson. GAREICK, David, dramatist and actor ; b. 20 ^eli...X7r6; tirst appearance at Goodman's Fields as Richard III., rg Oct. 1741 ; celebrateda Shakspeare jubilee at Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1769; last ap- pearance, 10 June 1776; d. 20 Jan. 1779. Eva . Mahia Violette, wdfe, married 22 June, 1 749 ; d. (aged 98) 16 Oct. 1822. GAREISON, William Lloyd, American jour- nalist; b. 12 Dec. 1804; strong advocate of eman- cipation of slaves. Edited " Free Press ; " " Natural Pliilanthroplst ; " and "Genius of Universal Emancipation" . 1827-9 Fined and imprisoned ; edited the " Liberator," I Jan. 1831 Eescued from tiireatened deatli . . . 1835 "Warinly received in Britain . . 1833, 1840 Published " Poems " 1843 Resigned presidency of '* Anti-Slavery Society," and editorsliip of the " Liberator " . 1865 "Visited England . . . . 1867 GAESAULT, Frausois Alexandre Pierre de. Trench naturalist ; b. about 1691 ; published " Nou- veau Parfait Marechal," 1741 ; d. about 1776. GAETH, sir Samuel, m.d., poet; b. 1672; published "the Dispensary," 1699; ^- 18 Jan. 1719. GAETNEE, see Gaertner. GARVE, Christian, German philosopher, friend of Frederick the Great ; b. 7 Jan. 1742; translated Smith's "Wealth of Nations," &c., 1794-6; d. I Dec. 1798. GARVEY, Edmund, landscape painter; d. 1813. GARZI, Luigi, Roman painter; b. 1638; d. 1721. GARZONI, Tomaso, Italian wi-itei-;; h. March 1549; published "Teatro de' Varj e Diversi Cer- velli Moudani," 11583; "la Piazza Universale," 1585 ; d. 8 June 1589. GASCOIGNE, Caroline Leigh, poet and no- velist ; b. (Smith) 2 May 181 3; married general Gascoigne, 1834; published "My Wife's Perils," 1839; "School for Wives," 1839; "Evelyn Har- court," 1842 ; " Belgravia," poem, 1851 ; " Dr. Harold," 1865 ; &c. GASCOIGNE, George, poet; }. about 1536; fought in Holland, 1572 ; published " Princelye Pleasures at the Courte at Kenel worth," 1576; d. 7 Oct. 1577. GASCOIGNE, sir William, judge ; b. about 1350; chief justice, Nov. 1401 ; resisted the con- demnation of archbishop Scrojje, 1405; said to have committed the prince of Wales to prison for contempt; d. i" Dec. 1413. GASCOIGNE, William, inventor of the micro- meter for telescopes; b. about 1621 ; killed at Mar- stou Moor, 2 July 1644. GASKELL, Mrs. Elizabeth Cleghora, novel- ist; h. (Stevenson) 181 1 ; married rev. W. Gaskell, 1832; published "Mary Barton," 1848; "Ruth," 1853; "Life of Charlotte Bronte," 1857; "Wives and Daughters" (incomplete), 1865; d. 12 Nov. 1865. GASPARIN, Adrien Etienne Pierre, French agriculturist and politician ; Zi. 29 June 1 783 ; em- ployed by the government, 1830; published " Cours d' Agriculture," 1843-9. GASPARINO, Barzizzio, Italian scholar; b. about 1370; d. 143 1 ; his "Epistolarum Opns," published 1470. GASP ARIS, Annibale de' , Italian astronomer ; b. 9 Nov. 1819; discovered Hj-geia, 12 April, 1849, and eight other small planets since, 1849-&5. GASSBNDI (GassEjST)), Pien-e, French phi- losopher and astronomer ; b. 22 Jan. 1592 ; early educated; termed "the Little Doctor;" published " Exercitationes Paradoxica; adversus Aiistotela:os,' ' 1624-9 ; " Disquisitio Metaphysica adversus Carte- sium, 1642 ; d. 24 Oct. 1655. GASSION, Jean, conite de, French marshal ; b. 20 Aug. 1609 ; learut war under Gustavus Adol- phus in Germany, 163 1 ; d. (from a wound at Lens) 2 Oct. 1647. GASSIOT, John Peter, merchant, electrician ; b. 2 April 1797 ; published Description of his Water Battery, 1844 ; papers on his experiments on the passage of luminous electric discharges in vacuo (" Geis.sler's tubes,") 1858-61; on spectrum analysis, 1863 ; published "Monetary Panics," 1867, &c. GASSMANN 210 GAUTIEE GASSMANN, Florian Leopold, Gemian musi- cal composer; h. 4 May 1729; ivrote " Trionf d'Amore ;" d. 22 Jan. 1774. GASSNEE, Joliann Joseph, Geraian priest; I. 20 Aug. 1727 ; pretended to ueal diseases by exor- cising demons ; d. 4 April 1779- GAST, John, Irish historian: h. 1715; pub- lished "Budiments of Grecian History," 17S3; d. 1788. GASTAXiDI, Jean, French physician ; h. 1674; d. 1747. GASTELIEE, Rene Georges, French physi- cian; b. I Oct. 1741 ; published "Traite des Spe- cifiques," 1783; d. 1821. GASTINEAU, Henry, water colour painter ; a founder of the old society; h. about 1 791; d. 17 Jan. 1876. GASTON DE EoiX, see Foix and Orleans. GASTEEliL, Francis, theologian; b. about 1662; published "Christian Institutes," 1707; "Defence of the Christian lieligion," 1699 ; bishop of Chester, 1714; d. 14 iSfoT. 1725. GATAKEB., Thomas, theologian and philolo- gist; b. 4 Sept. 1574; protested againt trying Charles I., 1648; jmblished "Discourse on Lots," 1619; " de Baptisniatis Infantilis Vi," &c., 1651 ; d. 27 Jinie 1654. GATES, Horatio, general; b. about 1728; d. 10 April 1806. Fought under Ferdinand of Brunswicl^ ; sent to Aniericn with Eraddoclc ; and escaped "when lie was killed at Foi-t du Quesne . 9 .July 1755 Settled in America , . . about 1763 Joined the coloni.sts in the revolt, and made gene- ral Ity Wasliingtou 1776 Defeated Burguyue, 7 Oct., and couijielled him to surrender at Saratoga, 17 Oct. 1777; cajitured Stoney-iioint 15 -July 1779 Defeated at Camden by lord Cnrnwallis 16 Aug. 1780 (Superseded; tried for misi.'tmduct: actiuitted 1782 Freed his slaves .and settled in New York . 1790 GATLING, llichard Jordan, American M.D. ; b. 12 Se])t. i8l8; when young inrented agricul- tural machinery ; constructed the Galling revolving battery gun, about 1861 ; improved 1865. GATTEAUX, Nicolas Marie, French medal- list ; b. 2 Aug. 1751 ; d. 24 June 1832. GATTEEEE, Johann Christoph, German his- torian ; b. 1727; published "Synopsis Historia; Universalis," &c., 1766; d. 5 April 1799. GATTI, Bernardino, " n Sojaro," Cremonese painter; b. 1500; d. 1575. GATTINAEA, see Arborio. GATTY, rev. Alfred; b. 18 April iSq ; vicar of Ecclesfleld, 1839; published "the Bell," 1848; "the Vicar," 1853; "the Old Folks from Homo," 1861 ; " Sheffield," 1873. GATTY, Margaret, miscellaneous ' writer; b. (Scott) 1809; manied rev. Alfred Gatty, 1839; published life of her fatlier, rev. Dr. Scott, 1842 ; " Faii-y Godmothers," 1851 ; edited " Aunt Judy's Magazine," May i865; &c. ; d. 4 Oct. 1873. GAIT, Franz Christian, Gennan architect ; b. 14 June 1 790 ; left alone unaided in Egypt ; succeeded in exploring Nubia, and made the drawings pub- lished with a text by Niebulir and Letronne in " Antiquites de la Nubie," 1823; naturalised in France, 1824 ; completed the " Huiues de Pom- peii," of Mazois; d. 1853. GAUB, Jerom David, Gennan physician ; b. 24 Feb. 1705 ; d. 29 Nov. 1780. GAUBIL, Antoine, French missionary; b. 14 July 1689 ; went to China ; published " Histoire de Gentchiscan, et de toute la Dynastic de Maugoux," 1739; d. in China, 24 July 1759. GAUDEN, John, bishop of "Worcester ; b. 1 605 ; bishop of Exeter, 1660 ; bishop of Worcester, 1662 ; pubhshed " Eikon Basilike ; or, the Portraiture of" his Sacred Majesty in his Solitude and Sufferings," a few days after the execution of Charles I., 30 Jan. 1649 (by South, "Wordsworth, and others, at- tributed to the king ; by Mackintosh, Lingard, Hallam, and Macanlay, to Gauden himself) ; d. 20 Sept. 1662. GAUDENTIUS, saint, bishop of Brescia; ap- pealed to Aroadius on behalf of Chrysostoiu, 405 ; d. about 410 or 427. GAUDICHAUD-BEAUPEE,Chai-les, French botanist; b. 4 Sept. 1780; accompanied Freycinet in his voyage, 181 7; explored South America, 1830-3 ; published " Bechcrches Gene- rales sur I'Organographie des Yegetaux," 1841 ; d. 16 Jan. 1854. GATTDIN, Marc Antoine Augustin, French physicist; b. 5 April 1804; invented an aii--pump with rotatory motion, 1827; with Lerebours im- proved the Daguerreotype process, 1842 : published " Traite de Photograpbie," 1844. GAUDIN, Martin Michel Charics, due de Gaeta, French financier and politician; b. 19 Jan. 1756; employed as commissary of finance by the national a.sseinbl3^, 1791-92; by the directory, 1797; finance minister, 1799-1814; published "Jlcinoire sur le Cadastre," 1817; governor of the bank of France, 1820; d. 26 Nov. 1844. GAULI, see Saciccio. GATJLMIN, Gilbert, French philologist; b- 1585 ; wrote "Iphigenia," a tragedy in Greek; d. 8 Dec. 1665. GAULTIER, Aloisius Edouard Camilly, French educational writer; b. 1746; d. 18 Sept. 1818. GAULTIEE GAEGUILLE, HuguesGuerin de, French buffoon ; b. about 1574; patronised by Eichelicu ; d. about 1634. GAUNTLETT, Henry John, Mus. J).; b. 1806; agitated against old G organs ; and superin- tended erection of ne'w C ones ; with rev. w. J. Blew produced " Church Hymns and Tune Book, 1844-51; and several other collections of Psalm- ody." Mus.D. 1842; "The Psalter with ancient Tones," 1847 ; &c. ; d. 21 Feb. 1876. GAUEICG, Luoa, Italian mathematician and astrologer; b. 12 March 1476 ; d. 6 March 1558. GAUSS, Karl Friedrich, German mathemati- cian and physicist; b. 30 April '1777; published " Theoria Molds Corporum Ccclcstium," i8og; discovered the great comet, 22 Aug. 1811 ; in- vented the magnetometer, about 1837 ; d. 23 Feb. 1855- GAUTHEY, Einiland JIarie, French engi- neer ; b. 3 Dec. 1732 ; constructed the canal of the centi-e, 1783-91 ; wrote " Traite sur la Construction desPonts et des Canaux," published, 1809; d. 14 July i8o5. GAUTIEE, Theophile, French joumalist, novelist, and poet; b, 31 Aug. 1811 ; published "Poesies," 1830; "La Comedie de la Mort," 1838; d. 22 Oct. 1872. GAUTIBEI 2U GBILEE GAUTIEEI, Giuseppe, Italian physiciau and naturnlist ; b. 5 July 1769; pablislied "Tyro- Uensium Carintmorum Struma," 1793 ; d. 23 Feb. GAVAENI, see Chevalier. GAVAZZI, Alessandro, eloquent Italian monk; h. 1809; zealous partizan of Pius IX. in Ms liberal views, 1847 ; made chief almonei- to the republican government ; energetic in relieving the soldiers (luring the siege, June 1849 ; travelled in England, Scotland, and America, preacliing against popery, 1850-3 ; published " Memoirs," 1851 ; " Sermons," i860. GAVEAUX, Pierre, French operatic composer; h. Aug. 1 761 ; d. 5 Feb. 1825. GAVESTOlSr, Piers de, favourite of Edward II. ; banished by Edward I., 1301 ; recalled by Edward. II. at his accession, Aug. 1307; made regent ; banished. May 1308; returned, 1309; fled, Feb. 1310; recalled, Feb. 1312; made prisoner by the barons and executed, 19 June 1312. GAY, Claude, French botanist and traveller ; b. 18 March 1800 ; explored South America, 1828, et scq. ; published " Historia fisica y politica de Chile." GAT, Delpliine, see Girardin. GAT, John, poet and dramatist; b. 1688; pub- lished "Fables," 1726; "Beggar's Opera," 1728; d. 4 Dec. 1732. GAT, Marie Fran^oise Sophie, French novelist and dramatist; b. i July 1776; d. 5 March 1S52. GATLEE, see Gcilcr. GAT-LITSSAC, Louis Joseph, French che- mist ; b. 6 Dec. 1778 ; d. 9 jMay 1850. Made scientific asccuts in a balloon, 24 Aug. nnd 16 Seiit. 1804 Observed the expansion of ga.ses and vapours . 1802 Determined the proportion of tlie grLSes in water . 1S04 Witli Hmnboldt and Vou Buch examined tlie i>he- noniena of Vesuvius ..... 1805 Discovered boron, and announced his volume theoiy 1808 Discovered cj'anogen (tlie first compound radical isolated) 1815 Invented a poi'table syphon-barometer, 1S16 ; alco- bolometer 1S22 Professor at the Jardin des Plantes, 1832 ; a peer March 1839 Published numevons memoirs, 1802, et seq. ; an edi- tor of " Annales de Cliimie et de Physique " 1816-50 GATOT DE PIT.4VAD, Francois, French jurist; b. 1673 ; published " Causes Celebres," 1734- 43;'^- 1743- GATTON, Edmund, humorist ; h. 1609 ; pub- lished " Pleasant Notes on Don Quixote," 1654 ; " Art of Longevity," 1659 &c. ; d. 12 Dec. 1666. GAZA, Theodore, Byzantine scholar; reviver of Greek literature; b. about 1400; in early life existed by copying MSS. ; made professor by Lionel, duke of Fen-ara, 1441 ; called to Eome by "Nicholas v., 1450; his " Introductivte Gramniatices " (Greek gi'ammar) printed by Aldus, 1495; c?. 1478. GAZET (Gaza;us), Guillaunie^ French eccle- siastical historian; b. 1554; pubhshed " Histoire des Saints," 1584; d. 25 Aug. 1611. GAZOISr d'OtjrxigNE, Sebastien Marie Ma- thurin, French critic and poet; d. 19 Jan. 1784. GEBELIlSr, see Court. GEBEE, DjAFiUl, or YebEE, Arabian alche- mist; d. about 765. GEBHAEDI, Johami Ludwig Levin, German lustorian; b. 19 May 1699 ; d. 10 Nov. 1764. GED, William, Scotch goldsnuth ; inventor of stereotype ; b. 1690 ; printed Sallust from stereo- tj'pe plates, 1744; (/. ig Oct. 1749. GEDALIAH, a Jewish prince ; made governor of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar ; slain by Ishmael, i!.c. 588. GEDDES, Alexander, Eomanist and rational- istic theologian; b. I'J'^'] \ published a translation of part of the Bible, which gave much offence, and caused him to be interdicted from duties, 1792-7; d. 26 Feb. 1802. GEDDES, Andrew, Scotch subject painter ; b. about 1789; exhibited "Draught-players," 1810 ; at Borne jjainted portraits, 1828; a.k.a. 1831; d. 5 May 1844. GEDDES, James, Scotch classical scholar ; b. 1710 ; published " Essay on the Composition of the Ancients," 1748 ; d. 1749. GEDDES, Michael, Scotch episcopaUan theo- logian ; b. about 1640 ; sometime chaplain at Lisbon ; published "Church History of Malabar," 1694; " of Ethiopia," 1696; d. about 1714. GEDIKE, Friedrich, German scholar; b. 15 Jau. 1754; published in German, " TI]oughts upon Purism," 1779; translated Pindar and Plato ; d. 2 May 1803. GEDOTN, Nicolas, abbe, friend of Ninon de L'Euclos ; French critic ; b. 15 July 1667 ; trans- lated Quiutilian, Pausanias, &c. ; d. 10 JVug. 1744. GEEFS, Guillaume, Belgian sculptor ; b. 1806 d. 10 -May i860. GEEE, Charles, baron, naturalist; b. 1720 "the Swedish Reaumur;" d. 8 March 1778. GEFPEAED, Fabre, Haytian chief; b. 19 Sept. 1806; entered anny, 1821 ; general, 1845; ^^- posed the emperor Faustin I. (Soulouque), and became president of a republic, 22 Dec. 1858 ; sup- pressed revolts of Salnave, May — Nov. 1865-66; de- posed and banished by Salnave, JIarch 1S67. GEHLEN, Adolph Ferdinand, German miner- alogist and chemist; b. 15 Sept. 1775; edited "Neues Journal fiir Chemie," 1803-10; founded "Ilepertorum derPharmacie," 1815 ; d. 15 Julyl8l5. GEHLEE, Johaun Carl, German physician and naturalist; b. 17 May 1732 ; published " De Characteribus Fossilium E.xtemis," 1757 ; d. 6 March 1796. GEHLEE, Johann Samuel Traugott, Gei-nian physicist; b. I Nov. 1751 ; published "Physika- lisches "Worterbuch," 1787-95 ; d. 16 Oct. 1795. GEIGEE, Abraham, German Hebraist ; b. 1810; published " Essay on the Koran," 1833 ; " Manual on the Mischna," 1845; "Judaism and its His- tory," 1864-5; d. Oct. 1S74. GEIJEE (Geyer), Eric Gustaf, Swedish his- torian and poet; b. 12 Jan. 1783; published " Svenska Tolkets Historia," 1832-36; d. 13 or 24 April 1847. GEIKIE, Archibald, LL.n., Scotch geologist; b. 1835 ; dii-ector of the geological survey of Scot- land, 1S67; published "Story of a Boulder," 1S58; (with G. Wilson) "Life of Edward Forbes," 1861; "Scenery of Scotland," 1865; "Memoir of sirE. I. Murchison," 1874 ; first professor of miner- alogy and geology. University of Edinburgh, Dec. 1870. GEILEE (or Geyler), von Kaisersberg, Johann, Gei-man theologian ; i. 16 March 1445 ; published P 2 GEISA 212 GENNETE " Narrenschiff " (" SMp of Fools,"), Gerson's "Works, 1488 ; &c. ; d. 10 March 1510. GBISA, see Gci/sa. GELASIUS, bishop of Cfesarea, historian; d. about 394. GELASIUS of Cyzicus ; compiled the acts of the first council of Nice, about 475. GELASIUS I. and II., popes: 1. St., elected March 492 ; convened a coimcil, which fixed the canon of Scripture, 496 ; composed prayers ; d. 19 Nov. 496. 2. Giovanni di GaetJi (Cnjetanns) : elected, 25 Jan. ; consecrated, 10 March ; expelled, 21 July 1118 ; ri. 29 Jan. 1119. GELDENHAUE, Gerard, Dutch theologian and Latin poet, friend of Erasmus, and afterwards of Luther; b. about 1480; made laureate by Maximilian I., 151 7 ; reader to Charles V.; his " Satirie viii. " printed, 1515 ; d. lo Jan. 1542. GELDER, Ai-nold van, Dutch painter ; h. 1645 ; d. 1727. GELEE, Claude (called Claude Lon-aine), French landscape painter; b. 1600 ; d. 21 Nov. 1682. GELIMEE. last king of the Vandals ; deposed Hilderiu and reigned in Africa, 530 ; defeated by BeUsarins, 533 ; made prisoner and walked in his triumph, 534; retired to Galatia, 535. GELL, sir- William, archaeologist and scholar ; b. 1777; resided long in Italy as chamberlain to Caroline, princess of Wales; published "Itinerary of Greece,^' 1801-6 ; "Topography of Troy," 1804; ■'Pompeiana," 1817-32 ; "Attica," l8l7;"Topo- grajihy ofEome," 1834; d. 4 Feb. 1836. GELLEET, Christian Fiirchtegott, German theologian and poet ; b. 4 July 1715 ; published, in Gemian, "Fables," :746-48; "the Swedish Countess," 1746; d. 13 Dec. 1769. GELLEET, Christlieb Ehregott, brother, me- tallurgist; b. II Aug. 1713; published in Gennan "Principles of Metallurgical Chemistry," 1755; d. 13 May 1795. GELLI, Giovanni Battista, Italian novelist and poet; b. 1498; published " I Capricci del Bottaja," 1549; "laCira," 1549; d. 1563. GELLIBEAND, Henry, astronomer; b. 17 Nov. 1^97 ; finished and published Briggs' " Trigo- noraetna Britannica," 1633; discovered the secular Tariation of the magnetic declination, 1635; rf. 26 Feb. 1637. GELLIUS, Aulus, Latin author ; wrote " Nootes AtticiE," about 143; first printed, 1469. GELON, became ruler of Syracuse, n.c. 485; gi-eatly improved the city; defeated the Cartha- ginians at Himera (Hamilcar slain), autumn 480 ; d. 478. GEMELLI, Careri Giovanni Francesco, Italian traveller in the east ; b. 1651 ; published " Giro del Mondo," 1699-1700; d. about 1725. GEMINIANI, Francesco, ItnUau violinist and composer; b. about 1680 ; came to England, 1714; published " Art of Playing on the Violin," 1740 ; " Guida Armonica," 1742; d. 17 Sept. 1762. GEMISTIUS, or PlETHO, Georgius, Byzan- tine writer, restorer of Platonism in Europe ; held office under Manuel Paltcologus, 1426 ; wrote (in Greek) "de Gestis Grjeeorum." GEMMA, Frisius Eegnier, Dutch mathema- tician, esteemed by Charles V. ; i. 8 Dec. 1508 ; published " Methodus Arithmeticns," 1540; " de Principiis AstronomiD3," 1547; d. 25 May 1555. GENCE, Jean Baptiste Modeste, French scholar, b. 14 June 1755; edited, translated, and commented on "Imitation de Jesus Chri.st," 1820, et scq.; edited Horace, Cornelius Nepos, fcc. ; d. I'J April 1840. GENEBEAED, Gilbert, French bishop and scholar; b. 1537; published "Isagoge Eabbinica ad Legenda Hebrffiorura," &c., 1563 ; edited Josephus, 1578; d. 24 March 1597. GENESIUS, or ByzANTIXUS, Josephus, Greek liistoiian, _)?. loth century. GENEST, Charles Claude, French poet ; b. 17 Oct. 1639; published " Principes de la Philosopliie," 1716; d. Nov. 1719. GENET, Francois, French bishop ; b. 16 Oct. 1640 ; published " Theologie Morale, ou Solution des Cas de Conscience," 1682-3 ; bishop of Vaison, 1685 ; befriended the persecuted Jansenists, and unprisoned, 1687-9; drowned, 17 Oct. 1707. GENEVIEVE, Saint, patron saint of Paris ; b. 419 or 422 ; animated the Parisians to resist Attila, who retired from it, 451 ; d, about 512. GENGA, Bartolomeo, Itali.an architect; b. 1518; d. 1558. GENGA, Girolfimo, father of the above, Italian painter, architect and sculptor, b. 1476; d. 11 July 1551- GENGHIS-KHAN, ori-inally Temoutohin, chief of the Mogul Tartars; 0. about 1162; d. 24. Aug. 1227. Allied with Togroiil, cliiof of the Keraites ; con- ([uered them and other tribes, aud assumed the title Genghis-Khan, " cliief of tin' very niiyhty " 1202-7 Invaded China ; married a ]iriucess . . 1210 Conquered China, 1212-14 ; India, 1219 ; Persia, fee. 1221 . . il. 24 Aug. 1227 GENLIS, Stephanie Felieite, comtesse and mai-quise de Sillery de, French author; b. (Ducrost) 25 Jan. 1746; d. 31 Dec. 1830. Married liy comte de Geidis . . . almnt 1752 Educated herself : became governess to the duke of Orleans' family 1770 Published " Adele et Theodore, nu Lettri^s sur rfiducation," 1782 ; " Relisioa coiisideree cnmme I'unique Base du Bonheur," &c. 1787 Compelled to eniigi-ate 1793 Ex]ielled from Russia ; publislied " les ^Itrres Rivales," Aic. . . . 1800 Retimied to France . . . . . „ Published " Contes Jloraux," 1802-3 J " Mnde- niuist'Ue de Clermont," 1802 ; ''DintionuairL* des ^Itiquettes de la Cour" . 1S18 GENNADIU8 (Georgius, Scholarius), Byzantine writer ; opposed the union of the Greek and Latin churches, 1452; elected patriarch of Constantinople by command of Mahomet II., 1453; abdicated, 1457 or 1458; d. about 1460. GENNAE.I, Uolognese painters : Bekbdetto, h. 1550 ; d. 1610. BARTOLOM>rEO, h. 1591 ; (I. 1668. Ercolo, 'j. 1597 ; d. 1658. Benedetto, b. 1633 ; eniiiloyed by Enghsh and French kings ; d. 1715. Cesare, h. 1641 ; d. 1688. GENNARO, Giuseppe Aurelio, Italian jurist; h. 1 701 ; published " Respublica Juris consultoruni," 1731; d. 25 Aug. 1761. GENNETfe, Claude Leopold, French physicist; h. 3 Jan. 1706; published "Construction des Cheminees," 1760; ''Purification de 1' Air," 1767; d, 21 April 1782. GENOVESI 213 GEOEGE GENOVESI, Antouio, Italian philosopher ; b. 1712 ; pubUsheii " Elemeuta Artis Logico-Criticrc," 1 745; d. 20 Sejit. 1769. .GENSEKIC, king of the Tandals, succeeded his brother Gimdevie, 428 ; at the invitation of Boniface, crossed the straits of Gibraltar with S0,ooo men, May 429 ; defeated him, and conquered Itoman prorinces m North Africa, 429-439 ; invited by the empress Eudocia against the usurper Maxi- mus; invaded Italy and sacked Home, &c., 455 ; incited the Goths against the empire, 470 ; d. Jan. 477- GENSONNE, Armand, French politician ; !>. 10 Aug, 1758 ; mth Vergniaud and Gaudet, man- aged^ the Girondists, 1791 ; president of the con- vention, 7 March, 1793; irritated and insulted the Jacobins; executed 31 Oct. 1793. GENT, Thomas, antiquary ; li. 1691 ; published "History of York," 1730; "History of Hull," 173s; fZ. 17 May 1778. .GENTILE GenTILI, Fulginas, or de Ful- gineo, " the speculator ; " Italian physician ; wrote " de Febribus ; " (/. 1348. GENTILESCHI, see Zomi. GENTILIS, Giovanni Yalcntiuo, Italian here- tic ; b. about 1520 ; adopted Socinian doctrines ; went to Geneva ; condemned for teaching there ; retu'ed to Moravia ; returned to Switzerland, and proposed a solemn disputation with the clergj' of Gex ; imprisoned ; tried and condemned, 5 Aug. — 7 Srot. ; beheaded for attacking the doctrine of the Ti-inity, Sept. 1566. GENTILIS, ItaUan writers : Alberico, jurist S. 1551 As a protestaut, caine to Eii^-liind .il)Out . 1580 Published " de Juris Interiiretibus Ui.ilogi " . 1582 Made professor of civil law at Oxford by Eliza- beth, 1587 . iZ. iLbout April 161 1 RoBEitTO, soa b. 15150 Translated "Sarpi's History of the Ijiqxiisition " 1639 d. about 1654 SciPiONE, brotlier of Albei'ico. .I'lU'ist . h. 1563 Published " Annotations on Tasso " . . 1586 d. 7 Aug. 1616 GENTLEMAN, Francis, Irish actor and dramatist; b. 22 Oct. 1728 ; published " Dnamatic Censor," 1770; d. 21 Dec. 1784. GENTZ, Friedrich von, German publicist ; b, 1 764 ; wrote warmly ag.ainst Napoleon, and the French domination in Germany, 180^ ; assisted at the congi'esses at Vienna, Nov. 1814; Aix-la- Chapelle, 1818; Laybach, 1821 ; Terona, 1822; d. 9 June 1832. GEOFPEEY I,— IV., dukes of Anjou : 1. &. 987; great warrior: succeeded bis father, Pulk the Good . . 958 2. Martel &. 14 Oct. 1006 Rebelled jigainst, and sulillued by his father, Fulk III ; succeeded him .... 1040 Defeated his neighbours, and annexed their do- minions d. 14 Nov. 1060 3. nephew : divided the estates with his brother, Fulk IV, „ Long disputes with him ; arrested ,and despoiled of his dominions .... 5 April 1067 4. Ptantagenet, father of Heniy II. of England !). 24 Aug. 1 1 13 Married Matilda, daughter of Heni-y I. of Eng- land, widow of the emperor, Hemy V. . . 1129 "Warred much with his neighbours ; went to the Holy Land with Louis VII. . . . 1147 Returned, invested with tlie duchy of Nor- mandy, 1149 . . c7. 7 Sept. 1151 GEOFPEEY I„ II„ dukes of Brittany: 1. succeeded his father, Conan I. , count of Remies, and assumed the title, duke of Britanny, 992 d. ioo3 3, third son of Hemy H. of England i>. 23 Sept. 1158 jVIarried Constance, daughter of Conan IV. ; crowned duke in his lifetime . . . 1169 Contnmally resisted his fatlier, and allied "with Philip Augustus of France; d. through injuries at a tournament at Paris . 19 Aug. 1186 GEOFPEEY GaiKAE,, Anglo-Norman poet ; wrote "Estorie des Engles," between 1 147 and 1151. GEOFFEEY of Monmouth, historian; b. about 1 100 ; translated the prophecies of Merlin ; wrote mythical "History of the Britons," about 1147; bishop of St. Asaph, I152 ; " Britaimiae utriusque Regum et Principum Origo et Gesta," printed, 1508; d. 1154. GEOFFEEY of Vendome, French cardinal and statesman ; friend of pope Urban II., 1095 ; his works (a commentary on the Psalms, letters, &c.), printed, 1610; d. 26 March 1132. GEOFFEIN, Marie Therese, French philan- thropist and patroness of letters; b. (Rodet) 1699; friend of Mannontel, Diderot, and the Encydo- psedists; d. 1 777. GEOFFEOI DE VlNSATJF, EngUsh Latin poet ; wrote " Nova Poetria ;" Jl. 12 th century. GEOPFEOY, French philosophers : l^TiENNE FRAK5.01S, physician . . &. 13 Feb. 1672 " Traits de la iVtatiere Medicale " published . 1743 d. 6 Jfin. i73r Claude Joseph, brother, chemist . 6. 8 Aug. 1685 Published sixty-four memoirs . 1707-51 First tiible of chemical affinities . . . 1718 d. p March 1752 ]5tienne Louis (son of ]5tienne), physician and naturalist h. 1725 Published " Histoire des Insectes des Environs de P.iris," 1762 . . d. Aug. iSio GEOPPEOY, Julien Louis, abbe, French journalist and severe critic; b. 1743; PU^'li^h^'l " AmiduRoi," 1790; " AnneeLitterau-e," 1800-I ; d. 26 Feb, 1814. GEOPPEOY S.4XNT HiLAIEE, French naturaUsts : l^TiENNE, ?J. 15 April 1772; saved twelve priests from the plison of St. Firinin . . Aug. 1792 Professor of zoology at the Jardin des Plantes June 1793 Received and befriended Cnvier . . . . 1 795 With him, wrote a memoir on the chossification of mammals (the basis of Cuvier's system) . ,, "Went to Egypt with Bonaparte . . May 1 798 By intercession with Hutchinson saved his scientific collections at Alexandria 1801 Brought them to France . . . Jan. 1802 Explored Spain and Portugal scientifically . iSoS A member of the legislative assembly 1815 Published " Philosophie Anatomiqne " . . 1818 Controversy with Cuvier respecting the immuta- bility of species maintained by Cuvier . 1830-2 Published "Systeme Dentaire des Mamniifferes et des Oiseaux," 1824; memoirs in the "De- scription de I'Egyijte" .... 1808-29 Became blind, July 1840 d. 19 J>me 1S44 Isidore, son .... &. 16 Dec. 1805 Assistant to his father 1824 Published " Histoire des Anomalies de I'Organi- sation chez THorame et des Animaux ; ou Traite de Teratologie " . . . . 1832-7 Succeeded his father as professor .at the Sor- bonne, 1837 ; at the museum .... 1844 Published "Histoire Naturelle generate des Regnes Organiques," 1852-7; "Lattres sur les Substances Alimentaires et particulierement sin la Viande de Cheval," 1856 d. 10 Nov. i86t GEOEGE, Saiat,- of Cappadocia, an Arian; appointed patriarca of Alexandria, in room of GEOEGE 214 GEEAMB Athanasius expelled, 354 or 356; bitterly i^erse- cuted tlie orthodox party ; murdered by a pagan mob for desecrating' au ancient temple of the sun, about the end of 361. GEORGE, the Pisidian ; accompanied the em- peror Heraclius in his expedition against the Per- sians, 622, and -wrote a history of it ; also " Opus sex Dieriun " (Hexaemeron), a poera. GEORGE SyisrCELLUS, Abbas, or Monachus; fi. 9th century; wrote a cln-onicle from Adam to Diocletian. GEORGE of Trebizond, Greek scholar nnd re- Yiver of literature; h. 4 Ajnil 1396; settled at Ptome as teacher about 1435 ; secretary to Kicolas Y. about 1450 ; translated many classics ; d. in neglect 1485 or i486. GEORGE, prince of Denmark; h. 21 April, 1653; married princess, afterwards Queen Anne of Great Britain, 28 July 1683; joined "WilHam III. and present at the battle of the Boyne, 1690 ; 2:eneralissirao and lord high admiral, May 1702 ; A. 28 Oct. 1708. GEORGE I.~IV., kings of Great Britain : 1. Louis . . . &. at Osnabriick, 28 May i66o Married Sophia of Zell, liis cousiJi . 21 Nov. 1682 Imprisoned her for alleged intrigue with Kbnigs- marck Dec. 1694 Succeeded his father Ernest as elector of Hanover 28 Jan. 1698 Prockiiined king, on the death of queen Anne I AuS- 1 714 Landed at Greenwich, 18 Sept. ; crowned, 20 Oct. „ Eebellion sui)]>ressed . . 1715-6 Quanel with the prince of Wales Nov. 1717 Joined quadruple alliauce . . . Aug. 1718 Concluded the treaty of Hanover against the emperor ... 3 Sept. 1725 Death uf his queen .... Nov. 1726 H. on his way to Hanover, 11 June 1727 2. Augustus . . h. at Hanover, 30 Oct. 1683 MaiTied Wilhelmina Caroline of Ajjspaeh, 22 Aug. 1705 Duke of Canihridge, ifec. , . Nov. 1706 Prince of Wales, (fee. . . Aug. 1714 Escaped assassination . . 6 Dec. 1716 QuaiTelled with liis father ; expelled St. James's Dec. 1717 Succeeded as king, (continued "Walxiole as minister) II June 1727 QuaiTelled with his son Fi'ederick, banished him from the palace . , Aug. 1736 Death of his queen , . 20 Nov. 1737 Adojited a warlike policy ; supported the prag- matic sanction .... . 1740 Commnnded at the victoiy at Dettingen over marshal Noailles and the French 27 June 1743 Rebellion against him ; quelled at Culloden 16 April 1746 Death of his sou Frederick, prince of Wales 20 Slarch 1751 Made alliance with Frederick of Prussia against France, 16 Jan. 1756 . . '^.25 Oct. 1760 3. William Frederick, (sou of Frederick, prince of Wales) . Zj. at London, 4 June 1738 Lost his father . . 20 March 1751 Educated by lord Bute . . . ^753-9 Succeeded his grandfather . . 25 Oct. 1760 MaiTied Charlotte of Mecklenhurg-Strelitz, 8 Sept. ; both crowned . . .22 Sept. 1761 Made his late governor, lord Bute, xinuie minister 26 May 1762 Attacked in No. 45 of Wilkes's "North Briton," 23 April 1763 Supporied tlie severe measures, and the war agaiu.st the Ainericau colonics . . 1764-82 Patron of the Royal Academy, founded to Dec. 1768 Caused the royal marriage act to be passed . 1772 Summarily dismissed the Portland (coalition) mini.stry Dec. 1783 His life attempted by Margaret Nicholson, 2 Aug. 1786 His illness announced, 12 Oct. 1788 ; recoveiy 23 Axii'il 1789 Patron of the Royal Institution of Great ^Britain June 1799 His life attempted by James Hatfield 15 W^T 1800 His malady returned .... Nov. 1810 Prince of Wales apijointed regent . 5 Feb. i3ii His queen died ... 17 Nov. 1818 (I. 29 Jan. 1820 4. Augustus Frederick . . ?j. 12 Aug. 1762 Associated with Fox and the whig pai-ty 1781, ct seri. Jlarried Mr.s. Fitzherbert, (illegal) . 21 Dec. 1785 £i6r,ooo voted by iiarliament to iiay his debts . 17S7 Manied his cousin, Caroline of Brunswick, (his debts paid) . . 8 April 1795 Separated from her . . 1796 His daughter Cliarlntte bom . . 7 Jan. ,, Promoted the "delicate investigation" May 1806 JLade regent on his father's illness 5 Feb. 1811 Eutertained the allied sovereigns . . June 1814 Succeeded as king, 29 Jan. 1820 ; ero-wned, ig July 1821 Deiith of his queen . . .7 Aug. ,, Went to Ireland, Aug. 1821 ; Hanover, Sept. 1821 ; Scotland .... Oct. 1S22 Founded the Royal Society of Literature . 1823 Assented to Catholic relief bill . April 1829 d. 26 June 1830 GEORGE I-, king of Greece, second son of Christian IX. king of Denmark ; b. 24 Dec. 1845 ; elected king of the Hellenes, 31 llarcli ; accepted the crown 6 June, 1863 ; rather stormy reign ; mamed grand-duchess Olga of Russia, 27 Oct. 1867. Son Constantine, b. 2 Aug. 1868. GEOBGE I.— v., kings of Hanover : 1. — 4. kings of Great Britain. 5. duke of Cumberland ; k.g, T). 27 May 1819 Married princess Alexandrina Maria of Saxe- Altenburg .... 18 Feb. 1843 Succeeded his father, Ernest . . 18 Nov. 1851 Sided with Austria and lost all ; his kingdom annexed to Prussia by decree 20 Sept. 1866 Signed treaty with Prussia . . 18 Ot-t. 1867 Visited England . 16 May — 17 June 1S76 GEORGE (JURIE) I.— III., grand dukes of Russia : 1. (of Kiov), warlike ; built JIoscow ; endowed clmi'ches ; reigned 1149-57 2. (of AVladimir), 1212 ; suffered by invasions of the Taitars and rebellion in Novgurod ; killed in battle 1238 3. reigned ; subject to the Tartars, 1319 ; killed by Dmitri, in revenge for his father's nmrder 1328 GEOKGE, Kara or Czerni, *' the Black," liberator of Servia ; b, about 1765 ; killed, 27 July 1817. Served in the Austrian anny .... 1787 Escaped the massacre of the SciTian chiefs by the Janissaries, and headed an insuirection F(_-b. 1S04 By the aid of Russia obtained the independence of Servia under the sovereignty of the sultan by treaty; Belgrade taken by the Serviaus 31 Dec. 1S06 Recof^nised as ruler ..... 1807-13 Abandoned by Russia and overcome by the Turks June ; fled . .... 3 Oct. 1813 Returned ; betrayed by the jealousy of Milosch ; put to death at the demand of the Turks 27 July 1817 GEOHGEL, JeanFran(^ois, French ecclesiastic and diplomatist; b. 19 Jan. 1731 ! patronised by the cardinal llohan ; wrote his defence at the trial for the diamond necklace affair, which led to acquittal, 1785-6; settled at Friburg, and wrote "Memoirs,*' 1760-1810 ; published, 1817; d. 14 Kov. 1813. GEOE-GET, Jean Eticnne. French physician ; b. 9 April 1795; published " de la Folie," 1820; "rhvsiologie du Systcnie Nervcux," 1821 ; d. 14 May "1828. GEORGIE, see Goercjie. GEEAMB, Ferdinand de, baron, French adven- turer ; b. 17 April 1772; after sei-viug in various foreign anniee, and leading a wandering life, pro- GERANDO 215 GERMAIN fessed conversion, and became a trappist about 1812 ; went on a pilgrimage to Jenisalem, 1831 ; ■wrote " Aspirations aux Plaies de Noti'e Seig:neur," 1826 ; " Voyage de la Trappe a Home," 1841, &c.; d. 15 :M:irch 1848. GERANDO, Joseph Marie, baron de, French statesman and philosopher ; b. 29 Feb. 1772 ; de- fended Lyons against the convention, 1793 ; pub- lished " Signcs et I'Art de Penser," 1803; emploj-ed by Napoleon, to prepare a survey of the state of the empiie, 1806 ; published " Education des Sourds- Mnets," 1827 ; d. 10 Nov. 1842. GERARD OF CbemonA, Italian translator of Ai'ab writers; i. I114; £^. 1187. GERARD DE NekvAL (Labruuie), French "sviiter and translator, helper of Alexandre Dumas ; h. 21 May 1808 ; published " Elegies Jfationaux et Satires Politiqucs," 1827 ; d. by suicide, 24 Jan. 1856. GERARiD of Sabbionnetta, Italian physician and astronomer; wrote " Theorioa Plautearum," I3tli centmy. GERARD, Alexander, Scotch theologian; J>. 22 Feb. 1728 ; inibUshed "Essay on Taste," 1759; "Essay on Genius," 1774; d. 22 Feb. 1795. GERARD, Balthazar, fanatic ; h. 1558 ; assassi- nated William, the great prince of Orange, 10 July ; executed, 15 July 1584; his family -wiis eunoblcd by Philip II. of Spam. GERARD, Cecile Jules Basile, "the Ken slayer; "4. I4junei8i7; a volunteer in Algeria, 1841 ; said to have killed 25 growii lions ; returned 1852; jmblished " Tueur des Lions," 1854; sent to explore West Afriea by Eoy. Geog. Soc. Lend., 1863 ; drowned, Sept. 1864. GERARD, Etlenne Maurice, French Marshal; h. 4 April, 1778; d. 17 April, 1S52. Sei-ved under Beriiiidntte, 1798 : at many battles 1805-13 Greatly helped Niipolenu 1814-5 Promoted the revolution . . July 1830 JMinister nf war ii Auj,'. „ Connnandcd at the siege of Antweri-t ; citadel siu-- rendered 23 Dec. 1832 Jlinister of war and pre.sident of the council July— Oct. 1834 Cliancellor of the legion of honour . 1842 GERARD, Francjois, French painter; i. 4 Jlay, 1770; painted " lielisaii-e," 1/95; " Bataille d'AusterUtz," 1810; d. 11 Jan. 1836. P GERARD, Georges Joseph, Belgian arclia;olo- gist ; b. 2 April 1734 ; d. 4 June 1814. GERARD, Louis, French botanist ; h. 18 April 1733; published "Flora Gallo-Provincialis," 1761; d. 16 Nov. 1819. GERARD, Philippe Louis, French writer ; b. 1737; published "Theorie du Bonheur," 1801 ; "Le(jons d'Histoire," 1787 ; d. 24 April 1813. GERARD, Turn Tunc, Tenque, or Thorn ; b- about 1040 ; founded the order of St. John, or knights hospitallers of Malta ; coniinned by Pope Pascal II., 15 Feb. 1113; d. about 1121. GERARD DE RaynET-VL, see Eai/neval. GERARDE, John, botanist and surgeon; b. 1545; published " Catalogus Arborum," &c., 1596; " Herbal," 1597 ; d. 1607. GERAUD, Pierre Hercule Joseph Francois, French archicologist ; i . 11 Feb. 1812 ; published ^'Paris sous Philippe le Bel," 1837 ; d. 9 March 1844. GBRBAIS, Jean, French theologian ; b. 1629 ; published " Ordinationes Universi Cleri Gallicani," 1665 ; d. 24 April 1699. GERBER, Ernst Ludwig, German organist ; b. 17 Sept. 1746 ; published, in German, an " His- torical and Biographical Dictionary of Musicians," 1810-14 ; d. 30 July, 1819. GERBEEON Gabriel, French Benedictine theologian; b. 12 Aug. 1628; imprisoned for uphold- ing Jansenism, 1706; made verbal retractation, and released, 1710; b. 29 March 1711. GERBERT, see Silvester II., pope. GERBERT, Martin, baron yon Hornau, Gei-raan prelate; b. 13 Aug. 1720; prince abbot of St. Blaise, 1764; published "de Cantu et MusiciL Sacra," 1774; " Scriptores Ecclesiastici de MusicA Saci-i," 1784; fZ. 14 May 1793. GERBIER, Balthasar, French diplomatist, painter, and architect ; b. 1592 ; came to London and entered sei-vice of the Duke of Buckingham, 1615 ; employed by Charles I. diplomatically, 1C25- 41 ; went to Holland and thence to Surinam, where he was seized and brought back to Holland ; re- turned to London, and employed by Charles ll.; d. 1667. GERBIER, Pierre Jean Baptiste, French jurist and orator; b. 29 June, 1 725 ; rf. 26 March 1788. GERBILLOlSr, Jean Francois, French Jesuit; i. II Jan. 1634 ; with five others, anived in China as a missionary, 25 March 1686; employed by the emperor, but not pennitted to teach religion ; wrote " Elementa Lingua; TartaricEB ;'" "Elements of Geometry," in Chinese; d. at Pekin, 25 March 1707. GERDIL, Hyacinthe Sigismond, Savoyard cardinal ; 4. 23 June 1718; published "Immatcri- alite de I'Ame demontree, 1747; " Anti-Contrat Social," 1764; d. 12 Aug. 1802. GERDY, Pien-e Nicolas, French surgeon ; b. 1797; d. 1856. GERHARD, Eduard, German archseologist ; b. 29 Nov. 1795 ; resided long at Home ; studied its topogi-aphy; published works on Greek vases, Etmscau antiquities, &c.; d. 12 May 1867. GERHARD, Johann, GeiTuan theologian; b. 17 Oct. 1582; published " Loci Theologici," i6io;rf. 17 Aug. 1637. Johann Ernst, son, theologian and orientalist; b. 15 Dec. 1621 ; d. 24 Feb. 1688. GERHARDT, Carl Friedrich, German che- mist; b. 21 Aug. i8i6;-i)ubli3hed "Precis de Chimie Organique," 1844; d. 19 Aug. 1856. GERHARDT, Paul, Gei-man theologian and poet; b. 1G07; published "Spiritual Songs," in Genuan, 1655 and 1666 ; d. 7 June 1675. GERING, Ulrich, German printer] introduced printing into France, by favour of Louis XI., about 1470; d. 13 Aug. 1510. GERLACH, Stephan, German traveller and controversialist, b. 26 Dec. 1546; published " Anti- Danasus," 1580 ; d. 30 Jan. 1612. GERLE, Chi-istophe Autoiue, Dom, French mystic monk ; b. 1 740 ; d. about 1805. Daring member of the national assembly in the hall of tlie " Jeu du Paume " . .20 June 1789 Declared that Catherine Theos or Theot, "la M6re de Dien," would give birth to a Messiah . . 1792 Arrested, May 1794 ; released, 1799 d. about 1805 GERMAIN, see Germanus. GEEMAIN 216 GESNER GBEMAIN", Charles Autoiue Guillaume, French politician and historian ; b. about 1770; arrested as a friend of Baboonf, 1796 ; condemned to exile, Feb. 1797; returned; p\iblislied "Pastes Ciriles de la France," 1821 ; rf. 1835. GERMAIN', Sophie, French mathematician; h. 1 April 1796; published " Keeherches sur la Theorie des Surfaces Elastiques," 1820; d. 17 June 183 1. GEEMANICUS C^SAE, nephew of Tiberius, Roman general, orator, and poet; b. about Sept. B.C. 15 ; appointed to command in Germany ; sup- pressed mutinies, a.d. 14 and 15 ; defeated the Germans and ravaged their country, and took the title imperator, 15; defeated Arminius, 16; triumphed at Eome, May 17 ; sent to the east with the highest imperium; visited Egypt, &c., 17, 18; d. (suspected by poison) 9 Oct. 19. GEEMANUS, the patrician, nephew of Justi- nian I., Roman general; defeated Slavonic invaders of Thrace, 527 ; put down the rebellion of Tzotzas in Africa, 534; took command of the anny sent against the Goths in Italy ; d. on liis way, 550. GEEMANUS or Geemain, Saint; b. about 378; eminent preacher; bishop of Au.xerre, 418; visited Britain, 429-30, 446-7 ; d. 31 July 448. GEEMON, Barthulemy, French controversial- ist; b. 17 June, 1633; published "de Veteribus Regum Francorum Diplomatibus," 1703; (f. 2 Oct. 1718. GEEOMB, Jean Leon, French painter, hon. H.A.; i. II May 1824 : pupil of Paul de la Roche ; travelled in Italy and the East, 1844-56 ; exhibited *' Jeuues Grecs," "a Holy Family, "Bacchus and Cupid," " Pa^stum," &c., &c., 1847, et soq.\ professor in the "Ecole dea Beau-x Arts," Dec. 1863. GEEEITSZ, Dirck, named "China," Dutch navigator; b. about 1560 ; explored coasts of China, 1596-98 ; sailed south, and discovered land now termed South Shetland, &c., June — Sept. 1598; cast on the coast of ChiU ; imprisoned by the Spaniards, 1599 ; d. about 1600. GEESEN, Jean, a pretended abbot of Viixeil, falsely said to have written the " de Imitatione Chi-isti," in the 13th century. .GEESON, Jean Charlier de, "Doctor Chris- tianissimus," French theologian and philosopher; b. 14 Dec. 1363 ; d. 12 July 1429. Doctor of the Sorboune 1392 Chancellor of tlie university of Paris . . . ,, Laboured to close tlie schism in the pajtacy 1394, e( snq. Refonned the studies of the schools, condeniniriy magic, &G. 1398 Preached against the crimes of the period ; ^\Tote " de Unitate Ecclesia.stiwi " .... 1409 Demonstrated the need of reform before the new pope Alexander V. ,, Resisted the violence of tlie Cabochiens and tlie duke of Burgiuuly . ... 1411-5 At tlie council of Constance maintained th.at a general council is superior to the iiojie 23 March 1415 Joined in the condemnation of Jolin Huss, July 1415 : and of Jerome of Prague . . j\hiy 1416 And in the extinction of the schism by promoting the election of Maiiin V. . . . 11 Nov. 1417 Returned to France and lived in retirement . . 1418 Wrote "de Consolatione Theologia;," "Commen- taires sur les Psanmes," &c. ; said donlitfidly to h.ave written " de Imitatione Christi." His works printed at Cologne . . 1483 GEESTiEGKER, Friedrich, German writer ; b. 16 May 1816 ; travelled on foot as a workman in America, 1837, ct scq.\ went to Egypt and .Vbyssinia with the duke of Gotha, 1862 : published " Travels," and many tales, " Wife to Order," &c.; d. June 1872. GEESTNEE, Franz Auton, Gemian engineer ; J. II May 1753; professor of geometi-j' at Vienna, 1818; studied railways in England; liud down the first railway in Russia, 1834; studied the .railways of North America; his " Memoire sur les grands Routes, les Clieniins de Fer," &c., published 1827; d. 12 April 1840. GERVAIS, English bishop and chronicler ; b. about 1 150; d. Feb. 1228. GEEVAIS, French bishop and historian ; b. 2 Feb. 1008 ; d. 14 July 1068. GEEVAISE of Canterbury ; ivi-ote a history of the archbishops, and chronicle of the I'eigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., in the 12th century ; compiled a " Mappa Mundi." GEEVAISE of Tilbury, chronicler ; travelled n Gennany; wrote to amuse the empei'or " Otia mperialia" (a liistoiy of the world); fl. 12th century. GEEVAISE, French scholars : Fbanqois Akmand, rigorous tra]>pist and ecclesiastical historian ; h. 1660 ; puhltshed " Vie de St. Cyprieii," 1717 ; '' Vie de Pierre Abelard et Heloise," 1720 ; "Vie de St. Paul," 1734; "Lettres d'mi Theologien" (sup- pressed), 1724 ; d. 1751. Nicolas, brotlier ; ?). about 1662 : a missionary to Siam, .about 1682; his "Histoire du Siam" iiublished, 1688 ; with otlier missionaries massacred by the Carilis on the banks of tlie Aquira, in Spanish Guiana, 20 Nov. 1729. GEEVILLE, Charles Alexis Adrien Duheris- sier de, French antiquary and naturalist; b. 19 Sept. 1769; d. 26 July 1853. GEEVINUS, Georg Gottfried, German histo- rian and scholar ; J. 20 May 1805 ; with Dahlmann, the Grimms, Ew.ald, and other professors, dismissed from his professorship at Gottmgen, and expeUed from Hanover by the king, for .signing a protest against the abolition of the constitution, 1837 ; professor at Heidelberg, 1838 ; published (in Ger- man) " History of National Poetic Literature," 1835-8; "Shakspeare" (a commentary), 1849-50; d. 28 March 1871. GESENIUS (Friedi-ich Heinrich) Wilheliu, German orientalist; b. 3 Feb. 1786; published (in German) Hebrew and Chaldee dictionary, 1810-12 ; Hebrew Elementary Grammar, 1813-14; transla- tion of Isaiah, 1820-21 ; d. 23 Oct. 1042. GESNER (Konrad), Swiss scholar and natu- ralist; b. 26 March 1516; published "Lexicon Grn:co-Latinuin," 1537; " Historian Animalinm," 15.51-87; edited iEhan, 1556; d. 13 Dec. 1565. GESNEE, Johann, German physicist; b. 18 March 1709; published " Meditationes Physics de Frigore," 1734; " de Thermoscopio Botanico," 1755 ; d. 6 May 1790. GESNEE, Johann Matthias, Gei-man scholar ; b. 9 Aug. 1691 ; published " Scriptorcs Rei Rusticoe Yetcres," 1735; " Thesaui-us Latinoe Lingua;," 1747; rf. 3 Aug. 1761. GESNEE, Johann J aeob, Swiss numismatist ; }. 1707; published " Thesaurus Numismatuin Yc- tcnim Grai'corum et Romanorum," 1733; " Nu- mismata Regum Macedonia," 1738; rf. Dec. 1787. GESNER, Johann, physician and naturalist, brother; b. 28 March 1709; published " Phyto- graphia Sacra," 1/59; <^- ^8 March 1790. GESNEE, Salome, Swiss painter and poet ; b. I April 1730; published " Daplmis," 1754; "Idyl- len," 1758; "Tod Abels" ("Death of Abor'), 1758; r/. 2 March 1788. GESSLEE 217 GIBIEUP GESSLEE, Hermann, Austrian goremov of Switzerland ; raythicallj' said to have been shot by Toll, 7 Nov. 1307. GETA, Septimius, emperor of Kome, second son of Septimius Severus; b. 27 May 189; murdered in the arms of his mother JuUa, by order of his brother Caracalla, Feb. 212. GETHIlSr, Grace, lady, moraHst; b. 1676; d. II Oct. 1697; her "Eeliquiie GethinianK" pub- lished, 1699-1700. GEUSS, Joachim Michael, Danish mathema- tician; b. 23 Aug. 1745; rf. 29 Nov. 1786. GEVAEETS (GbvAETIUS), Jean Gaspard, Belgian jurist ; b. 6 Aug. i W3 ; published " Iconcs Imperatoruui llomanorum, ' 1645 ; d. 23 March 1666. GETEE, see Geijer. GETLEE, Geilek, or Gailee, Johann, sec Geiler. GETS A (GeiSA), cMcf of the Magyar fathers of St. Stephen; converted to Christianity by his wife Sarolta ; estabUshed it in Hungary, about 972 ; d. 997. GEYSA or GeiSA I., II., kings of Hungary: 1. son of Beta I, ; king, 1075 . d. 25 April 1077 2. sonof Bela II. ; h. 1130; Icing 16 Feb. 1141 Defeated the Germans ;tud Greelcs it. 31 May 1161 GHEEAEDBSCA, Ugolino delk, Pisan noble, and chief of the Guclfs ; after many in- trigues to weaken his country, obtained supreme power, 1287 ; attacked by Euggieri de' U baldini and the Gnibelines; taken and starved to death, 1288. (His sufi'erings described by Dante in Iris Inferno.) GHETALDI, Marino, Venetian statesman and mathematician; b. 1566; published the earliest determinations of the specific gravity of a metal in his " Promotus Archimedes," 1603; d. 1627. GHIBEETI, Lorenzo, Florentine sciilptor and ai'chitect ; b. 1378 ; designed the .gate of the bap- tistery at Florence, 1428-48 ; d. about 1455. GHIKA, hospodars of the Danubian principali- ties: Grkgory, liospoilar of Muldavui, 1764-7 ; of Wal- lacliia . ' . . .. . . 1768 Opposed the Russians diuing the war . 1769 Sent to Moldavia 1774 Trotested against the spoliation of Moldavia ; ilispleased the sultan ; put to death . 1777 Alexander, h. 1795 ; hospodar of Wallachia 21 March 1834 Governed "well ; suppressed a Rnssi.an conspiracy June 1841 Dismissed at the demand of Russia Oct. 1842 d. Jan. 1862 Gni-:r:oiiY, li. 1S07 ; educated in France ; made lios- ] lodar of Moldavia . . June 1849 Retired at the Ru.ssiau invasion . . June 1853 Restored ; proposed union of tlie principalities, lie. ; displeased the Turks; retired, 1856; d. liy suicide . . . Jidy 1S57 GHILINI, Girolanio, Italian poet and histo- riair; b. 1389; published " Teatro d'Uomini Let- torati," 1647; d. about 1676. GHIELANDAJO, Domenico Cun-ado, Tuscan painter; b. 1449; painted frescoes in the Sistine Chapel; d. about 1498. Kodolpo, son; b. 1482; d. 1560. GHISI, or GhIGI, Mantuan artists : Teodoro, iiainter ; &. about 1546 ; d. about 1579. Geurgio, engraver; h. 1524: d. .ahout 1590. Abamo, brother, sculptor and engraver ; h. about 1530 ; d. about 1570. Diana, sister, engraver; Tj. about 1536; d. after 1580. GHISOLFI, Giovanni, Milanese pamter; b. 1624; d. 1683. GIACOMELLI, Michaelangelo, Italian scholar; b. 11 Sept. 1695 ; d. 17 April 1774. GIANNELLI, 33asilio, Italian historian and poet; b. I Feb. 1662; assas.sinated, 23 June 1716. GIANNI, Francesco, ItaKan poet and impro- visatore; b. 1759; eulogised Napoleon I.; d. 17 Nov. 1822. GIANNONE, Pietro, Italian historian; b. 7 May 1676; e.\comniunicated for irreverence to saints, indulgences, &c., 1723; relieved, but soon attacked the papacy in his " Trhegno," about Oct. 1723; employed at Venice, but soon an-ested, on suspicion of intrigue, and expelled, Sept. 1735; pnhlished " Istoria del Eegno di Napoli," 1723; d. 7 March 1748. GIAEDINI, Felice, Italian violuiist and com- poser; b. 1716; d. Sept. 1796. GIBBON, Benjamin Phelps, line engi-aver ; b. 1802 ; engraved Mulready's " "\Volf and the Lamb," &c. ; c?. 28 July 1851. GIBBON, Edward, historian ; b. 27 April 1737 ; became a llomanist, June 1753 ; reconverted, Dec. 1 754 ; sitting in the Forum, resolved to write the history of the Decline and Fall of Konie, 15 Oct. 1764 (completed 27 June 1787); published "Essai sur 1' Etude de la Littbrature," 1762; "History of the Decline and Fall of the llomair Empire," 1776-88; "Miscellaneous Works, and Memoirs of his Life," published 1796; d. 16 Jan. 1794. GIBBONS, Grieling, or Giinling, sculptor, and carver in wood ; b. 1648 ; master can'er to the kings Charles II. to George I. ; d. 3 Aug. 1721. GIBBONS, Orlando, musical composer; b. 1583 ; pubUshed " Madrigals," 1612 ; d. 5 June 1625. GIBBS, James, Scottish architect; b. about 1674 ; designed church of St. Martin' s-in-the- Ficlds, London, 1720; and Eadclitie Library, O.xford, 1737; d. 5 Aug. 1754. GIBBS, sir Vicary, judge ; b. Oct. 1751 ; a jus- tice of the common ph'as, 1812 ; lord chief baron, 1813 ; chief justice of the common pleas, 1814; resigned, Oct. 1818 ; d. 8 Feb. 1820. GIBBS, Wolcott, American chemist; i. 21 Feb. 1822; published "Analysis of Sirocco dust," 1851 ; researches in mineralogical chenristry, 1857, ct svq. GIBEET, Balthasar, French critic; b. 17 Jan. 1662 ; published " Jugements des S(;avans sur les Auteurs qui ont traite de la Ehiitoriciue," 1703-19, &c. ; d. 28 Oct. 1741. GIBEET, Jean PieiTC, French Jurist; b. 1660; published "Doctrina Cauonura," 1709; "Corpus Juris Canonici," 1736-7; d. 3 Dec. 1730. GIBEETI, Giovanni Matteo, Italian bishop of Verona; b. 1495; patron of learning; prepared the propositions for the Council of Trent ; maintained a printing-office, from which issued an edition of Chrysostom's Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistles, 1529; d. 30 Dec. 1543. GIBIEUP, Guillaume, French theologian; b. early in the i6th century; doctor of the Sorbonne; with Pien-e de Berulle founded the congregation of the Oratory, authorised 1612, approved by Paul V. 10 May 1613; for his "de Libertate Dei et Creaturse," 1630, termed a precursor of Jansenism; d. 6 June 1650. GIBSON 218 GILBERT GIBSON, Edmund, bishop of London, Anglo- Saxon scholar; b. i66q ; bishop of Lincoln, 1715; •of London, 1723 ; published " Chi-onicou Saxoni- cum," Saxon and Latin, 1692; "Codex Juris Ecclesiffi Anglicanrc," 1713, &c. ; d. 6. Sept. 1748. GIBSON, John, sculptor; 5. 19 June 1790; studied at Rome under Canova, 1817; under Thor- •waldsen, 1822 ; revived use of colour in statuarj' ; worka : the Queen, 1846 ; William Huskisson at Lloyd's ; George Stephenson ; Venus (tinted) 1854 ; &c. ; S,.\., 1836 ; fl. at Rome, 27 Jan. 1866. GIBSON, Eichard, "the Dwarf," page to Charles I., painter; 5. 1615; d. 23 Julj- 1690. GIBSON, Thomas JGlner, statesman ; b. in Tiinidad, 1 807; advocate of free trade .ind peace ; president of the board of trade, 1859-66; received a testimonial for promotiug tlie repeal of the " taxes ■on knowledge," 1S61. GIBSON, "William, fanner and self-taught ma- thematician; b. 1720; d. 4 Oct. 1791. GICHTEL, Johann Georg, German mystic ; b. 1638; published Bfihme's works, 1682; asserted that the " Divine Word, from his own mouth, should be preferred to the Holy Scriptures ; ' ' his followers ternred Gichtelians, and "brethren of angels;" preai-hed celibacy and asceticism; d. 1710. GIDEON, judge of Israel ; defeated the ilidian- ites about B.C. 1249 ; d. about 1209. GIE, Pien-e de Eohan de, mar.shal of France ; b. about 1450: served Louis XI., Charles VIII., and Louis Xll. ; offended Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I.; condemned for "certain causes," 9 Feb. 1505 ; d. 22 Ajn-il 1513. GIESE, Johann Emanuel, Gcnn.an chemist; b. 13 Jan. 1781 ; pubUshod " Lehrbuch der Pharma- cie," 1806-11; d. 22 Jlay 1821. GIESELER, Johann Carl Ludwig, Gei-mau protestant theologian ; />. 1791; published, in Ger- man, "Manual of Church History," 1824-51; d. 8 July 1854. GIPFAED, sir George ll.irkhara; b. 1813 ; vice-chancellor, March 1868 ; judge of court of appeal in chancery, Dec. 1868 ; d. 13 July 1S70. GIPFAED, sir Hardinge Stanley, Irish lawyer ; b. about 1825.; barrister, 1850 ; Q.c. "1865 ;' solicitor- general, Nov. 1875. GIFPEN, (Giphaiiius or Gifanius), Hubert van, Gennan jurist and philologist; b. 1534; ac- cused of phigiary by Lambinus about 1566; edited Lucretius, 1565; Homer's Iliad, 1572; rf. 26 July 1604. GIFPOED, John, see Green. GIFFOED, Robert Giflbrd, lord, lawyer ; b. 24 Feb. 1779; chief justice and peer, .Ian. 1824; master of the rolls, 5 April 1824; d. 4 Sept. 1826. GIFFOED, William, critic and poet ; i. April 1757 ; '^- 31 I^™. 1826. .Sc]f-tanght : apprenticed to a .shoemaker . nltout 1773 Beli-icDded by Mr. Cookes ; entered the university of Oxford : employed a.s tutor to Ills sou by e.Lrl Grosvenor . . 1782 Fublislied the "Baviad" against tlie Delia Crus- caus .... . 1794 Tlie " AfEeviad " 1795 Translation of Juvenal (with autohingraiiliy) . . 1802 {First) editor of the " Quarterly Review " . 1800-24 Edited Massinger, 1805-8 ; Ben Jonson . . 1816 GIGGEO, Antonio, Italian orientalist, patron- ized by pope Urban VIII. and cardinal BoiTomeo ; published " Thesaurus Linguaj Ai-abicas," 1632 ; d. 1632. GIGOT D'Elbee, heroic Tendean general; b. 1755; frequently victorious, tei-med" General Providence," from Ms exhortations to his soldiers ; taken prisoner and shot, Jan. 1794- GIL Vicente, see Ticcntc. GILBAET, James William; b. 21 March 1794; manager of the London and Westmmster bank, 1833-59 ! published many Avorks on banking, 1827-60 ; " Logic for the Jlillion," &c., 1854; d. 8 Aug. 1863. GILBEET, St., French abbot at Nenf Fon- taines; established an hospital ; d. I June I152. GILBEET, Adihurst Turner, bi.shop of Chi- chester; b. 1786; consecrated, 1842; d. 21 Feb. 1870. GILBEET DE LA POEBE (Gislebertus Por- rctauus), French theologian and scholastic; a chief of the Realists ; b. about 1070 ; summoned to a council at Paris to answer for heresy; not con- demned, 1 147 ; d. 4 Sept. 1 154. GILBEET, St., priest of Sempringhara; h. 1083 ; founded the order of Gilbcrthies in hi.-; parish ; persecuted for gi\ing an asylum to Thomas iiBecket; rf. 4 Feb. 1189. GILBEET, Mrs. Ann, see Taylor. GILBEET (Giddy), Dayies, mathematician and antiquary; b. l'j6'J \ president of the llo3'al Society, 1827-30; d. 24 Dec. 1839. GILBEET, sir HumiDhi-y (half brother of sir Walter Raleigh), navigator; b. 1539; sailed to North America, II June 1583 ; established a settle- ment at Newfoundland ; wrecked and drofliied off the Azores, 10 Sept. 1584. GILBEET, sir Jeffrey, lawyer; b. 10 Oct. 1674 ; " Law of Devises" published, 1730; '' Law of Uses and Trusts," 1734; "Reports of Cases in Equity," 1742; d. 14 Oct. 1726. GILBEET, John Graham, Scotch portrait painter; b. 1794 ; d. 4 June 1866. GILBEET, sir John, -water-colour painter ; b. 1817 ; exhibited " Arrest of Lord Hastings," 1836 ; afterwards "Don Quixote," " Gil Bias," and many subjects from, Cervantes, Sterne, ShaUspeare, &c. ; illustrated many books ; contributed to the " Hlus- trated Loudon News," first number, 14 May 1S42, ct .lej. ; president of Society of Water Colours, 1871; A.R.A., 1872; R.A., 29 June 1876. GILBEET, Josiah, portrait painter ; b. 7 Oct. 1814; published "Art: its Scope and Purpose," 1858; "Cadore: Titian's Country," 1869; "Art and Religion," 1 871. GILBEET, Ludwig Wilhelm, Gennan phy- .sicist; b. 12 Aug. 1769; continued Gren's " Joui-- nal der Physik," 1799-1824; d. 7 March 1824. GILBEET, Nicolas Joseph L.aurent, French .satiric poet; b. 1751 ; published " Camaval des Auteurs," 1773; attacked the academy, encyclopte- dists, &c., in "Geneve," 1774; d. 12 Nov. 1780. GILBEET, Nicolas Pierre, French physician ; b. 1751 ; d. 19 Dec. 1814. GILBEET, William, physicist, physician to Elizabeth and James I.; 0. 154O; published " de Magnete," &c., 1600; d. 30 Nov. 1603. GILBEET 219 GIOJA GILBERT, William, dramatist; h l8 Nov. 1836; produced "Dulcamara," 1866; " tlie Palace of Truth," Nor. 1870; "Pygmalion and Galatea," Dec. 1871; "the Wicked World," Jan. 1873; "Charity," Jau. 1874; "Sweethearts," Nov. 1874; &c.; " Bab Ballads," 1864-73; &<■■• GILBERTUS Anglicus, physician; wrote "Compendium Mediciua) " (first printed, 1500) early in the 13th century. GILCHRIST, JohnBoi-thwiek, Scotch oriental- ist ; b. 1759; published " English and Hindostanee Dictionary," 1787; "Oriental Linguist," 1798; d. f) Jan. 1841. GILCHRIST, Octavius, critic ; i. 1779 ; edited " Bishop Corbet's Poems," 1808; d. 1823. GILDAS, saint, the Wise ; alleged author of '■ de Excidio Britanuioe ; " Jl. 6th centm'y. GILDO, or GiLDOX, Moorish general iinder Theodosius ; governor of Africa about 386 ; at- tempting to transfer his allegiance from Honorius to Arcadius, defeated by his brother, Mascezel, (on behalf of Stilicho), 397; d. by suicide, 398. GILDON, Charles, dramatic poet ; l>. 1665 ; published " the Deist's Manual," 1705; d. 12 Jan. 1724. GILES, or GiLLES (iEgidius), French saint; d. I Sept. 550. GILES, rev. John Allen, D.C.L. ; l>. 26 Oct. 1808 ; head master of City of London school, 1836-40 ; edited works of Bode, Alfred the Great, Lanfranc, and others ; keys to the classics ; ifec. GILPILLAN, rev. George, Scotch critic ; li. 1813; published "Gallery of Literary Portraits," 1845; "Bards of the Bible," l8qo; "History of Man," 1856; "Night," a poem, 1067. GILFILLAN, Eobcrt, Scotch poet; i. about 1798; d. 4 Dec. 1850. GILIBERT, Jeau Enunanuel, French physi- cian and botanist ; b. 21 Jvme 1741 ; published " Histoire des Plantes de I'Europe," &o., 1806; " Medecia Naturaliste," (opposing polypharmacy) , 1801 ; d. 2 Sept. 1814. GILIMER, see Gelimar. GILL, Alexander, master of St. Paul's school and philologist ; b. 27 Feb. 1564; published " Lo- gonoraia Anghoa," 1621 ; "Sacred Philosophy of the Scriptures," 1635 '• ''■ '7 ■^'"^- ''^3'i- Alex- ander, son and successor, friend of Milton ; b. 1597; published "Poetici Conatus," 1632; d. 1642. GILL, John, D.D., Baptist minister; b. 23 Nov. 1697 ; published " E,\position of the Song of Solo- mon," 1728; " Expo.=ition of the New Testament," 1746-48; d. 14 Oct. 1771. GILL, see GijU. GjILLES, Pierre, French naturalist; b. 1490; dedicated his "de Vi et Naturi Animalium " to Francis I. ; explored the coasts of the Adriatic and Mediten'anean ; piiblished " Greek and Latin Dic- tionary," 153s ; d. 1555. GILLESPIE, George, a commissioner from the Church of Scotland to the Westminster Assembly, 1643; "Aaron's Kod Blossoming" published, 1646; "Ark of the Testament Opened," 1661-77; i^- i? Dec. 1648. GILLESPIE, William, American engineer ; b. 1816; published an able "Manual of Pi,oad-mak- GILLIES, John, Scotch historian and philolo- gist ; b. 18 Jan. 1747; pubhshed "History of Ancient Greece," 1786; d. 15 Feb. 1836. GILLOT, Jean, French scholar ; b. about 1550 ; wi'ote part of the "Satyre Menippee," 1593; d. Jan. 1019. GILLOTT, Joseph ; b. about 1800 ; originally a grinder at Sheffield ; made a great fortune at Birmingham by inventing machinery for maldug steel j)ens; d. 5 Jan. 1872. GILLRAY, James, caricaturist ; b. 1785 ; d. I June 1815; works iniblishcd by H. G. Bohn, 1851 ; edited by T. Wright, 1873. GILLY, Dr. William Stephen, canon of Dur- ham ; b. about 1789 ; published " Excursions to the Mountains of Piedmont," &c. ; " Kesearches among the Vaudois," 1824; "Second Visit, or Waldensian Eesearches," 1831 ; d. 10 Sept. 1855. GILPIN", Bernard, reformer, " Apostle of the North;" b. i;i7; narrowly escaped persecution; d. 4 ilarch 1583. GILPIN, William, vicar of Boldre, biographer and critic; b. 1724; published " Life of Bernard Gilpin," 1751; "Lives of Latimer, Wickliffe, &c.," 1764; several works on picturesque beauty, 1 790, et xcq. ; d. 5 April 1804. Sawkey, brother, animal painter ; b. 1733 ; d. 8 March 1807. GIN, PieiTC Louis Charles, French lawyer, scholar; b. 1726; pleaded for Louis XVL, 2 Dec. 1792; imprisoned, 1793; pxiblished translation of Hesiod, 1785 ; of Theocritus, 1788 ; d. 19 Nov. 1807. GINGUENE, Pien-e Louis, French jjoct and sfhohir; A. 25 April 1748; published Histoii-e Lit- teraire d'ltalie," 181 1-9; d. i Nov. 1816. GINKELL, or GlNCKELL, see At/dove. GIOBERT, Giovanni Antonio, Italian agricul- tural chemist; b. 28 Oct. 1 761; published "Ri- cerche Chimiche et Agronomiche," 1790; d. 14 Sept. 1834. GIOBERTI, Tincenzo, Italian patriot, philo- sopher, and statesman ; b. 5 April 1801 ; d. 26 Oct. 1852. Exiled on suspicion of plotting against Charles Albert of Sardinia about 1833 Published " Teoria del Sopranaturale," 1838 ; " lu- ti'0(luzii,ne alio Studio dcUa Filosolia" . . 1839 Aimed to relieve It.ilv froni foreign rulers : pub- lished "Primato Civile et Morale degli Italianl" 1S43 His " Gesnita Moderno" led to the expulsion of the Jesuits from Italy 1847 Returned to Milan, 1848 ; called to office liy Victor Emmanuel . 1849 Published "' Riunovameuto Civile della Italia" . 1851 GIOCONDO (Jucundus),Fra Giovanni, Italian Dominican, scholar, and architect; b. about 1435 ; employed bj' the emperor ila.ximilian at Verona, 1494-8 ; by "Louis XII. at Pans (built Pont Notre Dame, &c.), 1499-1507; at Venice, 1508; at Rome, made architect of St. Peter's, 1514 ; d. about 1521. GIOFEREDO, Maria Gaetano, Neapolitan architect; b. 14 May 1718 ; d. 8 March 1785. GIOJA, Flavio, of Amalfi, navigator ; reputed inventor of the mariners' compass, about 1302. GIOJA, Melchiore, Italian political economist, a founder of the science of statistics; b. 20 Sept. 1 767 ; expelled from Italy for publishing his "Scicnza del Povero Diavolo," l8og; compiled statistical tables ; "Filosofia della Slatistica," 1826, &c. ; d. 2 Jan. 1829. GIOLITO 220 GIRAUD GIOLITO DE' FeERAEI, Gabriele, Italian printer; settled at Venice, about 1530; printed " Collaua Grx'ca," and " Collana Latma," beauti- ful but incorrect; "Imitation de Jesus Christ," 1556- GipB,DANI,Titale, Italian self-tauglit mathe- matician; b. 13 I)ee. 1633; killed his brother-in- law for reproaching him for indolence ; fled ; be- came secretary to a Venetian admiral, about 1753 ; devoted himself ardently to mathcniiitics ; entered service of queen Christina of Sweden; at Home, about 1666 ; published " Corso di Mittematica," 1680; cl. 3 Nov. 1711. GIOEDANO, Luea, Italian painter; h. 1632; Bumamed " Fa presto," from his sordid father hurrying him in his work ; and the " Proteus of Painting " from Ms vanity ; d. 12 Jan. 1705. GIOEGI, Alessandvo, Italian scholar; b. II Sept. 1747; (!. 14 July 1779. GIOEGI, Antonio Agostino, Italian philologist ; h. 1711 ; published "Alphabetum Tibetanum," 1762; d. 4 May 1797. GIOEGIONE, name given to Giorgio Bar- barelli, Italian painter, poet, and musician; b. 1477 ; d. 1511. GIOSEPPINO, Neapolitan painter; b. about 1560; d. 1640. GIOTTINO, name given to Tommaso di Ste- fano, Florentine sculptoi- and painter; b. 1324; studied works of Giotto, and assrnncd the name ; d. 1356- GIOTTO (Angiolotto or Ambrogiotto Bondone), Italian painter, friend of Dante ; b. 1276 ; pupil of Ciamabue ; painted frescoes in Campo Santo at Pisa ; worlced at Eome, 1298 ; arcMtect of Florence, 1334 ; d. 8 Jan. 1336-7. GIOVANELLI, Euggiero, Italian musical composer ; b. about 1560 ; succeeded Palestrina at Eome, 1594; published "llisse," 1593; "Motetti," 1594; " Madrigale," 1586; d. after 1615. . GIOVANNI DA FiESOLE (Guido or Guido- lino Santi Tosini) named " Fra Angelico," and " il Beato Angelico," Florentine fresco painter, em- ployed by pope Kicholas V., tfcc. ; b. 1387 ; many works at Florence ; d. 1455. GIOVANNI, see J/«««or=!-. GIOVENE, Giuseppe Maria, Italian philo- sopher; b. 23 Jan. 1753; d. 2 Jan. 1837. GIOVIO, Paolo (Paulus Jorius), Italian histo- rian ; b. 19 April 1483 ; a physician at Eome ; patronised b)' Leo X. ; made a prior of St. Antonio at Como by Clement VII. ; bishop of Nocera, 1528; published "de Piscibus Eomanis," 1^24; "Elogia Virorum lUustrium," 1546; d. II l)cc. 1552- GIEALDI, Giovanni Battisla (Cintio), Italian novelist and diamatist; b. Noa'. 1504; d. 30 Dec. 1573- GIEALDI, Lilio Gregorio, Italian poet and archajologist ; b. 13 June 1479; patronised by Leo S. and other popes; disgraced; resided with Gio- vanni Pio della Mirandola till his assassination, 1533; published " de Jlusis Sjmtagma," 1512; " Poemata," 1536, &:c.; d. Feb. 1552. GIEALDUS Cambren.sis, see Jlarnj. GIEAED, Gabriel, French grammarian; b. about 1G77; I'ublishcd "Synonymes Fran<;ais," 1736; d. 1748. GIEAED, Gregoire, le Pere, Sinss educational writer; b. 17 Dec. 1765; published "Eapport sur rinstitut de H. Pestalozzi a Iverdon," 1810; " Cours Eihicatif de la Langue Maternelle," 1840-8, &c. ; d. 6 March 1850. GIEAED, Philippe Henri de, French engineer ; b. I Feb. 1775; exhibited improved lamps, 1806; invented a flax-spinning machine for the emperor's prize, offered 7 May iSio; applied steam to it, 1813; established works at Warsaw; invented otlier machines ; printed " Memoire au Roi sur la Prioritc due a la France dans I'lnvention des Machines a flier le Lin," 1840; d. 26 Aug. 1845. GIEAED, Pien-e Simon, French engineer ; b. 4 Nov. 1 765 ; went to Egypt with the expedition ; surveyed the Nile, &c., 1798; employed by Na- poleon I. in constructing canals, &c., 1803-14; by Louis XVIII. in superintending the water, gas supply, and drainage of Paris, 1815, cl scq. ; d. 30 Nov. 1836. GIEAEDIN, Emile de, French political econo- mist, journalist, and di-amatist (son of Alexandre, com to de Girardin), from his changes termed "La Girandole," the Weathercock; b. 22 June 1806. Employed liy gnvo'iuneiit .... 1S24 Publisheil "le Viilenr," 1829 : "La Mode" i Oct. 1829 Marjied Delphine, daughter of Soithiu Gay ili. 26 Jan. 1804; d. 29 June 1855) 1831 Founded the "Junnial des Conuaissaiices Utiles," ,, Helped to create a ju'op.iganda for e.';tal)lisliing savings bunks, 1831 : and the " Musee des FanuUes" . 1835 Established "la Presse :" bitterly attacked . . T8i6 Elected to the legislative assenddy June 1850 Contended for the libeity of the press March 1851 Exiled by decree of the lu'esidcnt, 9 Jan. ; recalled, 5 March 1852 designed editor.ship of " la Presse " . . end of 1856 I^ublished numerous pamiihlets ; " Libeite dans le Mariiige," and "le Uroit," 1S54; se^'en imina-tant ]iam]ihlcts (" K;ipidc(tii III. et France," itc.,") 1859 : " Le Spectre Xoir," 1864 : " Deux.Srcurs," a drama, very successful, 1865 : " Le Mariage irHnnueur" Feb. 1866 Edited " La Libei"te " (1857-70) : lined . . . 1S67 Published "Questions de Mnu Temps," 1836-56; "Grandeur, ou U^clin de Frun ce" . Jan. 1876 GIEAEDIN, Jean Pien-e Louis, French chemist; b. i6 Nov. 1803 ; published "Elftncns de Mineralogie," 1826; " Lei;ons do Chiraie," 1860. GIEAEDIN, Louis Stanislas Cccile Xavicr, comte de, French politician; b. 19 Jan. 1762; welcomed the revolution, 1 790 ; ill treated ; retired from the assembly, Aug. 1792; envoy in Loudon, 1793; entered the army, 1804; accompanied Joseph Bonaparte to Naples, 1806; to Spain, 1808 ; an in- dependent member of the chamber of deputies, 1812-26; d. 27 Feb. 1827. GIEAEDIN, see St. Mare Girardin. GIEAEDON, Framjois, French arcliitect and sculptor; b. 16 March 1628; d. 1 7 15. GIEAUD, Giovanni, Italian dramatist; b. 28 Oct. 1776; e.xhibited "Ajo nell Imbarrazzo," 1807; published " Commcdie," 1823; d. i Oct. 1834. GIEAUD, French sculptors: JEAK Baptiste, h. 1752 : "Dying Achilles," 1789; d. Fell. 1830 PlEURE FBANQOIS GRfiCJOIRE, h. 1783; " Philoc- tetes,"T8o6; " Phnlantus," 1814 . d. 19 Feb. 1836 GIEAUD, Pierre, French theologian, b. ii Aug. 1 791 ; archbishop of Cambray, 1841 ; cardinal, 1847; d. 17 April 1850. GIEAUD 221 GLA8 GIEAUD, Pien-e Fi-anijois Fulix Joseph, French journalist; b. 26 Sept. 1764;^. 26Feb. 1821. GIEAULT-DUVIVIEE, Charles Tierre, French philologist; h. 13 July 1765; published " Svammaire des Grammaii-es," 1811; "Eucyclo- pedie de I'Antiquite," 1830 ; d. II March 1832. GIEDLESTONE, rev. Charles ; 5. 6 March 1797; vicar ofSedgoley, 1826; rector of Alderley, 1837; of Kingswinford, 1847; published "Family Commentary on the Holy Bible, 1832-42 ; " Chiis- tendom Sketched from History," 1870. GIEDLESTONE, rev. Edward ; 1>. 6 Sept. 1805 ; vicar of St. Nicholas, Bristol, 1855 ; of Wapley, 1858 ; of Halberton, 1862 ; of Olveston, 1872 ; a warm advocate of agricultural labourers ; sug- gested their union, 1868 ; greatly promoted their migrations. GIEODET-TEIOSON, Anne Louis Girodet de Eoussy, Frencli painter ; I. 5 Jan. or Feb. 1767 ; exhibited " Scene at the Deluge," 1806; illustrated Anacreoii; (I. 9 Dee. 1824. GIETIN, Thomas, landscape painter ; I. 1773 ; introduced painting on cartridge paper; painted panorama of London and Paris ; d. 9 Nov. 1802. GIET, Louis, French writer, friend of cardinal Mazarin; h. 1595; d. 1665. GISBEET, Blaise, French theologian and plii- losopher; b. 21 Feb. 1657; published " I'Art d'elever un Prince," dedicated to the duke of Burgundy, 1684; d. 27 Feb. 1731. GISBOENE, rev. Thomas, jihilosopher ; h. 1758 ; published " Princiides of Moral Philosophy," 1789 ; Poems, 1798 ; d. 24 March 1846. GISCO, Carthaginian general, commander of the garrison at Lilyba'um ; taken prisoner by the mercenaries in the " inexpiable " war ; put to death, B.C. 240. GITIADAS, Spartan sculptor, architect, and poet, jt. about B.C. 516. GIUDICI, Paolo Erailiani, Sicilian scholar ; b. 13 June 1812; professor at Florence, 1849-62; published "StoriadellaLetteraturaltaliana," 1844- 53; " Storia dei Communi," 1853-4; "Storia del Tcatro Italiano," 1S60, &c.; d. Oct. 1872. GIULAT, see Gijulny. GIULIO Eomano, see Itomrmo. GIUSTINIANI, Agostino, Italian orientalist ; I. 1470; edited "Liber Job " (Heb., Yulgate, &c., a new version), 1516 or 1520; " Psalterium " (the first polyglot) ; d. by shipwreck, 1536. GIVEY, Anne d'Anglure de, French general, partisan of Henry IV. ; b. about 1560 ; killed at the siege of Laon,'July 1594. GLABBE, Raoul, French chronicler ; b. about ■990 ; d. about 1050. GLABEIO, Marcus Acilius, Roman consul, victorious over Antiochusand the iEtolians, is.c. 191. GLADSTONE, John Fall, ph. d., f.u.s., chemist and physicist; b. J March 1827; pupil of T. Graham, Loudon, and J. Liebig, Giessen. iecturer at St. Tliouias's hosiiltiil, 1850-3; f.r.s., 1853 ; on royal commission on lights, buoys, and l)eaccms, i8:;9-6i ; on gxui-cotton coimiiittee, 1862-3 ; London school bo.ard, 1873 ; Fullerian professor of chemistry, Royal Institution, 4 May J874 ; president of Physical Society, 1874 ; wrotfi many papers on chemistry and optics ; " Michael Faraday" published, June 1872: with Mr. A. Tribe, produced tlie "Copper-zinc Couple," and worked with it . 1872-6 . GLADSTONE, 'William Ewart (fourth son of sir John Gladstone), statesman; i. 29 Dec. 1809; M.P. for Newark, 1832 — Jan. 1846; Oxford, 1847- 61;; South Lanca.shirp, 1865-68; Greenwich, 17 Nov. 1868, and Feb. 1874. A lord of the treasury under sir Robert Peel, Dec. 1834 Under-Secretary of the colonies . Jan.— Aiiril 1835 Master of the mint, and vice-president of board of trade ... . Sept. 1841 Revised the tariff ... .... 1B42 President of the board of trade May 1843— Feb. 1845 Secretary for the colonies . Dec. 1845 — July 1846 Lord high commissioner extraordinary to the Ionian isles Nov. 1858 Chancellor of the exchequer, Jan. 1853 — Feb. 1855 June 1859— June 1866 Introduced his " Franchise Bill " . . 12 Sfarcli ,, His resolutions for disestablishing the Irish Cliurch passed the commons. . 17 May 1868 Premier ; sworn in .... 9 Dec. ,, Carried: Irish Church Disestalilishmeut Act, 1869: Ii-ish Land Act, 1870; Elementary Education Act, 1870 ; abolition of purchase in the anny, 1871 ; the Ballot Act, 1872 : the Judicature Act . . 1873 Through minority on Irish University Bill, ir March resigned ; but resumed office . . 16 March 1873 Remodelled hiscalnnet; himself becoming cliau- ccUor of exchequer . . ' . -^ug. 1873 Announced dissolution of parliament . 24 Jan. 1874 Not obtaining ni.i.iority, resigned . 17 Feb. ,, Resigned lejideiTiliip oi' liberal jj.aity . 13 Jan. 1875 Published " Tlie Church considered in its relations with the Clim-cli," 1838; "Church Principles considered in their Results,'" 1840 ; "Letters on the State prosecutions of the Neapolitan govern- ment," 1851 : "Studies on Homer," 1858; "A Clni])ter of Autobiogi'aphy," Nov. 1868; "Juven- tus Mundi " . . ... July 1869 "Ritualism," Oct. 1874: " Vatican Decrees," Nov. 1874; "Vaticanism," Feb. 1875; " Rome and the Newest Fashions in Reli<:ion" . . Sejit. „ " Homeric Synchronism,' March ; "Bulgarian Hor- rors " Sept. 1876 Elected professor of ancient history. Royal Aca- demy March ,, GLAISHEE, James, F.E.S., Scotch meteorolo- gist ; principal founder (and secretary) of the Meteorological society, 1850; made many scientific balloon ascents, 1862-66; published '"Travels in the Air," 1870. GLANVIL, sir John, jurist; b. about 1590 ; d. 2 Oct. 1661 ; lus Reports of controverted elections published 1775. GLANVIL, or GlANYILLE, Eanulph de, statesman and warrior; chief justiciary of Eng- land, I180; superintended the coniirilation of " Tractatus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Regni ihrglia?;" resigned about 1189; killed at siege of Acre, 1190. GLANVILL, rev. Joseph; b. 1636; published "Vanity of Dogmatizing," 1661 ; " Lux Orientalis,'' (on the pre-e.xistence of souls), 1662; "Considera- tions on the Being of "Witches," 1666, &c. ; d. 4 Nov. 1680. GLAEEANUS, or Henri Lorit, Swiss classi- cal scholar ; b. 1488 ; published "Isagoge in Musi- cam," 1516; d. 1563. GLAS, John, Scotch theologian ; b. 5 Oct. 1695; minister, 1719; published "Testimony of the Kmg of Alartyrs concerning his ICingdom (John xviii. 36)" 1727; which led to his deposition, (and the formation of congregational churches termed "Glasites" in Scotland and " Sandemaniaus " in England), 1728; d. 2 Nov. 1773. GLAS, George, son, navigator ; }. 1725; made discoveries in Africa; endeavoured to found a colony; published " History of the Canary Islands," 1764; imprisoned in the Canary islands by the GLASEE 222 GLOVEE Spiininrds, 1765 ; murdered b}' his crew while re- turaiug home, about Oct. 1765. GLASEE, Christophe, Swiss chemist, apothe- cary to Louis XIV. ; discovered the " sal jmlyuhrest of Glaser," (sulphate of potash) ; his " Traite de Chimie" published, 1683 ; d. about 1680. GLASS, sir Richard Atwood; 1). 1820; at first an accountaut ; joined Mr. Elliot, at Kupcr's wire- rope factory; adapted wire covering to electric submarine cables, 1852 ; knighted for laying At- lantic cable, 27 Nov. 1866; d. 22 Dec. 1873. GLASS, Salomo, German theologian ; b. IS93; published "Philologia Sacra," 1623 ;r/. 27 July 1656. GLAUBEE, Johann Rodolph, Gennan che- mist, discoverer of "Glauber's salt" (sulphate of soda); h. 1603 or 1604; published "de Auri Tinc- tura," 1646; " Furni Novi Philosophici," 1648; '■ Novum L\unen Chimii'um," 1664, &c. ; " Opera Chj'mica,"' 1659; d. 1668. GLAUBEE, Johann (Polydore), Dutch pain- ter, h. 1646 ; d. 1726. Johann Gottlieu, brother, painter; 4. 1656; d. 1703. GLEDITSCH, Johann Gottlieb, Gennan bo- tanist; b. 1714; d. 5 Oct. 1786. GLEICHEN, Friedrich "Wilhclm von (Russ- worm), German naturaUst; b. 14 Jan. 1717; pub- lished, in German, " Xewest Microscopical Disco- veries," 1764; " Treatise on the Solar Microscope," 1781 ; d. 16 June 1783. GLEICHEN, Victor, son of prince Ernest of Hohenlohe Langenburg and the jirincess Fcodore, half-sister of the queen ; b. 11 Nov. 1833 ; captain K.N. ; governor of Windsor castle ; .served in the Baltic, 18^4; before Sebastopol, 1855 ; in China, 1857 ; exhibited his works as ascnlptor, 1867, et scq. GLEIG, George, Scotch theologi.an ; b. 1753; bishop of Brechin, 1808 ; published " Directions for the Study of Theology," 1827 ; d. Feb. 1839. GLEIG, rev. George Robert, novelist and his- torian; b. 1796; joined the army, and served in the Peninsular and American wars, 1808-14; entered the church, 1822 ; chaplain to Chelsea hospital, 1844; chaplain-general of the forces, 1846-71;; published the "Subaltern," 1825; " British Mili- tar)' Commanders," 1832 : "Memoirs of "WaiTcn Hastings," 1841 ; "Story of "Waterloo," 1847, &c. GLEIM, Johann Tnihelm Ludwig, "the Ger- man Anacreon"; b. 2 April 1719: iniblishcd " Kriegslieder," 1778; " Zeitgedichtc," 1789-1803 ; d. Dec. 1803. GLEN, Jean de, printer and engraver of Liege ; printed " Debvoir des Filles," 1597, &c. GLENCOESE, see Inglis. GLENDOWEE (GlyisDVk). """ekh chief; gi'eat-grandsou of Llewellj'n, last ])rince of Wales ; b. about 1349; knighted by Richard II., 1387; crowned prince of "\Valcs, 1402 ; allied with the Percies, (fefeated near ShrewsbuiT, 23 July 1403 ; allied with France, 1404 ; took Carmarthen, 1405 ; ravaged tlie Marshes, 1406-7 ; d. dm-ing negotia- tions with Henry V., 20 Sept. 1415. GLENELG, see Grant. GLEY, Gerard, abbe, French linguist and his- torian ; accompanied mar.slial Davoust in his cam- paigns, visiting libravies, &c. ; b. 24 JIarcli 1761 ; published "Voyage en Allemagne et en I'ologne," j8i6; corresponded with Napoleon I. ; rf. II Feb. 1830. GLINKA, Sergyer Nicolaevitch, Russian poet ; b. about 1771; published translation of Young's "Night Thoughts," &c. ; d. about 1847. GuEGOBY Andkeevitch, cousin, soldier and philosopher ; b. 1774; published translations from the French, &c. ; d. 12 Feb. 1818; Mickail, composer; his opera " La Vie pour le Czar," very successful 1836 ; d. 1857. GLISSON, Francis, anatomist ; b. ITOJ ; dis- covei-ed "Glisson's Capsule," described in his "Auatomia Hepatis," 1654; in " Tractatus de Naturi Substantias Energcticl," described irrita- bility as a property of muscular fibre ; d. 16'J'j. GLOUCESTEE, see Robert. GLOUCESTEE, present bishop, see EUicott. GLOUCESTEE, dukes of. Thomas Plantagenet, of WoorlstocV, sixth son of Edwjud III. ; h. 7 Jan. 1355 ; duke, 1385 ; op- posed his nephew, Richard II,, 1389, et scq. ; caiTied to Calais ; confessed ; i^iut to death, Sejit. 1397 Humphry, son . . . d. of the iilagiie, 1399 Humphry, the Good, son of Heniy IV. ; &, 1391 ; duke, 1414 ; prutettor of England, 1422; mamed Jacquehue, countess of Holland, 1423: conten- tion with liis miele Beaufoi-t, bishop of Wini^hes- tcr, 1425 ; niaxi'iage annulled ; nianied Eleanor Colihain, 1426; power greater through Bedford's death, 1435 ; his ducliess imprisoned for witch- craft, J441 : (.liarged Beaufoii mtli treason, 1443 ; opposed Henry VI. 's marriage with Margaret of Anjon, 1445; seized; found dead in his bed, 28 Feb. 1447 Richard, son of Ricliard, duke of York ; &, 21 Oct. 1450 ; duke, 1461 ; king, see Ridiard III. Henry 8tuart, son of Chaides I. ; h.Z July 1640 ; duke, 1644 ... . rf. 13 Sei)t. 1660 William, sou of rjneen Anne; &. 24 July 1689; cn'at(.ddnke(notby patent), July i68g ; r^ 30 July 1700 William Henry, son of Frederick, prince of Wales; &. 25 Nov. 1743; duke, 1764; uiaiTied Maria, countess of Waldcgrave, 6 Sept. 1766; d. 25 Aug. 1805 William Frederick, son, nephew of George HI. ; h. 15 Jan. 1776 ; clinncellnr of Caniliridge univer- sity, iSti; married his cousin, Slai'y, 13 July 1816 d. 30 Nov. 1834 GLOUCESTER, Gilbert tie Ckre, earl of, joined De ilontfort, 1262, at the battle of Lewes; with him administered the kingdom, 1264 ; quan-elled with him ; rejoined the king, 1265 ; rebelled ; seized London, 1267; submitted, 1268; regent, for Ed- ward I. (in Palestine) 1272-4 ; manied liis daughter Joanna, 12S9; d. 1295. GLOTEEj Charles, song composer ; d. 1863. GLOVER, John, water-colour painter ; b. 18 Feb. 1767; a promoter and first member of the ^Vater Colour Society; president, 1815; Ins "Dm-- hani Cathedral " and "Loch Katrine" very suc- cessful; emigrated; arrived at Swan Eiver, Aus- tralia, JIarch 183 1 ; d. in Tasmania, 9 Dec. 1849. GLOYER, sir John Hawley, capt. ; h. 1829, lieut. royal navy, 1S51; served in the Baltic 1854 J commander Nov. 1862 ; successful governor of Lagos; resigned 1872; commissioner to friendly tribes on Gold Coast, 1873; marched to assist "\^''olselcy against Ashantees, Feb. 1874 ; knighted 1874 ; fippf^inted governor of Newfoundland, Jan. 1876. GLO^rER, Bichard, poet and scholar; b. 1712 ; published " Leonidas," 1737; the song "Hosier's Ghost," 1739; " Athenais," 1787; d. 25 Nov. 1785- GLOVER, Mrs., actress ; b. 8 Jan. 17S1 ; d. 16 July 1850. GLOVER, Stejihcn, musical composer; d. 7 Dec. 1870. GLOTEE 223 GODOLPHIN GLOYEB, Thomas, antiquary, friend of Cam- den; b. 1543 ; iiis " Catalogue 'of Honoiu'," printed 1610; d. 1588. GLIJCK, Johann Christoph, Gemian musical dramatic composer, " the Michael Angelo of music ;" b. 2 July 1714; first opera " Artaxerxes," 1741 ; came to London, and becimie friend of Ai-ne, 1 745 ; "Clemenza di Tito," perfonned at Rome, 1754; wrote at Vienna, "Alceste," "Paride e Elena," and ''Orfeo," 1761-4; "Iphigcnia in Aulide," per- formed, 19 April 1774; (1. 15 Nov. 1787. GLTCAS, Michael, Byzantine historian; wrote "Annals and Letters," I2th century. GLYCEEIUS, Roman emperor, 473 ; made prisoner ; became a priest, 474. GLTN, Isabella, Scotch actress ; 5. 22 May 1825; studied at Paris; patronised by Charles Kemble, appeared as " Lady Constance," at Man- chester, 8 Nov. 1847; at Sadler's AVells, 1848 ; very successful since ; lectured in United States, 1870 ; married to Mr. Dallas, 1853 ; at her petition divorced, 1874. GMELIN, Johann Friedrich, Gei-man phy- sician and botanist; b. 8 Aug. 1748; d. l Nov. 1804. Leopold, son; b. 2 Aug. 1788; published the great " Handbuch der Chimie,' 1841, at seq. ; d. 13 April 1853. GMELIN, Johann Georg, German botanist and chemist; h. 12 June 1 709; published "Plora Siberica," 1747-70; many memoirs; "Travels in Siberia" (in Geirman), 1751-2 ; d. 20 May 1755. GNEISENAU, August Neithardt von, count, Prussian general, and military rcfomier ; b. 27 Oct. 1760; distinguished himself, and promoted 1807; helped to organise the landwelii- (or militia), and the Tugendbund, instituted to neutralise French influence in Germany ; fought under Bluchcr, 1812-15 ; created field marshal, 1S25; d. 24 Aug. 1831. GOAD, John, schoolmaster and astrologer ; b. 15 Feb. 1615; published " Astro-Meteorologica," 1686 ; d. 28 Oct. 1689. GOADBY, Robert, printer at Sherborne ; b. 'i.'~j2i ; published ''Life of Lamfjdde Moore Carew, king of the beggars ;" d. 12 Aug. 1778. GOBAT, Samuel, Swiss theologian; b. 1799; missionary in Abyssinia, 1830-2 ; published his "Journal," 1834; made AngUcau bishop of Jeru- salem, 1846. GOBEL, Jean Baptiste Joseph, French bishop ; b. I Sept. 1727 ; deputy to the constitutional assembly ; proposed the resolution that none should be distiu'bed for religious opinions, 23 Aug. 1 789 ; installed tu-chbishop of Paris by Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, 15 March 1791 ; renounced his functions, and assumed the red cap, Nov. 1793 • condemned for coalition with Hubert, Clootz, and others ; executed, 14 April 1794. GOBELIN, Jehan, French dyer, and founder of the family of manufacturers ; established his ivorks at Paris about 1450; invented a scarlet dye; d. 1476. GOBEN, see Gccben. GOBIEN, see Le Gobicn. GOCLENIUS, Bodolph, Gei-man physician and philosopher, a follower of Paracelsus; b. 22 Aug. 1572 ; d. 3 March 1621. GODARD, Jean, French poet ; b. 1564 ; pub- lished " CEnvres," 1594; d. 1630. GODAET, Jean Baptiste, French naturalist r }. 2£ Nov. 177s; published " Histou-e Naturelle des Lepidoptcres de France," 1822; d. 27 July 1823. GODAET, Rocb, French general ; i. ig March 1 761; served in Belgium, 1792; commanded at Corfu, 1797-9 ; surrendered it to Russians and Turl;s, 1799 ; in Napoleon's wars, 1800-14; f^- ^ May 1834. GODDAED, Arabella, pianist ; b. Jan. 1836 r played 1840; first appeared in public, 30 March 1850 ; married Mr. l)avison, 1800 ; went on pro- fessional tour in Europe, 1854-60 ; in Australia and America, 1873-6. GODDAED, Jonathan, physioianaud chemist ; 5. about 1617; Cromwell's ai-my physician ; made councillor; said to have introduced telescopes into England ; published "Discourse concerning Phy- sic," 1668; invented "Goddard's Drops;" d. 24 March 1674. GODEAIL Antoine, French bishop, histoi-ian ' and poet; b. 1605 ; his " Histoire de I'Eglise," pub- lished, 1653-78; "Morale Chretienne," 1705; d. 21 April 1672. GODEEEOY, French jurists : Denis, b. i-j Oct. 1549; published "Corpus Juris Civiiis," 1583 (i. 7 Sept. 1621 TnfioDORE, son; ??. 17 July 1580: historiographer of France, 1617: published "Cereiuouial de Fi-ance," 1619 .... f?. 5 Oct. 1649 Jacques, brother; /). 15S7 ; edited "Codex Theo- dosiauus," 1665 ; " Cicero," 1616 ; " Fragnienta Duodecim Tabulanuii," 1616 . d. 24 June 1652 Denis, sou of Tlieodnre ; b. 24 Aug. 1615 ; pub- lislied " C^riSmoiiial FrauQ.ais," 1649; "Memoires .sur les Droits du Roi," 1665 . d. 4 Juiie 1681 GODEEEY DE Bouillon, chief of the crusaders, liiug of Jerusalem; b. about 1058 ; d. l8 July 1 100. ■\Yith the emperor Heniy IV. when he took Rome, 21 March 1084 Enrolled himself a crusiider . . . . 1095 Assumed tlie comm.md ; set out . . Aug. 1096 Crossed the Hellespont, Marcli ; besieged and took Nica^a, 8 May — 24 June ; besieged Antioch, 21 Oct. 1097 : sacked Antioch, 3 Jime ; defeated the S.aracciis . .... 28 June logS Invested Jerusalem, 7 June ; took it and slaugh- tered the inhabitimts .... 15 July 1099 Elected ki]ig .... 23 July „ Defeated the Saracens at Asoalou . 12 Aug. ,, Promulgated the " Assize of Jerusalem " . . . „ d. (iirobably by poison) 18 July iioo GODEEEY of Titerbo, or Wittenberg (Gott- fried Tineosus), German historian; wrote "Chi'oni- con Universale," entitled " Pan1:heon," (printed 1569); f?. 1191. GODEEEY, Charles, musician; S, about 1790; d. 12 Dec. 1863. GODEEEY, sir Edmond Berry, magistrate (before whom Titus Gates had swdm to his naiTa- tive 28 Sept.) found murdered in a field 17 Oct. ; public funeral, 31 Oct. 1678. GODFREY, Thomas, American mathema- tician ; perfected the (quadrant simultaneously with Hadley, and received a reward from the Royal Society of London, 1731 ; d. Dec. 1749. GODEEEY, Thomas, son, poet; b. 1736; ■\n-ote " Court of Fancy," published 1767 ; d. 3 Aug. 1763- GODIN, Louis, French philosopher ; b. 28 Feb. 1704; wrote "Histou-e de I'Acadiimie des Sciences, 1680-99; " d. II Sept. 1760. GODOLPHIN, John, civiUan; b. 1617 ; judge of the admiralty, 1653 ; pubKshed " Holy Limbec," GODOLPHIN 224 GCETHB 1650; " Holy Harbour," 1651; " Admiralty Juris- diction," 1661 ; d. 4 April 1678. GODOLPHIN, Sidney, royalist poet and soldier; b. 1610; killed in battle, 1643. GODOLPHIN, Sidney Godolphin, earl of; b. about 1630; page to Charles II. when prince, 1645; elected m.p., 1661 ; a privy councillor, 167Q ; lord of the treasury, 1684; lord high treasurer, 1690-96; 1700-1; 1702; sudaenly dismissed, 8 Aug. 1710; d. 15 Sept. 1712. GODOUNOV, or GODUNOF, Boris, csiar of Eussia; 4.1552; instituted serfdom in Ru.isia about 1595 ; brother-in-law of Feodor I., Jast_oL-thejace . of_Kurik, succeeded him (suspected of poisoning him), 1598 ; threatened with deposition, took poison, and d. 23 April 1605. GODOy, llanuel de, duke of Aleudia, Spanish statesman; b. 12 Jlay 1767; d. at Paris, 4 Oct. 1851. Becaine favourite of Charles IV. alxint 17S4 (.ami lover of the queen) ; iiriiiie minister Nov. 1792 Began war with France 1793 M.iJe peace and received his title "jiriuce of the peace" iind otlier lionours . . . 22 July 1795 Married Caroline de Borbone, duchess ot Chin- choua 2 Oct. 1797 Ruled well, but awalceiied the jealousy of the nobles ; dismissed . . . .28 Marcli 179S Minister af,Min ; allied with Napoleon I. ; plotted the nveitliriiw of the Bourbon dynasty . . i3o6-fl Naniedadmiralof the Indies 1807 His schemes discovered : attacked by the poiiulace during the insuiTection at .Vr.nijuez ; saved by the king's abdication in favour of \\U son Fer- dinand . . 17-19 March 1808 Released by Mui-at May ,, Long resided at Rome ; went to Paris (a pen.sioner of Louis Philippe) . . 1S35 GODWIN, earl of Kent; b. about 990; d. suddenly, 15 April 1053. Served under Canute in Denmark . 1029 Made earl of Kent and Sussex . . . 1029, ct .vffj. Suppoi-ted Harold I. ; accused ot murdering Alfred, son ot Ethelred II. . .... 1036 His daughter Edgitlia married to Edward the Con- fessor Jan. 104s Summoned to the Wittenagemot ; refused to at- tend without a safe-condxict : outlawed 1051 Justified himself, and reconciled to the king 1052 GODWIN, Francis, bishop, ecclesiastical his- torian; b. 1561 ; bishop of Llandatf, 1601 ; of Here- ford, 161 7 ; published " Catalogue of the Bishops of England," 1601 ; " Eerum Anglicarum (Hen. VXII., Edw. VI. et JIaria) Annales," 1616; " Man in the Moon" (written about 1600), 1638; d. April 1633. GODWIN, George, architect ; b. 28 Jan. 1S15 ; editor of the " Builder " 1844; published " Churches of Loudon," 1838; " History in Ruins," 1853. GODWIN, Mary W'olktonecroft ; h. 27 April 1759; a schoolmistress, 1783; governess, 1786: lived in France with a Mr. Imlay, 1792; published "Vindication of the Eights of Woman," 1791; "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters," 1786; man-ied WUliam Godwin, 1797 ; d. (in child-birth), 10 Sept. 1797. See HliMcy. GODWIN, Parke, American journalist; h. 2^ Feb. i8i5; long editor of " Putnam's Magazine;'"* published "Handbook of Universal Biography," 1851, &c. GODWIN, Thomas, Hebraist; b. 1587; pub- lished ■' Moses and Aaron, or the Civil and Ecclesi- astical Kites of the Hebrews," 1614; d. 1643. GODWIN, 'William, historian, political writer, and novelist; *. 3 March 1756; d. 7 April 1836. A dis.senting minister 1778 Published " Sketches of History " . . 1784 " Enquiry concerning Political Justice," &c. . 2793 Married Mary WoUstonecroft (see Godwin, Mary) 1797 Published " Caleb Williams," 1794 ; "St. Leon" 1799 " Life of Chaucer," 1803 ; " Fleetwood . 1805 " On Population " 1820 "History of the Commonwealth of England" 1824-28 " Thoughts on Man " . . . . 1831 " Lives of the Necromancers " . 1834 GCEBEN, August von, Prussian general ; b. 1833; distinguished in wars of l865 and 1870, especially before Metz ; defeated Faidlierbe at St. Quentin, 19 Jan. 1871. GOECKINGK, Leopold Friedrich Gunther von, German poet and statesman; b, 1748; pub- lished " Sinngedichte," 1772-8; "Lieder Zweier Liebendcn," 1777-9; ^^- '^ Feb. 1828. GOEPP, Jean Jacc[ues, French protcstant theo- logian, of Strasburg, founder of societies for mis- sions, circulating the Bible, and promoting Chris- tian morality; b. 6 April 1771 ; d. 21 June 1855. GOEREE, "Willeni, Dutch scholar and book- seller; b. II Dec. 1635 ; d. 3 May 171 1. GOEEGEI, or GoRGEi (.mi Geoegei), Arthur, Hungarian general and chemist ; 6. 5 Feb. 1818. Devoted to agriculture and chemistry till war of . 1848 J^mployed by Kossuth, .ind made general i Nov. ,, Opposed his policy of sejiarating from Austria, Jan. 1849 Said to have caused the defeat at Kapolna, 26-28 Feb. „ Took Couioni ... . . 21 M.iy ,, Defeated by the Russians, 15 July; surrendered his ai-my unconditionally to tlieni 13 --Vug. „ Published in Gennau "My Life and Works in Hungniy, 1848-49" . 1S52 GOEEEES, Johann Joseph, Gennan publicist and historian; b. 25 Jan. 1776; published in Ger- man "Universal Peace, an idea;" " Eed Leaf," 1798; "Europe and the lievolution," 1821 ; d. 27 Jan. 1848. G O E E T Z, Georg Henrik, baron, Swedish statesman and iinancier ; while endeavouring to make peace with Russia, tried and beheaded for suspected treason, 2 March 1719. G O E E T Z, Johann Eustach von, Prussian statesman; b. 5 April 1737; published "Memoire sur la Neutralite Armee," 1801 ; Memoir's printed, 1827; d. 7 Aug. 1821. GOES, Damiiio, Portuguese historian and di- plomatist; b. 1501 ; published " Commentarius Eerum gestarum in India," 1539 ; his " Chronica do Eey Dom Manuel," printed 1619 ; d. about 1573. GOES, Hugo, van der, Flemish painter; em- ployed by Charles the Bold, 1473; d. about 1480. GOES, 'Wilhem van der, Dutch critic; b. 1611; published " Pilatus Judex," 1677; d. 13 Oct. 1686. GOES CHEN, Johann Friedrich Ludwig, Gennan jurist; b. 16 Feb. 1778; published " Gaius, Institutionum Commentarii," 1S21 ; rf. 24 Sept. 1837. See Ghfichcn. GOllTHE, or GoTHE, Johann "Wolfgang von, Gennan poet, novelist, and philosopher; b. 28 Aug. 1749 ; d. 22 March 1832. "Went to Strasburg, and became friend of Herder, Wagner, and othens . . . 1769-71 Published " Gatz von Berlichingen " . . . 1773 Went to Weimar 7 Nov. 1775 Visited Italy 1736 First acquiuntauce witli Christiana Vulpius July 1788 Published " Iphigenia," 1787 ; " Egjuont," " Tor- quato Tasso," 1790; "Leiden des jmigen Wer- ther,'' " Wilhclm Meister " 1794' Fi'iendship vith Schiller 1794-1805 Published " BeitriiOT zur Optik," 1791-92; "Her- mann and Dorothea," 1797; "Faust," 1806 and 1831; "Farbenlehre" 1810 Jubilee at Weimar ... 7 Nov. 1825 GOETZE 225 GOMEZ GOETZE, Geoi'g Heiurich, German scholar, zealous Lutheran; J. ii Aug. 1667; d. 25 April 1728. GOETZE, Johann Jlelcliior, Gemian theolo- gian and bibliographer, terincd, from his severity, "Inquisitor of Hamburg;" b. i5 Oct. 1717; d. 19 May 1786. GOPP, or GOTJGH, Thomas, theologian and di-amatist; i. about 1592; d. July 1629. GOGOL, Nikolai, Russian writer; b. about 1808; published "Dead Souls" (a satire on the serfs of nobles existing only on paper), 1842 ; *' Let- ters," in favour of emancipation, 1847 ; d. 21 Feb. 1852. GOGUET, Antoine-tves, French jurist ; b. 18 Jan. 1716; published" Origiucs des Loisdes Arts," &c., 1758; d. 2 May 1758. " GOLDAST, de Heiminsfeld, Melchior, Swiss publicist and liistorian ; b. 6 Jan. 1576; published " Sueviearum Rcrum Scrij^tores," 1605 ; " Alamani- carum Rerum Scriptores," 1606; d. 11 Aug. 1635. GOLDING, Arthur, poet, secretary of Cecil, 1563; translated Ovid's Metamorphoses, 1565-75. GOLDONI, Carlo, Italian dramatist; b. 1707 ; d. 8 Jan. 1793. Deserteil his home and joineil -a troo], of comedians ; rettxnied : stiuUeil niedir-iiie under liis fatliev ; afterwanls civil hnv ; dlssnailed from entering the priestliood ; ukuIr doctor of law .it Padua . 1732 Bcg.an to write for tlie stage at Venice ; " Beli- sarius " pei'f()rmed .... 24 Nov. 1734 After seveml changes, went to Paris; "le Bourru Bienfai.sant" iiei'formed .' . . . 4 Nov. 1771 Publisheil liis "]\Unioires" (said byGiblionto be more comic th.an liis comedies) . . 1787 His pension sto}tiied by tlie convention, but re- stored, &c. . . 1792-3 GOLDSCHMIDT, see Aurifribcr. GOLDSCHMIDT, Hermann, Gemian painter and a.stronomer; b. 17 June 1802 ; exhibited the "Sibyl of Cumn2," 1845; "View of Rome," 1849, ifcc. ; began to stud}' astronomy from hearing a lecture by Le Verrier, 31 llareh 1S47 ; discovered the small planet " Lutetia," 15 Nov. 1852; ten other planets, 1S54-O1; d. 30 Aug. 1866. GOLDSCHMIDT (Jenny Lind). Jladame, singer; b. 21 Oct. 1821 ; liighly successful at Dres- den, &c., 1844-46; tirst appearance in London, 4 ifaj', 1847; married Otto Goldschniidt, 1S51 ; re- tired; reappeared for a short time, 1855-61-63-64; frequently to help charities. GOLDSMITH, Oliver, Iri>h poet and novelist ; b. 10 Nov. 1728; d. 4 April 1774. Patronised by Ids uncle ; studied at Trinity Col- lege, Dabhu ... . 1745-52 Studied medicine at Edinburgh . -1752 Went to Leydeu . . 1753 Travelled through Europe on foot; returned to England in peuniy ... . . 1755-56 Con-ector of the press to Kicliardson . . . 1756 Subsisted by his pen. writing for the Monthly and Critical Reviews, fcc, becnniins known lo Smol- lett and others . 1759, ct s^i. IntrorUiced to Dr. Johnson . 31 May 1761 Professor, R.A 1770 Published " Citizen of the World," 1762 ; " the Tra- veller," 1765 ; "Vicar of Widcetleld" (sold for fifty guineas, 1764), 1766 : " Good-natured Man," 1768 ; "Deserted Village," 1770; "She Stoops to Con- quer," 1773 ; " History of the Earth," ie. 1774 GOLDSTUCKER, Theodor, German orien- talist; b. 1821 ; pupil of Schlegel, Lassen, and Bumouf; a.ssisted Humboldt in " Cosmos ;" aliberal; came to England and assisted professor "Wilson, 1849 ; worked on Sanskrit dictionary ; part pub- lislied 1856-63 ; originated Sanskrit 'Text Society, 1866 ; d. 6 March 1872. GOLIATH of Gath, a Philistiae giant ; Idlled by David, about B.C. 1063. GOLIUS, Jacobus, Dutch orientalist ; i. 1596 ; accompanied an embas.sy to Morocco to study Ara- bic, aud acquired precious MSS., 1622 ; afterwards visited SiTia ; translated the New Testament into vulgar Arabic and Greek, 1638; published " Le.xi- con Arabico-Latinum," 1653; d.) 28 Sept. 1667. Peter, brother ; became a Romanist missionaiy ; translated the "Imitation of Jesus Christ" into Arabic, 1663 ; d. about 1673. GOLOVIN", Ivan, Russian author ; b. about 1S13; naturalised in Englaud, 1843; published "Pierre le Grand," 1844; the "Caucasus," 1853, &c. GOLOVIN", Michael, Russian mathematician and scholar; d. 1790. GOLOVNIN, Yasili, Russian na^-igator; sailed to explore the North Pacific, 1809 ; imprisoned in Japan, and while there compiled a Russian gram- mar, &e., for the .Japanese, 1811-13 ; published his adventures (in Gemian), i8l6; sailed on a new mission, 1817 ; returned, 1819 ; published liis second vo5-age, 1822 ;/!. 15 Nov. 1831. GOLTZ, Bogumil, Polish moralist, &c. ; b. 1801 ; published " Buch der Kindheit," 1847; " Deutsche Entartung;" "Menscheudasein," 1850; "Ein Jugendleben," 1852, &c. ; d. Nov. 1870. GOLTZ, Robert Heiui-ich Ludwig von der, count, Prussian diplomatist; b. 6 June 1817 ; am- bassador to Paris, 1863-69 ; d. 24 June 1869. GOLTZIITS, Hubert, Belgian painter numismatist; b. 30 Oct. 1526; published " Ici Imperatorura," 1557 ; d. 24 March 1583. GOMAE, Goniarus, Fran;! de, Flemish pro- testant theologian; b. 30 Jiui. 1563; studied at Oxford about 1583 ; professor of theology at Lcy- den, and there opposed the doctrines of Anninius, 1594, e<«m.; retired to Middleburg, 161 r; contri- buted to the condemnation of Arniinianism at the council of Dort, 1618; d. II Jan. 1641. GOMBAPlT. Jean Ogier de, French poet; b. about 1570; published " Eudyniion," 1624 ; "Poe- sies," 1646; " E^jigrammes," 1657; rf. in poverty, 1666. GOMBEEVILLE, Marin le Roy de, French novelist and academician ; i. 1600; made a crusade against certain words ("ear," tfcc.), omitting them ill liis works ; published " Discours des Vertus et des Vices de I'Histoire," 1620; "Caritie," 1622; "Pol- exandre," 1532; "Doctrine des Mceurs," 1646; d. 14 June 1674. GOMEESAL, rev. Robert, poet; b. 1600; pubUshed " Levite's Revenge," 1628, &c. ; d. 1646. GOMEZ DE ClUDAD EE.4L, Alvare!^, Spanish Latin ]ioct and theologian ; b. 1488 ; pub- lished " Thalicliristia," a heroic poem, 1522; " Musa Paulina," 1529; " Proverbia Salomonis," 1548, &c. ; d. 14 Jul}- 1538. GOMEZ, Madeleine AngeliquePoisson,madame de, French novelist; b. 22 Nov. 1684; 'wi'ote " Journees Amusantes," 1723-8; &e. ; d. 28 Dec. 1770. GOMEZ, Sebastiano, " the muleteer " of Mu- rillo, Spanish painter ; d. about 1690. and ones GOMM 226 GOODALL GOMM, sir William Miiynard, general; b. I78<|; entered army, 1798; serred in Holland, Peninsula, &c., and 'Waterloo under Picton, 18 •Time 1815; governor of Mauritius, 1843; com- mander-in-cliief in India, 18^0-5 ; field-marshal, I Jan. 1868 ; constable of tlie Tower, 1872 ; d. 15 March 1875. GGNATAS, see Antirjomis. _GPN'CALVEZ, Joaquim Alfonso, Portuguese missionary and Chinese scholar; h. 1780; arrived at Macao, 28 June 1814; published for the Chinese, "Grammatica Latina," 1828; "Arte China," 1829; • "Diccionaiio Portuguez-China," 1S31 ; d. 3 Oct. 1841. GONDEBATJD, fornth king of Burgundy; took anns against his brother Cliilperic, defeated and killed him, about 477 ; after destroying his family, became Icing, 491 ; unwillingly gave his niece, Clotilda, in marriage to Clevis, 493 ; defeated in war ; made peace with Clevis, 500 ; promulgated the Burgundian code, " Loi Gombette," 29 March 502; d. si6orsi7. GONDEMAE, king of the Visigoths in Spain, ronvoked a council to settle ecclesiastical disputes 610; d. 612. GONDI, Pierre de, French cardinal, brother of the marechal de lletz ; h. 153^; mediated between the pope and Henry IV., whom he reconciled to the cuurch of Rome ; bishop of Langres, 1565 ; of Palis, 1570; cardinal, 1587 ; d. 17 Feb. 1616. GONDI DE RetZ, see jRct:. GONDEIN, Louis Autoine de Pardillan dc, due d'Antin, son of the marquis and madame de Montespan (mistress of Louis XIV.) ; adroit French courtier; h. 1665 ; d. 2 Dec. 1736. GONGOZA Y AeqOTE, Luis, Spanish poet ; 7i. II July 1561 ; his "Obras" published 1636-46, the affected style of which gave rise to the terms " Gongorisme," and " Cultorisme ; " d. 23 May 1627. GONSALVO, see Gonzaho. GONTHIEE, Johann, Gennan Hellenist and physician ; b. 1487 ; settled at Palis as physician to Francis I. ; becoming a Protestant, compelled to retire to Metz and Strasburg; published "fcij-ntaxis Gra^ca," 1527 ; d. 4 Oct. 1574. GONTEAN", son of Clotaire I. ; b. about 525 ; became king of Burgundy at his death, c6l ; de- feated his brother Sigebert, and seized Avignon, 566 ; maintained the 6ombette law, and introduced lionian institutions ; made frequent wars with his brothers Sigebert and Chilpeiic ; committed mauj- murders ; excommunicated by St. Germain for his many concubines ; d. 28 March 593. GONTEAN-BOZON, a powerful, turbulent French noble, general of Sigebert, king of Metz ; put to death by Gontran of Burgundy, 587. GONZAGA, di, captains, marquises, and dukes of Mantua : Lnci, captain; I3. -l-zS-j ; obtiined chief power in M.antua, 1328 .... rf. 18 Jan. 1360 GriDO, sou ; h. lagi ; c.^ptain, 1360 d. 1369 Luioi, son ; c.apt:iiu, 1369 il. 13S2 Francesco, Vjrother; b. 1363: captain, 1382; d. JIarch 1407 Giovanni Francesco, son ; h. 1394 ; c,a]itain . . „ Successful waiTior ; created marquis by tlie em- peror Sigismuud, 22 Sept. 1433 d. 23 Scjit. 1444 LuiGl, " il Turco," son ; &. 5 June 1414 ; succeeded, 1444 : embeliislied Mautua , d. 12 June 1478 Federico, son ; b. 1439 . Giovanni Feancesco, son ; warrior (?. 15 .July 1484 h. 10 Au^. 1466 d. 29 jrarcli 1519 Fedkrico, son; warrior: h. 17 31iiy, 1500; ci-eated fhdoC by Cliarles V., with tlic iirineipality of .Mont- ferrat, 1536 ci. 28 June 1540 Francesco, son; b. 10 Mnrcli 1533 d. 21 Feb. 1550 GufiLiELMO, biotlier ; h. 1536: siiilfully suiipressed a conspiracy at Casal, 1567 . d. 14 Aug. 1587 ViNCENzo, son ; &. 21 Sept. 1562 . iK 18 Feb. 1612 Francesco, son ; h. 7 May 1586 . d. 22 Dec. ,, Ferdtnando, brotlier ; h. 24 Miiy 1587 d. 29 Oct. 1626 ViNCENZo, Ijrotber ; h. 7 Jan. 1594 d. 26 Dec. 1627 Carlo, cousin, son of tlie duke of Nevers ; after a severe war (iu wliich Mantua was cajitured and despoiled by the Gennaiis), invested with the duchy, 22 June 1631 . . . d. 22 Sept. 1637 Carlo, gi'.andson ; h. 31 Oct. 1629; srild his Freneli possessions to rardiii.il Mazarine, 1659 ; d. 14 Aug. 1665 Ferdinakdo Carlo, son ; Ji. 31 Aug. 1652 : fouglit for the eni]ieror a,g;iiiist the Turks iu Hungary, 1687 : .ioined Louis XIV., and rfceived a Freuell garrison into Mantua, 1701; liis states invaded l)y tlie Geniians, 1706: fled to Fi'aui-e ; jiut to the ban of the empire ; (/. (suspected by poison) 5 July 1708 GONZAGA, Scipione, Italian cardinal, fiiend of Tas'.o, and patron of letters ; b. 21 Nov. 1542; d. II Jan. 1593. GONZAGA, Tomaso Antonio, "Dirceo," Portuguese poet ; b. i'j^'J \ a magistrate in Brazil, 1 768 ; accused of participating in a conspiracy ; banished to Jlozambique for ten years, 10 Sept. ; wrote "Marilia do Direco," printed 1845 ; d. there, soon after 1793. GONZAGA, Vcspasiano, duea di Sabbionetta, Italian warrior; b. 1531 ; entered Spanish service, d. 13 March 1591. GONZALES, Bartolomeo, Spanish painter; b. 1564; d. 1627. GONZALES, or GOK'Z.'VLO, de Berceo, Spanish poet ; ft. 13th century. GONZALES, Tirso, Spanish theologian; general of the Jesuits about 1685 ; attacked " pro- babilism;" published " De Infallibilitate Eoniani Pontiticio," 1689; d. 24 Oct. 1705. GONZALVO DE COEDOVA (Goncjalo Her- nand y Agnilar), duque de TciTe Nueva, prince of Venosse, "the great cajitaiii," Spanish general; b. 16 March 1443; d. 2 L)eo. 1515. SeiTed Ferdinand tlie ciitliolic again.st the Moors, ending witli the cajiture of Granada . . . 1492 Lieut. -gen. of Calabria, March ; invaded it, 5 July; took Tarento Aug, 1501 Defeated the French at Scmin.ira, 21 April ; at Cerignola, 28 April ; at the Garigliano, 6 Nov. — 29 Dec. 1503 Captured Gaeta, gaining the whole of Naples : ni.ide viceroy of Naples (but soon after disgi'aeed by FerdiiiondJ . i Jan. 1504 GOOCH, sii- Daniel, civil engineer; b. 1S16; knighted for c.Nertions in laving Atlantic telegraph, 1866. GOOD, John Masou, m.d., philosopher ; b. 25 May 1 764 ; published translations of Lucretius, 1805-7; of the Song of Solomon, 1800; of Job, 1812; of the Proverbs, 182 1 ; "Book of Nature," 1826 ; d. 2 Jan. 1827. GOODALL, Edward, line engi-avor (engraved many of Turner's works); b. Sept. 1795; d. II April 1870. GOODALL, Frederick, son, painter; h. 17 Sept. 1822; A ii.A. 1852; K.A. 1863; exhibited the " Village Festival," 1847; "The Last Load," 1852; "The Swing," 1852; "Hagar and Ishmael," " Iliiehel," &o., 1875; "Intruder on Bedouin Pas- ture," 1876. GOODALL 227 GORI GOODALL. 'Wiiltei-, Scotch, arohosologist, Jaco- bite; b. 1706; d. 28 July 1766. GOODB, William, clean of Ripou ; J). 10 Nov. rSoi ; published " Divine Rule of Faith and Prac- tdce," 1841 ; dean i860 ; d. 13 Aug. 1868. GOODMAN, Godfrey, bishop of Gloucester; } . 1583 ; consecrated, 1625 ; suspended, and soon aiter became a Romanist, 1639 ; d. ig Jan. 1655 ; his "History of his own Times," printed 1839. GOODRICH, Samuel GriswoUl, wrote many T^'orks for the young under the name of " Peter Parley " ; h. 19 Aug. 1793 ; d. 9 May i860. GOODRICH, Thomas, reformer, bishop of Ely, 1534; employed in the revision of the trans- lation of the New Testament, 1540; lord keeper, 1551 ; chancellor, 1552 ; supported Lady Jane Grey; deprived, 1553; d. 10 May 1554. GOODSIR, John, Scotch anatomist; I. 1814; d. 6 March 1867; "Anatomical Memoirs" appeared 1868. GOODWIN, Chai-les Wycliffe, barrister; h. J817; edited "Copyhold Enfranchisement and Succession Duty Acts," wrote on "Hieratic Papyri," in " Cambridge Essays," 1858 ; " ilosaic Cosmo- gony," in "Essays and Eeriews," i860. GOODWIN, Han-ey, bishop of Carlisle; J. 18 18; dean of Ely, 1858; consecrated, Jan. 1870; j)ublished "Mechanics," 1851-61 ; " Hulsean Lec- tures," 1855-6; " Life of Bishop Mackenzie," 1864; " I'niversity Sermons," 1876. GOODWIN, John, Arminiau minister; I. 1593 ; published (in favour of the condemnation of €liarles I.) "Obstructors of Justice," 1649; also " Eight and Might Well Met," 1648; "fiedemp- tion Eedeemed," 1651 ; d. 1665. GOODAVIN, Thomas, Calvinist Independent Minister; h. 1600 '; made president of Magdden <;ollege by Cromwell ; with him at his death ; d. 23 Feb. 1679. GOODYEAR, Charles, American mechanic ; h. about 1800 ; invented vulcanised ludia rubber, 1839 ; patented many applications, 1849, et seq. ; d. 7 July i860. GOOGE, Barnaby, poet and ti-anslator ; h. about 1538; published triuislation of part of " Palin- genius's Zodyake of Lyfe," 1560; "Egtogs, Epitaphes, and Sonncttes," 1563. GOOL, Jan van, Eutch painter; b. 1685; pub- lished (in Dutch) "New Theatre of Dutch Pain- ters," 1750-51; d. 1763. GORDIANUS I.— III., Marcus Autonius, Roman emperors : 1. Africanus, h. 157 ; made emperor ,at the murder of :Maximinus, 238 ; killed in battle with Capel- lianus, a rebel April 238 2. &- 192 ; son : killed with his fnther . Ajiril „ 3. ''. 226 : iiroclaimed, July 238 : made war on Persia ; slain by Philip the Arabian, his colleague March 244 GORDON, see Simfly. GORDON, Alexander, Scotch historian and antiquary ; published " History of Ancient Amphi- theatres," (from Maflei), 1730; " Itinerarium Sep- •tentrionale," 1726; d. about 1750. GOR,D0N, Andrew, Scotch Benedictine physi- cist; 1). 12 July 1712; first used a cylinder in the electric machine about 1 742 ; published "Phaenomena Electricitatis," 1744; d. 22 Aug. GORDON, Bernard de, French physician; WTote "LiUum Mediciuas," July 1305; d. about 1320. GORDON, lieut.-col. Charles George, n.E. served in Crimean war, Dec. 1854 — M.ay 1856 settled Russian and Turkish bouudaiy, 1856 , served in Chinese war, i85o ; entered the Chinese service, 1863; and greatly helped to suppress the Tae-ping rebellion, 1863-4; vice-consul of the delta of the Danube, 1871-3 ; went to Africa as governor of the provinces of equatorial lakes ; un- dertook an expedition, 1873. GORDON, Edward Strathearn, lord Gordon, Scotch lawyer; b. 1814; sol. -gen. for Scotland, 1 866- 7 ; Id. -advocate, 1867-8; 1874-6; dc.an of faculty, 1867-74; nominated lord of appeals, 1876. , GORDON, lord George ; b. 19 Dec. 1750; by his violent speeches anc^ conduct led to the No- Popery riots, 2-g June 1780; acquitted of high treason at his trial, 5 Feb. 1781 ; professed Judaism, 1786; d. in prison for a libel upon the queen of France, i Nov. 1793. GORDON, James Huntley, Scotch Jesuit; b. 1543 ; published " Coutroversiarura Christianoe Fidei Epitome," 1612-20; d. i5 April 1620. GORDON, sir John "Watson, R..i., Scotch por- trait painter ; i. 1790; elected president of Royal .Scottish Academy, 1850; painted portraits of "Walter Scott, Dr. Chalmers, &c. ; d. I June 1864. GORDON, Lucie Duff, lady, daughter of John and Sarah Austin; b. 24 Jane 1821 ; manied sir Alexander C. Duff-Gordon, 16 May 1840 ; published tr.anslation of " Amber AVitch," 1844; and "Let- ters from Egypt," 1865 ; d. at Cairo, 13 July 1869. GORDON, Patrick, Russian general; b. 31 March 1635 ; friend and adviser of Peter the Great of Russia; d. 9 Dec. 1699. GORDON, Thomas, republican writer; b. about 1684 ; employed by sir R. "Walpole ; transla- tion of "Tacitus," published 1728-31; " PUlars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy shaken, ' 1 750; d. 28 July 1750. GORDON, "William, theologian and historian ; b. 1729; went to America, 1772; zealously sup- ported the colonists ; published " History of Inde- pendence of United Slates," 1788 ;(?. 19 Oct. 1807. GORDON, "William, m.d., pliilanthropist ; *. 1801 ; d. 1849. GORE, Airs. Catherine Grace Frances, fashion- able novelist ; /). 1799; m.arried C.apt. Gore, 1823; published "Theresa Marchraont" about 1823; "Mothers and Daughters," 1831 ; d. 29 Jan. 1861. GORE, Thomas, heraldic writer ; I. 1631 ; d. 1684. GOEGEI, sec Goargei. GORGIAS, of Leontiui, Sicilj", Greek sophist /. about E.G. 485-3S0. GORHAM, rev. George Cornelius, presented to vicarage of Brampford Speke, 1847: refused institu- tion for heresy by Dr. Pliillpotts, bishop of Exeter, 1848-9; sentence reversed by privy council, 8 March 1850 ; after much resistauce, instituted by sir H. J. Fust, 7 Aug. 1850 ; d. June 1857. GORI, Antonio Francesco, Italian areha?ologist ; J.gDec. 1691; published "Inscriptiones Antiquae," 1726-44; " Museum Florentinum," 1731-43; d. zi Jan. 1757. Q 2 GOEINa 228 GOUJON GORING, C. 1!., M.n. ; b. iibout 1792 ; with Andrew Pi'ichard improved microscopes, 1824-40; d. 6 March 1840. GOELJEUS, Abraham de Goorle, Flemish an- tiquary ; b. 1549; published " Dactyotbeia sen Annulloi-um Sigillorumque Promptuarium," 1601 ; d. 1609. GOB.M, or GOEMO, the Old, king of Denmark about 883 ; d, about 941. GOE.SAS, jVntolne Joseph, French revolution- ist; b. 21 Sept. 1751; edited the " Courrier de Versailles," 1789; attacked JIarat, Daiiton, and Eobcspierre; his printing office, &e., destroyed, 8 Mai-ch 1793; executed, 7 Oct. 1793. GOETEZ, Jan van, Dutch physician ; h. 1688 ; 1731-37 published " Compendium Medicina;, II Sept. 1762. GOETSCHAKOV, Eussian family : Peter, geueral and statesman : ly. 1789 ; lirother of Mikhail; served In war of 1812-14; governor of West Biberin, 1836-50 ; at the battle of the Alma, 20 Sept. 1854 ; retired, 1855 . ''■ 18 Jlareh JIiKHAiL, jirhice, general; h. 1795; goveniur iif Poland, 1846, and 1856; attended ■\Vellingtc,n's funeral in London, 18 Nov. 1852; appohUed to conmiandtlie army in the Crimea, 1853 ; defeated at Silistna, Jmie 1854 ; ably defended Seliastuiiol, Mav to Sept. 1S55 . . . . ('. 3° Mai" Alexander, eonsin of preeedinj;, dijiloniatist ; h. 16 July, 1798 ; seeretiu-y in Liindini, Vlmence, Vienna, 1824, ci seq. ; aniliassadnr .at Stuttyardt, 1841; at Vienna, July 1854-6 ; foreign nnnister, 29 April 1856, d snq. GOSCHEN", George Joachim, statesman; b. 1831 ; published "Theory of Foreign Exchanges," 1864; vice-president of board of trade, Nov. 1865 — Jan. 1866; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, Jan.— July 1866 ; president of the poor-law board, 9 Dee. 1868— Ifarch 1871 ; first lord of admiralty, March 1871— Feb. 1874 ! ^t '^'""'° "^'^ behalf of tlie Khedive's creditors, 14 Oct. 1876. GOSELINI, Giuliano, Italian historian and poet; b. 12 JIareh 1525; published "Rime," 1572; d. 13 Feb. 1587. GOSLIGKI, Laurence, Polish orator; b. 1535; irablished " De Optimo Scnatore," 15G8 ; d. 1607. GOSS, sir John, musician; b. 1800 ; organist of St. Paul's, London, 1838-72; knighted for his an- them on the Prince of "Wales's recovery, perfomied 27 Feb. 1872. GOSSE, Philip Ilcni-y, p. R.s.. naturalist; b. 6 April 1810; published "Canadian Naturalist," 1840; " Birds of Jamaica," 1845; "Aquarium," 1854 ; " Omphalos ; an attempt tn untie the Geo- logical Knot," 1857 GOSSEC, Framjois Joseph, Belgian musician; b. 17 Jan. 1733; published "Symphonies," 1754; and much church music ; d. 16 Feb. 1829. GOSSELIN, Pascal Francois Joseph, French geographer; li. 6 Dee. 1751 ; published " Geo- graphie des Grecs analysce,' 1790 ; d. 7 Feb. 1830. GOSSON, Stephen, dramatist, eontrover.sial writer; b. 1554; published " Schoole of Abuse," 1579; d. 13 Feb. 1O23. GOTHE, see GwtJie. GOTHEE, John, controversial ivritcr ; became a Eomish priest ; published " Papist Misrepre- sented," 1665; " Nubes Testium," 1686; d. 1704. GGTTFEIED von Strassbnrg, German minne- singer; wrote "Freidanks Bescheidenheit," 1229; " Tristan und Isolde," about 1204. GOTTI, Yinccnzo Luigi, Italian c. rlinal; b. 5 Sept. 1644; published " Vera Chiesa di JesuCristo," 1719; "Veritas Eeligionis Christiana;," 1735-40; d. 18 Sept. 1742. GOTTIGNIES, Gilles Francois, Belgian ma- thematician ; 4. 1630; made discoveries in Jupiter and Mars; published " Logistica Universalis," 1687 ; d. 6 April 1689. GOTTLEBEE, Johann Christoph, Gennan critic; b. 1733; d. i May 1785. G0TT8CHALCK, Gennan heretic ; b. about 808; maintained absolute predestination against Hincmar, John Scot, Erigena, and others, 853, ot soq.; d. 30 Oct. 867. GOTTSCHED, Johann Christoph, German poet and literary reformer, i. 2. Feb. 1700; issued a manifesto against corrupted taste in his edition of Pictsch, 1725; d. 12 Dee. 1766. His wife, Louisa Aldegonde \ ietoria ; b. (Kulmus), 1713 ; married, 1735; her Letters, published, 1771-2 ; rf. 26 June 17G2. GOUAN, Antoine, French botanist ; b. 15 Dec. 1733 ; published "Ilortus Monsplicnsis," 1762; cZ. I Dec. 1821. GOUBELIN, or GUDELIX, Pierre, Belgian jurist; i. 8 Aug. 1558; published " CoramentailL de Jure Novissimi," 1620; d. 18 Oct. 1619. GOUDIMEL, Claude, French musical com- poser; b. about 1510; at Eome taught Palestrina, about 1540; became a protestunt, and pei-ished in the massacre at Lyons, 29 Aug. 1572. GOTjFEE, Annand, French song and vaudeville writer; b. 22 March 1775; d. 19 Oct. 1845. GOUFPIEE, sec Choiseid-Goiifficr. GOUGE, William, puritan theologian; b. 1575; published "AVliolc Armour of God," 1627; bis " Commentaries on the Hebrews," published, 1C155; d. 12 Dee. 1G53. GOUGE, Thomas, son; b. 19 Sept. 1605; deprived, 16^2; devoted himself to propagating religion in AVales by preaching and ti-anslations ; d. 29 Oct. 168:. GOUGES, Marie Olympe dc, French dramatist and political writer, alleged daughter of Louis XV.; b. 1755 ' ^^ ^'^' supported the revolution ; afterwards defended the king ; executed, 4 Nov. 1793- GOUGH, Hugh Gough, viscount; b. 3 Kov. 1779; served at the Cape, 179S; in the peninsular war, i8og; in China, 1841; in India, 1843; defeated the Mahfattas at Maharajpoor, 29 Dec. 1843 ; the Sikhs at Jloodkec, 18 Dec. 1845; at Ferozefhah, 21 Dee. 1845; at Sobraon, 10 Feb. 1846; atChillian- wallah, 13 Jan. 1849; .at Goojerat, 21 Feb. 1849 ; field-marslial, Nov. 1862; d. 2 JIarcli 1869. GOUGH. John B., American temperance advo- cate; b. 22 Aug. 1817; travelled over North. America and Great Britain, lecturing, 1842-73 ; pub- lished " Autobiograjihy," 1846; " Orations,' 1854. GOUGH, Richard, antiquary and topogi-apher ; b, 21 Oct. 1735; published "Anecdotes of British Topography, 1768; "Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain," 1786-99; d. 20 Feb. 1809. GOUJET, Claude Pien-e, abbe, French scholar ; b. 19 Oct. 1697 ; published " Bibliotheque Fran- (;aise," 1740-56; " Mcnioire sur le College lloyale de France," 1758 ; d. 1 Feb. 1767. GOUJON, Jean, French sculptor ; b. about 1515 ; employed by Francis I.; massacred as a pro- testant at Paris, 24 Aug 1572. GOUJON 229 GOWRIE GOUJON, Jtan lliirie Claude, Fi-eiieh jioliti- cLau ; h. 13 April, 1766 ; iiiinister of the interior for a few (la3's, 5 April, 1 794 ; opposed the return of the Girondists, 8 llarch 1795 ; arrested with others of the mountain party ; condemned ; committed suicide, May 1795. GOULARD, Marc Thomas Eugene de, French statesman, J. 1808; minister of commerce, 6 Feh. 1872 ; of iinance, March ; active in paying the indemnities ; d. 4 June 1874. GOULARD, Thomas, French surgeon ; inven- tor of Goulard's water; published "Traite des Iffets des Preparations de Plomb," 1760; d. after 1784. GOULART, Simon, French protestant theolo- gian ; h. 20 Oct. 1543 ; studied law ; embraced pro- testantism about 1565 ; retired to Geneva, March 1566; niiide a pastor, 1571 ; preached boldly; at- tacked Henry IV. for his incontinence ; supported the people in then dem.ind for civil reform ; presi- dent of the eomuany of pastors, Jan. 1607 — Dec. 1612 ; iL 3 Feb. i628. GOULBURN, Edward, d.d.; b. 1818; master of Eugby school, 1850-8 ; Bampton lecturer, 1850 ; clean of Norwich, 1866; published "Doctrine of the Kesurrection of the Body," 1851 ; " The Idle "World," 185s; "Pursuit of Holiness," 1869; Holy Catholic Church," 1873. GOULBURN", Henry, statesman; li. 19 March 1784; chief secretary for Ireland, Dee. 1821 — April J 827 ; chancellor of the exchequer, Jan. 1828 — iNov. 1830 ; home secretary, Dec. 1834 — April 1835 ; chancellor of the e.'icheciuer, Sept. 1S41— July 1846; d. 12 Jan. 1856. GOULD, see Baring Gould. GOULD, Benjamin .Vpthorpe, American nstro- nonier; //. 27 Sept. 1824; director of Dudley ohaer- vatory, Xcw York, 1856-9 ; organised observatory nt Cordova, Argentine Ilepublic, 1868 ; completed maps of stars visible to naked eye (83,000), Apiil 1874. GOULD, John, naturalist ; h. 14 Sept. 1804 ; published " Century of Hirds from the Himalaya JVIountains, 1S31-32 ; "Birds of Europe," 1832-37; " Trogoimbe," 1835-38, and 1858; "Birds of Aus- tralia," 1842-69 ; " ilammals of Australia," 1845 ; " TrochilidiT, or Humming Birds," 1849-61; " Birds of Great Britain," 1862 ; " Birds of Asia," 1850, ei svq.; " Birds of New Guinea," 1875, cl seq. GOULIN, Jean, French physician; i. 10 Feb. 1728; published " Antiquites Romaiues," 1765; " Medecine des Dames," 1771 ; d. 30 April I799. GOULSTON, GOULSOIT, or GulSOX, Theo- dore, physician ; b. about 1576; wrote comments on Galen (published, 1640) ; founded Gulstonian Lec- ture at the College of Physicians ; d. 4 May 1632. GOULU, Jean, French scholar ; general of the Feuillants ; b. 25 Aug. 1576 ; published " Lettres de Phyllarque a Ariste " (against Balzac) 1627 ; d. 5 Jan. 1629. GOUNOD, Charles, French musical composer ; i. 17 June 1818; wrote "Sappho," 1850; "La Noune Sanglante," 1854; "Faust," i859;"Eeine de Saba," 1862; "Borneo et Juliette," 1867. GOURDAN, Simon, "French theologian ; h. 24 March 1646; became a rigid trappist, 1673; pub- lished " Sacrifice de Foi et.d'Amoiu- au Saint SacrC' ment," 1714; d. 10 May 1729. GOURGAUD, Gasp.ard, baron ; French gene- ral; b. 14 Sept. 1783 ; d. 25 July 1852. Fought ill the. wars of the empire . . 1804-15 Chosen by Napoleou as his conipiiniou at St. Helena ... . . 1815 Returned to France .... 20 March 1821 Witll Muntholon jtuhlished " Jleinoires dc Nax30- ieon " 1823 His rejily til Segiu-'s " Histoire de la Grande Arniee" led to a duel ; Segiir wounded . 1825 Coiitrnvci'sy with sir Walter Scott . 1827 GOURGUES, Dominique de, French naval hero; 4. about 1530; d. 1593. Sailed to revenge the murdered French Protestants in Florida, 22 Aug. 1567 ; defeated the Spaniards, and hanged his prisoners, April 1568 ; returned, 6 June 1568 ; proscrihcd : offered a command by fiueen Elizabeth of England ; d. on his way to London . . 1593 GOURMELIN, Etienne, French surgeon; published " Synopsis Chirurgiie," 1566 ; d. 12 Aug. 1593- GOURMONT, GiUes de, French printer; b. about 1480; iirst to employ Greek and Hebrew types at Paris ; d. after 1533. GOURNAT, Marie le Jars de, French poet; " the tenth muse ; " b. 1566; friend of Montaigne and Ilichelieu ; d. 13 July 1645. GOURVILLE, Jean HeraiUt, sieur de, French financier and diplomatist; b. 11 July 1625; em- ployed byMazai-iue; his " Memoii-es " published, 1724; f/. 1703. GOUSSET (GtrssETIUS), Jacques, French protestant theologian and Hebraist ; b. 7 Oct. 1635 ; published "Coin mentaiii Linguoe Ebraicce," 1702; d. 4 Nov. 1704. GOUSSET, Thomas Marie Joseph, French cardinal; b. i May 1792; bishop of Pcrigueux, 1836; archbishop of lleims, 1840; cardinal, 1850; d. 23 Dec. 1866. GOUVEA, or GOVEA, Antonio, Portuguese jurist, philosopher, and poet ; 4. about 1505 ; lived principally in France ; d. 5 March 1566. GOU^'^EA, Antonio de, Portuguese historian ; became an Augustiuian monk, June 1591 ; a teacher at Goa, 1597 ; sailed as ambaissador to Persia, 15 Feb. 1602; his ti-avels pubUshed, 161 r; papal nuncio in Persia ; imprisoned there, 1613 ; captured by Barbary pirates, 1618; released, l520; d. 18 Aug. 1628. GOUVION S.UNT-CYB,, Laurent, marshal of France ; b. 13 April 1764 ; d. 17 JIarch 1830. Travelled in Italy, 1784; joined the Chasseurs, I Sept. 1794 Raiiidly promoted ; appointed commander of the Jinny ag.ainst Rome ; suppressed mutiny . . 1798 Served under Bon.apai-te . 1799, c£ sef?. Prisoner at Dresden . 11 Nov. 1813 Faithful to Louis XVIII March 1815 Minister of war . . July 1815, and Sept. 1817 Reorganized the army ; resigned . . . 1818 His " Meinoires " published . . . 1821-31 GOWER, John, poet; b. about 1320; -nTote " Speculum Meditantis ; " " Vo-x Clamantis ; " " Confessio Amantis;" d. about 1402. GOWRIE, Euthven, earls of: William, one of the assassins of David Kizzio, 9 March 1566 : executed for his share in the " raid of Ruthven " (12 Aug. 1582) 4 May 1584 John ('). about 1577) and Alexander, sons; de- rnyed James Vi. into their house at Perth, with the view of dethroning him ; both killed, and tlic plot frustrated 5 Aug. 1600 GOYEN 230 GKAMONT GOYEN, J£vn Joseph yan, Dutch landscape painter; b. 1596; d. 1656. GOZZI, brothers, Italian poets; Gaspaho, h. 1713 ; cl. 26 Dec. 1786. Caillo, b. 1722; (L April 1806. GOZZOLI, Benozzo, Florentiiae pninter; b, about 1408; d. about 1478. GBAAF, Eerier van, Dutch physician ; b. 30 July 1641 ; d. 17 Aug. 1673. GEAAT, Bernard, Dutch painter ; b. 1628; d. 4 Nov. 1709. GEABE, Johaiin Ernst, German theologian and critic; b. 10 July 1666; published "Spicilegium S. Patruni et Hujreticorum, Sccouli I. — III.," 1700; d. 14 Not. 1711. GBACCHUS, Koman plebeian family of the Sempronia geus : Tiberius Sempronilt«, general ag-iinst Hannibal, consul ; defeated the Cumpaiiians, B.C. 215 ; and Hanno, 214 ; taken pii^oner, and killed . . . 212 Tiberius Sempronius, father of the "Gracchi;" b. about 210 ; tribune of the people ; married daughter uf Sfipio Africauus, about 1S7; vic- torious in Simin ; subdued the Celtiberians, 179 ; the Sardinians, 178 ... . d. after 163 Tiberius Sempronius, h. about b.c. 164; served under his uncb-' S(;ipio, 149 ; as quijestor, bec-amo popular, and excitud the jeaUmsy of the patri- cians, 137; wliile tribtine, can-iud an agrarian law ; killed in a tumult by the influence of Scipio NiLsica ... .... 133 Caius Sempronius, his brother . h. b.c. 154 Served with the army in Spain . . . 132 Opposed the i)atricians, desiring to avenge his brother's murder ; became tribune ; renewed his agi'axiiin law, providing for the jioor . 123 Be-elected tribune ; liis colleague Drnsns trea- cherously proposed revohitionaiy measures 122 Proscribed, and, with 3000 of his friends, slain 121 GEADENIGO, Pietro, doge of Venice; b. a})outI249; waged misuceessful war with Genoa, 1293-99 ; perpetuated the dxical power in the ])rin- cipal families by iiiscribing them in his "Golden Book," 1296-1309; exeommunicated by the pope, 1309 ; put down the conspiraoy of Bocmond Tie- polo, and established the council of ten, June 1310 ; cl. 13 Aug. 1311. GEJEME, John, Scotch poet; b. 1748; ublished, 1716 ... d. 12 Jidy 1678 PniLlBERT, chevalier and comte de, brother, cour- tiei-; h. 1621 ; served in the wars nf Lous XIV. ; resided in England at the court of Charles II., 1662-1669: his "Memoirs" written by Anthony Hamilton d. 10 Jan. 1707 GEANADA 231 GEANT GEANADA, Luis de, Spanish Dominipau and preacher; b. 1505 ; wrote ''Guida de Pecadores," "Memorial de la Vida Christiana ;" d. 31 Dec. 1588. GEAKBY, John Manners, marquis of, general ; h. 2 Jan. 1721 ; served in Germany ; chiefly lielped to gain the victory at Minden, i Aug. 1759; com- mander in chief, 1766-70; d. 19 Oct. 1770. GEANDET, Joseph, French religious bio- grapher; b. 30 July 1646; d. I Dec. 1724. GEANDI, Ercole, Ferrarese painter ; b. 1491 ; d- 1531- GEANDI, Guide, Italian mathematician ; b. I Oct. 1671 ; published " Quadratura Civculi," ttc, 1703; " De Infinitis Infinitorum," 1710; d. 4 July 1742. GEANDIEE, Urbain, French priest ; accused of bcwitcliing a number of nuns at Louduu ; strangled and burnt, i8 Aug. 1634. GEANDIN, Martin, French theologian; h. 1604; his " Institutiones Theologica;," published, 1710-12 ; d. 16 Nov. i6gi. GEAjS'DPEE, Louis Marie Joseph Ohier, French navigator; b. 7 May 1761 ; published *' Voyage a la c6te occidentale d'Afrique, 1786-7," and ""Voj-ages daus I'lnde, 1789-90, 1801 ; d. 7 Jan. 1846. GEANDVILLE, Jean Ignace Isidore Gerard, sumaraed, French comic artist; A. 3 Sept. 1803; illustrated La Fontaine, Gulliver, llobinson Cr\isoe, &c. ; d. 17 March 1847. GEANET, Franijois, French critic and trans- lator; b. 1692; published " Ecllexions sur les Ouvrages de Litterature," 1736-40; d. 2 April 1741. GEAISTET, Frantjois Omer, French politician ; b. about 1755; became a violent republican; op- posed Eobcspien-e ; narrowly escaped, 1794; mayor of Marseilles under the empii'e, 1804-13; exiled, 1816; returned, Dec. 1818 ; d. 10 Dec. 1821. GEANET, Fran(;ois Marcus, French painter ; b. 17 Sept. 1775; painted " Le Chmur des Capu- cins," 1812; made conservator of his museum by Louis Philippe, 1830 ; d. 21 Kov. 1849. GEANGEE, rev. James, biographer ; b, about 1716; published "Biographical History of Eng- land," 1769; d. 15 April 1776. _ GEANIEE DE CassAGXAC, French poli- ticians : Bernard -\dolphe, legitimist journalist : h. 1808 ; connected witli "Journal des Debats" nu'l "la Presse : " — founded "leGlobc"and "rEpoque" 1842 Published "Histoire des Classes Ouvriej'es," 1837; "Histoire des Clas.ses Nobles," 1840; ' ' Histoire du Chute du roi Louis Philipi)e," 1857; went to Bmssels 1870 Paul de, son, Bouapartist ; 7). about 1841 : editor of the "Pays," 1866; violent writer: fought many duels ; desper.ate one with Gustiive Flou- rens, 1869 ; a volunteer in the war, 1870 ; aciiuit- ted on charge of seditious writing in " Le Pays," July 1874 ; dispute with Rnchcfort, who chal- lenged hlni, but decliued conditinus Aug. 1875 GEANT, sir Alexander, Scottish scholar ; b. 1826 ; examiner for Indian civil service, 1855 ; professor of history at Sladras, i860; director of public instruction, Bombay, 1865 ; principal of university, Edinburgh, 1868; published "Ethics of Aristotle," 1854 and 1874; "Xenophon" (an essay), 1876. GEANT, Mrs. Anne, of Laggan, Scottish poet, friend of Scott; b. (Mac.vicar) 21 Feb. 1755; pub- lished "Original Poems," 1803; "Essays on the Superstitions of the Highlands," 181 1 ; d. 7 Nor. 1838. GEANT, Scotch statesmen : Charles, &. 1746 ; went to India, 1767 ; advocated economy and opposed war, 1793, &c. d. 31 Oct. 1823 Charles, lord Glenelg, son h. in ludia, 26 Oct. 177S Chief secretary for Irehind . . . 1819-22 President of board uf trade Aug. 1827 — Jan. 1828 or boa] d of control Nov. 1830— Nov. li-}^ Created baron Glenelg . . May 183s Secretai'y for the colonies . April 1834 — Jan. 1839 d. 23 April 1866 GEANT, Edward, Greek scholar, master of "Westmmster school ; published " GriXJca^ LingujB Siiicilegium," 1575; rf. 4Aug. 1601. GEANT, Francis, lord CuUen, Scotch judge ; b. about 1660 ; published " Loyalist's lieasons," 1689; d. i6 March 1726. GEANT, sir Francis, Scotch portrait painter ; b. 1804; elected k.a., 1851 ; produced "Meet of H.M.'sStaghounds" (46 portraits), 1837; "Melton Hunt;" president of lloyal Academy, i Feb. 1866. GEANT, James, Scotch journalist; i. about 1806; published "Great Metropolis," 1836-37; "Random Recollections, Lords and Commons," 1836-8; " Metropolitan Pulpit," 1839, &c. ; editor of the Morning Adrcrtiser, 1850-70; published " Newspaper Press," 1S71-2. GEANT, sir James Hope, Scotch Indian gene- ral (brother of sir Francis) ; b. 1808 ; entered the army, 1826; served in the Punjaub, 1848-9 ; k.c.b. for services at Delhi, ifcc, 1858 ; commanded forces in Chinese war ending with capture of Pekiu, 12 Oct. i860; d. 7 March 1875. GEANT, James, Scotch historian and novelist ; h. I Aug. 1822 ; published " Memorials of Kirlialdy of Grange," 1849; "Memorials of Edinburgh Castle," 1850; " Bothwell," 1851 ; " Jane Seaton," 1853; &c., &c. GEANT, col. James Augustus, c.b., Scotch soldier ; b. 1827 ; served in India, 1845-57 ; with capt. Speke explored sources of the Nile, 1863-4 puhlished " Walk across Africa," 1864. GEANT, sir Patrick, lord Prestongrange, Scotch judge; b. 1698; d. 1762. GEANT, sir Patrick, Scotch soldier ; served in IntUa, 1819-67 ; goveraor of Malta, 1867-72 ; go- vernor of Chelsea hospital, 1874. GEANT, Robert, Scotch astronomer; b'. 1814 published " History of Physical Astronomy," 1852. GEANT, sir 'William, Scotch la^vyer ; b. 1755 ; solicitor-general, 1799; master of the roUs, May 1801— Dec. 1817 ; d. 25 May 1832. GEANT, Robert Edmoud, Scotch physiologist and zoologist ; b. 11 Nov. 1793; published " Out- lines of Comparative Anatomy;" professor at University College, London, June 1827 ; Fullerian professor at the Royal Institution, London, 1837- 41; printed 35 papers in Phil. Trans., 1825-39; be- queathed his property to University College, Lon- don ; d. 23 Aug. 1874. GEANT, Ulysses Simpson, American general h. 27 April 1822. Served in Mexican camp.aign . . 1845 Captured Vicksburg .... 4 July 1S63 Appointed lieutenant-general, and virtually coni- niauder-in-ehief (replacing Halleck) 12 March 186 Invested PctersblU'g, near Kicluauud . June „ GEANVELLB 232 GEAY Captured Riobmond .... 3 Apiil 1865 Created the tirst "general*' of the United Stfl,tes army ... 1866 Elected president of the vepuljlic ;; Nov. 1868 Inaugurated . . 4 March 1869 Re-elected Nov. 1872 Agitation for his 3rd election : which he was said to oppose ... . 1874 GEANTELLE, see Fcrniiot. GEANVILLB, see Carteret, Greenville. GEANTILLE, or Greenville, George, viscount Lansdowne, statesman, poet, and di-ama- tist; b. 1667; friend of Dryden, Pope, &o. ; his "British Enchantress" perfoi-med forty times, 1706; made war secretary, 1710; imprisoned in the to-wer for Jacobitism, Sept. 1715-17 ", fled to France to avoid imprisonment, 1722; returned and dedi- cated his "Works" to queen Caroline, 1732; "The Gallants," 1696; "Heroic Love," 1698; d. 30 Jan. 1735. GEANVILLE, earls : Leveson Gower, diplomatist . . Z). 12 Oct. 1773 Created viscount Granville, 15 Jixly 1815 : earl, 2 May 1833 Ambassador at St. Petersburg, 1804 ; at the Hague, 1824 ; at Paris . 1824-28, 1831, 1835 d. 8 Jan. 1846 George Leveson Gower, eon . . I>. 11 May 1815 Active commissioner for exhibitions of 1851, 1862. Foreign secretary 1851-52 Lord president of the council, Dec. 1852 — June 1854, Feb. 1855— Feb. 1858 ; Jniie 1859— June '^66 Councellor of duchy of Lancaster, June 1854— Feb. 1855 Secretary for colonies . . 9 Dec. 1868 Foreign secretary . . . 6 July 1870— Feb. 1874 Leader of liberal party . . Feb. ,, GEANVILLB, Augustus Bozzi, physician; b. 1783 ; successively republican student, player, and physician; patronised by "W". E. Hamilton, the diplomatist; settled in London as physician, and took his mother's name, Granville, 1813; studied science ; tifty years active member of Eoyal Institu- tion, F.R.s., &c. ; published " Spas of Germany," 1838-43; "Spas of England," 1841, &c. ; rf. 3 March 1872. GEASSE-TILLY, FranQois Joseph Paul, comte de Grasse, marquis de, French admiral ; b. 1723; frequently victorious; defeated by Kodney, and sent prisoner to England, 12 April 1782 ; d. 11 Jan. 1788. GEASSINI, Giuscppa, Italian singer; b. i-j-jy, made her dibut at the Scala at Milan, I7q4; re- tired, 1817 ; d. Jan. 1850. GEASWINKEL, Theodore, Dutch jurist; b. 1600; d. 12 Oct. 1666. GEATAEOLI, GugUclmo, Italian physician; b. 1516; published " De Memorii reparanda.,' 1553; d. 17 April 1568. _GEATBLLA, Filippo Scbastiano, called Basti- niano, Ferrarese painter ; b. 1540; ^^- 1602. GEATIAN, Italian canonist; wrote " Decre- tum Gratiani," probably between 1130 and 1150. GRATIANUS, Eoman emperor, son of Valen- tinian I. ; b. 19 April 359 ; made Augustus, 24 Aug. 367; emperor with his brother Yalentinian II., Nov. 375 ; defeated a great army of jUemanni, May 377 ; acquired the eastern empu-e by the death of Ms uncle Valens, killed by the Goths, Aug. 378; adopted Theodosius as colleague, 19 Jan. 379 ; killed by officers of the usurper Maximus, 25 Aug.383. GEATIANUS, usurped the purple in Britain ; killed by the soldiers four months after, 407. GEATIOLET, Louis Pierre, French physiolo- gist; 4. 6 July 1815; published able papers on the brain, 1854, et seq. ; d. 1(1 Feb. 1865. GEATIUS (Graes), Ortwinus, Geiman theolo- gian ; attacked by EeuchUn in the " Lite™ Obseu- rorum Virorum ; " published " Lamentationes Ob- scurorum Virorum," 15 18; d. 22 May 1541. GEATET, abbe, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, French theologian; b. 30 March 1805; helped re- construction of the Oratorians of the Immaculate Conception, 1852; published " de la Conjiaissance de Dieu," &c., &c., 1861 ; "Les Sources," 1861-2; " Jesus Christ : llcponse a M. P^enan," and "Les Sophistes," 1864; rf. 4 Feb. 1872. GEATTAN, Henry, Irish orator and states- man ; b. 3 July 1746 ; d. 14 May 1820. Entered Irish parliament . . . . 1775 Vigin-ously opposed the English rule, and de- manded the power of taxation for Ireland ; duel with Flood .... . . 1780 Advocated catholic emancipation . . . iTgt Opposed the rebellion . . ... 1798 Opposed the union . . 1799 " Speeches " published 1845 GEATTAN, Thomas CoUey, Irish novelist ; b. about 1795; published "Highways aud|Byways," 1823-27 ; " History of the Netherlands," 1S30 ; " Ileii-ess of Bruges," 1830 ; d. 4 July 1864. GEAUN, Carl Heinrich, German finger and composer; b. 1701 ; "Polydore," 1726; "Tod Jesu," "Te Deum," 1757 ; d. 8 Aug. 1759. GEAITW, Henrilc, Dutch painter; b. about 1627 ; d. 1681. GEAVELOT, Hubert Francjois Bourguignon, French artist and engraver; b. 26 Jlarch 1699; illustrated the works of Voltaire, Eacine, Mar- montel, &c. ; d. 20 April 1 773- GEAVEEOL, Fran(;ois, French jurist and antiquary; b. II Sept. 1636; as a protestant, cruelly persecuted, 1685-86 ; (/. 10 Sept. 1694. GEAVES, Charles, bishop of Limerick, mathe- matician ; b. 1812; dean of the chapel royal, Dublin, i860; dean of Clonfert, 1864; consecrated, 1866. GEAVES, John T., F.E.S., ban-ister and ma- thematician; b. 4 Dec. 1806; professor of juris- prudence University College, London, 1839 ; wrote many learned and elaborate papers ; d. 29 March 1870. GEAVES, rev. Eichard, novelist and poet; b. 4 May 1715 ; published " the Spiritual Quixote" (a satire on the methodists), 1773 ; d. 23 Nov. 1804. GEAVES, Eichard, dean of Ardagh ; b. i Oct. 17O3; dean, 1814; published "Lectures on the four last Books of the Pentateuch," 1807 ; d. 29 March 1829. GEAVES, Eobert, line engraver; h. 7 May 1798; A.E.A., 1836 ; engraved " Lord Byron," after Phillips, and "ilrs. Graham," and " Blue Boy," after Gainsborough ; d. 28 Feb. 1873. s'GEAVESANDE, Willem Jacob, Dutch phi- losopher ; b. 27 Sept. 1688 ; published " Physices Elementa Mathematica," 1720-21; invented the heUostat, 1719; d. 28 Feb. 1742. GEAVINA, Doraenico da, Neapolitan histo- rian; wrote " Storico del Eegno tli Napoli;" d. about 1350. GEAVINA, Giovanni Vincenzo, Italian scholar and jurist; 4.20 Jan. 1664 ; published " Origines Juris Civilis," 1701-13; d. 6 Jan. 1718. GEAY, Asa, American botanist; b. 18 Nov. 1810; published " Botany of Captain WUkes' Ex- ploring Expedition," 1857 ; &c. GEAY 233 GREENVILLE GEAY, David, Scotch poet ; b. 1838 ; went to loiidou; befriended by lord Houg-liton, May i860; wrote "the Luggie," &c., published, 1862; rf. 3 Dec. 1861. GEAT, George Uobert, ornithologist ; b. 8 July 1808; published "Genera of Birds," 1837-49; assistant-keeper of the zoological department, Britisli Museum, 1869 ; d. 5 May 1872. GEAY, Mrs. Hamilton, antiquary; }. about 1810; published "Tours to the Sepulchres of Itruria," 1839; "History of Etruria," 1843-4. GRAY, Jolm Edward, zoologist; b. 1800; ap- pointed keeper of the zoological department in the British -Museum, 1840 ; published " British Alga-," 186^; "Lizards of Australia," itc. ; " Starfishes in British Museum," 1867 ; &c. ; d. 7 March 1875. ■/' GEAY, llobert, bishop of Bristol ; J. 1 762 ; -^^ published " Key to the Old Testament," 1790 ; iwn- secrated, 1827 ; d. 28 Sept. 1834. GEAY, Eobert, bishop ; b. i8og ; vicar of Stockton-on-Tees, 1845 > ^'^^^ bishop of Cape Town, 1847 ; deposed Dr. Colenso, bishop of Natal, 1864 ; consecrated W. If. Macrorie, bishop of Maritzberg in his room, 25 Jan. 1869; d. i Sept. 1872. GEAY, Stephen, physicist ; b. about 1695 ; published his discoveries in electric conduction and induction, 1720-36; d. in the Charter House, London, 15 Feb. 1736. V GEAY, Thomas, lyric poet; b. 26 Dec. 1716; professor of modern history at Cambridge, 1768; wrote " Ode to Eton College ; " " Hymn to Adver- sity," 1742; ''Elegy in a Country Ch«rchyard," 1742-49; "the Bard," 1757; rf. 30 July 1771. GEAZIA, Leonardo, da Pistoia, Florentine painter ; Jl. early in l6th centuiy. GEAZIANI, Antonio Maria, Itnliau historian; b. 23 Oct. 1537 ; secretiiry to pope Sixtus V., 1584; made a bishop by Clement YIII., 1592 ; wrote " dc Bello Cyprio," published, 1624; "Theatrum His- toricum," 1680; d. 16 March ibii. GEAZZINL Antonio Francesco, " H Jjasca," It.alian poet; b. 22 March 1503; a founder of Ac- cademia della Crusca, about 1530; " Commedie," published, 1582; "Cena," "Sounetti," iScc, 1584; d. Feb. 1583. GEEATOEEX, Thomas, musician ; b. 5 Oct. 1758; published a memoir on the use of the baro- meter in measuring the height of mountains, i8l8 ; d. 18 July 1831. GREATEAKES, Valentine, Irish (lu.-ick ; b. 1628; asserted that he could heal the sick by toucb, 1665 ; authorised by Charles II. ; said to have performed many cures ; d. 1 700. GEEAVES, John, orientalist and mathema- tician; b. l602; travelled in the east, 1637; Savi- lian professor at Oxford, 1643 ; ejected, 1048; pub- lished "Pyramidographia," 1648; d. 8 Oct. 1652. GRECOUET. Jean Baptiste Joseph "^"illart de, licentious French poet; b. 1683 ; d. 2 April 1743. GEEELEY, Horace, American journalist; b. 3 Feb. 1811; began the "New York Tribune," 1841 ; published " Glances at Europe," " American conflict," ifec. ; unsuccessful candidate for presi- dency United States, 1872 ; d. 29 Nov. 1872. GEBEN, Benjamin R., water-colour pauiter ; b. about 1808 ; d. 'G Oct. 1876. GEEEN, or Gbeene, Edward Bamaby, poet ; b. about 1740; translated Anacreon, Apollouius £hodius, and Pindar; d. 1788. GREEN, Charles, aeronaut; b. about 1785; first ascent, ig Jul}' 1821 ; made above 600 ascents ; d. 26 March 1870. GREEN, George, mathematician ; b. 14 July 1793 ; ''•31 March 184 1. GREEN, John, bishop of Lincoln; b. 1706; consecrated, 1761 ; published "the Academic," 17SO; one of the authors of "Athenian Letters," published by the carl of Hardwick, 1798; d. 25 AprU 1779. GREEN, John Richard, (assumed name of Gifibrd), historian and critic; b. 1758; helped to establish the "British Critic," 1793; published " History of France," 1791-94 ; " History of French Revolution," 1794; "Life of William Pitt," 1809; d. 6 March 1818. GREEN, Joseph Henry, anatomist; b. about 1791; friend of Coleridge, 1817; his e.xecutor, 1S34; published "Vital Dynamics," 1840; "Men- tal Dynamics," 1847; his " Spiritual Philosophy," (based on Coleridge), published 1865 ; d. 13 Dec. 1863. GREEN, Matthew, poet, custom-house officer ; h. 1C96; published " the Spleen," 1737; d. ly^J. GREEN, Mrs. Mary Anne, historian ; b. (Eve- rett) 1818; published "Lives of the Princesses of Ens^laud," 1849-55 > married Mr. G. P. Green, an artist, 1845 ; edited " Calendars of State Papers," 1857, (fee; "Letters of queen Henrietta Jlaria," 1857 ; several volumes of Calendars of State Papers, 1857-75- GREEN, Richard, shipo\nier; d. i; Jan. 1863. GREEN, Tliomas, writer; b. 1 770; published " the Mictliodiau ; a poetical olio," 1798 ; d. 4 Jan. 1825. GEEEN, Valentine, mezzotint engraver ; b. 1739; A.u..\. 1775; published "History of AVor- cester," 1796; "Discovery of the Body of King John," 1797; d. 6 July 1813. GREENE, Maurice, Mus. D. ; b. 1696 ; d. i Sept. 1755. GREENE, or Green, Nathaniel, able Ame- rican general; b. 27 May 1742 ; d. 19 June 1786. GEEENE, Robert, comic poet and novelist ; b. about 1560; published "Orlando Furioso," "Look- ing-glass for London," " Friars B;icon and Bun- gaj-," 1594; &c. ; his " Eepentjmce," 1592; d. 5 Sept. 1592. GEEENE, Thomas, bishop of Norwich; b. 1658 ; published " Sacrament of the Lord's Supper Explained," 1710; "Four Last Things," 1734; d. 18 Jlay 1738. GEEENFIELD,"W-ilUam, orientalist; i. .about 1800; published "Comprehensive Bible," 1827; "Book of the New Covenant, translated from Greek into Hebrew," 1831; rf. 5 Nov. 1831. GEEENHILL, ■^'ilUam, rector of Stepney; puritan ; published " Exposition of Ezefciel," 1645- 62; d. about 1671. GEEENOUGH, George BeUas, geologist; b. 18 Jan. 1788; published " Geological JMap of Eng- land and Wales," 1819 ; d. 2 April 1855. GREENOUGH, Horatio, American sculptor; b. 6 Sept. 1805 ; produced colossal statue of Wash- ington, &c , for the capitol, 1843-51; d. 18 Dec. 1852. GREENVILLE, or GBAXVILLE.sir Richard, admiral ; b. 1540; accompanied Raleigh in his expe- GEEG 234 GEEGORY ditiou to Americ!i, and discovery of Virgiiiiii, April — Sept. 1584; rt'tumpd, and established a settle- ment, June— Aug. 1585; commanded against the Spanish annuda ; mortallj'- wounded in a battle with the Spanish fleet, 1591. His grandson, sir Beville, royalist otHcer ; b. 1596; killed at the battle of Lansdown, 5 July 1643. GEEG, William Batlibcne, essayist; i. 1809; commissioner of customs, 1S56 ; iniblished "Enig- mas of Life," 1872; "Creed of Christendom," 1875;; "Kocks Ahead," 1874; lectured at lioyal Institution on " Life at High Pressure,'' 1875. GEEGGIEE, Henil, French statesman; h. 4 Dec. 1750; member of the states-general, 1789; of the convention, 1792; bishop of Loire ot Cher, 1791 ; a founder of the Bureau des longitudes, and the institute, 1794-5; luosidcnt of legislative body, Jan. 1800; senator, Dec. 1804; excluded from the peers, and the institute, 1814-15; published "Ilis- toii-e des Scctcs," 1814; &c. ; d. 28 April 1831. GEEGOE, rev. 'William, mineralogist ; b. 1762; discovered titanium, 1791 ; d. 11 June 1817. GEEGOEAS NiCErnOEAS, Byzantine his- torian and orator; h. about 1295; suggested a re- fonn of the calendar resembling that of Gregory XIII.; d. about 1359. GEEGOEIUS E'Y.SSEXrs, St. Gregory of Nyssen, brother of Basil the Great ; h. about 332 : fnend of Gregory Nazien/en ; ordained bishop of Nyssa, 372 ; banished by the Arians, 375-8 ; wrote against them ; d. after 394. GEEGOEIUS (or Theodoras) Thauieatiie- GTJS (wonder-worlier) St.; converted by Urigen; ordained bishop of Neo-Ca}sarea, 250; made mauj" proselytes ; d. about 270. GEEGOEIUS a Sancto Yinccntio, Gennan Jesuit, mathematician; b. 1584; published "Theses de Cometis," 1619; d. 27 Jan. 1667. GEEGOEIUS, Greek ecclesiastics and writers : Of A<,Tige)itu7ii ; /). :il)Out524; wrote " Onitiniics de Fidei Bogiiiatilnis," Ac. . . iL 23 Nov. 564 Of Alex.andria ; made ])atriarcli by the Arians, 341: liersecuted Athaiia.sius and the ortliodox ; 1 Ic- XJOsed about . .... . 354 Of Aiitiocli ; .Tpponited iiatri.nreh about 570; ac- quitted of crimes alleged agaiust Inni, 589 . f'. 593 Of Armenia, St. ; iustruuiciital in converting tlie Anuenians ... . . (/. after 325 Of Cics.area : wi-nte a life of Gregoiy Nazianzcu about . . 940 GEEGOEIUS iN'iVZi-Os'ZEis-us, bishops^ of Naziauzus: 1. Fatlit!! of the siiiiit ; Id.sliop . 329-374 2. St.; oi-ator and poet; ascetic: h. nlioiit 329: studied at Athena ahout 350; ordniiicd pn^sby- ter, 361 ; made ctillenj^'ue hy liis father, 372 ; su]!- povted Ijy Theodnsiiis in his npjiositifin to the Arians, and made patriarch of Conatuntinople, 380 ; resiynud, 381 (/. 389 or 390 GEEGOEY I.-XVI. popes: 1. St., the gi'eat ; It. uhont =540 ; consecrated, 3 Sept. 590; proiint;:ited the faitli in Itnly ; sentAugustiu into Britain, 596 ; established the Gri'j,^orian rite for uniformity ... (/. 12 Alarcli 604 2. St. ; elected, May 715 ; held a council ayain.-.t iconoclasts, 731 ; sent Boniface to }ireach in Ger- many (/. Feb. 731 3. Elected, March 731 ; opposed the iconoclasts ; excoiiimnnicated tlie ein]iernr Leo the Isaurinn, and rendered himself independent, 732 ; d. 27 or 28 Nov. 741 4. Elected, "Dec. 827 ; sdid to have cstablifihed the feast of All Saints ; asserterl the ecelesia.stical to be above the civil X'ower d. Jan. S44 5. Brnuo elected, May 996; exi)elled by Crescen- tius ; restored by his iinele, the emperor Otho III (I. Feb. 999 6. Giovar.ni Graziano ; 7;. 972; elected, 1044 or 1045 ; compelled to abdicate by the emperor Henry III., 1046 .... d. about 1046 7. St. iiiidebrand ; h. about 1013 ; elected, 22 April 1073 ; convened a synod, and prohibited the ini- lieriul investitures ; deposed by the emperor Henry IV., 23 Jan. 1076 ; excommunicated liim, Feb. 1076; compelled him to do penance at Ca- utjssa, 25-27 Jan. 1077 ; ag.iiu exeomrtiuuicateil^ him, 7 March 1080; himself ilcposed by the em- peror, and Guibert elected as Clement III., June io3o ... d. 24 or 25 May 1085 8. Albeiio di Moi'a ; elected, 20 Oct. 1187; d. 16 or 17 Dec. 1187 9. Uoiolino di Conti di Segni ; h. ^about 1142 ; elected, 19 March 1227 ; opposed the emperor Fredern-k H. ; excommunicated him for hot yoinjj; on the crusade, and for nniking a disgiMie- ful jieace with the infidels, 1239; d. 20 or 21 Aug. 1241 10. Thilsaut Vi.sconti or Visdoniijji ; elected, i Sept. 1271 ; presideil at the council of Lyons for re- uniting the Greek and Latin churdies. May. — July 1274 . ...'/. 10 Jan, 1276 11. Pierre Roger de Mont Eoux ; h, about 1329; elei.'ted, 30 Dec. 1370 ; an ecclesiastical refonner ; denounced the Wicklitlites; restorer! the papal seat from Avignon, to Rome, 1377 - d. 27 March 137S 12. Angelo Corrario ; h, about 1325 ; elected, 30 Nov. 1406 ; deposed by a council, 5 J niie 1409 ; .(?, iB Oct. 1417- 13. Ugo Buoncompagni ; /). 7 Feb. 1502; elected, 13 May 1572; iiealdus opposer of lieresy ; ex- lirebsed his approbation of tiie massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 1572; sent Cam]iian and other Jesuits to England, 1580 : substituted the" Gregoiian for the Julian calendar by a bull, 24 Feb. 1582 ; built Roman college, 1582 ; aiiproved " the League" in France against Henrj' IV., 1584 d. ro April 15S5 14. Nicolo Sfondrati ; 7j. 1534 ; elet-tcd, 8 Oct. 1590; excoinnmnicated Heni-j\IV. of Fi'ance d. J5 Oct. 1591 15. Alessnndro Luilovisio ; 1,. g Jan. 1554 ; elected, 9 Feb. 1621 ; canonised Francis Xavier, Philip of Neri, andotliers, i2 5farch 1622 ; founded the cou- gi'egation for " I'ropaganda Fide," 22 June i6?2 ; i^anonised Ignatius Li'yola; hel]>ed the empert)r Ferdinand II. against the iirotestants . d. 8 July I623 16. Mauro Cnpollari; b. 18 Sept. 1765 ;■ elected, ' ' t^ 2 Feb. 7831; patronised literature and the fine art.s ; 0])posed Bible societies, railways, aiid other innovations ; favoured the Jesuits ; re- proved Lamennais for his doctrines respecting the liaimt^y, in emyclical letters, 15 Aug. 1832 and 25 June 1835 d. i June 1846 GEEGOEY of Tours, St. (Georgins Floren- tius), French bishop and historian; h. 30 Nov. 544; bishop of Tours, 573 ; tirml}- resisted the cruel Fredegonde, and maintained the right of asylum for liis churches, ttc, 575, ci scq. ; visited Gregory I. at Rome, 590; wrote " Hidtona Francorum" (printed 1699) ; (L 17 Xov. 595. GEEGOEY, patriarch of Constantinople ; 0. nbont 1740; made patriarch, 1795; ccnsiired the Greek revolution; executed, with several of his clcryy, on suspicion, 22 April 1821. GEEGOEY, Charles Ilutton, son of Dr. Olinthus, railway en^^inecr ; h. 1817 ; succeeded Brunei as engineer of Great Western, 1846; presi- dent Inst. Ci^dl Engineers, 1868. GEEGOEY, Edmund, theologian ; published "Anatomy of Christian Melancholy," 1646; d, 1650. GEEGOEY, George, i).r>., Iri^h essayist; b. 1754; edited "Annual Kcgister," several 3'eai-s; published " Church Ilistor}'," 1788-95 ; d. 12 Alarch 1808. GEEGOEY, Scoteh mathematicians, &c. : James, h. Nov. 1638 ; invented the reflecting tele- scope, described in his "Optica Pronujta" , 1663 Came to London to construct his telescope . 1665. GEEGOEY 235 GBEVY "Went to Patina to do so; puljlishcd "Vera Cir- culi Hyperbolai Quadratura " . . 1667 Elected F.H.S Jan. 1668 Appointed professor at Edinburgh, 1674; il. Oct, 1675 David, nephew; Ij, 24 June, i66i : Savilinn professor, Oxford, i6gi : iiulilislied " AstrononiitE PhysicLe Elemeuta," 1702; iL 10 Oet. 1710. GEEGOEY, John, theologian and orientalist ; b. 1607; cl. 13 Miu-ch 1646; "Opera" published 1650. GEEGOEY, John, phj'sician and philosopher ; b. about 1724; published "Duties and Office of a Phj-siciau," 1769 ; " Father's Legacy to Ms Daugh- ters," 1774; '^- 9 i'st. 1773. GEEGOEY, Olinthus Gilbert, mathematician; b. 29 Jan. 1774; professor at Woolwich, 1802-38; determined velocity of sound (lioo feet in a second, temp. 33° Fahr.), 1823; published " Treatise on Astronomy," 1801 ; " Letters on tlie Christian Ee- ligion," 1815; "Mathematics for Practical Men," ligion, I015; Math 1825 ; rf. 2 Feb. 1841. GEEGOEY, William, chemist; b. 25 Dec. 1803 ; published translation of lleichenbach's " Ile- seai-ches on Magnetism," 1850; "Handbooks of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry," 1848; new edi- tions, 1S56 ; d. 24 April 1858. GEEIG, Samuel Oarlovich, admiral ; entered Eussiaii service, 1 763 ; greatly improved the navy, 1764-70; made commander; strongly fortified Croustadt, 1775; '^"i™™'- 1782; defeated the SAvedes, 1788; rt. 15 Oct. 1788. Alexis, son, ad- miral; /;. 18 Sept. 1775; published astronomical observation ; rf. 30 Dec. 1844. GEBN, Friedrich Albvecht Carl, German chemifit; b. i May 1760; edited "Jovu-nal dcr Physik," 1790-98 ; d. 26 IS^ov. 1798. GEENAJIT,- Bcnigne, I'reucli Latin poet; b. about' 1680; d. 13 May 1723. GEENPEL, . Pascoe, 5i.p. : b. 1762; aided "Wilberforce in promoting the abolition of the slave trade,' 1816; d. 23 Feb. 1838. GEENIEE, Jacques Kaymond, vicomtc de Giron, French hydrographer ; 4. 28 June 1736; studied winds and currents ; published Charts, and '.'Art de la GueiTC sur Mer," 1787; d. Jan. 1803-. ■ ' GEENVILLE, see GrecnviUe. GEENVILLE family, statesmen, &c. : George, st^atesniau : h. 1712: succeeded earl of Bute as i)nnie minister ; first lord of tlie trea- sury and cliancellur of the exchequer, 15 A] nil Prosecuted Wilkes for No. 45 of his "North Briton " . . . April — Nov. Resijjued, July 1765 . . . t?. 13 Nov. Tuo-MAS, sou, diplomatist and book collector ; It. 31 Dec. Cataloglie of his library, "Bibliotheca Grenvil- liana," published 1842 : the books (20,240 vols.) bequeathed to British Museum d. 17 Dec. William "Wyndham, lord, orator and statesman ; &. 25 Oct. 1759 ; s^teaker of the House of Coni- nion.s . . . Jan. — June Created baron 25 Not. Home secretary under Pitt, June 1789 — March Supiiorted catholic eiuanciiiation ; joined the opi)ositioii .against Addington . . . • „ Succeeded him in fonning a ministry (teniied "all the talents," including Grey, Fox, &c.), Feb. 1806 Resigned March ,, Elected chancellor of Oxford university . Dec. 1809 Supported the Liverpool ministry . . 1815 Broke from the 'VVhigs 1817 Published "New Plan of Finance, "1806; 0, 12 Jan. 1834 17S3 1763 1770 1846 1789 1790 1801 George (brother of marquis of Buckingham) ; li. 30 Dec. 1788: succeeded his mother as baron ' Nugent March 1813 Lord high connnissioner of the Ionian isles . 1B32-35 Published "Memorials of Hampden," 1832; " Lands Classical and Sacred," 1843 ; d. 26 Nov. 1850 GEENVILLE, George Neville, dean of Wind- sor; b. 17 Aug. 1789; dean, 1845; d. 10 June 1854. GEEPPI, Giovanni, Italian dramatist ; i. 1751 ; wrote " Teresa e Claudio " and " Teresa Vedova," 1787 ; d. Jan. 1811. GEESHAM, su- Thomas, merchant; b. 1519; negotiated loans for government, 1551, 1570; knighted, 1559; founded the Koyal Exchange, London, 7 June 1566 ; and Gresham college, 1575, (opened 1596) ; d. 21 Nov. 1579. GEESLEY, rev. William, noi-elist, liigh churchman ; b. l8o[ ; published " Bernard LcsUe," 1842 ;" An English Churchman," 1838; "pSiegeof Lichfield," 1840; " Eeclesiastes Anglicanus " (on preaching) 1844, &c. GEESSET, Jean Baptiste Louis, French poet and dramatist; b. 1709; published "Vert-Yert" about 1733 ; d. 16 June 1777. .,/ GEESWELL, Edward, B.n. ; b. 3 Aug. 1797;- published "llarinonia Evangelica," 1830-40, " Fasti Temporis Catholici," 1852; "OriginesKa- Icndaria;," 1854-62, &c. ; d. 29 June 1869. GEESWELL, rev. WiUiara Parr, father of the above, antiquary; b. 1764; published "Annals- of Parisian Typography," 1818; "View of the Early Pai-isian Greek Press," 1833 ; d. 12 Jan. 1854. GEETEY, Andre Ernest Mode.ste, French musical composer; b. II Feb. 1 741 ; composed mam- operas, 1565-77; " Mcinoires sur la Musique," 1797; d. 24 Sept. 1813. GEETSEE, Jakob, German theologian and antiquary ; b. 1561 ; published "De Sancta. Cruce," 1598; d. 29 Jan. 1625. GEEUZE, Jean Baptiste, French painter ; b. 21 Aug. 1726; d. 21 March 1805. GEEVILLE, lord Brooke, statesman ; FuLKE, lord Brooke, statesnnin and ]ioet, favourite of Elizabeth and James L, and friend of Sir Philiji Sidney . h. 1554 Cliancellor of the exchequer ... . 1615 Killed by an old servant, Ralph Heywood, in a Ijassion 30 Sejit. 1628. His " Tragedies ami Poems " printed, 1633 ; " Five Years of King James," 1643; "Life of Sir P. Sidney" 1652 Robert, relative and heir, parliamentary com- mander, ]ioliticiau . . h. 1608 Pnbli.shed "Nature of Truth" . . i!)4i Killed at siege of Lichfield cathedral 2 JIarcli 1643. GEEVILLE, Charles Cavendish Fulke, grand- son of William Henry, thii-d duke of Portland ; b. 2 April 1794: secretary for Jamaica; clerk of the privy council in ordiirarj', 1821-59; d. 18 Jan. i86s ; his Journal of the reigns of Greorge IV. and William IV. (1S18-37) published, 1S74; much, cominented on. GEEVIN, Jacques, French protestant, poet and phy.siciau ; b, 1539 ; d. 5 Nov. 1570. GEEVY, Francois Paul Jules, French liberal statesman ; b. 15 Aug. 1813 ; supported revolution, July 1830 ; felected deputy for the Jura 1871 ; president of the assembly, 16 Feb. 1871 — 2 April 1873 ; 13 March 1876, et seq. GREW 236 GBILLET GREW, Nehemiah, m.d., niituralist; h. about' GREY, Eic-hard, theologian ; i. 1694 ; jrablished 1628 ; secretary of Itoyal Society, Nov. 1677 — Nov. j "Menioria Techiiica;" "System of Ecclesiastical iGrq; published "Anatomy of Plants," 1682 ; I Law," 1730, &c. ; rf. 28 Feb. 1771. " Cosmographia Sacra," 1701 ; d. 25 March 1711. GREW, Obadiah, theologian, father of Nehe- miah ; b. 1607 ; published " Meditations on the Parable of the Prodigal Son," 1678; d. 22 Oct. 1698. GREY, earls : 1. Charles, general; h. 1729; wounded at the biittle of Minden, bein" aide-de-camp to prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, i Ally. 1750 : fouglit in Anicricali war, 1777-82 ; in the West Indies, 1794 ; created baron Grey of Howiclc, June 1801 : earl Grey, April 1806 . rf. 14 Nov. 1807 2, Charles, statesman . , ^.13 Marcli 1764 M.P. (for Northnmlierland) 1786 Assisted ill forming tlie "society of tlie friends of tlie fieople," and presented a petition from tliem 6 May 1793 Introduced into p.nrliaiiient a ]ilaii for reform 26 Jliiy 1797 1799 Opiiosed tlie union with Ireland With lord Greiiville formed "all the talents adiiiinislration," as first lord of the admiralty Feb. 1806 Became lord Howick, April ; foreign secretary, Sejit. 1806 ; resigned March 1807 Succeeded as earl .... 14 Nov. 1812 IJeclined to .join the Liverjiool ministry ,, Pieniier in the reform cabinet . Nov. 1830 Resigned, .Inly 1834 . cL 17 July 1S45 3. Henry Georoe, statesman . h. 28 Dec. 1802 Yiscnnut Howiek .... . 1801 Secret. 4 Jan. 1783 ; lihr.irian to Idiig Jerome Bonaparte, July 1808 ; secretary of lega- tion, Dec. 1813 ; at Piiris, April 1814 ; at con- gress of Vienna, 1814-5 : I'rofessor and librarian at Gnttingen, 1829 ; witli others expelled and lia- nislied for protesting .igainst subversion of tlie constitution, Dec. 1837 ; professor at Berlin, 1841 ; deputy at Frankfort, 1848 i7. 20 Se]it. 1863 WiLHELM K.\EL ; V. 24 Feb. 1786 ; librarian at Ciis- sel, 1814 ; at Gilttiiigen, 1829 ; professor at Berlin . 1841 Published Faiiy Tales, ("Kinder und Haus- mSlirolien ") 1812-4 Began to pulili.sli their great Gennan Dictionai-y 1852 Jacob published in Gennan, " Histoiy of the Gerntan Language," (in wliich he nnfohled his law of the transnuitatiou of consonants) . 1848 il. 16 Dec. 1S59 GEIMOALD I., II., rulers of Beneventmn : 1. duke; conquered tlie duchy, 647 : defeateil the Greeks at Iiloute Gargano, 650 ; became king ut the Lombards, 662 '^- 67^ 1. prince; succeeded his father Arigisns, 788; re- pelled inviisious of Franks, 795-802 . d. 806 2. prince, 806 ; triluitary to Cliarlemagne, 812 ; assassinated . . ■ 818 GEIMOAED, Philippe Heni-i, corate de, French general and historian ; b. about 1750; pub- lished " Essai Thi'orique sur des BataUles," 1775 ; " Histoire des demieres Campaignes de Turenne," 1780, &c. ; d. 1815. GEIMOD DE LA EeYNEEE, Alexandre Balthazar Laurent, French writer and gastrono- mist; b. 20 Nov. 1758; published " Almauach des Gourmands," 1803-12; "Manuel des Amphi- tryons," 1808 ; d. Jan. 1838. GEIMOUX, Alexis or Jean, Swiss painter ; b. 1688; d. about 1740. GEIMSTON, sir llarbottle. Lawyer ; b. about 1594 ; a moderate parliamentarian ; excluded from Cromwell's second parliament, 1656; speaker of the convention parliament which recalled Charles II. , 1660; master of the rolls,Nov. 1660 ; d. 31 Dec. 1683. GEIMUS, king of Scotland, 995-1003 ; Idlled by Malcolm, the rightful king. GEINDAL, Edmimd, archbishop of Canter- bury, reformer; b. 1519; chaplain to bishop Ilidley ; fled to the continent, 1553; made bishop of Lon- don, 1559; archbishop of York, 1570; of Canter- bury, 1575; sequestered for not suppressing " pro- phes3'ings," 1577; censured for favouring tbe puri- tan party ; assisted Fox in compiling " Acts and Monuments ; " resigned, May 1582; d. 6 July 1583. GEINFIELD, Edward William, biblical critic ; b. about 1784; published "Novum Testamentum Gra;cum," 1S43-48 ; " Apology for the Septuagint," 1850; d. 9 July 1864. GEINGOEE (Gkingor, or Geixgoire), Pierre, Freueli poet and dramatist ; b. about 1475 ; wrote "Chateau de Labour," 1499; "Chateau d'Amom-s," 15QO; " FoUes Entrcprises," 1502, itc. ; d. abo\it 1544. GEINNELL, Henry, American geographer ; b. about 1800 ; tirst president of American Geogra- phical Society ; sent out expedition in search of Franklin, 1850-5 ; d. 30 June 1874. GEISAUNT, William, physician and astrolo- ger; wrote '' Speculum Astrologia;," about 1360. GEISI, Giulia, or Giulietta, madame, Italian singer and actress; b. 22 ilaj^ 1812; made her fA-i(U about 1822 ; successful at Florence, 1828; at Paris, 1832 ; in London, 1S34 ; in the United States, 1854 : sang in London eveiy year (except 1842), 1834-61 ; d. 25 Nov. 1869. GEIYE, see Ln Griie. GEOCYN, "William, scholar; b. 1442; studied under Politian and others in Italy ; profe.ssor of Greek at Oxford, 1491 ; received and lodged Eras- mus there ; master of -Ul Hallows College, Maid- stone, about 1506; d. 1519. GEOGNET, or Geosket, Pierre, French poet ; d. about 1540. GEOLIEE BE Seeyier, Jean, vicomte d'Aguisy, patron of letters in France ; b. 1479; d. QuC 1565. GEOLMAN, Carl Ludwig Wilhelm von, German jurist and statesman; b. 23 July 1775; published in German, " Manual of the Code Na- poleon," 1810-12 ; chief minister of state in Hesse Darmstadt, l8ig; by his counsel, a representative government, after much opposition, established, Oct. 1820 ; d. 14 Feb. 1829. GEOISTOV, or GeoNOVIUS, learned Germans : J0H.4NX Friedrich, philologist, friend of VossiiTs, Heinsius, &e,. ; h. 8 Sept. 1611 ; published " Ob- servationes," 1639 ; editeil Plautus, 1664 ; Livy, 1665 ; Tacitus, published 1673, &c. d. 28 Dec. 1671 Jacob, sou ; h. 20 Oct. 1645 ; edited Polybius. 1670 ; published " Thesaurus Antifiuitatuni Grfecanu)i," 1697-1702 . . . . (?- 21 Oit. 1716 LORESZ Theodor, .jurist; published " Emenda- tiones Pandeetaruin " 1688 LoREJJZ Theodor (son of Jacob), naturalist ; pub- lished " Museum Ichthyologicmn," 1754-6 ri. 1777 GEONOW, Eees Howell, captain; b. 1794; published "The Camp, the Court, and the Clubs," 1861 ; " JRecoUections," 1863 ; d. 20 Nov. 1865. GEOOMEIDGE 238 GRYN^US GEOOMPJDGE, Stephen, merchant and astronomer; b. about 1755; published " Universal Tables for the Eeduction of Fixed Stars," 1821 ; d. 30 March 1832. GEOOT, Gerard, refonner of monastic orders in Holland; b. 1340; founded the order of the "Brethren of the Common Life;" d. 20 Aug-. 1384. GEOOT, see Grofius. GROS, Antoinc Jcau, baron, preneh painter; I. 16 March 1771 ; painted celebrated portrait of Kapoleon advancing on the Austrian batteries, Dec. 1796; insane; found dimraed, 25 June 1835. GEOS, Jean Baptiste Louis, baron, French diplomatist ; h. 8 Feb. 1793 ; ambassador at Athens, settled Pacifico affah, 1850 ; aocomjianied lord Klgin to China, and signed treaty of Tientsin, 27 June 1858 ; ambassador in London, 1862-G3. GEOSE, Francis, herald and antiquarv ; b. about 1731 ; published "Antiquities of England," 1773-76; "Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1785; "Military Antiquities," 1786- 88; "Antiquities of Scotland," 1789-91; d. 6 May 1791. GEOSSE-TESTE, or Grostiiead (Capito), Ilobcrt, learned prelate; b. about 1 1 75; bishop of Lincoln, 1235; protested against the nepotism of Innocent lY., 1250; excommunicated, 1253; d. c, Oct. 1253. GEOSSI, Tommaso, Italian poet; h. 20 Jan. 1791 ; published "Marco Tisconti;" d. 10 Dec. iS53- GEOSSMANN, Gusta-r Fricdrich 'Wilhclm, Gei-man dramatist and actor; b. 1744; produced "Wilhelmine von Blondhcim," 1775; d. 20 May 1796. GEOSVENOE, Thomas, field-marshal ; b. 30 May 1764; d. 20 Jan. 1851. GEOTE, George, historian; h. 17 Xor. 1794; jt.P. for London, 1832-41 ; began " History of Greece," 1823, published, 1846-56; " Flalo and other companions of Socrates," 1865; "Aristotle," 1S72; d. 18 June 1871. GEOTEFEND, Geman philologists : GroBG I-'rikdrk H, h. g .Tune 1775: ])Tililis]ied greater Latin Grinnlniir (in Gennan), 1817 ; iIwm]i1ihvi1 I'luici- form iusci'iptions at Perseimlis, 1802; pnblisln-il a memoir outliem, 1837 ' . (/. 15 Dec. 1853 Friedrich ActiesT, lirothcr; h. 12 Tec. 1798: ])uli- lislied " :\latcii;ils fur Latin Style," 1828; d. 25 Feb. 1836. GEOTIUiS, Hugo, Dutch statesman and writer ; b. 10 April, 1583 ; d. 28 Aug. 1645. Patronised by Meursins, Heinsius, and others . 1597 Helped De Tliou in his liistury 1599, (■( svj. Married Maria rte Ri'ig'iBliergeu . . . . i6o8 Became Irieud of Barnevcldt; took tlie part of .Vr- uiinius .... . 1613 Envoy to England . . ... i6it; Arrested by Maurice of Nas.sau . . Xuv. 161S Condemned to iniprisonnieut for life . 6 June 1619 ]']:.c.a]ied in a box, his wife remaining in his steiul, 22 March ; ari-ired at Paris 15 .\pril 1621 Published his Apology ... . 1622 Returned to Holland, 1631 ; at Hamburg . 1632-4 jVIade Swedish auiltassador by Oxeustiern ; amved in Paris, 2 March 1635 ; acted thci-e with great linnness, discretion, and integi'ity till his recall early in 1645 Published "Focninta Sacra." 1601 ; ".Vunalrs et Historia? de Rebus Belgicis," 1600; "llclVn.sio Pidei Catholics," 1617 ; " De Jure Belli et Pacis," 162s; "De Origine Gentium Aun>ri- cauarum," 1642-3 ;" Aunofationcs iu Xovum Tes- tanieutuin " . . . . 1644 ■\ViLLEM, brother, jurist; h. jo Feb. 1597; "En- chiridion de Prineipiis Jmis Naturalls," pub- lished 1667 n men, 5 Aug. 1064. GErrN, Anastasius, see jbicrspcrg in Ad- GEUNEE, Christian Gottfried, Gennan physi- cian ; b. 8 Nov. 1744 ; d. 4 Dec. 1815. GEUNEE, Johann Friedi'ich, German philolo- gist; b. 1723; published "Miscellanea Sacra," 1750; " Obscrvationes Criticcc," 1777 ; d. 29 March 1778. GEUTEE, Joannes, Belgian philologist ; b. 3 Dee. 1560; compiled, with the help of Scaliger, " Thesaurus Inscriptionum," published .about iGoi ; published "DeUciicl'octarum," 1609, 1614; "Florile- gium Ethico-Politieum cum Gnomis Grajcnrum, Pro- verbis Gennanicis, &c.," 1610-12; d. 2oSei)t. 1627. GEUTEE, Peter, Gennan scholar; b. about 1555 ; his " Epistolarum Centurioe," printed, 1609 ; d. 26 Sept. 1634. GEYNjEUS (or Geun.'EUS), Gennan pro- testant theologians : Simon, IMfijor, lefonner, friend of More and Er.aa- mus ; 1). 1493 : d. it;4i ; bis " Novus Orbis Re- gionum " (perhaps the first collection of voyages) published . . .... 1532-55 GETPH L>39 GUEROULT SijLON, Minor, h. i Dec. 1539; imblished "Coiii- iiieiitxrii lie Igiiitis Meteoi'is," ^('.., 1580 'J. 1582 -JoHANN Jacob h. i Ort. 1540 Ftil ilLsliecl "Variorum Patrniii Gmtfi. et Liit. Muiuimciita," 1569 ; " Cliaraeter Cliristiau- onmi" 1578 Etlited " Ecclesiastica Historia Eusebii," kf , 1571-1611 . . . . (L 30 Auy. 1617 GEYPH, Sebastitin, German printer at Basel ; 0. 1493 ; issued Latin bible, 1550 ; d. 7 Sept. 155G. GUADAGNI, Gaetauo, Italian contralto singer; b. about 1726; il. 179". GTJADET, Marguerite Elie, energstic French Girondist chief, 20 July 1758; struggled against "tlie mountain party ; overcome ; executed, 15 June 1704. GUA BE Malves, Jean Paul, French mathc- iiiaticiau ; I). 1713; pulilished " Usages de 1' Analyse -cle Descartes," 1740; d. 17S6. GTIAGNIIirO, -Uessandro, historian ; b. about 1548 ; pubUshed " llerura Polouicai-um Libri III.," 1584 ; d. 1614. GUALDO-PEIORATO, Galeazzo, Italian soldier, diplomatist, and historian ; i. 23 July 1606 ; served Minirice of Nassau, Venice, and other powers; published " ITistoria delle Guerre, 1630- 39," 1640-42 ; " " Guerriere Prudente e Politico," 1640 ; rf. 1678. GUALTEEUS (Walthee), Rodolphus, Swiss theologian; b. 1519; published (against Itoiiiauism), " Antichristus," 1546; d. 24 Dec. 1585. GUAEIlSr, Pierre, French Benedictine He- braist ; b. 1678; published " GrammatLca Hebraica et Clialdaiea," 1724-28 ; assisted in compiling tlie srreat "Lexicon llobraicum," 1746; d. 29 Dec. 1729. GUAEINI, CamiUo Guariuio, Italian ai'chi- tect; i. 1624; d. 6 March 1683. GUAEINI, Giovanni Rattista, Italian poet ; b. roDec. IS37; corrected the press of tlie "Tusso," 1581; published " Pastor Fido," 1590; d. 4 Oct. r5i2. GUAEINO (GUAEISI) of Verona, reviver of learning; b. 1370; professor of Greek at Venice, 1415; at Verona, 1422; edited Plutarch, Strabo, &c,; cf. 4 Deo. 1460. GUASCO, Ottaviano di, Piedmontcse scholai' : friend of Montesquieu; b. 1712 ; published " Lct- tres Familieres de Montestiuieu," 1767; d. 10 March. 1781. GTJATIMOZIlSr, emperor of Mexico, 1520; killed by Cortez, 1522. GtTAY-TEOUIN, see Du Qucnj. GUAZZO, Marco, Italian poet and historian : li. about 1496 ; published " Historia delle Guerre di iXajinietto Imperatore con la Signoria di Veuetia," 1545; d. 1556- GITBEElSrATIS, Angclo de, Italian dramatist ; b. 7 April 1840; founded " L'ltalia Letterariti," 1862; " Eivista Europea," 1869, and other journals ; " Slorte di Catone," " lloinolo," "Tragedies," " Zoological Mythology," 1872; &c. QUDB, jVIarquard, German antiquary and philologist; b. i Feb. 1635; "Antiquos Inscrip- tiones " published 1731 ; d. 26 Xov. 1689. GUDELIlSr,' see Goudelin. GUDIN" DE LA BkeXEELEME, Paul Philippe, French poet, friend of Voltaii-e and Beaumarchais ; ft. 6 June 1738; published "Essai .sur les Progres des Arts .sous le llegne de Louis XIV.," 1776; d. 26 Feb. 1812. GUDIN, Jean Antoine Theodore, French marine painter ; b. 15 Aug. 1802 ; exhibited " Sau- vetage cles Passagers du Columbus," 1831 ; " Coup de Vent dans la llade d' Alger," 1835, &c. ; resided in Scotland, and painted its scenery. GUDIN, Charles Etienne Cesar, distinguished French general; b. 13 Feb. 1768: defeated Austrians at Grimsel, Feb. 1799; sei-ved Xapoleon, 1800-12; killed, Aug. 1812. GUEDIEE DE St. Atibin, Henri Michel, learned French theologian ; i. 17 June 1695 ; pub-' lislied '■ Ilistoire Sainte des deux Alliances," 1741 ; d. 25 Sept. 1742. GUENAED, Elisabeth, baronne de Mere, French novelist ; b. 1751 ; d. iS Feb. 1829. GUEEAED, Benjamin Edme, French archaio- l.jgist; A. 15 March 1797; edited " Cartulaire do I'Abbaye de Chartres," 1840 ; d. 10 March 1854. GUEEAED, Eobert, French Benedictine; b. about 1641 ; published part of his "Abrege de la Bible," 1707 ; d. 1715. GUEEOINO DA Cea'TO (Francesco Barbieri), Italian painter ; b. 2 Feb. 1590; d. 22 Dec. 1666. GUEECHT, Louis Piognicr, marquis de, French architect; b. about 1780 ; d. 7 Jlay 1852. GUEEET, Gabriel, French jurist and satirical poet ; b. 1641 ; published " I'arnasse Ileforme," 1669; d. 22 April 1688. GUEEICKE, Otto von, German philosopher; ^;. 20 Nov. 1602; burgomaster of Jlagdeburg, 1646; invented the air-pump, 1650; the iljigdeburg hemi- spheres, 1654, described in liis *'Nova Experi- nieuta," published, 1672; con.structed the first electric machine; d. II Ma)' 1686. GUEEIN, Georges Maurice de, du Cayla, sen- timental French poet ; ^. 4 Aug. 1810; d.'i'j Jul)' 1839. EuGE.viE, sister, A. about 1802 ; d. 13 May 1848. Her Letters and Joumal published, 1855. GUEEIN, Gilles, French .sculptor ; b. ifad; ornplo5'ed in decorating the Louvre, tomb of Henri lirince de Coiide, tc; one of the first members of the academy of sculpture, founded I Feb. 1648 ; d. June 1678. GUEEIN, Jean Baptiste Paulin, French pain- ter; 4. 25 Jlarcli 1783; exhibited ''Jesus Mort," 1817 ; " Anchise et Venus," 1822; "Adam et Eve exiles," 1827 ; d. 16 Jan. 1855. GUEEIN, Pierre Narci.«se, French painter ; b. 13 JIarch 1774; exlubited " !Marcus Se.xtus," 1800; " Phosdraand Hippolytus," 1802, &c. ; d. 16 July 1833. GUEEIN-MENEVILLB, Fcqix Edouard, French naturalist; b. 12 Oct. 1799; published " Etudes sur les Vers a sole," 1855 ; introduced into France the Chinese Avorm Cyuthia bombyx, which feeds ou oak leaves and produces "ailaii- tine," 1858. GUEEOULT, Adolphe, French journalist ; b. 29 Jan. 1810; wrote for "Journal des Debats," "LaPresse," &c.; founded "L'OijinionNatiouale," 1859; published "Lettres sur I'Espagne," 1838; "La Liberte et les Aflairos," 1861 ; "Etudes de Politique," 1862; d. July 1872. GUEEOULT 240 GUILLEMEAU GUEEOULT, Pierre CLmde Bernard, French scholar; b. 7 Jan. 1744; pulilished " Histoh-e Naturelle dcs Animaux de nine," 1803; d. 11 Nov. 1821. GUESCLIN, see Bu GiTirE, Italian poet and historian; wrote "de Kcglbuset Kebus Anglorum," and " Historia Trojana ; " ^, 13th century. GUIDO EENI, Italian painter ;_ b. 1575 ; op- posed the realistic school of Caravaggio ; after great prosperity, ruined himself by gaming; d. r8 Aug. 1642. GUIDO UBALDI, marchese, Italian mathe- matician ; b. about 1 540 ; published " Planisphe- rioriim Universalium Theoria," 1560; " Jleeaniea," 1577; " Perspectiva," iGoo; fif. about 160 1. GUIDONIS, Bernard, French prelate ; i. about 1260; wrote "Sanctoral; on Mil-oil' des Saints," about 1307 ; d. 30 Dee. 1331. GUIDOTTI, Paolo, il Borghese, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect ; b. 1569; d. 1629. GUTGNAED, Jean, named also Briquarel, French Jesuit, executed for justifying assas- sination of heretic sovereigns, 7 Jan. 1595. GUIGNES, French orientalists: JosnpH DE, /). 19 Oct. 1721 ; published "Histnire (les Hun-s, Tares, Mognls," 1756-8 d, ig March 1800 CHRfiTiF.N Louis Joseph de, sou ; Jk 25 Aug. 1759 ; 2iublislieil " Oictiouiiah-e Cliinois-I-'i-ancais et Latin," 1813 d. 9 March 1845 GUIGNON, Jean Picn-e, French violonist ; b. at Turin, 10 Feb. 1702 ; patronised by Louis XVI. ; wrote Sonatas and Concertos ; d. 30 Jan. 1774. GUILANDINUS (Wiel.uo)), Melchior, German naturalist; published " de Stii-piura No- minibus," 1557; "Papyrus," 1572; d. 25 Dec. 1589. GUILBEET DE Pixi'eicouet, Rene Charles, French dramatist, " Shakspeare of the Boulevards; " b. 22 Jan. 1773 ; d. 27 July 1844. GUILD, 'William, n.D., Scotch theologian ; b. 158b; published "Harmony of the Prophets," 1619; "Moses Unveiled," 1620; d. Aug. 1057. GUILFORD, see ^Wth. GUILLAIN, Simon, French sculptor: b. 1 581 : d. 1658. GUILLAUME, Jean Baptiste Claude Eugene, French sculptor ; b. Feb. 1822; produced statue of Napoleon I., 1867 ; elected Hon. 11. a. Lend. 1869. GUILLEMAIN, Charies .Tacob, French dramatist ; b. 23 Aug. 1750 ; d. 25 Dec. 1799. GUILLEMAIN, Gabriel, French violonist; b. 15 Nov. 1705; patronised by Louis XV.; pub- lished "Sonatas," &c., 1735-59; committed sui- cide, I Oct. 1770. GUILLEMEAU, French surgeons, &c. : Jacques, h. about 1520; surgeon to Cliarles IX., Heniy IIL and IV. : healed aneurisms by tying the arteiy ; published " Traits de la Chirurgie EranQaise," 1594 . . - . (i. 13 March 1613 Charles, son; h. 1588; published "Aphorisnies lie Chirurgie," 1622 ; bitterly attacked Coui-taud of Montpellier, 1654-s . . tJ. 21 Nov. 1656 Jean Louis Mabie, descendant, naturalist ; h. 6 June, 1766 . . . . d. about 1850 GUILLET in GUIZOT GUILLET DE St. GeOBGES, Georges, French historiaai; ^t. aLout 1625 ; publislied "Arts del' Homme d'Epee," 1670; "Atlitiies, Auciemie et Moderne," 1675-6; d. 6 April 1705. GTJILLIM, John, herald, &c. ; b. about I56q ; l)ublished "Display of Heraldry" (principally written by Barcham), 1610 ; d. 7 May 1621. GUILLOIS^ DE MONTLKON, Aime, French historian and theological controversialist ; h. 24 Manh 1758; d, 12 Feb. 1842. GUILLGN', Marie Nicolas Sylrestre, bisbop of Bcauvais; b. 1 Jau. 1760; censured by the church for administering the sacrament to the abbiS Grcgoire, April 1831 ; reconciled, made bishop of Marocco, July 1833 ; published " Nouveaus Contfs Arabes," 178S; " Histoire de la Nouvelle Hcresie" (ag-ainst Lamenuais), 1835; d. 16 Oct. 1847. GUILLOTI]Sr, Joseph Ignace, French physi- cian; b. 28 May 1738; suggested the use of the machine for decapitation (hence called guillotine), 10 Oct. 1789; imprisoned during the reign of ter- ror; d. 26 March 1814. GUINAND, Pierre Louis, Swiss optician; b, about 1748; greatly improved the glass used for t(;lescopes, &c., and said to have invented flint glass about 1798; d. 13 Feb. 1824. GUINICELLI, Guido, founder of second school of Italian poetry, d. 1276. GUINNESS, sir Benjamin Lee, bai-t., brewer; /;. I Nov. 1798; restored St. Patrick's cathedral, Dublin, reopened, 24 Feb. 1865 ; d. 19 May 18G8. GUIEAXJD, Pierre Marie, baron de, French poet and dramatist; b. 25 Dec. 178S; d. 24 Feb. 1847- GITISAN, Samuel, Swiss agiicultural engineer; greatly improved Guiana by draining ; published a description in "Traite sur les Torres Noyees de la Guayane," 1788; d. about 1800. GUISCAED, see Jioffcr. GUISOARD (from ""Wiscard," wise), Kobert, Norman warrior, son of Tancrcde de Jlauterville ; b. about 1015. Defeated pope Leo IX. at Civitella . . . 1053 With his brother, Roger, conquered Ax^ulia, Sicily, Calabria, &c. 1057-58 Styled duke of Apulia and Calabria ; founded the kingdom of Naples and Sicily .... 1059 ExcoHimuiiicated by Gregory VII. for refusing homage 1074-75 IrVaiTcd with Alexis Comnenus ; defeated him near Durazzo, 18 Oct. 1081 ; took it . 8 Feb. 1082 Reconciled to pope Gregory ; relieved him when besieged by Henry IV 1084 Defeated the Venetians aud Greeks ; invaded Cephalonia . . d. 17 July 1085 See pope Gregory. GUISCAED, or GinCHARD de BeauKeu, An- glo-Norman poet; wrote " le Sermon;" J?. 12th century. GUISCHAEBT, Karl Gottlieb, German tac- tician, teiTued " Quintus Icilius ; " 0. 1724; pub- lished " Memoires Militaires sur les Grecs et les Ilomaius," 1757; d. 13 May 1775. GUISE, ducal house of Lorraine : 1. Claude, duke, corate d'Aumale, marquis de Mayenne et d'Elbeuf . , &. 20 Oct. 1496 Accompanied Francis I. to Italy ; wounded at Marimiano Sept, 1515 Desired to be made prince ; dismissed from court ; d. (thought by poison), 12 April 1550 (His wife, Antoinette de Bourbon ; Z). 24 Dec. 1493 ; man-ied, 1513 ; pious and charitable to the poor) ... . d. 22 Jan. 1583 1563 1569 1572 1576 2. Fraxqois, son of Claude, gi-eat genejvil ; h. 17 Feb. 1519 ; defended Metz against Cluaic-s V. 1552-53 Victor in several battles with the Sj'auiard.^ . 1542-45 Took Calais 8 Jan. 1558 His family paramount in France; promoted per- secution of the protestants , . . 1559 He, the constable de Montmorency, and the mar(?(:liiil de St. Andre formed triumvirate . 1560 Shot, 18 Feb. ... . r? 24 Feb. 1563 3. Hknry, son, "le Balafre ;" b, 31 Dec. 1550; liet'fime head of the catholic party . Feb. Fought with the Huguenots Directed the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 24 Aug, Established the holy league at Ft'ronne, and made war against Henry III. and the king of Navarre Entered Paris in triumph, g May; killed by order of the king . 23 Dee. 1588 4. Charles, son . h. 20 Aug. 1571 Seized and imprisoned . 23 Dei'. 1588-91 Recognised Heni'y IV. . 1594 Made govenior of Provence . . . 1595 Defeated the Rochellais at sea . . . . 1622 Supported the queen Marie de Medii'is against Richelieu ; compelled to leave France . . 1631 '/ in Italy 1640 5. HcNRY II., son, eccentric and dissolute; h. 4 Ajiril 1614; archbishop of Rheims, &ic. iibout 1629 Resigned ; by the death of his elder brother before his father, became duke . . . . 1640 Landed .almost alone at Naples, nfter the fall of jVIassaniello. and made king; but soon taken la'isoner by the Siianiards, April 1648 ; re- leased July 1652 With a fleet, vainly attemxited to recover Nai)les, Oct. 1654 Grand chamberlain to Louis XIV. . . . 1655 (1. 2 June 1664 6. Louis Joseph, sou of Louis, due de Joyeuse ; b. 7 Aug. 1650 ; d. jo July 1671. 7. Feanc;oik Jo.seph, son, la.st duke; h. 28 Aug. 1670; d. 16 March 1675. The estates accrued to I\rARV of Lorraine (daugliter of duke Charles), " Mademoiselle de Guise ;" b. 15 Aug. 1615 ; d. unmarried, 3 March 16S8. GUISE, cardinals of LoiTaine : Jean, brother of duke Claude, whom he heljied to aggrandise ; very rich ; b. 1498 ; ambassador to Charles V. to obtain terms for Francis I., April 1536; expelled from court, 1542 ; d. 18 RLay 1550. Charles, brother of duke FrauQois ; h. 17 Feb. . 1524 Met cardinal Granville at Peronne, and formed the alliance between Spain a*d tfie Guises . 1558 Ojjposed Catherine de Medi(;if^.P559, et seq. ; de- clared the council of Trent suijerior to tlie pope, 1562 ... d. 26 Dec. 1574 Louis, brother of duke Heni-y ; &. 6 July 1555; assas- sinated by order of the king, Henrj'III., 24 Dec. 1588. Louts, brother of duke Charles; b. 1575 or 1585; d.'^2z June 1621. GTJITOK, Jean, Protestant French admiral; h. about July 1585; as mayor of Eochelle, bravely defended it against Louis XIII., 1621, 1625,1628"; abandoned by the English under the duke of Buckingham; surrendered, 29 Oct. 1628; d. 15 March 1654. GUITTONE, d'ArEZZO, ItaUan poet; b. about 1230; d. 1294. GUIZOT, Elisabeth Charlotte Pauline de Meulan, wife of the statesman; h. 2 Nov. 1773; as Mdlle. de Meulan published " les Contradictions," 1800; married M. Guizot, 9 April 1812; "Educa- tion Doniestique " published, 1826 "Couseils de Morale," 1828; d. i Aug. 1827. GUIZOT, Francois Pierre Guillanme, French statesman and historian; b. 4 Oct. 1787; d. 12 Sept. 1874. His father opposed the excesses of the revolution ; executed ... .8 April 1794 Studied at Geneva 1S03-5 Married Mdlle, dc Meulan (see above) . 9 April i8iz GULDENSTADT 242 GUSTAVUS :Muy i8 1820 1824 1828 1827 1828 1830 1836 Visited Louis XVIII. at Ghput Became chief of the " Doctrinaire " party Pulilished "GonveiTiPment cle la France dopuis la Restaiiratinn ct dii Ministere actuel" Helped to est^iblisU "le Glohe" Founded the " Re^Tie Fra]i(;;iise " .... Supported tlio SDciety " Aide-toi le Ciel t'aideia," for freedom of elections Married Eliza Dillon, his late wife's niece . . . Pablished " Histoire de la Civilisation en Fi'ance/" 1829-32 Jlinister of the interior under Louis Philippe; became chief of the "Juste iUlieu" party, Aug. ; resigned Nov. Minister of public instrnr-tion in Soult'.s ministi^, II Oct. 1832; under Mortier, Nov. 1S34 ; under the due de Broglie, Feb. 1835 ; resigned Feb. Minister of public iiistruction under Mole, 6 Sept. 1836; resifp^ied April 1837 Combined with Thiers to oppose Mole's govenuuent 1839 Ambassador at London .... Feb. 1840 Foi-eign minister under Soult (but virtually premier), 29 Oct. ,, Ruptiu'e with Moli^ and his frieiids . . 29 Oct. 1845 Negotiated the Spanish marriages, ■which took place ....... 10 Oct. 1846 Replaced Soult as president of tlie council or head of the miiiistn' . . . . S'^pt. 1S47 Resigned at the breaking out of the rt:volution, 23 Feb. 1848 Warmly received in England .... ,, Published "Revolution d'AiigleteiTc" (Charles I., Croniwell, Monk), 1850-2 ; " Cnrneille et son Temps," 1852; "Shakespeare et son Temps," 1852; -"Robprt Peel," 1856; " Mi-moires pour ser\ararHistoire demon Temps," 185S-67 ; " His- foire Parlenientaire de Fram-e, 1819-48," 1S63-64 ; "L'Eglise et la Societt,'' i86r ; " Melanges Poli- tiques et Historiques," 1869; " Histoire de France," 1870, et seq. GULDENSTADT, Anton Jobanu, Russian physician and naturalist; b. 29 April 174.S; pub- lislied *'LIemoii-e sur les Prodiiits de la Eussie," 1777; d. 23 Maixh 1781. GULDIN, Habacuc (afterwards Paul), Swiss mathematician; b. 1577; published " Centroban-- tica, Beu de Centre Grayitatis," 1635-42; d, 3 Nov. ]043. GULL, sir "\VilHam Withey, i\r.D., F.K.S. ; h. 1816; Fullerian professor of ph3'siology Koj'al In- stitution, 1847-9 i physician and lecturer to Guy's Hospital, 1847-67; attended the piince of '^\'alcs. Dee. 1871; knighted, 20 Jan. 1872. GUNDLING, Nicolaus Hieronynius, German scholar, and eclectic philosopher and satirist ; h. 25 Feb. 1671 ; published "Via ad Veritateui," 1713; 'Ethica," 1726; d. 16 Dec. 1729. GUKNEK, Johan Ernst, Konvegian bishop and natiu-alist ; b. 26 Feb. 1718; published "Flora Norwegica," 1766-76; d. 23 Sept. 1773. GUNNING, Peter, bishop of Chichester ; b. 1613; consecrated, 1670; published "Contention for the Truth," 1658; "Paschal, or Lent Fast," 1662; d. 6 July 1684. GUNTEE, Edmund, mathematician; b. 1581 ; professor of astronomy at Gresham College, 1019; observed the variation of the magnetic needle at different places, 1622; published his Scale, &c., about 1624; d. 10 Dec. 1626. * GiJNTHER, Albert Carl Ludwi- Gotthilf, Gemian zoologist; b. 3 Oct. 1830; engaged in zoo- logical department British IVfuseum, 1858 ; com- piled "Catalogue of Fishes," 185Q-70; and other f-atalogues ; founded "Kecord of Zoology," 1864, ct seq. GiJNTHEE,, Johann Chrisfian, Geimansath-ie pcet; b. 8 April 1695 ; d. 15 March 1723. b. 1804; Q.C., commissioner to i, 1866 ; to settle GUENALL, rev. William; b. i6rr ; published " Christian in Complete Armour," 1656; d. 12 Oct. 1679. GUENEY, Elizabeth, sec Fnj. GUENEY, sir Golds^vol■thv, chemist; b. about 1793; d. 28 Feb. 1875. A]iplied high -pressure steam to locomotives n-\\ cdmnioii roads (frnin London tn Bath) 28 July 1S29 Invented the Bude light, ]iutciiti-d . . . 1839 liitrod-.i.c.ed new mode of lighting house of com- mons ,, Arranged ventilation of tlie nciv house . 1852 Knighted . 1863 GUENEY, Joseph John, philanthropist of Norwich; b. 2 Aug. 1788; d. 4 Jan. 1847. A minister of the Society of Fiicuds . . . i8i3 To inspect prisons, \isit(id Scotland, 1818 ; Ireland, 1827; United States . . ... 1837-40 Published "Notes on Prisons," i8ig; " Obseiva- tions on the Views and Prui'tices of the Society of Friends," 1824 : " Hints on the Portable Evi- d(;nces of Cln-istiiinity," 1832, i:c. GUENEY, Joseph, short-hand writer; pub- lished "iSrachygi-aphy," 175T. GUENEY, Hudson, it. P. ; /;. about 1774 ; pub- lished "Cupid and Psyche," a translation from ApuleiuB, 1799; rf. 9N0V. 1864. GUENEY, Kussell, lawyer; 1856; recorder of London, i8;6 ; Jamaica to inquire into troubles. details of treaty of Washington, 1871 ; passed through the conimons the public worship regulation bill, 1874. GUEWOOD, John, colonel; h. 1790; entered araiy, 1808: led "forlorn hope" in the assault of Ciudad Ptodrigo, 9 Fob. 1812; as private secretary of the duke of "Wellington, edited liis Dispatches, 1835-8; d. by suicide, 25 Dec. 1S45. GUSTAYUS I.— n^, kings of Sweden : 1. A' ASA h. 12 May 1496 Entered s''3vife of St''n Stnri' the regent . . 1514 bistingui.shfd liimsi^lf against the Danes, 22 July 1517 Sent as a Imstage tn Denmark ; I'.scaped Sept. 1519 His father iind others massacred at Stoclvholm, 8 Nov. 1520 A f\igitive in Sweden ; eagerly sought for by the Danes; raif-rd an army against them F^;b. 1521 ExiK'Ued them from the Lunntry, and seized Upsala July „ Elected king, 7 Jane 1523 ; ernwned . . 12 Jan. 152S Established j trotcstantisni, ba.iL-d on the confes- sion of Augsburg . . . 1527 Suppressed a rhuigerous revult . ... 1537 Encouraged agricultnre, mining, nnd commerce ; made treaties with France, 1542; England, 1551 ; Sciitlnnd, 1559 . . ri. 29 Sept. 1560 2. Adolphuh, " Lion of the Noi-th " h. 9 Dec. 1594 Succeeded his fatlier, Charles IX. ; chose .iVxel Oxenstieni as his minister . 8 Nov. 1611 Suppressed rebclhons dne to tlio heavy taxation 1624-8 Made successful war with Poland . . . 1625-7 Put to tlie ban by the emperor Ferdinand H. 1627 Defeated his j^cnerals : peace made 15 Sept. 1629 As head of the X'i'*Jtt^-'5tant league, invaded Ger- many Jiuic 1630 Dispersed the amnios of Conti and Schaumburg, June — Dec. ,, Made six years' treaty with France . 13 Jan, 1631: Took Colberg, and other places March— April „ Defeated Tilly nt Lei])sic and Breiteufeld, 7 Sept. ,, And at the' Lech (Tilly mortally wounded), 5 April 1632 Took Munich, 17 May; formed an entrenched camij opposite Walleusitein's, near Nuremberg, May— Aug. ,, IMarched to deliver Saxony frnm Wallenstein ; defeated liiniat Lutzen, but killed during the conflict 16 Nov. ,, 3. Adolphus, son of Adolpbus Frederic ; 6. 24 Jan. 1746; king . . . 12 Feb. 1771 GUTCH 243 GYULAY 1792 1778 1792 iSoo 1806 1S07 1 809 1814 181S Ile-e.stablishyd desiiotic I'Ower by a coup d'et;it, 19-21 A\\'^. Made war against Russia ; retm-ned from Fiuland to help tlie Swedes, and tlius frustrated a plot against liim Dec. Tlie Russian fleet defeated at Svensksund, 10 July !Made peace "vvith Russia ... 14 Aug. Aimed at beiiig bead of a cmsadc against France . (Mun-ay), 1632; man-ied sir James Halket, 1656; wrote "The Mother's Will to the Unborn Child;" "Auto- biography," pubUshed by Camden Society, 1875 ; d. 22 April 1699. HALL, Aima Jlaria, Irish novelist ; li. (Field- ing) ; married S. C. Hall, 1824 ; published " Sketches of Irish Character," 1829-31; "Lights and Shadows of Ii-ish Character," 1838 ; " Ireland, its Scenery, Character, &c.," 1843; "A 'Woman's Story," 1857," "The Fight of Faith," 1868-9; many papers. HALL, captain Basil, Scotch traveller ; i. 31 Dec. 1788; published "Voyage to Corea," 1818; "Schloss Hainfeld, a "Winter in Lower StjTia," 1836; "Patchwork," 1S41 ; d. insane, 11 Sept. 1844. HALL, Benjamin, lord Llanover; i. 3 Nov. 1802 ; M.p. for Marylebone, 1837 ; baronet, July J838; president of the Board of Health, 1854-55; first commissioner of public works, 1855-58 ; created baron, 27 June 1859 ; d. 27 April 1867. HALL, Charles Francis, American captain ; i. about 1825 ; went on three arctic expeditions iu search of Franklin, 1860-71 ; rf. 11 Nov. 1871. HALL, Edward, see Salle. HALL, sii' James (father of Basil) ; i. 1 7C0 ; published " Origin, Pi-ineiplos, and Flistory of (jothic Architecture," 1813 ; d. 23 June 1832. HALL, sir James, Scotch physicist; 4. 17 Jan. T761 ; president of Koyal Society, Edinburgh ; pub- lished papers on granite, whinstone, and consoU- dation of the earth's strata, &c., 1794-1826; d. 23 June 1832. HALL, James, American geologist; b. 12 Sept. 1811 ; appointed on New York Survey; produced " Palajontology of New Tork," 1847-75 ; geologist of Iowa, 1855. HALL, John, poet and essayist; b. 1627; d. I Aug. 1656. HALL, Joseph, bishop of Norwich, " the Eng- lish Seneca;" b. I July 1574; bishop of Exeter, 1627 ; of Noririch, 1641 ; sequestrated ; in the Tower, Jan.-June 1642 ; published " Yirgidemia- rum Liber ,^' 1597-98; "Contemplations on Princi- _- par Passages of Scripture," 1612-15; "the Old Eeligion," 1628; "Christian Meditations," 1640; (I. 8 Sept. 1656. HALL, Jlarshall, m.d., physiologist; b. 1790; published " Essay on the Circulation of the Blood,' ' 183 1 ; " Croonian Lectures on the Nervous System," 1836; "Theory and Practice of Mediciue,'" 1837; "Diseases and Derangements of the Nen'ous Sj's- teni," 1841 ; d. 11 Aug. 1857. HALL, rev. Newman, dissenter; b. 1816; minister of Albion church, Hull, 1842-54 ; of Surrey chapel, 1854 ; visited America and preached before house of representatives, 1857 ; published " Pilgrun Songs," 1871 ; and Tracts ; laid topmost stone on Lincoln Tower, "Westminster bridge road, 28 Sept- 1875- HALL, Richard, Eomanist theologian ; wr-ote "Life of Bishop Fisher," irablished 1653; d. 1604. HALL, Eobert, Baptist minister ; b. 2 May 1764; d.2L Feb. 1831. BeL^'aii to preacli ... ... 17S0 Bei:aine intimate with Sir James Mackintosh at Abei'deen university ..... 1781 ilinister at Broadmead, Bristol, 1783; at Cam- bridge, 1791 ; at Leicester, 1808 : at Broadmead, Bristol, again 1S25 Pnblished " Apnlogj' fortlie Freedom of the Press," 1793: " Modein Infiilelity Considered," iSoo: " lieflections on the War " 1802 Insane for a time 1804 Published " On Terms of Connnunion" . 1815 Works edited by Gregory 1831-3 HALL, Samuel Carter, miscellaneous writer, &c.; li. 1801 ; edited "The -Vmulet," 1825; the "New Monthly Magazine," 1830; established the " Art Journal," 1839, ct scq.; published with his wife, above 340 volumes. HALL, Spencer, librarian of Athenamm Club, 1833-75 ; published " Documents fi'om Sinrancas," and Arehicological Papers ; d. 21 Aug. 1S75. HALLAM, Henry, historian; b. about 1778; wrote for " Edinburgh Review," 1802, ct scq.; published " "View of the State of Em'ope during the Middle Ages," 1818; " Supplemental Notes," 1848; " Constitutional History of England, 1827 ; " In- troduction to the Literature of Europe," 1837-39 ; d. 21 Jan. 1859. Authur, son (Iriend of Termyson, (who wrote "In ^Memoriam," after his death) ; h. r Feb. 181 1; d. 15 Sept. 1833; his "Remains" published, 1862. HALLE, Charles, popular Geiman pianist; left Paris and came to London, 1848 ; has pubUshed a " Pianoforte School," and mauj' pieces. HALLE, Edward, lawyer and chronicler ; b. about 1499 ; wrote " X'nion of the Families of Lan- castre and "Tork," published, 1548; d. 1547. HALLE, Jean Noel, French physician; b. 6 Jan. 1754; energetic promoter of "hygiene;" d. II Feb. 1822. HALLE, Pierre, French jurist; b. 161 1 ; pub- lished "Orationes et Poemata," 1655; rf. 27 Dec. 1689. HALLECK, Fitz-greene, American poet ; b. 8 July 1795; published "Fanny," 1819; visited England, 1822; published "Alnwick Castle," &c., 1827 ; d. 19 Nov. 1865. HALLECK, Heniy Wager, American general: b. 1816 ; published " Elements of Military Science," 1846; became commander of the United States army, July 1862 ; replaced by general Grant, March 1864 ; (/. 3 Jan. 1872. HALLENBEEG, Jonas, Swedish historian 8; published " His- 1790-96; d. 30 Oct. and antiquary ; b. 7 Nov. tory of Uustavus Adolphus, 1S34. HALLEE 247 HAMILTON HALLEEi, von, Swiss ivritcvs : At.brecht, seliohtr, natumlist, ]iOft. nnd pliysi- I'.ian ; the father of juo(]evii iihysiulngy ; //. i6 Oct. 1708 : pllblisheil " Icdiies Auiitoiuicic," 1756; " Eleiiicnta Physiobtgia' Huniaui Cor- poris," 1757-66 ; etc. . . . d. 12 Dec. 1777 Amadeus Emmanuel, son, liotunist; /). i Oct. 1735 d. 9 -Vpril 1786 Carl Ludwio, son, jonriinlist ; h. i Aug. 1768; published " Restoralion of Political Science " (in German), 1816-20 <(. 20 May 1S54 HALLEE, Joliaim, Geniian sculptor ; i. 1702 ; d. 1826. HALLEY, Antoiiie, French and Latin poet; /j. 1593 ; d. 3 June 1G75. HALLEY, Edmund, astronomer (friend of Newton) ; b. 29 Oct. 1656 ; d. 14 Jan. 1742. IMade observations on the spots on the sun July— Aug. 1676 Went to St. Helena, and observed position of .stars Nov. 1676 Prepared " Catalogue of Stars," publi-shed . 1679 Studied the comet of 1681-2 Published a Chart of the v.iriation.s of the compass, 1701; "Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets" 1705 -Vstrononier-royal " 1720 HALLEY, Robert, D.D., dissenter; b. 13 Aug. 1796; professor at Highbm-y college, 1826; prin- cipal of New college, St. John's "Wood, 1857 ; pub- lished "Lancashire: its Puritanism and jSToncon- fonnitj'," 1869; d. 12 Aug. 1876. HALLIDAY, sir Andrew, M.D. ; pubUshed " Annals of the House of Urunswick, and of the House of Hanover," 1826 ; d. 7 Sept. 1839. HALLIDAY (Duff), Andrew, Scotch jour- nalist and miscellanist ; b. 1830 ; contributor to " Coruhiil Magazine," " All the Year Hound," &c. ; dramatised several of Scott's and Dickens' works successfuU}'. HALLIDAY, sir Frederick James ; i. 1806 ; lieutenant-governor of Bengal, 1854; made K.C.B. and thanked by parliament for Ms services during the mutiny, i860. HALLIEE, Francois, French canonist ; b. 1595; (I- 23 July 1659." HALLIFAX, Sanmel, bi.shop of St. Asaph; ^- 1733 ; consecrated, 1787 ; published " Analysis of Eoman Civil Law," 1774 ; "Sermons on the Pro- phecies," 1776; d. 5 March 1790. HALLIWELL, James Orchard, antiquary ; b. 1820 ; edited Shakspeare in 16 folio volumes, 1853- 65 ; " Dictionary of Archaic and Provmcial Words," i860 ; " Life of Shakspeare," 1847 ; " Illustrations of Shakspeare," 1874; &c. HALMA, Nicolas, abbe, French mathemati- cian; li. 31 Dec. 1755; pubHshed translation of Ptolemy's "iUmagest," 1813 ; d. 4 June 1828. HALS, Fr.ans, brother, Dutch portrait painter; b. 1584 ; d. 20 Aug. 1666. HALS, Dirck, Dutch animal painter ; b. 1589 ; d. 1656. HALYBUETON, Thomas, Scotch clergyman ; i.1674; " Natural lleligion Insufficient," published 1714; "Great Concern of Salvation," 1722; d. 23 Sept. 1712. HAMBEEGEE, Gcorg Eberhard, German physician and anatomist; b. 21 Dec. 1697 ; pub- lished "Dissertatio de Eespirationis Mechanismo," &c., 1727; d. 22 July I75i. HAMBEEGEE, Georg Albert, German ma- thematician; b. 26 Nov. 1662; d. 13 Feb. 1716. HAMBEEGEE, Georg Christoph, Gei-man scholar; b. 28 March 1726; published "Das Ge- Ichrtc Deutschland," 1767 ; d. 8 Feb. 1773. HAMBEOECK, Anton, " The Dutch Eegu- his ; " settled as missionary in Fonnosa, and made many converts ; taken prisoner with his family by the invading Chinese pirate, Coxinga ; .sent to ex- hort his coimtrymen to suiTender ; persuaded them to the contrary ; returned ; put to death, 1661. HAMEL, see Dii Samel. HAMEL, Henri, Dntch navigator; resided some time in Corea, 1653; his voyage published, 1668. HAMEL, Joseph, il.D., Russian scientifin writer; i. about 1788; ascended Mont Blanc (three of his guides perished), 1820; d. 22 Sept. 1862. HAMILCAE, Carthaginian generals : 1. son of Hauno, commanded the expedition against Sicily ; totally defeated and slain by Geloii at the Himera . . b. c. 2. B.\HCA, commanded in Sicily . . B.C. Refused to retire at the end of the fti-st Punic war, as agreed on Defeated the mercenaries under Spendius and Matho 239, 239- Made his son, Hannibal, swear perpetual enmity to the Romans . . . about Killed in battle with the Vettones 480 24S 241 238 2 29 HAMILTON", dnkes of: 1. James, marquis, intimate friend of Charles I.; political writer ; b. 1606 ; created duke, 1643 : defeated in Comw.all, 1648 ; beheaded 9 March 1649 3. William, brother (last of the pri]ii'ipal line) ; /». 1616 ; duke, 1649 ; mortally wounded at the battle of Worcester . . . 3 Sept. 1651 i 3. William, earl of Selkirk ; duke, 1660 . d. 1604 4. James, son; hud high commissioner for Scot- land, 1690 ; opposed the union, 1705 ; as ambas- sador to France promoted peace of Utrecht, 1711-2 ; killed by lord Mohun in a duel 15 Nov. 1712 ^ HAMILTON, Alexander, major-general, Ame- rican statesman and political writer; b. 11 Jan. 1757; earnest promoter of the revolution, 1774; secretary of the treasury, 1789-95 ; killed in a duel by colonel Aaron Bm-r, vice-president, U.S., 12 July 1804. HAMILTON, Anthony, count, French -wi-iter ; b. about 1646; published " Memoires du Comte de Grammont," 1713 ; wrote " Contes," published 1749; d. 1720. HAMILTON, David, Scotch architect; S. 11 May 1768 ; erected the exchange at Glasgow, 1840 ; d. 5 Dec. 1843. HAMILTON. Elizabeth, Irish philanthropist; b. 1758; published " Letters on Education," 1801- 2 ; " Cottagers of Glenburnie," 1808 ; d. 23 July 1816. HAMILTON, Emma, lady, see Hamilton, sir IVilllam. HAMILTON, Gavin, Scotch painter ; h. about 1730; published "Sehola ItaUca, Pictura;," 1773; d. 1797. HAMILTC)N, George, earl of Orkney, general and colonel ; distinguished under "Willia.m III., in Ireland, 1690-3 ; earl, 1696 ; lieut.-genei-al, Jan. 1704; at Blenheim, &c., 1704-12; governor of Virginia, Dec. 1714; d. Jan. 1737. HAMILTON ■Hi HANCOCK HAiilLTON, sir Ueoige J;:ullie, dipluiuatist; | b. 4 Oct. 1798; minister to Tuscany, 1847-50; cl. 3 Sept. 1850. HAMILTON, Hugh, bishop of Ossory, mathe- matician ; b. 26 March 1729; bishop of Clonfert, 1795; of Ossory, 1799; published " Le Sectionibus Comcis," 1758; d. 1 Dec. 1805. HAMILTON, James, of Bothwell-haug-h ; fought for queen Mary at Langside ; a pri.«oner, 13 May 1568 ; shot the regent Murray, aud escaped, 23 Jan. 1570 ; d. 1619. HAMILTON, James, Scotch ji.d.; !i. 1814; chosen minister for Eegent-square church, 1841 ; published "Life in Earnest," 1850; "Mount of Olives," 1856; &c., Sec; d. 24 Nov. 1867. HAMILTON, James, linguist; b. 1775; taught in the United States, 1815; published his " System of Teaching Languages, 1824 ; d. 16 Sept. 1829. HAMILTON, Janet, Coatbridge poetess; b<. about 179s; d. Nov. 1873. HAMILTON, John, archbishop of St. An- drew's; published a catechism, 1552; burnt Mihie at St. Andrew's, Api-il 1558 ; threatened Kno.^ with armed resistance, 1559 ; plotted against Dam- ley, Jan. 1567 ; counselled catholic convention on behalf of queen Mary, June 1567 ; plotted against her, and made peace with the regent Murray, before Sept. 1567 ; declared a traitor, 18 Aug. 1568; taken and hanged, i April 1570. HAMILTON, Patrick, Scotch reformer; i. 1503; wrote " Patrick's Places; " burnt by cardinal ileatoun, 29 Feb, or I March 1527. HAMIL'TON, Eobert, Scotch mathematician ; h. 1742; in his ''Inquiry concerning the National Debt," demonstrated the fallacy of the sinking fund, 1813 ; d. 14 July 1829. HAMILTON, Thomas, captain and novelist ; b. about 1789 ; published "Cyril Thornton," 1827 ; " Men and Manners in America," 1833; d. 7 Dec. 1842. HAMILTON, "Walter ; published " East Indian Gazetteer," 181 1, 1828, 1855 ; " Description of Hin- dostan," 1820. HAMILTON, Walter EeiT, bishop of Salis- bury; b. Nov. 1808; consecrated, 1854; d. i Aug. 1869. HAMILTON, "William, of Bangour; Scotch Jacobite poet ; b. 1704 ; joined the pretender, 1745; Poems, published 1748 ; d. 25 March 1754. HAMILTON, sir "William, Scotch diplomatist and antiquary; b. 1730; ambassador at Naples; supported the investigations .at Herculaneum ; pub- lished his "Antiquitcs Etrusqucs," 1766-67; " Campi Phlcgi-ffii," 1776-79; d. 6 April 1803. His second wife, Emma Harte or Lyon, an adventuress ; &. about 1766 : mistress of several persons ; last of Charles Greville ; married by Sir William Hamilton, 1 791 ; became intimate with the queen of Naples, and gamed infoniiation for the British ; became intimate with Nelson, 1798; his avowed mistress, 1800; d. 16 Jan. 1815. HAMILTON, "William, historical painter; h. about 1750; E.A., 1789; d. 10 Dec. 1801. HAMILTON, "William Gerard, politician; b. Jan. 1 729 ; from a speech in the house of commons, 13 Nov. 1755, named " single-speech Hamilton ; " esteemed by Johnson ; d. 16 July 1796. HAMILTON, sir "William, bart. ; Scotch phi- losopher ; b. 8 March 1788 ; professor ,of logic at Edinburgh, 1 836; published ''Discussions on Phi- losophy," 1852; d. 6 May 1856; his "Lectures" published, 1859-60. HAMILTON, William Richard, archx-ologlst ; b. 9 Jan. 1777 ; accompanied lord Elgin in acquiring the marbles from Athens, 1799; superintended their reitovery from the sea, into which they fell during the wreck of the " Jlentor," at the isle of Cos, 1803 ; visited Egypt, and published " jEgyptiaca," 1809; treasurer of lloyal Institution, 1832-49; d. II July 1859. HAMILTON, sir "William Eowan, Irish scho- lar and astronomer; b. 4 Aug. 1805; astronomer- royal for Ireland, 1827 ; d. 2 Sept. 1865. HAMMEE, Christoph, Gei-man orientali.st ; h. 1550; published " Picdngogus Linguarum quinquo Oiientalium ;" d. 19 March 1597. HAMMEE-PUBGSTALL, Joseph von, baron, (Jcrman orientalist; b. 9 June 1774; inter- preting secretary to the Anglo-Turkish generals m Egypt, 1801 ; edited and tr,in.-lat-d many oriental works ; " Ancient Alphabets," 1806 ; d. 26 Nov. 1856. HAMMEPvLEIN (ilalleolus), Felix, Swiss theologian; b. 1389; wrote "De Nobilitate; d. about 1457. HAMMOND, Anthony, M.P., poet, and friend of literary men; b. i568; published ''Poems," 1720; "Hints for Thinking," 1721 ; d. in prison for debt, 1738. James, jioet, son; b. 1710; wrote " Love Elegies ; " d. 2 June 1742. HAMMOND, Heni-y, theologian; b. 18 Aug. 1605 ; accompanied Charles I. to Carishrooke as chaplain, 1648; published "Practical Catechism," 1644; " Taraphrases and Annotations upon the New Testament," 1653 ; "upon the Psalms," 1659 ; d. (before consecration as bishop of "Worcester) 25 April 1660. HAMON, Jean, French physician, moralist, one of the ascetics of the Port-Hoyal; b. 1618 ; published "Divers Traites de Piete," 1(375; ^' ^^ Feb. 1687. HAMPDEN, John, m.p., politician, relative of Cromwell; b. 1594; imprisoned for resisting general loan, 1627 ; refused to pay the tax termed ship-money, 1636 ; active opponent of Laud and Straftbrd, 1 640- 1 ; impeached by the king, 3 Jan. 1642 ; colonel in the parliamentary anuy ; wounded at Chalgi'ove, 18 June ; d. 24 June 1643. HAMPDEN, Renn Dickson, bishop of Here- ford; b. 1793; Bamptoii lecturer, 1832; censured for passages m his lectures (on the Scholastic Philo- sophy) by the Oxford convocation, 1836 ; conse- crated, 1848 ; d. 23 April 1868. HAMPER, "William, archirologist ; b. 12 Dec. 1776; published "Life of sir "WilUam Dugdale," 1827 ; d. 3 May 1831. HAMPTON, lord, see Fakivgion. HANBUE.Y, Daniel, f.r.s., f.l.s., phannaco- logist; *. II Sept. 1825; published (with Dr. Flilckigcr) " Pharmacographia : a History of Drugs," 1874; and many papers; d. 24 March 1875- HANCAEVILLE, Pierre Fran9ois Hugues d', French archaiologist ; b. I Jan. 1719; edited sir "William Hamilton's " Antiquitcs Etiusques," 1766-7; d. 9 Oct. 1805. HANCOCK, Albany, naturalist; }. 24 Dec. 1806 ; studied the brachiopods, and published results m Ray Society books ; with Mr. Alder, published "Monograph of British Nudibranchiate Mollusca," 1845-55; rf. 26 0ct. 1873. HAXCOCK •219 HANSEN HANCOCK, John, AuiurLiiu stutesiium; /». about 1737; president of congress of Massachusetts, 1774; its governor, 1780-4, 1787-93 '■> ^- ^793- HANCOCK, Wiufield Scott, American general ; b. II Feb. 1824; distinguished during ci\il war, i86r-s ; unsuccessful candidate for presidencv, 1868. HANDEL, or Haxdel, George Frederic, GeiTnan musician and composer; b. 23 Feb. 1685; (not 24 Feb. 1684) ; d. 13 April 1759. His love of music opposed by his father ; patro- nised by the duke of Saxe-Weisseiifels ; went to Hanibiu'g; his first opera, "Abnira," performed 8 Jail. 1705 Visited Florence ; " Roderign " performed there . 1706 Visited Venice, Rome, Naples . . . 1707-8 Engaged as chapel- master by the elector of Hanover 1709 First came to London 1710 His "Rinaldo" jierformed, 24 Feb.; retiuiied to Hanover 1711 Returned to London ; wannly received ; produced " Pastor Fido" 1712 Wrote a " Te Deuni," &c. for the peace of Utreuht ; settled in London .... . 1713 By his " Water Music," placated his master, now king George I. Aug. 1715 Became chapel-master to the duke of Chandos, and composed for him "Esther," " Acis and Gahitea," and many anthems and instrumental pieces 1718-21 Became director of the Italian theatre fortlie Royal Academy of Music ; composed many operas ; in- volved in much altercation . . . 1720-g Took the Italian theatre with Heidegger, (unsuc- cessful) . . 1729 Esther, his first oratorio, performed at the king's theatre 2 May 1732 Composed "Deborah" and " Athalinli" . . 1733 "Alexander's Feast " performed . . 19 Feb. 1736 Ruined by opera speculations ; became ill ; went to Aix-la-Chapelle 1737 Returned; composed "Saul," July— Sept. ; "Israel in Egypt," i Oct.~i Nov. 1738; " L'Allegi-o," and " 11 Penseroso " composed . 1740 Firmly ojipo-sed by the upper classes . . 1740-5 AVent to Ireland Nov. 1741 " The Messiah," composed for Dublin charities. 22 Aug.— 14 Sept., performed at Dublin 13 April 1742 "Samson" performed .... Feb. 1743 Re-instated in London, composed the Dettingeu "Te Deum," "Semele," "Joseph," 1743; " Bel- sliazzar," 1744 ; " Occisional Oratorio " . . 1746 Composed "Judas Maccabaeus," to celebrate the battle of CuUoden, 9 July— n Aug. 1746; per- formed 1 April 1747 Composed "Alexander Balas," 1747; ''Joshua," "Solomon," "Susannah," "Fireworks Music,'* 1748; "Tlieodora," 1749 ; "Choice of Hercules," 1750; "Jephtha" Feb. 1752 Became gradually blind . i75i"2 HANGER, George, colonel; b. 1760; fought in American war ; succeeded his brother as last lord Coleraine, 1814; published "Address to the Army," iu reply to Mackenzie's ** Strictm-es," 1789; d. 1824. HANGEST, Jerfime de, French theologian; wrote '* i)e Arbitiio Libero contra Lutherum," about 1521 ; d. 8 Sept. 1538. HANKA, "Waclaw, Bohemian poet and anti- quary; b. 10 June 1 791; di-:covered ancient MS. Bohemian poems (of Kralodvor, or the Queen's Court), 16 Sept. 1817, long alleged to be a forgery; discovered St. John's Gospel in Bohemian of the lOth century, 1828. HAJNKE (HajTCKITTS), Martin, Gennan his- toiian and philologist ; b. 15 Feb. 1633; published *'De Romanorum Jierum Sciiptoribus," 1625; d. 24 April 1709. HANMEE, Meredith, ecclesiastical historian; 7j. 1543; published translation of "Ecclesiastical Histories,'*^ 1576 ; d. 1604. HANMEK, sir Thomas, statesman and philo- sopher; b. 1676; speaker of the commons, 1713; edited Shakspeare, 1744 ; d. 5 April 1746. HAKN, James, matlieraatieian ; b. lygg; d. 17 Aug. 1856. HAlSTlSrAEORD, Samuel, botanist; b. 1828: published ' ' Catalogue of Plants and Ferns of Totnes," 1S51; settled iu Melbourne; studied and published works on its flora; "AVild Flowers of Tasmania," 1866; librarian of public library of Tasmania, 1870. ' HANNAH, rev. John; b. 1818 ; warden of Tiinity episcopal college, Glenalmond, 1854 ; Bamp- ton lecturer, 1863 ; vicar of Brighton, 1870 ; published sennons, &c. HANNAY, James, Scotch novelist and journal- ist; b. 1827; published "Singleton Fonteno}'," 1850; " Eustace Conyers," 1857 ; lectures on " Sath-e and Satirists," 1853 ; d. 9 Jan. 1873. HANNEMAN, Adriaan, Dutch painter; b. 161 1 ; d. about id8o. HANNEN, sir James, lawyer; b. 182 1 ; judge of Queen's Bench, Aug. 1868 ; of probate and divorce court, Nov. 1872. HANNIBAL, Carthaginian generals : 1. gi'andson of Hamilcar killed at the Himera ; captm'ed Lilybseum, B.C. 409 ; d, while besieging Agrigentum .... B.C. 406 3. son of Hamiloar Barca ; b. about . . . 247 Made by his father to swear eternal hostility to Rome about 238 Present at the battle where his father was killed 229 Commander-in-chief after the assassination of Hasdmhal 221 Proceeded to consolidate the Carthaginian autho- rity ill Spain ; besieged Saguiituiu . . 219" Caxitured it, and began the second Punic war . 218 Crossed the Alps ; entered Itidy ; defeated the Roman consuls at the Ticinus and the Trobia . ,, Defeated Flaraiuius and Servilius at the lake of Tlirasymenus 217 Defeated iEniilius Paulus and Van-o at Camise . 216 "Wintered at Capua . . . 216-15 Marched to Rome, but checked there . . 211 His brother, Hasdrubal, defeated and shiin by the consuls Livius and Nero at the MetiiiiruH . 207 Returned to Afiica .... 203 Said to have had an interview with Scipio ; de- feated by him near Zama, (end of the second Punic war) 202 Made chief magistrate ; prepared for a fj'csh stiiiggle 201 Compelled to flee ; received by Antioclms of Syria 193 Defeated while commanding a fleet ; his surrender demanded from Antiochus by the Romans . 190 Sheltered by Pru-sias, king of Bithj'uia ; took lioisoii when demanded . , about 183 HANNO, Carthaginian commanders : 1. Defeated by Lutatius Catnlus in a naval battle oft' the iBgates e.g. 241 2. The Great, rival of Hamilcar Barca ; unsuccess- ful in quelling the Sicilian merceiiai'ies till aided by him 240-238 Opposed Hannibal and his party m Carthage 229, ct s&i. HANNO, Carthaginian navigator, to whom is attributed a Periplus, or sbort account of a voyage round part of Lib3% probably about B.C. 580; the *' Periplus " fii'st printed with .Vnian, 1534. HANEIOT, see Senriot. HANSj Sachs, see Sachs, HANSARD, Luke, energetic printer to house of commons ; b. 5 July 1752 ; d. 29 Oct. 1828. HANSEN, Moritz Christoph, Norwegian poet and novelist; b. 5 July, 1794; published collected writings, 184:2 ; a. 16 March 1842. HANSEN 250 HAEDY -CiAjN SiKiN'- I'l'tiT An(lre;is, {.Icrman asQ-oiiomfi- ; 5. 8 Dec. 1795; liulilislied " Theory of the Pendu- lum," 1854; his "Tables dp ]a Lu'ne," printed by the British goveninicnt, 1S57 ; (I. 28 ^Jlardi 1874. HANSTEBX, Christoph, Xor\\-ogian astrono- mer; b. 26 Sept. 17S4; proit'ssnr at C'hristiaiiia, 1S14 ; determined the existence of a uiasnetie pole in Siberia during a searcli begun in 1828; pub- lished (in Gi'iinan) " llescarehes on Terrestrial Magnetism," 1819: (I. II or 15 April 1873. HAJSTWAY, Jonas, philanthropist ; h. 1712 ; travelled in Kus.-ia and Peisia, 1743-pO ; publislied " Account of liritish Trade over the Caspian Sea," 1753-54; introduied the use of umbrellas ; pro- moted Sunda3'-sehools ; founded marine society, 1/57; f^- S Sept. 17S6. HAECOUET, Godefioi d', French baron, daring ally of Edward III. of England in his inya- siou ; killed, 1356. HAECOITET, Ilarrirt Eiisebia, foundress of nunneries; b. 1700; d. 1745. HAECOITET, Henry, due d', French general and diplomatist; b. 1654; i. 19 Oct. 1718. HAECOITET, Simon Ilareourt, liseonnt, lawyer; h. 1G60; lord keeper, 1710; lord chancellor, 1713; deprived, 1714; d. 29 July 1727. HAECOUET, sir "William George Graniille Vei"non ("Historicus" in the " Times "), barrister ; b. 14 Oct. 1827 ; M.r. for Oxford, 1868 ; professor of international law, Cambridge, 1869; solicitor- general, Noy. 1873 — Feb. 1874. HAECOITET, Eey. William A'enables Vernon ; }. June 1789 ; son of Key, E. V. Vemon, afterwards archbishop of York ; seryed fiye years in the navy, entered the church ; minister of Bishopsthorpe, 1811; studied chemistry and geology ; first president of Yorkshire Philosophical .society, 1S22 (assisted by John Phillips), 1822 ; general secretary of first meeting of British Association at York, 1831 ; pre- sident at Birmingham, 1839 ; studied action of heat on inorganic bodies ; published results, 1844-46-60- 71; d. April, 1871. HAEDEE, Wm. J., braye Anieric!m confede- rate general ; h. 30 June 1838 ; engaged in all the war; surrendered Charleston to Sherman, jVprU 1865 ; d. 6 Nov. 1873. HAEDENBEEG, Cari August, prince of, Piiissian statesman ; b. 31 May 1730; supported a warlike policy against France, 1806; freed the peasantry; signed' the treaty of Paris, 1814; at Aix la Chapelle, 1818; itc; left memoirs; d. 26 Noy. 1822. HAEDENBEEG, see l^oraUs. HAEDEE, Johann Jakob, Swiss anatomist ; b. 7 Sept. 1656; published " De Nostalgia," 1698; " Prodromus Physiologicus," 1699; d. 28 April 1711. HAEDICANUTE, son of Canute and Emma, widow of Ethelred II. ; succeeded his father in Denmark, Nov. 1036 ; his brother, Harold I., w'ho died, 17 March 1040; d. 8 June, 1042. HAPlDIME, Flemish painters, brothers; Peter, b. 1678; d. 1748. Siiiox, b. 1672; d. 1:37- HAEDING, Chester, American portrait-pain- ter; b. I Sept. 1792; a soldier, drum-maker, cabinet-maker, and sign-paiuter ; successful in por- traits ; painted presidents Madi-son, Monroe,;Adams, i:c. ; in England, the duke of Noi-folk, Samuel Kogers, hi-.; d. 1866. HAEDING, George Perfect, landscape painter in water colours ; d. 23 Dec. 1853. HAEDING, James Duffield, artist; b. about 1798; published "Lessons on Art of Drawing;" " On Trees," 1850 ; d. 4 Dec. 1S63. HAEDING, or HaeDYWG, John, chronicler ; b. 1378 ; fought at Agincourt, 25 Oct. 141^ ; d. after 1465; his " Chronicle, in metre," published, 1543- HAEDING, sir John Domey, ecclesiaslical lawyer ; b. 1809 ; queen's adyocate,' 1852-62 ; d. 23 Noy. 1868. HAEDING, Stephen ; founder of Cistercian order, 1098; abbot of Citeaux, 1 109; reeeiyed Beniard, 1113 ; d. 28 March I134. HAEDING, Thomas, Jesuit, Hebraist, &c.; b. 1512; tutor of Lady Jane Grey; held a con- troyersy with bishop Jewel, 1564-68; d. 16 Sept. 1572- HAEDINGE, Henry Hardinge, yiscount, field- marshal ; b. 30 March 1785 ; d. 24 Sept. 1856. f^en'ed in the Peninsula . 1808-14 SecretiU'y at w.ir . 1828-30, 1841-4 Governor-geuernl of India . . . July 1844-8 Defeated tlie Kiklis at Jl.iodkce, j3 Dec; .it Fe- rozcsliall 21, zi Dec. 1S45 Made peace . , . Feb. 7846 Created viscoimt Hardiii^^e , . March ,, Master-general of the ordnniice, Feb. 1852 ; com- la.ander-iii-chief Oct. 1852 Field-marshal . Oct. 1855 HAEDINGE, Nicholas, poet and archccologist ; b. 1700 ; d. 9 April 1758. HAEDION, Jacques, French liistorian; b. 11 Oct. 1686; tutor of the French piincesses ; pub- lished " Nouyelle Histoire Politique," 1751 ; d. I Oa. 1766. HAEDOUIN, Jean, French Jesuit, scholar, paradoxical writer ; b. 1646 ; published '" Chrono- logie expliquee par les Mcdailles," 1693; edited " Pliny's Natural History," 1685; rf. 3 Sept. 1729. HAEDT, Hermann you der, German orien- talist; b. 15 Noy. iljfao; published "Autographa Lutheri alionunque," 1690-3; " Historia Litteraria Reformationis," 1717 ; d. 28 Feb. 1746. HAEDUIN, Alexandre Xavicr, French poet ; b. 6 Oct. 1718 ; d. 5 Sept. 17S5. HAEDWICK, I'hiUp, architect, ii.A.; b. 15 June 1792 ; designed St. Katherine's Docks, Gold- smiths' Hall, Lincoln's Inn Hall, (tc; the London and N. "W. railway station, &c.; E...V., 1841 ; d. 28 Dec. 1870. HAEDWICKE, see Yorl-e. HAEDY, Alexandre, Freuch dramatist; h. about 1560; accompanied trayelling comedians as " Auteur de la ti'onpe ; " combined the " Mys- teries" with the early Italian and Spanish drama; d. about 1 63 1. , HAEDY, Claude, French mathematician and linguist; edited "Data Euchdis," 1625; d. 5 April 167S. HAEDY, Gathonie, statesman ; b. i Oct. 1814 ; president of the poor-law board, July 1866; home secretary. May 1867 — Dec. 1868 ; secretary for war, Feb. 1875. HAEDY, Thomas, politician; b. 3 March 1751 : secretary of the "Corresponding Society," 1792; with Thelwall and Tooke acquitted of high treason, 29 Oct. — 5 Noy. 1794; d. II Oct. 1832. HARDY 2.31 HAROLD HAEDY, sir Thomas Miisttmian, admiral ; b. 1769 ; Mend of Nelson ; received his last orders, 21 Oct. 1805; d. 20 Sept. 1839. HAEDY, sir Thomas Duffus, deputy-keeper of the records ; b. 1804 ; published " Catalogue of the Loi'd Chancellors," 1843; "Life of Lord Lang- dale," i8c2; "Catalogue of Materials for Historj' of Great Britain," 1862-71; Syllabus of Bymer's "Fccdcra," 1869-73; "The Athanasian Creed," &c., 1874 ; knighted, 9 July 1869. HAEDYNG, see mmUmj. HARE, Francis, theologian and scholar; h. about 1665 ; puldished "Difficulties and Dis- couragements which attend the Study of the Scrip- tiu-es by way of Private Judgment" (a satire), 1714; " Psalmorum Liber nietrice divisus," 1736; d. 26 April 1740. HARE, brotlicrs, theologians : AeousTUa AVilljam ; h. 1792; ^vrntc "SeriiiolLS to a Country ContjrcgiLtiou," iiuljli.slicd 1S3; ; (!. 18 Feb. 1834 Jttlius Charles ; 7). 1795 ; friend of Tliomas Arnold ; witli his brother, published " Guesses at Truth," 1827-48 : archdeJK-un of Lewes, 1840 ; ]mblished " Victory of Faith," 1840 ; " Vhnlica- tion of Luther," 1S54 . tZ. 23 Jan. 1S55 HARE, Eobert, m.d., American chemist ; h. 17 Jan. 1781 ; improved the blow-pipe, eudiometer, galvanic battery, and aii--pump ; d. 15 May 1858. HAEENBERG, Johanu Christoph, German theologian, historian, and orientalist; h. 1696; published " History of the Jesuits," 1760-61 ; d. 12 Xov. 1774. HARFORD, John Scnndrett, scholar; li. 17S5 ; published " Life of Thos. Lurgess, bishop of Salis- biuy," 1S41 ; "Ijfe of Michael Angelo," 1857, &c.; d. II Nov. i86g. HARGRAVE, Francis, jmi,st ; h. about 1741 : edited " State Trials," 1781 ; "Law Trials," 1787; d. 16 Aug. 1821. HARGRAVES, Edward Hammond; Ji. about 1815; discovered gold in New South Wales, Aus- tralia, 12 Feb. 1851. HARGREAYES, James, mechanician; in- vented the " Spiiniing Jenny" about 1767; d. about 1770. HARING, see mterhvj. HARINGTON, rev. Edward Charles ; chan- • ellor and canon of Exeter, 184.7-57 ; published treatise " on the Consecration of Churches," 1844 ; "Succession of Bishops in England," 1846, &c. HARINGTON", Richard, d.d., principal of Brasenose College, Oxford; h. 26 April 1800; d. 13 Dee. 1853. HARINGTON, see KarrhujUn. HARIOT, see Harriot. HARIRI, Cassem al, Arab writer; h. about 1054 ; wrote " Macamas," a species of tkama ; d. Sept. 1 122. HARLAY, Achille de, French magistrate ; " the Chi-istian Cato ; " h. 7 March 1536; coura- geously opposed the duke of Guise, 1585 ; quelled sedition in Paris, i Jan. 1589; d. 21 Oct. i6ig. HAHLESS, or HjVELES, German scholars : UOTTLIEB Christoph ; 7). 3738 : edited Fabricius's " Bibliotheca GrtBca," 1790-1S09; " ^Vnthologla Latina Poetica," 1770: " .Vnthologia GrtPca Poe- tica," 1775 - . . t7. 2 Nov. 1815 Christian Frieduicii, won. physician; h. n June 1773; imblislied "Mineral Waters and Baths of Southern Europe," 1846-48 . . (7. 13 March 1833 GorTLiED Christoph Adolf, prutestaut tlieologian ; 7). 21 Nov." 1806 Opposed Roman Catholics in Bavaria, and lost professorsliip, fcc. 1845 Connsellor to tlie minister of worshi]!, Municli . 1852 Pulilished "Connuentary on the Eiiliesian-s," 1834, i-c. HARLEY, earls of Oxford : Robert . . . *': -- . . 7). 5 Dec. 1661 Itaised a body of horse and seized Worcester for the prince of Orange .... . 1688 Elected spealcer of tiie house of commons . 1701-4 Chief secretary of state 1704-S At first a whig, became a tory ; obtained much influence over queen Anne by means of Aln^^ail Hill (Mrs. Masluun) ; displaced Marlborougli, and became chancellor of the ext^heciner . . 1710 Wounded at the council table by the marquis de Guiscard 18 March 1711 Created earl of Oxford, 24 31ay ; and lord trea- surer . . ... 2g !May ,, Quai'relled with Mrs. MasJiam ; expelled from office 27 JiUy 1714 Impeached and imprisoned in the tower . . ,, ■-Acquitted, i July 1717 . . . (7. 21 May 1724 EnwARD, son ; formed tlie Harleian collectinii (purchased by parliament and deposited in the British Museum, 1754) d. 16 June 1741 HARLOW, George Heniy, portrait and his- torical painter ; i. 10 June 1787 ; painted " Trial of Uiieen Catharine," containing portraits of the Ivembles ; d. 4 Feb. i8ig. HARMENSEN, see Arminins. HARMER, Anthony, see IFJitnion, Jlcm-y. HARMER, Thomas, theologian and orienta- list ; b. 1715; published " Obsers-ations on divers Passages of Scripture," 1764; "Commentary ou Solomon's Song," 1768; d. Nov. 1788. HARMODIUS and AeiSTOGEITON, Athe- nians; killed Hipparehus; put to death by his brother, Hippias the tyrant, B.C. 514. HARNESS, rev. >Vm.; b. 14 March 1790; friend of Byron ; Boyle lecturer, 1822 ; printed "Welcome and Farewell," a drama, 1837; long minister of E,egent's Square chiu'ch, St. Pancras, 1825; of All Saints', Ivnightsbiidge, 1848; edited Shakspeare, 1825 \d. 11 Nov. 1869. HARO, Luis Mendez de, Spanish statesman ; b. 1599 ; .succeeded the minister Olivares his uncle, 1643; ruled firmly for the Aveak Philip IV., met Mazarin, and arranged the peace of Pyrenees be- tween France and Spain, 7 Nov. 1659 ; d. 17 or 26 Nov. i65i. HAROLD, Blaatand, king of Denmark, suc- ceeded Gorni tile Old, 941 ; killed, 991. HAROLD I.— IV., kings of Norway : 1. Harfaoer, 7). about 850 ; king, 863 ; victorious waiTior ; acquired all Norway . . d. 934. 2. Graafeld, gi-andson ; killed in battle . . . 977 3. Hardrada ; h. about 1016 ; king, 1047 ; invaded England ; with Tostig, defeated by Harold at Stanford bridge. ... 25 Sept. 1066 4. GiLLE ; kuig, 1134 ; assassinated . 1136 HAROLD I., II., kings of England 1 1. Harefoot, son of Canute ; succeeded, with his brother, Haidicannte, their father Canute, 12 Nov. 103s Banished ciueen Emma, his stepmother, and murdered her sons (by Ethelred II.) Alfred and Edward ... , ... Seized all the kingdom, 1037 . f7. 17 March 2. son of Godwin, earl of K.ent; with him resisted Edward the Confessor ; reconciled . , 1052 Succeeded his father as earl, April 1053 ; coii- ((uered Wales . 1063 1036 1040 HAKOUN 2o2 HAEEOWBY Shipwrecked : captured Ijy Williain of Xoriiuiudy ; swore to help him to crown of Plni^land . . 1065 Succeeded Edward tlie Coufessor as king 5 Jan. 1066 Defeated and liilled liis brotl ler Tostijj and Harold Hardi-ada, king of Nonvay, at .Stanford bridge, 25 Sept. 1066 Defeated by William of Normandy, and slain at Hastings ". 14 Oct. ,, HAROUN AL EascHID, caliph of Bagdad, "wan-ior, patron of science and literature ; b. about 765 ; succeeded his father Mehdi, i Oct. 786 ; sent an emhassy to Charlemagne, with a striking clork, &c., 801 ; put down tlie powerful and liberal Barmecides, 803 ; levied tribute from the emperor Nicephorus, 8o5 ; ravaged Ehodes, Crete, and Cy- prus, 808 ; d. 2 April 8og. HARPAGUS, Median noble; saved the in- fant Cyrus, about B.C. 592, and became one of his generals. HARPSFIELD, brothers, Romanist theolo- gians ; John, 6. about 1510 ; chaplain to Bonner ; aided him in his jirosecution of jirotestjxnts ; dean of Noi-wich ; published " Hontilie-s," 1554-5 '^- 1578 Nicholas, archdeacon of Canterbury ; attacked Fox's "Acts and Monuments" in "Sex Dialog! conti-a Pseudo-Mai-tyres," 1566; his " Historia Anglicana Ecclesiastica" publislied. 1622 d. 1583 HAREINaTON, Iloiiry, m.d., musician; b. 1729; founded the "Hannoiuc Society," and wrote glees for it; d. 15 Jan. 1816. HARRINGTON, James, politician; b. Jan. 161 1 ; resided in Holland with the queen of Bo- hemia; appointed companion to Charles I. in the Isle of 'W ight, 1646 ; accompanied hun to the scaf- fold, 30 Jan. 1649; published "Oceana," 1656; Imprisoned on charge of treason, Dec. 1661 ; d. 11 Sept. 1677. HARRINTON (or HAaiNGTON), sir John, poet and satirist ; b. 1561 ; published translation of Ariosto, 1591 ; " New Discourse on a stale subject, called the Metamorphosis of Ajax," 1596; "Epi- grams," printed, 1615 ; d. 1612. HARRINGTON, see FooU and SlanUpe. HARRIOT, Thomas, mathematician ; b. 1560 ; accompanied Ualeigh to Virginia, and published an account of the expedition, 1588 ; said to have ob- served the spots on the sun, and Jupiter's sateUites, Dec. 1610; his " Artis AnalyticiB Praxis," pub- lished 1631 ; d. 21 July 1621. HARRIS, George Harris, lord, general ; b. 18 March 1 746 ; commander at the capture of Serin- gapatam, 4 May 1799 ; made baron, 11 Aug. 1815 ; d. 19 Hay 1829. HARRIS, George, banister ; b. 6 May 1809 ; pubhshed "Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke," 1847; " Civilization as a Science," 1861 ; supporter of Social Science Association and Anthropological Institute. HARRIS, James, of Malmeshury, philosopher and philologist ; b. 20 July 1709; published " Her- mes, or a Philosophical Jinquiry concerning Lan- guage and Universal Grammar," 1750; d. 22 Dec. 1780. HARRIS, earls of Malmeshury : jAME.s(sonoftIieiihilologist), diplomatist ; 6. 1746 ; ambassador to France, Spain, &c. : baron, ig Sept. 1788; publislied his fatlier's works, 1783; earl, 29 Dec. 1800 ... . fi. 20 Nov. 1820 JAME.S Edward, son ; &. 19 Aug. 1778 d. 10 Sejit. 1841 James Howard, son; \i. 25 Marcli 1807; foreign .secretaiy, Feb.— Dec. 1852; Felx 1858— June 1859; lord pri^fy seal, June 1866 — Dec. 1868; Feb. 1874 ; re-signed .... 12 Aug. 1876 HARRIS, John, D.D.; i. about 1O67; published " Lexicon Teehuicuin," the first English dictionary of arts and sciences, 1704-10; "Collection of Voyages and Travels," 1702-5 ; " History of Kent," 1719; d. 7 Sept. 1719. HARRIS, John, B.I)., independent minister; b. 8 March 1802; published "Mammon," 1836; "The Great Commission," 1842; "The Pre- .Vdamite Earth," 1847 ; principal of New College, London, 1850; d. 21 Dec. 1856. HARRIS, Robert, d.d., puritan; b. 1578; d. II Dec. 1658. HARRIS, Moses, naturalist; publi.shed "The Aurelian," 1766; " English Lepidoptera," 1775; " English Insects " (well illustrated), 1776- HARRIS, 'Walter, m.d. ; b. 1647 ; became a Catholic, 1673; recanted, and published "Farewell to Popery," 1679 ; became physician to William III., 1689; d. 1725. HARRIS, 'William, d.p., independent; b. 1720; published Lives of James I., 1753; Charles I., 1758; Ohver Cromwell, 1762; Charles II., 1766; d. 4 Feb. 1770. HARRIS, sir William Snow, physicist; b. 1 792 : discovered a system of conducting hghtniug discharges by broad copper plates, 1820.; his system ordered to be adopted in the royal navy, 1843 ; knighted, 1847 ; received parliamentary grant of £5000, 1854; d. 22 Jan. 1867. HARRISON, Frederick, barrister; J. 18 Got. 1831 ; on " Royal Commission on Trades' Unions," 1867-9; "^ "Digest of the Law," 1869-70; sup- porter of working men's colleges, unions, &:c. ; published "Meaning of History," 1862; "Inter- national Policy," 1866; many papers in favour of comtism, &c., m ""Westminster Iteview," "Fort- nightly Review," &o. HARRISON, John, colonel, anabaptist ; asso- ciate of Cromwell ; commanded at the execution of Charles I., 30 Jan. 1649; imprisoned for attempting a rising of the anabaptists, 8 April 1657 ; executed, 13 Oct. 1660. HARRISON, John, clockmaker ; b. 1693 ; re- ceived for his chronometers (produced 1735-49), used for determining the longitude at sea, the re- ward offered by government, £24,000, 1764-67 ; "The Principles of Mr. Harrison's Time-keeper," published, 1767; d. 24 March 1776. HARRISON, JIary, water-colour jjaiuter; b. (Rossiter) about 1788; married Mr. Harnson, 1814; her husband ruined ; maintained her family ; lost her promising son George, 1861 ; d. 25 Nor. 1875. HARRISON, Thomas, architect; b. 1744; d. 29 March 1829. HARRISON, "WilUam, poet; friend of Swift ; d. 14 Feb. 1713. HARRISON, "WilUara Henry, general ; b. 9 Feb. 1773 ; tenned " father of the west," and first governor of Indiana, 1799; totally defeated the Indians, 5 Nov. 1811 ; installed president U.S. 4 March 1&1.1 ; d. 4 April 1841. HARRISON, "WilKam, operatic tenor singer ; b. 15 June 1813; manager of Lyceum, Sept. 1857 — JIarch 1865 ; d. 9 Nov. i868. HARROWS Y, Ryder, earls of: 1. Dudley; &. 22 Dec. 1762 ; m.p. . . 1784 Paymaster of the forces, i-ince of Lithuania, and as- sisted in his conversion, 1 386 ; caused the Bible to be translated into Polish, 1390; d. 17 July 1399- HEEDE, Flemish painters, brothers: VinOB van, b. 1659 ; d. 8 April 1718. "Willem, b. 1660; d. 1728. HEEM, Jan Davitze de, Dutch painter; ^. about 1600 ; d. 1674. HEEMSKEEK, Eutch painters : Egheiit, b. 1610; d. after 1680. Eghekt, son, b. 1645; d. 1704. HEEMSKEEK, Jakob van, Dutch navigator: b. 1567 ; explored the north seas in his voyages of discovery for the N.-W. passage, 1595-8 ; admiral of the Dutch fleet; killed in a battle mth the Spaniards near Gibraltar, 25 April 1607. HEEMSKIEK, Marten van, Dutch painter ; b. 1498; d. 1574. HEEE, Christian Rusten, Gennan archa?olo- gist; b. 19 April 1715; his "Pinacotheca Prin- cipum Austriae," published 1768; d. 2 April 1767. HEEEE, Lucas van, Flemish poet and painter ; b. 1534; d. 29 April 1584. HEEEEN, Arnold Hermann Ludmg, Gennan historian; b. 25 Oct. 1 760 ; published in Germ.an, "History of the Belles Lettres," 1788; "Ancient History and Geography," 1 790; "History of Europe in the three last Centuries," &c. ; " Manual of Ancient History," 1799 ; d. 7 March 1842. HEEEMANN, Johann, German religious poet; b. II Oct. 1585; published, in German, "House and Heart Music," 1644; d. 27 Feb. 1647. HEEES, Henrik van, Belgian physician; b. about 1570 ; published in praise of the waters at Spa, " Spadacrene," 1614; d. about 1631. HEEELE, Karl Joseph von, German eccle- siastical historian; b. 15 March 1809; D.n. 1838; bishop of Rottenberg, 1869; at Vatican Council; accepted the doctrine of papal infallibility ; pub- lished "History of Councils," 1855-69; "Life of Cardinal Ximenes," &c. ; declined ar-cnbishopric of I'redburg, Oct. 1874. HEGEL, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, German philosopher; b. 27 Aug. 1770; fellow-student of Schelluig ; published " Dift'erenz des Fichte'schen und Schelhng'schcn Systems," 1801 ; " Phenome- nologie des Geistes," 1807 ; " Logik des Sej'ns, des Wesens, und des Bcgiiifs " (propounding " absolute idealism"), 1812-16; d. 14 Nov. 1831. HEIBEEG, Peder Anders, Danish dramatist ; b. 16 Nov. 1758; collected plays published 1806- 19; d. 30 April 1841. HEIDEGGEE, Johann Heinrich, Swiss theo- logian ; b. I iTuly 1633 ; wi'ote principal part of the " formula Consensus," adopted, 1675 ; published " Historia Papatfis," 1684 ; d. 18 Jan. 1698. HEIDEGGEE, Johann Jacob, count, Swiss adventurer ; b. 1660 ; associated with Handel in setting up an opera house, 1729; d. 4 Feb. 1749. HEIL 259 HELPS HEIL, vau ; Flemish painters, brothers ; Daniel, &. 1604 ; painted landscapes . . d. 1662 Jan Bapttst, b. 1609; history and portraits d. 1661 Leo, h. 1603 ; flowers and insects. HEIN, see Setjn. HEINE, Heinrich, German poet and satirist; termed the "Voltaire of Germany;" b. 31 Dec. 1799; published " Buch der Lieder" (Book of Songs), 1827 ; " History of the Later Literatm-e of Germany," 1833; " Der Salon," 1834-40; New Poems, 1844; d. 17 Peh. 1856. HEINE, Salomon, Gei-man Jewish philanthro- pist ; b. 1766 ; greatly supported the credit of the banks of Hamburg, and rebuilt churches, &c. , after the gi-eat tire, 1842; established, by his will, the " Heine Foundation," to lend money without in- terest to the needy; d. 23 Dec. 1844. HBINEGCITJS (Heinecke) Johann, German protestant theologian and historian ; b. 14 Dec. 1674; published " Historia Historise," 1705; "Col- lo4uia fieUgiosa," 1719 ; bre des Enqnctes," 1710; published " Abrege Chronologique de I'Histoire de France," 1744; f'- 24 Nov. 1770. HENAULT, Jean, see Ilesiicadt. HENCKEL, see Renkel. HENDEESON, Alexander, Scotch minister ; b. 1583 ; held a controversy with Charles I. respect- ing episcopacy ; d. 1C46. HENDEESON", Ebenezer, d.d., dissenting minister, biblical critic, and Hebraist; b. 1784; a inissionai7 in Icelaud, 1814 ; in Russia, i8ig; pub- lished "Iceland; a Journal," &c., 1813 ; " BibUeal Kesearches in Uussia," 1826; "Translation of Isaiah," 1840; "of the Minor Prophets," 1845; " of Jereniiah," 1851 ; d. 16 May 1858. HENDEESON, John, actor (good in Hamlet, Sliylock, and Falstaft') ; b. about 1747; d. 3 or 25 Nov. 1785. HENDEESON, John, eccentric genius; b. 1757; able to teachLatin at eight, aiulGreekwhen twelve years old ; addicted to alchemy ; d. 2 Nov. 1788. HENDEESON, Thomas, Scotch astronomer ; b. 28 Dec. 1798 ; law-clerk to lord Eldon and after- wards to lord Jeflrey ; appointed astronomer at the Cape observatory, 1831 ; astronomer royal lor Scot- laud, with charge of the Calton Hill observatory, 1S34 ; published observations, 1834-9 ; d. 23 Nov. 1844. HENFEEY, Arthur, botanist; professor at King's CoUcgej London, 1854; published "Ele- mentary Coiu'se of Botany," 1857; d. 7 Sept. 1859. HENGIST and HoHSA, Saxon chiefs; in- vaded England about 449; totally delcatcd tlie Britons, 473 ; Hengist'becanie king of Kent ; d. 4S8. HENGSTENBEEG, Ei-nst "n^ilhelm, German evangelical theologian ; b. 20 Oct. 1802 ; published, in German, " Christology of the Old Testament," 1829-35; "Introduction to the Old Testament," 1831-9 ; " Commentary on the P.salms," 1842-5 ; "on the Song of Solomon," 1853; on "Job," 1S56; d. June 1869. PIBNKAET, Pierre Joseph, Belgian poet; b. I^ Feb. 17O1 ; " Loisir de trois Amis," published 1822 ; d. 9 Sei)t, 1815. HENKE, Heiiirich Philip Conradin; German historian; /;. 3 July, 1752; published, in Geinnan, " General History of the Christian Churcli," 1788- 1804; "lieligioiisannalen," 1800-5; d. 2 May 1809. HENKEL, Johann Friedrich, German natura- list; b. II Aug. 1679; published, in German, " Flora Saturnizans ; or, Kelations of the Vegetable and Mineral Kingdoms," &c., 1722; laid the founda- tiou of a systematic arrangement of minerals ; d. 16 Jan. 1744. HENLEY, Anthony, m.p., nolitician; b. about 1660; wrote for tlie Tatler, Medley, &c.; d. 1711. HENLEY, rev. John, termed " Orator Hen- Icy;" b. 1692; disappointed of benefice; gave public lecture's on various subjects; published 'Oratory Transactions," 1728-9; "The Hj-p- Doctor; "Esther," &c.; d. 14 (Jet. 1756. HENLEY, Joseph Warner, cousei-vative statos- inau ; b. 1793 ; m.p. for 0.\fordshiro, 1841, et seq.; president of board of trade under lord Derby, March— Deo. 1852 ; Feb. 1858— Feb. 1859. HENLEY 261 HENEY (Castile) HENLEY, Eobcrt, earl of Nortluiigti n, liiiv- jer ; A. 1 70S ; attorney-general, 1 756-57 ; lord-keeper, 1757-61; loi'd chancellor, Jan. 1761 — July 1766; created eai-1, 19 May 1764; c/. 1772. HENNELL, Henry, cliemist ; killed while ex- perimenting on bomhs for government, 11 June 1842. HENNEPIN, Louis, Flemish preacher; b. about 1640 ; a missionary in Canada ; a prisoner among the Indians, 1678-82; published "Descrip- tion de Louisiane," 1683-8; d. about 1706. HENNEQUIN, Antoine Louis Marie, French jurist and oraror ; i. 22 April 1786; served in tlie a.rtillery during the war in Germany, 1806 ; saved lives of peasants by pleading at a court-martial, 1807 ; devoted himself to law, after the peace of Tilsit, 1S07 ; successfully defended M. Berard, re- specting the plot of Aug. 1820 ; f!. 10 Feb. 1S40. HENNEQUIN, Jean, Frencli political econo- mist; wrote " Le Guidon general ues Finances," printed, 15S5; d. 12 Jan. 1579. HENNEQUIN, Philippe Auguste, French painter; li. 1763; painted " Trioniphe du Peuple Francjais, ou le 10 Aoflt," and " Les Eemords d'Oreste ; " el. 12 May 1833. HENNESSY, John Pope, Irish politician ; i. 1834 ; M.p. for King's Co., 1859 ; governor of Baha- mas, 187 1 ; Bai-bados, 1875; exonerated from serious blame in connection with disturbances (in April), July 1S76 ; appointed governor of Hong Kong, Nov. 1876. HENNIKEE, sir Frederick, hai-t.; b. i Nov. 1793; published "Notes of a Visit to Mount Sinai," 1823 ; d. 6 Aug. 1825. HENNINGES, or Henniges, HieronjTnus, German genealogist; b. about 1550; d. 28 Feb. 1597 ; his " Theatruni Genealogicmn," published 1598. HENNINGS, August Adolph Friedrich von, German publicist ; 4. 1746; published " Essai sur le Progres des Arts eu Uaiiemark," 1778, &c.; d. II May 1826. HENE.ICI, Glaus, Gennan mathematician ; }. 9 March 1840; came to London, 1865; professor at University college, 1869 ; v.p. London Mathe- matical Society, and published many papers, 1864, ci seq. HENRICO, or EnmcO, Scipione, Sicilian poet ; b. 1592 ; d. 18 Sept. 1670. HENRIETTA Maria, queen of Great Bri- tain, daughter of Henry IV. of France, and Marie de Medicis ; b. 25 Nov. 1609 ; married to prince Charles (I.) of England, 13 June 1625 ; went to Holland to solicit help for her husband ; sold the crown jewels, and bought stores, Feb. 1642 ; re- turned, Feb. 1643 ; threatened with an accusation of high-treason ; embarked at Falmouth, 14 July 1644 ; visited her son, Charles II., Sept. 1660; d. suddenly, 10 Aug. or Sept. 1669. HENRIETTA Maria, daughter of Charles I.; b. 16 June 1644; married to Philippe, duke of Orleans, 31 March 1661 ; quan-elled with her hus- band ; d. suspected by poison, 30 June 1670. HENRION, Denis, French mathematician; published "Memoii-es Mathematiques," 1612; edited "Euclid," 1615; d. about 1640. HENRION, Nicolas, French numismatist ; b. 6 Dec. 1663 ; d. 24 June 1 720. HENRION DE Pan SEY, Pierre Paul, French jurist ; i. 28 March 1742; iniblishcd lus " Traite des Fiefs," 1773; "Competence des J ugesde Paix," 1809; iL 23 Api-il 1829. HENRIOT, Francois, violent French revolu- tionist; b. 1761 ; a partisan of Uanton; directed the massacres of Sept. 1792; joined the party of Robespierre ; arrested the Girondists, Sept. 1 793 ; fell with Eobespieixe ; e.xecuted, 28 J uly 1 794. HENRIQUE, or Henry, of Portugal: 1. Henry of BesauQOn, son of the duke of Bur- gimdy, ami related to the king of France ; h. about 1057 Joined Alfonso VI. of Castile in his wars with the Moors ; married his daughter, and ac- quired territoi-ii's ; at his death assumed the title of " Don Henrique, by tiie gi'aee of God, count and lord of all Portugal " . .nog d. II May 1114 2. son of Manuel ....&. 31 Jan. 1512 An eminent scholar ; made a cardinal . . . 1545 Succeeded his great-nephew, Sebastian, dro\nied at the battle of Alcazar'iuivn-, Ang. 1578 ; d. 30 Jan. 1580 HENRIQUE, Frey, first Portuguese mission- ary in India, i6th century. HENRIQUE - DUPONT, Louis Pierre, French engraver; li. 13 June 1797; hon. K.A., Lond., 1869. HENRIQUEZ, Crisostomo, Spanish ecclesias- tical historian; b. 1594; d. 23 Dec. 1632. HENRY, dukes of Bavaria and Saxony : 1. the Black ; inherited half the estates of his fatlier, Guelijli IV., noi ; all at the death of his brotlier, Guelph V., 1120 ; mled feebly; abdi- cated . d. 1126 2. the Proud, son ; b. 1102 ; duke . . . ,, Mamed Gertrude, heiress of the emperor Lothaire, and acquired Brunswick, &c. . . 1127 Regent of the empire . . ... 1132 Aimed at becoming emperor, and ojiposed Conrad III. of Hohenstaufen ; elected Feb. 1138 Put to the ban of the empii-e ; made peace when at the point of beginning a great battle . . 1139 d. (suspected by ijoison), 20 Oct. „ 3. the Lion, son 6. 1129 Some of his father's territories presented by his mother 1139 Renounced Bavaria in favour of his stepfather, Henry of Austria, 1142 ; recovered it by judg- ment of the emperor Frederick I. . . . 1154 Founded Munich 1157 Accompanied Frederick to Italy with an army . 1159 Married Matilda, daughter of Henry 11. of Eng- land 1168 Ineiu-red the displeasure of the emperor tiy refus- ing to join him in his war in Italy ; deprived of Bavaria and Saxony by the diet of Wurtzburg, Jan. iiBo Pennitted to hold Bmnswick and Luueburg ; banished for three years ii8t Retired to England, 1181 ; returned to Germany, 1185 ; again banished, 1188; soon returned ; fre- quently at war . . A. 6 .*^ug. 1193 HENRY I.— IV-, liings of Castile : 1. son of Alfonso IX. ; 6. 1204 ; king, 6 Oct. 1214 ; killed by the fall of a tile ... 9 Jmie 1217 2 De Trastamare, natural son of Alfonso XI. !). Jan. 1333 Persecuted by his brother, Peter the Cmel . . 1351 By aid of Du Guesclin expelled him ; proclaimed king . . . . . r6 March 1366 Defeated at Najara (and expelled) by Edward, the Black Prince .... 3 April 1367 Defeated Peter, at Mnntiel (and acknowledged king), 14 March ; put him to death 23 March 1369 Successful in war with Portugal .... 1373-74 d. 29 or 30 May 1379 3. son of John I. ; J. 4 Oct, 1379 ; king 10 Oct 1390 Assiuned the government . . 10 Aug. 1393 HENEY (Castile) 262 HENKY (Englan-b) Married Catherine, danghttir of John of Gaunt, end of 1393 Destroyed Tetuan, 1400 . . rf. 25 Dec. 1406 4. the Impotent, sun uf John II. ; h. 6 Jau 1425 ; Idng 25 July 1454 Maintained a crusnde against tlie Moors . 1455-05 Deposed for shameless conduct, and his hrother, Alfonso, i3roclaimed ... 5 Ji^"e 1463 Treated with liis brotlier; indecisive "battle at Olmcdo 21 Aug. 1467 At deatli of Alfonso (5 July), the crown refused by his sister, Isabella, named heiress . . 1468 d. about 12 Dec. 1474 HENHY, count of Champagne, 1181; embarked for the Holy Land, iigo; married Isabella, daughter of Amaurij'imd became nominal Idng of Jerusalem, 1192; d. 1197. HENEY I —VIII., kings of England: 1. Beanclerc, son of William I &. 106S Seized the government at tlie death of his brother, William II., 2 Aug. ; crowned, 3 Aug. ; married Maud of Scotland 11 Nov. iioo Conquered Normandy ... . 1105 Defeated, and took prisoner hib brother, Robeit, atTincliebral . 28 Sept. 1106 Quelled tlie Welsh . . . 1113 Lost his queen i May 1 118 Defeated the king of France at Brenville, 20 Aug. 11 19 His son, William, and other nobles, tlrowned, 25 Nov. H20 Man-ied Adelais of Louvaiu . . 2 I'eb. 1121 Obliged the nobles to swear fealty to his daugli- ter, the empress Maud, 25 Dec. 1126; and again, Kept. 1131 . d. at Rouen, i Dec. 1135 3. Plantagenet, son of the empress Maud and Geoffrey earl of Anjou . . . h. March 1133 Married Eleanor, divorced queen of Louis VII. of France ; earl of Anjou , . . 1151 Declared successor to Stephen . . 7 Nov. 1153 Succeeded at his death . . 25 Oct. 1154 Renewed Henry I.'s eliartor 11 55 Made Becliet clianneHor 1156 Caused his chancellor Becket to be elected arch- bishop of Canterbury . . . 24 May 1 1 62 Compelled the bishops to subscribe to the *■ Con- stitutions of Clarendon" . . 25 Jan. 1164 Quarrelled witli Becket for resisting him, and caused him to be condemned for maladminis- tration as chancellor, and susx'ended him for appealing to the pope . Oct. ,, Pei-secuted Becket's friends . . 1166 Sent an army which settled in Ireland . . 1169 Formally reconciled to Becket at I-'retville in Touraine .... 22 July 1170 Restored Becket's possessions . . 12 Nov. ,, Uttered angry exxjressions, which caused Becket's murder .... 29 Dec. ,, Acknowledged king of Ireland . 6 Nov. 1171 Did penance at Becket's tomb . . 12 July 1174 Released the king of Scotland (made prisoner at Alnwick, 12 July), on his doing homage. 8 Dec. 11 74 d. 6 July 1189 3. &. r Oct. 1207 ; succeeded his father John, 19 Oct. 1216 Confirmed Slagna Cliarta and Chai-ta de Foresta, II Feb. 1225 At Oxford, declared himself of age, and rejected charters .... 1227 Invaded Wales ; made peace . . . 1228 Invaded Brii^inny .... May— Oct. 1230 Imprisoned his adviser, Hubert de Bur^h, and seized his treasures 1232 Garrisoned castles with foreigner.s, 1233; dis- missed them, and made trace with the barons 1234 Married Eleanor of Provence . 14 Jan. 1236 Again confirmed Magna Charta . May 1253 Ravaged Bordeaux . . Sept.— Oct. ,, Governed weakly and tyrannically, lavouring foreigners ; virtually deposed by the council of state, headed by Simon de Monttort, established by the parliament which enacted the provisions of Oxford June 1258 Disavowed the provisions and X'l'epared for war with the barons - . Feb. 1261 Surrendered to them 1263 Joined by his son Edward, renewed the war ; de- feated and captured at Lewes 14 May 1264 Released after the barojis' defeat at Evesham 4 Aug. 1205 Issued the " dir-tum de Kcnilwoi*th," 15 Oct.; took Kenilwoith castle . • Nuv. 1266 d. 16 Nov. 1272 4. Bolinghroke, son of John of Gaimt, duke of Lancaster ^- ^306 Earl of Derby - i3«o Served hi war against the Mohammedans ; and the Pagans on the shores of the Baltic ; made duke of Hereford for opiiosing his uncle Glou- cester 13 Sept. 1397 Banished for contention (Jan.) with tlie duke ol Norfolk Sept. 139S Succeeded his father as duke of Lancaster, 3 Feb. 1399 Invaded England in the absence of Richard II., 4 July ; captured him near Flint, 18 Aug. ; made him resign, 29 Sept.; declared king by parliament 30 Sept. 1399 Quelled a conspiracy of nobles and bishops, and beheaded his enemies . . Jan., Feb. 1400 Defeated the Percies and the Welsh at Hateley- lield near Shrewsbury . . 23 July 1403 Quelled another conspiracy ; imprisoned prince James of Si'otland 1405 d. 20 March 1413 5. snn, b. 9 Aug. 1388 : king . 21 March „ Executed the earl of Cambridge and others for couspiracy . - - .2-5 -'^ug. 1415 Invaded Fi-ance, n Aug ; took Hai-fleur, 22 Sept. ,, Defeated the French at Agincouit 25 Oct. ,, Took Caen - . . . . 4 Sept, 141 7 Made fui-therconciuests in Normandy . . 1418 Held his court iit Rouen, and received homage of the nobles, Jan. ; joined by Philip duke of Burgundy .... Aug. 1419 Married princess Katherinc of France 3 June 1420 Kept Christmas at Paris 25 Dec. ,, Held a parliament at Rouen . Jan. 1421 Captured Mcaux, 5 June 1422 ; d. near Paris 31 Aug. 1422 6. son, i. 6 Dec. 1421 ; proclaimed king of Eng- land and France (his uncles, John, duke of Bedford, and Hunjphry, duke of Gloucester, regents) . . i Sept. 1422 Death of Betlfnrd 1435 Fomided Eton college, 1440; King's college, Cam- bridge ... . . . 1443 ;Married Margaret of Anjou . . 22 April 1445 111 and incapacitated for government, Nov. 1453 ; duke of York ajipointed protector . Feb. 1454 Recovered ; revoked York's connnission . . ,, Wars of the Roses ; Lancastnan army defeated at St. Alban's ; king a iirisoner, 22 or 23 May ; York protector . . 19 Nov. 1455 Victory of York at Northampton . 10 July 1460 Henry's title to the throne annulled by parUa- ment, but pennitted to reign fur life . . ,, His queen defeated and slew the duke of York at Wakefield, 31 Dec. 1460; victor at St. Alban's (and rescued the king) . . 17 Feb. 1461 His army defeated at Towton, 29 March ; de- throned ; tied to Scotland . . April ,, After further t-ontests he was cnptnred in Lan- casliire, and imprisoned in the tower of Lon- don . .... July 1466 Released by the earl of Warwick, 5 Oct. 1470; and his crown reston-d .... 1471 Again taken iirisoner, a-fter Warwick's defeat and death at Barnet . 14 Ajiril ,, Found dead in the Tower . about 22 May „ 7. grandson of Owen Tudor and Katlierine of France !^. about Jan. 1456 Introduced to Henry VI., and sent to Eton ; but soon escaped to Britanny . 1470 Recognised as head of the Lanrastrinns . 1480 Invaded England uusucces:^fuUy, 1483 ; landed at Milford Haven . 7 -A-'ig. 1485 Defejited and killed Richard III. at Boswortli held, and proclaimed king 22 Aug. 1485 Man-ied EMzabeth of York . 14 or 18 Jau. i486 Put down rebellion of Lambert Simnel 16 June 1487 Checked the invasion of Perkin Warbeck July 1495 Captured him at Taunton . . 5 Oct. 1497 Executed hiin, 23 Nov. ; and the earl of Warwick (after 14 years' imprisonment) 28 Nov. 1499 Married his son Arthur to Catherine of AiTogon 14 Nov. 1501 Contracted her (a widow) to his son Hcin7 June 1502 Released many prisonei-s for debt,i507 ; d. 21 April 1509 HENRY (England) 263 HENEY (Geemany) 8, son /j, 28 June 1491 Duke of York, i^gi ; proclaimed king 22 Apiil 1509 Mamed Catherine of Arragon . 3 or 7 June ,, Jicceived Wolsey into his service . . .1310 Gave up Euipson and Dudley ; executed 18 Aug, „ His army defeated the Scota at Flodden g Sept. 1513 Made war with France ; besieged and cajitured Terouanne .... 22 Aug. ,, Made Wolsey chancellor . . 22 Dec. 1515 (vcagued with France against the Turks Oct 1518 Held inteniews with Francis I. of France (at the lield of the cloth, of gold) . 4-25 June 1520 Published a book on the Seven Sacraments against Luther ; and named "defeuder of the faith " by the poi^e by bull . 11 Oct. 1521 Promoted Wolsey's candidatiu'e for the papacy . 1523 Endeavoured to raise funds independently of the Xiarliameut without success ; angrj"^ with Wol- sey for advising him ; propitiated by the pre- sent of Hampton court 1525 Passion for Aune Boleyn began . . . . 1526 Appealed to the pope for investigation iuto the legality of his marriage. .... 1527 Appeared before the legates ivitli tlie (xueen 21 June 1529 JIade a progress accomxianiud by Aune Boleyn Aug. ,, Adopted Craumer's advice to r-onsult the uni- versities respecting his marriage about Aug. „ Took the gi'eat seal from "Wolsey, and ordered him into retirement ... 17 Oct. ,, Arrested liim, 4 Nuv. ; he died . 29 Nov. ,, Made Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury . 1532 l^rivately married to Anue Nov, 1532 or Jan. 1533 His marriage with Catherine pronounced null by Cranmer, 23 May ; las marriage with Aune valid 28 May „ Caused tlie papal power in England to be an- nulled by parliament, and made Thomas Crom- well lord vicegerent in matters ecclesiastical . 1534 Assumed the title of " on earth supreme liead of the Church of England" . . 15 Jan. 1535 Caused the execution of bishop Fisher, 22 June ; and Sii- Thomas More (for denying his suprem- acy) 6 July „ Incorporated Wales with England . . . 1536 Divorced Aune Boleyn, 17 May ; executed (on the charge of adultery) . . 19 May ,, Married Jane Heymour, 20 May 1536 ; she died 24 Oct. 1537 His proclamations declared as valid as acts uf parliament 1539 Caused the merciless six ac-ts to be passed . ,, Married Aune of CIe\-es, at Crniiiwell's instiga- tiou, 6 Jan. ; caused him to be attainted, aiul beheaded . ... 28 July 1540 Repudiated Anne of Cleves, 10 July ; married Catherine Howard . . . z8 July ,, Caused the aged countess of Salisbuiy, mother of cai-dinal Pole, to be beheatled 27 May 1541 His queen charged with incontiueuce ; beheaded 12 Feb. 1542 jMan-ied Catlievine Parr . 10 or 12 July 1543 Caused the trial and execution of the earl of yurrey, 19 Jan. d. 28 Jan. 1547 HENEY, priaces of Euglnnd : 1. son of Heniy II. ; h. 28 Feb. 1155 ; crowned at Westminster, n June 1170 ; quarrelled with his father and did homage to Louis VII. of France, 1170: recognised as king of England by him (as Hemy III.), 1173 ; reconciled to his father, 29 Sept, 1174 . . . . . (L II June 1183 2. son of James I. ; h. 19 Feb. 1593; prince of Wales, 30 May 1610 . . d. 6 Nov. 1612 HENRY I.— IV., IdDgs of France : 1. sou of Kobeii; 11. ; b. about loii ; succeeded him, 20 July 1031 ; married Anne, daughter of Jaroslav, duke of Russia, 1051 . d. 4 Aug. 1060 3. sou of Francis I. ; 5. 31 March 1519 ; married Catherine de Meclicis, 1533 ; king, 31 March 1547 ; peace with the }nipe .... 1547 Allied with Maurice of 8axony and the protest- ants again-st Charles V. . . 5 Oct. 1551 Declared protector of German protestants . 1552 Broke liis truce with Charles V. (made 5 Feb. 1556) . . Jan. 1557 His aniiy defeated by the Spaniards and EugUsli at jSt. Quentin . 10 Aug. 1557 His army took Calais . . 7 Jan. 1558 Agreed to the iieace of Catcau Ciimbreyis, 2, 3 April 1559 ; d. from a wound at a toui'nament, 10 July 1559 3. dnkc of Anjou ; son of Heniy II. ; &. iq Sept. 1551 ; defeated the Hugueuots at Jamac, 13 March 1569 Elected king of Poland, 18 Aug. 1573 ; crowned, 24 Feb. 1574 Succeeded his brother, Charles IX. . 30 May „ Granted religious liberty to the Hugueuots by the treaty of Loches .... 6 May 1576 Placed liimself at the head of the " holy catholic league" Dec. ,, Signed the sixth treaty witb the Hugueuots at Bergerac 17 Sept. 1577 Allied with the Guises, 7 July ; revoked the tole- ration ti'eaty July 1585 " War of the tJiree Henries " .... 1586 Jealous of the connection of the Guises with Spain ,, Caused the assassination of the duke, 23 Dec, and cardinal ... ,24 Dec. 1588 United with Hemy of NavaiTC to oppose the league 30 April 1589 Assassinated by Jacques Clement, i Aug. ; d. 2 Aug. ,, 4. of Bourbon, the Great; son of Antoine dc Bourbon (descended from khig Louis IX.), and Jean d'Albret, queen of Lower Navarre ; b. 13 Dec. 1553 ; became king of Navarre at his mother's death . . . 9 or 10 June 1572 Married Margaret of Valois, si.ster of Charles IX., 18 Aug. „ Escaped the massacre of St. Baitholoniew by ab- juriug protestantism . . 24 Aug. „ Became chief of the Hugiienots . ... 1576 Heir to the throne at the death of the duke of Aujou 10 June 1584 Defeated the due de Joyease and the royal army at Courtras .... .20 Oct. 1587 Succeeded Hemy III. as king . . 2 Aug. 1589 Defeated the leaguers under the due de Mayenne at Arques, 21 Sept. 1589 ; at Ivry 14 March 1590 Conformed to Romanism , , .25 July 1593 Received submission of Paris, Orleans, Lyons, and other cities .... . . 1594 Escaped assassination by Jean Chatel 27 Dec. ,, Exileil the Jesuits ... 29 Dec. ,, Absolved by pope Clement VIII. . 17 Sept. 1595 Received submission of the cliiefs of the League, Lon-aine, Guise, &c., Nuv, 1595 ; of Mayenne, Nemours, and Joyeuse . . . Jan. 1596 Made Rosny (afterwards due de Sully) financial minister Nov. ,, His treaty of Vei-vins with Philip II. of Spain, 2 Miiy 1598 Issued the edict of Nantes . . 13 April ,, Death of his mistress, Gabrielle d'Estrees, 9 April ; aicneeded by Henriette de Balzac, to whom he promised marriage i Oct. 1399 Divorced Margaret of Valois . 17 Dec. ,, MaiTied Maria de' Medici . . 2 Dec. 1600 Beheaded tlie due de Biron for conspiracy, 15 June 1602 Assassinated by the Jesuit, Ravaillac 14 ilay 1610 HENEiY, emperor of the cast, son of BaUhnii Vin., coiuit of Flanders; defeated Theodore Las- caiis and the Greeks, 1205 ; succeeded his brotlier, the emperor Baldwin (taken prisoner in a battle with tlie Bulgarians, 15 April 1205), 1206; caused a mock union betv/een the Greek and Eoniaii chui'ches, 1215 ; cL probably by poison, 1216. HENRYjI. — VII., emperors of GermaDy : 1. the Fowler; h. 876 ; elected king , . qiS Defeated the Hungarians at Merseburg . . 934 Consolidated his dominions, and built cities ; d. 2 July 936 3. (or I. emperor) the Lame, the Saint 6. 6 May 972 Duke of Bavaria . . . . 995 Elected kmg . .... 6 June 1002 Defeated Ardonin, marquis of Ivi'ea ; crowned king of Italy, May 1004 ; frowned emperor nf the west at Rome by Benedict VIII. (whom lie had re-c:^tablished) ... 14 Feb. 1014. HENEY (Germany) 264 HENEY EiitL-red Italy to arrpst the progress of the Greeks, 1021 : returned, 1022 . d. 13-14 Jiily 1024 (Endowed many churches and ablieys ; canonised by Eugenius III.) 3. (or n.) the Black, son of Conrad II. h. 28 Oct. 1017 Elected king . . .... 1026 Succeeded his father . . . June 10.^9 Crowned emperor at Ruine . . .25 Dec. 1046 Suppressed the rebellions of Bakhvin V., count of Flanders, and Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine 1049 Claimed Tuscany as a hef, 1035 , d. 5 Oct. 1056 4. (or III.) the Great . . . li. 11 Nov. 1050 Succeeded his father, Heniy III. ; the empress Agnes, regent, 5 Oct. 1056, supplanted by Adal- bert, archbishop of Brenieu, 1063 ; who is banished for misconduct 1066 Admonislied by Gregory VII., beginning of the quarrel respecting investitures . . 1073 Defeated tlie Saxons at Hulienb\u'g . S June 1075 Deposed Gregorj' at a diet at Wonns, Jan. ; is excommunicated, and deposed . . Lent 1076 Sllbmitted ignominiously to Gregory VII. at Canossa, and was absolved . . 28 Jau. 1077 Opposed by Rodoliih of Snabia ; elected em- jieror ; crowned .... 27 March ,, Defeated by Rodolph at Fladenheim, 27 Jan. ; Eodolph defeated and slain at Wolksheini, or Zeiz 15 Oct. 1080 Invaded Italy, captured Rome, 21 March ; crowned 31 M.arch 1084 Defeated by the Saxons at Wurtzbnrg . . 1086 Invaded Italy ; captured Mantua and Ravenna 1091 Rebellion of his son Conrad, 1093 . . d. iioi His son Henry (appointed successor, 1099) : re- belled . Dec. 1104 Dethroned by his son, Jan. . . rt. 7 Aug. 1106 (Present at sixty-six battles ; many times ex- communicated.) 5. son of Henrj' IV 6. 11 Aug. 1081 Associated with his father in the government ioc8 Detlironed him, and crowned . . 6 Jan. 1106 Asserted his right to appoint bishops . ,, Invaded Silesia ; defeated near Breslaii . . . 1109 Invaded Italy, Aug. iiio ; crowned at Rome, 13 Apiil iiii MaiTied Matilda of England . 7 Jan. 1114 Seized the tenitories of the gi'eat countess Matilda; excommunicated . . . . 1116 The investiture dispute settled by the diet at Worms, 1122 .... rf. 23 May 1125 6. the Severe, son of Frederick I. . . h. 1165 Elected king of the Romans . June 1169 Succeeded his father . . . 10 June iigo Crowned at Rome . . . 15 April iigi Imprisoned Richard I. of England . . 1192-94 Conquered Apidia and Sicily ; crowned king at Palenno, 23 Oct. 1194; took the cross, 1196; d. 28 Sept. 1197 7. of Luxemburg ; &. about 1262 ; elected . Nov. 1308 Invaded Italy ; subdued the Lombards ; and restored Visconti at Milan . . Dec. 1310 Crowned at Rome ... 29 June 1312 Prepared to attack Robert, king of Naples, d. 24 Aug. 1313 HENEY, (Emcric), king of Hungary, suc- ceeded his father, Bela, 1 196; lostZara to Venice, Nov. 1202; rf. about 1203. HENEY, king of the Romans, son of Frederick II., emperor; b. 1212; elected king, April 1220; rebelled, 1231 ; submitted to his father, at Friuli, 1232 ; held diet at Frankfort, Feb. 1234 ; formed a league against his father, Dec. 1234; subdued and imprisoned, 1235; cl. about 1242. HENEY, "the Navigator," son of John I., king of Portugal; *. 13 March 1394; instigated the great expedition against the Moors of Africa, 14.15 ; created duke of Viseu ; founded a naval school at Sagres about 1419 ; gi-eatly promoted geo- graphical discoveries, and the study of i)hysical science, 1418, et acq. ; d. 13 Nov. 1460. HENEY, Frederic Louis, prince of Prussia, brother of Frederic the Great; h. 18 Jan. 1726; able and brave general; gained the victory at Frei- berg, 29 Oct. 1762 ; rf. 3 Aug. 1802. HENEY of Huntingdon; m-ote liistory of England to Stephen ; d. after 1154. HENEY the Minstrel, see Sarri/. HENEY, infant of Castile; b. about 1225; by the help of the Moors, revolted against his brother Alfonso X. ; totally defeated at Nebrissa, 1257 ; re- tired to Tunis ; joined Charles of Anjou in his in- vasion of Naples, 1268; quan-elled with him, and joined Conradin; fought at Tagliacozza, 12 Aug. 1268 ; long imprisoned by Charles in a cage ; re- turned to Spain ; intrigued against the king Fer- dinand IV., 1294; cl. 1304. HENEY, the Scribe, German poet, Minne- slinger, chancellor of the bishop of Magdeburg, 1204-28. HENEY, rev. Caleb Sprague, American theolo- gian; b. 2 Aug. 1804; helped Dr. Hawks to start the "New York Pveview," 1837 ; professor of jjlulo- sophy and historj^, New York university, 1839; pubhshed translations of Cousin, Guizot, &c.; d. 1874. HENEY, David, Scotch compiler; I. 1710; son-in-law of Cave; continued "Gentleman's Magazine ; " published " Account of Voyages round the "World," 1774; d. 5 June 1792. HENEY, Jean, French theologian; A\Tote ' ' LiVre de Meditation sur la Keparationcle la Natui'O Ilumaiire; " d. about 1483. HENEY, James, Irish scholar ; b. about 1 798 ; devoted himself to Virgil; published elaborate notes on books I, 2 of yEncid, 1853 ; d. 14 July 1876. HENEY, Josejih, American physicist; J. 17 Dec. 1797 ; professor of natural philosophy, Piincc- ton. New Jersey, 1832 ; alleged inventor of the first electro-magnetic machine ; secretary to the Smithsonian Institution, "Washington, 1846. HENEY, Matthew, nonconfoi-mist theologian (son of Philip) ; b. 18 Oct. 1662 ; began to preach, 1(386; minister of a chapel at Chester, 1687; at Hackney, 1712; published his "Commentary on the Bible," 1710; d. 22 June 1714. HENEY, Patrick, American statesman and orator; nephew of Kobertson, and related to lord Brougham; b. 29 May 1736; energetically opposed the stamp-tax, and started the revolution, 1765; delegate to the first congress, 1774; appealed to ai-ms to decide the contest, 23 March 1 775 ; governor of Virginia, 1776; one of the convention for re- vising the United States constitution, 1786; d. 6 June 1799. HENEY, PMlip, nonconformist minister ; b. 1631; d. 22 June 1696; Sei-mons, published from liis MSS., 1816. HENEY, Pien-e Franijois, French publicist; b. 28 May 1759; published "Histoire du Dii'ec- toire," 1801 ; d. 12 Aug. 1833. HENEY, Eobert, d.d., Scotch minister; b. 1 7 18; moderator of assembly, 1774; published "History of Great Britain," 1771-93; d. Nov. 1790. HENEY, sir Thomas; b. 1807; banister, 1829 ; magistrate, Lambeth, 1840; Bow-street, 1846; chief magistrate at Bow-street, and knight, July 1864 ; d. suddenly 16 June 1876. HENEY, "William, it. d., Manchester, chemist; b. 12 Dec. 1775 ; f.b.s. 1808 ; published his experi- ments on the quantity of gas absorbed by water at different temperatures, 1803; "Elements of Ex- perimental Chemistry," 1810; d. 2 Sept. 1836. HENEY 265 HEREIN HENRY, AVilliam Alexander, Canadian states- :inan; b. 30 Uec. 1816, in Nova Scotia; supported responsible government, 1842-3-7 ; a minister, 1849; prorincial secretary, 1856; third time soli- citor-general, 1863 ; active supporter of the union of the provinces, 1866. HENRYSON or Hendeesoit, Robert, Scot- tish poet; wrote "Eobeue and Makyne" (printed for iamiatyne Club, 1824); "Traitie of Orpheus Khig," printed 1508; "Testament of Cressld," '593- HENSLOW, i-ev. John Stevens, botanist; i. 1796; published "Descriptive and Physiological Botany," 1835 ; d. 16 May 1861. HENSMAN, rev. John, of Clifton, theologian; b. about 1781 ; d. 23 April 1864. HENTY, George Alfred, joiu-nalist ; b. 8 Dec. 1832 ; the " Standard" correspondent abroad, 1866, et seq. ; published "March to Magdala," 1868; " Mai'oh to Coomassie," 1874. HENTZNEE, or Henzneu, Paul, German traveller; b. 1558; wrote " Itiaerarium Germanitc, Galliie, Italise, &o., 1612 ; d. I Jan. 1623. HBNWOOD, 'William Jovy, mineralogist; published " Metalliferous Deposits of Cornwall and Devon," d. 15 Aug. 1875. HEFBUEN, see Botlnocll. HEPBUEN, James Bonaventure, Scotch orien- talist; b. 1573; said to have Imown seventy-two languages ; piiblished " Hebrew and Chaldee Dic- tionary," 1591 ; d. about 1621. HEPHJESTION, Macedonian, friend of Alexander the Great, who deeply lamented his death, by fever, u.c. 325. HEEACLEONAS, emperor of the east, after Ileraclius, mth Constantine III., Peb. ; alone, March; deposed, Sept. 641. HEEACLITUS (Heeaoleitus), of Ephc- sus, Greek plulosopher ; held fire to be the prin- ciple of all things; /. about B.C. 513. HEEACLIUS, Roman emperor of the east; b. about 575 ; deposed the emperor Phocas, and succeeded him, 610; gained many victories over the Persians, 633-8 ; attacked by the Arabs ; lost Syi-ia, Mesopotamia, andEgj'pt, 629-41 ; d.ll Feb. or March 641. HEEAPATH, TVilliam, chemist; A. 26 May 1796; published "Mathematical Physics," 1847; d. 13 Feb. 1868. HEEAPATH, "William Bird, m.d., analytical chemist; *. 28 Feb. 1820; d, 12 Oct. 1868. HEEAUD, John A., poet, dramatist, and journalist; b. 1799; self-educated; ^vl■ote "Yidena," acted, 1854; " Life of Savonar-ola ; " "Shakspeare: Ms inner hfe," &c. HEEAULT, Didier, French jurist and philo- logist; *. about 1575; edited Minutius FelLx, 1605; Tertullian's Apology, 1613 ; d. June 1649. HEEAULT DE Seychelles, Marie Jean, French politician and orator, friend of Buffon and llirabeau; b. 1760; executed 5 April 1794. Opposed submission to declaration of Pillnitz, Jan. 1792 JClected president of the convention . . 2 Nov. „ Proclaimed proscriptiou of the Girondists 2 June 1793 At the national fete set fire to tlie symbols of royalty 10 Aug. „ Excited tlie jealousy of RobespieiTe ; denounced, 16 Dec. ,, Accused ot favouring the emigrants; an-ested, Q March ; e.^ecuted, with Dauton and Camille JDesmoulius 5 April 1794 HEEBAET, Johaim Friedrich, German philo- sopher; A. 4 May 1776; pupil of Fiohte ; continued the ideas of Kant ; published in German, " Cliief Points of Metaphj'sics," 1808; "Psychology as a Science founded on E.xperiments, Metaphysics, and Mathematics," 1824-5, ^'^- i f'- 14 Aug. 1841. HEEBELOT, Barthclcmy d', French orien- talist; b. 14 Dec. 1625; " Bibliotheque Orientale," published by Gallaud, 1697; ct se/j.; d. 8 Dec. 1695. HEEBEET, Arthur, see Torrington. HEEBEET, Hon. Algernon, historian ; b. I2 July 1792; published " Ximrod," 1826-30; edited " Keimius," 1848; d. 11 Jmie 1855. HEEBEET, Edward, lord Herbert of Cher- bury ; b. 1581; travelled on the continent; served in the German war for the succession of Cleves, 1614; published his " de Veritate" (against the Divme Eevelation of Christianity), 1624; " de Ee- ligione Gentilium," "History of Henry VIII.," 1649 ; d. 20 Aug. 1648. HEEBEET, sir Edward, laAvyer ; b.a. 21 Ajnil 1669; chief justice ic. is., Oct. 1685; denied kiug's power to enforce martial law during peace, April 1687 ; followed James II. into exile, 1688 ; d. Nov. 1698. HEEBEET, rev. George (brother of Edward, lord Herbert of Cherbury), poet; A. 3 April 1593; d. Feb. 1633; his works, "the Temple, Sacred Poems," published 1633 ; " a Priest to the Temple, or the Country Parson," 1652, HEEBEET, George Robert Charles, earl of Pembroke ; son of lord Herbert of Lea (see below) ; A. 6 July 1850; succeeded his uncle as earl, 1862; travelled; published " South Sea Bubble," 1871 ; " Boots, a Plea for Tolerance," 1873. HEEBEET, painters : John Rogers, historical x^ainter ; 6. 23 Jan. 1810 ; exliibited portraits, 1830-51 ; ".'Vppointed Hour," 1834; "Haidee"and "Prayer," 1835; "Desdeniona," 1837; "Tlie Signal" . . . 1840 Began religious subjects with " Introduction of (Jhristiauity into Britain," 1842, &c. ; e.a. 1846 ; painted fresco of "Justice," in the house of lords 1861-64 Exlnbited " Lear," " Judith," &c. . . . 1876 ABTHua J. , son, paiuter of ' ' Philip and Velasquez ; " d. 1856 HEEBEET, Sidney, lord Herbert of Lea, statesman; A. 16 Sept. 1810; d. 2 Aug. 1861. Secretiiry to the admiralty . Sept. 1841— Feb. 1845 Seeretaw at war, Feb. 1845— July 1846 ; Dec. 1852 —Feb. 1B55 Colonial secrotarj' a few days . , . Feb. 1853 Secretary at war Jime 1859 First president of the National Volunteer Assoeia- tioa . . .... 16 Nov. 1859 Greatly promoted sanitary reform in the army; created lord Herbert of Lea ... . 1S61 HEEBEET, sir Thomas, ti-aveller; b. about l6o5; published " Relation of some Tears' Travel into Africa and Asia," 1634-8; "Thi'cnodia Caro- lina" (last two years of Charles I.), 1678; d. i or 13 March 1682. HEEBEET, AViUiam, earl of Pembroke, poet ; b. 1580; d. 10 April 1630; Poems published, 1660. HEEBEET, 'William, A. 1718; edited Ames's "Typographical Antiquities," 1785-90; d. 18 March 1795. HEEBIN, Auguste Fran9ois Julien, French orientalist; A. 13 March 1783; published "De- veloppements des Principes de la Langue Arabe Modenie," 1803; d. 30 Dec. 1806. HEEBINIUS 266 HEEOLD HEEBINIUS, Johannes, German Protestant fl-f'iloffian and naturalist; b. 1633; pnblisliecl " Disscrtatioucs de Admirimdis Mundi," 1670; rf. 14 Feb. 1676. HEEBST, Johann Friedrich 'Wilhelm, German naturalist; b. I Nov. 1743; published, in German, !N"atural History of Crabs, 1782-1804; of Wonns, 1787-89; of Insects, 1784-87; d. 5 Nov. 1807. HEECULES, see Ercolo, under Ustc. HEEDEE, Johann Gottfried von, German philo- sopher and poet ; b. 25 Aug. 1744 ; d. 18 Dec. 1803. Published, in German, "Fragments upon tlie later German Literature," 1767: " Critical Fore.sts " . 1769 Travelled in France, and became acquainted with D'AIeuiljert, Diderot, and Gcethe ; iiuliiislied "Voice of the Peoples" (imems) . , . 1778 " Spirit of the Hebrew Poetry " . . . 1782 " Ideas on the Philosophy of History '* , . 1784-91 HEEEPOED, present bishop, see Atlaij. HEEICAET DE Thuey, Louis Etienne Fran(;ois, vicomte, French geologist and engineer ; b. 3 June 1776; investinated the quarries of Paris, 1 8 10; directed the Avorlcs for the consolidation of the Catacombs, 1830; published " Mineralogie Sy- noptique," 1805 ; " Ueseriution dea Catacombes de Palis," 1815 ; d. 15 Jan. 1854. HEEIOT, George, Scotch goldsmith ; b. about 1563 ; employed by James I. ; accompanied him to London, 1603 ; founded Heriot's hospital, Edinburgh (finished 1642) ; d. 12 Feb. 1G24. HEEISSANT, Francois David, French physi- cian; b. 29 Sept. 1714; d. 21 Aug. 1773. HEEISSANT, Louis Antoine, French his- torical writer; b. 7 June 1743; d. 21 May 181 1. Louis Antoine PEOsrEK, brother, botanist; b. 27 July 1745 ' " Bibliotheque Physique de la France," published 1771 ; d. 10 Aug. "1769. HEELICITTS, David, Germn,n physician and astrologer; b. 28 Dec. 1558; published daily pre- dictions of the weather, 1584 ; rf. 15 Aug. 1636. HEEMAN, Guillaurae, French trouvere; pa- tronised by Henry I. of England ; wrote ' ' Le Livre de la Bible \" Jl. I2th century. HERMANFEIED, king of Thuringia; in- cited by his wife, murdered his brothers, and be- came sole king by the aid of Thierry, king of Sheims ; defeated and slain by Mm, 530! HEEMANN, see Arminius. HERMANN, Annand Martial Joseph, French revolutionist; b. 1759; friend of Robespierre, by whose influence he became minister of the interior, and for a time foreign minister ; assisted, in the condemnation of the queen, the Hebertisli, Dau- tonists, &c. ; at the fall of Robespierre, arraigned and condemned ; executed, 6 May 1 795. HEEMAN CONTEACTUS, Gennan his- torian and philosopher; b. 18 July 1013 ; d. 24 8ept. 1054. HEEMANN, Jacobus, Gennan mathematician ; J. 16 July 1678 ; published " Phoronomia, eive do Viribus et Motibus Coi-porum," 1716; d. 11 July 1733- HEEMANN, Jean, French physician and na- turalist; b. 31 Lee. 1738; founded a museum at Strasburg ; d. 4 Oct. 1800. ^ HEEMANN, Johann Gottfried Jakob von, Gennan philologist; b. 28 Nov. 1772; published "deMetris GrEecomm et Romanorum Poetarum," 1796; " de Itythologia GraBcorum Antiquissima," 1807; d. 31 Dec. 1848. HEEMANN, Karl Friedrich, Gennan philolo- gist ; b. 4 Aug. 1804; published, in Gennan " Trea- tise on Greek Antiquities," 1841-52, &o. ; d. 31 Dec. 1855. HEEMANN, Paul, German botanist; b. 30 June 1646 ; went to Batavia ; his " Paradisus Bata- vus" published, 169S ; d. 29 Jan. 1695. HEEMANT, Godefroi, French theologian ; b. 6 Feb. 1617 ; a doctor of the Sorboniie, 1650 ; ex- pelled for Jansenism, and depiived of his hene- lices; wrote much against the Jesuits; d. 11 July 1C90. HEEMBSTADT, Sigismund Friedrich, Ger- man technological chemist; b. 14 April 1760; pub- lished " PhysikaUsche-Chemische Versuche," 1786- 9 ; d. 22 Oci. 1833. HEEMELIN, Olof, Swedish wn-iter, and a re- viver of the language ; b. 1658 ; historiographer royal of Sweden, 1699; prisoner at Pultowa, and said to have been lulled by the czar, 1 709. HEEMELIN, Samuel Gustaf, baron, Swedish mineralogist; b. 4 April 1744; published Charts of Sweden, 1797-1807; d. 4 March 1820. HEEMENEGILD, saint, pi-ince of the Visi- goths ; put to death for opposing Arianism, i April 586. HEEMES, Georg, German theologian ; founder of the school termed Hermesian ; i. 22 April 1775 ; published, in German, ''Introduction to Christian Catholic Theology," 1819 and 1831 ; d. 26 May 1831. HEEMESIANAX, Greek elegiac poet, about B.C. 300. HEEMITE, Charles, French mathematician ; b. 24 Dec. 1822. HEEMOLAUS, sec Sarbaro. HEEOD, Heeodes, rulers of Judea : 1. the Great, son of Antipater . ft. about n c. 73 By successful intrigue, made king of Judea by Antony ^o At his fall, recon''ih-Ml with Oefcivius (Augustus) . 31 Put to de.atli his wife Mariaiimc tlirougli jealousy 28 His dominions enlarged 20 Commenced rebuilding the tciiiitle ; put to death on a false charge his sous by ]\lariaunie . . . 6 Orilered tlie massacre of llic children at Beth- leliem rf. JMarch .j 2. Antipas, son of Herod the Great, tctrarch of Galilee e.g. + Rebuked by John the Baptist for marrying Hero- di.as, his brutlier Pldlip's wdfe ; heheiidcd hhu 31 Berided and scon r,i;ed Christ . • 3^ Deposed and exiled . . • • 39 HEEOD AGEIPPA I., II., Icings of Judea: 1. king, 38 ; belieaded the apostle James, 44 ^^ 44 2. king, 44 ; sided with Romans at siege of Jeru- salem, 70 . . d. at Rome, about icxi HEEODOTUS, Greek historian ; b. B.C. 484 ; travelled in Egypt, Palestine, and IJabylon, 450, et scq. ; at Athens, about 431 ; d. about 408. HEEODIANUS, Greek historian of Rome ; fi. middle of third century. HEEODIANUS, Greek grammarian, favoured by Marcus Aurelius ; fi. about 1 70. HEEOLD; Johann Basil, (Basilius Joannes IIochstatten.sis), German reformer; i. 1511; d. about 1580. HEEOLD, Louis Joseph Ferdinand, French musical composer; b. 28 Jan. 1791 ; wrote" les Rosieres," 1817; " la.Clochette," 1817; "Zampa," HERON 267 HERY rSji ; " le Pre aux Clerus," 1832, &c. ; d. 18 Juu, HERON, Eobert, Scotcli liistorian, &c. ; b. 1765; published "History of Scotland," 1794-9; ' 'Universal Geography," 1798; d. 13 AprU 1807. HEROPHILUS, Greek physician and anato- mist ; said to have disseuted crimiuals ; Jl. about u.c. 300. , HERRENSGHNEIDER, Johanu Ludwig, Gemian meteorologist; h. 23 March 1760; d. 29 Jan. 1843. HERRERA, Fernando, " el Divuio," Spanish poet; b. about 1516; " Obras," published, 1619 ; rl. about 1597. HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, Antonio cle, Kpanish historian; b. about 1559; published ^ ' Historia general de los Kechos de los Castellanos," rCoi ; d. 29 March 1625. HERRERA, Spanish painters ; Francisco "the Old;" b. 1576; d. 1656. Sons: El llumo ; b. 1605; d. about 1630; FiiiUf CISCO, "the Young; " fj. 1622 ; d. 1685. HERRERA BARNUEVO, Sehastiano, Spa- nish painter, sculptor, and architect ; b. i6ig ; d. 1671. HERRGOTT, Johaun Jacob, Gerniau histo- rian ; b. 9 Oct. 1694; edited " Vetus Disciplina rMonastica," 1826 ; " Genealogia Diplomatica Au- gusta; Geutes Ilabsburgica;," 1737, et scq. ; d. 1762. HERRICK, Kobert, poet ; b. Aug. 1591 ; pub- lished " Hesperides," 1648; d. Oct. 1674. HERRIES, John Charles, statesman ; b. 1778; chancellor of the excliequer, Aug. 1827 — Jan. 1828; master of the mint, Feb. 1828 — JJcc. 1830; sccre- tar}' at war, Dec. 1834 — April, 1835 ; president of the India board, Feb. — Dec. 1852 ; d. 24 April 1855. IMajor "William, son, killed at the battle of Mood- kee, 18 Dec. 1845. HERRING, John Frederick, animal painter ; b. 1 795 ; self-taught ; painted the winner of the st. IjCgermany times ; four years drove a stage-coach; i^udiited horses for the (xueen and others ; later works; " iietuming from Epsom," "Derby Day," "Horse Fail-," . loDee. 174s; iJublished" School for Arrogance," 3791 ;" Road to Ruin," 1792; d. 23 March 1809; " Uemoirs," appeared, 1816. HOLDEN, Henry, Romanist theologian; i. 3596 ; pubhshed " Analysis Fidei," 1652 ; d. about HOLDER, rev. "WiUiam, jihysicist; b. 1614; cured a deaf-mute, 1659; published "Elements of Spi'ech," 1669; "Treatise on Harmony," 1694; d. 24 Jan. 1697. HOLFORD, George Peter, barrister; JI.A. Canib. 1791 ; m.p., 1802; advocated prison reform, t8i4 ; d. 30 Api-il 1839. HOLDSWORTH, Edward, Latin poet: b. r688; his " Muscipula," poem, published, 1728; d. 30 Dec. 1746. HOLINSHED (HOLLY^'SHED), Raphael, Mstoriim ; published " Chronicles of Eugiande, Scotlande, and Ireland," composed by himself and others, 1577 ; d. about 1580. HOLKAR, Mahratta cliiefs of Indore : Melhar Rao, .a labourer ; raised a Imud of soldiers .abtrtit 1724 lUvaged the country round Delhi, Guzernt, &c. . 1735 Obtained the ]U'oviuce of Jlalwa, &c., 1749; and parts nfRoliilcund, 1751 . . . d. 1766 TuKAjEE Rao ; becnme influential . . . . 1767 With the Nizam, the Peisliwa, and others, made war on Tippoo Sahib . . ... 1786 Hatle peace, 1787 .... 'L 15 Ang. 1797 J~ESVviTNT Rao, natural son ; attained power ,, lUvaged Scindiah's territon'es . 1798 Defeated the Peishwa and Scindiah . . . . 1802 I)efe.ated by gen. Fraser at Deag, 13 Nov. 1804 ; by gen. Lake, near Bhurtpore . 2 April 1805 His territories restored at the i"ieace, 1805 ; d. 20 Oct. 1811 HOLKER, Sir John, lawyer; h. 1828; bar- rister, 1854; Q.C., 1868; sohcitor-gcneral, April I S"4 ; attorney-general, Xov. 1875. HOLL, Elias, Gemian architect; b. 1573; biiiilt the Hotel de Ville at Augsburg, 1O15-18 ; d. 1636. HOLL, William, engraver; b. Feb. 1807 ; Avorks in Lodge's Portraits, Knight's Portrait Gal- leiy, &c. ; d. 31 Jan. 1S71. HOLLAND, see Exeter, Fox. HOLLAND, Henry, arcliitect; b. about 1746; l>Tiilt Carlton House, old l)rury Lane theatre, Lon- tloii, the Pavilion at Brighton, ka.; d. 17 June 1806. HOLLAND, sir Henry, hart., m.d., physi- cdm ; 5. 27 Oct. 1 788 ; published his ' ' Travels in the Ionian Isles, 1812-13." 1815 ; married Saba, daughter of the rev. 'Sydney 'Smith, 1834; pub- lL:ied "Medical Notes and Reflections," 1839; "Chapters on Mental Physiologv," 1852; "Essays," 1862 ; " Recollections of Past Life," 1871 ; " Frag- mentiu-y Papers, &c.; " 1875, elected president of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, i May 1861; ; d. 27 Oct. 1873. HOLLAND, James, water-colour painter ; i. 17 Oct. 1800 ; exhibited flowers at Royal Academy, 1824-9; "Lisbon," 1839; fine views of Venice, &c.; d. 12 Feb. 1870. HOLLAND. Josiah Gilbert, M.n., American journalist, &c.; h. 24 July 1819; published "His- tory of West Massachusetts," 1855 ; " The Bay Path," a novel, 1857 ; " Titcomh's Letters to the Young," 1858, &c.; " Poems," 1873. HOLLAND, Sir Nathaniel Dance (brother of George Dance the architect), painter; married Mrs. Dummer; acquired a fortune, and made a baronet, 1800; d. 15 Oct. 1811. HOLLAND, Philemon, physician, "Trans- lator-general of his Age;" b. 1551 ; published translations of Livy," 1600; Pliny, 1601 ; Cam- den's "Britannia," '1610; d. 9 Feb."i636. HOLLAR, 'Wentzel, Bohemian engi-aver ; h. 1607 ; came to London and obtained patronage of Charles I.; fled to Holland at his fall; returned to London about 1660 ; d. 28 Jlarch 1677. (In 1818 the Townley collection of liis engravings sold for above £2000.) HOLLES, or HoLLIS, Denzil, lord, statesman; b. 1597 ; opposed Charles I. in parliament ; was one of the five members arrested, Jan. 1642 ; one of the comniis-sioners to treat with the king, 1644; de- manded the dissolution of the army, 1647 ; retired to Britanny, 1648 ; em])loyed by Charles II. to negotiate the peace of Breda, 1667 ; his Memou-s (1641-48) pubhshed, 1699; d. ifflo. HOLLINGSHEAD, John, dramatist, journa- list, ifce.; b. 9 Sept. 1827 ; ctnitributed to maga- zines, &c., 1857, et fieq.; published " Ragged London," 1861 ; agitated for dramatic free-trade; successfnllv opened tlie " Gaiety," Dec. 1868 ; pub- lished "Miscellanies," 1874. HOLLINS, John, A. 11. A., painter ; b. I June 1798; d. 7 March 1855. HOLLIS, Thomas, ])hilanthropist ; b. 1720; d. r Jan. 1774. Thomas Brand Hollis, friend and heir, published his memoirs, 1780; d. Sept. 1804. HOLLO WAY, Thomas, line engraver ; b. 1748; d. Feb. 1827. HOLMAN, James, lieutenant E.A. ; the " blind traveller," b. about 1791 ; published " Juur- nal in France, Italy, tc," 1822 ; "Travels through Ru.s.sia," 1825; "Voyage Round the World, 1S27- 34," 1S34; d. 29 July 1857. HOLMAN, Joseph George, dramatist ; b. 17C4; d. ui America, 24 Aug. 181 7. HOLMES, Alfred, rau.sical composer and violinist ; 5. about 1839 ; works: "Jeamic d'^-Vi-c," &c.; d. March 1876. HOLMES, George, antiquary; clerk to keepers of the records in the Tower for sixty years ; b. 1662 ; edited Rymer's " Foodcra," 1727 ; d\ 16 Feb. 1749. HOLMES, John, assistant-keeper of manu- scripts, British Museum; b. 17 July, 1800; d. i April 1854. HOLMES, Oliver AVendell, American physi- cian, physiologist, and essayist ; h. 29 Aug. 1S09; HOLMES 274 HONORItrS published ''Autocrat of the Brcnkfast Table," 1858; "Elsie Temer," 1861 ; " Soiig-s in Many Keys," 1864; "Guardian Angel," 1868. HOLMES, sir Robert, naval commander ; cap- tured Dutch and other settlements in Africa, 1661- 64 ; destroyed Dutch ileet in the Vlie, i665 ; governor of Isle of "Wight, 1671; fails in attempts to take Dutch Smyrna fleet, 13 March 1672 ; d. 2 July 1678. HOLMES, Eobert, dean of Winchester; T). I74g ; dean, 1804 ; edited part of " Vetiis Testamen- tum Grsecum," 1798-1804; d. 12 Nov. 1805. .HOLEOYD, John Baker, lord Sheffield, sol- dier and statesman; h. about 1741 ; published pamphlets on commerce, &c.; " Ordei"s in Council," 1809, &c.; d. 30 May 1821. HOLSTE (HOLSTENITTS), Lucas, German scholar; 5. 1596; became a Romanist at Paris, about 1624; travelled; effected the conversion of Chi'istina of Sweden, about 1638 ; made librarian of the "Vatican by Innocent X., about 1653; d. 2 Feb. 1661. HOLT, sir John, judge; b. 30 Dec. 1642; opposed the tyranny of James II., 168^-88; chief- justice of the king s bench, 1689; pubhshed "Re- ports of Picas of the Cro^ni," 1708; d. 5 March 1709-10. HOLTE, John ; wrote "Lac Puerorum" (Latm gi-ammar), printed by Wj-nldn de "Worde, about 1497. HOLTT, see llodty. HOL'WELL, John Zephaniah, Irish sm-geon ; ^. 7 Sept. 1711; went to India as a clerk, 1732; defended a fort at Calcutta against Surajah Dow- lah ; taken and imprisoned with others in the "Black Hole," 20 June, 1756; published "Narra- tive," I7S7; governor of Bengal, 1759-61 ; pub- lished " tlistorical Events relative to Bengal," 1765-71 ; d. 5 Nov. 1798. HOLYDAY, rev. B.arten, poet ; A. 1593 ; pub- lished " Survey of the "World," 1661 ; trans'lation of Juvenal and Pcrsius, 1673 ; d. Oct. i65i. HOLY MAID, see Barton. HOLYOAKE, Francis, royalist clergyman ; h. 1^67 ; published " Etymological Dictionary of Latin "W"ords," 1606 ;rf. 13 Nov. 1653. HOLYOAKE, George Jacob, political agita- tor, founder of "secularism;" h. 13 April i8n; promulgated Owen's Social System, 1841 ; pub- lished many pamphlets, educational and political, 1847, at seq.; "Self Help by the People in Roch- dale," 1872; "History of Co-operationin England," 187s- HOLYWOOD (SACEO BosCO), John, mathe- matician at Paris; wrote " de Algonsmo," printed 1498. HOLZEE, Johann Evangelist, Gennan fresco painter ; h. 1709 ; ' d, July 1740 or 1741. HOMBEEG, Johann Baptist, Gennan geogra- pher ; b. TO March 1663 ; published " Atlas du Monde," 1716; d. i July 1724. HOMBEEG, "Wilhebn, Gennan physician and chemist ; b. 8 Jan. 1652 ; went to Paris ; became a Romanist, and obtamed patronage of Colbert, 1682 ; went to Rome, 1685 ; improved the au--pump and microscope ; entered the academy, 1691 ; chief physician to tho duke of Orleans at Paris, 1704 ; i. 2^ Sept. 1715. HOME, or H"D"ME, David, Scotch minister and poet ; wrote " Apologia Basilica," 1626 ; " Pocmata Omnia," printed 1632; "History of the House of Douglas, 1644. HOME, or Hume, D.avid Dunglas, spirit- ualist; secretary of the " Spuitual Athenaeum,' 1851 ; published " Incidents in My Life," 1863, 1872 ; by verdict at a trial compelled to restore £60,000 stock given to him by Mrs. Lyon, on the alleged command of her deceased husband's spuit, 22 May, 1868. HOME, .sirEverard, Scotch surgeon; b. 1756; published "Lectures on Comparative Anatomy," 1814-28; d. 31 Aug. 1832. HOME, Henry, lord Kames, Scotch judge ; b. 1696; a lord of session, 1752 ; published "Re- markable Decisions," 1728; "Dictionaiy of Deci- sions," 1741; "Elements of Criticism," 1762; " Gentleman Farmer," 1776; d. 27 Dec. 1782. HOME, rev. John, Scotch clergyman ; b. 1722 or 1/24.; his tragedy, "Douglas,' represented, 1756; " Dramatic "Works," published 1760; "Art of Thinking," I76l ; "History of Rebellion of 1745," 1802; d. 4 Sept. 1808. HOMEE, Greek poet; fl. about B.C. 962-927 (Clinton) ; 850-776 (Grote). HOMEE, -rev. Heniy; b. 1752; with Dr. Combe edited Horace, 1792 ; d. 4 May 1791. HOMMEL, Karl Ferdinand, Gennan jurist ; b. 6 Jan. 1722; published "Litteratma juris," 1761 ; d. 16 May 1781. HOMPESCH, Ferdinand, baron von, Gennan noble; b. 9 Nov. 1744; last grand-master of the knights of Malta, 1797 (the order capitulated to Bonaparte, June 1798) ; abdicated in faA'our of the czar, Paul I. of Russia, for a pension, 1 798 ; d. in France, 1803 or 1S05. HONDEKOETEE, Dutch painters : GiLLis ; b. 1583 ; d. about 1626. Melchior, son; b. 1636; d. 3 April 1695. Gysirecht, son; b. 1613; d. 1653- HONDT (HONDIUS), Flemish ai-tists : Josse, engraver; b. 1546; d. 16 Feb. 1611. Hendrik, son; b. 1573; a. 1610. Abraham; b. 1638; d. 1691. HONE, Nathaniel, R.A., Irish miniature and enamel painter; h. about 1 730; d. 1784. HONE, "W"ilUam, satirist, antiquary, and pub- lisher; b. 1779; d. 6 Nov. 1842. Defended liimself successfully in three trials for profane libel iu X'ublislnngxjarodics on the Chiucli Catechism, tkc. . . . 18-20 Dec. 1S17 Publislied "Apocryphal New Testament," 1820; " Ancient My.steries" 1823 Published yioiitical s.ltires ("House that Jack Biult;" "Man in the Moon," &c. ; "Slap at Slop," &c.) iSi6-2o Published "Eveiy Bay Book," 1826-27; "Table Book," 1827-2S ; "Year Book" . 1838 HONOEIITg, Augustus Flavins, son of em- peror Theodosius I.; b. 9 Sept. 384 ; succeeded him as emperor of the west, 17 Jan. 395; his undo, Stilicho, the regent, put to death Dy the machi- nations of Olympias, Aug. 408 ; his empire dis- turbed by invasions and rebellions ; governed feebly and unsuccessfully; persecuted the Dona- tists, 410-14; d. 15 or 27 Aug. 423. HONOEIUS I.— IV., popes ; 1. pope, 626 ; ai-tive and able . , d. 12 Oct. 638 2. Lambert; pope, 1124 d. 14 Feb. 1130 HONOEIUS HOOKEE 3, Cenc'io Savelli ; pope, July 1216 ; promoted the trusade against the Albigenses ; censured Frede- riitk IL for neglecting the crusade, 1221-3 ; d. 18 March 1227 4, Jacopo SavelU ; pope, April 1285 ; strenuously defended ecclesiastical hmuunities . d. 3 April 1287 SONTHEIM, Johann Nioolaus (or Justinus Fekroniiis), German jurist ; li. 27 Jan. 1701 ; pub- lisled "Historia Treyirensis," 1750; his "de Statu Eoelesise et Legitlma Potestate Eomani Pontificis," ( I 763) displeased the popes, and was put in the " index," which led to his persecution; his com- pelled retractation published by Pius VI., 1778 ; d. 2 Sept. 1790. 3ONTH0EST (HmroHOKST), Dutch pain- ter^, toothers: Gerard; 4. 1592; d. about 1660. W^lttEM ; d. 1683. EONYMAN, sir George Essex, bart.; b. 1S19 ; j-Lidge in common pleas, Jan. 1873 — Jan. 1875 J ''• 1 6 Sept. 1875. EOOD, admu-als : SaWuel, viscount Hood, admiral b. 12 Dec. 1724 Captured the Bellona . . .13 Feb. 1759 Served under Rodney in his victory over De Grasse . . '. . 12 April 1782 Seized Toulon ... .27 Aug. 1793 Groveruor of Greenwich liospital . Aiiril 1796 d. 27 Jan. 1816 .^lESa.ndeh, discount Bridport . . &. 1727 pcfeated the French oft' L'Orient . 23 June 1795 d. 3 May 1814 ^j^VE'L, sir, cousin; &. Nov. 1702 ; captured To- bago, ifec 1803 Took three French frigates and lost his arm near Rochefort, 25 yept. 1S06 . . d. 24 Dec. 1S15 HOOD, poets and humorists : Thomas h. 1798 Ijeariit engraving fi'Om his micle Robert Sands, published " Wliims and Oddities " . . . . 1S26 '* Comic Annual," 1S29-37 ; "Eugene Aram "(in the "Gem") 1829 " Hood's Oivn," 1838-9 ; "TylneyHall" . . 1834 " Song of the Shirt " in " PimcU " . Dec. 1843 " "Whimsicalities " . . . . 1844 "Hood's Magazine," 1S44 ''■ 3 ^^Y ^845 Tot*' son h. ig Jan. 1S35 published "Pen and Pencil Pictures," 1854-5 ; and many hunioj-ous tales and poems. Editor of " Pun " till 1865 . . . {Z.Nov. 1874 HOOPT, Pieter ComeUssi, Dutch poet and his- torian; li. lb March 1581 ; wrote "History of the Netlieiiands ; " d. 21 May 1647. 300FT, Peter, Dutch poet ; b. 16 March 1581 ; d.2l May 1847. SOOGE, Pieter van, Dutch painter ; 5. about ie543 ; '^- i/oS- SOGGrEVEN', Hendrik, Dutch philologist ; 5. Jan. 1712 ; published "Doctrina Particulariun Lin- guic Grsecie," 1769; d. 1791. UOOGSTEAATEJSr, Dii-ck van, Dutch painter; b, 1596; d. 20 Dec. 1640. gOOGSTEAATEN, David van, Dutch poet aud philologist; b. 24 March 1658; edited Te- I'eace, Phajdrus, and C. Nepos ; d. Nov. 1724. SOOGSTEAATEN, Jakob van, Dutch Do- niiiiiean; b. about 1454; wi-ote against Luther in iii« " Epitome de Fide et Operibus," 1525; d. 21 Jail. 1527- SOOGSTEAATEN, Samuel ran, Dutch painter and writer ; b. 1627 ; wrote an esteemed " Treatise on Painting ; " d. 19 Oct. 1678. HOOK, James, musical composer, (operas, bal- la (Is, &o.), father of Dr. James and Theodore ; b. 17.46; i. 1827. HOOK, James, son, ll.d. ; b. about 1771 ; dean of "Worcester, 1825; wrote "Jack of Newbury," 1795; d. 5 Feb. 1828. HOOK, James Clarke, historical and marine painter; b. 21 Nov. i8rg; a.r.a., 1854; r.a, 1859; painted "Luff, B03' ! " 1859; "the Tra-w- lers," &c., 1862-6; ""\Vise Saws," "Hearts of Oak," 1S75 ; " Hard Lines," " Crabbers," &c., 1876. HOOK, Theodore Edward, (son of the com- poser), journalist, novelist, and dramatist; b. 22 Sept. 1788; d. 24 Aug. 1841. Wrote "The Soldier's Return," 1805 ; "Tekeli," 1806, (Sic. As a clever irapro^'isato^e entered into societ)' ; patronised by the regent, and appointL^l account- ant-general and treasurer in the Jlaiu-itius . . 1812 Arrested for raonetaiy deficiencies and irregularity in his accounts 1818 Declared debtor to the cro^vn for i2,oooZ. . . 1823 Wrote in " John Bull " Edited '■ New Montlily Magazine" Published "Sayings and Doings," well," 1830; "Gilbert Gurney,' 1820-41 . . 1836-41 1824-25; "Max- 1835 ; " Giuney Married,' 1S39 : &c. HOOK, "Walter Farquhar, (son of Dr. James), dean of Chichester \b. it, March 1 798 ; preached hi3 sermon " Hear the Church," (about 100,000 copies sold), 1837; vicar of Leeds, 1837-59; dean, 1859 ; published "Church Dictionary," 1842; "Eccle- siastical Biography," 184^-52; "Lives of Arch- bishops of Canterbury,' ' 1 860-75 ; ^- 20 Oct. 1875. HOOKE, Nathaniel, lii.storian ; b. about 169D ; published " Roman History," 1733-71; d. 19 July 1763- HOOKE, Eobert, mathematician, astronomer, and mechanician ; b. 18 July 1635 ; said to have invented the barometer, 1656 ; doubie-ban'elled aii'- pump, 1658, &c. ; professor at Gresham college, 1664; secretary Il.S., 1677; published "Mioro- gi'aijliia," iCkpj; " Essays on Physical Subjects," 1674-82 ; " Description of lus Helioscopes, and other Instruments," 1676; "Lampas," 1677, &c. ; d. 3 March 1703. HOOKEE, Joseph, American general; b. 1819; appointed commander of the United States armj' of the Potomac, J.an 1863 ; crossed the Rappahannock, 28 Api-il ; totally defeated by " Stonewall " Jackson at ChancellorsA'ille, 2-4 May; retreated, 5 May; superseded by general Meade, June 1863. HOOKEE, Joseph Dalton, m."d., c.b, son of sir "William, botanist; b. 1817. Accompanied sir James Ross on his antarctic voyage .... . 1839 Published " Flora Antarctica " . , 1847-61 Travelled in the Himalayas . . 1S48 Published " Himalayan Journals " . . . 1S54 Succeeded his father as director of the Kew Gar- dens . . 1865 President of British Association . . . i863 Travelled in Morocco ; ascended Mount Atlas, 16 May 1871 President of Royal Society . . . Dec. 1S73 Published " Student's Flora of British Isles," 1S70 ; " Flora of British India " . ... 1S74 HOOKEE, (or Vo^svell), John, m.p., (uncle of Richard below), assisted in the compilation of Holinshed's Chronicle; b. about 1524; published "Order and "Usage of Keeping of Parlements," 1572 ; d. 1601. HOOKEE, Richard, "the judicious," theolo- gian: b. about 1553; as master of the temple, en- gaged in controversy with Travers, 1585-gi ; pub- lished "Ecclesiastical Polity," 1593-"; rector of Bishopsboume, Kent, 1595; d. 2 Nov. 1600. T 2 HOOKER 276 HOEMAYR HOOKER, Thomas, nonconformist minister; h. 1586 ; took orders ; silenced for nonconformity, 1626; emigrated to New England mth Jotn Cotton, 1633 ; became pastor of Hartford, Comiecti- cut, 1636; d. 1647. HOOKER, sii' William Jackson, botanist; b. 6 July 1785; professor at Glasgow, 1820, director of Kew Gardens, 1841-65 ; published " Tour in Ice- land," iSog; "British J ungernianniiE," 1812-16; "Flora Scotica," 1821; " British Flora," 1830; &c. ; edited "Botanical Magazine," 1826, etscq.; d. 12 Aug. 1865. HOOLE, John, clerk in the India house, dra- matist; b. about 1727; published translation of Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered," 1763; of Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso," 1773-83 ; d. 2 lug. 1803. HOOPER, Edmund, composer of church music ; d. 14 July 1641. HOOPER, George, bishop; b. 1640; bishop of St. Asaph, 1703; of Bath and Wells, 1704; pub- lished "Inquiry into the State of the Ancient Measures," 1721; d. 6 Sept. 1727. HOOPER, John, bishop, reformer; b. about 1495 ; fled to Zurich, 1539 ; consecrated bishop of Gloucester, 1550; refused to wear Testments, 1551 ; bishop of Worcester, 1552 ; imprisoned, July 1553; burnt, 9 Feb. 1555. HOORNE, Jan van, Dutch anatomical dis- coverer; b. 1621; published " Jlicrocosmus," 1660; d. 13 Jan. 1670. HOPE, Alexander James, m.p., archa;ologist ; son of Thomas (below) ; b. 1820. A founder and president of tlie Cambridge Camden (afterwards Ecclesif,lo{ricaI) Society. Purchased St. Augustine s abbey, C'Miitiirbury, for a missionai-y college . .... 1844 President Royal Institute of British Architects, 1865-73; M.P. for Cimliridgo . . . 186S, c( sc^f. Published "Letters on Church Mutetrs by D.C.L," 1S51-2 and nuuiy paniphleta. HOPE, Charles, Scotch judge; b. 29 June, 1763 ; lord president of the court of session, 1811- 41 ; d. 30 Oct. 1857. HOPE, rev. Frederick AVilliara, entomologist; b. about 1797 ; published " Coleopterist's Manual," 1837-41 ; d. 15 April 1862. HOPE, John, ji.D., Scotch botanist; b. 1725; d. 10 Nov. 1786. HOPE, John, Scotch general; b. 17 Aug. 1 766; served in Holland, 1799; in Egypt, 1800; in the peninsula, 1809 ; created baron Niddry, May 1814 ; succeeded his brother as earl of Hopetoun, 17 May 1817 ; d. 27 Aug. 1823. HOPE, sir Thomas, Scotch lawyer and Latin poet; d. 1646. His " Minor Practicks " published 1726. HOPE, Tliomas, merchant and traveller; b. about 1770 ; published " Household Furniture and Decorations," 1807; "Costume of the Ancients," 1809 ; " Modem Costumes," 1812 ; " Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek," ^anonymously ; at first attributed to lord Byron), 1819; "Historical Essay on Architecture," 1835; "Origin and Pro- spects of Man," 1831 ; d. 3 Feb. 1831. HOPETOWN, see JIoj)e, John. HOPITAL, see 1' Hospital. HOPKINS, Charles, son of bishop Hopkins, poet; b. 1664; friend of Drydcn and Dorset; "Epistolary Pcems " published, 1694; d. 1699. JoH.v, brother, poet; b. 1O75 ; published "Amasia," poems, 1 700 ; d. . HOPKINS, Ezekiel, bishop of Deny ; b. 1633 : consecrated, 1681 ; " E.^position of the Lord's Praj-er and Ten Commandments" published, 1692; d. 22 June 1690. HOPKINS, organists and composers. Edwakh John; b. 1818; organist to the Temple, 1843. John Laekin, canon; b. 1820; organist at lio- chester cathedral. HOPKINS, John, versified fifty-eight psalms, printed with those by Stemhold, 1562. HOPKINS, John Henrj', Irish D.D.; b. 1792; taken to America, 1800; engaged in iron manu- facture, i8ii; studied the law, 1817; entered the episcopal church, 1823; professor in Boston, 1831 : first bishop of Vennont, 1832 ; founded schools, &c. ; d. 9 Jan. 1868. HOPKINS, Lemuel, American physician and political poet; b. 1750; d. 1801. HOPKINS, JIatthew, published " Discover\- of Witches," 1647; caused the death of about a hundred persons in the eastera counties, 1645-47. HOPKINS, S.amuel, D.D., founder of the Hop- kinsoniaa school of divinity; b. 17 Sept. 1721 ; published " Ssstem of Doctrines in Divine Revela- tion," 1793; d. 20 Dec. 1803. HOPKINS, Stephen, American statesman ; //. 7 March 1707 ; signed the declaration of inde- pendence, 4 July 1776; goveraor of llhode island, 1755 ' piililislis'' " Grievances of the American Co- lonies e.xamined," 1765; d. 13 July 1785. HOPKINS, rev. William, Arian; b. 1706: published translation of "Exodus," 1784; d. 1786. HOPKINS, William, m.a., p.r.s., geologist, &c. ; b. about 1S05 ; lectured at Eoyal Institution on the earth's natural temperature, 1859 ; on the motion of glaciers, 1862 ; d. 13 Oct. 1866. HOPKINSON, Francis, American politician and satirist; b. about 1738; wrote much in favour of American independence, 1774, et scq. ; d. 9 May 1791. HOPPER, Thomas, architect; b. about 1775; introduced the "cottage ome" stj'le; erected bt. Mary's hospital, Paddington; d. 11 Aug. 1856. HOPPNER, John, painter; *. 4 April 1758: employed by piince of Wales, 1789; R.A., 1795; d. 23 Jan. 1810. HOPTON, Arthur, mathematician ; /). about 1589; published "Baculum Geodeticum," 1610 ; " Speculum Topographicum," i6n ; d. 1614. HOPTON, Susannah; b, 1627; published " Daily Devotions," 1673; d. 1709. HORATIIIS, Flaccus Quintus, Latin lyric poet; b. 8 Dec. B.C. 65 ; went to Athens for educa- tion, 47 ; entered the service of Brutus during the ci-\il war, 43 ; at the battle of Philippi, 42 ; went to Home and obtained the friendship of Mfficemis, Virgil, and others, 41 ; probably wrote his Satires, 40, 39, 38 ; Epodes, 32, 31 ; Odes, 30-15 ; Epistles, 20, ig; d. 27 Nov. 8. HORMAN, William, master of Eton, botanist : b. 1470; wrote "Herbarum Sj'uonyina," &e. ; d. 1535- HORMAYR, Joseph von, Austrian historian ; b. 20 Jan. 1781 ; historiographer of the empire, 1815 ; published " Ai-chiv fiir Geschichte, i:c. ," 1810-28; "Wien; seine Geschichte," 1823-5; director of royal archives, Munich, about 1828; V. 5 Nov. 1848. HOEMISDAS 277 HOSHEA HOIIMISDAS, pope; elected, 26 July, 514; '"uised a reconciliation between eastern and western .;liLii-clies, 515, 517, 519 ; d. 6 Aug. 523. HOEMISDAS I, II. III., kings of Persia : 1. succeeded his father, Sapor I., Dec. 271 ; re- i ailed Manes from exile, 272 . . d. ahout 273 2. .succeeded his father, Karses, about 301 ; d. ahiiut 308 3. or 4. succeeded Chosroes tlie Great . March 579 Defeated Romans under Maurice and Philippicus, Deposed and killed by Baliram 579-85 Sejit. 590 HORN, HOENE, or HOENES, Philippe de iloutmorency-Nivelle, comte de, Helgian states- niiiu; b. 1522; succeeded Hs stepfather as Count Horn; goveruor of Gueldres under Charles V.; tiuancial minister under Philip II. ; e.\cited his jciilousy ; suddenly seized, tried, and beheaded with 'ount Egmont, 5 June 1568. HORN, Antoine, comte de, Belgian ; b. 1698 ; i.'xecuted at Paris for assassination, 26 March 1720. BORN, Charles Edward, musical composer ; /'. 1786; wrote" I know a Bank," " Through the Wood," " Cherry Kijie," &e. ; d. 21 Oct. 1849. HORN, Franz Christoph, Gemian critic and noTclist ; 4. 30 July 1781; published "Novellen," 1819-20; " Gesfliichte uud luitik der Poesie," 1822-g; d. 19 July 1837. BORN, Gustaf Carlsson, Swedish general ; b. 23 Oct. 1592 ; commanded under Gustavus Adolphns ; taken prisoner at Nordlingen, 1634; wrote "Duels >I\mus Perfecti ;" released, 1642 ; minister of war, 1652 ; d. 16 May 1657. lEORN (Honiius), Georg, German historian; b. 1620; his "de Vera J5tate Mundi" published, 1659 ; led to a controversy with Vossius ; published "14erum Britaimicarum Lib. YII.," 1(348; " de Originibus Americanibus," 1652 ; d. 1670. HORNB, George, bishop of Norwich ; b. 1730; piiljlished "Commentary on the Psalms," 1771 ; " Xetters on Infidelity," 1 784 ; consecrated, 1790; '/. 17 Jan. 1792. HORNB, Richard Hengist, poet and critic; piiilished " Cosmo de Medici," 1839 and 1875; ■■Judas Iscariot," 1848; " Dreamer and "Worker," 1851; "Orion," 1871, &c. HORNE, Thomas Hartwell, d.d. ; b. 20 Oct. 1780; assistant in department of printed books, Jii-itish Musemn, 1824-62; published " Introduction to the Critical Study of the Holy Scriptures," 18 18, et seq. ; d. 27 Jan. 1862. HORNE-TOOKE, rev. John, phOologist and political writer; b. 25 June 1736; ordained as clerk, 1700; threw up his living, and travelled, 1765; .issimied the name Tooke on acquu'ing a fortune by leyjLcy; imprisoned for a libel, 1778 ; published •' Jipea Pteroenta, or Diversions of Purley," 1786 ; tried for high treason, and acquitted, Oct. — Nov. 1794; d. 19 March 1812. HORNECK, Anthony, D.D., Geraian theo- logian ; b. 1641 ; settled in England ^about 1663 ; published "the Great Law of Consideration," i6-;7 ; " the Crucified Jesus," 1686 ; d. 1696. HORNEMANN, Friedrich Konrad, German traveller ; b. Oct. 1772 ; travelled in Africa for the African Society, 1797 ; last heard of, 7 AprU 1800. U5s Joui-nal, published in German, 1802. HORNER, Francis, Scotch statesman ; b. 12 Aug. 1778; helped to found the "Edinburgh Review," published, 10 Oct. 1802; chairman of bullion committee, wrote first part of the report, i8io;f/. 8Feb. 1817. HORNER, Leonard, geologist; b. 17 Jan. 1785; published Memoirs of his brother Francis, 1843 ; several papers ; d. 5 March 1864. HORREBOV, or HoeeebOE, Danish as- tronomers : Peter ; 6. 14 May 1679 ; published " Clavis Astro- uomiK;," in which lie determined the X'arallax of the sun, 1740-1 ; "Basis Astronomise," 1734-5; d. 15 April 1764 Sons : Chri.stian : li. 15 April 1718 ; published " Elementa Astronomiae Sphericee," 1762 d. 19 Sept. 1776 Peter; &. 1728; obsen'ed and published " de Transitu Veneris," 1761 . . d. 1812 HORROCKS (or HOEEOX), Jeremiah, astro- nomer ; b. about 1619 ; first to observe the transit of Venus over the sun's disk, 24 Nov. 1639 O.S. ; d. 3 Jan. 1641. HORSA, see Sengist. HORSBURGH, James, Scotch hydrographer ; li. 23 Sept. 1762; service of E. I. Company, 1809 ; d. 14 April 1836. HORSEORD, sir Alfred ; general ; b. 1818 ; served in the Ci'imea, 1854-6; and during the Indian mutiny, 1858. HORSLEY, John, Scotch antiquary'; b. 1685; published " Britannia Eomana, or tiie Eoman An- tiquities of Britain," 1732 ; d. 12 Jan. 1732. HORSLEY, John Callcott, painter ; b. 29 Jan. 1817; pamted "Pride of the Village," "The Con- trast — youth and Age," 1840; "Henry V. as- suming the Crown," 1847; " rAIlegro and U Pen- seroso," 1851; "Coming Down to Dinner," &c., 1876; K.A. 1864. HORSLEY, Samuel, D.D.,bishopof St. Asaph ; b. Oct. 1733; attacked Priestley's " History of the Corruptions of Christianity," 1782 ; edited Newton's Works, 1779-85; published "Practical Mathe- matics," 1801 ; translation of Hosea, 1801 ; of the Psalms, 1815; bishop of St. David's, 1788; of Rochester, 1793; of St. Asaph, 1802; d. 4 Oct. 1806. HORSMAN, Edward, m.p.; b. 1807; chief secretary of Ireland, March 1855 — May 1857; d. 30 Nov. 1876. HORSTIUS.seejrerZo. HORT, or HOETE, Josiah; educated as a dissenter; conformed, 1708; rose till he became archbishop of Tuam, 1742; d. 14 Dec. 1751. HORTENSE, queen of HoEand, see Beanhar- iiais. HORTENSIUS, Lambert, Dutch philologist; b. 1501 ; published "de Tumultibus Anabaptista- rum," 1548; d. about 1575. HORTENSIUS, Martin, Dutch astronomer; b. 1605; wrote on the transit of Mercm-y over the sun, 1633 ;(^. 17 Aug. 1639. HORTENSIUS, Quintus, Eoman orator; b. B.C. 114; rivalled by Cicero, 70 ; consul, 69; became Cicero's friend and colleague, 63 ; d. 50. HORTON, lady Anne ; see under Cumber- land. HOSEA, Jewish prophet ;fl. about B.C. 785. HOSHEA, last king of Israel; reigned, b.c. 730-721. HOSIER 27 HOSIER, sir Francis, admii-al ; entered navy, 1692 ; captain, 1696; captui-ed French ship, 1710; rear-admiral, 1719 ; d. at sea, 23 Ang. 1727. HOSIUS, Stanislas, Polish bishop ; tei-med by the popes " a pillar of the faith " ; 5. 5 May 1504 ; vigorously opposed the refoiiaation, and published a confession of the cathoUc faith termed " Hosian " hy the protestante, 1551; founded a Jesuit college, 1561 ; d. 5 Aug. 1579. HOSKINS (or HOSKYNS), Jolin, lawyer and poet; *. 1566; friend and "polisher" of Ben Jonson ; d. 27 Aug. 1638. HOSKINS, John, portrait painter ; d. 1664. HOSKYNS, Chandos "Wren ; agriculturist; b. 1812; published "Talpa: or Chromcles of a Clay- farm," 1852; "Inquii->' into the History of Agri- culture," 1849; d. 28 Nov. 1876. HOSMER, Harriet Gr., American sculptor; b. 9 Oct. 1830; pupil of Gibson, at Eome, 1852 ; pro- duced "Daphne" and "Medusa"; "Beatrice Ccnci," 1857; "Puck," 1865; "Zenobia," &c. HOSPINIAN, Eodolph, Swiss protestant theologian; b. 7 Nov. 1547; published "De Templis," 1587; "De Monachis," 1588; "De Festis Christianorum," 1593; " Eistoria JesuJtica," 1619; d. II March 1626. HOSSCH, Sidron, Belgian Jesuit poet; b. 1596; wrote "Elegia," published, 1656; d. about 1653- HOSTE, Paul, French mathematician ; b. 1652; published " Traite des Evolutions Navales," 1696 ; "Theorie de la Construction des Vaisseaux," 1697 ; d. 23 Feb. 1700. HOSTE, sir "William, naval commander; b. about 1778; served under Nelson, 1794; defeated French fleet off Lissa, 13 March 1811 ; took Cattaro, 5 Jan. 1814 ; k.c.b. Jan. 1815 ; d. 6 Dec. 1828. HOSTILIUS, Tullus, third Idng of Eome ; reigned about B.C. 670-638. HOTHAM, sir Charles, admiral ; *. 19 Feb. 1776; post captain, 13 Jan. 1795; served in French war, 1804-15; captam, Dec. 1812; rear-admii-al, June 1814; commander in the Mediterranean, 1831; d. 19 April 1833. HOTHAM, sir Charles, governor of Victoria ; i. 14 Jan. 1806; K.C.B. 1846; d. 31 Dec. 1855. HOTHAM, sir John, statesman; imprisoned by Charles I. for free speeches April 1640 ; governor of Hull for parliament, Jan. 1642 ; proclaimed traitor for refusing to surrender it to the king, 23 April 1642 ; repulsed the eai-1 of Lindsay, 29 June 1643 ; hung on charge of plotting to surrender to the king, 2 Jan. 1645. HOTHBY, John, monk ; wrote " Proportiones Musicse ;" Jl. 14th centmry. HOTMAN, Francois, French protestant jurist ; i. 23 Aug. 1524; d. 12 Feb. 1590. Comiected witli the conspiracy of Amboise : wrote the "Epistre Envoy^e au Tygre de la France," directed against the cardinal of Lorraine . . 1560 An energetic protestant, protected by the princes of Germany : professor at Geneva . . . 1573 Published " Franeo-GaUia," 1513 ; " Juris-Con- sultus," 1559; " Anti-Tribonian, ou Disconr sur I'Eatude des Lois" 15^7 Antoine, brother, jurist ; 6. about 1525 ; published "Traite de la Dissolution du Mariage," 1581 ; "TraitidelaLoi Salique," 1593 . . tJ. 1596 HOTSPUR, see Tcreij. HOUSSAYE HOTTINGER,JohannHeinrich Swiss refonner and orientalist; b. 10 March 1620; pubbshed "Thesam-UB Philologicus seu Clavis Scripturaj, 1649; "Grammatica IV. Linguarum," 1659; d. 5 June 1667. JoHANN Jakob, son, b. 1652; d. 18 Dec. 1735. HOTTOMAN, see Eotman. HOUARD, David, French lawyer ; b. 26 Feb. 1725; published "Anciennes Lois de France con- servees dans les Coutumes Anglaises," 1766, &c.; d. 15 Dec. 1802. HOUBIGANT, Clai-les Franijois, French orientalist; b. 1686; published "Biblia Hebraica," with notes, 1753-4 ! '^- 31 0*^'- 17^3- HOUBRAKEN, Arnold, Dutch painter and writer; b. 28 Mai-ch 1660; published "Lives of the Dutch and Flemish painters," in Dutch; d. 14 Oct. 1719. Jakob, son, engraver; b. i6g8 ; d. 1780. HOUCHARD, Jean Nicolas, French republi- can general ; i. 1 740 ; served in the seven j'ears' war, 1756-63 ; commanded against the invading allies; defeated them at Hondtchoot, 8 Sept. 1793; accused of incapacity, tried, and executed, 17 Nov. 1793- HOUDIN, Jean Eugene Robert, French con- juror ; b. 6 Dec. 1805 ; began to exhibit publicly about 1830; employed by the emperor of France to confound the wizards in Algeria, 1856 ; pubUshed " Confidences d'un Prestidigitateur," 1858; "Tri- cheiies des Grecs Devoilees," l85l ; " le Prieure," 1867; "Secrets de la Prestidigitation," 1868. HOUDON, Jean Antoine, French sculptor ; h. 1741 ; exhibited his "Morpheus," 1771 ; bnst of Catherine II., and others, 1773; "Diana," 1781 ; " Voltaire," 1810 ; d. 16 July 1S28. HOUDRY, Vincent, French Jesuit preacher ; b. 22 Jan. 1631 ; published " Bibliotheque des Predicateurs," 1/12; d. 29 March 1729. HOUBIi, Jean Pierre Louis Laurent ; b. June, 1 735 ; pubhshed "Voyage Pittoresque des lies de la Sicile," &c. ; 1782-7 ; d. 14 Nov. 1813. HOUEL, Nicolas, French philanthropist ; founded at Paris Maison do la Charite Chretien, 1578, of which he published the " Avertissement ct Declaration," 1580. HOUGH, John, theologian; S. 1651 ; elected president of Magdalene College, Oxford ; forcibly expelled by James II., after protest, Oct. 1C87 ; restored, Sept. 1688 ; bishop of Lichfield, 1699 ; of "Worcester, 1717 ; d. 8 March or May, 1743. HOUGHTON, Antony, major; b. about 1750; travelled in North jiirica ; d. theie after 1793. HOUGHTON, see Milnes. HOUGHTON, Alexander Boyd, water-colour painter; b. about 1836; exhibited at the Academy "A Fisher," i860 ; "Boy Martyrs," 1867; "John the Baptist," 1S70; illustrated "jb-abian Nights," &c. ; d. 23 Nov. 1875. HOULLIER (Hollerius), Jacques, French physician ; opposed Galeni.^m ; infa-oduced the use of the seton and Arab remedies ; d. 1562. HOUMAYOUN, see Eummjun. HOUSSAYE, or HorSSET, Arsene, French novelist, poet, and critic ; b. 28 March. 1815 ; pub- lished " Couronne de Bluets," 1836; "Histoire du Peinture Hollandais et Franijais," 1846; "Histoire HOUSTOUN 279 HOWAED 4e I'Art Fi-an(;ais," i860; "Mademoiselle Cleo- p-fitre," 1864; "Notre Dame de Thermidor," 1S65; "Nos Grandes Dames," 1868 ;" La Belle Rafielle," 1S74, &c. HOUSTOUN, ov Houston, William, ii.d., botanist; h. about 1695; d. 14 July 1733. HOUTjVTAN, Comelisz, Dutch navigator; b. a'bout 1560; founder of the Dutch commerce in Iirdia ; went on an expedition to the Indian archipelago, 1595-97; published his "Diai-ium Nauticum," 159S; el. about 1605. HOUTTEVILLE, Alexandre Claude Fran- (; ois, French theologian ; !>. 1686 ; published " Verite dela Religion Chretienne prouvee par las Faits," 1 722 ; led to controversy ; d. 8 Nov. 1742. HOVEDEN, Roger de ; wrote " Annales Rc- r-ura Anglicarum, 732-1202." HOVEL, see Hevdius. HOW, Samuel, nonconformist; " Cobbler How;" wrote " Human Learning no Help to Spiritual Un- derstanding," 1640. HOW, or Howe, 'William, physician and botanist; h. 1619; published (tlie first sketch of a flora) " I'hytologia Britannioa," 1650; d. Sept. 1656. HOWARD, dukes and earls of Norfolk : I. John, eminent warrior ; Yorkist ; i-iL-ated earl marslial antl i'"/,T0f Norfolk, 28 June 14S3 ; killed at the battle of Boswortli Field, 22 Aug. 1485. S. Thomas, son : attainted, 1485 ; created e.irl of SniTe3% 14S9 : as high adniir.al, cleared the seas of the French, 151 3; defeated the Scotch at the battle of Flodden Field, 9 Sept. 1513 ; duke of Noifollc, i Feb. 1514 ; d. 21 May 1524. 3. Tho.vas, son; attainted by Henry VIII., 27 Jan. 1547 ; imiirisoned till July 1553 ; d. 18 July 1554. 4. Thomas, grandson (i5on of the etirl of Surrey beheaded ig Jan. 1547, see Howard, Hennj below) ; h. 10 March 1536 ; married heiress of the Fitz-Alans, eai'ls nf Arun- del, 1556; beheaded on the ch.arge of conspiring to de- throne the queen and ni.arry the tpieen of Scots, 2 June 1572- Thomas, rjravd^mi ; earl ; h. July 1592 ; restored to his honours, 1603 : rf. 4 Oct. 1646. Henry Fredetiick, son ; earl ; &. 1608 ; d. 7 -Vpril 1652. 5. Thomas, son ; dtikG; restored, 1660; d. Dec. 1677. 6. Henry, brother; d. 11 Jan. 1684. •3". Henry, son ; '7.. 1701. 8. Thomas, neidiew ; b. ir Dec. 1683; d. 23 Dec. 1732. Q. Edw.\rd, brother ; d. 20 Sept. 1777. XO. Ch.-vrles Howard of Greystoke, a descendant of Henry, 7th duke : d. 31 Ang. 1786. II. Charles ; h. 15 March 1746 ; at the Crown .and Anchor Tavern, gave a to.ast, " Our Sovereign's health — the majesty of the peoiile," 24 Jan. 1798 ; d. 16 Dec. 1815. X2. Bernard Edward, cousin; 1). 21 Nov. 1765; d. 16 March 1842. X3. Henry Charles ; h. 12 -Aug. 1791 : d. t8 Feb. 1856. X4:, Henry Granville Fitz-Alan ; b. 7 ]Nuv. 1815 ; d. 25 Nov. i860. 15. Henry Fitz-Alan ; !i. 27 Dee. 1847. HOWABD, earls of Carlisle : 1. Charles, diplomatist ; h. 1629 ; published " Rela- tion of Three Embassies to Muscovy, Sweden, .and Denmark," 1663 ; d. 1686. 5. Frederick ; b. 28 May 1748 (lord lieutenant of Ireland, Dec. 1780 — April 1782 ; published "Tragedies and Poems," 1801 ; d. 4 Sept. 1825, ^. Georc^e WiLLiAsi Prederjck ; b. 18 A]n-il 1802. As lord Morpeth, chief secretary for Ireland, April 1835— Sexst. 1841 Chief commissioner of woods and forests, July 1846 — March 1850 Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, Marcli 1850— Feb. 1S52 Lord-lieutenant of Ireland 28 Feb. 1S55 — 12 JIarch 1858 ; 18 June 1829 — Nov. 1864 : ((. 5 Dec. 1864 HOWARD, Henry, earl of Surrey ; b. about 1515 ; beheaded 19 Jan. 1547. Served under his father in Scotland . . . 1542 Field-marshal of the army in France . . 1544 Ordered to return to England 1546 Beheaded (ostensibly for high treason, in cpiarter- ing the arms of Edward the Confessor, but really through the jealousy of the Sejnnours, uncles to prince Edward) . . 19 Jan. 1547 HOWARD, Catherine, queen of England ; b. about 1520; manied to Henry VIII., 28 July 1540; accused of incontinence; beheaded, 12 Feb. 1542. HOWARD, Charles, lord Effingham, earl of Nottingham; b. 1536; lord high admii-al, 1585; commanded the fleet against the annada, 1588 ; d. 14 Dec. 1624. HOWARD, lieutenant Edward, r.n"., nautical novelist; published "Old Commodore," 1837; '■ Eattlin the Reefer," 1838; "Jack Ashore," 1840, &c. ; d. 30 Dec. 1841. HOWARD, lord Edward, son of Thomas, 2nd duke of Norfolk ; sen'ed under the emperor against the French in Flanders, 1491-2 ; in Holland, 1497 ; royal standard-bearer, 1509 ; admiral of England, 19 March; defeated French fleet near Brest, 10 Aug. 1512; killed in attack on French ship, 25 AprU 1513. HOWARD, Frances, countess of Essex; b. 1594 ; married to the earl of Essex, about 1607 ; divorced, and maiaded to Robert Carr, earl of Somerset ; they were condemned for the murder of sir Thomas Overbm'y, 25 May i6ib ; re23rieved ; pardoned; d. 1632. HOWARD, George Edmnnd, poet and politi- cian; b. about 1725; published "Almeyda," and other plays, 1769-78; " Treatises on the Exchequer Court," &c. ; d. 1786. HOWARD, Henry, earl of Northampton ; b. about 1539 ; published " Defensative against the Poj'son of supposed Prophecies," 1583; implicated in the infamous mamage of the countess of Essex with the earl of Somerset, and the murder of sir Thomas Overbury, 1613 ; d. 15 June 1614. HOWARD, Henry, histoi-ical painter; 5. 31 Jan. 1769; R.A. 1808; exhibited " J^neas and An- chises," 1796; "Birth of Venus," 1829; d. 5 Oct. 1847. HOWARD, Henry of Corby; b. 2 July 1757 ; published " Memorials of the Howard Family,' ' 1S34, and other works ; d. i March 1842. HOWARD, very rev. Henry Edward John, p.D. ; b. 14 Dec. 1795; dean of Lichfield, 1833; published "The Pentateuch trairslated from the LXX.," 1856-7 ; d. 8 Oct. 1868. HOWARD, John, philanthropist; b. 2 Sept. 1726; sheriff of Bedford, 1773; investigated into the state of our prisons, 1773-75; S^'^'^ evidence before the house of commons which led to amend- ment, 1774 ; visited many prisons on the continent, I775> ^^ scq.; published "State of Prisons in England and Wales," 1777-84; visited and pub- lished "Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe," 1789; d. at Kherson, 20 Jan. 1790. HOWARD, Luke, chemist; b. 28 Nov. 1772; published "Essay on Clouds" (classifying them into cirrus, cumtUus, stratus, &c.), 1802 ; "(jlimate of London," 1818-20; d. 21 March 1864. HOWARD, PhiUp, earl of Ai-undel, see Arundel. HOWARD, lord William, of Nawoi-th, "belted Win," son of duke Thomas 4; founder of the Cum- HOWAED 280 HUBEE berlaud Howards ; b. rg Dec. 1563; married lady JOlizabetli Dacre, 28 Oct. 1577 ; built Naworth castle ; put down moss-troopers ; cl. 9 Oct. 1640. HOWAED DE "WaxDEN, Charles Augustus lUlis, baron, diplomatist ; b. 5 Juue 1799 ; envoy to Sweden, 1832; to Portugal, 1833; to Belgium, 1S46; d. 29 Aug. 1868. HOWAED, &ir Robert, royalist, poet, and his- torian; b. 1626; published rooms, 1660; "His- tory of Edward II. and Richard II.," 1692 ; '■ His- tory of Religion," 1694; il. 3 Sept. 1698. HOWAED, Thomas, earl of Suffolk ; b. about 1553; served against Spanish armada, July 1588; at c-ipture of Cadiz, K96 ; made carl, July 1603 ; lord chamberlain, 1604-5 ! ^°'-'^ ^'S'^ treasurer, 1614; dismissed, July 1615 ; rl. 28 May 1626. HOWDEN, John Hobart Caradoc, lord; sol- dier and diplomatist ; b. 16 Oct. 1799; aide decamp to Wellington, 1817-18; British commissioner in Navarre, 1834; envoy at Rio de Janeiro, &c., 1847; ambassador at Madrid, May 1850— March 1858 ; il. 9 Oct. 1873. HOWE, Charles ; J. 1661 ; published " Devout Meditations;" d. 1745. HOWE, Elias, American machinist; b. 1819 ; patented Ills sewing machine, 1847; cl. 3 Sept. or 2 Oct. 1867. HOWE, John, puritan; b. 17 May 1630; do- mestic chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, about 1654 ; dissenting minister, 1675 ' ^^'^ ^° ^^^ continent ; returned, 1685; pirblished "The Living Temple " and " Delighting in God," 1674 ; d. 2 April 1705. HOWE, Joseph, Canadian statesman ; b. 1804 ; became a printer, editor, and proprietor of "Nova Scotian," 1828; member of the provincial govern- ment, 1840 ; agitated successfully for municipal reform ; several times colonial agent in Britain ; secretary of state for the dominion of Canada, 1870 ; (•/. I June 1873. HOWE, Richard Howe, earl, admiral, called by the sailors "Black Dick;" b. 1725; served against the French in the West Indies, &c., 1743- 57; against the Americans, 1776-78; viscount, April 1782 ; first lord of the admiralty, 1783 ; earl, Aug. 1788; defeated the French fleet off Ushant, I June 1794 ; d. 5 Aug. 1799. HOWE, Samuel Gridley, American m.d., pliil- antlu'opist; Zt. loNov. 1801 ; sei'ved in Greek aimy, 1824; published "History of Greek Revolution," 1828 ; imprisoned in Prussia for relieving the suf- fering Poles ; opened Perkins institution for the blind at Boston, U.S. 1832 ; helped to organize the school for idiots, &c., 1848-51 ; helped the Cretans, 1867 ; d. 9 Jan. 1876. HOWE, sii- 'William, brother, general ; b. 1725; served in the American war ; compelled to evacuate Boston, 17 March ; defeated the Americans at Long Island, 27 Aug. 1776; took New York, 15 Sept. 1776; defeated Waslungton at Brandy wine, II Sept. -1777; repulsed Washington at Gemianstown with much difficulty, 4 Oct. 1777; embarlied for England, 8 May 1778; succeeded his brother as baron, 5 Aug. 1799; d, 1814. HOWEL DHA, the Good, prince of South AValcs, 907 ; of all Wales, 939 ; enacted laws about 911 ; went to Rome, 913 ; submitted to Athelstane, 926; d. 948. HOWELL, James, historian ; b. about 159C ; travelled on the continent to study glass manufac- ture, 1619 ; became a Jesuit, 1621 ; m.p. for Rich- mond, 1627 ; employed by Stratford about 1632 ; clerk of the council, 1640; imprisoned, 1643-49; made royal historiographer by Chaiies II. about 1661 ; his "Epistolse Ho-EUana;," printed, 1645- 55 ; d. Nov. 1666. HOWELL, William, historian; b. about 1630; published "Institution of General History," 1662; " Ecclesiastical History," 1685; d. 1683. HOWELL, William, evangelical clergyman; b. 1778; d. 18 Nov. 1S32. HOWICK, see Givi/, carls. HOWITT, William, quaker, poet, and writer; b. 1795; married Mary Botham, 182 1 ; together published " Forest Minstrel," 1823; "Book of the Seasons," 1831, &c.; published " History of Priest- craft," 1834; they settled in Heidelberg, 1840; he published " Rural and Domestic Life in Gennany," 1842 ; (both have written many works for the young;) established "Hewitt's Journal," 1847; published " Illustrated History of England," 1861 ; "Riuned Castles and Abbeys," t86i ; " History of the Supernatural," 1863; '"Northern Heights of London, 1869. HOWLEY, William, archbishop of Canter- bury ; /;. 1765; bishop of London, 1813; arch- bishop, 1828; d. II Feb. 1848. HOWSON, very rev. John Saul; b. 1816 ; priucipal of Liverpool College, 1849-65 ; dean of Chester, 1867 ; Avith W. J. Conybeare, produced "Life and Epistles of St. Paul," 1853; Sermons, &c. HOZIEE, PiciTe d', sieur de la Garde, French genealogist; b. 10 Julj' 1592; patronised by Louis XIV. ; co-operated with Renaudot in the " Gazette de France," 1631 ; published his " Recueil Annorial cle Bretagne," 1638; " Noms &c. des Chevaliers de I'Ordre du St. Esprit," 1643 ; left 150 vols, of MSS. of " Genealogie ties Families de la France ; " d. i Dec. 1660. Louis-PlEKiiE u', relative ; i. 20 Nov. 1685 ; publiislied " Annorial General de la France," 1736-68; d. 25 Sept. 1767. HUAETE NavOEEO, Juan de Dies, Spanish physician and philosopher; b. about 1530; pub- lished his "Examen de lugenios," ("Trial of the Wits,") 1593; d. about 1 600. HUBBAED, John Gellibrand ; political econo- mist ; b. 1805 ; published pamphlets on com duty, 1842 ; on the currency, 1843 ' advocated modifica- tion of income tax, ifcc, 1873, et seq. ; M.P. for Buckingham, 1859-68 ; for London, Feb. 1874. HUBEE, Francois, blind naturalist, son of Jean (below) ; b. 2 July 1 750; studied bees by the help of his wife and his secretai-y, F. Buniens; pub- lished "Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles," 1796; d. 22 Oct. 1830. PlEKKE, son; published " Rccherches sur les Fourmis," 1810; d, 22 Dec. 1840. HUBEE, Jean, Gencvcse painter and cutter of silhouettes ; i. 1 722 ; stiulied aeronautics ; published " Note sur la Maniere do diriger les Ballons fondce sur le Vol des Oiseaux," 1784 ; d. 1790. HUBEE, Johann Jacob, Swiss botanist and anatomist ; i. II Sept. 1707 ; jrablished " Positionea Anatomico-Botauicae," 1733; "de Medulla Spinali," 1739; <;. 6July 1778. HUBEE, Johann Rudolph, painter, (" Tintoret of Switzerland") ; b. 1668; d. 8 Feb. 1748. HUBEE, Marie, Swiss theologian; b. 1695; published " Systeme des Anciens et Modernes cou- cilie, 1731-57; "Lettressur la Religion Esseutielle," 1738; d. 13 June 1753. HUBEE 281 HUGO HUBER, Midicl, French translator from the UcniKiu; b. 1727; d. 15 April 1804. HUBEE, TJlric, Dutch jurist; h. 13 ilarch [i'i36; published " cle Jure Civitatis," 1672 ; " I'osi- tiones Juris," 1682; " de Jure Popularis, etc., i68g; " Institutiones Histoiia) CiHlis," 1692; d. 8 Nov. 1C94. HUBEE, Victor Aime, Germim pliilauthropist ; /;. iSoo ; one of the leaders of the co-operative movement; published (in Geniian) '• English Uni- versities," 1839-40; "Historj- of the Cid," ice.; //. ig July 1869. HUBEET, Saint, npostle of the Ardennes; I'onvertcd about 683 ; became a bishop ; d. 727. HUBEET, FraiKjois, French engraver ; h. 1744; d. i8og. HUBEET, Nicolas, French sculptor; d. about lly-O. HUBNEE, Johann, German historian and geo- S'rapber; b. 17 March 1668; d. 31 ilarch 1731. HtJBNEE, Joseph Alexander, baron, Austrian diplomatist and historian; b. 26 Nov. 1811 ; pub- lished "Life and Times of Sixtus the Fifth." HUC, Evariste llegis, French abbe and Lazarist missionary ; b. I Aug. 1813 ; went to Macao, 1839 ; to the capital of Tibet ; studied there ; left Macao, 1 Jan. 1852 ; published " Souvenirs d'un Voyage ilans la Tartaric, le Tibet, et la Chine, 1844-6," 1852; "Empire Chinois," 1854; " Cliristianisme n\ Chine," 1857 ; d. 26 March i860. HUCBALD, or HUGBALD, monh of St. Aniand, Tournay; b. 840; wrote "Enchiridion MusicsB ; " d. 20 June 930. HUCHTENBUEG, Johan van, Dutch pain- ter and engraver of battle-pieces; b. 1646; (/. 1733. HUDDAET, captain Joseph ; 4. II J.an. 1741 ; son of a shoemaker ; built a sliip on his own plan, and entered on trade with America, 1 768 ; entered East India Company's service, 1778 ; made many surveys in India, &c. ; settled in London and studied a.stronomy, meclianics, &c., about 1788; patented inventions for imjjroveraents in rope-making, &c., 1 793-1805 ; sun-eyed Scotland, 1 791 ; rf. 19 Aug. 1816. HITDDE, Jan, Dutch mathematician ; b. 1633; said to have resolved the quadrature of the hyper- hole ; d. 16 April 1704. HUDDLESTOIsr, sir John "Walter; b. 1817; judge advocate of the fleet, 1865 ; justice common pleas, Feb. 1875. HUDSON, George; h. March 1800; termed " the railway king," 1845-46 ; m.p. for Sunderland, 1S45-59; thrice lord mayor of York ; founded York audNorthMidlandilailway, 1837; frauds discovered, 1849; a subscription raised for him ; d. 14 Dec. 1871. HUDSON, Henry, navigator; A. about 1550; discovered " Hudson's Bay," Aug. 1609; his crew mutinied, and set him and his son, and seven others, adi-ift in a boat, 21 June 1611 ; probably drowned. HUDSON, John, d.d., philologist; b. 1662; edited " Geographia; Veteres Scriptores Gra;ci .Minores," 1698; " Flavii Joseplii Opera," 1720; d. 27 Nov. 1719. HUDSON, Thomas, portrait painter; b. 1701 ; d. 26 Jan. 1779. HUDSON, AVilliam, naturalist ; b. about 1730; published " i'lora Anglica," 1762; d. 23 May 1793. HUE, Franijois, faithful servant of Louis 5VI. and bis family; b. 1757; published "Dei-nieres Annees de Louis XYI.," 1806 ; d. 17 Jan. i8ig. HUBETA, see La Hucrta. HUET, Pierre Daniel ; bishop of Avranches, classical scholar; b. 8 Feb. 1630; accompanied Bochart to Sweden, 1652 ; declined to become tutor to his son, 1659 ; published " Histoire du Commerce et de la Navigation des Ancicns," 1716; chief editor of the Delphin classics, 1674-91 ; " Demon- stratio Evangelica," 1679 ; d. 26 Jan. 1721. HUET, Franijois, French philosopher ; b. 1814; published " Ecgne Social du Cliristianisme," 1853, lie. ; tutor to prince of Servia ; d. 1 July i86g. — Paul, landscape painter; b. 1804; d. g Jan. 1869. HUPELAND, Christoph "VVUhelm, German physician; b. 12 Aug. 1762; wrote, in Gei-man, "on the Uncertainty of Death, and the means of proraig it," 1791 ; " Macrobiotik ; the Art of Pro- longing Life," 1796; d. 25 Aug. 1836. HUFNAGEL, or Hofnagel, George, Flemish painter ; b. 1545 ; d. 1600. HUGESSEN, right hon. Edward Hugessen- IvnatchbuU ; b. KnatchbuU, 1829 ; imder secretary home ofBce, Dec. 1868-71 ; colonial ofBce, Jan. 1871 ; published " Stoi-ies for my Children," 1869; fairy tales, &c., 1870-5. HUGGINS, William, F.iis., astronomer and physicist; b. 7 Feb. 1824; erected an observatory at Tulsc hill and studied the stars, 1855 ; applied spectrum analysis to them, and made discoveries, 1862, ct seq. HUGH, see IIiicjo and Hurjiies. HUGHES, John, poet; h. 1677; wrote in the "Tatler," "Spectator," "Guardian;" edited Spenser, 1715; d. fdny of the perfonnance of his tragedy, "Siege ot Damascu; J.4.])EZ, brother, b. 1685; translated novels Cervantes, 1729; d. 17 Jan. 1 73 1. HUGHES, right rev. Joshua ; b. 1807 ; bishop of St. Asaph, March 1870. HUGHES, Thomas, m.p., novelist; b. 20 Oct. 1823; educated at Kugby ; pubhshed "Tom Brown's Schooldays," 1856; "Scouring of the White Horse," 1S58; "Tom Brown at Oxford," 1861 ; M.P. for Lambeth, 1865-68 ; for Frome, 1868-74. HUGO, king of Italy, son of Thibault, count of Provence ; manicd Marozia, the courtesan ruler of Rome, 931 ; governed cruelly ; subdued by Beren- ger; returned to France; d. soon after 14 April 947- HUGO, Charles Louis, French historian; h. March 1667 ; wrote on history of Lorraine ; and "Ordinis Prfonionstratensis Annales," 1734-6; d. 2 Aug. 1739. HUGO, Herman, Belgian scholar; b. 1588; publislied " De Scribendi Origine," 1617; " Pia Desidcria," 1628; d. II Sept. i62g. HUGO, rev. Thomas, arclla^o^ogist; b. 1820; rector of West Hackney, 1868 ; published " Me- moirs of Guudulph, bishop of llochester," 1853 ; sermons, papers, &.K. HUGO, Victor Marie, vicomte, French poet, dramatist, and novelist ; b. 26 Feb. 1802. Published " Odes," 1821 ; " Cromwell," and " Le JDeniier Jour d'nu Condanni^," 1829 ; " Notre Dame de Paris," 1831; " Feiiilles d'Automue," 1832 ; " Lettres sur le Rhin " ... 1841 Made a peer by Louis Pliilippe . 16 April 1845 Became democratic, 1849 ; banished , 1851-71 Lived in exile .... . . 1852-71 His drama, "Heniani," very successful . . . 1867 Published "Naiiol^ou le Petit," 1852 ; "les Mis^- 17 Feb. 1720. • of HUGUES 282 HUMBOLDT rabies," 3 April 1862; "les Ti-availleurs de la Mer,"i866; "rHoiiime qui rit" . . . 1869 Elected memljcr of national assemWy; retired, 9 March 1871 Expelled from Brussels ; pleaded at Paris tor lives of Rossel, Fen-(, and otliers . . July 1871 rnUislied " Actes et Paroles," 1S70-2 ; "ann^e TeiTiljle" . 1872 Pii Wished " Quatre la-vingt-treize " ('93) . . . 1S74 ^mis : Charles; Z». 2 Nov. 1826; pnlilished "Le Cnchon lie St. Antoine," 1857 ; " La Boheme doree," 1859 ; ivi'ote comedies .... 1868, et scq. FRASgois Victor ; 6. 22 Oct. 1828 ; pnlilislied " He de Jei-sey," 1857 ; translation of Shakspeare, 1860-4 ... d. 26 Dec. 1873 HUGUES d' Amiens, archbishop of Rouen ; opposed Henry I. of England ; wrote " de Hu;resi- hus," " de Fide C'athoUca. ; " fZ. 11 Nov. 1164. HUGUES, abbot of Cluny ; i. 1024 ; indepen- dent supporter of the papacy; mediator between Hemy IV. and Gregory VII. ; d. 29 April 1109. HUGUES, abbot of Flavigny; b. 1065 ; wrote " Chronicon Verdunense ; " . about 946; suc- ceeded his father, Hugues le Grand, 16 Jime 956 ; at the death of Louis V., last of the Carlovingians, crowned king, 3 July 987 ; had his .son Robert crowned, 987 ; d. 24 Oct. 996. HULDEIGH, Johann Jacob, Swiss theologian ; /). 1683; edited " Historia Joshua Nazareui," 1705; " GentiUs Obtrectator," 1744; d. 25 May 1731. HULLAH, John, musician and composer; i. about 1812 ; estabUshed his system of teaching, 1840; published his "Lectures on the History of Modem Music" (given at the Royal Institution, London), 1861-65 ; appointed musical inspector for United Kingdom, 1872; resigned professorship at King's College, London, 1874. HULLMANDEL, Charles Joseph, lithogra- pher; b. 15 June 1789; d. 15 Nov. 1850. HULL, Edward, geologist; b. 21 May 1829; long employed on geological survey; director of survey of Ireland, 1869; published " Coal-fields of Great Britain," and " Treatise on Building Stones," 1872. HULL, Thomas, poet; b. 1728; published " Richard Plautagenet," 1774; d. 1808. HULLS, Jonathan ; pubUshed a description of a machine for using steam as a motive power for boats, 1737. HULSE, rev. John, founder of the Hulsean lectureship at Cambridge ; b. 1708; d. 1 790. HULST, Pieter van der, Dutch painter ; b. 18 Feb. 1652; d. 1708. HUMATUN, padishah or emperor of Hindos- tan, grand mogul ; b. 6 March 1 508 ; succeeded his father, Baber, 1530; defeated by the Afghans, 27 June 1539, 17 May 1540 ; a fugitive received by the shah of Persia, 1542, who vainly endeavoured to restore him, 1545 ; recovered his tlii'one, 1555 ; d. 24 Jan. 1556. HUMBERT, French cardinal, theologian; d. about 1063. HUMBERT, French theologian; b. about 1200; elected general of the Dominicans, 1254; wrote "Officium Ecclesiasticum XJnivei-sum," kc, resigned the generalship, 1263; d. 14 July 1277. HUMBERT I. II., dauphins of Viennois, &e. : 1, married Anne, heiress of Guigues VIL, and founded the third race of dauphins, 1281 . d. 1307 2. '). 1313; dauphin, 1333; ceded Dauphiny .and the Viennois to Philip VI. of France ; and be- came a monk, 17 .Inly 1349 . ((. 22 May 13SS HUMBERT, prince of Piedmont, heir to the Icing of Italy; b. 14 March 1S44; man-ied Jlar- garet, princess of Savoj', sister of Thomas, duke of Genoa (4. 20 Nov. i8t;i), 22 April 1868 ; son, Victor Emmanuel, i. II Sov. 1869; visited England, July 1875. HUMBERT, Joseph Amable, French general ; i. 25 Nov. 1755. Commanded tlie troops invading Ireland ; landed at Killala 2: Aug. Defeated and com])clled to surrender 8 Sept. 1798 Sewed in St. Domingo .... 1802 Suspected by Bonapaite ; went to America . . 1803 Engaged in tlie war in Mexico ; d. in United States, 27 Feb. 1823 HUMBOLDT, Friedri.h Heinrich Alexander von, baron, brother of Karl Wilhelm, Pmssian philosopher and natm-alist; b. 14 Sept. 1769; d. 6 May 1859. Studied under Heyne and Bhuuenhacli . . 1787-89 Travelled in Holland, France, .and England with George Fnrster the naturalist 1790 StudiecT in the school of mines under Werner .at Freiberg ; piublislicd " Specimen Floi-ie Subter- raueffi Frihergensis " 1793 Director of the mines in Anspa-di and Bap-eutll 1792-7 Published a work on tlie irritability of muscular fibres T797-9 Studied meteorology at Salzburg . . . . 1797-8 Travelled with Aime Bonpland in Spain, 1798-99 ; explored Teneriffe, July 1799 ; South America, Mexico, &c Feb. 1800 — Aug. 1804 Published "Voyages aux Regions Eciuiuoxiales du Nouveau Continent " 1809-25 "Vucs des Cordilleres et ^louuments des Peupilcs indigenes de I'Americiue " 1810 " Essai Politique sur Nouveau Espagne " . 1811 Studied chemistiy and other sciences with Gay- LiLSsac and Berthollet at Paris . 1805-27 Examined Vesuvius witli von Bncii . . 1805 Published "Aubichten der Nature" . . 1808 Returned to Berlin 1827 Travelled in Central Asia with Elirenberg and Gnstav Rose ... , . . 1829 Frequently visited Paris .... 1829-48 Published " Exainen Critique de la Geographic du Nouveair Continent," 1835-38 ; '' Asie Centrale," 1843 ; KosmoH, vol. I. — IV 1835-58 Present at tlie bai.itism of the prince of AYalcs in London ... . . 15 Jan. 1842 HUMBOLDT 233 HUNT HUMBOLDT, Kai-l 'Wilhelm von, baron, Prussian statesmim, philologist, philosopher, and poet; b. 22 Juno 1767 ; d. 8 April 1835. Went to Paris with Campe 1789 Publislied (in German) " Ideas on tlie Organisation of tlie State" 1792 Became friend of Schiller and Gretlie . . . 1793 Travelled in France, Spain, &c 1797-S Wrote Ills coimneutary on Gfetlie's " Hermann nnd Dorothea" ... . 1799 Jiiuister of public instruction i8og Founded tlie university of Berlin . 1810 Itinister plenipotentiary at Vienna . . June ,, Very influential in the di],lomatic conference of 1813-15 Owing to the reaction in Prussian politics, ex- cluded from the ministry by decree . 31 Dec. 1S19 Read his great memoir ou compaiutive philology at the academy of Berlin . . 29 June 1820 HUME, rev. Abraham, ll.d. ; J. about 1815; published " a Lancashire Incumbent" (on clerical ivork), 1858 ; published " Learned Societies of United Kingdom," 1847 ; " Topographical, His- torical, and Pliilological Essays," &o. HUINIE, Alexander, Scotch poet ; b. about 1560 ; p;iblished "Hymues," 1599; d. 1609. HUME, David, Scotch historian and philoso- pher ; b. 26 Ajiril 1711 ; d. 25 Aug. 1776. A merchant's clerk at Bristol . 1734 yettled in France to study 1735-39 Returned to London .... . 1737 Librarian to Advocates' library, Edinburgh . 1752 Secret.ai7 to embassy, Paris . 1763-6 Uu., physiologist; b. 1833 y founder and first president of the Anthropological Society, which first met, 24 Feb. 1863 ; d. 28 Aug. 1869. HUNT, James Henry Leigh, poet and essayist ; b. 19 Oct. 1784; d. 28 Aug. 1859. Joined his brother, John, in editing the " Ex- aminer " . 1808 Granted a pen.siou Published " Story of Rimini," 1816 ; Poems " . " Recollections of Byron " "Sir Ralph Esher," 1832; "C.iptain Sword and Captain Pen," 1835 ; "The Town" . ' ' Autobiogi'aphy " HUNT, Eobert, geologist, keeper of mining records ; b. 6 Sept. i8og ; published " Poetry of Science;" " Panthea," 1849; " Eesearches ou Light," new ed. 1854; edited "Ure's Dictionary of Arts," 1858-75; published "Mineral Statistics," 1853, et seq. • Foliag ' Men, Women, and Books 1847 i8i8 1828 1846 1848 1850 HUNT 28i HUOT HUNT, Tliomas Stciry, American geologist ; b. ^ Sept. 1825 ; minei-iilogist to Geological Survey of Canada," 184" ; " Scientific Essays " j)ublished, 18-4. HUNT, Tliomas, professor of HebreAv ; 1696 ; pubUshed "de Benedictione Jacobi," 1728; d. 31 Oct. 1774. HUNT, Thornton Leigh, sou of .lames Henry I,cigh, art critic, joumahst, &c. ; b. 10 Sept. 1810; successively editor of "Constitutional," and other p;q)ers ; published " the Foster-brother," a romance, 184s ; his father's coi-respondence, 1862 ; d. 25 June 1873. HUNT, William, -water-colour painter of ooun- try children, flowers, fruit, &c. ; b. 1790; d. :o Feb. 1864. HUNT, "fl'illiam Holman, painter, prc-Eaphae- lite ; b. 1827 ; exhibited " Converted British Family sheltering," 1850; "Light of the "World," and "Awakened Conscience," 1854 ; "Scapegoat," 1S56; "Finding of the Saviour," i860; i:c. ; "Shadow of the Cross," 1873. HUNTER, Alexander, Scotch physician and agriculturist; b. 1733; imblished " Observations on the Cure of Fhtliisis," 1792; "New Method of liaising Vheat," 1796; d. 17 May, 1809. HUNTEE, Anne, wife of John, the surgeon, poetess; i. 1742; wrote " Mermaid's Song," and other poems, set by Haydn; published " I'oeuis," 1802 ; d. 1821. HUNTEE, Henry, Scotch minister; b. 1741 ; published "Sacred liiography," 1785-92; edited Lavater's "Physiognomy," 1789-98; d. 27 Oct, 1802. HUNTEE, John, Scotch sm-geon; b. 13 or 14 Feb. 1728; d. 16 Oct. 1793. Brought up as a turner ; went tn Loudon, and studied xnider his brother, Willianr . 1748 Accompanied the army to Belleisle . . . 1761-62 Devoted himself to tlie study of i)hysiologj" . 1763 Surgeon extraordinary to the king .... 1776 Acquired tlie skeleton of tlie Irish giant (now in College of Surgeons) 1783 Published " Natural Histoiy of the Human Teeth," 1771-78, and many papers ; his collection, which cost 70,000?., bought by the nation for 15,000?. HUNTEE, rev Joseph, antiquary, assistant- keeper of the public records; b. 1783; p\iblislicd " History of Hallamsliire," 1819 ; " South York- shire," 1828-?!; "Historical Tracts," 1849; d. g May 1861. HUNTEE, Robert, governor of New York, 1 7 10; of Jamaica, 1728; wrote the "Letter on Futhusiasm," attributed to Swift ; d. 31 March 1734- HUNTEE, "William, Scotch m.d., (brother of John) ; b. 13 or 23 ^lay 1718 ; came to London, 1742 ; published " Anatomy of the Gravid Utems," 1775 ; " Medical Conunentaries," 1762 ; d. 30 March 1783- HUNTEE, "William, Scotch surgeon and orien- talist; b. about 1760; employed in Java; professor at Calcutta, j 784-94; published "Account of Pegu," 1784; secretary of Asiatic Society, 1794- 1808; (?. 1815. H"UNTINGDON, see Henry of Huntingdon. HUNTING-DON, John Holland, carl of; murdered John Latimer, accuser of duke of Lan- caster, April 1384; made, by ilichard IL, earl, 1387 ; and duke of Exeter, 1397 ; reduced to earl by Henry IV., 1399; beheaded for plot to reinstat* Ilichard II., 15 or m Jan. 1400. HUNTINGDON, Selina countess of, daughter of "Washmgton Shirley, earl Feirers ; b. 1707 ! man-ied Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon, 1728; widow, 13 Oct. 1746; became a patron of "Whit- field, and founded the sect of Calvinistic Metho- dists, tei-med the Countess of Huntingdon's Con- nexion ; founded a college at Trevocca, in AVales, 1768; d. 17 June 1791. HUNTINGPOED, George, bishop of Here- ford; b. 1748; master of "Winchester school, 1789; bishop of Gloucester, 1801 ; of Hereford, 1815 ; published "Introduction to "Writing Greek," 1782 ; "Call to Union with the Established Church," 1800 ; d. 29 Api-il 1832. HUNTINGTON, Daniel, American painter; b. 14 Oct. 1816; entered Morse's studio. New York, 1835 ; at Florence and Home, 1839 : produced his "Sibyl;" etc.; at Home painted " Iloman Peni- tents," " Italy," &c., 1845, ctseq.; painted portraits in England, 1851. HUNTINGTON, Frederick Daniel, D.D., American tlieologian; b. 28 May 1819; Unitarian pastor, 1842-55 ; joined protestant episcopal church about 1864 ; bishop of Central New York, 18(39 5 published " Helps to a Living Faith," 1873 ! '^''• HUNTINGTON, Robert, theologian and orientalist; b. Feb. 1636; chaplain at Aleppo, 1670; travelled in Syria, Egypt, &c., 1677-82; bishop of llaphoe ; d. before consecration, 2 Sept. 1 701. HUNTINGTON, "William, S. S. (smner saved), Calvinist dissenting preacher; b. ly^^X wrote " Anninian Skeleton," "Bank of Faith," &c.; d. Aug. 1813. HUNTLEY, Gordon, earls and marquises of: Earl : 1. Alexander, ho.stnge for James I. 1423 Treated for iieace with England 1437 Created earl ..... . . 1449 Defeated lord Craufurd at Brechin 18 ilay 1452 ''. 1470 2. George, earl, 1470 ; sen'ed James II. and III. ; lieutenant of tlie noi-th, 1491 ; chancellor . 1498 ih 8 June 1507 3. Alexander, earl, 1507 ; .at Flodden, 1513 ; on council of regency, 1516-1522 0. 1524 4. GEOKriE, earl 1524 Opi>oseil marriage of queen Mai-y to Edward of England 1543 Cham-ellor ... . 1546 Taken prisoner at Musselburgh .... 1547 Exiled for failing against John of Woydai-t's insur- rection . . 1554 Rebelled ; killed in combat at Coiichie 28 Oct. 1563 5. Georoe, restored to earldom by Mary, 1566; su]iiioi-ted her cause, 1567 . d. May 1576 il/c rrtnis : 1. George, earl, 1576 ; headed the catholics, and intrigued with ypain ; rebelled, and iniiirisoned, 1587-9 Killed the earl of Jloray ... 7 Feb. 1592 Received by James VI., Sept. ; exconiunuiicated 1593 Defeated Argyde at Glen livat .... 1594 Beciime a protestant, 1597 ; B.m\marr(ids, 17 April) 1597 ; reconciled to Argyde, 1602 d. 15 Oct. 1636 2. George, marquis, 1636 ; a royalist, 1644 ; be- headed by Scotch paiiianieut . . 30 March 1649 HUNTSMAN, Benjamin, of Sheffield, in- ventor of cast steel; b. 1704; d. 1776. HUOT, Jean Jacques Nicolas, Freiich natural- ist; b. 1790; published "Fossils Animau.x et "N'cgetaux," 1836; d. 19 May 1845. HUPPAZOLI 285 BUTTON HUPPAZOLI, Francesco, Piedmontese cente- narian; i. i_c March 1587; said to have been five times married, and to have had twenty-four legiti- mate, and twenty-five illegitimate children; d. 27 Jan. 1702. HUEiD, fiichard, bishop of Worcester, philolo- gist ; b. 1 720 ; pupil and friend of Warburton ; preceptor of the prince of Wales, 1776; published "Commentary on Horace," 1751 ; "Remarks on Hume's Essay on Religion," 1757 ; " Dialogues on Sincerity," &c., 1759, and 1765 ; bishop of Wor- cester, 1781 ; d. 2i May 1808. HURDIS, rev. James, poet; h. 1763; pub- lished "Village Curate," 1788; "Favourite Vil- lage," 1800; d. 23 Dec. 1801. HURE, Charles, French theologian ; h. 7 Nov. 1639 ; published "Dictionnau-e XJniversel de I'Ecri- ture Sainte," 1 7 15; d. 12 Nov. 1717. HURLSTONE, Frederick Tcates, painter ; b. 1801 ; exhibited at Koyal Academj* (chiefly por- traits, and sentimental subjects from Byron, Moore, &c. ; ("Italian Boy," "Moorish T'easaut," "Spanish Beauty," &c.), 1821-30; d. Jime 1869. HUS, or HuSS, .Tauos, Bohemian refonuer ; b. 6 July [373 ; burnt, 6 July 1415. Preached .igair.st tlie clergy at Prague, and wrote his " de Sanguine Christi," &c. . . about 1405 Rector of the imiversity ; tiuarrelled with the arch- bishop Sbynlio ; forbidden to preach liy the jiope 1409 Appealed to pope Alexander V. ; sminnoned to Rome; refused to go; published "de Libris Hiereticormn legeudis " . . . 1410 Defended Wiclvlitfe from the charge of heresy . .1411 Opposed the pope's bull against Ladislas of Bo- hemia ,— "Wrote " de Vita et Moribus Antichristi," &c. ; aiTived at Constance with a safe-conduct from the em- peror Sigismund 3 Nov, 1414 Arrested and imprisoned, 28 Nov. ; his release demanded in vain .... Dec. „ Commissaries appointed by the iiope to try him ; removed to Gottlehen, and kept in chains, jMarch 1415 Accused of heresy before the council of Constance, 7 June ; refnsed to submit to the decision, or retract, 9 June ; condemned, and burnt 6 July ,, HUSKISSOlir, William, statesman and poli- tical economist; b. 11 March 1770; d. 15 Sept. 1830. Present at the taking of the Bastile 14 July 1789 Member of the club of 1789 .... 1789-90 Saved the life of M. de C'hampcenetz, governor of the Tuileries 10 Aug. 1792 Privfite secretary to lord Gower . ,, Attached to the alien office . . 1793 Obtained the friendship of Canning . 1794 Under-secretaiy of war . 1 795-1801 M.P. for Morpeth ... . 1796 .Secretary of the treasury 1806-9 Published "Question concerning the Depreciation of our Currency " .... . . 1810 Chief Commissioner of "VVoods . Aug. 1814 Elected M.P. for Liven'ool . . 15 Feb. 1823 President of the board of trade (promoted free trade) Feb. 1823 — Aug. 1827 Colonial secretary, Aug. 1827 ; resigned . May 1828 Killed by accident at the openbig of the Liverpool and JIanchester milway . 15 Sept. 1830 HUSSEIN AVNI, Turkish general; b. about 1820; war minister; helped to depose Abdul Aziz, May; assassinated by Hassan, a disgraced officer, 16 June 1876. HUSSON, Joan Honore Aristide, French sculptor; b. 2 July 1803; gained first prize for "Theseus conquering the Minotaur," iSs); d. 4 Aug. 1864. HUTCHESON, Francis, Scotch phUosopher ; b. 8 Aug. 1694 ; his " System of Moral i'hilosophy " pubUshed, 1755; d. 1747. HUTCHINS, John; b. 1608; his "History and Antiquities of Dorset" published 1774; d, 21 June 1773. HUTCHINS, Thomas, American geogTaphor and physicist ; ii.. about 1730; published " Experi- ments on the Dipping Needle," 1775 ; " Description of Virginia," 1778 ; of Louisiana, 1784; d. 20 April 1788. HUTCHINSON, Jolm Hely, Irish lawyer; b. 1715; secretai-y for Ireland, 1777; d. 1794. HUTCHINSON, earls of Donoughmore: Richard Hely, son of John ; h. 2 J.an. 1756 ; earnest atlvo<'.ate of c.atholic eiiiancipaiion, 1S07-20 ; created earl, 1821 . d. 25 -Vug. 1S25 John Hely, brother, .i;eneral; J). 15 May 1757; fought ill Flanders, 1794 ; succeeded Aber- cromby in the command in Egypt, and com- pelled the French to capitulate, July 1801 d. 6 July 1752 HUTCHINSON, John, Hebraist, mystic, and naturalist; b. 1674 ; published " Moses' Principia," &c., in opposition to Newton, and asserted the Old Testament to be a complete system of natural his- tory and theolog)', 1724; Iris works published, 1749- 65; d. 28 Aug. 1737. HUTCHINSON, John, colonel; one of the judges of Charles I. ; member of the council of state, Jan. 1649 ; showed many kindnesses to the royalists, &c. ; exempted from punishment of the judges of Charles I., 1G60; d. 11 Sejit. 1664. HUTCHINSON, Lucy, wife; b. (Apsley) 1620 ; wrote ilemoirs of her husband and herself, published 1806; d. 11 Oct. 1659. HUTCHINSON, Thomas, Anglo- American statesman; b. 9 Sept. 1711 ; chief-justice, 1760; governor of Massachusetts, 1770-74; returned to England, May 1774; published "History of Mas- sachusetts," 1760-67; d. 3 June 1780. HUTCHINSON, William, topographer; h. about 1732; published work on "Durham," 178S-7; "Cuuiberland," 1794-8; "Northumber- land," 1778-80; d. 1814. HUTT, sir William, K.c.E. ; b. 1803 ; vice-pre- sident of board of trade, Feb. i860— Nov. 1865 ; negotiated commercial treaty at Vienna, 1865. HUTTEN, Ulrirh von, Geiman poet, scholar, and refonuer; b. 22 April 1488; d. 29 Aug. 1523. Published " .iUs Versiticatoria" .... 1511 Attacked Ulric, duke of Wliitemberg, for miuder- jng Johann von Hutten, and named the Gennaii Demosthenes and Cicero Published " Tiiumplius Capnionis (Reuchlin)," and " Epistola: Obscuroruiti Viruruni ;" visited Italy ... . . 151S-6 Edited Lanrentius Vall.a's "de Falso Crcdito et EmentitA Donatione (Jnnstantiiii Magni " (whicli made a gi'eat sensation) ..." 1517 Protected by Albei-t, margrave uf Brandenburg . 1518 Publislied " ad Principes Germaniie, ut Bellum Tm'cis invehant Exhortatoria " . . . 1519 Wrote "Outis" (nobody) and became actxuainted with Luther . , . about 1520 HUTTER, Leonhard, German protestant theo- logian ; b. 1563 ; pubKshed " de A'oluntate Dei circa iEtemura Decretum," i6o8; "Loci Communes," 1610; " Concordia Concors," and " Calvinista Au- Kco-PoUticus," 1614; d. 23 Oct. 1616. BUTTON, Cliaries, self-taught mathematician ; b. 14 Aug. 1737; professor at Royal Academy, Woolwich, 1 773 ; published "Mathematical Tables^' HUTTON 286 HYPEEIDES 1785; "Mathematical and Philosopliical Dictio- nary," 1795-96; "Coui'se of Mathematics," 179S- 1801 ; d. 27 Jan. 1823. HUTTON, James, Scotch geologist ; h. 3 June 1726; d. 26 March 1797. 1795 1794 h. Investigated the strata in the north of Scotland 1764-S In liis " Theory of the Earth " attributes to the agency of fire geological phenomena which AVer- ner ascribed to water (the Huttoniau and Wer- nerian theories) Published " Considerations on Coal and Culm," 1777; " Dissertations," 1792 ; "On Light, Heat, and Fire" HUTTON, Matthew, ai-chbishop of Tori; 1529; bishop of Durham, 15S9; archhisliop, 1504; lus "Explicatio de Electione," &c,, published 1613 ; d. 16 Jan. 1606. HTJTTON', Matthew, bishop of Bangor, 1743; archbishop of York, 1747; of Canterbury, 1757; d. 19 Maixh 1758. HUTTON', "William, bookseller and topo- grapher, of Birmingham; 4. 30 Sept. 1723; pub- lished "History of Bii-mingham," 1781; "History of Derby," 1790 ; " The Roman Wall," i8or ; d. 20 Sept. 1815; his"Life," (by himself), published 1816. HUVE, French architects ; jEAii Jacques ; h. June 1742 ; built a fine bridge, near Etna ; d. 24 March 1808. Jean Jacques Marie ; h. 28 Aiiril 1783 ; employed by Napoleon to continue the works of Louis XV. at Paris, 1808 ; by Louis XVIII., iBis ; 0- 23 Nov. 1852. HUXHAM, John, physician ; described a low nervous fever, and recommended as a remedy wine and the infusion of Peruvian bark; published " Essay on Fevers," 1750; 10 Aug. 1768. HUXLEY, Thomas Henry, naturahst ; 1. 1825. As.sistant-surgeon in the "Rattlesnake" during the surveying voyage in the South Pacific . 1846-50 Professor of natiu'al histoiy at the Royal School of Mines 1854, ciscfi. Fulleiian professor of itliysiolog:j' at the Royal In- stitution, London .... 1855-8, 1865-8 Hunterian professor at the Royal College of Sur- geons 1862-9 Gave address as president of British Association 7 Sept. 1S70 IVIember of the London School Board . 1870-2 Elected lord rector of Aberdeen University 14 Dec. 1872 Visit to America Aug. 1876 Published " Oceanic Hydrozoa," 1859 ; " Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature," 1862 ; "Evi- dence as to Man's Place in Nature," 1863 ; "Lec- tures on Comparative Anatomy," .and ".itlasof Osteology," 1864 ; " Lessons on Elementaiy Physiology," 1866 ; "Lay Sermons," 1S70 ; "Cri- tiques and Addresses," 1873, &c. HUTGHENS (Hugenids) van- Zutli- CHEM, Christian, Dutch physicist and astronomer ; ' fl- about B.C. 40. h. 14 April 1629; d. 8 Jime or July 1695. Improved telescopes, and discovered the first satellite of Satmn ... 25 March 1655 Published "Satunii Luna" . . . . 1656 Applied the pendulum to clocks . . . . ,, Published "Horologium Oscillatorium," 1673; " Traite de la Lumiere " . . 1690 Observed double refraction ... . 1678 " Cosraotlieoros " printed 1695 Suggested the "undulatury theory, and the law of conservation of force." HUYSUM, van, Dutch painters : Justus, the old ; i. 1659 ; t?- 1716. Justus, the young, (battles) ; 6. 1684 ; 6.. 1706. Jakob ; 6. i686 : it,, 1740. Jan (flowers and frait) ; h. 1682 ; d. 1749. HUZAED, Jean Baptiste, French agricultu- ralist; h. 3 :Nov. 1755 ; d. I Dee. 1838. 1872 1874 prea- HYACINTHE, Pere Charies (real name Loy- son), eloquent French Carmelite preacher ; b. 1827. Wrote a letter to his superior, re.signing his office, 20 Sept. ; excommunicated ; sailed for America Oct. 1869 Attended congress of " Old Catholics " . Sept. 1S71 MaiTied Emily Jane Butteifiekl, in London 2 Sept. A cur^ .at Geneva ; resigned "Letters, &c., ou Catholic Reform" published HYATT, John, Calvinistic metiodist cher; h. 1767; d. 30 Jan. 1826. HYDE, Anne, daughter of Edward, oarl of Clarendon; S. 1637; married J.ames, dulce of York (James II.), 3 Sept. 1660 ; mother of queens Marj' and Anne; became catholic, Aug. 1670; d. 31 March 1671. HYDE, sir Nicholas, lawyer; d. about 1572; lord chief-justice, 1626 ; d. 26 Aug. 1631. HYDE, Thomas, d.d., orientalist; h. 16 May 1636; assisted in preparation of "Walton's Poh'glott Bible, 1653, et seq. ; edited several works on Persia ; published " Historia R eligionis Veteram Persarum, ' ' 1700; rf. about 18 Feb. 1703. HYDE, see Clarendon and Rochester. HYDEE ALI, a military adventurer of Per- sian origin; b. 17 17; d. 7 Dec. 1782. Made war on the Mahrattas, 1761 : imder the rajah of Mysore, gi'adu.ally assumed all the power 1763-4 Extended his dominions along the Malabar coast, and made alliance with the East India Company 1766 Joined the Nizam against the company ; defeated liy Colonel Smith 1767 Marched on Madras, and obtained a compulsory peace 15 Aijril 1769 Defeated by the Mahrattas , . 1771 Subdued Calicut and other ten'itnries . 1774 Defeated the Mahrattas in two b.attles . . . 1778 Formed a league for the expulsion of the English . 1779 Defeated BaiUie and Fletcher .... 1780 Defeated by Sir Eyre Coote i July 1781, 2 June 17S2 HYGINU8 (orHlGINUS),pope, 138; excom- municated Gnostics ; d. 8 Jan. 142. HYGINUS (HiGINTJS), Caius Julius, wrote " Poetica Astronomica," "FabularumLiber;" . HUYGHENS van Zuylichem, Constan- tin (brother of Christian), Dutch statesman and scholar; b, 4 Sept. 1596; published a work "Use and Abuse of the Organ," and "Momenta Desul- toria," 1644; d. 28 March 1687. H"UYGHENS, Gomar, Dutch theologian; b. 1631 ; d. 27 Oct. 1702. H"UYSMAN" DE Mai.IJS'ES, Belgian painter ; h. 1648; d. I June 1727. HYLTON, "WilHam George Hylton Jolliife, lord; b. 7 Deo. 1800; m.p. for Petersfleld, &<■., 18^0-66 ; under secretary home department, March — Dec. 1852 ; parhamentary secretary, March 185S — June 1859 ; peer, July 1866 ; d. 2 June 1876. HYMEES, rev. John, d.d., mathematician; b. 26 July 1803 ; published text-books on astro- nomy, &c., 1841-58. HYNDFOED, John Cai-michael, earl of, diplo- matist; b. 1701; ambassador in Prussia, 174J ; in Russia, 1744; promoted the peace of Ais-la- chapcUe, 1748 ; d. 19 July 1767. . HYPATIA, an Alexandrian lady, and teacher of philosophy ; killed by the Chi-i.stian mob, 415. -HYPEEIDES, Athenian orator, friend of Demosthenes; b. about e.g. 396; finnly opposed the Macedonian kings ; put to death by Antipater, 322. HYECANUS 287 I., II., liigh jiviests and HYECANUS, princes of Judtea : 1. Joannes, sou of Simon Miiocabii'us, succeeded him ... ... B.C. 136 Governed prosperously J. about 106 2. grandson ... . . B.C. 69 Dethroned by AristobuUis . . . . 68 Restored to the iirieathoud by Touip^'y . . 63 IMBEET Deposed by Autigonus, his ears cut off, and exiled to Seleueeia 40 Restored by Julius Caesar, 47 ; taken prisoner by Parthiana . . ,, Returned to Jerusalem ; at first well received by Herod, who had married his granddaughter Marianine ; put to death by Herod through jealousy . 30 HYSTASPES, see 3ari„s. I. lAMBLICHUS, neo-riatonist pliilosoplier, pupil of Porphyrius ; opposed Cliristianity ; wrote a life of Pythagoras, and an introduction to Plato ; d. before 330. IBAEEA, Joaquin, Spanish printer; Ii. 1726; improved the paper and ink ; printed fine editions of the Bible and Don Quixote ; cl. 23 Nov. 1785. IBBETSON, Mrs. Agnes, botanist; I/. 1757 ; d. 1823. IBBETSON, sii- Henry John Selwin ; conser- vative statesm.iu ; b. 26 Sept. 1826 ; brought in and passed licensing bills for beer and wine, 1869- 70 ; under-secretary, home department, Feb. 1874. IBBETSON, Julius Caisar, landscape painter ; pubEshed an accidence or gamut of oil-painting, 1805; d. 1817. IBBOT, Benjamin, theologian; i. 1680; gave the Boyle lectures, 1714-15; d. 5 April 1725. IBN BATUTA, Eastern traveller; about 1340. IBN-KHALDOUN, Arab historian; !,. 1332 ; d. 1406. His history of the Berbers published in France, 1852-56. IBEAHIM, Abbasside caliph; 6. July 779; proclaimed caliph in room of his nephew ilaimoun, son of Haroun-al-Kaschid, 24 July 817 ; abdicated, June 8ig. IBEAHIM, sultan of Turkey ; i. 4 Nov. 1615 ; tyrannical, weak, and cruel; strangled by the Janissaries, iS Aug. If548. IBEAHIM BEY, the Great, chief of the Mamelouks; b. about 1735; opposed the French in- vasion, and supported the English; surrendered Cairo to Kleher, 25 April 1800; long opposed Mehe- met-Ali, 1805-TO; escaped the massacre, i March 181 1 ; d. in Nubia, Aug. 1816. IBEAHIM PACHA, viceroy of Egjyt, son of Mehemet-Ali ; b. 1789; d. 9 or 10 Nov. 1848. Conquered the Wahaliites .... 1816-S Formed a regivlar army by the help of Colonel Seves 1818, etseq. Commanded an auxili.ary army in Greece . . 1825 Took Kavariuo, 23 May 1S25 ; and Missolonghi 23 April 1826 Signed the convention for the Tui-kish evacuation of the Morea 6 Aug. 1828 Commanded an army against the Turks in SjTia ; defeated them near Tripoli, Nov. 1831 ; captured Acre after six months' siege . . 27 May 1832 His total defeat of Beschid Pacha at Konieh, 21 Deci 1832, led to the peace of Kutahieh (thi-ough European intervention) . . . May 1833 Totally defeated the Turks (who had encouraged the SjMans to revolt against Egypt) at Nezib 24 June 1839 Compelled to submit to the British and Austrians, allies of Turkey 1840 Conflnnsd in the dignity of viceroy by the Porte 1 Sejit. 1848 ICILIUS, Roman tribune ; betrothed to Vir- ginia ; at her death, roused the people against the decemvirs, B.C. 449. IDELEE, Christian Ludwig, German astrono- mer; b. 21 Sept. 1766; published "Handbuch der Mathematischen imd Techuischen Chronologic," 1825-6 ; d. 10 Aug. 1846. Julius Ludwig ; b. 3 Sept. 1809; published " Meteorologia Veteram GrsBcorum et Eomanorum," 1832 ; d. 17 July 1S42. IPFLAND, August Wilhelm, German di-ama- tist; b. 19 Apiil 1759 ; works published 1798 ; d. 22 Sept. 1814. IGNATIUS, Saint, bishop of Antioch about 6g ; wi-ote epistles ; said to have been martyred, 20 Dec. 107 or 115. IG-NATIUS, son of the emperor Michael I.; b. about 799 ; patriarch of Constantinople, 846 ; opposed the dissolute Michael III. ; e-xpelled and impiisoned in a filthy tomb, 858 ; restored by the emperor Basil I., 8'67 ; d. about 878. IGNATIUS DE Loyola, founder of the order of the Jesuits ; b. 1491 ; (f. 31 July 1556. A page at the court of Ferdinand V. ; woimded at Pampeluna ; gave up the anuy, and devoted himself to reUgion . . . 1521 Arrived at Jerusalem . . . .4 Sept. 1523 Studied philosophy and theology at Paris . 1528-34 With FranQois Xavier and others, founded the order of Jesmts .... 15 Aug. 1534 The order approved of by the pope, Paul III. 27 Sept. 1540 Proclaimed genei-al ... 22 April 1541 d. 31 July 1556 ; beatified, 1607 ; canonised 1622 IGNAEEA, Nicolo, Italian antiquary; b. 21 Sept. 1728; published " de Palsestrl Neapolitana," 1770; d. 6 Aug. 1808. IHEB, Johan, Swedish scholar; b. 3 March 1707; published " UlpMlas lUustratus," 1752-55; " Glossarium Suio-Gothicum," 1769; d, 1 Dec. 1780. ILDEFONSO, Saint, Spanish prelate; *. 607; archbishop of Toledo, 658; d. 23 Feb. 669. ILIVB, Jacob, theological ^viiter; b. about 1710; published " Concordantias Sacrornm Biblio- rum" of Calasio, 1747 ; " Book of Jasher" (a for- gery), i75i;'^- 1763- ILLYEIUS, see FlacI,. IMBEET, Barthelemy, French poet and dra- matist; b. 1747; d. 23 Aug. 1790. IMBEET, Jean, French jurist ; b. about 1522 ; published *'Institutiones Forensium Galkse," 1548 ; " Enchiridion Jiu'is Scripti," 1558 ; d. about 1600. IMBEET, Joseph Gabriel, French painter ; b. 1654; rf. 1740. IMBEET 28R IXaULPHUS IMBEET DE BORDEATJX, Guillaume, French writer; b. 1744; published " Chronique Scaiida- leuse," 1783; d. 19 May 1803. IM-HOF, Jacob "Wilhelm, German genealogist; h. 8 JIarcli 1651 ; published "Corpus Historic Genealogiea; Italiie et Hispania;," 1702 ; (h 20 Dec. 1728. IMOLA, Innocente da (Francucci), Italian painter; h. about 1480; d. about 1550. IMPERIAXiI, Giovanni Vincenzo, Italian poet; h. about 1570; published"Ln State Rustico," 161 1 ; d. about lb4S. , Italian physician; b. 1568; published " Exoteiicarum Lectiones," 1603 ; ih 26 May 1623. IMPEEIALI, Giovanni, Italian physician; b. 1602 : published " Mnseuiu Ilistoricum et I'hy- sicum," 1640; d. about 1664. IMPEY, sir Eli jail, chief justice of Bengal ; sentenced Nimcomar, a Brahmin, to death, Aug. 177s; recalled July 1782; impeached, 1788; d. 1 Feb. 1812. IITA, king of 'Wessex, succeeded Ccadwalla, his kinsman, who died, 20 April 688 ; published a col- lection of laws about 693 ; defeated the Britons, and Geraint, king of Cornwall, 710; defeated and killed CynewuK (721), and Aldbriht, claimants of the crown, 722 ; abdicated ; retired to Home ; d. as a pilgrim, 728. INCHBALD, Elizabeth, novelist, dramatist, and actress; b. (Simpson), 16 Oct. 1753; published "A Simple Story," 1791 ; "Nature and Art," 1796; " British Theatre,"^ 1806-9; d. I Aug. 1821. INCHOEFEB, Melchoir, Gemran Jesuit ; b. 1584; published "Tracfeitus Syllcptieus" (opposing Copei-nicuB), i633;"Grammaticusrirdiciis" (agauist Scioppius), 1638; "Historiae Sacne Latimtatis," 1G35 ; d. 28 Sept. 1648. INCLEDON, Benjamin Charles, singer, pupil of Jackson of E.xeter ; i. 1764 ; perfonued at Covent Garden, 1790; d. 11 Feb. 1826. INDIBILIS, Spanish piince, involved in the Punie war, alternately joining the Carthaginians, -a.c. 218; and Romans (212) ; defeated, and put to death by the Romans, 205. INEZ Tie, Castro, mistress, and afterwards wife of Pedro of Portugal; put to death by his father, Alfonso IV., 7 Jan. 1355. INGELBUEGE, Danish princess, queen of France; b. 1 176; man-led to Philip Augustus, 14 Aug.; divorced, 4 Nov. I193; received again by him by order of pope Innocent III., 1201 ; d. 20 July 1236. INGELOW, Je.an, poet and novelist ; b. about 1830; published "Poems," 1863; " Story of Doom," 1867 ; " Off the SkelUgs," 1873 ; " Fated to be Free," 1875. ING-EMANN, Bernard Severin, Danish voluminous novelist and poet; b. 28 May 1789; published, in Danish, "The Black Rider" (epic) 1819; "Masaniello" and " White Rose " trage- dies; ""Waldemar," romance, 1857 ; works, 1851; d. 24 Feb. 1862. INGEN-HOUSZ, Jan, Dutch physician, natu- ralist, and physicist; b. 8 Dec. 1730; -iisited France, Germany, and England ; published " Experiments on Vegetables," 1779; d. at Bowood, 7 Sept. 1799. ING-ERSOLL, Charles Jared, American states- man and historian; b. 3 Oct. 1782; published "Edwy and Elgiva," a tragedy; opposed Great Britain in the house of representatives declanng that "the flag covers the merchandise," 1812-49; published "History of Second War between the United States and Great Britain," 1845 ; d.— INGHIRAMI, Francesco, ItaUan arehteolo- gist; b. 1772; published " Mommienti Etruschi, 1820-27; " Galleria Omerica," 1827-38 ; d. 17 May 1846. INGHIRAMI, Giovanni, Italian astronomer : b. 16 April 1779; published "Piincipij Idro-Mcca- nici," 1803-s; d. 15 Aug. 1851. INGHIRAMI, Toniraaso Fedra, Italian scho- lar, 1470; d. 6 Sept. 1516. INGLEBY, Clement Mansfield, LI,.!).; b. 20 Oct. 1823; professor of logic, &c. ; at Midland Insti- tute, 1835-8; published "Shakspeare Fabrications," 1859, 1861; " Introduction to Metaphysics," l8(J9; " Shakspeare Hermeneutics," 1875. INGLIS, Henry David (Derwcut Conway) Scotch traveller; *. 1795 ; published "Journey through Norway," 1829; "Tour through Switzer- land," 1830; ""Spain m 1830," 1831 ; "New Gil Bias," 1832; " Ireland in 1834," 1834; d. 20 Marcli 1835- INGLIS, John, bi-hop of Nova Scotia; b. l^J-jS : consecrated, 1825 ; d. 27 Oct. 1850. INGLIS, or English, sir James, supposed author of "the Complayut of Scotland;" mur- dered, : March 1530. INGLIS, John, D.D., Scotch minister ; i. 1763 ; published "Vindication of the Christian Faith," 1830; d. 2 Jan. 1834. INGLIS, right hon. John, Scotch lawyer ; /•. 1810; lord justice clerk, June 1858; lord justi-c general and president of the court of session a.- lord Gloncorse, Fob 1867. INGLIS, sir Robert Harry, bart., conservative politiciim; b. 12 Jan. 1786; replaced sir Robert Peel as M.r. for Oxford, 1828-53 ; rf. S May 1855- INGOLDSBY, Thomas, sec Bailiam. INGRAM, Herbert, m.p.; established thv "Illustrated London News," tirst pubUshed 14 Mav 1B42; M.p. for Boston, 1856; drowned J!i Lake Michigan, 8 Sept. i860. INGRAM, James, D.n., Anglo-Saxon scholar : b. 21 Dec. 1774; published translation of tli ' " Saxon Clironiile," 1S23; "Memorials of Oxford," 1834-7 ; d. 4 Sept. 1850. INGRAM, rev. Robert; h. 1727; published " Ten Tribes of Israel in America," 1792; "Seven Vials," 1S04; d. 1804. INGEASSIA, Giovanni Filippo, Sicilian phy- siologist; b. 1510; d. 6 Nov. 1580. INGRES, Jean Auguste Dominique, French painter;*. 15 Sept. 1781 ; pupil of David, 1796; went to Rome; broke througli the conventional style; exhibited "CEdipns," 1808; "La Odalisque," 1819; "VcEU de Louis XIII.," 1824; " Apotheosc d'Homere," 1827 and 1866; d. 14 Jan. 1867. INGUIMBBET, Joseph d', doni Malachie, French bishop ; b. 26 Aug. 1683 ; published " Trat- tato dell' Autorita, ed Infallibilita del Pape," 1731 ; d. 6 Sept. 1757. INGULPHUS, abbot of Croyland, historian. I mythical author of a histoiyof Croyland and Life of I St. Guthlac; b. about 1030; rf. 17 Dec. 1109. INMAN 289 lEVING INMAN, James, niatliematician ; b. 1776; d. J Feb. 1859. INNES. Cosmo, Scotch lawyer; I. lygg; unpaid lirofessor of history, Edinburgh University, 1846 ; iniblished " Scotland in Middle Ages," i860; "Lec- tures on Scotch Legal Antiquities," 1872, &c.; • ontributor to Edinburgh and North British Ke- -views; d. 31 July 1874. INNES, Thomas, Eomaniat priest; b. 1662; said to have written a Memoir of James II.; pub- lished " Critical Essay on Ancient Inhabitants of ^forthern Britain," 1729; d. 9 Feb. 1744. INNOCENT I.-XIII., popes : 1. St. ; elected, 402 ; friend of St. John Chrj'so- stom . . .,.(?. 14 March 417 Q. Gregorio Papi ; elected, 15 Feb. 1130; com- pelled to retire by the supporters of an anti-pope Anacletus : returned, 1132 . . rf. 24 Sept. 1143 S. Lotario Conti ; 6. about 1161: elected, 8 Jiin. 119S; influential In all Europe, declaring the saLL^'dofcil to be superior to the secular govern- ment; exconiumnicated and de])Osed several sovereigns : preached a cnisade against the Albigenses 1208 Made Otho IV. emperor, 1209 ; deposed him . . 1212 Placed England under au interdict 23 March 1208 Excommunicated king John . Nov. 1209 Reconciled Dec. 1213 Preached a general crusade ; presided .it a gene- ral council, 121S . . . . iJ. 16 July 1216 ^. Sinibaldo de' Fieschi ; elected, 25 June 1243 ; excounnuuicated the emperor Predt-rick II. at tiie 13th general council at Lyons, 1246; preached a crusade against his son Coni'ad, 1251 ; d. 7 Dec. 1254 D. Pietro de' Champagniaco ; elected, 21 Feb. (1. 22 June 1276 C Etienne d' Albert ; elected at Avignon, 18 Dec. 1352 ; jiatroniaed letters . . r/. 12 Se^it. 1362 '7. Cosmo de' Migliorati ; &. 1336: elected, 17 Oct. 1404 d. 6 Nov. 1406 S. Giovanni Battista Cibo ; h. 1432 ; elected, 29 A\ig. 1484 Excommimicated Ferdinand, king of Naples, ossiginng his kingdom to Charles VIII. of France without effect . . . . 1439-02 Zealous for war .ig.ainst the Turks d. 25 July 1492 Q. Giovanni Antonio Faccliinetto, " Clinicus ; " h. 1519 ; elected, 29 Oct. . d, 30 Dec. 1591 10. Giovanni Battista Panfdi ; h. 7 May 1572 ; elected, 15 Sept. 1644 ; condemned the Jive pro- positions of Jansenius in his " Augustunis " . 1653 rf. 7 J.in. 1655 11. Benedetto Odescalchi ; h. 1611 ; elected, 21 Sept. 1676 ; opposed nepotism . quan'elled with the French king, Louis XIV., and refused to admit his ambassador . . . d. 12 Aug. 1689 X2. Antonio Pignatelli ; 7j. 13 M.arch 1615 ; elected, i2Julyi69i ; condemned Fenelon's " Explication des Maxinies des Saints" and "Quietism," 12 March 1691 rf. 27 Sept. 1700 13. Michele Angelo Conti ; 7j. 15 May 1655 ; elected, 8 May 1721 ; pensioned James, son of James II. of England ... rf. 7 March 1724 INTEEIANO DE Ayala, Juan, Sp.anish jiriest and poet; b. 1656 ; published " Pietor Christi- auus Eruditus," 1730; d. 20 Oct. 1730. INVEGES. Agostino, Sicilian historian ; }. [595 : published " Palermo Antico," 1649; " Paler- mo Sacro," 1650; "Palermo Nobile," 1651; d. April 1677. INVEENESS, Cecilia Underwood, duchess of; /j. about 1788; mai-ried sir George Buggin, 14 May rSi5 ; widow, 2 April 1825 ; soon after married the duke of Sussex ; created duchess, 10 April 1840 (_he died, 21 April 1843) ; d. i Aug. 1873. INWOOD, arcHtects : William, surveyor; I. about 1771 ; published " Tables for Purchasing Estates," 1811 ; designed (with Henry) St. Pancras, Middlesex, 1819-22; (with Charles), Westnunster Hospital, 1832-4 ; rf. 16 March 1843 Henet AVilliam, son; h. 1794; published "The Erechtheiou at Athens," 1827 . rf. March 1S43 Charles Frederick ; 6. 28 Nov. 1798 rf. May 1S40 IPHICEATES, Athenian g:eneral ; improved military tactics and armour ; victorious over the Lacedemonians, B.C. 392 ; aided the Persians in the reduction of Egj'pt, 377 ; tried and acquitted of misconduct, 355 ; d. before 348. lEAILH, Augustin Simon, French historian; b. 16 June I7ig-^ published "Querelles Litte- raires," 1761 ; ''Histoire de la Ecunion de la Bre- tagne a. la France," 1764; d. March 1794. lEELAND, John, dean of '\yestmin3ter ; b. 1761 ; published " Vindicia; Begia;," IT97 ; "Pa- ganism and ChristLanity compared," 1S09; dean, 1816 ; d. I Sept. 1842. IEELAND, John ; published " Hogarth Illus- trated," 1791-98; d. 1808. IEELAND, Samuel, publisher of " Picturesque Tours in Great Britain and the Continent," 1790- 1800; d. July 1800. IEELAND, Samuel William Henry, novelist and dramatist, son of Samuel; b. 177"; published his Sliakspeare forgeries, 1796; " Yortigern," per- formed, 2 April 1 796 ; acknowledged the forgery soon after ; published "Confessions," 1805; "the Abbess," 1799; '^- '7 April 1835. lEENiEUS, Saint, bishop of Lyons ; }. about 120; wrote " Adversns HEcreses ; " d. (incorrectly said to have been martyred) about 200. lEENE, empress of the east; b. about 752; married by Leo, son of Constantine V., 769 ; regent for her son, Constantine YI., 780; put do^vn the iconoclasts by a council, 787 : cnu.«ed her son to be assassinated, and succeeded liira, 797 ; said to have proposed marriage to Charlemagne about 800 ; dethroned and imprisoned by Nice- phorus, her treasurer, 802 ; d. Aug. 803. lEETON, Henry, parliamentai-y general .and statesman; b. 1610; manned Cromwell's daughter, Bridget, 1646 ; having intercepted a letter from Charles I., proscribing himself and Cromwell, re- solved on the king's death ; made deputy in Ireland, June; d. there, 15 Nov. 1651 ; his body burnt at Tyburn, 1660. lEON MASK, Man with the; closely im- prisoned (at first at Pignerol, afterwords at the Bastille), 1679, till his death, ig Nov. 1703. lEONS, rev. "Wm. Josiah, d.d.; b. 12 Sept. 1812 : vicar of Barkway, 1838; of Bronipton, 1842 ; of St. Mary, 'Woolnoth, 1872 ; Bampton lecturer, 1870; prebendary of St. Paul's, l85o; pubUshed "Parochial Lectures," 1837, &c.; many sermons and controversial tracts. lEVING, Edward, Scotch clergyman; b. 15 Aug. 1 792 ; assistant to Dr. Chalmers at Glasgow, 1819 ; attracted great crowds to his chapel in Lon- don, 1822-23; published "Judgment to Come," 1823; "Lectures on Baptism," 1828; ''on the Trinity," 1828; "Church and State," 1829; countenanced the utterance of the " unlmown Tongues," 1831; expelled from Presbyterian church for heresy, 15 March 1833 ; rf. 7 or 8 Dec. 1834. lEVING, John Heni-y Broderip, tragedian ; b. 6 Feb. 1838; first appeared at Sunderland, 29 Sept. 1856 ; Edinburgh, 9 Feb. 1857 : Princess's, London, 25 Sept. l85q ; at other places since ; suc- cessful as Charles I., Ilichelien, Eugene Aram, &c.; first appearance as Hamlet at the Lj-ceum, 31 Oct. T874; 200th, 29 June, 1875 ; as Macbeth, 25 Sept. 1875- lEVING 290 ISMAIL IRVING, Washington, American ■writer (father Scotch, mother English); i. 3 April 1783; d. 28 Not. 1859. PuHishecL "Salmagiindi," Jan. 1807; "Knicker- bocker's History of New York," 1809; " Tlie Sketch-boolc," 1819 ; "Bracebridge Hall," 1822; "Tales of a Traveller," 1824; "Life of Colum- bus," 1828; " Conquest of Granada," 1829 : "The Alhambra," 2832 ; '" Mahomet and his Succes- soi-s," 1849-50 ; '■ Oliver Goldsmith," 1849 ; "Life of Washint'tou " . . . 1855, ct scj. Visited Britain, 1815 ; at Paris, 1820 ; at Madrid, 1826 ; London, 1829 ; minister at Madrid 1S41-6 lEWIN', Eyies, poet and traveller; b. about 1748; published "Voyage up the Ked Sea," 1780; d. 14 dot. 1817. ISAAC, Jewish patriarch; I. about B.C. 1897 ; married Ecbekah, 1857; Esau and Jacob bom, 1837; d. 1716. ISAAC I. II., emperors of the east : 1. Comnenus ; succeeded Michael VI., 1057 ; niled well ; resigned the crown to Constantino Dncas, and retired to a convent, Dec. 1059 . 23 June 18S2 ; Maria Eulalia, b. 12 Feb. 1864. ISABEY, Jean Baptist, French painter; b. 11 ApiH 1767; miniature painter to Napoleon I., 1K05: produced "Revue du Premier Consul," 1802; " Es- calier du llusec," about 1817 ; d. 18 April 1855. ISAIAH, Hebrew prophet; about B.C. 810-760. ISAMBERT, Fran(;oiB Anch'e,French:juTist and advocate; b. 30 Nov. 1792; opposed the policy of the restoration; employed by Louis Philippe's govei-nment, 1830 ; published, '" Recueil des Lols ct Ordonnances du I" Avril, 1814.," 1820; "Manuel du Publiciste," 1826; "Code Electoral et Munici- pal," 1831 ; d. 13 April 1857. ISBISTER, Alexander Eennedy, Canadian journalist, &c. ; b. 1832 ; master of stationers' company school, London ; dean of college of ])re- ceptors, 1872 ; active in breaking up Hudson's Bay company, and establisliing Red Hivcr Colony, 1S49-70. ISCANUS, see Iose2ih of Exeter. ISELIN, Henri Frederic, French sculptor; b. about 1825 ; produced busts of Murat, 1853 ; due de Moray, 1861 ; Napoleon HI. and Persigny, 1863. ISELIN, Isaac, S\\-iss philosopher; b. 17 March 1728 ; published, in Gennan, "Philosophic Dreams of a Phihmthroirist," 1759; "on the History of Mankind," 1764; d. 15 June 1782. ISELIN, Jacob Christoph, Swiss pliilologist, theologian, and poet ; b. 12 June 1081 ; d. 14 April 1737- ISHBOSHETH (son of Saul), king of Israel, about B.C. 1055 ; murdered, about 1048. ISHMAEL, son of Abraham; b. B.C. 1910; \ published "Law Dictionary," and " LaAV Gr.iiiiinar," 1729; d. 8 May 1744. JACOB, rev. George Andrew ; b. 16 Dec. 1807 ; miLstcr of Bromsgrove grammar school, 1832 ; Shef- tield collegiate school, 1S43 ; Christ's Hospital, London, 1853; resigned, i8b8 ; published "Letter on National Education," 1839; "Ecclesiastical I'olitv of the New Testament," 1871 ; "Sennous," i8s5,\t,.. JACOB, Henry, founder of the first Indepen- dent duirch in England; published "Treatise on tlie Sufturings and Victorie of Christ," 1598; d, in Virginia .soon after 1624. Heniiy, son, b. about 1 607 ; ^\ rote Greek, Latin, and English poems ; d. 1652. JACOB, John, C.B., Indian general; b. 1813; organised Scinde cavah-y ; d. at Jacobabad, 6 Dec. 1858. JACOBI, Karl Gustav Jacob, Pi-ussian mathe- matician ; h. 10 Dec. 1804; published "Funda- menta Nova Thcorias Functionum EUipticai-um," 1829 ; d. 18 Feb. 1851. JACOBI, Friedrich Heinrich, German philoso- plier and political economist; b. 25 Jan. 1743; friend of "Wieland, 1770; wrote (in German) "Let- ters on the Philosophy of Spinoza," 1785 ; opposed the infidel party in Germany ; d. 10 March 1819. JACOBI, Holger, Danish naturalist; /. 6 July 1650 ; published " Museum Regium seu Catalogus lieVum," i6g6; d. 18 June 1701. JACOBI, Johann Georg, Gennan poet (brother of Friedrich) ; b. 2 Sept. 1740 ; published " Poeti- cal Essays," 1764; "Dramatic Works," 1792; d. 4 Jan. 1814. JACOBI, Moritz Hermann, Prussinn physicist ; b. 21 Sept. 1801 ; settled in Russia; invented elec- trotyping, 1837-8 ; improved the Voltaic battery, 1840 ; made explosive machines to defend Cron- stadt, 1854-S ; d. 10 March 1874. JACOBS, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm, Ger- man philologist and educational writer ; b. 6 Oct. 1764; edited "Anthologia Giwca," 1704-1814; published (in German), " School for Women," 1827-9; ""Writings for Youth," 1842-4; d. 30 March 1847. JACOBS, Lucas, of Leyden, painter; b. 1494; ''• 1533- JACOBSON, Johann Kari Gottfried, German technologist; b. 1726; d. 14 Sept. 1789. JACOBSON, "William, bishop; b. 1803; edited "Patres Apostolici," 1847; consecrated bishop of Chester, 1865. JACOBUS Barada?us, bishop of Edessa, C41 ; leader of the Monophysites or Jacobites; d. 578. JACOB'CTS Magnus, bishop of Nisibis ; bravely maintained the defence of Nisibis besieged by Sapor, king of Persia, about 338 or 350. JACOBUS Sapiens, Syrian bishop ; b. about 452; bishop of Batna) on the Euphi'ates, 519; wrote a liturgy ; d. 522. JACOBUS DE VlTEKBO, archbishop of Naples, wi'ote "Quodlibeta," &c. ; d. 1308. See Vora(/inc. JACOBT, Johann, Prussian physician and poli- tician ; b. 1805 ; imprisoned for his pamphlet in Gcrm.au, " Four Questions Answered," 1841 ; mem- ber of parliament of Frankfort, 1848 ; charged with treason ; constituted himself a prisoner and ac- quitted on his trial, 1849; imprisoned for a decla- ration in favour of French republic, 23 Sept. — 2f> Oct. 1870. JACOMB, Thomas, nonconformist ; b. 1622 ; ejected, 16&2 ; wrote "Treatise of Holy Dedica- tion," published 16SS ; d. 1687. JACOMETTI, Tarquinio, Italian sculptor ; h. about 1570; cast the gates of the church of Lo- retto, about 1593-6. Pietuo Paolo, brother, painter and sculptor ; b. 1580 ; d. 1655. JACOPONE (Jacopo da Todi), ItaUan ascetic poet ; bis " Cantici Spirituali," piinted, 1490 ; d. 25 Dec. 1306. JAGOTOT, Joseph, French philosopher and educational writer ; *. 4 March 1770; entered the army, and fought in Belgium, 1792, et aeq. ; pro- pounded a new system of education, 1818; pub- lished his " Enseignemcnt Universel," 1823-35 ; d. 30 July 1840. JACOTOT, Pierre, French physicist; h. 1755; published "Elements de Physique, de Chimie, &c.," 1804; d. 14 July 1821. JACQUAND, Claudius, French historical painter; ii. 1805; exhibited since 1824 ; "Dante at Rome," 1864; "Bonaparte at Nice," 1869; &c. JACQUAED, Joseph Marie, French mechani- cian; b. 1 July 1752; invented Jacquard loom, patented, 23 Dec. 1801 ; received a pension of 3x0 francs, and premiums, i8o5 ; d. 7 Aug. 1834. JACQUELINE 293 JAMES JACQUELINE, daughter and heiress of William of liavaria, count of Ilainault aud Hol- land ; b. 1400 ; d. 8 Oct. 1436. MaiTied to Juliu, son of Charles VI. of Fr.ance . 1415 Her liusbaud iioisoued 1 ly tlie Aruiajjnacs at Paris ; souu after married John, duke (if Brabant . 1417 Went to England, and captivated Hmnphry, duke of Gloucester 1420 Married liim after annulling lier m.arriage with John 1423 Lost lier estjites in war with John : taken prisoner ; escaped in disguise ; her nmrriage with John afflnned by the pope ; Jolm died . Axiril 1426 Recovered her states, 1426 ; married Frangois de Borselen, 1432 ; compelled to give up her states to the duke of Bui'gundy, 1433 d. 8 Oct. 1436 JACQUELOT, see Jaqudot. JACQUEMONT, Victor, French aiaturaUst; h. 8 Aug. 1801 ; travelled in the East Indies, China, &c., 1829-31 ; d. of cholera at Calcutta, 7 Dec. 1832. JACQUES, see BaiiM. JACQUES, Amedee Flovent, French philoso- ?hev; h. 4 July 1813 ; founded the journal "la ,iherte de Penser," 1847; published "Manuel de Philosophie," 1847 ; went to Montevideo to found a school, which failed; d. 1865. JACQUES, Jacques, French poet; published "Faut liourir," ibST ; "Demon Travesti," 1673; "Ami sans Fard," 1664. JACQUES DE VlTRY, French cardinal and historian ; made bishop of St. Jean d'Aere ; went to the Holy Land ; present at the siege of Damietta, 1218; returned, and made cardinal about 1229; wrote "Historia Oricntalis," aud " JB istoria Occi- dentalis;" d. 30 April 1240. JACQUET, Louis, French essayist; J. 6 March 1732; published " I'arallele des Tragiques Grocs et Fran(jais," 1760; d. 1793. JACQUIEE, FrauQois, French mathemati- cian; /;. 7 June 1 71 1; edited (\\'ith Lesueur) New- ton's Principia, at Geneva, 1739-42; d. 4July 1788. JACQUIN, Nicolaus Joseph, Dutch botanist; h. l5 Feb. 1727; went to Vienna; patronised by Francis II. ; sent to explore South America, 1755 ! made baron, 1806 ; published "Index Regni Vege- tabilis," 1777; " Flora; Austriacas," 1773-7; '^•24 Oct. 1817. JACQUOT, Georges, French sculptor; b. 15 Feb. 1794; gained great prize for "Cain," 1820; works : " Daplme," " Paris and Helen," " Exalta- tion of the Cross," 1857; "Hercules and the Hy- dra," 1859, &c. JADBLOT, Nicolas, French phs'sician; h. 1738; published " Cours d' Anatomic," 1773; "Phy- sicaHominis Saui," 1781 ; d. 27 June 1793- JADIN, Louis Godefroy, French landscape and anhnal painter; b. 1805; painted many hunting pieces, dogs, &c. JAEGrEEi, Gustaf, German historical painter ; h. 12 June 1808; produced "Balaam and the Angel," 1836; "Death of Moses," about 1846, &c. JAFPIEE, Meer, subahdar of Bengal, 1757-60, 1763; rf. Jan. 1765. JAGrELLON, grand prince of Lithuania; h. about 1354; married Hedwig, queen of Poland; elected king, as Ladislaus V., and baptized, 1386; promoted Christianity in his pagan dominions ; d. 31 May 1434. JAGO, Richard, poet; b. 1715; published "lidgehill," 1767; d. 8 May. 17S1. JAHN, Friedrich Ludwig (Father John), Ger- man writer; b. II Aug. 1778; pubUshed "German Nationality," 1810; " German Gymnastics," 1816; d. 15 Oct. 1852. JAHN, Gustav, German astronomer; b. 24 Oct. 1804; published " Praktische Astronomie," 1834-5; d. 5 Jan. 1857. JAHN, Johann, German orientalist ; b. 18 June 1750; published "Introductio in Libros sacros Veteris Foederis," 1804; " Biblische Archceologie," 1797-1805; deprived of professorship for alleged heresy, 1808; d. 16 Aug. 1816. JAHN, Otto, Gei-man archasologist ; b. iC June 1813; published "Life of W. A. Mozart," 1856; and many papers ; d. 9 Sept. 1869. J AILLOT, French geographers : CHARLE.S Hubert ; x^ubhshed charts of the world i668-g Jean Baptiste Rendu, son-ni-Iaw: published "Reclierehes sur Paris," 1772; " Li^Te des Postes" ri. 5 April 1780 Claude Hubert, son of Charles ; d. 18 Feb. 1690; liis "Histoire de La Rochelle" published, 1756 : rf. 18 July 1749 JATi, Auguste, French journalist, &c. ; b. 12 April 1795; h.storiographer of the ministry of marine ; employed in Italy, 1834 ; Greece and Turkey, 1841 ; published " Mes Visites au Jlusce de Luxembourg," 1818 ; " Glossaire Nautique," 1848, &c. ; " Dictionnaire Critique de Biograjihie et d' Histoire," 1864; d. April 1873. JALLABEET, Louis (or Jean), Swiss preacher; b. 26 July 1712; published "E.xperienoessurl'Elec- tricite," 1748; d. II March 1768. JAMES, St., apostle, martyred about 42. JAMES (JaYIIE), I. II., Idngs of Aragon : 1, the Conqueror ; !;. i Feb. 1208 ; succeeded iiis father, Pedro II., 1213 ; long contended against the enta-oachmeiits of Ills uncles ; acquu-ed a great part of Valencia from tlie Moors . 1233-38 His expedition to the Holy Land frustrated by a tempest, 1265 . . rf. 27 Jul> 1276 2. the Just, grandson . . . &. ubuut 1260 King of ISicily . 1285 Succeeded his brother, Alphonso HI. June 1291 Founded the university of Lerid.i . . , 1300 Conquered Sardhiia and Corsica, 1326; favoured law, literature, and science . d. 31 Oct. 1327 JAMES I. II., liings of England : .. (VI. of Scotland, whkh see) ; crowned at West- minster 25 July 1603 Held a conference with the bishops and .some puritan clei-gy at Hamijton court, where a new version of the Bible was ordered . 14-16 Jan. 1604 Professed himself a member of the churcli of England Jliinh „ Proclaimed " khig of Great Britain, France, and Ireland" 24 Oct. ,, EscaiPOd the gunpowder plot . . Xi.v. 1605 Mediated a twelve years' truce between the Spaniards and Dutch . . 29 .Ahu-cli 1606 Made Robert Carr his favourite . . . 1610 New translation of the Bible dedicated to liini . 1611 Permitted two heretics to be burnt, 18 JlHvch and II Ajiiil 1612 George Villiers his favourite . 1615 Published his ijrose works . . . 1616 Re-established episcopacy in Scotland . . . 1617 Published " Book of Sports," allowing gamc.s nu Sunday after divine sei"vlce . . 24 .May 1618 Caused sir Walter Raleigh to be beheaded uii an old sentence 29 Oct. ,, Censured his parliament for granting no supplies, and desliing repression of the Romanists, Nov. 1621 Concluded treaty for marriage of his son, (Jliarles, with Henrietta Maria of France, 12 Nov. 1624 ; d, 27 JIarcli 1625 His works; "Poetical Exercises," 1591; " Dlc- inonologie," 1557 ; " True Law of the Mon- JAMES 294 JAMESON archies," 1598; " Basilikmi Doron," 1599 ; "Counterljlast to Tobacco," 1616; &c. 2. grandson . . h. is Oct. 1633 Duke of York . . . . 27 Jan. 1643 Made prisoner at Oxford by Faii-fax, 1646 ; es- caped to Holland . . . 1648 Lord Mgli admiral . June 1660 Mai'ried Anne Hyde ... 3 Sejit. ,, Defeated a Dutch flept off Lowestoft . 3 June 1665 Asa Romanist (avowed 1669), compelled to resign the admiralty by the test act . . 1673 Married Maria d'Este of Modena . .21 Nov. „ Lord high commissioner" of Scotland (governed with severity) . . . 1679-f^o Restored to the admiralty . . . . 1684 Succeeded his brother, Charles II. . .6 Feb. 1685 Punished Monmouth's rebellion with great seve- rity ... . . July— Sept. „ Made Jeffreys chancellor ... 28 Sept. „ His claim of the di-speusing power suppoi-ted by the judges 21 June i636 Restored public profession of Romanism, July . „ Published declaration of liberty of conscience in Scotland, 12 Feb. ; in England . 4, 27 April 1687 Received the papal nimcio in public . 3 July „ Caused the expulsion of the fellows of Magdalen coDege, Oxford, for refusing admission to an unqualified ])reKident ... 10 Dec. ,, Committed ai'chbishop Sancroft and six bi.sliops to the tower fur libel (in a petition), 8 June ; they were acquitted . . . -30 June 1688 Alarmed at the threatened invasion of the prince of Orange, retraced his steps ; regi'anted the charter taken from the city of London, 8 Oct,; reinstated the fellows of Magdalen college, &c. 15 Oct. „ Proclaiuied the calling of parliament, 30 Nov. ; quitted Whitehall . . . .ti Dec. ,, Seized at Faversham, 12 Dec. ; brought back to Loudon 17 Dec. „ Again fled, 22 Dec. ; landed at Anibleteuse 25 Dec. ,, Landed at Kinsale, Ireland . 14 March 1689 Held a parliament at Dublin . . 7 May ,, Defeated by William III. at the Boyne i July 1690 The projected invasion of England fiiistrated at La Hogue .... . May 1692 Received a pension from Louis XIV. ; d. at St. Gennains . . 6 or 16 Sept. 1701 JAMES I.— YI-, kings of Scotland: 1. earl of Caiiick, son of Robert HI. h. about 1394 Captured by an English vessel . 30 March 1405-6 Retained by Henry IV. and educated ; married Joanna Beaiifoi-t . . . 24 Feb. 1423 Returned to Scotland as king - . April 1424 Executed the usurping regent Albany and otlicrs May ,, Held parliaments at Perth, 1425 ; at Inverness 1427 Repressed the nobility ; assassinated at Perth 21 Feb. 1437 2. son ; 7). 14 Oct. 1430 ; king . . . „ Stniggled with the power of the nobles ; stabbed the rebellious William, earl of Douglas, 22 Feb. 1452 During the war with England, killed by the explo- sion of a gun at the siege of Roxburgh castle 3 Aug. 1460 3. son, i)atronised the ai-ts ; 7j. 1452; king . ,, Ruled by the Boyds, 1466 ; who were ruined . 1469 Defeated at Bannockbura, and murdered, 11 June 14S8 4. son '^-17 Jlarch 1472 Joined the rebellion against his father, 1487 ; succeeded hiui . .... 1488 Supported Perkin Warbeck against Henry VII. of England 1492-6 Assumed government - Long harassed by his nobihty and the kn-k leaders ; seized by the earl of Guwric, and made to dismiss his favourites . Married Anne of Denmark . 23 ^^v. Escaped from the Gowrie outrnge . 5 -'^'^^ 157S 1582 1589 1600 Married Margaret of England . 8 Aug. 1502 Defeated and killed at Flodden field . 9 Sept. 1513 5. sou (his mother regent) h. 10 Apiil 1512 Assumed the government . . . . 1528 Instituted the college of justice . 17 May 1532 Persecuted the reformers ; Gomlay and Straiton burnt .... 27 Aug. 1534 Married Magdalen of France .... 1536 After her death (7 July 1537), married Mary of Guise 15 June 1538 Deserted by his nobles during an invasion of England, 25 Nov. ; broken hearted d. 13 Dec. 1542 6. grandson ^.19 J^me 1566 Made king on his mother's forced abdication 24 July 1567 Pi-oclaimed king of England . 24 March 1603 (See James I. of England.) JAMES Frajs^cis Edward Stuart, son of James II. of England (termed the Chevalier de bt. George and the Old Pretender) ; b. 10 June 1688 ; styled James III. at his father's death, 16 Sept. 1701; rebellions in his fayour defeated, 1715 and 1746; d. 30 Dec. 1765. JAMES, George Pa3rne Rainsford, voluminous novelist, poet, and histoi-ian; b. 180 1 ; published " Richelieu," 1825; " Lord Montagu's Page," last, 1858; "Life of Louis XIV.," 1838; went to United States as a consul in Virginia, 1852 ; d. 9 June i860. JAMES, major-gen. sir Henry; h. 1803; en- tered Royal Engineers, 1825 ; dii-ector of the ord- nance survey, 1854-75 ; published account of the Tiiangulation of the United Ivingdom, &c. 1858-63 ; invented photo -zincography, i860; and produced by it fac-similes of Doomsday Book, 1863, et seq : "Notes on the Parallel Heads of Lochaber," 1874. JAMES, sir Hem7, banister; i. 30 Oct. 1828; a.c, 1869; M.i'. for Taunton, 1869; solicitor-gene- ral, Sept. 1873; attorney-general, Nov, i873~Peb. 1874. JAMES, JohnAngell, n.n., dissenting minister, of Bu-mingham ; b. 6 June 1785^; published " Chris- tian Fellowship," " Christian Professor ;" d. i Oct. 1859. JAMES, John Thomas, Mshop of Caloiitta ; li. 1 786 ; published " Travels in Germanj' and Kussia,' ' iSib; consecrated, 1827; rf. 23 Aug. 1829. JAMES, Eichard, traveller; b. 1592; pub- lished " Observations on Rassia," 1619; a. 1638. JAMES, Robert, M.D. ; i. 1703 ; invented " James's Powclor," a febrifuge ; published " Medi- cinal Dictionary," 1743-5; "Practice of Physic," 1746; d. 23 March 1776. JAMES, Thomas, d.d.; li. 1571; first librarian of the Bodleian, at Oxford, 1602 ; published " Con- cordantia S.S. Patrura," 1607 ; "Treatise of the Corruptions of Scripture," 1612 ; cL Aug. 1629. JAMES, Tliomas, captain; published his "Ban - gerous Voyage for Discovering the N.W. Passage," 1633- JAMES, "^'illiam, naval historian; published " Kaval History of Great Britain, 1793-1820," 1822 ; d. 1827. JAMES, sir "William Milboume ; !>. 1807 ; a.c, 1853 ; vice-chancellor of Lancaster, 1853-69 ; of England, 4 Jan. 1869; lord justice of appeal, June 1870. JAMESON, Mrs. Anna, Irish art historian, and essayist; b. (Murphy) 19 May 179"; married Eobert Jameson, 1823; published "Beauties of Coui-t of Charles II.," 1833 ; " Handbooks to Gal- leries in Art," 1842-5 ; " Sacred and Legendary Art," 1848 ; " Legends of the Monastic Orders," 1850; "Legends of the Madonna," 1852; "His- tory of Om- Lord," :86o; d. 17 March i860. JAMESON, Eobert, Scotch mineralogist ; i. 1 1 July 1774 ; explored Arran, and the Shetlands and Hebrides, 1794-9; published his Travels, 1800; studied at Freiberg, 1800-4; professor at Edin- burgh; founded the Wemeriau Society, 1808; JAMESONS 295 JAENAC "System of Mineralogy," 1804-23; with Brewster, founded the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal," 1819 ; d. 19 April 1854. JAMESONE, George, Scotch portrait painter ; the Scotch Vandyke ; b. 1586; d. 1644. JAMET, French scholars ; Pierre Charles, h. ij Fob. 1701 ; published " Essais Metaphysiques," 1732 ; Critical Letters, Satires, &c. ; d. about 1770. FEAN501S Loms, brotlier, an incessant annotator ot books ; 6. 1713 ; d. 30 Aug. 1768. JAMIESON, John, Scotch theologian and phi- lologist; b. 3 JMarch 1759; published "Etymologi- cal Dictionary of the Scottish Language," 1808-9; "Hermes Scythicus," 1814; d. 12 July 1838. JAMIN, Jules Celestin, French physicist; b. 30 Hay 1818; published "Cours de Thj-sique ue I'Ecole Polytechnique," 1858-66. JAMYN, Amadis, French poet; b. about 1530 ; patronised by Honsard ; published " (Euvres Pou- ticiues," 1575; d. about 1585. JANE, see Jeanne. JANE, queen of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella; b. 1479; d. 13 April 1555. Married Philip of Austria . 1496 Mnther ot emperor Charles V. . . . Feb. 1500 Often iusane, 1501, ci se'/. ; succeeded lier mother as (lueen of Castile . . . 26 Nov. 1504 Landed in England through a storm ; entertained by Henry VII. .... . 1506 Insanity increased by her husband's death „ Queen of Aragon at her father's death . . . 1516 lieraained in :ieulusion 44 years . d. 13 Ajiril 1535 JANE, queens of England : 1, Daughter of Charles, king of Navarre ; married to John, duke of Brittany ; a widow, 1399 ; mar- ried Henry IV. of England, 1403 . d. 1437 S. Seti"siour, married to Heniy VIII., 20 May, 1536 ; d. giving birth to Edward VI. 24 Oct. 1537 3. Grey, see Grey. JANE I. and II. queens of Naples. 1. Daughter of Charles, duke of Calabria . 6. 1327 Married to her cousin Andrew of Hungary ; queen .... . . 1343 Said to have caused his murder . 18 Sept. 1345 Married Louis of Tarento, and reigned ^vith him 1347-62 Married James, king of Majorca, 1363 ; and Otlio of Bnuiswick ... . . 1376 Put to death by Charles Durazzo 22 May 13S2 S. daughter of Charles Durazzo ... 6. 1370 Succeeded her brother, Ladislaus of Hungaiy . 1414 Dissolute and tyrannical ; becxueathed her states to Rene of Anjou d. 2 Feb. 1435 JANET-LANG-E (Ange Louis Janet), French liiiinter; b. 19 Nov. 1818; exhibited " Clu'ist aux Oiiriers," 1839; "Isaac beuissant Jacob," 1843; "le Bon Pasteur," 1845; "Napoleon III.," 1857; "Siege de Puebla," 18O8, &c. JANBWAY, James, ejected nonconfoi-niist ; b. 1636; "Token for CMldren," published 1676; d. 16 March 1674. JANIQON, Franqois Michel, French wiiter ; h. 24 Dec. 1674; published "le Passe-partout de I'Eglise Eomaine," 1726; d. 19 or 21 Aug. 1730. JANIN, Jules Gabriel, French critic, and volu- minous writer ; b. 24 Dec. 1804; d. 19 June 1874. .In editor of " Figaro " 1S25 'ffrote for the " Quotidienne," "Journal des De- bats," &c. ; attacked the Polignae ministrj' (fined) 1828-9 .Ittacked Victor Hugo in " I'Aue Mort " . . 1829 Published *'Contes Fauta-stiques et Litteraires," 1S32-S ; "Normandie Historiqne " . . 1842-3 "Histoire de la Litt^rature Drnmatique," 1851-6, ifcc. JANOTZKI (jAiasCH), Jan Daniel, Polish wi-iter; b. 1720; published "Lexicon of Contem- porary Learned Poles," 1755; d. 1786. JANSEN, Cornelius, Belgian theologian; d. 1510; pubUshed " Concordia Evangelica," 1549; "Commeutarii in Proverbia Salomonis;" d. 10 April 1576. JANSEN, Cornelius, Belgian theologian; b. 1585 ; devoted himself to the study of the fathers, and especially St. Augustin ; \vrote " Augustinns " (against the doctrine of free wUl), the foundation of Jansenism in France, published, 1640; "Com- mentary on the Gospels " (" Tetrateuchus"), 1639; " Pentateuohus," 1641 ; d. 6 May 1638. JANSEN, or jENSOlsr, Nicolas, French printer and engraver; said to have been sent to Ijuten- berg, at Mentz, to learn printing, 1458; d. about 1481. _ JANSEN, Zacharias and Hans, Dutch -op- ticians ; said to liave invented the microscope about 1595 ; the telescope, about 1610. JANSSEN, Jules, invented a method of obser- ving solar phenomena by the spectroscope, 18 Aug. 1868. JANSSENS, Dutch painters : Abraham, b. 1569; d. 1631. C0B.NELISZ, 4. 1590; in England, 1618-48; d. 1665. YlCTOR HONOKIUS, b. 1664 d. 1739. JANT, Jacques de, French historian; b. 1626; published "Histoire d'Osman fite du Sultan Ibra- him," 1665; "Theologie Cmieuse," 1666; rf. Sept. 1676. JANUAEIUS, Saint, Italian bishop ; mar- tyred at Naples, 305 ; his relios, brought there, said to have stopped the plague, 13 Jan. 1497. JANVIEE, Antide, French clockmaker; b. i July 1751 ; entered the service of Louis XVI., 1784; presented ingenious machinery to the Academie des Sciences, 1789, et seq. ; published "Manuel Chi'onometrique," 1815; d. in poverty, 23 Sept. 1835. JAPICKS, or Japix, Gysbert, Frisian poet ; b. 1603 ; d. 1666. JAQUOTOT, Marie Victoire, French painter on porcelain; b. 1778; d. 1855. JAECm, Solomon Benjamin Isaac, Jewish rabbi; b. about I104; -wi'ote "Commentaries on the Pentateuch," &o. ; d. 1180. JAEDINE, George, Scotch philosopher; b. 1743; professor of logic at Glasgow, 1774; pub- lished " Outlines of Philosopliieal Education," 1818 d. 28 Jan. 1827. JAEDINE, sir "William, bart.,' Scotch natm-al- ist ; b. 23 Feb. 1800 ; edited the ' ' Naturalist's Library," 1833-43; published "Contributions to Ornithology,' 1848-51 ; d. 21 Nov. 1874. JAEDTN, Karel du, Dutch painter ; b. about 1635 ; d. 20 Nov. 1678. JAENAC, Gui Chabot, seigneur de, French soldier ; in a duel before Henry li. of France, dis- abled his foe by a wound in the ham, hence a "Coup de Jamac," 10 July 1547; kOled in battle soon after, 1568. JAENAC, Philippe Ferdinande AuguBte de Eohan Chabot, comte de, French statesman, nephew of a duke of Leinster; b. 2 June 1818; educated at Harrow; seci-elary to French embassy, London, 1830 ; settled in Ireland, 1830-70 ; French ambas- sador, Loudon, 1874; d. 22 Iffarch 1875. JAENOWICK 296 JEFFERSON JAENOWICK (GlORNAVICni), Giovanni Maria, Italian violinist; b. 1715 ; came to London, 1792; compelled to leave through quaiTels, 1796; d. 21 Nov. 1S04. JAEEETT, rev. Thomas ; b. about 180S ; pro- fessor at Cambridge of Arabic, 1831 ; of Hebrew, 1854 ; published " New Hebrew Lexicon," 1848, &c. JAEEIGrE, Pierre, French Jesuit; b. 1605 ; attacked the Jesuits in his work, " Jesuites mis sur I'Echaufaud," 1640; published a Eetractation, 1650; i. 26 Sept. 1660. JAEEY, Nicholas, French calligraphist; b. about 1620 ; wrote " Heures de Notre liame ; " sold for 1601 livres, 1647. JAEEY, see Juillard. JAES, Gabriel, French metallurgist ; b. 26 Jan. 1732; his "Voyages JIutallurgiciues," published 1774-81 ; d. 20 Aug. 1769. JAEVIS, Charles, printer ; published transla- tion of " Don Quixote," 1742 ; d. about 1743. JAEVIS, John, painter on glass; b. 1749; d. 1804. JASMIN, or jAJfamx, Jacques, poet of Lan- guedoc; b. 6 March 1798; wrote "Lou Chali- bari," 1825 ; " Los Papillotos," 1835, ^"^ ! ''• 2 Oi^t- 1864. JASON, tyi-ant of Pherfe, and tagus of Thessaly, B.C. 375 ; murdered at Delphi, 370. JAUBEET, Pien-e Amedce, French orientalist ; b. 3 June 1779 ; interpreting secretary to Bonaparte in Egypt, 1 799 ; frequently visited the east ; at- tached to the embassy at Constantinople, 1 804 ; published " Grammaire Turque," 1823-34; d. 28 Jan. 1847. JATTCOUET, Arnail Francois, Marquis de, French Protestant politician ; b. 14 Nov. 1757 ; sei-ved successively under the consulate, the empu'e, and the Bourbons ; d. 5 Feb. 1854. JAUCOUET, Louis, Chevalier de, French medical writer and scholar; b. 27 Sept. 1704; wrote for the great " Encyclopedie ; " d. 3 Feb. 1779- JAUFPEET, Gaspard Jean, French abbe ; b. 13 Dec. 1759; established " Annales de la lleligion," 1791; d. 13 May 1823. JAULT, Auguste Frantjois, French physician and orientalist; b. 1 Oct. 1700; published several translations from the English ; wrote " Defense de la Vulgate ; " d. 25 May 1757. JAUEEGUY Y Aguilar, Juan, Spanish poet and painter ; h. about 1570 ; published trans- lation of TasEo's Aminta, 1618 ; d. about 1641. JAY, see Le Jaij. JAY, John, American statesman and jurist; }. 12 Dec. 1745 ; as minister plenipotentiary, signed the peace, Sept. 1783 ; governor of New York, 1795-1801 ; chief-justice of the.United States, 1789 ; d. 17 May 1S29. JAY, Antoine, French journalist; b. 20 Oct. 1770; published " Le Glaneur," 1812; founded the "Independant" (afterwards "le Constitutionnel"), 1815; imprisoned with Jouy for a libel; wrote '* Hemiites en Prison," and afterwards " Hennites en Liberte," 1823; quitted " le Constitutionnel," 1832 ; d. 9 April 1854. JAY, "William, judge, son of John; b. 1789; published his father's life, 1833 ; wrote against slavery; d. 1858. JAY, "William, dissenting minister, of Bath; b. 8 May 1769 : ^vrote " Morning and Evening Ex- ercises ; " published ""Works," 1845-9; ''■ '7 ^™- 1853- JAYME, see James, Icings of Fortitgal. JEACOCK, Caleb, literary baker; published " Vindication of St. Paul," 1765 ; d. 178b. JEAFFEESON, John Cordy, hamster, nove- list, &c. ; b. Jan. 1831; published "Book about Doctors," i860; " Book about Lawyers," 1866 ; " Book about the Clergy," 1870 ; " Book about the Table," 1874; " Annals of O.rford," 1870 ; "Brides and Bridals," 1872; "Isabel," " Olive Blake," "Lottie Darling," and other novels. JEAN, see John, khigs of France, dukes of Brittany, and of Burgundy. JEAN PA'UL, see Eichter. JEANES, Henry, theologian; i. 1611; f?. 1662. JEANNE D'AEC, see Dare. JEANNE D' Albbet, queen of Navan-e ; b. 7 Jan. 1528 ; d. 9 June 1572. Married Antony, duke of Veudome . . 1548 Mother of Henry IV. of France . 13 Dec. 155^ Defended Beam against Philip II. of Spain. Embraced protestiiutism ; lost lier husband liy a woimd 17 Nov. 1562 Threatened with deposition by the poiie ; energe- tically resisted .... 1563 Established Calvinism in Beam 1567 Suppoi-ted the Huguenots in the war . . . L~,t^j Consented unwillingly to lier son's marriage to Margaret of Valois . 1572 JEANNIN, Picn-e, French statesman and di- plomatist; b. 1540; by his counsel prevented the massacre of the Protestants in Burgxmdy, Aug. 1572; promoted by Henry III. and Henry IV.: wrote his " Negociatious; " d. 31 Oct. 1622. JEANEON, Philippe Auguste, French painter ; b. 10 May 1809; exhibited " Petits Patriotcs," 1831; Bohemiens," 1846; "a Solferino," 1861 ; " Vue de Cap Couronne,' 1869, &c. JEA'DEAT, Edme Sebasticn, French as- tronomer; h. 14 Sept. 1724; published " Tables de Jupiter," 1766; d. 7 March 1803. JEBB, John, philosopher ; b. 1736; d. 2 March 1786; Works, theological, medical, political, &c., published 1787. JEBB, John, Irish bishop; b. 27 Sept. 1775; published " Sacred Literature," 1820; "Practical Theology," 1830 ; consecrated bishop of Limerick, 1833; ''• 7 ■'-*^"- 1833; " Correspondence with Knox, " published 1834. JEBB, sir Joshua, military engineer ; b. 1793: greatly modified the arrangements of prisons; chainuan of the directors of convict prisons, 184S : d. 26 June 1863. JEBB, Samuel, physician and philologist; edited " S. Justini Martyris cum Tryphone Dia- logus," 1719, &c. ; d. 9 March 1772. JEPFEESON, Thomas, American statesman ; b. 2 April 1743 ; d. 4 July 1826. Member of the Virginia colonial assembly, 1769; of the national congress at Philadelphia, 4 Keiit. 1774 Chairman of the committee which drew up the declaration of independence, 28 June ; pronml- gated .... 4 July 1776 Governor of Virginia . . . 1779-S1 Printed " Notes on Virginia " , 1782 Ambassador at Paris . . 1785-g Secretary of state . ' 1789-93 Vice-president, United States . . . 1797-180T President (negotiated the acquisition of Louisiana and tlie free navigation of the Mississiiipi) March iSoi— March i8cq JEPFERY 297 JENNINGS JEFPEEY, Joliii, archdeacon of Norwich ; b. 1647; d. 1720; Hs sermons and tracts published 1753- JEFFREY, Francis, lord Jeffrey, Scotch law- yer, Clitic, and politician; b. 23 Oct. 1773; meni- bcr of Speculative Societj', Dec. I7y2 ; with Horner, Brougham, and Sydney Smith, founded the " Edinburgh Keview," bet. 1802 ; editor, July 1803 — June 1829; dean of the faculty of advocates, June 1829; lord advocate, 1830; M.r. for Edin- burgh, 1S32; a lord of session, 1834; cL 26 Jaii. 1850. JEFFREYS, George Jeffreys, lord, lawyer; b. about 1648 ; recorder of London, 1678 ; chief justice of King's liench, 1683 ; tried Titus Gates, and Baxter, May 1685; held " the bloody assize," after the defeat of " llomnouth's rebellion," Aug.- Sept. 1685 ; lord chancellor and a peer, Sept. 1685 ; sent to the Tower, 13 Doc. 16S8 ; d. there, 18 April 1689. JEFFREYS, George, poet ; b. 1678 ; published " lliscellauies," 1754; d. 1755. JEHANGHIR, ilogul emperor; b. about 1570; siicceeded liis father Akbar, Oct. 1605; reigned prosperously ; declared Shah Jehan his heir, iGlO ; suppressed liis rebellion, 1625 ; d. 28 Oct. 1027. JEHAN, see Shah Jehan. JEHOAHAZ, king of Israel; reigned li.c. 857-839. (Shallum) king of Judah ; reigned B.C. 610-599. JEHGASH, see Joash. JEHGIACHIN (Coniah or Jecomah),king of Judah, B.C. 599; Idndly treated in llabylou, 5G2. JEHGIADA, Jewish high priest; dethroned Athaliah and made Joash king of Judah, and re- stored the worship of God, B.C. 878. JEHOIAKIM, king of Judah; reigned B.C. 610-599. JEHGRAM (JoilAM),kingof Judah; reigned B.C. 889-885. king of Israel, B.C. S96 ; killed by Jehu, 884. JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah; b.c. 914; delivered from the Ammonites, &c., 896 ; d. 889. JEHGTTE, Louis, Belgian sculptor ; b. 7 Nov. 1803 ; produced busts of long Leopold, prince Charles of Lorraine C1848), &c. JEHU, appointed king of Israel about B.C. 906 ; anointed; killed Joram, king of Israel, Ahaziah, king of Judah, and Jezebel; destroyed the wor- shippers of Baal, 884 ; d. S57. JEJEEBHOY, sir Jamsetjee, Parsee ; bene- factor of the city of Bombay; *. 1783; baronet, 1857 ; d. 15 April 1859. JEKYLL, sir Joseph, lawyer; b. about 1664; master of the rolls, 1717-38; published "Judicial Authority of the Master of the Holls;" d. 19 Aug. 1738. JELF, Richard ■WUliam, d.d. ; b. about 1798 ; Sriucipal of King's College, London, 1844-68 ; pub- shed "Means of Grace" (Bampton Lectui-es), 1844; "Via Media," &c. ; d. 19 Sept. 1871. JELF, William Edward; b. 181 1 ; Bampton lecturer, 1857; published " Greek Grammar," 1861 ; "Mariolatry," 1869; " Examination of Confession," 1875, &c. ; d. 18 Oct. 1875. JELLACHICH von BttzIJI, Joseph, baron ; b. 16 Oct. 1801 ; entered the Austrian army, 1819 ; made ban, or general, of the Croatian army, 1848; marched against the Hungarian insurgents ; de- feated by them, 29 Sept. 1848 ; published poems, 1850 ; d. 19 May 1859. JENKIN, Robert, theologian ; b. 1656 ; a non- juror, 1689; published "Reasonableness of Chris- tianity," 1696; d. 7 April 1727. JENKINS, r)a™l, "Welsh judge; }. about 1586 ; imprisoned for loyalty to Charles I., 1645-56 ; wrote "Eight Centuries of Reports," "Lex Terra; Anglia:," £c. ; d. 6 Dec. 1667. JENKINS, Edward, bai-rister; b. at Mysore, 1838; educated at Montreal ; M.r.forDxmdee, Feb. 1874; published " Ginx's Baby," 1871 ; "Lord Bantam," 1872 ; "Little Hodge," 1873; "Glances at Inner England," 1874. JENKINS, Henry, mythically said to have been bom, 1501 ; d. 8 Dec. 1670. JENKINS, John, musical composer ; b. 1592; published "Sonatas," 1660; d. 1678. JENKINS, sir Loolinc, Welsh judge and states- man ; h. about 1623 ; judge of the admiralty court, 1665 ; published " Argument on the Admiralty Jurisdiction ; " d. I Sept. 1685. JENKINSON, Anthony, traveller; visited Russia five times, 1557-71 ; d. 1584. JENKINSON, earls of Liverpool : Charles, &. 10 May, 1727 ; iiublished " Discourse ou the Conduct of Great Britain, in resiJcct to neutral nations " 1785 Lord of tlae admiralty, 1766 ; of the treasuiy, 1767-73 ; cliancellor of tlie ducliy of Lancaster, and lord Hjiwkesbury, Anjj. 1786 ; ejirl of Liverpool, May 1796; publislied "Treatise ou Coins of tlte Realm," 1805 ri. 17 Dec. i8o3 Robert Bank.s ; son . . . b. 7 June 1770 Became friend of Pitt ; took the title of Lord Hawkesbury .... . 1796 Foreign secretary under Addlngton . . 1801-4 Home secretary .... 1805-6 ; 1807-9 Earl, 1808 ; premier, 16 June, 1812 ; resigned tlirougli illness, 27 Feb. 1827 . d. 4 Dec. 1828 JENKS, Benjamin, theologian ; b. 1646 ; pub- lished " I'raj-ers and Devotions," 1697; "Medita- tions," 1701 ; d. 10 May 1724. JENKYNS, AVilliam, theologian; b. 1612; published " Exposition of the Epistle of St. Judo," 1652 ; imprisoned under the conventicle act ; d. 1685. JENNENS, Charles, termed from his style of living, " Solyman the magnilicent ; " edited Ham- let, &c., i772'-4; d. 1773. JENNER, Edward, M.D. ; b. 17 Mav 1749; studied under John Hunter, 1770-2; made first ex- periments in vaccination, 14 May 1796; published his success in his " Inquu'y into the Causes and Effects of the Vaiiolse Vaccinte," 1798; received by vote from parliament, £10,000, 2 June 1802 ; £20,000, 1807 ; d. 26 Jan. 1823. JENNER, sir Herbert, see :Bnst. JENNER, su- "William, M.D. ; b. 1815; pro- fessor of pathological anatomy university college hospital, itc, 1848 ; Gulstonian lecture, 1852 ; phy- sician to the queen, 1862 ; attended piince consort in last illness, Dec. 1862; prince of Wales, 1871 ; baronet, 1868 : k.c.b., 20 Jan. 1872. JENNINGS, David, dissenting minister ; b. 1691 ; his " Je^™h Antiquities" published 1766; d. Sept. 1762. ,JEN"iSriNGS 298 JOAB JENNINGS, Henry Constantino, extravagmt antiquary; b. 1731 ; (1. 7 Feb. 1819.. JENSON, see Janson. JENYNS, Soanie, poet and philosopher ; b. 1704; published "Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil," 1757; "View of the Internal Evidences of the Christian Eeligion," 1776; d. 18 Dec. 1787. JEPHSON, Robert, Irish dramatist^; h. 1736; ■wrote " IBraganza," 1775; "Count of Narbonue," 1781 ; d. 31 May 1803. JEPHTHAH, judge of Israel; defeated the Ammonites, about e.g. 1143; d. about 1137. JEEDAN, William, Scotili journalist ; b. 16 April 1782; edited "Literary Gazette," 1817-50; published "Autobiography, 1852-53; "lien 1 have Ljiown," 1866; &c. ; d. 11 July 1869. JEREMIAH, the prophet; called about B.C. 629 ; foretold the seventy years' captivity, about 606; imprisoned, about 500; released by Ebed- melech, 589 ; well-treated by the Chaldeans, 588 ; carried to Egypt by the Jewish captains, ahout 587. JEEEMIE, James Arairaux, dean of Lincoln ; b. about 1802 ; regius professor of divinity at Cam- bridge, 1849; deau, 1864; published "History of the Church in the Second and Tliivd Centuries," 1S52 ; d. u June 1872. JEREMIE, sir John, colonial judge ; b. 19 Aug. 1 795; chief justice of St. Lucia, Oct. 1824; earnest for abolition of slaverj' ; published " Essays on Colonial Slaver\%" 1831 ; as procui'eur and ad- vocate-general in the Mauritius incuiTed much op- po.sition, 1832-5; justice in Ceylon, 1836; published " Letter on Negro Emancipation," 1840; appointed governor of Sierra Leone, Oct. 1840 ; d. there 23 AprU 1841. JEENINGHAM, Edward, poet and dramatist; b. 1727: d. 17 Nov. 1812. JEROBOAM I. II., kings of Israel: 1. served under Solomon ; nnminateil king B.C. 980 ^I.ade king ; establislied idolato' . . . 975 Defeated liy Abijah, king of .Tinlali, 958 . d. 954 2. sonof Jeiiu; reigned xn'osperously . . 825-795 JEROME, saint, see Hleronymiis. JEROME OP PeaGTIE, Bohemian refonner; b. about 1378; A^isited many iniiversities, and pro- pounded new doctrines ; at Prague defended Huss, and broke off connexion with the clergy, 1408; although warned, came to Constance to defend his doctrines, 4 April ; fled ; cited to appear ; cap- tured ; brought back, 23 May ; burnt, 30 May 1416. JERRAM, rev. Charles; b. 1770; published " Conversations on Infant Baptism," 1810; "Letters on the Atonement," 1828; d, 10 June 1853. JERROLD, Douglas "William, dramatist, no- velist, and journalist; b. 3 Jan. 1803 ; d. 8 Jmie 1857- Worked as compositor . . . 1818, et seq. Wrote "Black-Eyed Susan," 1826; "Rent-Day," 1830, &c. Wrote for ''Puncli" .... 1841,6(5^2- Published " Cakes and Ale," 1842; " Man made of Money," 1849 ; "St. Giles and St. Jiunes," 1851 ; "Story of a Feather," 1844: "Chronicles of Clovernook," 1846 ; " Caudle Lectures," 1846 ; "Works" 1851-4 JEREOLD, "William Blanchard, sou, journal- ist, novelist, and di-amatist; b. 1826; iniblished " Disgrace to the Family," 1847 ; " Life of Douglas Jerrold," 1838 ; " On the Boulevards," l856 ; &c. ; " Life of Napoleon III.," 1874-5 ; many novels and papers. JEEVAS, Charles, painter, friend of Pope ; b. about 1675; d. 2 Nov. 1739. JEEYIS, John, earl St. "^''incent, admiral ; b. 9 Jan. 1734-5; captured the " Pegase," April 1782 ; defeated the Spanish fleet off Cape St. "Vincent, 14 Feb. 1797 ; suppressed mutiny in the Channel, July 1797 ; viscount, 1801 ; admiral of the fleet, 19 July r»2i ; rf. 15 March 1823. JEEVIS, sir John, lawyer; I). 1802; attorney- general, 1846-50; chief justice of the common pleas, 1850; d. I Nov. 1856. JEEVOIS, colonel su- "William Francis Drummond, c.b. ; i. 1821 ; entered Koyal En- gineers, 1839; served in the Cape, l84i-6_; at Woolwich, 1848-52 ; an inspector of fortifications, 1856; sent to Canada to report on fortifications, i8t>3 ; appointed governor of Straits' Settlements, 7 April 1875 ; K.C.M.G., 1874. JESSE, Edw.ard, naturalist; b. 14 Jan. 1780; published "Gleanings in Natural History," 1832-5; "Scenes and Tales of a Country Life," 1844; "Anecdotes of Dogs," 1846; d. 29 March 1868. JESSE, John Heneage, son, historian and poet ; b. about 181 5; published " George Selwyn andhis Contemporaries," 1843; "Memoirs of Coiu-t of London, 1688-1760," 1S43; "Memoirs of George III.," 1866-7; ire against the Latins 1204 Succeeded Theodore Lascaris, as emperor at Nica^ . 1222 Defeated the Latins at Pcemane , . 1224 Unsuccessfully besieged Constantinople . . 1235 Took many Latin towns ; made peace ; d. 30 Oct. 1255 4. Lascaiis, emperor of Nictea, 1259; blinded and detlironed by Michael Palajologus . 25 Dec. 1261 5. Cantacuzenus!; regent fur John Palarologus, 1341 ; seized the throne ; crowned . 21 March 1342 Took Constantinople, 8 Jan. 1347 ; made Palteo- logus his colleague, and married liini to his daughter ; compelled to abdicate . Jan. 1355 Became a monk, and wrote a history of the empire <'■ about 1411 5. or 6. Palajologus, son of Andronicus IIL h. 1332 Colleague of John V. ; reigned alone . . . 1355 Weak and dissolute ; his empire overrun by the Turks; solicited help from the west ; professed himself a catholic at Rnme . . 1369-70 Sxibjugated by Bajazet ; imprisoned . . d. 1391 7. Palieologus; b. 25 Deo. 1390; succeeded his father, Manuel H., 1425 ; visited Itiily to solicit help against tlie Turks, 1437 ; at Fh)rence, agreed to union of eastern and western churches July 1439 d. 31 Oct. 1448 JOHN (Juan) I. II., lyings of Aragou: 1. h. 27 Dec. 1350; .=!ucceeded his father, Pedro IV., 3 Jan. 1387 ; luxiuioiis, and ruled liy his wife d. ig May 1395 S. son nf Ferdinand I., able and warlike; h. 29 June 1397 ; succeeded his father-in-law, Chailes III., as king of Navarre 1425 Intrigued much in Castile ; succeeded his brother, Alfonso v., as king of Aragon and Castile, 5 J«iy Quarrelled witli his son, Ferdinand IL ; d. 19 Jan. 2S Sc].t. 23 May 1396 1404 1405 ! JOHN, " Sans Pour," duke of Biirgundy ; i 28 Jlay 1371; assassinated, lO Sept. 1419. Jdined tlie Hungarian anny against tlic Turks prisoner at the defeat at Kicnpolis Succeeded his fatiier, Fliilip Opiiosed by the duke of Orleans Apparently reconciled with liim ; caused his assas- sination 23 Nov. 1407 Eeturued to Paris ; declared an enemy of the state 140S Made )teace with his enemies by the treaty at Bieetre 2 Nov. 1410 After long contention, and mnch inti-ij^ie, met the dan}ihin at Montereau, and Wiis there assas- sinated . 10 Sept. 1410 1458 1479 ; !'■ 1286 1270 1286 JOHN of Lnxemburg, king of Bohemia ^ aloout 1295 ; nian-ied Elizabeth, heiress of "W'en- ceslaus, king of Bohemia, and obtained the king- dom, 131 1 ; became blind 1340; killed at Crecy, ■when fighting for the king of France, his son-in- law, 26 Aug. 1346. JOHN I.— VI., dukes of Brittany : 1. b. 1217 ; excommunicated by the pope ; rpi.ar- relled with his barons . . . d- S Oct. 2. b. 4 Jan. 123Q ; man-ied Beatrice of England : joined the crusade uf Louis IX. . Succeeded his father, John I. . . . Suppoi-ted England against France . 1294-5 Killed by a falling wall . . . 14 Nov. 1305 3. the Good ; b. 1286 ; succeeded his fatlier, Arthur II. . . ... 1312 Nominated Cliarles of Blois, husband of his niece, successor ... d. 30 Apirl 1341 4. dc Monttort ; seized the ducliy at the death of his brother, John III May „ Lost it, and taken prisoner by Charles of Blois and the French Sept. „ His wife Jane successfully defended his ca\ise i Escaxied from piison ...'/. 26 Sept. 4. or 5. the Valiant, son of John IV. . '1. His cause maintained by Ids mother, Jane, at his father's deatli After many conflicts, succeeded Charles de Blois, killed at Auray .... 20 Sept. Alliance with England, and war with France, 1364 — Jan. Civil war with the constable, Olivier de Clissr)n 13 (1. (suspected by poison) . . i Nov. 5. or 6. son, the Good and Wise . b. 24 Dec. Succeeded .... .1 Nov. 141-2 1345 1345 1364 1381 588-95 1399 1389 1399 Made peace with Clisson 1400 Under the guardianship of the duke of Burgundy 1402 Assumed the govennncut . . . . 1404 Aided the king against the English . . . .1415 Seized and imprisoned by the Penthievres Feb. 1420 Delivered to his subjects 1421 Long oscillated between the French and English alliance, 1421 . d. 28 Aug. 1442 JOHN (Juan-) I. II., kings of Castile: 1. 7>. 24 Aug. 135S ; siicceeded his father, Henry II. 1379 Invaded Portugal ; defeated at .^Ijubarota, 14 Aug. 13S5 Madepeaceby mai-riage of hisson, 1387 ; f?. 9 Oct. 1390 2. h. 6 March 1405 ; wai-like and literary ; suc- ceeded his father, Henry HI., under the care of his mother Dec. 1406 Jlnch troubled by intenneddling of John, king uf NavaiTe, and others ; defeated them in battle at Olmedo, 1445 ''. 21 July 1454 JOHN, king of Denmark, Sweden, and Nor- w-ay ; li. 1455 ; d. 20 Feb. 1513. Succeeded his father, Christian I. . . . 14S1 Defeated Steen Sture, 28 Oct. ; crowned king of Sweden 28 Nov. 1497 Totally defeated in an attempt to conquer Ditt- mai-schen, in Holstein . . 1500 Lost Sweden by a revolt . . . . . 1501 Suppressed insurrections in Norway 1502, 150S Recognised again in Sweden . 1512 JOHN, king of England, son of Henry II. ; i. 24 Bee. 1166; d. atNewark, 19 Oct. 1216. Lord ot Ireland, May 1177; went there Manh 11S5 Offended chiefs : recalled . . . Dec. ,, Intrigued against Richard, his brother . 1190-93 His estates seized ; he escaped to France . 1194 Succeeded his brother, Richard I., as duke of Nornnnidy ... 25 -Vpril 1199 Crowned king of Engl.md . . . . 27 May ,, Divorced his wife, Isabel or Hawisc, and married Is.abel of Angouleme betrothed to the conite 'le la Marche . ... Oct. 1200 Defeated tlie French suppoiiei-s of his nephew, .Arthur; cajitured him, 31 July, and it is said, put liim to death . Lost Nonniindy, Anjipu, &c. Quarrelled with the pope, by oppo.sing the election ot Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury ; Invaded France; burnt Angers; compelled to renounce tlie countiy north of the Loire Seized a thiiieenth of all prolierty His kingdom placed under an interdict, 23 March Exconimunicated by the pojpe . Nov. His subjects .absolved from allegiance . . . 1212 Received Pandulph, the pope's legate, and solemnly reconciled to the ipope, 13 May ; did homage for his dominions, 15 May; the excomniunicatioii revoked, 20 July ; and the interdict removed, 6 Dec. 1213 Conceded Magna Charta at Rnnnyniede 15 June 1215 Attackeil the barons, ravaging their estates ; took Rochester castle ... 30 Nov. ,, His throne ottered by the barons to Louis of France, who invaded England . . -April 1216 Joined by some of the barons "who distrusted ilie French June ,. JOHN I. II., lromoted mis- sions, 1540 . . . d. II June 1557 4. duke of Braganza . . . Z>. 19 March 1604 Made king dming an insurrection against the Spaniards ... . . i Dec. 1640 Rided vigorously; defeated the Spaniards at Montijo, 26 May 1644 . . d. 26 Nov. 1656 5. }). 22 Oct. 1689 ; succeeded his father, Pedro II. g Dec. 1706; proclaimed . . . 1 Jan. 1707 Devoted himself to ecclesiaistical aflairs ; founded the palace of Mafra, an imitation of the -Escu- rial aud Versailles . . - - 17 Nov. 1717 Styled "very faithful majesty" by the pope, 23 Dec. 1748 rf- 31 Jnly 1750 6. Maria Jose Luis, son of Pedro III. h. 13 May 1769 Began to govern for his mother Maria I. March 1792 Joined the first coalition agamst France (to the injury of Portuguese commerce) i Sept. 1793 Assumed the title of regent . - . . . 1799 Made peace with France ... 6 Jan. 1801 Fled to Brazil at hearing of the detennined par- tition of Portugal between Fi-ance and Spain 27 Nov. 1807 Arrived at Bahia .... 21 Jan. 1808 King at his mother's death . . 16 March 1816 Compelled to return to Lisbon by the cortes ; swore to obsen'e the new constitution 9 March 1821 Forced to resume absolute power . May 1823 d. I March 1S26 JOHN, sovereigns of Saxony : John" the Constant, ehcior : h. 30 June, 1467 ; suc- ceeded his brother, Frederic the Wise . 1525 Joined Philip of Hesse in siipporting the refor- mation . 1526 Joined in the protest at Spires . . 1529 Proclaimed the Augsburg Confession 25 June 1530 d. 16 August 1532 John Fredeeic I. the Magnanimous, elector, son fc. 30 June 1503 Succeeded his father 1532 Established tlie refonned doctrines in his states 1533 Put to the ban of the empire; defeated and made prisoner at Miihlberg, 24 April ; con- demned to death, 10 May ; .sentence commuted to dexirivation of electorate . . 18 May 1547 Liberated by Maurice, uew elector . . . „ d. 3 March 1554 John Frederic II. , cZwJ-e . . . ft. 8 Jan. 1529 Acquired Gotha after the battle of Miihlberg . 1547 Founded the university of Jena , . . 1552 Succeeded his father, John Frederic I. as duke 1554 Put to the ban of the empire for sujipnrting Wil- liam of Graumbach, 1566 d. in prison, 9 May 1595 John George I. elector, son of Christian I. ; Zi. 5 March 1585 ; succeeded his brother Christian II. 23 June 1611 ; supported the emperor Ferdinand in the 30 years' wax, ended 1648 d. 8 Oct. 1656 John, fciKf/; h. 12 Dec. 1801 ; cultivated literature ; translated Dante into German . . 1839-46-65 Succeeded his brother Frederic Augustus II., 9 Aug. 1854 ; opposed Prussia in war, made to cede Konigstein and pay above a million ster- ling (by treaty), 21 Oct. 1866; entered North German confederation and supported war against France, 1870-1 . . d. 29 Oct. 1873 JOHN, king of Scotland, see Balliol. JOHN I— III., kings of Sweden : 1. succeeded Erie X., 1216 ; propagated Cliris- ! tianity by war . . . . d. 1222 j 2. (see John I. of Denmark.) ' 3. son of Gustavus Vasa ; h. 21 Dec. 1537: de- posed his brother Eric XIV., 1569; made jieace with Denmark, Dec. 1570 . . d. 19 Oct. 1592 JOHN, patriarcli of Antioch, about 427 ; fa- voured Nostorius,;and fonned a council at Ephesus against the one headed by Cyiil, whom he deposed, 431 ; reconciled to Cyril against Nestorius, 432 ; d, about 442. JOHN ARGTROPOLUS, Greek presbyter, professor at Constantinople; reviver of learaing in the west ; rector of the university of Padua 1442 ; preceptor of Lorenzo de' iledici ; expounded Greek at the academy at Florence, about 1469 ; at Home, about 1471 ; d. after 1480. JOHN of Austria, Don, natural son of the emperor Charles V. ; h. 24 Feb. 1545-6 ; d. i Oct. 1578. Educated for a priest, but adopted a militarj' life ; as general of the league against the Turks, de- feated them in the naval battle of Lepanto, and saved Europe 7 Oct. 1571 Commander of the Sjianish army against the Ne- theriands ; entered Luxemburg . . 4 Nov. 1576 Conceived the project of delivering and marrj'ing Jlary queen of Scots 1577 d. in his camp before Namur, probably by poison I Oct. 1578 JOHN of Beverley, bishop of Hexham and archbishop of York ; wrote homilies ; rf. 722. JOHN the Cappadocian, patriarch of Constanti- nople, 517 or 518; with pope Hormisdas, endea- voured to reconcile the eastern and western churches, 519; d. 520. JOHN of Cappadoeia, minister of Justinian, 530: rapacious and treacherous; ruined by the empress Theodora, about 540 ; d. a monk. JOHN 302 JOHNSTON JOHN of the Cross, St. (Juan de la Cruz), Siianish mystic ; h. 1542 ; frieiid of St. Teresa, 1563 ; d. 1591 ; beatified, 1675 ; canonized, 1726. JOHN CASIMIE, count palatine; b. i Marcli 1543; chief of the refonncd party in Gemiany ; promoted manufactures ; regent of the electorate for Frederic IV., 1583 ; d. 6 Jan. 1592. JOHN of Damascus, St., ecclesiastical ^niter ;' b. about 676 ; "wrote elementary treatises, and against heresies ; d. about 756. JOHN the Italian (Italus), Greek philosopher and heresiarch; narrowly escaped death by the ]nob ; compelled to retract, 1084. JOHN, bishop of Jerusalem, 3S6; accused of favouring Origenism ; supported Chrysostom ; d. about 417. JOHN of Gaunt, see Lancaster. JOHN of Hexham, chronicler ; Jl. about 1 1 70. JOHN of Leydcn (Johann Boccold) ; b. about 1510; d. 13 Feb. 1536. Joined the Anabaptists of JInnster, and helped Matthias of Haarlem to the chief iiower at the revolt 1533-4 At Matthias's death (killed by soldiers of bishop of Waldeck) assumed power as an in.spired pro- phet ; crowned kinj; of Sion . . 24 June 1534 Manied fifteen wives; besieged; betrayed; cap- tured, 2 June 1535 ; sent through the country in a cage ; executed . . 13 Feb, 1536 JOHN, bishop of S.alisbury, philosopher; b. about iiic ; employed by Becket in negotiations at Rome; made bishop of Chartres, 1 176; wrote " Polycraticus," and " Metalogicus," and "Life of Becket;" d. about 25 Oct. IlSo. JOHN SCHOLASTICUS, patriarch of .\n- tioch, about 564 ; d. 578. JOHNES, Thomas, colonel, antiquary and scholar- ; b. about 1 748; set up a printing office on l;is estate at Hafod, in Cardiganshii-e ; printed there his translation of Froissart's Chronicles, 1803-q ; Joinville's Memoirs, 1807; Jtonstrelet's Chronicles, i8og ; his house and library bunit ; loss, £70,000, 1807 ; d. 23 Apiil 1816. JOHNS, rev, Charles Alexander, botanist; b. 181 1 ; published "Flora Sacra," 1841 ; "Botanical Rambles," 1846; and many other works for youth ; d, 28 Jime 1874. JOHNSON, Andrew, American statesman ; b. 29 Dec. 1808 ; worked as a tailor ; self-educated ; gradually rose to be member of congress, 1843-53 ! governor of Tennessee, 1853-57 ; Uiutcd States senator, 1857-63 ; elected vice-president of United States, 18O4; president (after the assassination of Lincoln), 15 April 1865 — 4 March 1869; articles of his impeachment rejected by the senate. May 18O8 ; re-elected to the senate ; d. 31 July 1875. JOHNSON, Charles, dramatist; b. 1679; (f. 11 March 1748. JOHNSON, Cuthbert, hamster: b. 28 Sept. 1799; devoted himself to agriculture; began "Fanner's Almanac," 1841 ; "F:inners' Encyclo- pedia," 1842 ; " Our House and Garden," &c. 1868 ; &o. JOHNSON, Edward Ralph, bishop; arch- deacon of Chester, 1871 ; consecrated bishop of Cal- cutta, 30X0V. 1876. JOHNSON, John, nonjuring theologian ; b- 30 Dec. 1662; published "Clergyman's Vademe- cum," 1708; "The Unbloody Sacrifice," I7I4;(/. 15 Dec. 1725. JOHNSON, very rev. George Henry Sache- verell; b. 1808; eminent tutor at Queen's college, Oxford; SaviHan professor of astronomy, 1839-42; of moral philosophy, 1842-5; dean of AYells, 1854; published " Treatise on Optics," 1836; ifcc. JOHN"SON, Ea.stman, American paiirter ; b. 29 July 1824 ; studied at Diisseldorf, 1849-5 1 ; at the l-fague, 1851-4; retui-ned to New York, 1856. Works: "Old Kentucky Home," 1859; "Tillage Blacksmith," 1864; "Barefoot Boy," i8rD8; ''Wounded Drummer," 1872; "Pedlar," 1873; &c. JOHNSON, Reverdy, American lawyer and statesman; b. 21 May 179?'; attorney-general, L'.S., 1849 ; minister to London, Aug. i868-g ; d. 10 Feb. 1876. JOHNSON, or JhoXSOX, Richard ; published "Nine Worthies of London," 1592: "Life of Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury," 1612. JOHNSON, Samuel, protestant theologian ; /;. 1649 ; published "Julian, the Apostate," (agixinst the doctrine of passive obedience), 1682 ; for which he was fined and ini]n-isoued, 1684; "Address to the Prote-stants in the King's Amiy," (for which he was publicly- whipped), 21 Nov. 1686; pensioned by William III., 1689; d. May 1703. JOHNSON, Samuel, dramatist: b. about 1705 ; wrote " Hurlothrumbo," 1729; " ilad Lovers," 1732; (?. 1773. JOHNSON, Samuel, ll.d., lexicograjiher, essayist, poet, and critic; b. at Lichfield, 18 Sept. 1709; d. 13 Dec. 1784. Usher at a school at Market-Boswovth . . . 1732 granted ilrs. Poiter, and set up a school (failed) 1736 With David Garrick, his pninl, went to Lundon . 1737 ,V contriluitor to the '•' Gentleman's Magazine," (uften in deep novelty) 173S-54 Began English dictionary ... . 1747 Received a pension of £300 from George III. . . 1761 Fii-st acquaint^ince with Bo^^\ ell 16 IMay 1763 Interview with Geovi^e III. Feb. 1767 Professor Royal .\cadcmy . . . 17(59 Boswell's " 1-ife of Johusou " published . . . 1791 Published his "London, a Poem." ]\tay 1738; "Life of Sav.ngc," 1744 ; "Irene," a tragedy, and "The Vanity of Hunnm Wishes," 1749; " Ram- Itler," 1750-32; "Euglish IHctionary," 1755: "Idler," 1753-60; " Rassehis," 1759; "Bhak- speare," . with notes, 1765; " Jonrney to the Western Isles of Scotland," 1774; "Taxation no Tyranny," 1775 ; " Lives of the English Poets " 1779-81 JOHNSON, Thomas, botani.st; b. 1561 ; edited Gerard's "Herbal," 1633 ; d. 30 Sept. 1644. JOHNSTON, Alexander, Scotch historical and subject painter ; b. 1836 ; exliibited '' Gentle Sheji- herd," 1840; "Covenanter's MaiTiage," 1842; "Lord and Lady Russell," 1846; " Melamhthon rocking his Infant," 1854; " I'jmdal translating the Bible," 1855 ; &o. JOHNSTON, Alexander Keith, Scotch geo- gra])her; b. 28 Dec. 1804; published "National Atlas," 18^3; " Physical Atlas of Natural Pheno- mena," 1847-49 ;" Dictionary of GeogTaphy," 1851 ; " Roval Atlas," 1861 ; " Index Geographicus," 18G4; d. 9 July 1S71. JOHNSTON, or JOSSTOX, Arthur, Scotch physician and Latin poet ; b. 1587 ; published' Latin version of the "Psalms," and " Deliciee Poetarum Scoticorum," 1637; d. 1641. JOHNSTON, Charles, Irish novelist; -m-ote " Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea," 1760; " Bcvorie," 1762 ; d. in India, about 1800. JOHNSTON 303 JONAS JOHNSTON, George, m.d., naturalist ; I. at lenvick, 1 798 ; detected the new water-weed (anacharis alsinastrum) at Dunse Castle, 1S38; publisiied " History of British Zoophytes nud Sponges," 1838-42; " Introduction to Conchologv," 1850 ; d. 30 July 1855. JOHNSTON, James Finlny Weir, Scotch chemist; J. 13 Sept. 1796; published "Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry," 1844; "Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry," 1 844; "Notes on North America," 1851 ; " Chemistry of Common life," 1853-54; rf. 18 Sept. 1855. JOHNSTON, John, naturalist : b. 1C03 ; d. Jan. 1675. JOHNSTON, Joseph Eccleston, American con- federate general ; I. about 1S07. Served in the Mexican war . . 1847 General in tlie eoiifederiite anny . . April 1S61 Failed t6 relieve Vicksburj,^ ; defeated at Jackson, Missouri 13 July 1862 Opposed Sherman's march into Georgia ; super- seded by Hood . . . Only 1864 After the fall of Richmond, surrendered . Aiii-il 1865 Engaged in reconstmction of the South ; puhlislied " Narrative of llilitaiy Operatiuns" . . 1874 JOHNSTONE, Bryce, d.d., Scotch clergy- man; b. 1747; published " Conmientaries on the Eevelation," 1794; d. 1805. JOHNSTONE, Chevalier do, Jacobite, aide-de- <-amp to Lord George ilurray ; wrote " History of the Rebellion of 1745-46; " d. about 1790. JOHNSTONE, George, captain, m.p. ; pub- lished " Thoughts on o\u- Acquisitions in the E;ist Indies," 1771; d. 1787. JOHNSTONE. James, M.D., Scotch physician; b. 1730 ; settled at Worcester; published " Medical Essays and Observations," 1795; d. 28 April 1802. JOHNSTONE, John Henry, comedian; b. 1 750 ; at Covent Garden, Oct. 1 783 ; at Urury Laue, 1803 ; d. 26 Dec. 1828. JOINVILLE, Jean, sire de, French historian ; b. about 1224; accompanied Louis IX. in his erusade, 1248; wrote liis memoirs, 1509; d. about 1319- JOINVILLE, Francois Ferdinande Philippe Louis Marie d' Orleans, priuce de, thii-d son of Louis PMlippe ; b. 14 Aug. 1818. Visited Portsmimth, Pljnuouth, .tee. . . 1835 Served in an attack on Vera Cruz . 27 Nov. 1838 CoiA-eyed the body of Napoleon I. from St. Helena to Paris 1840 Married Francis Caroliue, sister of emperor of Brazil . . .1 Jlay 1843 Bombarded Tangier . 6 Aug. 1844 Seized the Isle of Mogador 23 Aug. „ Made vice-admii-al .... 18 Sept. „ Assisted in rescuing the passengers of the " Ocean Monarch " when on tire 24 Aug. 1848 Visited Germany, &c. 1849 Settled at Claremont . .... 1853 .Vecompanied General M'CleUan in American civil ^vi:r 1862 Published in " Eevue des Deux Mondes," a review of the fleets of France and United States . 1865 Returned to France ; with due d'Aumale took seats in tlie national assembly . 19060.1871 Declined re-election . . 29 Dec. 1875 JOKAI, Maurus, Hungarian novelist ; b. 19 Feb. 1825 ; editor of " AVochen-Blatt," 1846; pro- claimed "Twelve Points of Pesth," 1848; joined the Hungarian army; nan'owly escaped capture, Aug. 1848 ; created modem Hungarian literature ; published many romances, tales, &c. ; established the "Hon," liberal journal, 1863. JOLIVET, Jean Baptistc Moise, comte de, French political economist; b. 1754; denounced the Jacobin Club, 9 Aug. 1 792 ; published " De I'lmpOt sur les Successions," &c., 1798; d. 29 Jime 18 18. JOLLIEFB, see Ilylton. JOLLIVET, Adolphe, French publicist; b. 1799; published " Examen dxi Systeme Electoral .i.nglais," 1835; killed at Paris, 24"Feb. 1848. JOLLOIS, Jean Baptiste Prosper, French anti- quary ; b. 17 Aug. 1776; published " Histou-e de Jeanne d'Arc," 182 1 ; "Histoii-e du Siege d' Orleans," 1833 ; d. 25 June 1842. JOLLY, Francois Antoine, French dramatist ; b. 25 Dec. 1C62 ; edited Jloliere, 1734 ; d. 30 July I7S3- JOLLY, Marie Elisabeth, French actress ; }. 8 April 1761 ; d. 5 May 1798. JOLY, Claude, French priest; b. 2 Feb. 1607; published " RecueU des Maxjnies pour I'lnstitution du Roi," 1652 ; d. 15 Jan. 1700. Guy, nephew, wrote Memoirs, 1648-55. JOLY DE MAIZaEHOY, Paul Gedeon, French tactician; b. 6 Jan. 1 7 19; published " E.ssais ililitaires," l763;"Cours de Tactique," 1766; rf. 7 Feb. 1780. JOMAED, Edme Francois, French engineer and geographer ; /). 20 or 22 Nov. 1777 ; joined the cxpeditiou to Egyi)t, 1799; assisted m editing "Description de I'Egypte," 1803, ct seq. ; founder of a Gcograpliical society at Paris, 1821 ; d. 28 Sept. 1862. JOMELLI, Nicolo, Italian musical composer ; b. 1714; composed operas, cantatas, oratorios, and church music; d. 28 Aug. 1774. JOMINI, Henri, baron, Swiss general; b. 6 March 1779; d. 24 March i86g. Organised Swiss troops .... 1799 Entered French anny ; aide-de camp tn Ney . . 1805 Presented liis " Traite des Gr.ands Operiitions de la Guerre " to Napoleon I. at Austerlitz . Dec. 1805 SeiTed in the penuisular war 180S Hanlly used by Napoleon ; retired from his seiwice ; jomed the czar (abstaining from active service) . 181^ Pubhslied " Histoire des Campagnes de la Revolu- tion, 1792-1801 " 1819-24 Milit-ny tutor of Nicholas (afterwards czar), 1822 ; laiblislled " Precis de I'-U't de Guerre " 1838 Settled at Bmssels . . 1855 JON, Fran(;ois du (Junius), French protestant theologist and philologist ; b. I Jlay 1545 ; pub- lished Latin translation of the Bible by himself and Ti-omellius, 1575-79; "Eirenicon de Pace Ecclesia; CathoHcse," 1593; " Methode des Lieux Communs de la Sainte Ecriture," 1599; d. 13 Oct. 1602. Francjois, son; b. 1589; settled in Eng- land, 1622; published "de Picturl Veterum," 1637 ; " Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels," 1665 ; " Etymologicum Anglicaniun," (published by Lye), 1743; d. 19 Nov. 1677. J0N.31, or JONNSON', Amgrim, Icelandic clergyman; b. 1568; published "Brevis Comraen- tarius de Islandia," 1593 ; " Ciimogsea sive Rerum Islandicanun," 1609-50 ; d. 1648. JONAH, Hebrew prophet; preached at Nineveh about B.C. 862. JONAS, Justus, German reformer ; b. 5 June 1493 ; friend of Luther ; accompanied him to wonns, 1521: preached at Naumburg, 1536; ex- pelled from Halle by order of Maurice the elector, 1546; published an account of Luther's death, and JONAS 304 JONES pronouuced his funeral oration, 1546; cl. 9 Oct. 1555- JONAS, Eraile, French composer ; b. t; Jlarch 1827 ; his " Deux Arlequins " successful, l866; pro- duced many operettas, iS:c. JONATHAN, son of Saul; defeated the Philis- tines, B.C. 1093 ; killed in battle, 1056. JONES, Anson, American physician ; emi^ated to Texas ; defeated Santa Anna and the Mexicans, and became first president of the state of Texas ; 1840 ; supported the annexation to United States ; d. by suicide, Jan. 1858. JONES, Edward, Welsh bard to tho prince of "Wales ; i. about 1751 ; revived the Eisteddfod, or raeetinp: of bards, 1 788 ; published " Relics of the Welsh Bards," 1786; " Bardic Museum," 1802 ; cl. 182 1. JONES, Ernest Charle.=i, ban-ister, poet, and chartist, son of colonel Jones, aide-de-camp to the Idng of Hanover; J. 21; Jan. 1819; educated at Hanover; published "Wood Spirit," a romance, i84i;caUedto the bar, 1844; joined the chartist afritation about 1845 ; imprisoned, 1848-9 ; pub- lished "Battle Day," 1855; " Songs of Democracy," 1856-7 ; cl. 26 Jan. 1869. JONES, George, historical painter; h. 1786; " Battle of Waterloo," 1820; H. A. ,1824; librarian of Royal Academy, 1834-40; keeper, 1840-50; pub- lished " Life of Sir F.'Chantrey,^' 1849 ; cl. 19 Sept. 1869. JONES, Griffith, rfiilanthropist ; h. 1684; dis- tiibuted thousands of Welsh bibles and tracts ; cl. 8 April 1 76 1. JONES, Gi-iffith, jouniali.st and writer of juve- nile books, friend of Johnson ; h. I'll ; d. 12 Sept. 1786. ,^_ JONES, lieut.-gen. sir Harry David; h. 1792; entered royal engineers, 1S08 ; sei-ved in French wars, 1808-15; conducted siege of Bomarsund, Aug. 1854 ; at Sebastopol, 1S55 ; president of commission of national defences, 1859 ; d. 2 Aug. 1866. JONES, Henry, Irish dran,ati.st and poet; h. about 1720; published " The Earl of Essex," 1753; (/. Apiil 1770. JONES, Henrj- Benc'e, m.d., physician and chemist; b. 31 Dec. 181 3; publisncd "Anim.nl Chemistry," 1850; edited Du Bois Bcymond'.s " Animal Electritity," 1852 : ihilder on Wines, 1857; elected secretary of Koyal Institution of Great Britain, i860; member of Cattle Plague Commission, 1865; published "Lectures on some of the applications of Mechanics and Chemistry to Pathology and Therapeutics," 1867; "Matter and Force" (Croonian Lectures), 1868; "Life and Letters of Faraday," 1869 ; " Eoyal Intstiution, its Foimder and Fkst Professors," 1871 ; d. 20 April 1873- JONES, Inigo, arcliitect and scholar; "the English Titravius;" b. 19 July 1.^3; erected Whitehall, the Queen's chapel, St. James's, St. Paul's, Covent Garden, &c.: ^vrote "Stonehenge Bcstored," published 1655 ; d. 21 June 1652. JONES, Jeremiah, dissenting minister ; b. about 1693; published "Vindication of St. Mat- thew's Gospel" against Whiston, 1719; "New Method of settling the Canonicity of the New Testament," 1726; d. 1724. JONES, John, English physician ; published "Dial of Agues," 1556 ; " Bathes of Bath," 1572 ; " Art and Science of Preserving Body and Soul in Health," 1579. JONES, John, Benedictine ; b. 1575 ; published " Conciliiitio Locorum Communium totius Scrip- tura?," 1623; d. ij Dec. 1636. JONES, John Edward, sculptor; b. about 1806 ; d. 25 July 1862. JONES, John, Unitarian minister and philolo- gist; b. about 1765; published "Illustrations of the Four Gospels," 1808; "Greek and English Lexi- con," 1823 ; cl. 10 Jan. 1827. JONES, John, I.L.-D., lawyer and historian; b. 1771 ; published " de Faraosis Libellis, or the Law of Libel," 1812; <1. April 1838. JONES. John Gale, apothecary and politician ; b. 1771; published "Political Tour in Kent," 1796; convicted of sedition, g April, 1797; committed to prison and released, 1810 ; d. April 1838. JONES, John Paul, Scotch seaman; J. 6 July 1747 ; cl. at Paris, 18 July 1792. Settled in Virginia . . i773 Entered the Americnn ser\-icp 177s As captain of the '* Providence," did inin-li dainage to the British navy ; burnt s]ii]tyiing in the port of Wliiteh.Tvcn, and nttackeil tlie castle of lord Selkirk (where lii.s father hiid been ganlcner) Ajnil 1778 Captured tlie "Seraiiis" . 22 Sept. 1779 Higlily hnnonred at Wasliiiigtnn . . Feb. 1781 In the Russian service; employed against the Turks . . 1784-9 JONES, John Winter, hibliogi-ajiher ; b. about 1808 ; keeper of the printed books in the British Museum, 1850; principal librarian, June 1 8615; edited " Ilakluyt s Divera Voyages touching the Discovery of America," 1850 ; &c. JONES, Owen, antiquary; b. 1754; helped to found the "Cambrian Society," 1772; publislied "Archa'ology of Wales," d. 1814. JONES, Owen, architect; b. about 1809; tra- velled in Spain and the East ; published with M. Jules Goury, "Illustrations of the Alhambra," 1842-45; "Grammar of Omament," 1856; super- intended Avorks of Great Exhibition, 1851 ; designed Alhambra Court, frc, at Crystal Palace, 1852-4 ; published " 1000 Initial Letters and 702 Mono- grams," 1864 ; d. 19 April 1874. JONES, rev. Eichard. political economist ; b. 1791 ; his " Lectures," published, 1856 ; d. 26 Jan. 1855- JONES. Bice, Welshpool; b. 1716; published " Welsh Anthology," 1770; d. i8or. JONES, Stephen, printer and joumalist; b. 1763 ; published " Biographical Dictionary," 1796 ; edited " Biograpliia Dramatica," 1812 ; d. 1827. JONES, Thomas, see Johnes. JONES, Thomas Ejnner, naturalist ; b. about 1810; FuUerian professor at the Eoyal Institution, 1 84 1 -4 ; published " Natural History of Animals," 1845-56. JONES, Thomas 'WTiarton, Scotch physiolo- gist; b. 1808; FuUerian professor of physiology in the Eoyal Institution, London, 1S51-54; obtained the Actonian prize for an essay " on Vision," 1851 ; published " Physiology of Body, Sense, and Mind," 1869," &c. JONES, William, mathematician; b. 1680; published " NeAV Compendium of Navigation," 1702 ; d. July 1749. JONES 305 JOSEPH JONES, sir William, linguist and orientalist ; son of preceding ; b. 28 Sept. 1746; tutor of lord Althorjjo, 1 766 ; travelled m the East ; published "Persian Grammar," 1771; "Poeseos Asiatioae Comnientarii," 1774; a judge at Calcutta; founded an Asiatic Society there, 1 783 ; published " Life of Nadir Shah," 1773; "Laws of Menu," 1794; d. at Calcutta, 27 April 1794 : his collected works published by lord Teignmouth, 1799. JONES, rey. William of Nayland, Hutchin- sonian ; b. 3 July 1726; established the "British Critic," 1793; published " Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity," 1756; "Natural Philosophy," 1762; " Scholar Armed," 1792; "Life of Bishop Home," 1795; d. 6 Feb. 1800. JONES, William, bookseller, pastor of the Scotch baptists; b. 1762 ; published "History of the Waldeusea," 1811 ; "History of the Christian Church," 1819; d. 1846. JONES, right rev. Wm. Basil Tickell, bishop ; b. 1822 ; vicar of Bishopsthorpe, 1865 ; archdeacon W. K. Yorkshire, 1867; chancellor of York, 1871 ; consecrated bishop of St. David's, 24 Aug. 1874; published (with E. A. Freeman) "History of St. David's," 1856 ; " Sermons," &c. JONGr, Ludolph van, Dutch painter; b. 1616; d. 1697. JONGHE, Bernard de, Belgian historian; b. 3 Feb. 1674; published "de Solat4 BatavisL," 1717 ; "History of Ghent" (in Flemish), 1746; d. 24 Oct. 1749. JONIN, Gilbert, French poet; b. 1596; pub- lished "Anthologia Sacra," 1634; "^nigmata Beatitudmes," 1636; d. 9 March 1638. JONSIUS, Johann, German scholar; b. 20 Oct. 1624; published "de Scriptoribus Historic Philosopbiae," 1659 ; d. April 1659. JONSON (or JoHNSOlf), Benjamin, drama- tist; b. II June 1574; at Westminster school; worked as a mason ; went to Cambridge university ; for a short time imprisoned for killing a man in a duel; his "Every Man in his Humour," per- formed, 1598; "Sejunus," 1603 ; imprisoned for writing "Eastward-Hoe," 1603; published "Vol- pone," 1605 ; " Alchj-mist," imo; "Bartholomew Fail-," 1614; &c.; poet laureate, 1619;^. 16 Aug. 1637- JONSSON, see Johanncem. JONSTON, see Johnston. JONSTON, Jan, Polish naturalist ; b. 3 Sept. 1603 ; came to England ; studied at St. Andrews ; published " Thaumatographia NaturaUs," 1632; " Dendogi-aphia," 1662 ; d. 1675. JOEDAENS, Flemish painters : Jakoh, b. 20 May 1504; d. 18 Oct. 1678. Hajjs, i. 1616; d. about 1675. JOED AN, Camille, French politician; i. 11 Jan. 1771 ; d. 19 May 1821. Promoted, the insurrection in Lyons against the republic 1793 Pled to England, and made friends with Fox and other Whigs 1794 Hetumed to France ; elected member of the coun- cil of 500 1796 Defended the use of bells In churches, (hence named "Jordan-Cloche") 1797 Exiled for attacking the directory . . Sept. „ Opposed the consulate 1802 Supported the restoration 1814 Opposed the reactionary policy of the ministry 1819-20 JOEDAN, Claude, French publicist and ti-a- \'eller; published " Histcire de I'Europe," 1686; first number of " Clef du Cabinet des Souverains," (" Journal de Verdun ") July 1704. JOEDAN, Carl Stephan, Prussian writer ; }. 27 Aug. 1700; published "Voyage Litteraire en 1733 eu France, en Angleterre, et en HoUande," 1 735 ; friend of Frederic II., and employed by him, 1740; d. 24 May, 1745. JOEDAN, Dorothy, Irish actress ; b. (Bland) about 1762; took the name Jordan, 1782; lived with the duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV.) and had ten children, about 1791-1811; d. at St. Cloud, 3 July 1816. JOEDAN, Esteban, Spanish painter, sculptor, and architect ; b. Deo. 1543 ; d. 1603. JOEDAN, Sylvestre, Gei-man lawyer and poli- tician ; b. 30 Dec. 1792 ; imprisoned by the elector of Hesse, 1843-45 ! published his "Defence," 1844 ; active member of the parliament at Frankfort, 1848; d. 14 Apiil 1861. JOEGENSON, Jorgen, Danish adventurer; h. 1779; d. after 1825. In British merchant and naval service . 1791, et seq. Commanded a Danish in-ivateer . . about 1808 Landed at Iceland ; imprisoned the governor ; pro- claimed Iceland free ; himself protector 26 June 1809 Deposed and sent prisoner to England by Captain Alexander Jones .... 22 Aug. ,, Published "Travels through France and Ger- many, 1815-7" 1817 Sentenced to be transported for stealing 12 May 1820 Liberated, 1821 ; imprisoned in Newgate . 1821-s Died in AustraUa after 1825 JOEN ANDES, or JoRDANES, historian; wrote "de ilegnorum Successione," "de Getarum Origine et Ilebus Gestis," about 551-2. JOETIN, John, D.D., scholar; 5.'23 Oct. 1698 ; published " Eemarks on Ecclesiastical History," 1751-73; "Life of Erasmus," 1758-60; d. 5 Sept. 1770. JOSCELIN DE BeAKBLONDE, almoner of the abbey of St. Edmund's, Bury, 121 1 ; wrote a Chronicle of the abbey, 1173-1201. JOSE, see Joseph. JOSEPH, Hebrew patriarch; carried into Egypt, B.C. 1729; made ruler, 1715; received his breLhren, 1707; a. 1635. JOSEPH of Exeter (Josephus Iscanus), Anglo- Latin poet; about iigo ; wrote " de Bello Trojano," and the " Antiocheide." JOSEPH I., II., emperors of Germany: 1. h. 26 July 1678 ; crowned king of Hungary Q Dec. 1687 Elected at the death of his father, Leopold I. 6 May 1705 Maintained war with France till , March 1707 d. 17 April 1711 2. son of Fi'ancis L and Maria Theresa 5. 13 March 1741 Elected king of the Romans, 27 May 1764 ; be- came emperor 18 Aug. 1765 Practised economy, aud promoted administra- tive reform, agriculture, and the arts ; investi- gated the si^te of Hungary, 1768 ; Italy, 1769 ; Moravia, 1770 ; Bohemia .... 1772 Promoted the suppression of the Jesuits July 1773 Travelled in France as Count Fallcenstein Api-il— July 1777 Unsuccessfully attempted to eularge his terri- tories ; checked by a league <3f princes . 1779-85 Established religions toleration by an edict II June 1781 Visited by pope Pins VI., who dreaded his re- forms in the convents . . . 22 March 1782 JOSEPH 306 JOTJVANCT Betumed the visit . . .23 Dec. 1783 Ordered religious services to be in the verna- cular tongues . . 21 Feb. 1786 Made war with Turkey ... 10 Feb. 1788 Much annoyed by the opposition to his reforms 1789 d. 20 Feb. 1790 JOSEPH Emmanuel, king of Portugal ; b. 6 June 1714; rf. 24 Feb. 1777. Succeeded his father, John V. . . 31 July 1750 Made Carvalho, afterwards marquis de Pombal, minister „ Signed a treaty witli Spain, defining the Umits of their colonial possessions .... 1751 Promoted the rebuilding of Lisbon, after the earth- quake of I Nov, 1755 Narrowly escaped assassination . . 3 Dec. 1758 Punished the duke d'Aveiro, the marquis de Ta- vora, and others, as regicides . 13 Jan. 1759 Expelled the Jesuits by edict . . 3 Sept. „ Ordered com to be cultivated in place of vines on the Tagus 1765 Subjected the bishops to the royal authority, and suppressed the *' Index Expurgatorins " . . 1768 Broke down the authority of the inquisition by edict 20 May 1769 Abolished the distinction between original Cliris- tians and convei'ted Jews and Moors 25 May 1773 JOSEPHINE (Marie Joseph Eose Tascher de la Pagerie), empress of the French ; A. ia Mar- tinique, 23 June 1 763 ; d. near Paris, 29 Hay 1814. Married at Paris to the vicomte Alexandre de Beauharnais . . . . 13 Dec. 1779 Her son Eugfene bom, 3 Sept. 1781 ; her daughter Hortense Eugenie bom . . 10 April 1783 Ketumed to Martinique, June, 1788 ; left for Paris Sept. 1790 Her husband employed by the republic ; general of the anny of the Rhijie ; soon retired, ] 793 ; imprisoned ; executed . . 23 July 1794 Eeleased from imprisonment ; resided in poverty in Paris . . 7794-5 Introduced to Napoleon Bonaparte, Oct. 1795 ; married to him .... 9 March 1796 Crowned empress, 2 Dec. 1804 ; divorced 16 Dec. 1809 JOSEPHUS, Flavins, Jewish historian ; J. 37 ; governor of Galilee, 66 ; bravely defended lotapata against Vespasian ; taken and imprisoned ; released and taken to Rome by Titus, 70 ; present at the siege of Jerusalem, and saved many lives ; finished his " History of the Jewish "Wars," about 75 ; " Jewish Antiquities," 93; d. after 97. JOSHUA (or Jesus), appointed successor to Moses, B.C. 1452 ; crossed Jordan ; destroyed Je- richo, Ai, &c., 1451 ; divided the land, about 1444 ; d. about 1420. JOSIAH, king of Judah; foretold, B.C. 975; king 641 ; restored divine worahip, 624 ; killed by Pharaoh Necho, 610. JOSIKA, Niklag, baron, Hungarian linguiat and novelist, the "Walter Scott" of his country; b. April or Sept. 1796; actively opposed to Austria, 1848 ; retired to Brussels, 1849; d. 27 Feb. 1865. JOSQUm DES PEES, see Dcsprcy. JOST, Isaak Markus, German Jew ; l>. 22 Feb. 1793; published "History of Israel," 1820-9; 1831-2; translation of the Mischna, 1832-4; d. 25 Nov. i860. JOTHAM, king of Judah ; B.C. 758-742. JOUBEET, Barthelemy Catherine, French general ; b. 14 Api-il 1769 ; killed 15 Aug. 1799. Entered the army Dee. 1791 Taken prisoner in Piedmont . . Aug. 1792 Fought in the Italian campaigns . . . 1794-7 Commanded in Holland, Feb. ; in Italy ; soon occu- pied Piedmont Aug. 1798 Offended by the Directory : resigned, Jan. ; re- stored, with higher command, June ; sent to op- pose Suvarrov and the Russians ; defeated and killed at Novi ... .15 Aug. 1799 JOUBEET, Franijois, Jansenist writer; b. 12 Oct. 1689; imprisoned in the Bastille, 1730; pub- lished " Lettres sur I'lnterpretation des Ecritures," 1744; d. 23 Deo. 1763. JOUBEET, Joseph, French Jesuit; published " Dictionnaire Franijais-Latin," 1709; d. 1719. JOUBEET, Laui-ent, French physician; b. 6 Dec. 1529 ; published *' Histoire des Poissons," 1558; " Traicte des Arcbvsades," 1570; "Erreura Popvlaires ay fait de la Medecine, &c.," 1578 ; d. 21 Oct. 1582. , JOUFPEOI (Jofft-edus) Jean de, French car- dinal ; b. about 1412 ; made cardinal, 1461 ; em- ploj'ed diplomatically by Louis XL of France, 1469 ; d. 24 Nov. 1473. JOUFEEOT, Francois, French sculptor^; b. i Feb. 1S06 ; gained great prize at Eome by his "Capanee," 1832; exhibited "Cain," 1838; sta- tues of Monge, La Martine, &c. JOUPPEOT, Theodore Simon, French phHo- sopher, joni-nalist, and orator; b. 1796; translated the works of Eeid and Stewart ; published " Me- langes Philosophiques," 1833; " Cours de Droit Naturel," 1835 ; d. 4 Feb. 1842. JOULE, James Prescott, P.E.S., LL.D., phy- sicist; i. 24 Dec. 1818; published "New Theory of Heat," 1846 ; " Mechanical Equivalent of Heat," 1859; received Copley medal, 30 Nov. 1870. JOUEDAIN, Anselme, Louis Bernard Bre- cliillet, French dental surgeon ; b. 28 Nov. 1 734; published " Elements d'Odoutalgie," 1756; "Essai sur la Formation des Dents," 1766; d. 7 Jan. 1816. Amable, son, orientalist; b. 2^ Jan. 1788; pub- lished " la Perse," 1814 ; b. 19 Feb. 1818. JOUEDAIN, Margaret, of Eye, executed as confederate of the duchess of Gloucester in be- witching Henry VI., 1441. JOUEDAN, Mathieu Jouve Coupe-tete, French revolutionist; b. 1749; successively faiTier, butcher, soldier ; concenied in a massacre of the authorities at Avignon, 16, 17 Oct. 1791 ; executed at Paris, 27 May 1794. JOUEDAN, Jean Bnptistcy comte de, French marshal ; b. 29 April 1762 ; d. 24 Nov. 1833. Served in the American war . . . 1778-S3 Joined the army of the north . . Sept. 1792 Defeated the prince of Coburg at Fleunis 26 June 1794 Gained other victories . . July — Nov. ,, Served in Italy ... . , 1796 President of the council of 500 . ... 1797 Defeated by tlie Austriaus at Stockach 25 March 1799 Opposed the dictatorship of Napoleon . . 1799 Employed by him as ambassador at Turin July 1800 Served in the peninsidar war; defeated by Wel- lington at Vittoria . . 21 June 1813 Accepted the restoration , . . . 1814-5 Entered tlie chamber of peers, supporting the liberals ,819 Accepted the second revolution, and held office imder Louis Philippe . . July 1830 J0US8E, Daniel, French jurist; b. 10 Feb. 1704; published "Commentaries on the Criminal and Civil Law," 1753-82; d. 21 Aug. 1781. J0US8E, Joseph, French musician ; b. about 1760; published "Essay on Temperament," 1831; d. mi- JOUVANCY,' or JoirVENCT, Joseph de, French Jesuit scholar ; *. 14 Sept. 1643 ; published JOUVENET 307 JUKES 'Novus Apparatus Grffico-Latinus," 1684; edited Juvenal, Pcrsius, &c. ; d. 29 May 1719. JOUVEISrET, Jeau, French painter; h. 21 Aug. 1647 ; d. 5 April 1717. JOUY, Victor Joseph Etienne, French essayist, novelist, and poet ; b. about 1764 ; d. 4 Sept. 1846. Entered the anny : sent to India ; received by Tippoo Sahib 1787 Returned to France ; accepted tlie revolution ; served in the low countries, Switzerland, &e. ; retired with a pension 1797 Published, besides many comedies and novels, " Hermite de la Chauss6e d'Antin ;" "Observa- tions sur les JIa'Urs et leb Usages Francais," 1S12-14; "Fi-auc Parleur," 1814 : "Hermite de la Guyane," 1816; "Hermite en Province," 1818 : "Hennites en Prison," 1823 : " Hermites en Liberie" 1824 — See Jay, JOVE-LLANOS (or JoVIlTDS), Gaspard Mel- chior de, Spanish statesman and poet; b. 1744; d. 27 Nov. 181 1. JOVIANUS, Flavins Claudius, emperor of Home; i- 332; succeeded Julian; killed in battle, 26 June 363 ; defeated the Persians ; restored the Christian religion ; d. (probably by suffocation), 17 Feb. 364. JOVIUS, see Gwvio. JOWETT, Benjamin, regius professor of Greek at Oxford ; b. 1817 ; master of Balliol College, Ox- ford, 1870 ; published " Commentary on the Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and Eomaus," 1855 ; translation of Plato, 1871. JOWETT, rev. Wmiam, agent of the Church Jiissionary Society; b. about 1 787; published "Christian Researches in the Slediterraucan, Syria," &o., 1820 and 1825 ; d. 20 Feb. 1855. JOY, JOTE, or Gee, John, rcfoi-mer; trans- lated parts of the Bible, and printed tracts ; d. ISS3- JOYCE, Jeremiah, unitarian minister; I. 1764; published "Scientific Dialogues," 1807 ; d. June, 1816. JOYEUSE, Anne, due de, admiral of France ; b. 1561 ; defeated by Henry, king of Navarre, and killed at the battle of Coutras, 20 Oct. 1587. JOYEUSE, Fran9ois de, brother of Anne, French cardinal and statesman; b. 24 June 1562; made a member of the regency by Henry Iv. ; promoted the reconciliation of Henry IV. to the church of Home, 1593 ; made member of the re- gency by Henry; cro"\\Tied Louis XIII., 17 Oct. 1610; d. 27 Aug. 1615. JOYNER (or Ltde), 'William, poet ; b. 1622 ; published " Roman Empress," 1670; "English and Latin Poems," 1690; d. 14 Sept. 1706. JUAN, see John, Don, §c. JUANA, see Jane. JUAEEZ, Benito, Mexican statesman, of Indian origin.; b. 21 March 1806; governor of Oaxaca, 1848-52 ; banished by Santa Anna, 1853 ; on the overthrow of Comonfort became president of Mexico, 1858; re-elected president, 19 June 1861; left the capital after the French invasion, May 1862; after a long conflict, re-entered Me.xico, 14 July 1867 ; ordered emperor Maximilian to be shot, 19 June 1867 ; inaugurated as president, 25 Dec. 1867 ; d. 18 July 1872. JUBA I., II., kings of Numidia: 1. defeated the Roman general. Curio, and made king by Pompey's party, B.C. 49 ; defeated by Cffisar's party at Thapsus . . cZ. by suicide 46 2. son; taken to Rome, B.a. 46; made king of Numidia by Augustus, 30 ; and of Mauritania, 25 ; built cities and ports ; wrote a history of Arabia, and works on natural history and literature; d. about A.D. iS JUBE, Jacques, French Janseuist priest ; i. 24 March 1674 ; greatly simplified the worship in his church at Paris; compelled to fiee; ti'avelled in Holland, England, &c. ; d. at Paris, 20 Dee. 1745. JUDA BEN-DAVID, or Juba Ohajxig, Arab Jewish rabbi; lived about I140; wrote tracts on Hebrew gi-ammar. JUDA BEN-SAMUEL HA-LEVI, or AboHL HasSAJST, Spanish Jewish poet and theologian; b. about 1080 ; wrote " Liber Cosri ; " d. H40. JUDA, Hakkadosch, the saint, Jewish rabbi, physiti.an and grammarian, reputed author of "Slishna;" b. 123; d. igo. JUDA, Leo von, (or Leo Juda?), Geniian re- fonner, friend of Zwingle ; b. 1482; translated the Old Testament into Latin, published 1543 ; d. 19 June 1542. JUDAS MACCABEUS, see Maccabees. JUDITH, said to have Idlled Holofemes, and delivered Judaea, about 633 u.o. JUDITH, empress; b. about 900; manied the emperor Louis I., 919 ; caused much dissension in France by her schemes to provide for- her son Charles ; d. 943. JUDSON, Adoniram, D.D., American mission- ary; b. 9 Aug. 1788; founded the Burmese mis- sion, 1815 ; translated the Bible, a dictionary, and tracts, into Burmese; d. 12 April 1850. Anne Hasseline, first wife, b. 1789; married, 1812; published an account of the mission, 1825 ; d. 24 Oct. 1826. Emily Chubbuck, third mfe, b. 1817 ; as "Fanny Forester" wrote tales; man-led, 1846; d. I June 1854. JUEL, Niels, Danish admiral ; }. 8 May 1629 ; served under Tromp and Ruyter ; assisted in the defence of Copenhagen, 1659 ; defeated the Swedes, June 1676, I June 1677 ; d. 8 April 1697. JUG-ELET, Jeau Marie Auguste, French ma- rine painter; b. 1805 ; exhibited " Sumise at Sea," 1831 ; "Brest," 1833 and 1869; &c. JUGLAEIS, Luigi, Italian Jesuit ; b. 1607 ; published "Christus Jesus, hoc est Dei Hominis Elogia Centum," 1644; d. 1653. JUGUETHA, king of Numidia ; made guar- dian of his cousins, Hiempsal and Adherbal, by their father, Micipsa; murdered Hiempsal, and seized his territories; bribed the Roman senate to support him, B.C. 118; took Cirta, and killed Ad- herbal, 112; bought peace from the consuls; sum- moned to Rome ; returned, 1 11 ; maintained himself in war against Rome, 1 10-107 ; defeated by Marius, and taken prisoner by Sj'Ua, io5 ; starved to death at Rome, I Jan. 104. JUILLAED, Laurent, abbe du Jarry, French poet and preacher ; b. about 1658 ; published " Mi- nistere Evangelique," 1726 ; d. 1730. JUKES, Joseph Beete, geologist; b. 10 Oct. 181 1 ; local director of the geological survey in Ire- land, 1850; published " E.xoursions in Newfound- x2 JULIA 308 JUNOT land," 1842; "Physical Structure of Australia," 1850; " Student's Manual of Geology," 1858; &o. ; d. 29 July i86g. JULIA, Koman princesses : 1. daughter of Julius Cajsar the dictator; 6. b.o. 82-83 : married Cneius Pompeius, 59 . . d. 54 2. daughter of Augustus : 6. b.c. 39 ; married to M. Mai'cellus, 25 ; to Vipsanius Agrippa, 23 ; to Tiberius Nero, afterwards emperor, 12 ; banished by her father for her disgraceful conduct, 6 ; ti. in close confinement a. d. 14 3. daughter of preceding ; -wife of iEmilius Paulus ; banished for misconduct . . . . d. 28 4. daughter of Gennanicus and Agiippina ; &. 18 ; banished by Caligida, her brother, 37 ; put to death by Claudius • . . . . after 41 JULIA DOMNA, see Domna. JULIAN, cardinal, see Oesarini. JULIAN, count, governor of Andalusia about 700 ; betrayed Spain to the Moors ; and caused the defeat of Roderick, king of the Goths, at Guada- lete, July yri. JULIANUS, see Didius. JULIANUS, Flavins Claudius, called "the Apostate," nephew of Constautiue the Great ; l>- 17 Nov. 331 or 332 ; d. in battle, 26 June 363. Devoted to learning ; settled at Athens ; made Ciesar by Constantius, 6 Nov. 355 ; defeated the Ale- manni near Straahurg . . . Aug. 357 Made ruler of Gaul . . .... 355 Invaded Germany with success . , . 358-g Rebuilt and fortified Cologne, Paris, and other cities ; proclaimed as Augustus against his will by his soldiers 360 Sole emperor at the death of Constantius ; (soon after declared himself a pagan) . . 3 Nov. 361 Set out on an expedition again.st the Persians . . 362 Entered their territory, 7 April 363 ; treacherously persuaded to destroy his fleet on the Tigris and march inland ; killed while repulsing an attack 26 June 363 Wrote "the Csssars, or the Banquet;" "the Anti- oehian, or the Beard-hater " (Misopogon) ; letters, orations, poems, &c. JULIANUS, Salvius, Eoman jurist ; i. ahout 100. JULIBN, Pierre, French sculptor ; i. 1731 ; d. 17 Dec. 1804. JULIEN, Simon, French painter; b. 1736; d. 23 Feb. 1800. JULIEN, Stanislas Aignan, French Chinese scholar and linguist; i. 20 Sept. 1799- edited ' ' Meng-tseu, vel Mencium inter Sinenses Philoso- phos Confucio proximum," 1824; " Histoire de a Vie de Hiouen-Thsang," translated from the Chinese, 1853; many papers; rf. 20 Feb. 1873. JULIUS C^SAE, see Cmsar. JULIUS I.— III., popes : 1. St. ; ordained 6 Peb, 337 Decided the dispute between Athanasius and the Arians in favom- of the former . Juno 341 d. 12 April 352 2. Giuliano delta Rovere ; 6. 1441 ; elected, i Nov. 1503 Authorised marriage of Henry VIII. with Cathe- rine of Aragon .... Dec. „ Aimed at raising the temporal power ; founded new St. Peter's .... 18 Ajiril 1506 Joined the emperor, and the kings of France and Aragon, in the league of Cambrai against Venice ... . . Dec. 1508 With Venice against France 1510 Commanded his trooijs at the siege of Mirandola, Jan. 1511 Convoked a general council at Rome 18 July „ Excommunicated Louis XII. of France 21 July 1512 d. 21 Feb. 1513 3. Giovanni Maria del Monti . . &. 10 Sept. 1487 Elected 8 Feb. 1550 Adorned Home ; reopened the council of Trent, 1531-52 cJ, 23 March 1555 JULLIEN, Andre, French writer an wines ; b. 1766; d. 1832. JULLIEN DE Paris, Marc Antoine, French joumaUst ; b. :o March 1775 ; opposed the cruelties of Carrier, and others ; narrowly escaped proscrip- tion, 1794; sei-ved under Napoleon as commissary in Egypt, Italy, &c. ; retired into Switzerland, 18x5 ; returned, and founded "Eevue Encyclopedique," i8i8 ; d. 4 Nov. 1848. JUNCKEE, Christian, German philologist and historian; b. 16 Oct. 1668; published "Vita Lutheri Nuniis atque Iconibus Ulustrata," 1699; d. 19 July 1714. JUNCKEE, Johann, German physician and chemist ; b. 23 Sept. 1679 ; pubUshed " Conspec- tus Therapia;, 1707; "Conspectus Chii-urgioe," 1721 ; "Conspectus Chcmia;," 1730-54; d. 25 Dec. I7S9- JUNG, see Salar. JUNGrE, Joachim, German naturalist and phi- losopher; founder of scientific botany; b. 21 Oct. 1587 ; his " Doxoscopia; Physicse Mmores," pub- lished, 1662 ; " Mineralia,' 1689 ; d. 23 Sept. 1657- JUNGEE, Johann Friedrich, German poet, dramatist, and novelist; b. 15 Feb. 1759; d. 25 Feb. 1797. JUNGEEMANN, Gottfried, Gei-man philolo- gist ; edited " Pastoralia Grosce cum Dating. Ver- sione," 1605 ; d. 16 Aug. i6lo. Lddwig, brother, botanist; b. 4 July 1572; visited England, i5i6; d. 7 June 1653. JUNGHUHN, Franz Wilhelm, German natu- raUst; b. 26 Oct. 1812 ; published Topographical and Scientific Travels," 1847; "Java,^' 1852; d. 20 April 1864. JUNGMANN, Joseph, Bohemian philologist ; b. 16 July 1773; published Bohemian and German Dictionary, 1835-39 ; " History of BohemianLitera- tur^," 1825; d. 16 Nov. 1847. JUNIUS' 8 Letters, published in the Public Advertiser, by Henry Sampson Woodfall; the first, dated 21 Jan. 1769 ; the last, 21 Jan. 1772 ; ascribed to forty-two different persons; most probably written by sir Philip Francis. JUNIUS, Adrianus, Dutch naturaUst and poet; b. about 151 1; published "Nomenclator omuium Eerum," 1567; d. 16 June 1575. JUNIUS, Franciscus, see Jon. JUNIUS, Franciscus, German philologist ; b. about 1589; librarian to earl of Arundel in Eng- land, 1620-40; published " EtjTnologicum Angli- canum," 1743. JUNOT, Andoche, duo d'Abrantes, French marshal; b. 23 Oct. 1771 ; d. 29 July 1813. Became the friend of Napoleon at the siege of Toulon Dec. 1793 Engaged in the campaigns . . . 1796-1800 Commandant of Paris 1800-3 Created didie, and sent to command the army in Poiiugal ; occupied Lisbon . . i Dec. 1807 Defeated by Wellesley at Vimiera, 21 Aug. ; signed an agreement to evacuate Portugal, 22 Aug. ; confirmed by the convention of Cmtra, 30 Aug. 1808 Served in Germany and Spain 1809 Appointed commander of a corps destined to act against Russia 1812 Censured by the emperor ,, Made commander at Venice „ In a state of derangement ; committed suicide, 29 July 181 JUNTA 309 JUYNBOLL Laure Pehmon, duchesse d'Abraiit^s, wife of the marshal ; able, extravagant, and intriguing ; &. 6 Nov. 1784; published "Memoires," 1831-6; " Ferames Cel6bres," 1833-35: " Histoire des Salons de Paris," 1837-8 . . . d. 7 June 183B JUNTA, Filippo, Venetian printer ; b. 1450 ; printed editions of the Classics, 1497-15; d. 1519. JURET, Fran^oiSj French classical editor; h. 1553; d. 21 Dee. 1626. JUEG-ENSON, see Jorgenson."^ JUKIEU, Pierre, French Protestant theolo- giaij ; b. 24 Dec. 1637; professor of Hebrew at Sedan, 1674; persecuted for his "Politique du Gierke de France ; " fled to Holland, 1681 ; foretold the triumph of Protestantism in 1689, 1686; pub- lished " Preservatif contra le Changement de la Keligiou," 1680; " AccomplissementdesPropheties," 1686; d. II Jan. 1713. JUKINj James, physician and mathematician ; h. 1684; published " Physico-Mathematical Dis- sertations," 1732; "Essay upon Distinct and In- distinct Vision, 1738; d. 22 March 1750. JUSSIEU, de, French botanists : Antoine; 5. 1686; published "de Analogic inter Plantas et Aniinalia, 1721 . . d. 12 April 1758 BERNAfiD, brother ; h. 1699 ; edited Tournefort's " Plantes des Environs of Paris," 1725 ; d. 6 Nov. 1777 Joseph, brother; 6. 1704; accompanied La Con- damine to South America, and explored it, 1736-71 : introduced the heliotrope into Europe ; d. II April 1779 Antoine Laurent, nephew; 6. 12 April 1748; propounded a system of natural class ifl cation, 1773-74 » published " Genera Plantarura secun- dum Ordines Naturales disposita," 17S9; d. 17 Sept. 1836 Adrien, son ; h, 23 Dec. 1797 ; published " Cours Elementaire de Botanique," 1842 . d. 29 June 1853 JUSTE, Theodore, Belgian historian ; b. 1818 ; published " Histoire de la Belgiciue," 1838 ; " His- toire du Consulat et de I'Empire," 1840; "Fon- dateurs de la Monarchic Beige," 1865, and other works on Belgian and French history. JUSTEL, French protestant canonists : Christophe ; h. 5 March 1580; patronised by the duos de Bouillon ; published " Codex Canonum Ecclesise Universce," 1610; "Temple de Dieu," 1618 d. June 1649 Henri, son; &. 1620; published "Bibliotheca Juris Canonici," 1661 ; came to England; made keeper of the Royal Library, St. James's after 1681 d. 24 Sept. 1693 JUSTI, Johann Heinrich Gottlob, German mineralogist and economist ; published in Geiinan ''Principles of Mineralogy," 1756; "System of Finance," 1766 ; d. 20 July 1771. JUSTIN, see Justiniis. JUSTINIAlSniS I., 11., emperors of the east : 1. Flavins Anicius, the Great . . &. 11 May 483 Served under his uncle, the emperor Justinus I. 518 Made by him co-emperor . . i April 527 Sole emperor at his death . . i Aug. „ Ordered a code to be compiled . . 13 Feb. 528 Issued edicts against pagans and heretics . . 529 Confirmed his code, the Novus Justinianeus Codex 7 April „ By the influence of his wife Theodora and Beli- sarius, quelled the Circus factions with great slaughter (Nika sedition) . . Jan. 532 Erected the church of St. Sophia, and 25 other churches in Constantinople . . 532, et seq. His general, Belisarius, defeated the Vandals, and re-conquered Carthage .... 533 Employed Tribonian to compile the Digesta or Pandect* ; sanctioned ... 30 Dec. „ Published a new edition of his code . 29 Dec. 534 Overtlu-ew the Gothic kingdom in Italy . . 535-48 Bribed and employed the Avars . . 558 Published many "Novelise Constitutiones " . 535-64 Abolished the consulship 541 After a severe war, made a dishonourable peace with Persia 549-56 d. 14 Nov. 565 2. Rhinotmetus ; 6. about 669 ; succeeded his father, Coustantine IV., Pogonatus . Sept. 685 Made peace with the Arab caliph Abd-ul-Malek about 686 Persecuted the ManichEeans ; broke the peace with the Bulgarians ; at first defeated them ; afterwards totally routed by them . . , 688 Caused a rebellion by his cruelty and rapacity ; dethroned, and his nose cut off ... 695 Recovered his throne by the aid of the Bul- garians ; killed his rivals Leontius and Tibe- rius ; quarrelled with, and defeated by Terbelis, king of the Bulgarians 708 Put to death during the rebellion of Philippicus Bardesanes . . . Dec. 711 JUSTINUS I., II., emperors of the east: 1. uneducated, but able; commander under Anas- tasius ; succeeded him, 10 July 518 ; made peace with pope Hormisdas, 519 ; adopted his nephew Justinian, 520 ; rebuilt Autioch, destroyed by an earthquake, 525 . . . d. 1 Aug. 527 2. succeeded his uncle, Justinian I. . 13 Nov. 565 By insulting the great general Narses led to the invasion of the Longobards, and the loss of nearly all Italy 568-71 Became nearly insane at the ravaging of Syria by the Persians 573-4 Adopted Tiberius as Caesar, 574 ; created him Augustus, 26 Sept. 578 . . . d. $ Oct. 578 JUSTINUS, wrote " Historia3 Philippics," derived from the "Totius Orbis Historiaa " of Tro- gus Pompeius ; Jl. about 5th century. JUSTINUS, pHlosopher and martyr; b. about 103 ; converted about 133 ; addressed an apology for the Christians to Antoninus Pius about 139 ; to the Roman senate, about 164 ; said to have been put to death at Eome, about 166. JUSTUS, Saint, archbishop of Canterbury, 624 ; d. about 10 Nov. 634. JUVENAL DES UeSINS, see Ursins. J U V ENALIS, Decimus Junius, Roman satir- ist ; sent to Egypt, a species of banishment, about 83; d. about 100. JUVENCUS, Yettius Aquiliuus, Christian Latin poet; wrote " Historia EvangeHca," and *' Liber in Genesim," about 330. JUXON, William, archbishop of Canterbury** b. 1582; bishop of Hereford; afterwards of London, 1633 ; lord high treasurer, 1635-41 ; with Charles I. on the scaffold, 30 Jan. 1649 ; archbishop, 1660 ; d. 4 June 1663. JUYNBOLL, Dietrich Willem Jan, Dutch orientalist; b. 6 April 1802 ; d, i86i. KAAB 310 KAESLAKE K. KAAB, Ai-ab poet; praised Mahomet; wrote " Cacidat el Borda (the " Poem of the Mantle ") ; d. 662. EAAS, Nicolas, Danish statesman ; b. 1535 ; as regent educated Cluistian IV. ; d. 1594. KABBETB, Jan, Dutch painter ; d. 1660. K^MPPEE, Engelbrecht, Gei-man naturalist ; b. t6 Sept. 1651 ; travelled in Persia, Arahia, India, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Japan, &c., 1683- 53 ; published " Amajnitates Exotica;," 1712. (His MSS. and collections, acguii-ed by su- Hans Sloane, and deposited in the British Museum) ; d. 2 Nov. 1716. K^MTZ , Ludwig Friedri eh, German physicist ; h. II Jan. 1801 ; published (in German) " Treatise on Meteorology," 1831-36; "Eeadingsin Meteoro- logy," 1840; d. 19 Dec. 1867. KiESTNER, Abraham Gotthelf, German ma- thematician and -nTiter; b. 27 Sept. 1719; pub- lished in Gei-man, " History of the Mathematics," 1796-1800; "Poetical and Prose Writings " pub- lished 1841 ; d. 20 June 1800. KAHLE, Ludwig Martin, Gei-man philosopher and jurist; A. 6 May 1^12; published "Elementa Juris Canonico-Pontificio-Ecclesiastici," 1743-44; " Corpus Juris Pubhci," 1744-45; '^- 5 ^'S^^ ^^'S■ KAIN", see Le Kain. KALB, Johann von, baron ; German general ; h. about 1732; entered the French service; em- ployed in American war, 1777 ; killed in battle of Clermont, 17 Aug. 1780. KALDI, George, Hungarian Jesuit ; b. 1572 ; director of the college of Prosburg; published the Bible in Hungarian, 1626; d. 1634. KALEECjIS, Demetrius, Greek general; b. about 1804 ; active in war of independence, 1822-8 ; supported king Otho, Sept. 1843; ill-used; re- signed offices, Aug. 1845 ; joined Louis Napoleon in London, 1846; retm-ned to Greece ; minister of wai-, June 1854; mmister at Paris, March 1861 ; d. at Athens, 24 Apiil 1867. EALF, or Kale, Willem, Dutch painter ; b. 1630 ; d. 30 June 1693. KALIDASA, Hindu dramatic poet; /. about B.C. 50. KALKBEBNNEE, Gei-man musical com- posers : Christian F. ; &. 22 jSept. 175s ; wrote operas, oratorios, and " Theory of Music," 1789 ; ': Trea- tise on Harmony," 1804 . . d. 10 Aug. 1806 Fbiedrich Wilhelm Michael ; &. about 1784 ; in Paris, J798 ; in Loudon, 1814 ; in Paris, 1823 ; d. 10 June 1849 KALM, Pehr, Swedish naturalist; 5. 1715; explored Finland, Russia, and Germany; pub- lished description, 1746; explored North America, 1748-51; published description, 1752; d. 16 Nov. 1779. KALEAAT, van, Dutch painters, brothers : Abraham; &. 7 Oct. 1643 . . . d, about 1705 Barnaebt ; &. 28 Aug. 1650 . d. 1721 KAMES, see Mome. KAMPEN, Jacob van (ti-ue name, Jacob Jans), Dutch anabaptist; appointed bishop of Amster- dam by John of Leyden, 1534 ; executed, 10 July IS3S- KAMPEN, Nicolas Godefroi van, Duteh his- torian; b. 15 May 1776; published "History of the Crusades," 1822-6 ; " History of the Netherlands," 1831-3 ; d. 14 March 1839. KANAEIS, Constantine, Greek admiral ; b. about 1 790 ; distinguished himself by daring ex- ploits during the war, 1822-28 ; prime minister of Greece, 1864-5. KANDLEE, Franqois de Sales, Gei-man mu- sician and critic; b. 23 Aug. 1792; d. 26 Sept. 1831. KANE, Elisha Kent, m.d., American traveller ; b. 3 Feb. 1822; travelled in the east and Africa; accompanied the Grinnell (American) expeditions in search of sir John Franklin, 1850-1 ; 1853, ''"'I 1855 ; published " Arctic Explorations," 1853-5, and 1857 ; d. at the Havannah, 16 Feb. 1857. KANE, sir Robert John, Irish physician and chemist ; b. 1810 ; president of Queen's College, Cork, 1849; first dii-ector of the Industrial Museum, Dublin, 1846; published "Elements of Chemis- try," 1841-9; " Industrial Eesources of Ireland," 1844. KANNE, Johann Arnold, German theologian ; b. May 1773 ; published, in Gemian, " Chi-ist in the Old Testament," 1818; "Biblical Kesearches," 1819; d. 17 Dec. 1824. KANT, Immanuel, Gei-man philosopher ; b. 22 Api-il 1724; professor of mathematics at Konigs- berg, 1770-93; published "Kritik der reinen Ver- nunft," (" Critique of Pure Kcason "), 1781 ; " Critique of Practical Eeason," 1788; "Anthropo- logy," 1798; d. 12 Feb. 1804. His works pub- lished by a Kautish society, 1838-44. KANTEMIE, see Cantemir. KAEA, see George. KAEAM8IN, Nicolas Mikhailovitch, Russian historian; b. I Dec. 1765; ti-avelled in France and Gei-many; founded the "Journal of Moscow," 1 702 ; translated Marmontel and other writers ; published "History of Russia" (to 1611), 1815, &c. ; d. June 1826. KAELSTADT, see Carhtadt. KAENKOWSKI, Stanislas, Polish prelate; b. about 1525 ; promoted religious toleration by signing the " Pacta Conventa," 1573; endeavoured to reconcile the. Greek and Latin churches, 1573 ; published " Constitutiones Synodales," &c.; d. 8 June 1603. KAEE, Jean BaptisteAlphonse, French writer ; 5," de ..J. o --, founded ' Les Guepes," 1839 ; retired^to Nice, 1848 ; pub- lished "Les Huit Grandes Epoques de I'rance," 1861, &c. KAESLAKE, sir John Burgess; b. 1821 ; solicitor-general, Nov. 1866; attomev-general, July 1867— Dee. 1868; Feb.— April 1874. KAESTEN 311 KEATINGE KAESTEN, German mineralogists : ■Wenceslaqs Johann Gustav; h. 15 Dec. 1732; published "Treatise on Mathematics," 1782; d. 17 April 1787 Dietrich Ludwig, son j 6. s April 1768 ; d. 20 May 1810 Kaul Joseph Bernard, son ; 6. 26 Nov. 1782 ; published " System of Metallurgy," 1831-2 : " Treatise on Salt-mining," 1S46-7 ; d, 22 Aug. 1853 Franz Christian Lorenz, brother of Wenceslaus, economist . ... b. 3 April 1751 Karl Johann Bernhard, son, metallurgist ; b. 26 Nov. 1782; published "System of Metal- lurgj'," 1831 tJ. 22 Aug. i8s3 Gustav, editor of tlie " Fortschritte der Physik," 1847-53: of the "AUgemeinc Encyclopildie der Physik" . . .... 1856, &c. KASTNEE, Jean Georges, French musical composer; b. 9 iMarch 1810; published "Traite de r Instrumentation," 1836; "Manuel de Musinue Hilitaire," 1848; " Dauso des Morts," 1852; "les Su-enes," 185S. KASTNEE, Earl Vilhelm Gottlob, German chemist; b. 31 Uct. 1783 ; d. 15 July 1857. KATE, Hennann Frederic Karl Ten, Dutch painter ; b. 16 i'eb. 1822 ; produced " Prisonniers Calvinistes," &c. ; and obtauied gold medal at the Hague, 1857. KATEE, HeniT, captain, mathematician; b. i6 April 1777; pubUsned his pendulum experiments, 1818; "Verification of Standards," 1832; d. 26 April 1835. KATONA, Istvan, Hungarian historian ; i. 13 Doc. 1732; published " History of Hungary," 1778, &c. ; d. 17 Aug. 181 1. KAUPFMANN, Maria Anna Angelica, u.A., Swiss painter ; b. 30 Oct. 1 741; married Antonio Zucchi in England, July 1781 ; d. 5 Nov. 1807. KAUFMAN", see Mercator. KAUFMANN, Russian general ; governor of Lithuania, 1865 ; employed in war in Tavtary; captured Samarcand, 26 May 1868 ; captured Khiva, 10 June 1873 ; defeated above 30,000 Khokandese, 4 Sept., and entered Khokand, 16 Sept. 1875. KAULBACH, "Wilhelm von, German painter ; b. 15 Oct. 1805 ; pupil of Cornelius; founded a new school ; finished " tlie Madhouse," 1829 ; " Battle of the Huns," 1837; illustrated the Gospels, Gcethe's "Keineke Fnchs," Shakspeare, etc.; d. 7 April 1874. KATINITZ, "Wenceslas Anton, prince von, Austrian statesman and diplomatist; b. 1711 ; em- ployed by Maria Theresa at Rome, 1741 ; at Turin, 1742; at Brussels, 1744; signed the treaty of Aix la ChapeUe, Oct. 1748; at Paris, 1750-2 ; principal minister of Leopold II., 1790-2; d. 24 June 1794. KAVANAGH, JuUa, Irish novelist, &c. ; b. 1824; published " Women in France of l8th Cen- tury," 1850; "Nathalie," 1851 ; "Women of Christianity," 1852; '-Adele," 1857; "Summer and Winter in Two Sicilies," 1858 ; " Women of Letters," French 1861, English 1862; "Queen Mab," 1863 ; " John Dorrien," 1874, &c. KAT-SHUTTLEVrOETH, see Shuttle- loorth. KATE, John, bishop; h. 1783; master of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1814-30; bishop of Bristol, 1820 ; of Lincoln, 1827 ; published " Ecclesiastical History of the Second and Third Centuries," 1826; "Writings of Clement of Alexandria," 1835; " Council of NicEEa," 1853 ; "External Govemment of the Church during the first Three Centuries," i8ss ; d. 19 Feb. 1853. KATE, sir John William, historian; b. 1814; in Bengal artillery, 1832-41 ; political secretary, India office, 1855-74; published " History of the War in Afighanistan ; " Life of Lord Metcalf," 1854; "Life of Sir John Malcolm," 1856; "His- tory of the Sepoy War," 1857-75; "Essays of an Optimist," 1870; K. O.S.I. 1871 ; d. 24 July 1876. KATSEELESTG, M., Hanoverian Jew; b. 17 June 1829; chief rabbi of Jews in Pesth, 1870 ; published, in German, "Sephardim," Jewish poems, 1859; "History of Jews m Spain and Portugal," 1859-61 ; "Moses Mendelssohn," 1862, &c. KAZINGZT, Ferencz, Hungarian poet and dramatist, tei-med " Language-Carver ;" b. 27 Oct. 1759; published "Magyar Museum," 1788-92; sentenced to death, hut imprisoned for conspiracy, 1795; published " Poems," 1813 ; (Z. about 22 Aug. 1831. KEACH, Benj.amin, theologian ; b. 29 Feb. 1640; imprisoned for his "Child's Instractor," (against infant baptism) , 1664; wrote "Travels of 'True Godliness," and " Travels of UngodUness," imitations of Bunyan; d. 18 July 1704. KEAN, tragedians : Edmund h. about 4 Nov. 17S7 Employed as an imp at Drury Lane . March 1794 A short time at sea . . . . 1796 Taught by a Miss Tidswell, an actress ; after several engagements appe.ired as Nor\^al at Sheemess, 11 April ; soon after ijerfonned before George III. at Windsor . ... 1803 Strolling engagements ; much suffering , 1806-14 Acliieved great success at Drury Lane as Shy- lock, 26 Jan. ; Richard III., 12 Feb. ; Hamlet, 12 March; Othello, 5 May; lago (soon after); Macbeth 5 Nov. 1814 As Romeo, 2 Jan. ; Sir Giles Overreach . . 1815 As King John, i June 1818 ; as Lear 24 April 1820 Last appearance (as Othello) . 25 March 1833 d. 15 May ,, Charles John ft. 18 Jan. 1811 A short time .at Eton ; a])peared as Non'jil, i Oct. 1827 Acted with his father (who died soon after), 25 March 1833 Married Ellen Tree (eminent actress) . 29 Jan. 1842 Manager of the Royal tlieatricals at Windsor, 1849-59 Lessee of Princess's Tlieatre .... 1850-60 Revived mjiny of Shaltspeare's plays ; received a teatimoniiil .... 22 March 1862 Travelled with his wife in America . . 1863-66 d. 22 Jan. 1868 KEANE, John Keane, lord, general; b. 1781 ; served in the Peninsular War, 1812 ; employed in Jamaica, 1823-30 ; commanded in the Affghan war, 1838; stormed Ghiznee, 23 July 1839; created baron, II Dec. 1839; d. 24 Aug. 1844. KEATE, George, poet; b. about 1729; pub- lished " Ancient and Modern Rome," 1760 ; '' Net- ley Abbey," 1764; "Distressed Poet," 1787; d. 27 June 1797. KEATING, Geoffrey, Irish historian ; d. about 1625 ; a translation of his history published by O'Connor, 1723. KEATING, sir Henry Sheahy, lieut.-general ; b. 1777; entered army, 1793; Ueut.-colonel, 1804; took isle of Bom-bon, 1810 ; active throughout war; d. 12 Sept. 1847. KEATING, sir Henry Singer, Irish lawyer; b. 1804; solicitor-general, 1857-58, June 1859; a justice of the common pleas. Dee. 1859 — i Feb. 1875- KEATINGE, Richard, Irish judge ; b. 1793 ; Irish king's counsel, 1835 ; judge of prorogation court, Aug. 1843 ; of probate court, Jan. 1858— Oct. 1868; d, II Feb. 1876. KEATS 312 KELLY KEATS, Jotn, poet; b. 29 Oct. 1705; pub- lished " Eudymion," 1818; "Lamia," "Eve of St. Agnes," "Hyperion," &c., 1820; d. 23 Feb. 1821. KEBLE, rev. Jolm, theologian and poet; b. 25 April 1792; one of the authors of the "Tracts for the Times," 1834, et seq. ; published "Christian Tear," 1827 "Lyra Innocentium," 1846; "Pi-imi- tive Tradition;" d. 29 March 1866. KEBLE, Joseph, jurist ; b. 1632 ; published "Assistance to Justices of the Peace," 1683; d. Aug. 17:0. KECKEEMANN, Bartholomaus, German scholar; b. 1573; published " Systema," of various sciences, 1606, et seq. ; d. 25 Aug. 1609. KEELET, Eobert, comedian; b. 1793; man- ager of the Lyceum, 1844 ; Arith C. Kean, of the Princess's, 1850 ; retii-ed soon after ; d. 3 Feb. 1869. KEIGHTLEY, Thomas, L-ieh historian and critic; J.Oct. 1789; published "History of Eng- land," 1839 ; " Outlines of History," 1829 ; " War of Independence in Greece, 1837; "Shakspeare Expositor," 1867 ; many good school books, &c. ; d. 4 Nov. 1872. KEILL, James, Scotch phj'sician ; b. 27 March 1673; published "Account of Animal Secretion," &c., 1708 ; d. 16 July 1719. KEILL, John, Scotch mathematician (brother of James) ; b. I Bee. 1671 ; published " Introductio ad ¥eram Physicam," 1702; Savilian professor at Oxford, 1 710; defended Newton against Bemouilli, 1711 ; published "Introductio ad Veram Astrono- miam," 1718; d. I Sept. 1721. KEISER, Eeinhai-d, German musical composer, styled "Father of Geiman Melody;" b. 1673; d. 12 Sept. 1739. KEITH, Alexander, d.d., Scotch theologian ; b. 1791 ; published "Evidences of the Truth of the Christian KeHgioD, derived from the Fulfilment of Prophecies," 1823 (37th ed., 1859); "Haimony of Prophecy," 1851. KEITH, George, earl, mareschal of Scotland, 1 581; re-organised King's College, Aberdeen, 1583; founded Mareschal College, 2 April 1593 ; d. 5 Apiil 1623. KEITH, George, lord, mareschal of Scotland ; b. about 1685 ; joined the partisans of the Pretender, 1715; escaped proscription ; much employed by the king of Prussia; d. 25 May 1778. KEITH, George Keith Elphinstone, viscount, Scotch admiral ; h. 12 Jan. 1746 ; at the capture of Cape Town, Sept. 1795 ; took a Dutch fleet in Sal- danha Bay, 18 Aug. 1796 ; assisted Melasto capture Genoa, Jjiue 1800; d. 10 March 1823. KEITH, James (brother of George, lord mare- schal), Scotch general ; i. II June 1696; supported the Pretender ; fought at Sheriffmuir, 13 Nov. 1715; entered the Russian service, 1728; employed in war and diplomacy, 1728-49 ; jomed Frederick II. of Prussia; made field-marshal, 1749; killed at the battle of Hochkirch, 14 Oct. 1758. KEITH, Thomas, mathematician; b. 1759; taught princess Charlotte of "Wales ; published " Complete Arithmetician," 1789 ; "Treatise on the Use of the Globes," 1805 ; d. 29 June 1824. KBKULE, Friedrich August, Gemian chemist; b. 7 Sept. 1829; published "Treatise on Organic Chemistry," 1859, &o. KELLAND, Philip, physicist; i. 17 Oct. 1808; published "Theory of Heat," 1837. 6. 30 May 1735 1752 1789 KELLER, Jacob, German Jesuit theologian ; *. 1568; published "Tyrannicidium^^adversus Ca- lumnias in Societatem Jesu jactatas," 1601 ; " Pa- pains Catholicus," 1616 ; d. 23 Feb. 1631. KELLER, Johann Balthasar, Smss founder ; }. 1638 ; cast great statue of Louis XIV. at Lyons ; d. 1702. KELLEEHOPEN, Moritz, German painter ; }. 1758; d. 1830. KELLERMANN, dues de Tahny, French generals : Franqots Christophe, marshal Entered the ai-my Served in Poland . Joined the revolutionary party Fought in the Netherlands 1792 Gained the battle of Valmy over the allies, 20 Sept. 1792 Submitted to Napoleon ; promoted by him : ac- cepted the restoration, 1814 . d. 12 Sept. 1820 Fbanqois foiENio:, son . . . b- 1770 Served with his father .... 1793, eZ seg. Under Napoleon, in Italy, Germany, Spain, &c., 1797-1813 Succeeded his father as duke . 12 Sept. 1820 Supported the revolution . . . July 1830 d. 2 June 1835 KELLET, or Talbot, Edward, alchemist and necromancer; h. I Aug. 1555 ; associated with Dr. Dee ; attempted the transmutation of metals ; pa- tronised by the emperor Eodolph ; fell while es- caping from imprisonment for deception ; d. 1595 or 1597. KBLLGREN, Johan Erik, Swedish poet ; b. \ Dec. 1751 ; d. 20 April 1795; writings published, 1796. KELLISON, Matthew, Eomanist theologian ; 5. about 1560; chancellor of the univei-sity of Elieims, 1606 ; published " Survey of the New Re- ligion," 1603; "Treatise of the Hierarchy of the Church" (against Calvin) ; d. 1641. KELLOGG, Clara Louisa, American singer; b. 1842 ; appeared at New York, 1861 ; in London, as Margherite in " Faust," 2 Nov. 1S67 ; in United States, 1868-72 ; at Drury-lane, 1872. KELLY, Frances Maria, actress and singer ; }. i^Dec. 1790; member of Cohnan's company at the Hajinarket, 1808; built the Soho theatre, as a school tor acting, 1840. KELLY, sir Fitzroy, lawyer; b. 1796; soKcitor- general, July 1845— Aug. 1846; Feb. — Dec. 1852; attorney-general, March 1858 — June 1859 ; chief baron of the exchequer, July 1866. KELLY, Frederia; originally captain in the 67th foot; entered the service of the post-office, 1819; proprietor of the Post-office Directory, 1836; re-organised it and brought it to its present con- dition. KELLY, Hugh, Irish dramatist; b. 1739; pub- lished " False Delicacy," 1768; " School for wives," 1774; (^-S^eb. 1777. KELLY, John, philologist; b. 1750; assisted bishop Hildesley in translating the Bible into Manx, printed Dec. 1772; published "Grammar of the ancient GaeUo or Manks," 1803; d. 12 Nov. 1809. KELLY, Michael, Irish musical composer and sinwr; b. \l(iZ\ taught at Naples; first appeared in London, 1787; became scene director at the King's theatre, and musical director at the Hay- market; composed or arranged the music for many operas : " Castle Spectre," 1797 ; " Bluebeard, 1798; published "Keminiscences," 1826; . 1807 Published "Poems of Beowulf," 1833; "^ith a translation . 1837 " Codex Diplomaticus iEvi Saxonici " . . 1839-40 " Saxons in England," 1849 . d. 26 March 1857 KEMP, George Meikle, Scotch self-taught artist; b. 1794; designed the Scott monument, Edinburgh ; drowned, 5 March 1844. KEMP, Joseph, mnsical composer; b. 1778; composed "a Sound of Battle is in the Land," 1S09; d. 22 May 1824. KEMPELEN, WoKgang, Hungarian mechani- cian ; A. 23 Jan. 1734 ; constructed an automatic chess-player, a speaking machine, 1778; published "Mechanism der MenschUcheu Sprache," 1791 ; d. 26 March 1804. KEMPENFBLDT, Richard, rear-admiral ; J. 1720; drowned "with about six hundred persons in the Royal George, overturned oft' Spithead through the guKS being placed on one side, 29 Aug. 1782. KEMPIS, Thomas a, German ascetic writer ; b. 1379 at Kempen near Cologne; the author or editor of" de Imitatione Chiisti ;" sub-prior of a convent of regular canons of Mount St. Agnes near Zwoll, (his brother, Johann, the prior, 1425) ; d. 26 July 1471. KEN, Thomas, bishop of Bath and WeUs; b. 1637; consecrated, 1684; wrote the Morning and Evening hymns ; one of the seven bishops committed to the tower, 8 June 1688 ; tided and acquitted, 29, 30 June 1688 ; declined the oath of allegiance to "W'illiam and Maiy ; deprived, I Feb. 1691 ; d. 19 March 171 1. KENDAL, Ermengard Melusina von Schulen- berg, duchess of ; mistress of George I. ; duchess of Munster, 1716; of Kendal, 1719; d. 1743. KENEAXiY, Edward Vaughau, ll.b., a.o. ; barrister, 1847 ; counsel for Arthur Orton (claimant in Tichbome case), tried for perjury and convicted, 28 Feb. 1874 ; established the Englishman, Api-il 1874; and Magna Charta Societies; elected m.p. for Stoke-upon-Trent, Feb. 1875. KENNAWAY, sir John, diplomatist; J. 1758; negotiated peace with Hyder AU, 1788 ; and Tiiipoo Sahib ; d. 1836. KENNEDY, rev. Benjamin HaU, b. 6 Nov. 1804; master of Shrewsbury school, 1836-66; Eegius Greek professor at Cambridge aud canon of Ely, 1867; published " Sabilnse Corolla," 1850; "Public Schools Grammar," 1871 ; " Psalter in English Terse," i860, &c. KENNEDY, Grace, noveUst; b. 1782; wrote "Father Clement;" d. 28 Feb. 1825. KENNEDY, James, bishop of St. Andrew's ; b. 1405 ; lord chancellor, 1444 : founded college in university of St. Andrew's, about 1455; d. lO May 1466. KENNEDY, John, Scotch antiquary; pub- lished " Dissertation on the Coins of Carausius ;" d. 26 Jan. 1 760. KENNEDY, John, mathematician ; h. about 1700; pubhshed "New Method of Explaining Scripture Chronology," 1752 and 1763; d. about 1770. KENNEDY, William, Scotch antiquary ; b. 1759; published "Annals of Aberdeen," 1818; d. 1836. KENNET, Basil, theologian and scholar ; b. 1674; pubhshed " Notitia Romte Antique," 1696; " Lives of the Grecian Poets," 1697 ; d. Jan. 1715. KENNET, ynate, bishop of Peterborough, antiquary, brother of Basil; 1). 1660; consecrated, 1718 ; published "Parochial Antiquities," 1695; d. 19 Deo. 1728. KENNETH I.— III., kings of Scotland : 1 604-5 2. totally defeated the Picts, and became king of all Scotland, 834 d. 854 3. king, about 969 ; assassinated by Fenella, a lady 994 4. Kenneth iV., or Grimus, usuiiier, 995 ; killed by Malcolm, the right heir . 1003 KENNEY, James, dramatist; b. about 1770; d. I Aug. 1849. KENNICOTT, Benjamin, d.d., Hebraist ; b. 4 April 1 718; published " State of -the Hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered," 1753-60; Tetus Testamentum Hebraicum cum v ariis Lectionibus," 1776-80; " Critica Sacra," 1774; d. 18 Sept. 1783. KENEICK, "William, dramatist and jour- nalist; b. about 1720; published "Philosophical and Moral Epistles," 1759; d. 10 June 1779. KENSETT, John Frederick, Amei-ican artist ; }. 22 March 1818; came to England, 1840; gave up engraving for landscape painting ; exhibited " Windsor Castle," 1845 ! settled in New York, 1848; painted "Hudson Eiver," "Eagle CUif," i&c. ; d. 16 Dec. 1872. KENT, Edmund Plantagenet, of Woodstock earl of, son of Edward I. ; 6. 5 Aug. 1301 ; created earl, 28 July 1321 ; invaded England with queen Isabella, Sept. 1326; conspired against Mortimer, 1329 ; beheaded, ig March, 1330. KENT, Edward Augustus, duke of, fourth son of George III/, and father of Queen Victoria ; b. 2 Nov. 1767 ; educated in Germany ; as governor of Gibraltar put down a mutiny there, Dec. 1802 ; manied Victoria Mary Louise, of Saxe-Coburg- Saalfeld {b. 17 Aug. 1786 ; d. 16 March 1861), 29 May 1818 ; (their daughter Yictoiia, b. 24 May 1819 ;) d. 23 Jan. 1820. KENT 314 KEESAINT KENT, James, musical composer ; b. i6 March 1700; wi-ote "Hear my Prayer," and other an- thems, 1773 ; d. 1776. KENT, James, American jurist; b. 31 July 1763; cliief-justice of New York, 1804; published "Commentaries Qn American Law," 1826-30; d. 12 Dec 1847. KENT, 'William, painter, sculptor, architect, and landscape gardener ; b. 1684 ; in sei-vice of earl of Burlington, 1 716; published " Designs of Inigo Jones," 1727; illustrated "Faery Queen;" d. 12 ApiH 1748. KENT, "William Charles Mark; poet and jour- nalist ; b. 3 Nov. 1823 ; barrister, 1859 ; pubhshed "Aletheia, or the Doom of Mythology," 1850; "Dreamland," 1862; "Footprints on the Eoad," 1864; " Collected Poems," 1870; "Charles Dickens as a Eeader," 1872. KENTON, Lloyd Kenyon, lord, judge ; b. J Oct. 1732; counsel for lord George Gordon, 1780; chief-justice of the King's Bench, 1788 ; d. 4 April 1802. KENTON, John, quaker poet and philanthro- pist ; b. 1783 ; d. 3 Dec. 1856. KEOGH, WilUam, L-ish judge ; b. 1817 ; pub- lished "Practice of Court of Chancery;" q.c. 1849; judge of common pleas, iu Ireland, April 1873- KEPLEE (or KePPLEE), Johann, Gei-man astronomer; b. 27 Dec. 1 57 1 ; professor of mathe- matics at Gratz, 1593-8; published "Mysterium Cosmographicum," 1596; employed byTychoBrahe; succeeded him as astronomer to the emperors, Eodolph II., Matthias, and Ferdinand III., i6oi et ''. about 1775; d. II Oct. 1836. KNIPPEEDOLLING, Bernard, anabaptist chief at Munster ; as governor under John of Leyden, received the "Sword of Samson;" exe- cuted with hon-ible tortures, 23 Jan. 1536. KNOBLAUCH, Karl Hennann, German physicist; 4. II April 1820; published papers on heat, magnetism, &c., 1847, "* ^"l- ! (with }. TjTidall) paper on the relation of crystalline bodies to the poles of a magnet, 1850. KNOLLBE, Martin von, German fresco painter; b. 1725; d. 1804. KNOLLBS, Bichard, historian and orientalist ; h. about 1540 ; published " History of the Tui-ks," 1610; d. ibio. KNOLLBS, or KnowLES, sir Robert, com- mander in the French wars ; honoured by Ed- ward III. ; b. about 1317; suppressed Wat Tyler's insurrection, 12 June 1381 ; d. about 1406. KNOLLIS, or Kno"WLES, su- Francis, pro- testant statesman; b. about 1530; wrote "Usurpa- tion of Pupal Bishops;" employed by Elizabeth ; d. 1596. KNOEE VON EOSENROTH, Christian 'ori- entalist ; b. 15 July, 1636; published " Kabbala Denudata, seu Doctrina Hebrajorum transccnden- talis," 1677-78; d. April 1689. KNOEE, Georg Wolfgang, Genuan artist; h. 30 Dec. 1705; illustrated "Thesaurus Rei Herhariffi," 1750; " Monumentorum Imagines," 1753; <^- 17 Sept. 1761. KNOTT, Edward (real name, Matthias Wilson), Jesuit; b. 1580; pubushed "Charity Mistaken," 1630; "Infidelity Unmasked," (against Chilling- worth), 1652 ; d. 1656. KNOWLBS, James Sheridan, Irish dramatist ; b. 1784; published "Cains Gracchus," 18 15; "Yirginius," 1820; "William Tell," 1825; "The Hunchback," 1832; " The Love Chase," 1837; be- came a by^tist minister ; jiublished " The Elocu- tionist," 1853 ; d. 30 Nov. 1S62. KNOWLBS, Thomas, theologian; b. 1723; d. 6 Oct. 1S02. KNOWLTON, Thomas, botanist; }. 1692; d. 1782. KNOX, John, Scotch reformer ; }. 1505 ; d. 24 Nov. 1572. Educated at Edinbmrgli university . . . 1524 Ordained priest "before 1530 Professed the refonTied doctrines . . . 1542 Charged with being concerned in the murder of Beatoun ; condemned to the galleys . . 1547 Released ; went to England . . . Feb. 1549 Chaplain to Edward VI., 1551 ; declined a benefice April 1553 Fled to Geneva ; welcomed by Calvin . . . 1554 Returned to Scotland 1555 Joined the lords of the congregation; instituted the protestaut worship, and preached against the bishops and clergy at Edinburgh . . 1556 Compelled to retunx to Geneva, 1557 : commenced a translation of the Bible into English ; i3Ublished "The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women" . . . 1558 Returned to Scotland ; outlawed ; an insun-ection followed his preaching at Perth . . May 1559 His confession of faith adopted by the parliament, 17 Aug. 1560 Had two interviews with Maiy, queen of Scots, May and Dec; acquitted of the charge of high treason Dec. 1563 Compelled to retire to England after Rizzio's murder 1566 Returned to Scotland after the nuuder of Darnley ; preached at the coronation of James VI. zg July 1567 " The History of tlie Reformation in Scotland," published . . 1573 d, 24 Nov. ; at his burial, the regent Morton said, "There lies he who never feared the face 0( man ! " . . 26 iS^ov. 1572 KNOX, John, Scotch bookseller ; b. about 1720 ; established fisheries in N.E. Scotland; published "Tour through the Highlands of Scotland," 1785 ; d. I Aug. 1791. KNOX, Rohert, traveller ; b. about 1640 ; went to India, 1657 ; prisoner in Ceylon, 1659-79 ; pub- lished " Historical Relation of Ceylon," 1681 ; d. — KNOX, Robci-t, Scotch anatomist ; b. 4 Sept. 1791 ; conservator of museum at Edinburgh, 1825 ; lectured there, 1825-44 ; settled in Loudon, 1845 ; Eiblished "Races of Men," 1850 ; "Manual of uman j\jiatomy," 1853; d. 20 Dec. 1862. KNOX, Tice.simus, d.d., essayist; }. 8 Dec. 1752; published "Essays," 1777 ; "Epistles," 1792; " Christian I'hilosophy," 1795 ; d. 6 Sept. 1S21. KNUPFBE, Nicolaus, Gennaup.ainter; b. 1603 ; d. 1660. KNUTZBN, or KnuzeN, Matthias, German sceptic ; preached atheism at Tonningen, 1674 ; pubUshed a letter at Rome, attacking the Bible, marriage, &c. ; founded a sect, which lasted a short time. KNUTZEN, Martin, Genuan scholar ; b. 14 Dec. 1713; published, in Genuan, "Philosophic Proofs of the Truth of Christianity," 1739 ; " Arith- metica Mechanica," 1744; d, 29 Jan. 1751. KOBBLL, Franz von, Gennan mineralogist and poet; b. 19 July, 1803; published "Cha- racteristics of Minerals," 1830-1 ; " Galvano- graphie" (new process), 1842; "High Gorman Poems," 1852, &c. KOBBLL, Gennan painters : Ffrdinanu, &. 1740 Fr.\nz, brother, h. 1749 "WiLHELsi, son of Ferdinand, 5. 1766 d. 1799 d. 1822 il. 1S53 KOBBLL, Dutch painters : Hendkik, i. 1751 ; d. 1782. Jan, son, b. 1782; d. 1814. KOCH, Christophe Guillaume, French his- torian and pubhcist; b. 9 May, 1737 ; a member of the legislative assembly, 1791 ; retii'ed to Switzer- land ; brought to Paris, and imprisoned ; released, 1794; published "Tableau des Revolutions de I'Europe" (anonymously), 1771 ; "Tableaux des Traitcs," 1801 ; d. 25 Oct. 1813. KOCH, Joseph Anton, Gennan landscape painter; b. 1768; d. 12 Jan. 1839. KOCK, Charles Paul de, voluminous French novelist and dramatist ; b. 21 May 1794; published " I'Enfant de ma Femme " (his first work), 1813 ; "(Euvres," 56 vols., 1844; d. 29 Aug. 1871. Henri, son, dramatist, b. 25 Apiil 1819. KCEBBEGER 320 KOSSUTH KCEBEEGEE, ATenceslaus, Belgian painter ; b. about 1554 ; d. about 1634. KCEHLER, Johann David, German historian and numismatist ; 4. 18 Jan. 1684 ; d. loMarch 1735' KCELLIKBB, Albert, German physiologist ; J. about 181 7; published " Anatnmie Micro- soopiquBj'' 1850-2 ; " Manual of the Tissues in the Human Body, in German. KCENIG, Emmanuel, Swiss naturalist; h. 1 Nov. 1658 ; travelled in France and Italy ; published " Eegnum Vegetabile," i58o; " Eegnum Animale," 1682; "ReguumMinerale," i685; li. 20 July, 173 1. KCENIG, Fricdrich, German mechanician; b. 17 April, 1755 ; invented the printing machines adopted in London and patented, 1810-II, and woriced by steam; printed the "limes" first, 28 Nov. 1814; printed " Blumeubanh's Physiology," the first book printed by machinery, published 181" ; returned to Bavaria; set up paper-maldng ma- chines; d. 17 Jan. 1833. KCENIG, Georg Matthias, German philologist; }. 15 Feb. 1616 ; published " Tyrociniuni Poeticum Grajcum," 1637; " Gazophylacium Latinitatis," 1668 ; d. 29 Sept. 1699. KCENIG, Johann Gerard, Livonian botanist; b. 1728; travelled in Iceland, India, Thibet, &c. ; d. 31 July 1785- KCENIG, Samuel, Gennan mathematician ; b. 1712; d. 21 Aug. 1757. KCENIGSMARCK, Philip Christoph, Swedish count; b. about 1640; caused assassination of Thomas Thynne, 12 Feb. ; acquitted 28 Feb. 1682 ; alleged lover of Sophia Dorothea, wile of George, elector of Hanover, afterwards George I. of England : assassinated, I July 1694. Makia Aukoba, sister, poet ; b. about 1670 ; became mistress of Augustus II., king of Poland and elector of Saxony, 1694; by him mother of marshal Saxe, 1696; retired to Quedlinburg, as joint abbess, 1698 ; d. 16 Feb. 1728. KCEENER (KbENEE),Earl Theodor, German dramatist and poet; b. 23 Sept. 1791; published "Knospen" ("Buds," a poem), 1810; entered the army, March ; composed his " Sehwertlied" (sword- Bong), 25 Aug. ; killed in battle at llosenberg, 26 Aug. 1813. KCBETEN BLOCK, see Bloch. KOETS, Ralof, Dutch painter; b. 16 Jan. 1655 ; d. 28 June 1725. KOHL, Johann Petrus ; Gennan scholar ; b. 10 March 1698 ; published " Ecclesia Gncca Lutheri- zans," 1723; d. 9 Oct. 1778. KOHL, Johann Georg, German traveller and historian; b. 28 April 1808; published (in German) Travels in llussia, Poland, &c., 1841 ; in Austria and Hungary, 1842; in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1844; in Denmark, &c., 1846; published his travels and works relating to America, 1851-61. KOHLEAUSCH, Rudolph Hermann Aradt, German electrician ; b. 6 Nov. 1809 ; d. 9 March 1858. KOLBE, Adolph "Wilhelm Hermann, German chemist ; b. 27 Sept. 1818. KOLBE, Peter, German naturalist ; b. lO Oct. 1675 ; results of his explorations at the Cape of Good Hope (1705), published 1 741 ; d. 31 Dec. 1726. KOLLAE, Jan, Slavonian scholar, poet, and KOLLMANN, August Friedrich Karl, Gennan musical composer; b. 1756; settled in London, 1782; published "Guide to Thorough-bass," 1801 ; " Introduction to Modulation," 1820; (?. Nov. 1824. KOLOKOTEONIS, see Colocolronis. KONEWKA, Paul, Gennan artist; b. 5 April 1840; made admirable silhouette illustrations of " Midsummer Night's Dream ; " d. 10 May 1871. KONINCK, van Dutch painters : David; d. 1687. Philip ; b. 1619 ; d. ib%q. KONG, see Kitng. KOPEENIK, see Copernicus. KOPP, Hennann, G ennan chemist ; J. 30 Oct. 1817 ; published (in Gennan) " History of Chemis- try," 1843-47 ; edited (with Liebig) " Annalen der Chemie," 1851, et seq. KOPP, Johann Adam, German publicist ; b. 22 March 1698 ; published " Eistoria Juris," 1741 ; d. 5 April 1748. KOPEILI, or KiTJTEILI, Turkish statesmen : Mehemed, Albanian wan-ior . . . .6. 1585 Entered ser\*ice of the sultan ; made grand vizier.; ruled during minority of Mahomet IV. 15 Sept. 1646 Rejircssed fanaticism and rebellion ; kept down the Janissaries ; renovated army and finances d. 31 Oct. 1661 Fazil Ahmed, son; &, 1626; succeeded his father ; ruled ably ; favoured literature ; defeated in bat- tles, 22 July 1664, aud 11 Nov. 1673 : d. 30 Oct. 1676 MusTAPHA, grand vizier, Nov. 1689 ; killed at Ka- lenckemen . . 19 Aug. 1691 KOEAH, DatHAN, and AbIHAM, their sedi- tion and death, li.c. 1471 or 1489. KOENEE, SCO Kxrncr. KOETHOLD, Christian, German protestant theologian; b. 15 Jan. 1633; published "Pastor Fidelis," 1696; "Pagans Obtrectator," 1698 ; i?. 31 March 1694. KOSCIUSZKO, Tadeusz, Polish general aud statesman ; b. 12 Feb. 1746 ; d. 15 Oct. 1817. Went to America, and served under Washiugton, and became friend of La Fayette . . 1776 Returned to Poland j 783 Served under Poniatowski in the war with Russia 1791 Raised tlie standaitl of independence at Cracow, as dictator of Poland . . . 24 M.arch 1794 After varying success, defeated and taken prisoner at Maciejovice ... . 10 Oct. ,, Released by the czar Paul ... . 1796 In London and America, 1797 ; in Fi'ance . 1798 Declined to serve under Napoleon . . . . 1806 Endeavoured to obtain the independence of Poland Settled in Switzerkand .... (I. 29 Jan. 1852. KOLLIKEE, see KcelliJcer. 1014-15 1816 ZOSEGARTEN, Ludmg Gotthard, Gennan poet; b. I Feb. 1758 ; published "IdavonPlesscn," and "Poems," 1788; d. 26 Oct. 1818. KOSSUTH, Lajos or Louis, Hungarian states- man ; 4. i5 Sept. 1802. Began to reorganise the patriotic party ; arrested ; condemiied to four years' imprisonment . . 1837-40 Married Theresa Meszlenyl Id. 1865) . jo Jan. 1840 Published " Journal of Pesth " . . 2 Jan. 1841 Unsuccessful with the press ; advocated nation.al associations— one inaugurated Ijy Count Casimir Batthyani 6 Oct. 1S44 Elected deputy for Pesth in Hungai'ian diet, 17 Oct. 1847 Demanded the re-cstablishment of a separate mi- nistiT for Hungary .... 3 March 1848 Entered Vienna with a deputation . 15 March Minister of finance for Hungary . . April Head of a provisional government after the insur- " rection at Pesth .... 28 Sept. Declared governor of Hungary as a free state ' " 14 April 1849 KOSTER 321 EEUNITZ Overcome by Russian intervention ; fled to Turkey 21 Aug. 1849 Arrived in England ; enthusiastically received 17 Oct. 1850 Tublislied his "Speeches," 1S53; "Works" . 1852-5 Alleged communications "with Napoleon III. Aug.— Oct. 1859 Published letter censuring Deak and the moderate party Oct. 1867 Elected deputy for "Waiien in Hungary 1 Aug. „ Besigned by letter .... 14 Apnl 1868 Living at Turin 1862-75 Published a paper on the alteration of colour in stars 1871 KOSTEB, see Coster. KOSTUOF, Ermil Ivanovitch., Kussiau poet and translator ; d. 9 Dec. 1796. KOTTER,Chi-istopli, German fanatic; b. 1585; professed to have visions,;i6i6 ; " Lux in Tenebris," published 1657 ; d. 1647. KOTZEBUE, German -writerB ; brothers : August Fbiedrich Ferdinanij, dramatist 5. 3 May 1761 Assassinated by Charles Sand, a student at Mannheim (for opposing liberal and constitu- tional principles) ... 23 March i8ig Otto von, navigator . . . . 6. ig Dec. 1787 Accompanied Knisenstern in his voyage . 1803-6 Commanded the "Rurick," a Russian vessel, in an expedition to the South Seas, and made many discoveries . 30 July 1815 — 3 Aug. 1818 Published his voyage 1821 Made a new voyage . 15 Aug. 1823 — 10 July 1826 Published his " New Voynge round the World " . 1830 d. 15 Feb. 1846 KOULI TTTTATSr, see Nadir Shah. KOZELUCH, Bohemian musicians : JoHAKN Anton ; 6. 13 Dec. 173S . d, 3 Feb. 1814 Leopold, cousin ; 6. 1753 : succeeded Mozart, as composer to the emperor, 1792 . d. 8 Feb. „ KOZLOV, Ivan Ivanovitch, Russian poet; h. 1774 ; d. 1838. KOZMIAN, Cajetan, Polish poet and states- man; b. 31 Dee. 1771 ; d. 7 March 1856. KRACHBNINNIKOW, Stephan Petrovitch I Russian traveller ; h. 1713; published "Description of Kamtchatka," 1755; d. 12 Feb. 1755. KRAPFT, Adam, sculptor of Nuremberg ; d. about 1507. KRAPFT, George 'Wolfgang, German physicist ; b. 15 July 1701 ; published " Expeiimenta Physica," 1738; "Description of the Palace of Ice at St. Petersburg, Jan. 1740;" d. about July 1754. ■WoLFGANO, son, b. 1743; assisted Euler in his " Tables of the Moon ; " d. 4 Dec. 1814. KRANTZ, or OrANTZ, Albert, German theolo- gian and historian ; b. about 1450 ; as dean, re- formed the churches in Hamburg, 1508 ; " Vanda- lia," published 1519 ; " Saxonia," 1520 ; " Metro- polis,'' 1548 ; d. 7 Deo. 1517. KRAN'TZ, see Grantz. KRASICKI, Ignacy, "the Polish Voltaire;" b. 4 Peb. 1731; ; Tvannly opposed the partition, 1772; published satirical poems ; d. 14 March 1801. KEASINSKI, Valerian, count, Polish pro- testant; b. about 1780; condemned to exile after the revolution, 1830 ; published " Eiae, Progress, and Decline of the Reformation in Poland," 1839- 40 ; " Panslavism and Germanism," 1848 ; d. 22 Deo. 1855. KRATZENSTEIN, Chi-istian GottUeb, Ger- man physicist ; 5. 30 Jan. 1 723 ; published " Theory of the Elevation of Yapours," 1745 ; d. 6 July I795. KRAUS, see Cntsius. KRAY DE Krajof, Paul, baron, Austrian general: b. 5 Feb. 1735; served against France, 1792-95; commanded successfully in Italy, 1799; succeeded archduke Charles in Germany; compelled to retreat by Moreau, 1800 ; d. 19 Jan. 1804. ERELL, Karl, German astronomer and physi- cist ; b. 4 Mov. 1798 ; professor and director of ob- servatory at Vienna, 1851 ; published many obser- vations and papers, 1831, et seq. ; d. 21 Dec. 1862. KREUTZER, French violinists, brothers : RoDOLPH ; 6. 16 Nov. 1766 ; patronised by Marie An- toinette, 17S2 ; composed his "Lodoiska," in opposi- tion to that of Cherubini, 1791 ; d 6 or 16 Jan. 1831. Jean Nicolas Auquste ; &. 1781 ; d. 1822. KRILOF, see Kruilov. KROMAYER, German theologians : HiERONYMUs, h. 1610; wrote " Historia Ecclesiastica ;" d. 1670. JoHANN, 6. 1576 ; wrote " Harmonia Evangelistarum ;" d. 1643. KROMMER, Franz, German instrumental composer; b. 1759; d. 8 Jan. 18^1. KRUDENBR, Russian family : BuRKHAED Alexis Constantin, baron, diplo- matist ; S. 24 June 1744 ; employed by Catherino II ■ his advancement stopped by the death of Paul, 12 March 1801 . . . A 14 Jmie 1802 Julia von Wietinghoff, wife; 6. 21 Nov. 1764; married ,■ , . • . ^^83 Travelled with her husband ; deserted him, and returned ,• ^n^ Published "Valerie" (a mystical work much attacked) . 1803 Devotedherself to conversion of sinners ; uttered prophecies ; endured persecution . . 1803-14 Interview with czar Alexander I. (led to much influence over him) . . . May 1815 Resided at Kosse in Livonia . . . 1818-21 Pleaded for the Greeks at St. Petersburg . . 1821 d. 13 or 25 Dec. 1824 KRUG, Ivan Philip, Russian historian and numismatist; b. 18 Jan. 1764; published "Essai sur la Chronologie Byzantine," 1810; d. 4 June 1844. KRUG-, "Wilhelm Traugott, German philoso- pher; 4. 22 June 1770; president of the "Tugen- bund," about 1807 ; published '■ System of Theo- retical Philosophy," 1806-10 ; " System of Practical Philosophy," 1817-9; d. 13 Jan. 1842. KEUILOV (or Kriiof), Ivan Andrievitch, Russian popular fabulist; b. 13 Feb. 1768; his " Fables" published in English by W. R. S. Ral- ston, 1869 ; d. 23 Nov. 1844. KRUMMAOHER, German theologians : PiiiEDEicH Adolph, 6. 13 July 1768 ; published " Parables," 1805 ; Catechisms; " Captain Cor- nelius," 1829 ; " Life of St. John," 1833 ; d. 14 April 1 845 Gottfried Daniel, brother ; 5. i April 1774 ; a chief of the pietist party ; " Wanderings of Is- rael," pnbUshed 1850 . . . (J. 30 Jan. 1837 Friedrich Wilhelm, son of Friedrich, an ardent pietist; published "Elijah the Tishbite," 1828; "Elisha." 1837-41 ; visited Great Britain, 1856 d. 10 Deo. j868 KRUNITZ, Johann Georg, Prussian writer ; }. 1728; published " (Ekonomisohe Technologiache Encyklopadie," 1773-9^; ^^ecused of mis- conduct in several convents ; retired to a hemiitage ; assumed himself to be Jesus Christ ; d. 1674. LAB ANOFE DE BoSTOFP, Alexander, prince, Russian general ; b. 1788; since 1828 devoted him- self to discover documents relative to Mary Queen of Scots ; published " Letters, &c., of Marie Stuart," 7 vols. 1844 ; d. ? LABAEEE, Eloi, French architect; b. 17 Api-il, 1764; d. 20 May, 1833. LABARRE, Fran(;ois Theodore, French com- poser; b. 8 April, 180^ ; gained prize for " Pyrame et Thisbe," cantata, 1823 ; " Deux Families," 1831, and other operas. LA BAREE, Jean Franqois Lefevre chevalier tie; b. 1747; beheaded and burnt at Abbeville for mutilating a crucifix, i July 1766. LABAETHE, Pien-e, French geographer: I. 9 June 1760; published "Voyage au Senegal, 1784-85," 1802; "Voyage a la Cote de Guinee," 1803 ; d. 6 June, 1824. LABAT, Jean Eaptistej French missionary; h. 1663 ; governed at Mai-tiuico ; founded Basse- terre, and promoted public works; defended it against the English, 1703; imblished " Nouveau Voyage aux Hes de I'Amerique," 1722 : " Traite Jlistorique du Cafe," 1716 ; d. 6 Jan. 1738. LABBE, Philippe, French Jesuit; i. 10 July 1607; mth Cossart, edited the collection of "S.S. Concilia," published 1672 ; d. 25 March 1667. LABBE, Pierre, French Latin poet ; b. 1594 ; wrote " Elogia Lndo^'ici XTTL," 1634; "Concordia Ohronologica, &c.," 1670; d. about 1680. LABE, Louise, French poetess and genius, of irregular life ; b. 1526 ; d. March 1566. LABEDOYERE, Charles Angelique Franqois Huchet, comte de, French general \ b. 17 April 1786; aide-de-camp of Lannes, 1808; served in Italy, 1811 ; and in Germany, 1813 ; rejoined Napoleon, March 1815 ; at Waterloo, 18 June ; seized while endeavouring to escape; tried, and shot 19 Aug. 1815. LABEO, Marcus Aiitistius, Eoman jurist ; J!, about E.G. 18. LABERIUS, Decimus, Roman dramatist; b. B.C. 107 ; patronised by Cassar ; d, Jan. 43. LABIENTJS, Titus, Eoman tribune of the people, B.C. 63; fought under Ca:sar in Gaul, 52; deserted him for Pompey, 40 ; caused the defeat of liis party at Munda, and killed there, 45. LABLACHB, Louis, Italian buffo singer and actor; b. 6 Dec. 1794; in London, 1835; at St. Petersburg, 1852 ; engaged by the emperor, 1857 ; d. 23 Jan. 1858. LABORDE, French family : Jean Joseph, marquis de, French financier ; &. 1724: employed by Clioiseul; arrested as an agent of Louis XVI., 1793 ; executed iS April 1794 Alexandre Louis Joseph, corate de, Frencli poli- tician ; &. 15 Sept. 1773 ; published " Voyage Pittoresque en Espague," 1807-18 ; " Monuments de la Fiance," 1816-26 . . . d. 24 Oct. 1842 Leon Emmanuel Simon Joseph, comte de, son, arcliJEologist and artist ; h. 12 June 1807 ; tra- velled in tlie east, 182S-30 ; published " Voyage de I'Arabie P6tr^e," 1830-33 : "Voyage en Orient," 1838-64; "Histoire de la Gravure," 1830 d. March 1869 LA BORDE, Jean Baptiste, French Jesuit ph3-sicist; b. 9 June 1 730; published "Clavecin Electrique," 1761 ; d. 1777. LABORDE, Jean Benjamin, French musical writer; b. 5 Sept. 1734; published "Essai sur la Musique Ancienne et Modeme," 1780; executed, 22 July 1794. LABOUCHERE, Henry, lord Taunton, states- man; b. 15 Aug. 1798; president of the board of trade, 1839-41 ; again, 1847-52 ; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846-47 ; colonial secretary, 1855-58 ; M.P. for Taunton, 1830-59; created baron, 1859; d. 13 July, 1869. LABOULAYE,Edwara Rene Lefebvre, French lawyer; member of the Left Centre; b. 18 Jan. 181 1 ; published " Histoire des Droits do Propriete Fonciere," 1842 ; " Recherches sur la Condition des Fcnunes," 1843 (both crowned by the academies). LA BOURDONNAIE, Francois Regis, comte de, French royalist statesman ; b. 19 March 1767 ; remarkable for severitj' towards republicans ; a mem- ber of the reactionarj' ministry of Polignac, 1829 ; retired from it, Jan. 1830; d. 28 Aug. 1839. LABOUREUR, see Le Laboiireur. LABROSSE, Joseph, see Ange de St. Joseph. LABROUSSE, Clotilde Suzanne CourceUes de, French enthusiast and ascetic; b. 8 May 1747; published "Propheties concemant la Revolution Franqaise " (announcing the end of the world in 1899), 1790; d. 1821. LA BRTJNE, Jean de, French protestaut; pub- lished "Voyage en Suisse," 1685 ; " Morale de Con- fucius," 16S8. LA BEUYERE, Jean de, French moraKst ; b. about 1646; published "Caracteres de Theo- phraste, on les Mo2ui-s de ce Siecle," 1688; d. 11 May, 1696. Y 2 LACAILLB 324 LADISLAS LACAILLB, Nicolas Louis de, French astrono- mer; b. 15 May 1713; verified the gi-eat meridian of France, 1739-40 jpublished " Astronomia; Funda- menta," 1757; "Tabulm Solarcs," 1758; d. 21 March 1762. LACAEEY, Gilles, French -m-iter ; h. 1605 ; published " Historia Galiiarum," 1672; " I}istoria Romana per Nmnismata et Mannora testata," 1671 ; d. 25 July 1684. LAC AZE, Louis de, French physician ; }. ] 703 ; published " Idee de I'Honnne Physique et Morale," 1755 ; d- 1765- LACENAIEE, Pierre Fran(;ois GaiUard, French assassin ; b. 1800 ; executed 9 Jan. 1836. LACEPEDE, Bernard Gennain Etienne de la Ville, comte de, French naturalist; b. 26 Dec. 1756; d. 6 Oct. 1825. Published " Poetique de la Musique," 1785; (iis contiimations of Buffon) " Histoire des Qii.idru- I>edes Ovipaires, et des Serpents," 1788-9 ; " His- toire des Reptiles " 1789-go Elected president of tbe legislative assembly 30 Nov. 1 791 Narrowly esc.a]ied proscription; published " His- toire lies Puissous," 1798-1803 ; " Histoire des Cetacees" 1804 President of the senate 1801 Grand chancellor of the legion of honour 1803 LACEPEDE, Jean de, French poet ; b. about 1550; published "Imitations des Psaumes," &c., 1594; "Theoremes Spirituels," 1613-21 ; d. 1622. LACEE.DA, Bemarda Ferreira de, Portuguese poetess;*. 1595; published "Espana Libertada," 1618-76 ; d. I Oct. 1644. LA CHAISE, or La ChAIZE D'Aix, Fran- cois de, French Jesuit; b. 25 Aug. 1624; confessor of Louis XIV., 1675 ; d. 20 Jan. 1709. LA CHAU, Gerard de, French archsologist ; b. about 1750; published " Description des Pierres gravees de Cabinet du due d'Orleans," 1784; d. LA CHAUSSEE, PieiTe Claude Nivellfe de, French dramatist; b. 1692; friend of Voltaire; d. 14 March 1754. LACHES, Athenian general and statesman ; alluded to by Aristophanes in the " "Wasps ; '* com- manded in Sicily, B.C. 427 ; killed at Mantinea, 418. LACHMANN, Karl, German philologist ; *. 4 March 1793 ; fought in the war of iudepeixlence, 1813 ; edited " Propertius," 1816 ; "Catullus and Tibullus," 1829; "Novum Testamentuni Gi'sece " (with Buttmann), 1842 ; d. 13 March 1851. LACKING-TOISr, James, bookseller; b. about 1746; published " Memoirs," 1791 ; "Confessions," 1804 ; d. 1816. LACLOS, PieiTe Ambroise Francois Choderlos de, French general and novelist; 0. 1741; pub- lished "Liaisons Dangereuses," 1782; "Poesies Fugitives," 1783 ; d. 5 Nov. 1803. LA COLONIE, Jean Baptiste, French gene- ral; b. 1674; published "Histoire de Bordeaux," 1757 ; b. 26 Nov. 1759. LACOMBE, Jaccjues, French jurist and poet ; b. 1724 ; published "Histoire de Chiistine, Peine de Suede, 1762 ; d. 16 July l8n. LA COjSTD AMINE, Charles Marie de, French mathematician ; b. 28 Jan. 1701 ; travelled in South America with Bouguer and Godin, \ 736 ; published " Figure de la Terre detemiinee," 1749 ; " Histou'e des Pyranrides," 1751 ; d. 4 Feb. 1774. LACOEDAIRE, Jean Baptiste Henri, Pere> French preacher; b. 12 March 1802; d. 22 Nov 1861. Studied law ; converted to Catholicism . . 1823 Ordained a priest 1827 With Lamenniiis began "I'Avenir," with motto, " Dieu et la Liberte," an ultramontane journal 18 Oct. 1830 Began his " Conferences " at the college Stanislas 1834 Became a preaching fnar ... 9 April 1839 Published "Vie de S. Dominique," 1840: "Con- ferences " 1845 Member of the constitutional assembly (soon re- signed) . . May 184S LACEETELLE, brothers, French writers : PiEBRE Louis, jiuist .... h. 1751 Published "Melanges de Jurisprudence" 1779 Member of the legislative assembly . . 1791 Fled from Paris Aug. 1792 Maintained the rights of the house of Savoy un- der the empire. With Jouy, Constant, and others founded "Mi- nerve E^angaise," 1817 . . ri. 5 Sept. 1824 Jean Charles Dominique de, historian and jour- nalist ... .-.!,. 3 Sept. 1766 Adhered to Louis XVI. till his death 21 Jan. 1793 In his retreat began his "Histoire de France pendant le i8me Sifecle," (published 1808) . 1795 Professor of history at Paris . . . 1809 Published continuations of his history . 1821-46 d. 26 March 1855 LACEOIX, Jules, French novelist and drama- tist, brother of next; b. 7 May 1809; published " Une Grossesse," 1833 ; " Corps sans Ame," 1834, and many others ; " La Jeunesse de Louis XIV., drama, 1859, &c. LACEOIX, Paul (foi-meriy styled himself "Bibliophile Jacob") archaeologist; b. 27 Feb. 1806 ; curator of the arsenal Ubi-ary, Paris, 1835 ; pubUshed " Mccurs, Usage?, et Coutumes du Moyen Age," 1871; "Arts an Moyen Age," 1870; "Mili- tarj' and Religious Life in the Middle Ages," 1874 ; " Eighteenth Century," 1875. LACEOIX, J. F. de, called Lacroix de I'Eure et Loire, French revolutionist; b. 1754; executed S Apiil 1794. LACEOIX, Louia Antoine Nicole de, French mathematician; b. 1704; published "Geographie Modeme," 1747 ; d. 14 Sept. 1760. LACEOIX, Silvestre Francois, French mathe- matician; b. 1765; published " Traite du Calcul Diiferentiel et Integral," 1797-1800, &c. ; d. 25 May 1843. LACE0S8E, Jean Baptiste Baymond, baron de, French admu-al; b. 5 Sept. 1765; suppressed a black rebellion at Martinique, 1792 ; commanded the "Droits de I'Homme" in a severe action with Pellew in the "Indefatigable," 13 Jan. 1707 -rf a Sept. 1829. LA CEUZ T CanO, Eamon de, Spanish dra- matist;*. 1731; published "Teatro," 1788 ; d. 4 Nov. 1795. LACTANTIUS, Fii-mianus, Latin father, "the Christian Cicero;" b. about 250; tauo-ht rhetoric at Nicomedia, and became a Christian about 300 ; summoned to Gaul to educate Crispua' the son of Constantine, about 312 ; ^vl■ote " Divinaj Institutiones ; " d. about 325. LACT, John, dramatist and comedian ; patro- nised by Charles II.; d. 17 Sept. 1681. LADISLAS I.— VII., kings of Hungary, &c.: 1. the Saint, son of Bela L ; 6. about 1041 ; kin'' 1077 ; subdued his competitor Solomon '■ con- quered^Croatia and Dalmatia, 1087 ; promoted a- 29 July 1093 civilisation and laws LADISLAS 325 LAFON 2. (omitted in some lists), son of Bela 11. ; 6. aiJout 1134; crowned (irregularly), 15 July 1161 d. 14 Jan. 1162 3. or 2. t. about 11S5 ; succeeded liis father, Enieric, 1204 d, 7 May 1205 4. or 3. the Cuman ; &. about 1250 ; succeeded his father, Stephen IV., 1272; suflered much by in- vasions; assassinated by the Cumans 19 July 1290 5. or 4. h. about 1400; succeeded his father, Ja- gehon, as king of Poland . . . 1434 Elected king of Hungary 1440 Defeated and slain by the Tm-ks at Vania 10 Nov. 1444 6. or 5. the Posthiinious son of the emperor Albert of Austria ; b. 1439 ; chosen king, 1445 ; crowned king of Bohemia, 28 Oct. 1453 ; pro- tected by John Hunniades; put his sou to death ; compelled to flee . . d. 23 Feb. 1457 7. or 6. son of Casimir IV. of Poland ; &. about 1450; king of Bohemia, 1476; chosen king of Hungary, 1400 ; man-ied his daughter, Anne, to Ferdmand of Austria, 1515 . d. 13 March 1516 LADISLAS (or LakCELOT), son of Charles, king of Hungary and Naples ; b. about 1376; suc- ceeded him, 13S6 ; quarrelled ^vith the pope, 1405 ; defeated by Louis II., 19 May 1411; d. about 16 Aug. 1414. LADISLAS, or WLADISLAS, I.-VII., dukes and kings of Poland : 1. Hermann, son of Casimir I. ; h. 1034 ; suc- ceeded his brother, Bolcslas I., as dulze, 1081 d. 25 July 1102 2. &. ito4 ; succeeded his father, Boleslas I., 1139 ; provoked a revolt by his cruelty ; fled ; deposed by his brother, Boleslas IV., 1146 d. 4 July 1159 3. son of Mieczioslaw III., h. 1168; elected king, J203 ; attempted to reform the church ; abdi- cated, 1207 ... . d. ij March 1231 4. orl. fcijij/; b. 1260; elected, 1296 ; not crowned till 1320; defeated the Teutonic knights, 27 Sept. 1321 ... . d. z March 1333 5. or 2. s&e Jagelloii. 6. or 3. see Lculislcus V. ofHnngarif, 7. or 4. son of Sigisniond III. ; V. 30 May 1595 ; elected grand duke of Russia, 1610 ; king of Po- land, 1632 ; victorious over the Russians and Turks rf. 19 May 1648 LADYOCAT, Jean Baptiste, French Hebraist and biographer; b. 3 Jan. 1709; published " Dic- tionnaire Historique," 1752; " Granimaire He- braique," 1755'; d, 29 Dec. 1765. T.TRTiTTTR, Caius, friend of Scipio Africanus ; h. about B.C. 235 ; commanded the fleet in the cap- ture of New Carthage, 210; commanded at Zama, and helped to gain the victory, 202; consul, 190; d. after 171. L^LIUS, Caius, Sapiens, son, philosopher, statesman, and orator ; b. about B.C. 186; fi-iend of Scipio the younger; opposed the Gracchi and popular leaders, 145-122. LAENI^CBeneTheophileHyacinthe, French physician; b. 17 Feb. 1781; jjublished his discovery of auscultation, 1818 ; "Traite de 1' Auscultation, ' 1819 ; d. 13 Aug. 1826. I IjAEE., see Zaar. LAET, Jean, Belgian geographer and philolo- gist; published **IIispania," 1629; and "Gallia," 1629 ; *' Belgii Eespublica," 1630 ; " Persia," 1633 ; d. 1649. LA FAGE, Jean de (llaistre Jean, and La Faghe), French musician ; "wrote motets about 1520, LAFAEGrE, Joachim, French political econo- mist; created *' Tontine Viagere," 1790; d. after 182 1. LAFAE.GE, Marie Cappelle Pouch-; b. 1816 ; married to Lafarge, who had deceived her in regard to his property, 1833 ; tried for poisoning him, and condemned with extenuating cii-cumstances, Sept. 1839 ; d. 7 Nov. 1852. LA FA YE, PieiTe Benjamin, Lafaist de, French philologist ; b. July 1809 ; published '*Synonymes Fran^ais," 1841 ; *' Dictionnaire des Synonymee," 1858. LA FAYETTE, Louise de (Jlother Angelica), French beauty; b. about 1616; loved by Louis XIII. ; retired from the coui-t to a convent ; said to have reconciled Louis to his queen, Dec. 1637 ; rf. 1665. LA FAYETTE, Marie lladeleine Pioche de la Yergne, comtesse de, French -wiiter; b. March 1634; friend of Rochefoucauld and Madame de Sevigne ; published " Princesse de Montpensier," 1660; "Zayde," soon after; d. May 1693. LA FAYETTE, Marie Jean Paul Koch Yves Gilbert Motier, marquis de, French general and politician; b. 6 Sept. 1757; d. 20 May 1834. Entered the serv'iee of the American iiisurgents as volunteer, nominated major 31 July 1777 Became friend of Washington ... ,, Retiuned at the war with EngLmd . . Feb. 1779 Employed in America ... . 1780-1 Adopted and promoted tlie revolution . 1789 Made commander of the national guard . July ,, Saved the king and royal family from the mob 6 Oct. „ Be^an to be unpopular ; threatened with death if tlie king had escaped .... June 1791 Retired from Paris ; organised army of the centre . „ After the attack on the Tuileries and overthrow of the monarchy (10 Aug.), fled ; captured by the Austrians . ' . . . 19 Aug. 1792 Eventually imprisoned at Olmutz . . . ,, Liberated at the demand of the directory 19 Sept. 1797 Opposed the life-consulate and empire . 1802-4 Travelled in America ; enthusiastically received July 1824 — Sept. 1823 Supported Louis Philippe in the revolution of July 1830 LAFFITTE, Jacques, French banker and financier; b. 24 Oct. 1767 ; d. 26 May 1844. Game to Paris as a notaiy ; employed by Perigaux, a banker ; (became eventually partner) . . 1788 Director of the bank of France . . . 1S09 Governor of it . , . . - 25 April 1814 Advanced large sums to the provisional govern- ment and to the city of Paris for its forced con- tributions to the allies . . . June 1815 As a deputy supported liberal measures . Oct. 1816 Firmly supported the Orleanist party, and Louis Philippe as king . . July — Aug. 1830 Minister .... Nov. 1830— March 1831 Nearly ruined ; his residence presei"ved for him by public subscription .... 1833-6 Firmly opposed the reactionary government . 1838-44 LAFFON DE LadeBAT, Andre Daniel, French statesman and financier; b. 30 Nov. 1746; d, 14 Oct. 1829. President of " Conseil des Anciens," 18 Aug. 1797 ; arrested and exiled to Guiana, Sept. 1797 ; re- I turned, 1799 ; a founder of the French protestant Bible society 1818 LAFITAU, French Jesuits : Joseph Fbanqois ; 6. 1670 ; missionary in Canada; published " Mceurs des Sauvages," 1723 d. 1740 Pierre Frakqois, bishop and diplomatist ; &. 1685 ; published " Histoire de la Constitution Unige- nitus," 1733 ; "Vie de Clement XI." d. 3 April 1764 LAFON, Jean Baptiste Hyacinthe, French abbe, royalist ; b. about 1765 ; with general Malet, vainly conspired to overthrow Napoleon duiing bis campaign in Eussia, 23 Oct. 1812 ; escaped punisliment ; d. about 1830. LAFONT 326 LAKE LAFONT, Joseph de, French dramatist; l>. 1686; d. 1725. LA FONTAINE, Jeim de, French fabulist and popt; b. 8 July 162 1 ; published " Contes. et Nouvelles en Vers," 1655; "Fables Choisies," 1668-93; "Amours de Ps3-che et de Cupidon," 1669 ; d. 13 April 1695. LA FONTAINE, Jehan de, French poet; b. 1381 ; wi-ote " La Fontaine dea Amoureux de Science; " d. after 1495. LA FONTAINE, August Heini-ich Julius, German noveUst; i. 6 Oct. 1759; d. 20 April 1831. LA FOECE, Jacques Nompar de Caumont, due de, French marshal, protestant ; b. 30 Oct. 1558 ; narrowly escaped the massacre of St. Bar- tholomew, Aug. 1572 ; served under Henry IV. ; was with him at Ms death, 14 May i6io; sup- ported the protestant cause; condemned for treason, 15 Nov. 1621 ; reconciled to the government and jji-omoted; d. 10 May 1652. LA FOSSE, Antoine de sieur d'Aubigny, French dramatist; b. about 1653; "wrote "Poly- xene," 1686 ; " ManHus Capitohnus," 1698 ; d. 2 Nov. 1708. LA GARAYE, Claude Toussaint Marot, comte de, chemist and philanthroirist ; b. 27 Oct. 1675; turned his chateau into a hospital; published "Chimie Hydraulique," 1746; d. 2 July 1755. LA GAEDIE, Pontus de, baron d'Eckholm, French general ; b. about 1530; sent mth troops to help the regent of Scotland, Jlaiy of Guise, IS56; afterwards entered the service of Frederick II. of Denmark; taken prisoner by the Swedes, 1565; entered the service of Eric, king of Sweden ; helped to dethi-one him, Sept. 1568 ; employed and ennobled by John III., 1569-71 ; drowned acciden- tally before Nan-a, 5 Dec. 1585. LAGEEBEING, Siven Bring, Swedish his- torian; b. 1707 ; d. 5 Dec. 1788. LAGEELOEFF, Pchr, Swedish archa:ologist ; b. 4 Nov. 1648; published "Historia Lingua; GraDcoe," 1685 ; d. 7 Jan. 1699. LAGILLIEEE, Nicolas, painter, the French Vandyke ; b. 2 Oct. 1656 ; d. 20 March 1746. LAGNT, Thomas Fantet, sieur de, French mathematician; b. i65o; published " Methode Nou- velle pour extraire des Eacines," 1692 ; d. 12 April 1734- LAGOMAESINI, Geronimo, Italian Jesuit scholar; b. 30 Sept. 1698; d. 18 May 1773. LA GEANGE CHANCEL, name assumed by Fran(;ois Joseph de Chancel, French dramatist and historian; b. i Jan. 1677; d. 26 Dec. 1758. LA GEANGE, Joseph Louis, comte, French geometer; b, at Turin, 2? Jan. 1736; published " Mecanique Analytique, 1787; "Theorie des Fonctions Analytiques," 1797; d. 10 April 1813. LA GEIVE, Jean de, French geographer; b. 1689; "Manuel de Trigonometrie," published 1754 ; " Plan de Paris," 1759 ; d. 18 April 1757. LAGUEEONNIEEE, Loais Etienne Arthm- Dubreuil-Helion, vicomte de, French publicist ; b. 1816 ; friend of La Martine, about 1835 ; supported his journal " Le Bien Public,"i846; parted-with him and advocated the coup d'etat, Dec. 1851 ; ambas- sador at Brussels, 1868 ; irablished " Etudes et Por- traits Politiques contemporaina," 1856; important pamphlets, 1862, et seq. ; d. about 23 Dec. 1875. LAGIINA, or Lacuna, Andi-ea, conde de, Spanish physician; b. 1499; published "Anatonuca Jlethodus, 1535; d. 1560. LA HALE, Adam de, French trouvere ; b. 1240 ; said to have been the first composer of a comic opera, " Li Gieus (Jeu) de Eobinet et de Marion. LA HAEPE, Jean Francois de, French critic ; b. 20 Nov. 1739; published " Heroides," 1759; " Melanges Litteraii-es," 1765 ; " Cours de Littera- ture," 1799-1805 ; d. 11 Feb. 1803. LA HAYE, GuiUaume Nicolas, French en- graver ; b. 1725 ; d. 1802. LA HIEE, surname of Etienne de VignoUes, French free captain; b. about 1390; distinguished for bravery and cruelty in the civil wars, and war with England ; d. 11 Jan. 1443. LA HIEE, Philippe de, French mathemati- cian ; }. 18 March 1640 ; published " Nouvelle Me- thode de Geometrie pour les Sections Coniques," 1673 ; " Traite de Mecanique," 1695 ; d. 21 April 1718. LA HUEETA, Gaspar de, Spanish painter; b. 2 Sept. 1645 ; d. 18 Dec. 1714. LA HUEETA, Vicent Garcia de, Spanish dra- matic poet ; b. Jan. 1729 ; d. Aug. 1797. LAINE, see Fovrqtiet. LAINEZ, see Laynez. LAING, Alexander, Scotch antiquary ; b. 1778 ; d. 1838. LAING, Alexander, Scotch poet ; i. 14 May 1787; published " Archie Allan," 1827; "Wayside Flowers," 1846 ; d. 14 Oct. 1857. LAING, Alexander Gordon, Scotch ti-aveller; b. 27 Dec. 1794; published his " Travels ui 'Westeni Africa," 1825 ; murdered at Timbuctoo, Sept. 1826. LAING, Malcolm, Scotch historian; b. 1762; finished Heme's " History of Britain," 1793; pub- lished " History of Scotland," 1800 ; d. 1818. LAING, Samuel, Scotch traveller and states- man; b. 1812 ; on railway commission, 1845; chairman of Crystal Palace Company, 1852-5; finance secretary to the treasury, June 1859 — Oct. i860 ; finance minister for India, Jan. 1861 ; resigned, July 1862 ; chairman of Brighton rail- way Company, 1867. LAIED, John, Scotch shipbuilder; b. 14 June 1805 ; active promoter of docks at Bii-kenhead ; elected m.p. for that borough, 1861 ; built the Alabama for the American confederate govern- ment, launched, 16 May 1862 ; d. 29 Oct. 1874. usque ad 1500," 1791 ; d. 1801. Typogi-aphil LAIEESSE, Gerard, Flemish painter- b [640; d. 28 July :7ii. LAKE, Arthur, theologian; b. about icco- " Expositions of Psalms I. and LV.," published 1629 ; d. 4 May 1626. 1803; defeated the Mahrattas, near Delhi| and restored the Mogul I Nov. 1803; peer, i Sept. 1804; de- feated Holkar at Fun-uckabad, 17 Nov. 1804 ; took Ehartpore, 2 April 1805 ; d. 20 Feb. 1808. LALANDE LALAKDE, Jacques cle, French jurist and antiquary; b. 2 Dec. 1622; d. 5 Feb. 1703. LALANDE, Joseph Jerome le Frangais de, French asti-onomer; b. 11 July 1732; published "Traite d'Astronomie," 1764; "Histoire Celeste Frangaise," 1801 ; edited " Connaissance des Temps," 1760-75, 1794-1807 ; d. 4 April 1807. LALANDE, Michel Eichard de, French musical composer; b. 15 Dec. 1657; d. 18 June 1726. LALLEMAND, Charles Francois Antoine, Tiaron, French general ; b. 23 June 1774 ; served in army, 1792-1815 ; baron, 1811; helped to colonise Texas, 1817; d. about April 1839. LALLY, Thomas Arthur, baron de ToUendal, Trench general; b. Jan. 1702; beheaded, 9 May 3766. Distinguished himself in Gennany, 1733 ; in Flan- ders 1741 Commanded the Irish hrigade at Fontenoy 30 April 1745 Served under Charles Edward in Scotland . 1745-6 Arrived at Pondicherry ... 28 April 1758 Endeavoured to reform the administration of the French East India company ; after many suc- cesses defeated by the English at Wandewash 22 Jan. 1760 Compelled to surrender Pondicherry, after a long siege (and sent prisoner to England) . 14 Jan. 1761 "Went to Paris to demand a trial ; after three yeiirs* trial, condemned ; executed . 9 May 1766 LALLT-TOLLENDAL, Trophime Gerard, marquis de, son of general Lally; b. 5 March 1751 ; energetic defender of Louis XVI., 1789; re- tired to Switzerland, 1791 ; published " Memoires concemant Marie Antoinette, 1804 ; employed by Xouis XVIII., 1815; d. II March 1830. LALOR, John, Irish journalist; b. 1813; edited the "Inquirer;" d. 3 Feb. 1856. LA LUZERNE, Cesar Guillaume de, French cardinal, earnest royalist; b. 7 July 1738; d. 21 June, 1821. LA MARCHB, Olivier de, French chronicler and knight in the service of the dukes of Bur- gundy; b, about 1426; d. i Feb. 1502. liAMARCK, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monnet de, French naturahst; b. i April 1744; served in the army till wounded, 1762; published " Flore Franijaise, 1778-95; " Memoires de Phy- sique et d'Histoire Naturelle," 1798; " Hydro- geologie," 1802; " Philosophie Zoologique," 1809; *' Histoire des Animaux sans Vertebres," 1815-22 ; rf. 18 Dec. 1829. LA MARE, Nicolas de, French magistrate; i. 23 June 1639; published " Traite de la Police," fret volume, 1707 (completed, 1738); d. 25 Aug. 1723- LA MARE, Philibert de, French historical ■writer (in Latin) ; b. 13 Dec. 1615 ; published " de Bello Burgundico, 1636," 1641 ; d. 16 May 1687. LA MARMORA, Alfonso Ferrero di.Piedmon- tese general; *. 18 Nov. 1804; minister of war at Turin, Oct., Nov. 1848 ; put do^vn the revolution at Genoa ; minister of war again, 2 Nov. 1849 ; arrived "with a Sardinian contingent in the Crimea, May 1855 ; helped to defeat the Bussians at the Tcher- maya, 16 Aug. 1855; formed an ItaKan adminis- tration, 24 Sept. 1804 ; reconstituted his ministry, Dec. 1865; resigned, June 1866; defeated at Ous- tozza, 24 June 1866. LAMARQUE, Maximilien, comte, French general and poKtician ; J. 22 July 1770; employed 327 LAMBERT by Napoleon ; captured Capua, 1808 ; joined Louis XVIIL, May 1814; rejoined Napoleon, March 1815 ; proscribed ; fled, Jan. 1816 ; permitted to re- tui-n, Oct. 1818 ; d. i June 1832. LAMARTINE, Alphonse de, French poet and historian; b. 21 Oct. 1792 ; d. 28 Feb. 1869. Came to Paris 1817 Publislied "le Lac," 1817 ; "Meditations Poetiques " March 1820 Secretary to the embassy at Naples ; married Miss Eliza Birch soon after ... „ Published " NouveUes MMitations " . . 1823 Wounded in duel Avith Pepe . . . 1825 Declined to serve under Louis Philippe . . 1830 Published *' Politique Eationnelle " . . . 1831 Travelled in the Bast ... . 1832-3 Elected deputy ; first entered the tribune 4 Jan. 1834 Published "Souvenirs etc. pendant un Voyage en Orient," 1835; "Jocelyn," 1836: "La Chute d'un Ange," 1838: "Histoire des Girondins " . 1847 Foreign minister in the provisional government 24 Feb. 1848 Member of the executive commission 7 May — 24 June „ Unsuccessfid candidate for the presidency (re- ceived 17,910 votes) . . .22 Dee, Published "Genevieve," 1851 ; "Histoire de la Restauration," 1851-2 : " Histoire de la Turquie " 185s LAMB, lady Caroline, poet and novelist; b. (Ponsonby) 13 Nov. 1785; manied "William Lamb afterwards lord Melbourne, 3 June 1805 ; separated about 1825; published " Glenarvon," i8l5 ; " Graham Hamilton," 1822 ; d. 26 Jan. 1828. LAMB, Charles, ess^st and poet ; }. 18 Feb. 1775 j "Specimens of English Dramatic Poets," published 1808; "Mrs. Leicester's School," 1809 ; "Essays of Elia," 1818; "Poems," 1836; d. 27 Dec. 1834. LAMB, sir James Bland Purges, journalist; b. 8 June 1752; founded "the Sun," 1792; d. 1824. LAMB, John, dean of Bristol, antiquary; b. about 1790; master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1822 ; dean, 1837 ; d. 19 April 1850. LAMB, William, viscount Melbourne ; }. 15 March 1779; m.p., 1805; viscount, 22 July 1828; secretary for Ireland, 1827 ; home secretary, Nov. 1830— July 1834 ; prime minister, July — Nov. 1834, April 1835— Aug. 1841 ; d. 24 Nov. 1848. LAMBALLE, Marie Therese Louise de Sa- voie Carignan, ^rincesse de ; 4. 8 Sept. 1748 ; friend of queen Mane Antoinette; killed by the mob, 3 Sept. 1792. LAMBARDE, William, jurist and antiquary ; b. 18 Oct. 1536; published " Archaionomia," 1568; " Perambulation of Kent," 1570; " Eirenarcma," 1581 ; "Dictionariura AngUcC," printed, 1730; d. 19 Aug. 1601. LAMBECK (Lambecius), Peter, German scholar : b. 13 April 1628 ; published " Originea Hamburgenses," 1652-61 ; &c. ; d. 3 April 1680. LAMBERT, emperor and king of Italy ; b. about 880 ; associated with his father Guy, duke of Spoleto, 891 ; succeeded him, Dec. 894 ; defeated Adelhert, marquis of Tuscany, 898 ; d. Oct. 898. LAMBERT, Saint, bishop of Maestricht; i. about 640 ; d.iy Sept. 708. LAMBERT of Aschaffenburg, German his- torian; b. about 1020; d. about 1080. LAMBERT, Anne Therese de Marguenat dc Courcelles, marquise de, French writer and patioii of letters ; b. 1647 ; d. 12 July 1733. LAMBERT 328 LAMOUEETTE LAMBEET, Aylmer Bourke, botanist ; i. 1762 ; d. 10 Jan. 1842. LAMBERT, Claude Franqois, French novelist; h. about 1705; pubUsbed "Histoii-e Litteraire du Eegne de Louis SIV.," 1751 ; d. 17 Apiil 1763- LAMBERT, Daniel; b. 1769 ; d. (weighing 52 stone, n lbs.) 21 June 1809. LAMBERT, Franijoia Sen-anus, French pro- testant theologian ; b. 1487 ; d. 18 April 1530. LAMBERT, George, painter and engraver ; }. i7io;d. 1765. LAMBERT, Johann Heim-ich, German geo- metrician, of [French origin; b. 29 Aug. 1728; pubUshed, in Gei-man, " Eemarkable Properties of Light," 1759; "Perspective," 1759; d. 25 Sept. 1777- LAMBERT, John, parliamentai-y general ; b. about 1620 ; officer under C^om^vell, and helped in his battles ; member of Barebones' parliament, 1654; opposed Crom-well's being made king, March 1657 ; resigned office when he became lord protec- tor, June 1657 ; restored to the command of the army, 14 Oct. 1658 ; one of the council of state, 13 May 1659; his troops desert, Oct. 1659 ! ini" prisoned in the Tower ; escaped ; rekindled the war ; defeated and taken, 21 April 1660; tried, con- Ticted, but spared, 1662 ; d. about 1694. LAMBERTI, Bonaventura, Bolognese painter ; }. about 1651 ; d. 1721. LaMBERTI, Luigi, Italian Hellenist; h. 27 May 1756: edited "Homeri Iliaa," printed by Bodoni, 1808 ; d. 4 Dee. 1813. LAMBERTINI, see Benedict XIV. LAMBIN, Denis, French philologist ; b. 1516 ; edited "Horace," 1561 ; "Lucretius," 1564; "Plautus," published 1577; d. 1572. LAMBINET, Pierre, French bibliographer; b. 22 Oct. 1742; published " Eecherches Histori- ques sur rimprimerie," 1798; d. 10 Dec. 1813. LAMBTON, John George Lambton, earl of Durham, statesman; b. 12 April 1792; d. 28 July 1840. M.P. for Durham (opposed the lories) . 1813 Made a baron Jan. 1828 Lord privy seal Nov. 1830 Wich lord John Russell, sir James Graham, and lord Duncannon, prepared the Reform Bill of . 1832 Resigned, 12 March ; made earl . 15 March 1833 British ambassador at St. Petersbm-g . 1835-7 As governor-general of Canada, suppressed the rebellion 1838-9 LAMBTON, "William, colonel, geographer; employed in the trigonometrical survey of India ; d. 20 Jan. 1823. LAME, Gabriel, French geometer ; }. 22 July 1795; published "Traite de Physique," 1836; d. I May 1870. LAMENNAIS, Hugues Felicite Robert de, French abbe and philosopher; b. 19 June 1782: ordained priest, 1816 ; d. 27 Feb. 1854. Published "Reflexions sur I'Etat de I'Eglise en France" 1808 " Esaai sur I'lndiff^rence en matifere de la Religion" 1817-23 Termed by the pope, the latest father of the church ; declined the cardinalate . . . 1824 Incurred persecution for his " Religion consid^rfie dans ses Rapports avec I'Ordre Civil et Politique" 1825 Condemned for disobedience to the laws 22 April 1826 Founded "I'Avenir," (journal) with motto " Dieu etLiherti" .... .1 Sept. 1830 Denounced by the bishops and Jesuits , . • 1831 Published "Paroles d'uu Croyant," (led to rupture with the papacy) . . May 1834 " Esquisse d'une Philosophic " • .1841-0 LA METHERIE, Jean Claude de, French naturalist and physician; b. 4 Sept. 1743; P™J" Kshed " Essai sur la Philosophic Natm-elle, ' 177° ', " De I'Homme considere moralement," 1803 ; a. I July 1817. LA METTRIE, Julien Oifi-ay de, French phy- sician, philosopher, and satirist; b. 25 Dec. 1709; published "Politique du Medecin," 1746 (con- demned to be burnt by the hangman) ; " 1 Homme Machine," 1748; d. II Nov. 1751. LAMET, Andreas, German historijin; b. 20 Oct. 1726; pubUshed Histoire des Comtes de Eavens'berg,'' 1779; d. 17 March 1802. LAMI, Giovanni, Italian antiquary ; b. 8 Feb. 1697; edited "Novelle Letterarie, 1740-60; d. 6 Feb. 1770. LAMI, see lamy. LAMOIGNON, Guillaume, French judge ; b. 1617; friend of Colbert; d. 10 Dec. 1677. LA MONNOYE, Bernard de, French poet and philologist ; b. 15 June 16/11 ; published "Koels Bourguignons de Gui Barozai, 1700-1; d. 15 Oct. 1728. LAMORICIERE, Chi-istophe Leon Louis, Ju- chault de, French general; b. 6 Feb. 1806; d. 10 or II Sept. 1865. Served in Africa ; chief of a battalion of Zouaves 2 Nov. 1833 Distinguished himself at Isly . 14 Aug. 1844 Obtained chief command in Algeria . . . 1845 Finally subdued Abd-el-Kader, who smrendered 23 Dec. 1847 Accepted the revolution . . Feb. 1848 Exiled for opposition . 2 Dec. 1852 Organised the papal army . . March i860 Defeated at Casteltidardo by Cialdini 18 Sept. „ LA MORLIERE, Charles J. L. Augusts de la Eochette, chevaKer de, licentious French novelist and dramatist; b. 1701 ; d. Feb. 1785. LA MOTHE LE Vayee, Francois de, French sceptical philosopher ; b. 1588 ; patronised by Louis XIV. ; published " de la Vertu des Paiens, 1642 ; d. 1672. LA MOTTE, Antoine Houdart de, French critic and poet ; 4. 17 Jan. 1672; published "liieB de Castro, 1723; "I'lUade, 1714; d. 26 Dec. 1731- LA MOTTE, Jeanne de Luz de St. Eemy de Valois jcomtesse de (descended from Henry II.), French intriguer; b. 22 July 1756; by deceiving the cardinal de Eohan, the almoner of Queen Marie Antoinette, and forging her signature, ob- tained a diamond necklace from Boehmer, ajeweller, I Feb. 1785; arrested, 18 Aug. 1785; condemned to be whipped, branded, and imprisoned for life, 31 May 1786 ; escaped from the Salpetriere (to Eng- land), 5 June 1787 ; d.hj & fall, 23 Aug. 1791. LA MOTTE FOUQUE, Friedrich Heinrich Carl de, baron, German poet, dramatist, and nove- Cakoline, wife, novelist; b. 1773; published "Wife of Falkenstern," 1810; "Womau^s Love," 1818; d. 21 July 1831. LAMOURETTE, Adrieu, French bishop ; b. 1742; friend of Mirabeau; at first favoured the LAMOUROUX 329 LANDEE revolution ; published " Pensees sur la Philosophie de la Foi," 1789; "Pr6ne Civique ou le Pasteur Patriots," 1700-91; retii-ed from Paris, Sept. 1792; arrested, tried; executed, 10 Jan. 1794. LAMOUEOUX, Jean Vincent FeHi, Frencli naturalist; b. 3 May 1779; published "Disserta- tions sur plusieurs Espeoes de Fucus Nouvelles," 180S i ^- 26 May 1825. LAMPADIUS, "Wilhelm August, German chemist; b. 8 Aug. 1772 ; d. 13 April 1842. LAMPE, Fiiedrich Adolph, German Protestant theologian; b. ig Feb. 1683; published " Commen- tarius EvangeHi secundum Johannem," 1724-5 ; d. 8 Deo. 1729. LAMPE, Johann Friedrich, Gei-man musical composer; 4. about 1693; composed "Dragon of AVantley," 1732; published " Art of Music," 1740; d. 1756. LAMPILLAS, or LlAMPILLAS, Francisco Xavier, Spanish Jesuit ; }. 1739; published " Sag- gio Storico Apologetico deUa Litteratura Spaguuolo,' ' 1778-81 ; d. 1798. LAMPLUGH, Thomas, archbishop of York ; b. 1615; bishop of Exeter, 1676; archbishop, 1688; d. S May 1691. LAMPEIDIO, Benedetto, Italian Latin poet ; d. about 1540. LAMPEIDIUS, -iElius, Roman historian;^, about 300. LAMY, Bernard, French oratorian and philo- sopher; b. June 1640; condemned for teaching Cartesianism, 2 Aug. 1675 ; published " Axt de Parler," 1675; "Entretiens sur les Sciences" (much studied by Eousseau) 1684; d. 29 Jan. LAMY, Franijois, French Benedictine and philosopher; b. 1636; published "Conjectures Physiques sur Deux Colonnes de Nues, 1689; "Nouyel Atheisme Eenverse" (against Male- branche), 1696; d. 4 April 171 1. LAN A TEEZI, Francesco, Italian naturalist and physicist ; b. 13 Deo. 1631; proposed aerosta- tion, 1670 ; invented several machines and clocks ; published " Magisterium Natm-a; et Artis," 1684; d. 26 Feb. 1687. LAN A, Lodovico, Modenese painter ; b, 1597 ; d. 1646. LANCASTEE, Plantagenet, eark and dukes of: EDMtJND, son of Hemy III. ; carl ; h. 1245 ; im- prudently ceded Guienne to Philip the Fair of France, 1294 ; sent to reconquer it, 1295 . d, 1296 Thomas, son ; 6. about 1275 ; duke . . . „ Supported the barons against Edward II. ; caused Gaveston to be beheaded . . 19 June 1312 And the Spencers to be banished . Ang. 132 1 Engaged the Soots to support him in a new re- bellion ; defeated at Battlebridge, captured, and put to death with ignominy 22 March 1322 Henrt, brother ; &. about 1281 : made keeper of Edward II., 1327 d. 1345 Henry, son ; b. about 1310 ; made earl of Derby, 1337 ; accompanied Edward III. in his French ■wars, 1339, et seq. ; created duke, 1351 ; his second daughter, Blaiiche, married to John of Gaunt, 1359 ... . . d. 1362 John of Gaunt, son of Edward III. of England ; b. about 1340 Married Blanche of Lancaster, 1359 ; duke . . 1362 Fought bravely atJNaJara . . .3 April 1367 Married Constance of Castile, and assumed title of king 1370 Supported Wickliffe at synod of London Feb. 1377 Took Cherbourg, 1378; invaded Scotland, 1380; Castile . . 1386 Returned to England ; and reconciled Richard II. to the duke of Gloucester . . 1389 d. 3 Feb. 1399 See Henry IV. Tcing 0/ England. LANCASTEE, sir James, navigator; sailed mth three ships from Plymouth 10 April 1591 ; visited Ceylon, Sumatra, &c. ; returned after losing everything, 24 May 1593 ; visited the east again, 1600-3 ; 'I- 1620. LANCASTEE, Joseph, educationist ; b. 25 Nov. 1775 ; d. about 24 Oct. 1838. Began to instruct poor children, inaugurating the monitorial system 1796 Founded the Royal Lancasterian Institution (after- wards the British and Foreign School Society), liatronised by George III. .... 1805 Travelled in the country .... 1807-11 Went to the United States, 1818 : to Canada . 1829 LANCASTEE, Nathaniel, poet; b. 1700; published "Public Vii-tue," 1746; "Essay ou De- licacy," 1748; d. 1775. LANCE, George, fruit painter; b. 24 March 1802 ; began to e.^hibit at Koyal Academy, 1828 ; d. 18 June 1864. LANCELOT, see Ladislas, king oj Naples. LANCELOT, Antoine, French archseologiBt ; S. 1675 ; helped Baj'le ; published " Memoires pour les Pairs de Irance," 1720; d. 8 Nov. 1740. LANCELOT, Claude, of the Port Royal, French grammarian ; h. about 1615 ; with other pupils of St. Cyran, established the school of the Port Royal des Champs, 1645 ; published new methods of teaching Greek, 1655 ; Latin, 1656 ; Spanish and Italian, 1660; " Jardin des Raoines Grecques," 1657 ; " Grammaire Generale," 1660 ; d. 15 Apnl 1695. LANCELOTI, Giovanni Paolo, the "Tribo- nian of Perugia," Italian jurist; b. ijii; d. 1591. His " Institutiones Juris Canonici published, 1609. LANCISL Giovanni Maria, Italian physician, friend of Clement SI. ; b. 26 Oct. 1654; published " de Noxiis Paludum Effluviis," 1717 ; d. 21 Jan. 1720. LANCEE, Pien'e de, French demonologist ; caused many to be burnt for alleged sorcery ; pub- lished " Livre des Princes," 1617 ; "Tableau d'ln- constance des Mauvais Anges et Demons," 1612 ; d. 1630. LANCEET, Nicolas, French painter ; b. 1690 ; d. 1743. LANCEINCK, Prosper Henry, Flemish pain- ter ; b. 1628 ; d. in London, Aug. 1692. LANDAIS, or LaotjoIS, Pierre, son of a tai- lor; became minister of Francis 11., duke of Brit- tany; governed ably, resisting the nobility; through their enmity tried and executed, 18 July 1485. LANDEN, John, geometer; h. Jan. 1719; publifihed "Mathematical Lucubrations," I75S ; "Residual Analysis," 1764; "Mathematical M.e- raoirs," 1790; d. 15 Jan. 1790. LANDEE, brothers, travellers in Africa : RicHASD ; 6. 1804. John; &. 1807. Richard accompamed Clapperton ; returned . . 1828 Published "Journal" 1829 Arrived, with John, at Coast Castle . 22 Feb. 1830 Explored the neighbourhood of the Niger ; returned June 1831 Published "Journal" 183a LANDI 330 LAl^GHOENE Sailed on a new expedition , Richard, d. of "wound Jolin returned 1832 6 Feb. 1834 d. 16 Nov. 1839 LANDI, Hortensio, Italian scholar and sathist ; b. about 1500; travelled much; published "Para- dossi," 1543 ; " Lettere di Valorose Donne," 1548 ; d. about 1560. LANDING, Cristoforo, Italian philologist ; i. about 1424 ; published " Disputationes Camaklul- enses," about 1480; " Commento sopra la Commedia di Dante," 1481 ; d. 1504. LANDO, Pope ; elected about Nov. 913 ; d. 26 April 914. LANDOLT, Salomon, Swiss painter ; J. 1741 ; d. 1818. LANDON, Charles Paul, French artist; i. 1760; edited " Amialesdu Musee et de I'Ecole Mo- deme des Beaux Arts," 1801-8; " Galerie His- torique," 1805-11 ; d. 6 March 1826. LANDON, Letitia Elizabeth (L. E. 1.), poet ; b. 1802; published "Fate of Adelaide, 1821; ** Improvisatrice ; " " Ti'oubadour," &c. ; maiTied to George Maclean, governor of Cape Coast Castle, Africa, 7 June 1838; d. through overdose of pnissic acid, IS Oct. 1838. IjANDOE.,"Walter Savage, poet; J. 30 Jan. 1775; published " Poems," 1795 ! ''Gebinis," 1802; joined the Spaniards against Napoleon, about 1809 ; settled in Italy, 1815; published, " Idyllia Heroica," 1820; " Imaginary Convei-sations," 1824-9; "Gebir," &c., 1831 ; "Andrew of Hungary," 1839; "Works," 1846; "Last Fruit of an Old Tree," 1853; "Dry Sticks Fagoted," 1858; d. 17 Sept. 1864. LANDSBOEOUGH, David, h.d., Scotch hotanist; b. about 1781 ; d. 12 Sept. 1854. liANDSEEE, artists : John, engraver and antiquary ; h. 1769 ; lectured on engraving at Royal Institution, 1806; pub- lished "Sabeean Researches," 1823 d. 29 Feb. 1852 His scms : — Thomas, A.R.A. ; &. about 1800; engraved many of his brother's pictures ; Rosa Bonlieur's " Horse Fair," &c. 1861. Charles, painter; 6. 1709; R.A. 1845; works: "Dorothea," 1828; "Clarissa Harlowe," "Bat- tle of Langside," 1837; "Monks of Melrose," 1843, &c. ; " Dick," 187s, &c. ; keeper of the academy ... . 1851-73 Sm Edwin, animal painter . b. 7 March 1802 Painted " Dogs of St. Gothard," about 1821 ; " Return from Deer Stalking," 1827 ; " Jack in Office," 1833; "Sir Walter Scott and Dogs," 1833: "Laying down the Law," "Deerstalk- ing," "Stag at Bay" (bronze), 1840-66; knighted . . 1830 His lions in Tr.ifalgar Square uncovered 31 Jan. 1867 Declined presidency R.A. . 24 Jan. 1866 d. I Oct. 1873 LANE, Edward "William, orientalist; b. 17 Sept. 1801 ; d. 10 Aug. 1876. Travelled in Egypt .... 1825-8, 1833-5 Published "Manners and Customs of the Egyp- tians" 1836 New translation of " looi Nights " . . 1838-40 Began his great "Arabic Dictionary," 1842 ; pub- lished 5 parts 1863-75 _ LANE, Eichard J., a.r.a., brother of Edward, line engraver and lithographer; b. 1800; d. 21 Nov. 1872. LANE, sir Richard, lawyer; attorney-general to prince of "Wales, 1634; defended Straftbrd, 1640; chief baron, 1644 ' 1°™ keeper, Aug. 1645 ; de- prived, June 1646; d. in Jersey, 1650. LANFEANC, Italian prie.st ; b. about 1005 ; founded a school at the abbey of Bee, in Normandy, about 104s ; abbot of Caen, 1066 ; archbishop of Canterbury, Aug. 1070 ; held councils at "Winches- ter, 1072, 1076; at London, 1075; at Gloucester, 1081, 1086; refoi-med the church; d. 24 May 1089. LANEEANCO, Italian surgeon ; wrote " Chir- urgia Magna et Parva " (printed 1490) ; d. about 1300. LANEEANCO, or Lanfeanchi, Giovanni, Italian painter ; b. 1581 ; d. 29 Nov. 1647. LANFEET,; Pierre, French philosopher and historian; {. 1828; published "I'Eglise et les Phi- losophes du xviii. Siecle," 1857 ; " Histoire de Napoleon I.,"l867, et seq. LANG, Charles Nicolas, Swiss physician and naturalist; b. 18 Feb. 1670 ; published " Historia Lapidum Helvetia;," 1708-9; d. 2 May 1741- LANG, Johann Michael, German theologian and orientalist ; h. 1664 ; d, 1737- LANGAEA, Juan de, Spanish admiral; b. about 1730; defeated by Bodney at St. Vincent, 16, 17, Jan. 1780; compelled British to quit Toulon, Oct. 1796; minister of marine, 1797-8; captain- general, 1798 ; d.- 1800. LANGBAINE, scholars : Geeakd, b. about 1608; edited " Longinus," 1638; published " Epis- copal Inheritance," 1641 ; " Review of the Cove- nant," i6i4 ; " Foundation of the University of Oxford," 1051 ; d. 10 Feb. 1658. His son, Geeakd, b. 15 July 1656 ; published " Catalogue of English Plays," 1688. LANGBEIN, August Friedrich Ernst, German poet and novelist ; censor at Berlin ; b. 6 Sept. 1757; d. 2. Jan. 1835. LANGDALE, Charles, son of Lord Stourton, B.C., magistrate ; b. 1787; published "Memoirs of Mra. Fitzherbert," 1856 ; d. i Dec. 1868. LANGDALE, Marmaduke Langdale,lord, able and zealous royalist general; d. 5 Aug. 1661. LANGDALE, see Bickcrsteth. LANGE, sir Daniel, engineer, of Danish extrac- tion; b. 1821 ; constructor of Suez canal, 1858-69; knighted, 1870. LANGE, Johann, German physician; b. 1485; endeavoured to reform medicine ; recommended use of water in fevers; travelled in Italy, 1519-22; published " Medioinales Epistolse," 1554; d. 21 June 1565. LANGEBEGK, Jacob, Danish historian; b. 23 June 1710 ; edited " Scriptores Rerum Danicarum, 1772-4; d. 16 Aug. 1775. LANGELAND, or Longlaud, Robert, or "William, said to have finished "Vision of Piers Plowman," 1366; printed, 1550; d. about 1370. LANGHAM, Simon de, cardinal; b. about 1310; archbishop of Canterbury, 1366; cardinal, 1368; expelled Wicklifl'e from his mastership at Oxford ; disgraced by the king ; retired to Rome ; d. 22 July 1376. LANGHANS, Kari Gotthard, German arcH- tect; b. 1733; d. i Oct. 1808. LANGHOENE, Daniel, antiquary; edited " Chronicon Kegum Anglorum," 1679; <^ i(&l. LANGHOENE, John, poet and novelist ; b. March 1735 ; friend of Robertson, Smollett, &c. ; published "Solymanand Alomena," 1762 ; " Theo- dosius and Constautia," 1763: Translation of Plutarch, 1770 ; d. i April 1779. LANGIEWICZ 331 LA PEROUSB LANGIEWICZ, Marian, PoUsh general; b. 5 Aug. 1827; took part in the insurrectiou ; pro- claimed dictator of Poland, 10 March 1863 ; de- feated; entered Austrian territories, retained as prisoner, 19 March 1863 ; released ; went to Swit- zerland, Feb. 1865. LANGrLANDE.orLONGLAK'DE, John, bishop of Lincoln; b. 1473; consecrated, 1520 ; published "Sermones," 1517; (?. 1547. LANGLAND, see Langdmid. LANGLB, Jean Maxiniilien de, French protes- tant; }. iwo; published " Joyes Inenan-ables de I'Ame Fidele," 1669; d. 1674. IjANGLES, Louis Mathieu, French orientalist ; h. 23 Aug. 1763 ; published " Dictionuaire Tartare- Mandchou-Pran9ais," 1789-00; "Voyage Pittores- que de la Syrie," 1799; d. 28 Jan. 1824. LANGLET, Batty, architect; d. 1751. LANGLOTS, Eustache Hyacinthe, French en- graver and antiquary; b.T. Aug. 1777; published " Eecueil de Vues, Sites et "Monuments de France," 1817; " Essai sur la Peintiu-e sur Verre," d. 29Sept. 1837- LAJNGLOIS, Victor, French orientalist; h. 20 March 1829 ; sent on scientific mi.^sion to Armenia, &e., 1852-3 ; collected inscriptions, ttc. ; published results, 1854-61 ; " Mont Athos et ses Monasteres," 1867 ; d. 14 May 1869. LANGLOIS, Simon Alexandre, French orien- talist; b. 4 Aug. 1788; published "Monuments Litterau-es de I'lnde," 1827; d. 11 Aug. 1854. LAI^GTOPT, Peter, chronicler; compiled Chro- nicle of England, about 1300. LANGTON, Stephen, cardinal, elected arch- hishop of Canterbury in opposition to king John, Dec. 1206 ; consecrated by the pope, 17 June 1207 ; headed the barons, and obtained Magna Charta, granted 15 June 1215; suspended by the pope, Dec. 1215 ; recalled from exile, and crowned Henry III., 1220; d. 9 July 1228.^ LANGTON, "Walter de, lord treasurer, 12 Sept. 1295; bishop of Lichfield, Dec. 1296; dismissed on false accusation, 1301 ; reinstated, 1303 ; deprived and imprisoned, 1307 ; restored, 1312 ; resigned, 1314; d. i5 Nov. 1321. LANG'DET, Hubert, French statesman; b. 1518 ; studied the " Loci Communes Theologise ; " of Melanchthon, 1547; joinedhim, 1549; infiuential among the Huguenots; came to Paris, 1 560; narrowly escaped the massacre, Aug. 1572 ; pub- lished " Viudiciae contra Tyrannos," 1581 ; d. 30 Sept. 158 1. LANGUET niGEEGY, Jean Joseph, French theologian ; b. 25 Aug. 1677 ; zealously defended the constitution " Uni^^enitus " ; published " Traite du Faux Bonheur et du Trai Bonhenr," 1718; several catechisms ; d. 3 May 1753. LANTEEE, Nicolas, French painter and musi- cian ; b. 1568 ; master of the chapel to Charles I. of England, 1626; wrote "Luminalia" (a kind of opera), 1637 ; d. Nov. 1646. LAIf JUINAIS, Jean Denis, comte de, French politician; b. 12 March 1753; d. 13 Jan. 1827. At the meeting of tlie states-general, advocated mixed government . .... 1788 A founder of the Breton club . . . .1791 In the convention, resisted violent excesses . . 1792 Voted for banishment of Louis XVI. . 15 Jan. 1793 Denounced the tyranny of the Mountain, May ; escaped from Paris . . . June „ Retired into private life 1797 Opposed Napoleon, hut ennobled hy him . . 180S Opposed reaetion in the chambers . 1816 et scq. Defended liberty of the pres.s . . . 1825 LANJTJINAIS, Joseph, French writer; pub' lished " Monarque Accompli" (eulogium of the emperor Joseph 11.), 1774; d. 1808. LANKESTBE, Edwin, m.d., naturalist ; b. 25 April 1814 ; elected coroner for central Middlesex, 1862 'published translations of Schleiden's " Scien- tific Botany," 1849; Kiichenmeister's "Animal Parasites," 1859, &c. ; "Lectures on Food," 1861 ; "Manual of Health," 1868; scientific papers; edited Natural History division of English Cyclo' ptedia, 1854-6 ; d. 30 Oct. 1874. LANNES, Jean, duke of Montebello, French marshal ; b, II Apiil 1 769 ; originally a dyer ; entered the army, 1792; distinguished himself i» Italy; introduced to Bonaparte, 1795; sensed in' Egypt, Feb. 1799; helped Bonaparte in the revo- lution Bramau-e, 9 Nov. 1 799 ; defeated the Aus- trians at Montebello, June iSoo ; created marshal, 19 May 1804 ; served in Germany, 1807 ; in Spain, 1808 ; in Germany, mortally wounded at Aspem, 22 May ; d. 31 May 1809. LANNOT, Charles de, French general; b. about 1470; d. 1527. LA NOUE, Franqois de, "Bras de fer," Huguenot captain and diplomatist ; b. 1531 ; pub- lished" Disoours Politiques et Militaii-es, 1587 ; d, of his wounds at Lamballe, 4 Aug. 1591. LANSBEEGHE di Meulebeecke, PMip van, Belgian mathematician ; b. 25 Aug. 1561 f published " Commeutationes in Motum Terrse," 1630; d. 8 Nov. 1632. LANSDO'WNE, see Granville and Fetty. LANTAEA, Simon Mathiuin, French painter ;. b. 24 March 1729 ; d. 22 Dec. 1778. LANTIER, Etienne Franijois de, French di-a- matist and poet; b. i Oct. 1734; published "Voyages d'Antenor en Grece," 1798; d. 31 Jan, 1826. LAN'ZA, Giovanni, Italian statesman ; b. abouir 1815 ; finance minister under Cavour, 1859 ; under La Marmora, 1864-5 ! president of the chamber of deputies, Sept. 1867; minister, 1867-8 ; minister of the interior under Sella, Deo. 1869 — 26 June 1873. LANZ ANI, Andrea, Italian painter ; b. about 1645; d. 1 712. LANZI, Luigi, Italian antiquary ; b. 14 June- 1732; published "Saggio di Lingua Etrusca," 1789; " Storia Pittorica deUa Italia," 1792; d. 31 March 1810. LANZONI, Giuseppe, Italian physician and philologist ; b. 26 Oct. 1663 ; published " de Usu Tabacci," 1702; d. 1 Feb. 1730. LAO-TZE, or LAO-KTTIIf , Chinese philosopher ; chief of the sectopposed to Buddhism ; fl, about B.co 550- LA PEEOUSE, or PeTEOUSE, Jean Fran- cois de Galaup, comte de, French navigator; b, 22 Aug. 1 741 ; served in the war ■with England, 1756- 64, 1778-83 ; sailed with De Langle on a voyage of discovery in the South Seas, 1785 ; his last lettei;, dated Botany Bay, 2 Feb. 1788; remains of liis> shipwrecked vessel discovered by Capt. Dillon, near Vanikoro, to the north of the New Hebrides, May 1826. iLA PEYEIERE 332 LAREOQUE LA PETRIEEE, Isaac de, French scholar ; b. 1594; published " PrsEadamitae," 1655; "Relation uu Uroenland," 1647 ; d. 30 Jan. 167b. LAPIDBA, see Steen. LA PLACE, Josue de, French protestant theo- logian; b. about 1605; d. 17 Aug. 1665. LA PLACE, Pierre Simon, marquis de, French geometer and astronomer ; b. about 23 March 1749 ; published "Exposition du Systeme du Monde," 1796; " Traite de la Mecanique Celeste," 1799- 1825; "Theorie des Probabuites," 1812 ; d. 5 March 1827. LA PLACETTE, Jean, French protestant theologian; b. ig Jan. 1639; published "de In- sanabili Romance Eecleeiaa Scepticisino," 1686; " Morale Chi-etienne," and " Traite de la Con- Bcience," 1695; '^- ^S April 1718. LAPO, or Jacopo, Italian architect ; b. about 1232 ; employed at Florence about 1284. LAPO, or CastIGLIONCHIO, Italian canonist iind diplomatist ; friend of Charles Durazzo, king of Naples ; rf. 27 June 1 38 1. LAPPENBERGr, Johann Martin, German listorian; i. 30 July 1794; published " History of England (to Stephen), 1834-7 ! " History of the Origin of the Hanseatic League," 1830; d. 28 Nov. 1865. LAECHEE, Pierre Henri, French Hellenist ; b. 12 Oct. 1726; published translation of Herodotus, 1786; d. 22 Dec. 1812. LAEDNEE, Dionysius, Irish mathematician and scholar; b. 3 April 1793; professor at the London University, 1827 ; published " Treatise on the Steam Engine," 1828; edited " Cabinet Cyclo- paedia," 1830-44; wrote Hydrostatics, Heat, cStc., for it, 1830-44 ; " Handbook of Natural Philo- sophy," 1851-53; "Museum of Science and Art," 1854 ; d. 29 April 1859. LAEDNEE, Nathaniel, dissenting theologian ; b. 6 June 1684 ; published " Credibility of the Gospel History," 1727-57; "Jewish and Heathen Testimonies," 1764-70; "History of Heretics of the^ first two Centuries, printed 1780; d. 24 July 1768. LAEDNEE, Leopold James, linguist; b. 1816; assistant in the department of printed books, British Museum, 1846; d. 24 Nov. 1855. LAEEVBLLIEEE de Lepeaux, Louis Marie de, French politician; b. 25 Aug. 1753; joined Lanjuinais in opposing the Mountain party ; proscribed; fled, 1793; head of the directory (esta- blished by the constitution of 22 Aug. 1795), Nov. 1795 ; established a form of worship, termed " Theo- pnilanthropie," 1797; deposed by Bonaparte, Nov. 1799; refused to recognise the empire, 1804; rf. 27 March 1824. LA EIVE, De, Swiss physicists : Charles Gaspard . . . . Z). 14 March 1770 Studied at Edinbiurgh about . . . 1794-9 Assisted in the establishment of the republic of Geneva Dec. 1813 Chief of tlie administration .... 1817 Published many papers in the *' Bibliotlifeque Britannique," &c. ; invented electiic and mag- netic apparatus . . . d. 18 March 1834 AuGUSTE Arthur (friend of Faraday) &. 9 Oct. 1801 Editor of the "Biblioth^ue Universelle de Genfeve " 1830 c( seq. Published " Traite de I'Electricit^ " . . . 1854-6 d. 27 Nov. 1873 LA EIVE, Jean Mauduit de, French dramatist and tragedian; b. 1 747 ; published "Moyens de Regenerer les Theatres," 1806 ; d. 30 Apiil 1827. LAEIVEY, Pien-e de, French dranmtist; b. about 1550; published " Comedies Facetieuses," 1579; d. about 1612. LAEOCHEi Benjamin, French journalist and poet; b. 23 March 1797 ; condemned for his " Let- tres de I'abbe Gregoire ; " fled to England, 1820; published translations of Scott, Bulwer, Dickens, &c.; d. 8 Jan. 1852. LA EOCHBEOUCAULD, Francois, due de, French moralist ; i. 15 Dec. 1613 ; published " Re- flexions ou Sentences et Ma.\imes Morales," 1655 ; " Memoires," 1662 ; d. 17 March 1680. LA EOCHEFOUCAULD - BISAOCIA. Marie Charles Gabriel Sosthenes, due de, French legitimist statesman ; b. i Sept. 1825 ; elected a re- presentative to the national assembly, Feb. 1871 ; ambassador to London, Dec. 1873 ; proposed in the assembly the re-establislnnent of the monarchy, 15 June; resigned embassy, June 1874. LAEOCHEEOUCAULD-LIANCOUET, Francois Alexandre Frederic, due de, French phi- lanthropist; b. II Jan. 1747; devoted himself to improvement of agriculture and the arts, and the extinction of mendicancy, 1769, et seq.; published " Voyage en Etats-Unis de FAmerique," 1800; d. 27 March 1827. LA EOCHEJAQUELEIN, Henri du Ver- ger de, comte de; b, 3 Aug. 1772; chief of the in- surgent loyalists in Xa Vendee, 1791 ; frequently successful ; killed in battle, 4 March 1 794. LAEOMIGUEEE, Pierre, French philoso- pher; b. 3 Nov. 1756 ; published " Le(;ons de Phi- losophie sur les Principes de 1' Intelligence," 1815 ; d. 12 Aug. 1837. LAEOON, Marcellus, Flemish painter; b. 1653; d. 1705. LAEEA MaeIANA, Jose de, Spanish satirical journalist and dramatist ; ^. 4 March 1809 ; d. by suicide, 13 Feb. 1837. LAEEET, Isaac de, French historian; b. 7 Sept. 1638 ; " Histoire de France sous Louis XIV.," published 1718-22; d. 17 March 1719. LAEEET, French surgeons : Claude Franqois Hilaire, &. 1774; performed the Caesarian operation successfully ; published "Reflexions sur les Accouchements," 1799 d Oct. i8ig Dominique Jean, baron, brother . . h. July 1766 Greatly improved the surgical service during the wars, by organising the ambulances, " Instructions sur les ^Titiieres, 1 777; executed, 8 May 1794. LAW, Edmund, bishop of Carlisle, i. 1703; consecrated, 1769; published "Considerations of the State of the W"orld with regard to Eeligion," 174s ; "Inquiry into the Ideas of Space, Time, &c.," 1735; d. 14 Aug. 1787. George Henry, son; A. 1761; published "Additional Evidences of the Truth of Christianity," 1798; bishop of Chester, 1812; of Bath and Wells, 1824 ; d. 22 Sept. 1845. LAW, see Ellenborough. LAW, Charles Ewan, lawyer ; b. 14 June 1792 ; common-sergeant of London, 1830 ; recorder, 1833 : d. 13 Aug. 1850. LAW of Lauriston, John, Scotch financier; b. about 1671 ; d. at Venice, March or May 1729. Imprisoned for killing his opponent in a duel ; escaped ; travelled, studying finance ; proposed "banking schemes at Edinburgh ; rejected, 1700, 1705 Received and patronised hy the regent Orleans at Paris 1716 Established a West India company . Aug. 1717 Proposed Mississippi scheme 1719 Made director of the General Bank, transfoi-med into the Royal Bank ... i Jan. ,, Made controller-general of the finances . 5 Jan. 1720 Failure of the *' System," Feb. ; quitted^France, Dec. „ LAW, "William, theologian ; b. 1686 ; published " Serious Call to a Devout Life," 1729 ; " "Way to Divine Knowledge," 1752 ; wrote on Bangorean controversy, 1717, etseq. ; d. 9 April 1761. LA WES, musical composers : Henky, fiiend of Milton ; b. 1600 ; composed music for cornets ; d. 21 Oct. 1662. "William, killed at Chester, 1645. Their " Choice Psalmes " (with music), published 1648. LAWLESS, Jobn, Iiish agitator; b. 1772; d. g Aug. 1837. LAWLESS, Valentine Browne, baron Clon- cun-y; b. 19 Aug. 1773; published "Personal Recollections of his Life and Times," i8d7: d. 28 Oct. 1853. LA'WEENCE, Abbott, American statesman; b. 16 Dec. 1792 ; United States minister at London, 1849-52 ; endowed scientific school at Harvard, 1847 ; d. 18 Aug. 1855. LAWEENCE, George Alfred, noveHst; b. 1827 ; barrister, 1852 ; published anonymously "Guy Livingstone," 1857; "Sword and Gown,'^' 1859; (i. 23 Sept. 1876. LAWEENCE, sir Henry Montgomery, k.o.b., colonel ; A. 28 June i8o5 ; served in • the cam- paigns of Caubul, 1843 ; and the Sutlej, 1845 ; chief commissioner, for governing the Punj aub, 1 849 ; of Oude, 1856 ; d. of wounds while defending Luck- now during the sepoy mutiny, 4 July, 1857. LA"W11EN"CE, John Laird Mair Lawrence, lord ; b. 4 March i8ii ; conmiissioner of the Sutlej, 1846; of thePuniaub, 1849; checked the mutiny at Lahore, July 1857 ; viceroy of India, Dec. 1863 ; resigned, Sept. 1868 ; made baron 27 March 1869 ; chairman of the London school board, Nov. 1870 Nov. 1873. LA"WEENCE, sir Thomas, portrait painter ; b. 4 May 1769 ; d. 7 Jan. 1830. Began to paint portraits, 1775 ; pupil of Prince Hoare, 1782 ; obtained jirize (silver palette), from Society ut Arts about 1782 Introduced to Reynolds ; exliibited pictures at the royal academy j_g_ Succeeded Reynolds as painter to the king . ' .' 1702 Painted portraits of sovereigns of Europe for George IV. (at Windsor) . . , 1814-10 President ot royal academy . . March 1820 LA"WEENCE, sir "William, hart., surgeon ; b. 16 July 1783; pubhshed "Treatise on Hernia," 1806; "Lectures," 1816; "Comparative Ana- tomy," (from Blumenbach), 1807; "Lectures on the Natural History of Man" (much censured), 1819; as professor of anatomy at the college of surgeons, published " Lectures on Comparative Ana- tomy and Physiology," 1816 ; d. 5 July 1867. LAWSON, Henry, astronomer; b. 23 Mai'ch 1774; «?. 23Aug. 1855. LAX, rev. "William, mathematician; b. 1751; Lowndesian professor at Cambridge, ITQi;- pub- lished " Tables," 1821; d. 29 Oct. 1836. ^■" ^ LAYAMON, poet ; probably wrote his "Brut" (Chronicle of Britain), about 1200. LAYAED, Austin Henry, archa;ologist and statesman ; b. 5 March 1817 : Travelled in the east, and explored Nineveh, aided by sir Stratford Canning iBiK Published " Nineveh and its Remains " . ' 1840 "Discoveries la Nineveh and Babylon" . . 185? " Monuments of Nineveh " .... 1840-55 Under-sec. foreign affairs, 1852 ; July 1861— JiUy i865 M.P. for Aylesbury, 1852-57; for Southwark, Dec. i860 Chief commissioner of works . ^ Dec. 1868 Nominated ambassador at Madrid . . Oct! 1869 LAYEE, Christopher, barrister ; Jacobite ; exe- cuted for plotting against George I., 17 May 1723. LAYNES, Francisco, Portuguese Jesuit mis- sionary in India; b. 1656; published "Defensio Indicarum Missionum," 1707; d. 11 June 1715. LA'YNEZ, Jacopo, Spanish Jesuit; 5. 1512; helped Loyola to found the Society of Jesus, 1534 •' succeeded him as general, 1558 ; d. 19 Jan. 1565. ' LAZZAEELLI 336 LECCHI LAZZAEELLI, Italian poets : LuiGi, 6. 1450 ; published "Crater Hennetis," &c. ; d. 23 June 1500 GiovANKi Francesco, 6. 1621 ; ivrote " Cieceide Legitima," and "Cosmopoli" . . d. 1694 LEA, Isaac, American naturalist ; I>. 4 March 1792; studied the Unionidas and published 7 vols, of memoii-3, 1827, et seq. ; "Family of Naiades," 1852, 1870; president of academy of natiu-al sciences, Philadelphia, 1858. LEAKE, family : EICHARD, i. about 1629; made master-gunner of Great Britain for coui-age during a battle with Tromp, I June 1673 . . • ^- 1686 Sir John, son, admiral *• 1656 Believed Gibraltar, and destroyed seven French ships =5 Oct. 1704 Defeated the French ileet off Cabrita point, 10 March 1705 . . • ■ i- -^ A"g. 1720 Stephen Martin, garter, herald and numismatist ; 6. 5 April 1702 ; pubUshed " Nummi Britannici Historia" and "Account of English Money," 1726 and T74S ; " Life of Admiral Leake," 1755 ; d. 24 March 1773 ■William Martin, colonel, archaeologist and scholar »• i777 Travelled in Asia Minor, i8tx): and Greece, 1805, eXscq. Published " Researches in Greece " . . . 1814 " Topography of Atiieus " . . . 1821, 1841 "Travels in North Greece," 1835; " Peloponne- siaca" ,■ ^ • ''"t^ "Greece at the end of Twenty-three ^ears Pro- tection" .... ... 1851 "NumismataHellenica," 1854 rt. 6 Jan. i860 LEAKE, John, physician; h. about 1720; published " Medical Instructions," 1777 ; d. 8 Aug. 1792. LEAPOE, Mary, poetess ; h. 1722; "Poems," published 1748-51 ; A- 12 Nov. 1746. LEAECHUS of Ehegium, sculptor; ji. 6th century, B.C. LEATHES, rev. Stanley; i. 21 March 1830; professor of Hebrew, king's college, London, 1863; Boyle lecturer, 1868-70 ; Hulsean lecturer, 1873 ; Bampton lecturer, 1874: published his lectures, 1868-74. LEBAILLT, Antoine Franijois, French poet ; J. 1 Api-il, 1756; published "Fables Nouvelles," 1784; d. 13 Jan. 1832. LEBAS, Jean Baptists Apollinaire, French engineer; b. 13 Aug. 1797; superintended the conveyance of an obelisk from Xu.xor, and its setting up at Paris, 25 Oct. 1836; published " ObeUsque de Luxor ; Histoh-e de sa Translation a Palis,' 1839. LE BAS, PMlippe, French archjEologist and historian; h. 18 June 1794; edited "Historiens Occidentaux des Crusades," 1844, &c. L^ BEAU, Charles, French historian ; I. 15 Oct. 1 701; published " Histoire du Bas Empii-e," 1756-79; d. 13 Mai-ch 1778. LEBBUF, Jean, French abbe and archseologist ; J 6 March 1687: published " Etat de la Science sous Charlemagne,"^ 1734; "Histoire de Pans," 1754; d. 10 April 1760. LE BLANC, Jean Bernard, French -m-iter ; h 3 Deo. 1707; published " Lettres concemant le Gouvemement des Anglois et des Francois," 1758; d. 1781. T.EBLANC, Marcel, French Jesuit; 5. 1653; sei^ to Siam by Louis XIV. ; published "Histoire de la Bevolution de Siam en 1688,' 1692 ; A. 1693. LE BLANC, Nicolas, French chemist ; J. 1753; published " Cristalloteohnie," 1802; invented a process for obtaining soda from common salt (the foundation of the alkali manufactures), about 1792 ; see Losh ; d. 1806. LEBLOND, Jean Baptiste, French naturalist ; b. 2 Dec. 1747; explored Guyana, &c., 1789; pub- lished " Description de la GuyaneFrancjaise," 1814; d. 15 Aug. 1815. LEBCEUP, Edmond, French marshal; I. 5 Nov. 1809; minister of war, Aug. 1869; marshal, Jan. 1870; certified the good condition of the army, Aug. 1870; taken prisoner at Metz, 27 Oct. 1870. LEBON, Philippe, French chemist ; b. 29 May 1769; invented method of lighting by gas derived from wood, 1797 ; patented, 21 Sept. 1799 ; d. 2 Deo. 1804. LE BOUVTEE, Gilles, French chronicler and geographer ; b. 1386 ; wrote " Chronique de Charles VII.," &c. ; d. about 1460. LE BETJN, Charles, French painter; i. 24 Feb. or 22 March 1619 ; d. 12 Feb. 1690. LEBEUN, French poets : Laurent, Latin poet, h. 1607; published "Virgile Chretien," 1661 ; "Ovide Chretien;" d. i Sept. 1663 Antoine Louis, 6. 7 Sept. 1680; published "Epi- grammes d'Owen," 1709 ; " Pensees Diverses," 1710 .... . d. 28 March 1743 Ponce Denis ;6codchari>, 5. 11 Aug. 1729; d. 2 Sept. 1807; his "Odes," collected and published 1811 LE BEUN, Charles Francois, duke of Placen- tia, French statesman; b. 19 March 1739; d. 16 June, 1824. Employed by the chancellor Maupeou . . 1768-74 Published tKinsiation of Tasso's "Jerusalem De- livered" _ . . .... 1774 Imprisoned Sept. 1793 Third consul with Bonaparte . . . Dec. 1799 Arch-treasurer of the empire . . . May 1804 Governor of Holland as lieutenant-ceneral . . 1810 Published translation of the niad, 1776-1809 ; "Voix du Citoyen," 1789. LEBEUN, Guillaume Charles Antoine Pigault, French novelist ; b. 8 April 1753 ; d. 24 July 1835. LEBEUN, Jean Baptist Pien-e, French artist and critic; b. 1748- published "Galerie des Peintres," 1792-6; d. 6 Aug. 1813. LEBEUN, Louis Sebastien, French musical composer; b, 10 Dec. 1764; d. 28 June 1829. LEBEUN, Louis, French architect; b. 1 770; published "Formation Geometrique des Quatre Ordres de 1' Architecture," 1816 ; a. about 1840. LEBEUN, Marie Louise Elisabeth Vigee, French painter ; b. 16 April 1755 ; married Lebrun 1776; received into academy of paintei-s, 1778; of Berlin, 1801 ; in England, 1802-5 ; <;. 30 March 1842. LE BEUN, Pierre Henri Tondu, French jour- nalist; b. 1763; executed 27 Dec. 1793. LE CAMUS, Antoine, French physician and poet ; }. 12 April 1722 ; pubUshed " Amphitheatrum Medicum," j.oem, 1745; "Medecine Pratique," 1769; d. 2 Jan. 1772. LE CAT, Claude Nicolas, French surgeon and physiologist; i. 6 Sept. 1700; invented instruments for extracting the stone, 1733; published " Traite du Sens," 1 740; d. 20 Aug. 1768. LECCHI, Giovanni Antonio, Italian mathema- tician; b. 17N0V.1702; published "TheoriaLucis," 1759; (?. 24Aug. 1776. LEOHEVALIEE 337 LEDEU-EOLLIN LECHEVAIjIEE, Jeau Baptiste, French archffiologist ; b. i July 1752; accompanied Choiseul-Gouffler in his oriental explorations, 1785- 6 ; published "Voyage dans la froade," 1800; " Voyage de la Prdpontide," &c., 1801; d. 2 July 1836. LECKY, 'William Edward Hartnole, philoso- phic historian ; b. 26 March 1838 ; published " History of Rationalism in Europe, 1865 ; "His- tory of European Morals from Augustus to Charle- inagne," 1869. LECLEEC family, French scholars : David, protestant theologian. 6. to Feb. 1591; wrote "QlUbstiones SacrtE," published, 1685; d. 21 April 1654 I> ANiEL, nepliew, physician, &. 4 Feb. 1652 ; pub- lished " Cliij'urgie Geu^rale," 1695 : "Histoire de la Medeciue," 1696 ... cl. 8 June 1728 JxAN, critic, brother ; friend of Locke ; &. 19 March 1657 ; visited England . 1682 Settled at Amsterdam 1684 Published "Ai-s Critica" . . . 1696 " Parrhasiana, ou Pensees Divevses " . . 1699 "Vie du Cardinal de Eiclieheu '■ . 1694 " Bibliothfeque Universelle " . 1686-93 " Uibliotheque Choisie" . . 1703-13 "Biblidthfeiiue Anciemie et Moderue" . . 1714-27 d. 8 Jan. 1736 Jacqui:s TnfioDORE, son of Daniel . &. 25 Nov. 1692 Published " Preservatif centre le Fanaticisme " 1723 d. 1753 LE CLEEC, Jean, first French protestant martyr, burnt alive, 1525. LECLEEC, Jean Baptiste, French politician and jjoet; b. 29 Feb. 1756; published " Mes I'ro- menades Champetres," 1786; " Idylles," 1798; d. lO Xjv. 1826. LB CLEEC (or CleecX Nicolas Gabriel, French physician and historian; b, 6 Oct. 1726; published " Histoire Naturelle del' Homme," 1767 ; " Histoire de la ilussie," 1783-85; (^. 30 Dec. 1798. LECLEEC, Pierre, French Jansenist; b. 1706 ; published " Vies des plusieurs KeUgieuses de Port- iloyal," 1750-52; "Rome redevenue Paienne," 1764; d. about 1781. LECLEEC, Sebastien, French engraver; b. 26 Sept. 1637 : d. 2g Oct. 1714. LECLEEC-THOUIN", Oscar, French agri- culturist; b. 18 March, 1798; published ''Agri- culture de rOuestde la France," 1843; d. 5 Jan. 1845. LECLEEC (Charles) Victor Emmanuel, French general; b. 17 Mai-ch 1772; served under Bona- parte, 1796; married his sister Pauline, 1797! helped the revolution of Brumaire, and the esta- blishment of the consulate, 9 Nov. 1799; made captain-general of St. Domingo, 1801 ; d. there, 2 Dec. 1802. LECLUSE, or LesclTJSE, Charles de, French naturalist; b. 8 Feb. 1524 or 1525 ; explored Spain and Portugal botanically, 1563-65 ; pubhshed " Antidotarium," 1561 : "Aromatum, SimpUcium, &c., Historia," 1567 ; d. 4 April 1609. LECOCQ, Alexandre Charles, French comic composer; 6. 3 June 1832; works, " Gandolphe," "Barbier de Trouville, "Fleur de The," "Cent Vierges." " Fille de Madame Augot," "Girofle- Girofla," &c., " la Petite Mariee," Dec. 1875. LE COINTE, Charles, French historian; b. a Nov. 161 1 ; "Annales Ecclesiastici Francoram, published 1665-83 ; (f. 18 Jan. 1681. LECOMTE, Felix, French sculptor; i. 1737; d. II Feb. 1817. LECOMTE, Jules, French maritime writer; }. 20 June 1814; published "Abordage," 1835; " lie de la Tortue," 1837 ; d. 22 April 1S64. LECOMTE, Louis, French missionary : i. about 1650 ; liis " Nouveaux Memoires sur la Chine," puoUshed 1696 ; (condemned to be burnt, 6 Aug. 1761) ; d. 1729. LB CONTB, American m.d.'s and naturalists : John, b. 4 Dec. 1818 ; professor of physics, college of South Carolina, 1856-69 ; in university of California, 1869 : published papers. John Lawrence, h. 13 May 1825 ; travelled in America, and pul)lished researches iii "ymithsonian Collec- tions," &c., 1861-6. Joseph, brother of preceding, Tj. 26 Feb. 1823 ; accom- panied Agassiz in his exploration of Florida : professor of geology, university of California, 1869 ; wrote many papers on geology, &c. LB COUEEAYEE, Pierre Franc;ois, French Romanist theologian; b. 17 Nov. 1681 ; pub- lished " Dissertation sur la Validite des Ordina- tions des Anglais" (contending for it), 1723 ; went to England but did not join the church; d. 17 Oct. 1776. LECOUVEEUE, or CouvEETIR, Adrienne, French actress ; b. 5 April 1692 ; at one time mis- tress of marshal Saxe ; d. 20 March 1 730. LBCT, Jacques, Swiss theologian, critic arid statesman; b. 1560 ; published " Poemata Varia," 1609; d. 25 Aug. 1611. LBCUEIEUX, Jacques Joseph, French his- torical painter; b. 13 Aug. 1801 ; exhibited, 1S27 ; works : " Francis I. at the tomb of John the Fear- less," "Chevalier Bayard," "Last Moments of Louis XI." &c. Alouso de, Spairish poet ; b. ' Conceptos Espu-ituales," 1600 ; LBDBSMA, 1552; published d. 1623. LBDOCHOWSKI, Miecislas, Polish prelate ; }. 29 Oct. 1822; studied at Vienna and Rome; nuncio (and archbishop of Thebes) at Brussels, Sept. 1861 ; archbishop of Gnesen and Posen, and primate of Poland, Jan. 1866; impi-isoned for re- sisting Prussian ecclesiastical laws, Apiil 1874 ; proclaimed cardinal by the pope, 15 March 1875. LEDOUX, Claude Nicolas, French architect ; b. 1736; employed by madame Dubarry at Paris; d. 19 Nov. 1806. LEDEAN, Henri Francois, French surgeon; b. 1685; pubUshed " Obser%'ations de Chirargie," 1731 ; " Traite Economique de r Anatomic," 1 768; d. 17 Oct. 1770. LEDEU, Andre Pierre, French abbe and natu- ralist ; b. 22 Jan. 1761 ; published " Discours centre le Celibat Ecclesiastique," 1793; " Voyage aux lies de Tenerifie," iSlo; d. II July 1825. LEDEU, Nicolas Philippe, "Comus," French physicist; b. 1731 ; applied electricity to epileptics, 1782 ; d. 6 Oct. 1807. LEDEU-EOLLIN, Alexandre Auguste, French journalist and republican pohticiau; b. (Ledru) 2 Feb. 1808 ; d. 31 Dec. 1874. Eminent advocate 1834, e/ sc/ Published "Jurisprudence Frangaise" . 1843-8 Became leader of the republican party . 1846 Memher of the provisional government 24 Feb. 1848 Obtained 370,117 votes for file presidency 22 Dec. ,, Supported the insurrection, 13 June ; fled to Eng- land . . . June 1849 Z LEDUC 338 LEEWENHOECK Betunied to Paris .... 25 March 1870 Elected deputy for three departments ; declined to sit Fell. 1871 Again elected, March 1873 ; failed in a speech, 3 June 1874 Puhlished " Profession de Foi," 1841 ; "De la Juin," 1849; "DelaDicadencedel'Angleterre" . .1850 LEDUC, Jan, Dutch painter; b. 1636; d. 1671. LEDWICH, Edward, Irish antiquary; b. 1739; published "Antiquities of Ireland," 1790-6; cf. 8 Aug. 1823. LEDTAED, John, American traveller ; 5. 1751 ; d. at Cairo, about Oct. 1788. LEE, sisters, novelists : Sophia; i. about 1751 ; published "the Recess," 1785; wrote part of "Canterbury Tales," 1797- 1805; "Chapter of Accidents" (comedy), 1780; d. 13 March 1824 Hakkiet; 6. 1736; published "Mysterious Mar- ria"e," 1790; wrote chief part of "Canterbury Tales," 1797-1805 . . d.i Aug. 1851 LEE (or StaitoleSS), Anne; i. about 1735; expelled from the qnakers; joined the shakers, 1757; became chief, 1771 ; settled mth them in America, 1774; d. 8 Sept. 1784. LEE, Ai-thur, American statesman, " the Ame- rican Junius;" 0. 20 Dec. 1740; d. Dec. 1792. LEE, Charles, Anglo-jVmerican general ; b. about 1730; joined the insurgents, 1773; sei-ved under Washington, 1776-7; challenged him for censuring him; suspended for a year, 1778; re- tired, 1780; d. 2 Oct. 1782. LEE, rev. Frederick George; b. 6 Jan. 1832; vicar of AH Saints', Lambeth, 1867; hon. sec. of Society for Promotion of Union of Christendom, 1857-69; published " Poems," l8i;5 ; " ATords from the Cross,^' 1859; "the King's Highway," 1866; " Sermons on fieunion," 1864-5 ; and pamphlets ; hon. D.C.L. 1864. LEE, Frederick Richard, hon. 11. A., landscape painter; b. June 1798 ; a.r.a., 1834; E..A., 1838; retu-ed ; worked jointly mth T. Sidney Cooper, 1848 ct seq. ; exhibited " Land "We Live In," 1S67 ; &c. LEE, Henry, dramatist ; wrote " Caleb Quo- tem," 1810; d. 30 March 1836. LEE, Henry, American general ; }. 29 Jan. 1736 ; distinguished during the war. 1777-81 ; wrote " Memoirs of the "War in the South," 1809; d. 25 March 1818. LEE, James Prince, bishop of Manchester; i, 1804 ; consecrated, 1848 ; d. 24 Dec. 1869. LEE, John, LL.C, eccle.siastical lawyer ; b. (as Fiott), 28 April 1783; established Hartwell Obser- vatory, 1831 ; endowed the Royal Astronomical Society; president, 1861-2; d. 25 "Feb. 1866. LEE, John Edward, archa;ologist ; b. 21 Dec. t8o8 ; published " Isca Silm-um," 1862 ; " Eomaa Imperial Profiles," enlarged from coins, 1874. LEE, Nathaniel, dramatist; I), about 1655; published "Nero," 1675; "Rival Queens," 1677; " Theodosius," 1680 ; d. 1691 or 1692. LEE, Rachel Fanny Antonina; published "Es- say on Government," 1808 ; d. 1829. LEE, Richard Henry, American statesman ; b. 20 Jan. 1732; president of congress, 1784; first senator for Virginia in the new senate, 1789 ; d. 19 June 1794. LEE, Robert, D.D., theologian; 4. 11 Nov. 1804 ; minister of Greyfriars' Church, Edinburgh, 1843 ; fi''^' professor of biblical criticism, 1846; in- troduced a liturgy into his church, (published, 1865) ; much opposed, 1859 ; solemnized a marriage in church, 6 Deo. 1865; censui-ed by presbytery, 14 March ; by synod, 7 May 1867 ; rf. 14 March 1868. LEE, Robert, Scotch m.d. ; published "Diary during a stay in Russia, 1824-6, 1854 ; ■ivi-ote on Diseases of iffomen, &c. ; published " Discovery of the Cause of the Action of the Heart," 1865. LEE, Robert Edmund (son of general Hemy, above), American general; b. 1808; d. 12 or 13 Oct. 1870. Distinguished in the Mexican war . . 1846-7 Commander-in-chief of the confederate army of Virginia ... 1861 Baffled M'LeUan before Richmond . . May 1862 Commanded at desperate battle of Antietani ; retreated 17 Sept. ,, Defeated Bumside at Fredericksburg, 12-16 Dec. 1862, and Hooker at Chancellorsville, 1-4 May 1863; Grant in "the Wilderness" . . 5 May 1864 Driven from Petersbm-g, 2 April; suiTendered with his army 9 April ,, Installed president of Wa-shington College 2 Oct. 1865 LEE, Samuel, nonconformist ; b. 1625 ; pub- lished " Temple of Solomon," 1659; "Contempla- tions on Mortality," 1669; d. Nov. 1691. LEE, Samuel, D.D., self taught orientalist; b. 14 May 1 783 ; professor of Arabic at Cambridge, March 1819: published "Hebrew Grammar," 1830; "Hebrew, Chaldaic, and English Lexicon," 1 840; "Book of Job, in English," 1837; d. 16 Dec. 1852. LEE, Sophia, see Zee, sisters (above). LEE, rev. William ; while curate of Calverton, invented stocking frame, 1586-9; silk hose frame, 1598 ; settled at Rouen, 1603 ; d. 1610. LEE, ven. "William, archdeacon of Dublin ; b. 1813; published Dounelan lectures " on Ins|dration of Holy Scripture," delivered 1852 ; second edition, 1857. LEE BOO, prince of one of the Pelew isles ; brought to England by captain "Wilson; d. soon after, 29 Dec. 1 784. LEECH, John, humorous artist; b. about 1817; became contributor to " Punch," 1841 ; published "Rising Generation," 1848; " Pictures of Life and Character," extracted from "Punch," 1854; d. 29 Oct. 1864. LEECHMAN, "William, Scotch theologian ; b. 1706; d. 3 Dec. 1785. LEEDS, duke of, see Osborne. LEEPE, Jan Anton van der, Belgian painter ; b. 1664; d. about 1720. LEES, Edwin, naturalist ; b. 12 May, 1800 ; published " Botany of "Worcestershire," &c. LEES, Frederic Richard, philosopher; b. March 1815 ; published "Metaphysics of Owenism Dissected,' 1837 ; " Science of Symbolisms, . 1845 ; "Truth-Seeker," 1845-50; " Text-book for Tem- perance," 1868, &c. LEE"!!, Gerard, Dutch pi-iuter; d. about 1492. LEEVES, "William, musical composer ; d. 1828. LBE"W, Gabriel van der, Dutch painter ; b. 11 Nov. 1643 ; d. June 1688. LEE'WENHGECK, see Lcuwenhoeck. LEPEBURE 339 LE GRAND LEFEBUEE, Louis Henri, French botanist a^ndpoet; b. i8 teb. 1754; pul'lislied " Atlas Bo- timique," 1817; "Systemc Floral," 1820-1; d. 23 Way 1843. LEFEBVEE, Charlemagne Theophile, French taiiveller ; b. 5 March 181 1 ; published " Voyage eu Abyssinie eu 1839-43," 1845, et scq. LEFEBVEE, Claude, French painter; J. about I 633 ; d. April 1675. .LEFEBVEE, Francois Joseph, due de Dant- zdc, French marshal ; b. 25 Oct. 1755 ; entered the ajmy, 10 Sept. 1773; served under Hoche, 1793; BKcoeeded him at his death, Sept. 1797 ; employed in Gei-mauy, 1 799 ; distinguished himself at the siege of Dautzic, 1807; accompanied Napoleon to Spain; victorious at Durango, 31 Oct. 1808 ; d. 14 Sept. 1820. LEFEBVEE, or LefevEE, Tanneguy (Tana- quil Faber), French scholar, father of madame Dacier; b. 1615; edited many classics; d. 12 Sept. 1^72. Takneguy, son, mathematician, b. 23 Jau. 1658; published " Communes Mesures et Eacmes," 1714; d. 1717. LEFEVEE, see Shaw-Lefevre. LEFEVRE DE St. EemY, Jean, French his- torian ; b. about 1394; wrote "Chronitiue de La- laia;" d. 10 June 1468. LEFEVEE d'Etaples (Faber Stapulensis) Jacques, French theologian ; b. about 1455 ; patro- nised by Francis I. ; published " Coinmentaires sur les fivaugiles," 1521 ; " Sainte Bible en Fran- <;oys," 1530; d. 1537. LEFEVEE, Jean, French astronomer; b. about 1650 ; published " Connaissance des Temps " for 1684-1701 ; d. 1706. LEFEVEE, Nicolas, French chemist; pub- hshed " Chymie Theorique et Pratique," 1660 ; d. 1674. LEFEVEE, Robert, French portrait painter ; 4. 1756; d. 3 Oct. 1830. LEFOET, Francjois, Swiss general; b. 1656; entered Kussian service about 1674 ; helped to make Peter sole czar ; honoured and employed by him, 1689 ; as admiral, captured Azof, 1696 ; d. 12 March 1699. LEFEOY, Thomas Langlois, Irish lawyer ; b. 8 Jan. 1776; baron of the exchequer, 1841 ; chief- justice of the Queen's Bench, 1852-60 ; d. 4 May 1869. LE GALLOIS, Julieu Jean Cesar, French physiologist; b. i Feb. 1770; published "Experi- ences," i8l2 ; d. Feb. 1814. LEGAZPE, Miguel Lopez de, Spanish noble and navigator ; conquered the Philippines, 1569 et serj. ; took possession of Manilla, 15 May 1571 ; d. May 1572. LEGENDEE, Adrien Marie, French mathe- matician; b. 18 Sept. 1752; published "Exercices du Calcul," 1807; "Traite des Fonctions EUip- tiques," 1827-33; d. 10 Jan. 1833. LEGENDEE, Louis, French historian ; b. i5ss ; published " Histoire de France," 1718; "Moeurs et Coutumes des Francjais dans les Pre- miers Temps," 1712; d. i Feb. 1733. LEGENDEE, Louis, French revolutionist ; b. 1755 ; opposed the violence of the Terrorists, and helped to subdue them; d. 13 Deo. 1797. LEGENDEE, Nicolas, French sculptor; b. 1619; d. ib^l. LEGEE, Antoiue, Savoyard orientalist and re- former ; b. 1 594 ; denounced as heretic ; went to Geneva about 1637; published the New Testament in ancient and modenr Greek, 1638 ; d. 1661. LEGEE, Autoine, son, Swiss painter ; b. 1652 ; published " Dissertations on Heat and Cold," &c., 1705-15; d. 1719. LEGEE, Jean, Savoyard, protestant ; b. 2 Feb. 1615; sufi'ered persecution with his countrymen; Avrote to Cromwell for his intercession ; published " Histou-e des Eglises Evangeliques des vallees du Piemont," 1669; d. about 1670. LEGGE, baron and earls of Dartmouth : George, lord Dartmouth, admiral ; h. about 1648 ; served in Dutch wars, 1666-73 ; created baron, 1682 ; goveruor of Tangier, 1683 ; admiral of fleet, 1688 ; took oatlis to William and Mary, 1689 ; committed to the Tower on suspicion, 1691 ; d. there, 25 Oct. 1691 William, son ; li. 14 Oct. 1672 ; secretary for Scot- land, 1710; created earl, 1711; lord ijrivy seal, 1713 . . ■ . d. IS Dee. 1750 "William, grandson; &. 1731; colonial secretary, 1772 ; rejected peaceful proiiosals of American congress, Sept. 1775 ; lord privy seal, Nov. 1775 — March 1782 d. 15 July 1801 LEGGE, Hom-y Bilson, statesman; i. 29 May 1708; lord of admiralty, 1746; chancellor of ex- chequer, March 1754; dismissed, Nov. 1755; re- appointed, Nov. 1756; dismissed, April 1757; re- appointed, 29 June 1757; dismissed, 21 March 1761 ; d. 21 Aug. 1764. LEGGE, rev. Dr. James ; twenty-five yeai-s in Cliina; appointed Chinese professor, Oxford, Feb. 1876 ; published " Chinese Classics," " Confucius," &o., 1875-6. LEGOBIEN, Cbai-les, French Jesuit historian; b. 1653; secretary to the Chinese missions, 1 706; published " Histohe des lies Malouines," 1700; commenced "Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses par quelques Missionnau'es de la Compagnie de Jesus," 1702-8 ; d. 5 March 1708. LB GOUZ de la BouUaye, Fran9ois, French traveller in Europe and Asia; b. about 1610; pub- lished "Yoyageset Observations," 1653; ; endowed with territories by him, thus fomiding the temporal power; d. II June 8j6 4. elected, 847 ; rebuilt Rome and repaired St, Peter's d. 17 July 855 5. ordained, 28 Oct. ; imprisoned by his successor, Christopher, Nov. d. 6 Dec. 903 6. elected, June 928 . . . d. 3 Feb. 929 7. ordained, 9 Jan. 036 ; pious d. about iS July 939 8. intruder ; elected, 22 Nov. 963 ; d. about March 965 9. Bruno ; b. 1002 ; elected, about Dec. 1048 ; en- throned, 12 Feb 1049 ; a pious reformer ; joined the army against the Normans ; taken prisoner, 1053 ; excommunicated Cenilarius, patriarch of Constantinople; excommunicated by him, 1054 ; d. 19 April 1054 10. Giovanni de' Medici, son of Lorenzo ; &. n Dec. 1475 Made cardinal Oct. 1488 Taken prisoner at the battle of Ravenna, 11 April 1512 Elected pope after Julius II. . . n March 1513 Supporied the emperor against France; termi- nated the Lateran council .... 1517 Created thirty-one cardinals . . i July Ordered the preaching of the sale of indulgences to obtain funds for war against the Turks . 1517 LEO 343 LEOWITZ Pviblished a decree authorising them, and con- demning Liithev . . . 9 Dec. 1518 Issiied bulls against Luther, 15 June 1520, 3 Jan. 1521 Styled Henry VIII. defender of the faith, 11 Oct. „ d. 1 Dec. ,, 31, Alessandro de' Medici 6. 1535 As legate, received Henry IV. of France into Boman church . . ... 1596 Elected, i April . . . . d. 27 April 1605 32. Anui bale delta Genga; &. 2 Aug. 1760; elected, 27 Sept. 1823 ; encoiu-aged letters and science ; enlarged the Vatican library; reformed the ad- ministration of justice ; proclaimed a jubilee, and condemned Bible societies, 1825 d. 10 Feb. 1829 LEOj see AUaiius and Juda. LEO, Juan, the African, Arab geographer ; h. filiout 1483 ; wrote a description of Africa ; d. about 1552. LEO, Liouardo, Neapolitan musician : h. 1694; composed church music and operas ; d. about 1743. LEO of Modena (Judah Arieh), Jewish rabbi; I?, about 1571 ; published " Biblia Hebrsea Rabbi- Tiica," 1610 ; "Dittiouario Heb. et Ital.," 1612 ; '*Historia degli Eiti Hebraici," 1637; d. about 1654. LEON, Luiz Ponce de, Spanish poet; h. 1528 ; imprisoned by the Inquisition for his version of "Song of Solomon," 1572-76; pubUshed " De Los J^oinbros de Christo," 1583-5; " Perfecta Casada," 1583 ;f^. 1591- LEONAEDO BONACCI, of Pisa, raathe- ^-natieian; 6, about 1170; wrote an "Abacus," a treatise on arithmetic, 1202. LEONHAED, Karl Casar von, German geolo- gist ; b, 12 tjept. 1779; explored and studied Ger- man strata; pubUshed "lopographische Minera- logik," 1805-9, ^^-'i "Geologie," 1836-45; d. 24 Jaa. 1862. LEONI, Leone, Italian arcliitect and sculptor ; d- 1592. LEONI, Venetian artists : Ijinai, sculptor and painter ; t. 1531 . d. 1606 OTTAvio, son; h. 1578 . . . d. 1630 LEONICENO, Nicolo, Italian philologist and pliysician; b. 1428 ; published " De Plinii et Alio- i-tini Kn-oribus, 1492 ; d. 1524. LEONIDAS, kings of Sparta : X. succeeded Cleomenes I. about B.C. 401; killed in the defence of the pass of Thermopylfe. against the Persians . ... . . 480 g, succeeded Areus II., B.C. 256; exiled hy the leformers ; restored, 240 d. about 236 LEONTIUS I., II., emperors of the East: X, rebel ; proclamied, 482 ; taken and executed . 488 «3, deposed Justinian II., 6g5 ; permitted Venice to "become independent, 697 ; deposed by Absimarus (Tiberius II.), 6g8 ; executed . ■ • 705 LEOPAEDI, Giacomo, comte, Italian poet and scholar; b. 2Q June 1798; published "Canzoni," 1824; "Versi/' 1826; "Canti," 1829; d. 14 June 1837. LEOPOLD I., II., III., dukes of Austria: ]_, b. 1157; succeeded his father, Henry . . . 1177 AiTBSted Richard I. of England when returning from Syria, 20 Dec ; surrendered him to emperor Henry, 28 Dec. 1192 . . . rf. 21 Dec. 1194 Son of the emperor Albert I. ; &. 1292 ; defeated bythe SwissatMorgarten, 16 Nov. 1315 ; firmly opposed the emperor Louis; failed, 1322; d. 28 Feb. 1326 3, the Glorious, duke of Austria and Styria, son of Henry ; succeeded his brother Frederic, iig8 ; •ffent on crusade to Palestine, 1208-9 1 ^ga-inst the Albigenses, 1211 ; against the Saracens in Spain, 1213 ; went to Palestine with Andrew IT. of Hun- gary, 1217 ; at siege of Damietta, 121S ; d. 26 July 1230 3, the Valiant, son of Albei-t II. ; 6. April 1351 ; duke with his brother Albert, 1365; embroiled in many quarrels ; defeated and lulled by the Swiss at Serapach . . q July 1386 LEOPOLD I., II., kings of the Belgians: 1. 6. 16 Dec. 1790 Served in Russian army . . . 1806-10 ; 181^ Made duke of Kendal ; married princess Charlotte of Wales, 2 May 1816 ; she died 6 No%'. 1817 Declined crown of Greece . 21 May 1830 Inauguratrd king of the Belgians 21 July 1831 Married princeis Louise of Orleans . . 9 Aug. 1832 She died, n Oct. 1850 . . . d. 10 Dec. 1865 2. sou b. 9 April 1835 Married Maria, archduchess of Austria 22 Aug. 1853 Succeeded his father as king . . 10 Dec. 1865 Visited England . . July 1866, and Nov. 1869 Received iioo British volunteers . . Oct. 1866 Leopold Ferdinand, due de Brabant, his son ; h. 12 June 1859 ; d. 22 Jan. i86q. LEOPOLD I., IL, emperors of Gennany : 1. son of Ferdinand III. . . &. 9 June 1640 King of Hungary, 1655 ; of Bohemia . . 1657 Elected emperor . , 18 July 1638 War with the Turks . . . . 1663 They were defeated at St. Gothard, 3 Aag. ; peace of Temeswar ... 16 Sept. 1664 Persecuted the protestants of Hungary ; led to insurrection, 1670; suppressed . . . 1672 Joined league against France ; war decld. 28 May 1674 Peace of Nimeguen (with France) . 1679 Lost Alsace to France i68o-8i Guaranteed national rights of Hungary at the diet of Strasburg, after long war Oct. 1687 Subdued Transylvania and Blavonia . . „ Peace of Ryswick (with Finance) 30 Oct. 1697 Peace of Carlowitz (with Turkey) . . 26 Jan. 1699 Claimed the crown of Spain for his son, Charles, and began the war of succession . . . 1701 Empire saved at Blenheim, 2 Aug. 1704; d. 6 May 1705 2. son of Francis I. . . &. 5 May 1747 Grand-duke of Tuscany 1763 Succeeded his brother, Joseph II., as' emperor, 20 Feb. 1790 Signed the convention of Pilnitz against the French republic, 27 Aug. 1791 d. 1 March 1792 LEOPOLD I., IL, grand-dukes of Tuscany : 1. Leopold I., emperor of Germany. 2. John Joseph Ferdinand Charles, son of Ferdmand III. ... &. 3 Oct. 1797 Returned to Florence at the peace . . . 1814 Succeeded his father . 17 June 1824 Granted a liberal constitution . . Feb. 1848 Fled at the proclamation of a republic . Feb. 1849 Restored by the Austrians . . July ,, Abolished the constitution . . . May 1852 Refused to ally with Sardinia ; compelled by an insurrection to retire to Bologna . . April 1859 Abdicated in favour of his son, Ferdinand IV., 21 July 1859 . . . d, 29 Jan. 1870 LEOPOLD, duke of Lon-aine; b. 11 Sept. 1679; d. 27 Alarch 1729. LEOPOLD George Duncan Albert, fourth son of queen Victoria; b. 7 April 1853, Granted 15,000^. a year by parliament . July 1874 Took up his freedom in the city of London, 25 Oct. 1875 D.C.L., Oxford 21 June 1876 President Royal Society of Literature 19 July „ LEOTAUD, Vincent, French geometer; b. I C95 ; wrote " Cyclomathja," 1663 ; d. 13 June 1672. LEOTTCHIDES, king of Sparta on deposi- tion "f Demaratus, n.c, 491 ; {;;ainef) a victory over the Persians at Aiycale, 479; exiled to Tegea, 469. LEOWITZ, Cyprian, Bohemian astrologer ; b. 1524 ; predicted that the world would end in 1584 ; published "Ephemerides, 1556-1606," 1557; d. 1574- LEPAUTE 344 LESCUN LEPAUTE, Jean Andre, French clockmaker ; h. 1709; published "Traite d' Horologcrie," de- scribing his many inventions, 1755; d. II April 1789. LEPAUTEE, Antoine, French architect; J. 1614 ; d. 1691. Pierre, son, sculptor ; b. 4 March 1659; df. 22 Jan. 1744. LEPEAUX, see LarcvelUere. L'EPEE, Charles Michel de, abbe, French philanthropist, Jansenist; b. 25 Nor. 1712; de- voted his life and property to educating the deaf and dumb, 1771; published "Institution des Sourds ct Muets, 1774-7C1-82 ; d. 23 Dec. 17S9. LE PELLETIEE, Claude, French financier and jurist; b. 1630; rf. 10 Aug. 1711. LEPELLETIEE D'AtJNAT, Louis, baron, French statesman ; b. 178?; d. 16 Jan. 1855. LEPICIE, French engravers : Bernard : t. 1698 . . . d. 1755 Nicolas Bernard, son ; 5. 1736 . d. Sept. 1784 LEPIDUS, Marcus iEmilius, the triumvir ; joined C^sar in the war with Pompey, B.C. 49 ; created Pontifex Maximus after Caesar's death, March 44 ; joined Antony against Brutus, May 43 ; triumvu- with Octavius and Antony, 43 ; ejected, 36 ; d. 13. LEPLAT, Josse, Belgian jurist ; b. 18 Nov. 1732 ; edited " Monumentoiiim ad Historia Coucilii Indentini CoUectio," 1781-7 ; d. 6 Aug. 1810. LE PLAY, PieiTC GuUlaume Frederic, French engineer; b. 11 Apiil 1806; published " Ouvriers Europeens," 1855 ; designed building for the In- ternational Exhibition at Paris, 1867. LEPOIS, French physicians : Nicolas ; &. 1537 ; wrote "de Cognoscendis et Cu- randis Morbis" d. 1587 Charles (Carolus Piso), son ; b. 1563 ; published " SelectEe Obsen'ationes," 1618 . . d. 1633 LEPEINCE, Jean, French painter; b. 1733; d. 30 Sept. 1 78 1. LE PEINCE, Nicolas Thomas, French biblio- grapher; b. 1750; published "Anecdotes des lieaux Arts," '^ Essai Historique sur la Biblio- thcque du Koi," 1782; d. 31 Dec. 181S. LEPSIUS, Karl Eichard, German archjeolo- gist; b. 22 Dec. 1810; pubUshed " Palilographie," 1834 ; went on a scientific expedition to Egypt, 1842; published " Denkmaler aus iEg5'pten und jEthiopien," 1848-59 ; " Letters on Egypt," 1852 ; " Universal Linguistic Alphabet," 1S55 ; " Stan- dard Alphabet," 1863. LEQUIEN, Michel, French scholar; b. 8 Oct. 1661 ; published " Defen.se du Texte Hcbrcu et de la Version Vulgate," i6qo; "Oiiens Christianus," 1740; d. 12 March 1733. LEEEB0UE8. KoelJean, French optician; b. 25 Dec. 1762 ; invented a miero-telescope and other optical apparatus; d. 13 Feb. 1840. Nicolas Marie Payraal, son; b. 15 Feb. 1807; published "Traite de Photographic," 1842; "Traite de Gal- vanoplastie," 1843, 4:c. LE EICHE DE LA POPELINIEBE, Alexandre Jean Joseph, French financier, poet, and mutieian ; b. 1692 ; d. 5 Dec. 1762. LEEM A, Francisco de Eoxas de Sandoval, duque de, Spanish statesman ; d. 1625. Prime minister of Philip III 1598 Blade war witli England . . 1599 Failed in an invasion of Ireland . . . ^^^ Made peace i6o^ Obtained the decree for expelling the Moriscoes from Spain, and confiscating their property, II Sept. 1609 Became a cardinal ^^^^ Ordered to quit the court ... 20 Oct. „ Compelled to give up much property to the state after 16=1 LEEMONTOV, Mikhail, Eussiau poet; b. i8ll ; killed in a duel, 1841. LEENOITT (Lernutiiis), Johannes, Belgian Latin poet; b. 13 Nov. 1545; published "Basia, Ocelli, &c." 1579; d. 29 Sept. 1619. LEEOUX, Philibert Joseph, French scholar; published " Dictionnaire Comique, Satii-ique," &c., 1718 ; d. about 1790. LEEOUX, PiciTc, French socialist; b. 1798; d. 12 April 1 87 1. Compositor and corrector of the press ; connected with "le Globe," .ind thus met with Guizot, CoiLsin, De Broglie, &c. . . . 1824 A St. Simonian . 1831 Devoted himself to socialism 1843 Published " de I'Humanit^, de son Principe et son Avenir," 1839 ; " Kevue Sociale " . 1845-7 Withdrew to Jersey after coup d'6tat . . Dee. 1851 "Ploutocratie," " du Christianisme," 1848: d. 12 April 1871 LE EOT (EegiiTS), Louis, French scholar ; published "Les Monarchiques," 1570; d. 2 July 1577- LE EOT, Daniel, Dutch Hebraist and theolo- gian ; b. 8 Oct. 1661 ; published "Antiquitcs Judai- ques," 1720; d. II May 1722. LE EOT, Julien, French clockmaker ; b. 1686 ; made many improvements in chronometers; d. 1759. His sons: Pierre; &. 1717 ; published "Memoire pour les Horlogers de Paris," 1750 . . . . d. 1785 Jean Baptiste, published " Memoircs sur I'Elec- tricite," 1753-83 d. 20 Jan. 1800 Charles, physiologist (brother of Julien); 6. 12 Feb. 1726; published "Melanges de Physique," (See., 1771 ... . d. 12 Dec. 1779 Julien David, architect; 6. 172S; published " Euiues de« plus beaux Monuments de Grece," 1758; " Marine des Anciens," 1777 d. 19 Jan. 1803 LEET, or LeEI, Jean de, French protestant traveller; b. IS34; published " Histoire d'un Voyage fait en BresU,'' 1578; " Histoire du Siege de Sau- cerre," 1574; d. 1611. LE SAGE, Alain Een^, French novelist ; b. 8 May 1608; pubUshed " Diable Boitenx," 1 707; "Turcaret," a comedy, 1709; "Gil Bias," 1715 ; " BacheUer de Salamanque," 1736 ; "ThePitre de'la Foire," 1721-37; (/. 17 l^ov. 1747. LE SAGE, Georges Louis, French writer ; b. g Jan. 1676 ; published " Mecanisme de I'Esprit," 1699; d. 5 Feb. 1759. LESCAILLE, Jakob, Flemish poet; }. 1610; d. \bTJ. CA.THERINE, daiightcr, "the Dutch Sappho," dramatist; b. 1649; d. 8 June, 1711. LESCHENAULT de la Tour, Jean Baptiste Louis Claude Theodore, French naturalist ; b. 13 Nov. 1773; explored Batavia, Java, &c.; and brought home large collections, 1807 ; d. 14 March 1826. LESCOT, PieiTe, French architect; b. 1510; d. 1571. LESCUN, Jean Paul de, French juiiat and protestant chief; beheaded, 18 May 1622. LESCURE 345 LETHEBY LESCURE, Louis Marie, marquis de, French royalist, Vendean general; b. 13 Oct. 1766; d. of wounds, 3 Nov. 1793. IiESDIGUIEEES, Fran(;ois de Bonue, duo lie, French protestant general; i. i April 1543; commanded protestants, 1575 ; marshal of France, 1608 ; renounced Calvinism, 1622 ; cl. 28 Sept. 1626. LESEUR (Le Sueur), Thomas, French mathe- matician; b. I Oct. 1703; published "Memoire sur le Caloul Integral," 1748; d. 26 Sept. 1770. LESKO v., the White, duke of Poland, i. about 1185; assassinated, 11 Nov. 1227. LESLEY, John, Scotch prelate ; i. 29 Sept. 1527 ; brought queen Mary to Scotland, 1561 ; assisted to compile the Scotch code, " the Black Acts," 1566; her ambassador in London, 1568; published " Defence of the Honour of Mary dueen of Scotland," &o., 1571; "Account of his Embas- sage," 1568-72, &o. ; " de Origine, &c., Scotorum," I578;(i. 3lMay 1596. LESLIE, see Leven. LESLIE, Charles Robert, genre painter; b. Oct. 1794: panned "Anne Page," 1819; "Sir lloger de Coverley," 1820 ; "Uncle Toby," 1831; and many illustrations of CeiTantes, Snakspeare, Moliere, Steme, Scott, &c. ; r.a., 1826 ; published "Handbook for Young Painters," 1855 ; d. 5 May 1859- LESLIE, George Dunlop, son of Charles E., genre painter ; b. 2 July 1835 ; a.e,.a., 1868; b.a., 29 June, 1^76. Exhibited first, " Hope " 1857 " Defence of Latham House " . . . 1S65 "Clarissa" . . 1866 " The Fountain," 1873 ; " The Nut-brown Maid " . 1874 " Path by the Kiver " and " School Kevisited " . 1875 "My Duty towards my Neighbour," &c. . . 1876 LESLIE, Heniy David, musical composer ; b. 18 June 1822 ; founded a " Gh'.ral Society, ' 1856; president of the College of Music, founded 18(34; composed a "Te Deum," "Immannel" (oratorio), 1853 ; " Daughter of the Isles," i86i, &c. LESLIE, Scotch theologians : John ; b. about 1570 : bishop of the Orkneys, 1633 ; Cloglier, 1661 d. 1671 Charles ; h. about 1650 ; iniblished " Short and Easy Way with the Deists," 1699; "Essay con- cerning the Divine Right of Tithes," 1700 : " Pre- sent State of Quakerism," 1701 . d. 13 April 1722 LESLIE, su- John, Scotch physicist, chemist, and mathematician ; b. 16 April 1766; invented a hygrometer and photometer, 1800; method of arti- licial freezing, 1810; pubUshed "Inquiry into the Nature of Heat," 1804; mathematical papers, 178S, &o. ; " Experiments on the Jielation of Air to Heat and Moioture," 1813 ; " Elements of Natural Philo- sophy," 1823 ; d. 3 Nor. 1832. L'ESPINASSE, Mademoiselle Claire Fran- ^oise, Erench beauty and wit; b. 1732; d. 23 May 1776. LESSEPS, Jean Baptiste Barthelemy, baron de, French traveller and diplomatist ; b. 27 Jan. 1766 ; accompanied La Perouse iuhia Voyage, 1785 ; sent home by him from Kamtschatka to report the results of the expedition, 1 787 ; employed as consul in Kussia, 1 793- 18 12 ; at Lisbon, 1815-33; pub- lished "Journal Historique du Voyage," 1790; " Voyage de La Perouse," 1831 ; d. 6 April 1834. LESSEPS, Ferdinand, vicomte de, French diplomatist and engineer; b. 19 Nov. 1805; em- ployed at Lisbon, 1825; consul at Tunis, Oct. 1828 ; at Alexandria, 1831 ; at llotterdam, 1838; and other places, 1838-48 ; at Barcelona exhibited much humanity at the siege, 1842 ; minister of the re- public at Madrid, April, 1848 — Feb. 1849 ; planned and constructed canal between the Eed Sea and the Mediterranean, 1853-69 ; entertained in London, July 1870. LESSING, Gotthold Ephraun, Gei-man poet and critic; b. 22 Jan. 1729; published "Emilia Galeotti," ' Laocoon," 1766; Dramatur- d. 15 Feb. gie," 1768; " Nathan the Wise," 17a 1781. LESSIUS, Leonhard, Dutch Jesuit ; b. 1554 ; published "de JustitiA et Jure," 1606; d. 15 Jan. 1623. LESTOCQ, Johann Heimann, count, German physician ; b. 29 April, 1692 ; helped to dethrone Ivan and establish Elizabeth as empress of Kussia, 25 Nov. 1741 ; ennobled and pensioned, 1742; de- graded, and imprisoned, 1753; released and pro- tected by Catherine II. about 1762 ; d. I2 June 1767. L'ESTOILE, Claude de, French dramatist ; b. 1597 ; d. 1651. L'ESTOILE, Pierre de, French chronicler; b. 1546; d. 1611 ; his journals of the reigns of Heniy III. and IV. published 1621. LESTRANGE, sirEoger, jom-nalist; b. r6i6; censor of the press, 1663 ; commenced " PubUc Ih- telligeni or," 1665; " Oljsenator," 1679; d. II Sept. 1704. LE SUEUR, see Leseur. LE SUEUR, Eustache, French painter ; b. 19 Nov. 1617 ; d. 30 April 1655. LE SUEUR, Jean Franqois, French musical composer; i.15 Feb. 1760; composed " Paul etVir- ginie," opera, 1794; "Debora," oratorio, 1828 ; f^. 6 Uct. 1837. LE SUEUR (Sudorius), Nicolas, French philo- logist; b. about 1545; wrote " Disputatioues Civiles," 1578; assassinated, 2 May 1594. LE TELLIER, Michel, chanceUor of France ; b. 19 April 1603 ; patronised by, and served, car- dinal Mazarin; ruled under Anne of Austria, 1654, ct seq.; persecuted the protestants; prevailed on the king to revoke the edict of Nantes, 22 Oct. 1681; ; d. Oct. 1685. LE TELLIER, Fran9ois Michel, marquis de Louvois, son of ttie chancellor; b. 18 Jan. 1639; as secretary of state for war, became favourite of Louis XIV., 1666; greatly improved the anny, and provided for the campaigns; founded military schools, &c., 1667-78 ; principal author of the revo- cation of the edict of Nantes, 22 Oct. 16S5 ; ordered the desolation of the palatinate, Nov. 1688; lost the king's favour ; d. \6 July 1691. LE TELLIER, Michel, French Jesuit theolo- gian ; b. l5 Dec. 1643; confessor of Louis XIV., about 1 7 10; prevailed on liim to destroy the Jan- senist establishment of the Port Eoyal, and per- secute the protestants, 1710 ; vainly endeavoured to check the influence of the parliaments ; exiled after death of Louis XIV. (in his arms), i Sept. 1715; d. 2 Sept. 1719. LETHEBY, Henry, m.b., chemist; b. 1816 ; medical officer of health for city of London ; pub- lished " Food, its N'arieties," &c., 1870; and scien- tific papers ; d. 28 March 1876. LETHIEULLIEE 346 LEWES Smart, antiquary ; b. LETHIEULLIEE; 1 701 ; d. 27 Aug. 1760. LETHINGTON", see Maitland. LETI, Gregorio, Italian historian; b. 29 May 1630; became protestant; ivent to Geneva, Eng- land, &c., 1661, et seq.; published " DialogM His- torici," 1665 ; " Nipotismi di Roma," 1667; "Vita diSistoT.," 1669; "Italia regnante," 1675, &c.; d. 9 June 1 701. LETEONNE, Jean Antoine, French arch- ffiolosist and critic; b. 2 Jan. 1787; published " Itecherches pour servir a I'Histoire de I'Egypte,"^ 1823; "Kecueil des Inscriptions de I'Egjpte," 1842-8; "Lettres d'un Antiquaire a un Artiste," 1835 ; d. 14 Dec. 1848. LETTICE, John, theologian and poet; i. 1737; published "Antiquities of Herculaneum," 1773; " Fables for the Fireside," 1812 ; d. 18 Oct. 1832. LETTS, John, map and diary publisher; h. about 1804 ; d. 9 Aug. 1873. LETTSOM, John Coaldcy, M.D. ; b. 1744; published "Natural History of the Tea Tree," 1772; "Naturalist's and Traveller's (Jomp mion," 1772 ; " Life of Fothergill," 1783 ; d. i Nov. 1815. LEU, Saint, see Loup. LEUCHTENBEEG-, MaximiUen Eugene Joseph, duke of, sou of Eugene de Beauharnais, viceroy of Italy; b. 2 Oct. 1817; published papers on galvano-plasticks, or electrotyping, 1841-50; b. I Nov. 1852. LEUCHTENBEEG, Augusta Amelia, of Bavaria, duchesse de, wife of Eugene de Beauhar- nais, viceroy of Italy ; b. 21 June 1788 ; d. 13 May 1851. LEUCIPPUS, Greek philosopher, founder of the atomistic school, about B.C. 480. LEUCON, Greek comic poet ; gained prizes in opposition to Aiistophanes, B.C. 422-1. LEUNCLAVIUS, see Lxwmklau. LEUPOLD, Jacob, German mechanician; b. 25 July 1674; published "Theatrum Machina- rum," 1723-7; d. 12 Jan. 1727. LEUSDEN, Jan, Dutch orientalist; b. 26 Aug. 1624; visited Germany, France, and England; 1658; published "Synopsis Criticorum," 1684; " PhiloVogus Hebrseus," 1656 ; " Compendium Biblicum," 1674, &c. ; d. 30 Sept. 1699. LEUTHOLE, see Ludolph. LEUWENHOEK, or Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, Dutch naturalist ; }. 24 Oct. 1632; dis- covered the rotifers, and other animalcules, by microscopes made by himself; published " Arcana Naturae Ope Microscopiorum detecta," 1695-9; "Epistolffi Physiologicaj," 1719; d. 2b Aug. 1723. LE VAILLANT, Franqois, French traveller ; b. 1753; explored Southern Africa, 1780-2 ; pub- lished "Voyage dans I'lnterieur de I'Afrique, 1790; "Oiseaux d'Afrique," 1796-1812; " Pan-o- quets," 1801-5; d. 22 Nov. 1824. LEVAL, Jean Francois, French general; b. 17 April 1761; entered army 1779; distinguished in the long war, 1794, et seq. ; defeated Balesteros m Guadiana, 1812 ; <;. 1834. LE VASSEUE, Maria Therese, mistress of J. J. Kousaeau (I74S-I778) ; *• 1721 J ^- '? •'"^^ 1801. LEVEN, Alexander Leslie, lord Balgonie and earl of; general. Field-marshal of Sweden; defended Stralsund against Wallenstein .... ^^^S Grauted barony of Balgonie . . . • -1635 Returned to Scotland and opposed Charles I. at Edinburgh ... ... 1639 Seized Newcastle, Durham, &c. . . Aug. 1640 Received Charles I. at Newcastle ; created lord Balgonie, Aug. ; earl of Leven . Oct. 1641 Received Charles I. at Newark . . s M^V 1*4^ Entertained Cromwell at Edinburgh castle Oct. 1648 Joined in endeavours to restore Charles 11. ; and imprisoned in Tower 1651 Relea.'ied on intercession of Christina, queen of Sweden 1^54 (I. at Balgonie, 4 April 1661 LEVEE, su- Ashton, naturalist; founded a museum, sold by auction, 1806 ; d. 1788. LEVEE, Charles James, Irish novelist ; b. 31 Aug. 1806: published " Hany LoiTequer," "Charles O'MaUey," "Jack Hinton," "The O'Donoghue," "Con Cregan ;" wrote in Black- wood's Magazine as Cornelius O'Dowd, &c. ; d. I June 1872. LE VEEEIEE, Urbain Jean Joseph, French astronomer and physicist; b. II March 1811 ; his study of the movements of Uranus led to the dis- covery of the planet Neptune by Dr. GaUe, 23 Sept. 1846 ; published " sur la Planete qui produit les Anomalies dans le Mouvement d'Oranus," 1846 ; director of the observatory at Paris, 1854 ; dis- missed by the emperor, 5 Feb. 1870 ; reinstated by M. Thiers, June 1873. LEVESQUE DE PoinLLT, Louis Jean, French moralist and critic ; b. 1691 ; published "Theorie des Sentiments Agreables," 1747; d. 4 March 1 750. LEVESQUE, PieiTC Charles, French his- torian; J. 28 IVlarch 1736-7; patronised by Cathe- rine II., and made professor at St. Petersburg, 1773; published " Histoii-e de Kussie," 1782-3; "Histoke de France," 1788; d. 12 May 1S12. LEVI, David,- Hebraist; b. 1740; published "Rites and Ceremonies of the .Jews," 1783; "Lingua Sacra," 1789; d. IT^. LEVI, Leone, Italian economist; b. 6 June 1821 ; naturalised, 1847 ; promoted establishment of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce ; pub- lished "Commercial Law of the World," 1850, 1873 ; " on ICaxation," i860 ; " History of British Commerce," 1872, &c. LEVIS, Pierre Marc Gaston, due de, French economist; b. 1764; fought in La Vendee; escaped to England ; published " Considerations Morales sur les Finances, 1816; " des Emprunts," 1818, &c. ; d. 15 Feb. 1830. LEVTZAO, Jean Pons Victor Lecoutz de, French grammarian; emigrated to London, about 1792: published " French Grammar," 1805 ; "Dic- tionuaire des Synonymes," 1809 ; d. 1813. LEVEET, Andre, French obstetric surgeon; b. 1703; published " Traite des Accouchements Laborieux,'' 1770; d .22 Jan. 1780. LEWES, George Henry, philosopher and mis- cellanist; b. 18 April 1817; at first a mercantile clerk; studied iu Germany, 1838-9; published " History of Philosophy," 1845 ! " Studies in Animal Life; " " Aristotle," 1861 ; " Life of Gbthe," 1855 ; " Philosophy of the Sciences," 1853; " Pro- blems of Life," 1873-5 ; "On Actors and the Art of LEWIN 347 LIBAVIUS Acting," July 1875 ; founded the " Fortniglitly Review," 1865 ; editor till Dec. 1866. IjEWIN, Thomas, barrister and chronologer ; h. 1805 ; published "Life and Epistles of St. Paul," 1851; "Jerusalem," 1861 ; "Siege of Jerusalem," 1863 ; " CsEsar's Invasion of Britain," 1862 ; " Fasti Saeri" (b.c. 70 — a.d. 70) ; 1865. LEWIS, Estella Anna, American poetess; i. (Robinson) about 1834; published " Eecords of the Heart," 1846; " Child of the Sea," 1848; "Myths of the Minstrels," 1852. LEWIS, sir George Coraewallibart., scholar and statesman ; b. 21 Oct. 1806 ; d. 13 April 1863. Published " Essay on the Government of Depen- dencies " .... . 1841 Chancellor of exchequer March 1855— Feb. 1858 ; Aug. 1861 Editor of " Edinburgh Review " Dec. 1852 — Marcii 1855 Published " Enquiry into the Credibility of the Early Roman Historj'," 1855-8; "Historical Survey of the Astrouomy of the Ancients " . 1862 His mfe, lady Maria Theresa (Villiers), b. March 1803 ; married to T. Lister, 1830 ; to Sir G. C. Lewis, i8d4; published "Semi-Detached House," " Seini-Attached Couple,"' 1863; &c. d. 9 Nov. 1865 LEWIS, John, theologian and antiqnarv ; l>. 2g Aug. 1675 ; published " History of John WicUfi'e," 1720; "History of Thanet," 1723; "History of Feversham," 1727; rf. 16 Jan. 1746. LEWIS, John Frederick, painter of eastern subjects ; b. 14 July 1805 ; resided at Cairo, 1840- 50 ; president of society of painters in "water-colours, 1855-58; A.ii.A., 1859; E.A. 1865; exhibited the " Hhareem," 1853; "Armenian Lady," 1855; " Cairo Bazaar," 1876, &c.; d. 18 Aug. 1876. LEWIS, Matthew Gregory, novelist, dramatist, and poet (" Monk Lewis"), friend of Byron; b. 9 Jan. 1 775 ; travelled in France and Germany, 1 792- 93; published "the Monk," 1 795 ;" Castle Spectre " (play), 1798 ; d. at sea, 14 May 1818, LEWIS, sir Thomas Frankland, hart., M.P. ; b. 14 May 1780; created baronet, 27 June 1846; d. 22 Jan." 1855. LEWIS, William, chemist; published "Ex- perimental History of the Materia Medica," 1760 ; (/. 21 Jan. 1781. LETBOUEN, William, mathematician ■ pub- lished "Arithmetic," 1649; "Art of Dialling," 1687 ; d. about 1690. LETDECKER, Melchior, Dutch theologian ; J. .25 Jan. 1642; published "Historia Ecclesije AfricanBB," l6go ; "Historia Jansenisrai," 1695; d. 6 Jan. 1722. LEYDEN, see John of Zei/den. LETDEN, John, m.d., Scotch orientalist and poet; b. 8 Sept. 1775; entered East India Com- pany's service as surgeon, 1802 ; professor of Hin- dustani, &c., at Calcutta ; went to Java wiih Lord Minto ; d. in Java, 28 Aug. 1811; "Poetical Ee- mains " published, 1818. LETLAND, Joseph Bentley, sculptor ; }. 31 March 1811 ; d. 26 Jan. 1851. LEYS, Henri Jean Augustin, baron, Belgian historical painter; b. 18 Feb. 1815 ; painted " Young Luther singing in the streets of Eisenach,' ' " Institution of the Golden Fleece," &c. ; d. 26 Aug. 1869. LEYVA, Antonio, duke of; general; }. in Navarre about 1480; defended Pavia against Francis I., and helped to defeat him on 24 Feb. 1525 ; drove the French from the Milanese, 1529 ; general of the league against France, 1532 ; went with Charles V. to Africa, 1535 : d. 1536. LEZAEDIERE, Marie Charlotte Pauline Robert de, French publicist ; b. 25 March, 1754 ; " Theorie des Lois Politiqiies de la Monarcnie Franqaise " published, 1844; d. 1835. LEZAY-MAENESIA, French publicists: Claude Francois Adrien, marquis de ; &. 24 Aug. 1735 : attempted to found a settlement in Pemi- sylvania, 1790-1 : published "Bonheur dans les Campagnes," 1784; " Paysages," iScxi d. 9 Kov. 1800 Adrien, comte de, son; b. 1770: proscribed, 1796: protected by Bonaparte ; made prefect of the Bas-Rhin ; greatly improved Strasburg . . 1810 d. g Oct. 1814 L'HfiEITIEE DE Betjtelle, Charles Louis, French botanist; b. 1 746; obtained the collection of Peruvian plants of Dombey ; earned them to England; wrote " Flore du Perou," 1786, &c. ; published " Sertum AngUcum," 1788; mur- dered, 16 April 1800. L'HEEITIEE de Tillandon, Nicolas, French historian and dramatist ; b. about 1613 ; published " Tableau Historique des Evenements de la Monaichie Franijaise," 1669; d. Aug. 1680. Makie Jeanne, daughter, poet; b. 1664; published " ffiuvies Melees," 1695-8; d. 24 Feb. 1734. L'HEEMITE (EeeMITA), Daniel, Belgian scholar ; b. about 1584 ; entered service of the grand dukes of Tuscany ; sent as envoy to the GeiTnan courts; "Iter Gennanicum" published 1637 ; d. 1613. L'HEEMITE, Francois (Tristan), French poet and dramatist ; b. 1601 ; d. 7 Sept. 1655. LHOMOND, Charles Franqois, French scholar ; b. 1727; publii,hed "Elements de la Grammaire Latine," 1779; d. 31 Dec. 1794. L'HOSPITAL (L'HopiTAL), Michel de ; chancellor of France ; b. about 1504; chancellor of the duchesse de Berry ; resigned, 1 553 ; president of the " chambre des comtes," Feb. 1554 ; chancellor of France, March, 1560 ; obtained the edict of pacifi- cation of 15 Jan. 1502; accused of favouring heresy, compelled to retire, 1562 ; gave up the seals, May 1568; d. 13 March 1573. L'HOSPITAL, Gmllaume Franqois Antoine, martiuis de, French mathematician ; b. 1661 ; pub- lished " Analyse des Infiniment Petits," 1696; d. 2 Feb. 1704. L HOSTE, Paul, French Jesuit, mathematician ; b. 19 May 1652; published "Art des Ai-mees Navales," 1697 ; d. 23 Feb. 1700. LHWYD (LhtJTD), antiquaries: Humphry ; pnbUshed " Commeutarioli Britannieje De- scriptiones," 1568; " Historie of Cambria," 1584; d. about 1570. Edward; b. about 16^0; published " Lithophylacii Britannici Iconographia," 1699 ; " Archaeologia Bri- tannica," 1707-19 ; d. July 1709. LIANCOUET, see la Sochefoucauld. LIBANIUS, Greek orator; b. about 314; taught rhetoric at Constantinople ; expelled throuo-h jealousy, 346;^ taught at Nicomedia, and other places ; patronised by Julian the emperor ; d. after 391- LIBAVIUS (LlEATj), Andreas, German chemist, pupil of Paracelsus ; b. about 1560 ; pub- lished " Alohymia Recognita," 1597 ; discovered property of maldng red glass by oxide of gold " Liquor of Libavius ") ; d. 25 July 1616. LIBERI 348 LIE YENS LIBERI, Italian painters : Pietro, b. 1605 ; d. 1687. Marco, 4. about 1640; d. alter 1687. LIBEE.ITJS, llarcelliuus FeKx, pope ; ordained 22 May 352; expelled, 355 ; said to have sanctioned the Ariau creed and decrees against Athanasius ; returned to Rome, and reigned with Felix, 357 ; d. 24 Sept. 366. LIBES, Antoine, French physicist; b. 2 July 1752; published " Tht'orie de I'lJlasticite," 1800; " Histoire de la Physique," 1811-4; work of railways in Saxony . 1833 Founded an industrial journal at Augsburg . . 1843 Shot himself .... 30 Nov 1846 LISTA T AEAGON, Alberto, Spanish ma- thematician; b. 15 Oct. 1775; edited "El Cen- sor," 1820; "Gaceta de Madrid," 18?^; d. K Oct. 1848. JJ. i LISTEE, Martin, m.d., naturalist; }. about 1638; published "Historia Conchjiiorum," 1685 ; "de Fontibus MedicaUbus Angliaj," 1684; d. 2 Feb. 1711. LISTEE, Thomas Henry, novelist and histo- rian; b. 1801 ; published " Granby," 1826; "Life of Lord Clarendon," 1838; married lady Maria Theresa VUliers, 6 Nov. 1830 ; d. 5 June 1842. See Lewis. LISTON, John, comedian; b. about 1776; ap- peared at Haymarket, 1805 ; Dmry-lane, 1823 ; d. 22 March 1846. LISTON, Robert, Scotch surgeon; b. 1794; pub- lished "Elements of Surgeij," 1844; "Practical Sm-gei-y," 1846 ; d. 7 Dec. 1848. LISZT, Franz, Hungarian abbe and brilliant pianist; b. 22 Oct. 181 1; brought out "Don Sanche," opera, 1825 ; " Poemes Symphoniques," LITHGOW 352 LLOYD 1855; "les Bohemiens et leur Musique," l8w ; director of the Hungarian academy of music, 1075. LITHGOW, William, Scotch traveller; 4. 1583 ; published "Adventures and Peregrinations " (l6oq, et seq.), 1614; d. 1640. LITTA, Pompeo, comte, Italian historian ; h. 27 Sejit. 1781 ; entered French service as common soldier, 1804; present at "Wagram, Austerlitz, and other battles; published " Famiglie Celebre Ita- liane," 1819-52 ; war minister in the provisional goverameut at Milan, 1848; d. 17 Ang. 1852. LITTLE, Thomas, see Moore, Thomas. LITTLE, "WilUam, of Newhurgh, chronicler ; I. 1 136; wrote History of England after 1066. LITTLEDALE, rev. Eichard Frederick, Irish -tEeolog. an ; b. 14 Sept. 1833; published " Philosophy of Eevivals," i860 ; " Catholic Eitual in the Church of England," 1865 ; and many books and pamplilcts on liturgical subjects. LITTLETON, Adam, theologian and scholar ; b. 8 ^fov. 1627 ; pubUshed " Dictionary, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and EngUsh," 1678 ; " Sixty-one Senuons," 1680 ; d. 30 June, 1694. LITTLETON, Edward, baron of Mounslow, statesman; b. 1589; lord chancellor, Jan. 1641 ; d. 27 Aug. 1645. LITTLETON, see LytlUton. LITTLETON, or Lyttleton, Thomas de, jurist; judge, common pleas, 1466; wrote a work on " Tenures," the basis of the law of property ; d. 23 Aug. 1481. LITTEE, Maximilicn Paul Emile, French philologist and philosopher ; b. i Feb. 1801 ; pub- lished " de la Philosophic Positive," 1845 ;" Poisie Homerique," 1847 ; " Conservation, Pliilosophie et Positivisme," 1852; " Histoire de la Langue Francaise," 1862; " Dictioimaii-e de la Langue Franijaise "(a great work), 1863-73, &c. ; jirofessor of history, Bordeaux, 1871. LITTEOW, Joseph Johann, Bohemian astrono- mer; b. 13 March 1781 ; published " Theoretische imd Praktische Astronomic," 1821-7; " Dioptrik," 1830; d. 30 Nov. 1840. LIXJTPEAND, see Ltdtprand. LIVERPOOL, see Jenkinson. LIVIA DEUSILLA, b. 28 Sept. B.C. 56 or u ; wife of Tiberius Claudius Nero, and mother of Tiberius, afterwards emperor, 42 ; divorced from her husband, and man-icdto Augustus, 38 ; accused of murdering grandchildren of Augustus, a.1).2, 4; and of hastening his death, 14; degraded by .her son Tiberius ; d. 29. LIVINEIUS, see Lkvnis. LIVINGSTON, Edward, American jurist, brother of Eobcrt ; b. 23 May 1764; mayor of New Tork, 1801 ; published " System of Penal Law for Louisiana," 1833; d. 23 iilay 1836. LIVINGSTON, John, Scotch minister; b. \f>oy, published "Letters from Leith," 1663; re- tired to Holland, not takmg the oaths, 1662; d. 9 Aug. 1672. LIVINGSTON, Eobert, American statesman ; h.2^ Nov. 1746; foreign secretary, 1 780; ambas- sador at Palis, 1801 ; d. 26 March 1813. LIVINGSTON, William, American statesman ; }. Nov. 1723; compiled the first colonial digest; governor of iBMished "Historical Account of Churcli Govern- ment" 1684 one of the seven bishops sent to the Tower, 8 June ; acquitted .... 30 June 1688 23isliop of Lichfield, 1691 ; of Worcester 1699 LLYWELLYN" I.— III., princes of Wales : ^ , &. about 980 ; acquired both North and South "Wale.?, 1015 . . . assassinated 1021 ^, &. about 1170; married Ag.atha, daughter of liing John, 1203 : Invaded England, 1232-34 : made peace, 28 May 1234 d. 1242 3, great-grandson; 6. about 1224: frequent wars, ■with pretenders supported by England ; " made ■vvith Kngland hard iieace, 1277 ; renewed war ; tjetrayed and slain . . 11 Dec. 1282 liLWYD, see Lhwijd. LOBAU, see Mouton. lOBB, Theophilus, m.d. polemical; S. 17 Aug. 1678; published "Treatise of the Small Pox," 3731; " Eational Method of Curing Fevers," 1734; ^l. 19 May 1763. XOBECK, Christian August, Gennan philolo- o-ist; b. 5 June 1781; published " Aglaophamus ; seude Thcologioe Mysticse Sriocorum Causis," 1829; " paralipomena Grammatica; Grxca," 1837; cl. 17 Teh. 1859. XOBEIEA, Tasco de, author of the Spanish i-oJ)iauce " Amadis de Gaula;" d. 1403. XOBEL, or L'Obel, Matthias de, French pliysiological botanist ; b. 1538 ; published " Stir- -pium Adversaria Nova," 1570 ; d. 3 March 1616. lOBINEAIT, Guy Alexis, French Benedictine Jiistorian ; b. 1666 ; published " Histoire de Bro- ■tagiio," 1707; edited aud completed " Fuhbien's jiistoii-e de Paris," 1725 ; d. 3 Jime 1727. IiOBO, Francisco Rodriguez, Portuguese poet ; published " Condestabre de Portugal," 1610; " Corte na Aldea," 1619; d. about 1629. lOBO, Jeronimo, Portuguese missionary ; b. about 1^95 ; travelled in India, Ethiopia, and ^bjesima ; published " Historia de Ethiopia," 1659 ; (Z. 29 Jan. 1678. IjOCATELLI, liuigi, ItaUan physician ; wrote «t Xteatrum Arcanomm Ch}Tnicorum ;" published 1648; d. 1637. LOCATELLI, Pietro, Italian vioUnist; h. 1693; pubUshed "Coneerti," 1731-50; d. 1764. LOCK, Matthew, musician; b. about 1630; composed "Hymns and Anthems," 1666; music for "Macbeth," 1672; for the "Tempest," 1673; d. i677- LOCKE, John, philosopher; b. 29 Aug. 1632; ' fZ. 28 Oct. 1704. Accompanied lord Shaftesbui7 exiled to Holland 1683 Returned with WillLam, jirince of Orange ; eoin- niiKsioner of appeals, 1688 ; of trade and planta- tions 169s Published " Essay on the Human Understanding," 1690; "EpistoladeTolerantici,"i68p : "Thouglits concerning the Education of Chddren," 1693: " Eeasonableiiess of Christianity," 1695 ; "Two Traatises of Government," i6go. LOCKE, John, American geologist and phy- sicist; b, 29 Feb. 1792 ; d. 10 July 1856. LOCKE, Joseph, " economical " railway engi- neer; b. 1805; d. 18 Sept. i860. LOOKER, Edward Hawke, miscellaneous writer; b. 9 Oct. 1777; secretary to Greenmoh hospital (afterwards resident commissioner), 1819- 1844 ; d. IS Oct. 1849. LOCKEE, Frederick, poet; b. ; pub- lished "London Lyrics," 1857; "Lyra Eleganti- arum," 1867, &e. LOCKHAET, John Gibson, Scotch poet and novelist; b. 1794; auditor of the duchy of Lan- caster; wrote for "Blackwood's Magazine," 1817 et seq. ; married Sophia, daughter of sir "Walter Scott, 1820; published " Spanish Ballads," 1823; "Valerius," 1821 ; "Adam Blak," 1822; "Eeginald Dalton, 1823, &c. ; edited the " Quarterly Review," 1825-53 ; published " Life of Scott," March 1837— Feb. 1838 ; d. 25 Nov. 1854. LOCKYEE, Joseph Norman, astronomer; }. 17 May 1836; suggested method of obsei'ving solar eclipse phenomena at any time by means of the spectroscope, Oct. 1866; made discoveries by its means, 1868; edited " ttie Heavens," byGuillemin, 1866; published "Lessons in Astronomy," 1868; " Contributions to Solar Phj'sics," 1873 '1 " Spectro- scope audits Applications," 1874 ;'secretary to com- mission on scientific education, 1870. LOCOCK, sir Charles, m.d. ; b. 21 April 1799; appointed physician accoucheur to the queen, 1840; .attended at the births of her nine children ; presi- dent of royal medical and chirurgical society, 1857 ; d. 23 July 1875. LOCEE DE EoiiSST, Jean Guillaume, baron, French jurist; b. 20 ilarch 1758; secretary of the council of ancients, 1795; of the council of state, 1800; published "Legislation Franijaise," 1801 ; " Esprit du Code Napoleon," 1807; "Esprit du Code de Commerce," 1811-13; "Esprit du Code de Procedure CivQe," l8l5; d. 8 Dec. 1840. LOCUSTA or LUOUSTA, a Roman poisoner; employed by Agrippina to kill Claudius, 54 ; and by Nero to kill Britanuicus, 55 ; executed by Galba, 68. LODGE, Edmund, historian; b. 13 Juue 1756; pubUshcd " Illustrations of British History," 1 791 ; " Portraits of Illustrious Persons of Great Britain," 1821-34; d. l5 Jan. 1839. LODGE, Thomas, m.d. and dramatist ; b. about 1555; published " Catharos Diogenes," 1591 ; " Wounds of Civil War," and "Looking-glass for London," 1594 ; d. 1625. LODGE, "William, engraver; b. 4 July 1649; published "Painter's Voyage of Italy," 1679; d. Aug. 1689. LCEWENKLATJ (LEU:ifCLAVlUS), Johann, German scholar, historian, and jurist; b. 1533; d. 1593. LCE'WENSTEEN, Isidore, Austrian archosc- logist ; b, 1807 ; devoted himself to decii}hering Ninevite cuneiform inscriptions atKhorsabad, 1845; published works on the subject, 1845-50 ; d. May 1856. LOPFT, Capel, patron of Robert Bloomfield, H. Kirke "White and others ; b. 14 Nov. 1751 ; d. 26 May 1824. ■ LOPTUS, Dudley, Irish orientalist; b. 1618 ; d. June 1695. LOGAN", sir "William Edmond, Canadian geologist; b. 20 April 1798 ; d. 22 June 1875. Educated at Montreal and Edinburgh Employed at smelting works, Swansea . . 1829 Published works on Welsh coal-tield . . 1839-40 A A LOGAN 354 LONG Visited coalfields in Pennsylvania .... 1841 Studied palaaozoic rocks of Canada . 1842 d seq. Director-general of geological survey of Canada 1843-69 Discovered the Eozobn Canadense (earliest known life) in Laurentiau strata . . 1858 LOGAN, John, Scotch minister, historian, and poet; b. 1748; published Poems ("Ode to the Cuckoo," &c.), 1781 ; " Elements of the Philosophy of History," 1781 ; &o.; d. 28 Dec. 1788. LOGAN, Fiiedrich von, haron, German poet ; b. 1604 ; published Poems under the name of " Golau," 1638 and 1654 ! '^- ^S J"ne l^SS- LOGGAN, David, engraver; b. 1635 ; d. about 1693. LOGIEE, Johann Bernard, Gennan musician ; b. 9 Feb. 1777; invented chiroplast (for the piauo and organ) ; published explanation of it, 1816 ; anew system of musical science, 1827 ; d. 13 July 1846. LOIE, Nicolas, French painter ; b. 1624 ; d. 5 May 1679. LOISEL, Antoine, French jurist; b. 1536; pub- lished " Traite de I'Universite de Paris," 1587; "Pontoise" (a history), 1580; "Institutes Coutn- mieres," pidnted 1607; d. 1617. LOLA MONTES, (Maria Dolores, Porris y Montes), dancer and actress; b. in Scotland be- tween 1818 and 1824; educated in India and London; married to captain Thomas James; after a wandering life, captivated Louis I., king of Ba- vai-ia, who declared her to he his best friend, made her countess of Landsfeld, and presented her to his court, Aug. 1847 ; compelled to retire from Munieh by an insun-ection against her, 1 1 March, which caused the king's abdication, 21 March 1848; pub- lished her Meraou-8, 1850; d. in New Tork, 17 Jan. 1861. LOLHAED, or LOLLAED, Walter, heretic ; said to have been bom in England, and burnt at Cologne, 1322. LOLLI, Antonio, Italian violinist; b. 1733; cl. Sept. 1802. LOLLINI, Aloisio, Italian scholar and Latin poet; b. 1557; d. 1625. LOLME, see Delolme. LOMAZZO, Giovanni Paolo, Italian painter ; b. 1538; published " Trattata della Pittura," 1584; d. 1600. LOMBARD, Jean Louis, French mathemati- cian; b. 23 Aug. 1723 ; published instructions for the use of artillery ; predicted the rise of Bonaparte, one of his pupils; d. i Apiil 1794. LOMBARD, Lambert, Flemish poet, painter, and aixhitect, a promoter of the Eenaissance ; b. 1506 ; d. 1565. LOMBARD, Peter the, " master of the sen- tences," schoolman; b. in Lombardy ; elected archbishop of Paris, 11 59; compiled Book of Sen- tences, and wrote conmicutaries on the Psalms and Gospels; d. about 1164. "Sententiffi" printed, 1471. LOMBARD, Theodore, Fre3ich poet; h. 21 July 1699; published " Peste de Marseille," 1722; d. about 1770. LOMBARD DE Langees, Vincent, French poet and dramatist; b. about 1765; his "les Prf-tres et Ics Hois" perfonned, 1793; d. 1803. LOMBARDI, Italian sculptors : Alfonso, &. 1487 : d. 1536. Ceistofako, an arcliitect of Milan Cathedral, about i64o. GiROLAMO, about 1560 ; employed in decorating the Santa Casa at Loretto, about 1560. LOMBE, sir- Thomas, introduced the silk manufacture into England; set up workshops at Derby, about 1715; received a royal patent, 17 18; d. 3 Jan. 1739. LOMBEZ, Pere Ambroise de, French Capu- chin ; A. 20 March 1 708 ; published " Lettrcs Spirituelles sur la Paix Interieure," 17^9 5 ^' ^5 Oct. 1778. LOMENIE, Louis Leonard de, French his- torian ; b. 1818 ; published " Galerie des Contem- porains lUustres, par un Homme de Eien," 1840-7 ; " Beaumarchais et ses Temps," 1855. LOMENIE DE BeIENNE, French statesmen : Henri Auguste, comte de ; ft. 1594 ; ambassador in England, 1624 ; secretai7 of state, 1638 ri. 1666 Henrt Louis, comte de, son . . h. 1635 Secretary of state .... 1656 Became a monk ; entered the or.atoiy . 1667 Comxielled to retire through dissipation . . 1670 Lived licentiimsly in Germany ; recalled and im- lirisoned . , . . . 1673 Eelea.sed, June 1692 . . iZ. 17 Api-il 1698 JiItienne-Charles de, cardin-al . . . I*. 1727 Archbisliop of Toulouse 1763 Dissolute himself; promoted ecclesiastical re- forms ; beneficent to the poor during an epi- demic 1774 Appointed chief of the council of linauces, iMay 1787 Prime minister Aug. „ Obstinately opposed the parliament ; announced a meeting of the states-general . 8 Aug. 1788 Resigned . . ... 28 Aug. ,, Made cardinal Dec. ,, Took oath to the constitution of the clergy as bishop of Tonne . . 30 Jan. 1791 AiTe.%ted, 9 Nov. 1793 . . . d, 16 Feb. 1794 His brother and other relatives executed, 10 May ,, LOMI, Florentine painters : Baccio, about 1585. AuRELlo, nephew ; &. 1556 ; d. 1622. Orazio (Gentilesclii), b. 1563 ; d. 1646. Artemisia, wife ; &. 1590 : a. 1642. LOMM, Josse van (Jodoeus Lommlus), Dutch physician ; published " Observationes Medicinales," 1500; " de Curandis Febribus," 1563. LOMONOSSOV, Mikhail Tasiliei-itch, Rus- sian poet and physicist; b. 1711; published an epic poem on Peter the Great, a history of Russia, &c. ; d. April 1765. LONDONDERRY, marquises of: Robert Stewart, created baron Stewart, 1789 ; viscount Castlereagh, 1795 ; earl of Londonderiy, 1796 ; marquis, 22 Jan. 1816 . d. 8 April 1821 Robert, the statesman . 'fer'18 July 1769 Viscount Castlereagh . . . . 1796 Colonial secretary 1807 Duel with Mr. Canning . . 21 Sept. 1809 Foreign secretary 1812 Represented Great Britain at Paris . . . 1814 Marquis, 1821 . . rf. by suicide, 12 Aug. 1822 Charles William Vane, half-brother, general ; &. 18 May 1778 ; served under Wellington in the peninsular war ; published " Narrative of the Peninsular War," 1828 . . . d. i March 1854 LONG, Edward, writer; b. 23 Aug. 1734; published " Anti-Gallican," 1757; "History of Jamaica," 1774; "Letters on the Colonies," 1775; d. 13 March IB13. LONG, Edward, portrait and genre painter; b. July 1829; studied under James Leigh, 1846; studied at Madrid, 1857 \ a.r.a., April 1876; exhi- LONG 355 LONSDALE bitcd many Spanish and oriental pieces; "Por I'^iiiorde Dios," &c., 1858, ct seq. ; "Babylonian j\Xtmiagc-inarket," 1875 ; " Betliesda," 1876. JiONGr, George, scholai- ; b. 1800 ; professor at tlxe university of Vii-ginia, 1824 ; edited " Journal o£ Education," 1831-5; "Penny Cyclopoedia," JS32-46; (with Mr. Porter), "Geography of Eng- Laiad and Wales," 1850; "Decline of the Eoman He-Jiiblic," 1864-74. IiONGr, John, traveller; resided in Canada, 1 7 <38-i 775 ; published " Voyages and Travels of an Indian laterpreter," 1791. 3J0NGr, John St. Jolm, medical cmpiiic ; 5, ijgS; condemned for manslaughter (of Miss Cxislun), 21 Aug. 1830; acquitted of another cliarge, 19 Feb. 1831 ; d. 4 July 1834. IiONG-, Roger, astronomer; }. 2 Feb. 1680; master of Pembroke college, Cambridge, 1733; eoH-'tructed a very large globe there ; published 1 ' Treatise on Astronomy," 1742 ; d. i5 Dec. 1770. I03N(jr, Thomas, theologian ; Ii. 1621 ; published 1' Oalvinus Eedivivus," 1673; "History of the Doxintists," 1677; "Unreasonableness of Separa- tio^""/' 1681 ; " Histoi-y of Popish and Fanatical plots," 1684; as a nonjuror, lost his living, 1689; (Z. I;0O. " LONGBE AE.D," (Fitzosborne), Wil- Mecm.; incited the Londoners against Hubert, arch- bistM]! of Canterbmy, the regent, 1 195; executed, 5 A-^aX 1 196. IjONGEPIEEEE, HHaire Bernard de Eeque- leyiae, baron de, French poet and scholar ; b. 18 Oct. 1 659; published translations of Auacreon and SapTio, 1684; "Bion," "Moschus," and "Theo- critiJB," 1686 ; d. 30 March 1721. IjONCjBLAND, see langeland. I-iONGELAND, John, bishop of Lincoln, and confessor of Hemy VIII. ; 4. 1473; consecrated, 1^20; as chancellor of O.xford, favom'ed literature and study, 1533 ; d. 7 May 1547. LONGFELLOW, Hem-y "Wadsworth, Ameri- aii I'let and novelist ; b. 27 Feb. 1807. Xra'^'^lled in Europe ; professor of modem lan- t^a^ges at Cambridge, U.S. . . . 1836-54 Piil'>lished "Hj'perion," 1839: "Voices of tlie isrislit," &c . . T840 " I3alla tiishop of Lichfield, 1843 ; d. 19 Oct. 1867. LONSDALE, Lowtlier, earls of: John, I). 1655 ; knight, 30 Nov, 1675 ; first lord of treasurj', 1690 ; earl, 28 May 1696 ; lord privy seal, 1699; one of lord's justices, 1700 d. Jwly 1700 "William, energetic x'olitician ; &. 29 Dec. 1757 ; created earl, 7 April 1807 . d. ig March 1S44 "William, son; h. 21 Jidy 1787: earl, 1844; chair- man of metropolitan roads commission, 1826; postmaster-general, 1841-5 ; lord president of privy council, 1852 . . " rt. 4 March 1872 Henry, nephew ; b. 27 March 1818. LOOMISi Elias, American mathematician and astronomer; J. 7 Aug. 181 1; pubUshed "Practical Astronomy," 1855 ; " Itecent Progress of Astro- nomy," 1850 and 1856 ; " Treatise on Meteorology," 1868 ; and school-books. LOON, Gerard van, Dutch antiquary; pub- lished, in Dutch, " MedaUio History of the Nether- lands," 1723-31. LOON, Theodor van, Belgian painter ; l>. 1629 ; d. about 1678. LOOS (CallIDIUS), Comelis, Dutch theolo- gian ; i. about 1546 ; persecuted for upholding magic; d. 3 Feb. 1595 LOOSJES, Adrian, Dutch poet and novelist ; }. 13 May 1761 ; d. 25 Feb. 1818. LOPE DE R"UEDA, popular Spanish drama- tist ; published " Comedies," 1567. LOPE, Felix de Vega Carpio, Spanish poet; h. 25 Nov. 1562 ; entered the array, 1577 ; after a dissolute life, became a monk, but continued to "write plays, 1609; his works published, 1609-47 d. 21 or 25 Aug. 1638. LOPES, Feniao, Portuguese ehi-onicler; J about 1380; his "Cronica del rey Pedro I.,' printed 1 760 ; d. 1449. LOPES, sir Heni-y Chai'les, judge ; b. 1828 , barrister, 1852; a.c, 1869 ; m.p. 1868-76 ; recorder of Exeter, 1867; justice common pleas, Nov. 1876, LOPEZ, Francisco Solano, president of Para- guay; b. 1827; sent to ratify commercial ti-eaties ■with Great Britain, Prance, &o., 1853 ; proclaimed president after his father's death, 16 Oct. 1862 ; declared war ivith the Argentine republic, April, "n'ith which Brazil and Uruguay joined, i May 1865 ; after a very severe struggle, defeated and killed in battle, nearthe Aquidaban, i March 1870. LOPEZ, Narcisso, American adventurer ; b. in Venezuela, 1 799 ; fought in the war of indepen deuce, 1814, et seq. ; went to Spain; became go vemor of Madrid_, and a senator ; went to Cuba, and sympathised in the movement for union with the "United States; headed three unsuccessful American expeditions against Cuba, 1849; May 1850; captured and executed, i Sept. 1851, LOIIEDANO, Giovan Francesco, Italian ■wi'iter ; b. 28 Feb. i6o5 ; published " Scherzi Geniali," 1632 ; " Istoria de' Re Lusignani," 1647 ; d. 13 Aug. 1661. LOEENZ, Jean Michel, French historian; b. fi May 1 723 ; published " Summa Historise Gallo- rancicEB," 1790-3 ; d. 2 April 1801. LOPvENZBTTI, Sicimese painters : Ambro- Gio; b. 12T]; d. 1360. Pietko, brother; 1327-55. LOEENZINI, Lorenzo, Florentine geometer ; b, 1652 ; imprisoned twenty years for helping the sons of the grand-duke to correspond with their motlier at Paris ; his " Exercitatio Geometrica," published 1721 ; d. 24 April 1721. LOEENZINI, Francesco Maria, Eoman poet ; J. II Oct. 1680 ; d. 14 June 1743. LOEENZO DE' Medici, see under Medici. 'LOEET, Jean, French journalist; published a journal in rhyme (entitled " Muse Historique," 1655), 1650-65 ; d. 1665. LOEGrNA, Antonio Maria, Italian mathemati- cian and physicist ; b. 1730; founder and first pre- sident of Italian Society of Sciences, 1 782 ; (f. 28 June 1796. LOEIA, Roger de, Spanish admiral ; b. about 1250; frequently defeated French fleets, 1282-7; proclauned Frederick, king of Sicily, 1295 ; revolted against him, and joined James of Ai'agon, 1297 ; defeated Sicilian fleet, 1299-1301 \ d.ll Jan. 1305. LOEINI, Bonainto, Italian miKtary engineer ; employed in Spain, France, and Venice ; published " Portificatione," 1597. LOEIOT, Antoine Joseph, French mechanician ; 5. 1716; invented lifting apparatus, 1767; a new decorative cement, 1774 ; d, 9 Dec. 1782. LOEME, see Dclorme. LOENE, see under Campbell, dukes of Argyll. LOEEAINE, see Gelee and Guise. LOEEIS, Guillaume de, French poet ; one of authors of " Eoman de la Rose ; " d. about 1260. LOEEY, Anne Charles, French physician ; b. 10 Oct. 1726 ; published " Essai sur les Aliments," 1757 ; " de MelanohoM," 1765 ; d. 18 Sept. 1783. LOEEY, Paul Charles (brother), French priest; b. 18 Dec. 1719; published " Essai sui' le Mariage," 1760; d. 6 Nov. 1766. LOETZING, Albrccht August, German musi- cal composer ; b. 23 Oct. 1803 ; d. 20 Jan. 1851. LOSANA, Matteo, Italian priest and naturalist; b. 1738; published "Recherchcs Entomologiques," 1810; d. 2 Deo. 1833. LOSH, brothers, alkali manufacturers : John, &. 1756 ; landed proprietor in Cumberland ; studied chemistry, with Archibald earl of Dimdonald, and took out patents . 1781 ci scq. Set up chemical works at Bell's Close, Newcastle 1793 Removed to Walker, and founded the manufac- ture of soda from common s.alt, 1797 . d. 1814 "William, &. 1770 ; went to France : learnt Le Blanc's process in soda making ; returned and applied it . . - . . about 1802 Recognised abilities of George Stephenson ; em- Ijlnyed him ; and with him took out patents for rails, locomotives, &c. . . . 1S17 ct scq. Promoted British manufacture of sulphuric acid 1838 et saq. Patented smoke-consuming apparatus and other inventions, 1848 et seq. . . d. Aug. 1861 LOSINGA, Herbert de; bishop of Thetford, 1091 ; removed see to Norwich, 1094; d. 22 July 1119. LOSSING, Benson John, American engraver and miscellanist ; b. 12 Feb. 1813 ; published " Pictorial History of the "War of 1812," 1869 ; "Pictorial History of the CivU Wai-," 1866-9; prepaiing " History of the United States," 1875-6. LOT, nephew of Abraham; accompanied hira and settled in Sodom, 1921 ; taken prisoner by the kings of Canaan, and released by Abraham, 1912; left Sodom, 1897 ^■'^■ LOTEN, or LooTEN, Jan or Jacob, Dutch painter; came to England; d. 1681. LOTHAIKE 357 LOUIS LOTHAIEE I.— III., emperors of the West : 3. . son of Louis I. ; &. about 796 ; governor of Ba- varia , . 814 Colleague of his father . , . . 817 Ci'owned emperor by pope Pascal I. 5 April 823 Helped to depose his father, 830 ; imxirisoned him, 833 ; released him ... 834 Divided the empire with Charles the Bald . . 839 Sule emperor at tlie death of his father 20 June 840 Allied with Pepin II. against Charles the Bald and Louis the German ; defeated at Fontenai 25 June 841 Held a conference with his brothers at Merseu, 847 Divided Ms states among his sons d. 28 or 29 Sept, 855 53. son. ; &. about 82"; ; at his father's death re- ceived " Lotharii regiuun" (LoiTaine), 855; helped his Tirotlier, Luuis of Italy, against the Saracens, 869 . . . . d. S Aug. 869 3. or 2. b. 1075; duke of Saxony, 1106; elected emperor after Henry V. . . . 30 Aug. 1125 Opposed by Frederick of Suabia ; received his yubmission, March 1135 ; liis authority recog- nised in Italy, 1136 d. 3 Dec. 1137 LOTHAIEE, king of France^ son of Louis lY.; b. 941 ; associated ^\itl^ his father, 952 ; suc- ceeded Mm (under tutehige of Hugh Capet), 954 ; defeated invasion of emperor Otho II., 978 ; gave lip Lorraine to Mm, 980 ; d. 2 March 986. LOTHAIEE, son of Hugh, king of Italy ; as- sociated with him, 931 ; made nominal king by I3erenger, 945 ; cL Nov. 950. LOTHROP, see Warner. LOTICH, Peter, German refonner ; b. ijoi ; ahljot of Schluchtem, 1534; founded a school for rcfomied theology there, 1542 ; d. 7 Sept. 1567. LOTICH, German Latin poets : Peter, 6. 2 Nov. 1528 ; his " Poemata" published, 1561 .... rt. 2 or 7 Nov. 1560 JouAKN Peter, grand-nepliew, physician ; h. 8 JVIiii'ch 1598; published "Vade-mecum," 1625; "Poemata." 1640; " Gynfficologia" (defence of ivonien), 1630 . . d. 1669 LOTTI de la Santa, mademoiselle, Italian singer; b, 23 Dec. 1833; appeared at Constan- tinople, April 1S52 ; at Milan, St. Petersburg, &c. ; in London, 1859. LOTTO, Lorenzo, Tcnctian painter; b. about 1480; d. after 1554. LOUpOlSr, John Claudius, Scotch botanist and horticulturist; b. 8 April 1783; d. 14 Dec. 1843- Established an agricultural school at Tew, Oxford- shire, about 1806-12 PubUslied " Encyclopfedia of Gardening," 1S22 ; of Agi'iculture, 1825 ; of Plants, 1829 ; of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture, 1832 ; " Arbore- tum et Fi-uticetum Britannicum" . .■ . 1838 Edited "Gardeners' Magazine," 1S26-43 ; "Maga- zine of Natural History," 1829-36; "Arcliitec- tural Magazine," 1834-8 ; "Suburban Gardener," 1836-40 LOUDON", Jane, novelist; b. (Wehh) 1800; pnbhshed "the Mummy," 1827; married J. C. Loudon, the hoi-ticultuiist (and became his inde- fatigable assistant), 1831 ; published " Botany for Ladies," 1842; "Ladies' Flower -Garden," &c. ; d. 13 July 1858. LOUGrH, Jolm Graham, self-taught sculptor; h. about 1804; exhibited ** Death of Tumus," 1826; t'Milo," 1827 ; "The Mourners," 1844; "The Queen "■, (for the Eoyal Exchange), 1845 ; " Fight- ing Horses," 1851, &c. ; d. 9 AprU 1876. LOUaHBOEOUaH, sec Itossli/n. LOUIS, St., see louis IX. of France, LOUIS L, IL, kings of Bavaria : 1. (son of Maximilian Joseph, duke of Deuxponts, who became elector of Bavaria, 1799 ; king, Dec. 1805); &. 25 Aug. 1786; succeeded his father 13 Oct. 1823 Warmly supported Greek independence . . 1826 Erected many buildings in Munich ; founded the AValhalla, 18 Oct. 1830; inaugurated 18 Oct. 1842 Began to check liberty of the press, and support the ultramontane clergy . . . 1830 ei seq. Enthralled by his mistress, Lola MontEis, 1846-7 ; GOmpftLled to dismiss her . March 1848 Refused political reforms ; abdicated 21 March 1848 Published "Poems," 1829-39 f^- ^^ Nice, 29 Feb. 1868 2. gi'andson, 6. 25 Aug. 1S45 ; succeeded his father Maximilian II 10 March 1864 Opposed Prussia in war, 1866 ; made treaty of peace .... .22 Aug. 1866 Joined the German empire . . . 23 Nov. 1S70 Supported his liberal ministers in opposition to the ul tramontanes . . Oct. 1875 LOUIS L, II., kings of Etruria: 1. son of Ferdinand, duke of Parma; h. 5 July, 1773 ; made king, 21 March 1801 . d. 27 May 1803 2. Charles Louis, son ; &. 22 Dec. 1799 ; succeeded his father, May 1803 ; deprived, 10 Dec. 1807 ; became duke of Lucca, 13 March 1824 ; of Parma (as Charles II.), Bee, 1847 ; abdicated 14 Blarch 1849 LOUIS I., IL, counts of Flanders and Nevers: 1. of Nevers ; &. about 1304 ; succeeded as count 1322 Exacting and tyrannical ; caused a rebellinn ; by the aid of the French, defeated the Fle- mings at Cassel .... 23 Aug. 1328 Took cruel vengeance ; expelled by Jacob van Artaveld . . 17 Feb. 1339 Killed at Cressy . 26 Aug. 1346 2. de Male . - . &. 25 Nov. 1330 Provoked a rebellion ... . 1379 Defeated by Philip van Artaveld . . . 1381 By the help of the French, defeated Philip, re- gent of Flanders, at RosbecLiue 27 Nov. 1382 d. g. Jan. 1384 LOUIS L— XYIIL, kings of France : 1. le Debonnaire, son of Charlemagne . h. 778 Crowned as his colleague Aug. 813 Succeeded as emperor . . . .28 Jan. 814 Divided liis states among his sons ; making Lothaire his colleague in the empire . . 817 Caused Bernard, king of Italy, to be executed April 818 ^Married (second time) Judith, a Bavarian . . 819 Made Lothaire king of Italy, 829, and Louis, king of Bavaria 821 Deposed by his sons ; restored by Louis . , 830 Dining fresh rebellious . . d. 20 June 840 2. le Begue (Stammerer), son of Charles the Bald h. I Nov. 846 King of Aqultaine, 867 ; succeeded his father, Charles the Bald, 6 Oct. 877 . d. 10 April 879 3. son of Louis II. ; h. about 864 : king ro April 879 Defeated the Northmen, 30 Nov. 879 ; divided the empire with Carloman • March 880 d. about 5 Aug. 882 4. d'Outrcmcr, son of Charles the Simple b. 921 Lived in England after his father's deposition . 922 Eecalled to succeed Raoul ; crowned 19 June 936 ■\Var with Hugh the Great 938 Helped by his imcle, Athelstan, king of England ; lieace with Hugh 942 Endeavoured to seize Normandy, 943-4 ; prisoner 945 Lost nearly aU his territories ; d. from a fall from his horse .... 10 Sept. 954 5. le Faineant, son of Lothaire . . . b. 966 Succeeded him, 2 Marcli, 986; d. probably by poison . . _ . 21 May 987 6. le Gros, son of Philip I. . 6. about 1078 Succeeded his father .... 3 Aug. 1 108 War with Henry I. of England . . 1T09-13 Espoused cause of "William of Normandy against his uncle Henry I. ; defeated by Henry at Brenneville ... .20 Aug. mg Peace of Gisors 1120 Another war ; the oriflamme first used as a royal standard, 1125 . . . . d. i Aug. 1137 LOUIS OF FRANCE 358 LOUIS OF FRANCE h. about 1119 1137 7. le Jeiine, son Succeeded his father Went to the Holy Land, 1147; fniled Captured on his return by the Greeks ; "but rescued by the Sicilian fleet .... 1149 Divorced from Eleanor of Guiennc (aftenvarda married to Henry Plantagenct) 18 March 1152 War with Heniy H. in Normandy, 1159 ; peace 1161 Supported Henry's sons against their father, 1173; peace 29 Sept. 11 74 Supported Beckct against Henry; war, 1167; peace of Montmiraii .... 6 Jan. 1169 A pilgiim at tlie tomb of St. Tlionias at Canter- buiT. 1179 . . . . (Z. 18 Sept. 1180 8. le Lion, son of Phili]i II. . h. 5 Sept. 1187 Invaded England, to aid the bai-ons against John 1216 Defeated at Lincoln . 20 May 1217 Made jreaeo -with Henry HI. , . 20 Sept. ,, Succeeded his father ... 14 July 1223 d. dming a crus;idc against Raymond of Toulouse 8 Nov. 1226 9. St. Louis, son . . . . Zj. 25 April 1215 Succeeded his father, Louis VIII. . 8 Nov. 1226 Made peace with Raymond of Toulouse . . 122S Defeated the conite de la Marclic, aided by Henry III. of England, at TaiUebourg and Saintes, 21, 22 July 1242 Truce between him and Henry III 1243 Vowed to go on a crusade, 1244 ; sailed, 12 June 1248 Landed in Egj'pt; took Damictta . 5 June 1249 Defeated ; he and his army taken prisoners at Mansourah 8 Feb. 1250 Ransomed, by surrender of Damietta, and pay- ment of 40,000 crowns .... May ,, AVent to Palestuie ; repaired Joppa, Aic. . 1250-4 Returned to France 1254 Made peace with England at Abbeville . . . 1259 Umpire between Henjy III. and his bai'ons ; his award rejected . . . 1263-4 Again assumed the cross ... . . 1267 Suppressed wager of battle, private wars, (fee, by decree . . . .... iz6g Landed at Tunis, 17 July; the plague in his army .... . d. 25 Aug. 1270 10. le Hutin, son of Philip IV. . h. 4 Oct. 1289 Became count of Champagne and Brie, and king of Navarre ; crowned ... 1 Oct. 1308 Succeeded his father, Philip the Fair 29 Nov. 1314 Pennitted his serfs to buy their freedom ; recalled the Jews, 1315 . . . d. about 5 June 1316 11. son of Charles VH. . . . i. 3 July 1423 Joined dukes of Bourbon, Alcn(2on, and others against his father's government . 1439 Submitted ... . . 1440 New quarrel with his father 1445 Succeeded his father, who starved himself for fear of poison .... 22 July 1461 Made treaty of Conflans with the nobles, "the league for the public good " . • 5 Oct. 1465 Seized Normandy (ceded to his brother) Jan. 1466 Rash visit to Charles of Burgundy at Peronne (imprisoned) . ... 10-14 Oct. 1468 Imprisoned cardinal de Balnc, his counsellor, 1469-81 Assisted "Warwick and the Lancastrians against Edward IV. of England 1470 War with Charles the Bold, duke of Bm-ginidy, who declared himself independent . . . 1471 Allied with the Swiss against Charles, Oct. ; seized Aiijon ... ... 1474 Met Edward IV, at Amiens, 29 Aug. ; made peace with England at Petpiigny .... 1475 Acquired part of Burgundy after the death of Charles at Nancy, 5 Jan. 1477 - d. 30 Aug. 1483 12. le Pere du Peuple, son of Charles, duke uf Orleans . . ... &. 27 June 1462 Formed a coalition against Anne de Bcanjcu, sister of Chai'les VIII., and regent . . . 1484 Defeated at St. Aubin, and imprisoned, 28 Aug. 1488 Released, 1401 ; accompanied Charles to Italy . 1495 Succeeded Charles .... 7 April 1498 Divorced his wife, Jeanne . . .17 Dee. ,, Married Anne, duchess of Burgimdy . 7 Jan. 1499 Allied with Venice; invaded Italy; entered Milan 6 Oct. „ His general, the dnke of Nemom-s, aided by the Spaniards, conquered Naples . . . . 1501 His army defeated by Spaniards at Cerignola, 28 April 1503 Peace with Spain . ... 1505 Severely chastised Genoa for a revolt . . . 1507 Joined league of Cambray against Venice Dec, 1508 Crossed the Alps with an army ; defeated Vene- tians at Agnadello . . . - 14 May 1509 ^\^1r with the pope Julius II. ; the papal army defeated .... .21 May 1511 Excommunicated by the pope . .21 July 1512 Alliance with Venice, 24 March ; his army de- feated at Novai-a (Italy lost to France), 6 June 1513 War with England ; Henry VIII. victorious at Guinegate 16 Aug. ,, Death of his queen, 9 Jan. ; signed a truce with Rome, Spain, and England, 7 Aug, 1514; mar- ried Maiy, sister of lienry vIII. . 9 Oct. 1514 d. I Jan. 1515 13. le Juste, son of Henry IV., and Marie de Medi- cis . . . . . &. 27 Sept. 160T Succerdi.d at his father's assassination (his mother regent) .... 14 May 1610 Married Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III. of Spain 25 Oct. 1615 Favoured Albert, due de Luetics ; his former favom-ite, Concini, mar^chal d'Ancre, put to death April 1617 Quarrelled with his mother; reconciled by Richelieu . . 1619 Subject to Richelieu, prime minister . . , 1624 Made peace with the protestants ; granted tolera- tion by the pacilication of Nismes . 14 July 1629 Allied with HolLaud againat Spain and the em- I'ire T635 (His mother, d. 3 July ; Richelieu, d. 4 Dec. 1642) d. 14 May 1643 14. Bieu-donne, le Grand . &. 5 or 16 Sept. 1638 Succeeded his father, Louis XIII. (his mother regent, and cardinal Mazarine minister), 14 May 1643 Declared of age ; released the princes of Cond'e and others (imprisoned by Mazarine, 1650) . 1651 Recalled Mazarine from exile, 1652 ; again minis- ter (he ended the wars of the Fronde) . . 1653 Married Maria Theresa of Spain (after the peace of the Pyrenees, 1659) ... 9 June 1660 Ruled alone after death of Mazarine, 9 March 1661 Made Colbert controller of the fiuauces . . „ Bought Dunkirk of Charles II. . . 27 Nov. 1662 Quarrelled with the pope, respecting an insult to the due de Crequi, ambassador . 1662-4 Promoted arts and manufactures . . 1664 t'( .s-ey. Founded Academic des Sciences (liy Colbert) . 1666 Claimed and seized the Spanish NetherLinds . 1667 Concluded peace of Aix-la-Chaitelle (retaining conquests) 2 May 1668 Intrigued in England ; bribed Charles H, and his ministers 1670 Srized Lorraine, Se])t. ; compelled the Algerines to surrender French captives . , ,, Furtilied the Netherlands (by Vauban) , . 1671 United with England against Holland . . . ,, Invaded Holland ; conquered Utrecht, Guelder- land, (fee 1672 Firmly resisted by the statdholder sujiported by the emijeror and others .... 1672-3 Captured Macstricht, i July ; retx'cated, aban- doning all his conquests . . 1673 Conquered Franche Comte . . 1674 Ordered invasion of Sicily 1676 After chequered fortune in war concluded the peace of Nimegueu 10 Aug. 1678—5 Feb. 1679 Seized Strasbui'g .... 30 Sept. 16S0 Lost his queen, 30 July; and his minister, Col- bert 6 Sept. 1683 Madame de !Maintenon became his mistress ,, Seized Luxemburg, &c. ; acquired it and Stras- burg by the" treaty of Ratisbon . • . 16S4 Jlarried iiiadanie de Maintenon privately . . 1685 Kcvokod the edict of Nantes (expatriating lifty thousand protestants) ... 22 Oct. QuaiTelled with pope Innocent XT., respecting privileges of his ambassador at Rome . 16S7-S Convention with James II. of England, 1688; received him an exile . . . Jan.' i68g Renewed the war ; conquered cities on the Rhine) 1688 ; lost his conquests ; .submitted to the pope, 1689; restored Avignon to him , , . 1600 Threatened to invade England ; his fleet destroyed at La Hogue ig jiay 1692 Concluded the peace of Ryswick . 20 Sept. 1697 Supported the claim of his grandson Philip to the tlu'oue of Spain (began the war of tlie suc- cession) ... , Nov. 1700 LOUIS OF FRANCE 369 LOUIS OF FRANCE Recognised James II. 's son as James HI. Sept. 1701 War aeclared by Holland, , 4 April 1793 Duke of Orleans after his father's execution, 6 Nov. ,, Dming his exile, visited Switzerland, Denmark, and Sweden, 1793-6; North America . . 1796 Recognised Louis XVIII., and reconciled . . 1799 Settled at Twickenham, near London, with his brothers . . .... 1800 Lost liis brothers — the due dc Montpensier, Jan. 1807; the comte de Beaujolais . June 1808 Married Maria Amelia of Naples, at Palermo, 25 Nov. 1809 Presented himself to Louis XVIII, ; made lieu- tenant-general 17 May 1814 Endeavoured to check the advance of Napoleon, March ; retired to England . , 24 March 1815 Returned to Paris at his fall . . 29 July „ Compelled to return to England through political jealousy, Oct. 1815 ; returned to France Feb. 1817 Lieutenant-general of the kingdom after the " Three Days " revolution .... 31 July 1830 Elected king of the French, 7 Aug. ; swore fidelity to the amended charter ... 9 Aug. „ Appointed Dupont, Guizot, Laffitte, and others, ministers, 11 Aug. ; Laffitte prime minister, Nov. ,, Refused to ratify the election of his son, the due de Nemours, as king of the Belgians 17 Feb. 1831 Appointed Casimir Peixier miuLster . 13 March ,, His daughter, Louise, married to Leopold, Iring of the Belgians 9 Aug. 1S32 Appointed Soult minister (with Guizot, Thiers, &c.) II Oct. „ Escaped assassination . ig Nov. ,, LOUIS 360 LOUIS Apiioiuted marshal Mortier minister (with Guizot, Thi-irs, &c.) Nov. 1834 Appointed due de Broglie minister . . 20 Feb. 1835 Escaped assassination by Fieschi, 28 July 1835 ; by Ahbaud ... .25 Juue 1836 Appointed Thiers minister . . 22 Feb. ,, Mole minister .... .6 Sept. ,, Escaped assassination by Meunier . 27 Dec. ,, Appointed Soult minister . 10 May 1839 Thiers minister i March „ Soult minister (Guizot foreig^i minister) 29 Oct. 1840 Agreed to convention, signed at Loudon, ro.spect- ing the East ... . 13 July 1841 Lost his son, the duke of Orleans, by a fall, 13 July 1842 Visited by queen Victoria at Chateau d'Eu, 2 Sept. 1843 Came to England . . Oct. 1844 Visited again by queen Victoria . . 8 Sept. 1845 Escaped assassination by Lecomte, 16 April; by Joseph Henri 29 July 1846 His son, the due de Montpensier, married to the queen of Spain's sister . . 10 Oct. ,, Appointed Guizot minister, Sept. 1847; who re- signed on insurrection . . . 22 Feb. 1848 Abdicated ; a republic proclaimed . 24 Feb. ,, Arrived in England in disguise . . 3 March ,, Settled at Claremout, 4March 1848 ; d. tliere, 26Aug. 1850 See Orleans and Paris. LOUIS NAPOLEON, see :^apoleon III. LOUIS, danpliins of France : Eldest son of Louis XIV., and grandfather of Louis XV. . . . . &. I Nov. 3661 Opposed to study ; Bossuet his tutor ; for him were edited the Deljihin Classics ; maiTied Maria Christina of Bavai'ia ... . 1680 Distinguished himself iu the campaigns of 1684-92 . . d. of small-i>ox, 14 April 1711 Son of Louis XV., and father of Louis XVI. ; h. 4 Sept. 1729 Distinguished himself at Fontenoy . 30 April 1745 Vainly endeavoured to reform the government ; d. 20 Dec. 1765 LOUIS I- — v., emperors of Germany or Italy: 1. see I. of France. 2. son of Lothaire ; 6. about 822; king of Italy, 844; associated with liis father, 849; succeeded him, 855 ; quaiTelled with the iiopcs, and Italy ; d. 12 Aug. 875 3. the Blind, grandson of Louis II. ; h. about 880 ; crowned emperor by the jiojie Benedict IV., goi ; captured and blinded by Berenger, 905 ; reigned nominally d. gzg 4. the Child, last of the Carlovingians ; &. 893 ; succeeded his father, Aniulph, Jan. 899; de- feated by the Hungarians, 907, gio . . d. 911 5 .theBdvarian,t,aViuut|i287: elected emperor,2oOct.i3i4 Captured his rival, Frederick of Austria, at Miihl- dorf . , 28 Sept. 1322 Made peace with him .... Sejit. 1325 Entered Italy to assist the Ghibelines ; arrested the Visconti at Milan ; excommunicated . 1327 CroAvned at Rome by the pope . . 17 Jan, 132S QuaiTelled with pope Benedict XII. ; excommu- nicated ; denied his authority in Germany . 1338 Opposed by Clement VI., who promoted the election of Charles of Moravia, as emperor, 10 July 1346; d. through fall from horse while hunting . , .21 Oct. 1347 LOUIS L— rVo kings of Germany : 1. le Germanique, son of Louis I. of France h. 806 Made goveraor of Bavaria . . . 817 Rebelled against liis father . 838-40 Acquired part of Germany . . . 843 Subdued the Wends 845 Convoked tlie council of Mentz, to defend eccle- siastics against usurpation of their property . 847 Called into France by the nobles, against Charles the Bald, 858 ; retreated ... 859 Divided his states among his sons . . . 865 Obtained part of Lorraine by treaty of Mersen . 870 d. 28 Aug. 876 2. emperor, above. 3. son of Louis le Germanique ; received Fran- conia at the division of the states by his father 865 "Warred much with his relatives ; suffered by Normau invasions . . . d. iS Jan. 882 4. emperor, above. LOUIS I.— III., grand dukes of Hesse-Dami- stadt : d. 6 April 1830 d. 16 June 184S . 1S4S 1. b. 14 June 1753; grand, duke, 1S06 2. b. 26 Dec. 1777 ; succeeded, 1830 3. b. 9 June 1806 ; succeeded LOUIS, Frederick William Charles, prince of Hesse- Darmstadt, nephew of the grand duke; b. 12 Sept. 1837; mamed i July 1862, princess Alice Maud Mary of Great Britain ; seven childi-en. LOUIS, king: of Holland, see Bonaparte, Louis. LOUIS L, IL, kings of Hungary : 1. tlic Great b. 5 March 1326 Succeeded his father, Charobert 1342 Subdued the Ci'oats 1345 Invaded Naples to avenge the murder of his bro- ther Andrew; seized the kingdom . 1348 Elected successor to his uncle, Casimir HI., king of Poland, 8 Nov. 1370 d. 14 Sept. 1382 S. son of Ladislas VI. or VII. . . &, i May 1506 Succeeded his father . . . 13 March 1516 His ministers provoked war with the sultan, Soliman II., by mutilating his ambassadors . 1521 His army defeated, and himself drowned, at Mohacz . . 29 Aug. 1526 LOUIS, kings of Naples: Louis of Tarento; b. 1320; mamed his cousin, Jane, queen of Naples, after the murder of her husband, Andrew of Hungary (18 Sept. 1345) 20 Aug. 1346 Fled to Provence at the approach of Louis of Hungary 1348 Crowned king 27 May 1352 Much opposed by the nobles . d. 25 May 1362 1. duke of Anjou, son of John, king of France b. 23 July 1339 Adopted as successor by Jane I. of Naples . 1380 Crowned by pope Clement VII. . 30 May 1382 Livaded Naples, but successfully opposed by Cliarlcs Durazzo . . . d. 20 Sept. 1384 2. son; 6. 7 Oct. 1377; crowned by the pope, iNov. 1389 Held Naples till expelled by Ladislas . . 1399 Defeated him at Rocca . . . ig May 1411 Unsuccessful, returned to France . . „ d. zq April 1417 3. son ; b. 25 Sept. 1403 ; adojited by Jane II. . 1423 Vainly endeavoured to acquire the kingdom, with a fleet and army, Aug. 1420 d. 15 Nov. 1434 LOUIS (Luis), king of Portugal, son of queen ilaria II.; 0.31 Oct. 1838; duke of Oporto ; suc- ceeded Ms brother, Pedro v., II Nov. 1861 ; mar- ried Maria Pia, daughter of Victor Emnuinuel, king of Italy, 6 Oct. 1862. Son: C.\.iiLOS ; b. 28 Sept. 1863. LOUIS of Aragon, king of Sicily; /;. 4 Feb. 1^38 ; succeeded his father, Peter IL, 8 Aug. 1342; lus mother an able regent; d. Oct. 1355. LOUIS, kiiig of Spain, son of Philip V. ; b. 25 Aug. 1707; married Elizabeth, duchesse dc ilont- pensier, 21 Jan. 1722; king on the .abdication of liis father, 10 Jan. 1724 ; imprisoned his dissolute queen; cL 31 Aug. 1724. LOUIS, St., bishop, son of Charles, king of Naples ; b. Feb. 127^; ; hostage for his father to the king of Ai-agon, 1287-94; refused the crown and became priest; and bishop of Toulouse, 1296; d. 19 Aug. 1298. LOUIS) Antoine, French surgeon and philoso- pher; b. 1723; published " Cours de Ciiirurjjie Pratique sur les Plaies d'annes a feu," 1746 ; " Jis- sai sur la Nature de TAme," 1747 ; many pa]iers and articles in the " Dictionnaire de Chirurgie," 1772 ; cl. 20 May 1792. LOUIS, Louis Dominique, abbe and baron, French statesman and financier; b. 13 Nov. 1755; mach employed by Napoleon I. and his successors ; LOUISA 361 LOWENDAL iiiiance minister, 1814-5, 1818-9, 1830-3 ; d. 26 Aug. 1837. LOUISA ArGTJSTA of Jlecklenburg-Sti-elitz ; i. 10 Mavch 1776; mai-ried to Frederick AVilliani of Prussia, 24 Dec. 1793; queen, 16 Nov. 1797; jah'oiiised literature ; beneficent to the poor ; en- ergetically oiiposed Napoleon ; d. 19 July 1810. LOUISE, daughter of rhilip, duke of Savoy ; i. 1476; married Charles d'Orleans, comte d'An- goideme, eonsiu of Louis Xtl., 1490 ; and became mother of Fr.ancis I., 1494 ; made duchess of An- gouiiiois at his accession, and regent during his Itahan camp.aigns, 1515; intrigued .against the constable de iiourbon, .ind caused his ruin and flight, 1523 ; negotiated the peace of Cambrai (termed "La Paix des Dames"), 5 Aug. 1529; d. 14 Sept. 1531. LOUISE of Lorraine ; h. April 1553 ; ni.arried to Henry III. of France, 1575 ; -widow, 2 Aug. 1589 ; d. 29 Jan. 1601. LOUISE d'Orleans, second daughter of Louis-Philippe, king of the French; b. 3 April 1812 ; married Leopold I. of Belgium, 9 Aug. 1832; d. 10 Oct. 1850. LOUISE CaeOLINA AlbeETA, princess, third daughter of Queen Victoria; b. 18 Mardi 1848 ; her bust of the Queen exhibited ,ind presented to tlic Royal Academy by her Majesty, j868 ; married to the marquis of Lome (see under Campbell), with a dower of 30,000^., and 6,000^. a year, 21 March 1871. LOUP (Leu), Saint, French bishop ; d. i Sept. 623. LOUP DE FeEEIKKES (Lupus Servatus), French theologian ; b. about 805 ; influential at the courts of the French and German sovereigns ; wrote " de Tribus Quaistionibus ; " d. after 862. LOUTHERBOUEG, see Lutherbiiro. LOUVARD, Franijois, French Benedictine theologian; b. l65l ; e.xiled for not obeying the bull '• Unigenitus," 1714; jn-otested against it boldly, 1715 ; defended Jansen, 1725 ; imprisoned, Oit. "1728; released, 21 Dee. 1733; fled to llulland from a fresh arrest, Jan. 1734 ; d. 22 AprE 1739. LOUVEIEO, Joaio, Portuguese botanist; b. about 1715; published "Flora Cochinchinensis," 1 790 ; d. 1 796. LOUVEL, Louis Picn-e, French enthnsia.st; b. 7 Oct. 1783; assassinated the due de Berry, 13 Feb. 1820 ; executed, 7 June 1820. LOUVET, Jean, president of Provence, French statesman ; b. about 1370 ; zealous supporter of the Dauphin ; participatetl in the assassmation of John, duke of Burgundy, 10 Sept. 1419 ; exiled, 1425 ; d. 20 May 1438. LOUVET, Pierre, French antiquary ; b. about 1569 ; published " Histoire de Beauvaisis," 1631-35; d. 23 Dee. 1646. LOUVET, Pierre, French historian; b. 161 7; published " Le Jlercure lloUandais ; ou les Con- ciuctes du Eoi en Hollande," &c., 1673-80; "La France dans sa Splendour," 1674; d. about 1680. LOUVET DE COUATIAY, (or Dtj Loiret), Jean Baptiste, French politician and novelist \ b.ii June 1766; published " Aventures du Chevalier de Faublas," 1 787-9; " Paris Justifie," Jan. 1790; became a leader of the Girondists, and strongly op- posed the Mountain, 1792; proscribed; retired, July 1793; recalled to the convention, March 1795; elected president, June 1795; retired, 20 May 1797; d. 25 Aug. 1797. LOUVILLE, Jacques Eugene d'AUouville, chevalier de, I'rench astronomer ; b. 14 July 1671 ; improved apparatus and melhods of obsei'vation ; d. 10 Sept. 1732. LOUVOIS, see le Tdlicr. LOVAT, see Fraser. LOVE, Christopher, theologian; b. i6r8; ex- pelled Oxford for opposition to Laud ; joined the Presbyterians, 1644 ; eoramissioner for treaty of Uxbridge, 1645 ; protested against the execution of Charles L, Jan. 1649; executed for a plot against the protector Cromwell, 22 Aug. 1651. LOVE (or Dance), James, dramatist and actor; established a theatre at Itichraond, 1765; wrote " City Madam," 1771 ; d. 1774. LOVEIEA, see Lobeira. LOVELACE, Richard, royalist poet and dra- matist; b. about 161S; d. 1658. LOVER, Samuel, 'llrish painter, novelist, and poet; b. 1797; published "Legends of Ireland," 1844; " Eory 0' More;" "Handy And}'," 1846; &c. ; d. 6 July 1868. LOVIBOND, Edward, poet; wrote "Poems," published 1785; d. 27 SeiVt. 1775. LOW, David, bishop of Ross, Moray, and Argyll; b. 1768: consecrated, 1819 ; resigned, 1850 ; d. 26 Jan. 1855. LOW, rev. George, Scotch naturalist; b. 1746; a minister in the Orcades ; his " Fauna Orcadcnsis" published, 1813; d. 1795. LOWE, Edward, n.aturali,5t; b. n Nov. 1825; began to publish meteorological observations, 1840; continued (1877) " Treatise on Atmosjjheric Pheno- mena," 1846 ; " Climate of Nottinghamshire," 1853, &c. ; " "Works on Ferns," 1861-2. LOWE, sir Hudson, Irish general ; b. 28 July 1769; served in the French war; arrived at St. lielena, as governor, with charge of Napoleon I., 14 April 1816 ; sailed for England, 25 July 1821 ; his "Memoirs," &o , irablished 1854; d. 10 Jan. 1844. LOWE, Peter, Scotch surgeon; founded the faculty of physicians and surgeons at Glasgow ; publislied " Whole Course of Chh-urgie," 1596; d. 1612 ; LOWE, Robert, statesman; b. i8ri; professor at Oxford, 1833-42 ; as a barrister, settled at Sydney, N.S. W. ; became a member of the legislature, Oct. 1843 ; returned to England, 1850 ; vice-president of the education board, June 1859 — April 1864; M.p. for Kiddenninster, 1S52-9; for Calne, 1859- 68 ; for university of London, Nov. 1868 ; chancellor of the exchequer, 9 Dec. 1868 — Aug. 1873 ; home secretary, Aug. 1873 — Feb. 1874. LOWELL, James Russell, American poet ; b, 22 I'eb. 1819; published Poem.s, 1848; "the Big- low Papers," 1856-62; "Under the' Willows^" 1869; "the Cathedral," 1870 ; "Among my Books," Essays, 1870, &c. LOWENDAL, Ulrich Friedrich "^^''aldemar, German general, marshal of France ; b. i April 1700; served in Poland, Germany, Russia, Prussia; engaged by Louis XV., Sept. 1743 ; made marshal, Sept. 1747; d. 27 May 1755. LuWENTHAL •362 LUCCHESINI LOWENTHAL, Johaim Jakob, Huiigariac chess-player; h. July 1810; travelled in America; in London, 1851 ; published "Book of the Chess Congress," 1864; &c. ; d. 21 July 1876. LOWER, Mark Antony, archaeologist ; b. 1813; published " English Surnames," 1842 ; " Curiosities of Heraldry," 1845; " Patronj'miea Britannica," i860; "Worthies of Sussex," 1865; "History of Sussex," 1870; &c. ; d. 22 March 1876. LOWER, Richard, anatomist; b. about 1631 ; published "Traetatus de Corde," 1669; cl. Jan. 1691. LOWITZ, Georg Moritz, Gei-man astronomer ; b. 17 Feb. 1722 ; proved the incorrectness of the orthographic projection for astronomical charts, 1749; killed by rebels, 24 Aug. 1774. LOWMAN, Moses, theologian; b. 1680; pub- lished "Defence of Dissenters," 1718; "Disserta- tion on the Govenmient of the Hebrews," 1740; (I. 3 May 1752. LOWNDES, Thomas, founded by will a pro- fessorship of astronomy and geometry at Cam- badge; (I. 12 May 1748. LOWNDES, William Thomas, bibliographer ; published " Bibliographer's Manual," 1834; d. 31 JiUy 1843. LO WRY, "Wilson, engraver ; b. 1762; (Z. 1824. LOWTH, Robert, (son of William,) bishop of Durham, theologian; b. 27 Kov. 1710; bishop of St. David's and Oxford, 1766; Durham, 1777; published "de Saci-1 Pocsi Hebr;corum," 1753; " Life of Wykeham," 1758; an " English' Gram, mar," 1763; "Isaiah, a new Translation," 1778; d. 3 Nov. 1787. LOWTH, William, theologian ; b. i65i ; pub- lished "Commentary 011 the Prophets," 1714; "Notes on Clement of Alexandria, 1715 ; d. 17 May 1732. LOTD, Samuel Jones, see Overstone. LOYOLA, see Ignatius. LOYSON, see l-Iyacinihc. LUARD, rev. Henrv Richards; b. 1821; ; edited for the master of the rolls' series " Lives of Edward the Confessor," and other works, 1858-74; "Cor- respondence of Person," 1866. LUBBERT, Sibrand, Dutch protestant theolo- gian ; b. about 1556 ; published " de Papa Ro- mano," 1594. LIJBBOCK, sir John William, hanker, mathe- matician; b. 26 March 1S03 ; published " Re- searches in Physical Astronomy," 1830; "Treatise on the Tides," 1831-7 ; "Theory of the Moon, &c.," 1834-50; d. 21 Jan. 1865. LUBBOCK, sir John, son, naturalist, entomo- logist, and archa;ologist ; b. 30 April 1834 ; pub- lished " Pre-historie Times,' May 1864; 3rd ed. 1870; "Origin of Civilization," 1870 ; "British Wild Flowers, considered in Relation to Insects," 1874; and many papers; M.P., for Maidstone, Feb. 1870; carried the bank holiday bill, 1871. LTJBIENIGZKI, Theodore, Polish painter; b. 1653 ; d. 1720. LUBIENICZKI, Stanislas, Polish theologian ; b. 23 Aug. 1623; "Theatrura Comcticum," pub- lished 1667 and 1681 ; " Historia Reformationis Po- lomcaj," 1685 ; d. by poison, 18 May 1675. LITBIN", Eilhard, Gennan scholar; published 'Phospborus: de Prima Causa Mali," 1597; "An- tiquarius," 1601 ; d. 2 June 1621. LUBIN, Augustin, French geographer; b. 29 Jan. 1624; published " Martyrologium llomanum," 1660; "Tabula! Saerse Googi-aphicEB," 1670; d. 7 March 1695. 9! LUC DB Beuges, Francois (Lucas Bru- gensis), Flemish theologian; b. about 1549; pub- lished "Notatioues in Biblia Sacra," 1580; "Varise Lectiones Yet. etNov. Test," 1580-3 ; d. 19 Feb. 1619. LUCA, Giovanni Battista, Italian cardinal ; b. 1614; published "Theatrum Veritatis et Justitia?," 1697 ; d. 5 Feb. :683. LUCANUS, Marcus Annxus, Roman poet ; b. 3 Nov. 39; wrote the "Pharsalia;" put to death by Nero, 30 April 65. LUCAS, sir Charles, royalist; defended Col- chester; tried and shot at its capture by Fairfax, 28 Aug. 1648. LUCAS, Charles, musici.au and composer; b. 1808 ; principal of royal academy of music, 1859 ; d. 23 March 1869. LUCAS, Charles Jean Marie, French lawyer; }. 3 May 1803 ; eloquent advocate, 1825 et acq. ; received Montyon prize (240?.) for " Systeme Peni- tentiaire," published 1826-30; "Systeme Penal," 1827; "Refoi-me des Prisons," 1836-8; president of inspectors of prisons, 1853-65. LUCAS van Leyden, Dutch painter and en- graver; b. June 1494; d. 1533. LUCAS, Jean Andre Henri, French naturalist ; b. 1780; published "Tableau Methodique des Es- peces ilineralcs," 1806-12 ; d. 6 Fob. 1825. LUCAS, John, portrait painter and engraver : i. 4 July 1807 ; painted duke of Wellington, sir Geo. Cookburn, sir James Graham, Mr. Gladstone, and others ; d. 30 April 1874. LUCAS, Paul, French archosologist ; b. 31 Aug. 1664; published his "Voyages au Levant," &:c., 1704-ig; patronised by Louis XIV., 1704; by Pliilip Y. of Spain, 1736; d. 12 May 1737. LUCAS, Richard, theologian; b. 1648; pub- lished "Practical Christiaiiit}^," about 1696; (f. 9 June 1 715. LUCAS, Samuel, journalist and critic; h. 1818; gained at Oxford, NeAvdigate and chanccUor's prizes, 1841, 1845 ; founded and edited the " Press," 1853 ; edited " Once a Week," 1859-65 ; d. 27 Nov. iSbS. LUCCA (Lucas), Pauline, Austrian singer; b. 1840; appeared at Olmiitz, 1859; patronized by iMeyerbcer, i85o; at royal Italian opera in London, 1863 ; raanied baron von Rohden (killed in 1870), Nov. 1865 ; settled at Berlin. LUCCHESINI, Geronimo, marchcse di, Ita- lian diplomatist; b. 1752; entei"ed the service of Russia, 1778 ; much employed during the war< with France ; d. 19 Oct. 1825. Cesaiie, brother, scholar ; b. 2 July 1756; d. i6'May 1832. LUCCHESINI, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian theologian; b. 1638 ; published " Sylvaruni Liber," 1671 ; d. about 1710. LUCCHESINI, Giovanni Yincenzio, Italian scholar; b. 29 May 1660; published "Historioo suit Temporis," 1738 ; d. 29 May 1744. LUCIANUS 363 LULLY LUCIANUS, St., presbyter of Antiocli and teacher ; became a heretic about 269 ; restored to ttic church about 281; martyred, 7 Jan. 312. LUCIAINUS, or Ltcittus, Greek satirist ; b. about 120; wrote Dialogues and Eomauces; d. about 200. LITCIFER, bishop of Cagliari, legate from pope Liberius at Milan, 354 ; founded a strict sect termed Luciferiani ; d. about 370. LUCILIUS, Caius, Roman satirical poet; I. B.C. 148; d. 103. LUCIUS I.-III., popes: 1. elected 25 Sept. 252 ; martjTed cf. 4 or 5 Marcli 253 2. Gerardo de' Caccianamici : elected 12 Marcli 1144 .... . r^ 25 Ftib. 1145 3. Ubaldo Alliicingoli ; elected i Sept. 1181 ; suf- fered by rebellions . . (J. 24 Nov. 1185 LUCIUS, king of Britain, said to have wiitten to the pope, Eleuthcrius, desiring to become a Christian, received four teachers, and founded the see of Llandaff, 156. LUCK, Johann Jacob, German antiquary : pub- lisicd, " Sylloge Numismatum," 1620; d. 1653. LUCKNEE., Nicolas, baron de, German gene- ral; b. 1722; served under Frederick the Great; entered the French service ; created marshal, Dec. i/gi ; general of the republican army ontlieHhine; defeated the Austrians near Longwy, 19 Aug. 1792; superseded by Kellemiann, 25 Aug. 1792 ; con- demned and executed, 3 Jan. 1794. LUGEETIUS, Cams Titus, Eoman philosopher and poet; b. about it.c. 95; published "de Eerum Natura," about 57; d. by suicide, 15 Oct. 55. LUCULLUS, Lucius Licinius, Eoman gene- ral; /;. about B.C. 106; conquered Mithridates of Poatus, 73-66 ; became very rich and luxurious ; termed the Roman Xerxes ; d. about 57. LUCY, Charles, historical painter ; i. about 1814; d. V) May 1873. LliDEES, Alexander Mcolaivich von, Bussian general; b. 1 790; defeated Hungarians, Julj-, Aug. 1849; commanded in the Crimea, 1854-6. LUDEWIGr, (Ludovicu.s), Johann Peter von, German historian; 5. about 1665; cliancellor of Halle university, 1 722; published " Scriptores Ee- rum Genuanarum," 1788, &c. ; d. 7 Sept. 1743. LUDLAM, rev. 'V\''illiam, physicist; b. about 1718; published "Astronomical Observations at Cambridge," 1767-8; d. 16 March 1788. LUDLOW, Edmund, ardent republican; b. about 1620 ; a judge of Charles I. ; opposed the am- bition of Cromwell, 165 1-3; retired from public life, 1654 ; sat in parliament, May ; retired to France, Sept. 1660 ; returned to England, 1688 ; re- tired to avoid arrest, Nov, 1689 ; d. at Vevey, 1693. His "Memoirs" published 1698-9. LUDOLF, Heinrich 'Wilhelm, German jihilo- logist, nephew of Hiob; b. 165J; secretary to prince George of Denmark in London, about 1680 ; Avent to Eussia ; returned, 1694 ; published " Gram- raatica Eussica," 1696; d. 25 Jan. 1710. LUDOLF, Hiob, Gomiau orientalist; b. 15 June 1624 ; published " Historia .3!thiopica," 1681 ; " Grammatica et Lexicon Aniharico-Latinum," 1698 ; wrote "Grammar and Lexicon of the .ZEthio- pio Language ;" d. 8 April 1704. LUDWIG, see Louis. LUDWIG, Christian Gottlieb, German philoso- phic physician and botanist; b. 30 April 1709; published " Definitiones'Plantarum," 1737-44; "de Sexu Plantarum," 1737; "Aphorism! Botanici," 1738; "Adversaria Medieo-Praotica," 1769-73 ; d. 7 May 1773. LUDWIG, Johann Petrus, German historian and diplomatist; b. 15 Aug. 1668; published "Eeliquiffi MSS. Medii 2Evi," 1720-41 ; d. 6 Sept. 1743- LUGAED, sir Edward, general; b. 1810; served in India, 1828, ct seq.\; adjutant-general, 1857; at the capture of Lucknow, &c., March 18^8 ; president of army purchase commission, Nov. 1871. LUGO, Spanish Jesuits : Fr.\ncisco ije ; h. 1580: sent to Mexico, 1600; ]niblished " Comiiientani in Piimam Partem S. Thomac," 1643; "De Saeramentis," 1652: d. in Spain . . ... 17 Dec. 1652 Juan de, brother ; &. 25 Nov. 1583 ; professor at Rome, 1621 : cardiual, 14 Dec. 1643 ; published " de Virtute Fidei Divina.*," 1646, (fee. d. 20 Aug. 1660 LUIGI, see Louis. LUINI, Bcrnandino, Milanese painter ; b. about 1460 ; d. about 1550. LUINO, or LuiXI, Francesco, Italian mathe- matician; b. 25 March 1740; d. 7 Nov. 1792. LUIS, see Louis. LUIS DE GeewADA, Spanish Dominican ascetic ; b. 1^05 ; founded a monastery at Badajoz ; provincial of his order in Portugal, 1^57 ; pub- lished "Guida de Pecadores," 1570; " Compencho de la Dottrina Christiana," about 1564; d. 31 Dec. 1588. LUISINO, Francesco, Italian scholar ; b. 1523; pubhshed " Commentarius in librum Horatii, de Arte Poetica," 1554; "Parergon," 1604; d. 7 Marcli 1568. LUITPEAND, or LlUTPEAlSTD, Lombard noble; helped his father, Ansprand, to dethrone Aubert, king of Lombardy ; became king soon after, 712; promulgated edicts, the basis of the Lombard law, 712-24 ; allied with the Greeks to repress the papacy ; d. a monk, about Jan. 744. LUITPRAND, Lombard bishop, historian ; b. about 920 ; ambassador at Constantinople for king Berengarius, 948; resided with the emperor Otho I., about 950-60; bishop of Cremona, 961; Avrote history of his time (" Antapodosis," and "Historia Ottonis,") 958-62; d. about 972. LUKIS, rev. William, archa;ologist; b. 1817; published "Account of Church Bells," &c., i8j7 ; and many papers. LULL (or LuLLE), EamoD, Spanish philo- sopher, "Doctor lUuniinatus ; " b. about 1235; lectured at Paris, 1287 ; founded college there, 1298 ; became a Franciscan ; went to Afiica, I3'4 ; wrote "Ars Magna," " Ars LuUiana," " Ars Generalis," and "Arbor Scientias;" d. March 1315. LULLI (or Lully), Jean Baptiste de, French musical composer; b. at Florence, 1633; came to France very young; patronised by Louis XIV., 1652; empowered to establish a royal academy of music, 1672; friend of Mohere; composed music for his plays ; composed anthems, ballets, comedies, and church music, 1657-87 ; d. 22 March 1687. LULLT, see Ltdli. LUMSDEN 364 LUTZOW LUMSDEN, Matthew, Scotch oiientahst; b. 1/77; -went to India, 1794; pi'ofossor of Pei-sian at Calcutta, 1800 ; puhUshed " Persian Grammar," 1810; "the Shanameh," 1811; "Arabic Gram- mar," 1813 ; d. in London, March 1835. LTJNDGEEN", Egi-on, Swedish artist; I. about 1815; friend of John Phillip, K.A., at Seville, 1851; came to Lond'm, 1853 ; painted for the queen " the Marriage of the Princess Eoyal," " on Lord Clyde's Staff in India," 1857 ct seq. ; pub- lished "Letters from Spain; " &c. ; d. i5Dec. 1875. LTINEATJ DE BOISJEEJIAIN, Pien-e Joseph Fran(;ois, French writer; b. 1732; published " Cours de Langue Italienne," (introducing inter- linear translations), 1 783 ; similar works for English, 1784; for Latin, 1787 ; d. 25 Dec. 1801. LUPSET, Thomas, theologian; b. 1498; em- ployed bv AVolscy ; wrote " Exhortation to Young Men," "'Treatise of Charity;" d. 27 Dec. 1532. LTJPTON, Donald, published " History of Mo- dem Protestant Divines," 1637; " Lives of the Pri- mitive Fathers," 1640. LUPUS, Servatus, see Loiip. LUSH, sir Robert, lawyer ; b. 25 Oct. 1807 ; Q.c, 1857: judge of queen's bench, Nov. 1865; published "Practice of Superior Courts," &c., 1846 ; ifcc. LUSHINGTON, sir Stephen, ecclesiastical lawyer; b. 14 Jan. 1782; liberal irolitidan ; op- posed slavery ; engaged in defence of queen Caro- line, 1820-I ; M.r. for Tower Hamlets, 1832-41 ; judge of the consistory court, 1828; of high court of admiralty, 1838; retired, 1867 ; d. 20 Jan. 1873. LUSHINGTON", sir Stephen Eumbold, poli- tician ; b. 1775 ; many years chainnan of ways and means; secretary to treasury, 1814-27; governor of JIadras, 1827-32; published "Life of Gem ral Lord Hanis," 1845 ; d. 5 Aug. 1868. LUSIGNAN DE, kings of Cyprus (and Jeru- salem) : Guv; innmVd .Syl)illn, clmiglitcr of .AnimuT nr Al- meric, kinj,' of Jemsalciii, 1183 ; became king, Defeated and taken prisoner by Saladin, at Tibe- ni Released ; made king of Cyprus by Richard I. of England (renouncing Jerusalem), 1 191 (/. Almeric, brother; king, 1198 . . d. HuoH I., son, 1205; d. during an expedition against Tabor . . Jan. Henrv 1., the Great, son . &. 3 May Succeeded (his mother regent) Joined Louis IX. in his crusade . . Stay Taken iirisoner witli him, 5 Apiil, 1250 ; released d. 8 Jan. Hugh II., son; &, 1253 . . . . d. HufiH III., son; king, 1267; crowned king of Jerusalem, 24 Sept. 1269; unsuccessful in war; made a truce witli the sultan, 21 April 1272 d. 26 Marcli JunN I., son ; 6. 1252 : crowned, n May 1284 d. 20 May Henry II., brother; 1). 1271; unsuccessful; lost tlic remains of the kingdom of Jerusalem d. 31 March Hugh IV., nephew; &. 1297; king, 1324; abdi^ cated, 1360 d. Peter I., son; cro^vned, 1360: maintained fierce war against the Mahometans ; assassinated 16 Jan. Feter II., son; h. 1356; king, 1369; made pri- soner in warwith Genoa, 1374 . d. ij Oct. James I., son of Hugh IV. ; h. 1334 ; king, 1382 d. 20 Sept. John II., son ; t. 1374 ; king, 1398 ; defeated, and taken prisoner by the sultan, 1426; released for a tribute, 1427 . . . . J. 19 June ii86 1187 1 194 1205 1219 1218 1219 1249 I2S3 1267 1285 1324 1361 1369 1382 1398 John II., son ; 6. 1415 ; king, 1432 ; nded by his wife, Helen rf. 26 July 1458 Ja.mes II., natural son ; h. 1440 ; deposed his legi- timate sister, Charlotte, 1458; recovered part of the isle from the Genoese, 1464 ; married Cathe- line Cornaro, and thus became vassal of Venice, 1472 d 6 July 1473 James III., son; h. 1473: king, 1474 d, 1475 (The Venetians acquired the isle). LUSIGNAN, Stefano di, historian; I. at Cyprus, I S37 ; published " Chorografia e breve Istoria dell' Isola di Cipro," 1573, &c. ; d. 1590. LUSSAN, Marguerite de, French historian and novelist; b. 1682; published "Histoii-e de la Com- tesse de Gondez," 1725; "Veillees de Thcssaly," 1731 ; "Anecdotes de la Cour de Philippe Auguste," 1733-8; "Histories of Charles VI., Louis XL," &c. ; d. y May 1758. LUTHEE, jMartin, German refonner ; 5. 10 Nov. 1483 ; d. 18 Feb. 1546. Became a monk at Erfurt, and began to struly the Bible July 1505 Professor of philosophy at "Wjttemberg, 1508 ; ex- pounded the Scriptures there • 1509 Sent to Rome : greatly scandalised . . . 1510 Preached the doctrine of justification by faith 1513-4 Denounced the sale of indulgences by Tetzel, in his "Theses" 31 Oct. 1517 Defended himself at Augsburg; wrote respectfully to the pope Leo X. ; supiiorted by Frederic elector of tiaxony . , . . .1518 Disputed publicly with Eck at Leipsic, opposing papal supremacy, free-will, &c. 27 June — 13 July 1519 Excojnmunicated, Sept.; burnt the bull 10 Dec. 1520 Defended himself at the diet of Worms, before the ejnperor Charles V. . 17 — 25 Apiil 1521 Seized by his friends duiing his return, and se- cluded at W.artbnrg (where he translated the Bible into German) . April 1521 Returned to "Witteniberg . . . March 1522 Published the New Tesfcunent, and reply to Henry VIII. of England . . . „ Abjured his monastic vows . * 1524 Mai'ried Catherine Von Bora . . 13 June 1525 A?,sisted in compilation of the Confession of Ang.s- burg ; read ' ' 25 June 1530 Promoted the treaty of Snialcald (among the pro- test.ant iirinces) . .- 31 Dec. ,, Published the Bible complete , . . 1534 Preached his last sermon, 17 Jan. 1545 //. 18 Feb. 1546 The Lutheran Memorial at Worms ijiungniaUd 25 June 1868 LUTHER, Paul, son of the rcfoi-mer, physician and chemist; b. 28 Jan. 1533; Avrote on potsible gold, &c.; rf. 8 March 1593. LUTHER, Karl Theodor Robert, German astro- nomer ; b. 16 April 1822 ; discovered at Dilk, Thetis, 17 April 1852; and nineteen other minor planets since (1875). LUTHERBUEG (or Loutherboheo), Philippe Jacques, French painter; b. 31 Oct. 1740; came to London ; employed by Garriek, 1771 ; in- vented " Eidophvsicon " (panoramas); exhibited 1782 ; published " Scenery of England," 1805; d. II March 1812. LUTI, Benedetto, Florentine painter ; b. 1666; d. 1724. LUTZELBURGER (or Prank), Hans, Ger- man, engraved in wood the designs of Holbein, alphabets, the figures of the Old Testament, and the Dance of Death, about 1530. LUTZOW, Ludwig Adolph "W'ilhelm, German baron and officer ; b, 18 May 1782; formed a free coiqjs of "black chasseurs" against the French, 1813; which suffered much in 1814; promoted a regular army, 1815 ; d. 6 Dec. 1834. LUX 365 LYSER LXJX, Adam, Gei-man politician ; }. 1773 ; sent to the convention at Paris to form a union -with, a confederation of the Ehine, March 1793 ; executed for eulogising Charlotte Corday in a pam- ]phlet, S Nov. 1793. LUXEMBOUEG, Baldwin de, elector, arch- TDishop^of Treves ; b. 1285 ; actii'e in disputes in ihe empire, 1310-46 ; helped Edward I. of England agiiinst Prance, 1338; d. 21 Jan. 1354. LUXEMBOUEG, Francois Henry de Mont- morencj' Bouteville, due de, marshal of France ; b. 8 Jan. 16,28 ; d. 4 Jan. 1695. Distinguisheil himself in tlie civil wars . 1650-9 Married the lieiress of Luxembourg, and became duke 17 March 1661 Marshal, 3° July 1675 : successful in tlit; wars in Germany and the Netherlands . 1676-8 Incurred the euiuity of Louvois . . . 1678 Absolved, frnm accusations, but exiled from Paris May 1680 Recovered the king's favour , . . 1690 Made commander in Flanders . April ,, Defeated the allies at Fleunis . . i July ,, Defeated Williim III. of England and allies at Steenkirlc, 3 Aug. 1692 ; at Neerwiuden 29 July 1693 LUXEMBOUEG, Louis de, comte de St. Pol, b. 1418 ; refused to sign treaty of Arras, 1435 ; active against the English in France, 1445-9 ; nuide constable of France hy Louis XI., 1465 ; conspired against him, 1473 ; beheaded, 19 Dec. 1465. LUXOEIUS, Latin poet ; said to have written the " Pervigilium Veneris ; "Jl. 6th century. LUYKBN, Johann van, Dutch engraver; b, 1649 ; cl. ijiz. LUTNES, Charles, marquis d' Albert, due de, constable of France ; b. 5 Aug. 1578 ; favourite of Louis XIIL; riv.al of Concini, marcchal d'Ancre; caused his mm-der, 24 April, 161 7; ruled the king, and became very rich ; opposed the queen mother, Mai-ia de' Medici, 1618-19; made constable of Prance, 2 April 1621 ; d. 15 Dec. 1621. LUYNES, Honore Theodoric Paul Joseph d' Albert, due de, French scholar, archajologist, and statesman; b. 15 Dec. 1802; published "Etudes Kumisniatiques," 1835; " Choixde Medaillcs Grec- ques," 1840; presented his collection of medals and coins to the Bibliotheque Nationale ; d. 14 Dec. 1867. LUYTS, Janus, Dutch mathematician ; b. 1655 ; published " Astronomica Institutio," 1689; sup- ported Tycho Brahe against Copernicus ; d. 12 March 1721. LUZ (Lucius), Samuel, Swiss mystic; b. 10 Aug. 1674 ; published " Bouquet de Flenrs Celes- tes," &c.; d. 28 May 1750. LYCOPHEON, Greek grammarian and poet ; "wrote "Cassandra" or "Alexandra; " fi. about B.C. 285-247. LYCUEGUS, king of Sparta, lawgiver, about E.G. 825. Another : chosen king, B.C. 220 ; opposed the jEtolians ; d. about 210. LYCUEGUS, orator; manager of public revenue, B.C. 337 ; demanded by Alexander in vain, 335- LYDGATE, John, poet and theologian; b. about 1370 ; wrote " Story of Thebes," " Fall of Princes," "History of Troy ; " d. about 1450. LYDIAT, rev. Thomas, mathematician ; b March 1572 ; published " Emendatio Tcmpormn,'' 1609; "Solis et Luuffi Periodus," 1620 ; d. 3 Apri 1646. LYDUS, Johannes Laureutius, Byzantuie writer; b. 490; wote " Eulogium of Toticus;" " Treatise of the Months; " "on the Roman Magis- trates," &c.; d. about 565. LYE, Edward, archseologist ; b. about 1704; published " Evaugeliorum Versio Gothica," 1750; his " Dictionarum Sax. et Goth. Lat.," edited hy Manning, 1772 ; d. 1767. LYBLL, Charles, Scotch botanist ; b. 7 March 1767 ; published translation of Dante's "Canzoni- ere," 1835; d. 8 Nov. 1849. LYELL, sir Charles, bart., son, Scotch geolo- gist; b. 14 Nov. 1797 ; professor at King's College, London, 1832 ; published "Principles of Geology," 1830; " Elements of Geology," 1838, many editions of both; " Visits to the United States," 1841, 1845; " Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man," 1863, &c.; d. 22 Feb. 1875. LYLYE, see Lili/ and ZUli/. LYNCH, Thomas Toke, independent minister, poet ; b. 1818 ; published "Essays " and " Lectures to Young Men,^' 1853; "the Kivulet," 1856, &c.; d. 9 May 1871. LYNDE, sii- Humphry, zealous protestant; b. 1579 ; published "Ancient Characters of the Visible Church," 1625 ; d. 14 June 1636. LYNDHUEST, see Co2ik>/. LYNDSAY, see Lindsay. LYNEDOCH, see Graham. LYNWOOD, or Ly.VDWOOD, William, canonist, bishop of St. David's 1442 ; wrote " Pro- vinciale sen Constitutiones Auglioe," (printed, 1506) ; d. 21 Oct. 1446. LYON, George Francis, captain K.N.; b. 1795; travelled in north-west Africa, 1819 ; commanded the Hecla in Parry's N.W. expedition. May 1821 ; accompanied Franklin, 1824-6; published " Narra- tive of Travels in Northern Africa," 1821 ; " Narra- tive of Polar Expedition," 1825; "Residence in Me-xico," 182S; d. II Oct. 1832. LYONNET, Peter, Dutch naturalist and en- graver; b. 22 July 1707 ; published " Traite Ana- tomique de la Chenille qui Ronge le Bois du Sante," 1740; d. 10 Jan. 1789. LYONS, Edmund, lord, admiral and diploma- tist; b. 21 Nov. 1790; distinguished himself for courage at Java, i8ll ; in Greece, 1S28; commander of the fleet at Sebastopol, June 1855 ! made a baro- net, 1840 ; peer, June 1856 ; d. 23 Nov. 1858. LYONS, Israel,' Jewish mathematician ; b. 1739; published " on Fluxions," 1758 ; professor at Cam- bridge, 1772 ; went to North Pole with Capt. Phipps, 1773 ; d. I May 1775. LYEA, Nicolas de, French theologian; b. about 1270; wrote " Postillaj Perpetum siva Bre?ia Com- mentaria in Uuiversa BibUa," printed, 1471-2; d. 23 Oct. 1340. LYSANDEE, Spartan general; defeated the Athenian fleet at yEgospotamoi, B.C. 405 ; captured Athens, and finished the Peloponnesian war, 404 ; attempted political reforms ; Idlled in battle of Haliartus with the Boeotians, 395. LYSEE, Johann, German theologian ; advocate of polygamy ; pubhshed "Polygamia Triumphans," 1682; rf. 1684. LYSEE, Polycai-p, Gennan theologian; b. 1552; d. 1601. LTSIAS 366 MACAULAY LYSIAS, Attic orator and patriot ; b. e.c. 458 ; d. 378. LYSIMACHTJS, Greek general nnder Alex- ander; at his death, made king of Thrace, B.C. 323 ; with Seleucus, defeated Antigonus at Ipsus, 301 ; defeated and slain in battle with Seleucus at Corus, July 281. LYSIPPUS, Greek sculptor ; introduced por- trait sculpture ; Ji. about B.C. 336-270. LYSISTEATUS, Greek sculptor; said to have first taken a cast of the human face, about B.C. 324. LYSONS family : Daniel, m.d., of Bath; published "Essays ou Ftver," 1772 . ... (/. 1800 Daniel, l.rev., nephew, topogra]iher ; V. about 1760 ; published " Environs of London" 1792-1811 With his brother Samuel, edited " Magna Bri- tannia," 1806, ct seq. . . . ei. 3 Jan. 1834 Samuel, brother ; &. 1763 ; published '' Roman An- tiquities at Wooduhester," &c., 1797 ; " Mosaic Pavements," 1801 . . d. 10 April 1819 LYTB, Henry, hotauist; i. 1529; published *' Translation of Dodoens' History of Plants," 1578 ; d. 1607. LYTTELTON, George, lord, poet and states- man; h. 17 Jan. 1709; published ''Letters from a Persian," 1733; ''Observations on the Conversion of St. Paul,'''^ 1747; "Dialogues of the Dead," 1760; " Poetical Works," 1785; "History of Henry II.," 1764-7; created a peer, 18 Nov. 1756; d. 22 Aug. 1773. His son, Thomas; d. (haviug, it is said, been warned of his approaching end in a dream), 27 Nov. 1779. LYTTELTON, George ■William, lord, Greek scholar ; b. 31 March 1817 ; under secretary for the colonies, Jan. — July 1846 ; member of endowed schools commission, 1869-74 ; principal of Queen's College, Birmingham, 1845; published (with W. E. Gladstone), "Translations," 1863; "Ephemera," 1864 ; d. by suicide while insane, 19 April 1876. LYTTON", see Sulwer. LYTTON, Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton, lord Lyttou (" Owen Meredith"), son of lord Lytton ; 4. 8 Nov. 1831; entered diplomatic service, 1849; jmblished " Clytemnestra and Minor Poems," i8s5; "tie Wanderer," 1859; "Lucile," i860; "Poems," 1867; succeeded his father, 18 Jan. 1873 ; ambassador at Lisbon, Dec. 1874; viceroy of India, Jan.; took oath at Calcutta, 12 April 1876. LYTTON, Eosina, lady, novelist ; daughter of Francis Wheeler; married first lord Lytton, 29 Aug. 1827 ; published "Bianca Capello," 1843; "BeWnd the Scenes," i8m; "Very Success- ful," 1858, &c. LYVEDEN, see rernon-Smith. M. MAAN, Jean, French theologian; published " History of the Church of Tours," 1667. MAAS, Dutch painters : Nicolaas ; h. 1632 ; fZ. Dec. 1693 ; DiHCK ; i. n Sept. 1656; d. about I/IS- MABELLINI, Giovanni Battista Carlo (abbe Mablin), Italian scholar; b. 5 June 1774; left Turin, and settled at Paris, 1807 ; published a Me- moir proposing blank verse in French, 1815 ; d. 13 Aug. 1834. MABILLON, Jean, French Benedictine ; b. 23 Nov. 1632 ; published " de Ee Diplomatici," 1681 ; "de^Liturgia Gallicani," 1685; "Annales Ordinis S. Benedicti," 1703-39; edited St. Bernard's Works, 1667; d. 27 Dee. 1707. MABLY, Gabriel Bonnet de, French publicist ; b. 14 March 1709; published " ParaUele des Eo- mains et des Frarajais, par rapport an Gonverne- ment," 1740; "Entretiens de Phocion," 1763; d. 23 AprU, 1785. MABOUL, Jacques, French bishop and orator ; b. about 1650; d. 21 May 1723; his " Oraisous Funebres," published 1749. MABUSE, Jan van (real name, Gossaert), Flemish painter ; patronised by Henry TIL of Eng- land, the dukes of Burgundy, &c.; b. about 1499 ; d. about 1562. MACADAM, John Loudon, Scotch magis- trate; b. 1756 ; published " Practical Essay on the Eepairand Preservation of Public Eoads, ' 1816; employed to improve the Bristol road, 1819; re- ceived £10,000 from parliament ; made surveyor of the metropolitan roads, 1827 ; d. 26 Nov. 1836. MACAEDELL, James, Irish mezzotint en- gi-aver; b. 1728; d. i June 1765. MACAEIUS jEgyptius, St.; b. about 300; wi-ote " Spiritual Homilies ; " retired to the wilder- ness about 330 ; d. about 390. MACAEIUS Alexandrinus, St., the younger; b. about 304; retii-ed into the wilderness about 33^; d. about 394 or 404; wi-ote " Regula Monachorum." . MACARTNEY, George Macartney, earl ; Irish diplomatist; b. 14 May 1737; sent to Russia ; made a treaty, disavowed by the British, 176s ; published "Account of the Russian Embassy," 1767; governor of the Antilles, 1775; of Madras, 1781 ; sailed as ambassador to China, Dec. 1792 ; received by the emperor, 14 Sept. 1793; returned to England, 26 Sept. 1794; created earl, 1794; governor of the Cape, 1797 ; d. 31 March 1806. MACAULAY, Mrs. Catharine, republican histonan; b. 1733; published "History of Eng- land," 1763-83; "Modest Plea for Copyright," 1 774; " Letters on Education," 1790 ; d. 22 June 1791. MACAULAY, Thomas Babington, lord (son of Zachary), historian, critic, and poet; b. 2^ Oct 1800; d. 28 Dec. 1859. At 'Trinity College, Cambridge, 1818-24 : barrister 1826 Wrote many articles in " Edinburgh Review," and other periodicals, 1825-34 ; M-p. for Calne, 1830 ■ defended the reform bill . 2 March ifi^t Member of supreme council in India . iSi/s Secretaiy at war . i8io .11 Paymaster-general . . ' ' ,|v M. P. for Edinburgh . ' ' ,slo-7 ■ isf "e Created a peer as lord Macaulay of Eothley Sept. i8.;7 Published " Lays of Ancient Home," 1842- "His- tory of England," 1849-61 ; " Critical Essays." 1850; Dpceches," 1853. MAOAULAY 367 MACDONALD M ACAULAY, Zachary, zealous abolitionist of slaveiy; l>. 1768; d. 13 May 1838. MACBETH, king of Scotland, usurper ; about 1039 ; killed about 1056. jMACBEIDE, David, M.D., Irish physician; b. 26 April 1726; published " Experimental Essays on l-'ixed Air, &c.," 1764; " Theory and Practice of Medicine," 1772; d. 13 Dec. 1778. MACBRIDE, John David, d.c.l., orientalist; li. 1778 ; priacipal of Magdalen Hall, and Lord Almoner's reader in Arabic, 1813; published " Diatesseron ; Lectures," 1847; "Mabommedan Eeligion explained and confuted," 1857 ; d. 24 Jan. 1868. MACCAB.35I, brothers, Jewish priests and governors : Judas, defeated Nicanor and the Syrian anny, B.C. 165 ; defeated Lysias, 164 ; entered Jerusalem, and purified the temple, 163 ; made alliance with the Romans ; defeated by Bacchides and slain . 160 Jonathan, his hrotlier, succeeded ; supported Alex- ander Balas against Deiuetiius Soter, 152 ; fell into the power of Tryphon, and Icilled . 144-3 Simon, brother ; declared for Demetrius ; confirmed high priest, 144 ; his sons defeated the army of Antiochus VII., 137 ; murdered by his son-in-law Ptolemy, governor of Jericho . . . 135 MACCABE, 'WiUiam Bernard, Irish historian and novelist ; b. 23 Nov. 1801 ; published " Catho- lic History of England," 1848-54; "Bertha," a romance, 1851; "AgnesAmold," i86o;"Florine," 1873- McCARTHY, Denis Florence,' Irish poet: I), about 1820; published "Ballads," &c., 1850: ' ' Under Glimpses " and the " Bell-founder," 1857 ; pensioned 1871. McCarthy, Justin, Wsh journalist and novelist; i. Nov. 1830; contributed to Westminster and Fortnightly Eeviews, &c. ; published " Water- dale Neighbours," 1867 ; " Lady Judith," 1871 ; &c. MACCAETHY, Nicolas de, eloquent French preacher; I/, at Dublin, 19 May 1769; d. 3 May 1833- MACCAUL, Alexander, b.d., Hebraist; b. 1 799 ; published " Old Paths ; or. Modem Judaism compared," 1837; "Plain Sermons," 1840; "He- hrew Grammar," 1847 ; d. i^ Nov. 1863. MACCHI, Mauro, liberal ItaKan publicist ; b. 1818; greatly promoted the arts, manufactures, and commerce; supported the French alliance in iis writings ; founded the journal "Italia," 1850. MACCHIAVELLI, or Machiavelli. !Nicolo di Bernardo dei,'; Florentine historian and phHosopher ; b. 3 May 1469 ; d. 22 June 1527. Secretary to the Florentine republican government July 1498-1512 Sent on mission to Rome, Oct. 1603 ; to Paris, 1504 : to the emperor Maximilian . , 1507 35xiled through a revolution . . . . 1512 Lived in poverty and neglect . . .15146(562. Published "-A.rte della Guerra," printed 1521 ; " La Mandragola," 1523; " il Principe," 1531 ; "Istorie Florentine," 1540. M'CLELLAN, George B., American general; J. 3 Dec. 1826. Distinguished in the Mexican war . . 1846-8 A surveyor for the North Pacific railway . 1S53-4 "Went to the Crimea and drew up a report on the organisation of European armies .... 1855 Appointed commander of the army of the Potomac July 1861 Foiled in his plans before Richmond by Lee June 1862 Checlted the confederates in the indecisive battle of Antietam 17 Sept. „ Superseded by Burnside ... 5 Nov. „ Proposed candidate for the presidentship Sejit. 1864 Resigned his commission ... 8 Nov. „ Published " Report on the Army of the Potomac " ,, MACCLESFIELD, Thomas Parker, earl of, lawyer; b. 23 July, 1666; chief justice of queen's bench, 13 March 1710; lord chancellor, 12 May 1718; earl of Macclesfield, 5 Nov. 1721; resigned 4 Jan. 1725 ; impeached by the commons, 12 Feb. 172^; tried for corruption; fined, May 1725; d. 28 A\nil 1732. .M'CLINTOOK, sir Francis Leopold, Irish ad- mu-al; b. 1819 ; discovered remains of sir John Franklin and his companions, May 1859 ; published "Narrative of the'Yoyage of the "Fox," Dec. 1859; Imighted, i860. McCLOSKEY, John , American u.c. bi.shop; b. 20 March 1810; priest, Jan. 1834; pastor of St. Joseph, New York, 1841 ; coadjutor of Dr. J. Hughes, bishop of New York, 1844; inaugurated 2nd archbishop, 20 Aug. 1864 ; instituted a seminary at New York ; created cardinal priest, 15 March 1875 ' installed at Home, 30 Sept. 1875. MACCLUEE, sir Eobert John le Mesurier, captain, K.N., Irish navigator ; b. 28 Jan. 1807 : d. 8 Oct. 1873. Served as volunteer with Sir James Ross, sent in search of Sir John Franldin June 1848— Nov. 1849 As captain of the " Investigator " sailed 20 Jan. 1850 n-ozen in 30 Sept. ,, During an excursion discovered an entrance (Prince of Wales' Strait) into Barrow's Straits (viz., a north-west passage) .... 26 Oct. ,, After many privations abandoned his ship 3 June 1853 Returned to England . ■ . . Sept. 1854 Received 5,000!. for his discovery, and knighted . 1855 MACCORMICK, American machinist; b. about 1800 ; received medal for his reaping ma- chine at Paris exhibition, 1855. McCOSH, rev. James, b.d., Scotch philoso- pher ; b. 1811 ; minister of Arbroath, 1835 ; of free church, 1843; professor at Belfast college, 1851; went to America ; president of New Jersey college, Princeton, 1868 ; published " Typical Foi-ms," 1856; "Intuition of the Mind," &c. MACCOVIUS, see Makowslci. M'CEIE, Thomas, D.D., Scotch minister; b. Nov. 1772 ; published " Life of John Knox," 1813 ; "Life of Andrew Melville," 1819; " History of the Refoi-mation in Italy," 1827 ; d. 5 Aug. 1835. M'CULLOCH, Horatio, k.s.a., Scotch land- scape painter; b. 1819; painted "Mist rising off the Mountains," 1861 ; d. 15 June 18(17. MACOULLOCH, John, geologist; b.b Oct. 1773 ; published " Highlands and Western Islands of Scotland," 1824; "Geological Classification of Ilocks," 1821 ; " System of Geology," 1831 ; d. 21 Aug. 1835. M'CULLOCH, John Kamsay, Scotch political economist ; b. I Mai-ch 1789 ; professor at the Lou- don University, 1828-32 ; controller of the stationery office, 1838; published "Principles of Political Economy, ' 1825; " Dictionary of (Jommerce," 1832; " Statistical Account of the British Empire," 1837 ; " Dictionary of Geography," 1842 ; d.ii Nov. 1804. MACDIAEMID, John, Scotch wi-iter; b. jyjg; published " Inquiry into the Military Defence of Great Britain," 1803 ; " Lives of British statesmen," 1807 ; d. 7 April 1808. MACDONALD, Andrew, Scotch dramatist; i. about 1755; -wrote "Velina," 1782; "Vimonda," a tragedy; cj. Aug. 1790. MACDONALD 368 MACHAULT MACDONALD, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alex- andre, dulse of Tarento, French marshal ; b. I" Nov. 1765; d. 24 Sept. 1840. Gener.Tl of brigade under Pichegi'u in Holland . 1795 Served in Germany and Italy .... 1796-8 Defeated the Neapolitans at CivitA Castellana, Dec. 1798 Entered Naples .... March 1799 Defeated by Suwarrow at the Trebbia 17 June „ Supported Bonap.arte in the revolution of Bni- niaire 9 Nov. ,, Disgraced as an active friend of Moreau . June 1804 Recalled to service ; distinguished himself in Ger- many July 1809-13 Interceded for Napoleon with the allies . Feb. 1814 Accepted the restoration ; declined to rejoin Napo- leon March 1815 Chancellor of the Legion of Honour 1815-31 MACDONALD, Flora ; helped prince Charles Edward to escape, April 1746; imprisoned in the Tower of Loudon, 1745-9; d. 1790. MACDONALD, George, Scotch poet and novelist; i. 1825; educated at Aberdeen; became an independent minister ; retired and devoted him- self to literature ; published " "Within and "With- out," a dramatic poem, 185^; " David Elgiubrod," 1862; "Annals of a Quiet Neighbourhood," 1866; "The Seaboard I'arish," 1868; "Malcolm," 1874; "St. George and St. Michael," 1875 ; &c. MACDONALD, John, miUtary writer; i. 1759; published "Experienced Officer," 1804; " Tele- graphic Dictionary," 1816; d. 16 Aug. 1831. McDonald, sir John, Canadian statesman; b. 1815; attoniey general, 1854— May, 1862; minister of militia, 1862; attorney general, I864; premier, 1869 ; accused of tampering with elections; in connection with railways ; resigned, Nov. 1873. M'DOWELL, Irvin, American federal general; b. about 1818 ; defeated at Manassas or Bull Kun 21 July 1861 ; superseded by M'Clellan ; censured for not supporting him before llichmond, June — Aug. 1862; dismissed Sept. 1862. MACDOWELL, Patrick, k.a., Irish sculptor ; b. 12 Aug. 1799; exhibited "Love Triumphant," 1844; " Cupid and Psj'che," and "Eve," 1849; "Admiral Exmouth," 1846; "Day Dream," 1853; gi'oup^of "Europa" for Albert Memorial, Hyde park;'E.A., 1846; d. 9 Dec. 1870. MACE, Francjois, French theologian ; b. about 1640; ])ublished " Abrcge Historique " Of the Bible, 1704; d. 5 Feb. 1721. MACE, Thomas, musician ; b. 1613; published " Musik's Monument," 1676; d. 1709. MACEDO DE, Portuguese scholars, brothers: FuANCisco, prolific writer ; 6. 1596 . d. i May 1681 Aktonio, Jesuit ; b. 1612 ; sent to instinict Chris- tina of Sweden ; published his eulogium of her, 1650 ; " Lusitania infulata et purpurata," 1663 d, 15 July 1693 MACEDO, Jose Agostinho de, Portuguese poet|; b. about 1770I; published " Os Sebastianistas," a satire, 1810; " Gama," 1811; published as " Oriente," an epic, 1814; d. Sept. 1831. MACEDONIUS I-, 11., patriarchs of Con- stantinople ; 1. elected with much opposition and bloodshed, 342 ; cruelly persecuted his opponents, 350 ; de- posed by the influence of Acacius, 360 ; founded a sect termed Macedonians ; coirdenuied at the council, Constantinople, 381 ; d. soon after. 2. elected, 488 : deposed for maintaining the autho- rity of the council of Chalcedon, about 512 d. in exile 516 MACEDONIUS CiiitEOPHAGUS ("barley- eater ' ') ascetic ; lived forty-five years in a pit, and twenty-five years in a hut ; interceded for the seditious Ephesians, 387. MACEE, jEmilius, Latin poet; d, B.C. 16. MACEE, Caius Licinius, Eoman orator and annalist ; impeached by Cicero ; committed suicide, B.C. 66. MACEE, Clodius, governor of Africa ; assumed empire at the death of Nero ; put to death by Galba, 68. MACFAELANE, Eohert, Scotch writer; b. 1734; published "History of George III.," 1770; d. 8 Aug. 1804. MACEAEEEN, George Alexander, Mus.D., musical composer; b. 2 March 1813 ; composed operas: "Don Quixote," 1846; " Itobin Hood," 1860; " Shalvspeare Songs," 1860-4; " J^I'^y l^iyi" &c., oratorios ; " St. John the Baptist," Oct. 1873 ; "The Resim-ection," Ang. 1876; published "Lec- tures on Harmony," 1867 ; &c.; jirofessor of music, Cambridge, 16 March 1875. McGHEE, Thomas Darcy, Irish politician ; b. 13 April 1825 ; d. 7 April 1868. Emigrated to Boston, U.S., 1842 ; retumed to Ire- land ; johied the " Nation ;" o]iposed O'Connell 1849 Returned to America; went to Canada; m.p. for Montreal .... . . 1857 President of executive council . . . 1864-7 Promoted union of the N. American colonies . 1864-7 Published "Lives of Irish "U^riters," 1846: "Irish Letters," 1852; "Popular History of Ireland," 1862 ; " Canadian Ballads " 1858 MACGILLIVEAY, "William, Scotch natural- ist; "Manual of Geology," published 1839 ; "Natural History of Deesi'de," 1855; ''■5 Sept. 1852. MACGEEGOE, John, Scotch political econo- mist; b. 1797; d. 23 April 1857. Published "British America" . . . 1832 Engaged at the Board of Trade . 1840-7 Elected M. p. for Glasgow 1847 Published "Progress of America," 1847; "His- tory of British Empire " . . 1852 Established the British Bank . 1849 Ruined by its failure . 3 Sept. 1856 MACGEEGOE, John, traveller in canoes; b. 24 Jan. 1825; educated at Dublin; began to write for "Punch," 1845; travelled in Europe and America ; barrister, 1851 ; made his first canoe voyage, 1865 ; published " Thousand Miles in the Kdb Hoy Canoe," 1866 ; travelled in a new canoe (weight 70 lbs.) ; published " Eob Eoy in the Baltic," 1872; " Hob Hoy on the Jordan," 1869. M'HALE, John, D.D , Roman Catholic arch- bishop of Tuam; b. 1791; published "Evidences and Doctrines of the Catholic Church," 1827 ; arch- bishop, 8 Aug. 1834; "The Iliad," with Irish translation, i85i ; " Irish Melodies " (in Irish), &c. MACHANIDAS, tyrant of Lacedajmon; de- feated and slain by PHlopocmen and the Acha;ans, E.c. 207. MACHAULT, French Jesuits: Jean ee ; li. 25 Oct. 1561 ; published severe criti- cisms on De Thou's History, (compelled to emit France) ... .... 1614 Jean Baptiste de, nephew ; b. 1591 d, 22 May 1640 Jacques de, brother ; b. 1600 ; published " de Mis- sionibus Paraguarise et aliis," 1636; "de Rebus Japouicis." 1646 . . . . d. 1680 MACHAULT 3S9 MACLISE MACHAULT, Jean Baptiste, seigneur d' Amoii- •s'ille, Frenuh financier; b. 13 Deo. 1701 ; d. 12 July 1794- ^Vppointecl cnntroller-geiieral of finance 8 Oct. 1745 Issiipd an edict ufmnrtmain .... 1747 ITeiilaced the tax of the tenths by one of twentieths, as a sinking fund Maj' 1749 XJis plans negatived ; exchanged his office for that of the marinej 28 Aug. 1754 ; retired, i Feb. 1757 d. in prison, 12 July 1794 MACHIAVELLI, see Macchiavelli. MACHIN, John, astronomer ; published "Laws of the Moon's Motion, according to Gravity," 1729; r/. 9 June, 1751. MoILVAINB, Charles Pettit, American bishop; b. 18 Jan. 1798; professor of history, West E»oint, 1825; bishop of Oliio, 1832; published " Xectures on Evidences of Cliristianity," 1832 f above 30 editions) ; " Oxford Divinity compared ^^'^t^l that of the Roman and Anglican Churches," 1841 ; f^. 12 March 1S73. MACILWAIN, George, surgeon; b._ 1797; improved treatment of strangulated hernia (de- l^ou^cing purgatives); published " IVIedicine and Surgery one Inductive .Science," 1838; "Lectures oia l''ever," 1850; " Memoirs of J. Abernethy," 1853 and 1856; "Remarks on Vivisection," 1856; " Strangulated Hernia," &c. , 1858. MACK DE LeIBERIOH, K.arl, baron, Austrian n-encral; b. 22 Aug. 1752; defeated and talcen prisoner in Italy, 1797 ; escaped from Paris, 15 jVpiil 1800 ; defeated ; signed the capitulation at Ulni, 18 Oct. 1805 ; returned to Vienna ; condemned to death, but spared; rf. 22 Oct. 1828. MACKAENESS. John Ficldcn, D.D.; b. 3 T)l'C. 1820; vicar of Tardebigge, 1845 : rector of lloniton, 1855 ; bisliop of O.xford, Dec. 1869. jMACKAT, Andrew, general ; in service of prince of Or.inge, 1688; defeated by Drmdee (whov.as killed) at Kiliiekrankie, 27 July 1689; helped to ^r:, in victory at Aughrim, 12 July 1691 ; killed at S tceukirk, 24 July 1692. MACKAY, Charles, ll.d., Scotch poet and journalist; b. 1814; published "Extraordinary ropular Delusions," 1841 ; " Poetical Works," iSq?; " Gouty Philosopher," 1862; "Voices from tlic Crowd ;" "Under the Blue Sky," 1871 ;" Forty Years' EecoUections," Dec. 1876; &c. MACKENZIE, sir Alexander, Scotch travel- ler ; li- about 1760; explored the e.^itreme north- west America, 1784; discovered the Mackenzie's river, 29 June 1789; published "Voyages from Montreal to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans, 1789- 93," 1801 ; d. 1820. MACKENZIE, Charles Fraser, missionary bishop of Central Africa ; b. 1825 ; consecrated, 1S60; indured much privation ; d. 31 Jan. 1862. MACKENZIE, sir George, Scotch jurist and historian; b. 1636; as a judge severe against the Covenanters; published " lleligio Stoica," 1663; " Institutions of the Laws of Scotland," 1684; d. 2 May 1691. MACKENZIE, George, eari of Cromarty, statesman; b. about 1631 ; supporterof James II., 1688; took office under Anne, 1702; published "Vindication of Eobert III.," 1695; d. 1714. MACKENZIE, Henry, Scotch lawyer and novelist ; b. Aug. 1745; published " Man of Feel- in" " 1771 ; " ^^" °^ ^^^ "World," 1773 ; " Julia de Rouhigne," 1777; d. 14 Jan. 1831. MACKENZIE, Henry, d.d., b. 16 May 1808 ; held various country livings ; vicar of St. Martin's- iu-the-Fields, 1848 ; archdeacon of Nottingham, 1866; consecrated bishop suiTrng.an of Nottingham, 2 Feb. 1870; published "Commentary on the Gospels and Acts," 1847, &c. MACKENZIE, Joshua Henry, lord Mackenzie, Scotch judge; b. 1777; lord of session, 1822-51 ; d. 17 Nov. 1851. MACKET, John, political agent; followed James II. to France, as spy, 1688; published "Picture of the Court of St. Germain," 1695; "Memoirs of the Court of England," printed 1733; d. 172.6. MACKINNON, William, m.p., lustorian ; b. 1789 ; published " History of Civilisation," 1846 ; d. 30 April 1870. MACKINTOSH, sir James, Scotch philosopher and historian ; b. 24 Oct. 1765; d. 30 May 1832. Recorder of Bombay 1804-ir M.P. for Nairn ; friend of Canning, Eoiiiiliy, ifec. . i8iz Professor of law at Haileybury . . 1818-24 Wrote " Histoiy of the English Revolution, 16S8," imhlishcd ........ 1834 Published " Travels," 1782 ; " Vindicia; Gallicai," a defence of tlie French revolution (against Burke), 1791; "Discourse on the Law of Nature and Nations " (delivered at Lincoln's Inn) 1799 MACKLIN (MACLATJGHLIN), Charles, Irish dramatist and actor ; b. I May 16^0; eminent as Shylock, 14 Feb. 1741 ; wrote " Man of the World," and "Love a la Mode," 1773 ; d. \i July 1797. MACKNIGHT, James, Scotch theologian ; b. 1721 ; published "Harmon}' of the Gospels," 1756; "Truth of the Gospel History shewed," 1763; d. Jan. 1800. MACLAINE, Arclub;ad, Irish theologian ; b. 1722 ; publisbed translation of Mosheim's " Eccle- siastical History," 1764; "Letters to Soauie Jenyns," 1777; d. 25 Nov. 1804. MACLAEEN, Archibald, Scotch dramatist ; b. 2 J[ay 1755; published "the Conjuror," 1781 ; "Siege of Perth," 1801 ; d. — . MACLAEEN, Charies Scotch journalist ; b. 1782 ; established, with W. Eitchie, and edited, the " Scotsman," 1817-47 ; published " Treatise on the Topography of Troy," 1822; d. 10 Sept. i866. MACLAUEIN, Colin, Scotch mathematician ; b. Feb. 1698; apphed Descartes' analytical geome- try to geometric curves ; pubUshed ' ' Geometrica Oi-gauica," 1720; " Sj'stem of Fluxions," 1742; d. 14 June 1746. IiIACLAmElIN, John, lord Dreghom (son of Colin), Scotch judge; b. Dec. 1734; lord of session, 1787-96; published "Considerations on Literary Property," 1767; "Remarkable Cases before Su- preme Couits of Scotland," 1774; d. 1796. MACLEAN, Mrs., see Zandon. MACLEOD, John, Scotch surgeon ; b. 1782 ; published his " Voyage in Africa " (in 1803), 1820 ; " Vovage of the Alceste and her Shipwreck," 1818; d. 9 Nov. 1S20. MACLEOD, Norman, Scotch d.d. ; b. 3 Nov. 1812 ; moderator of the assembly, iS6g; minister of Barony parish, Glasgow, 1851 ; travelled in North America, 1850; Palestine, 1864; India, 1867; published " Earnest Student," 1847; "The Highland Parish," 1867; "Peeps at the East," 1871; first editor of " Good Words," 1860-72; d. 16 June 1872. MACLISE, Daniel, k.a., Irish painter; b. 25 Jan. 1811; K.A., 1841 ; as " Alfred Croquis" con- MACLOUGHLIN 070 MADISON tributed character portraits to " Fraser'sMagazine," 1830-8; exhibited " Mokanna," 1833; "Banquet of Macbeth," 1840: "Scene in Hamlet," 1841 ; "Ordeal by Touch," 1846; " Shakspearc's Seven Ages," 1847; "Marriage of Strongbow," 185^; "Story of the Norman Conquest" (drawings), 1857 ; cartoons in the house of lords, &c. ; d. 25 April 1870. MACLOUGHLIN, David, m.d. ; b. in Canada, 28 Aug. 1786; educated in Edinburgh; served in peninsular war, 1809, et seq. ; and with army of occupation in France, till i8l8; published pam- phlets asserting that cholera is not an idiopathic disease, but the last stage of dian-hoea, and that there is no " enthetic disease " (syphilis), 1863-9; cl. 26 Feb. 1870. MACMAHON, Marie Echne Pati-ice Maurice, comte de, due de Magenta, French marshal ; h. 28 Nov. 1808. X)i.stinjuislied liimself in Africa . . 1S33-47 Captm-ed the Malakhoff near Sebastopol 8 Sept. 1855 Commander of the army in Algeria Aug. I858 Helped to gain the victory of Magenta 4 June 1859 Governor of iVlgeria Se]it. 1864 Commanded first army coriJS at Strasburg ; de- feated at Worth ... 6 Aug. 1870 Wounded and prisoner at Sedan . i Sept. ,, Placed in ehief command of the army March 1871 Elected president of the French republic, 24 May ; for seven years . 20 Nov. 1873 MACMILLAN, rev. Hugh, Scotch ll.d. ; h. 17 Sept. 1833 ; free church minister, 1859 ; pub- lished " Bible Teachings in Nature," 1866; "First Forms of Vegetation," "Ministry of Nature," 1871 ; &c. MACMUEDO, major-general William, I. 1819; served in India, 1837 ; daring at Meeanee, 17 F'eb. 1843; inspector-general of volunteers, 1859-66. MACNAB, sb- Allan, Canadian statesman ; h. 1798; knighted for services against the insur- gents, 1838; baronet, 1856; d. 8 Aug. 1862. MACNAGHTEN, su- William; h. about 1794; envoy at Cabul, 1839; murdered there, 25 Dec. 1841. MACNALLT, Leonard, Irish lawyer and di-a- matist; b. 1752; published "Robin Hood," 1775; "Kules of Evidence," 1803 ; d. 1820. MACNEE, sir Daniel, Scotch portrait painter ; b. 4 June 1806 or 1807 ; exhibited in Koyal Scottish Academy, 1826, lord Brougham, Dr. Wardlaw, &c. ; elected president of the Royal Scottish Academy, 9 Feb. 1876 ; knighted, 28 July 1876. MACNEILE, very rev. Hugh; b. 1795; dean of Ripon, 1868 ; published " Lectures on the Jews," 1842; " the Church and Churches of Christ," 1847 ; "the Adoption and other Sermons," 1864; resigned Oct. 1875. MACNISH, Robert, Scotch physiologist ; b. 15 Feb. 1802; published " Anatomy of Dmnkenness, 1827; "Philosophy of Sleep," 1830; d. 16 Jan. i«37- MACPHER80N, James, Scotch poet; }. 1738; published "the Highlander," 1758; "Frag- ments of Ancient Poetry collected in the Highlands," 1760; " Fingal," and "Temora" (poems attri- buted to Ossian), 1762-63; d. 17 Feb. 1796. MACQUEE, PhiUppe, French writer ; b. 15 Feb. 1720; published anonymously "Abrege de I'Histoire Ecclosiastique," 1751-57; d. 27 Jan. 1770. MACQTJEE, Pierre Joseph, French chemist (brother of Philippe); Jj. 9 Oct. 1718; improved porcelain manufacture at Sevres; published " Ele- mens de Chimie," 1749-51 ; A. 15 Feb. 1784. MACEEADY, William Charies, tragedian; b. 3 March 1793; appeared at Covent Garden, 16 Sept. r8l6 ; narrowly escaped death in a riot at a theatre in New York, 10 May 1849 ; manager of Covent G.arden Theatre, 1837-38 ; Dmry Lane, 1841 ; farewell at Drury Lane, 26 Feb. 1851 ; settled at Sherborne ; removed to Cheltenham, i860; d. 27 ApiH 1873. MACEET, Charles Francois Adrien, French engraver; b. 1750; d. Dec. 1783. MACEIANUS, father and son, generals under Valerian, in Egypt, 260 ; assumed the purple ; slain by Aurcolus, 262. MACEINUS, Opelius, Roman emperor; b. 164; succeeded Caracalla, II April 217; defeated by Artabanus, the Parthian, near Nisibis ; made ignoble peace, 217; defeated by the aimyofEla- gabulus near Antioch, and slain soon after, 6 Juno 218. MACEINUS, Salmoneus (Jean Salmon), French Latm poet; published "Hymni," 1540; d. 1557- MACEO, Najvius Sertorius, prffitorian, prefect under Tiberius ; befriended Caligula, but put to death liy l™i7 38- MACEOBIUS, Latin grammarian ; Avroto " Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII.," " Coni- mentarius e,^ Cicerone," &c., about 420. MADACH, Emerich, Hungarian poet; d. 4 Oct. 1864. MAD AN, rev. Martin; }. 1726; published " Thelyphthora " (against seduction, permittinij polygamy), 1 780- 1 ; d. May 1 790. MADDEN, sir Frederick, archajologist ; b. 1800; knighted, 1832; keeper of manuscripts at British Museum, 1837-66; edited " Havelock the Dane," 1828; "Illuminated Oiaiaments," 1833; " Layamon's Brut," 1847 ; (mth Josiah Forshall) "Holy Bible, by J. Wyclifie and his followers," 1850 ; d. 8 March 1873. MADDEN, Richard Robert, Ii-ish surgeon and writer ; b. \ 798 ; employed by government in sup- pression of the slave trade, 1833, et scq. ; publislicd " Memoir of the Countess of Blessington," 1S55 ; " Life and Times of the United Irishmen," 18^8- 60 ; " History of Irish Periodical Literatm'e," 1867, &c. MADDEN, Samuel, Irish writer; h. 1687; pubUshed "Memoirs of the XXth century" (imaginary), 1733; ^- 3° Dee. 1765. MADEENO, Carlo, Ihiliim architect; I. 1556; employed at Rome by Paul V. ; d. 1629. MADEENO, Stcfano, Lombard sculptor; b. 1576; d. 1636. MADIAI, Florentine family; imprisoned for reading the Bible at Florence, May 1852; released by British interposition, March 1853. MADISON, James, 4th president of the United States; b. 16 March 1751 ; member of the conven- tion of Virginia, 1776; urgent defender of religious freedom, 1784-6; and of state rights, 1801; pre- sident, 1809-17; d. 30 June 1S36. MADLEE 371 MAGNUS mM j^I^LEE, Johann Ileinrich, German astrono- 'ei'; b. 2Q jlay 1734; witli Beer published ' Mappe Seleuographiea," 1834-6; "Popular Asti'oiiomy," 1841; " Histoiy of Astronomy," 1873; cJ, 14 March 1874. MADOX, Isaac, bishop of Worcester; b. 1697; published "Viadicatiou of the Church of England," 1733; d. 27 Sept. 1759. MADOX, Thomas, antiquary; published "For- niiulare Auglicum, or a CoUertion of Chiirters," 1702; " History of the Exchequer," 1711 ; "Firma IBurgi," 1726; " Baronia Anglica," 1736; d. about 1735- M^OENAS, Caius Cilnius, Eoman states- inan ; friend of Augustus, and patron of Horace and b. about vicegerent of Ciusar in 56 ; retii-ed from public life between 21 and -Virgil Sicily, 16; rf. ». MAELZEL, Johuauu Neporauk, German ma- cliinist; b, 15 Aug. 1772 ; invented the metronome, incorrectly attributed to his brother Leonhard, 1815 ; d. Aug. 1838. MAELZEL, Leonhard, German maehiuist ; h. 1776; invented a pauharmouicon, a inu.sical in- strument imitating an orchestra, 1805; an autom;i- ton chess-player, iSig; d. 5 Sept. 1S55. MAES, Godefroy, Belgian painter; h. Aug. 1649; d. 30 May 1700. See Jlaas. ]y[_35SA, Julia, sister of Julia Domna, and mother of Julia Mamnixa ; d. about 225. M.33STLI1S', Michael, German astronomer ; nraster of Kepler; b. about 1550; published "Epi- tome Astronouiia'," 1582; d. 20 Dec. 1631. MAFFEI, Francesco Scipione, marchesc di, Iliilian archxologist and poet; b. I June 1675 ; pub- lished " Merope," a tragedy, 1714; " llime e Prose," 1719; "Istoria Uiplumatica," 1727; " Verona lUustrata," 1731-2; d. II Feb. 1755. MAEFET, Giovanni Pietro, Italian Jesuit, his- torian ; l>- iSSfi ; published " Vita Ignatii Loyola'," 1^85; ''Historia; ludica;," 15S8 ; rf. 20 Oct. 1603. MAFFEI, llafaello, Volterrano, Italian scholar ; b. 1451; wrote " Commeutaria Urbani ; " d. 25 Jan. 1521. MAGALHAENS, Fernando do, Portugue.'se navisator ; b- about 1470 ; embarked on his voyage rciund the world, 3 Sept. 1519; passed the .straits bearin"' his name, and entered the Pacific Ocean, 2- Nov. 1520; killed in a conflict with Indians, 17 IprU 1521. MAGALOTTI, Lorenzo, conte di, Italian Avriter; 4. 13 Dec. 1637; published "Saggidi Na- tural! Esperienzefattenell' .Vccademiadel Cimento," 1666; "Lettere Familiari" (against atheists), 1701;' rf- 2 March 1712. MAGANZA, Italian painters : GiovakI^i Battista, Ttiillaii painter and poet ; h 1509; pul3l)Sli<;d "Rime," 1558 iJ. 1589 -^tEJsSANDBO, son ; li. 1556 . . <(. 1630 Giovanni Battista, sou ; !). 1577 . . ((. 1617 MAGATIi Cesare, Italian monk, physician ; b --- blished " de Kara Medications Vulnerum,'' 1579;!™' ^ 1B16; d. 1647 MAGEE "William, archbishop of Dublin i [-(jC ; published " Scriptm-al Doctrines of the ' ■ ' ^ " 1801 ; bishop of Kaphoe, 1819; arch- d. 18 Aug. 1831. Atonement, bishop, 182 MAGEE, William Connor, Irish bishop, grand- son of archbishop Magee; b. 1821 ; dean of Cork, 18O6; consecrated bishop of Peterborough, 1868; published " Lectures on the Sabbath Uuestiou," "Lectures on Auricular Confession," &o. MAGELLAN, see Magalhacus. MAGENDIE, Francois, French physiologist ; b. 15 Oct. 1783; experimented on lii-ing animals, 1809; went to Sunderland to study cholera, 1831 ; made discoveries respecting the nei-vous system, completing su- Charles Bell's ; published "Leijoiis sur les Phenomenes de la Vie," 1836-8; " Lecons sur le Systeme Nerveux," 1839; f/.8 0ct. 1855. MAGGI, Carlo Maria, Italian poet; b. 8 Maj- 1630; d. 22 April 1699. MAGGI, Girolamo, Italian engineer; wrote " de Tintinnabulis ; " entered Venetian service; taken by the Turks and killed, 27 March 1572. MAGGIO, Franceseo Maria, Italian scholar and linguist; b. 1612; published "Syntagmata Linguarum OrientaUum," 1643; d. 12 June 16S6. MAGHEOGAN, James, Irish priest and his- torian; b. 1702; published "History of Ireland," 1758-63; d. 30 March 1764. MAGINI, Giovanno Antonio, Italian mathe- matician; b. 13 June 1555; opposed Copernican System; published Epbemcrides, about 15S2; d. II Feb. 1617. MAGINN, William, Iiish satirical iratcr and poet; b. 1793; -wi-ote in Blackwood's and Fniser's Magazines ; d. 20 Aug. 1842. MAGLIABECCHI, Antonio, Florentine bib- liograjdier; 4. 2g Oct. 1633; remarkable for devotion to books and neglect of all else ; became keeper of the library of the duke of Tuscany about 1673 ; d. 4 July 1714. MAGNAN, Bernard Pierre, French marshal; h. 7 Oct. 1791 ; served in the peninsula, i8og, etseq.; in Algeria, 1830 ; dismissed for negotiating with rioters at Lyons, 183 1 ; marshal, Dec. 185 1 , d. 29 May 1 865. MAGNAN, Dominique, French scholar; b. 29 May 1731 ; published " Villc de Eorae," 1763; "Miscellanea Numismatica," 1772-4; d. Aug. 1796. MAGNE, Pierre, French statesman ; b. 3 Dee. 1806; patronised by M. Fould and marshal Bugeaud; minister of public works, 1851-54; minister of finance, 1854-60; minister without portfolio, 1860-63 i minister of finance under Mac- Mahon, 24 May 1873 — June 1874. ■ MAGNENTIUS, Flavins Popilius, Eoman emperor of the West ; proclaimed emperor, 18 Jan. 350; defeated at Mursa on the Drave, 351 ; m the Cottian Alps; d, by suicide, 11 Aug. 353. MAGNI, Valeriano, Italian missionary; b. about 1587; employed diplomatieally by Urban VIII. ; made chief of the northern missions ; pub- lished "Judicium de Eegula Fidendi," 1628 and 1641 ; d. 1661. MAGNOL, Pierre, French botanist; I. 8 June 1638 ; published " Prodromus Historian Generahs Plantarum," 1689; d. 21 May 1715. MAGNON, Jean, French poet; wrote " Artax- erxe," 1645; " Sejanus,'' 1646; " Heures du Chretien," 1654; assassinated about 20 April 1662. MAGNUS, see Alberlus. B B 2 MAGNUS 372 MAHOMET fl. "by a fall 1047 io6g MAGNUS I— VIII- kings of Norway : 1. tlie Good ; 6. loiS ; king, 1036 ; ot Denmark, 1042 ..... 2. h. IO-J5 ; succeeded Harold III., 1066 3. the Barelegged : !;. about 1060 ; succeeded Olaus III., 1087 ; invaded Ireland ; killed near Dublin 24 Au,g. 1 103 4. the Blind; i. about mo; succeeded Sigur I., 26 March 1130; dethroned and blinded, 1135: restored 1136 ; killed in a naval battle 13 Nov. 1139 5. king about 1141 ^^- ^^43 6. h. 1157; king, 1162 ; dethroned; iled to Den- mark ; defeated and drowned at Forteita, 15 June 1184 7. the Law-refoiiner ; h. 1238 ; succeeded Haco V. 1262 ; made war with Scotland, 1263-6 ; beaten in war with the Danes, 1278 d- 9 May 1280 8. seeMagmiSlI.ofSweihn. MAGlSrUS I., II., of Sweden: 1. Laidulas, 6. 1240; dethroned his brother Wal- demar Crowned, taking the title of king ot the Swedes and Gotlis ; the first real northern sovereign . Put down a rebellion ot the nobles, and favoured 1276 1278 the peasantry 2. Smeck, grandson .... Elected king of Norway as Magnus YIII. Succeeded Birger III. as king of Sweden Gave Norway to his son Hacho Gave up Sweden to his son Eric Resumed the crown at his death Dethroned by his son Hacho Reigned with him .... Both dethroned, 1363 ; d. by a .shipwreck. Dec. 1290 1316 1319 1321 1344 1350 1 359 1361 1362 1374 IS54 Olaus, secretary to his brother ; pope Paul III., i';46; published MAGNUS, Swedish bishops, brothers : Johannes, Swedish historian . 6. 19 March 1488 Made archbishop of Upsal by Gustai-ns Vasa . 1522 Opposed the reformation and secularisation of church piroperty ; resisted by the king ; retired to Rome 1526 Published " Historia Gothoram Suevonunque," d. 22 March 1544 employed by 'de Gentibns Septentriunalibus," 1555 . d. 1568 MAGNUS, Heinrich Gustav, Gemian phy- sicist ; }. 2 May 1802 ; went to Stockholm ; worked under Berzelius, 1828; visited France and Eng- land, 1834; professor at Berlin, 1834; rector of the university, 1861 ; published many papers on che- mistry, magnetism, polarization by heat, &c. ; d. 4 April 1870. MAGNUS, Edouard, Gemian portrait painter; b. 7 Jan. 1799; left philosophy for painting, 1822; visited Paris and Eome ; e.xhibited at Berlin, 1826 ; professor at Berlin Academy, 1844; successful in portraits of queen of Prussia, jenny Lind, ileudels- sohn, &c. ; a. Aug. 1872. MAGNUSSON, Am, Icelandic historian; b. Nov. 1603; published " Kristni-Saga," 1771 J " Orkneyinga-Saga," 1780; d. Jan. 1730. MAGO, Carthaginian generals : 1. defeated Leptines in Sicily, B.C. 396 ; defeated by Dionysius, 392 ; and killed .... 2. brother of Hannibal ; accompanied him to Italy B.C. Sub.jugatcil Samnium Carried on the war in Spain Defeated by Scipio .... Landed in Liguria and captured Genoa . . . Defeated by Vaiais . d. of wounds 203 MAGUIRB, John Francis, Irish politician ; b. 1815 ; long proprietor and editor of " Examiner" at Cork; published "Rome and its Ruler" (for which he was knighted by the pope), jS^y-^g-Jo ; "Industrial Movement in Ireland in 1852," 1853; "Father Mathew," 1863; mayor of Cork, 1852; 1862-4; M.p. for Cork, 1865; gi'eatly promoted gi'owth of flax and linen manufacture ; «. I Nov 1872. MAGUIRB, rev. Robert, Irish clergyman ; b. 1826 ; elected vicar of Clerkenwell, 1S57 ; nominated rector of St. Olave's, Southwark, 1875 ; published Lectures on Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress," 1859; and many tracts and controversial works. MAHMUD, the Ghaznavidc, sultan of Persia, and first Mohommediin emperor of India ; b. at Ghazuee about 12 Dec. 967 ; defeated his brother Ismail, and took Ghaznec, 998; invaded and con- quered India and Persia, 1000-24; tuilt a great mosque at Ghaznee, 1019 ; d. 30 April 1030. MAHMUD I., II. (or M^moilET V., VI., sultans of Turkey : 1. son of Mustapha II. . . h. 2 Aug. i6g6 Made sultan by the Janissaries . 17 Sept. 1730 Put down tlieir rebellions with much slaughter 1731 Made peace of Envan with Persia 10 Jan. 1732 Emidoyed Bonnival to urganise his anny . ,, Frequently at war . ('. 13 Dec. 1754 2. son of Abdul- Ahmed . . . b. 20 July 1785 Succeeded his brother Mustapha IV. (murdered) 28 July 1808 JIade peace with Great Britain . . i8og His anny defeated the Russians at Silistria . ,, Made peace with Rus.sia .at Bucharest 28 M.ay 1812 Granted free navigation of the Black Sea by the treaty of Akerman .... 1826 Put down and executed Ali, p.acha of Janina 5 Feb. 1822 Slassacred the Janissaries during an insiuTcctiou, 14, 15 June ; ordered their abnlitiou 17 June 1826 Defeated in attemxit to su^ipress the Greek insur- rection 1822. ct seq. By the invasion of the Russians, compelled to aclintiwli-dge the independence of Greece Ijy the ti'caty of Adrianoide . . 14 Sejit. 1829 Instituted the order of Nischeu-Ifiik.ar 19 .\ug. 1831 Invited the aid of Russia against Melienict -\Ii in Syria, &c., Jan. ; peace of Konieh 4 May 1833 Renewed wjir with Mehcmet ; sujipurted by Eii- rox^eau iiowers ' . . 1839 d. I July ,, MAHOMED Khan, see J)ost Mahomod. MAHOMET (Mohammed) apostle of Islam ; b. at Mecca about 571 ; d. at Medina, 8 June 632. A servant of Kliadijali : married her . . 594 Announced to her I'cvelations from the angel Ga- briel, and obtained followers as a prophet . . 610 Opposed by the Koreish ; fled to Medina (" the Hegira") 15, 16 July 622 Defeated the Korcisli ; cxxicllcd tlic Jews from Medina . . .... C23 Sultdued the Koreish in the cxxtcdition of the "nations" .... . . 625 Conquered Mecca, and destroyed the idols, de- claring himself to be the aiiostlc of God • 629 Defeated the Christians at Muta . ,, Made peace with Heraclius . 630 Great increase of followers ,, Altered the calendar 383 2l8 217 207 206 . 6jo MAHOMET (:\rohiimmcd) I.-YI., sultans of Turkey : 1. son of Bajiizet .... &. aljont 1374 Carried to the mountains at the defeat of hi.s fa- ther at Angora, by Tiniour .... 1402 Fought with his brothers ; restored the Ottoriian Enijiire, 1413 ... d. 1421 2. the Con([iieror, son of Ainnrath TI. h. 1430 jSiiltan during his father's ivtirenicnt . 1442-3 Siu-ceeded him . . 8 Feb. 145 1 Took Coiistautinoijle ... 29 May 1453 Conquered Greece, and rest of the empire ^453-75 Made peace with Venice j^jg Repulsed at the siege of Rhodes, July ; took Tarento, Aug. 1480 . . ii. 3 May 1481 3. son of .\niurath III. .... ft. 1566 Succeeded him (killing all his brothers) 17 Jan. 1595 Defeated the Christian army near the Theiss 23-25 Oct. 1506 Failed at Buda, 1599 . . . ri. 22 Dec. 1603 4. son of Ibrahim ft. jg^g Succeeded (his father stmngled; liis mother i-egi^nt) ... . Aug. 1648 MAHON 373 MAINZER Suppnrted by able vizirs, tbe Kuixn-ili (gaining Candia, (fee.) 1657-76 Befriended tlio insurgent Hungarian eliief Tekeli, 1681 His anny deEoated at Raab, and at the siege of Vienna . , . . July 1683 Lost Pestli, 1684 ; 33uda . . / . . 1685 His army defeated at Mohacz , 12 Aug. 1687 Lost the Morea to Venice . . 1685 Deposed, 8 Nov. 1687 ; murdered 4 Jan. 1693 5., 6. seeil/a/miKl J., //. MAHON, see Stanhope. MAHONT, Francis, Irish Jesuit, jouraalist, and humorist, laiown as " Father Prout ;" b. 1805 ; Eoman correspondent to " Daily News," 1S47, et scq. ; d. 18 May 1866. MAHUDEL, Nicolas, French antiquary; h. 21 Nov. 1673; published "Dissertation sur les MedaUles Autiiiies d'&pagne," 1725; d. 7 March 1747- MAI, Angelo, Italian cardinal and philologist ; h. 1 March 1782; a Jesuit, 1799; employed at Amurosian library, Milan, 1814 ; Keeper of Vatican library, 1819; wliile exi-.mining palimpsests at Milan, discovered MSS. of some lost worUs of Cicero and others; published some of Cicero's orations, 1814; his "ue Eepublicil," 1822; " Si- hylhc," 1817; fragments of "Jus Civilis," 1823; made cardinal, 12 Feb. 1838 ; edited " Vctus et ]^ovum Testamentum ex Antiquissirao Codice Yaticano," pubhshed 1857; A. g Sept. 1854. ]\/£A.IANO, da (Majano), Italian sculptors and architects: Giuliano, b. about 1387; d. about 1457. Benedetto, b. about 1442; d. 1497. MAIDSTONE, Richard of, theologian; d. 1396; his " Serinones Dominicales " printed, 1494. MAIEE, Michael, German alchemist ; h. 1568 ; d. 1622; his " Arcana Arcanissima " printed, 1614; " Lusus Serius," 1616 ; " Atalanta Fugiens," i5i8. MAIGNAN, Emmanuel French mathemati- cian; h, 17 July 1601 ; published * ' Perspectiva Hora'ria," 1648; "Sacra Philosophia," 1662; d. 29 Oct. 1676. ji/fAIGBOT, Charles, French Jesuit missionary ; h. 1652 ; sent to Siam, 1681 ; to China, 1683 ; com- pelled to return, 1708 ; wrote " de Sinicii. Eeli- gione ; " d. 18 Feb. 1730. jfAIKOF, Vasali Ivanovich, Eussian poet ; b. 1725; wrote "Agrippa" and " Themista," trage- dies; d. 1778. jIAIIiATH, Janos Nepomuk, Hungarian poet and historian ; b. 14 Oct. 1786; published "Poems," 1824; "History of the Magyars," 1S28-31; "Re- cent History of the Magyars," 1854 ; d. 3 Jan. 1855. MAILLAED, Olivier, bold French preacher; censured the corrupt age ; "Sermons" published, 1498-1513 ; '^^ '3 J'™® 'S°2> ™ ^^*''^'^- ]yi;A.IIjLE, Urbain tie, marquis de Breze, French marshal and diplomatist; b. about 1597; com- manded successfully in Germany, 1634; and in Spain; defeated the Spaniards at Avein, 20 May 1635; d. 13 Feb. 1650. JjIAILLEBOIS, Jean Baptiste Francois Des- marets, marquis de, French marshal ; b. 1682 ; seiTed under Villars, 1 703 ; repulsed the imperial- ists in Italy, 1733-4; conquered Corsica, 1739; defeated Charles Emmanuel of Savoy at Bassignana, 27 Sept. 1745; compelled to retreat from Italy, after defeat at Plaoentia, 16 June 1746; d. 7 Feb. 1762. MAILLBT, Benoit de, French traveller and diplomatist; 4.^12 April 1656; published "De- scription de I'Egypte," 1735; "Telliaraed" [his name spelt backw ards] (conversations on the crea- tion, &c.), 1748; d. 30 Jan. 1738. MAILLET, Marc de, French poet; b. about 1568 ; published " Poesies u la Louauge de la reyne Marguerite," 1612; d. about 1628. MAILLY, Jean Baptiste, French historian ; b. 16 July 1744; published "Esprit de la Fronde," 1772-3; "Esprit des Croisades," 1780; "Fastes Juifs, Komains et Fram^-ois," 1782; d. 26 March 1794- MAIMBOUEG, Louis, French Jesuit, scholar; b. 1610 ; defended the liberty of the French chu'-ch in "Traite Historique de I'Eglise de Eome," 1685 ; published "Histoire de PArianisme," 1682; d. 13 Aug. 1686. MAIMON, Solomon, Polish Jew, philosopher ; opposed toEant; b. 1753 ; published (in German) "Sketch of a Transcendental Pliilosophy," 1 790; "Progress of Philosophy since Leibnitz," 1793; d. 22 Nov. 1800. MAIMONIDBS (Moses benMaimoun), "the light of Israel," Spanish Jew, theologian, philosopher, and physician; b. 30 March 1135; arranged the Talmud ; edited the " Mischna ; " wrote the " Guide of the "Wanderers ; " " Eules of Morals; " d. about 13 Dec. 1204. MAINE DE BmON, Fransois Pierre Gonthier, French philosopher; b. 29 Nov. 1766; published " Memoire sur la Decomposition de la Pensee," 1805 ; " Influence de I'llabitude sur la Faculte de Penser," 1803 ; d. 16 July 1824. MAINE, sir Henry James Sumner, ll.d. ; b. 1822; professor of civil law, Cambridge, 1847-54 ; reader on jurisprudence in the Temple, 1854; law member of supreme government, India, 1862-g ; professor of jmisprudence, Oxford, 1870; gave Eede lecture, Cambridge, 24 May 1875; published "Ancient Law," 1861 ; "Village Communities," 1871 ; " Early History of Institutions," 1875. MAINFEOY, see Manfred. MAINO, Giasone, Italian jurist; b. 1435; d. 1519. MAINTENON, Fran^oise d'Aubigne, mar- quise de ; granddaughter of Theodore Agrippa d'Au- bigne ; h. 27 Nov. 1635; d. IS April 1719. Destitute ; married Scarron, a comedian . Jane 1652 Widow ; became friend of Mesdanies de Sevigne, de la Fayette, &c Oct. 1660 Made secretly governess of tbe children of Louis XIV. by "Madame de Montesiian . 1669 Came to court with the cliildren and recognised , 1673 Quarrelled with Madame de Montespan, and caused the reconciliation of the king to the queen about 1680 After the queen's death (30 July 1683), secretly married to the king .... end of 1684 Established the royal school for poor ladies at St. Cyr .... . Aug. ,, Attended the dying king . , . 30 Aug. 1715 Visited by the czar Peter . . . 10 June 1717 MAINVIELLB, PieiTe, cruel French repub- lican; b. 1765; executed, 31 Oct. 1793. MAINWAEING, Arthur, political writer ; I. 1668; his "Life and "Works," published 1715; d. 13 Nov. 1712. MAINWAEING, see Mamcaring. MAINZEE, Joseph, Gei-man musician ; b. 1801; visited Paris, 1830; England, 1844; d. 10 Nov. 1851. MAIE 374 MALACHI MAIE (or MaJOE), John, Scotch historiLiii and reformer ; o. 1469 ; wrote commentaries on Peter Lombard ; published " de Historiii Gcutis Scoto- rum," 1521 ; d. about 1550. MAIRAN, Jean Jacques Dortous de, French physicist; b. 26 Nov. I&78; developed and pub- lished his theory of heat and cold, 1721-65 ; " Dis- sertation sur la Glace," 1715 ; " sur les Forces Mo- trices des Corps," 1741 ; d. 20 Feb. 1771. MAIRET, Jean de, French dramatist and poet ; h. 4 Jan. 1C04 ; -nTOte " Silvie," 1621 ; " Sopho- nisbe," 1629; d. 31 Jan. 1686. MAISON, Nicolas Joseph, marquis, French general; b. 19 Dec. 1771 ; distinguished himself in Hollaud, 1809; in Poland, 1812; in Belgium, 1814; remained faithful to Napoleon ; honoured and em- plnyed bv Louis XYIII., 1815; miniister of foreign aflairs, llov. 1 830; as minister of war reorganised the army, April 1835— Sept. 1836 ; d. 13 Feb. 1840. MAISTEE, see Ze Maistre. MAISTEE, Joseph, comte de, French philoso- pher ; b. at Tiu-in, I April 1754 ; d. 26 Feb. 1821. At the revohition, retired to Switzerland 1797 Publislieil " Considerations sur la Fiimce " . . 1796 Recalled to Turin .and pensioned by the king 1796-8 IVcut to St. Petersburg .... Jf.ay 1S03 Endeavoured to obtain the resttJiation of the king of Sardinia 1807 Pnblisbed " Essai sur le Principe Generateur dcs Constitutions" iSio A bitter opponent of Austria, and eaniest for nationalities ; disappointed ai the settlement of 1815 Published " Sur les Delais de la Justice divine" t8i6 Returned to Piedmrmt ; made a minister of state 1817 Published " du Pape " . . . ... 1819 "Les Soirdes de St. Petcr.sbourg," and "L'tglise Gallicaiie" . . 1821-2 MAISTP1.B, Javier de, French novelist; brother of Joseph; b. Oct. 1763; ijublished " Voj'age autour de ma Chambrc," 1794; settled with his brother at St. Petersburg, 1 803 ; entered the Prus- sian army and served in the Caucasus ; wrote "Lepreux d'Aostc," 181 1 ; '■ Jcune Siberienne," " Expedition Noetnnic autour de nia Chambre," 1825, &e.; d. 12 June 1852. MAITLAND, sir Frederick Lewis, admiral ; /). 1779; received Napoleon I. in his ship the " Bellerophon," and conveyed him to England, June; to St. Helena in the "Northumberland," July 1S15 ; published an account of the surrender, 1826; d. 30 Dec. 1839. MAITLAND, James, earl of Lauderdale, Scotch statesman ; b. 1759; sat as a representative peer for Scotland, 1 789 ; resigned, desiring to enter the commons ; published " Inquiiy into the Nature and Origin of Public "Wealth," 1804; opposed the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 181 7; d. 15 Sept. 1839. MAITLAND, John, duke of Lauderdale, Scotch statesman; b. 24 May 1616; d. 24 Aug. 1682. Prevailed on Charles T.'to sign the "engagement" in the Isle of Wiglit .... 26 Uee. zG\^ j\ecomiianird Glnules If. to Scotland . . . 1650 .M.nde prisoner at Worcester 3 Sept. 1651 Kclcased .... . ifiGo Made se(;relary for Scotland . . . . 1661 A meniljcr of the niinistiT, termed tlie king's "Cabal" 1666 Disgi-aeed . . 1682 MAITLAND, John, lord of Thirlcstane, son of fiichard; b. about 1537; lord chancellor to James YI. ; went with him to Denmark, 1589 ; wrote Latin poems, piinted 1637 ; d. 4 Oct. 1595. MAITLAND, sir Richard, lord Lcthington, Scotch judge and poot ; b. 1496; his " Poenrs," prmted 1830 ; d. 20 March 1586. MAITLAND, Samuel Eoffey, D.D., histori.an and theologian; b. 1795; librarian at Lambeth Palace, 1838; published "the Dark Ages," 1845; "Essays on the Eefomiation," 1849; d. 19 Jan. 1866. MAITLAND, William, secretary Lethington ; i. about 1525; d. June 1573. Professed reformed faith . ' about 1555 Secretaiy of state ... 1 555 A lord of the eougi'egation . . ^557 Conspired .against Rizzio . 1566 At eoron.ation of James VI. . . ... 1567 Fought .against Marj' at Ijangside 13 I^Iay 1568 -Ttjini'd Kirkaldy of Grange . . . 1569 With lilm defended Edinljnrgli eastle . . 1572 Surrendered . . ... 30 M.ay 7573 d. in jirison, June ,, MAITLAND, "ftlUiam, Scotch antiqu.ary; b. about 1693; pulilished "History of London," 1730; " History of Edinburgh," 1753 ; "History of Scot- land," 1757; d. 16 July 1757. MAITTAIEE, Micliael, philologist and biblio- grapher; b. 1668; tutor to the son of loi-d Chester- field; published " Historia Typographorum," 1717; .and " Aunales Typographici," 1719-41 ; d. 7 ^^"S- 1747- MAIUS, sec Mfn/. MAJANO, see Maictno. MA.JO, Francesco di (Ciccio de Majo), Italian musical coniposer ; b. 1749; wrote operas of " Ar- taserce," " Iphigcnia in Aulide ;" d. 1774- MAJOE, see 3Iair. MAJOE, Johann Daniel, Gennan physician and numismatist; b. 16 Aug. 1634; published " Litho- logia Curiosa," 16G2 ; " Deliciaj Hibemiae," 1OO7 ; &c. ; d. 3 Aug. 1693. MAJOE, John Pjehardson, b.d. ; b. 1797; head master of King's College School, 1830-66 ; pub- lished grammars ; edited Greek plays, etc. ; d. 29 Feb. 1876. MAJOE, Richard Henry, geographer; b. 181S ; keeper of maps, British Museum, 1844; hon. sec. and editor for Halduyt society, 1849-58; published "Life of Prince Henry of Portugal," 18GS; hon. sec. Gcograpliical Societj^, 1866, et seq. MAJOEAGrlO, JIareo Antonio, Italian scho- lar and satirist; b. 26 Oct. 1514 ; WTOte "Enco- mium Luti ; " " Oratio de Laude Auri ; " d. 4 April 1555- MAJOEIANUS, Julius Valerius; made em- peror of Rome by Ricimer, count of the west, 457 ; prepared to invade Africa ; his fleet destroyed through treachery, 460 ; dethroned by Ricimer, 2 Aug. ; d. 7 Aug. 461. MAKO, Pal, Hungarian mathematician ; b. '7-3' published " de Figurl Tellnris," 1767; " de Natm-a Fulrninum," 1773; d. 19 Aug. 1793. MAKEIZI, Ahmed .al, Arab historian ; b. about 1360; wrote "History of the Mamclouk Sultans;" d. 1442. MALACHI, Jewish prophet; about e.g. 397. MALACHI, St., b. about 1094; bishop of Connor, 1124; archbishop of Annagh, 1127 ; re- signed, 1 137; visited St. Bernard at Clairvaux, 1 139 ; legate for all Ireland, 1 139; d. at Clairvaux, 2 Nov. 1 148. MALAGEIDA 375 MALLET MALAGEIDA, Gabriel, Italian Jesiiit; b. I 689 ; settled in Portugal as confessor of the mar- pTiioness Leonora de Tavora, 1750; con\icted of (; omplicity in a plot to kill the Idng, Joseph, iu 1758; bui-nt alive at Lisbon for heresy, 21 Sept. 1761. MALAGTJTI, Faustino Jovita, Italian che- mist, euiployed at Sevres; h. 15 Feb. 1S02 ; pub- lished " Le9ons de Chimie Agricole," 1848. MALAKHOFF, see Fellssier. MALAN, Cicsar Henri Abraham, Swiss theo- logian; b. 8 July 1787; preacher in the cathedral of Genera; deprived for innovations, 1818; became c-hicf of a sect named *'Mumiers;" published ' ' Chants dc Sion " (music and words), 1826 ; d. 8 May 1864. MALAK, rev. Solomon Ccesar, son of Cwsar rieuri, orientalist and scholar ; b. 1812 ; professor nt Calcutta, 1838 ; published " Gospel of St. John, translated from Syriac and other oriental versions." MALASPINA, Eicordano, Florentine liisto- rian ; wrote a chronicle, endmg 1281. MALATE8TA, lord of Vcrrucchio; head of the Guelf party ; defeated at Faenza and Forli, 1275; lord of Kimini, 1295; d. 1312. MALCOLM I.— IV., kings of Scotland: 1. king, 944 ; niurdered . 952 S. king, 1003: murdered 1033 3. Canuiove, son of Duncan, recovered the throne, 1057 ; killed at siege of Alnwick . Nov. 1093 4, j^'randson of David I. ; king, 1153; vassid of ileniy II- of England . . J. g Dec. 1165 MALCOLM, James, antiquary;' b. at Phil- ndelphia, about 1760; came to London; published "Loudon fiedivivuni," 1S02-5: "Anecdotes of London," 1808; d. 5 April 1815. MALCOLM, sir John, Scotch general, histo- rian and orient^ilist ; b. 2 Kay 1769; went to India, 1 783 ; employed by the marquis Wellesley, gover- nor-general, 1798; sent as envoy to Persia, 1799, 1802-7-9; returned to Europe, 1811 ; published " History of Persia," 1825; governor of Bombay, 1827-30; rf. 31 May 1833. MALGOTIUS (van Maelcotc), Odo, Belgian Jesuit mathematician ; friend of Kepler ; b. 1572 ; tl. 14 Jlay 1615. MALOZEWSKI, Antoni, Polish poet; b. nliont 1792 ; publi.shed " Maria," a tale ot the Uk- raine, 1826 ; d. 2 May 1826. MALDACHINI, Olimpia Pamfili; b. 1594; iironioted the election of her late husband's brolher, ( iian Battista Pamtili (Innocent X.), to the papacy, (and ruled for him), 15 Sept. II344; caused much scandal; at his death (7 Jan.), caused the election oC Fabio Chigi as Alexander VII., 7 April 1655; •who deprived her of her wealth; she died, 1656. MALDEN, Henry, scholar; b. 1800; professor of Greek, University College, London, 1831-76; wrote papers in " Philological JIuseum," &<:., 1830; and "Classical Museum," 1830-50 ; d. 4 July 1876. MALDOlSrATO, Juan, Spanish theologian ; b. I ;34 • his Biblical commentaries published, 1596- 1043; rf. 5 J™- 1583- MALEBRAlSrCHE, Nicolas de, French priest and ijhilosopher ; b. 6 Aug. 1638; entered the '■Oratory," 1660; neglected literature to stiidy Descartes; published "iiecheruhe de la Yeritc," J (j-j.^ ;" Conversations Metaphysiques ct Clire- tiennes," 1677; "Traite de la Nature et de la Grilce " 1680; "Vraies et Fausses Idees," 1683; "Traite de Morale," 1684; d. 13 Oct. 1715. MALESHEEBES, Chretien Guillaume de Lamoignon de, just Frencli magistrate ; b. 6 Dec. 1721 ; disgraced for protesting in favour of the par- liaments, 18 Feb. 1771 ; recalled and employed by Louis XVI., 1774; presented him with a plan of fiscal reform, Jtay 1775; resigned on its neglect, 12 July 1775; visited Louis in prison, 14 Dec. 1792; himself o.'cecutcd, 22 April 1794. MALET, Claude Franijois de, French general ; b. 28 June 1754 ; served in Italy ; governor of Pavia, 1S05 ; imprisoned by Napoleon, 1S07-8; escaped; executed for a plot to dethrone Napoleon, 29 Oct. 1812. MALEZIEU, Nicolas de, French writer, friend of Bossuet and Fenelon ; b. 1650 ; maintained the rights of the due de Maine as successor of Louis XV., 1715; d. 4 March 1729. MALPILATEE, Jacques Louis de, French poet ; b. 8 Oct. 1732 ; wrote "Narcisse dans I'ile de \'enus," &c. ; d. 6 March 1767. MALHEEBE, Francois, French poet; b. 1555; wrote " Bouquet de Fleurs de Seneque ; " d. 16 Oct. 1628. MALIBEAN" de BkEIOT, Maria Felicita, madame, French vocalist ; b. (Garcia) 24 March 1808; appeared in London in "Barber of Seville," 7 June 1825 ; mai-ried M. Malibran, a French mer- chant, 25 March 1826; appeared as " Semiramis " at Paris, 14 Jan. 1828 ; married M. de Beriot, vio- linist, 29 March 1836 ; fell from her horse, April ; d. of fever, 23 Sept. 1836. MALINGEE, Claude, French historian; b. about 15S0 ; published " Histoire des Dignites de France," 1635; "Annales de Paris," 1640; d. about 1653- MALINS, sir Richard, lawyer; b. 1805; vice- chancellor, 4 Dec. 1866; knighted, 2 Feb. 1867. MALLEMANS, French writers, brothers : Clat'de, physicist; 6. 1653; pllblished "Machine ponr faire des C.adrans Solaires," .and " Ouvrage dela Creation : Traits Pliysique," 1679; d. i7Apr. 1723 Jean, b. 22 Jan. 1649 ; from a soklier, became priest, 1702 ; published " Histoire de I'Eglise," 1704 . d. 13 Jan. 1740 MALLET (or MALLOCH), David, Scotch poet; b. about 1700; jjublished "William and Margaret," (ballad), 1724; "the Excursion," 1728; " Amj-n- tor and Theodora," 1747; d. 21 April 1765. MALLET, Ednre, French writer: b. 1713 ; published " Principes pour la Lecture des Poetes,' ' 1745; employed on the great " Encyclopedic ; " d. 25 Sept. 1755. MALLET, Paul Henri, Swiss historian ; b. 20 Aug. 1730; published "Histoire du Dancmarck," i75«-77; '^-SFeb. 1807. MALLET DU PAlf, Jacques, Swiss publicist ; b. 1749; rf. loMay 1800. Patronised by Voltaire, .and made professor al: Cassel .... .... 1772 Began to inililish " Annalcs Politicxnes " and " Memoircs Historiques " at Geneva . 1779, et scg. Employed by P.iuckoucke upon his "Mercure de France," iu which he repni-ted the debates of tlie assemblies 1784-92, ct. scq. Employed as an envoy to the sovereigns of Austria and Prussia by Lours XVI 1732 Settled in Switzerland, till his exile through Bonaparte . . 1798 Went to England, .and founded the " Wercure Britaumque" (successful) . ,, MALLET 376 MAjSrCINI MALLET Fa VEE, Jacques Andre, Swiss astvo- nomer ; h. Sept. 1740 ; employed by the academy of St. Petersburg to ooserTe the transit of Yenus; un- successful, 1769; d. 31 Jan. 1790. MALMESBURT, see Harris. MALMESBTJRT,. "William of, chronicler; b- about 1096 ; d. about 1 142. MALONE, Edmund, Irish critic; b. 4 Oct. 1741 ; published " Historical Account of the Else and Progress of the English Stage," 1790; "Plays and Poems of Shakspcare" (variorum edition), 1790; d. 25 May 1812. MALORY, sir Thomas ; b. about 1430 ; wrote " Morte d'Ai'thur," about 1465. MALOUIN, Paul Jacques, French chemist; }. 1701 ; made researches on the metals ; published 'Traite de Chimie," 1734; d. 3 Jan. 1770. MALPIGrHI, MarccUn, Italian anatomist and physiologist; b. 10 Starch 1628; studied the lunj^s and mucous membrane; published " de Pulmoni- tus," 1661; " de Yiscerum Structui-i," i666;rf. 29 Nov. 1694- MALTBT, Edward, bishop of Durham, scholar ; b. 1770; edited " Morell's Lexicon Gricco-Prosodia- cum," 1815 ; bishop of Chichester, 1831 ; of Dur- ham, 1836; rf. 3 July 1859. MALTE-BEUN (originally Malte-Conrad Bhutjn), Danish geographer, politician, and poet; b. 12 Aug. 1775; d. 14 Deo. 1826. Fled to Sweden, through liis "Catechism for Aristocrats" ■ 1796 Engaged at Paris nn tlie " Journal des Diibats ' . 1806 PuWislied "Tableau rte Pulngne," 1808; " Prd-cis de la G^ographie Uiiiverselle," 1810-29 ; " An- nales des Voyages," 1808-15 ; helped to found tlie " Societe de GeograiJhie " . 1821 MALTHUS, rev. Thomas Eobert, political economist; b. 14 Feb. 1766; travelled on tlie con- tinent, 1799; published "Essay on the Principle of Population," 1798 and 1803 ; professor of history at HaUeybury, 1805 ; d. 29 Dec. 1834. MALTITZj ApoUonius vim, German diplo- matist, dramatist, and poet; b. 1795; published "Poetische Tersuche," 1817; humorous tales, plays, &c. ; d. 2 March 1870. MALTZAN, Heinrich Karl Eekhardt Hell- muth von, baron ; Gennan ethnologist ; b. _ 1826 ; explored Algiers and North Morocco ; Moorish re- mains in Spain and Portugal ; Egypt, Palestine, &c., 1852, et seq. ; published in German " Three Years in N. "W. Africa," &c. ; " Travels in South Arabia," 1872 ; d. at Pisa 1874. MALTJiS, Eticnne Louis, French physicist and poet; b. 23 July 1775; went to Egypt, 1798; re- turned, Oct. looi ; employed by Napoleon; dis- covered polarisation of light by reflection, 1809; published ' ' Theorie de la Double Refraction de la Lumiere," 1810; invented a repeating goniometer, 1810; d. 23 Feb. 1812. MALVASIA, Carlo Ccsare, niarchese di, Italian antiquary; b. 18 Dec. 1616; published "Felsina Pittrice: Vite de' Pittori Bolognesi," 1678; d. 10 March 1693. MALVEZZI, Yii-gilio, marchese di, Italian politician; b. 1599; employed by Philip IV. of Spain; published. "Eomulo," 1629; d. ri Aug. 1654. MAMBRUISr, Pierre, French Jesuit and Latin poet; b. 1600; published "do Poeniate Epico," 1652; " Constautinus," 1658; "Ecloga;," i6(ji; rf. 31 Oct. 16&1. MAMIANI, Terenzio della Eovere, conte, Italian poet and politician; b. 1800; active 111 Eoman revolution ; president of cabinet ; soon left for Turin, 1848 ; with Gioberti, foi-med society of the Union of Italy ; minister of public instruction at Turin, Jan. i860; ambassador at Athens, 1861 ; at Bei-ne, 1865. MAMMjEA, Julia, empress, mother of Ale.-i:- ander Severus ; put to death with liim, 235. AL MAMOUN, Abul Abbas AbdaUah III. Abbasside caliph, son of Haroun-al-Easchid ; b. Sept. 786 ; defeated his brother Amin, and became caliph, 8 Sept. 813; established the Motasales, a heterodox sect, 827 ; favoured science and literature, and wrote treatises and poems ; d. 9 Aug. 834. MAN", Cornille van, Dutch painter; follower of Titian; b. 1621 ; d. 1706. MAJSTARA, Prospero, marchese di, Italian poet ; b, 14 April 1714 ; minister of state at Panna, 1782; his poems published 1801 ; d. 18 Oct. 1800. MANASSEH, king of Judah, about e.c. 698- 643- MANASSEH ben Joseph ben Israel, Portu- guese Eabbi; b. 1604; d. 1659. Fled to HiiUand from the inquisition ; liecauic chief of the synagogue at Anistertlum ; published works on the Midrasoh, &c., " El CoDciliador" (expla- nation of ycripture difficulties), 1632-51 [transla- tion in Tihiglish publislied by E. H. Lindo, 1842] " Vindiciie Judajorum," London ; and "Humble Address to the Lord Protector in behalf of the Jewish Nation" (desiring the return of the Jews to England), 1656 . d. 1659 MANBT, George "William, captain ; b. 28 Nov. 1765; invented the "Life Preserver" apparatus for saving lives in shipwreck, for which he received £6000, 1811 ; and for extinguishing fires on bo.ard of ship, 1816; d. 18 Nov. 1854. MANCHESTER, present bishop, see Fiascr. MANCHESTER, cads of, see Montagu. MANCINELLI, Antonio, Italian philologist ; b. 1452; d. about 1506. MANCINI, Laura Beatrice Oliva, madarae, Neapolitan poet; b. 1823; manied Pasquale Mancini, a professor of law, 1840 ; published pa- triotic hiic poems, 1851, et seq.; her husband mi- nister 01 public instruction, 1862. MANCINI, nieces of cardinal Mazarin : Laura ; b. 1636 ; mai'ried due de Mercosur, brntl\cr of the Fi'ondist duo de Beaufort, "roi des halles " d. 1657 Olimiua ; 6. 7640 ; went to Paris, 1647 ; married to Eugtne of Havoy, comte de Soissons, 20 Feb. 1657 ; troubled the court by ambitious in- trigues 1657-65 Mother of the celebrated prince EugSne . . 1663 Aci-used of poisoning ; exculpated ; but compelled to retire to Brussels 16S0 AVent to Sjiaiu ; suspected of poisoning l\Iarie Louise of Orleans, queen of Charles II., 12 Feb. 1689 . . . . d. at Brussels, g Oct. 1708 Maria ; &. 1640 ; sent away from Louis XIV., when in love with her about 1638 Married Colouna, the constable of Naples . i66i Fled from him with her sister Hortensia . . 1672 Refused an audience by Louis XIV. rf. in obscurity about 1715 Maria Anna ; &. 1646 ; married the due de Bouillon 1662 Acquitted of the charge of poisoning, 1680 d. 1714 Hortensia h. 1646 Eilucated at Paris ; asked in marriage by Charles II. of England ; refused by the cardinal 1659-60 Married Armaud de la Meilleray made dun do Mazarin .... 28 Feb. 1661 MANCINI 377 MANNEET Demmiclrd separation from lier jealous husband, and withdrew , 1661 Fled from liim to her sister, Maria, at jMilan, 13 June 1668 Fled to France with Mnria ; went to Savoy and ■wrote memoirs .... . 1672 Settled in London ; and pensioned . . . . 1675 d. at Clielsea, 2 July 1699 MANCINI, Pasquale Stanislao, Neapolitan h\ryer ; d. 1817; edited " Ore Solitarie ; " escaped from Naples in English ship, 1848 ; minister of jublic iiistniction for Italy, 1862 ; of justice, ^Vpril 1876. MANCINI, Paolo ; founder of tlie academy of "Uomini di bell' TJniore," or " Umoristi," at Home, about 1602; d. 1635. MANCO Capac ; founder of the Peruvian mon- arcliy of the Incas, about 1020 ; also the last Inca ; recognised the king of Spain as sovereign, IS3.S; massacred the Spaniards, 1535; defeated; flecl; assassinated, about 1563. MANDAE, Michel Philippe, or Theophilus, Trench publicist; 4. 19 Sept. 1759; encouraged the jopulace to rise, July 1789 ; vainly endeavoured to suspend the massacres during the "reign of terror," 1792; published "Genie des Siecles," 1794-5; ''Prierepourl'Empereur," 1804; fZ. 2 May 1823. MANDEVIL, see Manchester. MANDEVILLE, Bernard de, s.afirist ; b. at I)ort about 1670 ; published " Fable of the Bees, or Private Yices made Public Benefits," 1723; "Free Thoughts onlleligion," 1720; d. 21 Jan. 1733. MANDEVILLE, sir John de, traveller; h. about 1300; went to the East, and entered the service of the sultan, Melek Madaron, 1327 ; his travels first published in French, 1480 ; in German, 1481 ; in English 1499 or 1503 ; rf. 17 Nov. 1372. MANES (orMANi), founder of the Manichees; put to death by Balii-am, or Varanes, king of Persia, about 274. MANETHO, Egyptian historian ; lived about B.C. 320. MANETTI, Siennese painters ; Eutilio, b. 1571 ; d. 1637. DoMESico, b. 1609; d. 1663. MANETTI, Giannozzo, Italian scholar and orator; b. 5 June 1396; employed diplomatically by the popes, and the republic of Florence ; d. 2*6 Oct. 1459. MANETTI, Saviero, Italian naturalist; b. 1723'; one of the founders of the society of "Georgotili" of Florence; edited "Magazziuo Toscano," 1770- 72; d. 19 Nov. 1785. MANEEED, natural son of the emperor Frede- rick II. ; b. about 1233 ; prince of Tarento ; regent of Sicily for his brother, Conrad I., 1250; recovered Naples, &c., from pope Innocent lY.; crowned Iting of Sicily in opposition to Conradino, ir Aug. 1258 ; excommunicated 1259, 1261; allied with the Turks ; a crnsade preached against him ; (Charles of Anjou declared king,) 28 June 12C4; defeated and slain at Uenevento, 26 Feb. 1266. JVEANFEEDI, Bartolommeo, Italian painter, Bomaii school ; b. 1574; d. 1617. MANEEEDI, Eustachio, Italian astronomer and poet; b. 20 Sept. 1674; published "Institu- zioni Astronomiche," 1749; " Ephemerides Motuum Coclestium ah 1715 ad 1750," 1715-25; d. 15 Feb. 1739- MANPEEDI, Gabriele, Italian mathematician ; b. 25 March 1681; published " de Constructione ^Equation urn," 1707; d. 13 Oct. 1761. MANGEAET, Thomas, French Benedictine ; b. 1695 ; -wrote " Introduction a la Science des Medailles," published 1763; d, 1762. MANGET, Jean Jacques, Swiss physician; b. 19 June 1652; published " Bibliotheca Anatoniica," 1085; "Bibliotheca Ohirurgica," 1721 ; d. 15 Aug, 1742. MANGEY, Thomas, d.d. ; b. 1684; puhhsliod "Discourses on the Lord's Prayer," 1716 ; edited " Philo-Judasus," 1742 ; d. 6 March 1755. MANGOIT, fom-th great khan of the Moguls ; b. 1207 ; became sovereign after great slaughter of the royal family, July 125 1 ; re-organised the empii-e; favoured the Christians in preference to Mahometans, 1253 ; d. Aug. 1259. MANINI or JlAIs^lN, Daniele, Venetian states- man ; b. 13 May 1804; d. at Paris, 22 Sept. 1857. Studied for an advocate ; agitated legitimately for national indepeuileneo ; protested against the abolition of the " Italian society " . . . 1838 Signe'd a petition for the e.stahlishmeut of an inde- pendent Lonibardo-Venetian kingdom witli a viceroy 21 Dec. 1847 Imprisoned, 18 Jan. , resciled and placed at tlie lieadof a re]ailjlic . . . 22 March 184S Defended Venice during a long siege ; surrendered, 22 Aug. 1849 (1. at Paris, 22 Sept. 1S57 His remains re-interred at St. Marlv's, Venice, 23 M.arch i3(58 MANINI (or Manis) Lodovico, last doge of Venice; b. 13 July 1726; elected doge, 9 March 1789; weak, and ruled by priests; received the eomte d'Ariois, Leopold II., and other enemies of the French republic ; refused alliance ; detluoned by a revolt and a republic established ; Venice ceded to Austria, iS Oct. 1797 ; d. about 1803. MANISTT, sir Henry, judge; banister, 23 April 1845; Q.C. 1857; justice queen's bench, Nov. 1876. MANLEY, Mary, dramatist; I. about 1O72 ; wrote " Eoyal Mischief," 1696; "Memoirs of the new Atalantis," 1709; d. II July 1724. MANLIUS, Koman nobles : Capitolinus ; saved the Cai'iitol from the Gauls, B.C. 392 ; put to death for treason .... 384 ToRQUATUS ; named from killing a Gaulish giant and taking liis Ujrqnes or collar, e.g. 361 : dictator, 352 ; jiut his victorious son to death for dis- obedience . ... 337 MANNERS, see Granbi/. MANNERS, lord John James Eohert, states- man and poet; b. 13 Dec. 1818 ; m.p. for Newark, 1841 ; Colchester, 1850; N. Leicestershire, 1857; cliief commissioner of public works, March— Dec. 1852; Feb. 1858— June, 1859; July 1866— Dec. 1808; postmaster-general, Feb. 1874; published "Plea for National Holidays," 1843; "Notes of an Irish Tom-," 1849; " English Ballads," 1850. MANNEES-SUTTON, Charies, archbishop of Canterbury; b. 14 F'eb. 1755; dean of Peter- borough, 1791 ; bishop of Norwich, 1792; arch- bishop, 1805 ; d. 21 July 1828. MANNEES-SUTTON, Charles, viscount Canterbury, son; b. 29 Jan. 1789; speaker of the house of commons, 1817-34; created viscount, 1835; d. 21 July 1845. MANNEET, Conrad, Gei-man historian and geographer ; i. 1 7 April 1 756 ; published (in Ger- man) "History of the Vandals," 1785; (with Ukert) " Geography of the Greeks and liomans," 1792-1825; f?. 27 Sept. 1834. MANNI MANUEL MANNI, Domenico Maria, Italian scholar; h. S Aug. 1O90; published "do Florcntinis Iiivontis " (microscopes, &c.), 1731 i " Lezioui di Lingua Tos- cana," 1737-8; d. 30 Nnv. 1788. MANNING, Henry Edward, Roman Catholic archbishop of Westminster ; h. 1809; vicar of Lav- ington, 18^4; archdeacon of Clriehester, 1840; pub- lished " lloly Baptism," 1843 ; "Unity of the Church," 1S45 ; joined the Eoman Catholic Church, ' ilcplj' to Sir. Gladstone's ' JL.'ipostulation,' " 1875, &c. MANNING", Kev. Owen, antiquary; I. II Aug. 1 721; finished and published Lye's " Auglo- fiaxon and Gothic Dictionary," 1775 ; compiled " History and Antiquities of Surrey," edited by "W. Bray; 1804 ; d. 9 Sept. 1801. MANNOZZI, Giovanni da San Giovanni, Florentine painter ; h. 1590 ; d. 1636. MANNY, Sir "Walter, varrior; fought in France under Edward III. ; established a Carthu- sian monastery at London (now the Charter house), 137 1 ; d. 13 Jan. 1372. MANOEL, see Emmanuel, of PorturiaJ. MANEIQUE, Jorge, Spanish poet ; b. about 1420; wrote " Escola de Amor; " d. about 1485. MANSAED (or MaiCSAET), French arclii- trcts : Frasqots ; I3. i5g8 . . . . . d. 1666 J['Lt:s Hakdoutn. nephew; 7). 1645; employed bv l^ouis XIV. at Versailles and yt. Cyr; ercctcil dome of tlie " Invalides" . - d, 1708 I\IANiSEL, Henry Longneville, dean of St. Pnul's philosopher and poet; h. 6 Oct. 1820; "ffayuflete professor of moral and metaphysical philosophy at 0.\ford, 1859; dean, 1868; published " Demons of the Winds," 1S38 ; "Limits of lleli- gious Thought," (Bampton';Lecturcs), 1858; "Phi- losophy of the Conditioned," 18&6; d. 30 July 1871. MANSEELD, Gemian generals : Peteii EnxsT, count: h. 20 July 1517; employed .and honoured by Charles V., 1543, et scq. ; ]iri- snner in France, 1552-7 ; helped Charles JX. .a.L,Minst the Huguenots, 1569 . . (h 22 May 1604 EnN.sT, natural son ; b. 1585 ; served in Hungary ; legitiin.-ited ; jmt receiving his father's estates, .ioiiied Firderick, king of Bohemia, .Tgainst the cmjiire ; defeated at Prague, i6ig ; at Dessau, 25 April 1626; laboured in the cause of PYede- rick ^7- 30 Nov. 1626 MANSFIELD, Charles Blachford, chemist; h. 1819; published "Benzole, its Nature and L'tiUty " (tire basis of the coal-tar colours), and " Researches on Coal-tar," 1849; rl. through biu-ns received while expeiimenting, 26 Feb. 1855. MANSFIELD, William ilun-ay, earl of, Scotch judge ; h. 2 March 1705 ; d. 20 March 1793. Solicitor-general, " Silver-tongued Murray " Nov. 1742 Accused of Jacobinism 1745 Attorney-general, 1754; chief jlTstice of king's bench and iieer ....... 1756 ITis house and pi'opei-ty destroyed in the Gordon rints, June 1780; earl Oct. 1776 MANSFIELD, sir William Pose, general ; h. 22 Juno 1819; entered Indian army, 1S35; served in war, 1845-6 ; chief of the staff, in many conflicts during the mutiny, 185^-8; major-gcnei-al and K.c.]!., 1858; commander-in-chief of Indian army, 1865; commander of the forces in Ireland, 1876; created baron Sandhurst, 21 March 1871 ; d. 23 June 187O. I MANSI, Giovanni Domenico, Italian scholar ; 0. 16 Feb. 1692; edited Baronius's "Annales," 17.38-56; " Hemorie della gran Contessa Matilda," 1756; *. 27 Sept. 1769. MANSO, or Manzo, Giovanni Eattista, mar- chcse di Villa, Italian poet ; i. about 1560 ; founded the academy of "Oziosi;" published "Poesie No- miche," 163s; "Vita di Tasso," 1634; d. 28 Dec. 1645. MANSOUE, SCO AI-2Iansoiir. MANSTEIN, Christoph Hennann von, Ger- man general in llussian service; b. i Sept. 1711 ; served Russia, 1735-43 i Prussia, 1745, etscq.; d. of wounds received at IvoUin, 27 June 1757. His Memoirs published, 1772. MANT, Richard, bishop, theologian, and poet; b. 12 Feb. 1776; bishop of Killaloe, 1820; of Down and Connor, 1823 ; published (with Dr. D'Oyly) the "Bible with selected Notes," 1818; " Book of Common Prayer," 1820; Book of Psalms in a metrical version, 1S24; "Ancient Hymns," 1837; A 2 Nov. 1848. MANTEGNA, Andrea, Mantuan fresco pain- ter and engraver; b. 1431; his "Triumph of Cicsar" (at Hampton Court), 1492; d. 13 Sept. 1506. MANTELL, Gideon Algernon, m.d., geologist ; b. 1790; discovered in the Weald of Sussex, the j'guanodon, hyla'osaurus, peliosaurus, &c., 1825, ct scq.; published "Geology of Sus,sex," 1822; ""\\'onders of Geology," "Medals of Creation," 1844; " Thoughts on a Pebble," 1845 ; d. 10 Nov. 1S52. MANTEUFPEL, Karl Bochus Edwin, Prus- sian general ; b. 24 Feb. 1809 ; entered army, April 1827 ; rose to be adjutant to prince Albrecht, Dec. 1843; lieutenant-general, Oct. 1861 ; distinguished in D.anish war, 1864; negotiated convention of Gastein, signed 14 Aug. 1865; governor of Sleswig, 22 Aug. 1865 ; commanded .army of the Maine in war of June-July 1866 ; distinguished in war of 1870-1. MANTEUPFEL, otto Theodor von, Prussian statcs)nan ; b. 3 Feb. 1805 ; minister of the inte- rior, 1846-48; opposed the liberals, 1847; helped to prepare the constitution of Dec. 1848 ; president of the council, Deo. 1850 — Oct. 1858. MANTON, Thomas, nonconformist minister ; b. 1620; published " E.xposition of St. James," 1653 ; "Exposition of St. Jude," 1658 ; d. 18 Oct. 1677. MANUEL, see JEmmvicl.. MANUEL I., II., emperors of the East : 1. Comnenus ... . . h. about 1120 Succeeded liis father, John II. (in preference to his elder brother Isaac) . . . 8 April T143 Involved in many wars with varied issue witli the Nnnnans in South Italy .... 1148-55 Defeated by the Turkish sidtan Az-ed-din near Myriocephalus, 1176 . ,(. 24 Sept 1180 2. Palffiologus i,. about 1340 .Jouit emperor with Ins father John VI. , j^-^sl Sole emperor at his death . . . ' . . jngi Obtained assistance from Europe against the 1398 Turks Visited Venice, France, .and England . 1400 Saved by Timour's defeating Baiazot at .\ngora 1402 Visited the Morea and fortified Corinth . . iL , Besieged in Constantinople by Anuu-ath ' 1423 JIade peace . . ' n\ ^^/^ MANUEL, Jacques Antoine, French politician and orator; b. 19 Dec. 1775; boldly dcm.auded the MANUEL 379 MAEBOD^US adoption of Nqiolcon II. as emperor, July i8iq ; oiposcd the Spiinish invasion ; expelled from tlie jVsscmbly, Slavch 1823 ; il. in retirement, 27 Aug. 1827. JVCANITBL, iTuan, Spanish prinoe, moralist niid historian; b. 5 JCay 1282; regent, 1320; de- feated Moors at Guadalhorra, 1327 ; wrote " El Conde Lucanor," or " Libro de los Exemplos ; " ' ' Crouica de Espaiia ; " d. 1 347 . jMANUEL, Nicolas, Smss writer; b. 1484; attacked popciy in farees, 1522; d. 1530. JMANUBL, Pierre Louis, French politician ; /;.I75I ; supported the republic, hut endeavoured to check the cruelty of Ilobespievre, 1791-92; op- posed the condemnation of Louis XVI. ; himself condemned and executed, 14 Nov. 1793. JffiANUTIUS, or Majjuzio, Italian scholars find printers : ^\LDUS (Aklo), senior; 7j. nt Bassiano, 1449; pa- tronised by the Carpi ; began to print classics atiout J490 ; first known booli, the "Eroteniata" of Oon.st)intine Lascaris, Feb. 1494; founded tire .'Veaileinia d' Aldo, 1500 . . . (/. 3 Feb. 1515 Taulus (Paoln), son ; b. 12 June 1511 ; assumed itirectioii of his father's office, ,Tnd obtained gieat r<;pntation, 1533 ; at the invitation of pope Pius IV., set up anottice at Rome, to print tlie fathers, 1561 : first lionk issued, Cyprian, 1563; devoted liimself much to Cicero . . . (f. 6 A]iril 1574 ^Luus, junior, son ; h. 13 Fel). 1547 ; edited " Ele- lianze delta Lingua Toseana e Lathia," 1556 ; imblislied worlds of Cicero," 1583 . d. z8 Oct. 1597 MTANW AEING, Roger, preachcdhefore Charles I. in favour of royal prerogative and passive snb- luission, 1628 : his sennons on " Keligion and Alle- g;irmce" censured by the commons, and suppressed iiy proclamation, 20 June 1628 ; made dean of "^torcester, 28 Oct. 1633; bishop of St. David's, 1636 ; d. 1653. iVrANZI, Italian scholars, brothers : G'oLTELMo; b. 25 Aug. 17S4: publislicd "Testidi Jjingua Jiediti," 1816 : translation of Faterenlus, 1814; of Lueian, 1819 . . . d- 21 Feb. 1821 Pii^rRo; h. 2 Nov. 17S5 ; published " Conquisto di •Messieo," 1817; "'Istoria della Rivoluziunc di Fraucia," 1826 . . . d. 22 April 1839 MANZINI, sec jifancini. JMANZO, see Mrinso. JIANZOLLI, Pier Anaelo, Italian Latin poet (termed himself Marcello Palingenio), wrote " Zo- iliacusVitoo " (satirising the clergy), printed after 1534- MIANZONI, Alessandro, Italian patriot, nove- list, andpoet; i. 8 March, 1784; published " Inni S.icri," 1810 ; " il Conte di Carmagnoli" (tragedy), 1820; "il Cinque Maggie," 1821 ; "I Promessi Sposi" (novel), 1827; d. 22 May 1873. MANZUOLI, Tommaso (Maso di San Friano), Florentine painter ; b. 1536; d. 1575. MAP or MaPES, Gautier (Walter), satirical Anglo-Norman poet; favourite of Henry II. and 'J'homa.si Beoket, about 1162; his "Latin Poems" o-ciited by Thomas Wright, 1841. M:APH.ZEUS, see Maffei. MAPLETOFT, John, e.d., m.b. ; b. 1G31 ; d. lONov. 1721. MAQUET, Auguste, French dramatist and novelist ; b. 13 Sept, 1813 ; worked with Alexandre ijumas, and claimed a large part of his popular ■writings; "Maisou Alexandre Dumas et Com- pagaie," 1845; published many novels and plays. MAE, earls of: DoNALu; ri'yeid, 1332; di:fe,atcd liy Edw.ard B.ilUol and killi'.l .... . n Aug. 1332 Ai,i:xANDEli ,STEW,iaT, brother of James I. ; de- feated Donald, lord of the isles, at Harlow, 24 .Tnly 1411 ; accused of treason, 1424 ; defeated by Donald Balloeh at Inverloeliy, 1431 . . d. 1434 John Erskine ; earl, 1565 ; took cliarge of priin-e James, and opposed Mary, 1567 ; i-egent, 5 Sept. 1571 ; consented to Mary's death, Oct. 1572 ; d. 28 Oct. 1572 John, son ; earl, 1572 ; seized J.imes VI. at .Stirling, 15 April 1578 ; attainted ; went tn Ireland, 1583 ; anibassatlur in London, 1601 ; went with James to London, 1603; privy councillor; d. 14 Dec. 1634 John, descendant ; h. 1675 ; earl, i6Sg ; a commis- sioner for the union, 1702; secretary of state, 1710; proclaimed James Edwai'd .at Braeniar, 6 Sept. 1715 ; commanded at Sheriffmuir (indeci- sive), 13 Nov. 1715 ; escaped to France, Fell. 1716 ; imprisoned at Genev.a, 1719-20 d. May 1732 MAEA, Gertrude Elizabeth, German singer; b. (Schmiihling), 1749; at iii-st a good violinist; debut as singer at Leipsic, 1771 ; married Mara, a violoncellist, 1773; soon separated; in England, 1784-8, 1820; d. 20 Jan. 1833. MAEACCI, see ManriccL MAEAIS, Marin, French musician; i. 31 Miueh, 1656; composed operas, "Ariadne et E.ac- chus," 1696; "Scmele," 1709; ci'. 15 Aug. 1728. MAEALDI, Italian astronomers : GiAco.iio Ftlippo; J. 21 Aug. 1665; published p.ax)ers on the movements of Jnpiter, Satirm, and JMars, 1705-12 . . . d. 1 Dec. 1729 Giovanni Dosienico, nephew; h. 17 April 1709; wrote on the movements of the pole star, 1733 ; on the figure of the earth, and the moon's paral- lax, 1734 d. 14 Nov. 1788 MAEAN, Prudent, French Benedictine ; li. 14 Oct. 1683; e.xiled for opposing the bull Unigeiiitus; published (against Socinians) " Dirinite de Jesus- C'hrist prouvec," 1751 ; d. 2 April 1762. MAEANA, Giov.anni Paolo, Italian historian ; b. about 1642 ; published " E.spion du Grand Seig- neur dans les Cours des Princes Chretien.s^" ("Turkish Spy "), 1684, et scij. ; d. Dec. 1693. MAEANTA, Bartolommeo, Italian botanist; friend of lallopius; Ijy his help, publi-shed " Me- tliodus Cognoscendorum Medicamentorum," 1579; d. about 1800. MAEAT, Jean Pard, French phy.sioian, physi- cist, and revolutionist; A. 24 May 1744; taught languages at Eduiburgh ; practised a.s physician at Paris ; published " de, rHomme," 1773; " Decou- vertes sur le Feu, I'Electricite," &c., 1779; "Ami du Peuple," 1789-92 ; " Suppliqne aux Peres Con- serita de ceux qui n'ont rien a cenx qui ont tout," 24 June 1789; proposed and canied out wholes.ale massacres, 2-5 Sept. 1792; assassinated by Cliarlotte Corday, 13 July 1793. MAEATTA, or Maeatti, Cario, Eoman painter; b. 1625 ; d. 15 Dec. 1713. MAEBECK, John, organist at "Windsor ; con- demned for heresy, 1544 ; published " Booke of Common Prayer noted" (for chanting), 1550; "Concordance of the whole Bible" (tire iirst in English), 1550; d. about 1585. MAEBEUF, Pien-e de, French poet ; b. about 1596; wrote "Psalterion Clu-cstien," " Poesie melee," l6r8. MAEBODiBUS, or Maebcedt, bishop of Eennes, b. about 1035 ; wrote " de Geramarum La- pidunique Pretiosiorum Fornm," printed, 1531 ; d. 11 Sejit. 1123. MARC ANTONY 380 MAEET MAEO Antony, see Antonius. MAE.CA, Pien-e de, archbishop of Paris, French historian ; b. 24 Jan. 1594 ; published "Concordia SacerJotii et Imperii," 1641 ; arch- bishop, 24 Feb. 1662 ; opposed Jansenists ; d. 29 June 1662. MARCBAU, Francjois Severin Desgrayiers, daring French general ; l>. 21 ilarch 1769; entered the anny, 1785; killed at Altenldrchen, 20 Sept. 1796. MAECEL, Eticime, provost of the merchants at Paris; energetic in defending Paris, 1355: struggled to establish political liberty by means of the states-general, 1356 ; convoked a great assem- blv of citizens, Feb. 1358; opposed the predominant roVal authority ; combined with the Jacquerie, ■which he attempted to n)oderate ; killed in a con- llict with the royalists in Paris, 13 July 1358. MAECEL, Guillanme, French chronologist ; J. 1647; published " Histoire de I'Origine de la Jlonarcliie Fran(;oise," 1683-6; "Tablettes Chro- nologiques," 1682; d. 27 Dec. 1708. MAECEL, Jean Joseph, French orientalist ; b. 24 Nov. 1776 ; one of the scientific commissioners iu Egj'pt, 1798; an editor of "Description de PFgypte," l8oi, eiseq.; d. 11 March 1854. MAECELLINUS, see Ammiamis. MAECELLINUS, St., bishop of Rome ; or- dained, 30 Jirae 296 ; suffered under Diocletian's jiersecution ; d. 24 Oct. 304. MAECELLO, Benedetto, Venetian poet and musician ; i. 24 July 1686 ; published Paraphrases of the Psalms, with music, 1724-7 ; concerts, ora- torios, &o. ; d. 24 July 1739. MAECELLUS, Marcus Claudius, Roman general; b. about ii.c. 270; checked Hannibal at Nola, 2l5; captured Syracuse, 214; killed iu a skinmsh with Hannibal near Venusia, 208. MAECELLTJS, Marcus Claudius, husband of Octavia, sister of the emperor Augustus, and friend of Pompey and Cicero; d. about B.C. 47. Mab- CELLUS, son ; i. 43 ; celebrated by Virgil, iEneid VI., 883 ; d. 23. MAECELLTJS I., II., popes : 1. St. ordaiiied, ig Hay 308 ; severe to the lapsed ; t7. 16 Jan. 310 2. ^[iircello Cervine ; elected, 9 April ; a reConner ; desired a general cuuuciL d. i May 1555 MAECELLUS, Lodois Demartin du Tyrac, comte de, French Avriter; b. 19 Jan. 1795 ; attachecl to various embassies ; at Constantinople, &c, ; pub- lished "Souvenirs de FOrient," 1839; "Chants Populaires do Griice," 1851 ; " Chateaubriand et son Temps," 1859; d. July 1865. MAEOET, scientific writers : Alexander, M.D. ; b. at Geneva, 1770; practised at Edinburgh, 1797; XJUblished "Essay on Clie- niical lIi.story of Medical Treatment of Calculous Uisorders," 1S17 . . d. 12 or 19 Oct. 1822 J.\NE, wife; i. (Haldiniand), 1769; pnlilislied "Conversations on Clieniistry," 1806; and other oouveraations on natural philosopiiy, botany, pliysiologi', (fcc. ... d. 2B June 1858 F]tANC-is, sou ; &. 25 May 1803 ; professor at Geneva ; pulilislied " Cours de Physique Experi- nientale," 1831, &;c. MAECHAND.RichardFelix German chemist; b. 25 Aug. 1813 ; editor, "with Erdmann, of " Jour- nal fill- Praktische Chemie," 7838-50; d. 2 Aug. 1850. MAECHAND, Louis, French organist; b. 2 Feb. 1669; published " Pieces de Clavecin," 1705- 18; d. 17 Feb. 1732. MAECHAND, Prosper, French bibliographer ; b. about 1675 • '^'- '4 June 1756; his " Dictionnaire Historique" (sequel to ISayles), published 1758-9. MAECHE, Olivier cle la, French poet ; b. 1426; wrote " Meuioires " (1435-92); "Chevalier Deli- bere," 1483; d. 1501. MAECHETTI, Alessandro, Italian mathema- tician; b. 17 March 1633; published " Exereita- tiones Mechanicoe," 1669; d. 6 Sept. 17145 ^^'s "Vita e Poesie," published 1755. MAECHETTIS, de, Italian anatomists : PiETRo; b. 1593; fiubUshed " Sylloge Obyen'ationnm Med. Chiv.," 1664 : d. 16 April 1673. DoMENiGO, son ; b. 1626 ; made discoveries respecting the pneuuio-gastric nerves; published " Anatonria," 1652; d. 1688. MAECHI, Francesco, Italian engineer ; pub- lished " Architectura Militare," 1599; d. about 1599. MAECIANTJS, emperor of the East, son of an innkeeper; b. about 397; 'married Pulcheria, widow of Theodcsius the younger, 450 ; crowned emperor 24 Aug. 450 ; resisted Attila ; held council of Chalcedon, 25 Oct. 451 ; defeated Arabs in Egypt, 452 ; d. 26 June 457. MAECILE, Theodore, Dutch scholar; b. 21 April 1548; pnbUshed "do Laudibus Gallia;," 1584; " Ilistoria Streuarum," 1599; d. 12 April 1617. MAECION, ascetic heretic ; condemned mar- riage ; denied the resurrection ; received only por- tions of the Bible ; about 140. MARCO POLO, see 2>olo. MAECOTJ, Jules, French geologist; i. 20 April 1824; published "llecherches Geologiques sur le Jura Saliuois," 1846 ; as travelling geologist of the Sluseum, explored the United States and Canada; published " Carte Geologique de la Terre," 1862; " Geology of North America," 1858. MAECUS AUEELIUS, see Aurelius. MAECUS, St., pope ; elected, 18 Jan. ; d, 7 Oct. 336. MAECY, "William L., American statesman ; b. 12 Dec. 1786; emploj^ed in settling the ^Mexican claims, 1845 \ foreign secretary, 1843-7 ; d. 4 July 1857- MAEDONITJS, Persian general; conspired against Smerdis the Magian, K.c. 521 ; to'jk Athens; defeated and slain at the battle of Plata^a, Sept. 479- MAEECHAL, Georges, French surgeon ; b. 7 April 1658; d. 13 Dec. 1736. MAEECHAL, Charles Laurent, French pain- ter ; b. about 1800; exhibited at Metz (and gained a prize), "Job," 1825; at Paris, "les Sffiurs de Misore," etc., 1840, et seq. MAEECHAL, Pierre Sylvain, French pnet and writcir ; b. 15 Aug. 1750; attacked the Bible; his " Almanach ties Hoiinetes Gens," condemned to be burnt, 1788; published "Dictionnaire des Athees," 1800; " Pour et centre la Bible," 1801 ; "Voyage de Pythagore," 1799; d. 18 Jan. 1803. MAEET, Jean PhiUbort, French surgeon ; b.S Nov. 1705 ; recommended ammonia for viper bites • d. 4 Oct. 1780. MAEET, Hugues Bernard, see Hassano. MAEGAEET 381 MARIA MAEGAEET, St., sister of Edward Atheling ; b. 1046; married Jlaleolm III. of Scotland, 1070; d. 16 Nov. 1093 ; cMionized, 1251. MAEGAEET of Angouleme, or Valois, queen of Navarre, sister of Francis I. of France and grandmotter of Henry IV.; i. 11 April 1492; married Charles due d'Alenqon, i Dec. 1509; patronised literature and the reformation ; widow ; married Henri d'Albrot, titular king of Navarre, Jan. 1527; mother of Jeanne d'Albret, 1528; strongly opposed persecution; published " Mlroir de I'Aine peclieresse," 1533 ; wi'ote " Contes et Nouvelles" (styled the " Heptaraerou ") ; "Mar- guerites de la Marguerite des Princesses," 1547 j cl. 21 Dec. 1549. MAEGAEET of Anjou, daughter of Eene, duke of Lorraine, titular king of Naples ; b. 23 or 25 March 1429; d. in finjou, 25 Aug. 1482. Jl.'irried Henry VI. of England . 22 April 1445 Eeaiuie pLiwerfxil ; humbled duke of GloucKstei', 1447 : licr son, Edward, liorn . . 13 Oct. 1453 Quarrelled with the duke of York, tlis iirotcctor . 145.1 Dp.tV.atbd and killed him at AVakefield 31 Dec. 1460 Iliifeated at Towton ; escaped to Scotland, 29 March 1461 llefeated at Hexliani ; fled to Flanders 15 Jfay 1464 ^Defeated at Tewkesbui^ and cax:itured 4 May 1471 Her husband murdered . ]\lay ,, 1363 1376 13S0 13S7 13S9 MAEGAEET, daughter of "Waldemar, king of Denmark, " Scmirainis of the North ; " b. 1353; d. 2; Nov. 1412. jMarricd Ilaco VIII, of Norway, g April (expelled soou after) Hegeut of Denmark for lier son Olaf Eogeiit of Norw.ay . . . . Qui'cu (.at her son's death) ... 3 M\{ Uereatwl Albert of jMecklenliurg, and actpiired Sweden . . . . . Cttmbined Denmark, Sweden, .and Nnrw.ay, into one kingdom, by the union of Calniar ; her sou Erie crowned . . . 1397 Claimed Hulstein and Sleswig . . . 1.^04 MAEGAEET of Austria, d.aughtcr of the emperor Maximilian and Mnry of Burgundy ; b. 10 Jan. 1480; wife of John of Castile, 1497; of Pliili- liert of Savoy, 1499-1504; made governess of the low cnuntnos, 1 507 ; negotiated the league of Cam- liray. Dee. 1508; and the peace of Cambr.iy ("Paix dcs Dames"), 1529; d. about i Dec. 1530. MAEGAEET of France; married Edward I. of England, 12 Sept. 1299; widow, 7 July 1307 ; d. 1317. MAEGAEET of France, queen of Navarre, daughter of Henry II., first wife of Henry IV. ; li. 14 May 15S3 ; married Henry of Navarre; nearly killed at the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 23-24 Aug. 1572 ; her husband and she (both dissolute), separated, 1576; divorced, 17 Dec. 1599; d. 2; March 161 5. MAEGAEET of Provence; b. 1221 ; married Louis IS., 27 May 1234; accompanied bim in the crusade, 1248 ; became his counsellor, 1255; widow, 25 Aug. 1270; d. 21 Dec. 1295. MAEGAEET of Scotland, daughter of James I.; b. 1424; married Louis XI. of France, when dauphin, 24 June 1436 ; badly used by him ; d. 1444. MAEGAEET-THEEBSA of Spain ; b. 12 July 1651; married the emperor Leopold I., 1666; rf. 1 1 March 1673. MAEGAEET, daughter of John, carl of Somerset, and grand-daughter of John of Gaunt ; i. 1441 ; maiTiecl Edmimd Tudor, duke of Kichmond, 1455 ; mother of Henry VII. , 1456 ; widow, 1456 ; married Humphrey, earl of Staflbrd, 1459 ; widow, 148 1 ; married Thomas, lord Stanley, 1402 ; founded at Cambridge Christ's College, 1505 ; St. John's (by will), 1511; d. 1509. MAEGAEET TUDOE, daughter of Henry VII. of England ; h. 29 Nov. 1489 ; married James IV. of Scotland, 8 Aug. 1503 ; her husband defeated and killed at Floddcn, 9 Sept. 1506; married Ar- chibald, earl of Angus ; afterwards Henry Stuart, carl of Methven, 1514 ; deprived of her sons by re- gent Albany; went to England, 1516; d. 1541. MAEGAEET of Valois, see Margaret of Anrjoitlhiic. MAEGAEET of York, sister of Edward IV. of England ; man-ied Charles the Bold, duke of Bur- gundy, 2 July 1468 ; troubled Louis XI. of France and Henry VII. of England ; d. 1503. MAEGAEITONE d'Arezzo, Florentine pain- ter, sculptor, and architect ; b. about 1212 ; d. about 1289. MAEGAET, Augustus Eaymond, Chinese scholar ; b. about 1846 ; interpreter to mission for an overland route from India to China, through Burmah, 1874 \ generally well received ; murdered, 21 Feb. 1875. MAEGGEAP, or M.UtKGRAF, Georg, Ger- man naturaUst; b. 20 Sept. 1610 ; explored I3razil, 1638, ct sen.; his " de Medieiua Brasiliensi," pub- lished 1648 ; d. in Guinea, 1644. MAEGGEAP, Andreas Sigismimd, German chemist; b. 3 March 1 709; discovered phosphoric acid — described, 1740; obtained sugar from beet and other plants, 1745, ct ^cq. ; discovered alumina, 1754; magnesia, 1759; d. 7 Aug. 1782. MAEGOLIOUTH, rev. Jloscs, Jewish con- ^■ert; b. 3 Dec. 1820; took orders in Church of Ireland, 1844; published "Principles of Modern Judaism Invcstig.ated," 1843; " History of Jews in Great Britain," 1851 ; annotated Hebrew Old Tes- tament," " Histor}' of the Jews," &c. MAEGON, Guillaume P. de la Pause, abbe de, French writer; /». about 1685 ; published " Jansc- nisme deniiisque," 1715 ; " Memoires du due de Villars," 1734; d. 1760. MAEGUNIO, Massimo, Greek poet and theo- logian; b. in Candia about 1523 ; liis printing-oftiie at Venice burnt, 11^75 ; became a monk; wrote ana- creontic poems ; d. 1602. MAEIA I., II., queens of Portugal : 1. I'Yaucesco, daughter of Jose I. . &. 17 Dee. 1734 Married her uncle Pedro . 6 June 1760 Succeeded lier father ... 24 Feb. 1777 Dismissed the able minister Pombal . . . ,, Became insane ; her son John regent, 1792 ; d. 20 Jlareli 1816 2. da Gloria, daughter of Pedro IV., afterwards emperor of Brazil .... ?j. 4 April 1819 Queen by abdication of her father, Pedro 2 May 1826 Her uncle Miguel regent, July 1827 ; accepted the crown .... April 1828 Received as queen in London . . . Sept. ,, Restored to the throne under her father's charge, Sept. 1833 ^larried Augustus, duke of Lcuchtenbcrg, 26 Jan. ; he died 28 March 1S35 M.arried Ferdinand, prince of Saxc-Coburg and Gotha 9 Ajiril 1836 Civil war, 1846; suppressed by foreign inten-en- tion, 1847 . d. J5 Nov. 1S53 MAEIA EEATEICE d'Este, of Modena ; b. 5^ Oct. 1658; married James II. (while Duke of York), 21 Nov. 1673 ; queen, 6 Feb. 1685 ; (her son, James Francis, "the Old Pretender," b, 10 June 1688;) widow, 6 Sept. 1701 ; d. 7 May 17 18. MARIA 382 MAEIN MAEIA CHEISTINA, ciuecn dowager of Spain, see Chrltstlna. MAEIA AMELIA, queen of the French, daughter of Ferdinand IV. Idng of the Two Sicilies ; b. 26 April 1782 ; married Louis Philippe, due d'Orleans, 25 Nov. 1809 ; queen, July 1830 ; widow, 26 Aug. 1850; d. 24 JIarch 1866. MAEIA, daughter of Louis of Anjou, king of Hungary ; b. 1370 ; queen at his death, 1382 ; mar- i-ied Sigismund of Brandenburg, ■v\'ho delivered her from rebels and assumed the government; d. 17 llay 1395. MAEIA ANTOINETTA, of Lon-aine, queen of France; daughter of Francis I. and Maria Theresa of Germany; i. 2 Nov. 1755; executed, 16 Oct. 1793- ^rarried tn the dauphin (aftds. Louis XVI.), 16 May 1770 Queen at the death of Louib XV. . . to May 1774 At lii-hit po]inlar throuyli beneficence ; attacked on account (if tlic diamond neclilace aflhir, &c. . 1785 Tci uied " TAutvichieune " and " Madame Veto " . 1789 Present at the banquet of the guards 1 Oct. ,, Separated from the king and imprisoned Aug. 1792 Tried, 14 Oct. ; executed 16 Oct. 1793 MAEIA of Austria, daughter of Philip and Juana of Spain, and sister of Charles V.; i. 17 Sept. IJOI. Married Louis II. of Hungary . 1523 He was killed at Mohaez ... 29 Aug. 1526 Appointed ;^^(n'ci-ui'.4s of tlie Netherlands . . . 1531 Kesigned at abdication of Cliarlcs, 1355 ; d. iS Dee. 1558 MAEIA LESCZINSKA, datighter of Stanis- las, king of Poland; h. 23 June 1703; married Louis XV., 4 Sept. 1725; at first beloved, after- Avards neglected ; d. 24 June 1768. MAEIA LOUISA, empress of France; daughter of Francis I. einperor of Austria; b. 12 Dee. 1791 ; d. 18 Dec. 1849. iVfarried Napoleon I. .... 2 April 1810 Jlotlierof Napoleon II., the king of Rome, 20 March 1811 IM.ide rcyeut, April 1813 ; took her son to Blois, 2 April 1814 ;Made duchess of Parma : quitted France, 26 April ,, Protesti-d against the restcaatioii . 19 Feb. 1815 Jl.irrieil the eomte de Ncipperg after Napoleon's death . 5 May 1821 MAEIA LOUISA, daughter of Charles IV. of Spain; b. 6 July 1782; married Louis of Bourbon, made king of Etruria, 1801 ; a widow ; regent for lier son Louis II., 1S03 ; dispossessed by Napoleon, 1S07; went with her father to Brazil, 1808; claimed Parma, &c., 1814-15 ; obtained Lucca, 1814; d. 13 March 1824. MAEIA DE Medici, sec Medici. MAEIA THEEESA of Austria, qiicen of Hungary ; daughter of emperor Charles VI.; b. 13 May 1717; d. 20 Nov. 1780. Her sncccs.sion fixed in conformity with the prag- matic sanction . . . . 1723 :MaiTied Francis of Lorraine . . 12 Feb. 1736 Obtauied her hereditary riyhts .... 1740 ProcUiinied queen of Hungary 1741 Defeniled theia agaiubt Bavaria by the help of Great Britain .... . 1742, ci 6-e(/. Her bnsl laud elected emperor . . 2 Sept. 1745 Ai'knowledgcd by the jieace of Dresden 25^60. ,, Favoured literature and the arts .... 1748-55 ]\[ade alliance with France against Prussia in the seven years' war .... . 1756-63 Combined with Kiissia for partition of Poland, 17 Feb. 1772 MAEIA THEEE.SA, iufauta of Spain; b. 10 Sept. 1638 ; married Louis XIV. of France, 9 June 1660; d. 30 July 1683. MAEIAMNE, or MibIAM, Jewish princess ; married to Herod the Great, B.C. 38; killed by him through unfounded jealousy, 28. MAEIANA, Juan, Spanish Jesuit, historian and theologian ; b. 1536; published " de Kegc el; Regis Institutione," (ceusured for its freedom), 1599; "Historia general do Fspaiia," 1601 : arrested by the inquisition for his " Septcm Trae- tatus," 1609; d. 6 Feb. 1624. MAEIANINI, Stefano Giovamii, Italian phy- cicist ; i. 5 Jan. 1 790 ; published Ms researches in electricity and magnetism, 1825, ct scq.; d. 9 June 1866. MAEIANUS Seotus, Scotch chronicler; h. 1028 ; wrote " Chronicou Universale ad 1083;" (/. 1086. MAEIE, see Maria. MAEIE of Orleans, daughter of Louis Philippe, king of the French ; h. 12 April 1813 ; taught by Ary Scheffer ; carved statue of Joan of Arc ; married dulce Alexander of W ijrtemberg, 17 Oct. 1837 ; d. 2 Jan. 1839. MAEIE (PicrreThomas Alexandre Amable Ma- rie de St. Georges), French lawyer and poUtieian ; b. 15 Feb. 179s ; opposed the Orlcanist monarchy, 1S30 ; minister of the interior, 15 Jidy — 20 Dec. 1848 ; d. April 1870. MAEIETTE, Pierre Jean, French engraver and collector; b. 7 May 1694; employed by pruico Eugene of Savoy, 1717 ; d. 10 Sept. 1774. MAEIETTE, Augnste Edouard, French orien- talist; b. II Feb. 1821; early studied Egyptian hieroglyphics ; employed at the Egyptian museum at the Louvre, 1848'; sent on mission to Egypt, 1850; made discoveries at ileraphis ; returned and made a keeper of Egyptian museum in tile Loum'o ; made kce]ier of national monuments in Egypt and Bey ; pulilished 'j Serapeum de Memphis," 1857- 64 ; " Fouilles eu Egypte, en Nubie," &c., 1867. MAEIGNANO, Giovanni Giacomo Medichiuo, marchesc di, Italian mercenary captain ; b, 1497 ; captured Sienna (for Cosmo I. of Tuscany), and massacred the people, 1554; d. 8 Nov. 1555. MAEIGrNY, Abel Fran(;ois Poisson, marquis de, brother of Jladame de Pompadour; b. 1727; director-general of the royal buildings, gardens, pictures, &e., 1751 ; d. 10 May 1781. MAEIGNY, Enguevrand de, French states- man, able minister of Philippe IV. ; executed as a sorcerer, 30 April 1315. MAEIGNY, Frani;ois Angler de, French ori- entaH-t ; b. about i6go ; published " Histoire du Douzieme Biecle," 1750; " Histoke des Arabcs," 1750-52 ; d. 9 Oct. 1762. MAEIGNY, Jacques Caiyentier de, French poet; -wi-ote "Le Pain Bemt," ballad against Mazaiin, &c. ; d. 1670. MAEILLAC, Louis de, French marshal; b. July 1572; opposed Richelieu; accused of mi-icon- duct as general; tried and beheaded, 10 May 1632. MAEILLAC, Michel de, French statesman, brother; b. 9 Oct. 1563; made keeper of the seals by Richelieu, June, 1626 ; jomed the queen a"ainst him; ruined on the "day of dupes," 11 Nov. 1630- d. 7 Aug. 1G32. ' MAEIN, Joseph Charles, French sculptor' b 1773; rf. 18 Sept. 1834. MAEIN 383 MAELOEAT MAEIN, Michel Auge, French ascetic ncve- ist ; b. 23 Dec. 1697 ; published " Vies des Peres drs Deserts d'Orient," 1761-64; "Theodule, ou lEnfant de la Benediction," 1762 ; d. 3 April ];67. MAEINELLI, Lucrczia, Italian poet ; h. 1571; published "Delia Nobilta delle Donne," 1608; "Tita di Maria Vergiue," 1617; rf. 9 Oct. MAEINI, or MaeinO, Giambattista, Italian joet ; ^. 18 Oct. 1569; went to France; patronised if Marie de Medicis, 1615 ; published " Adone," 1623 ; d. 25 March 1625. MAEINO, see Mdieri. MAEINONI, Giovanni Giaoomo di, Italian Etathematician ; d. 1676; invented a planimetrio Wance, 1714; published " de Astionomici domes- tica. Specula.," Arc. ; 1745 ; cl. 10 Jan. 1755. MAEINUS I., II., popes, see Martin IT., JII. MAEIO, Giuseppe, marchese di Candia, Italian tenor singer; b. 1808; made his debut in Tiu-is in " Robert le Diable," 2 Dec. 1838 ; married Madame Grisi (who d. 25 Nov. 1869) ; took farewell of London stage, 19 July 1871. .MARIOTTB, Edme, French physicist; pub- lished " Essai de Physique de la Vegetation," 16711; " Seconde Essai de la Nature do I'Au- (con- tiiining Iris "law"), 1679; discovered the " Pmic- tuiu Ctceum" (blind spot in the eye), l566; d. 12 ]May 1684. MAEIUS, Caius, Eoman general ; b. B.o. 157 ; Am. Sei'Teil under Scipio in Spain .... 134 Tribune of the i^eople 119 >Iarried Julia, aunt of Julius Ctesar; consul ; war- ved successfully against Jugurtlia . . 107-6 Entered Rome with Jugurtha in chains . i Jan. 104 Beformed the army 102 I)cfeated the Teutones at AtiuK SextifE (Aix), 102 ; and the Cimbri at Vercellffi, near jMilan, 30 July loi Tr&icherously ruined Metellus . , . ico Ilefeated tlie Marsi 90 31ade war with Sylla ; defeated : fled ; n.arrowly escaped death at Cartilage 88 Hctunied to Rome and caused great slaugliter among liis enemies ; 7th time cousid . 87 MAEIUS, Caius, son of preceding ; tied with Iris father, 88; returned, 87; consul, 82; besieged by Sylla in Prffineste ; killed himself, 82. MAEIUS, Simon, see Mayer. MAEIVAUX, Pierre Carlet de Chamblet de, I'rencli novelist and dramatist; b. 4 Feb. 1688; published " Le Jen d' Amour," 1730 ; "L'Homere Travesti," 1716; " Telemaque Travesti," 1736; d. 12 Feb. 1763. MAEIVETZ, Etienne Clement, haron de, Trench physicist; b. 1728; published "Physique clu Monde," 1780-7; executed, 25 Feb. 1794. MAEJOLIN, Jean Nicolas, French surgeon ; rival of Dupuytren; b. 6 Dec. 1780; published "Manuel d'Anatomie," 1810; d. 4 March 1850. MAEKHAM, Clements Eohert, geographer; b. 20 July 1830. Herved in na\y, 1S44-51 ; on Franklin expedition 1850-1 Kxplorcd Peru, &c. 1852-4 Xiitrodueed cinchona plant from S. America into India 1860-1 Secretary of Hakluyt society, 1858 ; royal geogra- pliical society . . . 1863 edw;. Viaited Ceylon and India 1865-6 In geographical department, India Office . , . 1867 Geographer to Abyssinian expedition . , 1867-8 Published "Franklin's FdotstL'iis" .... 1852 "Cnzco and Lima," 1856; "Travels in Peiii and India " ... 1862 " History of Abyssinian Expedition " . . i36g ; Ac- Editor of " Geographical Magazine " . ^87.^ MAEKHAM, Gervase, poet; b. about 1570; published "The Poem of Poems" (Solomon's Song), 1596; " Herode and Autipatcr," tragedy, 1622 ; d. about 1655. MAEK, see Marcus. MAEKLAND, rev. Abraham, poet; b. 1645 ; Avrote " Pteryplegia : or the art of Shooting Flymg," published, 1727; d. 1720. MAEKLAND, Jeremiah, plulologist; b. 29 Oct. 1693 ; edited Greek plays, Btatius, &c.; d. 7 July 1776. MAEKS, Heru-y Stacy, genre painter ; i. 13 Sept. 1829; A.K.A. 1871; exhibited '■Tooth-ache lu the Middle Ages," 1856; "Dogberry," 1859; " Fran- ciscan Sculptor," i86i; "St. Fi-aucis preaching to the Birds," 1870; "Bookworm," 1871; "Capital and Labour," 1874 ; " Three Jolly Post-boys," 1875; "Apothecary," 1876; &o. MAELBOEOUGH, John Churchill, duke of, general; b. 24 June 1650 ; d. 16 June 1722. Promoted through his sister xU-abella being nds- tress of James, duke of York ; fought under Turenne ... ... 1C74 Married Sarali Jennings . . . 167S Made a baron . 1682 Helped to defeat Monmouth's rebellion . . . 1685 Deserted James II. and joined prince of Orange, Nov. 168S Created earl of Marlborongli . . 9 April 1689 Conunandcr-in-cluef .... 3 June i6go Assisted in the defeat of James II. in Ii-eland „ Dismissed on ch.irge of treason . 1692 Released from prison . . . 17 Nov. ^, Ambassador at the Hague ; promoted war with Fi'ance ... . March 1702 Ajipointed captain-general ... 21 May ,, Drove the French out of Guelderland ; captm-ed Lidge .... 23 Got. „ Created duke of Jlarlborough ... 14 Dec. ,, Defeated the Bavarians and French at Donauwerth, 2 July 1704 With Eugfene of Savoy, defeated and captured Tal- lard at Blenheim (or Hoclistrdt) 2 Aug. ,, Presented with the estate of Woodstock . . 2705 Forced the French lines at Tirlemont 18 July „ Defeated Villeruy at R.amillies . . 12 May 1706 Defeated the French at Oudeuardc, 11 JiUy 1708; .at Malplariuet . . . 11 Sept. 1709 Took Moutaigiie, 18 April ; Donay . 26 June 1710 Drove ViUars' fruni Arleux, 5 Aug. ; took Bouchain, 13 Sept. 1711 Recalled ; charged with peculation ; deprived of his command ... . Dec. 1710 Retired to Hanover . . . 1711 Restored by George I Oct. 1714 Organised the defence of the kingdom against the Jacobites . ... 1715 MAELBOEOUGH, John Winston Spencer- Churchill, 6th duke of ; A. 2 June 1822 ; lord presi- dent of the council, March 1867 — Dec. 1868 ; de- clined office, Feb. 1S74 ; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 28 Nov. 1876. MAELBOEOUGH, Sarah Jennings, duchess of; b. 29 May i56o; companion of the princess jirrue about 1674; married colonel Chin-chill, 1678 ; induced Anne to desert her father, James II., Nov. 16S8 ; dominant after her accession to the throuo, favouring the AVhig party, 8 March 1 702 ; gradually supplanted by Abigail Masham, 1710; resigned her offices, Jan. 1711 ; d. 29 Oct. 1744. MAELOEAT, Augustin, French protestant theologian; b. ITO6; became a protestant about 1533 ; made proselytes at Eouen; while a minister executed for sedition, 30 Oct. 1563. MARLOWE 3S4 MAESH MAELOWB, Christopher, dramatist ; h. about 1564; wrote "Tamburlaine the Greate," performed, 1588; published "Hero and Leander," a poem, 1598; "The Rich Jew of Malta," 1633; "Lust's Dominion," 1657 ; rf. I or 16 June 1593. MARMION, Shalcerley, dramatist and poet ; h. Jan. 1602; wrote "The Antiquary," "Cupid and Psj'che; " d. 1639. MAEMONT, Augustc Frederic Louis Viesse de, duke of Ragusa, marshal of France ; b. 20 July 1774; cl. 2 March 1852. Distinguished himself at Lodi, 10 Jlay 1796; at Marengo ..... 14 June 1800 Diifoated the Russiaiis in Dalniatia i Oct. 1S06 Slaile duke of Kagusa . . . . 1807 Helped to gain victory of Wagi-am 5 July 1809 Governed Itlvria wl'II ... . 1809-10 Defeated by Wellington at Salamanra . 22 July 1812 Defeated by Barclay de Tolly at Montmaiire, 30 March 1814 Siguc'l the capitulation of Paris . . 31 March ,, Joined the Bourbons, and remained faithful to them ... . ■ iSrs Ambassador in Russia ... . . 1826-28 Endeavoured to maint^ain Charles X. 28-30 July 1830 Retired from France, and travelled . 1830, ci seq. Published "Voyage en Hongiie, &c., 1837; " Es- prit des Institutions Militim-es " . . . 3845 His " MiSmoires de 1792, S, 1832," published 1856 MARMONTEL, Jean Francois, French poet, novelist, and dramatist, pu])il of Voltaire; 0. 11 July 1723; published " Contes Morau.x," 1756. et seq.; "Behsaire" (censured by the clergy), 1767; " Lcs Incas," 1773; "Elements de Litterature," 1787; "CEuvres," 1786-7; cl. 31 Dec. 1799. MARNIX, Philip van. Seigneur de Jiont Sainte Aldegonde, Belgian protestant, diplomatist, and scholar; b. 1548; employed by William prince of Orange and his sons ; defended Antwerp against Parma, 1584; surrendered, 1585 ; d. 1598. MARO, Johannes, Syi-iau patriarch, founder of the Maronites, Sj'rian Catholic monks; d. about 700. MAROCHETTI, Cario, baron, e.a., Italian .sculptor; b. 1805; naturalised in France, 1841 ; liLs "Eiehard Cocur de Lion," placed in Palace Yard, Westminster, i860; a.h.a., i86i ; r.a., 1866 ; works ; busts of the Queen and piince Albert, Sappho, &c.; d. 28 Deo. 1867. MAROLLES, Michel de, French ■m-iter ; b. 22 July 1600; published " Memoircs," 1656-57; d. 6 March 1681. MAROT, French poets: Jean ; 1). 1463 ; patronised by Louis XII. . d. 1523 Clement, son ; 6. 1495 ; patronised by Francis I. and Margaret of Valois ; as a Galvinist, perse- cuted by the monks ; often imprisoned and exiled: ]>ul)lished "Adolescence Clementine," 1532; "Cantiques de la Paix," 1539; " Psaumes de David," 1541 ; "Enfer," 1542 . d. Sept. 1544 MAROTO, Rafael, Spanish general; b. 1785; a supporter of Don Carlos in Spain ; defended BUbao, 1834; commander in Biscay, 1835; dis- graced; retired; recalled, June 1838 ; terminated the war by a treaty with Espartero, 31 Aug. 1839 ; d. in South America, 1847. MAROZIA, or MAMUCCIA, Roman lady, daughter of Theodora (infamous women, who de- posed and set np several popes John X., Leo TI., Stephen VII., 928-30) ; she set up her son John XL, 131 ; maiTied Hugo, Mng of Italy, 932 ; imprisoned y her son Alberic, 932. I MARPURG, Friedrich Wilhelm, German musician ; b. 1718 ; published instruction books for the harpsichord, 1750-55 ; on thorough bass, 1755 ; d. 22 May 1795. MARQUARD, see Frehcr. MARRACCI, Luigi, ItaUan orientalist; b. 1612; published "Alcovani Textus Universus," 1698; "Eiblia Sacra Arabica," 1671; d. 5 Feb. 1700. MARRAST, Amiand, French statesman and publicist; b. 5 June 1801 ; edited " le Tribune" and " Ic National ; " imprisoned, 1834 ; secretary to the provisional government, 24 Feb. 1848 ; mayor of Paris, 9 March — 19 July 1848 ; president of the constituent assembly, June — 20 Dee. 1848 ; retired into private life ; d. 10 March 1852. MARRIEE, Martin, French Benedictine ; *. 4 ■•^"ly 1572 ; published " Bibliotheca Cluniacensis," 1614; d. 26 Feb. 1644. MARRIOTT, rev. Wharton Booth ; published "Testiarium Christianum ; " d. Dee. 1871. MARRYAT, Frederick, captain K.x., nove- list ; b. 10 July 1792; distinguished for daring bravery under lord Cochrane ; captain, 181 5 ; pub- lished "Peter Simple" and" J.acob Fa'ithful," 1834; "Pacha of Many Tales," 1835; "Midship- man Easy," 1836; "Poor Jack," 1841, cfcc. ; "Code of Signals for the Merchant Service," i8:i7 ; d. 2 Aug. 1848. MARRYAT, Joseph, b. ; published "His- tory of Pottery and Porcelain," 1850-7-68; d. 24 Sept. 1876. MARS, Mademoiselle (Anne Fran(;oise Hippo- lyte Boutet-Monvel), French actress: b. 5 Feb. 1779; made her debut, 1792; highly honoured by Napoleon ; adhered to him, 1814-15 ; last appeared, 7 April 1841 ; d. 20 March 1847. MARSCHNER, Heinrich, Gorman- dramatic composer; b. 16 Aug. 1795; brought out the "Vampire," 1828; "the Templar and the Jew," 1829. MARSDEN, Samuel, first missionary in Now Zealand; b. 1764; d. 12 May 1838. MARSDEN, William, Irish orientalist ; }. 16 Nov. 1754; resided in Sumatra, 1771-79; be- queathed his library to King's College, London ; published "History of Sumatra," 1783; " Dic- tionary of the Malayan Language," i8i2; " Nu- niismata Orientalia illustrata," 1823-5; "Biblio- theca Marsdeniana," 1827 ; d. 6 Oct. 1836. MARSH, Othniel Charles, American pala3onto- logist; b. 29 Oct. 1829; investigated Rocky Moun- tain region, and discovered above 300 new species of vertebrates, 1868, et seq. MARSH, miss Catherine, philanthropist; founded London and Brighton convalescent hos- pital, 1866; published many tracts, hymns, &c., 1866, et seq. MARSH, George Perkins, ll.d., American diplomatist, philologist, and ethnologist ; b.i^M arch 1801 ; minister at Constantinople, 1849 ; travelled ; studied Northern languages ; minister m Italy, 1861 ;' published "Grammar of Icelandic Language'' 1838; " the Camel, his Organization, &c.," 1856; "Lectures on English Language," 1861; "the Earth as Modified by Human Action," 1874. MARSH, Herbert, bishop of Peterborough ; }. 1757; published translation of Michaelis' ""intro- duction to the New Testament," 1792-1801 • " Hera? Pelasgica;," 1813; bishop of LlandafF, 1816' of Peterborough, 1819; (J. i May 1839. MARSH 385 MAETIGNAC MARSH, James, chemist ; b. 1789; discoverfid a. process for obtairiinj; small quantities of ai'scnic rfroni compounds (" llarsh's test"), 1836; (I. 21 Jimc 1845. MARSH, Narcissus, avelibishop of Armagh, sclolar; A. 20 Dec. 1638 ; published " JIanuductio t-idLogicam," 1678; d. 2 Nov. 1713. MARSH-CALDWELL, Anne, noTelist; b. ^Caldwell) about 1796; married Jlr. Marsh, banker, of the firm of Fanntleroy (e.xecuted for forgery), 3824; inherited her father's estate, and assumed Ills name, 1858 ; published " Two Old Men's Tales," 3834; "Emilia Wyndham," 1846. MARSHALL, John, American statesman; b. 24 Sept. 1755 ' f^'^S^'' i"^ tlis '^^''■'^ °f independence, 17/7; chicf-j ustioe, 31 Jan. 1801 ; published " Life of Washington," 1804-7 ; d. 6 July 1835. MARSHALL, Thomas, philologist; b. about 3621; .dean of Gloucester, 1681; "Observations tipon the Gothic and Sa.Kon Gospels," pubUshed 3665; "Life of Usher," 1686; d. 1685. MARSHALL, William Calder, Scotch sculp- tor; b. 1813 ; exhibited "the Broken Pitcher," 1842; "Rebecca," 1843; "Sabriua," 1847; "Imo- gen," 1856 ; statues of Clarendon and Somers for the house of lords; R..\., 1852; gained prize of 1700?. for Wellington monument in St. Paul's, 1857; exhibited " Marguerite and Nausicaa," 1875; " Prom Stone to Life," 1876. MARSHALL, "William Humphry, agricul- tuiist; 4. 174s; published "Minutes of Agricul- ture," 1778; "Kural Economy of Norfolk," 1787; d. 1818. MARSHAM, sir John, chronologist ; *. 23 Aug. 1602; published " Chronicus Canon -ffigyp- tiiicus, Ebraieus, et Grsecus," 1672; d. 25 May 1685. MARSHMAN, Joshua, orientalist; b. 1767; baptist missionary in India, 1799; pubHshcd "Works of Confucius," 1811; " Clavis Sinica," 1814 ; d. 5 Dec. 1837. MARSIGLI, Luigi Ferdinando, conte, Italian general, geographer, and naturalist; b. 10 July 1658; e-xplored Thrace and the Bosphorus, i66g-8o; as prisoner with the Turks, endured much suffering, 1683-91 ; employed to define the limits of Turkey, Venice, and Hungary, about 1700; degraded for EUirendei-mg Breisach to the French, Feb. 1704 ; d. I Nov. 1730. MARSILIO of Padua, or " Menandrino," Ita- lian publicist ; in Iiis " Defensor Pacis," asserted tl1.1t the legislative power belongs to the people ; d. 1328. MARSOLLIBE, Jacques, French historian; b. 1647; pubUshed " Histoire de I'Origine des Dimes," 1689; "Histoii-e du Cardinal Simenes," 1693 ; d. 30 Aug. 1724. MARSTON, John, dramatist and poet, friend of Ben Jonson; published " Metamoi-phosis of Pigmalion's Image," 1598; "the Scourge of Vil- lanie," 1599; "the Malcontent," 1604; d. after 1633- MABSTON, "Westland, ll.d., dramatist, no- vehst, and poet; S. 30 Jan. 1820; published " Pa- trician's Daughter," 1841 ; " Strathmore," 1849 ; "Xady in Her Own Eight," i860; "Favourite of Fortune," i856. MARSY, French sculptors, brothers, much em- ployed by Louis XIV. : Gaspard, 7j. 1628 . d. 10 Dec. i63r Balthasar, h. 6 Jau. 1624 . . 't. -26 j^fay 1674 MARSY, Fran(;ois Marie, French ivriter; b. 1714; published " 'i'emplum Tragccdia: Cannen," 1734; "De r.Vine des Betes," 1737; d., 16 Dec. 1753- MARTEL, Charles, see Charles. MARTELIERE, Pierre de la, French advo- cate, pleaded for the university of Paris, against the Jesuits, 1611 ; d. 1631. MARTELLI, Italian poets, brothers : LoDovico, &. 1499; wrote "Tullia," a tragedy; and " Rime" .... d. 1527 VicENzo ; wrote " Lettere e Rime " . . . d. 1556 PiETRO GjACOMO, ft. 28 April 1665; wrote "1ft- genia in Tauride," and otiier ti-.-igediiis ; in verses since termed " Marteliaui " . d. lo SIuj' 1727 MARTENS, Edmond, French bcnedictino ; b. 22 Dec. 1654; censured for his " Vie du Venerable P. D. Claude Martin," 1697; published "de Anti- quis Ecclesifo Kitibus," 1700; "Thesaurus Novus Anecdotorum," 1717; " Voyage Litteraire de deu.x lieligieux Benedictins," 1717 ; d. 20 June 1739. MARTENS, Charles, baron de, Gennan diplo- matist ; b. about 1790 ; published in French "Manuel Diplomatique," 1822, 1832; "Causes Celebrcs du Droit des Gens," 1827, 1843. MARTENS, Dietrich, Belgian printer .and type-founder; b. about 1450; d. 28 May 1534. MARTENS, Georg Friedrich von, Gei-man dip- lomatist; b. 22 Feb. 1756; at congress of Vienna, 18 14; envoy from the allies to Denmark, 18 14; published " Precis du Droit Public de 1' Europe," 1 789 ; " Eecueil des Traites," 1791-1801 ; " Cours Diplomatique," 1801 ; minister of king of Hanover, 1816; d.zi Feb. 1821. MARTHAt 'lister (Anne Biget), French nun at Besan(^on ; b, 1 748 ; eminent for kindness to wounded prisoners; honoured by the alhed sove- reigns, 1815; d. 1824. MARTI, Manuel, Spanish scholar ; b. 19 July 1663 ; published " jimores," poems, 1687 ; his letters published, 1738; d. 21 April 1737. MARTIAL DE Paris, or d'Autergxe, French poet ; b. about 1440 ; wrote " Vigilc de Clmrles VII.;" "Vigiles des Morts;" "AiTcts d' Amour," k<. ; d. 13 May 1508. MARTIALIS, Marcus Valerius, Roman poet, author of above 1500 Ei)igi'ammata ; b. 43; d. about 104. MARTIANAY, Jean, French Benedictine ; b. 30 Dec. 1647 ; published " Defense du Texte He- breu et de la Cni-onologie de la Vulgate," 1689-93 ', " Vie de S. Jerome," 1706, &c. ; d. 16 June 1717. MARTIGNAC, Etiemie Algai de, French scholar ; b. 1620 ; published translation of Terence, 1670 ; Horace, 1678 ; Virgil, 1681 ; Persius, 1682 ; d. 1698. MAETIGNAC, Jean Baptiste Silvere'Gay, vicorate de, French statesman ; b. I'j'i6; supported Villele; made vice-president of the legislative chamber, 1823; minister of state, 1823; vicomte, 1824; fonned a ministry at the fall of Villele, Jan. 1828; promoted reforms; opposed by the court; resigned; succeeded by Polignac, 8 Aug. 1829; C C MAETIN 386 MAETINEAU defended Poligiiac at Ms trial, Dec. 1830 ; cl. 3 April 1832. MAETIN I— Y., popes : 1. St., ordained, 5 July 649 : held council of La- teran, Oct. 649 : Imprisoned and severely treated liy the emperor Coustautius for condemning the Monotlielites, 653 . . d. in exile, 16 Sept. 655 2. or Marinus ; ordained about Dec. 881 ; con- demned Photius, author of Greek schism, 883 d. May 884 3. or Marinus II. ; elected, 942 , d. 25 Jan. 946 4. Simon de Brion ; elected 22 Feb. 1281 : sup- poi-ted Charles of Aujoii against Peter TIL of Aragon ; excommunicated Michael Palteologns, Nov. 1281 ; and Palermo for "Sicilian Vespers' M.assaere," 7 May 1282 . . d. 28 March 12S5 5. Ottoue Colonna ; b. 1368 ; elected at the coun- cil of Constance, n Nov. 1417 . rf. 20 Feb. 1431 MAETIN, king of Sicily, married his cousin Maria, and became king, 1331 ; .it her death reigned alone, 25 May 1402 ; manied Blanche of Naples, 1403; (!. 25 July 1409. MAETDSr, St. ; J. about 316 ; bishop of Toiu-s, 371 ; (I- 397- MARTIN", St., preached in Spain ; made bishop convoked a council against heretics, 563 : "vvi'ote " de PoiTnula Honesta; Vita)," "Carniina," and "Epistolse;" rl. 583. MAETIN, Alexandre, see Albert. Mj'ETIN, Benjamin, physicist and optician; A. 1704; published "System of the Newtonian Philosophy," 1759 ; " Biographia Philosophica," 1764; (/. 9 Feb. 1782. MAETIN, Bernard, French philologist and jurist; b. 1574; published " Varise Lectiones," '1605 ; d. 15 Nov. 1639. MAETIN, Bon Louis Henri, Preuch historian ; i. 20 Feb. 1810 ; published " Histou-e de France," 1833-6; new edition, 1855-60. MAETIN, Claude, French soldier; distin- guished himself in India, 1757 ; deserted Lally for the English, 1760; became very rich; settled at Lucknow,; 1790; (I. 13 Sept. 1800; endowed, by will, colleges at Lyons and Calcutta. MAETIN, David, French protestant theolo- gian ; i. 7 Sept. 1639; published "le Nouveau Testament" with notes, i6g6 ; "la Bible" of Mor- tier, 1700; d. 9 Sept. 1721. MAETIN, Francois, French founder of the colony of PondicheiTy; first governor of it, 1674; d. about 1724. MAETIN, Gregory, Eomanist theologian; translated the Bible printed at Uouay and Eheiras, 1582 and 1609-10; helped to organise the English college .it Home, 1576; d. 28 Oct. 1582. MAETIN, Guillaume, French theologian ; edu- cated a Calvinist; became Eomanist; wrote "la Face de I'Eglise Primitive" and "Traite des Des- ordres des Egliscs Pretendues Eefonnees;" d. 1571. MAETIN, Jacques de, French Benedictine; 4. II May 1684; published "la Eeligion des Gaules," 1727; " Histoirc des Gaules," 1754; d. 5 Sept. 1 75 1. MAETIN, sir James Eanald, Scotch surgeon : /i. about i8oo ; published " Influence of Trojiical Climates on European Constitutions," 1855; d. 27 Nov. 1874. MAETIN, John, painter; *. 19 July 1789; d. 17 Feb. 1854. Lived by painting jiorcelain 1806 Exhibited "Sadalc seelcing the River of Oblivion," 1812; "Fall of Babylon," 1819 ; "Macbeth," 1820; " Belshazzar's Feast," 1821 ; "The Crea- tion," 1824; "The Deluge," 1826; "Fall of Nineveh," 1828. Published " Plan for Supplying London with Water, and for a Thames Embankment" 1828, et seq. Resumed painting; exhibited "Death of Moses," "The Heavenly City," "The Judginentof Adam," &c., 1838-52 ; "The Last Judgment" . 1S54 MAETIN, John, bibliogi-apher ; l>. 16 Sept. 1 791 ; published "Bibliographical Catalogue of Pri- vately Pilnted Books," 1834; «Z. 30 Deo. 1855. MAETIN, Louis Aime, French educational writer; 5. 1781; published " Lettres a Sophie sur la Physique," &c., 1810; "Etrennes a la Jeu- nesses," 1809-12 ; "Education des Families," 1834; d. 22 June 1847. MAETIN) Eobert Montgomery, political colo- nial historian ; i. about 1800 ; published " Colonic,? of the Bi-itish Empire," 1834-8; "British Colonial Libraiy," 1836-7: " Indian Empire," 1858-61. MAETIN, sii- Samuel, Irish lawyer; b. 1801; a.c, 1843 ; liaron of e.T:chequer, 1850-73. MAETIN, Sarah, visitor of prisons; i. 1791 ; d. 12 Oct. 1843. MAETIN, Theodore, Scotch scholar; b. i8i6; wrote in periodicals as " Bon Gualtier ; " published ti-anslation of Poems and Ballads of Goethe, 1858 ; Horace's "Odes," i860; CatuUus, 1861 ; " Life of Prince Consort," vol. i. 11. 1874-6; man-ied Miss Helen Faucet, 1851. MAETIN, Thomas, antiquary; b. 8 March 1697; wrote "History of Xhetford," published 1779; '^- 7 March 1771. MAETIN, Thomas Ignace, French visionary ; asserted that an angel commanded him to seek tlie true Louis XYII., who yet lived, 15 Jan. 1816; founded a sect termed Martinists ; his "Eelation," published 1817-32 ; d. May 1834. MAETIN, William, naturalist; b. 1767; pub- lished " Description of Petrifications in Derby- shire," 1793; d. 31 May 1810. MAETINA, empress of the east, man-ied to her uncle Herachus, 614; poisoned Constantine, her step-son, 641 ; made her own son, Heracleonas, em- peror, May or June, 641 ; both exiled, Sept. 641. MAETINE, George, Scotch physician; b. 1702: published " Essays, Medical and PhOosophical," 1740; d. 1743. MAETINEAU, Harriet, educational and po- litical writer and uoyelist ; b. 12 June 1802 ; d. 27 June 1S76. Published " Illustrations of Political Economv," (tales) . . . 1826, rf 587. "Traditions of Palestine" iggr " Deerhrook," a novel . . ig^S " The Hour and the M.an "... isfo " Playfellow," (tales, " Crofton Boys," &c.) . 1841 " Forest and Game-Law Tales " . isle " Household Education " .... " ig^g "History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace, " with introduction . 184Q-S0 "Comte's Philosophy "(condensed) ' Vs?, "Health, Husbandry, and Handicraft" 1861 "Biographical Sketches" . . . ijg. Articles in Edinbursli, Quarterly, aiid Vest- miustcr Reviews, " Comhill Magazine," "Once a Week," " Daily News," and otlier periodicals. MAETINEAU 387 MARY MAETINEAU, rer. James, brotlier, Unitarian ntiiiister; b. 21 April 1S05; minister at Dublin, I 828; Liverpool, 1832; Loudon, 1859-72; professor a-t Manchester New College, 1841 ; principal, 1868 ; l»ablislied "Rationale of Eeligious Enquiry," 1845; " Studies of Christianity," 1858; "Studies Philo- s-ojhical and Theological," i856; "Keligion as a^ffcotedby Modern Materialism," 1874. MAETINEAU, Robert Braithwaite, painter ; Ir. Jan. 1826; exhibited "Last Day in the Old Some," 1862 ; d. 13 !Feb. 1869. MAETINEZ DE LA EOSA, Francisco, Spanish statesman and poet ; b. 10 March 1780 ; d. Y Teb. 1862. On.'i mission from the Junta, in London; pub- lished " Zaragoza," a poem . . 1811 A.S a deputy, defended the constitution . . . 1812 Foieisn minister and president i March — July 1822 Published his -worlcs .... 1827-30 Foimed a ministry under the queen regent Jan. 1834 Published the "Statuto Real," detining the cousti- tutiou 10 April ,, Contracted tire quadruple alliance, establishing Isabella IL . 22 April ,, Resigned ... . . June 1835 I u the cabinet of Narvaez . . . 1843-6 Foreign Secretary ■ . . . . Oct. 1857 President of the council, July ; of the Coi-tes, Dec. 1858 Pubhshed " Espiritu del Siglo " . . 1835-51 MAETINI, FiiedrichHeinrich Wilhehn, Ger- mau physician and naturalist; b. 31 Aug. 1729; published " Conchylien Cabinet," 1768-88. MAETINI, Giovanni Battista, French cor- delier and musician ; b. 25 April 1706; composed saored music; published "Stoiia deUa Musioa," 1757-81; d./^kwg. 1784. MAETINI, Johann Paul jEgidius, German musician;}. 1 Sept. 1741; settled in Paris, 1 767 ; produced " L'Araoureux de Quinze Ans," opera, rjji; "Henri IV.," 1774; "Sappho," 1794, "^o- ' published " Melopee Modeme, ou I'Art de Chant," 1792; " Ecole d'Orgue," 1804; d. loFeb. 1S16.. MAETINI, Mai-tino, Italian missionary; b. 1614 ; sent to China ; studied there ; published " De Bello Tartai-ico in Sinis," 1654; "Atlas Sinensis," 1655; d. 6 June 1661. MAETINI, Matthias, German theologian ; b. 1572; published "Lexicon Philologicum," 1623; " Cadmus Gra?co-Phccnix sen Etymologicon," 1625; d. 1630. MAETINI, Ticente, Spanish musician; b. 1754; wrote " Ipermnestra," and other operas, 1704, &c. ; d. May 1810. MAETINO, Simone, or Memmi, (or Simone de Martino or di Sienna), Italian painter ; b. 1284; d. 1344- MAETINS, Chai-les Frederic, French physi- cist ; fi. 5 Feb. 1806 ; published " Microscope et son Application," 1839; " ileteorologie et Physique du Globe," 1847 ; &c. MAETINUS Gallus, Polish historian;/. 13th century; wrote " Chronica Polonorum." MAETINUS Polonus or Bohemus ; wi-ote " Chronicon de Summis Pontilicibus ;" d. 29 June 1278. MAETINUZZI, Geor^io, Croatian statesman and bishop of Grosswardein ; guardian of John Sigismimd, king of Hungary ; proclaimed him king, and ruled, 1540, et sen. ; quaii-elled with the queen mother ; intrigued with Ferdinand of Austria ; suspected of trcacheiy ; assassinated, 18 Dec. 1551. MAETIEE, Pietro d'Anghiera, Italian his- torian ; b. 1455 ; served Cardinal Visconti, 1477 ; Ferdinand and Isabella, 1487; sent to Egypt, 1501-2 ; d. 1526. MAETIUS, Karl Friedrioh Philipp von, Ger- man botanist; b. 17 April 1794; e.xplored Brazil for the Austrian and Bavai'ian governments, 1817-20; published "Reise nach Brasilien," and " Genera et Species Palmarum," 1824-32 ; " Flo'-a Brasiliensis," 1840-57; d. 13 Dec. 1868. MAETOS, Ivan Petrovitch, Russian sculptor ; b. about 1755 ; d. 17 April 1835. MAETYN, botanists : John, &. 12 Sept. i6gg ; founded the botanical society at the Rainbow, with Dillenius, Miller, Dale, &c., about 1721 ; published " Historia Plantarum rariorum," 1728-36; " Virgil's Geor- gics," 1741 ; "Bucolics," 1749; professor at Cambridge till 1761 . . d. 19 or 29 Jan. 1768 Thomas, son, 6. 1735 ; professor of botauy at Cain- bridge, 1761 ; published " Plautse Cantabri- gienses," 1763 ; "Universal Conchologist," 1784 : " I^ora Rustiea," 1792-4 ; " Aranei, Natural His- tory of Spiders," 1793 . . ci. 3 June 1825 MAETYN, rev. Henry, orientalist;}. 1781; missionary to India, 1803 ; translated the New Testament into Hindustani, published 181 5 ; his "Memoirs," published 1821; d. 16 Oct. 1812. MAETYE, Peter, see Termlgli. MAEULLO, see Maurolico. , ^ MAEULLO, Michele Tarcagnota, "'Greek scholar in Italy; wrote Latin Epigrammata, piinted 1493 ; Hymni Katurales, 1497 ; d. 1500. MAEUM, Mai-tin van, Dutch jDhysicist ; }. 20 March 1750; published " Dissertatio de Motu Fluidonun in Plantis," 1773; constructed a very powerful electrical machine at Haarlem, 1 785 ; d. 26 Dec. 1837. MAEUSCELLI, or Mabtjccelli, Giovanni Stefano, Florentine painter; }. about 1584; d. 1656. MAEVELL, Andrew, poet and satirist ; b. 15 Kov. 1620 ; secretary to Oliver Cromwell, 1657 ; M.p. for HuU, 1660-1 ; published " Rehearsal Transposed," against Parker, 1672 ; d. 16 Aug. 1678. MAEX, Adolf Bemhard, German mnsical com- poser ; }. 27N0V. 1799 ; published a Gennan Treatise on " Composition," 1837-45; in German "Theory of Music," 1839-50; " Art of Singing," 1826 ; com- posed, " Jery et Bsetly," di'ama, 1825 ; hymns, songs, &c. ; (f . 17 May 1866. MAEY, see Maria and Marie. MAEY, I., II., queens of England: 1. daughter of Henry VUL . !>. 18 Feb. Princess of Wales .... Proposed marriage with dauphin of France, Nov. 1518 ; with Charles V., June 1522 ; with king of Scotland, 1533 ; declared illegitimate 1534, Offered in marriage to don Luis of Portugal, 1538 ; to prince William of Cleves Her succession secured Claimed the crown at death of her brother, Ed- ward VI., 6 July; in'odaimed, 19 July; en- tered London . . 3 Aug. Promised toleration . . . 12 Aug. Made Gardiner chancellor . . . 23 Aug. Restored bishops Bonner, Gardiner, and others Sept. Cro\\Tied by Gardiner . . . .1 Oct. Enjoined restoration of ecclesiastical lands 4 March Sent princess Elizabeth to the Tower 18 March C C 2 1516 1518 1536 1339 MARY MASON rieprivetl the itvcitestant bishops . . 1554 Jtiirvied to Philiii of Spain . . 25 July ,, Began persecution by seizing persons using Ed- ward's serviee-bnol:, Jan. ; Hooper bnnit at Gloucester : Kitiley'and Latimer burnt at Oxford 16 Oct. 1555 Caused Cranmer to be burnt . 21 March 1556 Becl.ared war against Fi-ance . . 7 June 1557 Giieved at the loss of Calais, 7 Jan. cl. 17 Nov. 1558 2. daughter of James II. ; h, 30 Api-il 1662 ; mar- ried to her cousin, WiUiani of Orange, 4 Nov. 1677 : queen, 13 Feli. 1689; regent, i6go d. 28 Dec. 1694 MARY, duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, fourth daughter of Georse III. ; b. 25 April 1776; married her cousin, "William Frederick, duke of Gloucester, 22 July 1816 ; d. 30 Ai)ril 1857. MARY of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold ; b. 13 Feb. 1457 ; her father killed before Nancy, 5 Jan. 1477; resisted Louis XI. of France, and married jiaximilian of Austria, 18 Aug. 1477; d. through a fall from her horse, 27 March 1482. MARY of Guise, daughter of Claude, duke of Guise; b. 2 Nov. 1515; manied James V. of Scotland, 9 Jlay 1538 ; mother of Mary queen of Scots, 7 Dec. 1542 ; regent at her husband's death, 14 Dec. 1542 ; vigorously opposed the re- formation; defeated; deposed, 21 Oct. 1559! ''■ 'O June 1560. MARY of Jlodena, see Maria d'EsU. MARY STUART, queen of Scots; b. 7 Dec. 1542; beheaded at Fothennghay, 8 Feb. 1587. Succeeded her father James V. . . 14 Dec. 1542 Her marriage with Edward of England settled by treaty . . . . July 1543 Taken to France and betrothed to the dauphin Francis - - :. . - . . 1548 Jtarried, 24 April ; claimed crown of England Nov. 1558 Queen of France, 10 July 1559 ; widow . 5 Dec. 1560 Ketunied to Scotland (favoured Romanists) 19 Aug. 1561 Manied Heniy, lord Damley . 20 July 1565 Her seeretiiy David Rizzio murdered 9 March 1566 Her son James bom . . -19 June ,, Her husband Darnley murdered . . 10 Feb. 1567 Carried off, 24 Api-il ; and married by Eotliwell 15 May ,, Made prisoner at Carbeny bill, 15 June ; impri- soned in Lochleven castle ; compelled to abdicate 24 July „ Escaped from Lochleven castle . . 2 May 1568 Her adherents defeated at Lailg.side, 13 May ; en- tered England 16 May ,, Confined at Bolton ; at Tutbuiy ... ,, Condemned on account of Babjmgton's conspiracy 25 Oct. 1586 Intercession of James "VI. and Heniy II. Jan. 1587 MARY TIJDOR, queen of France, daughter of Henry VII. of England ; }. 1498 ; married to Louis XII. of France, 9 Oct, 1514; Mldow, i Jan. 1515: secretly manied Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, 31 JLnrch 1515 ; d. 25 June 1533. MASACCIO, see Giddi. MASANIELLO (Tommaso .Vniello), Neapoli- tan demagogue ; b. 1623 ; headed a successful in- BuiTcction against the taxes levied by the Spanish viceroy, dulce of Arcos, 7 July; assassinated, 16 July 1647. MASCAGNI, Paolo, Italian anatomist; b. 5 Feb. 1752 ; published " Auatomia Umversa," 1823- 32; d. 19 Oct. 1815. MASCARDI, Agostino, Italian historian; b. 1591 ; published " Arte Historica ;" d. 1640. MASCARON, Jules, French preacher; 5. March 1634 ; patronised by Louis XIV. ; d. 20 Nov. 1703. "Orations Fuuebres," published 1704. MASCHERONI, Lorenzo, Italian mathe- matician and poet ; b. 14 May 1750; published " Geometria del Compasso," 1795; <"'• 14 July i8cx). MASCLEF, Fran(;oia, French orientalist; b. 1662; published " Grammatica Hebraiea," 17 16; d. 14 Nov. 1728. MASCOLO, Giovanni Battista, Italian Jesuit Latin poet ; i. 24 June 1583; published "Lyricii," 1626; "Encomia Ccolitiun," 1638-41; d. 20 July 1656. MASCOV, or MASCOT', Johann Jacob, Gei-- man publicist ; b. 26 Nov. l68g ; published in Ger- man, " History of Germany, 1722-30;" "Prin- cipia Juris Imperii Romani," 1729; d. 22 May 1761. MASCRIER, Jean Baptiste Le ; _ i. 1697 ; published " Histoirc Generale des Ceremonies, Mcours ct Coutumes Ecligieuses," 1741 ; d. 16 June 17C0. MASDETJ, Juan Frimcisco, Spanish historian ; }. 1740; published " Hi.storia Critica de Espaiia," 1783-1800; d. II April 1817. MASEN, Jacob, Belgian scholar ; b. 1606 >' published " Palcestra Eloquentiai legatac," 1654- 83; d. 27 Sept. 1681. (William Lauder ridicu- lously accused Milton of plagiary from Masen's poem "Sarcotis.") MASERES, Francis, judge and mathematician ; b. 15 Dec. 1731 ; attorney-general in Canada, about 1770; cui-sitor-baron of the exchequer, 1773; published "Principles of Life Annuities," 1783; edited " Scriptores Logarithmici," 1791-6; d. ig May 1824. MASHAM, Damaris Cudworth, lady; b. 18 Jan. 1658 ; friend of Locke : published " Discourse concerning the Love of God," 1696; d. 20 April 1708. MASHAM, Mrs. (Abigail Hill), relative of the duchess of ^Marlborough, and maid of queen Anne ; married Francis Masham, 1707 ; supplanted the duchess, 1711 ; rf. 6 Dec. 1734. MASINISSA, African prince ; valuable ally of the Romans ; made king of Numidia by Scipio, B.C. 204; frequently victor over the Carthaginians, 152-50; (/. 149. MASKELL, rev. "William; b. 1814; took orders, 1837; as chaplain to bishop of Exeter, active in Gorham ease, 1849-50 ; entered Homan Catholic Church, June 1850; published " Ancient Liturgy of Church of England," 1844; "Monn- menta EituaKa Ecclcsia) Anglicana," 1846-7, &c. MASKELYNE, Nevil, astronomer; b. 6 Oct. 1 732 ; published " British Mariners' Guide," 1763; astronomer-royal at Greenwich, 1765-1811 ; went to St. Helena, and observed transit of Venus, 6 June 1761 ; to Schiehallicn, in Perthslnre, to calculate the density of the earth, 1774; d. g Feb. 1811. MASO, see Finlf/uerra. MASOLINO, mePaniaik. MASON, Francis, d.d., orientalist; i. 2 April 1799; a shoemaker ; went to America, worked and studied, i8i8-2g ; went as missionary to Burmah, 1830; worked on oriental literature; returned for a short time, 1853; set up printing in Burmali; printed there " Tennasserim : Notes on the Fauna, Flora, &c. of British Eurmah," 1852; "Story of a Working-man's Life," 1870. MASON 389 MASTER MASON, George, landscape painter; b. about 1818 ; gave up medicine for fine arts ; travelled in Italjr, 1844 ; settled at Rome ; returned to England ; exhibited " Ploughing in the Campagiia ;" " lu the Salt Marshes," [859; "Mist on the Moor," 1862; " Evening Hjmn,'"^lS68; &c. ; d. 22 Oct. 1872. MASON, James JIurray, American statesman ; i. [797 ; senator ; chairmtui of committee on foreign afiiiirs; joined the confederates, 1861 ; sent as com- missioner to England with Blidell, captured by capt. "Wilkes of U.S. ship San Jariiito, when on hoard British royal mail steamer Trent, 8 Nov. 1861 ; after expostulation surrendered ; (came to 3iiigland),2 Jan. 1862 ; cl. 28 April 1871. MASON, sir Josiah, pMlauthropist ; b. 1795; made a fortune by steel pen manufacture ; endowed JErdiiigtou orphan houses near Binningham, opened, July i86g ; endowed college for practical science, 1873 i knighted, 1872. MASON, John, theologian; b. 170G; published *' Self Knowledge," 1745 > <^- 'O Feb. 1763. MASON, sir John, statesman; b. 1500; d. 1506. MASON, rev. William, canon of York, poet; b. 1725; published "Odes," 1756; " Caractacus," 1759; "The English Garden," 1772-82 ; d. 7 April I797- MASOUDI, Abul Hassan Ali, Ai-ab miter ; wrote "Book of "\^'ouders," and Memoii-s; d. 956. "MASQUE DE Feb.," man with the ii-on mask ; a French prisoner of state in the Bastille, from 18 Sept. 1698, until his death, 19 Nov. 1703. MASSANIELLO, see Masaniello. MASSAEI, Lucio, Bolognese painter; b. 1569; ff. 1633. MASSAEIA, Alessandro, Italian physician; I/, about 15 10; refonncr of medical practice; puMished "de Abusu iledicamentorum, 1591; a. 18 Get. 1598. MASSENA, Andre, duke of Eivoli, prince of EssUug, French marshal; b. 6 May 1 758; rf. 4 Apiil 181 7. Entered the array . .... 1775 Distinguished himself in Italy, 1793-6 ; at Rivoli, &(!. . . . . . . . g-Ti Jiui. 1797 As commander, repressed inburrectiou at Rome Feb. 1798 Defeated the Russians uuder Korsakov at Zurich 25 Sept. 1799 Defeated by !Melas ; retired into Genoa, 18 April, wlticli he vigorously defended till 5 June iSoo Fought ill Germany 1809 Coiinnanded in B].iain ; defeated by Wellington at JBusaco, 27 Sept, 1810 ; and at Fueutes de Onoro, , 4, 5 Way 181T Unjustly disgraced 1»y Napoleon . . ,, Employed by Lonis XVIII. . . . . 1814 Denounced in the Ciiainber.s ; defended himself successfully . . 1817 MASSEVILLE, Louis Le Tavasseur de, French historian ; 6. about 1647; published "His- toire de Normandie," 1698; d. 1733. MASSE Y, Gerald, self-taught poet ; b. 29 May 1828; en-and-boy in London about 1843 ; pub- lished " Poetical "Works," new edition, 1861 ; " Tale of Eternity," &c., 1869. MASSEY, "William Nathaniel, baiTister and statesman;*. 1809; recorder of Portsmouth, 1855; finance minister of India, Feb. 1865-April 1868; published "History of England under George III. ; " 1855-63; M.r. for Tiverton, 1872. MASSIEIJ, Guillaume, French Jesuit; b. 13 April 1665; wrote " De 1' Usage de Poesie," and " Poemata Bidascalia," d. 22 Sept. 1722. MAS8ILL0N, Jean Baptiste, bishop of Cler- mont, French orator ; b. 24 June 1663 ; preached before Louis XIV. and the court, in Lent, 1701- 1704; made bishop, 1717; published " Sennons," 1705; d. 28 Sept. 1742. MASSINGBEED, rev. Francis Charies; b. about 1800 ; chancellor of Lincobi cathedral, 1862 ; active; in support of powers of convocation; pub- lished "History of the English Eelonnation," 1857 ; &c. ; d. Dec. 1872. MASSINGEE, Pliilip, dramatist; b. 1584; published " Vii-gin Martyr," 1622; "Duke of Milan," 1623; "Fatal Doiviy," 1632; " New "Way to Pay Old Debts," 1633; "City Madam," 1659; d. 17 March 1640. MASSON, French poets, brothers : Andre Pierre .... h. 1759 Went to Russia : expelled by Paul I. . . . 1796 Published "Les Sai-rasins eu Fnmce," an epic . 1815 (/.. about 1820 Charles Franqois Philibert . . h. 1762 "Went to Russia ; promoted ill the ai-niy . 1788-92 Employed diplomatically in B.avariu and Wm- temberg . . 1794 Dismissed by Paul I. .... 1796 Received and protected by Lucien Bonaparte . 1800 (/.. 3 June 1807 MASSON, Antoiue, French engraver; b. 1036; d. 30 May 1 700. MASSON, Antoine PhiUbert, French jihysicist and chemist; b. 22 Aug. 1806; published " Theorie Physique et JIathematique des Phenomeues D^ma- miques et du Magiietisme," 1838; d. I Dec. i860. MASSON, Augusts Michael Benoit Gaudi- chot, French novelist and di-amatist; i. 31 July iScx); published "Daniel le Lapidier; ou Contes de I'Atclier," 1832-33. MASSON, David, Scotch scholar; b. 2 Det. 1822; professor of English literatm-e at Univer- sity College, London, 1852 ; at the University of Edinburgh, Oct. 1865 ; lectured at Koval Insti- tution on Eecent British Philosophy, 1865; pub- lished ' ' Essays Biographical and Critical,' 1856 ; " Life of Milton," 1858-73 ; " Drunimond of Haw- thornden," 1873; Milton's "Poetical "Works," 1874. MASSON, Francis. Scotch botanist; b. 1741; ex])lored the Cape, SouthAfiica, the Azores, Canaries, part of the Antilles, &c. ; collecting plants for Kew Gardens, 1771-81 ; published " Stapelia," 1796 ; d. Dec. 1805. MASSON, Jean, French protestant writer ; b. 1680; came to London, 1685; published "Vita: Horatii, Ovidii, et Plinii Secandi," 1708-9; edited Horace, 1707 ; d. about 1750. MASSON, Jean Papii-e, French historian; b. 6 May 1544; published " Histoiia Vita; Caroli IX.," 1577"; " Annales lies gesta; Francorum," 1597-8; rf. 9 Jan. 1611. MASS"LrET, Eene, French Benedictine; b. 1666; edited "St. Irena;us," 1710; d. 11 Jan. 1 7 16. MASTELLETTA, Giovanni Andrea Dou- ducci, il, Bolognese painter; b. 1575 i ''• l^SS' MASTER or MASTERS, Thomas, poet; b. about 1600; published " Mensa Lubrica," 1658. MASTEES 390 MATTH^I MASTERS, Eobert, antiquaiy; 5. 171 pub- I7S3; lished " History of Corpus Christi College,' d. 5 July 1798. MASUCCIO, Neapolitan sculptors and archi- tects : 1. 7). 1230 f^- 130 2. 6. 1291 ; executed fine works at Naples d. 138 MATANI, Antonio Maria, Italian anatomist and phUosopher ; b. 27 July 1730 ; published " De Aneurysmaticis," 1756; "De "lUtionali Philoso- phia," 1757 ; d. 21 June 1779. MATHEE, theologians : Richard, left the church and settled in America . 1636 Samuel, son ; h. 1626 ; wrote " Figures of the Old Testament explained," published 1683 . d. 1671 Increase, brother ; h. in America; wrote "History of the war with the Indians," "Remarkable Pro- vidences," &c. . .... d. 1723 Cotton, son, scholar ; &. 12 Feb. 1663 ; pastor at Boston 1682 Persecuted many for witchci"aft (ig persons exe- cuted) 168B Published " Memorable Providences relating to Witchcraft," 1689 ; " Wonders of the Invisible World," 1693 ; " Magnalia Christi Americana." 1702 • . . . . ft. 13 Feb. 1728 MATHEW, Theobald, father, "Apostle of tem- perance," Romish priest; b. 10 Oct. 1790; preached temperance in Ireland with great effect, 1833 ; d. 8 Dec. 1856. MATHEWS, Cornelius, American satirical poet and novelist; b. 28 Oct. 1817; published " Motley Book," 1838; " Money Penny," 1850, &c. MATHEWS, comedians and dramatists : Charles .... . 6. 28 Jnue 1776 First performed (at Dublin) 1794 Appeared at the Haymarket . . 15 May 1803 Gave enteiiainmeuts founded on his visits to America, France, ifec, 1818, ei scri. d. 28 June 1835 Charles James, son ; b. Dec. 1803 ; man-ied Ma- dame Vestris (see Vestris) . . 18 July 1838 Wrote " My Wife's Mother," performed . . 1833 PerfoiTned in a French translation of his " Cool as a Cucumber," at Paris . . . 1863 Visited Australia, 1870 ; retm-ned, 1872 ; went to India .... . . 1B75 MATHIAS, Thomas James, poet and satirist ; b. 1757 ; published "Pursuits of Literature," 1794- 5 ; edited selections from the Italian poets, 1802, 1808 ; d. 1835. MATHIEU, Claude Louis, French astronomer ; b. 26 Nov. 1784; brother-in-law and colleague of F. Arago, 18311 member of constituent assembly, Feb. 1848 ; d. March 1875. MATHIEU DE DOMBASLE, Christojjhe Joseph Alexandre, French agriculturist ; b. 26 Feb. 1777; gi-eatly improved agi'iculture in France; pub- lished "Calendrier du Bon Cultivateur," 1821 ; d. 27 Dec. 1843. M ATHILDE, princess, see Bonaparte. MATHON DE LA COUR, French miters : Jacques, mathematician . . 6. 28 Oct. 1712 Published " Nouvelles Machines mues par la reaction de M6canique," 1763 . . d. about 1770 Charles Jcseph, son ; educational writer, h. 6 Oct. 1738 Helped to fotuid the " SoeiiSt6 Pliilanthroiiiqne," about 1770 Pnblislied "Lettres sur les Peiutures, &c., du Lou\Te" 1763-7 Joined the revolution ; aimed at financial re- form ; executed for assisting in the defence of Lyons . 15 Nov. 1793 MATILDA, St., queen of Gennnny; man-ied to Henry the Fowler, got); mother of Otho the Great, 936 ; d. 14 March 968. MATILDA, or Maud, queens of England: 1. daughter of Baldwin, earl of Flanders ; man-ied her cousin, William of Normandy, 1054 ; queen, 1066 ri- 2 Nov. 1083 2. St., daugliter of Malcolm, king of Scotland, and Margaret, sister of Edgar Atbelnig; married Henry I. of England, 11 Nov. iioo d. 1 May iiiB 3. daughter of Eustace, count of Bologne ; married to Stephen of Bids ; founded St..Kathenne's Hospital and Feversham Abbey . . . 1148 d. 3 May 1151 4. daughter of Henry I. ... 6. about 1102 MarriedHenry v., emperor of Germany . . 1114 A widow 23 May 1125 Man-ied Geoffry Plantagenet, earl of Anjou . 1130 Mother of Heniy IL . . , ■ 5 March 1133 Landed in England, and claimed the crown 30 Sept. 1 1 39 Acknowledged as queen of western England . 1143 Treaty with Stephen ; her son, Henry, recog- nised as his successor . 7 Nov. 1153 d. 10 Sept. 1165 MATILDA, daughter of Henry II. of England ; b. 1156; married Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, 1 168 (ancestors of queen Yictoria) ; d. 28 June 1 189. MATILDA, " the gi-eat countess" of Tuscany, daughter of duke Boniface II.; b. 1046; d. 24 July 1115. Governed Tuscany with her mother . . 1069 Mai-ried Godfrey of Lonaine ; soon separated In her castle of Canossa sheltered Gregoi-j' VII., who there received the degi-ading submission of the emperor, Hem-y IV. ... Jan. 1077 Her troops beaten by the emperor's before Mantua, Oct. 1080 ; defeated thein July 1084 Married Guelpli, duke of Bavaria .... 1089 Supported Conrad against his father, the emperor 1093 Separated from her husband .... 1095 Granted a deed of gift of her states to the papacy 1 102 Sovereign of Italy under the emperor mo Quelled the revolted Mantuans . . .1114 MATSYS, Queutin, see 2Lcisys. MATTATHIAS, Jewish priest, father of the Maccabees ; opposed the idolati-y enjoined by An- tiochuB, B.C. 168 ; d. 16O. MATTEI, Paolo de', Neapolitan painter; b. 1662; d. 1728. MATTEI, Stanislas, Italian musician, pupil of Martini; 4. 10 Feb. 1750; composed masses, I77i- 88; "Dies Its'," 1802; " La Bottega delLibrajo," an opera; d. 12 May 1825. MATTEO DI SIE2WA, Italian painter; b. 1420; d. 1495. MATTEE, Jacques, French philosopher and historian; b. 31 May 1791 ; published "Histoire du Gnosticisme," 1828; "Histoire de I'Eglise Chi-etieune," 1828-35; "De 1' Influence des Moiurs sur les Lois," &c. (for which he received 10,000 francs from the Academic), 1832; " Schelling," 1842 ; " Histoire de la Philcsophie dans ses Eap- ports aveo la Religion," 1854; " Philcsophie de la Keligion," 1857; d. 23 June 1864. MATTETJCCI, Carlo, Italian physicist ; J. 20 June 181 1 ; studied electro-physiology; published " Lezioni di Fisica," 1841 ; " Lezioui sui Fenomeni Fisioo-chimici dei Corpi Viventi," 1844; " Manuale di Telegrafia Elettrica, 1850; several times minis- ter of public instruction in Italy ; d. 25 June 1868. MATTEUCCI, Petronio, Italian astronomer, of Bologna ; b. about 1708; d. Deo. 1800. MATTHjEI, Christian Friedrich, German phi- lologist; /;. 1744; iJublished " Christomathia Gra^ca," 1773; professor at Moscow, 1805; d. 26 Sept. 1811. MATTH^US 391 MAUNDEELL MATTHiEUS Cantacuzenus, eldest son -of the emperor John VI. and his coadjutor, 1349 ; alhdicated Avhen John Palosologus seized Constanti- niople, Jan. 1355 ; wrote commentaries on the Can- -ticles, printed, 1624 ; d. about 1390. MATTHESON, Johann, Gei-man musician and composer; i. 28 Sept. 1681 ; the "Pleiades," his iirat opera, performed at Hamburg, 1699 ; friend of Handel, 1703 ; nearly killed him in a duel, Dec. 1704 ; d. 17 April 1764. MATTHEW PARIS, Benedictine monk of St. Alban's ; wrote " Historia Anglise ad ultinium annum Henrici III. ; " d. 1259. MATTHEW, Tobias, archbishop of York; h. 1546; bishop of Durham, 1595; archbishop, 1606; published " Concio Apologeticum contra Campi- aium," 1581 ; d. 29 March 1628. MATTHEW, sir Tobias, son ; b. 1578 ; accom- panied prince Charles to Spain, 1622 ; published "Life of St. Theresa," 1623; became a cathoUc ; d. 13 Oct. 1655. MATTHEW of 'Westminster, Benedictine; vTote " Floras Histoiiarum ab E.vordio llundi usque ad 1307." MATTHEWS, Thomas, actaiii-al; b. 168 1 ; dismissed for misconduct during an action off Toulon, when capt. Comewall was killed, (11 Feb. 1744) Jan. 1747; d. 1751. MATTHIAS, emperor of Gei-many, son of Slaximilian II. ; b. 24 Feb., 1557 ; d. 20 March 1619. Governor of the low coimtries, 1578-80 ; of Austria, 1595; of Hungary; opposed the protestants ; gi'anted toleration for tlieni by treaty . 23 June 1606 Took np ai'ius against his brother, Rodolph, who ceded to him Hungaiy, Austria, and Mor.avia ; June i6oS Crowned king of Bohemia . ... 161 1 Elected emperor 13 June 1612 Adopted his cousin, Ferdinand, as heir, 1616; and gave him Bohemia . 1618 Opposed in this ; began the thirty years' war . . i6ig MATTHIAS COEVINTJS, king of Hungary, son of John Huniades ; b. 27 March 1443 ; d. 6 April 1490. Protected by Podibrad, king of Boliemia, when his brother, Ladislas, was killed by king Ladislas 1457 Proclaimed king, by the efforts of his uncle, Michael Bzilagyi 24 Jan. 1458 Foniied the body of militia tenned hussars, .about 1459 Defeated the Turks in Bosnia 1463 Quelled the Bohemian bandits . 1464 Pounded university of Buda . . 1465 Proclaimed king of Bohemia, but failed . 1469 "War with Frederick IV . 1477 Gained Lusatia, Moravia, &c., by treaty . 1478 In a new war, captured Vienna 22 Jan. 1485 Settled there ; took all Austria . 1485-7 MATTHI-ZE, Heinrich August, Gennan philo- logist ; b, 25 Dec. 1 769 ; published, in Gennan, ** Complete Greek Grammar," 1807; "Elements of Greek and Latin Literature," 1815 ; " Encyolo- pxdia of Philology," 1835; d. 6 Jan. 1835. MATTHIESSEN, Augustus, German che- mist; b. 2 Jan. 1831 ; published papers on prepar- ing alkaline metals by electrolysis, 1856 ; professor at St. Bartholomew's hospital, London, about 1868 ; received royal society's royal medal, 1869; com- mitted suicide, 6 Oct. 1870. MATTHIEU, Piene, French poet and his- torian; b. 10 Dec. 1563; published " La Guisiade," 1580 ; " Histoire des Guerres depuis 1515 jusqu'a 1598;" "Histoii-ede Louis XI.," 1610; d. 12 Oct. Ib2l. MATTHISSON, Friedrich von, German poet; 4.' 23 Jan. 1761; published "Songs," 1781 ; "Poems," 1787; " Eemembrances," i8io-l6;(i. 12 March 1831. MATTHYS, Guerard, Dutch scholar and philo- sopher; b. 1523; edited part of Aristotle, 1551-70; d. II April 1574. MATTI, Manuel, Spanish Latin poet ; b. 1663 ; jiublished " Poemata," 1735; d. 18 Dec. 1737. MATTIOLI, Pietro Andrea, Italian botanist; b. 23 March 1500 ; published " Dioscorides," with a " commentary," 1544 ; d. 1577. MATUEIN, rev. Eobert Charles, Irish noveUst and poet; b. l'jS2; his "Bertram," a tragedy, suc- cessful at Drury Lane, May 18 15 ; published " Fatal Kevenge," 1807 ; " Melmoth the Wanderer," 1820; " the Universe," a poem, 1821; "the Albigenses," 1824 ; d. 30 Oct. 1824. MATURING, Florentine painter; b. about 1490; d. about 1528. MATT, Matthew, Dutch physician; i. 1718; founded the "Journal Britannique," Jan. 1750; made under-hbrarian at the British Museum, 1753; principal librai-ian, 1772; d. 2 Aug. 1776. MATT, Paul Henry, son, scholar; b. 1745; secretary of Royal Society, London, 1778-84 ; edited a"Keview," 1782-86; d. 16 Jan. 1787. MAUCIIOIX, Francois de, French translator ; b.y Jan. 1619; published, with La Fontaine, " CEnvres Diverses, 1&85 ; d. 9 Aug. 1708. MAUD, see Matilda. MAUDSLAT, Thomas Henry, machinist ; 4. 1 792 ; d. 23 April 1864. MAUDSLET, Hem-y, m.d. ; b. 5 Feb. 1835 ; Gulstonian lecturer, Eoyal College of Physicians, 1870; published "Physiology and Pathology of Mmd," 1868; " Body and Mind," 1872; "Eespon- sibility in Mental Disease," 1874; &c. MAUDUIT, Antoine Francois, French archi- tect and archneologist ; b. 10 Aug. 1775; (?. 27 Deo. 1854. MAUDUIT, Israel, publicist; *. 1708; pub- lished " History of New England Colonies," 1769 ; " Histoi-y of Massachusetts," 1774 ; d. 14 June, 1707. MAUDUIT, Michelj French theologian; b. 1644; published "Traite de la ReKgion," 1677; "Analyse des Epitresde St. Paul," 1691 ; "jVnalyse de I'Evangile," 1694 ; d. 19 Jan. 1709. MAUGrUIN, Fran(;ois, French advocate and politician; b. 28 Feb. 1785; failed in defending Labedoyere before the council of revision, 1815 ; supported the revolution of July, 1830 ; an-ested for debt ; released by the legislative assembly, of which he was a member, Dec. 1850; retu-ed, 2 Dee. 1851 ; d. 4 June 1854. MAUGrUIN", Gilbert, French Jausenist; pub- lished "Tiudiciffl Prsedestinationis et Gratia;," 1650 ; d. 1674. MAUNDEE, Samuel; compiler of "Treasury of Knowledge," 1830; "Biographical Tre.isury," 1838; "Scientific and Literary Treasury, '840, &e. ; b. about 1790; d. 30 April 1849. MAUNDEELL, Henry, traveller; b. about 1650 ; published " Journey from Aleppo to Jerusa- lem at Easter, 1697," 1703; d. about 1710. MAUPEOU 392 MAUSOLUS MAUPEOU, French magistrates: llENfi Charles de ; h. i588; lioiioured hy Louis XV .... 1743 As president siippoi-ted tlie ii.niiament ayalnst him dmiii;^- a lung struggle .... 1749-57 Cham;eUor for tweuty-foui" hoiu'S, 15 Seiit. 1768; d. 1775 Ren^ Nicolas Charles AucusTE . . h. 1714 Succeeded his father as cliancellor . . Sept. 1768 Chief instrmiieiit in tlie tjTanuical suppression of tlie pai-liameuts Jan. 1771 Very nupopuhir ; ruined at the death of Louis XV., 10 May 1774: retired . . d. 29 July 1792 MAUPEETUIS, Picn-e Louis Moreau de, French philosopher and geometer; i. 17 July i6g8; tl. 27 July 1759. Went to Lapland to measure a dcgi'ee of tlie meridian 1736-7 rublished "Figure de la Terre detcrminee" . 1738 Received by Frederick of Prussia May 1740 Taken prisoner at hattle of llohvitz 10 April 1741 Published " Astronomie Nautifjue " . . 1743 lie-organised the academy of Berlin, aiul became president . . 1746 Quan'elled with Voltaire, 1750 et svij. ; d. 27 Jidy 1759 MAUREPAS, Jean Frederic Phelypeaux, French statesman; i. 9 July 1701 ; a secretary of state, Nov. 1715; minister ot the niaiine; eftected many reforms, 1 723, ct seq. ; disgi-aced for an epigram upon Madame de Pompadour, April 1 749 ; recalled to power by Louis XYI., 1774; caused dis- missal of Turgot, 177s; of Necker, 1781; d. 21 Nov. 1781. MAURICEj-emperor, see Mam-kius. MAURICE, Augustus, the Learned ; landgi-ave of Hesse Cassel; b. 25 May 1572; founded the " Collegium Mauritianum," 1595; published " En- cyclopedia," 1597; " PMlosopliia Practica," 1604 ; '(. 15 March 1632. MAUPICE of Nassau, son of WUliam, prince of Orange ; 4. 1567 ; d. 23 Aiu-il 1625. JIade stodtholder of Holland and Zealand by Barneveldt, 1585 ; of the united provinces ; head of the army . 1587 Captured Breda . . .... 1590 Took Nimeguen, 20 Oct. 1591 ; Grouingeii, &c. . 1593-4 Resisted the offers of Philip II, for iieace 1598 Repulsed Mendoza on the Rhine . . . . 1599 Defeated archduke Albreclit at Sieuport 2 July 1600 Defended Ostend . . . 1601-4 Succeeded as prince ... . i6i8 Reluctantly consented to twelve years' truce, 9 Ajuil 1609 Suppoi-ted the Gomarists against the Renion- sti-ants ; caused Barneveldt to he executed for opposing his ambition ... 13 May 1619 Entered into alliance Avith England and France . 1624 MAURICE, elcctoij son of Henry the Pious, duke of Saxony ; b. 21 March 1521 ; d. II July 1553. Duke, 1541 ; fought under Charles V. against the Turks 1542 Supported him against the Protestant league of Smalcald ... . . 1546 Hel]ied to defeat his cousin, the elector, John Frederic, and made elector in his room . . . 1547 Broke with Charles V., and joined William of Hesse and the ]n-otestants . . . March 1552 Promoted the peace of Passau, signed . 31 July ,, d. of a wound, 11 Jidy 1553 MAURICE, rev. Frederick Denison, pliilo- sojiher ; b. about 1805 ; d. i April 1872. At Trinity college, Cambridge, under Hare ; became friend of John Sterling . . . . 1823 Left the university, declining subscription . . 1826 Entered Exeter college, Oxford ; signed ; ordained priest . . . .... 183s ProfesKO]' of modem histoiT, &c.. King's college, London, 1840 ; of ecclesiastical history . . 1846 Published "Theological Essays;" compelled to resign ^°53 Pi-incipal of the first Working Men's college in London .... Oct. 1854 Published " Kingdom of Christ " 1838 " Religions of the World " 1847 "Historj'of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, 1850 et seq. " Learning and Working " . . ^855 " Lectiues on Ecclesiastical History " . 1854 " Religion of Rome" • ,, "What is Revelation?" . . . .1859-00 "Modern Philosophy," 1862; "Sacred Morality" 1869 Elected professor of moral iJiilosophy at Cam- bridge . . Oct. 1866 MAURICE, rev. Thomas, orientalist and poet; b. 25 Sept. I7S4; published "Indian Antiquities," 1793-1800; ''-Histoi-y of Hindostan," 1802-4; "Memou-s," 1819; d. 30 March 1824. MAURICEAU, Francois, French surgeon; pubUshed "Traite des Maladies des I'emmes grosses," 1668; d. 17 Oct. 1709. MAURICIUS, Flavins Tiberius, emperor of the East; b. 539 ; d. 27 Nov. 602. Commanded luider Tiberius II., -victor in Persia, Mesopotamia, and Assyria 579-80 Married Constantina, daughter of the emperor, and succeeded him . . - 13 Aug. 582 Successful in wars in the east . . .586 ct seq. SutTered 12,000 soldiers to be killed by the Avars by refusing a ransom 600 Dethroned by Phocas, and himself and his family muidered . . 27 ^ev. 602 MAURIER, see Du Maicner. MAUEO, Fra, Italian geographer ; made a planisphere for AUonso V. of Portugal, 1457 ; made a chart about 1458 ; d. about Oct. 1459. MAUROLICO (MaEULLO), Francesco, Ita- lian geometer; b. 16 Sept. 1494; published " Cos- mographia," 1543; d. 21 July 1575. MAUR, Matjeus, see Sabcm. MAUEUS, St., disciple of St. Benedict ; at his death, about 542, founded a monastery at Glan- feuille, on the Loire ; d. about 584.- MAURUS, Terentianus, Latin poet; vrote " Ue Literis, Syllabis, Pedibus, Metris," about 100. MAURY, Jean Sifti-ein, French, cardinal and orator ; b. 26 June 1746 ; delivered " Eloges" of the dauphin, of St. Louis, 1772 ; of St. Augustin, 1775; of St. Yiuceut de Paul, 1785; pubKshod "Traitu surl'LloquencedelaChaii-e," 1777; elected deputy for the assembly; vigorously opposed Mirabeau, 1789, rf seq.; retired to Home, 1792; to Venice, 1799 ; as cardinal, came to Paris, and acknowledged Napoleon, 1806; archbishop of Paris, Oct. i8lo ; disgraced by the pope and the Bourbons, 1814; d. II May 1817. MAURY, Matthew F., commander, American hydrographer and astronomer; b. 14 Jan. l8o5; studied and published an able " Treatise on Navi- gation," 1835 ; keeper of depot of naval charts, Washington, 1839 ; piibhshed wind and current charts, &c. ; promoted the congi-ess at Brussels, 1853 ; published " Physical Geogi-aphy of the Sea," 1854 ; sided with the south ; resigned Ms posts ; i85i ; entered service of archduke Ma.^imiliau ill Mexico; retimied at the peace, 1865; professor at Lexington, Virginia ; d. i Feb. 1873. MAUSOLUS, king or governor of Caria, about B.C. 377 ; d. about 353 ; the mausoleum of Halicar- nassus erected to his memory by liis sister and wife, Artemisia. [Sculptures, ' ' Budrum Marbles,' ' put in British Museum, 1857.] MAUSSAC 393 MAXIMINUS MAUSSAC, PhiUpi)e Jacques, Freuch scliolar ; A about 1590; edited **Hai"pocratiouis Lexicon," 1614; *'PseUus, de Lapidum Virtutibiis," 1615; d. 1650. MAUVILLON, Fronch ^-viters : El£azar, Freuch historian ; &. i5 July 1712 ; pulj- lislied "Histoire du prince Eugene cle Savoie," 1740 ; " Histoire. de Pierre I. " 1742 . d. May 1779 Jacques, son, engineer; h. 8 Miireh 1743; wrote much in French and German ; puljlished " Essai Historiiine siu- I'Art de la Guen-e " . 1784 MAYOR, rev. "William, Scotch educational ■\?riter; b, i Aug. 1758; published" English Spelhng Book," 1801 ; '^ Universal History," 1802- 1]; d. 29 Dec. 1837. MAYEOCOKDATO, Alessancbo, Greek dip- lomatist, chief dragoman at the Porte ; b. about 1637; negotiated the peace of Carlowitz, 1698-g; jublished *'Pneumaticum Instrumeutura," 1664; d. 1 709. MAYROCOEBATO, Alessandro, Greek diplo- matist aud statesman; b. 15 Peb. 1791; d. 18 Aug. 1865. yecretarj- to his uncle, John Cavadji, liospodar of Wallachia 1817 Greatly uistrunieutal in promoting the w.ix of iudependence . 1821 president of the first executive comicil 1 Jan. 1822 Giiined the friendship of Byron . ,, Resigned to Coloeotroni 1823 tSiiiiiiorted the monarchy 1832 tiurved as ambassador in Berlin, London, i:c. ; recalled home ; failed in forming a ministry . 1840 Iresideut of the assembly which established a constitution . 1843 Ambassador at Paris 1350 ^Vgaiu minister; made peace May 1854 ; resigned 1856 MA"WE, John, mineralogist; b. 1764; opened a shop in the Strand ; tra^-elled in South America to collect specimens, 1804, et scfj. ; published "JIuieralogy of Derbysliii*e," 1802; "Travels in Urazil," 1812 ; *' Treatise on Diamonds and Precious Stones," 1813; (I. 26 Oct. 1829. MAXENTIUS, Marcus Aurelius Yaleiius, Homau emperor, son of Maximianus Hercules; b. 250; proclaimed, 28 Oct. 306 ; quelled a revolt in Africa -with great cruelty, 308; made war with Constautine ; defeated, and drowned in the Tiber, 28 Oct. 312. MAXIMIANUS I., II., emperors of Eome : 1. Marcus Aurelius Valerius (Hercalius), made associate to Diocletian . . . z86 Settled Gaul and Bi-itaiu 288-9 Made ennieror of the West ; associated with Cou- stantius Chlorus ... . . 291 Compelled to abdicate at MiLin i May 305 Ti'ied to recover the throne 306 Opposed Constautine ; talcen iirisoner ; strangled liiniself by command ... 3 Feb. 310 S, Galerius Valeruis, made Ctesar with Constantius Chlorus, 292 ; emperor 305 Oi)po5ed Constautine ; lust Italy and Africa, 307 : d. 311 MAXIMILIAK, electors of Bavaria : 1. the great duke ; h. 17 April 1573; siicceeded his lather, William II., abdicating, 1596; chief of the Catholic League of Wurzbiu'g . . . 1609 Defeated the Protestants under Fj-ederic, king of Bohemia, at Prague ... 8 Nov. 1620 JIade elector, 25 Feb. 1623 ; lost his ten-itnries "by war ; recovered them by peace of Wt- stphalia 1648 d. 27 Seiit. 1651 3, Ennnamiel, sou of Ferdinand ; &. n Jidy 1662 ; elector 26 May 1679 Fought against the Turks, 1683-8 ; stonned Bel- grade , . 1688 Allied with France against the einjieror 1702 Defeated and ruined at Blenheim Put to the ban of the tmjnre Aug. 1704 . 1 706 His states restored by the treaty ui Baden, 1714 ; d. 26 Feb. I 726 MAXIMILIAN Joseph I., II., electors of Bavaria : 1. son of Cliarles Albert ; I. 28 jMarcli 1727; suc- ceeded 20 Jan. 1745 Devoted himself to restore liis country ; founded academy of sciences, 1759 d. 30 Dec. 1777 2, h. 27 May 1756; succe^jdcd Iiis micle, Charles Theodore ... 16 Feb. 1799 Iuii)ruved the criminal law 180?, Granted freedom of worship . . . 1803 Made Icing 2 Dec. 1805 Founded order of Maximilian Josepli 29 March 1806 iSuppoi-ted France in war 1808-12 Deserted Napoleon . . . Oct. 1813 Granted a constitutional charter . 26 May 181S d. 13 Oct. 1825 MAXIMILIAN Joseph I., IL, kings of Bavaria : 1. see MctximiJlan Josexili IL, elector. 2. son of Louis I. ... h. 28 Nov. iSir King at his fathex''s abdication . . 21 Marcli 1S4S Opposed the reconstitution of Germany . . 1848-^ Endeavoiued to rouse Germany to sui)port Austria . ]\[ay — June 18591 d. 10 Mai'ch 1864, MAXIMILIAN I.,IL, emperors of Genuauy : 1. son of Frederic III. ... h. 22 March 1459 Manied Mai'y of Burgundy, and gained the Ne- ^ tlierlands, 20 Aug. 1477 ; she died 27 March 148a Elected king of the Houians . . 16 Feb. i486 3Iuuh opposed in the low countries, through French intrigues . . 148S Succeeded as emperor ig Aug. 1493. Married Bianca Sforza . . 16 Marcli 1494. Fonned a league with the Po^ie, Spain, and Venice, against France . . Mai-ch 1495- j\(arried liis son, Phdip, to Joanna of Sx^ain (liarents of Charles V,) . . 1496 Deteated in war witli the Swiss . . , . 1499 Death of his son, Philip , 26 Sept. isoS' Unsuccessful war witli Venice . . . 1508- Convoked a diet at Wurnis, but obfciined no sup- plies for the war 1509 Joined Heniy VIII. and Venice against France . 1313. They defeated tlie French at Guinegate (the " battle of Spurs") ... 16 Aug. „ Held a diet at Augsburg, but failed to obtain supplies fur a war against tlie Turks Aug. 1515 d. 12 Jan. 1519 2. son of Ferdinand I. ... h. i Aug. 1527 Married Maria, daughter of Charles V., and made regent . . 1S4& Inclined to Lutheranisni ; but yielded to his father, and the papal niuicio, Hosius . . 1560 Chosen king of Bohemia, 1562 ; kuig of the Ro- mans, 1563; king of Hungary . Sept. 1563 Succeeded as emiieror ; established religious toleration 1564. Endeavoured to quiet protestant dissensions in Germany 1568- And anest the persecutions of Philii> II, in the Netherlands . . . 1569 (/. 12 Oct. 1576 MAXIMILIAN, emperor of ilexico (Fer- dinand Maximilian Joseph, archduke of Austria) ^ b. 6 July 1832 ; shot 19 June 1867. As admiral, improved the Austrian navy . 1854 ctseq. Travelled in the east, 1855 ; in France . . . 1855 Viceroy of Lombardy ; nnu'ried jirincess Charlotte of Belgium . . . July 1857 Accepted the crown of Mexico 16 April 1864- Entered tlie city of Mexico . . 12 June ,, Captured at Queretaro, 15 May ; sliot ig June 1867 Buried at Vienna . 18 Jan. i865 MAXIMINUS L, II. , Eoman emperors : 1. Caius Julius Verus ; einpluyed by Alexander Sevenis to organise the army ; succeeded on his assassination July 235 Defeated and repelled the Gennans . 236-7 MAXIMUS 394 MAYNE Massacred many Roman nobles Murdered with his son . . . about 5[ay Q. Galerius Valerius ; made Caisar on the abdica- tion of Diocletian, 305; styled liimself emiiuror Allied with Licinius ... ... Invaded Thrace ; defeated ; fled d. soon after 314 238 383 387 455 Convoked the States-General at Paris . 5 Jan. Submitted to Henry IV., and dissolved League, Jan. 1593 1596 MAXIMUS AlEXANDEIN-US, Christian, cynic philosopher ; surreptitiousljr ordained patri- jirch of Constantinople, m opposition to Gregory Nazianzen ; soon expelled, 379. MAXIMUS, Roman emperors : 1. Marcus Clodius Pupienus ; elected emperor at the death of the Gordiaus ; murdered by the Pnetorians a. Magnus Clemens ; rebelled against Gratian ; proclaimed emperor in Britain ; subdued Gaul and soon recognised Contp^ered Italy Defeated ; beheaded by Theoilosius about 28 .^ug. 3, Petronius ; &. about 395 ; helped to niin .\etius, 454 ; to revenge the dishonour of his wife, caused the murder of Valeutiiiian III., and succeeded him .... 16 March Married his widow, Eudoxia ; fled from Rome at approach of Vandals ; killed by own troops, May MAXIMUS, Confessor, St., the Monk, Greek theologian ; b. about 580 ; much persecuted by the emperor Constans II. about 655 ; wrote *' Solutions of Doubts on the Holy Scriptures ; " d. 662. MAXIMUS, see Fcibius. MAXIMUS TyKIUS, Greek pliUosopher ; \vi'otc Dissertations, or Discourses ; Jl. 2nd century. MAXIMUS, Valerius, Roman anocdotist; ■wrote " De Factis Dictisnue Memorabilibus ; " Jl. 1st century. MAXWELL, sir Murray, Scotch captain r.n. ; i. 1766; commanded the "Alceste," which con- voyed lord Amherst to China, i8i5; sailed up the Pe-kiang-ho ; destroyed the Chinese batteries which tired on him ; on his return, visited Napoleon at St. Helena, June 1817 ; made governor of prince Ed- ward's island. May 1831 ; rl. 26 June 1831. MAXWELL, "William Hamilton, Irish nove- list; l>. 1795; published "Adventures of Captain Blake," 1831 ; "Life of the Duke of "Wellington," 1839-41 ; d. 29 Dec. 1850. MAXWELL, sir "William Stiriing-, bart., Scotch art-historian ; b. 1818 ; assumed name of Maxwell, 1866 ; lord-rector of university of St. Andrew's, i86j ; of Edinburgh, 5 Feb. 1872 ; chancellor of Glasgow university, 28 April 1875 ; jf.p. for Ferthshire, 1852-68, Feb. 1874 '> published " Annals of the Artists of Spain," 1848 ; " Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V.," 1853; ""Velas- quez and his "Works," 1855. MAT, Thomas, poet aud historian ; }. about 1594 : patronised by Charles I., but left him and made secretary and historiographer by the parlia- ment ; published translation of Lucau's I'harsalia, 1627; "History of the I'arUament of England," 1647; d. 13 Nov. 1650. MAY, sir Thomas Erskine, barrister and his- torian ; b. 1815 ; published "Treatise on the Laws, Privileges, Proceedings, and Usages of Parliament," 1844; "Rules, &c., of Hou.se of Commons," 1854; "Constitutional History of England, 1760-1860" (continuing Hallam), 1861-63. MAYER, Christian, German astronomer ; 6. 20 Aug. 1719; published " de Transitu Veneris," 1769; " Pantometrum Paeechianum," 1762; d, 16 April 1783. MA"YEIl, Johann Friediieh, German theolo- gian ; b. 6 Dec. 1650 ; published " BibKotheca Scriptorura Theologioe Moralis," 1705 ; " Biblio- theca Biblica," 1711 ; d. 30 March 1712. MAYER, Johann Tobias, German astronomer; b. 17 Feb. 1723 ; engaged by Franz at Nuremberg, in preparing great maps of Switzerland and Ger- many, 1 746 ; his tables for the longitude approved in England, and liis widow paid £3000 ; published by Maskelyne, 1770; d. 20 Feb. 1762; "Theoria Lunffi" published 1767. MAYER, Johann Tobias, son, German physi- cist; b. 5 May 1750; published "Researches on Heat," &e., i8oo, et seq. ; d. 30 Nov. 1830. MAYER, or Maye, Johann Simon, German musician ; b. 14 June 1763 ; d. 2 Dec. 1845. MAYER, Joseph, philanthropist and anti- quary; b. 22 Feb. 1S03; settled at Liverpool as jeweller, and founded "Museum of Art," 1822; raised Liverpool borough guard, i85o ; founded free library, &c., at Bebington, 1865 ; his statue set up in St. George's Hall, 1869. MAYER, Julius Robert, German sm'geon; b. 25 Nov. 1814; published " Mechanische Aequivalent der "Wiirme," 1851 ; " Mechanik der Wiirme," 1867, 1874. MAYER, Karl Friedrich, Gemian poet ; b. 1786; friend of Uhland, Kocmer, &c. ; published "Lieder" (songs), 1833, 1864; d. 25 Feb. 1870. MAYER (Marius), Simon, Gennan astrono- mer; b. 1570; claimed to be a discoverer of satel- lites of Jupiter, Dec. 1609, 1614; published "Ta- bulaj Directionum Nova; LTniversoc Europa; inser- vientes," 1599 ; d. 26 Dec. 1624. MAYERNE, Theodore Turquet de, Swiss physician; b. 28 Sept. 1573; persecuted for his opposition to the Galenists at Paris, 1603 ; settled in England as physician to James I., 161 r; pub- lished " Medicamentorum Formula;," 1640 ; d. 15 March 1655. MAYHEW,— Henry, miscellanist ; b. 1812; published " London Labour and the London Poor," 1851-62; "The Moi-mons," 1852; "The Greatest Plague of Life," 1849, c&c. -Vugvstus Septimus, brother and coUea^e ; d. 25 Dec. 1875. Horace, brother ; d. 30 April 1872. MAYNARD, Francois, French jjoet ; b. 1582 ; patronised by Margaret de Valois, queen of Navan-e, 1605; published " Philandi-e," 1619; d. 23 Dec. 1646. MAYNARD, sir John, lawyer; b. 1 602; chief manager of the prosecutions of the earl of Straf- ford, 1640-41 ; of archbishop Laud, 1644 ; of Lord Stafford, Nov. — Dec. 16S0; published "Speech on Breaches of Privileges in Parliament, 1642 ; " The Royal Quarrel," 1647 ; member of convention parliament, i68g; d. 9 Oct. i5go. MATENNE, Charles de Lorraine, due de, son of Francois due de Guise ; b. 26 March 1554 ; d. 3 mAYNE, Jasper, poet and theologian; b. 1604; preached " against false prophets " before Charles Lieutenant to his brother Henry, duke of Guise . 1576 , I., 1647 ; deprived, 1648 ; beneficed by Charles II., At his death, chief of the Catholic League . Dec. 1588 „A„_ ^;i''c„ .'■ ,„,w;_v,„j n n;t„ -\r„l 1 >■ "•^•^•> Licut.-geiieral of France . . .° 12 Feb. 1589 ' ff'/"^ 'I^^O^ I'Tf '^'t'* „ u i7 Pl'^l' • ^^^V, Defeated by Henry IV. at Aiques, 21 Sept. 1589 ; at I "Amorous Warre, 1648 ; Sheaf of Epigrams," Ivry, 14 Mar. ; entered Paris auddefeiided it. May 1590 \ I052 ; «. 5 Dec. 1672. MAYNE 395 MEAGHER MAYNE, sir Richard, Irish, barrister ; h. 1736; ai^pointed joiut commissioner of metropolitan poliee, with, colonel Eowan, 1829; k.c.b., 1851; d. 26 Deo. 1868. MAYO, Herbert, physician and physiologist; published "Outlines of Human Pathology," 1836; "Letters on Popular Superstitions," 1849; cl. 15 Aug. 1852. MAYO, Eichard Southwell Bourke, earl of, L-ish statesman ; b. 21 Feb. 1822 ; as lord Naas, chief secretary for Ireland, March — Dec. 1852; Feb. 185S— June 1859; June 1866— Sept. 1868; succeeded his father, 186^ ; appointed viceroy of India, Sept. 1868 ; assassinated by Shere Ali, a convict, iu the Andaman Isles, 8 Feb. 1872 ; state funeral in Dublin, 25 April 1872. MAYO, Thomas, m.d., psychologist; b. 1790; president of College of Physicians, 1 756 ; published " Elements of the Pathology of the Mind," 1838; "Medical Evidence in Cases of Lunacy," 1854; it. 13 Jan. 1871. MAYOR, rev. John Eyton Bicliersteth, philo- logist ; b. 25 Jan. 1825 ; librarian to university of Cambridge, 1863-7; edited Journal, 1863; "Uichard of Cirencester, 1863-g, &c. MAYOW, John, chemist ; h. 164^ ; very nearly discovered pneumatic chemistry ; published " Trac tatus V. Phj'sico-Medici," 1674; (/. Sept. 1679. MAZAEINI, GiuUo, Italian cardin.al and statesman ; b. 14 July 1602; d. g March 1661. Educated .at Rome liy the Jesuits ; went to Spain ■with Colonna (afterwards cardinal) . 1619 A doctor of laws at Rome . . 1622 A captain in the pontitical guard . . . . 1624 Negotiated peace between tlie Spaniards ami the duke of Savoy Oct. 1630 Favoured by Richelieu ; as uunclo-extraurdlnary iu France, entered Paris 26 Nov. 1634 Recilled by the pope ... 17 Jan. 1636 Broke -with the pope, and joined Richelieu . . 1639 Naturahsed in France . . 4 Jan. 1640 Made cardinal 16 Dec. 1641 Succeeded Richelieu as iirlme juinlster at his death 4 Dec. 1642 Supported the regency of Anne of Austria . 1643 Promoted treaty of Westphalia . 1648 Troubled by the war of the Fronde . . . 1648-53 Caused arrest of princes of Coude, Conti, &c. J.iu. 1650 Exiled from court by the queen . . Feb. 1651 Recalled by Louis XIV., and his authority re- established .... . Feb. 1653 Adv.inoed his nieces (see ikamni) . 1654-7 MAZEL, Abraham, chief and prophet of the Camisards; organised a revolt in the Cevennes, 1702; defeated; escaped from life iraprisoiimeiit ; permitted to retire to Geneva; killed during a fresh revolt, 17 Oct. 1710. MAZELINB, Pierre, French sculptor; b. 1633; d. 1708. MAZEPPA, Ivan Stefanovitch, hetman of the Cossacks ; b. 1644 ; for an intrigue while page to the king of Poland, said to have been bound to a wild horse, driven into the Steppes, and there pre- served from destruction by Cossacks, of whom lie eventually became chief ; served and honoured by Peter the Great, 1 700 ; deserted hinr for Charles XII. of Sweden, Oct. 1708; at whose ruia poisoned himself, 22 Sept. 1709. MAZZA, Angelo, Italian poet; b. 1741 ; wrote " L'Aura Armonica," "II Talamo," fcc. ; d. 11 May 1817. MAZZINGHI, Giuseppe, count, musician ; i. about 1768; d. IS Jan. 1844. MAZZINI, Giuseppe, Genoese political agita- tor ; b. 28 June 1808 ; d. at Pisa 10 March 1S72. Connected himself with the Carbonari . . . 1850 Imprisoned at Savona six months ; founded " la Giovlne Italia" society Onotto, " Dlo ed ii Popolo"), and a journal at Marseilles . 1831 Vainly attempted insurrections . . . 1833-34 Established " I'Apostolata Popol.are " ill London . 1844 Congr.atulated Pius IX. on his liberal views, Sept. 1847 Opposed the union of Lonibardy with Sardinia, and caused the fall of both 1S48 Dictator at Rome as triumvir with Armelli and Satli March 1849 — June 1850 Incited fruitless .itteiiipts at insurrections . 1853-57 Published an luflammatoiy manifesto to the people of Italy ... . Sept. 1862 Expelled from Switzerland . . 1864 Imprisoned for secret agitation 1870 Founded at Rome the journal " Roma del Popolo " Feb. 1871 Published in England, " Italy, Austria, and the Pope," 1845 ; "Judged by Himself and Ids Coun- trymen," 1853 ; " Duties of aian," 1862 ; " Mis- cellaneous Writings " . . . 1864-70 MAZZOCCHI, or MAZZOCCOLI, Alessio Simmacho, Italian antiquary ; b. 22 Oct. 1684 ; published " In vetus Marmoreum Neapolitame Ec- clesioe Calendarium," 1744; " In Eegii Herculan- ensis Mu,5a3i Tabulas Her.acliensis Conimentarii," 1754-55; ''■ 12 Sept. 1771. MAZZOLA, Girolarao Francesco Maria, called " il Parmigiano," Italian painter ; 4. 11 Jan. 1503; d. 24 Aug. 1540. MAZZOLINI, Lodovico, called " il Ferrarese," Italian painter; b. about 1481 ; d. about 1530. MAZZONI, Jacopo, Italian philosopher; b. 1548; published '' De Triplici Hominuiu VitS.," 1576; d. 10 April 1598. MAZZUCHELLI, Giovanni Maria, conte di, Italian biographer; b. 28 Oct. 1 707; began his " Scrittori d'ltalia," 1753; d. 19 Nov. 1765. MAZZUCHELLI, Pier Francesco, called " il Morazzone," Milanese painter; b. 1571; d. 1626. MEAD, Matthew, nonconformist minister; b. 1G29; ejected, 1662; published "The Almost Christian Discovered," 1666; "Vision of the Wheels," 1689 ; d. 16 Oct. 1699. MEAD, Eichard, m.d., son; h. 11 Aug. 1673; studied at Leyden, 1692 ; published " Mechanical Account of Poisons," 1702; "Discourse con- ceniing Pestilential Contagion," 1720; made ex- periments on inoculation, 1721; physician to George II., 1727; published " Mcdiciua Sacra," 1749; d. 16 Feb. 1754. MEADE, George Gordon, American general ; b. 30 Dec. 1815 ; superseded Buttertield as com- mander of the army of the Potomac, 28 June, 1863 ; commanded in the indecisive battle of Get- tysburg (the confederates retired), 1-3 July 1863 ; succeeded by general Grant, and served under him, April 1864 ; d. 6 Xov. 1872. MEADOWCOURT, rev. Eichard, critic; b. 1697 ; published " Dissertation on Milton's Paradise Eegained," 1732; d. 1769. MEADOWS, Kenny, artist; b. about 1788; illustrated " News of the People," " Sh.akspeare," &c. ; d. Aug. 1874. MEAGHER, Tliomas Francis, Irish hamster and political agitator ; b. 3 Aug. 1823 ; sentenced to death ; commuted to penal servitude for life, g Oct. 1848 ; escaped from Van Diemen's Land to MEADOWCOURT 396 MEDICI NoNv York, May 1852; edited "Irish News," 1856; organised the Irish brigade in the Federal army, 1861 ; which suffered great loss at Fredericksbiu'g, Dec. 1862 ; brigadier-general, 3 Feb. 1862 ; re- signed. May 1863 ; drowned m tlie Missouri, i July 1S67. MEAEES. John, navigator ; i. 1746; published "Voyages made in 1788-Q, from China to the North-Vest Coast of America," 1790 ; d. 1801. MECAEINO, Domcnico, called Beccafumi, Italian painter, sculptor, and eugvaver; i. about i486; (I. May 1551. MECHAIN, Pierre Fran(;ois Andre, French astronomer; I/. 16 Aug. 1744; employed by Lalande; discorered and calculated the elements of eleven comets; tl. 20 Sept. 1S05. MECHI, John Joseph, agriculturist (son of Giacomo Mechi, of Eologna, in service of George III.) ; li. 22 May 1802 ; cutler, selling his " Magic llazor Strop," 1830-40 ; studied farming, and be- gan practice at Tiptree, Essex, applying deep draining and steam-power, 1840; ekcted alderman of London, 1857 ; published " Lctteis on Agricul- tural Improvements," 1845 ; "E.-iperience in drain- age," 1847; "How to Farm Protltably," 18O0. MECKEL, German anatomists : JoHANN Friedrich ; 1). 31 July 1714 : ni.ade ]iliy- siolugical diycin'erics ; inildished " ile quilito Pare Xcrvoruiii," 1748; "Nova Expcniiieiiti tie Fiiiilms Vcuaruiu," &e., 1771 . (I. 18 Kept. 1774 Thilipp Frikdrich TliilODon, son ; h. 30 Aiiril J756; iiu1)lisheU " de Labyriatiiis Auris Con- telltis," 1774 ... fV 28 JIarcli 1803 JoHANN Frikdrich, son ; h, 17 dt. 1781 ; imb- hsiied "Hamlbucli dcr PathologLsclieu Alia- toiliif," 1812-18; "System iler Veryleiclieudcll Anattililie," 1821-31 c'. 31 0<;t. 1833 MECKEN, or MecKEIv'ES-, Israel, German engraver; Jl. about 1500. MEDE, Joseph, theologian; !j. O't. 15S6; pub- lished " Clavis Apocalyptica," 1627; (/. I Oct. 1638. MEDHUEST, "U\'ilter Henry, td.d., mission- ary to China; I/. 1796; published ''China, its State and Prospeets," 1838 ; " Chinese llepository," 1838-51 ; " Cliinese and Eujjlish Dictionary," 1842-3; d. 24 Jan. 1857. MEDICI, queens of France ; Cati'Erina de', dnuyhter of Luveiizo, duke of Urbino .... . h. 1519 MaiTieil Henry, duke of Origins 28 Oft. 1533 Queen of Fnuict; ... . 31 March 1547 Re!j;eiit for lier sons FraiiciH II , 10 July 1559 ; (Jharles IX. . , . . .5 Due. 1560 At a fontereiicc ivitli ilic queen of 8ii;iin and the (lake of Alva, at Daynutn:, plutteil tlm 'kstruc- tion of the I'lotestants 1565 Granted toleratifni to the Hn.:^neiiotn ; advised the mab.sacre of tit. UarthulouifU', \\\<£. 1572 ; (/. 5 Jan. 1589 Maria de', daughter of Francis, j^iand duke of Tuscany .... /). 26 April 1573 Married Henry IV. of France, 5 Oct. ; met by liini ... 2 Dec. 1600 Mother of Louis Xlll. ... 27 iSept. 1601 Caused the ri'-tstablislnnent of the Je.siiits . . 1603 Regent for Louis after her Iiusbaud'ti nuirder, 14 May 1610 Overcome in her cnntest with Ridielieu . 1617-30 Quitted France, 18 July 1630 ; d. at Cologne, 3 July 1642 MEDICI, De', Florentine family : Salvewtro ; fipjiosed the Albizzi, and became gon- fiiloniernf .justice, 1378; banished, 1384.; bis de- scendiiuts exi-luded fnnn }iu\ver, devoted them- selves to commerce and banking. Giovanni; h, 1360; became veiy wealthy; gon- falonier of .justice, 1421 . . . ('. 20 Feb. 1428 Cosmo I., son, "the father of his countiy " &■ 1389 Head of the popular party ... ■ 1429 Banished througli the Albizzi family . Oct. 1433 Recalled; became virtual ruler at Florence . . 1434 Ebtablislied a lil)rary, and patronised literature and the arts d. 1 Aug. 1464 PiETRO J., sou; h. 1414; f^overned feebly, 1464; attacked by Venice; indecisive battle, 25 July 1467 ; made iieace, 1468 . . rf. 3 Dec. 1469 GiunANo, " il gran Diavoio ;" h. 1453 ; assassinated, 26 April 1478 Lorenzo L "the Magnificent," sou . h. i Jan. 1448 With his brother, Giuliano I., proclaimed princes of the state Dec. 1469 Supiires-sed an attack of the exiles under Naidi and Neroui 1470 Captured and destroyed the revolting VolteiTa 1472 Made a league with Venice and Milan 2 Nov. 1474 Patronised letters, and collected SISS. 1476 et seq. Aroused the .jeahiusy of the pope, Sixtus IV. ; a gi'eatcnnspiraey formed ; Giuliano assas.sinated by Francesco de' I'azzi ; Lorenzo naiTowly es- caped 26 April 1478 Severely puuislicd the conspiiators ; his expul- sion demanded by the pope by a bull i June „ FloriMice excommunicated . . July 1479 Made alliance with Ferdinand of Naples, 6 March 1480 Reconciled with i>ope Innocent VUI. . 1484 His .son Giovanni made cardinal (see Lm X., pope) ... ... 1489 Visited by Kavonarohi d. 8 April 1492 Piin-RO II., son b. 15 Feb. 1471 Educated by Politiau ; su(;ceederl his father, April 1492 Ruled badly ; allied witli Naples ; suiTcndered Florence to Charles VIII. of France ; with bis brothers, eouii)elled to fly from Florence, 9 Nov. 1494 Failed in an attempt to seize Florence . April 1497 Joined the French army in Naples ; drowned in the Garigliano .... 27 Dec. 1503 Giuliano IL, brother ; &. 1478 ; recalled to Florence by Spanish influence ; returued . 31 Aug. 1512 Made chief of the stiite ... 16 Sept. ,, Became subject to his brother, pope Leo X. ; il. of fever, 17 March 1516 Ippolito, natural soji; h. 1511 ; made cardinal, 11 Jan. 1529 Legate to Charles V. to urge war against the Turlvs 1530 Lived in debauchery and iilots ; d. iJiobably by poison 13 Aug. 1535 Lori:nzo II., Kon of Pieti'O II. ; h. 13 Seiit. 1492; I Began tit lule in Florence, 1513; served in the ! jiaiiid army, 1515; made duke of Urbino by I Leo X. . . 1516 Married Madeleine de la Tour, countess of Auvergne, 1518 . . . ('- 28 April 1519 Alehrandro, first dnVc, natural son ; B. about 1510 ; protected by pope Clement VII. ; expelled from Florence . . 1527 Restored by the emperor, Charles V. ; made cliief magistrate, Oct. 1530; doge or duke, April 1532 Ruled tyrannically ; assassinated by Lorenznio de' Medici 5 or 6 Jan. 1537 Lorenzo di Pier Francesco, termed "Lorenzino" and the "Tuscan Brutus" . . b. March 1514 .V.ss!issiuatedliis benefactor, Alessandro the duke, S or 6 Jan. 1537 Fled to Constantinople and killed at Venice by order of Cosmo I. 26 Feb. 1548 Gromhhtlcs of Tuscany : — 1. Cosmo I. the Great (descended from Cosmo I.); h. II June 1519 ; appointed duke . 9 Jan. 1537 RecM^-ered citadels of Florence and Leghorn . 1543 Re-established the university of Pisa, 1543 ; and the Lnuientian Libraiy . . . 1548 Accpiired Sienna July 1557 Consolidated the power of his family; created grandduke by po^ie Pius V. 24 Aug. 1569 il. 21 April 1574 2. Francesco I. Maria, son . . b. 25 March 1541 Suceeedi'd April 1574 Married Bianco Caiielln, his mistress . 5 June 1578 Tyrannical and dissolute ; tpiarrclled with France, Venice, and Genoa ; assassinated with liinnca, ig Oct. 15S7 MEDICI 397 MELANCHTHOjST 3. Ferdinando I., gi'andduke, cardinal ; suc- ceeded his brother, Francesco . . Oct. 1587 Settled a number of Jews at Leghonx . . 1604 d. 7 Fell. i6og 4. Cosmo II,, son of Ferdinand I. , h. 12 May 1590 Succeeded his fathtr 1609 Helped the emperor, Ferdinand III., against the Turks, 1619 .... (/. 28 Feb. 1621 5. Ferdinando II., grandduke ; h. 1610 ; suc- ceeded his father, Cosmo II., 1621 ; d. 13 May 1670 6. Cosmo III., son ; h. 14 Aug. 1642 ; niai-hed Marguerite Louise of Orleans . ip April 1661 WoiTiedhyher, and separated ; travelled through Europe and England . , . 1669 Succeeded as griuidduke . . 23 May 1670 Opposed "by his wife and son . d. 31 Oct. 1723 7. GiovAN>?i, son ; h. 24 May 1671 ; succeeded, 31 Oct. „ Left public affairs to his valet, Giuliauo Daiui ; tl. July 1737 (Tuscany passed to Francis, duke of LoiTaine. ) MEDICI, see Zeo X., XL^ pojjcs. MEDINA, sir John Baptist, Belgian portrait painter ; b. about 1660 ; came to England, 1686 ; d. 1711. MEDINA, Pedro de, Spanish historian; I/. about 15JO ; published " Arte de Navegar," 1545 ; "Chronica Breve de Espaiia," 1548. MEEL, Jan, Flemish painter; b. 1599; cL 1664. MEEE,, Jan van cler. Butch painter ; b. 1627 ; d. i6gi. MEERMANN, Dutch scholars : Geraard, baron; b. 1722; published "Origiues Typographicffi," 1765; " Epistolse de Chaitae LineiK Origiue," 1767 . . d. 15 Dec. 1771 JoHAN, count, son ; &. g Nov. 1753 ; published "Histoire de GuiUaume, comte de Hollande," 1783-97 . . d. 19 Aug. 1815 MEGGOT, John, see JBlives, MEHEGAN, Guillaurae Alexandi-e, French historian; b. 1721 ; published "Zoroastre, Histoire traduite du Chaldeen," (for which he was im- prisoned in the Bastile), 1 751; " Origine, Progres et Decadence de Tldolatrie," 1756; d. 23 Jan. 1766. MEHEMED I.— III., Oramiade caliphs of Spain : 1. b. S22 ; succeeded his father, Abderaliman II., 21 July 852 Defeated by Alfonso III. of Leon, 873, 879 ; d. Aug. 366 2. &. about gSo; seized the tlirone 3Iari:h 1009 Deposed and beheaded . , . Aug. loio 3. b. about 988 ; dethroned, and killed Abderali- man V. . . . . Feb. 1024 Deposed, and poisoned . 17 June 1025 MEHEMED, of the Almohade dynasty, sove- reign of North j\frica and Spain; 0. 1 179; suc- ceeded his father, Tacoub Almansour, 1199; pro- claimed a holy war against the Christians, 1209 ; totally defeated by the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, at Las Navas deTolosa, 16 July 1212 ; d. 25 Dee. 1213. MEHEMED, XIY., king of Grenada, see 23oabdiL MEHEMED ALI, pacha of Egypt; ^. 1769 ; d. 2 Aug. 1849. Became a military officer . 1787 .Joined the Fi-ench army 1800 TVIade viceroy by tlie Maraelukes . i8or Pasha of Cairo, 1806; of Alexandria 1807 Absolute master of Egj'pt .... 1811 Treacherously massacred the Mamelukes, i March . ,, Overcame the Wahabees . , . 1818 Conquered Nuuia .... . . i8co Promoted jiolitical reforniH in Egj'pt 1818 et s&j. Sent iin expedition against the Greeks July 1824 Hi.s'fleet destroyed at Navariuo 20 Oct. 1827 His troops left Greece 1828 His son Ibrahim iiivaded Syria (see Ibmhuti) . . 1831 Acquired the govenuneut of Syria by tlie conven- tion of Kutayeh . . . . " . 14 Jlay 1833 Claimed hereditary rights over Egypt and Syria . 1838 Opposed by European powers supporting Turkey, July „ Acquu-ed the Tnrkisli fleet by tlie treacheiy of its commander . . * , , 14 July 1839 His iiriny expelled from Syria by foreign inten-en- tiou ; Beyruut bombaiTlcd by'Xapier, 10 Sept. ; Ac]'e taken, 3 Nov. ; tlie Egyptians quit Syria, 2T Nov. 1840 Deprived of Syj-ia ; recognised hereditary viceroy ofEgj'pt IS July 1841 Becanie superannuated ; resigned his authority to Ibrahim Sept, 1848 MEHUL, KticnueHenri, French operatic com- poser ; b. 24 June 1763 ; *' Euphrosj'ne et Conradin," 1790; "Joseph," 1S07 ; d. 18 Oct. 1817. MEIBOM, Gcnnan scholars: Heinrich ; h. 4Dec. 1555 ; devoted to histoiy ; d. 20 Sept. 1625. JoHANN Heinrich, son, pliysician; b. 27 Aug. 1590; I.L 16 jVIny 1655. Heiitoich, son, jtliysician ; h. 29 June 1638 ; described the Meibojnian glands in the eyelids, 1606 ; published " Rerum Gerinanicaram Scri^jtores," 1688 ; d. 26 March 1700. MEIEE, Georg Friedrich, German philosopher; b. 29 March 1 7 18 ; published ' ' Metaphysik,' ' 1755-9 i^- 21 July 1777. MEINER, Johann "Werner, Geimnn philolo- g;ist and philosopher ; b. 5 March 1723 ; d. 23 March 1789. MEHSTERS, Christoph.Gennan historian; i. 31 July 1747 ; published in German, " History of the Luxury of the Athenians," 17S1 ; " History of the Fall of the Eomans," 1782 ; d. i May 1810. MEISNER, Balthazar, German Lutheran theo- logian ;i. 1587; publiAed " rhilosophia Sobria," 161 1-23; d. 1626. MEISSNEE, August Gottlieb, German no- velist and dramatist; l>, 3 Nov. 1753; published "Tales and Dialogues," 17S1-9; t!. 20 Feb. 1807. MEISSjSTER, Carl Friedrich, Swiss botanist ; b. I Nov. 1800; published many papers; d. 2 May 1874. MEISSONNIEE, Giusto Aurelio, Piedmon- tcse sculptor, aruliitcct, and goldsmith ; J. about 1675 ;d. 1750. MEISSONIEE, Jean Louis Ernest, French painter; h. about 1812; hon. R..1. ; exhibited his " Petit Jlessa™-," 1836; " Religieux Consolant un Malade," 1038 ; " Partie d'Echecs," 1841. MEJIA, Toraa.?, Mexican general; supported the emperor Maximilian ; shot with him, ig June 1867. MELA, Pompoiiius, earliest P^oman geographer ; wrote " de Situ Orbis " about 50. MELANCHTHON (Greek for Schwarzerde, black earth), Philip, German reformer ; J. 16 Feb. 1497; d. ig.Vpril 1560. Entered the university of Heidelberg, 13 Oct. 1509 : tliat of Tubingen . . . 17 Sept. 1512 At first supported Er.isnius, afterwards became a firm colleague of Lntlier . . 1518 Held controversy with Kck . . . 1519 Married Catlieriue Krapp . 26 Nov. 1520 MELBOUENB 398 MENDELSSOHN' Published " Loci Cominuues Rerum Tlieolofjica- nim," the iirst resume of Protestant (Toctrines . 1521 Priucipally composed the cmiffssion of Augsburg, presented to the emperor Charles V. 25 June 1530 At the death of Luther in vain counselled charity and peace among jTotest^ints . . . Feb. 1546 Endeavoured to promote reconciliation between CathoUcs and Protestants .... 1555 MELBOUENE, see Lamb. TVTRT.'RY'R. Daniel Anton, Banish marine painter; b. about 1810; exhibited "Christian VIII.," a ship ; " Eddystone Lighthouse, " &c. ; d. 10 Jan. 1875. MELCHIADES (Milchiades, or Mil- TIADES), St., pope; elected, 2 July 31 1 ; condemned the Donatists, 313 ; cl. 10 July 314. MELCHTHAL, Arnold von, Swiss patriot; organised the conspu-acy of Griitli, Sept. 1307 ; d. 17 Sept. 1317. MELCOMBE, see Jlubb. MELEAGEE, Greek epigrammatist; 7?. about B.C. 60. MELENDEZ VALDES. !Juan, Spanish poet; b. II March 1754; d. 21 May 1817. MELETIUS, St., bishop of Antioch about 360 ; persecuted and deposed by the Arians, 361 ; several times banished, 361-5 ; a. 381. MELI, Giovanni, Sicilian poet; b. 4 March 1740; d. 20 Dec. 1815. MELLAN, Claude, French engraver; b. May 1598 ; d. 9 Sept. 1688. MELLISH, sir George, lawyer; b. 1814; Q.c, 1861 ; lord-justice of appeal, Aug. 1870. MELLITUS ; sent to England by pope Gre- gory I. to convert the Sa.xons; first bishop of London, 604 ; third archbishop of Canterbury, 619 ; d. 624. MELLON, Harriet, actress ; b. about 1775 ; ap- peared in London as " Lydia Languish," 31 Jan. 1795; raanied Thomas Coutts, banker, 8 Jan. 1815 ; ■widow, 1822 ; married duke of St. Alban's, 16 June 1827; d. 6 Aug. 1837. MELLONI, Macedonio, Italian physicist; b. 11 April 1798; discovered " diathermancY," or trans- mission of heat through various meclia in various degi-ees ; his " Thermochrose, on Coloration Calori- fique," published, 1850; d. II Aug- 1854. MELLOE, sir John, lawyer; b. 1809; Q.c, 1851 ; justice of cjueen's bench, Nov. l86l. MELMOTH, William, jurist; b. 1666; jnib- lished "Great Importance of a Eeligious Life," 1711; (7.6 April 1743. MELMOTH, ■^'■Jlliam, son, scholar; b. 1710; published " Letters," 1747 ; translation of " Pliny's Letters," 1747; "Cicero's Letters," 1753; d. 15 March 1799. MELON, Jean Franqois, French economist; published " Mahmoud le Gaznevide," 1729; " Essai sur le Commerce," 1734 ; d. 24 Jan. 1738. MELOZZI DA EOELI, Francesco, Bolognese painter ; b. 1438 ; d. about 1492. MELVIL, sir Jame^, Scotch statesman; b. about 1535 ; went to Paris to be page to Mary queen of Scots, about 1549 ; long employed by the constable Montmorency ; returned to Scotland ; em- ployed by Mary, tmtil her marriage with Bothwell, Slay 1567 ; served the regents; wrote " Memoirs," published 1683 ; d. i Xov. 1607. MELVILL, Henry, canon of St. Paul's; b. i^ Sept. 1798 ; principal of Haileybury college, until its dissolution, 1859; published " Seimons before the University of Cambridge in 1836-7 and 1S39," 184s; &c. ; (7. gFeb. 1871. MELYILLE, see Diindas. MELVILLE, Andrew, Scotch reformer, named " episcopomastix ;" 4. i Aug. 1545; professor at Geneva, and friend of Beza, about 1567 ; returned to Scotland ; principal of Glasgow college, 1574 ; of St. Andrew's University, 1580; imprisoned for his boldness to the court ; fled to Berwick, 1582-5 ; imprisoned in London for ridiculing the church ser- vice, 1606-11 ; a professor at Sedan; d. 1622. MELVILLE, George John Whyte, Scotch novelist; b. 182 1 ; entered amiy, 1839; captain, 1846; retired 1849; in Turkish contingent, 1855 ; retired, 1856; published "Digby Grand,' 1853; "General Bounce," 1S54: "Kate Coventry," 1856; "Holmby House," i860; " Katerfelto," 1875 ; &c. MEMMELINGHE, Memlino, or Hesi- LING, Hans van, Flemish painter ; b. about 1425 ; his chef-d'ocuvi-e is the shrine of St. Ursula, in St. John's Hospital at Bruges ; d. 1499. MEMMI or De Maelim, Simone, Siennese painter; b. 1284; d. 1344. MEN A, Juan de, Spanish poet; b. about 141 1 ; wrote " Calaniieteas," "Laberinto," termed "las Trescientas ;" d. 1456. MENABEEA, Federigo Luigi, Italian general and mathematician: b, 4 Sept. 1809; published "Notices sm- le Machine Analytique de Mr. Babbage," 1842 ; minister of maiine, 1861 ; as plenipotenti.ary signed treaty of Prague, Aug. 1866; president of the Italian ministry and foreign minister, Oct. i867 — Nov. 1869; ambassador at Vienna, Nov. i86g— Nov. 1870. MENAGE, Gilles, f rench scholar and critic, the "Varro" of his age; ridiculed by Moliere ; b. 15 Aug. 1613 ; published " Dictionnaii-e Etymolo- giiXue," 1650; d. 23 July 1692. MENAHEM, king of Israel about n.c. 772 ; paid tribute to Pul, king of Assyria, 771 ; d. 761. MENANDEE, of Athens, chief poet of the New Comedy ; b. B.C. 342 ; d. about 292. MENCKE, German scholars : Otho ; b. 22 March 1644; began the "Acta Emditomm Lipsiensiuni," 1682 ; d. 29 Jan. 1707. JoH.ANN Burckhard; b. 8 April 1674 ; continued "Acta Emditomm," 1707-32; published "Bibliotheca Menckeniana," 1723 ; d. 1 Aiiril 1732. MENDELSSOHN, Moses, Gei-man Jewish philosopher; b. lo Sept. 1729; published in Ger- man, "Letters on the Sensations," 1764; "Pha:- don : or the Immortality of the Soul," 1767 ; "Jerusalem; or Keligious Power and Judaism," 1783; "Moniiug Hours," 17S5-6; d. 4 Jan. 1786. MENDELSSOHN-BAETHOLDT, Felix, gi'andson, German musical composer ; b. 3 Feb. 1809; d. 4 Nov. 1847. Studied at Berlin, 1827-9 t came to London . . 1S29 Made master of his chapel by Frederick TViUiani IV., kiu"ofPrus.sia 1841 His "St. Paul " performed . at Biniiinghara, 20 Sept. 1837; also "Lob-Gesang" ("Song of Praise"), 1840; and "Elij.ah" .... 26 Aug. 1S46 Published " Liedcr ohne Wiirter" ("Songs without ■Words.") MENDEZ-PINTO 399 ME ON MENDEZ-PINTO, Femam ; h. about 1510 ; inTelled in the Indies, &c., 1537-58 ; " Percgrina- «;;aia," published, 1614. IfflENDIZABAL, Juan Alvarez y, Spanish coastitutioual statesman ; 4. about 1 790 ; d. 3 Nov. 3SS3. limjiloyecl iu the commissariat . . . i8o3 Joined ill the conspiracy to re-establish the cousti- tation of 1812 1819 -A-t its fall fled to England ; imprisoned for Spanish iebt .... . . 1823 33ecame a merchant in London . . about 1824 3leturned ; made Spanish minister of Finance, 13 June 1835 Succeeded Toreno as president of council . Sept. ,, Cjoavoked the cortes ; suppressed the remaining monasteries .... . . 1836 designed, 15 Jlay ; resumed office . 11 Sept. ,, Hesigned, 10 Aug. 1837 ; minister of linance under Espartero . . . 1841-3 MENDOZA, Bernardino de, Spanish diplo- matist ; promoted the league against the protestants, 1576; ambassador to England, 1585; dismissed for conspiring against Elizabeth, 1586. MENDOZA, Diego Hurtado de, Spanish states- man and Aviiter ; b. about 1503; wrote "Lazarillo c3e Formes," a romance ; employed by Charles V. as govemor of Sienna and ambassador at Eome ; vTi-ote " Guerra de Granada " (printed 1610) ; d. April 1575. MENDOZA, Inigo Lopez, marques de Santil- lana, Spanish poet; b. 1398; wrote "una Serra- uilla; " " Coniedieta de Ponza," &c. ; d. 1458. MENDOZA, Juan Gonzales de, Spanish mis- sionary ; b, about 1550 ; sent ambassador to China, 1580; published " Historia de la Chine," 1589; d. 1617. MENDOZA, Pedro Gonzalez de, the "great cardinal of Spain," son of Inigo ; b. 3 May 1428 ; as chancellor of Castile and Leon employed by Henry IV. and Ferdinand and Isabella \ d. 11 Jan. 1495- MENDOZA, Pedro, Spanish captain ; b. about 1487; sailed to South America; founded Buenos Ayres, 1535 ; d. at sea during his return, 1537. MENEDEMUS. Greek philosopher; said to have helped to translate the Septuagint; founded the Eretriac school at Eretria ; d. about B.C. 277. MENES, founder of the first Egj^itian dynasty, ahout 2117 B.C. MENESTBIER, Le, French antiquaries : Jean Baptiste, h, 1564 ; published "Medailles, &c. d'lmperatrices Romaines," 1625 . d. 1634 Clattde, cousin; wrote "Symbolicje Diaufe Ephesife Statna Exposita," puljlished . . . 1657 Ce.vude FRANf^ors, grand-nephew ; h. g March 1631 : published " Veritable Art de Blason," 1658 : "ArtdesEmbleroes," 1662 ; " HistoiredeLyon," 1696 . d. 21 Jan. 1705 MENEZES, Aleixo de, Portuguese bishop and statesman ; b. 25 Jan. 1559 ; archbishop of Goa, Sept. 1595 ; able viceroy of the Indies, 3 May 1606 — 28 May 1609; d. 3 May 161 7. MENGOLI, Pietro, Italian geometer; b. 1625; published " A"ia Rpgia ad Mathematicas," 1655 ; " Geometria; Speciosoa Elemeuta," 1659 ; d. 7 June 1686. MENGS, Anton Eiifael, German painter; b. 12 March 1728; his "Ascension," at Dresden, 1766; " Apotheosis of Trajan," Madrid, 1775; d. 29June 1779- MENINSKI, Fran(,-ois de Mesgnien, oriental- ist ; b. in Lorraine, 1623 ; studied at Rome ; went with the Polish ambassadu- to Constantinople, and studied Turkish, 1652 ; made a Polish noble ; , en- tered the Austrian service, 1661 ; visited Jerusalem, 1669 ; published " Thesaurus Linguarum Orienta- lium," 1680; d. 1698. MENIPPUS, Cynic philosopher, about B.C. 60. MENNE8, sir John, poet and traveller; b. 1591 ; published "Musarum Deliciae," 1656; d. 18 Feb. 1671. MENNO, Simons, Dutch theologian; b. about 1505 ; at great risk reformed the Anabaptists, caus- ing them to renounce antichristian errors ; hence called Mennonites; d. 13 Jan. 1561. MENOCHIO, ItaUan scholars : Giacomo, jurist; ?). 1532; published "de Posses- sione Commentaria," 1587 . . d. 10 Aug. 1607 Giovanni Stefano, son ; 6. 1576 ; published "Hierox)Oliticon," 1625; " Storie Tessute," 1646-54 . ... d. 4 Feb. 1655 MENOU, Jacques Francois, baron de, French general; I). 1750; d. 13 Aug. 1810. As deputy for Tonraine supported the revolution 1789 Advocated arming tlie national guard Jan. 1791 Commander of the camp round P.aris . . 1792 Defeated in La Vendee by La Rochejaqnelein 1793 Cashiered ; naiTowly escaped condemnation ,, Seired under Bonaparte in Egj'pt . . . 179S Man-ied at Rosetta, and became a Mussulman witli the name of Abdallah ; became conunander after the assassination of Kleber . 14 June 180& Defeated near Alexandria by Abercromby, 21 March ; capitulated 31 Aug. i8or MENSCHIKOFE, prince Alexander, Russian statesman; b. about 1672; aide-de-camp to Pe'tcr the Great ; helped to capture Schlusselburg ; made governor, Oct. 1702; defeated the Swedes at Ka- lisch, ig Nov. 1706 ; successful in Courland, 1711 ; in Pomerauia, 1712; helped to place Catherine I. on the throne, Jan. 1725; at her death, banished t» Siberia, 1727; d. there, 2 Nov. 1729. MENSCHIKOFE, prince Alexander Sergyee- vitch, Eussian general, chief of the old Russian party; b. 1789; entered the army and served 1812-5 ; by his claims respecting the " holy places," at Jerusalem, brought on the Crimean war, Feb. 1853; defeated at the battle of Alma, 20 Sept. 1854; superseded in the command at Sevastopol, March 1855 ; d. April 1869. MENTEL, Johann, Gei-man printer, of Stres- burg ; b. about 1410 ; said to have begun to print at Strasburg, 1458, and to have issued advertise- ments of his books ; d. 12 Dec. 1478. MENTZEL, Christian, Gei-man botanist and Chinese scholar; b, 15 June 1622 ; d. 17 Jan. 1701. MENZEL, Karl Adolph, German historian ; b. 7 Dec. 1784; published, in German, "History of the Germans," 1815-22 ; d. 19 Aug. 1855. MENZEL, Wolfgang, German historian and critic; b. 21 Jime 1798; professor at Aarau, 1820; published " Streckverse," attacking Goethe and his followers, 1823 ; " History of the Gennans," 1824-5; "German Literature," 1828 (both created controversy); "Spirit of History," 183s; "His- tory of Europe," 1798-1815, 1853; "History of Nature," 1856; &c. ; rf. 23 April 1873. MENZINI, Benedetto, Italian poet; b. 29 March 1646; published " Poesie," 1674 and 1680; d. 7 Sejit. 1704. MEON, Dominique Martin, French antiquary ; b. 1748; a keeper in royal library; edited "Fa- MEECADANTB 400 MEEODE l)Uiiux, &c., des 11= et 156 Siecles," 1808 ; " Eoman de Rose," 1815 ; " Eomciu du ileiiard," 1S25 ; d. 5 ilay 1829. MEECADAJ^TE, Saverio, Italian operatic composer; I). 1798; his *'Geloso Kaveduto," per- formed 1820; " Maria Stuarda" 1821 ; "Brigaiiti," 1836; " Giuramento," 1837 ; &c. ; d. 17 Dec. 1870. MERCATI, Michele, Italian Jphyisician and naturalist; A. 8 April 1541 ; published " Obelisci di Eoraa," 1589, &c. ; d. 25 June 1593. IVIEECATOE (originally KatJFIIAN), Gerard, Dutch geographer ; b. 5Marchl5I2; made globes for Charles V., 1541 ; constructed niaiine charts on what is termed Mercator's projection; pxiblished "Tabula; Geographiaj," 1578; d. 2 Dec. 1594. MEECATOE, Marius, pupil of St. Angustin ; wrote " Coramonitorium adversus Hiuresin Pelagii et Cffilestiiii," about 418; d. about 450. MEECATOE (Kaufmann) Nicolaus, German astronomer ; 4. about 1640 ; in London, a founder of tbe Eoyal Society, 1060; published "Cosmo- ijraphia," and " Astronomia Sphajrica," 1651; d. Feb 1687. MEECEE, major James, Scotch poet ; 5. 1734 ; published " Lyric i?ocms," 1804 ; d. 18 Nor. 1804. MEECIEE, Barthelcmi, abbe de St. Lcger, Trench bibliographer; b. 4 April 1734; d. 13 Jlay 1799. MEECIEE, Lonis Sehastien, French drama- tist and noveUst ; J. 6 June 174O ; published " I'.Vn ^440," 1770; "Tableau de Paris," 1781-8; " Mon Bonnet de Nuit," 1784 ; d. 25 April 1814. MEECIEE, " la Vendee," French royalist; b. 1778; continued to struggle against the republic, 1793, ct acq ; killed in an ambuscade, 12 Jan. 1800. MBECOEUE, Elisa, French writer, friend of Chateaubriand, &c. ; b. 24 June l8og ; d. 7 Jan. 1835- MEECCEUE, Philippe Emmanuel de Lor- raine, duo de ; b. 9 Sept. 1558 ; honoured by Charles 3X. ; aimed at independence in Brittany as des- ^■ended from the dukes, 1589 ; receired assistance from Spain, 1590 ; overcome by Henry IV. : ob- tained favourable terms, AprQ 1598; joined Bodolphll. against the Turks, 1599; d. 19 Feb. 1602. MEECUEIALI, Girolamo, Italian physician ; h. 30 Sept. 1530 ; published " de -Vrte Gymnas- tica," 1569; "de Jlorbis Cutaneis," 1572; d. 13 Nov. i6ob. MEECY de Lorraine, gener.als ; Francois, entered Bavari-an service, and fought .against the Protestants in tlie thirty years' war, 1633, e£ ae. ig Aug. 1558; his " Tresor des Temps," pub- lished 1614 ; d. 20 July 1607. MEET, Jean, French anatomist ; h. 6 Jan. 1645; d. 3 Nov. 1722. MEEY, Josejih, French popular poet and jour- nalist ; b. 21 Jan. 1798 ; impnsoned for satire, 1820; allied with Victor Hugo, Carrel, and others, 1824 ; ■with Barthelemy ^vi-ote " les SicUiennes ; " "la Villiade," 1826; fought in three days' conflict; and wrote " I'lnsun-ection " (poem), and "le Tri- color" (hymn), July 1830; several novels, 1837 ei seq.; published "Melodies Poetiques," 1853; a. 18 June 1866. MEEZLIAKOF, Alexis Fedorovitch, Eussian poet and critic ; b. 1778 ; d. 29 July 1830. MESA, Chiistoval de, Spanish poet ; b. about 1550; published " Naves de Tolosa," 1594; "Re stauracion de Espaiia," 1607, &c. ; d. about 1620. ME8CHIN0T, Jean, French poet ; b. about 1415; wrote "Lunettes des Princes," about 1472; d. 12 Sept. 1491. MESENGUI, Francois Philippe, French theo- logian; b. 22 Aug. 1677; published "Abregede I'Ancien Testament," 173S-53; " Exposition de la Dootriue Chretienne," 1744; d. 19 Feb. 1763. MESMEE (Friedrich), Anton, German physi- cian; b. 23 May 1733; published discovery of the phenomena of animal magnetism, 1773; " Let- tre Explicative," 5 Jan. 1775; " Memoire sur la Decouverte du Magnetisme Animal," 1779; (de- clared imposture by French commission, 1784;) d. S March 1815. MESNAGEE. Nicolas le BaiUif le, comte de St. Jean, French diplomatist; J. about 1058 ; d. 15 June 1 7 14. MESSALLINA, profligate and ci-uel wife of the emperor Claudius I.; put to death, 48. MESSENIUS, Swe4i,sh statesmen : JoHAN, Zj. 1584; published "Scondia Illustrata," 1612; accused of treason with Poland; impri- soned, 1616-35 ^- 3/^^^- 1637 Arnold, son ; imprisoned by Gusta^ais Adolplius fourteen years ; released and employeil by Chrifi- tijia ; conspired against her ; Ijeheaded . 165 1 MESTON, William, Scotch satiric poet; b. 1688 ; published "Mother Grim's Tales," "The Knight," "Mob against Mob," (collected 1767); d. 1745. METASTAjSIO (originally Trapassi), Pietro Bonaventure, Italian poet and dramatist; b. 13 Jan. 1698 ; befriended by Gravina the jurist ; be- gan to compose tragedies about 1721 ; gave up the fortune left him by his patron Madame Bulgarini to her husband, 1734; patronised by the emperor Charles VI.; published his works, 1780; d. 12 April 1782. METCALFE, Charles Theoplulus Metcalfe, lord; b. 30 Jan. 1785 ; govei-nor-general of India, 1835-6 ; of Canada, 1843-6 ; baron, 25 Jan. 1845 ; d. 12 Sept. 1846. METEL, Hugues, French ecclesiastic and poet, friend of St. Bernard ; b. about 1080 ; d. about "57- METELLUS, Numidicus, Eoman general; commanded against Jugur-tha, B.C. 109; supplanted by Marius, 107 ; exUed by his influence, lOO ; re- turned, 98 ; d. soon after. METEEEN, Emmanuel van, Flemish histo- rian; 4. g July 1535; visited England; published " History of the Netherlands," 1593 ; d. 8 April 1 61 2. METEYAED, Eliza (" Silvei-pen "), journalist Englishmen," 1795-1815; 1871. METHEEIE, see la Mdtherie. METHODIUS, St., Greek monk and mission- ary ; eminent painter ; converted Bogoris king of Bulgai-ia and his people, about 853 ; helped Cyru in the translation of the Bible and me Mass into Sla- vonian, about 870 ; converted Borziwoi, duke of Bohemia and king of Moravia and his subjects, about 890 ; d, about goo. METHUEN, originally Methven, statesmen: John, lord chancellor of Ireland, 1697, 1702; while ambassador to Portugal concluded the treaty lowering the duty on port wine (the Methuen treaty), 1703 tZ. 1706 SiK Paul, diiJomatist ; employed by Queen Anne and George I. ; collected pictTores, &:c. . d. 1757 METIUS, Dutch physicists, brothers : AnKlAAN, 5. 9 Dec. 1571 ; published "AstronomiEe Uuiversffi In.stitutio," 1605 , . , d. Sept. 1635 Jacob, said to have invented the refracting tele- scope , . . . about 16C9 METOCHITA, Theodoras, Greek theologian ; wrote commentaries on Aristotle (printed 1614) ; d, 1332. METSU, Gabriel, Dutch painter; i. 1615; d. 1658. ■ METSYS, or Matsts, Quentin, Flemish painter; b. about 1460 ; painted "Descent from the D D MBTTEENICH 402 MICHAEL Cross," at Antwerp, " The Usurers," at Windsor, &c. ; cL atout 1530. METTBENICH WINNEBUEG OCH- SENHAUSEH", Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, count and pilnce of, duke of Portella, Austrian statesman ; 0. 15 May 1773 ; d. 5 June 1859. Married Eleanor, grand-daughter of the minister Kaunitz 27 Sept. 1795 Austrian minister at Dresden, 1801 ; at Berlin, 1803 ; at Paris .... . 1806-9 Made chancellor and foreign minister . 8 Oct. 1809 Made peace with France . . . 14 Oct. „ Furnished a contingent for Napoleon's Russian campaign 1812 Mediated in vain Tjetween Napoleon and tlie allies 1813 Visited London July 1814 At the congress of Laybach . . . Jan. 1821 Overthrown by the revolution at Vienna March 1848 Retired from Austria, 1848 ; returned Nov. 1849 METTEIE, see Za Mcttrie. METZ, see Demeti. MEHLEN, Van der, Dutch painters, brothers : Anton Franz ; &. 1634 . . . d. is Oct. 1690 Peter, patronised by William III. ; came to Eng- land .... . 1670 MEULEN, Jan van der (Molanus), Flemish theologian; b. 1533; published "de Pictuiis et Imaginibus Saci-is,'' 1570; d. 18 Sept. 1585. METIN, Jean de, " Clopinel," French poet; h. about 1280; wrote "Eoman de la Eose;" d. about 1322. MEUEICE, Fran(;ois Paul, French dramatist and jom-nalist ; b, Feb. 1820. MEUESITJS (Metjrs), Johannes Dutch philologist ; b. 1579 ; published " Grlossarium Grffico-Barbamm," 1614; " Panathenaea " and "Eleusinia," 1619; d. 20 Sept. 1639. MEUSEL, or MoEZEL, Wolfgang, German Hebraist and reformer ; b. 8 Sept. 1497 ; d. 30 Aug. 1563. MEUSNTEE, Philippe, French painter; b. 1656 ; d. 27 Dec. 1734. MEUSNIEE DE QxjEETON, Anne Gabriel, French satiric writer; b. 15 April, 1702; d. 12 April 1780. MEUSNIEE, Jean Baptiste Maiie, French general and physicist; b. igjime 1754; invented a method of freshening salt water ; improved lamps; general in the army, 1792 ; wounded near Biberach; d. 13 June 1793. MEXIA (MeSSIE), Pedro, Spanish writer; h. about 1496; published " Silva de varia Leccion," 1543; d. 1552. METEE, Jacijues de, Flemish historian ; b. 17 Jan. 1491 ; pubbshed "Flandricie Res," 1531; " ChromciB Flandriaj," 1538; d. 5 Feb. 1552. MEYEE, Johann Heiin-ich, Swiss painter and art writer; b. 16 March 1759; ^^^^'^ "^ Goethe; settled at Weimar, 1797 ; pubkshed Winckelmann's ■works, 1808-20; "HistoiT of the Fine Arts among the Greeks and Eomans, 1836; d. 14 Oct. 1832. MEYEEBBEE (originally Beer which see), Jacob, German musical composer; b. 5 Sept. 1791 ; d. 2 May 1864. Cliief works performed : " God and Nature," 1811 ; " Jephthah's Vow," 1812 ; "Robert le Diable," 1S31 ; "Huguenots," 1836; "Prophite," 1849; "EtoUe du Nord," 1854 ; " Pardon de Ploermel," and "Dinorah," 1859 : "Africaine" . . . 1865 MEYEES, Jeremiah, miniature painter; b. 1728 ; d. 1789. MEYGEET, or Meigret, Louis, French grammarian; b. about 1510; edited parts of Pliny Secundus, 1540; of Columella, 1542; published first French grammar, " Trette de la Grammaire Francoeze," 1550; d. after 1560. MBYEICK, su- Samuel Eush, antiquaiy ; J. 26 Aug. 1783; published " History and Antiquities of Cardigan," 1810; "Critical Inquiry into Ancient Aimour," 1824; "Engi'aved Illustrations of Ancient Arms and Armour," 1830 ; d. 2 April 1848. MEZEEAY, Francois Eudes de, French his- torian; b. 1610; served in the army in Flanders, 1635-6; rescued from indigence by Eichelieu; published "Histoire de France," 1643-51; d. 10 July 1683. MBZZOFANTI, Giuseppe, Italian linguist; b. 17 Sept. 1774; professor at Bologna, 1804; settled at Eome with Gregoiy X\r[., 1830 ; librarian of the Vatican, 1833 ; cardinal, 12 Feb. 1838 ; knew well forty-eight languages and many dialects ; (/. 15 March 1849. MIAXL, Edward, nonconfonnist politician; b. 1809; founded the "Nonconformist,'' 1841 ; pub- lished "View of the Voluntary Principle," 1845: " Politics of Christianity," 1863 ; m.p. for Brad- ford, 1869-74 ; received testimonial of 10,000 guineas from his admirers at the Crystal Palace, r8 July 1873- MI AOUIiIS, Andreas Bokos, Greek admii-al ; }. 1772 ; settled at Hydra as merchant ; joined the insurrection, 1821 ; served under Cochrane, 1826; charged to'offer the crown to Otho of Bavaria, 1831 ; made vice-admiral of Greece, 1835 ; d. 24 June 1835. MICAH, Jewish prophet ; B.C. 759 — 699. MICHAJEL I.— IX., emperors of the east: 1. Rhangabe, or Rhagabe, succeeded Niccphorus I., 2 Oct. 8ir Defeated by Bulgarians, at Adrianople 22 June 813 Deposed, 813 . . d. in a convent, .ibout 844 2. Balbus, the stammerer; helped Leo V. against Michael I S13 Conspired against him ; made emperor 25 Dec. 820 Put doAvn the rebellion of Thomas, and lulled him 823 CoiTesponded with Louis le D^bouuaire . . . 824 Lost Crete, 824 . . . . d. 1 Oct. 829 3. the Drunkard h. about 839 Succeeded his father, Theophilus (liis mother, Theodora, regent) 842 Excessively dissolute ; suffered his mother to be imprisoned by her brother Bardas . . 856 Murdered while drunk ... 24 Sej)! 867 4. the Paphlagonian, paramour of the empress Zoe ; man'ied her, and proclaimed emperor, II Axjril 1034 Ruled by John, the eunuch ; their general, Maniaces, recovered Sicily from the Arabs, 1038 ; lost it 1040 Re-conquered Bulgaria, 1041 . . d. 10 Dec. 1041 5. Calapliates, the Calker, nephew by marriage, adopted by Michael IV. ; succeeded them, Dec. ,, Banished Zoe and others ; dethroned ; d. in a convent, after 1042 6. Stratioticus, the warlike ; chosen by the em- press Theodora ; succeeded her . 22 Aug. 1056 Resigned to Isaac Comnenus, Aug. 1057 » ^- about 1059 7. Dueas Parapinaces (son of Constantiue XI.) ; a minor at bis fatlier's death ; his mother, Eu- doxia, and Romanus IV. rule . . 1067 Proclaimed by Joannes Ca'.sar . . , 1071 Shut up his mother in a convent Distracted by rebellions 1074 Abdicated (became afterwards archbishop of Ephesus) ... .25 March 1078 8. PaliEologus, emperor of NicKa ... 6. 1224 Crowned with John, son of Theodore Lasoaris, I Jan. 1260 Regamed Constantinople from the Latins, 23 July 1261 Re-crowned there ; John blinded . 25 Dec. ,, Vainly endeavoured to unite eastern and western churches by means of the council of Lyons . 1274 MICHAEL 403 MIGNB Defeated un invasion uf tlie Pi'encli ; said to hare incited the " Sicilian vespers " . ft. ii Dec. 1282 S, Patoologus, associated witli his father, Andro- nicus II d. ahout 1326 MICHAEL, Icing of Poland ; l>. 1638; elected -to succeed John Casimir, 19 June rfjfig ; besieged in Lubliu ; treated with the Turks, sun-endermg JPodolia, &o., 1672 ; treaty aimulled by the diet, 3673; d. II Nov. 1673. MICHAEL Eomauoff, czar of Russia ; li. about 3598; elected, 1613; made jjeace with Sweden, 3616 ■ with Poland, 1618 ; surrendered to Ladislaus of Poland, 1634 ; d. July 1645. MICHAEL III., prince of Servia; i. 4 Sept. 1825 ; succeeded his father, Milosch, 26 Sept. 1:860 ; assassinated, 10 Juue i858. MICHAEL ANGELO, see Buonarroti. MICHAELIS, Gei-man orientalists : JOHANN Heinrich ; h. 26 Julj' t668 ; d. lo March 1738 Christian Benedict, hrotlier ; I3. 26 Jan. 1680 ; d. 22 Feb. 1763 JOHANN David, son ; h. 27 Feb. 1717 ; pnbhshed "Granimatica Clialdaica," 1771 : "Granunatica Syriaca," 1784 ; "Introduction to the New Testa- ment," in German, 1787 ; new translation of the Bible, 1769-92 .... (?. 22 Ang. 1791 MICHAUD, Joseph Fran<;oiB, French historian a,nd poet; b. 19 June 1767; published "Voyage Litteraire au Mont Blanc," 1787 ; came to support royalty, 1790; founded "la Quotidienne," 1794; i^nprisoned for his "Adieux a Bonaparte, 1799; with his brother Louis Gajihiel (i. i 772 ; d. 20 March 1858) published " Biographic Universelle," 1811-28; visited the East, 1830-1; published " His- toire des Croisades," 1811-17; d. 30 Sept. 1839. MICHAUX, Andre, French botanist; i. 7 March 1746; explored and collected specimens in England, Spain, &c., 1779-80; published "His- toii-e des Chenes de rAniciique Septentrionale," 1801 ; "Flora Boreali-Americana," 1803; d. 13 Nov. 1802. MICHEL, Marc Antoine Amedee, French fer- tile vaudevillist; b. 22 July 1812; d. 12 March 1868. MICHELET, Jules, French historian and philosopher; b. 21 Aug. 1798; d. 10 Feb. 1874. Professor of languages and philosophy, Paris, 1821-6 ; of histoiy in college of Fi-ance, 1838 ; stopped from lecturing by the government . . 1S51 Published " Histoire de France " . . . 1833-60 " Memoires de Luther " . . ... 1835 " Les Jesuites " (with E. Quinet) .... 1843 *'Du Pretre, de la Femmeet de laFamille" . .1844 " Le Peujile " 1846 *' Histoire de la Revolution Fran(;aise," 1847-53 ; " L'Oiseau," 1856 ; " L'Insecte " • . 1857 " L' Amour," 1858 ; "LaFennne" .... 1859 •* La Mer," i86r : "LaSorciere" . . . 1862 " La Bible de I'Humanite," 1864 ; " Nos Fils " 1869 MICHELI DU Crest, Jacques Barthelemi, Swiss physicist ; b. 1690 ; described his " Universal Thermometer," 1741 ; published " Kecueil Phy- sique," 1760; d. March 1766. MICHELOZZI, Mlchelozzo di, Florentine ar- chitect and sculptor ; b. about 1400 ; d. about 1470. MICIPSA, king of Numidia, son of Masinissa ; ally of the Eomans in Spain, B.C. 142 ; adorned liis capital, Cu-ta; d. after 125. MICKIEWICZ, Adam, PoHsh poet; h. 1798 ; wrote "Grajina" and " Uziady" (the ancestors) ; exiled from Poland, 1824; " "ffallenrod ; " pub- lish ed works, 1828-9 ; professor of Slavouic litera- tur e at Paris, 1839; suspended for fanaticism, 18 44; d. 27 Nov. 1855. MICKLE, William JuUus, Scotch poet; i. S Sept. 1 734 ; published "Providence," 1762; cor- rector of the press at the " Clarendon Office," Ox- ford, 1765 ; published translation of the " Lusiad," of Camoens, 1775; d. 28 Oct. 1788. MICB.JELIUS, Johannes, German historian; b. 1597; published "Lexicon Philosopliicum," 1053; d. 3 Dec. 1658. MIDDLETON, Conyers, d.d., theologian ; b. 1683; published "Life of Cicero," 1741; "Trea- tise on the Roman Senate," 1747; "Free Liquiry into Miraculous Powers," &c., 1749; d. 28 July 1750. MIDDLETON, sii- Henry, navigator ; i. about 1570; sailed to India for the East India Company, 2" April 1604; returned, 6 May 1606; sailed again, 1610; d. in Saldanha Bay, June 1615. MIDDLETON, or Myddelton, su- Hugh, mining engineer ; b. about 1565; m.p._i6o3; mem- ber of London water supply commission, 1604; constructed the New Biver from Amwell and Chadwell to London, i Feb. 1608—29 Sept. 1613 ; made baronet, 1622; d. 10 Dec. 1631. MIDDLETON, Thomas, dramatist; wrote " Mad World my Masters," 1608 ; "Roaring Girl," 161 1 ; d. about 1626. MIDDLETON, Thomas Fanshaw, bishop of Calcutta; b. 26 Jan. 1769; published " Doctrine of the Greek Article," 1808; consecrated, 1814; founded college at Calcutta, 1820 ; d. 8 July 1822. MIDHAT PASHA, Turkish statesman, re- former; 4. about 1822. Successively clerk in public service, envoy, and secretaiy, 1832-60 Governor of Nisb, i860 ; of Bulgaria . . 1864 Grand Vizier July-Oct. 1872 Helped to depose Abdld Aziz, 29 May ; and Murad V 31 Aug. 1876 Grand Vizier, 19 Dec. j his political constitution liroclaimed ... .23 Dec. „ MIECISLA8 (MiESKO), L, 11-, nilors of Poland : 1. duke ; h. 931 ; man-ied Dombrowska of Bohe- mia ; is baptized, and promotes the conversion of Poland d. 931 2. king; 1. 990; succeeded his father, Boleslas, 1025 ; lost Moravia to the Bohemians ; defeated the Pomeranian revolters . . rt. 15 March 1034 MIEL, see Mccl. MIEEEVELT, see Mireveld. MIEEIS, van, Flemish painters : Fbans, the elder; I. 16 April 163s; painted "The Silk Merchants," " Assembly of Ladies," "Miens and his Wife "....(!. 12 March i63i Jan, son ; !). 17 June 1660 . . d. 17 March 1690 WiLLEM, brother; Tj. 1662 . . . rf. 24 Jan. 1747 Fbans, the younger, sou ; &. 24 Dec. 1689 ; d. 22 Oct. 1763 MIEEOSLAWSKI, Louis, PoUsh general; b. in France, 1814; fought in Polish revolution, 1830; condemned for insm-rection in Posen, 1846; headed the useless revolt, 18^18 ; headed the revolt- ers in Baden, 1849; not obtaining supreme com- mand in Poland, retired, 1863; published "His- toire de la Revolution de Pologne, 1835, 1842, &c. MIGLIAEA, Giovanni, Italian arcMtectm-al painter; b. 15 Oct. 1785; d. 18 April, 1837. MIGNAED, French painters : N'lCOLAS ; h. about 1605 . . . d. 20 March 1668 PiEBRE, brother; h. Nov. 1610 ; made royal painter and director of the Gobelins, 1690 d. 13 May 1695 MIGNE, Jacques Paul, abbe, French pub- lisher ; b. 25 Oct. iSoo ; professor at Chateauduu ; D D 2 MIGNET 404 MILLER resigned, came to Paris; fonnded the "UiiiTers" journal 1833 ; set up his Catholic printing-office, and published ]nany theological works ; his office burnt doAvn, 1868 ; founded the journal " La Verite," 1856; d. Oct. 1875. MIGFET, Francjois Auc:uste Jlarie, French liistorian ; J. 8 May 1796; director of archives of foreiiin niinistrj^ 1^30-48; published " Histoire de la Kcvolution," 1824; "Antonio Perez et Philippe n.," 1845; " Histoire de Marie Stuart," 1851; " Charles "Quint," 1854, &c. MIGNON, or MiNJOX, Abraham, Gennan flower painter ; h. about 1639; cl. 1679. MIGNOT, Etienne, Frcm-h scholai-; h. 17 March i6g8 ; rl. 23 July 1771. MIGNOT, Yincent, French historian, nephew of Voltaire ; h. about 1730; published " Histoii'e de I'Empire Ottoman," 1771 ; rf. Sept, 1791. MIGUEL, Pom Jlaria Evarista, son of John "Vl., then regent of Portugal ; b. 26 Oct. 1802 ; d. 15 Nov. 1866. Rebiillcd .ig.ainst his f.itlier, 1822 ; sulidupd . 1823-24 "Went to Yieun.T, and received some education 1824 Attempted to seize the crown at lii.s fathei-'s denth, 10 Marf;h 1826 Appointed regent, enga<,'ingto maintain the charter, Dec. 1827 Toole the cnn.stitutinnal nath .... Feb. 1828 Declared himself sole king . . 30 June ,, Governed tyrannically and ciTielly . . . 1828-30 His expedition -ngainst Terceira defeated 11 Aug. 1829 Insulted Great Bi'itain and France .... 1831 His fleet captured by adniii-al Napier . 2 3\\\y 1833 Capitidateil at Fvora (s.ailed for Genoa) 29 May 1834 Married princess Adelaide of Lo?weustcin, 24 Sept. 1851 MILANO Obrenovich, prince of Servia ; b. 10 Aug. 1854. Succeeded on the assassination of prince Michael, 10 Jane 1868 : assumed the govennnent 22 Aug. 1872 Keniaine.d neutral in regard to Herzegovina, Oct. 1875 — June 1876 Declared war ^vith Turkey ... 1 July ,, Proclaimed king by general T(;liernayefF and the army at Deligi'ad ; declined the honour jSept. ,, MILCHIADES, see Mdckiadcs. MILDMAY, sir Walter, state.sman ; b. i ^22 ' chancellor of the exchequer, 1566; founded Em- manuel College, Cambridge, 1584; rf. 31 May 1589. MILIZIA, Francesco, Italian architect ; b. 172^; published " Vite de' piii cclebri Arehitctti," 1768 ; " del Teatro," 1772 ; d. March 1798. MILL, James, Scotch historian and philoso- pher; 4. 6 April 1773; published "History of Briti-sh India," 1818; engaged in the company's service, 1819; published "Elements of Political Economy," 1821-22 ; "Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind," 1829 ; d. 23 June 1836. MILL, John, theologian and scholar; b. about 1645 ; publLshed critical edition of the Greek Testa- ment, 1707; d. 23 June 1707. MILL, John Stuart, son of James, philosopher ; I. 20 May 1806 ; d. 9 May 1873. Leanit Greek .at 3, and read authors at 8. Entered the East India eom]>any's serviee . . 1823 Friend of Bentliam ; edited the " 'Westminster ' Review " . . 1835-40 M.P. for Westminster 1865-68 Elected lord rector of St. Andrew's university . 1867 Published " System of Logic " . . 1843 "Principles of Political Economy " . . . , 1848 "Essay on Liberty" 1859 " Utilitarianism," 1862 ; "England and Ireland" , 1868 "Subjection of Women," 1869: "Autobiography" 1873 "Nature, Utility of Religion," &c., printed . , 1874 MILL, "William Hodge, b.d., orientalist; b. 1792; first principal of Bishop's college, Calcutta, 1820-38; rogius professor of Hebrew at Cambridge. 1848-53; published "Christa-Sangita," 1831 ; d. 25 Dec. 1853. MILLAIS, John Everett, a founder of the pre- Eaphaelite school of painting ; b. 8 June 1829 ;. A.r...A., 1853 ; E.A., 1S63. Exhibited " The Hngncnot," 1852 ; "Black Brnns- wicker," 1861 : "My first .Sermon," 1863; "My second Sennon," 1864 ; "Souvenir of Velasquez," 1868; "Widow's Mite," 1870; "Flowing to the River" and " Flowing to the Sea," 1872 ; "Lalla Rookh," 1873; "Winter Fuel," itc, 1874: " Furze of the Moor," 1875 ; " Over the Hills and Far Away," (fee. . 1876 MILLAE, John, Scotch publicist; b. 22 Jxme 1735; published "Origin of the Distinction of Ranks," 1771 ; " Historical View of the English Government," 1787; d. 30 May 1801. MILLEE, Edward, mur. d. ; b. 1756; pub- lished " Thorough Bass," 1787 ; " History of Don- caster," 1791 ; d. 12 Sept. 1807. MILLEE, Hugh, Scotch geologist; b. 12 Oct. 1802 ; d. by suicide, 24 Dec. 1856. Worked as a mason; wrote for the " Inverness Courier;" jmblished "Scenes and Legends of the Noi-tli of Scotland," 1835; "Letter to Lord Brougham " 1839. Became editor of the "Witness" Reported his discoveiy of a fossil fish, "Pterich- thys Milleri," to the British Association . . . 1840- Published "Old Red Sandstone," 1841 ; "Geology of the Bass," 1848: "Footprints of the Creator," 1849 ; " My Schools and Schoolnnisters," 1854 ; " The Testimony of the Rocks," printed 1857. MILLEE, James, dramatist; b. 1703: wrote "Humours of Oxford," 1729; " Man of Taste," 1735; ''■ 23 April 1744. MILLEE, Joe, comedian ; l>. 1684 ; d. 1738. MILLEE, Johann Martin, Gennan novelist; b. Dec. 1750; published " Carl yon Burgheim,"' 1778; " Siegwart," 1776; "Poems," 1783; d. 21 June 1814. MILLEE, John Fletcher, meteorologist and astronomer, cjualcer; b. 20 June 1816; began experi- ments on the fall of rain in the Lake District, 1844; su])portedby Eoyal Society; communicated results, 1848-50 ; d. 4 July 1856. MILLEE, Philip, botanist; b. 1691 ; pub- lished "Gardener's Dictionary," 1731-37; d. 18 Dee. 1771. MILLEE, Thomas, basket-maker, poet, and novelist ; b. 31 Aug. 1808 ; published "Day in the "Woods," 1836; "Gideon Giles," "Godfrey Mal- vem," &c. ; contributed much to periodicals; d 2s. Oct. 1874. ^ MILLEE, "William Allen, m.d., chemist; b. 17 Dec. 1817 ; succeeded J. F. Daniell as professor of chemistry at King's College, London, 1845 ; lectured on spectrum analysis, 1861 ; with Mr, Huggins studied spectra of heavenly bodies, 1862, et seq. ; treasurer, E. S., i86i ; published " Ele- ments of Chemistry," 1855, &c. ; d. 30 Sept. 1870. MILLEE, 'William Hallowes, mathematician and mineralogist ; b. 6 April 1801 ; professor at Cambridge, 1832 ; on commission for the standards, 1843-67; on commission respecting the metre, 1870; obtained Eoyal Society's royal medal, 1870; E. S. foreign see., 1856-73; published "Element* of Hydrostatics," 1831 ; " IVeatise on Crystallo- graphy," 1839; and papers. MILLES 405 MIMNEEMUS MILLES, Jeremiah, dean of Exeter, aiitinuary; b. 1714; edited "St. Cyril," 1703; d. 13 Feb. C784- MILLET, Jean FrauQois, Prencli landscape painter; h. 1815; a peasant; studied nature; be- 5;iin to exhibit, 1844 ; successful pictures, " The iSower," "The Angelus— Evenius," &c. ; d. 20 Jan. 1875. MILLEVOYE, Charles Hubert, French poet; li. 24 Dec. 1782 ; -wrote " Passa^'e du St. Bernard," " Plaisirs du Poete" and " Bataille de Austerlitz ;" d. 26 Aug. 1816. MILLIN, Auhin Louis, French antiquary ; h. 19 Julj^ 1759; embraced the revolution; imprisoned for writing "Eleutheropile," protesting against excesses, 1794; edited " Magasiu Encyclopudiciue," 1795-1817 ; d. 14 Aug. i8i8. MILLINGEN, James, antiquary and numis- snatist; h. 18 Jan. 1774; imprisoned while at Taris, 1794; travelled in Europe; published "Peintures Antiques de Vases Grecques," 1817 ; ■" Ancient Coins of Greek Cities and Mugs," 182 1 ; "Ancient Unedited Monuments," 1822-6; d. i Oct. 1845. MILLOT, Claude Francjois Xavier, French liistorian; b. 5 March 1726; published " Ele- ments del'Histou-ede France," 1767-9; f?.2i March 178S- MILLS, Charles, barrister and historian ; 5. 29 July 1788; published "History of Moham- medanism," 1812; "History of the Crusades," 1820; "History of Chivalry, 1825-6; d. 9 Oct. 1825. MILMAN, Henry Hart, d.d., poet and his- torian; h. 10 Feb. 1791 ; d. 24 Sept. 1868. Oained Newdlgate prize at Oxford . . . 1812 Vicar of Reading about 1815-35 Professor of iioetry, Oxford 1821 Rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and cauou . 1835 Dean of St. Paul's . . . 1849 Publislied " Fazio," a tnigedy . . . 1815 "yamor, Lord of the Bright City " . 1818 " Fall of Jerusalem " . 1820 " Martyr of Antioch " 1821 " Poetical Works," 1840 ; " Histoiy of tlie Jews " . 1827 "Gibbon's Decline and Fall" . . 1838-9 " Horace " 1848 " History of Greek Christianity " .... 1849 " History of Latin Christianity ". 1854-7 "Annals of St. Paul's" . 1866 MILMAN, right rev. Eobert, nephew ; S. i8l6 published " Life of Tasso," 1848; " Way through the Desert," 1850 ; bishop of Calcutta, Feb. 1867 ; d. 15 March 1876. MILNE, rev. Colin, Scotch botanist ; Ti. about 1744; published " Botanical Dictionary," 1770; d. 1815. MILNE-EDWARDS, Henry, French natu- ralist; i. at Brussels, 1800 ; professor of zoology at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, Aug. 1844; pub- lished " Elements de Zoologie," 1840-43; " Le(;ons de Physiologie," 1855-75. MILNE-EDWAEDS,. "Wimam Frederick, physiologist, brother; h. in Jamaica, 14 April 1777; helped to found the "Societe Ethnologique," 1839; published "Influence des Agents Physiques sur la Vie," 1824; "Eecherches sm' la Langue Celtique," 1844; d. 23 July 1842. MILNE, Joshua, actuary; h. 1773; published " Treatise on the Value of Ajinuities, 1815 ; d. 4 Jan. 1851. MILNEE, John, theologian; h. Feb. Ifa28; published "Collection of Church History," 1688; d. 16 Feb. 1702. MILNEE, John, Eonianist theologian ; h. s, Oct. 1752; bishop of Castabala, 1803; publishecl "History of AVmchester," 1799; "Letters to a Prebendary," 1800; "Treatise on the Ecclesi- astical Architecture of England," iSri; d. 19 April 1826. MILNEE, brothers, church historians, clergy- men : Joseph; h. 2 Jan. 1744; published Gibbon's "Ac- count of Christianity considered," 1781 ; "His- tory of Church of Christ," 1794-1812 ; d. 15 Nov. 1797 IsA-Ac : h. I Jan. 1751 ; finished Ins brother's "His- tory," dean of Carlisle, 1791 , . H. i Aiiril 1820 MILNES, Richard Monckton, lord Houghton, poet; h. iQi June 1809; m.p. for ]?ontefract, 1837; promoted juvenile reformatories, 1846 ; published " Memorials of a Tour in Greece," 1834 • " Poems," 1844 ; " Life and Remains of Keats," 1848 ; " Mo- nographs," 1873; created baron, 20 Aug. 1S63 ; visited America, 1875. MILO, Titus Annius Papianus, Roman tri- bune, leader of mercenary soldiers; tribune of the people, when he began his fierce contest with the demagogue Clodius, n.c. 57; killed him in an attack, 20 Jan. 52; defended by Cicero; con- denmed to exile, April 52; declared himself a legate of Pompey in Campania ; killed by the prae- tor, 48. MILONOF, Michael, Russian lyiic poet; h. 1792; published "Satires," i8ig; d. 17 Oct. 1821. MILOSCH OBEENOVITCH, prince of Servia; A. 11 Nov. 1780; d. 26 Sept. i860. Submitted to the Turks, after the revolt of Kara George, and appointed governor . . . . 1813 Rebelled, 1817; recognised hereditary prince, Sept. 1829 Compelled to .abdicate, Jmie 1839 ; recalled to power, Deo. 1858 . . . H. 26 Sept. i860 MILTIADES, Athenian general; defeated the Persians at Marathon, Sept. E.c, 496; impeached; condemned ; d. in prison. MILTIADES, see Mekhiades, pope. MILTON, John, poet ; b. 9 Dec. 1608 ; d. 8 Nov. 1674. At St. Paul's school, 1620 ; Christ's college, Cam- bridge ... 1624 Wrote "Clnistmas ode," 1629; "Comas," 1634; "Lycidas" 1638 In Italj', 1638-9 ; educated his nephews . . . 1639 Wrote " Reformation in Euglaml ; " " Prelatical Episcopacy ;" "Clim'ch Government" . 1641 Married Maiy Powell 1643 "Tractate on Education ; " " Areopagitica ; " "On Divorce" j6^4. "L'AlIegro;" " il Penseroso ; " " Tetraehordon " . 1645 "Tenure of Kings and Magi.strates ; " " Eilcono- - klastes" ... 1649 Latin secretary to council of .state . Feb. 1649-59 Wrote " Defensio Popull Anglicani" 1650 ; "Sound Defenceof the People of England" . . . 1654 Death of his wife, 1652 ; became blind . about Mamed Miss Woodcock, Nov. 1656; she died, Feb, 1658 Married Elizabeth Minshull 1560 Sold " Paradise Lost " to Samuel Simmons fm- the present sum of 5!, ; furtlier siuns promised on conditions, 27 April 1667; the poem imblished (in ten books) for 3s, .... 1667 Published "History of Britain," 1670; "P.aradise Regained," 1671; "True Religion" . . 167.. MS. of "Christian Doctrine" discovered, 1823- translated and published by C. R. Sunnier by ' royfil command jg^- His " Common-place Book " printed ' ' . ' 1876 MIMNEEMUS, Greek elegiac poet; «. about B.C. 634-600. MINA 406 MITCHELL MI!N A, Spanish, guerilla chiefs : I'KANcisco Espoz Y, Spanish guerilla cliieftain, niiiiied "King of NavaiTe;" h. 1781 ; active a^Minst the French, 1808-14 ; endeavoured to re- stui-e tlie constitution, 1820-23, 3utl 1830 ; com- manded the royal anny iu Biscay .against the Carlists, 1835 ; retired . . . d. 24 Dec. 1836 Xavier, nephew ; h. 1789 ; fouglit against tlie French ; captured and imprisoned at ^■incennea ; released, 1814 : joined in the eltoi-ts to free Mexico; captui'ed and shot . 11 Nov. 1S17 MINELL, Johannes, Dutch scholar ; l>, ahout 1625; d. 1683. MINGHETTI, Marco, ItaUan statesman ; i. 8 Sept. 1818. Papal inini.ster of puliHc works at Bologna, 10 March 1848 Entered anny of Sardinia, 1848 ; retireii to Bologna ; published " Economia PuLlica,'" &c. . . . 1859 Ministerof interior under Cavour, Oct. i860— March 1862 President of council and finance minister, 1863-4; ambassador in Loudon, 1868 ; at Vienna a short time .... . . . 1870 Pi'esident of a new ministry . . 16 Jidy 1873 Resigned through adverse vote on the budget, 19 March 1876 MINIE, Claude Etienne, French mechanic; b. iSlO] entered the army; pupil of Captain Devigne, who iurented the so-called Minio rifle about 1833 ; long employed by the French govennnent to im- prove fire-arms. MINOT, Lawrence, poet ; e!. about 1352 ; his poems published, 1794. MESTTO, Gilbert ElUot, earl of, statesman ; !/. 23 April 1751 ; -('iceroy of Corsica, 19 June 1794- 96 ; created baron Minto, 26 Get. 1797; ambassador at Vienna, 1799; president of the board of control, 1806; governor-general of India, 1807-12; created carl, 1813; (!. 21 June 1814. MINTEOP, Theodor, Gennan painter; 5. 17 April 1814; works: "The Vine," " Occuimtions of "Winter," " Jnfant Jesus," &c. ; d. 4 July 1870. MESTUCIUS, see Felix. MINTJZIANO (MlKUTlAirus), Alessandro, Italian printer ; li. about 1450 ; published Horace, 14S9; Livy, 1495 ; Cicero, 1498; d. 1522. MESTZONI, Ouofrio, Italian poet ; i. 25 Jan. 1734; published " Sonetti," 1794; d. 30 ilay 1817. MIOLAN-CAEVALHO, Marie CaroHne, French vocalist; 6. 31 Dec. 1827; appeared in London, 26 July 1859 ; successful as Margaret iu Gounod's Faust, 1863. MIONNET, The'odore Edme, French numis- matist; /). 10 Sept. 1770; published "Atlas de Geographie Numismatique," 1839; d. 5 May 1852. MIOT, Andre Franijois, comte de Melito, French Btatesman and scholar; i. 9 Feb. 1762; narrowly escaped death, 179^; ambassador at Florence, 1795 ; employed by Napoleon, 1797, et seq. ; wrote " Mii- moires," published, 1858 ; d. 5 Jan. 1841. MIEABAUD, Jean Baptiste de, French poet ; }. 1675; published translation of " Jerusalem De- livered," 1724; of "Orlando Furioso," 1741 ; d. 24 Jime 1760. MIEABEAU, French nobles : Victor Eiqcetti, marquis de, poUtical economist ; 6. s Oct. 1715 Entered anny ahout 1719 Fought in Geimany ; devoted himself to politicid economy 1735 Published "Ami des Hommes," 1756; "Philo- sophie Rurale," 1764 . . . d. 13 July 1789 Honors Gabriel Riquetti, comte de, son, orator ; &, g March 1749 Entered the anny July 1767 Quarrelled with his colonel : imprisoned for de- sertion; wrote " Essai siu le Bespotisme ; " imprisoned for debt by his father . . ^ . 1774 Went to London, to print his " Considerations .sur I'Ordi-e de Cinciunatus " . . . . 1784 Published "Journal des Conseils i un jeime Prince" .... . . 1788 Elected nieinher of the tiers ^tat . . . 1789 Etats Gen^raux supi^ressed . . 6 May ,, ' First siJOke in the Assembly, r8 May ; its leader, June ,, Urged the national assembly not to separate at the king's command ... 20 June ,, Publishecl " Avis aux Princes de I'Europe " . 1790 Opposed giving the assembly the right of making peace and war, May 1790 . 0. 2 Ajiril 1791 His " Contes et Nouvelles," published, 1797 ; " Lettres indedites et Memoires," 1806 ; "CEuvres Oratoires," iBig. MIEABELLA, Vincenzo, Italian antiquary ; h. 1570; d. 1624. MIEiEUS, see Le Mire. MIEAMION, Marie de Beauhamais, French, philanthi'opist ; h. 1629 ; manicd M. de Miramion, about 1645; soon a widow; became ascetic, and devoted to charity ; established refuges for the fallen, homes for orphans ; d. 24 March 1696. MIEAMON, Miguel, Mexican statesman ; h. about 1833 ; commanded the array of the clerical party opposed to Juarez and the liberals ; defeated them; nominated president, 6 Jan. 1859; deposed by Zuloaga, 9 May ; defeated by DegoUado, 10 Aug. i860 ; escaped to Spain, i85i ; returned and sup- ported the emperor Maximilian, 1864; shot with, him, 19 June 1867. MIEANDA, Francisco, Spanish-American general; h. about 1750; fought under Dumouiiez in Flanders, 1 792 ; accused of causing his defeat at Neerwinden, 18 March 1793; acquitted, May; banished, Sept. 1797 ; joinecf m the Spanish war of independence, Aug. 1806; organised republic at Caraccas, 181 1 ; concluded a capitulation, 25 July 1812 ; aiTested, 26 Aug. ; d. in prison, Jan. i8i5. MIEANDA, Juan Garcia de, Spanish painter ; h. 12 Sept. 1C77 ; d. 8 May 1749. MIEANDOLA, see Tlco. MIEBBL, Charles Francois Brissean, French botanist; b. 27 March 1776; published " Traite d' Anatomic et de I'hysiologie Vegetale," 1802 ; d. 12 Sept. 1854. MIEES, Jules, French financier ; h. 9 Dec. 1809; a brokei', 1848; founded credit foncier, &c.; failed, Feb. 1861 ; for selling shares without au- thority, &c., sentenced to five years' imprisomnent, 29 Aug. 1861 ; on appeal sentence reversed, 21 April 1862; d. June 1871. MIEEVELD, or MiEEEVELT, Michel Jaus- zon ; Dutch painter; h. 1568 ; d. 27 Aug. 1641. MISSON, Fran<;oisMaximilien, French writer, published "Nouveau Voyage d'ltaUe," 1691 ; "Memou-espar un Voyageiu- en Angleterre," 1698; d. 23 Jan. 1722. MITCHELL, Alexander, Irish engineer; l. 13 April 1780; invented machines for brickmaldng (his business) ; his screw-pUe and mooring, ahout 1832 ; d. 25 June 1868. MITCHELL, sir Andrew, diplomatist; i. about 1695 ; minister at Brussels, 1751 ; at Berlin, 1753 ; d. 28 Jan. 1771. IflTCHELL 407 MOHAMMED MITCHELL, John, Irish poUtician ; J>. 1814; Avrote for the Nation, 1845 ; separated from O'Coimell and founded the federal party, or "United Irishmen," 1847; transported to Van Diemen's Land ; escaped, 9 June ; published " Jail Journal," 1854; elected m.p. for Tipperaiy, 16 Feh. ; election nullified ; d. 20 Mai-ch 1875. MITCHELL, Joseph, dramatic poet ; b. about i684;(«. 6Feb. 173S. MITCHELL, Maria, American astronomer ; h. 1 Aug. 1818 ; discorered a telescopic comet, i Oct. 1847 (for which she received a gold medal), 7 Oct. 1847 ; employed bj' American government, on coast survey ; professor of astronomy at Vassar college, New Tovlc. MITCHELL, Thomas, Ilellonist; }. 30 ilay 1783; published "Aristophanes," 1S20-2 ; 1834-8; d. 4 May 1845. MITCHELL, sir Thomas Livingstone, colonel, Australian ,cxplorer ; b, 1~C)2\ explored Australia and made discoveries, 1831-2, 1835-6, 1845-6 ; published " Three Expeditions iuto the Interior of AustraKa," 1838; "Journal of an E.^pedition in Tropical Australia," 1848 ; " Austrahau Geogra- phy," 1850 ; d. 5 Oct. 1855. MITCHELL, rev. Walter, crystallogi-apher ; b. about 1818 ; d. 25 May 1874. MITCHELL, sir "William, journalist, &c. ; b. 181 1 ; established "Shipping and Mercantile Gazette," 1836; knighted for bis "International Code of Signals," 1867; published " Maiitiuie Notes and Queries," 1874. MITFOED, John, satirist; wrote "Johnny Newcome in the Navy;" "The Scourge;" (/. 1831. MITPOED, rev. John, poet; b. 1781; pub- lished " Poems and Life of Thomas Gray," 1814; "Agnes the Italian Captive," 1811; d. z"] April 1859. MITPOED, Mary Eussell, poet and novelist ; b. 16 Dec. 1786; published " Julian, a tragedy," 1823 ;" Our Village," 1824-32; " Belford Kegi's," 1835 ; " EecoUections of a Literary Life," 1851 ; d. 10 Jan. 1855. MITPOED, "William, historian; 5. 10 Feb. 1744; M.p. 178";; published " Inquu-y into the Principles of Harmony in Languages," 1774; " History of Greece," 1784-1818 ; d. 8 Feb. 1827. MITHEIDATES I.— VI., kings of Pontus: 1 d. before B.C. 363 2. Icing, 337; iiulepenJeiit, 318 . killed 302 3. son and successor, 302 . . H. 266 4. king, 240 (I. about 190 5. Euergetes, king before 154 ; helped the Romans, 149; acciuii'ed Phrj'gia, 129; assas-sinated abont 120 6. Eupator, tlie gre.nt, sou; succeeded, 120; ox)- posed Kome ; acquired Paphlagonia . . . 108 Seized Blthynia, 90 ; retook Phiygia and caused a general massacre of the Romans in Asia Minor . 88 Defeated by tlic Romans under Fimbria, 85 : made peace with Sylla (not ratified by tlie senate) . 84 Defeated Mui-aiua and conquered Cappadocia, 82 ; gave it up 81 Defeated by Luculhis at Cyzicus, 73 ; at Cabeira, 72 : at Tigrauocerta, 69 ; at Aii^axata . . 68 Defeated Triarius and recovered his dominions . 67 Defeated by Pompey 66 Fled and establislied himself in BosiJorus ; offered terms to Pompey, wlio required absolute sub- mission . . 64 Insiurrection of his son Pliarnaces ; committed suicide ... ... 63 MITEE, Barfolomeo, South American general, president of the Argentine republic; b. 26 June 1821 ; defeated by Urquiza at Cepeda, 23 Oct. 1859 ; defeated him at Pavon, 17 Sept. 1861 ; caused the abdication of Derqui; elected president, 5 Oct. 1862 ; allied mth Brazil against Lopez and Paraguay, May 1865; his insuiTcction at Buenos, Sept. — Nov. ; submission, Dec. 1875. MITSCHEELICH, Eilhard, Gei-man che- mi.st; b. 7 Jan. 1794; published " Lehrbuch der Cheniie," 1829-30; d. 28 Aug. 1863. MITTAEBLLI, Nicolo Giacomo (as a theo- logian, Giovanni Benedetto) ; i. 2 Sept. 1 707 ; pub- lished " Annales CamakUilenses," 1755-73; d. 14 Aug. 1777. MIZLEE VON KOIOF, Lorenz Christoph, German musician; b. 25 July 1711; published " Musikalisohe Bibliothek," 1736-54; "ActaLit- teraria Ilegui Polonia;," 1755-9; d. 1778. MOA'WIYAH, I. II., Ommiades, caUphs: 1. I3. about 610 : professed Islamisni . . . 625 Governor of Syi-ia, 641-57 ; defeated fleet of Con- stans II. off Lycia 655 Leagued -with Amrou, governor of EgyiJt, against All 660-1 Deposed Hassan, and succeeded liim , . 661 Sent to besiege Constantinople, 672, 679 . H. 680 2. succeeded his father, Yesid ; reigned 6 weeks 683-4 MOBEELT, George, bishop of Sahsbur}'; b. about 1803 ; head master of Winchester school, 1835-6 ; consecrated, 1869 ; published " Discourses on the Sayings of the great Forty Days," 1846; " Bampton Lectures " (on the Holy Spuit), 1868, &c. MOCENIGO, doges of Venice: ToMASo ; doge, 7 Jan. 1414 . . d. 15 April 1423 PiETRO ; doge, 16 Dec. 1474 : successful against Turlis ri. 23 Feb. 1476 Giovanni ; doge, 1478 ; made peace with Mahomet II 1479 "Warred witli Naples, 1479; with Ferrara, 1482-4; d. 4 Nov. 1485 Luioi ; doge, 11 May 1570; lost Cyprus to the Turks, 1570-1 ; made peace, March 1573 ; d. 4 June 1576 Seeastiano ; doge, 28 Aug. 1722 (i 21 May 1732 MOCHNACKI, Mauryczy, Polish critic and patriot; b. 1804; published in Polish "Literature of Poland to the igth Century," 1830 ; a chief of the insurrection, 1831 ; pubhshed a history of it, 1834 ; d. 20 Dec. 1834. MOCQUAED, Jean Francois Constant, French lawyer; b. II Nov. 1791 ; successful advocate, 1817-25; lost his voice; took municipal office, 1830; with Louis Napoleon in his attempt at Stras- burg, 29-30 Oct. 1836; became his secretary, March, and chief of his cabinet, 10 Dec. 1848 ; d. 9 Deo. 1864. MODENA, Tommaso Barisini (or Borisrni) da, Italian painter, patronised by Charles IV., the em- peror of Gennany, 1357. MOEHSEN, Johann Carl WiUiehn, German physician and numismatist ; b. 9 May 1722 ; d. 21 Sept. 1795. MOFPAT, rev. Robert, Scotch minister; b. about 1790; missionary in South Africa since 1816 ; (his daughter, manied to Dr. Livingstone, d. in Africa, 27 April 1862) ; published " History of Missionary Labours in South Africa," 1842; trans- lated New Testament and Psalms into the Bechu- ana language ; lectured in "Westminster Abbey 30 Nov. 1875. MOGEIDGE, George, better known as "Old Humphry," writer for the young ; Nov. 1854. MOHAMMED, see Mahomet. b. 1787 ; d. MOHL 408 MOLINOS MOHL, Hugo von, German botanist ; b. 8 Apiil, 1805 ; studied medicine ; adopted botany ; published paper on pollen, 1833 ; on multiplication of cells by division, 1835; on chlorophyl, 1837; "The Vegetable Cell," 1850; d. 31 Maroli or i April 1872. MOHL, Eobert von, German jurist; b. 1799; professor of political economy, 1824; minister of iustice under archduke John of Austria ; d. 5 Nov. iS75. MOHL, Julius von, German orientalist ; b. 25 Oct. 1800 ; studied at Paris under S. de Sacy, 1823, ct scq.; published translations from Chinese and Persian, 1828 ; of the " Shah-Nameh," with text, 1838-SS ; d. 4 Jan. 1876. MOHS, Friedrich, German mineralogist ; b. 29 Jan. 1773 ; published in Gennan, " Elements of Mineralogy," 1822-24; d. 29 Sept. 1839. MOHTJN', Charles, lord; with captain Hill murdered AVm. llountfort the actor, 1092 ; killed by the duke of Hamilton in a duel, 15 Nov. 1712. MOIGNO, Francois Napoleon Marie, French abbe, physicist, and journalist; b. 20 April 1804; edited " Cosmos," 1852-62; "Les Mondes," 1863, ct seq.; published "fraite de la Telegrapbie Elec- trique," 1849; "Memoii-cs sur la Stereoscope," 1853 ; translations of Tyndall's works, &o. MOINE, Antonin, French sculptor ; J. 22 April 1797; d. 18 March 1849. MOIE, David Macbeth, Scotch poet and nove- list (" Delta" of Blackwood's Magazine) ; b. 5 Jan. 1798 ; educated for a surgeon ; published " Mansie TVauch;" "Legend of Genevieve;" d. 6 July 1851. MOIEA, see Sastings. MOITTE, Jean Guillaume, French sculptor; b. 1747 ; gained grand prize, 1768 ; d. 2 May 1810. MOIVEE, or DE MOIVEE, Abraham, French mathematician, fi-iend of Newton, Leibnitz, and Bernoulli; b. 26 May 1667; pubhshed his "Doc- trine of Chances," 1716; "Annuities," 1724; d. 27 Nov. 1754. MOL, Pieter van, Flemish painter; b. Nov. 1599 ; d. 8 April 1650. MOLA, Giovanni Francesco, Italian painter; i. 1614 ; d. i66r. MOLA, Pietro Francesco, Bologncse painter; i. about 1612 ; d. 1668. MOLANUS, see Meulcn. MOLAY, or MOLAI, Jacques de, last gi-and master of the order of the Temple ; b. about 1244 ; entered order 1265 ; grand master, 1298 ; virulently persecuted by Philip IV. of France ; with others tried by inquisitors, 13 10, ct scq.; burnt \vith others, II March 1314. MOLE, Francois Eene, French comedian; b. 1734; d. II Dec. 1802. MOLE, John, calculator ; d. 1827. MOLE, Louis Matthieu, comte, French states- man; b. 24 Jan. 1781 ; visited England ; his journal led to introduction to employment by Napoleon, Feb. l8o5; minister of marine under the duo de llichelieu, 1817-18 ; foreign minister to Louis PhUippe, 1830 and 1836; prime minister, I J April 1837—31 March 1839 ; d. 23 Nov. 1855. MOLE, Matthieu, French statesman; b. 1584: chief president of the parliament, 1641 ; en- deavoured in vain to maintain the rights of the parliament, and mediate between the queen and cai'dinal Mazarine and the princes 1649 ; ct scq.; resigned, 1653 ; d. 3 Jan. 1656. MOLESCHOTT, Jacob, Dutch naturalist and physiologist; b. g Aug. 1822; adopted the principle, "Mantis what he eats;" published in Gennan, "George Forster, the popular naturalist," 1854; " Light and Life," 1856. MOLESWOETH, Kobert Molesworth, vis- coimt, Irish statesman; b. Dec. 1656; joined the prince of Orange about 1688 ; sent as envoy to Denmark, 1692; published " Accouut of Denmark" (esteemed Ubellous), 1696 ; created a peer, 1716 ; (f. 22 May 1725. MOLESWOETH, rev. "WQliam Nassau, his- torian, b. 8 Nov. 1816 ; vicar of St. Clement, Spot- land, Bochdale, 1844 ; pubhshed " History of the Eefoi-m Bin of 1832," 1864; "History of England, from 1830-74," 1871-3. MOLESWOETH, sir William, bart., states- man, a chief of the philosophic radicals ; b. 23 May 1810; M.P. for Leeds, 1837-4 ! f°i' Southward, 1845 ; first commissioner of works, Jan. 1853 ; colonial secretary, Feb. 1855 ; edited Hobbes' works, 1842-5 ; d. 22 Oct. 1855. MOLIEEE, Jean Baptiste Poquelin de, French dramatist and poet ; b. 15 Jan. 1622 ; d. 17 Feb. 1673- Educated at the CoUe^x de Cleruiont^' studied law 1642-5 Became an actor and changed uuine to Moli&re, 1645 ; began to write plays . . . 1653 Perlormed before Louis XlV. . . 24 Oct. 1638 Appeared in "Etoui-di," 3 Nov. 1658 : public per- formance of " Prdicieuses Ridicules," 18 Nov. 1659; " Sganarelle," 28 May 1660; " Ecole des Maris "... . 24 June 1661 Married iil'mande Gresinde B^jait . 20 Keb. 1662 Perloniiance of " Ecole des Femmes" 26 Dec. ,, Louis XIV. godfather of his son . Jan. 1663 Performance of " Manage Forc6 " . zg Jan. 1664 Much attacked ; iiensioned by the king . Aug. 1665 Performance of *' Misanthroiie,"4 June ; " M^decin malgrelui" 6 Aug. 1666 "Georges Dandin," 18 July ; "Av.are" g Sept. 1668 "Tartuffe" 5 Feb. 1669 "Bourgeois Gentilhomme" . . 14 Oct. 1670 " Femmes Savantes " . . 11 March 1672 "Malade Imaginnire" .... 10 Feb. 1673 Seized with convulsions while acting in "JIalade Imaginaire" . rf. (soon after) 17 Feb. „ MOLIEEES, Joseph Privat de, French phy- sicist;*. 1677; published "Lecjons de Mathema- tiques," 1726; "Lecjons de Phys-ques," 1733-39; d. 12 May 1742. MOLINA, Luis, Spanish tlieologian ; b. 1535 ; published " de Liberi Arbitrii cum Gratia) Bonis Concordia," 1588; d. 12 Oct 1601. MOLINAEI, MoLiNEEi, or Mulineei, Piedmontese painters: Giovanni Antonio, b. 1577; d. about 1640; Antonio, sou; b. 1655; worked at Venice; d. 1727. MOLINET, Jehan, French poet; wrote " Temple de Mai-s," about 1480 ; " Complainte de Constantinople;" " Eessource du Petit Peuple;" d. 1507. See Du MoUnct. MOLINIEE, Jean Baptiste, French preacher ; b. 167s ; pubUshed " Discours sur la VSrite de la Keligion Chretienne," 1732-4; d. 15 March 1745. MOLINOS, Miguel, Spanish theologian pro- pounder of " Quietism ; " b. 1627; in his "Spiritual Guide," declared that Chiistian perfection consists in complete tranquillity of soul, 1675 ; ■ condemned MOLITOE 4U9 MONIGLIA by the pope, 28 Aug. 1675 ; j)ul)licly renounced his «iTor, 3 Sept. 1687 ; d. in prison, 29 Deo. i6g6. MOLITOE, Gabriel Jean Joseph, French marshal; J. 7 March 1770 ; first to cross the Ehine, I May 1800 ; defeated the Eussiaus and allies in North Italy, 6 July 1806; submitted to Louis XVIII., 1814; and to Louis Philippe, Aug. 1830; d. 28 July 1849. MOLL, Herman, geographer ; published " Sys- tem of (jreography," 1695; " Complete Geographer," 1709; rf. 1732. MOLLBE, Daniel "Wilhelm, count, German scholar; b. 26 May 1642; published " Meditatio de Inseotis," 1673; "de Animoccctis," 1707; d, 25 Feb. 1712. MOLLBE, Johanu, Gennan lustorian ; h. 1661 ; rf. 20 Oct. 1725; his."Cimbria Litterata," published, 1744. MOLLIEN, Nicolas Franc^ois, count, French statesman; b. 28 Feb. 1758; employed by De Calonne, about 1784; contnbuted to negotiate the peace of 1786; narrowly escaped execution, 1794; employed by Napoleon, 1801 ; minister of finance, 1806-15 ; <^- 20 April 1850. MOLLOY, Charles, Irish lawyer; published " de Jure Maiitimo," 1676 ; d. 1690. MOLLOY, Charles, Irish dramatist and joui-- nalist; 4. 1706; d. 16 July 1767. MOLTKE, von, Danish statesmen : Adam Wilhelm ; 6. 25 Aug. 1785 ; minister of fluance, 1S18 ; (Irew uxi a constitution ; lu'esident of luiuistiT. 24 March 1848 : resigned, 1852 ; assisted Christian IX. to nuake peace, 1864 ; d. 12 April 1866. Karl; 6. 1800; niiuitjter of state for Slesmg and Hol- stein : caused dissatisfaction in them, 1841-8 ; head of the Dauisli cabinet, 1852-4, Jidy 1864 — Nov, 1865. :■ MOLTKE, Hellmuth, count von, German general; b. 26 Oct. 1800 : Studied for tlie anuy at Copenhagen . . . 1812 Entered Prussian sei'vice as lieutenant, 1822; tra- velled in Turke5', 1835 ; organised its army 1838 Seived with the Turks in Syria . . . 1839 Member of Prussian general staff . . . 1849 Chief of grand general staff, 1S58 ; lieut. -general 1859 Planned campaigns of 1864, 1866, and . . . 1870 Received from the czar the order of St. George, Oct. ,, Made count, 28 Oct. 1870 ; chief marshal of German empire ... ... Sept. 1871 MOLYNTEUX, 'VViffiam, Irish physicist; friend of Flamsteed, &c.; b. 17 April 1656; pub- lished ' ' Journal of thi'ee Months' Campaign in Ire- land," 1690; " Dioptrica Nova," 1692; d. 11 Oct. 1698. MOLZA, Francesco Maria, Italian poet and novelist; b. 1489; wrote "Ninfa Tiberina," &c.; d. 1544. Tarquinia, grand-daughter, poet ; b. I Not. 1542 ; d. 8 Aug. 1617. MOMIGN Y, Jerome Joseph de, French musi- cal coniposer; b. 1766; published " Cours Coni- plet d'Harmonie," 1806; "Expose Complet du Seul Systeme Musicale," 1809 ; d. July 1838. MOMMSEN, Theodore, Gei-man historian ; b. 30 Nov, 1817; published, in German, "Eoman Histoiy," 1854-68; " Roman Chi-onology," 1858-9. MONAHAN, James Henry, Irish judge ; b. 1805 ; Irish solicitor-general, 1846 ; attorney-gene- ral, 1847; chief justice of common pleas, 1850-76. MONALDESCHI, one of the suite of queen Christina of Sweden; assassinated at Paris by her command, for betraying her confidence, 1657. MONANTHBUIL, Hem-i de, French mathe- matician ; b. about 1536 ; d. 1606. MONAEDES, Nicolas, Spanish physician and botanist; d. 1578. MONBODDO, James Burnett, lord, Scotch la%vyer and philosopher; b. about Nov. 1714; pub- lished " Dissertation on the Origin and Progress of Language," 1774-92; " jVncient Metaphysics," 1779-99; 'I- 26 May 1799. MONBEON, Fougeret de, French poet; pub- lished "Hemiade Travestie," 1745; d. Sept. 1761. MONCEL, Theodose AoHUe Louis du, vi- comte, French physicist; b. 6 March 1821; pub- lished " E.xpose des Applications de I'Electricite," 1857, et seq.; " Etudes des Lois des Courants Elec- triques," i860. MONCEY, Bon Adrieu Jeannot de, French marshal; b. 31 July 1754; distinguished himself in the wars of the revolution and empire ; mar- shal, 1804 ; accepted and adhered to Louis XYIIL, 1814-15; imprisoned for refusing to preside at the trial of Ney, Aug. 1815 ; re-established, 14 July 1816; commanded in the expedition to Spain, 1823 ; d. 20 April 1842. MONCK, Charles Stanley Mouck, viscount; b. 10 Oct. 1819 ; succeeded his father, 26 Api-il 1849 ; govenior-gener,al of Canada, Oct. 1861 ; re- appointed as governor of the United Provinces or " Dominion of Canada," June 1867 ; resigned, Nov. 1868 ; one of the commission for settling the Iiish church, i86g. MONCONYS, Balthasar de, French traveUer; b. i5li ; "Journal of Ms Travels in Asia Minor, India," &c., published 1665-6; d. 1665. MONCEEIPE, sir- Henry TV'eUwood, bart., Scotch theologian; *. 6 Feb. 1750; pubhshed " Discourses on the Jewish and Cinistian Kevela- tions," 1815 ; d. 14 June 1827. MONCEBIPF, sir James "Wellwood, bart., lord Moncreiff, son, Scotch judge; b. 1776; a lord of session, 1829-51 ; d. 30 March 1851. MONCEEIFF, James, lord Monoreifi, son, Scotch judge; b. 171 1 ; lord advocate for Scotland, April 1851— March 1852; Dec. 1852— March 1858; June 1859— -July 1866; Dec. 1868— Oct. 1869; lord justice clerk, Oct. 1869 ; lord rector of university of Edinburgh, 1869. MONCEIP, Franijois Augustin Pai-adis de, French dramatist and poet; b. 1687; published " Histoire des Chats," 1727 ; d. 19 Nov, 1770, MONGAULT, Nicolas Hubert de, French translator ; b. 6 Oct. 1674; d. 15 Aug. 1746.. MONGE, Gaspard, comte de Peluse, French geometer; b. 10 May 1746; chief foimder of MONICA, St., mother of St. Augustin; b. 332 ; d. Nov. 387. MONIGLIA, Italian writers : Giov,LNNl, Andrea, physician ; h. about 1640 ; pub- blished " De Aqua Usu in Febribus," 1682 ; " Opere dramatiche " . . ... 1689 ToMMASo, nephew, theologian; I1. 18 Aug. 1686- published " Contro i Fatalisti," 1745; "Controi Materialisti," 1750 . . . d. 15 Feb. 1767 MONIN 410 MONTAGU MONIN, see Du Mmin. MONK, George, duke of Albemarle ; i. 6 Dec. 1608 ; cl. 3 Jan. 1670. Colonel in the anny in Ireland .... 1642 In the royal .anny, and taken iirisoner by Fairfax at Nantwicli 25 J'™- 1644 Became a parliamentaiy general ; sent to Ireland . 1650 Heljied to gain the rtctoiy at Dunhar 3 Sept. ,, Beduced Scotland to snlijection . Stormed Dundee 1 Sept. 1651 As admiral defeated Tronip off the Korth Foreland, 2 June 1653 Declared for the parliament . . .2 Nov. 1659 Connected with Fairfax ; entered England with an army, i Jan. ; Loudon .... 4 Feb. j66o Eestored the Presbyterians to parliament, 21 Feb. „ Eeceivcd Cliarles II. at Dover . 25 May „ Ennobled as duke of Albemarle . . 7 July „ Captain gener.al, 3 Aug. ; with prince Hupert de- feated De Ruyter and the Dutch fleet, 24-25 July 1666 Lord high treasurer . . 24 May 1667 MONK, Jamos Henry, bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, classical scholar; i. 1784; regius pro- fessor of Greek at Cambridge, 1S09-22 ; con- secrated, 1830; edited "Euripides;" d. 6 Jime 1856. MONK, ^rary Molesw-ovth, lady ; her " Poems and Translations '" pnblislied 1716; cl. 1715. MONMOUTH, James Scott, duke of, son of Charles II. and Lucy AVaters, b. 9 April 1649 ; in- stigated the outrage on sir John Coventry, 21 Dec. 1670 ; commander-in-chief, 1678 ; defeated the covenanters at Bothwell Brigg, 22 June 1679 ; banished; soon returned, iGSo; implicated in Itye- honse plot ; again banished, 1683 ; raised an anny against James II., Jrme 1685 ; defeated at Sedge- moor, 6 July; beheaded, 15 July 1685. MONMOUTH, carl of, see Mordamit. MONNET, Antoine Grimoald, French che- mist; opponent of Lavoisier, &c.; h. 1734! f'' 23 May 18 1 7. MONNIEE, Hemi Bonaventure, French wri- ter and artist ; 4. 6 June 1799; illustrated Beranger and La Fontaine ; published "Scenes Populaii-es," 1830; " Bourgeois de Pai-is," 1854 ; " llemoires de Joseph Prudhomme," 1857, &c. ; d. 3 Jan. 1877. MONNOYE, see La ATonnoye. MONRO, Scotch physicians and anatomists : Alexander I t. 19 Sept. 1697 Founded lios]iital schools . about 1720 Published " Osteology," 1726 . tZ. 10 July 1767 Alexander 11., sou . . . &. 20 March 1733 Succeeded his father as iirofcssor . . . 1759 Published "Essay on Dropsy," 1756 ; " Obser\'a- tious on tlie Ken'ous System," 1783; "Trea- tise on the Brain, Eye, and Ear," 1797 ; d, 2 Oct. 1817 Alexandek III., sou . . . . h. about 1775 Pubhslied " Morbid .Vn.atomy of the Human Gullet, Stomach, &e.," 1811 ; d, - — - Donald, brother of .Vlexander II. . . . h. 1729 Published "Treatise on Mineral Waters," 1770; d. 9 June 1802 MONROE, James, American statesman; b. 28 April 1758; served in the war, 1775, ct seq.; member of legislative council, 1782 ; ambassador to various states, 1794-6, ct acq. ; governor of Virginia, 1799; secretary of state, 181 1 ; minister of war, 1814 ; president, 4 March 1817-21 ; and 4 March 1821-25; d. 4 July 1831. MONSBLL, William, Irish statesman; *. 1812 ; clerk of the ordnance, 1852-7; president of board of health, Feb.— Sept. 1857 ; vice-president of board of trade, Feb.— July 1866 ; postmaster- general, Dec. 1873 — N°^'- 1874. MONSIGNOEI, or BONSIGNOEI, Francesco, Mantuan painter; h. 1455; d. 1519; his brother, Fka Giholamo ; b. 1458; d. 1518. MONSIGNY, Pien-e Alexandre de, French lyric musical composer; b. 17 Oct. 1729; patronised by the duke of Orleans ; pensioned by Napoleon ; d. 14 Jan. 1817. MONSON, sir "VVilliam, admiral: h. 1569; frequently repulsed Dutch aggi'essions, 1604-16; his "Naval Tracts" published by Churchill, 1712; d. Feb. 1642. MONSTEELET, Enguei-rond de, French his- torian; b. about 1390; wrote "Chronique" from 1400 to 1422 ; d. 20 July 1453. MONTACUTE, see Montagu, John, and Salisbury. MONTAGU, Basil, illegitimate son of the fourth earl of Sandwich and Miss Eeay, banister and scholar; b. 24 April 1770; published "Digest of Banki-upt Laws" 1805; edited "'Works of Sir Francis Bacon," 1825-34; d. 27 Nov. 1851. MONTAGU, Charles, eai-1 of Halifax, states- man, " the trimmer ; " b. r6 April 1661 ; d. 19 May 1715. With Prior, jiarodied Dryden's " Hind and Pan- ther" as " Tlie ToAvn and Countrj' Mouse" . 1687 A supporter of William, jirince of Orange .' . . 1688 Member of convention parliament . . Jan. 1689 Pubhshed "Epistle on the Battle of the Boyne," about 1690 GianceUor of the exchequer . . .1 Nov. 1695 AVith Newton, Locke, and Somers, effected the re- coinage of the silver money . 1695-6 First lord of the troa.sury . i May 1697 Removed from office . . Nov. 1699 Jlade liaron 13 Dec. 1700 Impeached by the connnons for alleged oomiption, Apiil; charge dismissed by the lords 24 June 1701 Made earl, and first lord of the treasury 14 Oct. 1714 MONTAGU, earls of Manchester : 1. Henry, M.P. for London 1604 As king's sergeant prosecuted earl ami countess of Konicrset. ... ... 1616 Lord cbief-justiee of king's bench . 1-6 Nov. ,, Lord high treasurer; baron Kunbolton and vis- count Mandeville . . 19 Dec. 1626 Keeper of priv^' seal 1627 Created cctri of Manchester, 5 Feb. 1626 ; (7. 7 Nov. 1642 2. Edward, son ; 1). 1602 ; accompanied prince Charles to Spain .... . 1623 Opposed Charles I. in iiarli.ament . ... 1641 Succeeded bis father as earl . , . . 1042 Commanded for the iiarliament at Edgeliill, 23 Oct. 1642 ; .in the eastern counties ; victo- rious at Horncastle . . . n Oct. 1643 Helped to defeat prince Hupert at Marston Moor, 2 July 1644 Resigned his command 1645 Speaker of the house of lords, 1647 ; protested against trial of Charles I., Jan. 1649 ; assisted Monk in the restoration, 1660 . d. 5 May 1671 3. Robert, son ; succeeded, 1671 d. 14 March 1682 4. Charles ; succeeded his father . . . ,, Opposed James II . 1688 Accompanied William HI. to Ireland . . 1690 Ambassador to Venice, 1696 ; to France . . 1699 Secretaiy of .state .... . 1701-2 Declared for the lioitse of Hanover . . 1714 Created diOcc, 28 April 1719 . , '. d. 20 Jan. 1722 MONTAGU, sir Edward, judge; J. about 1490; attorney-general, 1532; chief -justice, king's bench, Jan. 1539 ; common pleas, Nov. 1545 ; im- prisoned by Jlary; pardoned, but deprived, 1553; d. 10 Feb. 1557. MONTAGU 4U MONTCHEESTIEN MONTAGU, Edward, first earl of Sandivioh, admiral; i. 27 July 162J; colonel under Cromwell, 1653 ; admiral with Blake, 1656 ; conveyed Charles II. to England, 5 May 1660; created earl, 12 July 1660; helped to defeat the Dutch, 3 June 1665; killed in battle of Southwold Bay, 28 May 1672. MONTAGU, Edward Wortley, son of lady Mary, traveller; b. Oct. 1713; frequently ran away from home, and led a dissipated life ; m.p., 1754; travelled all over the world; published " Eeflections ou the Ancient Eepublics," 1759; d. 2 M.iy 1776. MONT.A.GU, John, fourth earl of Sandwich ; b. 3 Nov. 1718; succeeded to title, 20 Oct. 1729; negotiated peace of Ai.\-la-Chapelle, 1748; first lord of admiralty, 1748-51; 1763-7; 1771; his "Voyage round the Mediterranean in 1738-39" published, 1799; d. 30 April 1792. MONTAGU (MoNTACUTE), John Neville, lord; ennobled by Edward IV., 23 May 1461 ; de- feated the Lancastrians at Hexham, 15 Maj' 1464; created marquis, 24 March 1470: mth his brother ■Warwick deserted Edward, Sept. 1470; defeated and Idlled at Barnet, 14 April 1471. MONTAGU, lady Mary "Woi-tley, daughter of "Wmiam Jfierrepont, duke of liingston ; b. about 1690; married Edward Wortley Montagu, 1712; went with liim on his embassy to Constantinople, Aug. 1716; travelled; returned to England, Oct. 1718; inti-oduced. inoculation into England, 172:; resided on the continent, 1739, et sen. ; at Venice, 1758; a widow, returned to England, 1761; d. 21 Aug. 1762 ; her "Letters" published, 1763-7. MONTAGU, lord Robert; J. 24 Jan. 1825; M.p. for JJ imtingdonshire, 1859; for Westmeath as " a conservative in favour of home-rule," Feb. 1874; became a Eomanist, 1870; published " Naval Architecture," 1852 ; " Arbitration instead of "War," 1872 ; " Popular Error concerning Politics and Be- ligion," 1074; "Expostulation in Extremis" (against Mr. (jladstone s "Expostulation"), 1874. MONTAGUE, Mrs. EUzabeth ; !>. (Robinson) 2 Oct. 1720; educated by Conyers Middleton; maiTied Edward Montagu, grandson of the first carl of Sandwich, about 1742; published "Essay on Shakesjjcare," 1770: founded "Blue Stocking Club," about 1760; long entertained the chimney- sweepers of London ou JIay-day ; d. 25 Aug. 1800. MONTAGUE, George, naturalist; J. 1775; published " Omitbological Dictionary," 1802: "Testacea Britannica," 1803-9; d. 20 June 1815. MONTAIGNE, Michel Eyquem de, French moralist ; b. 28 Feb. 1533 ; councillor at Perigueux, 1554-70; made a citizen of Rome, 1580; published " Essais," 1580 ; mayor of Bordeaux, governed ■well, 1581-5; honoured by Henry IV., 1590; d. 13 Sept. 1592 ; " Journal du Voyage" printed, 1774. MONT ALB ANI, Ovidio, Italian botanist; li. about 1602; published "Discorsi Astrologici," 1633-71 ; " Sphtcrographia," 1633 ; d. 20 Sept. 1671. MONTALEMBEET, Chai-les Forbes de Ti-yon, comte de ; b. in London, 29 May 1810 ; !?. 13 March 1870. Became a follower of the abbe La Mennais ; helped to found the journal " rAveiiir," with the motto "Dieu et Liberte ; le Pape et le Peuple" 18 Oct. 1830 Succeeded his father as peer of France # . . 1831 Became orthodox when " rAveuii'" was coudemnecl by the pope Aug. 1832 Became chief of the Catholic party in the chamber 1836 Waniilj' advocated the cause of Poland . . . 1839 Member of national assembly, 1848 ; of legislative assembly 1849 Condemned to imprisonment and fine for publish- ing "un D6bat sur I'lnde au Parlenicnt Anglais" (25 Oct.) . . . . 24 Nov. 1858 The sentence rescinded .... 21 Dec. ,, Published "Vie de Ste, Elis.ibeth," 1835-6; "du Vandalism et Catlioliciame dans I'Art," 1839 ; " I'Avenir Politique de I'Angleterre," 1S55 ; " les Moines d'Occident," i860, et scq. ; " Eglise libre dans Etat libre " 1863 MONTALEMBEET, Marc Rene, French general and tactician; b. i5 July 1714; fought in the war, 1756-63; published "Fortification per- pcndiculaire," 1776-96; d. 29 March 1800. MONTALIVET, Marthe Camille Bachasson, comte de, French statesman ; I). 25 April i8oi ; opposed Polignac ministry, 1829 ; minister of the interior under Mole, 15 April 1837-9; defended Louis Philippe in " Liste Civile," 1051. MONTALTO, or MontAITI, Danedi il, Mi- lanese painters, brothers : Giovanni Stefano, li. i6o8; d. 1689. GiuiiEPPE, b. 1619; d. 1689. MONTALVAN, Juan Perez, Spanish drama- tist .and novelist; b. 1602 ; published " Sucessos y Prodigies de Amor," 1624 ; d. 1638. MONTANAEI, Geminiano, Italian astrono- mer; b. 1632; published " Cometes Bononi.T obser- vatus 1664-5;" " Speculazioni fisiche," 1674; d. 13 Oct. 1687. MONTANELLI, Giuseppe, Italian poet; b. 1813 ; wrote " II Subalpino ; " professor of com- mercial law at Pisa, 1839; founded "I'ltalia," a journal, 1848; fought as volunteer, 1859; d. If June 1862. _ MONTANO, Giovanni Battista, Italian physi- cian and scholar ; b. 1488 ; published " de Difi'e- rentiis Mcdicamentorum," 1551 ; d. 6 May 1551. MONTANUS, founder of the sect, Montanist* or Oataphrygians; preached asceticism and strict discipline, about 170 ; d. about 200. MONTANUS, Arias, see Arias. MONTAEEOTO, Joze Freire de, Portuguese historian ; b. 1670 ; published " Aureola dos Indeos," 1702 ; " Historia Annual do Mundo das Gazetas de Lisboa," 1714-58; d. 1730. MONTAUBAN, see FalUcao. MONTAUSIEE, Charles de Sainte Maura, due de, schohar; b. 6 Oct. 1610; served as soldier in Gennany, 1634, et sen. ; charged by Louis XIV. with the education of the dauphin (for whom the Dolphin Classics were edited), 1668 — 30 Dec. 1679; d. 17 May 1690. MONTBEUN, Chai-les du Puy, French pro- testant general ; b, about 1530 ; raised the standard of insurrection after the massacre of St. Bartholo- mew, Aug. 1572 ; taken prisoner ; executed, 12 Aug.. IS75- MONTCALM de St. Veran, Louis Joseph, marquis de, French general ; b. 28 Feb. 1712 ; sent to defend Canada against the British, 1757; de- feated by Wolfe at the heights of Abraham, Quebec, and wounded, 13 Sept. ; d. 14 Sept. 1759. MONTCHEESTIEN, Antoine de, French, poet and economist ; b. about 1570 ; fled to England after a duel; published "I'Eseossaise," a tragedy (on Mary queen of Scots), 1605; "Traicte de I'Economie Politique," 1615; d. 7 Oct. 1621. MONTEAGLE 412 MONTGON MONTEAGLE, Thomas Spring Kice, lord, Irish statesman; b. 8 Feb. 1790; colonial secre- tary, 1834; chancellor of the exchequer, April 1835 — Sept. 1839; made a peer; comptroller of exchequer, 27 Aug. 1839 ; d. 7 Feb. 1866. MONTEBELLO, see Lannes. MONTECATINO, Antonio Italian philoso- pher ; b. 1536 ; edited Aristotle's Politics, 1587-97 ; patronised hy Alfonso II., dukeof Ferrara; d. 1599. MONTEGUGCOLI, Eaimondo, Italian gene- ral ; b. 1608 ; entered Austrian sendee young ; de- feated the Swedes in Silesia, 1637; taken prisoner, 1639 ; drove Swedes out of Bohemia, 1646 ; de- feated Swedes at Triebel, 1647 ; marshal, 1648 ; ■employed ia Poland, 1657 ; defeated the Tvu-ks at St. Gothard near the Eaab, i Aug. 1664; opposed to Tm-enne ; after long-continued manccuvrmg a battle began at Salzbach, Turenne killed ; the French retreated, 27 July 167^ ; d. 16 Oct. 1680 ; his "Memoirs" published, 1700. MONTEFIOEB, sir Moses, Jermsh. philan- thi-opist; b. 24 Oct. 1784; sherifl' of London; and knigited, 9 Nov. 1837 ; went on missions (on be- half of the Jews) to the east, 1840; to Morocco, &c., 1864: to llomnelia, 1867; founded Jewish college at Eamsgate, 1867 ; visited Jemsalem 7th time, 1875. MONTEITH, Eobcrt, Scotch historian; d. lained of, 1252 ; resigned Headed the barons against the king and his favourites ; at the great council. May ; enacted the x'ruvisions of Oxford . Oct. 1258 Sole leader of the barons . . . July 1262 Began tlie war May 1263 Defeated the roy^l army at Lewes ; became vir- tual ruler of the kingdom 14 May 1264 Defeated and slain at Evesham 4 Aug. 1265 1150 1208 1215 1218 1206 1240 124B 1253 MONTGAILLABD, Bernard de Percin de, termed " le petit Feuillant," an ardent preacher on behalf of the league ; b. 1563; d. 8 June 1628. MONTGOLFIEE, Joseph Michel, {b. 1740; d. 26 June 18 10), and Jacques Etienne (b. 7 June 1745 ; d. 2 Aug. 1799), brothers, French paper- makers; after studying Priestley's works, they made a balloon, filled it with hot air, and ascended near Anuonay, 5 June 1783; Joseph ascended in a balloon infiated with smoke, 19 Sept. 1783; pub- lished "Memoii-es," 1784. MONTGOMEEIE, Alexander, Scotch poet; published the " Chen-ie and the Slae," 1597; d. about 1607. MONTGOMEEY, Gabriel, comte de, French protestant general ; b. about 1530 ; executed, May or June 1574. At a tournament by accident moitally wounded Henry 11. of France . . 30 Juue 1559 Became leader of the Huguenots 1562 Successful in Gascony . . .... 1569 Fled from the massacre at Paris . . Aug. 1572 Inv.ided Nonnandy ; surrendered .and condemned for treason ; executed . . May or June 1574 MONTGOMEEY, James, Scotch poet and journalist of Sheffield; 4. 4 Nov. 1771; twice fined and imprisoned for alleged sedition, 1795-96; pen- sioned, 1835; published "Wanderer in Switzer- land," 1806; " West Indies," 1809; "Greenland," 1810; " World before tlie Flood," 1812 ; " Pelican Island," 1827; " Original Hymns," 1S53 ; d. 30 Api-il 1854. MONTGOMEEY, rev. Robert, poet; b. 1807 ; published " Onmipresence of the Deity," 1828; "Satan," 1829;" Luther," 1842; " Lyra Chiis- tiana," 1851 ; d. 3 Deo. 1855. MONTGOMEEY, sir Robert, Irish Indian statesman ; b. 1809; entered East India Company's service, 1828 ; a commissioner for the Punjaub (newly annexed), 1849 ; its judicial commissioner, &c., 1853; active in suppressing mutiny in Lahore, May 1857; lieut.-goveruor of Punjaub, 1859-65. MONTGON, Charles Alexandre de, French abbe, diplomatist ; b. 24 Sept. 1690 ; confessor of MONTHENAULT 413 MONTROSE iSll 1814 1815 Philip T. of Spain ; employed by him in France ; exiled, Dee. 1726; A. 1770. MONTHENAULT, d'Egly, Charles Philippe, French scholar; b. 28 May 1696; published "His- toire des Rois des deux Siciles de la Maison de Prance," 1741 ; d. 2 May 1749. MGNTHOLOlSr, Charles Tristan, French ge- neral and diplomatist ; b. 21 July 17S3 ; d. 21 Aug. 1853- Emiiloyed by Napoleon at Wnrtzburg Declined to serve Louis XVIIL . Accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena . Pulilislieil " Menioires pour servir i I'Histoire de France sous Napol&n, 6crits i, Ste. Heline sous sa dictee " 1823 a sect. Accompanied Louis Napoleon in his attempt at BoiUogne . . 6 Aug. 1840 Imprisoned at Ham 1840 et wi. Published in England "Becits de la Captivite de Napoldon " . . 1847 MONTHYON, see Montijon. MONTI, Gioranni Battista, Italian poet; b. 1688; published "Cento Sonetti," 1733; ch 28 Dec. 1766. MONTI, Giuseppe, ItaUan botanist; b. 1682; d. 4 March 1760. MONTI, Raffaelle, MUauese sculptor; b. i8i8- exhibited " Ajax defending the bodv of Patroclus '' 1838; "the Veiled Vestal," 1847; ""Eve," &c. MONTI, Vinceuzo, Italian poet; b. 19 Feb. 1754; published "Poesie," 1779; " Musogonia," 1797 ; " Opere Vane," 1825-7 ; Defeated protestant fleet under Soubise Sept. 1625 Opposed byKichelieu, 1627 at seq. ; made marshal of France Nov. 1630 Took up arms with Gaston duke of Orleans against the king and cardinal ; defeated ; deserted by the duke; tried; executed 30 Oct. 1632- MONTMORT, Pien-e Remond de, French mathematician; i. 26 Oct. 1678; published "Essai d'Analj-se sui- les Jenxde Hasard," 1708 ; d. 7 Oct_ 1719. MONTORSOLI, Era Giovanni Angelo, ItaUan sculptor and architect, pupil of Michael Angelo ;. b. about 1507 ; d. 31 Aug. 1563. MONTPBNSIER, Anne Marie Louise d' Orleans, duehesse de ("La Grande Mademoiselle; "1 daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans, brother of Louis SIII. ; b. 29 May 1627 ; vigorously opposed the court and Eichelieu ; aimed at maiiiage with Louis XIV.; accompanied the ai-my with Conde against the court during the wars of the Fronde, 1626 ; her proposed marriage with M. de Lauzun. opposed by the court, Dec. 1670 ; secretly niamed, about 1671 ; Lauzun imprisoned, 1671-81 ; she d. 5 April 1693. MONTPENSIER, Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orleaus, due de, fifth son of Louis Philippe, king of the French ; b. 31 July 1824. Entered theanny . . 29 AprU 1S42 Served in Africa 1843-4- Man-ied Maria Louisa, sister of Isabella' II., queen of Spain 10 Oct. 1846 Inlante and captain general of Spanish army, 10 Oct 1850 His daughter, Marie Isabelle (li. 21 Sept. 1848) manied to the comte de Paris . . 30 Sept 1864 Both expelled from Spain, 6 July 1868 ; proposed as king of Spain by Topete and others ; flrmly opposed by Prim isjg Eeceived violent letter from don Enrique, his cousin, dated de Bourbon . ij Jan 1S70 Killed him in a duel .... 12 March Sentenced by court-martial to one month's impri- " sonment ami fine of 6000 dollars 12 April MONTPETIT, Armand Vincent, French Pf^nter and inventor; b. i3jDec. 1713; irablished Note sur lee Moyens de eonsei-ver les Portraits pemts a I'Huile," 1776 ; " Memoire sur la Theorie des Fonts de Fer," 1788 ; d. 20 April :8oo. MONTREUIL, Bernardin de, French Jesuit • *. 1596 ; pubhshed " Vie de Je.sus Christ," 16^7 - d. 15 Jan. 1646. ^ ' MONTROSE, James Graham, marquis of- b. I012 ; executed, 21 May 1650. ' Helped to draw up the " covenant " ,f,^Q Took Aberdeen ' ]li^ Left tlie covenanters, and joined Charles I. . 16^2 Defeated the covenanters near Inverness 2 Feb *■ at Alford, 2 July; at Kilsyth (a massacre) ic Aug. ; totaUy defeated by Lesley at Philiphaugh, Retired to the continent .... '^ Sept. 1645 Sent a band of mercenaries to the Orkneys Sent lelo Arrived himself _ 4jJ,.jJ ^g^^ Soon defeated ; given up to Lesley ; hanged', 21 May MONTROSE, James Graham, duke of -Si ifi July 1799; succeeded, 30 Dec. 1866 ; chauceUor of the duchy of Lancaster, Feb. 1858— June i8?q • postmaster-general, July 1866— Dec. 1868 • d 20. Deo. 1874. ' MONT 414 MOEANDB MONT StB. AldEGONDE, see Marnlx. MONTUCCI, Antonio, Italian Chinese scho- lar; b. 22 May 1762; compiled a Chinese Dic- tionary, never published ; d. 25 March 1829. MONTUOLA, Jean Etienne, French mathe- matician ; b. 5 Sept. 1725 ; ■n-ent with Turgot to Cayenne, as secretary and astronomer, 1764; pub- lished *' Histoii'e des Eecherches sirr la Quadrature du Cercle," 1754; "Histoire des Matlicmatiques," 1758 ; d. 18 Dec. 1799. MONTYON, Antoiue Jean Baptiste Eobert, Auget, baron de, French philauthi'opist ; b. 23 Dec. 1733; chancellor of the comte d'iirtois, after- ■ward Charles X., 1780-91; foimdcd, by will, annual prizes for virtue, and literarj' and scientific works, to be awarded by the Academies of the Institute, 1780-7 ; distribution began, 1825 ; d. 29 Dec. 1820. MONVOISIN, Eaymond Auguste O.uiusac, French painter \ b. 1 793 ; obtained prize for ' ' Ores- tes et Pylades," 1822: exhibited "Saint GUes," " Philip of Orleans," &c.; d. 27 Maich 1870. MOODY, Dwight Ljinan, American revivalist preacher; i. 5 Feb. 1837. Converted, May 1855 ; went to Chicago^ Sept. ; took up mission work 1855 Organised a cliurcli, .and erected Ulinois-street tabernacle 1S63 Called J. D. Sankey, a singing preaclier, to join hiin . . ... . about 1871 Visited Engl.'ind 1871 .and 1872 Witlx Sankey, sailed for Britain, 7 Jiuie ; arrived at Liverpool, 17 .Tune 1873 ; preached at York, Sun- derland, and Newcastle, June — Nov. ; at Edin- burgh ... . . 21 Nov. 1873 At Glasgow .and tlie North, 8 Feb. et .^eq. ; Belfast, 6 Sept. ; Londnndenw, 11 Oct. ; DuLlin, 24 Oct. ; Manchester, 2 Dec. ; Sheffield . 31 Dec. 1874 At Liverpool, Feb. ; London, 9 March — 12 July ; .at the Queen's Tlieatre, 12 April— 31 May ; sailed from Liveiiiool . . 13 or 14 July 1875 MOOLEAJ, Khan Sing ; governor of Mool- tan ; ordered the death of Vans Agnew and Ander- son, 20 April; defeated by Edwai'ds at Kennyree, i8 June 1848 ; sun-endered to lord Gough, 22 Jan.; oondemned to death, Aug.; transxiorted for' life, Sept. 1849. MOOR; Antonio van (Antonio Moro), Dutch portrait painter ; b. .about 1525 ; employed by Philip und Mary in England, 1554 ; settled in Madrid, 1560; d. 1581. MOOR, Karel van, Dutch painter; b. 2Z Feb. 1656; d. 16 Feb. 1738. MOORCROFT, AVilliam, veterinary surgeon; d. 27 Aug. 182J ; " Travels in the Himalayan provinces of HincTostan, 1819-25," published, 1841. MOORE, Edward, poet and dram.atist; b. 22 Aug. 1 712; published "Fables for the Female Sex," 1744; "Gamester," 1753; edited " World," 1751, ct seq.; d. 28 Feb. 1757. MOORE, Francis, traveller; b. about 1695; published his " Travels in the Interior of Africa," 1738; " Voyage to Georgia," 1744; rf. 1752. MOORE, George Belton, painter; b. about 1805; teacher at Woolwich Academy; published " Perspective; and Piinciples of Coloui-,' 1851; d. XoT. 1875. MOORE, George, merchant, philanthropist; h. 1807; a Cumberland yeoman; entered house of Groucock, Copestake and Co., lace manufactiuers, London, 1825; gi'eatly increased the business by energy ; helped to establish many hospitals, homes, &c.; built church and schools in Somers' town, 1869 ; with col. Stuart Wortley dispensed City of London relief fund at Paris, Feb. 1871 ; d. zi Nov. 1876. MOORB, H., marine painter; h. ; ex- hibited at E.A. " Outside the Harbour," 1875 ; the " Life-boat," 1876. MOOBE, John, bishop of Ely ; A. r66z ; bishop of Norwich, 1691 ; of Ely, 1707 ; d. 13 July 1714. MOORE, John, m.d., Scotch novelist; b. 1720; settled in London, 1778; published "View of Society and Manners in Fi-ance, Switzerland, and Germany," 1778; " Zeluco," 1789; " Mor- dauut," 1799 ; d. 20 Feb. 1802. MOORE, sir John, son of preceding, Scotch general; b. 13 Nov. 1761 ; seiwed in the "West Indies, 1796-7; in Ireland, 1798; wounded in Hol- land, 1799; in Egypt, 1801 ; in Sweden, May 1808 ; commander-in-chief in Spain, Oct. 1808 ; killed at battle of Corunna, 16 J.on. 1809. MOORE, sir Jontis, mathematician ; b. 8 Feb. 1617 ; published "Arithmetic," 1670; "Modem Fortifications," 1673 ; promoted the erection of Greenwich obseiwatory, 1675 ; d. 27 Aug. 1679. MOORE, Thomas, Irish poet; *. 28 May 1779; studied law ; duel with Jeftrey, 1806 ; man-ied Bessy Dyke, 1811; d. 26 Feb. 1852. Pulilished " Odes of Aniicreon " " Poetical WoiivS of Thomas Little " . " Intercepted Lettei-s, or tlie Twopenny Post Bai " Irisli Melodies " " Sacred Songs," &c " L.alla Eookh " " Fudge Family in P.aris " " Loves of tlie Angels" "Memoirs of Captain Rock ' " Life of Sheridan " . "The E]ticure.an" " Life of Byi-on " " History of Ireland " MOORE, Thomas, botanist; h. 29 May 1S21 ; edited " Fenis of Great Brit.ain, Nature-piinted," 1856 ; " Treasm-y of Botany," 1866. MOORHOUSE, rev. James ; b. ; ™ar of Paddington, 1867 ; consecrated bishop of Mel- bourne, 22 Oct. 1876; published "Nature and Revelation," i86l ; "Our Lord Jesus Christ" (Hulsean Lectures), 1866; sermons. MORABIN, Jacques, French scholar; b. 5 March 16S7 ; published "Histoii-e de I'Exil de Ciceron," 1725; "Histoire deCiceron," 1745; d. 9 Sept. 1762. MORALES, Luis de, called "el Divino," Spanish painter; }. about 1509 ; d. 1586. MORALES, Ambrosio de, Spanish historian ; b. 1513; published "Coronica de Espaiia, 1574- 77; «!• 1591- MORAND, Pierre de, French dr,amatist ; b. 3 Feb. 1701 ; his "Esprit de Divorce" performed, i738;«?-3 Aug. 1757. MORAND, French surgeons : SjSuvedr FKAN501S ; 1. 2 April 1697 ; publislied " Opuscules en Chirurgie," 1772 . ((. 21 July 1773 Jean Franqots Clement, son ; &. 29 April 1726 ; published " Clmrbon de Terre et ses Mines," 1769 ... . . d. 13 Aug. 1784 MORAND, Jean Antoine, French architect; I. about 1727 ; d. by guillotine, 27 Jan, 1794. MORANDE, Charles Thevenot, or Thevenean de, French 8cand.alous pamphleteer; b. 1748; pub- lished "(Philosophe Cynique," and "Melann-es Confus," 1771; "Gazetiercuirasse," 1772; attacked . 1800 . 1801 " 1812 1813-4 . 1816 1817 1818 1823 1824 . 1825 1827 ■ 1830 1839-45 MORANDI 415; MOEBLLET Madame clu Barry in "Memoires secrets d'uiie Temme Publique ; " bribed by Louis XV. to sup- press the work, 1774; d. about 1803. MOEANDI Maitzolini, Anna, Italian ana- tomist and modeller \b. 1716 ; Morton . . . 1497 Made friendship of Erasmus . . about 1499 M.P. ; employed by Henry VIII. . 1503 c( set/. "Wrote his "Utopia" . . . , . 1518 Speaker of the commons ... . . 1523 Succeeded Wolsey as lord chancellor . . Oct. 1529 Resigned .... . j6 May 1532 Published his " Apologie " 1533 Imprisoned for refusing the oath of supremacy ; attainted, 1534 ; executed ... 6 Jiily 1535 His Latin works published 1566 MOEEAU, Hegesippe, French poet aud piinter; i. g Api-il 1810; led a stai-ving vagabond life ; wrote " Un Souvenir a I'Hfipital ; " " I'Oiseau que j'attends; " "Gui de Chene," A 10 Dec. 1838. MOEEAU, Jacob Nicolas, French publicist and satii-ist ; b. 20 Dec. 1717; Iceeper of charters and historical monuments to Louis XVI.; published "Devoirs d'un Prince," 1775; "Principes de Morale, de Politique," &c., 1777-89 ; d. 29 June 1804. MOEEAU, Jean Baptiste, French musical composer ; b. 1656 ; wrote music for Eacine's tra- gedies ;rastcr," 1840; "Passages from iny Autobiugrapliy," 1859. MORGAN, Sylvanus, antir[uary; published "Art of Dialling,'' 1652; "Sphere of Gentry," 1661 ; d. 1693. MORGAN, Thomas, philosopher ; published " Yindicatiou of the Morality of the Jloral Philoso- pher," 1707 d. 1 74 1. MORGAN, "William, bishop of St. Asaph; bishop of Llandaff, 1594; of St. Asaph, 1601 ; pub- lished translation of the Bible in Welsh, 1588 ; d. 10 Sept. 1604. MORGAN, ■William, actuary; published "Doc- ti-ine of Annuities," 1779; d. 8 May 1833. MORGAN, see De Morgan. MORGHEN, Raffaelle, Italian line-engi-aver ; h. 19 Jime 1758 ; d. 8 April 1833. MORHOF, Daniel Georg, German scholar and poet; h. 6 Feb. 1639; "Opera Poetica" published 1694, &c.; d. 30 July 1691. MORIER, James, traveller and novelist; h. 1780; secretary of the embassy in Persia; pub- lished " Journey thi-ough Persia in 1808-9," '"'^ ; " Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan," 1824-8; "Zohrab the Hostage," 1832 ; d. 30 March 1849. MORILLO, Pablo, marquis de Fuentes, Spanish general; h. 1777; commanded the Spanish anny against the insurgents in South America bravely and cruelly ; wounded, 1814-8 ; recalled at his own request, and ennobled by Ferdinand VII., 1820; deserted the king for the constitutionalists, and betrayed them, 182 1-3; exUed by the king; d. 27 July 1838. MORIN, Arthur Jules, French general, mathe- matician; h. 17 Oct. 1795; associate of general Poncelet ; president of imperial commission for the exhibition of 1855; pubfished "Memoire sur la Penetration des Projectiles," &c., 1835 ; " Memoire des Divers Appareils," 1837 ; &c. MORIN, Jean, French physicist; h. 1705; published " Mccanisnie Universel," 1735; d. 28 March 1764. MORIN, Jean Baptiste, French physician and mathematician; h. 23 Feb. 1583; published "Nova Mnndi sublunaris Anatomia," 1619; " Astrologia Gallica," 1661 ; d. 6 Nov. 1656. MORIN, Jean, French oratorian priest; I. 1591 ; accompanied queen Henrietta to England, 1625; published "Histoire de la DuHvrance de I'Eglise Chretienne par Constantin," 1630; em- ployed at Rome, by Urban VIII., in endeavouring to reconcile the Greek and Latin churches, 1640 ; d. 28 Feb. 1659. MORIN DE St. Victoe, Louis, French phv- sician and botanist; J. 11 July 1635; d. i March 1715- MORIN, PieiTe, French scholar; 5. Dec. 153 1; employed by the popes in editing editions of " Sep- tuagint," 1^87; "Vulgate," 1590; " Decretales," 1591 ; d. 1608. MORIN, Simon, French visionary; published " Pensecs de Morin dediees au Roy," 1647; " Te- moignage du Second Avcnement du Fils de I'Homme," 1661 ; burnt as a heretic, 14 March 1663. MORISON, see Morijson. MORISON, Robert, m.d., Scotch botanist ; h. 1620; served in amiy of Charles I.; went to France ; came to England with Charles 11. ; made keeper of the medical garden at Oxford, 1669 ; published " Hortus Regius Blesensis," 1669 ; d. 10 Nov. 1683. MORISOT, Claude Barthelemy, French scho- lar; h. 12 April 1^92; publisbed "Hemicus Mag- nus," 1624 ; " Alitoijhili Veritatis Lacrj-mas," (at- tack on the Jesuits), 1624; d. 22 Oct. 1661. MORITZ, Carl Philipp, German scholar and dramatist; b. 15 Sept. 1757; published, in German, " Blunt or the Guest " 1781 ; " Travels of a Ger- man in England," 1783 ; d. 26 June 1793. MORLACCHI, Francesco, Italian musical composer; b. 14 June 1784; wrote oratorios " gli Angeli al Sepolcro," 1802, &c. ; " U Ritratto," and "ilPoeta in Campagna," operas, masses, &c. ; d. about 29 Oct. 1841. MORLAND, painters : George Henry, subject painter ; helped by So- ciety of Artists, 1760': ]iainted " Pretty Ballad- Singer," " Fair Nun," " Oyster Woman," &c. d. after 1780- Henry Bobekt, son; 5. about 17T2 ; exhibited much, 1771-93 : painted portraits of George III,, Garrick, Miss Gunnings. &c. . d. 30 Nov. 1707 Geoboe, son ; animal painter ; 6. 26 June, 1763 : exhibited sketches, 1773 ; very dissipated : fre- quently in prison for debt ; painted pigs, dogs, &c. ; formerly vei-y popular d, in a sponging-house, 29 Oct. i'Go4 MOELAND 417 MORTIEE MOELAND, sir Samuel, engineer ; b. about 1625 ; employed diplomatically by Cromwell in Savoy; made baronet and "master of the me- chanics" by Charles II., 1660; invented speaking trumpet, and an arithmetical machine; seems to have knoivn steam-poAver ; published " Description of the Tuba Stentorophonica, or Speaking Trum- £et," 167 1 ; "Doctrine of Interest," 1679; d. 30 lec. 1695. MOELEY, George, bishop of "Winchester, controversialist ; i. 1597 ; bishop of "Worcester, 1660 ; of Winchester, 1602 ; d. 29 Oct. 1684. MOELEY, Henrj, biographer and critic ; b. 1822 ; published " Life of Palissy the Potter," 1852; "life of Jerome Cai-dan," 1854; "Life of Cornelius Agrippa," 1856; " Memoirs of Bartholo- mew Fair," 1858 ; &c. ; professor of English lan- guage, &c., "Umversity College, London, 1870. MOELEY, John, philosopher; b. 1838; editor of "Fortnightly Review, 1867; published "Edmund Burke," 1867; "Rousseau," 1873; ""Voltaire," 1873; "Compromise," 1874. MOELEY, Thomas, musical composer; }. about 1550; published "Canzonets," 1590-93; " Madrigals," 1594-160O; d. about 1604. MOENAO, Antoine, French jurist ; b. 1554 ; published " Feriaj Forenses et Elogia Togatorum Gallias," 1619; d. 1619. MOENAY, Philippe de, sieur du Plessis, French Protestant statesman and writer ; b. 5 Nov. 1549; d. n Nov. 1623. Escaped the massacre, and fled to England Ang. 1572 Joined the king of Navarre, and became his coun- sellor, fhiancier, and chief foreign agent 1576, et seq. Published "Traits de I'Eglise," 1578; "Verite de la Religion Chretienne " . . . .1581 Reconciled his master and Heniy III. . . 1589 Instruiaentid in obtaining the edict of Nantes 13 April 1598 Disgraced and dismissed by Henry IV. for his pro- testaut ZBtil, 1600. . . d. 11 Nov. 1623 MOENINGTON", Garrett "Wellesley, earl of, (father of the great duke of Wellington, and the marqids "Wellesley), Irish musician and glee composer; b. 19 July 1735; author of "Here in cool Grot," " Bird of Eve," chants, &c. ; d. 22 May 1 78 1. MOENY, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, due de, French statesman; b, 23 Oct. i8il; d. 10 March 1865. Educated by the comtesse de Flahaut ; entered the army and served in Africa . . , 1830, et seq. Entered the legislative chamber .... 1842 Publislied " Reflexions sur la Politique Actuelle," J.in. 1840 Minister of the interior .... 2 Dee. 1851 Resigned, opposing the confiscation of the Orleans property . Jan. 1852 President of the legislative body . . 12 Nov. 1854 Ambassador at the coronation of the czar, Alex- ander II., 7 Sept. 1856 : duke . . July 1862 MOEO, Antonio, see Moor. MOEONI, Giovanni Battista, Italian painter ; b. 1510 ; d. 1578. MOEOSINI, Francesco, called "il Pelopo- nesiaco," doge of Venice ; b. 1618 ; victorious over the Turks in the Morea, 1651 ; defeated before Candia in a struggle, 25 Aug.' — K Sept. 1660; compelled to surrender Candia, 27 Sept. 1669 ; ac- quitted of misconduct, i6"o; gained Athens and the Peloponnesus, 1685 ; elected dogfr, 1G88 ; de- feated the Tm-ks several times, 1693; d. 5 Jan. 1694. MOEPETH, see Carlisle. M0EEE8, Harvey Redmond, viscount Jlount- morres, Irish politician ; published ' ' History of the Irish Parliament, 1634-66," 1792 ; d. 1797. MOEEIS, Charles, captain, bacchanalian song writer; b. 1739; d. II July 1832. MOEEIS, rev. Francis Orpen, naturalist; b. 25 March 1810; published "History of British Birds," 1851-7; "British Butterflies," 1853; " British Moths," 1859 ; " Difficulties of Danvm- isni," 1870; " Dogs and their Doings," 1871; and other works on natui-al history. MOEEIS, rev. John Thomas, Roman catholic ; b. in India, 4 July 1826 ; studied at Cambridge ; became a Catholic; a Jesuit, 1867; published "Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers," 1874; &c. MOEEIS, Michael, Irish judge ; b. 1827 ; a.c, 1863; Irish solicitor-general, July 1866; attorney- general, Nov. 1866; judge of common pleas, 1867; commissioner of national education, 1868. MOEEIS, rev. Richard, ll.d., philologist ; b. 8 Sept. 1833 ; edited Chaucer's works, i866 ; Spenser's "Works, i86g ; published "Specimens of Early English," 1867; " Historical English Gram- mar, ' 1874; and many books for the Early English Text Society. MOEEIS, Robert, able financier of the Ameri- can revolution; b. 1734; established a bank by subsciiption, 1 780; declined being financial minis- ter, 1786 ; d. May 1806. MOEEIS, "William, poet ; published " Defence of Guenevere, " 1858; "Life and Death of Jason," 1867; "the Earthly Paradise," 1868-70; "Love is Enough," 1872; "the jEneids of Virgil," 1875 ; "Story of Sigurd the Volsung," 1876. MOEEIS, "Welsh antiquaries and poets, brothers; Le-wis; b. 1702; d. 1765; Richakd; d. 1779. MOEEISON, sir Richard, Irish architect; b. 1767; rf. 31 Oct. 1849. MOEEISQN, Robert, d.d., oricntaUst; b. 5 Jan. 1782 ; missionary to China, 1807 ; promoteo. founding the Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca ; published " Horce Sinicae," 1812 ; "Grammar of the Chinese Language," 1815 ; Chinese Version of the Bible, i8io-i8; " Chinese Dictionary," 1815- 23 ; (?. I Aug. 1834. MOESB, Jedidiah, American geographer; b- 1 761; published "American Gazetteer," 1789! " Ameiican Atlas," 1775 ; d. 9 June 1826. MOESE, Samuel Finley Breese, son, American painter ; b. 27 April 1791 ; came to London, 1811 ; exhibited " Dying Hercules," 1813 ; produced a model of his recording electric telegraph, 1835 ; patented his invention, 1837 ; earned it into opera- tion, 1844 ; visited London and tried his system, 2 Oct. 1856 ; d. 2 Apiil 1872. MOESON, Thomas Newborn, pharmaceutical chemist; J. about 1799; produced first samples of moi-phia, and sulphate of quinine in England ; invented pepsine, &c.; d. 3 March 1874. MOETIEE, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, due de Trevise, marshal of i ranee; b. 13 Feb. 1768; occupied the electorate of Hanover, and captured the .ai-ray, June 1803; defeated the Spaniards at Ocana, 19 Nov. 1809; defeated Spaniards at La Gebora, Feb. 1811 ; defeated by E E MOETIMEE 418 MOTTE the allies at ilontmai-tre, near Paris, 30 March 1814; minister of war under Louis Philippe, Nov. 1834— March 1835 ; killed by inferaal machine of Fieschi, 28 July 1835. MOETIMEE, carls of March : 1. Roger : h. 1287 ; favoiuite ut Isaljclla, queen of Edward II , • 1323 Assisted lier in tlie overthrow of tlie Sjicusers, Edward's favourites . . Seiit— Oct. 1326 "With the queen mied England . 1326-30 C^e.^ted eavl of jMarch . . . Nov, 1328 Seized by Edward III. at Nottintjliam 15 Oct. 1330 Hanged at Tj'burn . . 29 Nov. ,, 2. HooER, grandson ... h- about 1327 Kestored to his honours, 1354 . d. 1360 3. Edmund, sou .... I1. about 1352 Married Philijipa, daughter of Lionel, duke of Clarence, sou of Edward HI. . rf. 1381 4. EoGER ... . . ?). about 1377 Loid-lieuten.ant of Ireland, 139,; killed there . 139B 5. Edmund ; &. about 1392 ; legitimate heir to the crown ....... 1398 Allied witli Gleudriwcr .and the Percies ; all de- feated at Shrewsliury . 23 July 1403 Other conspiracies for him fail ; Mowbray, Scrope, abj). of York, &c., Jnne 1405 ; Cam- bridge, Grey, and others .... July 1415 d. lord-lieutenant of Ireland 1424 6. Anse, his sister ; inan-ied Richard, earl of Cambridge, ancestor of the liouse of York. MOETIMEE, John Hamilton, painter; b. 1741 ; painted king John granting " Magna Charta," "Uattle of Agiucourt," &c. ; rf. 4 Feb. 1779. MOETIMEE, Thomas, scholar: b. 1730; pub- lished "British Plutaiih," 1762; "Dictionary of Commerce," 1809; d. Dec. i8og. MOETON, earl of, see Douglas. MOETON, or MoeeTON, John, cardinal tind diplomatist; h. 1410 ; escaped at battle of Towton with queen Margaret, 1401 ; attainted, Nov. 1461 ; jjardoned, 1471; employed by Edward FV., 1473; bishop of Ely, 1478 ; arrested by Richard, 1483 ; joined in a plot against him ; fled at the iiill of Buckingham, Sc]it. 1483 ; made archbishop of Canter- bury by Henry VII., i486 ; lord-eh.ancellor, 1487; cardiiual, 1493 ; rf. 13 or 15 Sept. 1500. MORTOI*r, Eichard, m.d., opponent of Syden- ham; li. about 1635; published " Phthisiologia," 1689; "Pyretologia," 1692; <^- 1461- John, son ; d. without male issue, 1475. See Ilovxird. MOWBEAY, John Eobert, judge; b. (Cornish) 1815 ; took name of Mowbray, 1847 ; judge-ad- vocate-general, March 1858— June 1859 ; June 1866 — Dec. 1868 ; M.i". for Durham, 1853-68, O-t- ford university, 1868, ct scq. MOXON", Edward, publisher and poet; b. 10 Nov. 1801 ; published "Sonnets," 1830-5; rf. 3 June 1858. MOXON, Joseph, hydrographer and mathe- matician ; b. 1627 ; published " Book of Sea- Plants for Europe," 1665 ; " Mcchanick Dialling," i568; d. 1700. E E 2 MOYLB 420 MUI/LEE MOYLE, Walter, politicd Avriter; h. 1672; published ." Ai-gument showing that a Standing Anny is inconsistent mth a free goTemment," 1697; il. g June 1721. MOYSER, David, Scottish politician; h. 1573 ; wrote " Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland," 1517- 1603; published, 1755; d. 1630. MOZART, Johann Chi-ysostom "Wolfgang Amadeus, German musical composer and pianist ; b. 27 Jan. 1756; d. 5 Dec. 1791. Played har])sichord before emperor Fi-Eincis I. . 1762 Played ;it tlie French and other eoui-ts . 1763 Played in Londnn .... April 1764 Composed his first opei-a "Mitridate" Oct. 1770 Musical toui- in France, &c. . . 1777-8 Married Constance Weber . . 4 Aug. 1782 Composed his " Requiem " 1791 Composed " Enlevement du Si5rail," 1782 ; " Nozze di Figaro," 1786; "Don Giovanni," 1787; "Die Zauberflote (magic flute). 1791 ; "Clenienza di Tito," 1791 : also injisses, oratorios, accompani- ments to Handel's Messiah, (fee, concertos, sym- phonies," &c. MOZLEY, rev. James Bowling, d.d. ; b. 1813 ; published " Treatise on the Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination," 1855; "Primitive Doctiine of Eegcneratioii," 1856; Bampton Lectures " on Mi- racles," 1865. MUDGE, Thomas, watehmahcr; b. Sei)t. 1715; improved chronometers; worked for Ferdinand V. of Spain (who died 1759) ; set up as watchmaker, 1750 ; published " Thoughts on flie Means of Im- proving Watches," 1765; employed to test Ham- son's chronometers, 1774 ; d. 14 Nov. 1794. MTJDGE, William, engineer, nephew of Tho- mas, general ; b. 1 762 ; employed on the trigono- metrical survey ; published "Account of the Sur- vey from its Commencement in 1784 to the end of i8og," 1799-1811 ; d. 17 Api-il 1821. MTJDIE, Eobert, Scottish naturalist and popu- lar writer; b. 1777; published " British Birds," 1835; "the Seasons," "History of Hampshire," 1840; d. May 1842. MUDIE, Charles Edward, b. iS Oct. 1818; foimded his select circulating library, 1842. MTJDIE, Thomas, musician and composer; brother ; b. 1807 ; early pupil and afterwards pro- fessor at Royal Academy of Music ; d. 24 July, 1876. MUELLEE, see Midler. MUFPET, see Moiifct. MUEFLING, Friedrich Ferdinand Karl, Ger- man general and statesman; b. 12 June, 1^75; pub- lished (in Gemian) " Prussian and Russian Cam- paign of 1813," 1813 ; "Menioii-s," 1851; d. 16 Jan. 1851. MUGGLETON, Lodowick, enthusiast; b. 1609 ; with John Reeve founded the sect Muggle- tonians, about 1651 ; published " Inteiiiretation of Rev. .xi." 1662; "News from Heaven;" d. 14 March 1697. MUIE, John, Scotch Sanskiit scholar; }. 1810 ; published " Original Sanskrit Te.xts," &c., 1858- 70; founded a professorship of Sanskrit at Edin- burgh university, 1862. MUIR, Thomas, Scotch advocate; for sedition sentenced to fourteen years' transportation, 30 Aug. 1793; d. 1798; monument to him and others at Edinburgh, founded 21 Aug. 1844. MUI^S, Simeon Marotte de, French Hebraist and commentator; b. 1587; d. 1644; his works published, 1650. MULCASTEE, Richard, first master of JEer- ohant Taylors' school, 1561-96; published "Posi- tions" (respecting education), 1581; "Cateehismus Paulinus," 1601 ; d. 15 April 161 1. MULDER, Gerardus Johannes, Dutch che- mist; b. 27 Deo. 1802; translations of his " Che- mistiy of Animal and Vegetable Physiology,' published 1849 ; " Chemistry of Wine," 1857. MULGRAVE, see Biickhi(/hamsbire and A'ar- manby. MULGRAVE, Constantine John Phipps, lord, navigator; b. 30 May 1744; sailed on a voyage of discovery to the north pole, 10 June, 1773 ; enclosed in ice, July; escaped and returned, 25 Sept. 1773 ; published "Journal," 1774; created baron, i6June 1790; d. 10 Oct. 1792. MITLLEE, Andreas, Gennan orientalist ; b. 1630; helped Walton in hia "Polyglott;" d. 26 Nov. 1694. MtJLLER, baron Ferdinand von, German bo- tanist and traveller ; b. 1825 ; investigated botany of Sleswig and Holstein, 1840-7 ; explored South Australia, 1848-52 ; as government botanist for Victoria continued explorations, 1852-5 ; director of botanic garden, Melbourne, 1857-73 ; published " Fragmenta Phytographia) Australia;, ' &c. MtJLLER, Franz Hubert, Gennan painter and arehoEologist ; b. 1784; d. 1835. MtJLLEE, Frederik Paludan, Danish poet; }. 7 Feb. 1809 ; resembled Byron ; published Ro- mances, 1832; "Adam Homo" (u-onical epic), 1841, 1848 ; " Adonis," 1874 ; &c. ; d. 27 Dec. 1876. MtiXiLEE, Friedrich Max, son of Wilhelm, German orientalist ; b. 6 Dec. 1823 ; Studied at Leipsic, Berlin, and P.xris ; began to col- lect for an edition of " Rig-Veda " . . 1S4S Published tr.anslation of " Hitopadesa," . 1844 Settled in England 1846 Engaged by the East India Company; settled at Oxford 1848 "Histoiy of Sanscrit Literatui-e," 1859 ; "Lectures on the' Science of Language" . . . 1861-4 Professor of comparative iihilosophy . . . 186S Published "Chips from a Gennan Workshop," 4 vols., 1868-75; "Translation of tlic Rig- Veda ; Vol. I. Hymns," 1S69; "Science of Religion," (lectures at Royal Institution) . . . 1873 -U edition of the "Rig-Veda" . . . . 1S48-74 Lectnred on Darwin's "Philosoxihy of Language," at Royal Institution . . ■ 1873 Resigned professorship at Oxford i Deo. 1875 Retained, to edit sacred books, ifee. . Feb. 1876 MULLER, Georg, Prussian enthusiast ; b. 27 Sept. 1805. Educated for the ministry ; converted fi-om profli- gacy 1826 Came to London ; a student-inissionaiy of the So- ciety for Conversion of the Jews . . 1829-30 Preaclied in church of "brethren " at TeignmouOi 1830-2 Caine to Bristol 1832 With Mr. Craik establislied there the Scriptural In- strnction Institution . . . S March 1834 Supported by voluutaiy contributions opened orphan-houses at Bristol for girls, April 1836 ; for boys . • • Oct. 1837 MTJLLER, Gerard Friedrich, German scholar and traveller ; b. 18 Oct. 1705; settled in Russia, 1725 ; explored Siberia with Gmelin and Deiisle, 1 733 ; published in German, " Collections for Rus- sian History," 1732-64; d. 4 Oct. 1783. MtiXiLER, Johannes, Dutch engraver; f. about 1589-1625. MTJLLER, Johann Regiomontanus, archbishop ofRatisbon, Gennan astronomer; b. 6 June 1436; published " de Triangulis planis et spha;ris ; " MTJLLER 421 MUNZBE " Kalendarium Novum," 1475 ; translation of " Al- magest" ; d. 6 July 1476. MULLEE, Johann, German physiologist; A. 14 July l8oi ; professor of anatomy at Berlin, 1832; published." Handbuch der Physiologie der INIensclien," 1833; d. 28 April 1858. MtJLLEE, Johann Gotthard Ton, Gorman en- graver ; b. 14 May 1747 ; cJ. 14 March 1830. MULLEE, Johann Heinrich, Gei-man phy- sicist and astronomer ; }. 15 Jan. 1671 ; published "an Luna eingatur Atmosphicra, 1 7 10 1 " de Eclipsibus Solis," 1716 ; d. 5 March 1731. MULLEE, Johann von, Swiss historian ; b. 3 Jan. 1752 ; published in German, " History of the Swiss Confedei-ation,"i786-9S ; d. 29 May i8og.' MULLEE, Earl Ottfried, German archmi)-aih. MUEAD BEY, powerful chief of the Mame- lukes in Egypt; li. about 1750; bravely opposed the French; defeated at the Pyranuds, 21 July 1798 ; at Seydenan, 7 Oct. 1798 ; burnt the French fleet on the Nile, Peb. 1799; neutral at battle of Heliopolis, 20 March 1800 ; submitted to Kleber, 29 March 1800; d. 22 April 1801. MUEALT, Johann von, S\riss physician; b. 1645; published " Chimrgische Scliriften," 1691- 1711; " Hippocrates flelveticus," 1692; il. 1733. MUEAT, Henriette Julie de Castelnau, com- tesse de, French novelist ; A. 1670 ; published " Nou- veaux Contcs des Fees," 1698 ; " Memoires," 1697 ; "Lutins du Chateau de Kemosy," 1710; d. 24 Sept. 1716. MUEAT, Joachim, king of Naples, French marshal ; i. 25 March 1771 ; shot, 13 Oct. 1815. Eflucattd for the Cluircll ; entered the army : lieu- tenant 30 Jlay 1791 Employed Ijy Bonapjirte hi the revolution of Vcndcmiaire 5 Oct. 1795 Distinguished liiniself in Egypt and Italy 1798-1801 Married Caroline Bouapaiiie . . 20 Jan. 1800 Governor of Paris 15 Jan. 1804 Victorious hi Gennanj^, Oct. ; helped to gain tlie victoiy at Austerlitz .... 2 Dec. 1805 Created gi'and-duke of Berg and Cleves 15 March 1806 Contrilmted to victorious campaign in Pnrssia, Oct. ,, Present at interview of tlie empeieors on tlie Nienieu 21 June 1807 Entered Spain, 10 March ; took Madrid, 25 March ; (luelled lui insun-cction tlicre with nmcli slaugliter 2 May i8o8 Proclaimed icing of Naples and Sicily . i Aug. ,, Accompanied N.apoleon to Hussia ; entered Mos- cow . . .... 14 Sept. 1812 Left in cunnnand of the remains of the l-Yench army 5 Dec. „ Gave it \\j} to I'rincc Eugene to return to Naples 8 Jan. 1813 Vacillated in his support of Napoleon in the Ger- man eampjiigii . ,, Made peace with Austria and England ; his king- dom guaranteed .... Jan, 1814 His recognition opposed l>y the Bourbons . . „ Took up arms for Napoleon against Austria, 30 iVlarch ; at llrst successful ; defeated at Tolen- tino, 3 May ; fled ; landed in France, (repulsed by Naiioleuu) 25 May 1815 Land'.'d in a vain attempt to recover his throne, 28 Sept. ; tried ; shot . 13 Oct. „ MUEAT, Napoleon Acliille, praice, son of Joachim ; b. 21 Jan. 1801 ; settled at Florida about 1823 ; married Catherine Dudley, gi'andniece of AVashiiigton 30 .luly 1S26; published " Lettres d'un Citoyen des Etats-Unis," 1830 ; d. 15 April 1847. MUEAT, Napoleon Lucien Cliarlcs, prince, second sou of Joadiim ; b. 16 May 1803 ; married Caroline Georgina Fraser in America, 18 Aug. 183 1 ; returned to Franco, 1848; French minister at Turin, Oct. 1849 ; made senator, 26 Jan. 1852 ; recognised prince of the imperial family, 26 Jan. 1853; iu vain claimed throne of Naples at the fall of the Bourbons, Sept. i86o ; taken prisoner in Metz, Oct. 1870. MUEATOEI, Ludovico Antonio, Italian priest and historian ; b. 21 Oct. 1672 ; d. 21 Jan. 1750. Made a keejier of the Ainbrosiau librai-y at Miltui . 1695 Published " Anecdota," 1697 ; " Auecdota Gricca," 1709 " Reruni Itiiliinuu Scriiitures " . . . 1723-38 ' Antiquatates Itahcffi Medii JEvi " ' Novus Tliesaurns lusciiptiouum " ' Annali d'ltalia" ' Liturgia Romana Vetus " 1738-42 1739-42 r744-9 174S MUECHISON, sir Eoderick Impey, hart., Scottish geologist; b. 19 Feb. 1792; d. 22 Oct. 1871. Sei"ved In the iieninsuhtr war . . . 1808-15 Devoted himself to science, and especially geology 1815, ct seq. F.R.S 1826 Explored Scotland with Adam Sodgivick . . 1827 Visited Auvergne with Lyell 182S Explored Russia with De Vemeuil and Keyserling 1840 With De Vemeuil du-ected geological sun-ey, and founded the Permian system . . 1841, ct s&i. Director-general of geological survey of Great Bri- tain . . 1855 President of British Association, 1846 : frequently president of Geological Society and of Royal Geo- graphical Society 1862, ct seq. Published " the Silurian System," 1839 : " Geology of Russia and the Ural Moimtains," 1845; " Si- luria" .... . . . 1854 Kinghted, 1846 ; baronet ... 22 Jan. j866 " Memoirs, Journals, &c." by A. Geikie published 1875 MUEE, sir "William, Scotch poet; b. 1594; d. 1657. MUEE, sk "William, hart., Scottish .scholar ; b. 1799 ; pubhshed " Critical Account of the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece," 1850-57; d. 1 April i860. MUEET (Muretus), Marc Antolne, French scholar; b. 12 April 1526; published "Juvenilia" about 1552; condemned to death as a heretic and criminal; tied, 1554; protected by the Estes, princes of Ferrara, 1560, ct seg. ; d. 4 June 1585. MUEGEE, Henry, French poet; J. Feb. 1822; published "Via Dolorosa," 1843; "Scenes de la Vie de Bohemc," 1848; "Sabot Kouge," 1859; '^■ 28 Jan. 1861. MUEILLO, Bartolomeo Esteban, Spanish painter ; baptized, I Jan. 1618 ; a chef-d'oeuvre, the " Lnmaeulate Conception," purchased for the Louvre at the sale of marshal Soult's collection in 1852, for £24,612 ; " Holy Family," in National Gallery ; some -works at Dulwich ; d. 3 -Vpiil 1682. MUEILLO, sec Bravo. MUEIMUTH, see Adam de Merimuth. MUENEE, Thomas, German satuist ; b. 24 Dec. 1475 ; fiercely defended Eomanism against Luther, 1520-8 ; received in England by Heni-y YIIL, 1523 ; d. about 1536. MUEPHY, Arthur, Irish scholar and drama- tist; b. 27 Dec. 1727 ; wrote ""Way to Keep Him," " Grecian Daughter," &c. ; published " Life of Ganick," 1801 ; d. 18 June 1805. MUEPHY, James, Irish antiquary ; b. about 1760; published "Plans and Views of the Church of Batalha," 1792-5; "Arabian Antiquities of Spain," 1813-5 ; '" History of the Mahometan Em- pue in Spain,'' 1816 ; d. 1816. MUEPHY, Eobert, precocious Irish mathe- matician; b. 1806; published " Elementary Prin- ciples of the Theory of Electricit}'," 1833 ; d. 12 March, 1843. MUEE, Christoph Gottlieb von, Gennan his- torian ; b. 6 Aug. 1733; published " Bibliothequc Portative de Peinture, de Sculpture etde Gravure," 1770; edited "Journal fiir Kunstgeschichte," 177c- 1800; rf. 8 April 181 1. MUEEAY, see Mansfield. MURRAY 423 MUSSO MURRAY, Alexander, b.d., Scotch phflolo- gist; i. 1775; published "History of European Languages," 1813 ; d. 15 April 1813. MURRAY, sir Charles Augnstus, son of the earl of l)unmore, diplomatist; b. 22 Nov. 1806; secretary of legation, Naples, 1844; minister in SNvitzerland, 1853; envoy at Teheran, 1854; in Saxony, 1859; in Denmark, i865; in Portugal, 1867 ; published " Prair-ie Bird," 1844 ; " French in North America," 1854; "Hassan; or the Child of the P}Tamids," 1857. MURRAY, Daniel, n.c. archbishop of Dublin; b. 18 April 1768; archbisbop of Hierapolis, 1809; of Dublm, 1823 ; d. 26 Feb. 1852. MURRAY, lord George, Jacobite; b. 1707; joined prince Charles Edward, 5 Sept. 1745 ; took command of his army; defeated Cope at Preston Pans, 21 Sept.; repiJsed duke of Cumberland at Clifton bridge, 29 Dec. 174S; defeated Hawley at Falkirk, 17 Jan. 1746; engaged at Cullodeii, 16 Api-il, 1746 ; d. 8 July 1769. MURRAY, sir George, general and statesman ; b. 6 Fel>. 1772 ; entered the army, 1789; served in the French wai*s ; governor of the Koyal Military College, 1819; master-general of the ordnance, 1834-5, 1841; edited " Slarlborough Despatches," 1845 ; d. 28 July 1846. MURRAY, Hugh, Scotch geographer; b. about 1779 ; published " Historical Account of Discoveries in Africa," 1817; " Encyclopicdia of Geography," 1834 ; d. 4 March 1846. MURRAY, James Stnart, earl of, "the Good Eegent ; " illegitimate son of James V. of Scotland and Lady Margaret Erskine ; b. about 1531 ; op- posed queen Maiy's marriage with Jjaraley ; adopted the reformed doctrines, 1556; earl of Murray, 15O2 ; banished, July 1565 ; made regent at Mary's abdication, July 1567 ; assassinated at Linlithgow, 23 Jan. 1570. MURRAY, rev. James, Scotch theologian ; b. 1702; published " Aletheia, a General System of Moral Truths and Natm'al Xteligion," 1747; (^. 1758. MURRAY, John, pubhshers : 1, h. 27 Nov. 1778 ; establiHhed " Qliarterly Re- view," Feb. 1809 ; " Kaiiiily Library," 1829 ; ides," 1778; d. 3 July 1782. MUSGRAVE, William, antiquary ; b. 1657 ; published " Geta Britannicus," 1715; "Belgium Britannieum ; or, an Account of South Britain," 1719; d. 23 Dec. 1721. MUSHET, Darid, metallurgist; b. 1772; d. 13 June 1847. MUSITAJSrO, Carlo, Italian physician; h. 13 Jan. 1635; published " Trutina Medica " (estab- lished the circulation of the blood), 1688; d, 1714. MUSIUS, sec Muys. MUSPRATT, James Sheridan, m.d., Irish chemist ; b. 8 March 1821 ; re-edited " Plattner on the Blowpipe," 1845 ; published " Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical " (a diction- arj'), i860; d. 3 April 1871. MUSS, Carl, Gemian painter ; d. 1824. MUSSATO, Albertino, Italian historian and poet ; b. 1261 ; wrote " Historise Augusta; de Rebus gestis Henrici VII.;" served the Paduaiis; but exiled, 1325 ; d. 31 May 1329. MUSSGHENBROEK, Pieter van, Dutch physicist; b. 14 March 1692; published "Physieoe E,xperimentalcs," 1729; "Introductio ad PMloso- phiam Naturalem," 1762 ; d. 19 Sept. 1761. MUSSET, Louis Charies Alfred de, son of fol- lo^^■ing, French poet; b. 11 Nov. 1810; published "Contesd'Espagneet d'ltaUe," 1830; "Confession d'un Enfant du Siecle," 1836; "Poesies Com- pletes," 1838; " Comedies et Proverbes," 1840-51; d. 2 May 1857. Paul Edsie de, brother, novelist ; b. 7 Nov. 1804; published "la Tete et le Cccur," 18^4; " Anne de Boleyn," 1836; "Fcmmes de la Regence," 1841 ; " Jean le Trouveur," 1849. MUSSET-PATHAY, Victor-Domitien de, French writer; b. 6 June 1768; published " His- toire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de J. J. Rousseau,' ' 1821 ; d. 8 April 1832. MUSSO, Comelio, Italian bishop and eccentric preacher ; b. -ipril 1511 ; d, 9 Jan. 1574. MUSTAPHA 424 KALDI MUSTAPHA I.— IV., sultans of Turkey: 1. son of Mfihomet III. . . . . h. 1591 Succeeded his brother, Alimed I. , 26 Nov. 1617 ImLecile ; deposed, 26 Feb. 1618 ; restored 19 May 1622 Deposed, 20 Aug. 1625; strangled . . . 1639 2. sou of Mahomet IV. . . h. 2 June 1664 Succeeded Ahmed II 6 Feb. 1695 Victorious over tlie lUissians and Venetians ,, Defeated by prince Eugene at Zenta 11 Seiit. 1697 Concluded the peace of Carlowitz . Jan. 1699 Lost his vizier Kupriuli . . . Sept. 1702 Compelled to abdicate, 22 Aug, d. 31 Dec. 1703 3. sonof Ahmed III. . h. June 1717 Succeeded Osmau III 29 Oct. 1757 Disciplined his army, and made war with Kussia 1768 Defeated ; lost the Crimea . . . 1771 Repulsed the RussJan.s from Moldavia . . 1773 Patronised literature and science . d. 21 Jan. 1774 4. son of Abdid Alinied I.; h. 1779; succeeded Selim III., 29 May 1807 ; cruel and despotic ; deposed and strangled . 15 Nov. 1808 MUSirE.US, Coustautine, Turkish diploma- tist; If. 18 Feb. 1807; minister at Athens, 1840- 48; at Vienna, 1848; at London, 1851; (now, 1877). MUSUEUS, Marcus, Gi-eek scholar ; b. about 1470; taught Greek at Padua, 1503 ; edited Aiis- to2jhanes, 1498; " Etymologicou Magnum GrLecuni," 1499; Plato, 1513; (/. 1517. MUTIS, Joze Celfistino, Spanish botanist ; J. 6 April 1732 ; explored part of South America ; wrote "Historia de los Aiboles del Quina ; " d. 2 Sept. 1808. MUY, Louis Nicolas Victor de Felix, comte du, French marshal ; i. 1711; d. 10 Oct. 1775. MUYS, Cornelius, Dutch poet; i. 11 June 1503 ; wrote " Iiistitutio Fa-minic Christiana: ; " murdei-ed, 10 Dec. 1572. MUTS, Wyer Wilhem, Dutch physician ; It. 5 Jan. 1682 ; published " Elemeuta Physiccs," 171 1 ; d. 19 April 1744. MUZIANO, Girolamo, of Brescia, Italian painter ; i. 1528 ; d. 27 April 1590. MUZIO, Gii-olamo Nuzio, Italian scholar ; i. 12 March 1496 ; strongly opposed Luther ; hence termed "Hammer of Heretics," published "Eg- 'Lettere Cattoliche," 157 d. loghe," 1550 1576- MYCONIUS, Friedrich, German refoi-mer; i. 1491 ; d. 7 April 1546. MYCONIUS, Oswald, Swiss refonner; b. 1488 ; d. 15 Oct. 1552. MYDDELTON, see IUddlcton. MYDOEGE, Claude, French mathematician and physicist; b. 1585; published "Universas Geometi-ia: MLxtse Synopsis, 1639 ; d. July 1647. MYLIUS, Johann Christoph, Geraian biblio- grapher ; 4. 29 July ivio; published " Jiibliotheca Anonymoruni et Pseudonymorum," 1740; d. 1757. MYLNE, Robert, Scotch architect; i. 1734; erected Blackfriars Bridge, London, 17G0-70; d. 5 May 1811. MYN, Hubert van der, Dutch painter; b. 1C84 ; d. 1741. MYEEPSUS, Nicolas, Greek physician;^. 13th century; wrote "Liber de Compositions Medicanientorum." MYEON, Greek sculptor and engraver; b. about 31. c. 480; executed the "Discobolus" and " Cow." MYEONIDES, Athenian general; defeated the Corinthians at Megara, B.C. 457 ; and the Bujotians -at Oinophyta, 456. MYTENS, Flemish painters : Arnold; t. 1541 '?■ 1602 Daniel; &, 1590; employed I'y Charles 1 1. (/. ;il)nut 1660 Danikl ; 1). 1636 . . (i. 19 Marcli 1688 MYTENS, Martin, Swedish painter; b. 1695 ; d. 1755- N. NAAS, see Mayo. NABIS, crael and rapacious tyrant of Lace- da;mon, u.o. 207 ; allied with the Komaus, 204 and 195 ; assassinated, 192. NADAB, king of Israel ; succeeded his father Jeroboam I., B.C. 954 ; killed by Baasha, 953. NADAE, name assumed by Felix Toumachon, French aeronaut and author; b. 5 April 1820; journalist (as Nadiu-) 1842, ct acq.; travelled in Ilussia, 1848; founded " llevue Coraique," 1849; published "Pantheon Nadar," 1854; \\Tote for " Charivari," &c. ; latterly devoted himself to aero- nautics; ascended at Paris in the " Gcant," 4, 18 Oct. 1863 ; at Brussels, 26 Sept. 1864, &c. ; pub- lished "Meraoires du Gcant," 1864; "Droit au Vol," 1865. NADAUD, Gustave, popular French musician and singer; b. 20 Feb. 1820; published above a hundred songs, operattas, &c. NADIE Shah, or Thamas-Kouli-Khan, king of Persia ; i. 11 Nov. 1688 ; d. 20 June 1747. A cqitaiu of IjaiuUtti ; entered service of Taiiidsp or Thaiiias II. the shah, then au exile . . . 1726 Restored him to his tliroiie by thrice defeating the Afghans : made governor of Khurasan, &o. 1730-1 Deposed Thanias and set up his iufunt sun, Abbas in 1732 On his death took the throne himself 20 Jlurch 1736 Defeated the Afghans and took Candahar 1737-8 Invaded luid conquered India / 1739-40 Conquered Bokhara . ... 1740 Ruled cruelly ; assassinated 19 or 20 June 1747 NJEVIUS, Cneius, Roman poet and dramatist ; d. about B.C. 204. NAHL, Gemiau artists : JoHANN Samuel ; h. 1664 . . . . d. 1728 Johann August, son; h. 1710; employed at Ber- lin, 1741-S <'■ 1781 Samuel, h. 1748 ; settled at Cassel as professor; d. 1813 NAHUM, Jewish prophet; foretold the de- sti-nction of Nineveh, about B.C. 713. NAIENE, lady Caroline, Scotch poetess ; b. 1766; d. 27 Oct. 1845. NAKHIMOV, Akim Nikolaivich, Russian poet; 4. 1782; wrote " Fables ; " " Speaking Mon- keys," &c. ; d. 29 July 1814. NALDI, Matteo, Italian physician ; consulted by Pope Alexander VII., 16^6; published " Sa- pientis Vitale Filum," 1623; d. 1682. NALDINI 425 NAPOLEON NALDINI, Battista, Florentine painter; b. 1537 ; d. after 1590. NALDINI, Paolo, Roman sculptor; fl. about 1650. NALSON, John, historian and theologian _; I. about 1638; published "the Countermine," against the Presbyterians, 1677 ; " the Common Interest of King and People," 1G78 ; " Impartial Collection of the Great Affairs of State from 1639 to 1649," 1682-83 ; ^- 24 March 1686. NANA Sahib, adopted son of Bajee Eao, peishwa of Poona (who died 1852) ; pretended to support the British during the mutiny, May 1857 ; hut joined the rebels and besieged Ca-nmpore, which he took, 26 June ; deluded sir Hugh Wheeler by a treaty, 2y June ; massaired nearly all the British, irrespective of age and sex, July ; totalh' defeated by sir H. Havelock at Futtehpore, 16 July 1857 ; said to have died of fever, Aug. 1858. NANEK, Nlrankar, founder of the Sikh sect, holding doctrines, compounded of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Mahomctanism ; h. 1466; d. Aug. 1539- NANGrliS, Guillaume de, French historian; ■wrote "Chroiiique des liois de France," &c.; d. 1302. NANI, Giovanni Battista Felice, Venetian statesman and historian; b. 30 Aug. i5i6; pub- lished "Historia della KepublicaVeneta," 1652-79; d. 5 Nov. 1678. NANSOUTY, Etieinie Antoine Marie Cham- pion, comtc de, heroic and humane French general; 2i. 30 May 1768; distinguished in Naiioleon's bat- tles, 1800-14; d. 6 Feb. 1815. NANTEUIL, Eobevt, French painter and en- graver ; b. about 1G23 ; d. 18 Dec. 1678. NANTIEE-DIDIEE, ra.adame, French ope- ratic singer ; b. 1S32 ; successful at Turin, 1850 ; Paris, &c., 1851; London, 1853; United States, 1856. NANTIGNY, Louis Chasot de, French gcnea- logi.st; b. Aug. 1692; published "Genealogies Ilistoriques," 1736-38; d. 29 Dec. 1755. NAPIEE, generals, brothers ; b. in Ireland : Sir CHARLE.S James . . . . ?;. 10 Auf^. 1782 Entered tVieariiiy, 1794; served in suppression uf Irish rebiillioii, 1798 ; iu Siuiiu . 1808-13 CoiiiHuiiider of army of Bengal ; defeated tlie Ameei^ at Me.auee ... 17 Feb. 1843 Annexed Scinde, June 1843 ; •jr)verned it well 1843-7 Aiiipointed coniniaudcr-in-cliief in India ayiiinst the Sikhs .... 7 March 1849 Kesiyned his cnnini.ind, 2 July 1850 d. 29 Aug. 1853 Sir William Franci.s Patuick . h. 17 Dee. 1785 Entered the army June 1800 Served at Copenhagen, Sept, 1S07 ; iu Spain 1808-14 Published "History of the Peninsular War " (in whicli he was gi'eatly assisted by his wife) 1828-40 *' Conquest of Scinde" .... 1844-5 Lieutenaul^governor of Guernsey . 1842-8 Colonel, i8s3 ■ ''• '= ^"^^ '^^° NAPIER, sir Charles John, Scotch admiral, cousin of the preceding; b. 6 March 1786; d. 9 Nov. i860. Entered navy, 1799 ; seI•^•ed ill the Mediten-aneau 1800 111 America . . . ... 1813-14 As commander of the fleet of Don Pedro, cap- tured the squadron of Don Miguel oft' Cape St. Vincent 5 July 1833 As second in command under Stopford iu Syria, bombarded and took Sidou, 27 Seiit. ; Beyrout, 10 Oct. ; Acre . 3 Xuv. 1840 M.P. for Maryleboiie . ... 1841-7 PuMLshed "the Navy; its Pa.st and Present State," 1850 ; Vioe-Admiral .... 1853 Appointed coiinuander of the Baltic fleet ; effected nothing againsi: tlie walls of Cronstadt . . 1854 M.P. for Southwaik . . . 1855-60 NAPIER, Francis Napier, lord, of Merchis- touii, diplomatist ; b. 15 Sept. 1819; succeeded his father, 11 Oct. 1834; envoy extraordinary at "Wash- ington, Jan. 1857 ; at the Hague, Dee. 1858 ; at St. Petersburg, Dec. i860; at Berlin, Sept. 1864 — Dee. 1865 ; governor of Madras, 31 Jan. 1866; tem- porary viceroy of India, Feb. 1872 ; baron Ettrick, 1872; president of National Social Science Asso- ciation, 1872. NAPIEE, or NepEE,_ John, baron of Merchis- toun, Scotch mathematician and theologian ; b. 1550; published " Plain Discovery of the AVhole Itevelation of St. John," 1593; " Miiitici Loga- rithmomm Canonis Descriptio," (containing an account of his discovery of Logarithms), 1614; d. 3 April 1617. NAPIER, sir Joseph, bai-t., Irish judge; i. 26 Dec. 1804 ; attorney-general for Ireland, March — Deo. 1852; lord chancellor, Feb. 1858— June 1859; Aice-chancellor of Dublin university, Oct. 1867. NAPIEE, Macvey, Scotch writer ; b. 12 April 1776; succeeded Jeffrey as editor of the "Edin- burgh Review," 1829; edited seventh editiou of the " Encyclopedia Britaimica," 1830-41; .d.ii Feb. 1847. NAPIEE OF MagdAIA, Robert Napier, lord, general; b. at Ceylon, 6 Dec. 1810. Distinguished himself in the Sutlej campaigns 1845-6 Cljief engineer at the siege of Moultan, and wounded ... . Jan. 1849 Served at the siege of Lucknow Nov. 1857 Made K.C.B. .... . 1858 Made commander of the Biunbay .army Jan. 1S65 Appointed commander of the expedition against Abyssinia Sept. 1867 Defeated Theodore's army, 10 April ; captured M.agdala, 13 April ; made a iR'LT . July 1868 Resigned coininand of Bombay army 28 Aug. 1869 Commander of Indian .army . . . . 1870-5 Governor of Gibraltar early in . 1876 NAPIEE, Robert, Scotch marine engineer; b. 18 June 1791 ; set up a blacksmith's shop at Glasgow, May 1815; made his first marine engine, 1823 ; established a fii-m, which has supplied en- gines for the Cunard line of .steamers since 1840 ; fitted up machinery for H. M.S. Duke of "Wellington, 1853 ; d. 23 June 1876. NAPIONB DI COCCONATO, Gian Francesco Galeani, compte, Italian writer; b. I Nov. 1748 ; published " Morte di Cleopatra," 1767; " Origme delle Stampe," 1805, &c. ; d. 12 June 1830. NAPOLEON I.— Ill-, emperors of the French : 1 I', at .Viaeeio, 15 Aug. 1769 A royal jaipil at the school at Brienne . 1777 Lieutenant in the bombardiei-s . i Se]it. 1785 Distinguished himself at the siege of Toulon ; made general of the brigade . . 19-20 Dee. 1793 Helped to suppress an insurrection iu Paris by his artillery 5 Oct. 1795 Appointed connnander of the army of Italy, Feb. ; married Josephine Bealihaniais . 8 March 1796 Defeated the Sardinians at Mmitenotte, 11 April ; at Millesimo, 14 April ; at Dego, 15 April ; Mondovi, 22 April ; signed armistice with the Sardinians 28 April ,, Defeated the Austrians at Lodi, 10 M.ay ; at Lonato, 3 Aug. ; at Castiglione, 5 Aug. ; at Roveredo, 4 Sept. ; at Areola . 15-17 Nov. „ Defeated archduke Charles at the Tayliamento, 16 March 1797 NAPOLEON 426 NAPOLEON Concluded the treaty of Caiiipo Forinio 17 Oct. 1797 Siiiled from Toulon on an e^iiedition against Egj'pt, igMay; ca}itiii'ed Malta . 12 June 1798 Landed in Egj-^iit, i July ; took Alexandria, 2 July ; defeated the Mamelukes at the Pyra- mids, 21 July ; entered Cairo 22 July ,, Entered Syria ; took Julia by assault, 7-10 March ; liesieged Acre, 18 March; comjielled to raise the siege by sir Sydney Sniitli, 20 May; re- turned to Egypt ; defeated the Turks at Aboukir .... -25 July 1799 Eesigued the comniniid to Kleber, and sniled for Fi-ance, 22 Aug. ; hiiided at Frejus, g Oct. ; ar- rived at Paris 16 Oct. „ By a niilitai-y revolution, deposed the directory and established government by three consuls (himself, SiOycs, and Roger-Ducos) 9 Nov. ,, Nominated first consul (with Canibaceres and Lebrnn) by the constitution of . 13 JJec. ,, Formed an army of reserve at Dijon, March ; crossed the Alps by the Great St. Bernard, 16-20 May ; defe.ited Melas at Marengo by the helii of Besaix (killed), and gained Lombardy, 14 June 1800 Escaped death by infernal maehine at Paris, 24 Dec. ,, Banished 129 persons on susjiicion . 4 Jan. 1801 Concluded peace nf Luneville with Austria; re- cognising the Batavian, Helvetic, Cisalpine, and Ligurian republics . . 9 Feb. „ Established the kingdom of Etniria . March ,, Restored the Catliolic iliuich in France by a con- cordat with pMjic Pius VII. . . 15 July „ Made president (»f the new Italian jepublic, 26 Jan. 1802 Confinned the treaty of Amiens between France, England, S]iain, and Holland . . March „ DecUired consul for ten rears, 6 May ; for life, 2 Aug. „ Constituted the legion of honour . . 19 May ,, Received Mr. Fox at the Tiiileries 3 Sept. ,, Occupied Switzerland with an army . Oct. ,, Im]>osed on it a new constitution . . Feb. 1803 Declared war against England (who liad de- manded evacuation of Holland, &c., 13 May), 22 May ,, Ordered occupation of Hanover, effected by Mortier June „ Estiblishcd censorship of the )iress , 27 Sept. ,, Arrested Moreau and Pichegru on charge of treason 15 Feb. 1804 Ordered arrest of the due rl'Enghien ; who was tried and shot ... 21 March „ Proclaimed lieieditaiy emperor of the French, 18 May ,, Created giund dignitaries and 18 marshals, 19 May ,, Crowned by the pope . . 2 Dec. ,, ■\Yrote a letter to George III. proposing peace (without efl'eet) ... 2 Jan. 1805 Crowned king of Italy at Milan . 26 May ,, European eoalition formed against him 5 Aug. ,, Capitulation of Mack to him at Ulm 17-20 Oct. ,, His Heet defeated by Nelson at Trafalgar, 21 Oct. ,, Victoi'ious in Gerni.-iny ; entered \ ienna, and occupied palace of Sch'inbrunu 13 Nov. „ Defeated Austriaus and Russians at Austerlitz, 2 Dec. ,, Concluded ti-eaty of Presburg (Venice and Dal- matia cctletl to the kingdom of Italy) 26 Dec. ,, jMade his brother Josepli king of Naples, 15 Feb. ; Louis Idnj^ of Holland . . 5 June 1806 Fourth coalition against France, 6 Oct. ; began hostilities witli Russia and Prussia ; totally de- feated the Prussians at Jena 14 Oct. ,, Entered Berlin 26 Oct. ,, Issued the "Berlin decree" blockading the poi'ts of Great Bi-jtaiii, 21 Nov. ; entered Polaml ; de- feated the Russians at Pnltusk . . 26 Dec. ,, Captured Bi'eslau, 7 Jan. ; victorious at Moh- iimgeii, 25 Jan. ; at Eylau, 8 Feb. ; captured Dantzig, 26 May; vititorious at FrieUland, 14 June 1807 Met einperor Alexander on a raft at Tilsit, 25 Jime ; nmde peace .... 8 July „ Established kingdom of Westphalia ; his brother Jerome king 18 Aug. „ Sent an army into Kpaui to attack Poi-tugal, Oit. ; issued Milan decree against British com- merce . . . -17 Dec. „ Annexed Flushing and other idaces to the em- pire . ... 21 J'l^- "°2 Occupied Rome 2 Fab. ,, Instituted a liereditarj' nobility, i March; pro- moted the abdication of Charles IV. of Spain, 19 Marcii ; and the seizure of Madrid, 23 March ,, Annexed jm-t of the states of the church to the emjure 2 April ,, Caused Charies IV. and Ferdinand VIT. of Spain to renounce the throne, 9 May ; made his brother Joseph king of Spain, and Joachim Murat king of Naples . June ,, Began war with the Spaiush junta . . July ,, Met Alexander of Russia and other sovereigns at Erfurt 27 Sept. „ Advanced into Spain with a great army Nov. Entered Madrid ; suppressed the inquisition, many monasteries, and feudal rights . 4 Dec. ,, Fiftli coalition against Fi-ance . 6 April 1S09 Returned to Paris ; renewed war with Austria, Axn-il ; victor atEcknilihl, 22 April ; at Vienna, 13 May ,, Defeated at Aspem and Essling . 21, 22 May ,, Excommunicated by the pope . . 10 June ,, Victorious at Wagnun, 6 July ; granted an annis- tice II -July „ Concluded the treaty of Vienna . 14 Oct. ,, His anny in Spain defeated at TaLavera by Wel- lesley (Wellington) . . .27, 28 July „ His divorce from Josephine decreed by the .senate 16 Dec. „ Annexed Rome and the Papal States to the empire 17 Feb. 1810 Married Maria Louisa, archduchess of Au.stria, I Ajirii ,, Annexed Holland (after the abdication of king Louis), July; and Hamburg, Lubeck, and Bremen to the empire . . . 13 Dec. „ His army in Spain defeated by Wellington at Busaco, 27 Se]it. ; stopped at Torres Vedras, Oct. „ His son, king of Rome, bom . . 20 March i8ii His army (under Massena) defeated at Fuentes de Onoro, 5 May ; (under Soult) at Albuera, 16 May ; (under Mannont) at Salamanca, 22 July ,, Declared war against Russia, 22 May ; }iassed the Nicmen with 450,000 men . . 24, 25 May 1812 Defeated the Russians at Smolensk, 17 Aug. ; and at the Borodino, 7 Sept. ; entJh-ed Moscow, 14 Sept. ; Moscow burnt, 15-20 Sept. ; began his retreat 15 Oct. „ liis army defeated at "Witepsk, 14 Nov. ; Kras- noi, 16-18 Nov. ; Beresina . . 25-29 Nov. ,, Resigned the command to Murat, 5 Dec. ; ar- rived at Paris 19 Dec. ,, Ordered a levy of 350,000 men, 8 Jan. ; sixth coalition formed against him . . March 1813 Joined his army in Germany, April; defeated the allies at Liitzen, 2 May ; indecisive battles at Bautzen, 20 May, and SVurschen 21 May ,, Victorious at Dresden, 25-27 Aug. ; at "Wachau, 16, 17 Oct. ; defeated at LeijisLc 18, 19 Oct. ,, Crossed the Rhine, 2 Nov. ; returned to Paris, Nov. ,, His army, under Soult, in Spain defeated by Wellington, at Vittnria, 21 June; at the Py- renees ... . . 28 July ,, Liberated Ferdinand VII., 11 Dec; ordered an- other conscription . . .15 Dec. ,, His conquests lost ; the Austrians and Prussians cuter France 'Jmi. 1814 Released the pope, who returned to Rome, 23 Jan. ; after a succession of conflicts, with vax-j'- ing success, abdicated at Fontiiineblean, 5 Ajtril, and sent to Elba as king 20 April ,, Sailed from p:iba, 26 Feb. ; landed at Cannes, I March ; amved at Paris . 20 March 1815 Decreed the organisation of 31^0 battalions of nati(mal guards, 10 April ; held an assembly at the Champ de Mars . . . i June „ I^efeated BlUcher at Ligny . - .16 June ,, Joined the army, 12 June; totidly defeated at Waterloo by WeUingtoet, friend of Cowper, and author of " Cardi- phonia;" b. 24 July 1725; seized by press-gnng, 1743; left the sea; became c\n:ate of Olney; pub- lished "Nan-ative of his Life," 1764; "the Mes- siah: Expository Discourses," 1786; d. 31 Dec. i8o7- NEWTON, rev. Richard, b. about 1676; founded Hertford College (unsuccessful), 1721; • published "Pliu-alities Indefensible," 1744- rf 21 April 1753. '^' NEWTON 433 NICHOLAS NEWTON, rev. Thomas, Latin poet ; pub- lished " Approved Medicines and Cordial Precepts," 1580; " Atro2rion Deleion " (on the death of queen Hizabeth), 1603 ; d. 1607. NEWTON, Thomas, tishop of Bristol ; I. I Jau. 1704: published "Paradise Lost," with notes, 1749; " Dissertations on the Prophecies," 1754-58; consecrated, 28 Dec. 1761 ; cl. 14 Feb. 1782. NEWTON, "William, architect; published a translation of Vitruvius, 1771-91 ; (I. about 1792. NEWTON, sir 'William John, miniature pain- ter; 1). 1785; cl. 22 Jan. i86g. NET, Michel, duke of Elohingen, prince of Moskowa, French marshal; h. 10 Jan. 1769; shot 7 Dec. 1815. Entered the amiy at Metz ... 6 Dec. 1788 Distinjjuished and rajndly promoted in the cam- paigns in the Netherlands and Germany, &c. 1793-98 Commanded the anny of the Rhine . 1799-1800 As minister, settled Switzerland .... 1801-3 Stormed the heights of Elehingen, 14 Oct. ; and entered Ulra 20 Oct. 1805 Helped to gain the vietorj' at Eylau, 8 Feb. ; and at Fi-iedland 14 June 1807 Created marshal and duke, March ; entered on the Spanish war . . Oct. 1808 Captured Ciudad Rodrigo ... 10 July 1810 Refused to s\ibmit to Massena ; dismissed March 1811 Appointed to conmiand in the Russian canii'iaign, Aug. 1812 Defeated the Russians at the Borodino . 7 Sept. 1812 Ably conducted the retreat . . Nov. — Dec. 1812 Defeated at Dennewitz by Bernadotte 5 Sept. 1813 Promoted abdication of Napoleon, April ; accepted employment imder Louis XVIII. . . May 1814 Ordered to oppose Napoleon, 6 March ; joined liim, 17 March 1815 Reimlsed in an attack on "Wellington at Quatre 13ras, 16 June ; present at "Waterloo 18 June ,, Arrested, 5 Aug. ; tried, 4 Dec. ; shot . 7 Dec. ,, His statue erected at the place of his death, 7 Dec. 1853 NEY, Joseph Napoleon, son, prince de la Mos- ko^va, French general ; h. 8 May 1803 ; d. 25 July 1857- NIBBY, Antonio, Italian archxologist ; 5. 4 Oct. 1792; published " Grecia di Pausania," 1817- 18 ; " "Viaggio Antiquario ne' Contomi di Eoma," 1819; " Album di Roma," 1834; rf. 29 Dec. 1839. NICAISE, Claude, French archaeologist; h. 1623; published "Sur les Syrenes," 1691; d. 20 Oct. 1701. NICANDEE, Greek physician and poet ; 2d century B.C. ; wrote " Theriaca," and " Alexiphar- mica," printed 1499. NICANDEE, Karl August, Swedish poet ; h. 20 March 1799; his "Death of Tasso " gained a prize at Stockholm academy, 1826 ; d. 7 Feb. 1839. NICCOLA, see Fisano. NICCOLI, Nieeolo de', Italian scholar, re- viver of classic literature ; h. 1363 ; d. 23 June 1437- NIOOOLINI, Giovanni Battista, Italian dra- matist and poet; h. 31 Dec. 1785; published " Nabucco" (representing the pope and other living characters), 1819; "Antonio Foscaiini," 1827; " Lodovico Sforza," 1834; "Arnaldo da Brescia," 184S ; d. 20 Deo. 1861. NICCOLS, or NiCHOlLS, Bichard, poet; h. 1584; published "the Cuckow," 1607; "the Day Star, for Dark "Wandering Souls," 1613; "London's Artillery," 1617 ; d. uncertain. NIGEPHOEUS I.— III., emperors of the east: 1. proclaimed emperor; Iren ebauished 31 Oct. 802 Hated tor his vices ; deceived and blinded Bar- danes ; proclaimed riv.al emperor . . . , , Treaty with Charlemagne . . . B03 Compelled to submit to Haroun-al-Raschid . . 805 Killed in war with the Bulgarians . 25 July Sir 2. Phocas ... . . 6. about 912 A general of Constantine "VII. ; defeated the Arabs in Asia Minor ... . 958 P„e-took Candia, 961 ; victorious in Sjula . . 963 Crowned emperor with the infant sons of Ro- luiinus ... . , Dec. 963 "With John 2imisces, took Damascus, Tripoli, y the peace of Adrianople ... 14 Sept. 1829 Suppressed the revolt of Poland . 1830-1 Annexed it to Russia . 26 Feb. 1832 Visited London June 1844 Helped Austria to suppress the revolt in Hungary May— Aug. 1849 Began the Crimean wai- by his army entering Mol- davia 2 July 1853 His army defeated at the .lUma, 20 Sept. ; Inker- mann . . 5 Nov. 1854 NICHOLAS, Abraham; li. about 1692 ; pub- lished " Young Accountant's Debtor and Creditor," i;ii ; d. about 1744. NICHOLAS, rev. Thomas; b. 1820; professor of biblical literature, Carmarthen, 1856 ; published "Pedigree of EngUsh People," 1868; "Annals and Antiquities of Counties and Families of AVales," 1872; "Histoj-j'of Glamorgan," 1874. NICHOLLS, Mrs. Charlotte, see lironte. NICHOLLS, sir George, philanthropist; }. 1786; poor law commissioner, 1831-47; secretary to the new commission, 1847 — Jan. 1851 ; pub- lished "History of the EngUsh Poor Law," 1854; "History of the Scottish Poor Law," 1856; "His- tory of the Irish Poor Law," 1856; d. 24 March 1865. NICHOLS, or NiCCHOLLS, "William, D.P., theologian; A. 1664; published " Conference with a Theist," 1698-1703 ; " lleligion of a Prince," 1704 ; " Comment on the Book of Common Prayer," 1710 ; d. 30 April 1712. NICHOLS, James, printer ; published " Armi- nianism and Calvinism," 1824; a. Nov. 1861. NICHOLS, leanied piinters and editors, and authors of many archaeological papers : John, F.S.A. : h. 2 Feb. 1745; apprentice to Wil- liam Bowyer : partner, 1766; successor . . 1777 Published " History and Antiquities of Leices- ter," 1795-1811 : "Liteiary Anecdotes of the Eigliteoiith Century," 1812-1 5 : "Illustrations of the Literai-y Histoiy of the Eighteenth Cen- tury," 1817-22 . . . . d. z6 Nov. 1S26 John Bowver, son; h. 15 July 1779; gieatly as- sisted his father in literary umlcrtakings, &C. Published "Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteeuth Ceutuiy," vols vii. and viii., 1S48-58 . ... d. 19 Oct. 1863 John Gough, .'^on . - . . . h. 1806 A founder of the Camden Society . . 1838 Publislied "Fae-similes of Iloyal, Noble, and Learned Personages," 1829 ; " Collectanea To- ]iiigraphica et Genealogica," 1834-41: "Topo- grapher and Genealogi-st," 1846-57 ; " Herald and Genealogist," 1862-73 ; " Register," Jan. — June 1869 ; edited books for Roxburghe Clubi and Camden Society . d. 13 Nov. 1873 NICHOLSON, water-colour painters : Fbaxcis, 6. 14 Nov. 1753 ; exliibited at Royal Academy, 1789; a founder of water colour society, 1804; d. 6 March 1844. Alfhed, sou, b. about 1788 ; d. 23 Nov. 1833. NICHOLSON, "William, chemist and phy- sicist; b. 1758; published " Introduction to Naturiil Philosophy,'" 1784; " Bictionary of Chemistiy," 1795; "journal of Natural Philosophy," &c., 1790-1813; with Carlisle decomposed water by the A'oltaic batteij, 1800 ; d. 21 May 1815. See jYi- colson. NICIAS, Athenian general, brave but supersti- tious; captured the isle of Minoa, B.C. 427; and Cj-thera, 424 ; joint commander with Alcibiades and Lamachus of an expedition against Sicily, 415 ; de- feated ; surrendered to Gylippus, and put to death, Sept. 413. NICKLES, Franqois Joseph Jerome, French chemist and physicist; 4. 30 Oct. 1820; co-editor of the " Journal de Phamiacic et de Chmiie," 1854, et scq ; d. April i86g. NICOL, Erskine, Scottish genre painter ; b. 1825 ; settled in London, 1862 ; exhil>ited " Re- newal of the Lease Kefuscd," 1863 ; and others, principally Irish subjects ; " Stoim at Sea," 1876 ; elected A.U.A., 1866. NICOLAI, Cliristoph Fi-iedrich, Gennan writer and bookseller, friend of Lessing, Jlendelssohn, &c. ; b. 18 March 1733; published " Leben und Meinungen des Magisters Sebaldus Nothanker" (a philosophical romance), 1773-6; li!. 8 Jan. 1811. NICOLAI, Jean, French controversial theolo- gian; b. 1594; published "Theses sur la Grice," 1656; "Somme de S. Thomas Aquinas," 1663; rf. 7 May 1673. NICOLAS of Amiens, scholastic philosopher ; wrote a Chronicle, and " Ars Fidei Catholica; ; " d. after 1204. NICOLAS of Lyra (Lyranus), French Fran- ciscan monk; b. about 1270; wrote " Postillas Pcr- petuiB in Vetus et Novum Testjxmentum," printed X471-2 ; d. 23 Oct. 1340. NICOLAS, sir Nicolas Hams, antiquary; 5. 10 March 1799 ; banister, 1825 ; an editor of " Re- trospective Review," 1826; chancellor of order of St. Michael and St. George, 1832 ; published " Sy- nopsis of the Peerage of England," 1825 ; " Tcsta- menta Vetusta," 1826; " Chronology of History," 1835; "Orders of Knighthood," 1841-2; &c. ; edited " Despatches and Letters of Nelson," 1844-G ; knighted, 1831 ; d. 3 Aug. 1848. NICOLAS, Pierre, French Jesuit, mathemati- cian ; b. 1663 ; published " de Spiralibus," 1693-95 ; " de Conchoidibus et Cycloidibus," 1697 ; d. \'iO?i. NICOLA Y, Ludwig Heimich, baron, Gennan poet; b. 29 Dec. 1737; tutor of grand-duke Paul, afterwards czar ; wrote " Romantic Talcs," " Fa- bles," and "Poetic Epistles," 1 769; d. 18 Nor. 1820. NICOLAUS de Cusa, Gennan cardinal, mathe- matician, and physicist; 5. 1401; in his " de Staticis Experimcntis Dialogus " described a batho- meter, hygrometer, &c., about 1450; d. liAug.1464. NICOLE, Claude, French poet and scholar; h. 4 Sept. i6n ; published "CEuvrcs" (translations from the erotic poets), 1700; d. 22 Nov. 1685. NICOLE 435 NIEWLAND NICOLE, Fi-an(;ois, French mathematician ; b. 23 Dec. 1683; published "Traite du Calcul des Differences finies," 1723-7; d. 18 Jan. 1758. NICOLE, Pierre, French Jansenist; b. 19 Oct. 1625; published "Traite de la Foy Huniaine," 1664; "les Imaginaires et les Visionnnires," 1667; " Perpetuite de la Foy de I'Ejjlise Catholique," 1669-74; "Essais de Morale," 1672-8; cl 16 iS'ov. 1695- NICOLL, Robert, Scotch poet; b. 7 Jan. 1814; published " Poems," 1835; fZ. 9 Jan. 1837. NICOLO, or Nicolas Isouaed, French musical composer; b. 1777; composed operas, masses, &c. ; d. 23 March 1818. NICOLOSI, Giovanni Battista, Sicilian geo- grapher; b. 14 Oct. 1610; d. 19 Jan. 1670; pub- lished "Hercules Siculus, sive Studiuni Geographi- cum," 1670-1. NICOLSON, or Nicholson, 'WilUam, arch- bishop of Cashel, antiquary ; b. 1655 ; consecrated bishop of Carlisle, 1702 ; of Derry, 1718 ; arch- , bishop, Feb. 1727 ; published " English Historical j Library," 1696-9; "Scottish Historical Library," j 1702; "Irish Historical Library," 1724; "Leges Marchiarum," 1705; d. 14 Feb. 1727. NICOMBDES, Greek mathematician; dis- covered the conchoid; Jl. about B.C. 150. NICOMEDES I.— III., kings of Bithyuia: 1. succeeded Zipoetes, b.g. 278 ; defeiited and killed hi.s brother, Zipoetes; finished Nicomeilia, a new capital, about 264 . . . d. about 250 2. Epiphaues, son of Prusias IT. ; resided at Rome, B.C. 155-149 ; dethroned liis father, and caused him to be assassinated, 149 murdered about 91 3. Philopator, sou; succeeded, e.g. 91 ; incited by Rome, attacked Mithridates ; totally defeated ; fled to Italy, 88 ; restored by intervention of Sylla, 84 . . . d. 74 KICON", see mkon. NICOT, Jean, sieiir de Villemain, Frencli dip- lomatist in Portugal; h. 1530; introduced tobacco (hence named "Nicotiana") into France; published " Tresor de la Langue Fran(jaise," 1606; d. 5 May 1600. NICOTEEA, Giovanni, Neapolitan liberal soldier and statesman ; b. 9 Sept. 1838 ; served under Garibaldi at Rome, 1849; under I'isacane at Sanza, 1857; released from prison, i860; wthi Garibaldi, 1867 ; minister of the interior at Rome, April 1876. NICQUET, Honoi-at, French ascetic author; h. 29 Aug. 15S5 ; founded " (Euvre de la Misericovde " at Rouen; published " Physiognomia Humana,'* 1648 ; d. 22 May 1667. NIEBUHE, German scholars : Karsten" , . . . &. 17 March 1733 With Baureufeld and Cramer travelled in the East 1761-7 Published, in German, " Description of Arabia," 1772 ; '* Travels in Arabia," &c., 1774-8 d. 26 April 1815 Earthold Georg, son, historian and arcliEeoloyist h. 26 or 27 Aug. 1776 Secretary in the royal library at Copcnliageu 1797-8 Visited England 1798-9 Became director of tlie bank at Berlin . Oct 1806 Ruined by the war, 1807; adhered to the Prus- sian service .... 1807-14 Historiographer to the king ... . 1810 Ambassador at Rome 1816-22 Professor at Berlin, about 1810-12 ; at Bonvi 1825-30 Published, in German, " Roman History," 1811 ; new edition, 1827-30; edited "Corpus Scrip- torum HistoriteByz-tntime," 1828 d. 2 Jan. 1831 NIEL, Adolphe, French marshal ; b. 4 Oct. 1802; d. 13 Aug. 1869. Served in Africa ; distingaiislied at capture of Cou- stantiiie Oct. 1837 Engaged in the siege of Rome . June 1849 Took the Malakott near Sebastopol , 8 Sept. 1855 Published "Siege de Sebastoiiul" . . . 183S Helped to gain the battle of Solferino 24 Jime 1S59 Appointed minister of war Jan. 1867 NIELD, James, philanthropist ; b. 1744; pub- lished " State of the Prisons in England, Scotlimd, and Wales," 1812; d. 1814. NIELS, king of Denmark; elected, 1104; de- feated by Erik ; massacred, 25 June 1134. NIEHCEWICZ, Julian Ursin, Polish states- man and poet; b. 1757 ; served under Kosciusko in the war; wounded at Maciejowice, 10 Oct. 1794; imprisoned by Catherine II. ; released by Paul, 1801 ; published " Historic Songs of Poland," r8l6 ; employed by Alexander I., 1821 ; supported the re- volution and held office, 1830-1; d. at Paris, 21 May 1841. NIEMEYEE., August Hermann, Gemian poet and theologian; b. Sept. 1754; pubhshed *' Charak- teristik der Bibel," 1775-82; " Geistlicher Lieder," U.S.W., 1814; d. 7 June 1828. NIEPCE, French chemist and physicists : Joseph Nic^phore . 1}. 7 Slarch 1765 Served as soldier 1792-4 Invented the " Pyreoloiiliore," and other appa- ratus , .... 1806, d svq. Jouied Daguerre in his photographic experi- ments, 1827 ; and discovered the means of reproducing siiontaneously, images received iu the camera (viz. photography), 1827, et seq. fl. 5 July 1833 Ni^pCE DE St. Victoe, Claude Marie FRANnoi.s, nephew of the preceding . . h. 26 July 1805 Invented a method of restoring the colours uf military uniforms, 1842; and a mode of photo- graphing on glass .... Oct. 1847 Published " Memoire sur I'Heliochromie," 1852 ; "Traite Pratique de Gravure Hehographicpie sur Acier et sur Veri'e" 1856 Appointed commandant of the Louvre 19 Feb. 1854 Invented a method of engraving photographs, exhibited specimens, 8 Oct. 1855 d. 15 May 1870 NIEEEMBERGr, Juan Eusebio de, Spanish Jesuit; b. 1590; published '*Historia Naturic maxi- ma Peregrina" (especially the Indies), 1635; (l. 7 April 1658. NIEUHOFF, Johannes, Dutch traveller; b. 1630; travelled in India, China, &c., 1654, et seq. ; dro\\aied off Madagascar, 29 Sept. 1672; his " Voyages" published, 16S2. NIETJLANDT, Guillam, Dutch landscape -painter; b. 1584; d. 1635.' NIEUPOUT, Charles Francois ie Prvid- honnne d'Hailly, Belgian mathematician and states- man; b. 13 Jan. 1746; published "Melanges Ma- thematiques," 1794-9; ^^' 20 Aug. 1827. NIEU"WENTIJDT,,or Nieij-WEXTYT, Ber- nard, Dutch physician and mathematician; b. 10 Aug. 1654 ; published, in Dutch, "True Use of the Contemplation of the Universe," 1715 ; (published, in Enghsh, as "Religious Pliilosopher," 1718) ; d. 30 May 1 7 18. NIEWLAND, Peter, Dutch poet, scholar, and matheni itician (at five years of age) ; b. 5 Xov. 1764; published " Poesies lloUandaises," 1788 ; d. 14 Nov. 1794. P P 2 NIFO 436 NOBLE NIPO, or NlPHTJS, Agostiuo, Italian pMlo- sopier; h. about 1473; patronised by Leo X. and the Medici; published " de Intellectu," 1503; "de Immortalitate AnimsD," 1518; cl. 18 June 1538. NIGER, Caius Pescennius, Eoman general ; proclaimed emperor by his soldiers, 193 ; defeated and slain by the army of Sererus, 194. NIQ-HTINGALE, Miss Florence, philan- thropist; h. May 1820. "With aliand nf nurses in the Crimean war; an-ived at Soitari Nov. 1854 ; retimied . . 8 Sept. 1856 PublishPd "Notes onHospitals," 1859; "Notes on Nursing," i860 ; "Notes on Lying-in Institutions" 1871 With the sum of 44,oooL collected "by public sub- scription, the "Nightingale Fund,'" for training nurses in St. Thomas's and King's College hos- pitals, was established in 1858. NIKITA, or Nicholas, prince of Montenegro, see NicJwlas. NIKON, Russian prelate ; h. about 1601; ; jia- tiiarch of Eussia, 1652; opposed the Czar Alexis; deposed and exiled by a council, 1667 ; restored by Theodore, 1681 ; wrote "Chronicles," published 1767-92; d. 17 Aug. 1681. NILLSON, Christina, Swedish singer: 1). 3 Aug. 1844 ; first appeared at Stockholm, i860 ; at Paris in "la Traviata," 2" Oct. i860; in London, 9 June 1867, &c. ; man-ied Auguste Kouzaud, 27 Aug. 1872. NILUS, saint, tlie monk, Greek father ; wTote " Partcneses," and a Manual of Lpictetus ; d. about 450- NINO DE GtlEVAEA, Juan, Spanish painter ; i. 8 Feb. 1632 ; il. 8 Dec. i6g8. NISAUD, French scholars, brothers : Jean Marie Niool.^s Auguste . . . Z). 1805 Professor of rhetoi-ic at tlie College Bombon Sept. 1840 Published " Examen des Poetiques d' Aristotle, d'Horace, et de Boileau" . . . . 7847 Jean Marie Napoleon Dfismfi &. 20 March 1806 Joined the " Journal des Debats ■' . 1828 Fought niider the bamcades . . . July 1830 Emiiloyed in the ministry of public instruction . 1836 Profe.ssor at the Faculty of Sciences . Nov. 1852 Published " fitudes de IVIreurs et de Critique sur les Poetes Latins de la Decadence," 1834 ; " His- toii-e de la Litterature Fraugaise " . . 1844-61 ;Mabie Leonard ChaPvLes . . 6. 10 Jan. 1808 Published "fijiltre aux Anti-romantiques," 1829 : " Camera Lucida : Portraits Contemporains," 1845; "Histoire des Livres Populaires" . . 1854 NISBET, Alexander, Scottish antiquaiy ; b. 1672 ; his " System of Heraldry," published 1722- 42; (^.1725. NITHAED, French historian; ivrote " DeDis- sensionibus Filiorura Ludoyici Pii;" d. 859. NITHISDALE, William Maxwell, earl of, Jacobite, earl, 1685 ; joined the earl of Mar for the Pretender, 1715; taken at Preston, 13 Nov. 1715 ; condemned ; escaped' from the Tower in woman's dress, 23 Feb. 1716 ; d. 17^4. ^NITOCEIS, queen of Babylon, and wife of Nebuchadnezzar; said to have constructed monu- ments about B.C. 606. NITSCH, Paul Friedrich Achat, Gennan his- torian; I). 15 May 1754; published in Geraian "Description of the Condition of the Greeks," 1791; "Mythological Dictionary," 1793; "De- scription of the Condition of the Eomans," 1794 ; d. 19 Feh. 1794. NITSCH, Gregor "ffilhclm, Gennan philolo- gist ; b. 22 Nov. 1790; published " Sagenpoesie der Griechcn," 1852, &c. ; d.22 July 1861. NIVELLE, see Za Chausee. NITEENAIS, Lorris Jules Barbon Manoini JIazarini, due de, French statesman and poet_; b. 16 Dec. 1716 ; ambassador at Rome, 1748-52 ; faith- ful to Louis XVI. ; imprisoned, 1793 : elected mem- ber of the legislature, 179S; published bis works (Fables, Translations, &c.), 1796; d. 25 Feh. 1798. NIXON, Samuel, sculptor; i. 1803; d. 2 Aug. 1854. NIZAMI, Persian poet; I. about iioo; d, 1 180. NIZZOL, or NiZOLITJS, Mario, Italian scho- lar and pliilosopher, and reviver of letters; 0. 1498; published a Lexicon for Cicero, as " Obser- vationes," 1535; (as "Thesauras Ciceronianns," 1570) ; "De yeiis Piincipiis Philosophandi," 1553 ; d. 1566. NOAH, pati-iarch; b. B.C. 2948; entered the ark, 2349; d. 1998. NO AILLES, de, French noble family : Antoine . . ... 6. 4 Sept. 1504 Admiral of France, 1547 ; ambassador in Eng- land, 1553-5 ... d. II March 1562 FRAN501S, brother, diplomatist . h. 2 Jtdy 1519 Ambassador in England, 1556 ; at Venice, 1558 ; at Gonstantinoiile, 1572 ; visited Sjaia and re- lieved distressed Christians . d. 19 Sept. 1585 Anne Jules, comte d'Ayen, duke and marshal h. 5 Feb. 1650 Executed the cruel decrees of the minister Louvois against the protestants in Langiiedoc, 16838- ; successful in the war in Spain ; superseded, 1695 .... . f?. 2 Oct. 1708; Louis Antoine, son, cardinal . ^. 27 May 1651 Bisho]! of Chalons, March 1680; archbishop of Paris, 19 Aug. 1695 ; cardinal . 21 June 1700 Resisted the Jesuits in regard to Jansenism . 1698- Finnly opposed the IniU " Unigenitus," Sept. 1713 ; after a long struggle accepted it, 11 Oct. 1728 . ....(?. 4 May 17291 Adrien Maurice, brother ; duke, marehal, and statesman &■ 29 Sept. 167S Seived under Vendome in the Spanish war 1705-ix Financial minister under the regent Orleans 1715-1S Served under the duke of Benvick in Genn.any, 1733-4 : under the king of Sardinia in Italy . 1735 Minister of state, i April; commander of the army in Gennany, April ; defeated at Dettingen 27 June 1743 Minister of Foreign affairs under the king's direc- tion April— Nov. 17441 Commanded under Saxe at Fontenoy 30 April 1745 Ainbas.sador at Madrid . .1 April— 7 Jmie 1746 Resigned his ministry, 28 March, 1756 ; d. 24 June 1766 Paul, historian ; &. 4 J.an. 1802 ; published " His- toire de la Maison de St. Louis," 1843 ; " Histoire dc Madame de Maintenon," 1848. Philippe, due de Mouehy, son, see Mouchy. NOBILI, Leopoldo, Italian physicist ; b. 1784; d. 5 or 23 Aug. 1835. Published " Question! sul Magnetismo" . . 1824 Proved the existence of an electric ciin-ent in the frog ... 1827 Described an electric tliennoscope, and jmhlished a memoir' on colours, and on a new chi-omatic scale deduced from inetallo-chromie . . . 1830 Described his new thermo-electric piles, 1834 : and experiments on animal electricity 1834-5 NOBLE, Eastaclie le, French historian and novelist; i.1643; pubUshed "Le Boucher de la France" (extracts from the canonists, &c.), rf. 31 Jan. 1711. NOBLE, see Ze XoUe. NOBLE, rev. IMark, historian; b. 1784 published " Genealogical History of the Eo_yai FamiKes of Europe," 1781 ; "Memoii-s of the NOBLE 437 NORDEN Protectorate House of Cromwell," 1784; " Ge- nealogy of the Royal House of Stuart," 1795; " Memoirs of the Medici," 1797 ; d. 26 May 1827. NOBLE, Matthew, sciilptor; b. ahout 1818; executed the Wellington Monument at Manchester, inaugurated, 1856 ; manj' busts of the queen, prince consort,Faraday, earl of Derby, lord Canning, Dr. AVatts, &c. ; statue of Cromwell, at Manchester, 1875 ; d. 23 June 1876. NOBLE, Samuel, Swedeuborgian: b. 4 March 1779; joined New Jerusalem church, looi ; minister 1820 ; published " Appeal on behalf of the New Church," 1826; rf.27Aug. 1853. NODIEE, Charles Emmanuel, French poet, entomologist, and journalist ; b. 29 April 1783; d. 27 Jan. 1844. Wrote "la Naiioleone," a daring roem . . 1803 Wandered about Germany .... 1803-15 Hetunied to Paris . . . . .1815 Became librarian at the Arsenal .... 1823 Published " Biblioyraiihie Entomologiciue," 1801 : " Dictiomiaire des Ononi.atup^es PYaiigaises," 180S; "Le Vamiiire/' drama, 1820; ".Souvenii-s de Jeunesse," 1832; "Le Dernier Banciuet des Girondins/' 1833 ; " CEuvres Completes," 1832-4 d. 27 Jan. 1S44 NCEHDEN, Georg Hcinriob, German scholar and numismatist ; i. 23 Jan. 1776; came to London as tutor ; published " Gemian and English Gram- mar," 1800; employed in the British Museum, 1811-18; tutor to the princes of Weimar, .1818 ; d. 14 March 1826. NOEL, hon. and rev. Baptist, theologian; b. 10 July 1799; published "Es.says on the Union of Church and State ;" seceded from the Church, and became a baptist, 1848 ; published "Notes of a Tom- through Ireland," 1836 ; " Notes of a Tour.through Piedmont," 1855 ; d. 19 Jan. 1873. NOEL, right hon. Gerard James ; b. 28 Aug. 1823; a lord of treasury, June 1866— Oct. 1868; first commissioner of board of works, Aug. 1876. NOEL, Fran(joiB Joseph Michel, French scholar and prolific writer, friend of Robespierre ; b. 1 755 ; d. 29 Jan. 1841. Minister at Venice, May 1793 — Jan. 1795 ; at the Hague Oct. 1795 Restored order at Lyons as commissaiy of x:iolice March 1800 Employed luider tlie consuhite, empire, and resto- ration .... . . iSoo, ci sell. Published " Dictionnaire de la Fable," 1801 ; " Gradus ad Pai-na-ssum," 1810 ; (with Cliapsal) " Nouvelle Grammaire Frangaise," 1823 ; (with Charpentier) " Dictionnaire ties Origines" 1827, &e. NOEL-Feaen, (formerly Christmas), rev. Henry, miscellaneous writer and translator ; b. 1811 ; librarian at Sion college, 1841-8; professor of English history and archeology to the Soyal Society of Literature, 1854-9 ; changed his name from that of Christmas, June 1866; d. 11 March 1868. NOGrAEET, Jean Louis de, due d'Epernon, French general ; b. May 1554; d. 13 Jan. 1642. Became a chief of the Holy League . . . 1576 Ac(iuired gi'eat influence over Heury IIL . . . 1581 Became governor of Nonnandy . . . 1587 Opposed the league ; disgraced and exiled May 1588 Refused to recognise Heni-y IV., and endeavoured to become ijidependent in Provence Aug. 1589 Surrendered it for compensation . . 10 Nov. 1595 Seized power at the assassination of Henry IV. 14 May 1610 QuaiTelled with Louis XIII. ; exiled to Loehes . 1641 NOGABOLA, Isota, Italian scholar; i. about 1420; her " Dialogus quo utrum Adam vel Eva magis peccaverit ? " printed 1563 ; d. 1466. NOIR, Jean Le, French Janseuist priest ; J. 1622 ; punished for heresy, 1684 ; d. 22 April 1692. NOLAN, Louis Edward, cavalry captain; b iSl"; published "Organisation, Drill, and Man- oeuvres of a Cavalry Corps," 1853 ; bearer of the written command from lord Raglan to charge at the battle of Balaklava ; killed there, 25 Oct. 1854. NOLAN, Michael, lawyer; published " Trea- tise on the Laws for the Relief of the Poor," 1805 ; d. 1827. NOLDIUS, Christian, Danish theologian; b. 22 June 1626; published " Concordantia) Parti- culanim Hebraio-Chaldaicarum Yeteiis Tcsta- menti," d. 22 Aug. 1683. NOLLEKENS, Joseph, Flemish landscape painter; b. 1688; d. in London, 21 Jan. 1748. NOLLEKENS, Joseph, b.a., son, sculptor; b. II Aug. 1737 ; placed under Scheemackers, about 1750; celebrated for his " Cupid and Psyche," and a "Venus;" d. 23Ainil 1823. NOLLET, Jean Antoine, French physicist ; b. 19 Nov. 1700; visited London, and made F.u.s., 1734 ; pubhshed "jEssai sur I'Electricite.dcs Corps," 1747; " Ai-t des Experiences," 1770; d. 25 April 1770. NOMSZ, Jan, Dutch poet and dramatist; b. 1738; published " William I. ," 1779; "Duchess of Coralli," tragedy ; d. 25 Aug. 1803. NONNIUS, see Nimcz. NONNUS, Greek poet; wrote " Dionysiaka," and a paraphr-ase of St. John's Gospel, about 400. NONNUS, or NONTTS, Theophanes, Greek ph3'sician; wrote a compendium of the art of medi- cine at the command of Constantine VII. Poi'i)hyro- genitus, who died 959. NOODT, Gerard, Dutch jurist ; b. 1647 ; pub- lished " Probabilia Juris," 1674; d. 15 Aug. 1725. NOODT, Henri Charles Nicolas van der, Bel- gian politician ; b. 7 Jan. 1735 ; mposed the re- foi-ms of Joseph II., 1787; fled to London; endea- voured to join Belgium to Holland, 1789; headed a revolution at Brussels, Dec. 1 789; fled at the ap- proach of the Austrians, 1790; d. in obscurity, 13 Jan. 1827. NOOMS, Eenii, called " Zeiman," Dutch ma- rine painter and etcher ; i. 1612; visited England; d. 1672. NOEBEET, Father, see Farlsot. NORBERT, Saint, archbishop of Magdeburg, founder of the Premoutre order ; b. about 1080 ; preached zealously in Gennany; accused of fan- aticism, 1 1 18; charged mth reformation of the monks; founded a new order about 11 20; made archbishop, 1126; d. 6 June 1134; canonized, 1582. NORBURY, John Toler, earl of, Irish judge ; b. 1745; ^^'^^'^ solicitor-general, 1789; attormey- general, 1798; chief justice of common pleas, and peer, 1800-27; f^- 183 1. NORDBERG, George Anders, Swedish histo- rian; b. 2 Sept. 1677; taken prisoner at Pul- towa, 8 July 1709; published "History of Charles ill." 1740; d. 14 March 1744. NORDEN, Frederik Ludwig, Danish travel- ler; b. 22 Oct. 1708; travelled in the east ; xjub- lished " Ruins and Colossal Statues at Thebes," 1741 ; his "Travels in Egypt and Nubia" pub- 1741 ; his "Travels in Egypt a listed, 1752-5; d. 22 Sept. 1742. NOEDEN 438 NORTHCOTE NOEDEN, John, engraver and topographer ; h. about 1548 ; puhlished "Specxilum Eritanniac," 1593-1620; "England; an Intended Guide .for Travellers," 1625 ; d. about 1626. NOEBENFLYCHT, Iledivig Charlotte, ba- roness ron, Swedish poet; li. 20 Nov. 1718; d. 29 June 1763. NOEES, Giasone di, Italian scholar ; professor of philosophy at Padua, 15,77; published " Poetica," 1588; d. 1590. NOEFOLK, earls and duke : Ralph Waheb, GHn(\er, or de Waet ; made consul of East Angles ; Norfiilk, Huflnlli, mul Cambridge, liy ■William I. ; conspired agaiiiht liini ; banislied, 1075 ; d. in Holy Land, See JitgoiJ. THOsrAS Plantagenet, de Brofhelion, stli son of Ed- ward I. ; created carl, 16 Dec. 1312 ; earl marshal, 1315 ; ''■ i.w8- See Mov:hrinj. Richard Plantaoenet, dnke of York, second son of Eilward IV. ; created duke of Norfolk, 7 Feb. 1477 ; nmrdered, 1483. See Hon-ard. NOEGrATE, Edward, herald and illumiuator ; g. 23 Deo. 1650. NOEIS, Enrico, Italian cardinal; b. 29 Aug. 1631 ; published " Historia Pelagiana," 1673; car- dinal, 1695 ; d. 23 Feb. 1704. NORMAN, John Paxton, lawyer; b. 21 Oct. 1819: barrister, 1852 ; judge of higli court of Ben- gal,;May 1861 ; assassinated, 20 Sept. ; f?. 2 1 Sept. 187 1 . NOEMAN, Robert, seaman ; discovered the magnetic dip, about 1576; published as the "new attractive," 1580. NOEMANBT, see Biicldnghamshire. NOEMANBY, Constantine Heni-y Phipps, marquis of, state.'sman and novelist; b. 15 May 1797; d. 28 July 1863. As lord Mulgrave, governor of Jamaica April 1832 — Jan, 1834 Jjord pri\'^^ seal . . . July — Nov. ,, Lord lientcuant of Ireland April 1S35— April 1839 Created martinis .... 25 June 1838 Colonial secretary, 1839 ; home secretary Dec. 1839— Sept. ^^A^ Ambassador at Paris, Aug. 1846 — Feb. 1852 ; at Florence Dec. 1854-8 Published "Matilda," 1825 ; "A Year of Kevolli- tiou in Paris (1848)" . . . 1857 NOEMANDY, Dr. Alphonse, French che- mist; b. 23 Oct. 1809; published " Chemical Atlas and Dictionarj'," and "Chemical Tables," 11848; invented a method of distilling salt water, 1855; d. 10 May 1864. NOEEIS, Edwin, orientalist; b. 24 Oct. 1795; long secretary of the Eoyal Asiatic Society ; pub- lished part of the " Ethnogi-aphical Library," 1853 ; edited " Prichard's Natiu-al History of Man," 1855; " Cornish Drama," 18 w ; " Assyrian Dictionary," 3 vols., 1869-72; d. 10 Dec. 1872. NOEEIS, Hem-y, accused of adultery with queen Anne Boleyn, 2 May ; tried 12 May ; exe- cuted, 17 May 1533. NOEEIS, rev. John, Platonic philosopher, friend of Heiuy More ; b. 1657 ; published " The Picture of Love Unveiled," 1682; "jVu Account of Eeason and Faith in Relation to the Mj-steries of Ohristianitv," 1697 ; " Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal World," 1701-4; d. 1711. NOEEIS, John; b. 1734; endowed a profes- sorship of dirinity at Cambridge, 1760; and be- queathed money for an annual gold medal for an essay; d. 1777. NOETH family : Dudley, lord, poet ; 6. 1581 ; published "A Forest of Varieties," 1645 .... rt. 16 Jan. 1666 Dudley; 7). 1604: retired from parliament, 1649; puljlished " Obsen'ations and Advices Econo- mical" 1669 Francis, lord Guilford, son, lawyer and pliysicist h. 22 Oct, 1637 Solicitor-general, 1671 ; attorney-general 1673 Lord-keeper, Dec, 1682 ; and lord Guilford 1683 Published a paper on the Rra^-itatiou of fluids d.s Sept. 1685 Sir Dudley, brother ; I). 16 May 1641 ; travelled in the east and published " Voyage from Smyrna" d. 31 Dec, i6gi RooER, hrotlier; h. 3 Sept, 1651 ; wrote " Lives of Francis Noitli, Baron Guilford, and bis Bro- tliers ;" and an *' Ex.amen, or an Tnquirj' into the Credit of Kennet's History," iiublished 1740-2 d. I March 1734 Frederick, lord, statesman , , 6, 13 April 1732-3 Member of Grenville ministry, April 1763; of Rockingliaiu niiuistiy, June 1766 ; chancellor of tlie excliequer , . ... 1767 Premier (during American war), Jan. 1770 ; dis- missed Fox, 24 Feb. ; bronglit in Boston poi-t bill, 14 M.arch 1774 ; resigned . 20 JIarch 1782 Home secretaiy in tlie Poitland or Coalition mi- ntstiy .... April— Dec. 1783 Ei 111 of Guilford, T 790 . d. 5 Aug. 1792 NOETH, George, antiquary; b. 17 10; pub- lished "Answer to a Scandalous Libel" (of rev. AV. Asplin against antiquaries), 1741 ; d. 17 June 1772. NOETHAMPTON, see Sou-nrd, Ecnry. NOETHAMPTON, Compton, earls and mar- quises of : EarU:— 1. "William, baron ; created earl, 1618 ; president ofWales, j6i8 . . . rt, 24 June 1630 2. Spencer, son ; h. May 1601 ; went with prince Charles to Spain, 1622: earl, 1630; fought for Cliarles I., 1641 ; at Edgeliill, 23 Oct. 1642 ; killed at Hoptou Heath ... 19 Marcli 1643 3. James, son; at Edgeliill, 1642; earl, 1643: commanded at battle uf Newbury, 20 Sept. 1643 ; repulsed Waller at Cropredy liridge,3o June, 1644 ; relieved Banburj', 25 Oct. 1645 ; constable of the Tower, June 1675 . . . . rf. 15 Dec. 16S1 4. George, son; h. 1664; carl, i68t ; visited by ■William III, at Castle Asliby, 1695 ; constable of the Tower, 1 71 2-7 . . d. 15 April 1727 5. James, son ; earl, 1727 . d. 3 Oct. 1754 6. George, brother ; earl, 1754 ' . ri, 6 Dec, 1758 7. Charles, nei>hew; earl, 1758; ambassador to Vienna, May 1763 . . . d. 18 Oct. 1763 8. Spencer, brother : &. s Aug, 1738 ; eaii, 1763 ; d, 1796 Mariiuises :— 1. Charle-s, son ; h. 24 March 1760; created mar- yi*/.s, 7 Sei)t, 1812 . . ri, 24 March 1843 2. Spencer Joshua Alwvne, sen ; h. 2 Jan. 1790; president of Royal Society, 1838-49 d. 17 Jan. 1851 3. Charles Douglas, h. 26 May 1816. NOETHBEOOK, see Barhig. NOETHCOTE, James, e.a., painter; b. 22 Oct. 1 746 ; pupil of sii- Joshua RejTiolds, 1 73 1 ; exhibited ""NVreck of the Centaur," 1784; " Death of "Wat Tyler," 1787; pubUshed "Life of Rey- nolds," 1813; " One Hundred Fables," 1828; d. 13 July I 83 I. NOETHCOTE, sir- Stafford Henry, statesman; b. 27 Oct. 1818. M,P. for Dudley, 1855; Stamford, 1858; North Devon May 1866, c/ scij. President of the board of trade July 1866— March 1867 Secretary for India • March 1867 — Dec. 1868 Chancellor of exchequer . . . Feb. 1874 Published "Twenty Y'ears of Financial Policy, 1842-61" ........ 1862 Leader of couservativcs iu the commons Aug. 1876 NORTHUMBERLAND 439 KOTT NORTHUMBERLAND, Percy, ^aiU of : 1. Hexry, &. 1342; created earl • . July 1377 Ea,rl marshal, 1376; lord high constable . 1399 Supported Henry of Lancaster . . . „ Defeated Scots at Homildoii liill 14. Sept. 1402 Quarrelled with Heniy ; conspired witli Glen- dower against him ... . . 1403 Joined in conspiracy of Mowbray and Scrope, May; escaped to Scotland . . . June 1405 Defeated and slain at Brainham Moor 19 Feb. 1408 2. Henry, grandson, son of Hotsi)ur; restored to the earldom . n Nov. 1414 Slain at St. Alban's .... 23 May 1455 3. Hekrv, son; attainted ; slain at To\7ton 29 March 1461 John Nevill, baron Montagu, created earl 27 May 1465 Title cancelled ... . . 1468 Killed at Bai'iiet .... 14 April 1471 4. Henry, son of Hemy Percy ; restored about 1470 Murdered in a riot . 28 Api'il liSg 5- Henry Algerkox, son d. 1527 6- Henry . d. 1537 7. Thomas, nephew; created earl i May 1557 Rebelled, 1568; behejuled . . . 28 Aug. 1572 8. Henry, brother ; found murdered in the tower 21 June 1585 9. Henry, sou; 7j. 1563; carl ....,, Joined the fleet against the Spanish Armada . 1588 Unjustly imprisoned on accouut of t)je Popish plot ....... . 1605 Fined, and condemned to life imprisonment . 1606 Released, by intercession, 1621 d. 5 Nov. 1632 10. Algernon . . . &. 1602 .Made K.G. by Charles I. . . . . . 1635 Commanded a fleet against tlie Dutch . 1636 Made lord admiral ... ... 1637 Supported the parliament, 1642 . d. 13 Oct. 1668 11. JoscELiNE, son ; left an only cdiild, Elizabeth d. 1670 IS. Algernon Seymour, son of Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Josceliue and Charles Seymour, dui 'J OAKELEY, very rev. Frederick, Roman Catholic canon ; b. 5 Sept. 1802. Puxtil of bishop Siunner. Brilliant career at Oxford, 1824-7 : prebendary of Lichfield, 1832 ; introduced ritualism as minister of eliapel, jMargaret-street, 1 839 ; becaineRomanist, 1845 : rector 01 St. John's, Islington, 1845 ; canon ofj Westminster, 1852 ; published " Youthful Mar- tyrs," 1856; " Lyra Liturgiea," 1867: "Church of the Bible," 1857 ; " Catliolic Worship" 1872, &c. OAKES, John Wright, landscape painter ; h. ; settled in London, 1856; a. a. a., April 1876 ; exhibited at E.A. since 1848, " The Wan-en," "The Common," "Early Spring," i86g; "Glen Den-y," 1873; "Fallow-field," 1875; "Fording a Tidal Creek,'^' 1876. OASTLEE, Richard, " The Factory ICing," politician; b. 20 Dec. 1789; supported negro emancipation, 1807 ; leader of the " ten hours' movement," 1829-32 ; earnestly promoted the pass- ing of the factory bill, 1830-47; d. 22 Aug. 1861. OATES, rev. Titus, informer; b. about 1620; d. 23 July 1705. Became Romanist ; led a wandei-ing life ; returned to the Enghsh clmrch ; made known his alleged •discovery of a t'opish plot to assassinate king Charles II. and extirpate jirotestantism, to sir Ednmnd Berry Godfrey, and obtained general credence 12 Aug. 1678 Tried for perjury ; fined, put in the pillory, and whipped. May 1685 ; released and pensioned, May 1689 OBADIAH, Hebrew prophet ; foretold the de- struction of the Edomites, about B.C. 487. O'BEIENB, Thomas Lewis, bishop of Meath, poet ; b. ijiiS ; published " The Crucifixion," a poem, 1766; bishop of Ossory, 1795; of Meath, 1798 ; d. 15 Feb. 1823. OBBEEIT, Jacques Hei-mann, Swiss mystic and alchemist; 5. 2 Dec. 172^ ; published a pro- fessed universal panacea in ' ' Disquisitio de Univer- sali Methodo Medendi," 1767; ''Defense du Mys- ticisme et de la Vie Solitaire," 1775 ; supported by "VVieland at "Weimar, 1785-6; d. 2 Feb. 1798. OBEEKAMPP, Christian Philipp, German economist; A. 11 June 1738; introduced the cotton manufacture into France, 1759 ; d. 4 Oct. 1815. OBEELIN, Jean Frederic, French phUanthi-o- pist; i. 31 Aug. 1740; as pastor of Ban-de-la- Roche, devoted himself to the moral and material Iiiippiness of his flock, by instituting schools and promoting agriculture and manufactm-es, 17G8, et neq.; d. I June 1826. OBEELIN, Jere'mie Jacques, brother, French philologist and archicologist ; b. 7 Aug. 173S; pub- lished " Alsatia Litterata," 1782; d. 10 Oct. 1806. .OBEECHT, Line, French jurist and philolo- gist ; b. 23 July 1646 ; employed diplomatically by Louis XIv., 1O98 ; published "De Fidei Commis- sorum PiCBtitutioue," 1667; d. 6 Aug. 1701. O'BEIEN, William Smith, Irish politician; b. 17 Oct. 1803 : d. 16 June 1864. M.P. for Ennis, 1826; for Limerick county . 1835-41 As head of the "Young Ireland" iiaity, seceded from the " Repeal Association " . . Jnly 1846 Anested for treason, 5 Aug. ; condemned to death 9 Oct. 1848 Transported .... .9 July 1849 Returned by virtue of an amnesty . 3 May 1856 OBSEQUENS; Julius, Eoman chronologist ; wrote "De Prodigiis," a record of prodigies from ]!.c. I go to II, printed 1508. 0BS0P.S1US, Johannes, Geiman physician and scholar; b. 2^ July 1556; edited "Hippo- crates," 1587; "Sibyllina Oiacula," 1589; d. 4 June 1596. OCAEITZ, Jose Caballero de, Spanish diplo- matist; b. 1750; ambassador at Paris ; endeavoured to save Louis XVI., Jan. 1793; negotiated peace, July 1795 ; d. 1805. OCCAM:, or GCKHAM, WilUam of, school- man, called the '' Invincible Doctor ; " "wi'ote "Dialogus in tres partes : i. De hajreticis ; 2. De erroribus Joannes XXII.; 3. De potestate papfc, conciliorum, et imperatoris," pi-inted, 1476; d. 7 April 1357. OCCHINGjBeniardino, Italian Capuchin monk and reformer ; b. 1487 ; began to preach protestant doctrines, 1542; forbidden; fled to Zurich, Aug. 1542 ; came to England, and preached in London, 1547; went to Ueneva, 1558; to Basel, 1563; banished. Dee. 1563 ; d. of plague in Moravia, 1564. OCCLEVE, see Hocclcve. OCELLUS, Lucanus, Gra;co-Italian writer ; " On Law," and " On liingly Piety ; " fl. B.C. 5th centmy. OCHS, Peter, Swiss statesman ; i. 1 749 ; nego- tiated the peace of Basil, 5 April 1795 ; elected president of the Helvetic senate, 12 April 1798; supported the French interest; compelled to re- sign, June 1799 ; published in German, " History of Basel," 1785-1822 ; d. ig June 1S21. OCKLEY 442 O'DONNELL OCKLEY, rev. Simon, orientalist; b. 1678; professor of Arabic at Cambridge, 1711 ; published " History of the Conquest of Egypt, Persia, Syria, ka., by the Saracens," 1708-18 ; cl. 9 Aug. 1720. O'OONNELL, Daniel, Irish agitator; b. 6 Aug. 1775 ; d. at Genoa, 15 May 1847. Entered the college of St. Omer . . 1791 CriUed to the Irish bur .... Easter 1798 ;Miide his first speech at a publiu meeting in Dublin 1800 Devoted himself to catholic emancipation . . 1S02 Killed nldennan D'Esterre in a diiel . 31 Jan. 1815 ■Witli Shiel, founded the " Catliolic Association" . 1823 Elected M. P. for Clare . 5 July 1828 Prevented sitting in parliament , is May 1829 Be-elected ; takes seat .... Ajiril „ Termed " Liberator " after the passing of the Belief Bill 13 April „ His motion for repeal of tlie union rejected in the commons 27 April 1834 Had received as repeal rent for his services above 20,oooi ... 1835 M. P. for Kerry, 1830; for Duldin . . 1832-6 M.P. Kilkenny, 1836 ; Dublm, 1837 ; Cork . . 1841 Lord mayor of Dul din i Nov. „ Supported tlie Whig party 1835-41 Agitated for repeal of the union at "monster meetings" :— at Trim, 16 March; other places, June ; at Tara, 15 Aug. ; a meeting at Clontivrf an 8 Oct. prevented Tried and contlennied for sedition, 12 Feb. ; sen- tenced to fine and imprisonment, 30 May ; sen- tence reversed by the house of lords 4 Sept. Went to the continent early ni 1B47 d. 15 May 1843 1844 1847 O'CONNOE, kings of Connaught : TuRLOGH ; y. about 1088 : defeated the O'Briens, and conquered Munster . . rf. 13 June 1156 BoDEBiCK, son, nominal king of Ireland (the last) ; 6. 1116 Defeated by Bichard de Clare, earl of Pembroke (Strongbow), who was invited into Ireland by Dermot, king of Leinster . . ... 1170 After an interview with Henry II. of England, recoginsed him as lord suzerain .... 1175 Troubled by rebellious sons : retired into a con- vent . . . . d. 119B O'CONNOR, Arthur, Irish general ; S. 4 July 1763 ; d. 25 April 1852. M.P. in Irish parliament ; agitated for catholic emancipation 1789-96 Ijiiprisoned, on snsincion of treason, six months . 1795 Joined lord Edward Fitzgerald iu organizing the " United Irislnnen," and forming secret societies ; treated with Hoche respecting French invasicni of Ireland .... ... 1796 Tned for treason and acquitted . . 22 May 1798 Betained in prison till transported to Holland, June 1803 Entered the French service, 29 Jan. ; made general 1804 Married daughter of Condurcet 1818 O'CONNOR, Feargus Edward, nephew of Arthur, Irish chartist, and long editor of the "Northern Star;" b. 1796; m.p. for Cork, 1832- 35 ; for Nottingham, 1847-52; insane, 1853; d. 30 Aug. 1855. 0' CONOR, Charles, Irish Eomanist, Catholic priest and historical writer; b. 1760; published " Columbanus's Letters," 1810-3; "Narrative of the most interesting Events in Irish History," 1812 ; d. 29 July 1828. OCTAVIA, sister of the emperor Augustus; beautiful and virtuons; married to Marcellus, n.c. 54 ; to Mark Antony, 41 ; deserted by him for Cleo- patra, yet remained faithful to Ms interests ; divorced, 32 ; (?. 11. OCTAVIAN, anti-pope; b. about 1095; car- dinal, 1 138; fomented divisions; by influence of the emperor Fredericlc I. consecrated, pope, I Oct. 1159 ; rf. 22 April 1164. OCTAVIANTJS, see Aiyustus. O' CURRY, Eugene, Irish archasologist ; d. 30 July 1862. ODENATHUS, husband of Zenobia, queen of Palmyra ; helped the Romans against Sapor, king of Persia ; named Augustus by GalUenua ; assassi- nated about 266. ODERICO, Gaspare Luigi, Italian archa;olo- gist; b. 24 Dec. 1725; published " Numismata GraDca non ante vulgata," 1777 ; d. ro Dec. 1803. ODESCALCHI, Marcantonio, Italian noble and philanthropist; turned his palace into the hospital of St. Gale; d. 1670. ODETTE DE CnAMPDIVEES, mistress of Charles VI. of France ; b. about 1390 ; became mistress about 1407; temied "La petite reine." Her daughter, Mauguerite de 'valois, bom 1408 ; d. in neglect, after 1424. ODEVAERE, Joseph Denis, Belgian historical painter; b. 2 Oct. 1778; d. 8 Feb. 1830. ODILON BARROT, see Barrot. ODLING, TViUiam, m.b., chemist; }. 5 Sept. 1829. M.B. London, 1851 ; demonstrator of chemistry at Guy's hospital, 1850 ; professor at St. Bartholomew's hos- pital, 1863-8 : succeeded Faraday as Pullerian pro- fessor at the Boyal Institution, 1868 ; 'Waynflete pro- fessor of chenustry, Oxford, 17 June; president of Chemical Society, 1873; published "Manual of Clie- mistry," 1861 ; "Lectures on Animal Cliemistiy," 1866. ODO, saint, archbishop of Canterbury; b. about 875 ; consecrated priest at Rome, about 897 ; made archbishop by Edward the elder, 942; divorced king Edwy from his queen Elgiva as too near akin, 958 ; d. 4 July 961. ODO, saint, abbot of Cluny; b. 879; wrote hymns, " Vie de St. Gerauld," &c.; mediated be- tween Hugh king of Italy and Alberic prince of Rome, 936-8 ; d. 18 Nov. 943. ODO of Kent, abbot of Battle, friend of Tliomas a Becket; wrote "Epistola in Vitam Wilfredi Archiepiscopi," rf. 1200. ODO DE CoisTEVILLE, bishop of Bayeux, half-brother of William I. of England; b. about 1032 ; d. Feb. 1097. Present at the battle of Hastings . . 14 Oct. 1066 Presented with Dover and made regent ; suppressed revolts with much severity . . 1074 and to8o Made earl of Kent and grand justiciary ; aimed at the papacy ; arrested and imprisoned by his brother 1085-7 After much turbulency joined the crusade ; d. at Palermo . . . . Feb. 1097 ODOACER, a cbief of the Heruli; king of Italy ; set up and dethroned Ilomulus Augustulus, 475-6 ; opposed by Theodorio king of the Goths ; defeated by him at Isontius near Aquileia, 28 Aug.; at Veronal 27 Sept. 489; at the Adda, 11 Aug. 490 ; besieged at Ravenna, 490-3 ; agi-eed to a joint sovereignty, 27 Feb. 493 ; murdered, 5 March 493- ODOLANT-DESNOS, Pierre Joseph, French historian ; b. 21 Nov. 1722 ; pubUshed " Memou-es historiques sur la -i-ille d'Alcnijon," 1787; d. 11 Aug. 1801. O'DONNBLL, Jose Enrique, a Spanish gene- ral; b. about 1770; entered army, 1785; fought against the French ; defeated Schwartz near Abis- O'DONNELL 443 OGLETHOEPE bal (and made conde de Abisbal), 1810; captain- general of Andalusia, 1814; governor of Cadiz, 1818; d. 16 May 1834. O'DONNELL, Leopoklo, duke of Tetuan; Spanish general and statesman; b. 12 Jan. l8og; d. S JMov. 1867. Colonel ; supported queen Christina and consti- tutionalists Oct. 1832 Fought against the Carlists ; coiai>elled Cabrcia to raise tlie siege of Luceua . . 17 July 1839 Actively opiiosed the regent Esiiartci'O . 1841-3 As cnptaiu-general of Cuba became rich . 1843-4 Director of the infanti-y under Narvaez . . 1845-51 Banished for cons]>iraiy, Jan. ; joined with Espar- tero in an insurrection, July ; appointed minister of war : nnule count . . . . i Aug. 1854 Quarrelled with Espaiiero ; made president of the council and xninie minister, 14 July ; comx)elIcd to resign ; succeeded by Nan'aez . 12 Oct. 1856 Again iiresident and minister of war and of colo- nies 1 July 1858 Connnander during the war- in IVIorocco ; victorious at Castillejos, i Jan. ; at Tetuan, 4 Feb. ; and at Guad-el-ras, 23 March ; (made duke, 7 Feb.) i860 Resigned his ottices . . , 26 Feb. 1863 Formed a liberal cabinet . . .22 June, 1865 Aided by Narvaez suppressed a great nulitaiy revolt at Madrid, 26 June ; resigned ; succeeded by Narvaez and Murillo . . . July 1866 Settled ill Paris with his late colleagues . . Jan. 1867 O'DONOVAN, John, Irish archocologist ; h. about 1808 ; edited " Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters," 1848-51 ; d. 9 Dec. 1861. ODOEANNE, of Sens, French monk and chronicler; b. 985 ; d. after 1045. (ECOLAMPADIUS, or Hausscheiit, Jo- hannes, (iennan refoi-mer; b. 1482; d. 24 Nov. 1531- Preached at Augsburg Cathedral . . . 1518-20 Entered a monastery to study the doctrines of Luther .■ 23 April 1520 Accepted and preached them ; persecuted . . 1522-3 Professor, and preached at Basel .... 1523 Caused the mass to be abolished there ; 1525 ; and the reformed doctrines to be established, 1528 ; married 1529 "Wrote " de Geminii Verborum ; " " Hoc est Corimiu nieuin Expositione ; " Commentaries on the Pro- phets, Gospels, and Epistles, xuiuted . . . 1525-34 ■\Vitli Bucer established the new worship at Ubn, May 1531 (EDEE, Georg Christian, Geiman naturalist and economist ; b. 3 Feb. 1728; employed on the finances of Norway, 1770-2; published "Flora Danica," 1762-72; " Elementa Botanicse," 1762- 64; d. 28 Jan. 1791. CEHLENSCHLAGEE, Adam Gottlob, Da- nish poet; A. 14 Nov. 1779; published "Poems," 1803-5-7 ; " Tragedies," 1831-8 ; d. 20 Jan. 1850. CELEICHS, Johann Cai-1 Conrad, German his- tcriiin and bibliographer; b. 12 Aug. 1722; pub- lished " Berliuische Bibliothek," 1745-50; d. 30 Dec. 1798. (BLSCHLAGEE, or OLEAEIUS, Adam, Gei-man orientalist; b. about 1599; travelled in Tersia, 1633-6 ; published in German an " Account of his Joiu-ney in Russia and Persia," 1647 ; d. 22 Feb. 1671. CEENJBLM, or AEEHENIUS, Claudius, Swedish historian ; h. 1627; published "Sueonum Gothoiaimque Historia Ecclesiastica," l68g ; d. 1695. CEESTED, Hans Christian, Danish physicist; b. 14 Aug. 1777 ; d. 9 March 1851. After travelling appointed professor at Copenhagen 1806 Founded the science of electro-magnetism by dis- covering the influence of tlie electric current upon the magnetic needle .... 1819 Publi.slied " Experinientii " . . . 21 July 1S20 Founded the " Danish Society for Proiiagntiug the Natural Sciences" . . . . . 1024 Published many memoirs . . . 1799-1850 CuUected works, incluaing " Soul in Nature " jinblished 1850-2 CEETLING, Johann August Daniel, eminent German philosophical instiaiment maker; b. 9 March 1803; settled in Berlin, 1826; d. 23 Sept. 1866. CBTINGBE, Friedrich Christoph, Gei-man mystical interpreter, and disciple of Bffihme; h, 6 May 1702 ; published in German a " Biblical and Emblematical Dictionary," 1776; d. 10 Feb. 1782. CETTINGEE, Eduard Maria, German bio- gi-apher, poet, dramatist, and bibliographer ; b. 19 Nov. 1808; published "Eulenspiegel" (suppressed), 1829-30 ;" Archives Historiques," 1841 ; "Biblio- graphie Biographique," 1854; " Moniteur des Dates," 1866-72 ; d. 26 June 1872. OFF A, king of Mercia; at the death of Ethel- bald, defeated and killed the usurper Beorm-ed, 755 ; made the great dyke on the borders of Wales, 779-92 ; murdered Ethelbert, king of the East Ajigles, and overran the country, 792 ; d. 794. OFFENBACH, Jacob, Gennan comic com- poser; b. 21 June 1819. Studied at Conservatoire, Paris ; led orehesti-a at Theatre Fi-angais 1847 Established new theatre, "Les Bouifes Parisiens" 1855 Produced *' La Belle Helfene " ... . 1864 " Orphee aux Enters ;"" la Barbe Bleue " . 1866 " La Grande Duchesse " . . . . 1867 " La Perichole ; " " Genevitve de Brabant" . 1868 "Vert Vert," 1869; "les Brigands" . . 1869 "RoiCarotte" . 1872 "Bagatelle" . ... 1874,6:0. OGDEN, Samuel, D.n. ; theologian; i. 1716; published " Sermons on the Efficacy of Prayer," 1770; d. 23 March 1 778. OGGIONB, Marco da, see Vygione. OGIEE, French scholars : Charles ; h. 1595 ; wrote " Ejihemerides, sive Iter lianicum, Sueeicum, Polonicum" printed, 1656; d. 11 Aug. 1654 Francois. Zi. about 1601 ; published "Jugement et ^Censure de la Doctrine Curieuse du Pfere Garasse," 1623 .... t?. 28 June 1670 OGILBY, John, Scotch poet and translator ; h. Nov. 1600 ; secretary to lord Strafibrd in Ire- land ; mined by the revolution, 1640-2 ; published his translation of Virgil, 1649-50; of Homer, 1660-5; patronised by Charles II., 1661-2; d. 4 Sept. 1676. OGILVIE, Charles Atmore, D.D.; b. 1793; published " Divine Glory manifested in the Con- duet and Discourses of our Lord" (Bampton Lec- tures), 1836; regius professor of pastoral theology at Oxford, 1842; d. 17 Nov. 1873. OGILVIE, John, Scotch minister and poet; b. 1733; publislied "Poems," 1762; "Paradise," 1764; "Britannia," 1801 ; d. 1814. OGILVIE, John, LL.D., Scotch lexicogi-apher ; }. 1797; edited " Imperial Dictionary," 1850-6; d. 21 Nov. 1867. OGLETHOEPE, John Edward, general; }. 22 Dec. 1696; served under Marlborough, 1704, &c. ; founded colony of Georgia, 1732-6; explored southern isles, 1736; commander-in-chief, 1737; unsuccessful in commanding against the Spaniards in Florida, 1743, and against the rebels in Scotland, 1745; lieut. -general, 1747 ; d. 30 June 1785. O'HAGAN 444 O'LBARY O'HAGrAN, Thomas, Irish judge; b. 1810 ; Irish solicitor-general, 1B60 ; attorney-general, 1861 ; justice of the cominon pleas, 1865; lord- chancellor (the first modem Catholic chancellor), Dec. 1868— Feb. 1874. O'HALLOEAN, Sylvester, Irish general and historian; h. 1728; publislied "General History of Ireland," 1778; d. 1807. OHLMtJLLEB., Joseph Daniel, Gennan ar- chitect ; h. 1791 ; designed the Bavarian national monument, a Gothic church, at Munich; d. 22 April 1839. OHM, Georg Simon, Gei-man physicist; h. 16 March 178" ; announced his law of tlie theory of the voltaic current, 1825 ; published, in German, ' ' The Galvanic Cu'cuit Avorked out mathematically,' ' 1S27 ; d. 7 July 1854. OHMACHT, Landolin, German sculptor ; I. 6 Nov. 1760; d.-i,l March 1834. OIKONOMOS, Constantinos, Greek scholar ; h. 8 Sept. 1 780 ; published ' ' Treatise on Ehetoric and Granimar," 1813-7 ; d. 8 March 1857. OISEL, or Ouzel, Jacob, German scholar ; h. May 1631 ; published " Thesamnis Selectorum Numismatura ^Vntiquorum," 1677 ; d. 20 June 1686. OJEDA, Alonzo do, Spanish soldier, companion of Columbus; h. about 1465; made discoveries in America; d. after 1508. OKE, George Colwell, lawyer ; J. about 1823 ; chief clerk at the mansion-house, London, 1865; published "Magisterial Synopsis," nth edition, 1872; d'. 9 Jan. 1874. O'KEEFE, John, Irish dramatist and actor; h. 24 June 1747; published " Son-in-Law," 1779; " "Wild Oats, 1754; " Ilecollections of his Life," 1826; rf. 4Feb. 1833. OKEN", or OxENPrSS, Lorenz, GeiTiiau natu- ralist and transcendental pliilosopher; h. 2 Aug. 1779; propounded a system resembling pantheism; published, in Gennan, *' Sketch of a System of Biology," 1805; " on the Universe," 1808 ; edited "Isis," a review, 1817-48; d. 11 Aug. 1851. 0K0L8KI, Simon, Polish historian; published "Orbis Polonus," 1641-5 ; " Eussia flonda Kosis et Liliis," 1646; d. 1654. -V., kings of Norway ; K 956 • 995 998 1000 1012 . 1015 1018-21 1028-g CLAP, or Olaus, I, 1. Tiygvason Educated in Russia ; recovered the tliroiie of liis father; estaldislied Cliristiaiiity by force . Built Drontheini, and spttled tlicre . DruAvned during a naval battle 2. the Saint, son ; landed in Norway Defeated his enemies, and became kin;^ Fiercely zealous in establishing Christianity Dethroned hy Canute .... Ketiirned ; killed in the battle of Stickle.stadt, 29 July 1030 3. the Pacific; with liis brother Magims succeeded their father, Hai'old Hanlrada . 25 Sept. 1066 Sole kiny . . 1069 Founded Bergen, 1070 . d. 22 Sept. 1093 4. son of Ma^^nus III. . . . ?). 1098 King with his brothers, 1103 . . . Feb. 1812 ; Irish solicitor-general, 1868 ; r!. Feb. 1874. OEOSIUS, Paulus, Spanish theologian; i. about 390 ; pupil of St. Augustin, 413 ; wrote " His- torias aclvcrsus Paganos," and " de Arbitrii Liber- tate," 415. ORRERY, earis of, see Boi/le. ORSATO, Italian antiquaries : Sertoiiio, cnnte, poet and physicist ; Jk t Feb. 1617 : published " Marini Ernditi," 1669 ; d. 3 July 1678 G1.4MBATTISTA, ])hysician ; b. 1673 ; published " Autiche Lucerne," 1709 . rf. 21 Jan. 1720 ORSAY, see D' Orsat/. OESEOLO, doges of Venice : PiETRO I., doge, 12 Aug. 976 ; abdicated, Seiit. 978 d. 987 PiETRO 11., doge, 991 ; conquered Dalmatia and be- came duke, 997 ...... d. 1009 OrroNE, iloge, 1009 ; exiled, 1023 : reinstated, 1024 ; deposed, 1026 ; recalled, 1028 ; exiled . d. 1032 ORSI, Giovanni Giuseppe, marchese, Italian scholar; i. 19 June 1652; d. 20 Sept. 1733. ORSI, Giuseppe Agostino, Italian theologian ; i. 9 May 1692 ; cardinal, 1732 ; published " Infalli- bilita ed Autorita del Eomano Pontifiee sopra i Concili," 1741 ; " Storia Ecclesiastica," 1746, ct sej.; d. 13 June 1761. ORSI, Lelio da Novellara, Modenese painter ; h. 151 1 ; d. 1587. ORSINI, Felice, Italian politician; h. Dec. 1819; executed, 13 March 1858. Studied at Bologna , ... 1837 Joined a secret society 1843 Condemned for life to the galleys, 1844 : released . 1846 Joined in the revolution at Rome ; elected a mem- ber of the assembly . . 1848 Helped the defence of Rome . , , . 1849 Went to Genoa, 1B49 ; to England . . . 1S53 Arrested in Hungary, and sent to Mantua, Jan. ; condemned to die . Aug. 1855 Escaped, and came to England 1856 Joined in the plot to assassinate Napoleon III. of France ; by the explosion of shells, two persons were killed, 14 Jan. ; tried, 25 Feb. : executed 13 March 1858 ORSINI, Fulvio, Italian archajologist and col- lector of MSS. ; 4. II Dec. 1529 ; d. 18 May 1600. ORTEGA, Francisco di, Spanish fresco-painter ; h. 1695; d. 1742. ORTEGA, Jayme, Spanish general ; governor of Balearic islee ; proclaimed the Conde de Monte- molin, son of Don Carlos, as Charles VI., at Tor- tosa; his troops resisting, 3 April; shot, ig April i860. ORTELL, or OrteliuS, Abraham, Flemish geographer ; h. 2 April 1527 ; published " Thea- trum drbis Terraruni," an atlas, 1570; " Thesaurus GeograpHcus," 1596 ; d. 28 June 1598. ORTON, Job, dissenting minister ; h. 4 Feb. 1717 ; published " Memoirs of Rev. P. Doddridge," 1766; and "Thirty-six Discourses on Practical Subjects," 1776; d. 19 July 1783. ORVILLE, see D'Orvilh. ORVILLIERS, Louis Guillouet, comte d', French admiral ; i. 1708 ; distinguished himself in victory over BjTig at Port Mahon, 20 May 1756; commander of fleet off Brest ; maintained a fierce indecisive conflict with the British under Keppel, 27 July 1778; disgraced for unskilful connnand of the fleet, July— Oct. 1779; emigrated, 1790; d. about 1792. OSBORN, Sherard, admiral K.N. ; b. 25 April 1822 ; d. 6 May 1875. A volunteer on the expedition in search of Sir John Franklin 1849 Published, " Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal," 1852 ; " Quedah " .... 1857, 1859 Commanded the " Vesuvius " in Black Sea fleet, 1854-6 ; the " Fmlous" in the squadron sent to China 1857 Went to China to suppress piracy by engagement with the emperor ; withdrew ou the conditions being repudiated Dec. 1863 Director of telegraph construction company ; com- mander of iron-clad " Hercules ;" rear-admiral . 1S73 OSBORNE, Francis, publicist; I. about 1589 ; pubhshed " Advice toaSon," 1656-58; "Historical Memoir's of Queen Elizabeth and King James," 1658; d. II Feb. 1659. OSBORNE, Peregrine, duke of Leeds, ad- miral; b. 1659; distinguished himself in the battle off La Hogue, 19 May 1692 ; d. 25 June 1729. OSBORNE, Ralph Bemal, statesman ; b. (Bemal) 1814; took surname of his wife on marry- ing daughter of sir Thos. Osborne, 1844 ! secretaiy to admiralty, Dec. 1852 — March 18^8 ; m.p. for "Wycombe, "1841; Middlesex, 1847; Dover, 1857; Liskeard, 1859; Nottingham, 1866-8; "Waterford, 1870; not returned, Feb. 1874. OSBORNE, rev. lord Sydney Godolphin, phi- lanthropist, writer in the " Times," under signa- Feb. 1808; visited Ireland ture "S.G.O. during Ihe famine, 1847 ; published " Gleanings in the West of Ireland," 1850 ; visited the hospitals at Scutari, and published " Scutari and its Ho.-.- pitals," 1855; "Letters ou Education of Young Children," 1866, &c. G a OSBORNE 4o0 OTHO OSBOENE, Thomas, earl of Danby, diike of Leeds, statesman; b. 1631 ; d. 26 Jul)^ 1712. Patronised by duke of Buckingham ; made lord tieasm-er, 19 June ; viscount Latimer, Aug. 1673 ; eavl of Daiiby ... 2 June 1674 Laid Oates's plot before the House of Lords . 1678 Impeached by tlie commons for treasonable corre- spondence with France Dec. ,, Protected by the kinp . . 1679 Acquitted by the loixls 1685 Concurred in the invitation to the prince of Orange 1689 Made president of the council and marquis of Caer- marthen, April, 1689 ; and duke of Leeds 4 May 1694 Impeaclied for corruption in connection with the East India Conii)aiiy ; the emiuiry stopped . 1695 Dismissed from office 1699 Published "Memoirs," relative to the impeach- ment . . 1710 OSCAR I., II., kings of Sweden: 1. h. 4 July 1799 ; niaiTied princess Josephine of Leuchtenherg ..... 19 Jime 1823 Succeeded his father. Charles XIV. John (Benia- dotte) 8 March 1844 Declared for neutrality during Crimean war 21 Nov. 1855 d. 8 July 1859 2. &. 21 Jan. 1S29; married Sophia of Nassau, 6 June 1857 ; succeeded his brother, Charles XV. 13 Sept. 1872 Published "History of Charles XIL" and other worlvS. O'SHAUGHNESSY, sir Wiffiam Brooke Irish physician iind engmeer ; h. 1809; iustrumeutal in laying down the electric telegraph in India, 1853-6; knighted, 1856. OSIAOTDEE, Gemian protestant theologians : Andreas ; h. 19 Dec. 1498 ; present at the meeting at Marburg, 1529, and at the diet of Augsburg 1539 Differed with the Lutherans on doctrine of justifi- cation (his followers termed Osiandrists) about 1548 Publislied first edition of Coiieniicus's work, " de Revolutionibns Orbiuni Cielestium," 1543 ; "Harnionia Evangelica," 1544 d. 17 Oct. 1552 Lucas, son; h. 16 Dec. 1534; very controversial ; published "Biblia Latina, atl Foutes Hebraici Textus emendata," 157S-80 . . d. 17 Seiit. 1604 Akdeeas, son ; &, 26 May 1562; published " Papa non Papa," 1610 ... (/. 21 April 1617 JoHANN Adam ; b. 3 Dec. 1626 ; publi-shed •' Com- inentarius in Pentateucluini," 1676-8; "in Jo- suem, Judices, Ruth ; I. et IL Samuel," 1681-7 d. 26 Oct. 1697 OSIO, Felice, Italian scholar ; i. 1587 ; d. 29 July 1631. OSMAN, see Othman. OSMOND, saint, Norman priest; accompanied "William I. to England; made lord chancellor, 1066 ; hishop of Salisbury, 1078 ; compiled a trea- tise on the divine ofBces, the subject of Dr. Eock'a " Church of our Fathers," published 1849-54; '^- 3 or 4 Deo. 1099. OSOEIO, JeronjTno, Portuguese bishop and scholar ; b. 1506 ; d. 20 Aug. 1580. OSSAT, seeD'OsMi!. OSSINGTON, see Denison. OSSOLI, marchesa d', see Fuller. OSSOEY, earl of, see Butler. OSSUNA, or OSSONE, Pedro Tellez y Giron, duque d', Spanish statesman; b. 8 Jan. 1579; vice- roy of Sicily, 161 1 ; of Naples, 1616; intrigued to obtain sovereign power, 1618; recalled, 1620; d. in piiaon, 25 Sept. 1624. OSTADE, van, Dutch painters: Adriaan : &. 1610 .... . d. 1685 IsAAK, brother ; h. about 1616 . . d. about 1654 OSTEBMANN, Heinrich Johann, count of (called Andrei Ivanovitch), German statesman; b. 30 Hay 1686 ; d. 25 Jlay 1747. Enteml the service of Peter L of Russia . . i7°4 Gradually promoted ; made vice-cliancellor by Catherine I. . 26 Dec. 1725 Guardian to Peter II. 1727-30 Employed by Anne, whose accession he helped . 1730 Condemned to death by Elizabeth, 1741; banished 27 Jan. 1742 OSTERVALD, Jean Frederic, Swiss theolo- gian; b. 25 Nov. 1663; published "Traite des Sources de la Con-uption," 1699; " Catechisme," 1704; " Sainte Bible, avec les Ai-guments et Ku- flexions," 1720; d. 14 April 1747. OSWALD, saint, king of Northumberland; b. 605 ; became a Christian while in e.xile ; recovered his kingdom, 635 ; defeated Cadwalla, king of Wales; established Christianity ; defeated and killed by Penda, king of Mercia, 5 Aug. 642. OSWALD, saint, friend of Dunstan ; made bishop of Worcester, 960 ; archbishop of York, 972 ; d. 29 Feb. 992. OSWALD, Erasmus, Gennan theologian and mathematician; b. 1511; d. 1579. OTFEIED, Gennan monk and scholar ; wi-ote "Liber Evangeliorum," metrical paraphrases of the Gospels in Frankish dialect, to supersede ob- scene ballads ; d. about 870. OTHMAN (Ibn Affan), third Arabian caliph ; h. about 574 ; succeeded Omar I., 6 Nov. 644 ; re- called Amrou from Egypt, 644; effected the con- quest of Cyprus, 648 ; of Persia, 651 ; assassinated tnrough a forgery of his secretary, llirwan, 18 June 655. OTHMAN, or 0SMAJ7, I— III., sultans of the Ottoman Turks : 1. the Conqueror ; grandson of Orthogrul, Turko- man of the sultan uf Iconium . h. about 1259 Bei^amc commander of the Seljjouk Turks . 1280 Gradually acquired all Bithynia . . . d. 1326 2. son of Ahmed I. . . • 7/. about 4 Nov. 1604 Succeeded his uncle, Mustapha I, deposed 26 Feb. 1618 Projected replacing the Janissaries by a persoual guard ; assassinated by them 19 or 20 May 1622 3. son of Mustapha II. . . h. about 1696 Succeeded his brother, Malnnud I. Dec. 1754 d. Oct. 1757 OTHO, Marcus Salvius, emperor of Rome ; h. 22 ; dethi oned and succeeded the murdered Galba, Jan. ; overcome by Yitellius ; committed suicide, 15 April 6g. OTHO, or Otto, count of "Wittelsbach, an- cestor of the reigning dynasty of Bavaria; made duke of Bavaria by the emperor Frederick Barba- rossa, after the deposition of Henry the Lion, June 1 180; d. II July 1183. OTHO, or Otto, I.— IV., emperors of Ger- many : 1. the Great . . . . b. 22 Nov. 912 Married Eadgath, sister of Athelstan, king of England . 930 Succeeded liis father, Henry I., the Fowler, wbo d. 2 July 936 Defeated the invasion of Louis IV. of France . 938 Sulijngated the Sclavonians and Bohemians 950 Married Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, and sub- dued Italy 951 Ceded Italy to Berenger TI. for homage . 952 Exjielled the Hungarians from Geiinany . . 955 Expelled Berenger II. fj-om Italy ; crowned king g6i Crowned emperor of the West at Rome by John XII 2 Feb. 962 Dejiosed the pope, and nominated Leo VIII. 963 Besieged and took Rome, and punished his ene- . niies severely 964 OTHO 451 OUDINOT Devastated, the Greek temtoi-ies in south Italy . g6g Made peace with John Ziniisees . 970 Defeated Harold II. king of Denmark . . 972 d. 7 May 973 S. the Red, sou, h. 955; mai'ried Thcophania, daughtei" of the emperor Romanus II. (who introduced Greek civilisation) , , 972 Succeeded his father .... 7 May 973 Made wai' with Denmark; destroyed the Danua- werke on tlie Eyder 975 Defeated and deposed Heniy, dulce of Bavaria . 976 Invaded Italy, 980 ; visited Rome, and said to have massacred the Roman nobles at a feast (doubted) 981 Instigated byTlieophania, invaded the Greek ter- ritories in Italy ; defeated by the Greeks at Basientello, and narrowly escaped capture 13 July 982 d. at Ropie (poisoned?) 7 Dec. 983 3. son, 5. 980; succeeded (mother, Theophania, regent) . 983 Captm-ed by Heni-y of Bavaria ; rescued 984 His autliority in Italy restored . . . 990 Crowned king and emperor of'the AVest . . 996 Made his chaplain, Bruno, x^ope, as Gregory V. . ,, Went to Rome ; beheaded Crescentius, the tur- bulent consul 8 April 998 Endeavoured to restore the empire of Charle- magne, and imitated the style of the Greek em- perors ; much opposed ; poisoned d. 23 Jan. 1002 4, of Brunswick, the Proud, son of Hem-y the Lion, duke of Bavaria . . . h. about 1175 Elected emperor by the Guelphs ; opposed by Philip of Siiabia, supported by the Ghibellines 1198 Defeated ; fled to England 1206 Partly recognised at the death of Philip 21 June 1208 Agi'eed to cede to the jiope the territories of the countess Matilda ; crowned at Rome . . 1209 Claimed Sicily ; retained some lands from the pope ; excommunicated, 1210 ; conquered Apulia ; his deposition planned . Oct. 1211 War with France ; defeated by Philip Augustus at Bouvines .... 12 July 1214 Deposed, Nov. 1215; repl^lsed by Frederick II. 1217 ; retired to Brmrswick , d. 19 May 1218 OTHOj bishop of Freysinger, Gennan chroni- cler ; wrote " de Gestis Prederici I.," piinted 1515 ; d. Sept. 1 158. OTHO, king of Greece, son of Louis I., Idng of Bavaria; b. i June 1815 ; elected king (under a regency), 7 May 1832; assumed power, i June 1835; accepted new constitution, March 1844; after an insui-rection, abdicated 24 Oct., and quitted Greece, 27 Oct. 1862 ; d. 26 July 1867. OTTER, Johan, Swedish orientalist ; b. 23 Oct. 1707; abjured Lutherauism ; came to France ; sent to the Levant by Maurepas to restore French com- merce, 1734-44; published " Voyage en Turquie et en Perse, * 1748; d. 26 Sept. 1748. OTTERBEIN, Philip "Wilhelm, Gennan theo- logian; b. 4 June 1726; founder of sect of United Brethren in Chidst, 1749; sent to America, 1752; d. 17 Nov. 1S13. OTTLEY, William Young, painter and anti- quai-y; b. 1771 ; painted "Fall of Satan," 1823; appointed keeper of prints and dramngs, British Museum, 1833 ; pubhshed "ItaUan School of De- sign," 1808-23 ; "Enquiry into the History of En- graving," 1816; d. 26 May 1836. OTTMER, Karl Theodor, Gennan architect; if. ig June 1800; designed the ducal palace of Brunswick ; d. 22 Aug. 1843. OTTO, Ludwig Wilhelm, comte de Mosloy, Gennan diplomatist in the French seiTice ; b. 7 Aug. 1754; d, 9 Nov. 1817. Went to America with the French en^-oy, La Luzerne 1779 Remained there as charge-d' affaires, and gained the friendship of "Washington . . . 1784, et scq. Returned to Paris . , . . 1792 'pent to Loudon Feb. 1793 I mprisoned in Paris ; released . . . July 1794. As envoy In London, signed the preliminaries of the i^eace of Amiens . . ■*. . i Oct. 1801 Ambassador at Vienna (negotiated the marriage of Napoleon with Maria Louisa, 1809) . . 1809-13 Minister of state . ... 1813 Commissary at Meutz . . 1813-14 Minister of foreign affairs , March — June 181 5 OTTO, Friedrich Julius, German chemist; b' 8 Jan. 1809; pubhshed, in German, "Manual 0^* Chemistry,'* 1844-6; "Manual of the Viuega Manufacture," 1857; " Introduction to the Dctec" tion of Poisons," 1857; d. 12 Jan. 1870. OTTOGAR PRZEMISLAS I., II., kings of Bohemia ; 1. son ofWladisLaus IV. . li. about 1150 Recognised as king, 1198 . . d. 15 Dec. 1230 S. gi-audson b. 1230 Acquired Austria and Styria by marriage with Margaret, daughter of last duke Fi'edenck 1252-3 Succeeded his father, Weuceshius III. 22 Sept. 1253 Bought Carintliia aild other provinces ; declined the imperial crown, 1271 ; and refused to sub- iiiit to Rodoli^h of Hapsbui^ .... 1275 In the ensuing war with Rodolph lost several provinces ; made peace ; invested with Bo- lieinia and Moravia ; renounced Austria, Sty- ria, and Carniola ... 19 Nov. 1277 Renewed tlie war ; defeated and slain at March- feld . 26 Aug. 1278 OTWAY, Thomas, dramatist and actor ; 0. 3 March 165 1 ; published *'the Orphan," 1680 ; " Venice Preserved," 1682; d. 14 April 1685. OUDEISrAEEDE, Robert van, of Ghent, Flemish painter ;'i. 3 Sept. 1663; d. 3 June 1743. OUDENDORP,^ Frans van,Dutch philologist ; 5.31 July 1696; edited Julius Obsequens, 1720; Lucan, 1728; Cossar, 1737; Suetonius, 1751; d. 14 Feb. 1761. OUDIN, French scholars : Antoine ; published " Granimaii'e FranQoise," 1633 J "Ciu'iosites Francoises," 1649 . . d. 21 Feb. 1653 Casimir ; h. 14 Feb. 1638 ; went to Leyden, and became a Calvinist, 1692; "de Scriptoribus Ec- clesia; Antiquis," published 1722 . . d. Sept. 1717 Franq-ois, Latin poet ; 6. i Nov. 1673 ; publislied " Somuia," a poem, 1698; "Hynmi Novi," i7'>o; d. 28 April 1752 OUDINET, Marc Antoine, Frenchnumismatist; b. 1643 ; d. 12 Jan. 1712. OUDINOT, dukes of Eeggio : Charles Nicolas, marshal of France, tenned " Bayard of tlie Aiiny " b. 26 April 1767 Entered the army about 1784 Distinguislied himself in the Flemish, German, and Russian wars . . . . 1792-1814 Created marshal, 12 July ; duke . 15 Aug. 1809 Governed Holland 1810-12 Accepted office under Louis XVIIL, May 1814; and adhered to him . , March — June 1815 Connnanded in the Spani.sli invasion . . . 1823 Chancellor of the legion of lionour . 17 May 1S39 Governor of the "Invalides," 21 Oct. 1842; d. 13 Sept. 1847 Charles Nicolas Victor, son . . 6. 3 Nov. 1791 First page to Napoleou ; accompanied him in his wars 1808-14 Submitted to Louis XVIIL, and remained faith- fid .... . 1814-15 Resigned his appointments . . . Aug. 1830 Employed in the war in Algeria . Oct. 1835, et aen. Connnander-in-chief of the French army, April 1848— Jan. 1849 Commanded at siege of Rome . April— July ,, PublislLcd "Precis de I'Expedition Fi-auQaise en Itsilie en 1849" ,, Arrested at the coup d'etat, and imprisoned a few days . . 2 Dec. 1851 Lived retired . . , d. y July 1863 GG 2 OUDRY 452 OWEN OUDRY, Jean Baptiste, French painter and engraver; b. 17 March 1686; made inspector of the Gohelins, 1736; illnstrated La f ontaine, &c. ; (1. 30 April 1755. OUGHTEBD, "William, mathematician; b. K March about 1574; published " Arithmetica (containing his newly invented rule for multiplica- tion), 1 631; " Eey of Mathematicks," 1647; (?. 30 June i6fo. OUSEL, see Oisel. OUSELEY, rev. sir Frederick Arthur Gore, bart., son of sir Gore, musical composer; b. 12 Aug. 1825; established and became warder of St. Michael's College, Tenbury; elected professor of music at Oxford, 1855; published "Treatise on Hannony," 1869; anthems, chants, &o. OUSELEY, sir Gore, bart., diplomatist; b. 24 June 1770; created baronet, 3 Oct. 1808; am- bassador to i?ersia, 1810 ; cl. 18 Nov. 1844. OUSELEY, sh- ■William, orientalist; *. 1771; accompanied his brother to Persia; published " Persian Miscellanies," 1795; "Oriental Collec- tions," 1797-99; "Travels," 1819; d. 1839. OUTHIEE, Eegmald, French astronomer; b. iG Aug. 1694; designed a remarkable globe, 1726; accompanied Mauperiuis to measure a degree of the polar circle, 1736-37 ; published " Journal d'un Voyage aa Nord fait en 1736-7," 1744 ; d. 12 April 1774- OUTRAM, sir James, general, termed " Ba- yard of India," h. 29 Jan. 1803; went to India as cadet, 1819; aide-de-camp to lord Keane in Af- ghanistan, 1S38-9 ; commissioner to negotiate with the Ameers of Scinde, i84'2 ; active in suppression of Sepoy mutiny, July 1857 — March 1858 ; thanked by parliament, i860; d. 11 March 1863. OUTRAM, rev. William, hebraist ; b. 1625 ; published "de Sacrificiis," 1677; d. 1679. OUVAROFF, see Uvarov. O U V RARD, Bene, French theologian, poet, musician, &c. : b. 1624; published "Art de la Science en Nombres," 1677; "Architecture Har- monique," 1679 ; d. ig July 1694. OUVRARD, Gabriel Julien, French financier ; b. II Oct. 1770; employed as " munitionnaire general," 1797; impnsoned, 1808-13 ; supplied provisions to the allies, 1814; reassured public credit in France, 1817 ; supplied the aimy in Spain, 1823 ; imprisoned there five years ; publishecl " Memoires," 1826; (I. 23 Oct. 1846. OUWATEE, Albert van, Dutch painter; b. 1444; d. 1515. OVANDO, Nicolas, Spanish statesman ; b. about 1460; first governor of the West Indies, 1501 ; malevolent towards Columbus, 1502 ; perpetrated many cnielties ; recalled; d. 1518. OVERALL, John, bishop of Norwich ; b. I5sg; bishop of Lichfield, 1614 ; of Norwich, 1618 ; his " Convocation Book," 1606, published 1690; d. 12 May 1619. OVERBECK, Fricdrich, German painter, founder of the modem religious school ; b. 3 July 1789; studied at Home, 1810; became Eomauist, 1814: principal works: "Madonna," 181 1 ; " Christ Entering Jerusalem," 1816; "Eaising of Lazanis," "Hagar," " Assumption of the Virgin," 1855, &c. ; d. 13 Nov. 1869. OVERBEEK, Bonaventure van, Dutch painter and antiquary ; b. 1660; " Reliquia; Antiquoe urbis Itoma)" (in French), published 1707-g; a. 1706. OVERBUEY, sir Thomas, poet and philoso- pher; b. 1581 ; d. by poison, 15 Sept. 1613. Became acquainted with Robert Cnrr,' afterwards eai'l o£ Somerset aud favourite of king James I., about looi By his means knighted ^^°^ Assisted his intrigue, but opposed his marriage with the countess of Essex ; in consequence of their enmity sent to the Tower, 21 April 1613 ; there poisoned ... <*■ 15 Sept. 1613 Wrote a poem, "the Wife," and "Characters," published .... • • 1814 OVERSTONE, Samuel Jones Loyd, lord, banker; b. 25 Sept. 1796; created baron, 5 March 1850 ; pubKshed " Tracts on Metallic and Paper Currency," 1858 &c. OVERWEG, Adolph, Gei-man traveller; b. 24 July 1822 ; accompanied fiichardson and Earth in then- exploration of Lake Tchad, 1 850-1 ; d. on its banks, 27 Sept. 1852. 0VIDIU8 NASO, PubUus ; b. 20 March, e.c. 43 ; wi-ote "Amores;" "Epistoloe Heroidum;" " Ars Amatoria ; " " Eemedia Amoris ; " "Meta- morphoses ; " " Fasti ; " " Tristia ; " " Ibis ; ' ' banished 'hy Augustus, a.d. 8 ; d. l8. OYIEDO, Andres de, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Abyssinia; d. 1577- OVIEDO Y ValDEZ, Gonzalo Fernandez de, Spanish traveller and historian ; b. 1478 ; ap- pointed inspector of mines in America, 1^13 ; pub- lished " Historia de las Indias Occidentales," 1535 ; d. 1557. OWEN GLENDOWER, Welsh chieftain; b. about 1349; joined Mortimer and the Percies against Henry Iv. ; defeated at Hately Field, near Rhrewsbiu-y, 23 July 1403; joined by a body of French ; repulsed the English, Nov. 1403 ; ravaged Shropshke ; his troops defeated, 1409 ; d. 20 Sept. 1415. OWEN, rev. Henry, m.d., theologian and ma- thematician ; b. 1716; published "Harmonica Trigonometria," 1748; " Critica Sacra," 1774-S; d. 14 Oct. 1795. OWEN (Audoenus), John, Welsh Latin poet ; b. about 1560; published " Epigrammata," 1606; d. 1622. OWEN, John, independent theologian; b. l5i6; preached before house of commons, 31 Jan. 1649; chaplain to Cromwell, 1649 ; vice-chancellor of Ox- ford University 1651 ; published " Communion with God," 1656; "Power of Indwelling Sin," 1668; " Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews,'' 1668- 84 : " Doctrine of the Justification by Faith ex- plained," 1677; d. 24 Aug. 1683. OWEN, rev. John: b. 1765; a principal founder of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804; visited France and Switzerland to promote Bible societies, 1818; publ-shed its History, 1816- 20; " Christian Monitor," 1779; d. 26 Sept. 1822. OWEN, Eobert, socialist; b. 1771 ; d. 17 Nov. 1858. Restored liis fatlier-in-Law, David Dale's, failing cotton factory, at Lanark . . . 1801, ei fieq. Published " New View of Human Societj'" 1812 Went tn Ameiica ; founded New Hiirmony . . 1823 Retunied to England and laboured to propagate socialism 1827, et scq. Published *' Book of the new I^Ioral "World " . 1836 OWEN, Robert Dale, a social philosopher and novelist, sou of preceding; b. 1804; Avent to America with his fiither, 1823 ; settled in Indiana, and represented it in Congress, 1843-7; charge d'aflUirca at Naples, 1853-8 ; published " Hints on OWEN 453 PACHYMEEES Public Architecture," 1849; " Beyond theBreakers," 1870; "Thi-eading my W^ay" (autobiography), 1873- OWEN, EichartI, naturalist, superintendent of the natural history depai-tment at the British Museum ; b. 28 Sept. 1804. Hunterian professor and conservator of museum at the College of Siugeons .... 1835, et seq. Fullerian professor of physiology at the Koyal Institutiou 1858-61 Studied boues of dinoriiis, 1839 ; put foi-tli theory of extinct species 1855 Published " Deseriiitlou of the Mj-lodon robustus, a gigantic Slotli " 1842 " Lectm'es on Comparative Anatomy," several edi- tions ... . . 1843-69 "Odontographia" 1845 ' ' History of Britisli Fossil Mammals and Birds " . 1846 " History of British Fossil Eeptiles " , . 1849, ctse(/. "On Parthenogenesis," 1849; "Nature of Limbs," 1849 ; " Palteontology," i860 ; very many papers. Made C.B. . June 1S73 OWENSON, Sydney, see Morgan. OWTEAM, see Outmm. OXBEREY, "William, comedian; b. 1784; published " Theatrical Banquet," 1809 ; " History of Pugilism," 1814; d. 9 June 1824. OXENEOED, John, dramatist and critic ; b. 1812; wrote " My Fellow Clerk ; " " Twice Killed," 1835, &c. ; edited Flugel's EngUsh-Gennan Dic- tionaiy, 1848; longtheatrical critic for the "Times," resigned, 1875 ; translated " Conversationsof Ecker- mann withtrojthe," 1850; Jacobs' "iiellas," 1855. OXENSTIEENA, Axel, count, Swedish statesman ; b. 16 June 1583 ; served Charles IX. ; made a guardian of his son Gustavus Adolphus, but procured immediate recognition of liis majority, and became chancellor, 161 r; faithfully served him, and after his death (16 Nov. 1632) governed ably for his infant daughter Chiistma, 1632-44; opposed by intrigues; his resignation refused, 1644; d. 28 Aug. 1654. OXPOED, see HarUy ; present bishop, .see Macharn&ss. OXLEE, rev. Jolm, linguist ; b. 25 Sept. 1779; said to know upwards of 120 languages or dialects; d. 30 Jan. 1854. OZANAM, Antoine Frederic, French scholar ; b. 23 April 1813; published "l)eux Chanceliers d'Augleterre Baron de Yerulam, et St. Thomas de Cantorbery, 1836 ; " Dante et la Philosophic Ca- tholique au Troisieme Siecle," 1839; "Etudes Germaniques," 1847-9; d. 8 Sejrt. 1853. OZANAM, Jacques, French mathematician ; b. 1640; published "Geometiie Pratique," 1684; " Dictionnaire des Mathematiques," 1693 ; d. 3 Apiil 1717. OZANNE, Nicolas Marie, French engraver of naval designs, &c. ; b. 12 Jan. 1728; d. 3 Jan. 1811. OZELL, John, lingxiist ; translated Eabelais, Don Quixote, Voltaire, &c. ; d. 15 Oct. 1743. OZEEOV, Yladislav, Eussian poet and di-ama- tist; i. 29 Sept. 1770; published " Fingal," 1805; " Dmitri Donskoi," a Eussian epic, 1807; d. Nov. 1816. PAAS, see Pass. PAG, Louis Michel, comte, Polish general ; b. 1780; served under Napoleon ; in Polish insun-ec- tion, 1830; d. 30 Aug. 1835. PACAEEAU, Pierre, French Jansenist pre- late ; b. 2 Sept. 1 7 16; consecrated constitutional bishop of the Gii-onde, 1791 ; d. 5 Sept. 1797. PACATIANUS, Titus Claudius Mai-inus, Eoman emperor, known only from coins ; fl. about 249. PACCA, Bartolommeo, Eoman cardinal and diplomatist; b. 25 Dec. 1756; d. 19 Apiil 1844. Nuncio to France, 1791 ; created cardinal . . 1801 Pro-secretary of state . . 18 June 1808 Accompanied Pius VII. to France . . . July 1809 Imprisoned by Napoleon at Fenestrelle . 1S09-13 Nuncio to Vienna . . . ... March 1816 Bishop of Porto and St. Bufina, 1821 ; of Ostia and VeUetri ... . ... 1830 Wrote " Memorie." PACCAED, Jean Edme, French novelist; b. 6 Oct. 1777; published "Scenes de la Vie Malheu- reuse," 1835 ; d. 23 April 1844. PACCHIEEOTTI, Gaspare, ItaUan singer; b. 1744; visited London, 1778-85, 1790; d. 28 Oct. 1821. PACCHIAEOTTO, Jacopo, Sienese painter; b, 1474 ; d. after 1540. PACOHIONI, Antonio, Italian anatomist; b. 13 June 1665; "Opera omnia" published, 1741 ; d. 5 Nov. 1726. PACCIOLI, Luca, " Luca di Borgo," Italian Minorite and mathematician ; published " Summa de Arithmetica," earliest piinted work on mathe- matics, 1474; "Divina Proportione," with plates by Leonardo da Vinci, 1509 ; d. about 1509. PACE, Eichard, dean of St. Paul's and of Exeter, diplomatist; b. about 1482; secretary of state, 1516; employed by Wolsey to advance Ms elevation to the papacy, 1522, 1523; failed and committed to the Tower ; released and resigned deaneries, 1525-7 ; d. 1532. PACHB, Jean Nicolas, French Girondist; b. 1746; minister of war, 1792-93 ; then joined the Mountain party ; d. 18 Nov. 1823. PACHECO, Francisco, Spanish portrait pain- ter ; b. 1571 ; executed six pictures of the life of St. Ramon, "still at VaUadolid; ^vrote "Arte de la- Pintura," 1649; d. 1654. PACHO, Jean Eaymond, French traveller ; b. 3 Jan. 1794; published " Eelation d'un voyage dans la llarmarique, la Cyi-enaique, et les Oasis d'Audjelah et de Maradeh," 1827-9 ; d. by suicide, 26 Jan. 1829. PACHOMIUS, saint,Egyptianascetic, founder of regular monastic communities ; b. 292 ; d. about 348- PACH"YMEEES, Georgius, Byzantine his- torian; b. about 1242 ; wrote " Historia Byzantina," 1 printed" 1666-69 ; d. soon after 1310. PACIAN 454 PAaET PACIAN, saint, bisbop of Barcelona; conse- crated about 373 ; praised by St. Jerome for pi'u- dence and eloquence; his "Opera" printed, 1538; d. 391. PACIAUDI, Paolo Maria, Italian antiquary ; Ji. 23 Nov. 1710; joined order of Theatines at Venice, 1728; librarian to the duke of Parma, 1761; published "Monumenta Peloponnesiaca," 1761 ; " Memorie de' Gran Maestri del Ordiue Gerosolimitano," 1780; (h I Feb. 1785. PACICHELLI, Giarabattista, Italian author ; b. about 1640; wrote " Regno diNapoli," published 1703; d. 1702. PACIPICUS, Maximus, Italian Latin poet; }. 1400; published " Hecatolegium," 1489; d. about 1500. PACINI, Giovanni, di Eoma, Italian musical composer; b. II Peb. 1796; produced many operas; Adelaide e Comiugio, &o. ; d. 1866. PACIO, Giulio, Italian jurist and philologist ; }. 9 April 1550; published " Isagogica in Corpus juris civUis et decretaUs," 1606; d. 1635. PACIOLI and PaCIOLUS, see Faccioli. PACK, Kichardson, major, poet ; b. about 1680 ; published " Miscellany of Poems," 1718 ; d. Sept. 1728. PACTHOD, Michel Marie, comte, French general; b. 16 Jan. 1764; commanded ai-mies of Naples, Illyria, and Italy, 1810-12; d. 24 March 1830. PACUVrUS, Marcus, Eoman tragic poet ; b. about B.C. 220; wrote " Dulorestes," adapted from the Iphigenia in Taurus of Euripides, and " Au- tiopa; " d. about 130. PADER, Hilaii-e, French painter; b. about 1607 ; published "Peinture parlante," 1653; d. 19 Aug. 1677. PADEENA, Paolo Antonio, Italian painter ; b. 1649; d. 1708. PADILLA, Francisco de, Spanish historian ; b. 1527; published "Historia Ecclesiastica de Espana; " d. 15 May 1607. PADILLA, Juan Lopez de, Spanish patriot; headed insurrection, 1520J; defeated, 23 April 1521 ; executed, 24 April, 1521. Maria Pacheco, Iris widow, defended citadel of Toledo foiu- months ; escaped to Portugal, 1521. PADILLA, Lorenzo de, Spanish historio- grapher ; b. about 148^ ; ■wrote " Catalogo de los Santos de Espaiia," printed 1538; " Antiguedades de Espaiia," 1669 ; d. about 1540. PADILLA, Pedro de, Spanish poet ; wrote " Thesoro de varias poesias," 1575 ; " Jardin es- piritual," 1585; d. about 1600. PADOVANINO, or PaduANINO, see Varo- tari. PAELINCK, Joseph, Belgian historical pain- ter ; b. 20 March 1781 ; d. 1839. P AEK, Ferdinando, Italian musical composer ; h. about I June 1771 ; dh-ector of Italian opera, Paris, 1812-23, 1826-27; composed "Agncse," 1811 ; "Maitre de Chapelle," 1824, &c. ; d. 3 May 1839- PAEZ, Pedro or Francisco, Spanish Jesuit mis- sionary; b. 1564; went to Goa, 1588; to Abyssinia, 1603; wrote " Historia de Abyssinia;" d. at Gor- gora, 20 May 1622. PAEZ, Gaspar, Spanish Jesuit missionary ; b. 1582 ; sent to Abyssinia, 1628 ; mui-dered there, 25 April 1635. PAEZ, Jose Antonio, president of republic of Venezuela ; b. 1780. Led the revolt against Spain . . . 1810-22 Independence of Colombia proclaimed . Dec. 1819 Venezuela separated from New Grenada Nov. 1829 Elected fii-st president - . 1830-34 Ag.xin elected jiresident 8 Sept. 1861 Resigned ... 17 June 1863 PAGAN, Blaise Francois de, comte, French militarv engineer; b. 3 March 1604; was master of Vauban; published "Traite des Fortifications," 164s ; d. 18 Nov. 1665. PAGANEL, PieiTe, French revolutionary poli- tician; S. 31 July 174s; elected deputy to the National Convention, Sept. 1792 ; exiled as a regi- cide, 1816; published " Essai ilistorique et Critique SUV la Revolution Franqaise" (seized by the police), 1810; d. 20 Nov. 1826. PAGANI, Gregorio, Florentine painter; b. 1558 ;rf. 1605. PAGANI, Paolo, Milanese painter ; I. 1661 ; d. 1716. PAGANI-CESA, Giuseppe Urbano, Italian poet; b. 25 May 1757; published " VUlegiatura di Clizia," i802 ; d. 22 March 1835. PAGANINI, Niccolo, Italian violinist ; b. 18 Feb. 1784; first violin at court of Lucca, 1805-13; visited Vienna, 1828 ; Paris, Brussels and London, 1831 ; d. 27 May 1840. PAGANUCCI. Jean, French merchant; *. 1 729 ; published " Manuel des Negociants," 1762; d. 1 791. PAGE, Thomas, civil engineer ; b. ; com- pleted Thames tunnel, 1836, ct seq.; planned a Thames embankment, 1842 ; designed Chelsea sus- pension bridge, opened March 1858; and embank- ment, 1868; and other bridges and works; d. 11 Jan. 1877. PAGE, 'William, d.d., royalist divine ; b. 1590 ; ^vrote " The Peace-Maker ; " d. 14 Feb. 1663. PAGES, see Gamier-Pages. PAGES, Francjois Xavier, French novelist and historian ; b. 1745 ; published " Tableau.^ Histori- ques de la Revolution Franc^aise," 1791-1804; d. 21 Dee. 1802. PAGES, Pien-e Marie Francois, ™omte de, French navigator; b, 1748; sailed to the south pole, 1773; to the north pole, 1776; published " Voyages autour du Monde et vers les deux Poles," 1782; d. strangled by negroes in St. Domingo, 1793- PAGET, sii- Augustus Berkeley, diplomatist; b. 1823 ; minister plenipotentiary to Saxony, Deo. 1858; Sweden, 1859; Portugal, 1866; Italy, 1867; ambassador to Italy, 1876. PAGET, lord Clarence Edward, vice admii-al ; b. 17 June i8ri ; secretarj- of the admii-alty, 1859- 65; commander of Mediten-anean fleet, 1866-9; K.C.B., 1869. PAGET, BU- James, surgeon ; b. 1814 ; published "Lectures on Surgical Pathology," 1853-63-68; bart. 1871. PAGET 455 PALGEAVE PAGET, ■VViUiam Paget, lord, statesman; b. 1506; secretary of state, 1543-48; created liaron, 3 Dec. 1549 ; lord privy seal, 1556-58 ; A. June 1563- PAGET, see Anglesey. PAGGI, or Pagi, GioTanni Battista, Italian painter; b. 1554; cl. 1627. PAGI, Antoine, French elironologist ; b. 1624 ; ■wrote "Critica Historico-Chroiiologica in Annates Ecclesiasticos Baronii," 1689- 1705; cJ. 5 June 1699. PAGLIA, Antonio della (Aonius Palearius), Italian Latin poet and tlieologian ; wrote " Actio in Pontitices Eomanos et eorum Asseclas," in de- fence of protestantism, printed 1606 ; hanged at Home for heresy, 3 July 1570. PAGNEST, Amable Louis Claude, French portrait painter ; b. 9 June 1790; d. 25 May 1819. PAGNINO, Sante, Italian Dominican and He- braist ; b. about 1470 ; published translation of the liible, 1528; "Thesaurus Lingua) Sancta;," 1529. cl. II Aug. 1536. ' PAILLOT DE MoifTABEET, Jean Nicolas, French painter and archjeologist; b. 6 Dec. 1771, wrote "Traite Complet de la Peinture," 1829; d. 6 May 1849. PAINE) Thomas, deist; b. 29 Jan. 1737 ; emi- grated to America, 1774; served government, 1776; envoy to France, 1781 ; visited England, 1 791 ; returned to France, 1792 ; imprisoned, 1793- 94; went back to America, 1802; published "Eights of Man," 1 791-2 ; "Age of Keason," 1792-5 ; rf. at New York, 8 June 1809; his bones brought to Eng- land by Cobbett, 1817. PAISIELLiO, Giovanni, Italian musical com- poser; b. 9 May 1741 ; wrote " Marchese di Tuli- pano;" " Barbiere de Siviglia," "Idolo Cinese," &o.; d. 5 June 1816. PAIXHANS, Henri Joseph, French gener.al ; b. 22 Jan. 1783 ; made great improvements in artil- lery ; d. 19 Aug. 1854. PAJOL, Claude Pien-e, comte, French gene- ral; b. 3 Feb. 1772; served under Napoleon at Austerlitz, "ffagram, and in the Russian campaign ; d. 19 March 1844. PAJON, Claude, French Calvinistic theolo- gian; b. 1626; d. 27 Sept. 1685. PAJOUi Augustin, French sculptor ; b. 19 Sept. 1 730 ; executed statues of Bossuet and Psyche, in the Louvre; rf. 8 May 1809. PAKENHAM, Charles Eeginald, known as Father Paul Mary, Passionist; b. 21 Sept. 1821; d. I March 1857. PAKENHAM, sir Edward M., general; defeated and killed before New Orleans, 8 Jan. 1813. PAKENHAM, sir Richard, diplomatist; b. 1797 ; envoy to the United States, 1843-7 ; to Lis- bon, 1851-55; d. 28 Oct. 1868. PAKINGTON, Dorothy, lady; supposed by Dr. Hiokcs to have been authoress uf the "Whole Duty of Man;" d. 1679. PAKINGTON, John Somerset, baron Hamp- ton, statesman; b. 20 Feb. 1799; baronet, July 1846 ; colonial secretary, Feb. — Dec. 1852 ; first lord of the admiralty, Feb. 1858— June 1859; again, 1866-67; secretary for war, March 1867 — Dec. 1868; created a peer, 1874. PALACKY', Ferencz, Bohemian historian ; b. 14 June 1798; published " Geschichte von Boh- nien," 1836-60; with Schafarik, "die Altesten Denkmiiler der Bomisohen Sprache," 1840; deco- rated by the czar, 1862 ; d. about 27 May 1876. PALADINI, Archangela, Florentine portrait painter, poetess, and musician; b. 1599; d. 1622. PALJEMON, Quintus Eemmius, Roman gram- marian ; master of Ciuintilian;^. 48. PAL^OLOGUS, see Andronicm, Constan- tlnc, John, Maimel, and Michael. PAL^GLOGUS, Jacobus, Greek heretic ; b. about 1520; rector at IQausenburg, became a Bud- nist about 1575 ; burnt at Rome, 22 May 1585. PALAPOX T Melzi, Jose, duque de Sara- gossa, Spanish general ; 4.1780; defended Saragossa against the French, 27 July 1808 — 21 Feb. 1809; sent prisoner to France; released .11 Dec. 1813; d. 16 Feb. 1847. PALAPOX Y MenDOZA, Juan de, bishop of Osma ; b. 1600 ; made bishop of Angelopolis in Mexico ; retunied to Spain ; became bishop of Osma, 1655; his works published, 1762; d. 13 Sept. 1659. PALAMAS, Gregorius, Greek theologian; pro- cured condemnation of Barlaam at Constantinople, 11 June 1341 ; himself condemned there, 1345 ; im- prisoned 1346-7 ; nominated patriarch of Constanti- nople ; retired, 1349 ; his doctrines confirmed, 135 1 ; f'- 1355- PAL APE AT, Jean, French dramatist; b. 1650 ; d. 14 Oct. 1 72 1. PALAYE, see Samte TaUyc. PALEARIUS, Aonius, see Fciglia. PALEOTTI, Gabrielle, Italian cardinal; }. 4 Oct. 1524; created cardinal, 1565; bishop of Bologna, 1566 ; of Sabiua, 1591 ; published " Ar- chiepiscopale Bononiense," 1594; " DeBono Senec- tutis," 1598; d. 23 July 1597. P ALESTPblNA, Giovanni Pierluigi da, Italian musical composer; b. 1524; wrote upwards of eighty masses ; d. 2 Feb. 1594. PALEY, Frederick Apthorp, classical editor and archjcologist, grandson of following ; b. 1816 ; edited iEschylus, Euripides, Hesiod, &c. ; became Piomanist, 1846 ; published " Manual of Gothic Architecture," 1846. PALEY, "William, D.D., philosopher ; b. July 1743; archdeacon of Carlisle, 1782; chancellor, 1785; published "Principles of Moral and Politi- cal Philosophy," 1785; " Hora; Paulinae," 1790; "View of the Evidences of Christianity," 1794; " Natural Theology, 1802 ; d. 25 May 1805. PALFYN, Jean, Belgian anatomist; b. 28 Nov. 1650; published "Nieuwe Osteologie," 1701 ; d.2l April 1730. PALGEAVB, sir Francis, historian; b. (Cohen), July 1788; deputy-keeper of public records, 1836;' published "Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth," 1832 ; "Merchant and Friar," 1837 ; "History of Normandy and of England," 1851-64; d. 6 July 1861. PALGEAVE, Francis Turner, son, art critic ; }. 28 Sept. 1824; published "Idylls and Songs," 1854; "Essays on Art," 1866; "Hymns," 1867; Lyrical Poems," 1871. PALGRAVE 456 PALMEE PALGEAVE, William GifFord, traveller, bro- ther of preceding; b. 24 Jan. 1826; travelled in Ai-abia, 1862-3 ; and published " Narrative," 1865 ; sent to Abyssinia to release captives, but by order remained in Egypt, July 1865— June 1866; published " Essays on Eastern Questions," "Her- mann Agha," a novel, 1872. PALIKAO, Charles Guilkurae Marie ApoUi- naii'e Antoine Cousin-Montauban, comte de, French general and statesman. Serv^ed .actively in Algeria . ... 1S36, tt scq. Counnaniler of Chinese expedition : g.ained victory of Pa-li-ka-o, 21 Sept ; t-oneluded treaty, 24 Oct. i860 Promoted ; made comte de Palikao . 22 Jan. 1862 ^Military commander at Lyons . . .22 Sept. 1865 Bemaiiied there ; till summoned to Paris by the empress, 9 Aug., as chief of a new ministry; actively renovated the defeated aniiy ; retired to Belgium at the fall of the empire, rcfu.sin^^ to Ijecome dictator, Sept. ; his oBered senices declined .... 8 Oct. 1870 PALISSOT DE BeATJVOIS, Ambroise Marie Francjois Joseph, baron de, French traveller and botanist; i. 2/ July 1752; published "Flore d'Oware et de lienin, 1804-21 ; d. 21 Jan. 1820. PALISSOT DE MONTENOYE, Charles, French dramatic poet; h. 3 Jan. 1 730; produced comedy "le Cercle," ridiculing Eousseau, 1755' published "Yoltau'e apprccie dans tons ses Ouv- rages," i8o5; d. 15 June 1814. PALISST, Bernard, French potter and cna- meller; b. about 15 10; discovered manufacture of "white enamel; began refonned worship at Saintes, 1539; irapiisoned; released by the king, 1562; published "Discours admirables de la Nature dcs Eaux et Fontaines," 1580; "CEuvres," printed 1777; d. in Bastille, 1590. PALLADIO, Andrea, Italian architect ; b. 30 Xov. 1518; niasterpiece,'church of the Kedeemer at A'enice ; published " Quattro Libri dell' Architct- tura," 1570; d. Aug. 1580. PALLABITJS, bishop of Helenopolis ; b. about 367 ; wrote " Historia Lausiaca," about 420 ; d. about 430. PAXjLADIUS, saint, apostle of the Scots ; consecrated bishop, 431 ; d. 6 July about 450. PALLAJUOLO, see FollajmU. PALLAS, Roman freedman, favomite of the emperor Claudius ; with Agrippina poisoned Clau- dius, 54 ; himself poisoned by Nero, 63. PALLAS, Peter Simon, German traveller and naturaUst; b. 22 Sept. 1741; explored Siberia and Caucasus, 17G8-74; published "Voyages a travers plusieurs Provinces de I'Empii-e Eusse," 1771-76; " Flora Eussica," 1784-c; d. 7 Sept. 1811. PALLAVICINO, Ferrante, Italian satirist; b. about i6i8 ; published " Baccinata, overo Bat- tarella per le Api Barberine," 1642; "Corriere svilligiato," 1644 ; d. beheaded, 5 March 1644. PALLAVICINO, Pietro Sforza, ItaUan car- dinal and historian; b. 20 Nov. 160" ; created car- dinal, 1657; published "Istoria del Concilio di Trento," 1656-7; d. 5 June 1667. PALLES, Christopher, Irish R.c. judge; b. 1831; barrister, 1853; Q.c, 1865 ; Irish solicitor- general, Feb. 1872; attoniey-general, Nov. 1872; chief baron of e.vchequer, Feb. 1874. PALLIERE. Vincent Leon, French historical painter ; b. iq July 1787 ; d, 29 Dec. 1820. PALLIOT, PieiTe, French genealogist; i. 19 March 1608 ; published " i'arlement de Bourgogiie,|j 1649; "Science des Armoiries de Luvan Geliot," 1660 ; d. 5 April 1698. PALLISEE, sir Hugh, bart., admiral ; b. 26 Feb. 1722; tried for misconduct ; his charges against Keppel respecting battle of 27 July, 1778, declared unfounded, 7 Jan. 1779; himself tried and acquit- ted, 1779; governor of Greenwich hospital; d. 19 March 1796. PALLISEE, John, traveller; b. 1817; sent to determine the boundary line between British North America and the United States, 1857-60 ; published " Solitary Hunter," 1853. PALLISEE, major sir "William, Irish soldier ; b. 18 June 1830 ; invented " PalUser projectiles" (chilled shot) ; patented, 27 May 1863; improve- ments in guns, ^c. ; retired from army, Dec. 1871 ; knighted, 21 Jan. 1873. PALLOY, PieiTe Franijois, French architect ; 5. 1754; d. 19 Jan. 1835. PALM, Johann Philipp, Gei-man bookseller ; b. 1 766 ; shot for opposition by order of Napoleon, 26 Aug. 1806. PALMA, Giovanni Eattista, secretary for Latin letters to pope Pius IX.; b. 1793; d. assas.sinated at Eonie, 16 Nov. 1848. PALMA, Jacopo, Italian painters : 11 Vecchio ; h. about 1480 ; d. about 1548. IL GiovxNE ; great nephew ; Z). 1544 ; rf. 1628. PALMA, Silvester di, Neapolitan dramatic compcser ; h. 1762; d. 8 Aug. 1834. PALMBLAD, Vilhelm Frederik, Swedish au- thor; b. 16 Dec. 1788; edited " Sveusli Litteratm- Tidning," 1813-24; "Biographical Dictionary of Swedes," 1835-57 ; d. 2 Sept. 1852. PALMELLA SoUZA, duque de, Portuguese statesman; i. 1781; president of regency, 1820; arrested by dom Miguel, 30 April 1824; released by John VI., 1824 ; ambassador in England, 1825-7 ; supported donna il.aria, 1828 : first minister, 1832, 1834; foreign minister, 1835; banished, 1836; d. 12 Oct. 1850. PALMEE, rev. Charles Ferrers (Raymuud), b. i8ig ; became Eom.anist, 1842 ; took orders, 1859 ; published "Histoiy of Tamworth," 1845 ; "Life of Beato AngeUco da Fiesole " (translation from Car- tier), 1865 ; " Life of Cardinal Philip Howard, with History of the Dominican Order in England," 1867, &c. PALMEE, Edward Henry, orientalist; b. 7 Aug. 1840 ; with Sin.ai survey e.^pedition, 1868-9 ! lord almoner's profes.sor of Arabic, Camlnidge, Nov. 1871 ; barrister, 1874; publislied translations; "Desert of the E.-codus," 1871 ; "Persian-English Dictionary," 1875; essays, papers, &e. PALMEE, sir Geoffrey, bart., lawyer ; attor- ney-general, 1660-70; " Eeports," published, 1678 ; d. 1670. PALMEE, John, actor ; i. 1741; <;. 2 Aug. 1798. PALMEE, John, postal reformer ; b. 1 742 ; first projector of mail coaches ; d. 17 Aug. 1S18. PALMEE, Eoundell, baron Selborae, lawyer ; b. 27 Nov. 1812 ; barrister, 1837; Q.c. 1849; solicitor- general (knighted) July 1861 — Oct. 1863 ; attor- ney-general, Oct. 1863 — July 1866; British counsel for claims under treaty of Washington, 1 871; lord chancellor (and peer^, Oct. 1872 — t'eb. 1874; edited "Book of Praise," 1062. PALMER 457 PAOLO PALMEB, Samuel, printer; published " His- tory of Printing," 1732 ; d. 9 Way 1732. PALMEE, Samuel, bookseller ; published " In- dex to The 'Times," i8Db-75; " History of St. Pau- cras, London," &c., 1870. PALMER, "William, brother of Eoundell, scholar; b. 12 July, 181 1; endeavoured to unite eastern and Anglican churches ; published " Har- mony of Anglican Doctrine with that of Churches in the East," 1844; became Romanist about 1856; "The Patriai-oh and the Tsar," (translation) 1871-3. PALMER, see Castlcmaine. PALMERSTON, Henry John Temple, vis- count, statesman ; b. 20 Oct. 1784 ; d. 18 Oct. 1865. Succeeded his father in Irish ineerage . 17 April 1802 Entered parliament as tory M.P. for Newport, Isle of Wight ... ... 1807 A lord of the admiralty . . April 1807 — Nov. 1809 Shot at by hisane lieutenant Davis . . 18 April 1818 Secretaiy at war .... Oct. i8og — May 1828 Foreign secretarj' in earl Grey's ministiy, Nov. 1830 — Nov. 1834 Foreign secretary in lord Melbourne's cabinet, April 1835— Sept. 1841 In lord John Russell's . , July 1S46 — 1851 Married widow of earl Cowper . . 16 Dec. 1839 Home secretary in lord Aberdeen's coalition minis- tiy ... . Dec. 1852— Fell. 1855 Fii-st lord of the treasury . .8 Feb. ,, Defeated on vote of censure respecting conduct of Chinese war ; dissolved iiai-liameut 21 March 1857 Resigned after defeat on the foreign conspiracv bill, 26 Feb. 1858 Reappointed iirst lord of the treasury . 24 Jiuie 1859 Lord wai-den of the cinque polls . 28 Aug. 1861 Lord rector of Glasgow university 30 Slarcll 1863 Buried in Westminster Abbey . . 27 Oct. 1S65 E-MiLY Mary, viscountess Palmerston, daughter of Teniston, viscount Jlelbourne ; 6. 21 April 1787; maiTied i. Peter Leopold, earl Cowper, 20 July 1S05 ; widow, 21 June 1837 ; niamed 2. Henry John, viscount Pahnerston, 16 Dec. 1839 ; d. II Sept. 1869 PALMEZZANO, Marco, Itahan painter; 4' about 1456; d. after 1537. PALMIERI, Matteo, Florentine historian ; b. 1405; wrote '• Vita Civile," printed 1529; a chro- nicle ; and " Citta divina," a poem ; d. 1475. PALMIERI, Luigi, Italian physicist; b. 21 April 1807 ; published papers on electricitj', &c., 1842 et seq. PALMUDAN-MULLER, Banish writers; brothers; Easpar Peter, liistorian ; A. 25 Jan. 1805 ; published "A Sister of St. John of Odensee," 1831 ; " Legislation of Harald lilaatand," 1832 ; Death of Charles XII., 1847; &c. Fkieurich, poet; b. 7 Feb. 1809; published "Four fiomances," 1832; "Love and Psyche," 1834; "Adam Homo" (novel), 1841-9, &c. ; d. 27 Deo. 1876. PALOMINO DE Castko y Velasco, Acisle Antonio, Spanish historical painter ; b. 1653; published " Museo pictorico y Escala optica," 1715- 24; d. 13 April 1726. PALSGRAVE, John, grammarian ; b. about 1480 ; taught princess Mary, 1514 ; published " Les- clarcissement de la langue frani;oyse," 1530; d. about 1554. PALUDANUS, or Ten Beoeke, Bernard, Dutch traveller and physician; b. 28 Oct. .1550; published " Histoire de la Navigation de J. H. Linschotau.xIudesOrientaleB," i6lo;«'. 3Aprili633. PALUDANUS, Johannes, Belgian theologian ; b. 1565; d. 20 Feb. 1630. PAMARD. Pien-e Frantjois Benezet, French oculist; i. 7 April 1728; d. 2 Jan. 1793. PAMBOUR, Franijois Marie Guyonneau, c.onite de, French engineer; b. 1795; published "Traite des Machines Locomotives, 1835; many papers on the steam-engine. PAMPHILU8, Greek painter;.^. 4th cen- tury B.C. PAMPHILUS, bishop of Cajsarea ; I. about 240 ; mai'tyred, i5 Feb. 309. PAN^NUS, Athenian painter ; fl. Sth cen- tury E.G.; executed a series of paintings of the battle of Marathon. PAN^TIUS, Athenian philosopher;/. 2nd ceutmyE.c. PANARD, Charles Franijois, French dramatist and song-writer; b. about 1694; published "Ac- teurs deplaccs," 1737; " Logogriphes," 1742-4; d. 13 June 1765. PANCIROLA, Guide, ItaUan priest; b. 1523 ; published "Notitia Dignitatum," 1593; d. May 1599- PANCKOUCKE, Charies Louis Fleuiy, French printer and publisher ; b. 26 Dec. 1780; published " Tacitus," 1826; " Bibliothcque Latine- Franijaise," 212 vols., 1828-49; projected "Ency- clopedie Methodique," 1781 et seq.; "leMoni- teur CJniversel," 1789 \d. 11 July 1S44. PANDULPHjCardmal; negotiated peace, 121 1 > received homage of king John to the pope. May 1213 ; bishop ofNonvich, 1218; d. 1226. PANEL, Alexandre Xavier, French Jesuit and numismatist; b. lo Sept. 1699; d. 1777. PANICALE, Masolino da, Florentine painter ; b. 1378 ; d. 1415. PANIGAROLA, Francesco, bishop of A.sti; Italian preacher; b. 6 Jan. 1548; consecrated, 1587; published "Prediche spezzate," 1591; "Pre- dicatore," 1609; d. 31 Jlay 1594. PANINI (PaNNINI), Giovanni Paolo, Itahan architectural painter ; b. about 1695 ; d. 21 Oct. 1768. PANIZZI, sir Antonio, Italianhibliographer;^. 16 Sept. 1797 ; condemned for share in Piediuontese revolution, 1822 ; befriended by William Koscoe ; professor of Italian, Loudon University, 1828; keeper of printed books, British Museum, 1837-56 ; principal libraiian, 1856-66; K.C.B., 1869; edited Bojardo's " Orlando Innamorato," and Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso," 1830-34 ; Dante's " Divina Commedia," 1858. PANOPKA, Heinrich, Gennan composer and violinist; b. 2 Oct. 1808; d. 1875. PANORMITA, see Bcccadelli. PANVINIO, Onufrio, Italian antiquary; b. 1529; published "Fasti liomanorum," 1567; d. 7 April 1568. PANZACCHIA, Maria. Helena, Bolognese painter; 4. 1668 ; d. 1709. PANZER, Georg AVolfgang, German biblio- grapher ; b. i5 March 1729; published " Auuales Tj'pograpliici," 1793-1803; d. 9 July 1804. PAOLI, Pasquale de', Corsican general and patriot ; b. 1726 ; made captain-general, and waged war with Genoa, 1755-68 ; defeated by French, May 1769 ; in England, 1769-89 ; made lieutenant of Corsica by Louis X^l., 1789; ofl'ered the crown to George III. ; declined, 1 794 ; retired to England, 1795; !■;. in London, 5 Feb. 1807. PAOLO Sahpi, see Sarjyi. PAOLO PAOLO Veronese (Paolo Cagliari), Venetian painter; b. about 1528; cli efa^d' oiiirre : the " Maniage at Cana," in the Louvre, and "Adora- tion of the JIagi," now in the National Gallery ; (!. 20 Apiil 158S. PAPIAS, bishop of Hierapolis ; Mnriter on the Millennium; d. about 169. PAPIAS, Lombard grammarian ; ji?. nth cen- tury; wrote " Vocabularium," printed 1476- PAPILLON, Ealph, abbot of Westminster ; d. 1223. PAPIN, Denis, French physicist ; l>. 22 Aug. 1647 ; invented Ms digester, 1681 ; d. about I7I4. PAPIRIUS, see Cursor. PAPON, Jean Pien-e, French historian; A.Jan. 1734; published " Histoire de Provence," 1777-86; wrote " Histoire de la Pvevolution," published 1815; d. 15 Jan. 1803. PAPPENHEIM, Gottfried Heinrich, Graf von, Gcnnan general ; b. 29 May 1594; became a llonianist, about 1614 ; joined Catholic league ; at battle of Prague, 8 >iov. 1620; commanded Pap- penhcim dragoons duiing 30 years' war ; victor in three conflicts, 1626 ; wounded at LiJtzen, 6 Nov. ; d. 7 Not. 1632. PAPPUS, Alexandrian geometrician ; fl. 4th century; wrote " CoUectiones Mathematics," first printed in Greek, 1824. PAEACELSTJS, or Bombast de Hohen- irElil, Philipp Aureolus Theophrastus, Swiss phy- sician, alchemist, and astrologer, a "travelling scholar;" b. 1493; d. 24 Sept. 1541; "Opera" printed 1589-go. PAEADISI, Agostino, conte, Italian poet; h. 26 Apiil 1736; his "Poesie e Prose scelte" pub- lished 1827 ; d. 19 Feb. 1783. PARCELLES, Jan, Dutch mai-ine painter ; h. 1597; d. 1641. PARGIEUX, see Dcparcktix. PAEDOE, Miss Julia S. H., novelist and his- torical writer; b. 1806; published "City of the Sultan," 1837; "Eoniance of the Harem," 1839; d. 26 Nov. 1862. PARE, Ambroise, French surgeon; b. 1517; restorer of surgerj- in France ; d. 22 Dec. 1590. PAREJA, Juan de, Spanish painter; i. about 1606; d. 1670. PARENT, Antoine, French mathematician ; J. 1666; d. 26 Sept. 1716. PAEENT-DUCHATELET, Alexandre Jean Baptiste, French physician; b. 29 Sept. 1790; published " Hygiene publique," and " Prostitution dans la ville de Paris," 1836; d. 7 March 1836. PARPAIT, Frani;ois, French dramatic his- torian; b. 10 May 1698; published "Histoire gencrale du The-ltre Francjais," 1734-49; " Dic- tionnaire des Th^ltres de Paris," 1756-67; d. 25 Oct. 1753. PARIEU, Marie Louis Pierre Felix Esquirou de, French political economist ; b. 13 March 1815; e resident of financial section of council of state, ec. 1851 ; in GUivier's cabinet, 2 Jan. 1870 ; pub- lished " Histoire des Impfits," &c., 1856; " Traite des Impnts," 1862-4, 1866-7; "Principes de la Science Politique," 1870. PARINI, Giuseppe, Milanese poet; J. 22 May 1729 ; published " Giorno," 1763 ; edited " Gazzetta di Milano; " d. 15 Aug. 1799. 458 PARKER PARIS, Alexis Paulin, French literaiy anti- quary ; b. 25 March 1800 ; published romance of " Garin le Loherain," 1833-35; " Manuscrits Fran(;ais de la Jiibliotheque du Roi," 1836-48 ; " Romans de la Table Roude," 1868-9. PARIS, Francois, French ascetic; published " Les Psaumes en forme de Prieres," l6go ; " Mar- tyrologie," 1694; d. 17 Oct. 1718. PARIS, John Ayrton, M.D. ; b. 1785 ; published "Diet," 1826; "Life of Davy," 1831 ; "Medical Jurisprudence," 1823; " Philosophy in Sport made Science in earnest," 1833-61 ; d. 24 Dec. 1856. PARIS, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orleans, comte de : Soil of the due d'Orle-ins, and gi-nndson of Louis Pliilippc, king of the French, heir of the Orleans dyih-usty to the throne of France . h. 24 Aug. 1838 Served on general M'CleUan's staff in the Federal army of the United States . . . 1861-62 Married his cousin, Marie Isabelle, daughter of the due de Moutpensier .... 30 May 1864 Published " Associations Ouvrieres en Angle- teiTe" 1869 Admitted member of French national assembly, 21 Dec. 1872 At an interview at Fnilisdorf aclinowledged count de CliJunbord head of the royal lionse 5 Aug. 1873 Published " Histoire de la Guerre Civile en Ame- rique" . . 1874 Son : Louis Philippe Robekt ; b. 6 Feh. 1869. PARIS, Matthew, see Matthew. PARIS, Pien-e Adrien, French architect ; b. 1747; designed portal of Orleans cathedral; d. i Aug. 1819. PARISH, sir AVoodbine, diplomatist ; b. ; commissioner to La Plata, 1823 ; charge d'affaires, Buenos Ayres, 1825-32 ; in Naples on sulphur question, 1839-45; published "Buenos Ayres," &c., 1852. PARISIS, Pien-e Louis, bishop of Arras ; b. 12 Aug. 1795; bishop of Langres, 1835; of Arras, 1851 ; published "les Tmpossibilites, on les Libres Peuseurs desavoues par le simple Bon Sens," 1857 ; d. 6 March 1866. PARISOT, Pien-e (Pere Norbert), French Franciscan missionarj' ; b. 1697 ; published his scan- dalous " Memoires historiques sur les Missions des Lides Oi-ientales," 1744; d. 7 July 1769. PARISOT, Valentin, French orientalist ; b. 16 Aug. 1800; published " Dictionnaire mythologique," 1832-33 ; first French translation of " Eamayana " of Valiniki, 1853; d. 8 Oct. 1861. PARK, sir James Alan, judge ; b. 6 April 1763 ; made a justice of the corainon pleas, 1S16; pub- lished " System of the Law of Marine Insurances," 1787; d.i. Dec. 1838. PARK, Mungo, Scotch surgeon and African traveller ; b. 10 Sept. 1771 ; explored the Gambia and Niger, 1795-/ ; pubhshed " Travels in the In- terior Districts of Africa," 1799; returned to the Niger, March 1805 ; murdered there, Nov. 1805. PARK, Patrick, Scottish sculptor ; b. 1809 ; d. 18 Aug. 1855. PARK, Thomas, poet; b. about 1759 ; published "Sonnets," 1797; "Nuga? ModemiE," 1818; edited Sliarpe's British Poets, 1805 ; d. 26 Nov. 1834. PARKE, John, musician; b. 1745; d. 1S29. PARKE, see n'cndnjdalc. PARKER, Henry, lord Jlorley, poet ; b. about 1476; created baron, 15 April 1523; translated Petrarch's " Tryumphes ; " d. Nov. 1556. PAEKEE 459 PAEROCEL PAEKEE, sii- Hyde, admirals : 1. &. about 1711 ; Ueut. RN., 1745: rear-admiral, 1778 ; attacked the Dutch at Doggtji- bank, s Aug. 1779 : sailed for India (lost) . . . Oct. 17S2 2. b. 1739 ; post-captain, 1763 ; knighted, 1770 ; took Mavanuah, Dec. 1778: at reduction of Cor- sica, 1794: admiral, 1799; commanded at battle of Copenhagen, 2 April 1801 . d. 16 March 1807 PAEKEE, John Henry, publisher and archieo- logist; i. 1806; published " Glossary of Architec- ture," 18^5 ; " Domestic Architecture of the Middle Ages," i'849-5(); keeper of Ashmolean museum, l86g ; devoted himself to e.^cavations in Home ; received a grant from Oxford, 25 Nov. 1869 ; pub- lished "Archaeology of Eome," 1874-7. PAEKEE, Matthew, archbishop of Canterbxiry ; b. 6 Aug. 1504; dean of Lincoln; consecrated, 1559; published " De Auliquitate Britannicas Ec- clesiffi," 1572; d. ij " ' May 1575. PAEKEE, Eichard, sailor; made admiral by the mutineers at the Nore, May 1797 ; hanged at Sheemess, 30 June 1797. PAEKEE, Samuel, bishop of Oxford; h. Sept. 1640; consecrated, 1686 ; published "Keasonsfor Abrogating the Test," 1688 ; wrote "De Eebus sui Temporis" (1660-80), printed, 1726; cl. 20 March 1687-8. PAEKEE, Theodore, American Unitarian minister ; b. 24 Aug. 1810 ; visited Europe, 1843-4, 1859 ; published " Critical and Miscellaneous Writings," 1843 ; cl. at Florence, 10 May i860. PAEKEE, Thomas, see Macclesfield. PAEKEE, sir William, admiral; b. 1781; at battle of I June 1794; captured " Marengo," &c., 1806 ; blockaded Greece, 1827 ; k.c.h. and lord of admiralty, July 1834 ; employed in Chinese war, 1841-2; admiral of the fleet, 1863; il. 13 Nov. 1866. PAEKES, sir Hany Smith, diplomatist; b. 1828; went to China with Pottinger, 1852; consul at Amoy, 1854; to Siam with Bowriug, 1855; con- sul at Canton, 1856-8 ; c.b., 1S59 ; with earl of Elgin in China, i860; consul at Shang-hai, and K.C.B., 1862; envoy to Japan, 1865-72, 1873, et seq. PAEKES, Edmund Alexander, m.d., r.u.s. ; b. about 1819; professor of hygiene at army medical school ; sen-ed in Bnrmah, 1842 ; in the Crimea, 1855; published " Manual of Practical Hj'giene," 4th ed., 1873; Gulstonian Lectures, 1855; Croon- iau Lectures, 1871 ; many papers; d. 15 March 1876. PAEKES, Joseph, lawyer and politician; b. 1796; wrote "History of the Court of Chancery," 1828; "Memoirs of sir Philip Francis," published 1867; d. II Aug. 1865. PAEKES, Samuel, chemist; J. 1759; pub- lished "Chemical Catechism," i8o5; "Chemical Essays," 1815 ; d. 23 Dec. 1825. PAEKHUEST, John, bishop of Norwich, re- former; b. 1511; consecrated, 1560; published "Epigrammata seria," 1560; "Ludicra sen Epi- grammata juveirilia," 1763; d. 2 Feb. 1574. PAEKHUEST, John, Hebraist and Hellenist; b. June 1728 ; published " Hebrew and English Lexicon," 1762; "Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament," 1769 ; d. 21 March 1797. PAEKESrSON, John, herbalist; h. 1567; published " Paradisi in Sole Paradisus teixestris," 1629; "Theatrum Botaiiicum," 1640; d. soon after. i PAEKINSON, Joseph Charles, journalist ; b. 1833 ; published " tinder Government," 1859. PAEKINSON, rev. Thomas, mathematician ; h. 1745 ; d. 1830. PAEMA, see Farncse. PAEMEGIANO, see Farimgimiiiio. PAEMENIDES, Greek philosopher; /. 5th centm-y li.c. PAEMENION, Macedonian general ; i. about K.c. 400 ; assassinated by order of Alexander the Great, 330. PAEMENTIEE, Antoine Augustin, French agricultm-ist ; 4. 17 Aug. 1737; d. 17 Dec. 1813. PAEMENTIEE, Jacques, French painter; b. 1658; came to England, 1676; decorated Mon- tagu House, afterwards the British Museum ; d. 2 Dec. 1730. PAEMENTIEE, Jehan, French maritime dis- coverer; b. 1494; d. in Sumatra, 1530. PAEMIGIANINO (Girolamo Francesco Maria Muzzola), Lombard painter; b. II Jan. 1503; d. 24 Aug. 1540. PAENELL, Henry Brooke, lord Congleton, politician; b. 3 July 1776; hart., 1812; cliaii-man of finance committee, 1828; war secretary, 1830-2; M.p. Dundee, 1833; created baron, 20 Aug. 1841 ; d. by suicide, 8 June 1842. PAENELL, rev. Thomas, poet ; b. 1679 ; made archdeacon of Clogher; his "Poems" (including " the Hermit") published by Pope, 1722 ; d. July 1717. PAENY, Evariste Desire de Forges, vicomte de, French poet; b. 6 Feb. 1753; published " Guerre des Dieux," 1799; the same condemned, 27 Jime 1827 ; d. 5 Dec. 1814. PAEODI, Dominico, Genoese painter and sculjitor; b. i568; (/. 1740. PAEE, Catherine, sixth queen of Henry YIII. of England, daughter of sir Thomas Parr, bart. ; b. 1509 ; widow of Edward Borough, and of lord Latimer; married 12 July 1543; widow, 28 Jan. 1547; mamed sir Thomas Seymour, 1547; pub- lished "Prayers or Mcditacions," 1545; "La- mentation of a Sinner," 1548 ; d. 5 Sept. 1548. PAEE, rev. Samuel, ll.d., theologian and critic; b. 15 Jan. 1747; published "Letter from Irenopolis to the Inhabitants of Eleutheropolis " (upon the Priestley controversy), 1792; d. 6 March 1825 ; works published, 1828. PAEE, Thomas, alleged centenaiian ; b. 1483?; introduced to Charles I., 1635 ; d. 1635. PAEEHASIUS, Greek painter ; /. about B.C. 450-400. PAEEIS, E. T., artist; b. about 1791; re- painted dome of St. Paul's, and painted Panorama at the Colosseum; d. 27 Nov. 1873. PAEEOCEL, French historical paintei-s : Joseph; &. 1648 ; painted battle-pieces ; d. i March 1704 Chables, son ; &. 1688 ; painted battle-pieces ; d. 24 May 1732 Pierre, nephew of Joseph ; 6. 1664 . d. 1739 Joseph Icnace Franqois, son of Pierre : h, 1705 ; d. 15 Dec. 1781 Ignace, brother of Pierre ; h. 1668 ; painted battle scenes . . . t?. 1721 PAEEOT 460 PAS8IGNAN0 PAEiEOT, George Friedricli, German phvsioist; l>. 15 July 1767 ; d. 8 July 1852. PAEEY, Caleb Hillier, physician of Bath ; h. 1756; published "Treatise on 'Wool," 1800; d. 9 ilarch 1822. PARRY, John, the blind harper, "Welsh musi- cian; d. 17S2. PARRY, John, "Welsh musical composer ; I. 18 Fob. 1776; d. 8 Aprili85i. PARRY, John, son, comic vocalist and pianist ; I. 1810 ; first ajipeared about 1833 ; retired, 1853 ; reappeared, i860 ; finally retired, 1869. PARRY, Kichai-d, d.d., theologian; h. 1722; d. 9 April 1780. PARRY, William, painter, son. of the blind hai-per; b. 1742; elected a.r.a., 1776; d. 13 Feb. 1791. PARRY, sir "William Edward, rear-admu-al, arctic explorer ; I. 19 Dec. 1790; served in North Amei-ica, 1813-7 ; made four voyages to the arctic regions, 181S-27 ; published ''Joui-nal" of each .expedition, 1821-7; rear-admiral, 4 June 1827; sovemor of Greenwich Hospital, 1853 ; d. 7 July 1855. PAESEVAL-DESCHENES, Alexandre Ferdinand, French admiral; h. 27 Nov. 1790; commanded French fleet in the Baltic, 1854 ; d. 10 June i860. PARSONS, James, M.D., antiquary b. March 1705 ; published "Kemains of Japhet," 1767 ; d. 4 Api-il 1770. PARSONS, or Persons, Eobert, Jesuit ; b. 1546; came to England with Campion ; proclaimed against, 1583; prefect of English mission, 1592; published ' ' A Chi-istian Directorie, guiding Men to Eternal Salvation," 1583; " Treatise of the Three Conversions of England from Paganisme to Chris- tian Religion," 1603-4; d. 18 April 1610. PARSONS, see Rosse. PARSONS, "William, actor and painter; b. 1736; d. 1795. PARTIBTJS, Jacobus D., see Despars. PARTON, Mrs. Sarah, American novelist, Imowii as " Fanny Fcm ; " b. (WilUs) 7 July 1811 ; published " Fem Leaves," 1853, 1857; rf. "loOct. 1872. PARTRIDGE, John, portrait painter, brother of ne.xt; d. 23 Dec. 1872. PARTRIDGE, Eichard, surgeon; b. about 1805 ; professor of anatomy at liing's college, Lon- . i Nov. 1762; d. II May 1812. Elected M, P. for Noi-tlianipton ; solicitor-general, 14 Feb. 1801 Attorney-gen er.al . . 15 April 1802 — Feb. 1806 Cliancelior of the exchequer, and of duchy of Lan- caster 3°. 31 March 1807 Also first lord of the treasiuy upon retirement of the duke of Poi'tland . . . Oct. 1809 Shot by Bellinghani in lobby of the house of commons 11 M.ay 1812 PEECIEE, Charles, French arcHtect; b. 22 Aug. 1764; designed, with P. F. L. Fontaine, Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel at Paris; published with him " Choix des plus Celebres Maisons de Plaisance de Home," 1809-13; d. 5 Sept. 1838. PERCIYAL, James Gates, American poet, geologist, and army surgeon; b. 15 Sept. 1795; published " Clio," 1822-27 ! " Eoport on the Geology of the State of Connecticut," 1842; *' Dream of Day, and other Poems," 1843 ; d. 2 May 1856. PEECIVAL, Eobei-t, captain, traveller ; b. 1765; published "Account of Ceylon," 1803; "Account of the Cape of Good Hope," 1804; d. I82f:. PEECIVAL, Thomas, m.b., experimental pliUosopher; b. 29 Sept. 1740; founded Philoso- phical and Literary Bociety of Manchester ; pub- lished " Essays, Medical, Philosophical,, and Ex- perimental," 1768-76; "Medical Ethics," 1803; d. 30 Aug. 1804. PEECY, sir Henry, sumamed Hotspur, son of Henry, first earl of Northumberland ; I. 20 May 1364; defeated Scots at Homildon Hill, 1402; conspired to dethrone Henry IV. ; killed at battle- of Shrewsbury, 23 July 1403. PEECY, Hugh, bishop of CarUsle ; b. 29 Jan. 1784; deau of Canterbury, 1825; bishop of Ro- chester, July 1827; of Carlisle, Oct. 1827; d. 5, Feb. 1856. PEECY, John, M.D., metallurgist ; b. 23 May 1817; published "Metallurgy," 1861-71. PEECY, Pierre Francjois, baron, French sur- geon; b. 28 Oct. 1754; published " Pyrotechnie chirurgicale pratique, 1794; d. 18 Feb. 1825. PEECY, Thomas, poet and antiquary ; }. 1728; dean of Carlisle, 1778 ; bishop of Dromore, 1782 ; published "Eeliques of Ancient English Poetry," 1765; "Hermit of 'Warkworth,," 1771 ; edited "Northumberland Household Book," 1770; d. y> Sept. 181 1. PEECY, see Norilmmberland. PEEDICCAS I.— III. kings of Macedon. 1. said by Herodotus to have founded the Mace- donian monarchy . . ;?, 8th century B.C. 2. d. about e.g. 413 3. a minor ; assumed the government b.c. 364 Killed in battle against the lUyrians . . 359 PEEDICCAS, Macedonian general; lieutenant of Alexander the Great ; regent during reigu of his successor, Philip Arrhidajus III., B.C. 323-321 ; as- sassinated, 321. PEEEDA, Antonio de, Spanish liistorical painter; b. 1599; d. 1669. PEEEFIXE, Hardouin de Beaumont de, arch- bishop of Paris; b. 1605 ; tutor to Louis XIV., 1642; bishop of Ehodez, 1649 ; archbishop, 1662; published "Institutio Principis," 1647; "His- tou-e du Eoy Henry le Grand," i65i ; d. i Jan. 1671. PEEEIEA, Bento, Spanish Jesuit theologian and pbilosopher; b. 1535; published "de Magia et Divinatione Astrologica," 1591 ; " Selectsc Dis- putationes in Sacram Scripturara," 1601-10; d. 6 March 1610. PEEEIEA, Jacob Eodriguez, see Percire. PEEEIEA, Jonathan, m.d. ; b. 22 May 1804; published "Elements of Materia Medica," 1839- 40; "Treatise on Diet," 1843; "Lectures on Polarized Light," 1843 ; d. 20 Jan. 1853. PEEEIEA, Jorge Gomez, Spanish physician ; fl. l6th century; published" Antoniana Margarita,"' with " Objeotiones et Apologia," 1554-56. PEEEIEA, Manoel, Portuguese sculptor; i- 1614 ; resided in Spain ; d. 1667. PEEEIEA, Nunc Alvarez, Portuguese general, the " Portuguese Cid ; " b. 24 Jan. 1360 ; made constable by king Joao I., 1385 ; assisted him to- defeat the Spaniards at Aljubai-ota, 14 Aug. 1385 ; retired to the Carmelite convent at Lisbon, 15 Aug. 1423; d. I Nov. 1431. PEEEIEA DE ElGTIEIIlEDO, Antonio, Por- tuguese theologian; b. is^ Feb. 1725; published "Uoctrina veteris Ecclesico de SupremS. Regum etiam in Clericos Potestate," 1765; "Tentativa Theologica," 1766 ; " Testamento Novo e Yelho em Portuguez," 1778-90; d. 14 Aug. 1797. PEBBIRE 469 PEENETY PEREIEE, Jacob Eodvigue, Spanish Jew, and first teacher of the deaf and dumb; 5. ii April 1715; commenced instruction of deaf and dumb, 1734; settled in Pai-is, 1749; d. 15 Sept. 1780. PEEEIEE, French Jewish financiers, gi-andsous of J. E. Pereire: Jacob ^mile ; i. 3 Dec. iSoo . . d. 6 Jan. 187s With Isaac, established "Soci6t6 G^nerale du Credit Mobilier " (capital 62,400,000^.), 1852 ; Loth withdrew from maliageiueut, Oct. 1867 ; no dividend ; tlie Pereires and otliers decL-u-ed resiionsible ... .1 Aug. 1S68 Isaac, brother . ... I;. 25 Nov. 1806 Published " R61e de la Banque de France et rOrganisatiou du CrMit en I'rance " 1864 PERES, Jean Baptiste, French lawj'er; pub- lished " Comme quoi Napoleon n'a jamais existe," 1817; d. I Jan. 1840. PERETTO, see Pomimiaz'.i. PEREZ, Antonio, Spanish statesman ; b. 1539; secretary of state to Philip II., 1567 ; caused murder of Escovedo, March 1578; arrested, 28 July 1581 ; escaped, 24 Sept. 1591 ; resided in London, 1593-5; published " llelaciones," 1594; "Cartas," 1598; d. 3 NoY. i6ii. PEREZ, Antonio, Spanish jurist; h. 1583; pubhshed " i?ra;lectiones in Codicem Justinianenm," 1626-51; " Institutiones Imperiales e.xplicatoD," 1629; d. 19 Dec. 1672. PEREZ, David, Italian musical composer; b. 1711 ; wrote " Clemenza di Tito," " Semiramide," and other operas ; d. 1778. PERPETTI, Bernardino, Italian poet; b. 7 Sept. 1681 ; wrote " Paggi di Poesie," published 1748; d. I Aug. 1747. PERGOLESI, Giovanni Battista, Italian musical composer; b. 3 Jan. 1710; wrote " Sei'va Padrona," 1730; " Olmipiade," 173S, and other •operas; " Stabat Mater, "Orfeo," and "Salve Eegina," 1736; d. i6 March 1736. PERI, Giacomo, Florentine musical composer, a creator of the lyric drama ; fl. i6th century ; wrote "Dafne," 1594; "Morte di Euridice," 1600. PERIANDBR, tyrant of Corinth; b. B.C. 665 ; succeeded his father Cypselus, 625 ; d. about .S8S- PERICAUD, Antoine, French bibhogra- pher; b. 4 Dec. 1782; published "Tablettes Chronologiques pom- servh" a I'Histoire de Lyon," 1831-6; " BibHographie Lyonnaise du quinzieme siecle, 1851 ; d. 25 Oct. 1867. PERICLES, Athenian statesman; h. B.C. 499; d. of plague, 429. Comiueuced his public career 469 With Epliialtes, xirocured banishment of Ciuion, and introduced reforms in tlie Laws .... 461 Obtained recall of Cimon ; aimed at univei-sal empire in Greece 457 Athenians defeated by Boeotians at Coroneia . . 447 Concluded tliirty years' truce with Sparta ; re- nounced supremacy in continental Greece . . 445 Obtained the government 444 Portified Athens ; adorned it with the Odeon, Pro- pyliea, and Parthenon, built under superintend- ence of Pheidias ; patronised Sophocles, Euripides, and the painter, Polygnotus . . . 444-432 Subdued Samos 440 Made alliance between Athens and Corcyiu . . . 433 Platiea seized by the Bceotians ; commencement of Peloponnesian war . . ■ . 7 May 437 PERIER, French statesmen : Casimir ; 6. 21 Oct. 1777 ; active in the revolution, July 1830 : sent French army, and saved Belgium from the Dutch, Aug. 1831 ; made president of the council, 13 March 1831 ; cZ. of cholera, 16 May 1832 AUGUSTE Casimir VjcroR Laurknt, son, b. 20 Aug. i8ir In diplomatic service . . . till 1846 Devoted to agriculture .... 1851, ct 8eq. Mmister of interior, 12 Oct. 1871 — 5 Feb. 1872 ; 17-24 May 1873 Carried motion to recognise the republic foniiaUy, IS June 1874 . . d. 6 July 1876 PERIER, Jacques Constantin, French mecha- nician; b. 2 Nov. 1742; introduced steam-pumps into France; d. 17 Aug. 1818. PERIGrNON, Dominique Catherine, marquis de, marshal of France ; b. 31 May 1754; besieged and took Eoses, 3 Feb. 1795 ; ambassador to Spain, 1796-8; taken prisoner by the Eussians at Novi, 15 Aug. 1799; marshal, 18 May 1804; count, 1808; marquis, 1817; d. 25 Dec. 1818. PERIN, Henri Charles Xavier, Belgian poli- tical economist; b. 25 Aug. 1815 ; published " les Economistes, les Sociahstes et le Christianisnie," 1849 ; " de la Eichesse dans les Societcs chi'etien- nes," 1861. PERIN, Lie Louis, French miniature painter; b. 12 Dec. 1753 ; d. 20 Dec. 1817. PERINGSK JOLD, Johan, Swedishhistoiian ; b. 1654; published '"Heimskringla, sive Histoiise Eegum Septentrionalium," 1697 ; " Monumenta Uplandica," 17 10- 19; d. 24 March 1720.. PERIZONIUS, Jacobus Voorbroak, Dutch philologist; b. 26 Oct. 1651 ; published " Animad- versiones HistoricEe," 1685; " Origines Babylonicae et Egyptiacas," 1711 ; d. b April 1715. PERKIN "WARBECK, see WarbecJc. PERKINS, Ehsha, American physician; in- vented metallic tractors for collecting, condensing, and applying animal magnetism to the pretended- cure of all manner of diseases, hence called " Per- kinism" (fallacy demonstrated by Brande and others) ; d. 1799. PERKINS, Jacob, American engineer; b. about 1766; came to London; published papers on compressibility of water, steam, &c,, 1820, ei seq. ; d. 30 July 1849. PERKINS, "William, Pui-itan divhie ; b. 1558 ; published " Eeformed Catholike," 1597 ; " Ecfor- mation of a Catholike deformed," 1604; d. 1602. PEELEONIO, Giuliano, ItaUan poet ; fi. 15th century; published " lo Perleone," 1492. PEEMON, Laura, see Jwiot. PERMOSER, Balthasar, Gei-man sculptor; 5. 3 Aug. 1651 ; executed statue of priuce.Eugene, at Vienna; d. 20 Feb. 1732. PERNE, Fran(;ois Louis, French musician ; b. 1772; jjubhshed " Cours d'Hai-monie et d'Accom- pitguenient," 1822; "Memoh-e sur la Melodic des Troubadom-s," 1830; d. 26 May 1832. PERNETT, Antoine Joseph, French Benedic- tine; 4. 13 Feb. 1716; keeper of Berlin library, 1766-83; pubhshed " Fables Egyptiennes et Grec- quesdevoilees, 1 758 ; " Dissertation sui- rAmeiique etles Americains, 1/70; d. 1801. PERNETY, or PeENETTI, Jacques, uncle, French writer; b. 1696; published "Lettresphi- losophiques sur les Physiognomies," 1746; d. 6 Feb. 1777. PERNETY, Joseph Marie, vicomte, French general; b. 19 May 1766; distinguished at the battle of Wagram, 6 July 1809 ; d. 29 April 1856. PEEON 470 PEESON PEEON, Fi-ancjois, French naturalist ; i. iz Aug. 1776; his "Voyage de DeeouTertes aux XeiTes Austrak'S pendant Ics annees 1800-4," pub- lished, i8n-6; d. 14 Dec. 1810. PEEOTTI, Niccolo, archbishop of Siponto, Ita- lian philologist ; h. 1430; wrote " Comuoopia sive Commentaria Linguae Latinse,' ' published 1489 ; d. 13 Dec. 1480. PEEOUSB, see la Krousc. PEEEACHE, French sculptors, of Lyons : Michel; b. 12 July, 1686 . . . f/. 21 Dec. 1750 Aktoine Michel, son ; h, 23 Nov. 1726 ; d. 10 Oct. 1779 PEEOWNE, rey. John Stewart, d.d. ; l. in India 13 March 1823 ; Hulseau lecturer Cambridge, 1868; vice-pilneipal of St. Darid's College, Lam- peter, 1862-72 ; canon of Llandaff, 1869 ; published "Book of Psalms," new Ti-anslation, 1864-8; Ser- mons, &c. PBEEAUD, Jean Joseph, French sculptor; h. April 182 1 ; e.-ihibited "Telemaque" at Rome, and gaiaed chief pi-ize, 1847; "Adam," 1855; "Bac- chus," and others, 1861, rf «(•(?. ; " Drame Lyrique," on new opera house ; ^. 31 Oct. 1876. PEEEAULT, Charies, French author ; S. 12 Jan. 1628 ; published " Parallele dee Anciens et des Modemes," (wliich gave lise to the Uterary warfare known as " QuereUe des Anciens et des Modenies,") 1688-98; "Hommes iUustres ^ siecle de Louis XIV.," 1696-1700; " Contes deFFees," i697;.(Z. 16 May 1703. PEEEAULT, Claude, brother, French archi- tect ; b. 1613 ; built coloimade of the Louvre, 1666- 70 ; Paris observatoiy, 1667-72 ; translated Vitru- Tius ; d. 9 Oct. 1688. PEEEAULT, or Peeeeaud, French protestant minister; b. 1572: " Demonogi-aphie," 1653 ; d. 1657. PEEEENOT, French statesmen : KicoLAS, sieur de Granvelle . Aiiib.assador from the emperor Cliarles Francis I. of France ; became chief minister of Ch.irles, 1530 . . . . (I. 28 Any. 1550 Antoine de Pekeenot de Graktelle, sou : &. 20 Aug. 1517. Consecrated bishop of Arras . . Dec. 1538 Succeeded his father as cliief minister of emperor Cliarles V ... 1540 Negotiated marriage of Philip II. of Spain with queen Mary ... ... i554 Made archbishop of Mechlin . . . 1560 Created cardinal 1561 Tyrannized over tlie Netherlands ; compelled to fly before the Gueux 1566 Electedarchbishojiof BesanQon, 1584 ;t?. 21 Sept. 1586 His "Papiers d'Etat" published . . . . 1841 PEEEET, Jean Jacques, French surgical in- sti-ument maker ; b. 30 July 1730 ; published " Art du Coutelier," 1771-3; d. 2 Apiil 1784. PEEEIEE, French painters and engravers ; Franqois, suniamed "le Bourguignon;" &. 1590; engraved plates of " Galena Giustiniima ; " A, June 1650 GuiLLAUME, nephew ; &. about 1600 rf. 1655 PEEEIN, Jean Charles Nioaise, French painter; h. 1754; d. about 1831. PEEEIN, Narcisse, French orientalist; b. 22 July 1795; published "la Perse," 1823; "Afgha- nistan, 1842. PEEEIN', OUvier Stanislas, French painter ; b. 2 Sept. 1761 ; made drawings for "Galerie Bre- tonne," published 1835-9 > ^- '4 Dec. 1832. Francjois, published ». i486 to PEEEIN, Pien-e, a founder of the French opera; inaugurated "Academie des Operas en musique" with his pastoral " Pomone," 19 March 1671 ; published " ffiuvres de Poesie," 1661 ; d. 1 680. PEEEON, see Duperron. PEREONET, JeanEodolph, French engineer ; b. 8 Oct. 1708; organised " Ecole des Fonts et Chaussees," 1747; d. 27 Feb. 1794. PEEEOT, Ferdinand Victor, French painter ; b. 23 April 1808; d. 28 Sept. 1841. PEEEOT, sir John, statesman ; b. 1527 ; lord deputy of Ireland, 1584-8 ; d. 1592. PEEEOTTET, G. Samuel, French traveller and botanist; b. 1793; visited Cayenne, Bourbon, and Madagascar, 1819-21 ; explored Senegambia, 1825; published, with J. A. Guillemin, "Flore de Senegambie," 1831-3 ; "Art de I'lndigotier," 1842. PEEEY, James, Scotch journalist; b. 30 Oct. 1756; edited " European Magazine," 1782; "Morn- ing Chronicle," about 1789; nnpiisoned for con- tempt of house of lords, 1807 ; acquitted of libel, 24 Feb. 1816 ; d. 6 Dec. 1S21. PEEEY, John, captain, 11.11., civil engineer; b. 1669 ; employed in Kussia by Peter the Great, 1698- 1 7 12; published " State of Eussia under the present Czar," 1716; d. 11 Feb. 1733. PEEEY, sir Thomas Erskine, Indian judge; b. 1806; chief-justice of Bombay, 1847-52; M.p. for Devonport, 1854-9. PEESAJSrO, Carlo Peffion, conte di, Italian admii-al; b. 11 March 1806; captain in Sardinian service, 1844; admiral, Oct. 1859; defeated by Tegethoff, Austrian admiral, at Lissa, having left his ship, "Re d'ltalia," 20 July 1866; tried; con- demned to degradation and cost of trial, 15 April 1867. PEESEUS, Idng of Macedon, succeeded his father Philip V., B.C. 179; war with Rome, 172 ; defeated Licinius, near Peneius, 171 ; defeated by .ffimilius Paulus, at Pydna, 22 June 168 ; appeared in his triumph at Rome, 30 Nov. 167. PEESIA^I, Giuseppe, Italian musical com- poser ; b. about 1805 ; produced " AttOa," " Inez de Castro," &c. ; d. 26 Aug. i86g. Wife, Fanny Tacchdiardi, singer; b. 4 Oct. 1818; man-ied about 1822 ; great success, as "Lucia," at Naples, 1835 ; in London and Paids, 1837 ; retired, 1849 ; d. May 1867. PEESIGNY, Jean GUbei-t Victor de Fialin, due de, French statesman ; A. II Jan. 1808 ; d. at Nice, 12 Jan. 1872. Served in the army 1825-31 Pi-omoted Louis Napoleon's attempt at Strasburg ; .arrested ; escaped, 1836 ; also at Boulogne ; im- prisoned ........ 184& Published "M6nioire sur I'utilitfi des Pyramides d'EgjTte" . . 1844 Joined prince Louis Napoleon at Piaris . March 1848 Minister of the Interior . . Jan. 1852 — June 1854 Ambassador to England . May 1855— March 1858 Again ambassador . , . May 1859— Nov. i860 Minister of the Interior . . . .26 Nov. „ Resigned In consequence of his stringent and arbi- trary measures respecting the press . 23 June i86j Created duke ... 13 Sept. „ PEESIUS FLACCUS, Aulus, Roman satiric poet ; b. 4 Den. 34 ; d. 24 Nov. 62. PEESON, Charles Cleophas, French physicist; b. 3 May 1801 ; published " Elements de Physique," 1836-41 ; many papers, 1843, et seq. PEESOZ 471 PETEE8 PEESOZ, Jean Francois, French chemist ; b. 9 June 1805 ; published many papers on dyes, animal chemistry, &c., 1826, et seq. ; " Traite de I'lmpres- sion des Tissus," 1846. PEETH, see Drummond. PEETHES, Friedrich Chiistoph, Geman book- seller ; b. 21 April 1772 ; at Hamburg helped re- storation, 1813 ; d. i8 May 1843. PEETINAX, Roman emperor ; b. 1 Aug. 126 ; made emperor, i Jan. 193 ; murdered, 28 March 193- PEETZ, Georg Heinrich, HauoTcriau scholar ; b. 28 March 1795 ; librarian of the Royal Library, Berlin, 1842; wrote "Life of Stein;" promoted " Monumenta Germanica," 1826-69 ; d. 7 Oct. 1876. PEEUGINO, see rannucci. PBEUZZI, Baldassare, Sieuese painter and architect; b. 1481 ; d. 6 Jan. 1537. PESAEO, Giovanni, doge of Venice ; i. 1589 ; elected, 8 May 1658 ; d. 1 Oct. 1659. PESCAEA, see Avalos. PESCENNIUS, see mger. PESCHEL, Karl Friedrich, Gennan physicist ; b. 27 May 1793 ; published " Lehrbuch der Physik," 1842-4 ; d. 24 Feb. 1852. PESELLO, or PesELLO PeSELLI, Fran- cesco, called Pesellino, Florentine painter ; h. 1426 ; d. 29 July 1457. PESNE, Jean, French painter and engraver; b. about 1623 ; d. 1700. PESTAL, Paul, Russian colonel ; conspired against accession of czar Nicholas, Dec. 1825 ; hanged, n July 1826. PESTALOZZI, Jean Henri, Swiss philan- thropist and educational reformer ; b. 12 Jan. 1746 ; commenced his system, 1775 ; established school at Hofwyl, 1802 ; published " Buch der Mutter," 1803 ; collected edition of his Works, 1819-26 ; d. 17 Feo. 1827. PETAGNA, Vincenzo, Neapolitan botanist; b. 17 Jan. 1734; d. 6 Oct. 1810. PETAU (PetAVIUS), Denis, French Jesuit theologian; b. 21 Aug. 1583; published " Opus de Doctiini Temporum," 1627; "Tabulae Chronolo- gicK Regum, &c.," 1628 ; " Theologica Dogmatica," 1644-50 ; d. II Dec. 1652. PETEE, Saint and apostle; b. at Bethsaida, about B.C. 10; said to have been crucified at Rome, 29 June 65, or 67. PETEE, Saint and martyr, bishop of Alex- andria, 300; two epistles; beheaded, 251^'ov. 311. PETEE of Alcantara, Saint, Spanish Franciscan friar ; b, 1499 ; founded the congregation of Bare- footed Franciscans, 1555 ; d. 18 Oct. 1562. PETEE of Aragon, Brazil, Castile, and Por- tugal, see Fcdro. PETEE I.— III., emperors of Russia: 1, the Great, son of Alexis . . 6. g June 1672 With Ivan V. socceeded their brother Feodor as czars of Muscovy ... 7 May 1682 Became sole sovereign , . . . n Oct. i68g Visited Holland and England; worked in Pept- ford dockyard 1697-98 Compelled to return by a conspiracy of the Strelitz, which lie suppressed with excessive cruelty Sept. 169"; Defeated hy Charles XII., king of Sweden, at Narva 30 Nov. 1700 Founded St. Petersburg ... 27 May 1703 Abolished the Strelitz (himself killing many) . 1704 Totally defeated Charles XII. at Pultowa 8 July 1709 Married the empress Catharine . 29 May 1711 Made unsuccessful war with Turkey . ■ . „ Added Esthonia, Livonia, and great part of Fin- land to his emijire ... . . 1715 Visited Germany, Holland, and France . .1716-17 Conspiracy and death of prince Alexis 26 June 1718 Assumed the title of emperor . . 22 Oct. 1721 Founded the academy of sciences . . i Feb. 1725 d. 28 Jan. „ 2. son of Alexis, and grandson of Peter the Great ; h. 23 Oct. 1715 ; succeeded Catharine I. 17 May 1727 d. 20 Jan. 1730 3. c:i'andsou of Peter the Great . h. 4 March 1728 Succeeded, s Jau. 1762; deposed, 9 July; assas- sinated ... . . 14 July 1762 PETEE, king of the Bulgarians; with his brother Asa, led the revolt of the Bulgarians and "Wallachians against Isaac Angelus, emperor of the East, 1 186; assassinated, 1196. PETEE the Hermit, French warrior ; b. about low ; preached the first crusade, 1095 ; led cru- saders to the Holy Land, 1096 ; d. 11 July 1115. PETEE, of Blois (Blesensis), archdeacon of London, French statesman, historian, and theo- logian ; b. about 1 130 ; entered diplomatic service of Hemy II. of England, 1175 ; his " Opera" pub- lished, 1519; d. between 1198 and 1203. PETEE the.fenerable, abbot of Clugny; *. about 1093; d. 24TDec. 1156. PETEE, see Lonibard. PETEE MAETTE, see Vermigli. PETEE the wild boy; b. about 1713; dis- covered in forest of Hertswold, electorate of Han- over, Nov. 1725; d. Feb. 1785. PETEE of Savoy; b. 1203; came to England ; made earl of Richmond by Henry III., 1241 ; re- turned to Savoy, 1255; recalled, 1257; count of Savoy, 1263 ; protector of Berne, 1266; d. 9 June 1268. PETEE CHETSOLOGUS, Saint, arch- bishop of Raveima, 433 ; d. 2 Deo. 450. PETEE NOLASQUE, Saint, founder of the order of mercy for the deliverance of Christian slaves from the Moors; b. i Aug. 1182, or 1189; founded his order, 10 Aug. 1218; d. 1256. PETEEBOEOUGH, see Mordaunt. PETEEBOEOUGH ; for present bishop, see Magce. PETEEKIN, Alexander, Scotch solicitor and antiquary; b. 1781 ; published "Rentals of the Ancient Earldom and Bishoprick of Orkney," 1820 ; " Notes on Orkney and Zetland," 1822 ; d. 1846. PETEEMANN, August Heinrich, Gennan geographer; b. 18 April 1822 ; resided in England, 1845-54; published, with T. Mflner, "Atlas of Physical Geography," 1850; professor at Gotha, 1854 ; " Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes Geogra- phrscher Anstalt," 1855-77. PETEEMANN, Julius Heinrich, German orientalist ; b. 12 Aug. 1801 ; studied at Leipsic, Berlin, Venice ; published "Armenian Grammar," 1836; " Porta Lmguse Hebraicse," 1851; helped to found German Oriental Society, 1854 ; travelled in Persia, 1855; published his travels; published Mandee worts, " Liber Adami," &c. ; d. June 1876. PETEES, Christian Heinrich Friedrich, Ger- man astronomer; b. 19 Sept. 1813; discovered Eurydice and other minor planets, 1862-76. PETEES 472 PETTY PETEES, Flemish painters: PfiAKz Lucas ; i. 1606 d. 1654 BoNAVEKTURE, Antwerp painter ; &. 1614 ; d. 25 Jxily 1652 Jan, brother ; b. 1625 . . . d. 1677 PETEES, Hugh, independent preacher and de- magogue ; A. 1599; pastor at Salem, N. America, 1636; returned to England, 1641 ; chaplain to Oliver Cromwell ; hanged as a regicide, 16 Oct. 1660. PETEES, Samuel, American clergyman ; i. 12 Dec. 1735; published "History of the Eev. Hugh Peters," 1807; d. 19 April 1826. PETEESEN, Fredrik Chi-istian, Danish phi- lologist ; b. 9 Dec. 1786 ; d, 20 Oct. 1859. PETBESBN, Niels Matthias, Danish historian and philologist; b. 1791; published " Oldnordiske Saga:r," 1831-6; " Nordisk Mythologie," 1849. PETHEEICK, John, African explorer; ap- pointed vice-consul at Khartoum, 1850 ; consul for the district of Soudan, 1860-4 ; published " Travels in Central Africa, and Explorations of the "Western Nile Tributaries," 1869. PETION, Alexandre Sabes, president of the republic of Hayti; b. 2 April 1770; nominated pre- sident, 10 March 1807 ; d. 29 March 1818. PETIS DE LA Croix, Francois, French orientalist ; b. 1653 ; imblished translation of " Les Mille et un Jours," 1710-2; "Histoire de Timur Bee," 1722; d. 4 Dec. 1713. PETIT, see Dupetit. PETIT, Jean Louis, French sm-geon; b. 13 March 1674; published "Traite des Maladies des Os," 1723; "Traite des Maladies Chirurgicales," 1774; d. 20 April 1750. PETIT, rev. John Louis, ecclesiastical anti- quary and draughtsman; i. 31 May 1801 ; pub- lished "Architectm-al Studies in France," 1854 ; d. I Dec. 1868. PETIT, Louis Hayes, m.d. ; b. 9 Nov. 1774; d. 13 Nov. 1849. PETIT, Pierre, French mathematician; {.31 Dec. 1598 ; experimented on aii- with Pascal, 1646-7 ; d. 20 Aug. 1677. PETIT-EADEIi, Louis Franijois, French ar- chitect; b. 22 July 1740; d. 7 Nov. 1818. PETIT-THOUAES, see Dupetit Thomrs. PETITOT, Claude Bernard, French historical ■writer; b. 30 March 1772; published "Collection des Memoires relatifs a 1' Histoire de France," 1819, &c. ; d. 6 April 1825. PETITOT, Jean, Genevese enamel painter ; b. 12 July 1607; visited England; went to France, 1649; d. 1691. PETITOT, French sculptors : Pierre ; &. 1751 ; d. 7 Nov. 1840. LoTJis Messidor Lebon, sou ; h. 23 June 1794 ; executed monument of Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, in chapel of Napoleon-Saint-Leu, &c. ; d. i June 1862. PETIT-SENN, Jules, Swiss humorous poet; h. 6 April 1792 ; d. 10 April 1870. PETIVEE, James, botanist, f.b.s.; published " Gazophylacii Naturaj et Artis Decades X.," 1702- 11; " Pterigraphia Americana," 1 712; (^.20 April 1718. PETO, sir Samuel Morton, hart., railway con- tractor; b. 4 Aug. 1809; constructed railway at Balaklava, 1854 ; created baronet, 22 Feb. 1855 ; M.p. for Norwich, 1847-54 ; for Finsbury, 1859-65 ; for Bristol, 1865-8 ; bankruptcy of his firm, l868j published " Taxation : its Levy and Expenditure," 1863; "Eesources and Prospects of America," 1866. PETOPY, Sandor, Hungarian poet ; b. I Jan. 1823; published " Poems," 1847; killed in a revo- lutionary combat, 31 July 1849. PETEAECA, Francesco, Italian poet and di- plomatist ; b. at.Ai-ezzo, 19 or 20 July 1304 ; became enamoured of Laura, 6 April 1327 ; cro^vned in the capitol at Home, Easter, 1341 ; supported Eienzi, 1347 ; wrote " Sonetti, Canzoni et Trionphi," first printed, 1470; revived classical learning; d. at Arqua, 18 July 1374. PETEE, Edward, Jesuit priest; b. 1631; be- came confessor to James II. ; d. 15 May 1699. PETEE, sir "William, statesman ; employed by Henry VIII. in visitation of the monasteries, 1535 ; on the regency, 1554 ; secretary of state, 1558 ; d. 13 Jan. 1572. PETEEIUS, Johann, German printer; b. about 1497; printed at Nuremberg; d. 18 March 1550- PETEE, George, Irish painter and antiquaiy ; b. 1789; exhibited at Eoyal Academy, 1816; pub- lished "Ecclesiastical Architectm-e of Ireland," 1866; d. 17 Jan. 1866. PETEIE, Henry, antiquary ; b. 1768 ; prepared " Monumenta Historica Britaunica," vol. i., pub- lished 1848 ; d. 17 March 1842. PETEONIUS AEBITEE, Cains, Koman novelist; wrote " Satyricon ; " c^. 66. PETEOV, Vasily Peti-ovitch, Kussianpoet; b. 1736, his complete works published, 181 1 ; d. i5 Dee. 1799. PETETJS DE AponO, see Abano. PETTENKOFEE, Max, German physicist; b. 3 Dec. 1818 ; published many papers, 1844, et seq; on ventilation, clothing, &c., 1858. PETTIE, John, Scottish painter; b. 1839; elected a.b.a., 1866; b.a., 1873; works, ""What d'ye lack?" 1861 ; "Tonsure," 1864; &c. ; "Hal 0' the "Wynd's Smithy," 1875. PETTIG-EE"W, Thomas Joseph, m.d., anti- quary; b. 28 Oct. 1 791 ; secretary of Koyal Humane Society, 1813-20 ; hbrariau to duke of Sussex, 1820; published " Bibliotheca Sussexiana," 1827- 39; " History of EgsTptian Mummies," 1834; " Me- dical Portrait Gallery," 1840; d. 23 Nov. 1865. PETTUS, sic John, lawyer; published "Fo- diusB liegales" (on Mining, Mint, and Money), 1670; "Constitution of Parliaments," 1680; "Fleta Mmor," 1683 ; d. 1690. PETTY, marquises of Lansdowne : 1. William Peti-y, statesman . . b. 2 May 1737 Succeeded as earl of Bhelburne . . 10 May 1761 Secretary of state for southern department, Aug. 1766 — Nov. 1768 Foreign secretary . . . March— July 1782 First lord of the treasury . July 1782— April 1783 Created marquis, 6 Dec. 1784 . . rf. 7 May 1805 2. John Henry PEny, sou ; b. 6 Dec. 1765 ; d. 15 Nov. 1809 3. Henry Petty-Fitzmadrice, half-brother, states- man 6. 2 July 1780 Chancellor of the exchequer Feb. 1806 — March 1807 Lord president of the council, Nov 1830 — Dec. 1834 ; April 1835— Sept. 1841 ; July 1846— Feb. 1852 Held a seat in the cabinet without office, Dec. 1852— Feb. 1858 ... d. 31 Jan. 1863 PETTY 473 PHILIP -4. Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, sou , . ^. 5 Jau 1816 M.P. for Ciilne . . ... 1847-56 A loKl of the treasury . . Dec. 1847— Aug. 1848 Summoned to house of peers as barou Wycombe, II July 1856 Uuder-secretary for foreign affairs. 1856-8 : <;. 5 July 1866 5. Henry Charles Keith Pettv-Fitzmaurice, soil . . . . h. n Jan. 1845 Made a lord of the treasury . . Deo. 1868 PETTY, sir "Wflliam, m.p., physician and in- ventor ; i. 16 May 1623 ; published " Hiberniee De- lineatio," 1685; "Political Aritliinetic," 1690; d. 16 Deo. 1687. PETYT, 'William, lawyer and antiquary ; b. 1636; " Ancient Eight of the Commons of England asserted," published 16S0; "Jus Parliamenta- rium," 1739; d. 3 Oct. 1707. PEUCEE, Caspar, German physician and ma- thematician; A. 6 Jan. 1525 ; published " Coinmen- tariua de Prcecipuis Divinationum Generibus," 1553 ; d. 25 Sept. 1602. PBUEB ACH, Georg von, Gei-man astronomer ; i. 30 May 1423; wrote " Theoricae Novaj Plane- tarum," published 1472; " TabuliB EccUpsium," 1514; d. 8 April 1461. PEUTEMAN, Nicolas, Dutch painter; b. 1657 ; carved skeletons and death's heads ; d. Sept. 1692. PEUTINGrEE, Cdnrad, German scholar and antiquary; b. 14 Oct. 1465; published " Eomaua! Vetustatis Pragmenta in Augusta Vindelicorum," 1505 ; the famous maps, known as " Tables de Peu- tinger," pubUshed in facsimile, 1869; d. 24 Deo. 1547- PEYEE, French architects : Marie Joseph; &. 1730; publislied "(Eu^tcs d' Architecture," 1765 . . d. 11 Aug. 17S5 Antoine Franqois, brother ; b. 5 April 1739 ; published *' (Euvres d' Architecture," 1819-20 ; d. 7 March 1823 Antoine Marie, son of Marie Joseiih ; b. 24 Feb. 1770 .... . rf. 25 Feb. 1843 PBYEEEE, Isaac de la, French scholar; b. 159^ ; published " Praj-Adamitaj," 1654 ; imprisoned for it, 1656 ; d. 30 Jan. 1676. PEYEON, Jean Francois Pierre, French his- torical painter ; b. 13 Nov. 1744; d. 20 Jan. 1814. PEYEON, Tittorio Amadeo, ItaUan abbe and orientalist; b. 2 Oct. 1785; published " Fragmente der Keden des Cicero," 1824; "Lexicon Linguae Coptica;," 1835 ; d. 27 April 1870. PEZAEBSE, see Cantarini. PEZZA, Michele, Italian bandit, called " Fra Diavolo," b. 1770 ; hanged at Naples, 10 Nov. 1806. PPAEP, Christian Heiniich, Gemian physicist ; i. 2 March 1773 ; published " Elektro-magnetismus," 1824 ; many papers, &o., 1795 ; d. 23 April 1852. PFANNEE, Tobias, Gennau historian; b. 1641 ; published "Historia Pads "WestphaUcm," 1679; d. 1716. PPEPPBL, Gottlieb Conrad, Gemian poet and fabulist; b. 28 June 1736; d. I May 1809. PFEIFFEE, Ida, Gei-man traveller; b. 15 Oct. 1797; began travels roimd the world, i8d2 ; pub- lished " Frauenfiihrt nm die "VTelt, 1850; " Zweiten Weltreise," 1856; d. 27 Oct. 1858. PFEIFFEE, Ludwig Georg Carl, German naturalist; b. 4 July 1805; published "Figures des Cactees en fleurs," 1838-50; "Novitates con- chologicsB," 1854-58. PFINZlNtr, lUelohior, German poet ; b. 1481 ; published " Theuerdank, " a poem on tbe marriage of the emperor Maximilian with Mary of Bur- gundy, 1517; rf. 24N0V. 1535. PPISTEE, Albrecht, German printer; b. about 1420 ; printed at Bamberg ; executed Latin Bible (of 36 lines), about 1456-60; d. about 1470. PH-ffilDON, Greek philosopher; founder of the Elian school ; jl. about B.C. 401. PH^DEUS, Roman fabulist; fl. 14; his " Fabulaj " first printed, 1596. PHABE, Thomas, 'Welsh physician and poet ; pubhshed " JJegiment of Lyfe," 1553; translation in verse of " Seven first Bookes of the Eneidos of "Virgin," 1558; d. 12 Aug. 1560. PHALAEIS, tyrant of Agrigentum ; dethroned by Telemachus, 549 B.C. PHAEAOH, see Amcnophis. PHAEAOH HOPHEA, see Aprus. PHAVOEINUS, or Favoeinus Vaeinus, bishq) of Nocera ; b. 1460; published "Lexicon Gra3cum," 1523 ; d. 1537. PHEIDIAS, Athenian sculptor; fl. 5th cen- tury B.C. ; executed the sculptm-es and directed the erection of the Parthenon at Athens ; d. 432. PHELPS, Samuel, actor; b. 1806; first ap- peared (at York) 1828 ; manager at Sadler's "Wells (very successful), 1844, et seq. ; edited "Shak- speare," 1853. PHIDIAS, see Pheidias. PHILAEET (VasUy Drozdov), meti-opoUtan of Moscow and Kolomna, Euesiau orator and theo- logian ; b. 26 Dec. 1782; bishop of llevel, 1817; archbishop of Tver, 18 19; of "laroslav, 1820; of Moscow, 1821; metropolitan, 1826; published "Notes on Genesis;" d. i Dec. 1867. PHILELPHUS, Franciscus, Italian scholar; b. 1398; wrote satires, odes, epistles, &c. ; d. 1481. PHILIDOE, see Bauican. PHILIP, dukes of Burgmidy. 1. the Bold . ....&. 15 Jan. 1342 Taken prisoner at Poitiers by Edward HI. of England 19 Sept. 1356 Made duke by liis father, John of Valois, king of France 6 Sept. 1363 Manied Margaret, daughter and heiress of Lonis, count of Flanders . ... 19 June 1369 Succeeded to Flanders, Artois, Eethel, and Nevers 9 Jan. 1384 Became the most powerful prince in Christendom ; d. 27 Ajuii 1404 2. the Good, grandson . . . &. 13 June 1396 Succeeded John the Fearless ^ . 10 Sept. 1419 Concluded treaty of Aims with Henry "V. of England , Concluded treaty of AiTas with Charles "VH. of France .... .22 Sept. 1435 Unsuccessfidly besieged Calais, 1436; d. 15 July 1467 PHILIP I.— VI., kings of France. 1. the Fair . b. 1052 Associated in the sovereignty with his father, Henry I., and crowned at Rheims 23 May 1059 Succeeded at his father's death . . 4 Aug. 1060 Assumed the government 1066 Invaded Flanders ; defeated at Mont Cassel, 20 Feb. 107 1 Divorced his queen Bertha, and married Berfcrade de Montfort 1092 Both excommunicated at council of Autun Oct. 1094 Dismissed her ; excommunicatiou removed, 2 Dec. 1104 . . . . cL 29 July iioS 2. Augustus . . . b. about 22 Aug. 1165 Crowned at Rheims in lifetime of Ids father, Louis VII I Nov. 1179 PHILIP 474 PHILLIMOEE Succeeded liis father . . . i8 Sept. 1180 Set out with Richard I. of England, on crusade to the Holy Land . ... 4 July iigo Besieged and took Acre . . . 13 July 1 191 Returned to Foutainebleau . . -27 Dec. ,, Invaded Nonnandj'', and made war with Richard 1 1192-96 Defeated th6 Geimans at Bouvines . 27 July 1214 (1. 14 July 1223 3. the Hardy h. ^ April 1245 Succeeded his father, Louis IX. . 25 Aug. 1270 Obtained cessiou of Normandy, 1279 d. 5 Oct. 1285 4. the Fair, son 6.1268 Navarre placed under the protection of Fi'ance . 1276 Married Jane, queen of NavaiTG . . .1284 Succeeded to throne of France . . 5 Oct. 1285 Quarrelled witli the pope 1300-3 Attacked the Temjiilars, 1307 ; executed many of them, 1309 ; and their grand-master, Jaques Molay, ir March 1314 , . d. 29 Kov. 1314 5. the Long, sou . . . . h. 1294 Succeeded John I. . 19 Nov. 1316 Persecuted Albigenses, &c. . . 1319, et seq. The Salic law established, 1317 . . d. 3 Jan. 1322 6. of Valois, the Fortunate, gi-andson of Philip III h. 1293 Succeeded Charles IV. as regent, 31 Jan. ; king, I April 1328 Edward III. of England invaded France, claiming the crown Sept. 1339 Adjudged Brittany to Charles of Blois ; war with England reue wed 1341 Killed Oliver de Clisson and other nobles . . 1344 Nonnandy invaded by tlie Engli-sh . 10 July 1346 Defeated by Edward III. at Crecy 26 Aug. „ Calais taken by the English . 4 Aug. 1347 d. 22 Aug. 1350 PHILIP, emperor of Germany ; 5. about 11 70; duke of Swabia, 1196 ; elected emperor in succes- sion to his brother, Henry VI., II98; assassinated by his rival Otto of "Wittelsbach, about 21 June 1208. PHILIP I.— v., kings of Macedon. 1. fi. 9th century B.C. 2. 5. B.C. 382 ; king .... . 360 Instituted the Macedonian plialanx . 359 Took Amphipolis 358 First sacred war commenced ... . 356 Conquered Thrace, Illyria, and Thessaly . 356-352 Close of the first sacred war . . , . 346 Made Thrace tributary to Macedon . 343 Made war against the Athenians ... 341 Unsuccessfully besieged Byzantium . . 340 Defeated the Athenians at Cheroneia . . . 338 Assas-sinated by Pausanias at JEgse, during the > celebration of ganies in honoiu- of the man-iage of his daughter, Cleopatra ; succeeded by his son, Alexander tlie Great 336 3. Arrhidaius, natural son ; succeeded upon death of Alexander the Great . b.c. 323 Murdered by Olympias . 317 4. became king, B.C. 297 ... d. 296 5. h. about 235 ; began to rei;;n . . n.c. 221 Unsuccessful in war against the Rhodians . . 202 Defeated by the Romans at Cyuocephalre, 197 ; d. 178 PHILIP I., 11. , emperors of Eome, 1. the Arabian ; made emperor, 244 ; assassinated near Verona 249 2. son; h. 237; associated with his father In the empire 247 Killed at battle of Verona shortly after his father's deatli . . . 24.9 PHILIP I.-V., kings of Spain. 1. of Austi-ia b. 22 July 1478 Governor of tlie Netherlands upon the death of his mother, Mary of Burgmidy . March 1482 MaiTied Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand the Ca- tholic and Isabella of Castile . . 21 Oct. 1496 Succeeded, jointly with his wife, upon death of queen Isabella, 26 Nov. 1504 . . d. 25 Sept. 1506 2. king of Naples and Sicily . . &. 21 May 1527 MaiTJed Maria of Portugal, 13 Nov. 1543; she d. 16 July 1545 Married Mary, queen of England . . 25 July 1554 Succeeded upon abdication of his father, the em- peror Charles V. . 25 Oct. 1555, 5 Feb. 1556 Queen Mary died .... 17 Nov. 1558 Commenced persecution of the protestants . . 1561 Turkish ileet defeated at battle of Lepanto, 7 Oct. 1571 Portugal united to Spain by conquest . . . 1580 The Spanish armada defeated '. . 8 Aug. 158S d. 13 Sept. 1598 3. the Pious, sou . . . ft. 14 Api-il 1578 Succeeded, 13 Sept. 1598 ; expelled the Moors from Granada and adjacent provinces, 11 Sept. 1609 d. 31 March 1621 4. son ; Z?. 8 Ajiril 1605 ; succeeded . 31 March i62r Unsuccessful in war with French and Dutch ; lost Portugal, 1640 . . . d. 17 Sept. 1665 5. of Boui'bon, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of France . . &. 19 Dec. 1683 Proclaimed king at Madrid . . .24 Nov. 1700 Hence arose the "war of succession," . . 1702 Terminated by treaty of Utrecht . ir April 1713 Abdicated, 14 Jan. 1724 . d. g July 1746 PHILIP, see Orleans. PHILIP of Neri, see Ncri. PHILIP of the Holy Trinity (Esprit Julien), French Carmelite missionary; h. 1603; published "Itinerarium Orientale," 1649; "Decor Carmeli Religiosi, sou Historia CarmeHtarum. Sanctitate illustrium," 1665; d. 28 Feb. 1671. PHILIPOT, John, antiquary ; wi-ote "Villare Cantianum," published by his son, 1659; d, 1645. PHILIPPA of Hainault, queen of Edward III. of England; h. about 1312; married 24 Jan. 1328 ; interceded for burgesses of Calais, Aug. 1347 ; d. 15 Aug. 1369. PHILIPPE DE KeeHALLET, Charles Marie, captain, French hydrographer ; h. 17 Sept. 1809. PHILIPPICUS, emperor, see Bardanes. PHILIPPOTEAUX, Felix Henri Em- manuel, French historical painter ; b. 3 Apiil 1815 ; works: " Bataille de Montnabor," 1843; " Bataille de Eivoli," 1845; *' Charge a Balaclava," 1859, &c. PHILIPS, Ambrose, poet ; b. 1671 ; published "Pastorals, Epistles, Odes, and other original Poems," 1710; " Distrest Mother," 1712; d. 18 June 1749. PHILIPS, Mrs. Catheiine, poetess, called the "Matchless Orinda;" b. (Fowler), i Jan. 163 1 ; her "Poems " published, 1667 ; d. 22 June 1664. PHILIPS, Fabian, royalist author; b. 1601 ; published " Veritas Inconcussa," in vindication of Charles I., 1649; d. 17 Nov. 1690. PHILIPS, John, poet; b. 30 Dec. 1676; pub- lished "Splendid Shilling," 1703; "Blenheim," 1705; "Cider," 1706; d, 15 Feb. 1708. PHILISTUS, Syracusan historian; b. about B.C. 435 ; d. 356. PHILLIMOPE, John George, lawyer and historian ; b. 1809; published " History of Law of Evidence," 1850; "History of Keign of George III,," 1863, &c.; d. 27 April 1865. PHILLIMOEE, Joseph, ecclesiastical lawyer; b. 1775; regius professor of civil law at Oxford, 1809 ; d. 24 Jan. 1855. PHILLIMOEE, sir Robert Joseph, son, judge ; b. 1810 ; appointed queen's advocate, knighted, 1862; judge of tbe court of admiralty, Aug. 1867; judge advocate-general, May 1871 — Aug. 1873; judge of court of arches; judge in court of appeal, Oct. 1875; published "Study of PHILLIP 475 PHOTIUS Civil and Canon Law," 1843 ; " Memoirs and Con-espondence of (Jeoi-ge, Lord Lyttelton, 1734- 73," 104s; " Commentaries on International Law," 1854-61. PHILLIP, Arthm-, vice-admiral; b. 1738; organised the convict settlement in New South Wales, 1788-93; d. Nov. 1814. PHILLIP, John, Scottish painter ; }. 19 April 1817 ; painted "Tasso," " Letter "Writer of Seville," "La Gloria," "Marriage of the Princess Eoyal," &c.; elected a.r.a., 1857; k.a., 1859; d. 27 Feb. PHILLIPPS, sir Thomas, hart., antiquary and genealogist; b. 1792 ; created baronet, 27 July 1821 ; has collected a fine library of books and MSS. at Middle Hill, Worcestershire, and privately printed there several antiquarian works ; d. 5 Feb. 1872. PHILLIPS, Edward, miscellaneous writer, nephew of Milton ; b. Aug. 1630 ; published " New World of Words," 1658; " Theatrum Poetarum," 1675 ; wrote " Life of J ohn MUton," pi-inted 1694 ; d. 1680. PHILLIPS, Henry, vocalist and composer ; b. 13 Aug. i8oi; termed "the singing Eoscius," 1810; retired, 1865 ; d. 8 Nov. 1876. PHILLIPS, Henry Wyndham, portrait pain- ter ; d. 8 Dec. 1868. PHILLIPS, John, geologist; b. 25 Dec. 1800 ; studied and worked with his uncle William Smith, till 1830; keeper of York museum, 1827 ; secretary to first meeting of British Association (at York), 1831 ; professor of geology, lung's College, Lou- don; at Dublin university, 1844; at O-rford, 1856; published " Ti-eatise on Geology," 1837 ; " Geology of Yorkshire," 1829-36-53; "Geological Map of the British Isles," 1842; "Memoir of William Smith," 1844; "Vesuvius," 1869; " Geology of Oxford," 1871 ; many papers ; d. thi-ough a fall, 24 AprU 1874. PHILLIPS, John Bii-nie, sculptor, employed on Albert Memorial ; d. 2 March 1875. PHILLIPS, La-wi-enoe Bamett ; b. Jan. 1842 ; studied mechanics and chronometer making, l8bi ; published " Dictionary of Biogi-aphical Keference," 1873- PHILLIPS, Eiohard, chemist; *. 1778; an editor of "Philosophical Magazine," 1827-51 president of chemical society, 1849-50: d. \i Ma 1851. PHILLIPS, Samuel, critic and essayist; b. 1815 ; literary reviewer of the " Times; " published "Essays," 1852, 1854; d. 14 Oct. 1854. PHILLIPS, Thomas, Catholic priest; b. 1708 ; published "Study of Sacred Literature," 1756; "Life of Eeginald Pole," 1764; d. 1774. PHILLIPS, Thomas, portrait painter; b. i8 Oct. 1770; elected a.r.a., 1804; k.a., 1808; professor r.a., 1824-32; painted best portrait of BjTon, 1814; published "Lectures on Painting," 1S33 ; d. 20 April 1845. PHILLIPS, sir Thomas, Welsh lawyer, presi- dent of the tiociety of Ai-ts ; b. 1801 ; knighted for services rendered as mayor of Newport in defeat of the chai-tists in Nov. 1839; published "Wales," 1849 ; d. 26 May 1867. PHILLIPS, sir Richard, bookseller, &c., once sheriff; b. 1768; published "Treatise on Juries, &c.," 1811 ; scientific papers ; d. about 1840. ay PHILLIPS, Watts, dramatist, noveUst, and artist ; b. about 1825 ; pupil of George Cruik- shank ; d. 2 Dec. 187 . PHILLIPS, Wendell, American la\v3'er ; *. 29 Nov. 181 1 ; vigorous abolutionist, 1837; a president of Anti-Slavery Society till 1870 ; " Speeches, &c.," published 1863. PHILLIPS, William (brother of Samuel), mineralogist ; b. 10 May 1773 ; published " Intro- duction to Mineralogy," i8ib; with W. D. Cony- beare, "Geology of England and Wales," 1822; d. 4 April 1828. PHILLPOTTS, Henry, bishop of E.-sieter ; b. 6 May 1778; d. 18 Sept. 1869. Defended bishop Barrmgtoii against criticisms of Dr. Ling.ard 1809 Published " Letter to Earl Grey on cei-tain cliarges advanced by liira against tlie Clergy of tlie county of Durham," 1821 ; "Letters to Charles Butler, Esq., on the theological parts of his 'Book of the Roman Catholic Uliurch ' " . . 1825 Deau of Chester, 1828 : bi.shoxi of Exeter 2 Jan. 1831 Refused on account of lieresy to institute Rev; J. Gorham to vicarage of Bi-amford Speke ; judg- ment given in court of arclies for the bishop 2 Aug. 1849 Judgment reversed by judicial committee of privy council 8 March 1850 Mr. Gorham instituted by arehbp. Sumner 7 Aug. ,, Published strong " Letter to the jU'chbishop of Canterbury" . . . „ PHILO-JUD^US, Alexandrian Jewish philosopher; fl. 1st century; his works first printed, 1552. PHILOCLES, Athenian tragic poet; /. 4th century B.C. PHILOPCEMEN, Greek general ; b. about B.C. 252; chief of Achsean league, 208; defeated Machanidas at Mantineia, 208 ; defeated Nabis, tyrant of Lacedasmon, 201, 191 ; took Sparta, 188 ; killed by Democrates, 183. PHILOSTOEGIUS, Greek ecclesiastical his- torian ; b. about 367 ; d. about 430. PHILOSTEATUS, Flavins, Greek sophist; fl. 2nd century ; wrote " Vita Apollonii Tyanei." PHILPOT, John, archdeacon of Winchester ' martyr ; burnt at Smithfield, 18 Deo. 1555. PHILPOTT, Henry, bishop of Worcester; b. 17 Nov. 1807; master of St. Catherine's college, Cambridge, 1845-60; consecrated, i860. PHIPPS, sir Charles Beaumont; b. 27 Dec. 1801 ; equerry to the queen, 1846 ; d. 24 Feb. 1866. PHIPPS, see Mulgrave, Normanby. PHIPSON, Thomas Lambe, chemist; b. 5 May 1833 ; settled in Paris ; published many pa- pers, 1856, et seq. PH0CA8, emperor of the East ; proclaimed, 23 Nov. 602 ; killed Maurice, his sons, and brother, 27 Nov. 602 ; and Constantine and daughters, and Narses, June, et seq. 605; deposed by Heraclius; beheaded 5 Oct. 610. PHOCION, Athenian general and statesman ; i. about B.C. 402 ; opposed Philip II., 341 ; advised sun-eudering tne orators to Alexander, 335 ; repelled Macedonian invasion, July 322 ; accused of treason ; executed, 317. PHOTIUS, patriarch of Constantinople ; suc- ceeded IgnatiuSj 25 Dec. 857 ; e.xcommunicated by pope Nicholas I., 861 ; excommunicated him; de- PHEANZES 476 PIERCE posed by Basilius, 867 ; lestored, 879 ; presided at council of Constantiiiople, 879; deposed by Leo A'l., 886; d. about 891. PHEANZES, or PhEANZA, George, Byzan- tine historian ; 1). 1401 ; wrote a chronicle of the years 1259-1477 ; d. about 1478. PHEYNE, Greek hetaira, about 350 B.C. PIA, Philippe Nicholas, French chemist; b. 15 Sept. 1721; invented appliances for restoring the drowned; il. 4 May 1799. PIANETTI, Gaspare Bernardo, Italian car- ■dinal; h. 7 Feb. 1780; created, 1839; f^. 30 Jan. 1862. PIAZZETTA, Giovanni Battista, Venetian _painter; b. about 1683 ; d. 1754. PIAZZI, Giuseppe, Italian astronomer ; b. 16 July 1746; discovered planet Ceres, i Jan. iSoij published " della Specola Astronomica di Paleimo," 1 792-1806; d. 22 July 1826. PIBEAC, Gui du Faur, seigneur de, French magistrate and poet; b. 1529; published "Cin- quante Quatrains," 1 5 74; d. 27 May 1584. PICAED, Jean, French astronomer; b. 21 July 1620 ; published five first volumes of " Con- iiaissance des Temps," 1679-83; d. 12 July 1682. PICAED, Louis Benoit, French di-amatist and novelist; b. 29 July 1769; produced "Voyage In- terrompu" and " Comediens Ambulants," 179^; " les Maiiomiettes," 1806; d. 31 Deo. 1828. PICAED, Louis Joseph Ernest, French advo- cate and ultra-liberal politician; A. 24 Dec. 1821; elected to "corps legislatif," 1858; one of the ■"five," i860; finauce minister in goveniniont_ of national defence, 4 Sept. 1870 ; minister of in- terior, 19 Feb. 1871; ambassador at Brussels, Nov. 1871— Oct. 1872. PICAET, French engravers : l^TiENNE, called "Remain :" 6. 1631 ; (I. 12 Nov. 1721. Bernard, son; &. 11 June 1673; " Iiuiiostiues Inuo- . centes," iiublislied 1734 ; d. 8 May 1733. PICCINNI, or PICCINO, Nicolo, Italian musical composer; b. 1728; produced "Didon," •opera, i Dec. 1783; "Jonathan," oratorio, 1792, ■&C. ; d. 7 May 1800. PICCOLOMINI, Alessandro, Italian prelate ; b. 13 June 1508 ; archbishop of Patras, 1574 ; pub- lished " la fiaffaella, ovvero dolla Creanza delle Donne," 1539; " della Sf era del Mondo/' 1540; d. 12 March 1578. PICCOLOMINI, Eneo Silvio, see Fiits IL, pope. PICCOLOMINI, Giacomo, Italian cardinal and historian ; b. 8 March 1422 ; created, 1461 ; " Commentani et Epistola;," published 1506 ; a. 10 ■Sept. 1479. PICCOLOMINI, Giacomo, Italian cardinal ; ■i. 31 July 1795 ; created, 1844; d. 17 Aug. 1861. PICCOLOMINI, Ottavio, Austrian general in Thirty Years' War ; b. 1599 ; d. 10 Aug. 1656. PICCOLOMINI, Maria, Italian operatic singer; b. 1835; debut at Florence, as "Lucrezia Borgia," 1852 ; well received in England, 1856 ; married and retired, 1861. PICHEGEU, Charles, French republican general; b. 16 Feb. 1761; appointed to command the army of the north, 7 Feb. 1794; conspired against Bonaparte ; d. possibly by suicide in the Temple at Paris, 6 ApiTl 1804. PICHLEE, Caroline, aei-man novelist ; b. (von Grenier), 7 Sept. 1769; published "Agathocles," 1808; d. 9 July 1843. PICHON, Pien-e Auguste ; b. 6 Dec. 1805 ; pupil of Ingres ; produced " Isambert," " Dom Miguel," "St. Bartholomew," "St. Martin," &o. PICHOT, Amedce, French historical and mis- cellaneous writer; b. 1796 ; published " Histoire de Charles Edouard," 1830; " Chronique de Charles- Quint," 1853, &c. PICKEN, Andrew, Scotch writer; b. 1788; published " Dominie's Legacy," 1830; d. 23 Nov. 1833- PICKEEINQ-, Timothy, American politician ; b. 1745; secretary of state, 1793-1801 ; d. 29 Jan. 1829. PICKEESGILL, painters : Henry William, portraits ; h. 3 Dec. 1782 ; elected A.E.A., 1822; H.A., 1826 . . rf. 21 April 187s Henry Hall, liistorical, sou ; &. 1812 d. 7 Jan. 1861 Frederick Richard, iiepliew of H. "W., historical ; h. 1820. Elected A.R.A,, 1847 ; E.A 1857 Painted "Burial of Harold," 1847; "Pirates of the Mediterrauean," 1861 ; "Mariana," (Tenny- son) . . ... . 187s PICO DELLA MiEANDOLA, Giovanni, Italian theologian and philosopher ; b. 24 Feb. 1463 ; pub- lished " Conclusioues Philosophiote," i486; cen- sured by pope Innocent VIII. ; went to Florence, 1487; "Apologia," 1489; d. 17 Nov. 1494. PICO DELLA MiEANDOLA, Giovanni Fran- cesco, piince, nephew, theologian; h. about 1469; published "Vita Hieronymi Savonarola;," 1530; d. Oct. 1533. PICOT, Francois Edouard, French historical painter; b. 1786; painted " Orestes," in the Luxem- bourg gallery, and " Coronation of the Vu-gin," in church of Notre Dame de Lorette, at Paris, &c. ; d. IS March 1868. PICTET, Benedict, Swiss Protestant theolo- gian; b. 30 May 1653; published "Traitc contre rindifference des lieligions," 1692; "Theologia Christiana," 1696: d. 10 June 1724. b logie, PICTET, Marc Auguste, Swiss meteorologist; J. 23 July 1752; founded " BibliothSque Britan- nique" (afterwards TJniverselle), 1796; published " Trois Mois en Angleterre," &c., 1803 ; d. 19 April 1825. PICTON, sir Thomas, general ; }. about 1758 ; entered aimy, 1771 ; governor of Trinidad, 1797; convicted of torturing a female slave, 1807 ; gover- nor of Flushing, taken 1809; distinguished in Peninsula, 1811-13 ; seventh time thanked by com- mons, June 1814; killed at Waterloo, 18 June 1815. PICTOE, Caius Fabius, Eoman painter, B.C. 302. — QuiNTUS, historian ; about 216. PICUS MIEANDULUS, see Pico della Mirandola. PIDDING, Henry J., painter; }. about 1797 ; d. 13 June 1864. PIEECE, Edward, historical painter ; d: about 1680. PIEECE, Franklin American democratic statesman; b. 23 Nov. 1804; joined the army on the outbreak of the Mexican war, June 1845; PIEEINO 477 PINGEE ■brigadier-general, March 1847 ; president of tlie United States, 1853-7 ; d. 8 Oct. i86g. PIEEINO DEL VagA (Pietro Buonaccorsi), Plorentiue painter ; b. 1501 ; aided Eaphael in the decoration of the Vatican ; (7. 1547. PIEEMAEINI, Giuseppe, Italian architect; J. 18 July 1734 ; settled at Milan, 1769; d. 18 Feb. 1808. PIEESON, Christoph, Dutch painter; I. 19 May 1631 ; d. 11 Aug. 1714. PIEESON, major, killed at successful defence of St. HeUers, Jersey, against the French, 6 Jan. 1781. PIETEO d'Abano, see Aiano. PIETEO DELIiA FeANCESCA, see Fran- cesca. PIQ-AFETTA, Francesco Antonio, Italian nayigator ; b. about 1491 ; served under Magal- haens, and wrote an account of his voyage ; d. after IS34- PIGrALLE, Jean Baptiste, French sculptor; h. 26 Jan. 1714; executed mausoleum of marshal Saxe at Strasbourg, and statue of Voltaire in the Institut at Paris; d. 21 Aug. 1785. PIGANIOL DB LA FOKCE, Jean Aimar, French historical writer; b. 1673 ;published "Nou- velle Description Geographique et Historique de la France," 1715 ; " Descriirtion de Paris," 1742; d. Feb. 1753. PIG-AULT, see Lebrun. PIGHIUS, Albert, Dutch mathematician; b. about 1490 ; employed by Adrian VI. at Diet of "Worms, 1^23; published " Defensio Astrologitc," 1518; "HierarcniiE Ecelesiasticffi Assertio," 1538; d. 26 Dec. 1542. PIGNONE, Simone, Florentine painter; h. 1614; d. 16 Deo. 1698. PIGNOEIA, Lorenzo, Italian antiquary; b. 12 Oct. 157 1 ; pubUsbed " Vetustissimse Tabula M-aem HierogljTjhycis Explicatio " (the Isiac Table), 1605; d. 13 June 163 1. PIGNOTTI, Lorenzo, Italian historian, &c. ; I. 1739 ; published " Fabule," 1779 ; " Storia della Toscana, 1813 ; d. 5 Aug. 1812. PIGOTT, David Eichard, Irish judge ; b. 1805 ; solicitor-general for Ireland, Teh. 1839 ; attorney- general, Aug. 1840 — Sept. 1841 ; chief baron of the exchequer, Sept. 1846; d. 22 Dec. 1873. PIGOTT, sir Gillery, judge ; b. 1813 ; made a haron of the exchequer, Oct. 1863; d. 28 April 1875- PIGEAT, Pierre, French surgeon; became principal surgeon to Henry IV. and Louis XIII. of France ; published " Chirurgia," 1600; d. 15 Nov. 1613. PILATE, Pontius, Roman governor of Judica ; appointed, 27; condemned to death Jesus Christ, 30 ; took silver from the sacred treasury to constnict an aqueduct; suppressed consequent rising of the people of Samaria with great cruelty, about 32 ; d. 39- PILATEB DE EOZIER, JeanFrani;ois, French physicist; b. 1756; ascended in balloon, 21 Nov. 1783; kUled by fall in another ascent, 15 June 1785- PILES, Roger de, French painter; b. 1635 ; pub- lished "Dissertations sur les Ouvrages des plus fameux Peintres," d. S April 1709. PILKINGTON, James, bishop of Durham, reformer; b. 1520; consecrated, 1560; his "Works" pubhshed by the Parker Society, 1841 ; d. 23 Jan. IS7S- PILKINGTON, Mrs. Lffititia, poetess ; ^i. (van, Lewen), 1712; married rev. Matthew Pilkington, 1730; published "Memoirs" (of herself), 1748; d. 29 Aug. 1750. PILKINGTON, rev. Matthew, bibKcal critic ; pubhshed "Remarks upon several Passages of Scripture," 1759; d. 1765. PILLANS, James, ll.d., Scottish educa- tionahst; b. IJJT, professor of humanity at Edin- burgh, 1820-63; published "Eclogo3 CiceronianaB," 1845 ; d. 27 March 1864. PILLON, or PiLOIf, Germain, French sculp- tor; b. about 1535 ; executed for the mausoleum of Henry II., the "Three Graces," now in the Louvre ; d. 3 Feb. 1590. PILON, Frederick, Irish actor and dramatist ; b. 1750; (?. 17 Jan. 1788. PIM, captain Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan ; b. 12 June 1826; entered Eoyal Navy, 1842; en- gaged in search for sir John Franklin, 1848, ei seq. ; served in Crimean war, 1854-6 ; as com- mander of the " Gorgon " checked filibustering on coast of Centi'al America ; captain, April 1868 ; retired April 1870; studied law; barrister, 27 Jan. 1873 ; '"^■^- ^"^ Gravesend, Feb. 1874. PINCHBECK, Thomas, mechanician ; inven- ted "pinchbeck," a mixture of copper, brass, and tin; a. 1783. PINDAE, Theban, lyric poet; b. about B.C. 522 ; his Odes first printed, 1513; d. about 442. PINDAE, sir Paul, diplomatist; d. 22 Aug. 1650. PINDAE, Peter, see Wolcot. PINDEMONTB, Ippohto, ItaKan poet ; h. 13 Nov. 1753; published " Poesie Campestri," 1785; translation of Homer's Odyssey, 1809-17; "Elogi di Litterati," 1825-6; d. igNov. 1828. PINE, sir Benjamin ChiUey Campbell, bar- rister; b. 1 813; governor of Sierra Leone, 1848; lieut.-govemor of Natal, 1849 ; commander of Gold Const Settlement, 1856; governor of "West Aus- traha, Sept. 1868 ; of "Viigin Isles, April 1869 ; Lee- ward Isles, Dec. 1871-3 ; of Natal, 1873 ; retired on account of trial of Langalabalele, 1875. PINE, John, line engraver ; J. l6go; engraved, entii-e text and illustrations of florace, published 1733 ; "Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords," I739;i;. 4 May 1756. PINEAU, Severin, French surgeon; b. about 1550 ; published work on extraction of the stone, Ibio ; d. 29 Nov. 1619. PINEDA, Juan de, Spanish theologian; b. 1557 ; published " Index Librorum Prohibitorum," 1631 ; d. 27 Jan. 1637. April Mentale,' 1798; d. 26 Oct. 1826. PINELLI, Bartolomeo, Roman engraver; b. 1 781; d. I ApiH 1835. PINGEE, Alexandre Gui, French astronomer ; b. 4 Sept. 1711 ; pubUshed"Etat du Ciel," 1754-7 5 " Cometographie,^' 1783 ; d. 1 May 1796. PINKEETON 478 PITT PINKEETON, John, Scotch miscellaneous ■writer ; J. 27 Feb. 1758 ; published " Ancient Scot- tish Poems," a forgery, 1786; " Essay on Medals," 1789; " Iconographia Scotica," 1795-7; "General Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1808-14; '^- 10 March 1826. PINSON, see Fynson. PINTELLI, Baccio, Italian architect; de- signed the Sixtine Chapel, and library, of the "Vatican;/. 1475-92. PINTO, see Mmdez Pinto. PINTUEICOHIO, Bcnardino Betti, Italian painter; b. 1454; d. 1513. PINWELL, George John, water-colour pain- ter and drawer on wood; b. 26 Dec. 1842; illus- trated "Ticar of Wakefield," and other works, 1864, ct scq. ; exhibited at Dudley gallery, 1865 ; cl. 8 Sept. 1875. PINZON, Martin Alonzo, Portuguese na:-!- o-ator ; accompanied Columbus on his first voyage, 1492 ; d. 1493. PINZON, Yicente Yaiiez, brother, Portuguese navigator ; accompanied Columbus on his first voy- age, "1492; discovered Brazil, 1500; d. after 1523. PIOLA, Domenico, Genoese painter ; b. 1628 ; d. 8 Apiil 1705. PIOMBO, Sebastiano del (Sebastiano Luciano), Tenetian painter ; b. 1485 ; chef d'mwre " Eaising of Lazarus," 1517, now in the National Galleiy, London; d. IS47- PIOEEY, Pien-e Adolphe, French physician ; b. 31 Dec. 1794; published "de la Percussion Mediate," 1828 ; "Hercdite en Maladies " 1840; " Dieu, I'Ame, la Nature," 1854 ; " Traite de Patho- logic Patrique et de Medicine Pratique," 1841-52. PIOZZI, Mrs. Esther Lynch, friend of Dr. Johnson; b. (Salushury), 1739; m. Mr. Thrale, 1763; widow, 1781 :m. signer Piozzi 1784; agam widow, 1809; published " the Three "Warnings," a tale, 1765 ; " Anecdotes of Samuel Johnson," 1786 ; her "Autobiography, Letters, and Literai-y Ee- mains" published, iSbl ; d. 2 May 1821. PIPPI, Giulio, see Romano. PIEANESI, Italian engravers : GlASrBATTISTA . . ; . . 5. 4 Oct. 1720 PuUislied "Antichiti Romane," 1756; "Vasi, CaiKlelabri, eel Omamenti anticlii," 1778 ; "Vedute cU Roma," and other arcliitectur.nl aud arohiEOlogical works, containing in all about i,8tx) plates . . rf. 9 Kov. 1778 Feancesco, son ; I. 1748 . d. 27 Jan. 1810 Lauea, daughter . . . d. 1785 PIEIA, Kafaello, Italian chemist; b. 2 Aug. 1815 ; d. 18 July 1865. PIEKHEIMEE, "Wilibald, German scholar ; b. 5 Dec. 1470; pubUshcd "Apologia seu Laus Podagrse," 1522; " Germania; ex vaiiis Scriptoribus perhrevis Explicatio," 1530 ; d. 22 Dec. 1530. PIEOIil, Tommaso, Eoman engraver ; b. 16 Oct. 1750; drew and engraved "Monumens Anti- ques du Musee Napoleon, 1804-6; d. 22 March 1824. PIEON, Alexis, French dramatic poet; b. 9 July 1689; produced " Metromanie," comedy, 1738; d. 21 Jan. 1773. PISANI, Luigi, doge of Venice; b. 1663; elected, 17 April 1735 ; d. 17 Jan. 1741. PISANO, Italian sculptors: IiiccoLA, !). about 1206 ; works at Bologna, Lucca, Ksa, and Sienna .... d. 1278 Giovanni, 6. about 1240 ; works at Campo Santo and Pisa, 1278-83 d. 1320 Andrea, h. about 1280 ; worked gates of Baptistery of Bt John's, Florence, 1330-9 . . d. 1345 . PISC ATOE (Fischer) , Johannes, Geiman Calvi- nist; b. 1546; made Commentaries on Paul's Epis- tles, and translated the Bible into Gennan, &c. ; d. 1626. PISISTEATUS, tyrant of Athens; b. about B.C. 612; usurped the supreme authority about 561 ; twice banished, but regained his power ; d. about 527. PISTOLESI, Erasmo, Italian historian; b. 1770; published "U Vaticano descritto ed iUus- trato," 8 vols., folio, 1829-38; d. 9 July i860. PISTOEIUS, Johann, German historian and controversialist ; b. 1546 ; published " Kemm Polo- niearum Scriptores, 1582; "Eerum Gei-mani- carum Scriptores," 1582-1607 ; d. about 1607. PISTEUCCI, Benedetto, Italian gem engraver and medallist; b. 1782; settled in England, iSi5; d. 16 Sept. 1855. PITAU, Flemish engi'avers : Nicolas ; &. 1634 . . d.g Feb, 1676 Nicolas, sou ; 6. 1670 . . . d. 1724 PITCAIEN, Archibald, M.D., Scotch physi- cian; i. 25 Dec. 1652; published " Dissertationes Medicoj," 1701 ; " Elementa Medicinae physico- mathematica," 1717; d. 13 Oct. 1713. PITHOU, French jurists : Pierre, h. i Nov. 1539 ; a chief author of the " Sa- tire Menippee ;" published "Memoires des Comtes de Champagne," 1572 . d. i Nov. 1596 FRAN501S, brother . . . . ?,. 7 Sept. 1543 Pubhshed, with his brother, " Corpus Juiis Cauonici," 1687 ... d. 25 Jan. 1621 PITISCUS, Samuel, German plulologist ; b. 30 March 1637 ; Published " Lexicon Latino-Belgi- cum," 1704; " Lexicon Antiquitatum Komanomm," 1713 ; d. I Feb. 1727. PITMAN, Isaac, phonogi-apher ; }. 4 Jan. 1813; invented phonetic system of writing, 1837; published "Manual of Phonography," 1840; "Phonetic News," 1849; established "Phonetic Society," 1843 ; Phonetic Institute at Bath, &c. PITOT, Henri, French geometrician and en- gineer ; b. 29 May 1695 ; published " Theorie de la Manoeuvre des Vaisseaux, 1731 ; d. 27 Dec. 1771. PITEA, Jean Baptiste, French cardinal; 4. 31 Aug. 1812; created caidinal, 1863 ; librarian of the Vatican Hbraiy, 1866 ; published " Spicilegium Solesmense," 1852-60 ; "Juris Ecclesiastici Grae- comm Historia et Monumenta," 1864; "Hynino- graphie de I'EgUse Grecque," 1867. PITS, or PiTSIUS, John, Eoman Catholic priest; t. 1560; TSTOte " de Illustribus Anglioe Scriptoribus," published 1619; d. 17 Oct. 1616. PITT, rev. Christopher, poet; b. 1699; pub- lished "Poems and Translations," 1727; transla- tion of Virgil's "iEneid," 1740; cl. 15 April 174S. PITT, Thomas, governor of Fort St. George ; 5. 1653; bought the Pitt diamond for £20,400; sold it to king of France for £125,000, 1720; governor of Jamaica, 1716-18 ; d. 28 April 1726. PITT, "William, earl of Chatham, gi-andson, statesman; b. 15 Nov. 1708; d. 11 May 1778. Entered parlkiraent as M.P. for Old Sanun . . 1735 Bequeathed lo.oooL by Sarah, duchess of Marlbo- rough, in recognition of his talented opposition to sir Robert Walpole 1744 Paymaster-general of the anny .... 1746-55 Made secretaiy of state, 14 Dec. 1756 ; dismissed April 1757 PITT 479 BLANCHE Again secretary of state, and virtual prime mini- ster .... 30 June 1757— Oct. 1761 ■Created earl of Chatham . . 4 Aug. 1766 Lord privy seal and premier 30 July 1766 — Nov. 1768 Advocated relief of dissenters, 1772 ; and abandon- ment of coercive measui'es against the North American colonies 1774-7 Seized with a fit in the House of Lords when rising to speak, 7 April . . . d. 11 Ax^ril 1778 PITT, "William, son, statesman ; b. 28 May 1759; d. 23 Jan. 1806. Elected M.P. for Appleby 1780 Chancellor of the exchequer 13 July 17S2— AprU 1783 Became first lord of the treasury, and chancellor of the exchequer .... 27 Dec. 1783 Passed his India Bill appointing the Board of Control ... . 18 May 1784 Resigned . March 1801 Became again first lord of the treasury, and chan- cellor of the exchequer . . 16 May 1804 Made coalition with Austria and Russia against Napoleon, Aug. ; broken up by battle of Auster- litz .... .2 Dec. 1805 Bulled in Westminster abbey . 2z Feb. 1806 PITT, see Camclford. PITTACUS, one of seven sages of Greeee ; b. atont B.C. 652 ; ruler of Mitylene, 589-579 ; d. 569. PITTS, William, sculptor; b. 1790; "works, Shield of ^neas, 1828 ; Bruns\vick Shield, 1830 ; d. by poison, 16 April 1840. PIUS L— IX., popes: 1. Saint ; elected 9 April 142 ; named for his piety ; martyred . . .11 July 157 2. Eneo Silvio Piceolomini; &. 19 Oct. 1405 ; elected, Aug. 1458 ; learned ; gained abrogation of pragmatic sanction in France, 1461 ; his "Epistolee" published, 1474; " Cosmographia," 1477 '^■14 -^^^g- 3. Francesco Todeschini Piceolomini ; 6. g May 143C) ; elected, 22 Sept. . d. 18 Oct. 4. Giovanni Angelo de Medici ; &. 31 March 1490 ; elected, 26 Dec. 1559 ; issued bull confirming the council of Trent, 26 Jan. 1564 ; published con- fession of faith, or creed, 13 Nov. 1564; escaped assassination, Jan. 1565 ; founded the Vatican press rf. 10 Dec. 5. Michele Ghislieri, Saint; b. 17 Jan. 1504; elected 7 Jan. 1566; pious and energetic; made alliance with Venice and Spain against the Turks ; which defeated their fleet at Lepauto, 7 Oct. 1571 ; canonised, 24 May 1712 . d, i May 6. Giovanni Angelo Braschi ; &. 27 Dec. 1717; elected, 15 Feb. 1775 ; began draining Pontine marshes, 1777; censured Joseph II. 's reforms, 1781-2 ; excommunicated Talleyrand, 4 May 1791 ; dethroned and expelled from Rome by the French, Feb. 1798 ; d, in captivity at Valence 29 Aug. 7. Gregorio Barnaba Luigi Chiaramonti ; 6. T4 Aug. 1742 ; elected ... 14 March Agreed to concordat with France . 15 July Cro^vned emperor Napoleon I. at Paris 2 Dee. Opposed him in several measures, 1805-7; de- prived of his states ; Rome united to French empire 17 May Bxcoimnunicated Napoleon and others 10 June Taken prisoner to Savona ... 6 July Signed new concordat . . 25 Jan. Reinstated in his dominions . . 25 May Restored the Jesuits, and re-established inqui- sition, 1814 ; reformed criminal code d. 20 Aug. 8. Francesco Xavier Castiglioni ; &. 20 Nov. 1761 ; elected, 31 March 1829 . . d. 30 Nov. 9. Giovanni Maria Mastai-FeiTetti b. 13 May Created cardinal aruh bishop of Imola . Elected pope (for a time a reformer) . 16 June Insurrection at Rome ... 16 Nov. Escaped in disguise to Gaeta . . 24 Nov, Deprived of temporal power by Roman National Assembly 8 Feb. Returned to Rome by aid of France 12 April Issued bull establishing a Roman catholic liier- archy in England .... 24 Sept. ,, Made concordat with Austria , . Aug. 1855 1464 1503 1565 1799 1800 1801 1804 i8og 1813 1814 1816 1823 1830 1792 1840 1846 1849 1850 Insm-rection in the Romagna, Bologna, and Ferrara June 1859 Annexation of Bologna to Sardinia voted 7 Sept, ,, The Romagna, Modena, and Parma formed into the province of iEmilia . . .24 Dec. ,, Annexation of the Marches to Sardinia voted Nov. i860 Decreed dogma of Immaculate Conception, Dec. ,, Published (syllabus) encyclical letter censuiing eighty errors in religion, philosophy, and po- litics ; caused great dissatisfaction 8 Dec. 1864 Rome evacuated by French anny 2-12 Dec. 1866 Raised a corps of foreign troops ... „ French troops re-entered Rome . 30 Oct. 1S67 His troops and the French defeated Garibaldi at Men tana . ■ • • 3 Nov. ,, Convoked a general council, 29 Dec, 1868 ; opened, 8 Dec. 1869; closed . . 18 July 1870 Rome taken by Italians, 20 Sept. ; by plebiscite joined to the kingdom of Italy . . 2 Oct. „ The pope dedicated the universal church to the Sacred Heart . . 16 June 1875 PIZAKBO, Francisco, Spanish -wan-ior, con- queror of Peru ; h, about 1475 ; conquered, and with Diego de Almagro, explored. Peiii, 1524-33; put to death Atahualpa, the last inca, 29 Aug. 1533 ; put to death Almagi'o, July 1538 ; a. assassinated by Diego de Almagi-o, the younger, at Cuzco, 26 June PIZABE,0, Gonzalo, brother; b. 1502 ; accom- panied his brother thi'onghout Mb conquest, 1524- 33 ; revolted ao;ainst and killed the Spanish vice- roy, Nunez Vela, 18 Jan. 1546; beheaded at Cnzco, 10 April 1548. PIZZI, Gioacchino, Eoman poet; b. 1716 ; pub- lished " Visione delEden," 1778 ; d. 18 Sept. 1790. PLACE, Francis, painter and mezzotint en- graver ; d. 1728. PLAGE, Pierre de la, French jurist and Ms- torian; h. about 1520; published " CommcDtaires de I'Etat de la Eeligion et de la Republique sous les Kois Hemi II., Francois II., et Charles IX." 1565; f?. 25 Aug, 1572. PLACENTmUS, Italian juiist; d. 1192. PLACENTIUS, or PLACENTmirs, Peter (or Jolm Leo,) German Latinist ; said to have written " Pugna Porcorum," a poem, in which every word began with "P," 1533 ; d. about 1550. PLACID lA, Galla, Eoman empress, daughter of Theodosius the Great; 5. about 389; married first, Ataulphus, king of the Visigoths, 414; se- condly, Constantius, i Jan. 417; mother of valen- tinianlll., 419 ; d. 27 Nov. 450. PLAJN"A, Giovanni Antonio Amedeo, Italian astronomer, "the Newton of Italy;" b. 8 Nov. 1781 ; d. 20 Jan. 1864. PL ANCHE, James Eobinson, Somerset herald, archasologist and dramatist; b. 27 Feb. 1796; his burlesque, "Amorosa," successful, 1818; wrote "Maid Marian,'* "Oberon," &c., for music ; de- signed costumes for plays; produced drama of " Charles XII." 1828 ; published " History of British Costume," 183A ; Pursuivant at Arms, 1852 ; "Recollections,* 1872; "The Conqueror and Ids Companions," 1874 ; made Somerset Herald, 8 June 1856. PLANCHE, Jean Baptiste Gustave, French critic; b. 16 Feb. 1808; published "Portraits Lit- teraires," 1836-49; " Nouveaux Portraits Litte- raires," 1854; *' Etudes sur I'Ecole Francaise de 1831 a 1852,'' 1855 ; d, 18 Sept. 1857. PLANCHE, Josephj'French Hellenist ; b. 8 Dec. 1762; published " Dictionnaire Grec-Fran<;ais," 1809; " Cours de Litterature Grecque," 1817-29; d. 19 March 1853. PLANCT 480 PLUMPTEE PLANCY, see Collin. PLANT A, Josejjh, Swiss Hstorian; 5. 21 Feb. 1744; appointed principal litrarian, IJritisli Mu- seum, 1799 ; published " Histoi-y of the Helvetic Confederacy," 1800; c?. 3 Dec. 1827. PLANT ADE, Francjois de, French astronomer ; I). 5 Nov. 1670; d. 25 Aug. 1741. PLANTAGENET, see Clarence, Gloucester' Zancastcr, Norfolk, Yoi-/c. PLANTAMOTJE, brothers, Generese : :^MILE, astronomer ; B. 14 May 1815 ; published papers on comets, 1839, '^^ ^^^1- Philippe, olieniist; 6. 21 Nov. 1816 ; published papers, 1839, et seq. PLANTIEE, Claude Henri Augustin, French bishop ; i. 2 March 1813 ; bishop of Nimes, 1865 ; strongly supported papal infallibility at Vatican council, 1870-1 ; published "Etudes Littcraires," 1842-65 ; "rEncycliijue," 1869; d. 25 May 1875. PLANTIN, Chriatophe, French printer; i. 1514; Tvorked at Antwerp, 1555-89; printed Aut- -vverp Polyglott Bible, 1569-73 ; d. I July 1589. PLANTJDESMAKIMUS, Greek monk; /?. 14th centui7; editor of the Greek Anthology, published 1494. PLATEAU, Joseph, Belgian physicist ; I). 14 Oct. iSoi ; published many papers on optics (of late years blind), 1829 cf seq ; " Statique des Liquides souniis aux seules Forces Moleculaires," 1873- PLATER, Feh.-?, Swiss physician; I. 1536; published " Praxis Medica," 1602; d. 28 July 1614. PLATINA (Bartolommeo de' Sacclii), Italian historian; I). 1421; published "In Vitas Summo- rum Pontificum Opus," 1479; d. 1481. PLATO, Greek philosopher; b. at Athens, 21 May B.C. 429; originally named Aristocles: sur- named "Plato" by Socrates; founded his "Aca- demy," 388 ; wrote " Phccdo," "Gorgias," "Apo- logy of Socrates," " Critias," &c., (all first printed, 1513); (■?. May347. PLATON, archbishop of Moscow ; b. 5 July 1737; metropolitan of Russia, 9 July 1787; d. 23 Nov. 1802. PLATO V, pr PlATOFF, count, hetman of the Cossacks; b. about 1765; gi-eatly harassed the French during the retreat from Moscow, 1812 ; in London, 1814 ; in campaign, 1815 ; d. Feb. 1818. PLATTNEE, Earl Friedrich, German mine- ralogical chemist; b. 2 Jan. 1800; published work on the use of the blowpipe, 1835-53; and papers; professor at Freiberg, 1842; d. 22 Jan. 1858. PLAUTUS, Titus Maccius, Eoman comic poet ; h. about B.C. 254 ; his entire comedies first pruited, 1472 ; d. 184. PLAYFAIE, John, Scottish mathematician; i. 10 March 1748; elected professor of mathematics at Edinburgh, 1785; professor of natural philoso- phy, 1805; published "Elements of Geometr)^" 1794; " Outlines of Natural Philosophy," 1812-16; d. 19 July 1819. PLAYFAIE, Lyon, Scotch chemist ; b. i8ig ; joint secretary of science and art department, 1853- 6 ; lectured on agiioultural chemistry, 1841 ; pub- lished chemical papers, 1841 et seq. ; elected pro- fessf- of chemistiy at Edinburgh, 1858; m.p. for unii'ersitiesof Edmburgh and St. Andi-ew's, 1868; postmaster-general, Nov. 1873 — Feb. 1874. PLAYFAIE, William, brother of John, Scotch political writer; b. 1759; published "History of Jacobinism," 1795; " British Family Antiquities," 1809-12; d. II Feb. 1S23. PLAYFAIE, "William Henry, architect; b. July 1789; d. 19 March 1857. PLAYFOED, John, musician ; b. 1613 ; pub- lished " Brief Introduction to the Skill of Music," 165s ) " Select Musical Ayres and Dialogues," 1653 ; d. 1693. Heney, son ; wrote " Orpheus Britanm- cus; d. about 17 10. PLEGEMUND, archbishop of Canterbury; tutor to king Alfred ; consecrated 891 ; d. 915. PLETHO, see Gemistius. PLEYEL, Ignaz, German musical composer ; b. 1757; wi-ote opera, " Ifigeuia ;" visited London, 1791; d. 14N0T. 1831. PLEYEL, Marie Felicite Moke, French pianist ; b. 4 July 181 1 ; d. April 1875. PLIMSOLL, Samuel, merchant; b. 1824; M.p. for Derby, 1868 ; published " Our Seamen," 1873 ; caused much discussion ; led to passing merchant shipping acts, 1875-6. PLINIUS SECUNTDUS, Cains, the elder, Eoman naturalist ; ^. 23 ; wrote " Historia Natu- ralis," first printed, 1469 ; d. suffocated during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius which overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum, 24 Aug. 79. PLINIUS CiECILIUS SECUNDUS, Caius, the Younger, nephew, Eoman propra3tor and orator; b. about 61; wi-ote "Epistola;," first printed, 147 1 ; and "Panegyricus, liber Trajano diotus," 100; d. after 109. PLOOS VAN AmstBL, Eomelisz, Dutch engraver; b. 1726; d. 20 Dec. 1798. PLOT, Eobert, ll.d., antiquary and naturalist ; b. 1641 ; made Mowbray herald, 1694 ; published "Natural History of Staffordshire," 1686; "Na- tural History of O.xfordshire," 1705; d. 30 April 1696. PLOTINUS, Alexandrian philosopher; chief of the Neo-Platonic school; b. about 205; his works first published in original Greek, 1580 ; d. 270. PLOWDEN, Charles, Jesuit casuist ; b. I May 1743; published" Considerations on the Modem Opmionof the Fallibility of the Pope," 1796; d. 13 June 182 1. PLOWDEN, Edmund, jurist; J. abouti5i7; published " Commentaries," 1571; rf. 6Feb. 1585. PLijCKEE, Julius, Gei-man physicist; b. 16 July 1801 ; observed magne-crystallic action, the action of magnetism on the electric discharges, &c., 1856 ; d. 22 May 1868. PLUKENET, Leonard, botanist; b. 1642; published " Phytographia," 1691-6; d. about 17 10. PLUME,, Thomas, archdeacon of Eochester, 1679 ; founded Plumian professorship of astronomy, Cambridge, 1 704; d. Nov. 1704. PLUMIEE, Charles, French botanist ; 5. 1646; published ' ' Description des Plantes de 1' Amerique,' ' 1693 ; " Traite des Fougeres de 1' Amerique, 1701; ; d. 1704. 1 . / J. PLUMPTEE, rev. Edward Hayes, theolo- gian , b. 6 Aug. 1821 ; professor of divinity at King's college, London, 1853 ; Boyle lecturer, 1866- 7 ; published " Lazarus, and other Poems," 1864 ; PLUNKET 481 POLE " Sermons on Theology and Life," 1866; Christ and Christendom," 1867; " Byeways of Scriptm-e," l86q; translations, &c. PLUNKET, Oliver, Eoman Catholic arch- bishop of Armagh; b. 1629; consecrated, 1669; tried for high treason ; hanged, I July i58l. PLTJNKET, Thomas Span Plunket, baron, bishop of Tuam, Killala, and Achonry; b. ijgz', appointed dean of Down, iSn; consecrated, iS'lo; d.Oct 1866. ^ PLTJNKET, 'William Couj-ngham Plunket, baron, Irish judge ; i. July 1764; solicitor-general for Ireland, 1803-5 ' si-ttomey-general, 1805-7 ; again, 1822-27 ; chief-justice of the common pleas, 1827-30 ; created baron, I June 1827 ; lord chan- cellor of Ireland, Deo. 1830— Nov. 1834 ; again, April 1835 — June 1841 ; d. 4 Jan. 1854. PLUTAECH, Greek biographer and moralist ; b. about 50 ; -wTote " Opuscula," and " Titsc Paral- lelsE Romanorum et Grraacorum," (first printed in Greek, 1517) ; d. about 120. POCHIN, Henry Davis, chemical manufac- turer ; b. 1824 ; patented new processes, 1855 et scq.; mayor of Manchester, 1866-7. POCOCK, Edward, D.D., orientalist and theo- logian; b. 8 Nov. 1604 ; regius professor of Hebrew at Oxford, 1647; published "Specimen Historic Arabum," 1649; " Porta Mosis," 1655; his " Theo- logical Works" printed 1740; d. :o Sept. 1691. POCOCK, sir George, admiral; 6 Mar. 1706; intercepted French convoy, 1748; defeated French off Negapatam, April; Aug. 1758; oft' Pondicherry, 8 Sept. 1759; captured Havannah, Aug. 1762 ; d. 3 April 1792. POCOCK, Isaac, painter and dramatist ; }■ 1782; wrote "Miller and his Men," "Robinson Crusoe," &c.; d. 23 Aug. 1835. POCOCKE, Richard, bishop of Meath, travel- ler; b. 1704; bishop of Ossory, 1756; of Meath, 1765 ; the East visited by him, 1731-41 ; pub- Kshed "Description of the East and some other Countries," 1743-5; <^' Sept. 1765. POCZOBUT, Martin de, Polish astronomer; b. 1729; d. 8 Feb. 1810. PODIEBEAD, Georg von, king of Bohemia, protestant chief ; b. 23 April 1420 ; regent, 1444 ; elected king, 2 March 1458 ; relieved "Vienna be- sieged by Tm'ks, Oct. 1462 ; excommunicated for favouring heretics by pope Pius II., 29 March 1463 ; declared deposed by Paul II., 8 Dee. 1465 ; re- sisted Matthias ; proclaimed king, 3 May 1469 ; d. 22 March 1471. POE, Edgar Allen, American poet and novelist ; b. Jan. 181 r ; pubhshed " the Raven," 1844 ; " Eu- reka," a prose poem, 1848 ; d, 7 Oct. 1849. POEL, Egbert van der, Dutch painter ; b. about 1620 ; excelled in effects of fires by night ; d. about 1690. POELENBEHa, or POLIENBESG, Kome- lisz, Dutch paioter; b. 1586 ; d. about 1660. POBEIO, Carlo, Neapolitan statesman ; }. 1803; iinprisoned for conspiracy, 1828-38; prefect of police, and minister of public instruction at Na- ples, 1848; condemned to twenty-four years' impri- sonment, June 1850; with others mastered the crew of ship in which they were sailing, and came to London, March 1859 ; vice-president of new Italian parliament, Feb. 1861 ; d. 28 April 1867. POEESON, Charles Franijois, French historical painter ; b. about 1652 ; d. 2 Dec. 1725. POGGENDOEFP, Johann Christian, German physicist; b. 29 Dec. 1796; eminent for researches m magnetismand electricity; printed papers, 1821, ct seq. ; edited " Anualen der Phj'sik und Chemie," 1824-77 ; published "|Biographisch-litterarisches "Worterbuch zm- Geschichte der Exacten "Wissen- schaften," 1858-61 d. 24 Jan. 1877. POGGIO BEACCIOLINI, Giovanni Fran- cesco, Florentine scholar; b. 1381 ; private secre- tary to several popes, 1412-52 ; chancellor of Florence, 1452; revived classical learning; wrote " Facetia3," printed 1470; " Historia Fiorentiiia," 1715; rf. 3oOct. 1459. POGSON, Norman Robert, astronomer ; b. 23 March 1829 ; at Eaddiffe observatory, Oxford, 1851-8; at Madras, i860; discovered several minor planets (Isis, 1856 ; Ariadne, 1857, &c.). POINSOT, Louis, French geometrician; b. 3 Jan. 1777 ; d. 15 Dec. 1859. POIEET, Pierre, French mystic philosopher ; b. 15 April 1646; published " Economie divine," 1680; "Theologie rcelle, vulgairement dite la Thcologie Germanique," 1700; d. 21 May 1719. POIEIEE, Germain, French Benedictinehisto- rian ; b. 8 Jan. 1724 ; d. 2 Feb. 1803. POIESON, Auguste Simon Jean Chrysostome, French historian; b. 20 Aug. 1795; published " Histoire Romaine," 1824-6 ; " Histoire du Eegne de Henri I'V.," 1857; d. July 1871. POIESON, Jean Baptiste, French geographer ; b. 30 M.irch 1760; d. 15 Feb. 1831. POIS, see Ze Fois. POISSANT, Thibaut, French sculptor and ar- chitect; b. 1605; d. 16 Sept. 1660. POISSON, Raymond, French comedian and dramatist ; b. 1633 ; retired, 1685 ; d. 9 May 1690. POISSON, Simeon Denis, French geometrician; b. 21 June 1781 ; pubhshed "Traite de Meca- nique," 181 1 ; "Theorie Mathematique de la Cha- leur," 1835 ; many papers ; d. 25 April 184O. POISSON, see Marigmj. POISSONNIEE, PieiTe, French physician and chemist ; b. 5 July 1720 ; wrote " Memoire sur les Moyens de dessaler I'EaudeMer," 1764; d. 15 Sept. 1798. POITIEES, Diane de, see Diane. POIVEE, Pierre, French traveller ; b. 23 Aug. 1719; travelled in Cldna and East Indies, 1740-8, 1849-57 ; superintendent of Isles of France and Bourbon, and introduced there many new plants and trees, 1767-73 ; d. 6 Jan. 1786. POL, see Luxembourg. POLAIN, Matthieu Lambert, Belgian historian ; b. 25 June 1808 ; pubUshed " Histoire de I'ancien Pays de Liege," 1844-7 ; " RecueU des Ordon- nances de la JPrincipaute de Liege," 1856 d. 4 April 1872. POLE, De la, earls and dukes of Suffolk : Michael ; served Id France . . . 1355-69 Admiral, 1376 ; ambiisBador to Rome . . . 1379 Lord chancellor, March 1383 ; earl . . . 1385 Ambassador to France, Feb. ; deprived, im- peached, and imprisoned . Oct. 1386 Accused of treason ; escaped to Calais, Feb. d. at Paris, 5 Sept. 1388 MicHAEt, son ; 6. 1368 : recovered earldom and estates, J398 ; went to France with Henry V. ; killed at Harfienx , , • , 18 Sept. 141's I I POLE 482 POMBAL Michael, son ; lulled at Agincour . 25 Oct. 1415 William, brother &■ 1396 With army In France ; at Verncuil, 1424 ; Orleans 1428 Negotiated tmee. May ; marquis . 14 Sept. 1444 Arranged marriage of Henry VI. with Mai-garet of Anjou 1445 Thanked hy parliament, 1446 ; very unpopular 1447-8 Lord high admiral ; duke . . June 1448 Impeached, Jan. ; hanished, 17 March ; be- headed at sea . . 2 May 1450 John, son; restored by Edward IV., 1463; mar- ried his sister . . • ■ . ^' ■'49^ EDMU^^>, son ; reduced to earl, 1497 ; retired to Flanders ; accused of treason ; given up by duke of Burgundy; heheaded April 1513 POLE, Eeginald, cardinal, grandson of George, duke of Clarence; b. Marcli 1500; d. 17 Nov. 1558. Dean of Exeter 1S27 Agent at Paris to obtain sanction to divorce from Catherine, 1529 ; condemned it : exiled . 1530 Deprived of deanery ; created cardinal by Paul III. 1536 Published " Pro Eoclesiasticse Unitatis Defensione lib. IV.," asserting the sacred right of insurrec- tion against Henry VIII 1538 Appointed legate to England on Mary's accession . 1553 Reconciled England to the pope, and removed spi- ritual censures, 30 Nov. ; archbp. of Canterbury II Dec. ISS5 Chancellor of Oxford and Cambridge Feb. 1557 POLENI, Giovanni, marchese, Venetian physicist and astronomer ; b. 23 Aug. 1683 ; wi-ote upon the barometer, &c., 1709, et seq.; d. Nov. 1761. POLEVOI, Nikolai Aleksyeevitch, Russian historical and political writer; b. 22 June 1796; published "History of the Russian People," 1833; " Dramatic "Works and Translations," 1842-43 ; "Life of Peter the Great," 1843 ; d. 22 Feb. 1846. POLIDORO, see Caravaggio. POLI, Giuseppe Saverio, Italian physicist; b. 24 Oct. 1746; published " Fisica Spei-imentale," 1785 ; d. 7 April 1825. POLI, Maitino, Italian chemist; h. 21 Jan. 1662 ; patronised by Clement XI. and Louis XIT. ; d. 29 July 1 7 14. POLIGrNAG, Auguste Jules Annand Marie, prince de, French statesman ; b. 14 May 1780 ; connected with Georges' conspiracy (amnestied), 1804; ambassador to Great Britain, 1823; minister for foreign affairs, 8 Aug. 1829 ; president of corm- cil of ministers, 17 Nov. 1829 ; after flight of Charles X. arrested, 15 Aug. 1830 ; amnestied, 20 Not. 1836 ; d. 2 March 1847. POLIGNAC, Melchior de, French cardinal and diplomatist; b. 11 Oct. 1661; ambassador to Poland, 1695-96; plenipotentiary to congi'ess of Utrecht, 1712-13 ; ambassador to Rome, 1721-30; ■\Trote "Anti-Lucretius," poem, published 1747! ^• 3 April 1742. POLIZIANO, Angelo de' Ambrogini, Floren- tine scholar; h. 14 July 1454; collected MSS. for Lorenzo de' Medici ; pubhshed " Stanze," 1494; " Miscellanea," 1489; his " Cose Volgare" printed, 1505 ; d. 24 Sept. 1494. POLK, James Knox, American statesman; b, 2 Nov. 1795 ; president of the United States, 1845- ■g ; settled the Oregon boundary question, 12 June 1846; annexed Texas, Aug. 1846; d. 15 June 1849. POLLAJUOLO, or Pailajuolo, Floren- tine painters and sculptors : Antonio, &. about 1426 ... c^. 1498 PiETRo, brother ; li. about 1428 . . . f?. ,» ' Cronaca, I). 23 Sept 1783 Dec. 1834— April 1835 Sept. 1841— April 1844 April 1844— June 1866 d. 23 Aug. 1870 h. 4 June 1786 POLLAJUOLO, Simone, called ' Florentine architect ; b. 1454; d. 1509. POLLEXEEN, sir Henry, judge ; b. about 1632; attorney-general, Mai-ch— May 1689 ; made chief-justice of the common pleas, 1689 ', d.l^ June 1691. POLLIO, Caius Asinius, Roman orator, histo- rian, and poet; b. B.C. 76; accompanied Cffisar 111 his passage across the Rubicon, 49 ; consul, 40 ; d. A.D. 4. POLLOCK famUy: Sir Frederick, bart., judge Attorney-general Again .... Chief baron of the exchequer Created baronet, 22 July 1866 Sir George, brother, general . Commanded the troops in Afghanistan ; G.C.B. 1041 Forced the Khyber pass, 5 April; re-entered Caubiil . . - 16 Sept. 1B42 Envoy at Oude 1843-7 Field marshal, 1870; constable of the Tower . 1871 Bart, 1872 "J- 6 Oct. 1872 (William) Frederick, bart., son of Sir Frederick ; h. 3 April 1815 ; master of court of exchequer, 1846 ; published translation of Dante, 1854 ; " Re- miniscences of W. C. Macready," 1S75 ; Made] queen's remembrancer .... Dec. 1874 Charles, knt, brother, B. 21 Oct. 1823 ; baiTister, 1847; Q.C., 1866; baron of exchequer Jan. 1873 POLLOK, Robert, Scottish poet; b. 1799; published " Course of Time," 1828 ; d. 15 Sept. 1827. POLLUX, Julius, Greek rhetorician and gi-am- marian; b. about 130; his " Onomasticon " first printed, 1502 ; d. about 188. POLLUX, Julius, Byzantinehistorian ;/. about lOth centmy. POLO, Marco, Venetian traveller; b. about 1256 ; resided in MongoUa as ambassador of the great Khan, 1275-95 ; wrote " MaravigUose Cose del Mondo," printed 1496 ; d. about 1324. POLWHBLB, rev. Richard, antiquary and poet; }. 1760; published "History of Devon- shire," 1793-1806; " History of Cornwall," 1803- 8 ; d. March 1838. POLT-SINUS, the Macedonian, wrote " Stra- tagemata," about 1 50. POLYBIUS, Greek statesman and historian ; b. about B.C. 210; commander for Acbican league, 169; joined the Romans, 167 ; his " Historia" first piinted, 1530 ; d. about 128. POLTOARP, saint and martyr, bishop of Smyrna, 96 ; said to be put to death, 23 Feb. 166. POLTCLEITUS, Greek sculptor; Jl. B.C. 452-412 ; executed the statue of the Doiyphorus, known as the canon of Polycleitus. POLYCEATES, tyi-ant of Samos, attacked by the Greeks, B.C. 528 ; taken and killed by Oroetes, 522. POLYDOEE, see VergiUiis. POLYGNOTUS, Greek painter; b. about B.C. 490; executed works in temple of Theseus at Athens ; d. about 426. POMARANGIO, Florentine painters : Niccolo Circignani, called Pomarancio d, after 1591 Ceistoforo Roncalli, called Pomarancio ; &. 1552 d. 1626 POMBAL, Sebastiano Jose de Carvalho e MeUo, marquis de, Portuguese statesman ; b. 13 May 1699; foreign minister, 1750-7; prime mi- nister, 1756; helped to expel Jesuits, 1759; mar- quis, 1770; resigned, 1777; d. 5 May 1782. POMEEANUS 483 PONTMAETIN" POMEEANUS, see Bugcnhagm. POMET, Pierre, French chemist; b. 1658; published " Histoire des Drogues," 1694; d. 18 Nov. i6gg. POMEY, Francois Antoine, French Jesuit; b. 9 Dec. 1619 ; published "Pautheum Jlythicum," 1659 ; d. 10 Nov. 1673. POMFEET, John, poet ; h. about 1667 ; pub- lished "Poems," 1699; d. 1703. POMMBEAYE, Jean Francjois, French Be- nedictine historian; i. 1617: published "Histoire des Archeveques de Souen," 1667; d. 28 Oct. 1687. POMPADOUE, Jeanne Autointtte Poisson, mai-quise de, mistress of Louis XV. ; b. 29 Dec. 1721; married M. Le Noiinand d'EtioIes, 9 March 1 741; became the king's misti'ess, April 1745; made marchioness, Sept. 1745; ruled the kingdom, and favom-ed art and literatm-e ; cZ. 15 April 1764. POMPEI, Girolamo, Italian cardinal, poet ; i. 18 April 1731 ; published "Canzoni," 1766, 1779; <^- of plague, 1665. QUAEEE, Antoinette Suzaime, French poetess; b. 16 Jan. 1813; published "Poesies," 1843 ; d. 25 Nov. 1847. QUATEEPAGES de BkeAIT, Jean Louis. Armand de, French naturalist; b. 10 Feb. 1810; published "Souvenirs d'un Naturahste," 1854; "Etudes sur les Maladies aotuelles des Vers a. Sole," 1859; "Unite de rEsjiece Humaine," 1861 ; first president of French association for soienc& which met at Bordeaux, 5 Sept. 1872. QUATEEMAIEE, Jean Eobert, French Benedictine; b. 161 1 ; published "Jo. Gersen Librorum de Imitatione Christi Auctor Assertus," 1649-50; d. 6 July 1671. QUATEEMEEE, Etienne Marc, French ori- entalist; b. 12 July 1782; published "Eecherches QUATEBMEEB 492 QUEVBEDO sur la Langue et la Litturature de VEgypte," 1808 ; " llenioires Geographiques et Historiques sur I'Egj'pte," 1810; " Memou-e sur les Kabateens," 1835 ; d. 18 Sept. 1857. QUATEBMEEB DE Quinct, Aiitoine Chrysostome, French archajologist and politician; i. 21 Oct. 1755; published "Lettres sur les Mar- bres d'Elgiu," 1815; "Histoire de la Yie et des Ouvi-ages des plus celebres Architectes," 1830; " Dictionnaii-e Historique d'Ai'chitecture," 1833; .d. 28 Dec. 1849. QUATEEMERB-DISJONVAL, Denis Bernard, brother, French physicist; b. 4 Aug. 1754; published "Noureau Calendrier Araneolo- gique,' J803; 1795; 1830. ' Coiu-s d'Ideologie dcmontree," aUATTEOMANI, Scrtorio, Italian philoso- pher ; li. 1541 ; published " Filosofia di Bernardino '^relesio ristretta in Brevita," 1589; "Lettere," 1624; d. 161 1. QUAUHTEMOTZIN, or GuATEiroziN, last Aztec emperor of Mexico ; b. about 1495 ; became emperor, 1520; taken prisoner at capture of Mexico ,by Cortes, 1520; executed, 15 Feb. 1525. QUEENSBBEET, Douglas, dukes of: 1. James, enrl, 1671 ; lord higli treasm-ei- of Scotland, 1682 ; created duke, Feb. 1683 ; d. 1695. .2. James; i). 18 Dec. 1672; duke, 1695; lord high coni- luissioiier, 1700 : coniiiiissioiier for trwity of union, 1706 ; dnke of Dover, May 1708 ; secretary of state, 1702, 1709; d. 6 July 1711. .3. Ch.uii,es ; duke, 1711 ; d. 22 Oct. 1778. 4. Willia.m; b. about 1724 ; duke, 1778 ; d. unmamed, 1810 ; duchy added to liuccleuch. QUEIEOS, Pedro Fernandez de, Portuguese jiavigator; 6. about 1560; entered Spanish service ; with Alvaro Mendana de Neira discovered ilar- .quesas islands, 1595 ; with Luis de Vaes de Torres, .Otaheite, New Hebrides, Society, and many other islands of Polynesia, 1606; published " Narratio . works: " Portrait of Prim," 1869; "Execution at Alhambra;" "Judith," 1870; entered national guard ; killed at siege of Paris, 19 Jan. 1871. EEGNAULT, Henri Victor, French chemist ; S. 21 July 1810 ; published " Cours Elementaii-e de Chimie," 1847-49; many memoirs. EEGNAULT, Jean Baptiste, baron, French historical painter; li. ig Oct. 1754; d. 12 Nov. 1829. REGNAULT, Michel Louis Etienne, French statesman; b. 1760; d. 1819. REGNAULT, Noel, French physicist and philosopher ; b. 5 Sept. 1683 ; published " Entre- tiens physique d'Ariste et d'Eudoxe," 1729; " Ori- gine ancienue de la Physique nouvelle," 1735; d. 14 May 1762. REGNIER DES MareTS, Francois Sera- phin, French poet; b. 1632; translated " Batra- chomyomachia," 1657, &e. ; d. 6 Sept. 1713. REGNIER, Claude Ambroise, due de Massa, French statesman; b. 6 Apiil 1736; minister of justice, Sept. 1802 — Nov. 1813; d. 24 June 1814. REGNIER, Edme, French mechanician; 6. 15 June 1751 ; invented dynamometers, meridians, rheomometers, anemometer, &c. ; d. 10 June 1825. EEGNIER, Jacques Auguste Adolphe, French, philologist and orientalist; b. 7 July 1804; pub- lished "Cours complet de Langue Allemande," 1830-3; "Pratiqakiadu Rig- Veda," 1856-8. REGNIER, Mathurin, French satiric poet; b. 21 Dec. 1573; published " CEuvres," 1608; d. 22 Oct. 1613. REGNIER, Rene Franijois, archbishop of Cambrai; b. 17 July 1794; bishop of Angouleme, 1842 ; archbishop, 1850 ; cardinal, 1873. REGULUS, Marcus Atilius, Roman general; consul, B.C. 267 ; gained a victory over the Cartha- ginians at Adis, 255 ; defeated by them and taken prisoner, 255 ; sent to sue for peace at Rome ; re- I turned to Carthage ; killed, 250. K K 2 EEHOBOAM 600 EENDU EEHOBOAM, king of Israel; b. B.C. 1031; king, 990-73- EEICHA, Anton, German musical composer ; b. 27 Feb. 1770; published "Traite de Melodie," 1814 ; " Cours d'Hai-monie," 1824 ; " Traite de Haute Composition Musicale," 1824-5 i ^' ^^ ^*y 1836. EBICHAEDT, Johann Friedrich, German musical composer; b. 25 Nov. 1752; published " MusikaUsches Kunstmagaziu," 1702-gf; " Ver- traute Briefe aus Paris," 1802-3 ! ^- ^7 June 1814. EEICHENBACH, Karl, baron yon, German naturalist and physicist; b. 12 Feb. 1788; pub- lished his " Eesearches on Magnetism," 18^7 j '* Odischmagnetische Briefe," 1852 ; " der sensitive Mensch und sein Verhalten zura Od," 1854; d. 19 Jan. i86g. EEICHENBACH, Georg Ton, German me- chanician; b. 24 Aug. 1772; rf. 21 May 1826. EEICHENBACH, Heinrich Gottlieb Lud- "wig, German naturalist ; i. 8 Jan. 1 793 ; published " Icones Flora! Germanicffl Helveticaa, et Medise Europa;," "1823-58 ; " Deutschlands Flora," 1837- 58 ; " Naturgeschichte der Vogel," 1835-52 ; " Deutsche Fauna," 1838-42. EEICHSTADT, duo de, see Napoleon II. EEID, Mayne, captain, Irish novelist ; b. 1818 ; served in United States army, 1845-9 ; pub- lished "Ride Bangers," 1849; "Boy Hunters," 1852 ; " Quadroon," 1856 ; " Headless Horseman," 1865; "Death Shot," 1873; &c. EEID, Thomas, Scottish metaphysician ; h. 26 April 1 7 10; professor of philosophy at Aberdeen, 1752-64; published "Inquiry into the Human Mmd," 1704; "Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man," 1787; "Essays on the Active Powers," 1788; d. 7 Oct. 1796. EEID, sir "William, major-general, royal engi- 3ieers ; b. 25 April 1791 ; governor of Bermuda, 1838-46; of the Antilles, 1846-8; of Malta, 1851 ; piiDlisned " Law of Storms," 1838 ; " Prosress of the Development of the Law of Storms, and of the Variable winds," 1849; d. 31 Oct. 1858. EEIMAEUS, Hermann Samuel, German phi- lulogist ; b. 22 Dec. 1694 ; d. i March 1767. EEINECCIUS, Christian, German phOolo- gist ; b. 22 Jan. 1668 ; published " Biblia Quadra- lingua," 1748, &c. ; d. 18 Oct. 1752. EEINHOLD, Erasmus, German astronomer; b. 21 Oct. 1511; pubhshed " Conimentarius Theo- i-icc nova! Plauetai-um G. Purbachii," 1542 ; " Pru- tfuica; Tabula) Ccelestium Motuum," 1551 ; d, 19 Feb. 1553. EEINHOLD, Karl Leonard, German meta- pliTsician ; b. 26 Oct. 1758 ; published " Briefe iiber die Kautische Philosophie," 1790-2; "Die alte Frage: "Was ist "Wahrheit?" 1820; d. 10 .iipril 1S23. EEINKENS, Joseph Hubert, n.-n., "old Catholic" leader; b. I March 1821 ; professor at Nuremberg; rector of Breslau university, 1865-6; protested against Vatican decrees, Aug. 1870 ; ex- communicated, 1872 ; elected bishop of the " Old ' 'atholica," 4 Jan. 1873 ; consecrated by Janseuist bishop, Heycamp of Deventer, 11 Aug. 1873. EEIN030, Antonio Garcia, Spanish painter and architect ; b. 1623 ; d. 1677. EEISACH, Carl August von. Bavarian car- dinal; b. 6 July 1800; created cardinal, 17 Dec. 1855 i bishop of Sabina, 22 June 1868; one of the five presidents of the (Ecumenical Council, Deo. 1869 ; d. 23 Dee. 1869. EEISKE, Johann Jacob, Gei-man philologist and orientalist; b. 25 Deo. 1716; published "Abulfedee Annales," 1754; " Animadversiones ad Grrecos Auctores," 1757-67; "Oratorum Grsecorum Corpus," 1770-5; " Plutarchi Opera omnia," 1774-9; 'i- 14 Aug. 1774. EEIZ, Friedrich "Wolfgang, German philolo- gist; b. 2 Sept. 1733 ; edited Herodotus, 1778; d. 2 Feb. 1790. EELAND, Adriaan, Dutch orientalist; b. 17 July 1676; published " de Eeligione Mohamme- dicS," 1705; " Antiquitates sacras veterum He- braiorum," 1708; d. 5 Feb. 1718. EEMBEANDT, Hermanszoon van Eh}-!!, Dutch painter and engraver; b, 1608; works: " Descent from the Cross," 1640; "Adoration of the Shepherds," and "Nativity," 1646; "Christ blessing Little Children," about 1650; d. 8 Oct. 1669. EEMI, or EEMIGniS, saint, archbishop of Eheims ; b. 437 ; d. about 13 Jan. 533. EEMUSAT, Charles Franqois Marie, comte de, French liberal statesman and philosopher; b. 16 March 1797 ; active member of the assembly, sup- porting Thiers; retired at the cmip d'etat^ Dec. 1851; published "Pauperisme et Charite Legale," 1840; "Abelard," 1845; "St. Anselm de Cantor- bery," 1854 ; " Bacon, sa Vie, &c.," 1858 ; " Chan- ning, sa "vie, &c," 1861 ; "Angleterre aux XV1II«'. siecle," 1865, &c. ; d. 6 June 1875. EEMUSAT, Jean Pierre Abel, French orienta- list; b. 5 Sept. 1788; published " Elements de la Grammaire Chinoise," 1822; "Melanges Asia- tiques," 1825; "Nouveaux Melanges," 1828; rf. 4 June 1832. EENAN, Joseph Ernest, French philologist and critic; b. 27 Feb. 1823; published " Histoire Generale des Langues Semitiques," 1854 ; " Essais de Morale et de Critique," and "Livre de Job," 1859; " Vie de Jesus," 1863; "les Apijtres," 1866: "Saint Paul," 1869; &c. EENAED, see Volpato. EENATJ D'ELigAGAEAY, Bernard, French admiral; b. 1652; published "Theorie de la Man- oeuvre des Vaisseaux," 1689; besieged Gibraltar, 1704; d. 30 Sept. 1719. EENAUDOT, Eusebe, French orientalist ; b. 20 July 1646; published " Historia Patriarcbarum Alexandrinorum Jacobitarum," 1713; " Liturgia- rum Orientalium CoUectio," 1715-6; d. 1 Sept. 1720. EENATJDOT, Theophi-aste, French physician and joui-nalist; b. in London, 1584; under the auspices of KicheKeu, founded " Gazette de France," 1631 ; continued " Mercure Francois," i6^t; : d. 2t; Oct. 1653. ^ ^ EENDEL, James Meadows, civil engineer ; b. 1800; d. 21 Nov. 1856. EENDU, AmbrOise Marie Modeste, French educationalist; b. 25 Oct. 1778; organised the system of primary instruction in France, 1816-50 : published " Code Universitaire," 1827 ; d.lz March i860. EENDU 501 EEWBELL EENDTJ, Louis, Swiss bishop, geologist; b. 19 Dec. 1789 ; publislied " AperQus Geologiques sur la Vallee de Chambery," 1836; " Theorie des Glaciers das Alpes," &c. ; d. 28 Aug. 1859. EENE the Good, duke of Anjou; i. 16 Jan. 1409 ; married Isabella, heiress of Lorraine, 1420 ; defeated and imprisoned by duke of Burgimdy, 1431-2; duke, 1434; declared king of Naples, Sicily, and Jerusalem, 1435 ; lost his kingdom ; retired to Prorence, 1442 ; nis daughter Margaret married to Henrj VI. of England, 1445 ; Anjou seized by Louis i.1., 1473 ; d. at Aix, 10 July 1480 ; "ffiuTres" published, 1845-6. EENEHAN, Laurence F., d.d., president of Jlaraooth college ; b. 1797; collected materials for Irish history ; d. 28 July 185". RENI, Guido, see Guido. EENNELL, James, major, geographer; I. about Nov. 1742 ; published "Bengal Atlas," 1781 ; "Geographical System of Herodotus," 1800; &c. ; d. 29 March 1830. EENNELL, Thomas, dean of Winchester ; *. 1753 ; made dean, 1805 ; d. 31 March 1840. EENNIE, Scotch engineers : John ; &. 7 June 1761 ; erected "Waterloo Itrklge, 1811 ; Southwark bridge, 1815-ig ; Loudou flocks, 1805, et seq. ; PlymoutU breakwater, 1812, et seq. ; d. 4 Oct. iSii. Sons : — George ; 6. 3 Jan. 1791 ; partner with sir John, 1821 ; treasurer R.S., 1845, etscq. ; " Experimeuts on Strength of Materials," 1818, iSic. ; d. 30 March i866. Sir John; 6. jo Aug. 1794; travelled in Europe, 1819; completed his father's works ; built London bridge : opened, 1831 ; surveyed for many railways, &c. ; d. 3 Sept. 1874. EENOTJAED, Antoine Augustin, French bib- EENOUAED, rev. George Cecil, orientalist and geographer; b. 7 Sept. 1780; lord high almoner's professor of Arabic at Cambridge, 1815- 20 ; d. 15 Feb. 1867. EENOUP, Peter le Page, orientalist; J. in Guernsey, 1824 ; professor in Catholic university of Ireland, 1855; inspector of schools, 1864; pub- lished " Greek and Anglican Communions," 1857 ; "Condemnation of Pope Honorius," 1868; and many papers. EBNOITVIEE, Jules, French archieologist ; b. 13 Dec. 1804 ; published " Types et Manieres des Maitres Graveurs," 1853-6 ; " Histoire de I'Origine et des Progrcs de la Gravure daus les Pays-Bas et en Allemagne," i860; d. 23 Sept. i860. EEPNIN, Kikolai Tasilievitoh, Eussian gene- ral and diplomatist; b. 22 March 1734; signed treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji, July 1774; defeated Turks near Ismail, Sept. 1789; before Matschin, 10 July 1 791 ; signed peace of Jassy, 9 Jan. 1792 ; frequently ambassador; d. 24 May 1801. EEPTON, Humphrey, landscape gardener ; b. 2 May 1752; published "Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening," 1794; "Odd "Whims," 1804 ; d. 24 March 1818. EEQUESBNS, Luis de Zuniga y; governor of Netherlands, Nov. 1573; failed m siege of Leyden, 1573-4 ; d. 5 March 1576. EEQUIN, Achille Pierre, French physician; i. IS Aug. 1803 ; d. i Jan. 1855. RE80HID Pasha, Mustapha, Tui-k4sh states- man; b. 1802; sent to London and Paj-is, 1834; arranged quadruple alliance ; published a statute, basis of a new civil and religious code, 1839, &c. ; frequently grand- vizier ; promoting rfeform, 1846- 57; (i. 5 Jan. 1858. EESENDB, Andre de, Portuguese antiquary ; i. 30 Nov. 1498 ; wrote " Vida do Infante 1). Duarte," published 1789 ; " de Antiquitatibus Lu- sitanisB," 1593; d. 9 Dec. 1573. EESENDE, Garcia de, Portuguese historian and poet; b. about 1470 ; published " Cancioneiro Geral," 1516; d. after 1554. EESTOUT, French historical painters : . Jean ; b. 26 March 1692 . . . rf. i Jan. 176S Jean Bernard, son; 6. 22 Feb. 1732 d. 18 July 1795 EETIP DE LA .BRETONSTE, or EESTir, Nicolas Edme, French miscellaneous writer; d. 22 Nov. 1734; pubUslied "Paysan perverti," 1775; " Paysanne pervertic," 1784; " Niiits de Paris," 1788-94; rf. 3Feb. 1806. EETZ, Albert de Gondi, marechal de, French courtier; b. at Florence, 4 Nov. 1522; at court of Henry II. of France, 1547 ; ambassador to Eliza- beth of England, Dec. 1572; governor of Nantes, 1581 ; duke, 1581 ; d. 12 April 1602. EETZ, Jean Francjois Paul de Gondi, cardinal de, French statesman ; b. Oct. 1614 ; canon at Paris, 1627 ; coadjutor to archbishop of Paris, 1643 ; opposed the piince de Coude and cardinal Mazann ; cardinal, 1651 ; reconciled, 1652; wrote " Me- moii-es" (published 1717); d. 24 Aug. 1679. EETZSCH, Friedrich August Moritz, German painter and engraver; b. 9 Dec. 1/79; published illustrations to Gothe's Faust and Shakspere, 1828 ; to Biirger's Ballads, 1840 ; d. 11 June 1857. EEUOHLIN, Johann, German Hebrew and classical scholar ; b. 28 Dec. 1455 ; teacher at Basel, 1475 ; summoned before Inquisition ; appealed to the pope, Oct. 15 13; declared innocent, 24 April 1514, 2 July 1516; professor at lugolstadt, 1520; Tubingen, 1522 ; published "de Arte cabalistici," 1494 ; " Scenica Progymnasmata," 1497 ; " Sergius, sen Capitis caput," 1507; "Lexicon Hebraicunij" 1512; d. 30 June 1522. EEUTEE, Fritz, German liumorous novel- ist (resembling Dickens) ; b. 7 Nov. 1810 ; member of the Burschenschaft ; condemned to death for con- spiracy ; imprisoned 1833-40 ; published many tales in " platt," or low German; d. 12 July 1874. EEUTEE, baron Paul Julius, German tele- graph engineer; b. 1818; organised telegraph system between Aix-la-Chapelle and Berlin, 1849 ; naturalised, established his chief office in London, 1851 ; baron, 1871. EEUVENS, Jan Everard, Dutch jui-ist; b. 1763; murdered, 1816. EEVELLIEEE, see Zarevellih-e. EE VELE Y, "Willey, architect and antiquary ; d. 1799. EEVENTLOW.FrederikDitlev, count, Danish, diplomatist; b. 25 Nov. 1792; envoy to Great Britain; d. 6 Oct. 1 85 1. EEVETT, Nicholas, architect and antiquary; b. 1 721; published, with James Stuart, "Anti- quities of Athens," 1762-1815; with Chandler, "Ionian Antiquities," 1769-1800; d. I June 1804. EEWBELL, Jean Francjois, French republican politician; b. 8 Oct. 1747; elected president of the assembly, 5 May 1791 ; rf. 23 Nov. 1807. EEY 502 EICABDO EEY, Jean, prem-h physician and chemist; published "Essays sur hi Kechcrche de hx cause pour laquelle I'Estain et Ik Plomb augmeutent de poids quand on les calcine," 1630; d. about 1645. EET, Jean Baptiste, French musical composer ; I). 18 Dec. 1734; d. 15 July 1810. EBYEE (Louis fitienne Ernest Eey), French composer; A. i Dec. 1823; wrote music for "le Selam," an ode by Th. Gautier, 1850 ; " Maitre Wolfram," opera, 1854 ; " la Statue," l8tii, &c. EETMOND, see Dti Bois Eeymond. EETNAUD, Autoine Andre Louis, baron, French mathematician; b. 12 Sept. 1771; pub- lished "'J'heoremes et Problemes de Geometric," 1812; "Traite de Statistique," 183S; d. 24 Feb. 1844. _ EEYNEATJ, Charles Eeue, French geometii- cian; b. 1656; published "Analyse demontree," 1708; " Science du Calcul dcs Grandeurs en gene- ral," 1714-35; d. 24 Feb. 1728. EEYNIEE, Jean Louis Antoine, Swiss natu- ralist ; b. 25 July 1762 ; published " Economic pub- lique et nu-ale des Celtes, des Germains et d'autres Teuples du Nord et du Centre de I'Em-ope," 1808 ; d. 17 Dec. 1824. RETNTEE, Jean Louis Ebenezer, brother, French general; b. 14 Jan. 1771: defeated the Janissai-ies at Heliopolis, 20 Nov. 1800 ; published "Egypte aprcs la bataille d'Heliopolis," 1802 ; d. 27 Feb. 1814. EEYNOLDS, Edward, bishop of Norwich; b- 1599; consecrated, 1660; published his "Works,"' i&SS ; d. 16 Jan. 1676. EEYNOLDS, see Sninolds. EETNOLDS, sir Joshua, portrait painter ; h. 16 July 1723; visited Italy, 1749-52; founded LiteraiT Club, 1764; elected fii-st president of the Eoyal Academy of Arts, 1 768 ; went to the Nether- lands, 1781 ; published his "Discourses," 1769-90; his "Graphic Works" published, 1820-68; d. 23 Feb. 1792. JPoTtmiU, etc. .■ — Coiiiniodoi-e Keppel, 1753 ; Jolmson, 1756 : Ganick, between Tragedy and Comedy, 1762 : Ugolino, 1770-3 ; Goldsmith, 1770 : Mrs. Biddoiis, " Tragic Muse," 1784 ; Infant Hercules, 1786 ; Sheri- dan, 1789 ; &c. EEZZONICO BELLA TOKEE, Antonio Giuseppe, coute, Italian general and scholar; b. 1709: wrote " Disquisitiones Pliniana; ;" d. 16 March 1785. EHjETICUS, Georg Joachim, German mathe- matician; b. 15 Feb. 1514; professor at Witten- herg, 1537-42 ; helped Copernicus ; and published "Nan-atio de Libris Kevolutionuni Copemici," 1540; " Orationes de AstrononuLl, tc," 1542; d. 4 Dec. 1576. EHANGABES, Alexander Ehizos, Greek st:\tesman and archaeologist ; b. Jan. 1810; professor at Athehsji 844-56 ; foreign minister, 1856-59 ; pub- lished " Contes et NouvcUes," 1843; " Antiquites HeUeniqJes," 1842-55. _ EH.4jj^, or EhASES, Mohammedan physi- cian ; w*te~an medicine and alchemy ; d. about 923 or 932. EHEEDE, Hendrik Adriaan Draakenstein van, Dutch botanist; b. about 1660; published "Hortus ludicua Malabaricus," 1678-1703 ; d. l6gg. EHEISTANUS, Beatus, German scholar; b- 1485 ; edited Quintus Curtius, 1517 ; Yelleuis Pater- culus, 1520; Tertullian, 1521 ; Erasmus' works, 1540-1 ; d. 20 May 1 547. EHIGAS, Greek patriot and poet, called the TyrtiEus of modem Greece ; i. about 1753 ; pro- jected the society of " Hetairaj," to free Greece about 1785 ; drowned in the Danube by Austrians, May 1798. EHODEiS, Alexandre de, French Jesuit mis- sionary ;i. 15 March 1591; published "Dictiona- rium. Aunamiticmn, Lusitaniun, et Latinum," l65l';-'rf. in Persia, 5 Nov. 1660. EHODOMAN, Lorenz, German scholar and poet; b. 1546; published " Historia Vita; et Doc- trinas Martini Lutheri," poem, &c.; d.8 Jan. 1606. EHYNE, AVillem ten, Dutch phj-sician and naturalist; *. about 1640 ; published " Schedi- asma de Promontorio Bonte Spei et de Hottentotis," 1686. EIANCET, Heni-y Leon Camusat de, French publicist ; b. 24 Oct. 1816 ; published " Histoire du Monde," 1838-41 ; " Le Lot et les Jesuites," 1845 ; " Yie des Samts," 1866; &o. EIANZAEES, Fernando Muuoz, duque de, Spanish soldier; b. I8l0 ; manried queen Christina, widow of Ferdinand YII. of Spain, 28 Dec. 1833; created duke, 1844 ; d. 13 Sept. 1873. EIAEIO-SPOEZA, Sisto, Neapolitan cardi- nal ; A. 5 Dec. 1810 ; made archbishop of Naples, 1845 ; created cardinal, 1846. EIAEIO-SFOEZA, Tommaso, Neapolitan cardinal ; b. 8 Jan. 1782 ; created, 1823 ; rf. 14 Marck 1857- EIBADENEIEA, Pedi-o, Spanish Jesuit liis- torian; b. I Nov. 1527; published " Vida de S. Ignacio," 1570; "Flos Sanctorum," 1599-1610; "de Scriptoribus Societatis Jesu," 1608 ;rf. i Oct. 1611. EIBALTA, Francisco, Spanish painter; b. 1551 ; d. 12 Jan. 1628. EIBAS, Josef de, Russian admiral and diplo- matist; 4. 1735 ; d. about 1797. EIBAUT, Jean, French navigator ; b. about 1520; published "Whole and ti-ue Discovery of i^iTa Florida," 1563 : murdered by Spaniards at Fort Carolina, Florida, 1565. EIBEEA, Jose, called Spagnoletto, Spanish, painter and engraver; b. 12 Jan. 1588; d. 1656. EICAMATOEE, Giovanni, called Nanni ii\ Udine, Italian painter ; b. 1489 ; iiupil of Giorgione ; painted arabesques in the Yatican under the direc- tion of Raphael ; d. 1561. EICAED, Alexis Franqois, French art critic ; b. 1806 ; married rich English catholic ; published " de I'Ai-t Chretien," 1841-55; "Leonard da Yiuci," 1855; "Quatre MartjTs," 1856; " Shaks- peare," iSat^ " Michel Ange e't Raphael," 1867 ; d. 10 July 1874. EICAEDO, Da^a, political economist ; b. 19 April 1772; publisjred " Principles of Political Economy and Taxation," 1817; "Protection to Agiicultiure," 1822; d. 11 Sept. 1823. EICAEDO, Joseph Lewis, publicist; b. 1S12; a founder of Electric Telegrapll company, 1846 ; publi!*ed "Anatomy of the Navigation Laws," 1857; d. 20 Aug. 1862. . RICA80LI 503 EICHAEDSON EICA80LI, Bettino, barone, Italian states- man ; 4. ^ March i8og ; minister of the interior and president of the council, ii June 1861 — ■ 1 March 1862 ; again, 20 June i855 — 5 April 1867. EICAUT, or EycAUT, sir Paul, traveller and historian ; b. about 1628 ; published " Present State of the Ottoman Empire, 1669; "History of the Turks from 1623 to 1677," 1680 ; " History of the Turks from 1679 to 1699," 1700; d. 16 Dec. 1700. EICCATI, Italian physicists : Jacopo ; &. 28 May 1676; d. 15 April 1754; "Opera" published, 1765. Sons: — ViNCENzo : &. ri Jan. 1707 ; wrote many memoirs, 1749, et seq. ; d. 17 Jan. 1775. Giordano; Zj. 25 Feb. 1709; wrote many memoirs; d, 20 July 1790. Feancesco ; !>. 28 Nov. 1718 ; d. 18 July 1791. EICCI, Lorenzo, Italian Jesuit ; b. 2 Aug. 1703; elected general of his order, 21 May 1758; upon suppression of the order, 21 July 1773, impri- soned in castle of St. Angelo at Rome ; d. there, 24 Not. 1775. EICCI, Matteo, Italian Jesuit missionary ; b. 6 Oct. 1552 ; founded missions in China, 1583 ; wrote " de Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas sus- cepta ab Societate Jesu," published 1615; d. at Pekin, 11 May 1610. EICCI, Scipione, Italian prelate ; }. 9 Jan. 1 741 ; made bishop of Pistoja and Prato, 24 June 1780; resigned, 1790; imprisoned, 1799 ; d. 27 Jan. 1810. EICCI, Sebastiano, Venetian painter ; J. 1662; d. 13 May 1734. EICCIAEELLI, Daniele, called Daniele da Volterra, Florentine painter and sculptor ; b. 1509; chef-d'auvre " Descent from the Cross," in church of Trinita del Monte at Eome ; d. 1566 or 1567. EICCIO, Domenico, " U Brusasorchi," Italian painter ; b. 1494 ; d. 1567. EICCIOLI, Giovanni Battista, Italian astro- nomer; 4. 17 April 1598 ; published " Almagestum novum," 1651 ; " Astrouomia Keformata," 1665; d. 25 June 1671. EICCOBONI, Italian comedians and drama- tists: LoDovico ; b. 1674 ; settled in Paris, 1716 ; pub- lished "Histoire du Th^&tre Italian," 1728-31; d. 5 Dec. I7S3 Antonio Francesco, son ; 6. 1707 ; published "Art du Theatre," 1750 . d. 15 May 1772 EICH, Claudius James, traveller and orien- talist: b. 28 March 1787; published "Memoires Bur les Euines de Babylon," 1812; "Narrative of a Eesidence in Koordistan," 1836; d, 5 Oct. 1821. EICH, Obadiah, American bookseller; b. 1783 ; published " Bibliotheca Americana nova," 1835-46; d. 20 Jan. 1850. EICH, Richard, lord ; lawyer ; solicitor-general, 1533 ; chancellor of court of augmentations, 1536 ; peer, 1547 ; lord-chancellor, 1547-51 ; d. 1568. EICHAED I.— III., dukes of Normandy. 1. sumamed " Sans peur "... . &. 935 Succeeded his father, William "Longue Epee" 943 d. 20 Nov. 996 2. the Good, eon ; succeeded, 996 . d. 2 Aug. 1026 3. son ; succeeded, 2 Aug. 1026 . d. by poison 1028 EICHAED, earl of Cornwall, emperor of Germany, son of John, Idng of England ; b. 5 Jan. 1209; d. at Kirham, 2 April 1272. Became earl of Cornwall 1216 Went on crusade to the Holy Land . . . . 1240 Elected emperor 13 Jan. 1257 Came to England to mediate between Henr^- III. ■ and the barons 1263 Taken prisoner by De Moiitfort at battle of Lewes, 14 Mayii264 Eeturned to Germany ; held diet at Worms . . 1269 EICHAED I.-III., kings of England. 1, "Coenr de Lion" &. Sept. 1157 Rebelled against his fatlier, Henry II. , . 1173-89 Succeeded liis fathsr, 6 July nSg; crowned, 3 Sept. 1 189 Joined the crusade to the Holy Land . i July ngo Married Berengaria, daughter of Sancho VI., king of Navarre iigr Took Acre 12 July „ Besieged Ascalon, 1191 ; defeated Saladin Aug. 1192 Made jirisoner by Leopold, duke of Austria, 20 Dec. ; given up to Henry VL, emperor of Germany 28 Dec. ,, Ransomed for 4oo,oooZ. ... 4 Feb. 1194 Wounded by a poisoned arrow at the Biege of Chains, 26 March . . . . d. 8 April iigg 6. Feb. 1366 21 June 1377 JO June 1381 ■ 1385 10 Aug. 1388 ■ 1397 29 Sept. 1399 murdered in Pontefract 13 Feb. 14CXJ 2. son of Edward, the Black Prince Succeeded his grandfather, Edward III. Insurrection of Wat the Tyler Invaded Scotland; burnt Edinburgh Defeated by the Scots at Otterbum . Duke of Gloucester murdered Dethroned by Henry of Bolingbroke d. said to have been castle ... 3. duke of Gloucester .... 6. 2 Oct. 1450 Married Anne, widow of Edward, prince of Wales 1471 Deposed his nephew, Edward V. . 22 June 1483 Usurped the throne . ... 26 June ,, Said to have murdered in the tower Edward V. and Richard duke of York . . . Aug. „ Defeated duke of Buckingham ; beheaded, 2 Nov. „ Defeated by Henrj' Tudor, earl of Richmond, and killed at battle of Bosworth Field . 22 Aug, 1485 BICHABD, emperor of Germany, see Richard earl of Cornwall, EICHAED DE AUNGERYILLE, bishop; 5. at Bury St. Edmund's, about 1281 ; bishop of Dur- ham, 1333 ; lord-chancellor, 1 334-5; wrote *'PhiIo- bibhon;" d. 24 Apiil 1345. EICHAED of Cirencester, monk of "Westmin- ster, historian; b. about 1330 ; wrote " de SituBri- tanniEe," printed 1757; " Historia ab Hengiat^ ad AnTinTn 1348 ;" d. 1401 or 1402. EICHAED, Louis Claude Marie, French bota- nist; b. 4 Sept. 1754; wrote "de Orchideis Europseis Annotationes," printed 1818; " de Coni- feris et Cycadeis," 1826; "de Musaceis," 1831 ; d. 7 June 182 1. EICHAEDS, Alfred Bate, barrister, poet, and journalist; i.1820; published " Croesus," atragedv", 1845 ; *' Cromwell," 1847 ; " Religio Animse," i86d ; &c. ; chief originator of volunteer corps, 16 April 1859 ; colonel of first working-men's corps till 1869 ; has edited " British Army Despatch," &c. ; " Daily Telegraph," and " Morning Advertiser " (Dec.1870) ; d. 12 June 1876. EICHAEDS, Brinlej'-, "Welsh musical compo- ser and pianist; b. 1819; composed "Harp of "Wales," " God Bless the Prince of Wales," &c. EICHAEDS, Joseph Loscombe, d.d., rector of Exeter college, Oxford; b. 1798 ; d. 27 Feb. 1854, EICHAEDSON, Benjamin "Ward, m.d. F.B.s. ; applied ether spray in surgical observa- tions, l8bo ; published " Discourses on Practical Physic ;" " Smoking and Diinking," 1871 ; ** Dis- eases of Modem Life," 1876; &c. ; proposed erec tion of a city of health (Hygeiopolis), 1076, EICHAEDSON 504 EIDOLFI EICHAEDSON, Charles, ll.d., lexicogra- pher; b. IJJ^; pubUahed " Illustrations of English Philology '' 1815 ; "Dictionary of the English Lan- guage," 1836-7 ; d. 6 Oct. 1865. EICHAEDSON, George Frederick geologist ; 6. about 1796; d. by suicide, 5 July 1848. EICHAEDSON", James, Scotch missionary; 6. 1810 ; trarelled in Africa, 1845 ; and with Earth and Overweg, 1850; "Travels in Great Desert of Sahara," published 1849 ; " Narrative of a Mission to Central Africa," 1853; d. in Africa, 4 March 1851. EICHAEDSON, sir John, m.d., naturalist and Arctic explorer; b. 5 Nov. 1787; went with Franklin to Polar regions, 1819, 1825 ; published "Fauna Boreali-Americana," 1829-37 ; with J. E. Gray, "Zoology of the Voyage of the ^reSas and Terror," 1844-7; "Arctic Searching Expedition," 1851 ; d. 5 June 1865. EICHAEDSON, Jonathan, portrait painter ; *. 1665; published "Essay on the Theory of Painting," 1719; " Explanatory Notes and Remarks on Milton's Paradise Lost," 1734 ; " Poems," 1776 ; d. 28 May 1745. EICHAEDSON, Samuel, novelist; b. 1689; published " Pamela," 1741-2 ; " Clarissa Harlowe," 1748; "History of sir Charles Grandison," 1754; d. 4July 1761. EICHAEDSON, William, Scottish poet; b. 1743; published "Poems," 1781 ; "Essays on some of Shakespeare's Dramatic Characters," 1783; d. 3 Nov. 1814. EICHELET, Cesar Pierre, French lexicogra- pher; d. 1631 ; published " Dictionnaire Fran(;ai8," 1680; "Nouveau Dictionnaire dea Eimes," 1667; d. 23 Nov. 1698. EICHBLIBU, Armand Jean du Plessis, due de, French cardinal and statesman; b. ^ Sept. 1585 ; bishop of LuQon, April 1607 ; cardinal, Sept. 1622 ; became chief minister of Louis XIll., 1629; governed with vigour and success; took Eochelle, Sept. 1628 ; commanded in Italy, 1630 ; "Day of Dupes," defeated his enemies, Nov. 1630; escaped assassination, 1642; founded "Aca- demie de France," 1634-5 ! '^- 4 •D'*'- 1642. EICHELIEU, Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie du Plessis, due de, French statesman ; b. 2 J Sept. 1 766 ; minister for foreign afiairs, and president of the council, Sept. 1815 — Dec. 1818; again, Feb. 1820 — Dec. 1821 ; d. 17 May 1822. EICHELIEU, Louis Franijois Armand du Plessis, due de, French marshal; b. 13 March 1696 ; contributed to the victories of Fontenoy, 30 April 1745, and of Eaucoux, i Oct. 1746 ; d. 8 Aug. 1780. EICHEE, French chronicler ; fl. loth century ; wrote " Historia," printed 1839. EICHEE, Jean, French astronomer ; d. 1696. . EICHMANN, Georg Wilhehn, Livoniau phy- sicist; b, II July 1711 ; wi'ote many papers, 1751, et seq. ; killed by lightning while experimenting with an insulated conductor, at St. Petersburg, 26 July 1753. EICHMOND, dukes of: 1. Henkt Pitzroy, natural soa of Henry VIII. ; created duke, 18 Jime 1525 ; d without issue, 1536. S, LoDowicK Stuart : created, 17 May 1623; d. 1624. 3, James, brother; d. 1655. 4. EsME, son; d. 1660. 5. Charles, cousin ; d. 1672. 6. (i). Charles Lennox, son of Charles II. (by Louise Ren^e de Perrencourt, duchess of Portsmouth) ; 6. 29 July 1672; created duke, g Aug. 1675 : d. 27 May 1723. 7. (2). Charles, son; duke, 1723; master of the horse, 1735 : d. 8 Aug. 1750, 8. (3). Charles, son; 6. 22 Feb. 1735; duke, 1750 : ambassador to France, 1765 ; princiiial secretary of state, May — July 1766 ; master-general of ordnance, 1782-95 ; d. 29 Oct. 1806, 9. (4). Charles, nephew; 6. 1764; governor-general of Canada, 1818 ; d. by bite of a dog, 28 Aug. 1819. 10. (s). Charles Gordon-Lennox ; 6. 3 Aug. 1701 ; lieut.-coL in the army ; served in the war at Waterloo, 18 June 1815 ; added name of his uncle George, duke of Gordon, 1836; d. 21 Oct. i860. 11. (6). Charles Henry, son ; 6. 27 Feb. 1818 ; as earl of March, president of the poor-law board, March — June 1859 : succeeded as duke, 21 Oct. i860 ; president of the board of trade, March 1867— Dec. i368 ; lord president of the council, Feb. 1874 ; created duke of Gordon, 11 Jan. 1876. EICHMOND, George, portrait painter; i. 1809; elected A.K.A., 1857; b.a. 1866. , EICHMOND, rev. Legh, divine; h. 1772; published "Annals of the Poor," 1814; "Dairy- man's Daughter," &c. ; d. 8 May 1827. EICHMOND, see Beaufort, Tudor, and Senry. ^ EICHTEE, Johaun Paul Friedrich, called "Jean Paul," German novelist ; b. 21 March 1763; tutor, 1 786-90 ; settled at Baireuth, 1804 ; published " Gronliindische Processe," 1783-5; "Unsichtbare Loge," 1793; "Hesperus," 1794,; "Quintus Fix- leiu," 1790; "Siebenkas," 1796-7; "Titan," 1800-3; " Flegeljahre," 1804; "Levana," 1807; d. 14 Nov. 1825. EICHTEE, Otto Friedrich von, Eussian tra- veller; b. I'l^z; d. 13 Aug. 1816. EICIMEE, count, Eoman patrician; defeated the Vandal fleet near Corsica, and saved Italy, 456 ; made Majorianus emperor, i April 457 ; de- posed him, 2 Aug. 461 ; made Libius Severus nomi- nal emperor, 19 Nov. 461 ; married daughter of emperor Anthemius, 467 ; killed him, and sacked Home, n July ; d. 18 Aug. 472. EICKMAN) John, statistician; }. 1771; d. II Aug. 1840. EICKMAN,' Thomas, architect; b. 8 June 1776; published "Attempt to discriminate the Styles of Gothic Architecture in England," 1817; d. 4 March 1841. EIDDLE, Edward, head-master of Greenwich Hospital schools ; b. 1788; published " Treatise on Navigation," 1824; d. 31 March 1854. EIDDLE, rev. Joseph Esmond ; b. about 1804; published "Latin English Lexicon" (based on that of Dr. Wm. Freund) 1849; "Manual of Christian Antiquities," 1839 ; &o, ; d. 27 Aug. 1859. EIDGrELY, Thomas, D.D., independent minis- ter; b. about 1667; published " Body of Divinity," 1731-3; d. 27 March 1734. EIDLET, Nicholas, bishop of London, re- fonuer and martyr ; b. 1500; chaplain to Cranmer, 1537 ; bishop of Eochester, 1547 ; of London, 1550; published "BriefDeclaration of the Lord's Supper " 1555 ; preached in favour of Jane Grey, as queen, lb July 1553; imprisoned, July 1553 ; sentenced to death, I Oct. ; burnt, with Latimer, at Oxford, 16 Oct. 1555. EIDOLEI, Carlo, Venetian historical and por- trait painter ; b. 1594; d. about 1658. KIDOLFI 505 EITCHIB EIDOLFI, Claudio, Venetian painter; b. about 1574 ; d. 1644. EIEDINGEE, Johann Elias, German animal painter and engraver; 4. 16 Feb. 1698; d. 10 April 1767. EIEGO T NUNEZ, Eafael del, Spanish patriot and general; 4. 24 Oct. 1785; served against the French^ 1808 rprisoner in France, 1808-14 'i °P" posed Ferdmand VII. ; and proclaimed constitution, I Jan. 1820 ; president of cortes, Feb. ; prisoner, Sept. ; hanged at Madrid, 7"lfoT. 1823. EIENZI, Cola di (Nicola Gabrino), dictator of Home, friend of Petrarch; 4. 1313; appointed tribune of the people, 20 May 1347 ; re-established justice; mediated oetween the pope and the sove- reigns of Europe ; deserted ; fled from Home, Jan. 1348; restored by Innocent VI. i Aug. 1354; d. as- sassinated at Borne, 8 Oct. 1354. EIENZI, Tommaso Maria Gabrino di, Italian rninorite and archfeologist ; b. 15 Oct. 1726; pub- lished " Memoires sur la Tribunat de Nicolas Kienzi,"- 1806 ; d. 16 Nov. 1808. EIES, Ferdinand, German pianist and musical composer; 4. about 1784; studied under Beet- hoven ; wrote his oratorio, " Adoration of the Magi," 1837 ; d. 13 Jan. 1838. EIESENEE, Henri Francois, French portrait painter ; b. 19 Oct. 1767 ; d. 7 Feb. 1828. EIETSCKEL, Ernst Friedrich August, Saxon sculptor ; 4. 15 Dec. 1804 ; professor at Dresden, 1832 ; works : monument of Frederick Augustus of Saxony, 1831 ; Virgin and dead Christ, 1845 ; d. 22 Feb. 1861. EIGrATJD, Hyacinthe, French portrait painter ; b. 28 July 1659; d. 29 Dec. 1743. EIGrAUD, Stephen Peter, astronomer; 4. 1774; professor of astronomy at Oxford ; published " His- torical Essay on Sir 1. Ne\rton's Principia," 1838 ; edited "Bradley's Works," 1832 ;rf. 16 March 1839. EIGAULT DE Q-ENOUILLI, Charles, French admiral ; 4. 12 April 1807; rear-admiral; commanded before Sebastopol, 1855 ; in China, 1856-7; minister of marine (a short time), 1867 and 1870; d. 4 April 1873.' EIGBY, Edward, physiologist; b. 1747; pub- lished "Essay on the Theory of Animal Heat," 1785; d. 27 Oct. 1821. EIGGj Eobert, agricultural chemist ; 4. 3 June 1792; published many papers on fermentation, germination of seeds, &c., 1836-46; "Experimental liesearches on Carbon," 1844; d. 26 Feb. 1861. EILEY, John, portrait painter; 4. 1646; d. 1691. EIMBApijT. Edward Francis, ll.d., f.s.a., musical antiquarian and composer; 4. 13 June 1816; lectured at Royal Institution, 1848; edited Roger North's "Memoirs of Music," 1846; with E. J. Hopkins published " History of the Organ," 1855 ; d. 26 Sept. 1876. EING, Bernard Jacques Joseph , Maximilien de, French historian ; 4. 27 May 1 799 ; published " Histoire des Germains," 1850; ' Histoire des Peuples Opiques," 1859; rf. March 1873. EINGGLI, Gotthard, Swiss painter ; b. 1575 ; d. 1635. EINTOUL, Eobert Stephen, journalist; 4. 1787 ; edited " Spectator," 1828-58 ; d. 22 April EINUCOINI, Ottavio, Florentine poet; 4. about 1565 ; d. 1621. EIOJA, Francisco de, Spanish poet ; 4. 1600 ; d. 8 Aug. 1659. EIOLAN, Jean, French physician ; 4. 1539 ; his "Opera omnia" published by his son, 1610; d. 18 Oct. 1606. EIOLAN, Jean, son, French physician ; 4. about 1577; published " Gigantomachia," 1613; "Discours sur les Hermaphrodites," 1614; "Au- thropographia," 1649; d. 19 Feb. 1657. EIOS Y EOSAS, Antonio de los, Spanish statesman ; 4. 1812 ; minister of interior, under O'Donnell, 1856 ; president of cortes, 1863 ; pre- sident of council a snort time, 1868; d. Nov. 1873. EIPLEY, sir George, or Gregory, chemist and poet; wrote "Compound of Alchemie," &c. ; d. about 1490. EIPON, present bishop, see Biclcersteth. EIPON, Eobinson, earls and marquis of : Fkedehick Johk ; 6. 8 Deo. 1781 ; chancellor of the exchequer ("Pi'osperity PYed") . . .1823 Colonial secretary ... . , 1827 Created viscount Goderich . . 25 April ,, First lord of the treasury, Aug. 1827 ; resigned suddenly . . ... Jan. 1828 Again colonial secretary, Nov. 1830 ; lord ])Ti\y seal 1833 . Created earl of Ripon, 10 April 1833 ; president of board of trade, 1 84 1 -6 . . (f. 28 Jan. 1859 George Fredekick Samuel ; 6. (lord Goderich), 24 Oct. 1827 Earl 28 Jan. 1859 Secretary of state for India, Feb. 1861; for war, April 1863 ; for India . . . Feb. — June 1866 Lord president of the council Dec. 1868 — Aug. 1873 Chairman of the commission which arranged the treaty of Washington, signed . 8 May 187 1 Created marquis .... 23 June ,, Resigned grand-mastership of freemasons, on be- coming Romanist . 4 Sept. 1874 EIPPEEDA, Jan WUlem, duque de, called also Usman Pacha, Dutch adventurer ; 4. about i6go; protestant; entered service of Philip V. of Spain (becoming catholic), 1718; prime minister 1725-6; an-ested, 1727; fled to Portugal, 1728; protestant again, 1730; went to the court of the emperor of Morocco, 1731 ; defeated at Ceuta, 1734; d. 2 Nov. 1737. EICJUET, Pierre Paul, baron de Bonrepos, French civil engineer; 4. 1604; designed Lan- guedoc canal, 1662 ; d. i Oct. 1680. EIQUETTE, see Mirabeau. EISDON, Tristram, topographer; 4. 1580; published " Chorographical Description of Devon," 1 7 14; d. 1640. EISTOEI, Adelaide, Italian tragedian; 4. 1821 ; appeared in Paris, successful, 1855; and in other coimtries, 1857, et seq. ; farewell m London, 8 Nov. 1873 ; maiTied Marquis de Grille. EITCHIE, Joseph, African traveller; d. 20 Nov. 1819. EITCHIE, Leiteh, Scottish novelist ; b. 1801 ; published " Eomance of French History," 1832; ""Weary-foot Common," 1855; " Head Pieces and Tail Pieces;" "Winter Ev Jan. 1865. EITCHIE, William, Scotch physicist ; 4. ; professor at Eoyal Institution and London Univer- sity, 1832 ; published papers on electricity, mag- netism, light, &c., 1825, et seq. ; d. 15 Sept. 1837. ' Winter Evenings," 1859 ; d. 6 RITSCHL 506 EOBBET EITSCHL, Friedrich Wilhelm, German philo- logist; 4. 6 April i8o5; published "die Alexan- driiiisohe Bibliothek," 1838; " AnthologiEO Latinte Corollarivun Epigraphicum," 1853 ; &c. ; d. 9 Nov. 1876. BITSON, Joseph, critic and antiquai-y; i. 2 Oct. 1752 ; attacked " Warton's History of English Poetry," 1782; published " Ancient Songs," ijgo; "Eobin Hood,'^ 1795; " Biographia Poetica," 1801 ; " Ancient English Metrical Eomances," 1802; d. 3 Sept. 1803. EITTENHOUSE, David, American physi- cist ; i. 8 Apiil 1 732 ; obsen'ed transit of Venus, 3 June 1769 ; d. 26 June 1796. EITTER, August Heinrich, German philoso- pher; b. 21 Nov. 1791; professor at Berlin, 1824; Kiel, 1833 ; Gottingen, 1837 ; published, in Ger- man, " History of Philosophy," 1829-53; works on logic, &c. ; d. 3 Feb. 1869. EITTEE, Johann "Wilhelm, German philo- Bopher: b. 16 Dec. 1776; made experiments in electricity and galvanism ; published " Elektrische System der Koi-per," 1805 ; d. 23 Jan. 1810. EITTEE, Karl, German geogi-apher ; b. J Aug. 1779; published "Erdkunde im Yerhiiltnisse zur Natnr rmd zur Geschichte des Menschen," 181 7-9; d. 28 Sept. 1859. BITTEESHUYS, Conrad, German jm-ist ; b. 25 Sept. 1560 ; d. 25 May 1613. ErVAED, Dominique Fran(;ois, French mathe- matician ; i. 1697 ; published " Elements de Mathe- matiques," 1740; " Traite de la Sphere," 1741 ; d. S April 1778. EIVAEOL, Antoine, comte de, French miscel- laneous author; b. 26 June 1757 ; published "Dis- cours sur 1' Universalite de la tangue Fi'anqaise," 1784; "Petit Almanach des Grands Hommes," 1788; d. 13 April 1801. EIVAS1 see Saavedra. EIVAZ, Pierre Joseph de, Swiss horologist and mechanician ; b. 29 March. 1 7 1 1 ; published " Eplair- cissements sur le Martyre de la Legion Thebeenne et sur I'Epoque de la Persecution des Gaules sous Diocletien et Maximien," 1779; d. 6 Aug. 1772- ErVE, see La Rive. EIVE, Joseph Jean, French bibliographer ; b. ig May 1730; published " Eclaircissements sur les Cartes-a-jouer, 1780 ; " Chasse aux Bibliographes et Antiquairea mal advises," 1788-9; d. 20 Oct. 1791. EIVEES, "Widvile, or 'Woodville, earis : 1. "Richard ; married Jaqueline of Holland, duchess of Bedford ; Laroii, 1448 ; Ixis dauf^hter Elizabetli married to Edward IV. about 1464; created earl, May 1466 ; prisoner at Edgcote, 26 Jiily ; beheaded, 1469. 2. Anthony, son ; b. 1442 ; succeeded, 1469 ; beheaded by order of Richard, duke of Gloucester, at Pontefract, 13 June 1483. EIVET, Andre, French protestant theologian ; h. 5 Aug. 1572; published " Catholicus Ortho- do.xus," 1630; "Jesuita vapulans," 1635; d. 7 Jan. 1651. ErVET DE LA Grange, Antoine, French Benedictine historian ; b. 30 Oct. 1683 ; published " Histoire Litteraire de la Irance," vols. 1-9, 1733- 50 ; (f. 7 Feb. 1749. EIVIEEE, B., painter; I. ; exhibited at E.A. "'War-time," 1875; "Stem Chase," and " Pallas Athene," 1876. EIVIEEE, Charles Franqois de Eiffardeauj due de, French general and diplomatist ; b. 17 Dec. 1763 ; ambassador to Constantinople, 1816-20 ; pre- sented the Venus of Mile to the Louvre, 1822 ; d. 21 April 1828. EIVINUS, or BachmAJST, Andreas, German philologist; b. 14 Oct. 1601 ; d. 4 Apiil 1656. EIVINUS, August Quirinus, son, Gei-man botanist and physician ; b. 9 Dec. 1652 ; published " de Spiritu Hominis vitau," 1681; "lutroductio Generalis in Kem Herbariam," 1690; d. 30 Dec. 1723- EIZI, Spanish painters, brothers: Juan, b. 1595 ; d. 1675. PaANCisco, b. i5o8 ; d. 2 April 16S5. EIZZIO, ElCCIO, Davide, Italian musician, b. about 1540; favourite of Mary, queen of Scots, 1564; mm-dered, 9 March 1566. EOA, Martin de, Spanish Jesuit ; b. 1563 ; pub- lished " Del Estado de las Almas en Purgatorio," 1619; "Malaga, su rundacion,5Antiguedad, &c.," 1622 ; d. 5 April 1637. EOB EOY, (Robert Macgregor Campbell), Scottish freebooter; b. about l5bo; deprived of his lands by duke of Montrose; began freebooting, 1716; d. about 1735. EOBBIA, Andrea della, Florentine sculptor ; b. 1444; executed "Virgin adoring the Infant Christ," now in the Lou'\Te; d. 1527. EOBBIA, Luca della, uncle, Florentine sculp- tor; b. 1388 ; directed the execution by his brothers, Ottaviauo and Agostino, of the sculptures and bas- reliefs in porcelain that usually bear his name ; d. about 1463. EOBEET, see Grosstcstc. EOBEET I., II., dukes of Normandy : 1. the Devil ; duke, 1028 ; father of William the Conqueror ; restored Baldwin IV., count of Flanders, 1030 ; greatly supported Henry I. of France, 1031 ; went to Jerusalem, 1035 ; poisoned, 2 July 1033 2, Curthose, son of William the Conqueror; h. about 1060 ; duke . . . . 1087 "War with William II. ; reconciled . logo Went ou cmsade ... . 1096 Refused crown of Jerusalem . . . . 1099 Invaded England, July iioi ; retired . . . 1102 Taken prisoner by Henry I. at Tinehebray, 27 Sept. 1106 Deposed by his brother, Henry I. of England „ Blinded and imprisoned in Cardiff castle ; d. 10 Feb. 1134 EOBEET, counts of Artois : 1. brother of St Louis IX. ; by him made count of Artois, 1237; went with him on the crusade; killed at battle of Mansourali . . 9 Feb. 1250 2. the Good, son ; went to Palestine to avenge bis father 1270 Cliastised rebels in Navarre ; regent of Naples 1284-9 Defeated and slain by Flemings at Courtrai, J I July 1302 3. grandson &. 1287 His county given to his aunt Mahaut, wife of Otho of Burgundy ; and his claims annulled . 1309 Quarrelled with king Philip ; joined Edward III. of England ; conducted an army into Britanny as his lieutenant ; failed before St. Omer . . 1342 Wounded at Vannes ; d. in Edward's arms, 16 Aug. 1343 EOBEET OF Geneva, anti-pope, as Clement VII., 1378-94. EOBEET, duke of Parma and Placentia; b. 9 July 1848 ; succeeded under regency of his mother duchess Louisa, 27 March 1854; retired upon out- break of revolution, i May 1859. EGBERT 507 ROBERTSON ROBERT DB COUETENAY, emperor of the Eaat; crowned at Constantinople, 25 March 1221 ; defeated by John Yataces, 1224 ; d. 1228. ROBEJiT, emperor of Gei-mauy, called the Short; b. 1352 ; count palatine of the llhine, 1398 ; elected, 21 Aug. 1409; d. 18 May 1410. ROBERT I., II., kings of France. 1, became king upon deposition of Charles III. 30 June 922 ; killed in battle with him j6 Juno 923 2. the Sage, son of Hugues Capet ; &. 971 ; suc- ceeded his father .... 24 Oct. 996 Marriage with his cousin Bertha (995) annulled ; refused to submit ; excumnmnieated ; married Constance of Toulouse 998 Persecuted Mauichaiuns, 1022 ; his sou's rebellion 1030 il. 20 July 1031 ROBERT of Anjou, Idng of Naples, called the "Wise ; b. 1279 ; duke of Calabria, 1295 ; succeeded Charles II., 1309; d. Jan. 1343. ROBERT I.— III., kings of Scotland. 1. Brace !). 21 March 1274 Bevolted against Edward I., and crowned king, 25 March 1306 Defeated by the carl of Pembroke . . 22 July ,, Victorious over the English . . . . 1307 Took Inverness 1313 Defeated Edward II. at the battle of Bannock- burn, 24 June 1314 . . . d. 7 June 1329 2. Stuart . . . . !). 2 March 1316 Eegent .... 1338-41 ; 1346-57 Succeeded his uncle, David II. . 22 Feb. 1371 Eenewed war with EngUaud 1377 The English under Hotspur defeated at the battle of Chevy Chase or Otterburn, 10 Aug, 1388 ; d. about 19 April 1390 3. (John, earl of Carrick), son . b. about 1340 Succeeded 19 April 1390 Defeated by the English at battle of Hcmeldon- bill 14 Sept 1402 His sons : David, duke of Rothsay, probably niurdered in jjrison „ James, captured and imprisoned in England, 30 05, ct seq. ; (see James J.) d. 4 April 1406 ROBERT, Saint; b. 1018; founded the abbey and order of Citeaux, 1098; d. 21 March 11 10. ROBERT, abbot of Jumieges ; bishop of Lon- don, 1044 ; archbishop of Canterbury, 1051 ; d. 1052. ROBERT, abbot of Ilheims, French historian ; b, about 1055 ; went on crusade to Palestine, 1096; "wrote *' Historia Hierosolimitana," printed about 1472; d. 23 Aug. II22. ROBERT of Gloucester, chronicler and poet ; Jl. about ,1270; wrote " Clironicle," published by Heame, 1724. ROBERT, Auguste Francois, French poet ; }. 28 Feb. 1813; published a comedy "une Soiree a rHOtel de St. I'ol," 1834; and many small pieces. ROBERT, Claude, French ecclesiastical his- torian ; b. about 1565 ; published " Gallia Chris- tiana," 1626; d. 16 May 1637. ROBERT DE Vaugondy, Gilles, French royal geographer; b. 1688 ; published "Atlas Uni- versal," 108 sheets, 1758; d. 1766. Didiek, son; b. 1723 ; constructed two large globes ; d. 1786. ROBERT, Hubert, French landscape painter ; *■ 1733; <^- IS April 1808. ROBERT, Louis Leopold, French historical painter; b. 13 May 1794; painted "Depart des f echenrs," 1832-5 ; d, by suicide, 20 March 1835. ROBERT, Pien-e Francois Joseph, French con- ventionalist ; b. 21 Jan. 17G3 ; d. 1826. ROBERT-FLEURY, or Pleuey, Joseph Nicolas Kobert, French historical painter ; b. 8 Aug. 1797- ROBERT-HOUDIN, see Soudin. ROBERTI, Jean, Belgian Jesuit; b. 4 Aug. 1569; published "Historia Sancti Huberti," 1621 j " Sanctorum L. Jurisperitorum Elogia," 1632; d. 14 Feb. 1651. ROBERTS, David, landscape painter, b. 24 Oct. 1796; elected r.a., 1841 ; works :" Spanish. Sketches," 1835; "Holy Laud," &c., 1842-8; "Jerusalem," 1845; "Kome," 1855; d. 25 Nov. 1864. ROBERTS, Francis, theologian ; b. 1609 ; pub- lished " Clavis Bibliormn," 1649; d. 1675. ROBERTS, Eichard, Welsh engineer; b. 22 April 1759; invented self-acting loom, 1825 ; &c. ; d. II March 1864. ROBERTSON (Etienne Gaspard Robert), Belgian aeronaut and physicist; b. 15 June 1763; invented phantasmagoria, 1787; published " Me- moires Eecreatifs, Soientifiques et Anecdoticiues du Physicien Aeronaute," 1830 ; d. July 1837. ROBERTSON, rev. Frederick "WilUam, theo- logian ; d. 3 Feb. I8l6 ; incumbent of Trinity chapel, Brighton, 1847-^3; his "Sermons," pub- lished, 1855 ; " Life and Letters," 1865 ; d. 15 Aug. i«S3- ROBERTSON, George, landscape painter; d. 1788. ROBERTSON, James Binton, ban-ister, poet,. &c. ; b, 15 Nov. 1800; published translations of Schlegel's "Philosophy of History," 1835; Moh- ler's " SjTnbolism," 1S43 ; professor of history at the Catholic University, Diiblin, 1855 ; published lectures, 1858; "Prophet Enoch," an epic poem,, i860; "Lectm-es on Spain," &c., 1864; " Lectures- on Burke," 1868; made Dr. Phil, hy the pope, 1873- ROBERTSON, James Craigie, ecclesiastical historian; b. 1813; appointed canon of Canterbury, l8s9; professor of ecclesiastical history in King's. college, London, 1864; published " Biography of Thomas Becket," 1859; "History of the Chiistian Church," 1853-66. ROBERTSON, rev. Joseph, antiqnary; J. 28 Aug. 1726; published "Parian CJhronicle," 1 788; translation of " Telemachus," 1 795; d. 18 Jan^ 1802. ; ' \ ROBERTSON, Joseph, Scottish antiquai-y ; b. i8ii;ecUted "Statuta Ecclesiae Scotiana;," 1866; d. 13 Dec. 1866. ROBERTSON, Patrick, lord Bobertson, Scotch judge and poet; b. 1 794; lord of session, 1843 ; d. 10 Jan. 1855. ROBERTSON, Thomas William, dramatist; J. 9 Jan. 1829 ; produced " Society," 1865 ; " Caste," and "For Love," 1867; "School," played 381 nights; d. 3 Feb. 1871. ROBERTSON, 'Wimam, d.d., Scotch his- torian; A. 1721; published "History of Scotland! during the Eeigns of Mary and of KingJamfesVI.," 1759 ; " History of Charles V.," J769 ; " History of America," 1777; d. 11 "June 1793. ROBERTSON, William, Scotch antiquaiy ; i. 1740; deputy keeper of records, 1777 ; published " Historv of Greece," 1768; "Index of Charters," I 798 ; d'. March 1803. EOBERVAIi 508 EOCCA EOBERVAL, Gilles I'ersoiine de, French mathematician; b. 8 Aug. 1602 ; published " Aria- tarchi Samii de Mundi Systemate partibus et mo- tibus," 1644 ; d. 27 Oct. 1675. EOBESPIERRE, Augustin Bon Joseph de, called the younger, French revolutionary politician ; b. 1 764 ; rf. by the guillotine, 24 July 1 794. ROBESPIEEEE, Maximilien Marie Isidore de, brother, French revolutionary dictator ; b. 6 May 1758; joined the Jacobin club, 1789; inaugu- rated the reign of teiTor (hundreds perished), 31 May 1 793 ; presided over committee of pubEc safety, Wov. 1793; celebrated the "Feast of the iupreme Being," 8 June 1794; condemned and ^illotined, 28 July 1794. ROBIN, Charles Philippe, French physician and physiologist; b. 4 June 1821 ; professor of Jiistolog5', faculty of medicine, Paris, April 1862; published "Tableaux d' Anatomic," 1851 ; " Chimie Anatomique," 1852; " Anatomie Microscopique," 1868 ; many lectures and papers. ROBIN, Jean, French botanist; b. 1550; ivrote " Jardin du roy Ilem-y IV".," published ibo8 ; "Jardin de Louis XIII.,''' 1623; d. 25 Apiil 1629. ROBIN HOOD, outlaw of "Sherwood Forest," Nottinghamshire;/. 13th century. ROBINET, Stephane, French physiological chemist and sculptor ; A. 6 Dec. 1 799 ; devoted Mrnself to agriculture and cultivation of the silk- 1 worm; lectured on them, 1838-47; published "Tableaux Chimiques du Eegne Animale," 1816 ; &c. ; executed busts of Tauquelin and others, 1833-4; d- 2 Dec. 1869. ROBINS, Benjamin, mathematician; b. 1707; published "Mathematical Tracts," 1761 ; "New Principles of Gunnery," 1742 ; d. 29 July 1751. ROBINSON, see De Grey, Sipon, and ijofejy. ROBINSON, Anastasia, actress and singer, privately married earl of reterborough, 1 724 ! ac- knowledged at his death, 1735; d. 1750. ROBINSON, Edward, d.d., American philolo- gist and biblical scholar; b. 10 April 1791; pub- lished "Biblical Researches in Palestine,' 1841; " Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testa- ment," 1836; translation of Gesenius's " Hebrew I/exicon," in 1836; d. 25 Jan. 1863. ROBINSON, rev. Hastings, classicist ; b. about 1793 ; published " Clmrch Eefoi-m," 1833 ; " Zurich Letters," 1841-6; edited Cssher's "Body of Divi- nity," 1841 ; d. 18 May 1866. ROBINSON, Henry Crabb, ban-ister-at-law ; b. 13 May 1775; his "Diary, Eeminiscenoes, and CoiTespondence" published 1869; d. 5 Feb. i867. ROBINSON, sir Hercules Robert George, colonial governor ; b. 1824 ; appointed governor of Hong Kong, 1859; of Ceylon, 1865-71; of New South "Wales, 1872-5 ; accepted cession of Fiji isles, 15 Oct. 1874; K.G.c. M.O., 1875. ROBINSON, John, Puritan minister; b. 1575 ; wrote " Justification of Separation from the Church of England," published 185 1 ; d. at Leyden, I March 1625. ROBINSON, John Henry, line-engraver; b. 1796; elected A.E..A., 1856; B. A., 1867; engraved the "Wolf and the Lamb," after Mulready, and " Countess of Bedford," after Vandyck, &c. ; d. 21 Oct. 1871. ROBINSON, Mary, actress (Perdita) and poet ; mistress of George, prince of Wales, 1780; d. 28 Dec. 1800. ROBINSON, Richard, lord Rokeby, primate of Ireland; b. 1709; created peer, 1777; bishop of KOlala, &c., 1751-65 ; archbishop of Armagh, 1765 ; restored the cathedi-al, erected palace, college, library, observatory, &c., at Armagh; d. lO Oct, 1794. ROBINSON, Robert, baptist minister; i. Oct. 1735 ; at Cambridga, 1761 ; published " History and Mystery of Good Friday, 1777; "History of Baptism," 1790 ; d. 8 June 1790. ROBINSON, rev. Thomas, naturalist; pub- lished " Essay towards a Natural History of West- morland and Cumberland," 1709 ; d. 1719. ROBINSON, Thomas, D.D. ; b. 1790; went to India as chaplain to bishop Heber ; professor of jlrabic, Cambridge ; master of the Temple, 1845-69 ; published " Last Days of Bishop Heber," 1827 ; d. 13 May 1873. ROBINSON, rev. Thomas, of Leicester; *• 1749; published " Scripture Characters," 1789-go; &c. ; d. 24 March 1813. ROBIQUET, Pierre Jean, French chemist ; b. 13 Jan. 1780; rf. 29 April 1840.J ROBISON, John, Scotch physicist; b. 1730; professor at Glasgow, 1766; Edinburgh, 1774; pub- lished "System of Pldlosophy," 1822; rf. 30 Jan. 1805. EOBORTELLO, Francesco, Italian philolo- gist; b. 9 Sept. 15 16; published "de Facultate Historica," 1548 ; "de Ai-tificio Dicendi," 1567 ; d. 18 March 1567. ROBSART, Amy, countess of Leicester; S. about 1525 ; married Robert Dudley, earl of Lei- cester, 4 June 1549 ; supposed to have been poi- soned by her husband at (Jumnor place, Oxfordshire, 8 Sept. 15C0. ROBSON, Frederick, comedian; b. 1821; ap- peared in Loudon, 1844; d. 12 Aug. 1864. ROBSON, George Fennel, landscape painter ; i. 1790; d. I Sept. 1833. EOBUSTI, Venetian painters : Jacopo, called Tintoreito ; b. 1512 ; executed "Paradise," in the ducal palace at Venice, per- liajis the largest iiicture known . rf. 31 May 1594 DoMENico, son ; h. 1562 ; great reputation for portraits tl. 1637 Marieita, daughter of Tintoretto ; &. 1560 : painted portraits d, isgo EOBY, Henry John, scholar; b. 12 Aug. 1830; secretary, (Aug. 1869) ; endowed schools' commis- sioner, 25 March 1872 — 31 Dec. 1874; published " Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius," 187 1-4. EOBY, John, antiquary ; published " Traditions of Lancashire," 1829-31 ; " Legendary and Poetical Remains," 1854 ; d. by shipwreck in the Orion, 18 June 1850. ROCCA, Angiolo, Italian philologist ; b. 1545 ; published " Osservazioni intorno alle Bellezze della Lingua Latina," iS/ti; "della Comete," 1577; " Bibliotheca Apostouca Vaticana," 1591 ; d. 8 April 1620. EOCH 509 ECEDEEBR EOCH, Saint; b. June 1295; healed the sick of the plague at Acquapendente ; d. 16 Aug. 1327. EOCHAMBEATJ, De, French generals : Jean Baptiste Doitatien de Vimedk, French marshal ... . 6. i July 1725 Distingi-.ished in Germany .... 1756-60 Defeated the English under Cornwallis Ht York Town, Virginia .... 19 Oct. 1781 Marshal .... . . . 1791 Introduced to Naiwleou ... . . 1803 ■Wrote "Memoires," published 1809; if,. 10 May 1807 DoNATiEN Marie Joseph de Vimeue, sou ; vicomte ; 6. 1750 In America, 1780-1 ; governor of Windward isles, 1792 : surrendered to English, 1794 ; served in Italy, &c., 1800 ; in German war ; killed at Leiiisio . . ... 18 Oct. 1813 HOCHE, Eegina Maria, novelist ; h. 1766 ; puh- lished "Children of the Abbey," 1798; &c.; d. 17 May 1845. EOCHEPOET, comte, Victor Henri deEoche- fort-Lucjay, French journalist and dramatist ; b. 30 Jan. 1830. Copying-clerk at Hotel de Ville, i Jan. 1851 ; wrote many vaudevilles, Ac. ; published " M.irquise de Courcelles" (romance), 1859; en>raged in the "Figaro," 1868; in "la Lantenie " bitterly at- tacked the emperor, i June iS63, e( seq. (No. 11; seized) ; condemned to fines and imprisonment ; fled to Belgium and published his paper : fought duels with Achille Murat, Paul de Cassagnac ; with Ernest Baroche Sept. 1868 Elected deputy for Paris ; .I'oined Raspail Nov. 1869 Started the " Marseillaise" (led to death of nis asso- ciate, Victor Noir, by Pierre Bonaparte) ; paper seized ; himself sentenced to imprisonment, 22 Jan. 1870 Released ; became head of a state dex^aitmeut (soon retired) Sept. „ Served as a gunner during the siege of Paris ; joined the commune ; published " Mot d'Ordre ; " seized while escaping, ig May; sentenced to imprison- ment for life Sept. 1871 Escaped ; arrived at Queenstown, Ireland, 16 June 1874 At Geneva challenged Paul de Cassagnac, but declined his terms 1875 The publisher of his paper, "Droits do I'Horame," prosecuted for defaming president MacMahon I Feb. 1877 EOCHEPOUCAULD, see La Rochefoucauld. EOCHEJACQUELEIN, see La Moche- Jacijudein. EOCHESTEE, Present bishop, see ClaugUon. EOCHESTEE, see Carre. EOCHESTEE, John Wilmot, earl of, licen- tious satirical poet and courtier; b. 10 April 1647; succeeded, 1659 ; wrote " Poems," published 1680; his repentance described by bishop Burnet, 1680 ; d. 26 July 1680. EOCHESTEE, Laurence Hyde, earl of, (second son of earl of Clarendon), statesman; h. ; first lord of treasury, 1679 ; created earl, 1682 ; deprived and pensioned, 1686; supported the revolution, 1688-9 i president of council, 1710; d. 2 May 171 1. EOCHET, Louis, French sculptor; 5. 24 Aug. 1813 ; exhibited " Jeune Baigneur," 1835 ! " UsoUn et sea Enfints," 1839; " Christ et des Enfants," 1841 ; "Guillaume le Conquerant," 1851 ; "Charle- magne," 1867; &c. EOCHETTE, Desire Eaoul, French archffiolo- gist; h. 8 March 1789; published " Histoire Cri- tique des Colonies Grecques," 1815 ; " Peirtures antiques inedites," 1836; "Lettres Archeologiques snr la Peinture des Grecs," 1840 ; many memoirs ; d. 8 Sept. 1854. EOCHPOED, see Bolcyn. EOCHLEDEE, Friedrich, German agricultu- ral chemist; b. 15 May 1819; published " Phyto- chemie," 1847 ; &c. EOCHON, Alexis Marie, French astronomer and physicist; b. 21 Feb. 1741 ; published "Voyage a Madagascar et aux Indes Orientales," 1791; " Essai sur les Monnaies anciennes et modernes," 1792; d. 5 April 1817. EOCK, Daniel, d.d., Eoman Catholic theo- logian and archcEologist ; b. 1799; published "Hierurgia," 1833; "Church of our Fathers," 1849-53; "Did the Early Church in Ireland ac- knowledge the Pope's Supremacy.'" 1844; (f. 28 Nov. 1871. EOCKINGHAM, Charles "Watson Went- worth, marquis of, statesman; b. 19 March 1730; first lord of the treasurj', June 1765 — May 1766; reappointed, March 1782 ; d. i July 1782. EODD, Thomas, booksellers : 1. b. 1763; d. 27 Nov. 1822; 2. son; b. 9 Oct. 1796; d. 23 April 1849. EODE, Christian Bemhard, German painter and engraver; b. 18 July 1725 ; d. 24 June 1797. EODEEICK, last Visigothic king of Spain; dethroned and succeeded Witiaa; defeated and slain by Tarik the Saracen at Xeres, July 711. EODNEY, George Brydges, lord admiral ; b. 1718; captured the CJaraccas fleet, and destroyed that of Spain, 16 Jan. 1780; relieved Gibraltar; captured the Dutch "West India islands, 1781; defeated the French fleet under the comte de Grasse, 12 April 1782; created baron 19 June 1782; d. 24 May 1792. EODOLPH I., II., emperors of Germany. 1. of Hapsburg, founder of the reigning dynasty of Austria b.i May 121S Elected, 50 Sept. 1273 ; defeated Ottocar, king of Bohemia, atMarchfeld, 26 Aug. 1278 ;rf. 15 July 1291 2. &. 18 July 1552 ; became king of Hungai-y, 1572 ; of Bohemia .... ... 1575 Succeeded his father, Maximilian II., as emperor, 12 Oct. 1576 Surrendered to his brother Matthias, Austria, Hungary, and Moravia, June 1608 ; Bohemia, Silesia, and Lusatia, i6n . rf.2oJan. i6iz EODEIGUEZ, Ventura, Spanish architect ; b. 14 July 1717; d. Dec. 1785. EODEIQUEZ GIEAO, Joao, Portuguese Jesuit missionary; b. 1559; went to Japan, 1583 ; published " Ai-te da Lmgua do Japao, 1604 ; d. 1633- EOE, sir Thomas, diplomatist ; }. about 1580; ambassador to Constantinople, 1621-4 ; to th& emperor and diet of Eatisbon, 1641 ; published "Irue and faithful Eelation of what hath lately happened in Constantinople," 1622; d. 6 Nov. 1644. EOEBUCK, John, m.d. ; b. at Shefiield, 1718; published " Experiments on Ignited Bodies," 1776; promoted vitriol manufacture; (?. 17 July 1794. EOEBUCK, John Arthur, grandson of preced- ing, political reformer ; h. 1802 ; m.p. for Bath, 1832- 7 ; again, 1841-7 ; for Sheffield, 1849-68 ; opposed trade unions ; lost his seat, 1868 ; re-elected, Feb. 1874 ; published " History of the Whig Ministry of 1830," 1852. EOEDEREE, Pierre Louis, comte, French politician; b. 15 Feb. 1752; published " Memoire sur I'Administration du Department de Paris," 1792; " Chronique de Cinquante Jours," 1832; " Memoire pour ser\-ir ii I'llistoire de la Societe polio en France, 1835; rf. 17 Dec. 1835. ROELAS 510 EOLLOCK EOELAS, Juan de ks, Spanish painter ; I. 1560; painted " Deatli of St. Isidore ; " d. 25 Api-il 1625. ECEMEE, Olaus, Danish astronomer; b. 25 Sept. 1 744 ; calculated the velocity of light, 1675 ; invented the transit inatnunent about 1692 ; d. 19 Sept. 1 7 10. EOGEE I., count of Sicily; b. 1031 ; defeated the Saracens in Sicily, io6r ; again, 1603; besieged and took Palermo, 1071 ; S3Tacuse, 1088 ; Girgenti, 1089; built cathedral of Messina ; rf. July nor. EOGEE, ting of Sicily ; b. 1097 ; succeeded "his father Roger as count of Sicily and duke of Calabria, July IIOI ; invaded Apulia, II2I ; recog- 5iised duke, 1127 ; king, 27 Sept. 1129; much en- gaged in war, II35-47 ; d. 26 Feb. I154. EOGEES, rev. Charles, Scotch archajologist ; b. 18 April 1825; originated movement for Wal- lace monument near Stirling, 1856 (completed, 1869) ; published " Scottish Minstrel," new ed., 1838; "Scotland, Social and Domestic," 1869; " LjTa Britannica," 1866 ; and other works relating to Scotland, EOGEES, Henry, 'theologian and ci-itic; b. 1814; principal of Lancashii'e Independent col- lege, 1858 ; published " Essays," 1830 ; " Eclipse of Faith," 1852 ; " Eeason and Faith, 1866. EOGEES, Henry Darwin, American chemist and geologist ; b. about 1808 ; professor in Peim- «ylvania, 1829 ; published " Geology of Pennsyl- vania," 1858; professor of natural history, Glas- gow, 1857 ; d. 30 May 1866. EOGEES, John, Protestant martyr ; helped in translating the Bible, 1530-7 ; burnt at Smitnfield, 4 Feb. 1555. EOGEES, John, d.d., conti-oversialist ; }. 1679; published " Visible and Invisible Church of Chnst," 1719; "Answer to Collins' Scheme of Prophecy," 1727 ; d. i May 1729. EOGEES, Samuel, banker and poet; b. 30 July 1763 ; published " Pleasures of Memovy," 1792; "Poems," 1812; "Italy," 1822; his " Ee- tollections " printed, 1859; d. 18 Dec. 1855. EOGEES, "WilUam G., cai-ver in wood; b. about 1 793 ; work in many churches and houses ; d. 28 March 1875. EOGEES, capt. Woods ; published his "Toy- age round the World, 1708-II," 1712; d. 1732. EOGET, Georges, French historical painter ; J. 1781 ; studied under David; his reproduction from memory of the " Sacre de Napoleon " was signed by David, and sent to America; d. 9 April 1869. EOGET, Peter Mark, m.d., physiologist; b. 18 Jan. 1779 ; appointed first Fullerian professor of physiology at the Eoyal Institution, 1833 ; pub- lished " Animal and Vegetable Physiology," (Bridgewater Treatise), 1 834; "Thesaurus of J5nglish Words and Phrases, 1852 ; d. 12 Sept. i86q EOGHMAN", Kolandus, Dutch landscape painter ; b. 1597 ; d. 1686. EOGIEE, Charles, Belgian liberal statesman ; b. in France, 12 Aug. 1800 ; educated at Liege ; editor of " Politique ; " leader in the revolution at Brussels, and member of first national government, Sept. 1830; governor of Antwei-p, June 1831-32, 1835-40 ; minister of interior, 1832-5 ; putlic works, 1840-1 ; interior and war, 1847-52 ; presi- dent and foreign minister, Oct. 1861— Jan. 1868. EOHAN, Henri, due de, French Huguenot general ; b. 25 Aug. 1579 ; head of the Calvinists in the war, 161 1; made peace with Louis XIII., 27 June 1629; published " le Parfait Capitaine," 1636; his "Memou-es" published, 1644; d. 13 April 1638. > "H-. 3 EOHAN, Louis Eene Edouard, prince de, French cardinal ; b. 25 Sept. 1734; '"^^^^ cartlinal, 1778; bishop of Strasbourg, 1779; implicated with madame de La Motte and CagHostro in the affair of the diamond necklace ; an-ested and imprisoned in the Bastille, 15 Aug. 1785; acquitted; exiled, 1786; deputy to assembly, 1789; resigned his see, 1801 ; d. 17 iFeb. 1803. EOHATJLT, Jacques, French physicist; 5. 1620 ; published " Traite de Physique," 1671 ; d. 1675- EOKEBY, see Robinson, Richard. EOEITANSKY, Kail, Bohemian physician and anatomist ; b. 20 Feb. 1804 ; published " Manual of Pathological Anatomy," 1842-6. EOLAND, Marie Jean Philipon, madame, French repubUcau politician; A. 17 March 1754; her " Memoires," published, 1794; "Lettres ad- dresses a Bancal des Issarts," 1S35 i " Correspon- dance," 1841 ; d. by the guillotine, 8 Nov, 1793. EOLAND DE LA Platieee, Jean Marie, husband ; French republican politician ; 4. 18 Feb. 1734; published " Dictioiinaire des Manufactures et des Ai'ts," 1785-go; "Eecueil d'Idees patrio- tiques," 1789; d. by suicide, 15 Nov. 1793. EOLAND, Philippe Laurent, French sculptor ; b. 13 Aug. 1746; executed statue of Homer now in the Louvre; d. 11 July 1816. EOLDAN, Pedro, Spanish sculptor ; b. 1624 ; d. 1700. EOLEWINCK, Werner, German historian and theologian ; h. 1425 ; published " Fasciculus TempoiTim," 1474; " ueLaude Westphalia;," about 1488 ; d. 1502. EOLFE, see Cramcorih. EOLLE, Dennis, coloniser of Florida; }. 1725 ; purchased a district of East Florida, 1766; d. 24 June 1797. EOLLE, Henry, judge; b. about 1589; ap- pointed a justice of the king's bench, 1645 1 chief justice of the upper bench, 1648; wrote "Abridg- ment des plusieurs Cases et ficsolutious del Com- mon Ley," published i568; d. 30 July 1656. EOLLESTON, George, m.d., physiologist ; J. 30 July 1829 ; Linacre professor at Oxford, i860 ; published " Forms of Animal Life," 1870; &c. EOLLI, Paolo Antonio, Italian poet; b. 1687; pubHshed " Eime," 1717; translation into Italian of Milton's "Paradise Lost," 1729; d. 1767. EOLLIN, Charles, French historian; 6. 30 Jan. 1661 ; published "Traite des Etudes, 1726-31 ; "Histoire Anciemie," 1730-8; "Histoii-e Eol maine," 1738; d. 14 Sept. 1741. EOLLIN, see Ledm-RoUin. EOLLO, duke of Normandy ; b. about 860 ; became first duke of Normandy, 912 ; d. 932. EOLLOCK, Eobert, Scotch scholar; }. icrr- first principal of college at Edinburgh ; published many biblical commentaries, 1591, et sen.- "Epis- copal Goveniment instituted bv Christ/' Tfi/ir- ,/ 28 Feb. 1598. t instituted by Chiist,'' '1641 f d. BOLT 311 ROSALBA EOLT, sir John, judge; b. 5 Oct. 1804; attor- ney-general, Oct. 1S66— July 1867; made a. lord justice of appeal in chancery, July 1867 ; resigned, l868 ; d. 6 June 1871. EOLT, Eichai-d, historical writer; S. about 1725; published "Lives of the principal Refor- mers," 1759; his "History of the Isle of Man," printed, 1773 ; d. 2 March 1770. E0MAGN08I, Gian Domcnica Gregorio Giu- seppe, Italian jurist; i. II Dec. 1761; published " Genesi del Diritto penale," 1791 ; " Introduzione alio Studio del^Jiritto Publico universale," 1805; d. 8 June 1835. EOMAIKE, William, Calvinistio divine ; b. 25 Sept. 17 14; published "the Lord our Righteous- ness," I7S7; "Discourses upon Law and Gospel," 1760; "Walk of Faith," 1771 ; d. 26 July 1795. EOMANELLI, Giovanni Francesco, Roman historical painter ; b. 1617 ; d. 1663. EOMANI, Girolamo, called Romanino, Italian painter; b. about 1480; painted "Descent from the Cross," in the Berlin Gallery, "Dead Christ with mourners," at Venice, and "Nativity," in the National Gallery, London ; d. about 1560. EOMANO, GiuUo (GiuUo Pippi) Roman painter, architect, and engineer; b. about 1498; as- sisted Raphael in painting the Loggie of the Vati- can ; built and decorated with frescoes the Palazzo del Te at Mantua ; d. I Nov. 1546. EOMANOFF, see Mikhail. EOMANUS, Gallesin ; pope for about ten months, 897-8. EOMANUS I.— IV., emperors of the East: 1, Lecapenus ; beciTne emperor, Dec. 919 ; de- posed and compelled to enter a monastery, Dec. 944 .... . . d. 15 June 94S 3. the younger, grandson ; &. 939 ; a.scended the throne, 959 rf. 15 March 963 3. Argyrus; 6. 968; succeeded, 21 Nov. 1028; d. by poison, 11 April 1034 4. Diogenes, grand-nephew ; conspired against the sons of Constantine X. ; condemned to death ; married Eudoxia, their mother, and declared emperor, Dec. 1067 ; defeated and taken prisoner by Alp Arslan, Aug. 1071; blinded" , d. Oct. iioi EOMBEEG, musical composers. Andreas ; b. 1767; d. 10 Nov. 1821. Heinbich, cousin; b. about 1767; d. 13 Aug. 1841. EOMBOUTS, Dirck, Flemish historical painter; b. July 1597 ; d. 1637 or 1640. EOME DB Lisle, Jean Baptiste Louis, French mineralogist ; b. 26 Aug. 1736; published EOMNEY, George, portrait painter ; i. 26 Dec. 1734; d. 15 Nov. 1802. EOMULTJS, mythical founder and first king of Home, B.C. 753 or 754. EOMULTJS, see Aiigustulus. EONALDS, sir Francis, electrician; b. 21 Feb. 1 788 ; constructed an 8-miIe wire electric tele- graph, 1816; honorary director of Kew Observa- tory, 1849-52; knighted, 31 March 1870; d. 8 Aug. 1873- EONCALLI, Cristoforo, see Pomarancio. EONDELET, Guillaume, French naturalist ; b. 27 Sept. 1507 ; published " de Piscibus mari- nis," 1554; "Universa Aquatilium Historia," ISSS ; d. 18 July 1566. EONEY, sir Cusack Patrick, railway director ; b. 1810 ; knighted for services as secretary of the Dublin e.xhibition, 1853 ; became managing director of Grand Trunk railway of Canada, Sept. 1868. 1853; d. 30 1783 ; d. " Metrologie," 1789; " Crystallographie, 7 or 10 March 1 790. EOMILLY, John, Genevese watchmaker; b. 29 June 1 7 14; wrote papers on his improvements, &c. ; d. 16 Feb. 1796. EOMILLY, John Romilly, lord, judge, son of following; h. 10 Jan. 1802; solicitor-general, April 1848; attorney-general, July 1850; master of the rolls, March 18^1; created baron, 3 Jan. 1866; edited ' ' Life of sir Samuel Romilly, ' ' 1 840 iirected publication of " Chi'onicles and Memorials of Great ]3ritain and Ireland," 1858 ; resigned, 23 Dec. 1873 ; d. 23 Dec. 1874. EOMILLY, sir Samuel, lawyer and politician ; b. I March 1757; solicitor-general, • Feb. i8o5— April 1807; published "Observations on the Criminal Law of England," i8fO; d. by suicide, 2 Nov. 1818. EONGE, Johaimes, German religious reformer ; b. 1813; founded temporary " Gei-man- Catholic" congregations, 1845 ; the religious excitement absorbed by the political, 1848; fled to England, 1850; set up Kiuder-garten system, 185 1 ; pub- lished an account of it, 1858. EONSAED, Piene de, French poet; b. 11 Sept. 1524; published "Amours," 1550; "Hymnes," ISS5 ; d. 27 Dec. 1585. EOOKE, sir George, admiral ; b. 1650 ; cap- tured fleet at Vi™, Oct. 1702 : in conjunction with sir Cloudesley Shovel, captured Gibraltar, 22 July 1704; dismissed, from party spirit, Feb. 1705; d. 24 Jan. 1 709. EOOKE, Laurence, astronomer and mathema- tician ; b. 1623 ; published " Obsei-vations upon the Comet of 1652 ; d. 27 June 1662. EOOKEE, Michael Angelo, scene-painter and engraver; b. 1743 ; elected a.k.a., 1770 ; d. 28 Feb. 1801. EOON, Albreoht, count von, Gennan marshal ; b. 30 April 1803 ; entered Prussian army, 1819 ; at siege of Antwerp, 1832 ; tutor at general military aoademy, 1838-41 ; published " Grundziige der Erd-, Volker-uud Staaten-kunde," 1847-55; many promotions; minister of war, 4 Dec. 1859; and of marine, April 1861; engaged in organisation of wars of 1866 and 1870-1 ; resigned ministiy of war, Dec. 1872. EOOS, German painters : JOHANN HeINRICH J &. 1631 . . . , d 1685 Philipp Peter (Bosa da tivoli) ; 6. 1655 . . d. 1705 JoHANN Melchior ; Ij. 1659 . . . d 1731 Joseph ; 6, 1728 a. 1790 EOQUEPOET, Jean Baptiste Bonaventure de, French antiquary and philologist ; b. 15 Oct. 1777; published " Glossaire delaLangue Komane," 1808 ; " Essai sur la Poesie Fran(;aise au douzieme etau trezieme Siecle," 1813; " Vues Pittoresques des Salles du Musee des Monuments Francais ' ' 1818-21 ; d. 17 June 1834. EOSA, see Martinez. EOSA, Salvator, Neapolitan painter, poet, and musician; A. 20 June 1615; his chef-d^muvre, the "Witch of Endor," now in the Louvre; d. ic March 1673. ^ EOSALBA (Rosa Alba Carriera), Venetian portrait painter ; 0. about Jan. ' 1757- 1671; d. 15 Api-il EOSAMOND 512 EOSS EOSAMOND, Fair, mistress of Henry II. of EnR'land ; d. by poison given her by queen Eleanor at "Woodstock, 1177. EOSAPINA, Francesco, Italian engraver ; J. 1762; d. 1841. EOSAS, see Mos. EOSAS, Juan Manuel Ortiz de, South Ameri- can general; 1). 1793; governor of the Argentine confederation, 8 Deo. 1829 ; dictator and captain- general of Buenos Avres," 7 ilarch 1835 ; fled to England, Feb. 1852. " EOSCELIN, Jean (Euscelinus), French scho- lastic philosopher; founder of the nominalists ; condemned by council at Soissons, 1092 ; d. about 1 106. EOSCHEE, "Wilhelm, G erman historian, eco- nomist; b. 21 Oct. 1817 ; published " Life, "Work, and Times of Thucydides," 1842 ; " System of Po- litical Economy," 1851; c&C. EOSCIUS, Quintus, Eoman actor ; d. n.c. 62. EOSCroS, Young, see BMy. EOSCOE, Henry Enfield, son of Henry, che- mist; 5. 7 Jan. 1833; professor at Owens College, Manchester, 1858 ; received E. S. gold medal, 1873; published "lectures on Spectrum Analysis," 1869; 3rd ed. 1873. EOSCOE, Henry, lawyer, son of following ; b. 1800; published '*Life of William Eoscoe," and " Lives of Eminent British Lawyers," 1833; d. 25 March 1836. EOSCOE, "VVniiam, historian; *. 8 March 1753 ; M.p. for Liverpool, 1805 ; published " Life of Lorenzo de' Medici," 1796; "Life and Pontificate of Leo X.," 1805 ; d. 30 June 1831. EOSCOE, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, son of "William, historian ; i. June 1791 ; translated *' Benvenuto Cellini," 1823 ; Sismondl's " Litera- ture of South of Europe," 1823 ; andLanzl's " His- tory of Painting," 1828, &c. ; d. 24 Sept. 1871. EOSCOMMON", "Wentworth Dillon, earl of, poet; b, about 1633; his "Poems," published, 1717; d. 17 Jan. 1684. EOSB, George, statesman and jiolitical writer ; b. 1744; published " Brief Examination into the Increase of the Eevenue, Commerce, and Naviga- tion of Great Britain," 1806; his "Diaries and Correspondence " published, i860 ; d. 13 Jan. 1818. EOSE, sir George Henry, clerk of the parlia- ments, 1818-44; ^- 17 J™!^ i^SS- EOSE, H. H., see Strathnairn. EOSE, German philosophers, brothers : HEraaicH, chemist; b. 6 Aug. 3795: published "Handbuch der Analj^ischcn Cheinie," 1829-31, ct seq, ; d. 27, 28, or 29 Jan. 1864. GusTAV, chemist : 6. 18 March 1798 : published " Elemente dfr Krj'stnllographle," 1838; "Mine- raloglsch-geognostische Kiese nacli dem Ural, dem Altai, u.s.w." 1837-42 ; many impers ; d. 15 July 1873 EOSE, ven. Henry Jolm ; b. 1800 ; archdeacon of Bedford, j866 ; Itulsean lecturer (on Law of Moses), 1833; wrote many articles in periodicals; d. 31 Jan. 1873. EOSE, rev. Hugh James; b. 1795; edited "Biographical Dictionary," 1839, ct seq.; "^n- cyclopoedia Metropolitana," 1815, et seq. ; principal of King's College, London, 1836; d. 22 Deo. 1838. EOSE, "William Stewart, Scottish poet, friend of sir "Walter Scott; b. 1775; published "Letters from the North of Italy," 1819; translation of Ariosto'a " Orlando Furioso," 1825-31 ; d. 30 April EOSECEANZ, or Eosenceans, "WilHam Starke, American federal general ; b, 6 Dec. 1819 ; made brigadier-general, and appointed to command army of "Western "Virginia, July l86l ; defeated the confederates at Murfreesboro, 2 Jan. 1863 ; defeated at Chickamanga, 18, 19, Sept. 1863. EOSELLINT, Ippolito, Italian antiquary ; b. 13 Aug. 1800 ; published " Monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia " (many plates), 1832-44 ; ' ' Elementa LingusB iEgyptiaca vulgo Coptics," 1837; d. 4 June 1843. EOSEN, German orientalists : Friedrich August ; h. 1805 . . rf. 12 Sept. 1837 Geoho ; &. 24 Sept. 1821 ; sent to Constantinople ; to Jerusalem, 18^2 : Belgrade, 1867 ; published "Rudimenta Persica," 1843 ; "History of Turkey," 1866-7 EOSENM"iJLLEE, German scholars : JoHANN Georg, father of following; 5. 18 Dec. 1736; puhli-shed "Scholia in Novum Testa- mentum," 1777-1807; "De Fatis Interpretationis Litterarum Sacrarum in EcclesiA Christiana,," 1795-1814 d. 14 March 1815 Ernst Friedrich Carl, son : h. 10 Dec. 1768 ; pub- lished "Scholia in "^^etus Testamentum," 17S8- 1835; "Alte und Keue Morgeuland," 1818-20; d. 17 Sept. 1835 EOSETTl, Constantine, Roumanian politician, poet, and publicist; b. about 1816; in the army, 1833-6 ; translated Byron, La Marline, &c. ; pub- lished "Songs of Happiness," 1840; member of revolutionary committee at Bucharest, 1846 ; fled to Paris ; set up a Journal, "la Eoumanie Futur," 1850 ; returned to his country ; minister of public instruction at Jassy, June 1861. EOSINI, Carlo Maria, Neapolitan archaeologist; b. I April 1748 ; published " Herculanensium Voluminum quae supersunt," 1 793- 1823 ; "Disser- tatio Isagogica ad Herculanensium "Voluminum Ex- planationem," 1797 ; d. 18 Feb. 1836. EOSMINl, Carlo di, Italian historian; b. 28 Oct. 1758; published ""Vita di P. Ovidio Naso," 1789; " Istoria intomo alle MUitari Imprcsi e alia Vita di G. G. Trivulzio," 1815 ; d. g June 1827. EOSNT, see Sullf/. EOSNT, Leon de, French orientalist ; J. 5 Aug. 1837 ; professor of Japanese, 1852 ; accompanied Japanese ambassador to London, &c., 1863 ; pub- lished Japanese grammar, dictionary, &c., 1856, et seq.; " varietes Orientales," 1868, &c. EOSS, Alexander, Scotch divine ; b. 1590 ; published "Virgilius evangelizans," 1634; "Mel HeUconium," 1642; "View of all lieligions," 1653 ; d. 1654- EOSS) Arctic navigators : Sir John ; h. 24 June 1777 ; entered navy . . 1786 Commander of expeditions in search of N."W. pas- sage, April — Nov. 1818 ; May 1829-33 ; knighted, 1834 : consul at Stockholm, 1839-45 ; went to search for sir John Franklin, 1850 ; rear-admi- ral, 1851 : published ""Voyage," 1819; "Narra- tive of Second "Voyage," 1835 . d. 30 Aug. 1856 Sir James, nephew .... 6. i; April i8cx) Went with his uncle to arctic seas, 1S18 ; with Parry, 1819-25 ; with sir John Eoss . 1829-33 EOSS 513 ROTHSAT On magnetic survey of Great Britain . . 1836-8 "Went on antarctic expedition April 1839— Sept. 1843 ■Went in seardi of Franklin 1848 Published "Voyage of Discovery 1839-43," 1847: d. 3 April 1862 EOSS, sir Hew Dali-yniple, field-marshal ; b. 1779; served in the Peninsular "War and at Waterloo ; d. 10 Dec. 1868. EOSS, John, see Bouse. EOSS, sir 'William Charles, miniature painter ; b. 3 June 1794; elected a.k.a., 1838; b.a., 1843; d. 20 Jan. i860. E08S-CHTJECH, Florence Marryat, noreUst ; 5. 9 July 1837; published her father's. Captain Marryat, "Life and .Letters," 1872; "Love's Conflict," 1865, &o. EOSSB, Parsons, earls of, astronomers : "William 6. 17 June 1800 Constructed tis great telescope at Parsonsto-wn 1828-45 President of British Association, 1843 ; of Eoyal Society 1849-54 Chancellor of Dublin university, 1862 : d. 31 Oct. 1867 Lawrence, son ; 6. 17 N"ov. 1840 : published ac- count of experiments regarding the heat of the moon ... . . . 1868-73 EOSSEL, col. Louis Nathanael, French com- munist ; b. 1844 ; minister of war under the com- mune, April 1871 ; captured, tried, shot at Satory, 28 Nov. 1871. EOSSBLLI, Florentine fresco painters : CosiMo ; b. 1430 . . d. after 25 Nov. 1506 Matteo ; 6. 10 Aug. 1578 . , d. 18 Jan. 1650 EOSSETTI, Italian family : Gabriele, poet ; 6. 1783 : published in Italian ana- lytical comment on Dante, 1826-7; " il Salterio," &c. ; professor at King's college, London, 1830-45; d. April 1854 His Children : — Maria Francesca : &. 17 Feb. 1B27 ; published " Shadow of Dante," 1871, &c. ; d. 24 Nov. 1876. Dante Gabriel ; b. 1828 : imblished " Early Italian Poets," 1861 ; " Poems," 1870 : " Dante and his Circle," 1873. Christina Georgina ; h. 1830: published "Goblin Market and other Poems," 1866 ; " Annus Domini," 1874; "Poems," 1875. William M., art critic; 6. ; published "Criticism on Swinburne," 1866 ; " Fine Art Notices," 1867. EOSSI, Giovanni Battista di, Roman archseo- logiat; b. about 1822; discovered in the Roman catacombs tombs of St. Calixtus, many hishops, and others ; published " Inscriptiones Christianse TJrbis Rom» Septimo Sasculo Antiquiores," 1857-61 ; " Roma Sotterranea Cristiana," 1864, et scq. EOSSI, Giovanni Vittore, Italian scholar; named himself Janus Nicius Erythrseus ; b. about 1577; published "Euderaiae" (satire on Rome), 1645; " Pinacotheoa Imaginum lllustrium Viro- runi," 1643-8 ; d. 15 Nov. 1647. EOSSI, John Charles Felix, sculptor; b. 1762 ; elected a.k.a., 1798; r.a., 1802; executed monu- ments in St. Paul s cathedral to lords Com"wallis, Eeathfield, and Rodney, and captain Faulkner ; d. 21 Feb. 1839. EOSSI, Pellegrhio Luigi Odoardo, conte, Ro- man statesman; b. 13 July 1787; naturalised in France, 1834; envoy to Rome, 1845-48; papal minister of the interior, 14 Sept. 1848; published " Traite du Droit penal," 1825; "Coursd'Economie Politique," 1839-43; assassinated at Rome, 15 Nov. 1848. EOSSI, Rosso del, "il Rosso," Florentine painter and architect; b. about 1496; entered service of Francis I. of France (termed Mattre Eoux), 1530 ; poisoned himself, 1541. EOSSINI, Gioacchino Antonio, Italian musi- cal composer; b. 29 Feb. 1792; d. 13 Nov. 1868. Produced cantata "Pianto d'AmorCj" 11 Aug. 1808 ; operas, "Tancredi," 1813 ; "Barbiere diSiviglia," 26 Dec. 1816; "Gaaza Ladxa," May 1817 ; "Mos6 in Egitto," 1818 ; " Donna del Lago," 4 Oct. 1819 ; "Semiramide" 1823 Visited England May — Oct. „ Produced at Paris " Guillaume Tell," 3 Aug. 1829 ; " Stabat Mater," 1S42 : " Chant des 'Titans " - 1864 Fixed his residence at Bologna, 1836 ; Florence, 1847 ; Paris May 1855 Died there; buried at Pfere-la-Chaise . . 21 Nov. 1868 Last work a funeral mass performed at his funeral. Bequeathed his fortune, after his wife's death, to found a school of music at his birthplace, Pesaro. EOSSLTK, Alexander "Wedderburne, earl of, Scotch judge and statesman ; }. 13 Feb. 1733; soli- citor-general, Jan. 1771 — June 1778; attorney- general, June 1778 — June 1780 ; chief justice of the. common pleas, June 1780 — Jan. 1793; lord high chancellor, Jan. 1793 — April 1801 ; "wrote " Obserr vations on the State of the English Prisons," 1793; created lord Loughborough, 14 June 1780; earl, 21 April 1801 ; d. 3 Jan. 1805. EOSSLTN", James St. Clair Erskine, earl of, statesman and general; b. about 1762; lord privy seal, June 1829— Nov. 1830; lord president of the council, Dec. 1834— April 1835 ; d. 18 Jan. 1837. EOSSO, see Rossi. EOST, Reinhold, German orientalist, Ph.D. b. 2 Feb. 1822 ; came to London, 1847 ; secretary Royal Asiatic Society, 1863; librarian to India Office, 1869. EOSTOPSCHESr, Fedor, count, Russian general and statesman; b. 23 March 1765; ap- pointed governor of Moscow, 29 May 1812 ; pub- lished " Verite sur I'lncendie de Moscou," 1823; d. 12 Feb. 1826. EOSWEYDE, Heribert, Dutch Jesuit his- torian; b. 22 Jan. 1569; published "Fasti Sanc- torum," 1607 ; " Titae Patrum," 1615 ; " Yitse Sanctarum Virginum," 1626; d. 5 Oct. 1629. EOSZPELD, Johann, German antiquary ; b. 1551; publialied " Antiquitatum Rnmanarum Cor- pus Absolutissimum," 1583; d. 7 Oct. 1626. EOTHE, Richard, German theologian, friend of Bunsen; b. 28 Jan. 1799; professor at "Witten- berg, 1848; Heidelberg, 1837-49; published "Theo- logische Ethnik," 1845-8, &c.; d. 21 Aug. 1867. EOTHENHAMMEE, see Eottenhammer. EOTHEEHAM, John, m.d. ; b. about 1719 ; wrote "Nature and Properties of Water," 1770; d. 18 March 1787. EOTHEEMEL, Peter F., American artist ; b. 8 July 1817; travelled in Europe, 1836-7; best works : " De Soto discovering the Mississippi," " Columbus before the Queen," &c. EOTHSAT, David Stewart, eai-1 of Carrick, sou of king Robert III. ; b. about 1377 ; regent, 1398-g; quarrelled with his uncle Albany; imprisoned in Falkland castle, and said to have been starve d to death, 1401. I, L ROTHSCHILD 514 EOWSELL EOTHSCHILD, bai-ons de, Jemsh bankers and financiers : Meter Anwelme ; &. 1743 ; founder of the bank at Frankfort . d. 1812 His sons : — i. Anselme; 6. 12 June 1773; remained at Frank- fort d 7 Dec. 1855 '^. Salomon ; 6. 9 Sept. 1774 ; settled at Vienna ; d. 28 July „ 3. Nathan Meyer ; 6. 10 Sept. 1777 ; settled in London; appointed consul for Austria, 1820; d. July 1836 4. Charles ; &. 24 April 1788 ; settled at Naples ; d. 10 March 1855 5. James; &. 15 May 1792; resided at Paris; founded there a synagogue and hospital ; d. IS Not. 186S Lionel Nathan, son of Nathan ; 6. 22 Not. 1808 ; M.P. for city of London, 1847-6S ; re-elected, i86q : iirst took his seat in the house of commons, 26 July 1858 ; not re-elected 1874 Sib Anthony, bart. brother of above ; 6. May 1810 ; very beneficent ; created baronet, 1846 ; d. 3 Jan. 1876 Edmond, son of James ; &. about 1826 ; head of the Paris house. EOTROU, Jean, French dramatic poet; 5.21 Aug. 1609; published his " Cid," 1636; d. 28 June 1650. EOTTECK, Karl 'Wenceslaus Rodecker Ton, German historian ; }. 18 July 1775 ! published in German "Universal History," 1813-27, &c. ; d. 26 Not. 1840. EOTTENHAMMEB, Johann, German painter; b. about 1564; chef-d'camre "Glory of the Saints," in the church of the Holy Cross at Augsburg ; d. about 1623. EOUBILLAC, Louis Francois, French sculp- tor; b. about 1695 ; settled in England about 1744; executed monuments of John, duke of Argyll, and of Handel in Westminster Abbey ; sir Isaac New- ton, Trinity College, Cambridge ; and statue of Shakspere, in British Museum, &c. ; d. II Jan. 1762. ROTJCHER, Jean Antoine, French poet ; b. 22 Feb. 174s; -wrote " les Mois," 1779; f^. 25 July 1794. EOUBLLE, Guillaume Francjois, French chemist; b. 1703; d. 3 Aug. 1770. ROUGE, Olivier Charles Canaille Emmanuel de, French Egyptologist; b. 11 April 1811; pub- lished "Recherches sur les Monuments des six Premieres Dynasties," 1866; " Chrestomathie Egyptienne," 1867-8; d. Jan. 1873. ROUGET DE Lisle, Claude Joseph, French poet and musical composer ; b. 10 May 1760 ; com- posed the " Marseillaise," or " Chant de TAiinee du Shin," 1792; published "Cinquants Chants Fran^ais," 1825 ; d. 26 June 1836. EOUHEE, Eugene, French statesman ; b. 30 Nov. 1814. Minister of justice . Oct. 1849 — July 1851 Again minister of justice . Dec. 1851 — Jan. 1852 Appointed minister of agriculture, commerce, and public works . . Feb. 1855 Minister of state ... .18 Oct. 1863 Resigned, and ofRce abolished July 1869 JIade president of the senate . . . July ,, Came to England, Sept ; established in London " la Situation " Oct. 1870 Elected deputy to national assembly (for Corsica), Feb. 1872 Active imperialist since, frequently speaking . 1872-6 ROTJLAND, Gustav, French lawyer and statesman ; b. 2 Feb. 1802 ; made procureur-gene- ral, Feb. 1853 ; minister of public instruction and worship, Aug. 1856 — June 1863 ; Tice-president of the senate, June 1863, ROUS, or Rouse, Francis, republican writer; b. 1579; published "Oil of Scorpions," 1.623; " Doctrine of King James, &o.," 1626 ; " Catholic Charity," 1641 ; " Psalms in Metre," 1645, «&c. ; Works, 1657 ; d. 7 Jan. 1659. ROUSE, or Ross, John, antiquary, of "War- wick ; wrote "Historia Kegum Anglise," printed 1716 ; d. 14 Jan. 1491. ROUSSEAU, Jacques, French painter and engrayer ; b. 4 June 1630 ; came to London to de- corate Montagu House, 1690; d. 16 Dec. 1693. ROUSSEAU, Jean Baptiste, French poet ; b. 6 April 1670; his "(EuTres" published, 1712; "(EuTres posthumes," 1741 ; "Lettres sur diffe- rents Sujets de Litterature," 1749-50 ; " (EuTres completes," 1799; d. 17 March 1741. ROUSSEAU, Jean Jacques, French philoso- pher ; b. 28 June 1712 ; published " Lettre sur la Musique Fran(;aise," 17531 " Juhe, ou laNouTelle Heloise," 1760; " Emile, ou de I'Education," 1762; " Diotionnaire de Musique," 1767; his " Confessions" first printed, 1782; d. 3 July 1778. ROUSSEAU, Theodore, French landscape painter; b. 15 April 1812; d. 22 Dec. 1867. ROUSSET, Camille Felix Michel, French historian ; b'. 15 Feb. 1821 ; professor at College de Bourbon, 1845-63; historiographer and librarian to ministry of war, 1864; published "Histoire de Louvois," 1861-3. EOUTH, Martin Joseph, d.d. ; b. 15 Sept. 1755; president of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1791- 1855; published "iteliquise Sacrae, 1814-8; d. 22 Dec. 1854. ROUX, see Rosso. ROUX, Joseph Philibert, French surgeon ; h. 26 April 1780; published "Quarante Annees de Pratique Chirurgicale," 1854 ; d. 24 March 1854. EOVIGO, see Savanj. ROVILLB, GuiUaume de, French printer; b. 15 18 ; estabUshed himself at Lyons, about 1546; d. 1589. ROWB, Elizabeth, moralist ; b, 11 Sept. 1674; married Thos. Eowe, 1710 ; widow, 1715 ; published " Friendshipin Death," 1728; "DeTOut Exercises," 1737 ; d. 20 Feb. 1737. ROWE, Nicholas, dramatic poet ; b. 1673 ; pro- duced "Ajnbitious Step-Mother," 1698; "Fair Penitent," 1703; "Jane Shore," 1713; edition of Shakspeare, 1709 ; translated Lucan's " PharsaUa," printed, 1728; a. 6 Deo. 1718. ROWLANDSON", Thomas, caricaturist; b. July 1756; published "Miseries of Human Life," 1808; with Woodward, "Caricature Magazine," 1810-13; d. 22 April 1827. ROWLET, William, dramatist;/. 1632-62; published " A New Wonder, a Woman neTer vext," 1632; with Ford and Decker, "Witch of Edmon- ton," 1658. ROWLEY, William, m.d., physicisn ; b. 18 Nov. 1743 ; published " Schola Medicina; Univer- salis Nova," 1793; d. 17 March 1806. ROWSELL, rev. Thomas James, popular preacher ; rector of St. Margaret's, Lothbury (no charge^, i860; active supporter of Bishop of Lon- don's fund, visiting associations, &c. ; vicar of St. Stephen's, Westboume Park, June 1872. EOXANA .515 EUGE EOXANA, Bactrian princess, queen of Alex- ander the Great; married, B.C. 327; witli her son Alexander ^gus, murdered by Cassander, 311. EOXBTJRGH, William, m.d., Scotch botan- ist; h. 29 June 1759; published "Plants of the coast of Coromandef, i795-l8i9; " Flora Indica," 1820-4 ; d. 10 April 1815. EOXBUEGHB, John Ker, duke of, book-col- lector ; b. 5 April 1740 ; his library sold by auction in 1812, for £22,992 7*. ; d. 19 March 1804. EOY, see Le Hoy. EOY, PieiTe Charles, French di-amatic poet; h. 1683; produced operas, "Pbilomele," 1705; *' Callirnoe," 1712; published "CEuvres diverfees," 1727; d. 23 Oct. 1764. EOT, "William, Scotch general; h. 4 May 1726; employed on ordnance surrey of Scotland, 1746 ; of Great Britain, 1784-8 ; " Military Anti- quities of the Eomans in Great Britain," published 1793 ; d. I July 1790. EOY-PIERREPITTE, Jean Baptiste Louis, French archaeologist ; b. 29 Aug. 1819 ; pubUshed abbe Nadaud's " Nobiliaire du Diocese et de la Generalite de Limoges," 1856; " Etudes historiques sur les Monasteres du Limousin et de la Marcne," 1857-63. EOYER, Jean Baptiste, French prelate and conventionalist; b. 8 Oct. 1733; consecrated con- stitutional bishop of Ain, 3 April 1791 ; elected bishop of Paris, 1798 ; dismissed, Sept. 1801 ; pub- lished " Discours sur les Biens du Clerge," 1790; d. II April 1807. EOTEE-COLLAED, Piei-re Paul, French statesman and philosopher; b. 21 June 1763; founded the doctrinal school of philosophy; d. 4 Sept. :84s. EGYLE, John Forbes, m.d., botanist; b. in India, 1800 ; published " Illustrations of the Botany and Katural History of the Himalaya Mountains, fee," 1839; " Fibrous Plants of India," 1855, &c. ; d. 2 Jan. 1858. EOZET, Claude Antoiue, French military en- cjineer and geologist ; b. 1798; published "Traite tie Geologie," 1830; many papers; d. 17 Sept. ■ 1858. EOZIEE, see FiUtre. EOZIEE, Fran9ois, French agriculturist; b. 23 Jan. 1734; established " Journal de Physique," tmd edited it, 1771-80; pubUbhed " Cours complet d'Agriculture," 1781-93; d. 29 Sept. 1793. EUBENS, sir Peter Paul, Flemish historical and portrait painter and diplomatist ; b, 29 June 1577 ; envoy to Spain, 1628-9 ; to England,_ i62q ; <'0ucluded peace between Philip IV. of Spain and Charles I. of England ; d. 30 May 1640. Chefs-d'mmn, the " Descent from the Cross," and " Ele- vation of the Cross," in Antwerp cathedral; "Last Judgment," now at Municli, and the series represent- ing events in the life of Marie de' Medici, now in the Louvre ; " Peace and War," &c. jf.XJBINI, Giambattista, Italian tenor singer; 6. 7 April I79S; d. 2 March 1854. RUBRUQITIS, see SuysbroeTc. RUCELLAI, Bernardo, Florentine historian ; 7j. 1449; wrote "deUrbe Rom4; "deBeUoItalioo;" ci. 7 Oct. 1514. RUCELLAI, Giovanni, son, Florentine poet ; h. 1475 ; his tragedy " Rosmunda " printed, 1525 ; "leApi," 1539; (Z. 1525. EUCKERT, Friedrich, German poet and ori- entalist; b. 16 May 1789; an editor of "Morgen- blatt," 1815-17; (as Freimund Keinmar) published patriotic " German poetry," 1814, &c. ; " Napoleon, and other plays ; " d. 31 Jan. 1866. EIJCKERT, Leopold Immanuel, Gei-man theo- logian; b. 1797; professor at Jena, 1842; published " Theologie " (a combination of systems) ; d. April 1871. EUDBECK, Glaus, Swedish naturalist; b. 1630; published " Atlantica," 1675-98; "Campus Elysius," 1701-2; d. 7 Sept. 1702. RUDBECK, Olaus, son, Swedish natm-aUsfc and philologist; b. li March 1660; published " Nova Samoland, sive Xaponia illustrata," 1701 ; d. 23 March 1740. EUDDIMAN', Thomas, Scotch grammarian? b. Oct. 1674; published "Rudiments of the Latin Tongue," 1714 ; edited " Caledonian Mercury ; " d. ic, Jan. 1757. EUDE, Francois, French sculptor; b. 4 Jan. 1784 ; executed statue of marshal Nev, at Paris; d. 3 Nov. 1855. EUDING, rev. Rogers, numismatist; b. 9 Aug. 1741 ; published "Annals of the Coinage of Great Biitain," &c., 1817 ; 3rd ed., 1841; d. 16 Feb. 1820. EUDOLF, of Ems, minnesinger ; fl. 1220-54 ; wrote "Barlaam and Josaphat," "Chronicle of the World," and " Wilhelm vou Orlieuz." RUDOLPH, see RodclpJi. RUDOLPHI, Carl Asmund, Swedish natural- ist; b. 14 July 1771 ; published "Entozoorum Synopsis," 1819; "Gruudriss der Physiologie," 1821-8; d, 29 Nov. 1832. RUFPHEAD, Owen, ll.d.; 5. about 1723; edited " Statutes at Large," 1763, et seq.\ "Life of Pope," 1769; d. 25 Oct. 1769. RUFFINI, Paolo, Italian physician and mathe- matician ; b. 23 Sept. 1765 ; published "Immateri- aliti deir Anima," 1806; d. 10 May 1822. RUFFO, Fabrice Dionigi, Neapolitan cardinal and general; b. l5 Sept. 1744; created cardinal, 1794 ; raised the army of the Holy Faith to oppose the French, 1799; reduced Naples, June 1799; '^■ 13 Dec. 1827. RUFINUS, able minister of Theodosius and Arcadius ; excited Theo. to cruelties at Thessalouica, 390 ; by his rapacity made enemies ; about to be nominated emperor, killed in a tumult, 27 Nov. 395. RUFINUS, Tyrauuius, Roman ecclesiastical historian ; b. about "345 ; wrote " Historia Ecclesi- astica," in contmuatiou of Eusebius, and " His- toria Eremitica; " d. 410. RUFUS, Ciolius, Roman orator and politician ; b. 28 May B.C. 82; tribune of the people, 52; d. strangled, 48. RUGE, Arnold, German politician; b, 1802; impiisoned for connection with the ' ' Tugenbund," 1824; released; professor at Halle, 1830; went to France ; wTote "Two Years in Paris " (published 1845); works published at Mannheim, 1846; mem- ber of Frankfort parliament, 1849 ; fled to England, 1850. I, L 2 EUGENDAS 516 EUSSELL EUGENDAS, Gennan painters and engra- vers: Geobg Philipp ; 6. 27 Nov . 1666 ; painted Ijattle of Narva d. 10 Aug. 1742 JoHANTf LoREKz, grandson ; h. 1775 d. 19 Nov. 1826 JoHANN MoRiTz, ."^on, landscape painter ; h. 1799 ; ]mltlislied " Vovage Pittoresfiiie dans le Bresil," 1827-3S . • " • . • . d. 2g May 1858 EUGGLE, George, satii-ist; b. atout 1575; " Ignoramus, Comedia," published 1630 ; d. 1622. ETJHMKOEFP, M., French philosophical instrument maker; received medal for electro- magnetic coil, &c., 1855 ; for applications of elec- tricity prize of £2000, 1858. ETJHNKEN, David, Gennan philologist ; b. 2 Jan. 1723 ; published " Elogium T. Hemsterhusii," 1768; "De Vita et Scriptis Longini," 1776; cl. 14 May 1798. EUINAET, Thieni, French Benedictine his- torian; J. 10 June 1657; published "Acta primo- rum Martyrum," 1689 ; edited -n-orks of Gregory of •Toui-s, 1699; d. 27 Sept. 1709. EUISCH, Fredrik, Dutch anatomist; i. 23 Mai-ch 1638; published "Thesam-us Anatomicus, 1701-15; d. 22 Feb. 1731. ETJITEE (or EltTEk), Michel Adrianszoou ■van, Dutch admiral ; b. 24 March 1607 ; defeated ty admiral Blake, 22 Oct. i6£3; by Monk, 2^ July i665; defeated combined English and French fleets, II Aug. 1673 ; d. 29 April 1676. EULHIEEE, Claude Carloman de, French Mstorian and poet; b. 1735; m-ote "Histoii-e de i'Anarchie de Pologne," published 1807 ; " Jeux de Mains," 1808; d. 30 Jan. 1791. EUMFOED, sir Benjamin Thompson, count von, American chemist and physicist ; b. 26 March 1752; ei}tered sen'ice of Bavaria, 1783; created count, 1790; removed to Paris, 1802; made re- searches in heat and light; principal founder of the Eoyal Iijstitution, 1800; published "Essais Poli- tiques, Economiques, et Philosophiques," 1798- 1806; "Memoires sur la Chaleur," 1804; d. 21 Aug. 1814. EUMPHITTS, Georg Everhard, Dutch botan- ist; b. 1637 ; his "Herbarium Amboinense" pub- lished 1741-50; d. 1706. ETJNJEET SINGH, maharajah of Lahore; i. 2 Nov. 1780; "Essaj-s," 1798, et scq.\ conquered the Punjab, 1812; restored to his throne Shah Sujah, king of Cabul, and received the Koh-i-noor diamond for his sen^ices ; defeated by the Afghans, 1836 ; d. 27 June 1839. ETJPEET, prince of Bavaria, son of Elizalieth, queen of Bohemia, and nepheT\* of Cliarles I. of England; b. 17 Dec. 1619; d. 29 Nov. 1682. Defeated the parliamentarians at Worcester, 23 Sept. 1642 Created duke of Cumberland Jan. 1644 Defeated by Cromwell at Mnr.ston Moor, 2 July ,, "With Charles I., at Naseby . 14 June 1645 Surrendered Bristol, 10 Sept. ; dismissed by Charles, Sept. „ Established Hud.son's Bay coinp.iny . . 1670 Made admiral of the fleet . . . 1673 Jmin'oved raezzotinto eugraring. ETISCELLI, Girolamo, Italian scholar and poet ; published " Imprese Dlustri,' ' 1566 ; " Eime Piacevoli," 1627 ; d. 1566. EUSH, Benjamin, American physician ; b. 24 Dec. 1745; published " Essays, literarj', moral, and philosophical," 1798; d. ig April 1813. EUSHWOETH, John, lawyer and historical ■writer ; I. about 1607 ; published " Historical Col- lections of private Pa.ssages of State," 1659-1701; d. 12 May 1690. EUSKIN, John, art critic ; *. Feb. 1819; advo- cated pre-Eaphaelitism, 1851; elected Slade pro- fessor of fine art at Oxford, 1869; lord rector of St. Andre^n-'s, 1871 ; published " Modern Painters," 1843-60; "Seven Lamps of Architecture," 1849; "Stones of Venice," 1851-53; "Ethics of the Dust," 1865; "Queen of the Air," 1869; "Aratra Pentelici," 1872, &o. EUSSEL, Alexander, Scotch joumalist ; *. lo Dec. 1814; editor of " Scotsman," 1845-76; contri- buted to Edinburgh and Quarterly Eeviews, Black- wood's and Tait's Magazines, &c. ; d. July 1876. EUSSELL, Alexander, physician at Aleppo-, 1750-4 ; published its " Natural History," I7S4) '^• 25 Nov. 1768. ETJSSELL, see Auiberley, Bedford. EUSSELL, Edvrard, earl of Orford, admiral ; b. 1651 ; defeated French fleet off cape La Hogue; 19 May 1692; created earl, 7 May 1697; fii-st lord of the" admiralty. May 1604— June 1699 ; again, Nov. 1709 — Oct. 1710; a third time, Oct. 1714 — April 1717 ; d. 26 Nov. 1727. EUSSELL, John, artist in crayons; b. 1744; elected A. R.A., 1772; e.a., 1788; made a Seleno- graphia, or model of the moon; d. 21 April 1806. EUSSELL, John Eussell, earl, statesman; b. 18 Aug. 1792. Elected M. P. for Tai-istock 1813 Obtained repeal of the test and corporation acts . 182S Carried the Roman catholic relief bill . ... 1829 Paymaster of the forces . . Nov. 1830 — Dec. 1834 Carried the Reform bill .... 183^ Home secretaiy . April 1S35— Aug. 1839 Colonial secretary . . . Aug. 1839 — Sept. 1841 First lord of the treasury . . July 1846 — Feb. 1852 Carried the Ecclesiastical titles bill . . . - 1850 Foreign secretai-y . . . Dec. 1852 — Feb. 1853 Sat in the cabinet without otfice Feb. 1853 — June 1854 Lord president of the council . June 1854 — Jan. 185^ Again colonial secretary . . . May — July ,, Again foreign secretary . . June 1859— Nov. 1865 Created earl Eussell .... 30 July 1S61 Again first lord of the treasury Nov. 1865— June 1866 Published " Life of William, Lord Russell " . .1819 "Memoirs of the Aflfaii-s of Em-ope from the Peace of Utrecht " 1824 "Correspondence of John, 4th duke of Bedford," 1842-6 " Memoirs, Journal and Correspondence of Thomas Moore" 1S52-6 " Memorials and Correspondence of Charles JTames Fox" . 1853-7 " Life and Times of Charles James Pox " . .1859-66 " Selections from Speeches and Despatches " . .1870 "Essays on the Rise and Progress of the Christian Religion " in the "West of Europe . . . 1S73 "Recollections and Suggestions, 1813-73" Jan. 1875 EUSSELL, John Scott, Scotch civil engineer ; b. 1808; introduced the "wave system" of con- struction of ships, 1835 ; built the Great Eastern steamship, 1857; published "Treatise on Steam Engme, 1841 ; " Modern System of Naval Archi- tecture," " Systematic Technical Education," 1869 ; &c. EUSSELL, Michael, bishop of Glasgo-w; b. 1 781; consecrated, 1837; published "Connection of Sacred and Profane History," 1827-37 ! ^- 2 April 1848. EUSSELL, lady Eachel, -wife of lord "William Eussell; b. (Wriothesley) 1636; married lord Vaughan, 1653 ; widow, 1667 ; married lord "W. Eussell, 1669; attended at his trial, July 1683; her "Letters" published, 1773; d. 29 Sept. 1723. EUSSELL, lord Odo William Leopold, brother of duke of Bedford, diplomatist ; i. 20 Feb. 1829 ; attach^ to embassy at Vienna, etc., 1849, et scq. '; EUSSELL 517 SAAVEDRA employed iit liome, i8(x)-7o; at ^'e^salilt•3, with the emperor of Germany, 187 1 ; ambassador at Berlin, Uct. 1871. EUSSELL, lord William, statesman and pa- triot ; b. 29 Sept. 1639 ; tried on a charge of lugh treason for alleged conspiracy against the life of the king, 13 July; beheaded, 21 July 1683. HXJSSELL, William, historian ; i. 1746; pub- lished "History of Modern Europe," 1779-84; d. I Jan. 1794. EUSSELL, William Howard, Irish journalist ; b. 28 March 1821 ; went as corrcspondeut for the " Times " to the Crimea, 1854; to India, 1857 ; to the United States, 1861 ; to the Austrian ai-my during the Austro-Prussian war, 1866; published "Letters from the Crimea," 1855-6; "My Diary in India," 1858; "Diary in the East during the Tour of the Prince and Princess of Wales," 1869; attached to crown prince's staff during Frauco- German war, 1870- 1 ; published his "Diary," Nov. 1873- EUST, George, bishop of Dromore ; made dean of Connor, 1661 ; consecrated, 1667; his "Re- mains " published, 1686 ; d. Dec. 1670. EUTEBEUF, French troubadour; fl. 13th century; wrote "Chariot le Juif," and " Com- plaintes." EUTHEEFOED, Daniel, Scotch physician; b. Nov. 1749 ; discovered nitrogen, or azote, de- scribed in " de Acre Mephitico," 1772 ; d. 15 Nov. 1819. EUTHEEFOED, Samuel, Scotch theologian; i. about 1600; professor at St. Audi'ew's, 1639; principal, 1849; commissioner to Westminster As- sembly, 1643 ; published " Due Eight of Presby- tery," and "Lex Bex," 1644; deprived, 1660; d. 20 March 1661. EUTHEEFOETH, rev. Thomas, physicist; b. 13 Oct. 1712; published "Essay on Vu'tue," 1744; "System of Natural Philosophy," 1748; "Institutes of Natural Law," 1754-6; d. 5 Oct. 1771. EUTHEEFUED, Andrew, lord Eutherfurd, Scottish judge; b. 1792; appointed a lord of session, 1851 ; d. 13 Dec. :854. EUTHVEN, see Gowric. EUTTY, John, Irish physician; b. 26 Dec. 1698 ; his " Spuitual Diary and Soliloquies " pub- lished, 1776; d. 27 April 1775. _ EUYE, Jean, French antiquary ; b. 1560; pub- lished " Kecherche des Sainctes Antiquites de la Vosge," 1625 ; d. about 1645. EUTSBEOEK, Jean de, Belgian mystic ; b. about 1294; wrote "de Ornatu Spii-itualium Nup- tiaUum;" d. 2 Dec. 1381. EUYSBEOEK; (Uubruquis), Willem de, German envoy in Tartary from St. Louis, 1253. EUYSDAEL, Jakob, Dutch landscape painter; b. about 1636; d. 16 Nov. 1681. EUYTER, see Riiitcr. EUZZINI, Carlo, doge of Venice ; J. 25 Dec. 1653 ; elected, 2 June 1732 ; d. 6 Jan. 1735. EYALL, Henry Tliomas, line-engraver; b. Aug. 181 1 ; d. 14 Sept. 1867. EYAN, sii- Edward, lawyer ; b. 1793 ; cliief justice in Calcutta, 1833-43 ; commissioner of rail- ways, 1846 ; vice-chancellor of university of London, 1871 ; d. 22 Aug. 1875. EYAN, Vincent William, bishop of Maiuitius ; S. about 1816; consecrated, 1854; resigned, 1868; made archdeacon of Suffolk, 1868. EYCAUT, see EicHitt. EYDEE, see Sarroicbij. EYLAND, John, dissenting minister; pub- lished "Character of Kev. James Hervey," 1791; d. 1792. EYLAND, William Wynne, line-engraver ; b. 1732; executed for forgery, 29 Aug. 1783. EYIiE, rev. John Charles ; b. 1816 ; vicar of Stradbroke, 1861 ; published " Expository Thoughts on the Gospel,". 1856-9; "Plain Speaking," "Bishops and Clergy of other Days, i86g; " Church Keform Papers," 1870 ; many tracts. EYMEE, Thomas, historical writer; b. about 1646 ; pubhshed " Foedera, Conventiones, Litterie et cujusoumjiue generis Acta Publiea inter Eeges Angliae jCt ahos quosvis Imperatores," 1704-16; d. 14 Dec. 1713. EYSBEAEK, or EySBU.iCK, Johan Michael, son of following, Flemish sculptor ; b. 1693 ; d. 8 Jan. 1770. EYSBEAEK, Pieter, Flemish landscape painter ; b. about 1655 ; d. about 1726. EYVES, Bruno, royaUst divine; }. 1596; pubhshed " Mercurius Eusticus, the Country's Com- plaint recounting the sad Events of this unparaleled vVai-r," 1646; d. 13 July 1677. EYVES, Eliza, Irish novelist; pubhshed "Her- mit of Snowdon;" "Poems," 1777-; d. I'gy. EYVES, see Serres. EYVES, sir Thomas, king's advocate; b. about 1580 ; published " Eegiminis Anghcani in Hiber- nia Defensio," 1624; " Historia Navalis," 1629; d. 1651. S. SAA, or SA, Emanuel, Portuguese Jesuit ; b. 1530; published "Aphorisrai Confessiariorum," 1595; d. 1596. SA DA BandeieA, Bernardo de Sa No- guera. vicomte da, Portuguese statesman ; A. 1 796 ; .served in war, i8io ; held various offices, 1832, et seq. ; head of the opposition, 1846-56; prime mmister, April 1865 — Jan. 1869; d. 6 Jan 1876. jSjV de MiRAlfDA, Francisco de, Portu- guese poet ; b. 27 Oct. 1495 ; his " Obras " printed, 1595 ; '"'• IS March 1558. SAADI, see Sadi. SAAVEDEA, Angel de, duque de Eivas, liberal Spanish statesman and poet; b. I Mareh 1791 ; fought against the French, 1807, et seq. ; an exile, 1823-38; returned to Spain; became a gran- dee ; often ambassador ; published " Eusayos Poetv CIS," 1813; romances, dramas, &c. SAAVEDEA 518 SAGEEDO SAAVEDEA, see Cenanh-s. SAAVEDEA y Faxaedo, Dieg:o, conde (le, Spanish diplnmatist ; i. 1584; published "Idea de xm. Principe Politico Christiano," 1640; "Be- puhliea Literaria," 1670; d. 24 Aug. 1648. SABATIEE, Antoine, French ahbe and mis- cellaneous -writer; *. 13 April 1742; published " Trois Siecles de la Litterature Francaise," 1772 ; " Veritable Esprit de J. J. Piousseau," 1804; d. 15 June 1817. SABATIEE, Raphael Bienvenu, French sur- geon; b. n Oct. 1732; published " Medecine Ope- ratoire," 1796-8; d. 19 July 1811. iSABBATHIEE, Pierre, French Benedictine theologian; b. 1682; his " BibHoriun Sacrorum Latina3 Versiones AntiquEe, sen Vetus Italica" pubUshed, 1743 ; d. 24 March 1742. SABBATINI, Andrea, called Andrea da Sa- lerno, Neapolitan fresco paiuter ; b. about 1480 ; d. 1545- SABBATINI, Lorenzo, called Lorenzino da Bologna, Bolcgnese painter ; b. about 1533; d. 1577' SABBATINI, Luigi Antonio, Italian musical composer; b. 1739; published " Elementi Teorici della Husica," 1789; " Trattato sopra le Fughe Musieali," 1802 ; d. 29 Jan. 1809. SABELLIUS, African bishop and heresiarch respecting the Trinity ; fl. 3rd century. SABINA, Poppsea, mistress and afterwards wife of Nero; instigated him to murder his mother Agrippina, and wife OctaTia ; married, 62 ; d. from a kick given her by Nero, 65. SABINE, sir Edward, general, royal engineers ; b. I Oct. 1788. Lieut. E.A., 1803 ; engaged in Americ.m campaign . 1814 Made magnetic observations dm-iiig TOyage of cap- tain Ross and lieutenant Parry to tlie ai-ctic regions ... iSiS-ig " Exijeviments to determine tlie Figure of tlie Eai-tli," &c., printed 1825 Establislied in tlie colonies magnetic observatories, 1840, published " Dutch Pictures," 1861 ; "America in the midst of war," 1864; " Quite Alone," Nov. 1864; "itome and Venice, 1869 ; " Under the Sun," 1872, &c. SALAD IN, or Salah - ed - Din, Jlalek Nasser Yusuf, sultan of i-gypt and Syria; d. 1137 ; sultan, 1 1 74; defeated Gui de Lusignan at battle of Tiberias, 4 July 1187; captured Jerusalem, 2 Oct. 1 187 ; defeated at Arsouf, 1191 ; made truce of three yeai-s with Kichard I. of England and the crusaders, Aug. 1192 ; d. 4 March 1 193. SALAMAN, Charles Kensington, musician and author; b. 3 March 1814; published songs, 1838 ; &o. SALAE JUNGr, sir, Indian statesman; b. about 1834 ; at tlic death of the nizam of Hydera- bad became guardian of his son, and supported the British dmlng the mutiny, 1857 ; promoted public ■works, and education ; visited ttie continent; in Eng- land, I June ; received by the queen, 2Q June ; fi'ee- dom of London, 25 July ; returned to' Bombay, 24 Aug. 1876. SALDANHA, Joao Carlos, duque de, Portu- guese statesman, grandson of Pombal; b. 17 Nov. 1790; d. in London, 21 Nov. 1876. 31ade military governor of Oporto . . Feb. 1825 President of the council of ministers, May — Nov. 1835 ; again. May 1846 — Aug. 1847 ; Jan. 1849 ; May 1851 — June 1856 ; ambassador at Paris ; re- signed Dec. 1869 Headed an insiurection and a new ministry, 19 May — Aug. 1870 Ambassador at London .... . 1871 SALE, George, Orientalist ; b. 1680 ; published translation of the Koran, 1734; d. 14 Nov. 1736. SALE, John Bernard, organist; b. 24 June 1779; d. 16 Oct. 1856. SALE, sir Robert Henry, major-general, the " Kero of Jellalabad ;" b. 1782 ; served at storming of Seringapatam, 1799; at Travancore, 1809; at captm-e of Mauritius, 1816 ; of Kangoon, 1824 ; besieged at Jellalabad, 12 Nov. 1841 — 7 April 1842 ; made a sortie and routed besieging army under Akbar Khan, 7 April 1842 ; wounded at ALoodkee, 18 Dec. 1845 ; d. 28 Feb. 1846. SALEL, Hugues, French poet ; b. about 1504 ; published "CEuvres," 1539; translation of Homer's "Iliad," books L—X., 1545; d. 1553. SALES, Francjois de. Saint, see Francis. SALIAN, or SalliAN, Jacques, French Jesuit; b. 1557; published "Annales Ecclesiastici Teteris Testamenti," 1619-24; d. 23 Jan. 1640. SALINAS, Francisco de, Spanish musician ; J. 1512; published "de Musica," 1577; d. Feb. 1590. SALIEEI, Antonio, Italian musical composer ; b. 19 Aug. 1750; produced operas, "les Danaides," 1784; " Tarare," 1787, &c. ; d. 7 or 12 May 1825. SALIMBENI, Sienese painters : Arcangelo Jl. 1557-79 Ventura, sou, called " cavaliere Bevilacqua ; " b. 1567 d, 1613 SiMONDio, son of alaove ; 6. 1597 . . . d, 1643 SALISBUEY, present bishop, see Moberley. SALISBURY, earls and marquises of : Earls : — 1, Patrick de Evreux ; killed by Guy of Lusignan, 1167. S, William, sou ; d. 11 96. 3. William de LoNOEsi'fiE, natur.'d son of Henry IL ; burnt French fleet, 1213 ; taken at Bouvines, 1214 ; d. 1226. His son WiUiam killed at Massoura, 1250. 4. William de Montacute ; constable of the tower, 1343 ; admiral, 1336 ; earl, 1337 ; served in French wars, 1337-9 ; d. 1343. 5. WilliaMj son ; a founder of the order of the garter ; d. 1397. 6. John, nephew ; attempted restoration of Richard II. ; beheaded by rabble ; and attainted, 1400. 7. Thomas, sou ; restored, 1409 ; wounded at siege of Orleans, 27 Oct. ; d. 3 Nov. 1428 ; his daughter Alice married to 8. Richard Neville, then created earl, 1442 ; joined Yorkists, 1455 ; defeated Lancastrians at Bloreheath, 23 Sept. 1459 ' beheaded after the battle of Wakefield, 31 Dec. 1460. 9. Richard, son, earl of Warwick ; see under Warwick. 10. George Plantagenet, duke of Clarence ; see Clartnca 11. Edward, sou of Richard III. by Anne Neville, daughter of 9th earl ; earl, 1477 ; prince of Wales, 1483 ; d. 1484. 12. Margaret, daughter of George, duke of Clarence ; married sir Richard Pole; mother of cardinal Pole, March 1530 ; charged -with treason ; imprisoned, 1539 ; beheaded, 27 May 1541. 13. Robert Cecil, son of William, statesman: &. 1550; d. 24 May 1612 ; appointed secretray of state, and sent to France to negotiate iieace, 1597 : negotiated with James VI. of Scotland, 1601 ; created viscount Cran- borne, 20 Aug. 1604; earl, 4 May 1605; lord treasurer, 1609 ; d. 24 May 1612. 14. William, son ; d. 166S. 15. James, grandson; (Z. 1683. 16. James, son ; d. 1694. 17. JA.MES ; d. 1728. 18. JA.MES ; d. 1780. Marquises : — 1. James Cecil; 6. 4 Sept. 1748; succeeded his father as earl of Salisbury, 19 Sept. 1780 ; created marquis, 18 Aug. 1789 ; lord chamberlain, Dec. 1783— May 1804 . . . . d. 13 June 1823 2. James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil, son; b. 17 April 1791 ; lord privy sea^l, Feb. — Dec. 1852 ; lord president of the council, Feb. 1858 — June 1859 d. 12 April 1868 3. Robert Arthur Talbot Gascovne-Cecil, 2nd son . . .... 6. 13 Feb. 1830 As lord Cranborne, M.P. for Stamford . . 1833-68 Secretary for India . . July 1866— March 1867 Elected chancellor of Oxford university, 12 Nov. 1869 Secretary for India Feb. 1874 Special ambassador to conference at Constanti- nople, Nov. ; arrived, s Dec. 1876 ; returned (un- successful) . ... 6 Feb. 1877 SALISBUET, 'William, Welsh scholar ; pub- lished "Dictionarie in Englyshe and Welsh;" new ed., 1551 ; ""Welsh Grammar," 1567. SALLENGrRE, Albert Henri de, French scholar; b. 1694; published "Eloge sur I'lvresse" (satire), 1714; "Novus Thesaurus Antiquitatum Komanarum, 1716-9; d. 27 July 1723. SALLO, Denis de, French scholar; b. 1626; founded "Journal des Savants," £ Jan. 1665 ; d. 14 May 1669. V SALLUSTIUS CRISP'CrS, Caius, Komaa historian; b. B.C. 86; went with Ccesar to Africa, 46; left there by him as governor of Numidia; wrote "Catilina" and "Jugurtha," first printed, 1470; (i. May 34. SALMASIUS, see Saumaise. SALMON, Nathaniel, antiquary, sou of fol- lowing ; i. about 1676 ; published • ' History of Hert- fordslSi-e," 1728; "Lives of the English Bishops from the Restoration to the Kevolution," 1733; "History and Antiquities of Essex," 1740; d. 2 April 1742. SALMON, rev. Thomas, antiquary ; published "Essay to the advancement of Musick," 1672; d. about 1710. SALMON 522 SANCTOS SALMON, Thomas, sou, historical -n-riter ; published " Chronological Historian," 1723 ; " JIo- dem History," 1725 ; d. April 1743. SALMON, Wm., empiric, published " Synopsis Medicinse," &:c. 1671 ; ''New London Bispensa- tory," 1678, &o. ; d. about 1700. SALNAVE, Turin, Haytian general, president of the republic of Hayti; led a rebellion against president Geft'rard, and foi-med provisional govern- ment, 9 May 1865 ; suppressed, Nov. 1S65 ; de- posed Geffrard, March 1866; elected president for four years, i5 June 1867 ; after a long struggle with insurgents, 1868, defeated ; fled to the -woods ; captured, tried, and shot, 10 Jan. 1870. SALOMON, John Peter, violinist composer; J. about 174s; d. 26 Nov. 1815. SALOMONS, sir David, hart., Jewish mer- chant and alderman; h. 1797; lord mayor of Lon- don, 1855 ; liberal m.p. for Greenwich, 1851-52; re- elected, 1859; created baronet, 1869; d. 18 July 1873. SALT, Heni-y, traveller and archjeologist ; b. a.bout 1785 ; appointed consul at Cairo, 1815 ; pub- lished "Account of a Voyage to Abyssinia (1S09- 10)," 1814; " Essay on Dr. Toung's and M. Cham- pollion's Phonetic system of Hieroglyphics," 1S25 ; d. 30 Aug. 1827. SATjT, sir Titus, philanthropic manufacturer; h. 1803; erected enormous alpaca works at Saltaire, near Shipley, Yorkshire, -^vith labourers' dwellings, &c., 1853, et scq.\ baronet, Oct. 1869; his statue set up at Bradford ; uncovered, i Aug. 1874 ; d. 29 Dec. 1876. SALTER, John William, geologist ; h. 15 Deo. 1820; d. 2 Aug. 1869. SALVANDT, Narcisse AchUle, comte de, French politician; h. 11 June 1795 ; appointed am- bassador to Spain, Sept. 1841 ; to Sardinia, Nov. 1843 ; minister of public iostruotion, Feb. 184; — Feb. 1848; d. IS Dec. 1856. SALTATOE, see Mom. SAL VI, Giovanni Battista, called Sassoferrato, Italian painter ; b. 11 July 1605 ; d. 8 Aug. 1685. SAL VI, Niccolo, Roman architect; b. 1699; d. 1751- SALVIANI, IppoUto, Italian naturalist; }. I5I4> published "Aquatilium Animalium His- toric," 1554; d. 1572. SALVIATI, Francpsco Rossi de', called Cecco de Salviati, Italian painter; b. 1510; d. 11 Nov. 1563- SALVIATI, Giuseppe Porta, Venetian painter; *• 1535 ; d. 1585. SALVIEN, Salvianus, priest of Marseilles ; b. about 390; wrote " de Gubematione Dei," about 455, &c. ; d. about 484. SALVINI, Italian scholars, brothers : Antonio Maria ; Z>. 12 Jan. 1653 : wrote oi-ntions, biograishies, poems, and translations ; d. 17 May 1729 Salving ; 6. 1667 ; wrote orations, &c. ; d. 29 Nov. 1751 SAMBUCUS, Johannes, Hungarian scholar and poet; b. 25 June 1531 ; published "Imperato- rnmRomanarum Vitas," 1552, &c. ; d. 13 June 1584. SAMMAETHANUS, see Sainte-Marthe. SAMSON, judge of Israel, about e.g. 1140-20. SAMSON, Joseph Isidore, French comedian; b. 2 July 1793; retired, i April 1863; d. March 1871. SAMUEL, Jewish prophet ; b. about B.C. 1 155 ; said to have written book of Judges, and first book of Kings; made judge, 1116; anointed Saul king, 1095 ; and David future king, 1063 ; d. 1057. SANADON, Noel Etienne, French Jesuit ; b. 16 Feb. 1676; published translation of Horace, 1728; d. 21 Sept. 1733. SANAZZAEO, see Sanmzzaro. SANCEEEE, Louis de, constable of France ; }. about 1342 ; created marshal of France, 1369 ; governor of Guienue, 1381 ; constable of France, 26 July 1397 ; defeated Captal de Buch at the Dor- dogne, 1398 ; d. 6 Feb. 1402. SANCHEZ, Sanotius Brocentius, Spanish clas- sical scholar ; b. 1523; d. 17 Jan. 1601. SANCHEZ, Tomas, Spanish Jesuit casuist; }. 1550; published "De Matrimouio," 1592; d. 19 May 1610. SANCHO, Ignatius, a literary negro ; b. about 1729; "Letters" published by Jekyll, 1782; d. 15 Dec. 1780. SANCHO, king of Aragon and Navan-e; b. about 1037 ; succeeded his father, Eamiro I., as king of Aragon, 1063 ; became king of Navarre, 1076 ; killed at the siege of Huesca, 6 July 1094. SANCHO L— IV., kings of Castile and Leon. 1. the Fat, king of Leon ; succeeded Ordoilo III., Aug. 955 ; deposed, 956 ; regained his throne, 960 ; d. by poison, Sept. 967 2. the Strong, king of Castile . h. about 1035 .Succeeded his father, Ferdinand I. . . 1065 With the aid of the Cid deprived his brother Alfonso of the kingdom of Leon . . . 1071 Killed at siege of Zamora . . 6 Oct. 1072 3. the Beloved; h. about 1130; succeeded his father, Alfonso VIII., as king of Castile . . .1157 d. 31 Aug. 1158 4. the Brave &. 13 May 1258 Revolted against his father, Alfonso X. . . 1282 Succeeded him .... 4 April 1284 Repulsed the invasion of the Moors . . . 1285 Captured Tarifa, 21 Sept. 1292 d. 25 April 1295 SANCHO I.— VII., kings of Navarre. 1. succeeded his brother, Fortune, 905 d, 925 2. apocryphal ; said to have . . . . d. 994 3. the Great ; 6. about 965 ; succeeded his father, Garcia II., about 970-975 ; obtained Castile . . 1028 d. Feb. 1035 4. &. about 1038 ; succeeded his father, Ginv.ia III., 1054 .... assassiuiiteil, 4 J uiie 1076 5. see Sancho, king of Aragon. 6. the Wise ; succeeded Garcia IV., liis f.-ither . 1150 d. 27 June 1194 7. the Strong-, and the Infirm, son ; &. 1154 ; with the kings of Castile and Aragon, defeated the Moors at Las Navas, 16 Jnly 1212 d. 7 April 1234 SANCHO I., II., Idngs of Portugal. 1. 6. It Nov. 1 154: succeeded his father, Alfonso I., 6 Dec. 1185 ; conquered the Algarves, 1189; lost them, 1191 . . d. 27 March 1211-iz 2. the Idle, grandson ; h. 8 Sept. 1207 ; succeeded his father, Alfonso II., 1223 ; deposed by bull of pope Innocent IV., 24 July 1245 . . d. 1248 SANCHUNIATHON, Phasnician historian; said to have been bom at Berytus, about B.C. 1200. SANCEOFT, WiUiam, archbishop of Canter- bury; b. 30 Jan. 1616 ; made dean of York, 1663; of St. Paul's, 1664; consecrated archbishop, 1678; with six bishops committed to the tower for libel. 8 June ; tried and acquitted, 30 June 1688 ; deprived for refusing to take the oaths to William III. and Mary, i Feb. 1691 ; d. 24 Nov. 1693. SANOTIUS, see Sanchez. SANCTOEIUS, see Santorio. SANCTOS, Joao dos, Portuguese Dominican missionary; travelled in Africa, 1596-1607; pub- lished " Ethiopia Oriental," 1609; d. 1622. SANCY 523 SANTAEEM SANCY, Nicolas Harlar de, French statesman; h. 1546; ambassador to England, i';96; owned the Sancy diamond, now in the possession of su* Curset- jee Jcjeebhoy ; d. 17 Oct. 1&29. SAND, Christopher van den, Dutch Socinian; h. 1644; published "Tractatus de Origine Anlmte," 1671, &c. ; d. 30 Nov. 1680. SAND, Georges, see Dudevant. S ANDB Y,Paul, landscape painter and engraver ; h. 1725; electen r.a., 17(18; published "Virtuoso's Museum," 1778; " Views in England, Scotland, and Ii-eland," 1781 ; d. 9 Nov. 1809. SANDBY, Thomas, brother, architect ; h. 1721 ; elected r.a., and appointed first professor of archi- tecture in the Eoyal Academy, 1 768 ; d. 25 June 1798. SANDEAU, Leonard Sylvian Jules, Trench novelist and cU-amatist ; b. 19 Feb. 181 1 ; published "Mariana," 1839; " le Doctem- Herbeau," 1841 ; " Debut dans la Slagistratui'e," 1862, iStc. SANDEMAN, Eobert, Scotch writer; h. 1 7 18; elder among the Glasites, 1744; published "Letters on James Hervey's ' Theron and Aspasio ; Dialogues,' " 1757 ; assisted in organising a congre- gation (hence termed Sandemanians) in London, 1760; went to America, 1764; church there con- stituted, 1 765 ; d. at Danbury, Connecticut, 2 April 1771. SANDEB, Antoine, Flemish historian; h. 16 Sept. 1586; published " Flandria illustrata," 1642- 44; " Chorographia Sacra Brabantiffi," 1659-63; d. 16 Jan. 1664. SANDEES, Nicholas, Eoman Catholic divine ; }. about 1527 ; published " De Visibili Monarchiil Ecclesiae," 1571; "De Origine ac Progressu Schis- matis Anglicani," 1585; d. about 1580. _ SANDEESON, John Scott Burdon, m.d., phy- siologist; h. Deo. 1828; a commissioner on the cattle plague, 1865-6 ; published " Handbook of the Sphygmograph," 1867 ; superintendent professor at Bro>vn Institution (,for animals), 1871 ; professor at University College, London, 1874. SANDEESON, Kobert,^ bishop of Lincoln ; i. 19 Sept. 1587; appointed regius professor of divinity at O.xford, 1642 ; ejected, 1648 ; consecrated, 1660 ; published "Logicas Artis Compendium," 1615; "Episcopacy" (defended), 1661 ; "Nine Cases of Conscience resolved," 1678; d. 29 Jan. 1663. SANDEESON, Eohert, antiquary; h. 1660; continued " Eymer's Foedera," 1717-35 ; d. 25 Dec. 1 741. SANDPOED, sir Daniel Keyte, Scottish Hel- lenist; appointed professor of Greek at Glasgow, 1821 ; d. 9 Feb. 1838. SANDFOED, Francis, Lancaster herald; b. 1630 ; pubiisbed " Genealogical History of the Kings. and Queens of England," 1677 ; " History of the Coronation of Jamea IL," 1687 ; d. 16 Jan. 1693- SANDFOED, ven. John ; b. 22 March 1802 ; archdeacon of Coventry, 1851 ; published " Paro- chalia," 1845; "Vox Cordis," 1849, &c.; d. 22 March 1873. SANDHUEST, see Mansfield. SANDIFS, see Sand. SANDON, lord, see Sarrowbij. SANDOVAL, Fray Prudenoio dc, Sjianish his- torian; b. about 1560; published "Historia de la Vida y Hechos del Emperador Carlos V.," 1604-6 ; d. 17 March 1621. SANDEXET, Joachim von, Gei-man painter and engraver; b. 12 May 1606; published "Acade- mia Tedesca della Ai'chitettura, Scultura e Pittu- ra," 1675-0; "Bomanorum Fontinalia," 1685; d. 14 Oct. 1683. SANDWICH, see Montagu. SANDYS, Edivin, archbishop of York ; b. 1519; appointed principal of Catherine hall, Cambridge, 1547 ; supported queen Jane ; deprived and sent to the Tower, July 1553; escaped to the continent, May 1554; consecrated bishop of Worcester, 1559; of London, 1570; archbishop, 1576; d. 10 July 1588. SANDYS, sir Edwin, son, diplomatist; h. 1561 ; published " EuropcD Speculum," 1629 ; d. Oct. 1629- SANDYS, George, brother, traveller and poet; h. 1577; published "Eelation of a Journey began A.D. 1610," 1615 ; "Ovid's Metamorphoses en- glished," 1632; "Paraphrase upon the Psalmes," 1636 ; d. March 1643-4. SANGAXLO, Antonio da, Italian architect; b. about 1482 ; succeeded Bramante as architect of St. Peter's at Eome ; d. 1546. SANGSTEE, WiUiam, Une engraver; h. ; d. 24 June 1872. SANKEY, Ira David, American, revivalist singer; b. 1840; see Moody. SANMICHELI, Michele, Italian architect; b. 1484 ; d. 1559. SAN-MIGUEL, Evaristo, duque de, Spanish marshal; b. 26 Oct. 1785; published "Historia de don Felipe II.," 1844-5 ; d. 29 May 1862. SANNAZAEO, Jacopn, Neapolitan poet; b. 28 July 1458; published "Arcadia," 1502 ; " de Partu Virginis," 1526 ; d. 27 April 1530. SANSEVEEO, Eaimondo di Sangro, Italian scientific discoverer; b. 1710; d. 22 March 1771. SANSON, Nicolas, French engineer and geo- grapher ; b. 31 Deo. 1600 ; published " Gallise An- tiqujE Descnptio Geographica," 1627 ; d. 7 or 16 July 1667. SANSOVINO (Andrea Contucci), ItaKan sculptor; and architect; b. 1460; executed the "Madonna and St. Anne," in the church of St. Augustine at Eome ; decorated the Santa Casa at Loretto; d. 1529. SANSOVINO (Jacopo Tatti), Italian sculp- tor and architect; b. 1479; built the church of San Francesco della Vigna at Venice, 1534; the " Pro- curatie Nuove," 1536; d. 27 Nov. 1570. SANT, James, portrait-painter; b. 23 April 1820; elected a.k.a., 1861 ; k.a., 1869; works: "Infant Samuel,'' " Eed Eiding Hood," "Dick ■Whittington," &c. ; portraits, 1876. SANTA-ANNA, Antonio Lopez de, Mexican general and statesman ; b. 21 Feb. 1798 ; revolted against Iturbide, 1822; proclaimed a republic, 1823 ; president and dictator, with intervals, 1833- 56 ; failed in an attack upon Juarez ; condemned to death but exiled; 1868; d. Aug. 1876. SANTAEEM, Manoel Francisco de Barros e Sousa, visconde de, Portuguese statesman and geo- grapher; b. 18 Nov. 1791; minister of foreign afl'aii-s to dom Miguel, 1828-33 ! published " Re- SANTEEEE 524 SAUNDEES cherches sur Aineiic Yespuce et ses Voyages," 1842 ; "Essai sur I'Histoire de la Cosmographie et de la Cartographie pendant le Moyen Age," 1849- 52 ; d. 17 Jan. 1856. SANTEEEE, Antoine Joseph, French repub- lican general; b. 16 March 1 752; escorted Louis XVI., 10 Aug. and 20 Dec. 1792 ; at his execution, 21 Jan. 1793; d. 6 Feb. 1809. SANTEEEE, Jean Baptiste, French portrait painter; A. I Jan. 1650; d. 21 Nov. 1717. SANTEUL, Jean de (Santolius), French Latin poet; b. 12 May 1630; published " Hymnes," 1685 ; " Opera Poetica," 1694 ; d. 5 Aug. 1&97. SANTI, see Sanzio. SANTOEINI, Giovanni Domenico, Venetian anatomist ; b. about 1681 ; d. 7 May 1736. 1|. SANTOEIO (Sanctorius), Santorio, Italian ""physician; b. 1561; published "Methodus vitan- dorum Errorum omnium qui in Arte Medica con- tingunt," 1602; " Ars de Statica Medicina," 1614 ; ,d. 24 Feb. 1636. SANTOS, see Sanctos. SANUTO, Marino (Torsello), chronicler ; wrote "Liber Secretomni Fidelium super Terra; Sancta: Eecuperatione," about 1306-21. SANZIO, or SanTI, Giovanni, Italian painter and poet ; d. I Aug. 1494. SANZIO, EafFaello, son, Italian painter ; b. 6 April 1483; c/iefs-d' ceuvrc: the " Transfiguration," 1519-20 ; and the frescoes of the Loggie, in the Vati- can, 1509; the " Sposalizio," at Milan, 1501; " Ma- donna di San Sisto" (in the Dresden Gallery), 1509 ; and "Belle Jardiniere" (now in the Louvre), JS07-8; "Fornai-ina" (Florence), 1512; "Car- toons" (Hampton Court), 1515-6; "Holy Family" (Louvre), 1518; d. 6 April 1520. SAPOE (Shahpor), I., II., kings of Persia, of the Sassanide dynasty. 1, succeeded his father . . 240 Conquered Mesopotamia . . . . 258 Took prisoner the emperor Valeriau . . . 260 Assassinated about Jan. 272 8. the Great; h. 310; posthumous son of Hormis- das II. ; persecuted Christians, 326-340 ; unsuc- cessfully besieged Nisibis . , 337, 346, 350 Invaded Mesopotamia . . - . 359 Defeated and killed Julian ... 26 June 363 Made peace and recovered jjrovinces . . . ,, Defeated . . d. at Ctesiphon 381 3, reigned . about 384-90 SAPPHO, Greek poetess;^. B.C. 611-592. SABAVIA, Hadrian, theologian, of Spanish extraction; A. 153 1 ; friend of Hooker; tracts published, 1611; d. 1613. SARDANAPALUS (Assar-adon-Pal), kings of Assyria : 1. about 1209 B.C. 2. about 1020 B.C. 3. tlie Great, 922-898 B.C. 4. 795 ; said to have set fire to his palace and x^erished when Nineveh was taken by the Medes, about 785 e.o. 5. 647; defeated and killed Psammetichus, king of Egypt, 633 ; his empire broken up by Babylonians, ticythians, kc. ; d. about 625. SAEPI, Pietro, in religion Fra Paolo, Vene- tian Servite monk and historian ; b. 14 Aug. 1552 ; a discoverer of circulation of the blood, 1 580 ; vigor- ously opposed the papacy, 1606 ; published " Trat- tato deU' Interdetto," 1606 ; " Istoria del Coucilio Tridentino," 1619; d. 14 Jan. 1623. SAEEAZIN, Jacques, French sculptor and painter; b. about 1588; d. 3 Dec. 1660. SAES, Michael, Norwegian zoologist; b. 30 Aug. 1805; studied animal life of sea-depths; puD- lished "Favina Littoralis Norvegioo," 1846-56; " Memoire pour servir a la Connaissance des Cri- noides vivants," 1868; d. 22 Oct. 1869. SAESPIELD, Patrick, Jacobite general ; com- manded Irish army, 1689 ; at the Boyne, i July 1690 ; repulsed William III. at Limerick, Aug. 1690; negotiated its surrender, Oct. 1691; killed at Landen, 19 July 1693. SAETI, Giuseppe, Italian musical composer; b. 28 Dec. 1729 ; produced opera " Aimida e Kinal- do," 1786; d. 28 July 1802. SAETO, Andrea del, see Vannucchi. SAETOEIUS, Ernst Wilhelm, German Pro- testant theologian ; b. 10 May 1797 ; superintendent general, Konigsberg, 1835 ; published "Heligion. within the Limits of Pure jieason," 1821, &c. SAETOEIUS, su- George Rose, admiral of the fleet ; b. 9 Aug, 1790; present at battle of Trafal- gar, 21 Oct. 1805; fitted out squadron for queen Maria of Portugal against dom Miguel, 1 830- 1 ; helped to save U.S. frigate Missouri from fire near Gibraltar, 1842. SASSI, Giuseppe Antonio, Italian historian ; b. 28 Feb. 1675; published " de Studiis Litterariis Mediolanensium antiquis et novis," 1729; "His- toiia Litterario-typographicaMediolanensis," 1745; d. 21 April 1751. SASSOFEEEATO, see Salvi. SASSOON, sir Albert Abdallah David ; b. at Bagdad, 1817 ; merchant at Bombay ; very muni- ficent there ; knighted, 1872 ; made freeman of London, 1873. SAUL, king of Israel ; consecrated by Samuel, B.C. 1095 ; d. by suicide, 1055. SAULOY, Louis Felicien Joseph Caignart de, French antiquary ; b. 19 March 1807 ; published " Voyage autour de la Mer morte et dans les Terres Bibliques," 1852-4 ; " Histoire de I'Art Judaique," 1858; " Histoire d'Herode," 1867, &c. SAUMAISE, or SalMASIUS, Claude de, French scholar and critic ; b. 15 April 1588; pub- lished " Defensio regia pro Carolol.," Iti49; "A*^ Miltonem Responsio," 1660; edited " Historiie Augustas Soriptores," 1620; d. about 6 Sept. 1658. SAUMAEEZ, James Saumarez, lord de, ad- miral; b. II March 1757 ; second in command at the battle of the Nile, i Aug. 1798 ; defeated com- bined French and Spanish fleets in the bay of Algesiraa, 6 July ; victorious, 12 July 1801 ; created baron, 15 Sept. 1831 d. 9 Oct. 1836. SAUNDEES, sir Charles, admiral ; served under Anson, 1740; captured Quebec, Sept. 1759; first lord of admiralty, 16 Sept. 1766; d. 7 Dec. 1775- SAUNDEES, sir Edmund, judge; b. about 1600 ; chief justice of the king's bench, 13 Jan. 1683 ; his " Keporta " published, 1686 ; d. 19 June 1683. SAUNDEES, sir Edward, judge; supported queen -Mary, July 1553 ; eh. just, of queen's beach, 8 May 1557 ; oUiet baron, 1559 ; d. about Jan. 1577- SAUNDEES, Lawrence, Protestant; opposed the mass, 1553 ; burnt at Coventry, 1555. SATTNDERSON 525 SAT . SATJNDEESON, Nicholas, ll.d., matliema- ticiau ; b. 1682 ; appointed Lucasiau professor of mathematics at Cambridge, l/ii; d. 19 April 1739. SATTEIN", Jacques, French Protestant preach- er; b. 1677; published " Sermons sur divers Textes de I'Eoriture Sainte," 1708; "Etat du Christian- isme en France," 1725; d. 30 Dec. 1730. SATTRIN, Joseph, French geometer ; b. i Sept. 1659; d. 29 Dec. 1737. SAUEIN, "William, Irish lawyer; b. 1767; at- torney-general for Ireland, 1807-22; d, 11 Feb. 1839- SAUSMAEEZ, see Savmnres. SAUSSE, sir Matthew Richard, Indian judge ; i. 1809 ; made puisne judge at Bombay, 1856 ; chief justice, 1860-6 ; d. 5 Nov. 1867. SAUSSUEB, Horace Benedict de, Swiss geolo- gist and physicist ; b. 17 Feb. 1740 ; ascended Mont Blanc, 2 Aug. 1787 ; made observations on Col du Geant, 1788; published " Essai surl'Hygrometrie," 1783; "Voyages dans les Alpes," 1779-96; d. 22 Jan. 1799. SAUSSUEE, Nicolas Theodore de, son, Swiss naturalist and chemist ; b. 14 Oct. 1767 ; published " Recherches Chimiq^ues sur la Vegetation," 1804; d. 18 April 1845. SAUVAGES, Fran9oi3 Boissier de, French physician and botanist; b. 12 May 1706; published " PhysiologiEE Mechanicse Elementa," 1755; "No- sologia Methodica," 1763; d. ig Feb. 1767. SATTVEUE, Joseph, French geometrician ; b. 24 March 165^ ; made researches in musical acous- tics ; wrote " I'raite de Musique Speculative," 1697 ; d. 9 July 1716. SAVAGE, Richard, poet; b. 10 Jan. 1697-8; published " sir Thomas Overbury," tragedv, 1723 ; ''the Wanderer," 1729; "the Bastard," about 1730; (^. 31 July 1743. SAVAGE, Marmion W., novelist ; I. ; pub- lished anonymously, " Falcon Family," 1845 ; " Bachelor of the Albany," 1849 ; " Reuben MedU- eott," 1852; " "Woman of Business," 1870, &c.; d. I May 1872. SAVAET, Felix, French physicist ; b. 30 June 1791 ; published memoirs on the human ear, 1824 ; the voice, 1825 ; vibratory motion, 1826 ; the con- stitution of liquid veins, 1833-4, &c. \ d. 16 March 1841. SAVAET. Anne Jean Marie Rene, duo de Rovigo, French general and statesman ; b. 26 April 1774; defeated the Ru.ssians at 'Ostrolenka, 16 Feb. 1807; minister of police, June 1810 — Oct. 1812; govei-nor of Algeria. Dec. 1831— March 1833; published " Memoii-es," 1828 ; d. 2 June 1833. SAVAET, Claude, French traveller; b. 1750; wrote " Morale de Mahomet," 1784; "Lettres sur I'Egypte," 1799-1801; "Lettres sur la Grece," 1798 ; SAVONAEOLA, Fra, Girolamo Maria Fran- cesco Matteo, Italian Dominican monk and re- former ; b. 21 Sept. 1452 ; executed, 23 May 1498. Sent to Ferrara to pretich . . . ^ g- Recalled to Florence by Lorenzo de'' Medici ' tT^™ Prior of St. Mark's .... ' j^oi Upon the expulsion of the Medici, gave a new con- stitution to Florence, and proclaimed Jesus Christ as king Directed "bonfire of vanities " y Feb'. 1497 Forbidden to preach ji„rch 149S Exeommumcated by pope Alexander VI,, 12 May 1407 Published " de Simplicitate Vits Cbri.stian» '" 1495 ; ' Trattato all' Astrologia," 1405 ; " Trium- phus Crucis de VeritateFidei" 140- Strangled and burnt at Florence 23 M.'ly 1498 SAWTEE, "WilUam, Protestant martyr; burnt, Feb. 1401. SAXE, Christoph, German scholar ; b. 13 Jan. 17 14; published " Onomasticon Uterarium," iVTt;- 1803; (?. 3May 1806. SAXE, Hermann Moritz, count of. marshal of France ; illegitimate son of Augustus 11., king of Poland; b. about 28 Oct. I6g6; appointed marshal, 1744; defeated English and Hanoverians at Fon- tenoy, 30 April (11 May), 1745 ^ English and Dutch at Rocoux, II Oct. 1746; duke of Cumberiand at Laffeld, 2 July 1747; captured Bergen-op-Zoom, 16 Sept. 1747; and Maestricht, 16 May 1748; d. 30 Nov. 1750; (his "Mes Reveries" published, 1757; "Lettres," 1794.) SAXE-WEIMAE, Bernard, duke of; S. 6 Aug. 1604 ; colonel under Gustavus Adolphus, July 1631 ; succeeded him in chief command, and com- pleted victory at Liitzen, 16 Nov. 1632 ; frequently victorious over imperialists ; d. 18 July i63g. SAXO Gramraaticus, Danish historian; b. about 1134; wrote " Danorum Regum Heroumque Historias," printed 1514; d. after 1203. SAT, French political economists: Jean Baptlste; h. 5 Jan. 1767; published "Traite d'Economie Politique," 1803; " de I'Angleterre et des Anglais," 1812 ; "Lettres ii Malthus,' _820 Horace fiiiiLE, son ; d. about 15 Nov. 1832 II March 1794 ; edited SAY 526 SCHARNHORST " Dictlonnaire du Commerce" and " Journal des Bconomistes" . • ■ d. 6 Deo. 1871 Jean Bai'ttste, son ; 6. 1826 ; as prefect of the Seine, dime to London to return thanks for relief' of Paris after the siege, Oct. 1871 ; finance minister under Tliiers, 7 Dec. 1872—24 May 1873 ; under Bviffet, March 1875 ; under Dufaure, 1876 ; under Jules Simon Dec. 1876 Published " Histoire do laCaisse d'Bscompte, 1848, &e. SAY Aim SeLE, see Fienncs. SAYN, see Wittgenstein. SCACCHI, Fortunato, Italian antiquary; b. ■about 1573; published "Sacrorum Elfflochnsma- tum Jlyrotbecia," 1625-37 ; (?. I Aug. 1643. SCALA. Bartolommeo, Italian statesman and historian; i. 1430; elected gonfalonier of Florence, 1486; published "Apologia contra Tituperatores Civitatis Floventia;," 1496 ; " de Historia Floren- tink," 1677 ; d. about 1497. Alessandra, daughter, Very learned ; d. 150b. SCALIGER, Giulio Cesare, the elder, Italian pMlologist ; b. 23 April 1484; settled as physician at A^en, 1525 ; published "de Causis Lingua; Latins," 1540; "Poetices," 1561; d. 21 Oct. 1558. SCALIG-ER, Joseph Justus, son; French philologist and chronologist ; b. 4 Aug. 1540; pub- lished ''de Emendatione Temporum," 1586; "Cy- clometrica Elementa," 1594; " Thesaurus Tempo- Tum," 1606; d. 21 Jan. 1609. SCAMOZZI, Vincenzo, Italian architect; b. icc:2- built the "Procuratie nuoTe," at Venice, 1584; published "Idea dell' Architettura UniTer- sale," 1615 ; d. 7 Aug. 1616. SCANDERBBG, or Skahdeebeg (Georgi Castriota), Albanian chieftain ; b. about 1404 ; made war against the Turks to secure the indepen- Jence of Albania, 1442-61 ; resumed hostilities, 1463 ; defeated Turks at Oroya, 1466; d. 17 Jan. 1467. SCAPULA, Johann, German philologist; b. iibout IS40; wrote "Lexicon Graco-Latinura," imbUshcd 1579; " Piimogenia; Voces sen Radices Linguffi GriECa;," 1612 ; d. about 1600. SCAEBOROTJG-H, sir Charles, physician ; b. about 1616 ; chief physician to Charles II., James II., and Williani III., 1669, et seq.; d. about i6g6. SCARLATTI, Italian musical composers : Alesbandro ; 6. about 1655 ; composed dperas, "Onesta nell' Amore," 1680: " Prigioniero su- perbo," i6g9 .... > "The excellent History of the Merchant of Ven- ice "printed . * . . 3> Wrote As you like it " , " Much adoe about Nothing " written and iirst printed j. " A Midsummer Night's Dreame " first printed . ,, "Twelfth Night" written (Collier) . . .1601 Wrote " Julius Ciesar " i6o2 "Men-y Wives of Windsor" (written about 1593) first printed ,. " Measure for Measure " written . . . . 1603 " Hamlet " written and first printed . . ,, Retired from the stage ; retm-ned to Stratford . 1604 " Othello " written (Maloue) ,, Wrote "Macbeth," about 1606 Wrote "Antony and Cleopatra," about . . 1607 " True Chronicle Historie of the Life and Death of King Lear " (written about i5o6) printed . . 1608 "The Famous Historie of Troylus and Cresseid" first printed 1609 " Shakespeare's Sonnets " first printed . . ,, Wrote " Cymbeline " ... . ,, Partly wrote "Pericles, Prince of Tyre," firet printed .... . ,, " Coriolanus " written . 1610 Wrote " Winter's Tale " and "Tempest" about . 1611 Globe theatre burnt during the pierformance of " Henry the Eighth " . . . igJuneieia d. 23 April ; buried in Stratford church . 25 April t6i6 ** Othello" first printed 1622 His first folio : " Comedies, Histories, and Trage- dies, Published according to the true Originall Copies," with portrait by Droeshout, and con- taining the first editions of all plays not men- tioned above 1623 Shakespeare Society founded, 1841 ; dissolved 1853 NcAv Shakspeare Society founded . 1873 SHAEP, Abraham, mattematician and astro- nomer; b. 1651; published "Geometry improved," 1717; d. 18 July 1742. SHAEP, Granville, philanthropist; b. 1735; advocated abolition of negro slavery; protected Somerset the slave, and obtained a decision that slavery cannot exist in Britain, 22 June 1772; founded colony of Sierra Leone, 1786; published " Eemarks on the Uses of the definitive Article in the Greek text of the New Testament," 1798; " Law of Retribution," 1776 ; d. 6 July 1813. SHAEP, James, archbishop of St. Andrews; }. 4 May 1618 ; consecrated, 1661 ; proud and ex- tremely unpopular; murdered, 3 May 1679. SHAEP, John, archbishop of York; li. 16 Feb. 1644; dean of Canterbury, 1689; consecrated arch- bishop, 8 May 1691; suspended, i685; "Sermons" published, 1729-35 ; d. 2 Feb. 1714. SHAEP, Richard, called "Conversation Sharp," critic; b. 1759; published "Letters and Essays in prose and verse," 1834; d. 10 March 1835. SHAEP, Samuel, surgeon; b, ; published "Operations in Surgery," 1739; "Letters from Italy," 1766; d. 24 March 1778. SHAEP, Thomas, dean of Northumberland; Hebraist; A. about 1693; made dean, 1755; wrote " Life of John Sharp, archbishop of York " (his father), published 1825; d. 6 March 1758. SHAEP, Thomas, antiquary; b. 1770; published " Dissertation on the Pageants or Dramatic Mys- teries anciently performed at Coventry," 1825; d. 12 Aug. 1841. SHAEP, 'William, line-engraver; b. 29 Jan. 1749; d. 25 July 1824. SHAEPE, Charles Kirkpatrick, Scotch en- graver and miscellanist ; b. 1781; published " Me- trical Legends," 1807 ; " Etchings and Literary Remains," 1809; d. 17 March 1851. SHAEPE, Daniel, geologist; b. 1806; wrote many papers; d. 31 May 1856. SHAEPE,Gregory,D.D., orientalist and divine; b. 1713; published "Argument in Defence of Christianity," 1755; "Two Dissertations on Lan- guages and Letters, with a Hebrew Grammar and Lexicon," 1751 ; d. 8 Jan. 1771. SHAEPET, "William, m.d., Scotch physiolo- gist; b. I April 1802; professor at University Col- lege, London, 1836-74; a secretary of the Eoyal Society, 1853-72 ; contributor to Todd's " Cyclopae- dia of Anatomy," 1836-59 ; author of many papers. SHAW, Cuthbert, poet; b. about 1738; d. I Sept. 1771. SHAW, Emmanuel, nonconformist divine; i. 1633; ejected, 1662; published "Immanuel;" d. 22 Jan. 1696. SHAW, George, m.d., naturalist; b. 10 Dec. 1751; published "General Zoology," 1800-26; " Naturalist's Miscellany," 1789-1813; "Museum Leverianum," 1792-96; d. 22 July 1813. SHAW, sir James, bart., lord mayor of London ; b. 1764; lord mayor, 1805-6; m.p. for city of Lou- don, 1806-18; created bai-onet, 1809; d. 22 Oct. 1843. SHAW, Peter, m.d.; b. 1695; edited Bacon's philosophical works, 1725; published "Chemical Lectures," 1734; many papers; d. 15 March 1763. SHAW, rev. Stebbing, antiguary; b. 1762; published " History and Antiquities of Staflbrd- shire," 1798-1801 ; d. 28 Oct. 1802. SHAW, Thomas, d.d., antiquary; *. about 1692; published " Travels or Observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant," 1738- 46; d. IS Aug. 1751. SHAW, Thomas Budd, author; b. 1813; pub- lished " Outlines of English Literature," 1849; d. 14 Nov. 1862. SHAW-LEFEVEE, Ch-irles, viscount Evers- ley ; b. 22 Feb. 1794 ; speaker of the house of com- mons. May 1839 — March 1857; created viscount, II April 1857. SHAW-LEFEVEE, sir John George, brother, politician; b. 24 Jan. 1797; under-secretary for the colonies, 1833-34; a poor-law commissioner, Aug. 1834 — Nov. 1841 ; deputy-clerk of the par- liaments, 1848 ; clerk, 1856 ; civil service commis- sioner, May 1855-62. SHEA, Daniel, orientalist; b. 1772; translated Mirkbond's " History of the early Eings of Persia ;" d. 10 May 1836. SHEA, John Augustus, Irish novelist; b. 1800; d. 18 Aug. 1845. SHEA, John Gilmary, American Romanist, ethnologist, &c. ; b. 22 July 1824; published "His- tory of Catholic Missions among Indian Tribes, 1529-1854," 1854; " French Omondaga Dictionai-y,'' i860; edited "Library of Linguistics," early voy- ages, &c. SHEBBEAEE, John, m.d., politician; b. 1709; published " Letters to the People of England on SHEE 537 SHERWOOD the present Situation and Conduct of Affairs," 1755" 57; for his sixth letter pilloried, Dec. 1758; im- prisoned, 1758-61 ; d. I Aug. 1788. SHEE, sir Martin Archer, Irish portrait painter and poet; b. 23 Dec. 1770; elected a.r.a., 1798; K.A., 1800; president r.a., 1830 ; published "Rhymes on Art," 1805; "Alasco, a tragedy," 1824; d. 19 Aug. 1850. SHEE, sir William, judge; b. 1804; made a justice of the queen's bench, being the first Roman Catholic raised to the judicial bench in England in modern times, 1864 ; d. 19 Feb. 1868. SHEEPSHANKS, John.founder of the Sheep- shanks gallery; b. 1787; presented his collection of 233 pictures to the South Kensington Museum, 1857 ; d. 5 Oct. 1863. SHEEPSHANKS, rev. Richard, brother, as- tronomer; b. 30 July 1794; published experiments on the standard yard, &c., 1856, et seq.; bequeathed 10,000^. to Cambridge for study of astronomy and physics, received 2 Dec. 1858; a. 4 Aug. 1855. SHEFFIELD, see Buckinghamshire and Sol- royd. SHEIL, Richard Lalor, Irish laivyer and poli- tician; b. 17 Aug. 1791; published "Speeches;" vice-presidentof the board of trade, Aug. 1839; judge advocate-general, June 1841 ; master of the mint, July 1846-50; minister at Florence, Oct. 1850; d. 23 May 18^1. SHELBUENE, see Petty. SHELDON, Gilbert, archbishop of Canter- bury; b. 19 July 1598; chaplain to Charles I., 1635 ; consecrated bishop of London, 9 Nov. 1660 ; made archbishop, 11 Aug. 1663; built the Sheldo- nian theatre at Oxford ; chancellor there, Dec. 1667— July 1669; d. 9 Nov. 1677. SHELDON, Ralph, antiquary; d. 24 June 1684. SHELLEY, sir John Villiers, hart., liberal politician ; b. IS March 1808 ; m.p. for 'Westmin- ster, 1852-65 ; d. 26 Jan. 1867. SHELLEY, Mary "WoUstonecraft, -wife of the poet; b. (Godwin), 1797; married, 1816; published "Frankenstein," 1816; edited Shelley's "Poeti- cal Works," 1839; "Essays," 1840; "Posthumous Poems," 1841 ; d. I Feb. 1851. SHELLEY, Percy Bysshe, poet; S. 4 Aug. 1792; published "Queen Mab," 1813; "Alastor," i8i6; "Revolt of Islam," 1817; "Cenci," 1820; "Prometheus unbound," 1821; " Poetical Works" published, 1839; drowned, 8 July 1822. SHENSTONE, William, poet; b. Nov. 17 14; wrote " Poems on various Occasions," printed 1737! "Works in Verse and Prose" published, 1764-9; d. II Feb. 1763. SHEPPAED, John, highwayman ; executed, 16 Nov. 1724. SHERAED, or ShER-WOOD, William, bota- nist; b, (Sherwood), 1659; published Hermann's " Paradisus Batavus," 1(197 ; " Schola Botanica," 1689 : endowed professorship of botany, Oxford ; d. 12 Aug. 1728. SHEEBTJENE, ■ sir Edward, poet; b. 1618; published "Salmacis, Lyrian and Sylvia, with severall other Poems," 1651 ; translauon_ of the " Sphere " of Manilius, 1675 ; d. 4 Nov. I702. SHERIDAN, Frances, novelist and dramatist ; wife of Thomas Sheridan, the actor; b. 1724; pub- lished " Memoirs of Miss Sidney Biddiilph, 1761- 62; "History of Nourjahad," 1767; d. 17 Sept. 1766. SHERIDAN, Philip Henry, American federal major-general ; b. 6 March 1833 ; served in Texas and Oregon, 1853-61 ; appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, July 1862; to command the cavalry of the army of the Potomac, 1864 ; commander-in- chief of the federal cavalry, 1865 ; defeated general Lee at Five Forks, I April ; again at Sailor's Creek, 6 April ; Lee surrendered, 9 April 1865 ; defeated insurgent Indians, 27 Nov. 1868 ; quelled disturb- ances in New Orleans, 1875. SHERIDAN, Richard Brinsley Butler, states- man, orator, and dramatist, 2ud son of Thomas, actor; b. 30 Oct. 1751 ; elected m.p. for Stafford, 1780; under-secretary of state, March — July, 1782 ; secretary of the treasury, April — Dec. 1783; trea- surer of the navy, Feb . 1 806-— April, 1807; produced his " Rivals " and " Dueuna," 1775 ; " School for Scandal," 1777; "Critic," 1779; speech on trial of Warren Hastings, 178" ; d. 7 July 1816. SHERIDAN, Thomas, d.d.; b. 1684; friend of Dean Swift ; published translation of the " Sa- tires" ofPersius, 1728; d. 10 Sept. 1738. SHERIDAN, Thomas, son, actor; b. 1721; published " Dictionary of the English Language," 1780; "Life of Dean Swift," 1784; d. 14 Aug. 1788. SHEELEY, or Shirley, sir Anthony, tra- •veUer ; b. 1565 ; entered the service of Shah Abbas, as ambassador to England, 1599 ; d. 1630. SHEELEY, sir Robert, brother, traveller ; b. 1564; ambassador from Persia to king of Poland; d. 23 July 1627. SHEELEY, sir Thomas, brother, traveller; b. 1564; published "Travailes of the three English Brothers," 1607. SHEELOCK, Richard, d.d. ; b. 1613 ; pub- lished "Practical Christians," 1673-5; '^' 20 June 1689. SHEELOCK, Thomas, bishop of London, son of following; b. 1678; master of the Temjple, 1704- 53; dean of Chichestei-, 171S; bishop of Bangor, 1727; of Salisbury, 1734; of London, 1 748; pub- lished "Discourses at the 'Tempi* Church," 1754-8 ; " Trial of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus," 1729; d. 18 July 1761. SHEELOCK, WilUam, dean of St. Paul's; b. 1641 ; made dean, 1691 ; published " Practical Discourse concerning Death, ' 1689 ; d. 19 June 1707. SHEEMAN, William Tecumseh, American federal major-general ; 4. 8 Feb. 1820 ; commanded volunteers at battle of Bull Run, 21 July 1861 ; active in war, 1862-4; took Atlanta, i Sept. 1864; destroyed it, 13 Nov.; captured Savannah, 21 Dec. 1864; invaded and subdued the Carolinas, Jan. 1865 ; received surrender of general Johnston, 26 April 1865 ; succeeded Grant as commander-in- chief, March 1869; published " Memoirs," 1875. SHEEWIN, John Keyse, mezzotint-engraver ; b. about 1751; d.20 Sept. 1790. SHEEWOOD, Mary Martha, writer of tales for the young; b. (Butt) 6 May 1775; published "Fairchild Family;" "Little Hemy and his Bearer," &c.; d. 22 Sept. 1851. SHIELD 638 BIBTHOEP SHIELD, William, musical composer; S. 1754; wrote " Eosina," 1783; music for " llobin Hood ; " " Oscar and Malvina," &c.; d. 27 Jan. 1829. SHILLETO, rev. Kichard, Greek scholar; b. ; edited Thucydides; i. 24 Sept. 1876. SHILLIBEER, George, coacli builder; h. 17 Aug. 1797 ; midshipman ; left navy and became coach builder in 1815 ; set up at Pans; ran his first two omnibuses from the Bank to Paddington, 4 July 1829 ; improved cabs and funeral conveyances ; d. Sept. i866. SHIPLEY, Jonathan, theologian; b. 1714; published "Sermons," &o. ; bishop of St. Asaph; d. 9 Dec. 1778. SHIRLEY, Evelj-n Philip, antiquary; b. 22 Jan. 1812; pubhshed "Noble and Gentle Men of England," 1859; " Shirleiana Stenimata," 1841 ; "Account of English Deer Parke," 1867. SHIELEY, James, dramatic poet ; b. 1594 ; published " Bird in the Cage," 1633; "Gamester," 1637 ; his " Dramatic Works andPoems " published, 1833 ; d. 29 Oct. 1 666. SHIELEY, or Sheeley, Thomas, m.d. ; b. 1638 ; published " Cochlearia Curiosa," 1676 ; d. 5 April 1678. SHIELEY, Walter Augustus, bishop of Sodor and Man; b. 1797; consecrated, 1846; a. 21 April 1847. SHIELEY, Walter Waddington, b.d., son ; b. 24 July 1828 ; appointed regius professor of eccle- siastical history at Oxford, 1864 ; edited " Fasciculi Zizanionim Magietri Johaunis Wyclif," i8j8; " Letters illustrative of the reign of.Henry III.," 1863 ; d. 20 Nov. 1 866. SHIELEY, see Sherley. , SHISHAK, king of Egypt ; reigned B.C. 979- 959 ; took and pillaged Jerusalem, 974. SHOEE, Jane, mistress of Edward IV., king of England ; b. about 1460; did penance at St. Paul's, 18 June 1483 ; d. 1524 or 1525. SHOEE, see Teignmouih. SHOET, James, optician and natural philoso- pher ; b. 1710; d. June 1768. SHOET, Thomas, m.d., meteorologist; pub- lished '* Natural, Experimental, and Medicinal History of the Mineral Waters of Derbyshire," 1734; d. 28 Nov. 1772. SHOET, Thomas Vowler, bishop of St. AsMh ; i. 16 Sept. 1790; bishop of Sodor and Man, 1842; of St. Asaph, 1846; resigned, Feb. 1870 ; published " ParochiaUa," 1842; "History of the Church of England to 1688," 1854; d. 13 AprU 1872. SHOVEL, sir Cloudesley, admiral; b. about 1650 ; distinguished at battle of Bantry Bay, i May 1689; commanded at siege of Toulon 1707; on his return lost off the Scilly Isles, 22 Oct. 1707. SHOWEE, sir Bartholomew, lawyer ; his " Ee- ports of Cases adjudged in the Court of King's Bench, during the Eeigns of Charles II., James II., and William III.," published, 1794; d. 7 Dec. 1701. SHOWEE, John, brother, Puritan divine ; b. 1657; d. 28 June 1715. SHRAPNEL, Henry, lieutenant-general, royal artillery , invented case-shot, called Shrapnel shells ; d. 13 March 1842. SHEEWSBUEY, Charles Talbot, duKe statesman; b. 24 July 1660; succeeded as earl, It> March 1667 ; secretary of state, 1689 ; again, March 1694— May 1695 ; created duke, 30 April 1694; lord chamberlain, 1699-1700; ambassador to France, 1712-3; lord-Heuteiiant of Ireland, 1713-d; lord high treasurer, July — Oct. 1714 ; agam lord chamberlain, 1714-5 ; d. i Feb. 1718. SHEEWSBUEY, Elizabeth Talbot, countess of, known as "Bess of Hardwicke;" b. (Hard- wicke) 1519; built Hardwicke hall, Derbyshire; married, 1. Alexander Barley ; 2. Sir William Cavendish; 3. Sir William St. Lo- 4. George, sixth earl of Shrewsbury ; widow ; 18 Nov. 1590 ; d. 13 Feb. 1607. SHEEWSBUEY, Henry John Chetwynd Talbot, i8th earl of; b. 8 Nov. 1803; on the death of Bertram, 17th earl, claimed the earldom as next of kin ; trial, 13 July 1857 ; successful, i June 1858; an admiral; d. 4 June l868. SHEEWSBUEY, John Talbot, earl of, gene- ral ; b. 1373 ; lord-justice of Ireland, 1412 ; again, 1425 ; made commander of the English army in France, 1428; defeated and taken by the French under Joan of Arc at Patay^ 18 June 1429; created earl, 20 May 1442 ; agam defeated by the French and killed at the battle of Chaatillon, 20 July 1453. SHUCKBUEGH EVELYN, sur George Augustus William, mathematician and natural philosopher ; b. 1 750 ; rf. Sept. 1804. SHUCKFOED, Samuel, d.d. ; published " Sacred and Profane History of the World," 1743 ; " Creation and Fall of Man," 1753 ; d. 14 July 1754. SHUTEE, Edward, comedian; d. i Nov. 1776. SHUTTLEWOETH, Phihp Nicolas, bishop of Chichester ; b. 1782; made warden of New col- lege, Oxfordj 1822; consecrated, 1840; published "Paraphrastic Translation of the Apostolical Epistles," 1829 ; d. 7 Jan. 1842. SHUTTLEWOETH, sir James Kay, bart. ; b. (Kay), 20 July 1804; as secretaiy to the committee, of council on education, introduced the system of examination of schools by government inspectors ; resigned, and created baronet, 22 Deo. 1849. SIBBALD, sir Eobert, Scottish physician and antiquary; b. 15 April 1641 ; published "Scotia illustrataj" 1684 ; " History of the Sheriffdoms of Fife and Kinross," 1710 ; d. about 1712. SIBBES, or SiBBS, Eichard, Puritan divine ; b. 1577 ; master of Catherine hall, Cambridge, 1625 ; published " Bruised Eeede and Smoakuig Flax," 1630; "Light from Heaven," 1638; d. 5 July 1635. SIBILET, Thomas, French scholar ; }. about 1512; published "Art Poetique Francois," 1548; " Paradoxe contre 1' Amour," 1581 ; d. 28 Nov. 1589. SIBOUE, Marie Dominique Auguste, arch- bishop of Paris ; b. 4 April 1792 ; bishop of Digne, 1839 ; archbishop, 10 July 1848 ; published " Insti- tutions diocesaines," 1845; assassinated by Jean Verger, a priest, in church of St. Etienne du Mont, Paris, 3 Jan. 1857. SIBTHOEP, Charies De Laet Waldo, colonel ; b. 1783; eccentric; m.p. for Lincoln, 1826-32; again, 1835-55 ; ^- H Dec. 1855. SIBTHOEP 539 SIGISMUND SIBTHOEP, John, botanist ; *. 28 Oct. 1758 ; ■wrote " Flora Osoniensis," published 1794 ; " Flora GrsBoa," 1806-40 ; A. 28 Feb. lyqb. SICAED, Eooh Ambroise Cucurron, French abbe and philanthropist; h. 20 Sept. 1742; suc- ceeded abbe de 1' Epee as dii-ector of the institution for the deaf and dumb at Paris, 1789; published " Cours d'Instniction d'un Sourd-Muet de Nais- sance," 1800; "Theorie des Signes pour I'ln- struction des Soiu-ds-Muets," 1808; d. 10 May 1822. SICHEL, Jules, French oculist; J. i802 ; pub- lished "Traite de I'Ophthalmie, de la Cataracte et de I'Amaurose," 1837 ; IconograpMe Ophthal- mologique," 1852-57. 8I0INIUS DBNTATUS, Eoman general; tribune, e.g. 454; gained 120 battles, receiving 45 ■wounds ; assassinated, 450. SICIOLANTB, Girolamo, ItaUan landscape and historical painter ; h. 1504 ; d. 1550. SICKINGEN, Franz yon, German -vrarrior ; I. March 1481 ; distinguished himself in the service of the emperors Maximilian and Charles V. ; pro- tected the reformers ; d. 7 May 1523. SICKLE, Daniel E., American diplomatist ; I. 10 Oct. 1822 ; successively a printer and lawyer; a democrat leader, 1847 ; attached to London embassy, i8S3-S; killed Philip B. Key (for adultery) 27 Feb. 1859 ; acquitted ; colonel of volunteers, 1861 ; major-general in regular army, 1863 ; U.S. minister at Madrid, April 1869 ; recalled, June 1872. SIDDONS, Sarah, tragic actress ; h. (Kemble), 14 July 1755 ; married, 26 Kov. 1773 ; first appeared in London, Dec. 1775 ; excelled as Queen Catharine, Lady Macbeth, and Constance ; retired, 9 June 1818; (f. 8 Junei83i. SIDI-MUHAMMAD, emperors of Morocco : 1, 6. about 1702. Took Mazagran from the Portuguese . . 1769 Subdued rebellion led by his son, Muley-Yezld . 1778 d. about 1790 S. emperor, 1859 ; defeated in "ivar with Spain, Jan. ; peace . . . April i860 Sent embassy to Europe, Jan. 1866 d. Sept. 1873 SIDMOUTH^ see Addington. SIDNEY, Algernon, patriot; h. about 1622; one of the judges at the trial of Charles I., Jan. 1649 ; intrigued with France to restore the republic ; his " Discourses concerning Government" pi^inted, 1698 ; tried and condemned for alleged conplicity in Eyehouse plot, 26 Nov.; beheaded, 7 Dec. 1683; attainder reversed, 1689. SIDNEY, sir Henry, statesman ; S. about 1528 ; vice-treasurer in Ireland, 1555 ; lord president of Wales, 1560; lord deputy of Ireland, 1565, 1567, 1575-6; d. 1586. SIDNEY, Mary, eountees of Pembroke, "Sid- ney's sister, Pembroke's mother;" h. about 1550; published the "Arcadia " of her brother, sir Philip Sidney, 1590; d. 25 Sept. 1621. SIDNEY, sir Philip, statesman and poet; l. 29 Nov. 1^4; ^ambassador to Vienna, 1576-77; phen, 22 Sept. ; d. 7 Oct. I 586. SIDONIUS APOLLINAEIS, Cains SoUius, bishop of Clermont ; b. 5 Nov. 430 or 431 ; bishop, 471 ; -wrote Latin poems and epistles, (first printed 149b) ; rf. 21 Aug. 488. SIEBB, August, Gei-man mechanician ; h. 1788; invented a diving dress about 1820 ; d. 15 April 1872. SIEBENKAES, Johann Philipn, German Hellenist ; b. 14 Oct. 1759 ; published " fieligion der alten Teutschen und nordisclien Volkem," 1781 ; " Anecdota Grieca," 1798 ; d. 25 June 1796. SIEBOLD, Gei-man naturalists, brothers : Philipp Franz von ; h. 17 Feb. 1796 ; went as offi- cer of health to Java, 1820 ; accompanied the Dutch embassy and explored the Japanese em- pire, 1826-8; published "Atlas of Japan," and " Archives," 1832-51 ; ** Flora Japonica," &C. . . . 183S-53 d. 18 Oct. i866' Karl Theodor Ernst von, &. 16 Feb. 1804 ; pub- lished " Treatise on Comparative Anatomy of the Invertebrata," 1848: "Manual of Zootomy," 1854, &c. SIEGEN, Lode-wijk van, inventor of mez- zotint-engraving; b. 1609; invented his process, about 1640 ; communicated it to prince Kupert, 1655 ; d. about 1680. SIEMENS, German physicists, brothers : Ernst Werner ; &. 13 Dec. 1816 ; engaged in consti- tuting Prussian telegraph system, 1S47, ei seg. ; pub- lished many papers on magnetism and electricity, 1843, fi( 5tq. C. William, n.c.L., F.R.3. ; 6. in Hanover, 4 April 1822 ; came to England, 1842 : published papers ou steam, &c., 1852, et seq. ; invented regenerative steam engine, 1856 ; regenerative furnace, 1857 ; electric pyrometer, 1872 ; bathometer, 1876 ; designed apparatus for cable ship "Faraday," which sailed, 1874. SIEYES, Emmanuel Joseph, comte, French statesman; 0. 3 May 1748; deputy to the states- general, 1789; member 01 the Convention, 1792; of the Directory, 16 May 1799; consul, 9 Nov. — 24 Dec. 1799; consul, i8o"8 ; peer, 1815; exiled i8i5; returned, 1 830; published " Essai sur les Privi- leges," 1788; "Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-Etat?" 1789; d. 20 June 1836. SIGALON, Xavier, French historical painter ; b. 1788;^. Aug. 1837. SIGAUD-LAEOND, Joseph Aignan, French moralist and physicist ; b. 5 Jan. 1730; published- " Leijons de Physique Experimentale," 1767 ; " Dictionnaire dea Merveilles de la Nature," 1781 ; d. 26 Jan. 1810. SIGEBEET I.— III., kings of Austrasia. 1» &■ 535 ; became king, 561 ; assassinated . . 57s 3. h. 601 ; ascended the throne, 613 ; killed shortly after by order of Clotaire II. 3, Saint ; i. 630 . . . d. 654 SIGEBEET, king of East Anglia; praised by Bede for learning and piety ; assassinated, 642. SIGEBEET de Gembloux, Belgian chronicler; b. about 1030 ; wrote " Chronicon ab anno 381 ad annum ml," and "Gesta Abbatum Gemblacen- sium;" d. 5 Oct. IH2. SIGISMUND, emperor of Germany; b. 14 Feb. or 28 June 1368 ; d. 9 Dec. 1437. Married Mary of Hungary ; became king of Hun- gary 13S6 Went on crusade against the Turks ; defeated be- fore Nicopolis .... 28 Sept. 1396 Elected emperor 1411 Took an active part in the council of Constance i4i4-& Visited France and England . . . 1416 King of Bohemia ... ... 1419 Crowned at Milan, 1431 ; at Prague . . 1436 SIGISMUND, king of Burgundy ; succeeded, 516 ; assassinated by order of Clodomir, king of the Franks, 524. SIGISMUND 540 SIMEON SIGISMUND I.-III., kings of Poland. 1. surnamed the Great, sou of Casimir IV. ; h. i Jan. 1467 ; elected king, 8 Dec, 1506 ; defeated the Russians and expelled them from Lithuania d, I April 1548 S. Augustus, son ; h. i Aug. 1520 ; proclaimed king, 1529 ; acquired Livonia. 1561 : Lithuania, 1569 d. 7 ori8 July 1572 3, son of John III., king of Sweden; 6. 20 June 1566 ; elected, 19 Aug. 1587 ; became king of Sweden, 1604 . . ci, 29 or 30 April 1632 SIGNQEELLI, Luca, called Luca da Cortona, Italian painter ; b about 1440 ; d. about 1525. SIGNOEELLI, Pietro NapoU, ItaUan ■writer; A. 28 Sept. 1731 ; published " Storia Critica de' Theatri antichi e nioderm.," 1777; " Vicende della Coltura nelle Due Sicilie," 1784-86; d. I April 1815. SIGONIO, Carlo, Modenese scholar ; b. about 1524; published " de Eegno Italic," 1580; de Ke- publica Hebrajoram," 1582 ; d. 12 Aug. 1584. SIGOEGNE, Pierre, French philosopher and physicist;*. 25 Oct. 1719; published "Exanien et Eefutation des Le(;ons de Physique expUquees an College Royal par Privat de Molieres," 1 741 ; ■"Institutions Ne"wtonieunes," 1747; d. 19 Nov. 1809. SIGOUENEY, Lydia, American poetess; *. (HuntlejO, 1 Sept. 1791; married, 1819; pub- ished "Traits of the Aborigines," 1822; "Poca- hontas and other Poems," 1841 ; d. 10 or 11 June 1865. SIGUENZA, Jose de, Spanish historian; b. about 1545; published " Vida de San Geronimo," 159s; "Historia de la Orden de San-(jeronimo," iboo-s ; d. i6o6. SIGUED I.— III., longs of Norway. 1. &. about . 1089 Proclaimed king of the Hebrides, Orkneys, &c., 1098 ; ascended tlie throue of Nonvay . 1103 rf. 26 March 1130 2. brother d. 13 Nov. 1139 3. &. 1132 ; killed in battle ... 10 June 1155 SILBEEMANN, Johann Theobald, Gei-man physicist ; b. i Dec. 1806 ; went to Paris, 1835 ; there invented optical and other philosophical ap- paratus, 1843, et set/.; d. July 1865. .SILHOUETTE, Etienne de, French finan- cier; b. 5 July 1709; appointed comptroller-gene- ral of the finances, 1759 ; published *'Idee generale du Gouvemment et dela Morale des Chinois," 1 729 ; "Lettres sur les Transactions publiques du Regne d'Flisabeth," 1736; d. 20 Jan. 1767. SILIUS ITALICUS, Caius, Roman poet; b. .25; wrote "Punica," first printed, 1471 ; ci. lOO. SILLEEY, Charles Alexis Brulart, marquis de, comte de Genlis, French conventionalist; b. .20 Jan. 1737; married Stephanie Felicite Ducrest de Saint-Aubin, 1762; guillotined, 31 Oct. 1793. See Genlis. SILLEEY, Fabio Brulart de, bishop of Sois- sons; b. 25 Oct. 1655; bishop of A^vranches, 1689 ; or Soissons, 1692 ; published " Reflexions sur I'EIo- quence," 1700; d. I Oct. 1624. SILLEEY, Nicolas Brulart, marquis de, chan- cellor of France ; b. 1544; made chancellor of Na- varre, 1605 ; of France, 1607 ; d. I Oct. 1624. SILLIMAN, American chemists and minera- logists : Benjamin ; h. 8 Aug. 1779 ; published " Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scotland, j8io; " Elements of Chemistry," 1830 ; founded " Ame- rican Journal of Science," 1818 . d. 24 Nov. 1864 Benjamin, son ; 6. 4Dec. 1816 ; editor of his father's Journal ; published "First Principles of Chemis- try," 1847 ; many papers. SILVA, Jean Baptiste, French physician; b. 13 Jan. 1682; published "Traite de 1' Usage des differentes Saignees," 1727; d. 18 Aug. 1742. SILVANUS, usuqjing emperor ; killed Aug. 355- SILVESTEE I.— III., popes: 1. Saint ; h. about 270 : elected, 31 Jan. 314 ; sent delegates to first ecumenical council held at Nice, ig June— 25 July 325 ; received gifts from Con- stantine d. 31 Deo. 33s 2. Gerbert : archbishop of Rheinis . about 991 Elected pope 2 April 999 Haid to have introduced Arabic numerals, and to have invented clocks . . . d. n May 1003 3. elected, 1044 ; reigned about three months, when Benedict IX. was restored about April 1044 SILVESTEE, French artists : IsEAEL, engraver; h. 15 Aug. 1621 . d. 11 Oct. 1691 Charles Francois xie, son ; engraver; h. 11 April 1667 . . . . . . d. about 173S Louis, the elder, hrother of above, landscape painter ; b. 20 Mai-ch 1669 . . d. 18 April 1740 Alexandre, brother, engraver and priest ; h, 27 Dec. 1672 Louis de, brother ; h. 23 June 1675 ; made dii-ector of the Academy of Painting at Paris, 1752 ; d. 10 April 1760 Charles Nicolas de, son of Charles Franjois, painter and eugi-aver; 6. 1698 d. 30 April 1767 SILVESTEE, Augustin Francois, baron de, French agricultui-ist ; b. 7 Dec. 1762; published " Rapports generaux de la Societe Philomathique," 1788-1800; " Essai sur les Moyens de perfectionner les Arts Economiques en France," 1801 ; d. Sept. 1851. SILVESTEE, Balthasar Joseph, French palsco- graphist; A. 21 Aug. 1791; served in the army, 1806-16; published " Paleographie Universelle," " Collection d' Alphabets Histories," &c. SILVESTEE DE Sacy, Antome Isaac, baron, French orientalist ; b. 21 Sept. 1758 ; with Abel Remusat founded Societe Asiatique, 1822 ; published "Principes de Grammaire generale," 1799; " Chrestomathie jlrabe," 1806-27; "Ex- pose de la Religion des Druses," 1838 ; d. 21 Feb. 1838. SILVESTEE, Theophile, French art critic; b. 1823; published "Histoire des Artistes Vivants et Etrangers," 1856; d. 21 June 1876. SILVIO, Domenico, doge of Venice ; elected, 1071 ; deposed, 1084. SILVIO, see Pellico. SIMAET, Pien-e Charles, French sculptor ; b. 27 June 1806; executed a restoration of the statue of Minerva by Pheidias, 1845-55 ! "de Eepublica Anglorum" published 1583; a. 12 Aug. 1577. SMITH, Thomas, d.d., orientalist; b. 3 June 1638 ; published " Diatriba de Chaldaicis Para- phraatis," 1662; "Greek Church," 1680; '_'Cata- logus Librorum MSS. Bibliotheca; Cottonianae," 1696; d. II May 1710. SMITH, Thomas Assheton, sportsman; J. 2 Aug. 1776; d. 9 Sept. 1858. SMITH, Thomas Berry Cusack, Irish judge ; }. 1797; made solicitor-general for Ireland, Sept. 1842; attorney-general, Nov. 1842 ; master of the rolls, Jan. 1846; d. 13 Aug. 1866. SMITH, Thomas Southwood, m.d. ; i. about 1788; published " Philosophy of Health," 1836-7; Epidemics," 1856; d. 10 Dec. 1861. SMITH, Toulmin, lawyer and antiquary; b. 1816; visited America; pubushed there "Discovery of America by the Northmen in the Tenth Century," 1839; barrister in England, 1849; published " Go- vernment by Commission Illegal," 1849 ; " Law of Nuisances, 1855, et seq. ; "The Parish," 1854; " English Guilds " (completed by his daughter) ; d. 28 April 1869. SMITH, "William, antiquary, rouge-di-agon pursuivant-at-arms ; made collections for history of Cheshire, published as King's " Vale-Eoyall of Eng- land," 1656 ; d. I Oct. 1618. SMITH, William, portrait painter, of Chi- thester; b. 1707; d. 27 Sept. 1764. SMITH, William, dean of Chester; *. 171 1 ; published translation of Longinus, 1739 ; of Thucy- didea, 1753; d. 12 Jan. 1787. SMITH, William, geologist, called the " father of British geology \" b. 1769 ; published " Mineral Survey, or Delineations of the Strata of England, Wales, and part of Scotland," 1815 ; " Stratigra- phical System of Organized Fossilsj" 1817; d. 28 August 1839. SMITH, William, connoisseur of prints; J. 11 July 1808; purchased for British Museum Sheep- shanks' Collections, 1836, and various others; presented a collection to South Kensington Museum, Dec. 1871; d. 6 Sept. 1876. SMITH, William, ll.d., classical scholar; b. 1814; edited "Dictionary of Greek and Eoman Antiquities," 1842; "Dictionary of Greek and lloman Biography and Mythology," 1844-9 ; "Dic- tionary of Greek and Roman Geography,* 1854-7; "Dictionary of the Bible," 1860-63; "Atlas of Biblical and Classical Geography " (with G. Grove), 1875; " Quarterly Review," 1867, e< sey. SMITH, sir William Cusack, bart., Irish judge ; b. 1766; made soKcitor-general for Ireland, Dec. 1800; a baron of the exchequer, 1801 ; d. 21 Aug. 1836. SMITH, William Henry, philosopher and poet; b. about 1809; published "Poems and Dramas,' 1846; " Discourse on Ethics," 1839; a!. April 1872. SMITH, WiUiam Henry, M.P., bookseller and news-agent ; b. 1825 ; elected conseiTative m.p. for Westminster, i868, and 1874. SMITH, sir William Sidney, admiral; b. 1764; destroyed the French fleet at Toulon, 1793 ; suc- cessfully defended St. Jean d'Acre against Bona- parte, March — May 1799; compelled Capri to sur- render, 1805; admiral, 1821 ; rf. 26 May 1840. SMITH, see also Smyth. SMITHSON", James Lewis Macie, r.R.s., chemist ; natural son of Hugh, duke of Northum- berland ; published chemical papers, 1802, et scq, ; bequeathed above ioo,oooZ. to United States to found the Smithsonian Institute for the Increase and Diffusion of Knowledge among Men at Wash- ington (after decease of his nephew, Henry James Hungerford) ; established, 1846; d. 27 June 1829. SMITS, Dirk, Dutch poet; b. 1702; published " Israels Baelfegor," 1737; d. 1752. SMITS, Francois, Belgian portrait painter; b. 1760; d. 15 March 1833. SMITZ, Gaspar, called "Magdalen Smith," Dutch portrait painter ; d. 1689. SMITZ, Lodewijk, Dutch fruit painter ; b. 1635; d. 1675. SMOLLETT, Tobias George, novelist and his- torian ; b. 1721 ; published " Adventures of Rode- rick Random," 1748; "Adventures of Peregrine Pickle," 1751; "Compleat History of England," 1757-65 ; " Expedition of Humphry Clinker," 1771 ; d. 21 Oct. 1771. SMTTH, Charles Piazzi, son of WUKam Henry, astronomer; b. 3 Jan. 1819; astronomer royal for Scotland; publiSied " Observations," 1847, c( sej. ; " Teneriffe, an Astronomer's Experiment," 1858. SMYTH, James Carmichael, m.d. ; b. 1741 ; d: 18 June 1821. SMTTH, sir James Camiichael, hart., major- general ; b. 1779 ; commanded the engineers at battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815; made governor of British Guiana and Demerara, June 1833 ; pub- lished " Chronological Epitome of the Wars in the Low Countries," 1825 ; d. at Guianii, 4 March 1838. SMTTH, William, bishop of Lincoln ; b. about 1450; bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, 1492; of Lincoln, 1495 ; with sir Richard SuttoQ, founded BAzenose college, Oxford, 1509; d. 2 Jan. 1514. SMTTH, WiUiam, historian; *. 1764; elected professor of modem history at Cambridge, 1807 ; published "English Lyrics," 1798; "Lectures on Modern History," and "Lectures on the French Revolution," 1840 ; d. 26 June 1849. SMTTH, WUliam Henry rear-admiral, astro- nomer, and hydrogi'apher ; 0. 21 Jan. 1788; pub- hshed " Memoir descriptive of the Resources, In- habitants, and Hydrography of Sicily and its Is- lands," 1824; "iEdes Hartwellianae," 185 1 ; "the Mediterranean," 1854; "Cycle of Celestial Objects," 1844-60; "Nautical Dictionary," 1867; &c. ; d. 9 Sept. 1865. SMTTHE, James Moore, miscellaneous writer ; d. 18 Oct. 1734. SNAPEiAndreWjD.D., controversialist; i.1670; opposed bishop Hoadly in the Bangorian contro- versy ; d. 30 Dec. 1 742. SNATEES, Hendi-ik, Flemish engraver; b. 1612; d. date unknown. SNATEES 547 SOLIGNAC SNATEES, Pieter, Flemish painter of land- scapes and battle-pieces ; b. 1593 ; d. 1670. SNELL, Ebenezer, American physicist; h. about 1801 ; d. 18 Sept. 1876. SNELL VAN Rouen, Kodolph, Dutch ma- thematician and philologist; h. 1547; published " Annotationes in Ethicam, Physicam, Sphoeram 'Comelii Valeiii," 1596; "Apollonius Batavus," 1597; d. 1613. SISTBLL VAN EOIJEN, Willebroi-d, son, Dutch geometrician; b. 1591 ; published "Descriptio Cometffi Novembris 1618," 1619 ; " Cyclometricus, seu de Cireuli Dimensione," 1621 ; d. 30 Oct. 1626. SNELLINCKS, Jan, Dutch painter; h. 1544; d. 1638. SNIADECEJ, Andreas, Polish chemist and physiologist ; J. 1 768 ; published in PoUsh " Theory ■of Organic Existences ; " d. 1 1 May 1838. SNIADECKI, Johan, brother, Polish astrono- mer ; b. 1756 ; d. 1830. SNIDER, Jacob ; invented a system of breech- loading firearms about 1859; presented to British government, which awarded him, 1000?., June 1866; d.2S Oct. 1866. SNORRB StuelesoN, Icelandic warrior, statesman, poet, and historian ; b. 1 1 78 ; his "Edda" first printed in Icelandic, 1665 ; "Heim- skringla," 1697 ; d. murdered, 22 Sept. 1241. SNOUCKAERT, "WiUem, Flemish historian ; h. 1510; published " de Vit4 Caroli T. Impera- toris," 1559; d. about 1560. SNOW, John, M.D. ; b. 1813; published "on Inhalation of Ether," 1847; "Chloroform," &o., 1858 ; d. 16 June 1858. SNOY, Eegnier, Dutch historian ; b. li^Tj ; published "Psalterium Davidicum Paraphrasibus brevibus illustratum," 1536 ; d. i Aug. 1537. SNTDEES, Franz, Flemish animal and fruit painter; b. Nov. 1579; d. 19 Aug. 1657. SNYERS, Pieter, Flemish flower, landscape, and portrait painter; b. 30 March 1681 ; d. 4 May 1752- SOANB, sir John, architect; b. 10 Sept. 1753 ; engaged by bank of England, 1788 ; published *' Sketches in Architecture," 1793; "^^"^^ Archi- tecture," 1829 ; founded and endowed the Soane Museum, 1833 ; d. 20 Jan. 1837. SOANEN, Jean, bishop of Senez ; b. 6 Jan. 1647; consecrated, 1695; deprived, 1727; pub- lished " Sermons sur ditferents Sujets," 1761 ; d. 25 Dec. 1740. SO AVE, Francesco, Italian philosopher ; b. 10 .June 1743; published " Novelli Morali," 1799; " Istruzioni di Logica, Metafisica ed Etica," 1804; d. 17 Jan. 1806. SOBIESKI, see John, Icings of Foland. SOCINITS, see Sozzini. SOCRATES, Athenian philosopher; b. B.C. 469; pupil of Archelans ; accused by Anytus of im- piety and of corrupting the youth ; condemned to death ; d. by poison, 399. SOCRATES SCHOLASTICUS, Byzantine his- torian; b. about 379; wrote "Ecclesiastical His- tory," from 306-439; first printed in Greek, 1554 ; d. after 440. SODERINI, Giovanni Vettorio, Italian agii- culturist; b. 1526; ^vl■ote " Trattato della Colti- ^•azione delle Viti," published 1600; d. 3 March 1596. SODERINI, Pietro, gonfalonier of Florence; A. about 1450; elected, 1502; deposed upon demand of pope Julius II., 1512; d. after 1513. SODOMA, see Eazzi. SODOR AND MAN, present bishop, see Powtjs. SCEMMERRING, Samuel Thomas von, Ger- man anatomist; b. 28 Jan. 1755; published "Vom Baue des menschlichen Korpers," 1791-1800; "Ab- bildungen der Sinnes Organe," 1801-9 ; produced his electric telegraph, 29 Aug. 1809; d. 2 March 1830. SOEST, Gerard, see Zoust. SCEUR, Hubert le, French sculptor^ d. in England about 1670. SOISSONS, comtes de, grand-masters of France ; Charies de Bourbon; 6. 3 Nov. 1566; grand- master, i58{^ . . . . . rf. I Nov. 1612 Lours DE Bourbon, son; 6. 11 May 1604; grand- master, 1612 ; killed at the battle of Mavfee, 6 Jiilj' 164X SOLANDER, Daniel Charies, Swedish natu- ralist ; b. 28 Feb. 1736 ; became an officer of the British Museum, 1762; accompanied captain Cook in his first voyage round the world, 1768-71 ; a librarian at British Museum, 1773; published " PossiUa Hantoniensia," 1766; d. 16 May 1782. SOLARI, or SOLARIO, Andrea da, called "il Gobbo," Lombard painter; b. 1458; d. after 1515. SOLARI, or SOLAEIO, Antonio, called " Zin- garo," Italian painter ; b. 1382 ; d. I45S- SOLARI, CiTstoforo da, called " il Gobbo," brother of AJidrea da Solario, Milanese sculptor and architect; fl. ISth century. SOLDANI, Ambrogio, Italian naturalist; b. 1733 ; made professor of mathematics at Siena, 1781 ; published " Testaceographia ao Zoophy- togi-aphia parva et microscopica," 1789-98; d. 14 July 1808. SOLDANI, Jacopo, Italian poet; b. 1S79; wrote "Satire," published 1751; d. II Apiil 1641. SOLE, Antonio Maria del, called "Manchino de' Paesi," Bolognese landscape painter; b. 1597; d. 1677. SOLE, Giangioseffo del, son, Italian painter; b. 1654; d. 1719. SOLEIL; Jean Baptiste FranQois, French op- tician; b. 1798; worked for Fresnel, 1823; pub- lished papers, 1844; made an improved_ sacchari- meter, 1847; resigned his business to his son-in- law, Duboscq, 1849. SOLIE, or SOTOIEK, Jean PieiTe, French, actor and musical composer ; S. 1755; wrote " JeaQ et Genevieve," 1792; "Mile, de Guise," 1808; d. 6 Aug. 1812. SOLIBR, Francois, French Jesuit historian and theologian; b. 1558; published " Traite de la Mortification," 1598; "Histoire Ecclesiastique du Japon," 1627 ; d. 26 Oct. 1628. SOLIGNAC, Pierre Joseph de la Pimpie, che- valier de, French scholar; b. 1687; published " Eecreations Litteraires," 1723; "Histoire de Pologne, 1751-80; d. 28 Feb. 1773. N N 2 SOLIMAN 548 SOMERSET SOLIMAN, Oramiade caliphs : Ebn-Abd-al-Malek, seventh caliph ; succeeded his hrother Wahd I., July 715 ; constmcted a uilo- meter . d. Sept. 717 Ebn-al-Hakem, twelfth caliph; reigned at Cor- dova; assumed the government, 1009; killed at Cordova . . i July 1016 SOLIMAN I., II., Ottoman sultans: 1. Sultan of Adrianople ; succeeded his father Bajazet 1 1403 Dethroned by his brother, Musa-Chclebi, and killed in flight to Constantinople ■ . 1410 1. or 2. the Magnificent . h. about 1495 Succeeded his father, Seliui I. 22 Sept. 1520 Besieged and took Belgrade . Aug, 1521 Took Rhodes 22-25 Dec. 1522 Defeated the Hungarians at Mohacz . 29 Aug. 1526 Recovered Buda, and received the .submission of Moldavia . . . . . . 1529 Repulsed before Vienna . . Oct „ Made treaty of commerce with Francis T. of France . , . Sept. 1535 Repulsed before Szegedin . Sept. 1566 (1. about 5 Sept. „ 2. or 3, 6. about 1639 ■ succeeded his brother, Mahomet IV., 9 Nov. 1687 . d. 22 June 1691 SOLIMAN, sultan of Persia; b. 1646; suc- ceeded Ms father, Abbas II., 1666; d. 1694. SOLIMENA, Francesco, called " abate Ciccio," INeapolitan painter; b. 4 Oct. 1657; d. 5 April 1747- SOLINUS, Oaius Julius, Eoman historian ; fl. 3rd century ; -BTote " Polj-histor," first printed, 1473- SOLIS, Juan Diaz de, Spanish navigator; with Pinzon, discovered the estuary of the Amazons, 1508: explored the hay of Eio Janeiro, 1512; lulled and eaten by the Indians at Eio de la Plata, 1515. SOLIS T ElBADBNETRA, Antonio de, Spanish historian and dramatic poet ; b. 18 Julyi6io; pub- lished " Comedias," 1681 ; " Historia de la Con- quiata de Mexico," 1684 ; d. 19 April 1686. SOLLEYSEL, Jacques de, French riding- master; b. 1617; |iuhlished " Parfait Marechal," 1664; translation of the duke of Newcastle's "New Method to dress Horses," 1677 ; d, 31 Jan. 1680. SOLLIEE, Jean Baptiste du, Belgian Jesuit hagiographer ; b. 28 Feb. 1669; edited "Acta Sanctorum ; " published Usuard's " Martyrologie," 1714; d. 17 June 1740. SOLLY, Edward, chemist; b. 11 Oct. 1819; lecturer at Koyal Institution, 1841 ; published *' Rural Chemistry," 1843 ; reports and papers. SOLLY, Siimuel, surgeon; b. 1805; professor at Royal College of Surgeons, 18G2 ; published " On Human Brain," 1836, 1847; "Surgical E.xpe- riences," 1865; d. 24 Sept. 1871. SOLOMON, king of Israel; b. about B.C. 1033; succeeded David, 1015; founded the temple, 1012; dedicaiedit, 1004; rf. 975- SOLOMON, king of Huugarj ; b. about 1051 ; succeeded his iniole, Bela I., 1064; captured Bel- gi-ade. 1072; dethroned by Geisa I., about 1075; unsuccessful against Ladislas I., 1081 ; d. about 1 100. SOLOMON, Ahraham, painter; J. 1823; painted " First Class," " Second Class," and " Waiting for the Verdict ; " d. 19 Dec. 1862. SOLOMON BEST ViEGA, Spanish rabbi and physician ; /I. i6th century ; wrote a history of the Jews. SOLON, Athenian legislator; b. about B.C. 638 ; appointed archon, 594 ; reformed the govern- ment and established a code of laws ; d. about 558. SOLTIKOV, Petr, count, Russian field- marshal; b. 1700; distinguished in the seven years' war; d. 15 Dec. 1772. SOLTYK, PoUsh patriots : Stanislaw ; h. 1751 ; made marshal of the diet at Warsaw, 1811 ; arrested and imprisoned, i8z6 ; d. 1830- Roman, count, son ; 6. 1791 ; vice-president of the Polish patriotic society, 1830; published "La Pologne, Pr6cis de sa Revolution," 1833 ; "Napo- leon en 1812," 1836 . . . . d. 22 Oct. 1834. SOMAIZB, Antcine Baudeau de, French writer;^. 17th century; published "Grand Die- tionnaire des Pretieuses," 1660 ; " Procez des Pre- tieuses," comedy, 1660. SOMBEEUIL, Charles Francois Tirot, mar- quis de, French general; b. 1727; guillotined, l~ June 1794. SOMBEEUIL, Charles Tirot, vicomte de, son, French royalist; b. 1769; in a descent on France, taken prisoner and shot at Vannes, 28 July 1795- SOMEE, Jan van, Dutch portrait painter and engraver; b. about 1645 ; d. 1694. SOMEEBN, Cornells van, Dutch physician ; 4. 28 Sept. 1593; published "de Unitate,'' 1639; " de Variolis et Morbillis, 1641 ; d. 11 Dec. 1649. SOMEEEN, Jan van, son, Dutch jurist ; b. 3 July 1622; published "Herstelde Ondheyd, ofte- Beschryving van Batavia," 1657 ; " Uytspaniiiag der Vemufteu," poems ; 1660 ; d. 22 Dec. 1676. SOMEES, John Somers, lord; b. 4 March 1650-1 ; instrumental in hringing about the revolu- tion, 1688-9; solicitor-general, May 1689 ; attorney- general, 2 May 1692 ; lord keeper, March 1693 ; lord chancellor, April 1697 ; deprived 27 April 1700; created baron, 2 Dec. 1697; president E. S., 1702; published " Brief History of the Succession of the Crown of England," 1681 ; d. 26 April 1716. His "Collection of scarce and valuable Tracts" published, 1748-52. SOMEESET, de Beaufort, marquis and dukes of: John, natural son of John of Gaunt; lord high admiral ; created earl, 10 Feb. ; marquis, 29 Sept. 1397 . . . . . . d. 1410 Henry, sou ; duke, 1410 d. 1418 John, brother ; 6. 1392 ; created duke, 1443 ; d. 27 May 1444, Edmund, brother ; regent of France, and lord high constable ; duke, 31 March 1448 ; slain at the battle of St. Albans . . . 22 May 1455 Henhv, son ; taken prisoner at the battle of Hexliam ; beheaded .... 3 April 1463 Edmund, never really duke ; defeated with Lancas- trians at Tewkesbury, 4 May ; beheaded, 6 May 1471 SOMEESET, Seymour, dukes of: 1. Edward ; lord protector ; nominated by will of Henry VIIL one of the sixteen governors of Edivard VI., 1547 ; protector, Jan. 1547 ; duke, 16 Feb. 1547 Ordered execution of liis brother, lord Sudely, March 1549 Committed to the tower ... 14 Oct. „ Released . 16 Feb. 1550- Again arrested Oct. 1551 Beheaded 22 Jan. 155^ 5. William, grandson ; active royalist, 1642-8 duke, 1660 d. i66o 3. William, grandson ; duke, 1660 . d. 1671 4. John, uncle d. 1675 5. Francis, cousin . . murdered at Genoa 167S BOMEESET 549 SOEEL 6. Charles, brother ; 6. 12 Aug. 1662 ; jnanied Elizabeth, heiress of the Percies. 30 May 1682 ; supported WiUiaiii III., 1688-9 ; a guardian of the realm for George I. , Aug. 1714 . d. 2 Dee. 1748 7. Algernon, son, earl of Northumberland d. 1750 8. Edward, son . . . ^ . . . d. 1757 9. Edward, son d. 1792 10. Webb, brother d. 1793 11. Edward Adolphus ; &. 24 Feb. 1775 ; duke, 1793 ; published " Treatise on the properties of the Ellipse, &c.," 1842-3; "Alternate Circles, &c.," 1850 ; president pi the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 1827-42' . d. 15 Aug. 1855 12. Edward Adolphus St. Maur . 6. 20 Dec. 1804 A lord of the treasury 1835-39 Secretary to the board of control . . . ia3g-4i Chief commissioner of woods and forests, 1849-51 ; of public worlcs . . , . 1851-2 Succeeded his father . . - 15 Aug. 1855 First lord of the admiralty . 1859 — June 1866 Published " Christian Theology and Modern Scep- ticism " . 1871 SOMEESET, see Carre, Soward. SOMEEVILLB, Mary, Scotch natural philo- sopher ; b. (Fairfax) 26 Dec. 1780 ; d. 29 Nov. 1872. Married her cousin, Samuel Greig . . . . 1804 Studied mathematics ; a widow . . . 1807 Married her cousin, William Somerville . . . 1812 Published paper " On the Magnetizing Power of the more Refrangible of the Sun's Rays " . . .1826 '* Mechanism of the Heavens " . . .1831 " Connexion of the Physical Sciences " . . .1834 " Physical Geography " . . . 1848, c£ scj;. •" Molecular and Microscopical Science " . . 1869 "Personal Recollections," published by her daugh- ter . . . . . . . 1873 SOMEEVILLE, Thomas, historical writer ; b. Peb. 1741; pubUshed " History of Political Trans- . actions, and of Parties, from the llestoration of Bang Charles the Second to the death of King "Wil- liam," 1792 ; " History of Great Britain during the Reign of Queen Anne," 1798 ; d. 16 May 1813. SOMEEVILLE, sir William, see Alhlum- ney. SOMEEVILLE, William, poet; b. 1692; pub- lished " the Chace," 173s; "Hobbinol," 1740; d. 19 July 1742. SOMMAEIVA, Giovanni Battista, Italian statesman ; general secretary of the Cisalpine Eepublic, June 1797 — April 1798; d. 6 Jan. 1826. SOMMIEE, Jean Claude, archbishop of Csesa- ■rea ; b. 22 July 1661 ; consecrated archbishop, 1725 ; published " Histoire Dogmatique de la Religion," 1708-11; "Histoire Dogmatiq^ue du Saint-Siege," 1716-30; d. 5 Oct. 1737. SOMNEE, "William, antiquary; b. 5 Nov. 1598; published "Antiquities of Canterbury," 1640; " Dictionarium Saxonico - Latino - Anglicum," 1659; "Treatise on Gavel-Kind," 1660; d. 30 Harch i66g. SONNENBEEG, Fram: Anton Joseph Ignaz Maria, baron von, German poet; A. 5 Sept. 1779; wrote "Das Weltende," published 1801 ; "Dona- toa," 1806; d. 22 Nov. 1805. SONNEEAT, Pierre, French traveller and naturalist; b. 1749; published "Voyage dans la Kouvelle-Guinee,'^ 1776; "Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la Chine," 1782; d. 14 Apiil 1814. SONNINI DE MANONCOUET, Charles Nicolas Sigisbert, French traveller; b. i Feb. 1751 ; published " Voyage dans la Haute et dans la Basse Egypte," 1799; "Histoire Naturelle des Keptiles," 1802; "Histoire Naturelle et des Poissons Cetaces," 1804 ; d. 29 May 1812. SONTAG, Henrietta, German vocaUat; b. 13 March 1805 ; maixied count Rossi, 1829; retired, Jan. 1830; re-appeared, 1849; d. at Mexico, 18 June 1854. SONTHONAX, Leger, FeUdte, French re- volutionary agent ; b. 17 March 1763; d. 28 July 1813. SOPHIA, electress of Hanover, daughter of Frederick, elector palatine, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England; b. 13 Oct. 1630; m. Ernest Augustus, duke of Brunswick Luneburg (elector, 1692), 17 Oct. 1658; mother of George I. of Eng- land, 28 May 1660 ; crown limited to her issue, 1706 ; d. 28 May 1714. SOPHIA DOROTHEA, of Zell, queen of Great Britain, daughter of George "William, duke of Zell; b. 15 Sept. 1666; man-icd George I., 21 Nov. 1682; accused and imprisoned at Ahlden, 1694 ; d. 13 Nov. 1726. SOPHIA DOEOTHEA, daughter, queen of Prussia; b. 27 March 1687; married Frederick 11. of Prussia, 1706; d. 28 June 1757. SOPHOCLES, Greek tragic poet; b. B.o. 495; his tragedies first printed, 1502 ; d. B.C. 405. SOPHONISBA, queen of Numidia, daughter of Hasdrubal; maraed Syphax, B.C. 206; d. by suicide, 203. SOPHEON Greek poet;/. 5th century. SOPEANI, Eaflaello, Italian biographer; 6. 1612 ; wrote " Scrittori della Liguria," published 1667 ; " Vite de' Pittori, Scultori ed Architetti Genovesi," 1674; d. 2 Jan. 1672. SOPWITH, Thomas," geologist and mining en- gineer ; b. 1803 ; manager of W. B. (William Blackett) lead-mines (in Durham and Korthum- berlanil 250 square miles), 1845-71 ; published " Treatise on Isometrical Drawing," 1847; (tc. SOEANZO, Giovanni, doge of Venice; took Ferrara, 1308; elected, 23 July 1312; d. Dec. 1327. SOEBAIT, Paulus van, Dutch physician; wrote "Consilium Medicum," published 1679; " Medicina Universalis," 1701; d. 28 April 1691. SOEBIEEE, Samuel, French writer; b. 17 Sept. 1615 ; published translation of More's Utopia, 1643 ; " Relation d'un Voyage fait en Angleterre," 1664 ;"Epistol® lllustriujii et Eruditorum Viro- rum," 1669; d. 9 April 1670. SOEBIN DE SaiSTE-FoI, Amaud, bishop of.Never5;A. 14 July 1532; opposed the French protestants; consecrated, 1578; published "His- toire de la Ligue Sainte couire les Albigeois, tra- duite de Pii-rre de Vaulx-Cernay," 1569 ; " Huit Sermons de la Resurrection de la Chair," 1574; d. I March 1606. SOEBON, or SOEBOJnSffi, Robert de, French ecclesiastic; b. 9 Oct. I20I ; founded the Sorbonne, 1253; cf. 15 Aug. 1274. SOEDELLO, Italian troubadour; b. ii8g; fled to the court of Charles of Anjou, about 1245 ; d. about 1280. SOEEL, Agnes, mistress of Charles VII. of France, about 1431-4S ; d. 9 Feb. 1450. SOEEL, Charles, sieur de Souvigny, French poet and novelist ; b. about 1597 ; published" Vraye Histoire Comique de Francion," 1622 ; " Nouvelles Fran(;oises," 1623 ; " Berger Extravagant," 1627 ; d. 8 March 1674. SOETAIN 550 SOUTH SORTAIN", rev. Joseph, indepeudent minister ; b. 22 July 1809; published " Sermons," 1850; " Uil- dchrand and the Excommunicated Emperor," 1851 ; ' ' Count Arensbei-g ; or, the Days of Martin Luther,' ' 1853 ; d. i6 July i860. SOSIQ-ENES, Greek philosopher and^ astrono- mer ;7?. 1st century ,.B.c. employed by Julius Caesar to reform the calendar, about 46. SOSITHBUS, Greek poet; /. 3rd century, B.C. SOSTHENES, Macedonian general; fl. 3rd century, B.C. SOSTEATUS, Greek architect ; Jl. 4th een- tasy, B.C. ; built the pharos of Alexandria, and the colonnade to Cnidus. SOTADES, Greek poet ;/. 3rd century, B.C. SOTEE, Sahit, pope, elected, i Jan. 175 ; rf. 22 April 182. SOTHEBY, Samuel Leigh, antiquary and auctioneer ; b. 31 Aug. 1805 ; published " Typo- graphy of the Fifteenth Century," 184S ; " Prm- eipia Typographica," 1858 ; d. 19 June l86l. SOTHEBY, "VViffiam, poet; b. 9 Nov. 1757; published " Tour through parts of North and South wales, Sonnets," 1790; " Georgics of Virgil, trans- lated into English Terse," 1800 ; '' Iliad," 1831 ; d. 30 Dec. 1833. SOTHEEN, Edward Askew, comedian; b. i April 1830; appeared in London aa lord Dundreary, 1853 ; as David Garrick, 1864; manliger of Hay- market theatre, 1875. > SOTO, Domingo de, Spanish theologian ; b. 1494; published "de Justitia et Jure," 1553-4; " Commentai-ia in Quartum Sententiarum," 1561- 79 ; d. 15 Nov. 1560. SOTO, Hernandez de, Spanish navigator; b. about 1496; went to Peru, about 1520; assisted in the enterpiizes of Pizarro; d. whilst exploring the Mississippi, 25 June 1542. SOTO, Pedro, Spanish Dominican ; confessor to emperor Charles V. ; professor of divinity at Oxford, 1556; published " Institutiones Chiistianse," 1548 ; d. Apnl 1563. SOUBEIEAN, Eugene, French chemist; b. 24 May 1797 ; published " Manuel de Pharmacie," 1826; papers, 1824, et seq. ; d. 17 Nov. 1858. SOTJBEYEAN, Pierre, Swiss engraver; 4. 6 Nov. 1709; d. 1775. SOUBISE, Benjamin de Eohan, seigneur de. Huguenot captain ; b. 1583 ; commander of protes- tants in Brittany, &c., 1621 ; defeated, 1622 ; seized Ehe, 1625 ; defeated off Eochelle, 15 Sept. 1625 ; fled to England, 1628 ; d. there, 9 Oct. 1642. SOUBISE, Charles de Eohan, prince de, mar- shal of France ; b. 16 July 1715 ; defeated at Eos- bach, 3 Nov. 1757; victor, July, Oct. 1758; mar- shal, 1758 ; minister of state, 1759 ; d. 4 July 1787. SOUBISE, Jean de Parthcnai, seigneur de. Huguenot leader ; b. 1512; defended Lyons against the duke of Nemours; d. 1566. SOUBEANY, Pierre Auguste de, French con- ventionalist ; b. 1750; (?. 18 June 1795. SOUCHON, Francois, French historical pain- :er; b. 19 Nov. 1785 ; a. 5 April 1857. SOUCIET, Etienne, French theologian and antiquary; b. 12 Oct. 1671 ; published " Eecueil de Dissertations Chronologiques," 1726; d. 14 Jan. 1744. SOUPELOT, Jacques Gel-main, French archi- tect; b. 22 July 1714; designed the Pantheon at Paris ; d. 29 Aug. 1780. SOUHAM, Joseph, comte, French general; b. 30 April 1760 ; d. 28 AprU 1837. SOULANGE-BODIN, Etienne, French hor- ticultm-ist; i. 1774; published "Annales de I'ln- stitut Eoyal Horticole de Fromont," 1829-34; 'I- ^3 July 1846. SOULAS, Josias de, sieur de Prinefosse, called Floridor, French comedian; b. 1608; d. April 1672. SOULAVIE, Jean Louis Giraud, French^ his- torian ; b. 1752 ; published " Memoires du marechaL de Eichelieu," 1790-1 ; "Memoires historiques et Solitiques du Eegne de Louis XVI.," 1802; d. larch 1813. SOULIE, Melchior Frederic, French novelist and dramatist ; b. 23 Dec. 1800 ; published " Deux Cadavres," 1833 ; " Memoires du Diable," 1837-8; d. 23 Sept. 1847. SOULIEE, Jean Pierre, see Solie. SOULOUQUE, Faustin, emperor of Hayti, as Faustin I.; b. in slaveiy, about 1790; elected president, I March 1847; emperor, 26 Aug. 1849; deposed, 15 Jan. 1859 ; d. Aug. 1867. SOULT, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, due de Dal- matie, marshal of France ; b. 29 March 1769; d. 26 Nov. 185 1. Entered amiy, 1785 ; distinguished . 1794, ct seq. With Massena, besieged Geuofi April — May iSoo- Created marelial ig May 1804 Defeated by sir John Moore at Connina . 16 Jan. 1809 General-in-chief of the army of the South 14 July 1810 Took Badajoz .... 11 March i8ii Defeated by Beresford at Albuera . 16 May „ Again by Cotton at Llerena . 11 April 1812 By Wellington at the Pyrenees . 28 July 1813 Again at St. Jean de Luz . 10 Nov. „ Again at Orthez . 27 Feb. 1814 Again at Tarbez . 20 March ,, Again at Toulouse 10 April ,, Re-appointed marshal . 9 Jan. 1820 Made minister of war . . 17 Nov. 1830 Also president of the council . . u Oct. 1832 Resigned Oct. 1834. Ambassador extraordinary to coronation of queen Victoria June 1838 Formed the Soult-Passy ministiy, iunvhich he was minister for foreign affairs and president of the eoxmcil, March 1839 : again resigned . Feb. 1840 Minister of war and president of the council in the Gnizot ministry . . . 29 Oct. ,, Resigned ministry of war, 10 Nov. 1845 ; presi- dency 10 Sept. 1847 His gallery of pictui-es sold by auction at Paris for 58,694? ig-23 May 1852 His " Memoires " published . . . 1854 SOULT, Pierre Benoit, baron, brother, French general; b. 20 July 1770; d. 7 May 1843. SOUMET, Alexandre, French poet and ,dra- matist; b. 8 Feb. 1788; published "Divine Epo- pee," 1840; d. 30 March 1845. SOUTH, sir James, astronomer; b. about 1785; originally a surgeon ; a founder of Eoyal Astrono- mical Society, 1820; president, 1829; knighted, 1830; d. 19 Oct. 1867. SOUTH, Eohert, n.D. ; b. 1633; publiehed "Sermons," 1697; declined bishopric of Eoches- ter, 1713 ; d. 8 July 1716. SOUTHAMPTON 551 SPALDING SOUTHAMPTON, 'Wriotliesley, earls of : Thomas; knight; secretary to Henry 'VIII., 1538; baron Wriothesley, 1544 ; an executor of the king, XS47 > created earl, Feb. 1547 ; intprisoned, Marcii 1547 • . ■ . . . . d. 30 July isso Hknkt d. 1581 Henry, son ; friend of Shakspeare ; 6. 1573 ; sup- ported earl of Rssex in his insurrection ; par- doned, Feb. 1601 ; ser\''ed in the Netherlands ; d. there 1624 Thomas, son ; active royalist, 1641 ; cominissioner at Oxbridge, 1645 il. without issue, 16 May 1667 SOUTHCOTT, Joanna, fanatic; b. 1750; pre- tended that she would be the mother of the pro- mised Messiah; published "Strange Effects .pf Faith," 1801; "Book of "Wonders," 1813-4; d. 27 Dec. 18x4. SOUTHERN, Thomas, Irish dramatist; l>. 1659; published "Fatal Marriage," 1694; d. 26 May 1746. SOUTHEY, Caroline Anne, wife of the poet- laureate, poetess; b. (Bowleg, 6 Deo. 1787; mar- ried, 4 June 1839; pubUahed " Solitary Hours," 1826; " Chapters on Churohyards," 1829 ; d. 20 July 1854. SOUTHEY, Robert, poet and historian; b. 12 Aug. 1774; poet-laureate, 1813 ; d. 21 March 1843. Published "Joan of Arc," 1796; "Thalaba," 1803; "Madoc" .... . 180S "Curaeof Kehama" . . . . .1810 " Life of Nelson " . .1813 "Koderie" . . . . 1814 " Life of Wesley " . . 1820 " Book of the Cluirch " . . .1824 " Life of Bunyan " . . .1830 " Naval History of England" . 1830-40 " The Doctor," published . . 1834-47 SOUTHWELL, Nathaniel, Jesuit biographer; edited Ribadeneira's " BibUotheca Scriptoriun So- cietatis Jesu," 1676 ; d. 2 Dec. 1676. SOUTHWELL, Robert, Jesuit and poet; b. 1559; published "Saint Peter's Complaynt," 1595; "Miema:," 1595; arrested for alleged complicity in a popish plot, and aent to the tower, July 1592 ; hanged, 21 Feb. 1595. SOUTESTEE, Emile, French noyelist and misceUaneous writer ; b. 15 April 1806; published " Demiers Bretons," 1835-7; " PhUosophie sur les Toits," 1851 ; &o. ; d. 5 July 1854. SOUZA, Joao de, Portuguese orientalist; b. about 1730; published "Vestiges de la Langue Arabe en Portugal," 1789; rf. 2oJan. 1812. SOUZA, Luiz de, Portuguese historian; 4. ahout 1560 ; published " Historia de San-Do- mingos," 1623-78; rf. May 1632. SOUZA, Manoel de Faria y, see Faria. SOUZA, Pero Lopez de, Portuguese navigator ; Avrote "Diai-io da Ii aviga(jao da Armada que foi a terra do BrasU em 1530," 1539 ; d. 1539. SOUZA-BOTELHO, Jose Maria, marquis de, Portuguese diplomatist; b. about 9 March 1758; env^ to Sweden, 1791 ; to Denmark, 1795-9; to France, 1802-3; edited "Lusiades" of Camoens, 1817 ; d. I June 1825. SOWERBY family, naturalists :— James ; 6. 21 March 1757 ; gave up painting for natiu-al history ; published (with sir J. E. Smith) "English Botany," 36 vols., 1790-1820; "British Mineralogy," 1804, etseq. ; "Mineral Conchology of Great Britain," 1812, ct seq. . d, 25 Oct. 1822 James de Carle, son of James ; able draftsman ; &. 5 June 1787 ; published "Mineral Conchology," 1S44 ; " British Mineralogy" 1850 George Brettinguam, conchologist and mineralo- gist ; 6. 12 Aug. J788 . . . d. 26 July 1854 George BRErxiNOHAM, son ; b. 1812 ; published " Conchological Manual," 1839 ; " Thesaurus Con- chylorum" 1842-62, &c- Henry, brother; published " Popular Mineralogy " 1850 SOZOMENUS, Greek ecclesiastical historian; his "Ecclesiastical History" first printed, 1544; d. after 443. SOZZINI, Fausto, Italian heresiarch; b. 5 Dec. 1539 ; founded the sect of Socinians ; went to France, 1559; in Tuscany, 1562-74 ; in Poland, 1579; persecuted at Cracow, 1598; published " Auctoritates Sacrse Scripturae," 1588 ; " de Jesu Christo Servatore," 1594 ; d. 3 March 1604. SOZZINI, Lelio, uncle, Italian heresiarch; i. 1525 ; published "Dialogua inter Calvinum et Va- tioanum," 1612 ; d. 16 May 1562. SPADA, Italian cardinals : Bernardino; b. 21 April 1594; created, 1626; pa- tronised art and literature . d. 10 Nov. i66r GiAMBATi'isTA, biotlieT ; b. 27 Aug. 1597 ; governor of Rome, 1635 ; president of the Bomagna, 1644 ; cardinal, 1652 . ... d. 23 Jan. 1675 Fabrizto, nephew ; b. 18 March 1643 ; nuncio to Savoy and France ; created, 1675 d. 15 June 1717 Orazio FiLiPPO, brother ; cardinal, 1706 ; auncio to Poland . . d. 24 June 1724 SPADA, Leonello, Bolognese fresco painter ; 5. 1576; d. 17 May 1622. SPADAPOEA, Placido, Sicilian Jesuit gram- marian; b. 1628; published " Prosodia Italiana," 1682; "Precetti Grammatical! sopra I'Orazione Latina," i6gi ; d. i Nov. 1691. SPAENDONCK, Gerard van, Dutch flower painter ; 6. 23 March 1746 ; d. 11 May 1822. SPAGNOLETTO, see mbera. SPAGNUOLI, Giovanni Battista, called the Mantuan, Italian Carmelite and poet ; b. 1444 ; his works collected and published, 1513 ; d. 20 March 1516. SPAGNUOLO, see Crespi. SPALATINUS, Georgius, fBurokart), German reformer ; b. about 1488 ; helped to organise Saxon church, 1527 et seq.; d. 16 Jan. 1545. SPALDING, Georg Ludwig, son of following, German philologist; b. April 1762; published "Vindiciae Philosophorum Megancorum," 1792; edited QuintUian, printed, 1798-1816; d. about 7 June 181 1. SPALDING, Johann Joachim, German theo- logian; b. I Not. 1714; published "Bestimmung des Menschen," 1748; d. 22 or 26 May 1804. SPALDING, John, Scottish historian, of Aber- deen ; b. about 1609 ; wrote " Hietory of the Troubles and memorable Transactions in Scotland, 1624-45," published 1792; d. about 1670. SPALDING, Martin John, b.c. American prelate; b. 23 MayiSio; priest, 1834; coadjutor bishop of Louisville, 1848 ; archbishop of Baltimore and primate, 1863; at the Vatican council sup- ported papal infalUbUity, 1869-70 ; d. 8 Feb. 1872. SPALDING, Samuel, philosophical writer; b. 30 May 1807; wrote "Philosophy of Christian ilorals," pubUihed 1843 ; d. 14 January 1834. SPALDING, WilUam, Scotch logician; pub- lished " History of English Literature," 1853 ; d, 16 Not. 1859. SPALLANZANI 652 SPENCEK SPALJJANZANI, Lazaro, Italian anatomist ; b. 12 Jan. 1729; profesBor at Keggio 1754; ^^ Paris, 1770; travelled, 1779-86; published "Sag- gio di Osservazioni Microscbpiche," 1767; "Feno- meni delle Cjrcolazione," 1777 ; " Prodrome di nn' Opera da impromersi sopra le Riproduzioni ani- jnali," 1768; " Dissertazioni di Pisica Animale e Tegetabile," 1780; d. 12 Feb. 1799. SPANGENBEEG, August Gottlieb, German Moravian preacher, b. 15 July 1704; founded Mo- ravian settlement in Georgia, 1734-5; published " Leben des Grafen von Zinzendorf," 1772-5 ; " Idea Fidei Fratrum," 1779; d. 18 Sept. 1792. SPANHEIM, Ezechiel, baron, son of follow- ing, Swiss diplomatist and numismatist ; b. 7 Dec. 1629; envoy from the elector of Brandenburg to the court of France, i58o-8 ; again, 1697-1702 ; to Great Britain, 1702; published "des Cesars de I'Empereur Julien," 1660; " Dissertationes de Pr»stanti4 et Usu Numismatum Antiquorum," 1664; d. 7 Nov. 1710. SPANHEIM, Friedrich, German theologian ; b. I Jan. 1600; became professor of divinity at Leyden, 1642; published "Uubia Evangelica," 1634-9; "Geneva restituta," 1635; d. 30 April 1649. SPANHEIM, Frederic, son, Swiss theologian; b. I Hay 1632 ; appointed professor of divinity at Heidelberg, 1655 ; at Leyden, 1670 ; published "Historia Jobi, 1670; "Summa Histonoe Eccle- Biasticae," 1689; d. 18 May 1701. SPAEKS, Jared, American writer ; b. 10 May 1789; unitarian minister, 18 19; principal of Har- vard university, 1842-52 ; published " Life and ■Writings of George 'Washington," 1834-7 i ^- '4 March 1866. SPARRE, Eric Larsson, Swedish statesman ; J. 13 July 1550 ; embraced the cause of Sigismund, king of Poland, 1589; taken prisoner after battle of Stangebro; beheaded, 25 March 1600. SPAREMAN, Andrew, m.d., Swedish natu- ralist and traveller; b. about 1747; published "Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope," 1785; d. 20 July 1820. SPARROW, Anthony, bishop of Norwich ; b. about 1620; bishop of Exeter, 1667; of Norwich, 1676 ; published " £ationale, or Practical Exposi- tion of the Book of Conmon Prayer," 1655 ; " Col- lection of Articles," 1661 ; d. 19 Kay 1685. SPAETACUS, Thracian warrior; *. about B.C. 113; leader of gladiators in the second Servile war, 73-71 ; defeated and elain by Crassue at Si- larus, B.C. 71. SPARTIANTTS, MMw, see ^Uus. SPECKTEE, Erwin, German painter; b. 1806; his " Letter of a German Artist from Italy " pub- lished, 1846; d. 23 Nov. 1835. — Otto, brother, book illustrator ; b. 1807; d. 1871. SPEDDINGr, James, banister; published ela- borate edition of Bacon's works, with life, 1857-74. SPEED, John, historian ; b. about 1555 ; pub- lished " Theatre of the Empire of Great Btitaine," 1606, 161 1 ; "History of Great Britaine," 161 1; "Cloud of Witnesses," 1616; d. 28 July 1629. SPEGEIi, Haqiiin, archbishop of Upsal; b, 14 June 1645 ; published "Giidz Werk och Hwila," poems, 1685; " Svenska Eyrkehistorie," 1707-8; d. 14 Dec. 1714. SPEKE, John Manning, captain, African ex- plorer; b. May 1827 ; ^vith captain Grant discovered some of the sources of the Nile, 1863 ; published "Journal of the Discovery of the Sources of the Nile," 1864; d. accidentally shot, 15 Sept. 1864. SPELMAN, Edward, scholar; published trans- lation of Dionysius Halicamessensis, 1758; Xeno- phon's Expedition of Cyrus, 1742 ; d. l^&]. SPELMAN, sir Henry, antiquary; i._ 1562 , published " De non temerandis Ecclesiis," 1613; '' Glossarium Archaiologicura," 1626; "Concilia; Decreta, Leges, Constitutiones in Ee Ecclesiastics, Orbis Britannici," printed 1639-64; d. 24 Oct. 1641. SPELMAN, sir John, son, archaeologist; "Psalterium Davidis Latino-Saxonicum," pub- lished 1640; " iEltredi Magni Angloi-um Kegis in- victissimi Vitji," 1678 ; d. 25 July 1643. SPELTA, Antonio Maria, Italian writer; b. 19 May 1559; published " Vite de' Vescovi di Pavia," 1597; " Baggia Pazzia," 1606; d. March 1632. SPENCB, Joseph, b.d., critic; b. 25 April 1699; published "Polymetis," 1747; his "Anec- dotes, Observations, and Characters of Books and Men" printed, 1820; drowned, 20 Aug. 1768. SPENCE, WiUiam, entomologist; b. about 1780; with rev. W. Kirby, published " Introduction to Entomology,' 1815-26; (>. SPUEZHEIM, Johann, Gaspar, German phre- nologist; b. 31 Dec. 1776; with Gall, published "Anatomic et Physiologie du Systcme nerveux et du Cei-veau," 1810-20; d. 10 Nov. 1832. SQTJAECIONE, Francesco, Italian fresco painter; b. 1394; d. l^'J^. SQUIEE, Ephraim George, American archiEO- logist; b. 17 June 1821; published " Nicaragua," and " the Sei-pent Symbol," 1852 ; " States of Cen- tral America," 1857, &c.; president of anthropolo- gical society of New Tork, 1871. SQUIEE, Samuel, bishop of St. David's; b. 1714; dean of Bristol, 1760; consecrated, 1761; published " Two Essays, a Defence of the ancient Greek Chronology, and an Inquiry into the Origin of the Greek Language," 1741 ; d. 6 May 1766. SSE-MA-TSIAN, Chinese historian ; b. about B.C. 145; d. about 80. SSE-MA-KOUANG, Chinese historian; b. about 1018; d. 1086. STA AL, Marguerite Jeanne, baronne de, French politician; b. (Cordier de Launay), 30 Aug. 1693; wrote " Memoires," published 1/55; d. 15 June 1750- STABEN, Hendrik, Flemish historical and portrait painter ; b. 1578; d. 1658. STACKHOTJSE, John, botanist; b. 1740; published "Nereis Britannica," 1795; "lUustra- tiones Theophrasti," 181 1 ; d. 22 Nov. i8iq. STACKHOTJSE, Thomas, uncle, divine; b. 1680; published "History of the Holy Bible," 1737; "Complete Body of Divinity," 1743; d. ir Oct. 1752. STADION, Johann Philipp Carl Joseph, count von, Austrian diplomatist; b. 18 June 1763; am- bassador to Sweden, 1787; to Great Britain, 1790- Q2 ; to Russia, 1804 ; negotiated the treaty of Tbp- litz, signed 9 Sep. 1813 ; d. 15 May 1824. STADIUS, Jan, Dutch historian and astrolo- ger; b. 1527; d. 1579. STAEL-HOLSTEIN, Anna Lovisa Ger- maine, baronne de, wife of following, Swiss politi- cian ; b. (Necker) 22 April 1766; married baron de Stael-Holstein, 1786; published "Influence des Passions sur le Bonheur des Individus et des Na- tions," 1796; "Corinne, ou I'ltalie," 1807; "de i'Alleniagne," 1809; "Considerations sur les prin- cipauxfevenements de la Revolution Franijaise," 1818; "TJix Annees d'Exil," 1821; d. 14 July 1817. STAEL-HOLSTEIN, Erik Magnus baron de, Swedish diplomatist; ambassador to France, 1792 ; again, 1795-99; . about 1714 : succeeded, 1721 ; d. 7 March 1786 3. CHARLE.S, son ; &. 3 Aug. 1753 ; succeeded. 1786 ; invented the Stanhope press and two calculating machine.s ; published " Principles of Electricity," 1779 ; " Essay on Juries," 1792, &c. d. 15 Dec. i8i5 4. Philip Henry, son ; h. 7 Dec. 1781 ; succeeded, 1816; published "Materialien zur Geschichte Caspar Hauser's," 183s . . d. 2 Marcli 1855 5. Philip Henry Stanhope, son, historian ; h. 30 or 31 Jan. 1805 ; as lord Mahon, under-secrctary for foreign aflairs, Dec. 1834 — Aug. 1835 ; suc- ceeded to earldom, 1855 ; president Society Anti- quaries, 1846-7S ; chairman of National Portrait Gallery, 1857-75 ; published " History of the War of the Succession in Spain," 1832 ; " History of England from the Peace of Utrecht, 1713-83," 1836-54; " Life of Conde," 184s ; "Historical Es- says, "1848; "Life of Pitt,"i86i, rtsej. ; "Queen Anne," 1870 . d. 24 Dec. 1875 6. Arthur Philip . . 6. 13 Sept. 1838 STANHOPE, Charles, earl of Han-ington, general; b. 20 March 1753; succeeded, i April 1779; commauder of the forces in Ireland, i8o6-i2 ; d. 15 Sept. 1829. STANHOPE, George, theologian; b. 5 March l66o; dean of Canterbury, 1703; published " Para- phrase and Comments on the Epistles and Gospels," 1705 ; d. 18 March 1728. STANHOPE, lady Hester Lucy, daughter of Charles, earl Stanhope, and niece of William Pitt; traveller and poUtician; b. 12 March 1776; left England for the East, 10 Feb. 1810; after ship- wreck at Ehodes, assumed and ever afterwards- wore Turkish male costume, Nov. i8n ; arrived in Syria, May 1812 ; fixed her residence at the con- vent of Mar EUas on Lebanon, 20 Feb. 1814 ; ruled part of Syria as a sovereign ; d. in Syria, 23 June- 1839- STANHOPE, see Chesterfield. STANISLAUS, kings of Poland: 1. Lesczyn.ski; 6. 22 Oct. 1677; elected king in opposition to Frederick Augustus, 12 July r704 ; crowned, 4 Oct. 1705 ; recognized by treaty of Alt-Ranstadt, 24 Sept. 1706 ; after much conten- tion, compelled to retire, 1709 ; became duke of Lorraine .and Bar, 1735 . . . d. n Feb. 1766 2. Augustus Poniatowski ; b. 17 Jan. 1732 ; elected king, 6 Sept- 1764 ; carried off by confederates • rescued by Russians, Nov- 1771 ; deposed, 25 Nov.' 1795 • • . . d. 12 Feb. 179S STANLEY 556 STAUDT STANLEY, Arthur Penrhyn, clean of West- minster, son of following; b. about 1815 ; appointed canon of Canterbury, 1851 ; regius professor of ec- clesiastical history at Oxford, 1858-6J ; dean, 1864; published " Life of Thomas Amoldj 1844 ; " Me- itnorials of Canterbury," 1854; " Smai and Pales- tine," 1855; "Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church," 1863-76 ; " Memorials of "West- minster Abbey," 1867 ; " Church of Scotland," 1872 ; sermons, &c. STANLEY, Edward, bishop of Norwich; h. I Jan. 1779; consecrated, 1837; published "Fa- miliar History of Bu-ds," 1835 i ''• ^- ^^P*- '^49- STANLEY, Henry M., American journalist ; b. about 1844. A correspondent of New York Herald, sent ty Mr. Bennett, tbe proprietor, ia search of Living- stone ; found him at Uji.ii . . .10 Nov. 1871 jDescribed liis meeting to British Association at Brighton 16 Aug. 1873 Published "How I found Livingstone" - . . „ Went on another African expedition, sujiported by New York lUrald and Builfj Telegraph, 1874 ; sur- veyed Lake Ny.anza, ifcc. ; letter elated 14 Aug. received . Oct. 1875 STANLEY, sir John, lord deputy of Ireland, 1385; lord heut., Dec. 1399; 1413-9; granted the Isle of JIan, 1406 ; d. 6 Jan. 1414. STANLEY, John, musical composer ; l>. 1713 ; d. 19 May 1786. STANLEY, Thomas, philologist; l>. 1625; published " Poems and Translations," 1649; " His- tory of Philosophy," 1655-60; edited "^Bchylus," e6d4; d. 12 April 1678. STANLEY, sir William; deserted Richard III. for Henry VII. at Bosworth, 22 Aug. 1485; Cie- cuted for favouiing Perkin Warbeck, 1495. STANLEY, see Derbi/. STANLEY OF ALDEELEY, lords : 1. John Thomas ; b. 26 Nov. 1766 ; created baron, 9 May 1839 . . . d. 23 Oct. 1850 2. Edwakd John, .son . . I». 13 Nov. 1802 Joint secrcbiry of the treasury, 1835-41 ; created baron Eddishuiy, 8 May 1848 ; succeeded as baron Stimley, 23 Oct. 1850; president of the board of trade, 1855-8 ; postmaster-general, Sept. i860 — June 1866 . d. 16 June iS6g 3. Henry Edward John, son; &. 11 July 1827; secretary of legation at Athens, 25 Jan. 1854 — 27 Feb. 1859 j succeeded . . 16 June „ STANSPELD, James, poUtician; i. 1820; a lord of the admiralty, April 1863 ; resigned in con- eequence of his intimacy with Mazzini, April 1864 ; under-secretary for India, Feb. — June 1866; thii-d lord of the treasury, Deo. 1868 ; financial secretary, Oct. 186^-71 ; president of poor-law board, March 1871 ; of local government board, Aug. 1871 — Feb. 1874. STANTON, Edwin M., American statesman; b. Dec. 1815 ; appointed attorney-general, i860; eecretary of war, Jan. 1862 — July 1867 ; d. 23 Dec. 1869. STANYHURST, Eichard, Irish historian and jurist; b. 1545; published " Harmonia in Porphy- rianas Constitutiones," 1570 ; " de Rebus in Hiber- nia Gestis," 1584; d. 1618. STANYHUEST, WilUam, son, Irish Jesuit ; b. 1601 ; published " Fr. Lahatae Thesaurus moralis auotuB^" 1652 ; " Veteris Hominis per expensa LV novissima Metamorphosis et novi Genesis," 1661 ; d. 10 Jan. 1663. STANZIONI, Massimo, Neapolitan painter ; i. 1585 ; d. 1656. STAPEEE, Johanu Friedrioh, Swiss protes- tant theologian ; b. 1718; published " Institutiones Theologicio polemica!," 1743.47; " Grundlagen der wahren Religion," 1746-53 ; d. 1775. STAPLETON, see Stapylton. STAPLETON, Thomas, d.d., Roman Catholic controversiaUst and antiquary; b. July 153S ; pub- hshed " Tres Thomic," 1588 ; " Fortresse of the Faith first planted among us Englishmen," 1565 ; d. 12 Oct. 1598. STAPLETON, Thomas, historical antiquary ; b. 1805 ; d. 4 Dec. 1849. STAPLETON, Walter, bishop of Exeter; consecrated, 1307 ; founded Exeter college, Oxford, 1314; lord high treasurer, 1319-21 ; again, 1324; beheaded by order of the queen-regent, Isabella, 15 Oct. 132b. STAPS, Friedrich, German fanatic ; b. 14 March 1 792; attempted to assassinate Napoleon, 13 Oct. 1809; shot, 17 Oct. 1809. STAPYLTON, sir Robert, royalist poet; pub- lished translations of Musa3us*and Juvenal's " Sa- tires," 1647; "the Slighted Maid," comedy, 1663; d. II July 1669. STARK, Adam, Scotch historical writer and bookseller; b. 24 Feb. 1784; published "History and Antiquities of Gainsborough," 1817 ; "' History of the Bishopric of Lincoln," 1852; d. 31 Dec. 1867. 8TAEK, William, m.d. ; b. 1740; d. 1769. STAROWOLSKI, Simon, Polish geographer and historian ; b. 1585 ; published " Seriptorum Polonicorum Hecatontas," 1625 ; " Pelonia, 1632 ; d. April 1656. STAS, Jean, French chemist ; b. 20 Sept. 1813 ; published papers, 1838, et seq. ; " Nouvelles Re- cherches sur les Lois des Proportions Chemiquea,' ' 1865. STASINUS, of Cyprus, Greek poet; /. 8th or 7th century B.C. STASSART, Goswin Joseph Augustin, bai-on de, Belgian writer; b. 2 Sept. 1780; published ',' Bagatelles Sentimentales," 1802; "Geographie Elementaire," 1804 ; " Fables," 1818 ; rf. 10 Oct. 1854. STASSART, Henri Ignace Philippe de, Flem- ish ecclesiastical writer; b. 1640; puolished "Re- flexions sui- le Sacrifice de la Messe; " rf. 2i July i6gi. STASSART, Jacques Joseph, baron de, Belgian magistrate; b. 1711 ; jiresident of the council of state, 1764-89; d. 21 March 1801. STATIUS, Achilles, see Usta^ao. STATIUS, Publius Papinius, Roman poet; b. about 61; wrote " Thebais," " Aehilleis," and "Sylva;;" d. 96. STAUDIGIEL, tflric, German Benedictine theologian; b. 9 Oct. 1644; published "Omnium Scientiarum et Artium Organon Univeraale," 1686; d. 8 March 1720. STAUDIGL, Joseph, German bass singer; b. 1807; d. 28 March 1861. STAUDT, Carl Georg Christian von, German mathematician; b. 24 Jan. 1798; professor of mathematics at Erlangen, 1835-67 ; d. i June 1867. STAUNTON 557 STELLA STAUNTON, air George Leonard, bart., diplo- matist; b. 19 April 1737; as secretary to lord Macartney, negotiated tie treaty of peace with Tippoo Saib, 1784; went as minister-plenipoten- tiary with lord Macartney to China, 1792; pub- lished " Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China," 1797 ; d. 14 Jan. 1801. STAUNTON, sir George Thomas, bart., son; h. 26 May 1781 ; resided at Canton as agent of the East India Company, 1709-1817; published "Nar- rative of the Chinese Embassy to the lOian of Tourgouth Tartars in 1712-15," 1821 ; edited Men- doza's "Historie of China," 1853-4; ^- 1° Aug. 1859- STAUNTON, Howard, chess-player; b. about 1810; published" Chess-Player's Handbook," 1847; " Chess Tournament," 18^2 ; edited Shakspere, 1858-60 ; published facsimile of first folio edition of Shakspere, 1864-66; " Great Schools of Eng- land," 1865 ; d. 22 June 1874. STAUPITZ, Johann von, German theologian; vicar-general of the order of St. Augustine ; made dean of the imiversity of Wittemberg, 1502 ; ap- pointed Luther professor of philosophy, 1508 ; favoured his doctrines ; published " de Aniore Dei," 1518 ; d. 28 Dec. 1524. STAURACIUS, emperor of east, son of Nice- phorus I. ; crowned, Dec. 803 ; wounded in battle with Bulgai-ians, 25 July; overcome and made a monk by Michael 1., Oct.; d. about Jan. 812. STAVBLET, Thomas, historian and anti- quary; wrote " History of Churches in England," pubbshed 1712; "Romish Horseleach," 1074; d. 1683. STAVELOT, Jean de, Belgian chronicler ; i. 5 June 1388; his "Chronique" published, 1861 ; a. 16 Oct. 1449. STAWELL, sir "WilUam Foster, colonial judge ; I. 1815 ; made chief-justice of Victoria, 1856. STAY, Benedetto, Italian philosopher and Latin poet; b, 1714; published " Philosophia versibus tradita," 1744; " Philosophia recentior," 1755-92; d. 25 Feb. 1801. STAYNEE, sir Eichard, admiral; d. Nov. 1662. STEBBINGr, Henry, D.D., controversialist; archdeacon of Wilts, 1735 ; opposed bishop Hoadly ; published" Polemicalftacts, 1727 ; " Christianity justified on a Christian Foundation," 1750 ; d. 1763. STEBBING, Henry, d.d., historian; b. about 1800; published " Lives of the Italian Poets," 1831; "History of the Reformation," 1S36; "His- tory of the Church of Christ from the Diet of Augsburg, 1530," 1839-42. STEDMAN, John Gabriel, captain, historical writer; b. 1745; published "Narrative of a Five Tears' Expedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam," 1772-7 ; d. 1797. STEELE, sir Richard, Irish essayist and dra- matic writer ; b. 1671 ; m.p. for Stockbridge, 1713 ; expelled for sedition, 1714; m.p. for Boroughbridge, 1715; governor of Drory-lane theatre, Jan. 1715; published "the Christian Hero," 1701; under pseudonym of Isaac Bickerstaff, edited "Tatler," 1 709-1 1 ; edited "Spectator," 1711-12; "Guar- dian," 1713; b. I Sept. 1729. STEELE, sir John, Scottish sculptor ; b. 1804 ; executed statues of queen Victoria, sir Walter Scott, and professor Wilson, and the Albert Memorial at Edinburgh ; knight, Aug. 1876. STEEN, Comelis van den, Belgian biblical commentator; h. about 1566; his " Commentaries" published, 1614-45 I '^- 12 March 1637. STEEN, Jan van, Dutch painter; b. 1636; d. 1689. STEENBOGK, Magnus, count, Swedish gene- ral; b. 1664; governor of Saxony, 1706-7; de- feated the Danes at Helsuigborg, 10 March 1710; d. 23 Feb. 171 7. STEENSTBUP, Johaim Japhet Smith, Dan- ish naturalist; b. 8 Marcli 1813 ; explored Bom- holm, Jutland, Iceland, &o., 1836-44; pubUshed " Memoir on the Marshes of Denmark,' 1842 ; a treatise on the propagation of animals by successive generations, 1842 (published by Ray Society, 1845) > &o. STEENWTE, Dutch painters: Hendrick van ; b. 1550 Hendrick van, son ; h. 1589 d. after 1604. d. after 1643 STEEVENS, George, critic; 4. 10 May 1736; edited " Twenty of the Plays of Shakespeare," 1/66; with Dr. JohnBon, edited Shakspere, 1773; d. 22 Jan. 1800. STEFANESOHL Giovanni Battista, Floren- tine historical painter ; b. 1582 ; d. 1659. STEPANI, Tommaso de', Neapolitan fresco painter; b. 1230 ; d. very old. STEPANO, Tommaso di, see Giottino. STEFPANI, Agostino, Italian musical com- poser; b. 1655; wrote operas, "Marco Aurelio," 1681; "Servio TuUio," 1685; published "Quanta Certezza habbia da suoi Principi la Musica," 1695 ; d. 112,0. STEEPENS, Henrik, Norwegian philosopher and geologist; b. 2 May 1773; published " Hand- buch der Oryktognosie," 1811-12; "Anthropo- logie," 1821-2; "Novellen," 1837-8; d. 13 Feb. 1845. STEFONIO, Bernardino, Italian Jesuit ; b. 8 Dec. 1560; published tragedies, " Crispus," 1601 ; "FlaiTa," 1621; " Symphorosa," 1655; (?. 8 Dec. 1620. STEIBELT, Daniel, German musician; b. about 1764; d. 23 Sept. 1823. STEUSTHEIL, Earl August, German physicist ; b. 12 Oct. 1801 ; an inventor of the electric tele- graph, 1837 i improved apparatus, and published many papers, 1838, et seq. ; d. 14 Sept. 1870. STEIN, Heinrich Friedrich Carl, baron von, Prussian statesman; b. 26 Oct. 1757; minister of commerce and finance ; restored power of Pi-us>ia, and aided the war of liberation, 1804-8 ; d. 29 June 1831 ; statue at Berlin inaugurated by the crown prmce, 26 Oct. 1875. STELLA, Giulio Cesare, Italian Latin poet; b. 1564; published "Columbeidos libri II.," 1585; d. 1624. STELLA, French painters, of Lyons : Jean ; 6. at Antwerp, 1525 ; settled at Paris d. z6oz Franqois, son ; ft. 1563 . . . d, 26 Oct. 1605 Jacques, son ; 5. 1596 ; patronised by cardinal Richelieu d. 29 April 1657 Franqois, brother ; i. 1603 . . d. 26 July 1647 Aktoine Bouzonnet-Stella, nephew ; b. 25 Nov. 1637 ; educated with his sisters by his uncle, Jacques Stella, and assumed his name ; d. 9 May 1682 Claudine Bouzonnet-Stella, sister, engraver ; i. 6 July 1636 .... d, I Oct. 1697 STELLINI 558 STEPHEN Fbai^qoise BouzomreT-SxELLA, sister, engraver; &. 12 Dec. 1638 (/. 18 April i6gi Antoinette Bouzonnet-Stella, sister, engraver ; &. 24 Aug. 1641 . d. 30 Oct. 1676 STELLINI, Jacopo, Italian philosopher ; i. 27 April 1699; puhlished " Specimen de Ortu et Pro- gressu Moruni," 1740; his " Opera omnia" printed, 1778-9; "Opere Varie," 1781-4; cl. 17 March 1770. STELLIOLA, Niccolo Antonio, Italian phy- sicist; b. 1547; published " Enciclopedia Pita- gorea," 1616; "il TeleBcopio," 1627; d. 11 April 1623. STELLUTI, Francesco, Italian poet and natu- )-aUst; b. 1577; published translation of Persius, 1630 ; " il Pamasso, canzone," 1631 ; " Trattato del Legno fossUe nuovamente scoperto," 1635 ; d. after 1651. STENHOUSE, John, ll.d., Scotch chemist; /}. 21 Oct. 1809; lecturer at St. Bartholomew's hospital, 1851-7; assayer at the Mint, 1865-70; snTented charcoal air filters; published "Applica- tions of Charcoal to Sanitary Purposes," 1855 ; raany papers. STENO, Miohele, doge of Venice; b. 1331 ; •elected, Nov. 1400 ; d. 26 Dec. 1413. STENO, Nicolas, Danish anatomist and prelate ; A. 10 Jan. 1638; consecrated bishop of Heliopolis, 1677 ; published " de Musculis et Glandulis," 1664; " Discours sur I'Anatomie du Cei-veau," 1669; d. 2$ Nov. 1687. STEPHANIE, queen of Portugal, daughter of Carl Anton, prince of Hohenzollem-Sigmaringeu ; /). 15 July 1837 ; married Pedro V., king of Portu- gal, 18 May 1858 ; d. 16 July 1859. STEPHANUS, of Byzantium, Greek geogra- pher ; Jl. 6th century ; the Epitome of hie " Eth- nica " first printed, T502. STEPHANUS, see Estlenne. STEPHEN, Saint, deacon and proto-martyr ; stoned about 33. STEPHEN, Saint, patriarch of Antioch ; martyred by the Eutychians, 479. STEPHEN, Saint, the younger, Greek monk ; h. about 713; martyred at Constantinople, 28 Nov. 766. STEPHEN, Saint, of Muret, French monk ; h. 1046; founded the order of Grandmont, about 1080; d. 28 March I124. STEPHEN, Saint, abbot of Citeaux ; *. in England, about 1060 ; reformed the order of St. Benedict; d. 28 Feb. 11 34. STEPHEN, king of England, third son of Henry, comte de Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror; b. about 1094 or 1105 ; d. 25 Oct. 1 154. Married Matilda, daughter of Eustace III., comte de Boulogne 1124 Inherited Boulogne from his father-in-law . . . 1125 Swore ailegiance to empress Matilda, daugliter of Henry I., and widow of the emperor Henry V., 25 Dec. 1126 Seized the throne, proclaimed king, and crowned, 26 Dec. 1135 Matilda's partisans, the Scotch, defeated by the archbishop of York aud the noi-them barons at the battle of the Standard . . 22 Aug. 1138 Matilda landed in England . . . 30 Sept. 1 139 .Stephen taken prisoner at battle of Lincoln, 2 Feb. 1141 Matilda crowned queen at Winchester . 3 March „ Stephen released in exchange for Matilda's brother, the carl of Gloucester i ^"''v, 1142 Matilda acknowledged as sovereign in the nudland counties . 1143 Defeated, and retired to France . . . - "47 Queen Matilda (his wife) died ... 3 May 1151 Concluded peace with empress Matilda, and guaran- teed succession to her son, Heni-y II. Nov. 1153 STEPHEN I.— IV., kings of Hungary : 1. St., son of Geysa, duke of the Magyars ; h. 979 ; embraced Christianity, and subdued the Slaves ; made king, with style of " apostolic majesty," by pope Silvester II., 997 . , . d. 15 Aug. 1038 2. surnamed "Thunder;" 6, noo; succeeded his father, Kaloman, 1114 d. J13Z 3. son of Geysa II. ; succeeded, 1161 ; deposed by Stephen IV., his uncle, 1762 ; re-ascended the throne d. March 1173 4. brotlier of Geysa II. ; became king, 1162; de- posed ..-..,. d. about 1166 5. son of Bela IV- ; succeeded his father, 1270; d. I Aug. 1272 STEPHEN, king of Poland, see Bathori. STEPHEN I.-X., popes : 1, Baint; elected, March 253; martyred, in the persecution of Valerian , . 2 Aug. 257 3. elected, 27 Mai-ch 752; d. hefore consecration, 29 March 752 3. (or 3.)f elected, March 752 ; received from Pepin, king of France, the provinces reconquered from Astolphus, king of the Lombards, which laid the foundation of the temporal power of the papacy, 756 . . . d. 25, 26, or 27 April 757 4. (or 3.) elected.s A\ig. 768 ; imprisoned by Desi- dbrius, king of tlie Lombards d. i Feb. 772 5. (or 4.) elected, 22 June 816 . d. 24 Jan. 817 6. (or 5 ) Basil ; elected, 885 ; placed by force against liis wish upon the papal throne ; remark- able for bis charity . . . tZ. 7 Aug. 8gi 7. (or 6.) elected, 22 May 8g6 ; disinterred and in- sulted the corpse of pope Fomiosus ; thrown into prison, and strangled by the partisans of For- mosus . d. 897 8. (or 7.) elected, 3 Feb. 929 d. 22 March 931 9. (ctr 8.) elected, 19 July 939 . . d. Dec. 942 10. (or 9.) Frederick of Lorraine; elected, 2 Aug. 1057 ; the papal councils directed by Hildebrand, afterwards pope Gregory VII. d. 29 March 1058 STEPHElSr, abbot of WHtby ; founded the monastery of Notre-Dame at York, 1088 ; d. 11 12. STEPHEN", bishop of Toui-nay, French" theo- logian ; b. ic) Feb. 1135 ; made abbot of St. Gene- vieve at Paris, 1176; Disho]}, I191 ; d. 9 or 12 Sept. 1203. STEPHEN", sir Alfred, lawyer, cousin of sir James ; b. 1802 ; judge in New South Wales, 1839 ; chief-justice, 1844-73; knighted, 1846; president of legislative council, 1856-7 ; temporary governor, Feb. — June 1872. STEPHEN, sir George, son of James, lawyer and philanthropist; b. 1794; practised as attorney in London ; eighteen years gratuitous paupers' solicitor; knighted, 1849; went to Austra- lia with his sons, 1852 ; published " Negro Trade,'* 1849; "Anti-Slavery KecoUections," 1854; "Digest of County Court Cases," 1855, &c/ STEPHEN", Henry John, serjeant-at-law; h. about 1786; published ** New Commentary on the Laws of England," 1841-4; d. 28 Nov. 1864. STEPHEN", James, lawyer and philanthro- pist, b. 1759; master in chancery, Feb. 181 1 — March 183 1 ; published ** Slavery of the British West India Colonies delineated," 1824-30; d, 10 Oct. 1832. STEPHEN, sir James, historian, son of pre- ceding; b. 3 Jan. 1789 ; uncler secretary of state for the colonies, 1836-48 ; professor of modem history at Cambridge, 1849; published ''Essays in Eccle- siastical Biography," 1849; " Lectures on the His- toiy of Frnncc," 1850; d. 14 Sept. 1859. STEPHEN 559 STEWART STEPHEN, Johau, Danisli historian and anti- quary; b. 1599; d. 1650. STEPHENS, Alexander, Mographer; b. 1757; published "Public Characters," 1798-1807; "An- nual Biogi-aphy and Obituary," 1817-21; d. 24 Peb. i82r. STEPHENS, Alexander Hamilton, American statesman; 4. 11 Feb. 1812; vice-president of the Confederate States, Feb. 1861 — May 1865; pub- lished " History of the War," 1868. STEPHENS, Catherine, singer; b. 18 Sept. 1794; debut, as Mandane, in " jia-taxerxes," 7 Sept. 1812; married to earl of Essex, 14 April 1838 ; widow, 23 April 1839. STEPHENS, Edward Bowring, sculptor ; b. about 1820; studied at Rome ; elected a.r.a., 1864; produi-ed "Satan tempting Eve," and "Satan Vanouished," 1851 ; "Angel of the Resurrection," 1861'; "Bathers" and "Deerstalker," 1876. STEPHENS, George, dramatist; b. 8 March 1800; d. 15 Oct. 1851. STEPHENS, James Francis, entomologist; b. 16 Sept. 1792; published "Illustrations of British Entomology," 1829; d. 22 Dec. 1852. STEPHENS, see Estienne. STEPHENSON, George, engineer; b. 9 June 1781 ; inveated locomotive steam-engines, i8f3-i4; safety-lamp (Geordie), 1815; constructed the Stockton and Darlington railway, 1825 ; Liverpool and Manchester railway, 1826 ; d. 12 Aug. 1848. STEPHENSON, Robert, son, engineer; b. 16 Oct. or Dec. 1803; constructed the high-level bridge at Newcastle, 1846-50; invented and con- structed the Britannia tubular bridge across the Menai straits, opened 1 850 ; the Victoria tubular bridge across the St. Lawrence, near Montreal, completed 1859; d. 12 Oct. 1859. STEPNEY, George, poet and statesman; b. 1663 ; d. 1707. STEEBEECK, FranQois van, Belgian bota- nist ; b. 1631 ; published "Theatrum Fungomm," 1675 ; " Citricultura," 1682 ; d. 1693. STEECKX, Engelbert, Belgian cardinal ; b. 2 Nov. 1792; consecrated archbishop of Mechlin ; 1832 ; created cardinal, 1838; d. 4 Dee. 1867. STEELING, John, Scotch essayist and critic ; b. 20 July 1806 ; published " Strafford," a tragedy, 1841 ; "Essays and Tales," 1848; d. 18 Sept. 1844. STEENE, Laurence, divine and humorist; b. 24 Nov. 1713; published "Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy," 1759-67; "Sermons," 1760-68- 70 ; " Sentimental Journey through France and Italy," 1768 ; d. 18 March 1768. STEENE, Richard, archbishop of York; b. 1596 ; master of Jesus college, Cambridge, 1633 ; ejected, 1644; restored, 1660; consecrated bishop of Carlisle, 1660; archbishop, 1664; wrote "Summa Logicae," printed 1686 ; d. 18 Jan. 1683. STEENHOLD, Thomas, versifier ; pubhshed " Certayne Psalmes chosen out of the Psalter of David,'"' 1548; d. Aug. 1549. STESICHOEUS, Greek lyi-ic poet; b. about B.C. 632 ; d. about 552. STEUAET-DENHAM, su- James, Scotch political economist; b. 21 Oct. 1712; e.-dled for supporting prince Charles Edward, 1745-63; par- doned, 1771; published "Inquiry into Political Economy," 1767; d. Nov. 1780; works edited by son, 1805. STEUBEN, Carl "Wilhelm August Heinrich Franz Ludwig, baron von, German historical painter; b. 19 April 1788; d. 21 Dec. 1856. STEUCO, Agostino, Italian scholar ; b. 1496 ; published " Cosmopoeia," 1535 ; "de Perenni Phi- losophia," 1540; d. 1549. STEVENS, Adam, "Welsh engineer; b. about 1796; invented steam- whistle ; d. 25 Dec. 1876. STEVENS, Alexander, architect; d. I'jijb. STEVENS, Alfred George, decorative artist; b. 1817 ; much employed by architects ; engaged for Wellington monument in St. Paul's cathedral, 1858; left unfinished; d. i May 1875. STEVENS, Edward, architect; elected a.r.a., 1770; d. 1775. STEVENS, George Alexander, comedian and humorist ; b. about 1 720 ; wrote " Comic and Satyrical Songs," published 1772; "Lecture on Heads," 1799 ; d. 6 Sept. 1784. STEVENS, Grace Buchanan, noveKst; b. (Campbell) about 1786; published "Llewellyn;" d. 2 April 1856. STEVENS, Richard James Samuel, musical composer; b. about 1756; wrote glees; d. 23 Sept. 1837- STEVENS, Thaddeus, American statesman ; b. 4 April 1793; made money as a pedlar, and by ironworks ; represented Pennsylvania, 1848 ; often chau-man of ways and means ; strongly opposed the south, 1861, et seq. ; d. 12 Aug. 1868. STEVENS, WEUam, citizen of London, reli- gious writer; b. 1732; pubUshed "AVorks of No- body," 1805; (?. 6 Feb. 1807. STEVENS, William Bagshaw, d.d., poet; b. about 1755; published " Poems," 1775; d. 1800. STEVENSON, sir John Andrew, Irish musi- cal composer; b. about 1760; wrote music to Moore's "Irish Melodies," published 1807-33; '^■ 14 Sept. 1833. STEVENSON, John Hall, poet and satii-ist; b. 1718; published "Crazy Tales," 1762; d. 1785. STEVENSON, Robert, civil engineer; b. 8 June 1772; erectedBellRocklighthou.se, 1807-10; published "Account" of it, 1825; d. 12 July 1850. STEA'ENSON,WilUam, antiquary; d. i%2i. STEVENSON, William, antiquary; b. 1772; pubHshed " Historical Sketch of the Progress of Discovery, Navigation, and Commerce," 1824; d. 22 March 1829. STEVIN, Simon, of Bruges, Flemish mathe- matician ; b. about 1548 ; published " Traite de Navigation," 1599; " Limen Heureticon," 1624; d. 1620. STEWAED, Isabella, novelist; b. Travers; married T. F. Steward, 1827 ; d. 22 April 1867. ^ STEWAET, Alexander, d.d., of Dingwall, Gaelic scholar; published "Elements of Gaelic Grammar," 1801; d. May 1821. STEWAET, Balfour, Scotch physicist; b. i Nov. 1828 ; director of Kew Observatory, i .July 1859 > professor at Owens college, Manchester, July 1870, et seq. ; published " Treatise on Heatj" 1871 ; "Conservation of Energy," 1874; treatises and papers. STEWART 560 STOCKS STEWAET, Charles, American rear-admiral; h. 1777 ; distinguished in war with Great Britain, 1812-14; d. 6 Nov. 1869. STEWAET, Dugald, son of Matthew Stewart, Scottish mathematician and philosopher ; i. 22 Not. 1753 i appointed professor of mathematics at Edin- hurgh, 1775 ; of moral philosophy, 1785-1820; pub- lished " Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Miud," 1792-1827; " Philosophical Essays," 1810; "View of the Active and Moral Powers," 1828 ; d, II June 1828. STEWAET, James Haldane, divine; *. 1775; d. 22 Oct. 1854. STEWAET, Matthew, d.d., Scottish mathema- tician ; h. IT IT, professor of mathematics at Edin- burgh, 1746-75; published "Tracts Physical and MathematicaV' 1761-3; "Essay on the Sun's Distance," 1763; d. 23 Jan. 1785. STEWAET, see Albany, Athole, London- derry. STEWAET DBNHAM, see Steuart. STIEFEL, Stifel, Michael, German mathema- tician; *. i486; published " Arithmetica Integra," 1544; d. 19 April 1567. STIEGLITZ, Christian Ludwig, German ar- chitect; *. 1756; published " Encyklopadie bur- gerlichen Baukunst," 1792-98; d. 17 July 1836. STIFTEE, Adalbert, Bohemian novelist; b. 1806; wrote eight volumes of tales, "Studies," &c. ; d. 29 Jan. 1868. STIQ-AND, archbishop of Canterbury; conse- crated bishop of East Anglia, 1043 ; of Wmchester, 1047 ; also archbishop, 1052 ; crowned Harold, Jan. 1066; Edgar Atheling, Oct. 1066; submitted to "William I. ; deprived, 1070 ; d. 1070. STIGLIANI, Tommaso, Italian poet; b. 1545 ; published "Mondo Nuovo," 1617 ; " Canzoniero," 1623 ; d. 1625. STIGLMATEE, Johann Baptist, Bavarian sculptor; b. 1791 ; appointed director of the Munich bronze foundery, 1826 ; d. 2 March 1844. STILES, Ezra, American historian and divine ; b. 1727 ; published " History of three of the Judges of King Charles I.," 1794 ; d. 8 May 1795. STILICHO, Flavius, Roman statesman; left by Theodosius guardian of his son, Honorius, and regent of the Western Empire, Jan. 395 ; defeated Alaric at PoUentia, 6 April 403 ; at Verona, 403 ; beheaded, 23 Aug. 408. STILL, John, bishop of Bath and "Wells ; b. 1543; master of Trinity college. Cambridge, 1577 ; consecrated, 1592 ; published ''Gammer Gurton's Nedle," 1575 ; d. 26 Feb. 1608. STILLING, Johann Heinrich, called Jung- Stelling, German pietist and oculist; b. 1740; pub- lished "Jugend, JungUng, Jahre, "Wandersohaft Tind Alter," 1777-9; d. 1817. STILLINGFLEET, Benjamin, grandson of following, naturalist; b. 1702; published "Mis- cellaneous Tracts on Natural History," 1759; " Essay on Conversation; " " Treatise on the Prin- ciples and Power of Hai-mony," 1771 ; d. 15 Dec. 1771. STILLINGFLEET, Edward, bishop of "Wor- cester, controversialist ; b. 17 April, 163s; deanot St. Paul's, 1678 ; consecrated, 1689 ; published an "Irenicum," 1659; "Origmes Sacraj," 1662; " Origines Britannicoe," 1685 ; d. 27 March 1699. STILLINGTON, Robert, bishop of Bath and "Wells, Jan. 1466; lord chancellor, June 1467; dis- missed 147s; imprisoned by ^Henry VII., Aug. 1485 ; d. May 1491. STILEO, Greek philosopher, of Megara; /. B.C. 294. STIEBET, prince Barbo Demetrius Bibesco, hospodar of "Wallachia; *. Aug. 1801 ; studied at Paris, 1817-21; minister of public instruction in Wallachia, 1833 ; minister of justice, 1837 ; hospo- dar, 1849-56; a. 13 April 1869. STIRLING, Mrs., actress; b. (Hehl), 1817. STIELING, James, mathematician; d. after 1764. STIELING, William Alexander, earl of, Scotch poet and dramatist; b. about 1580; secre- tary of state, 1626 ; keeper of the signet, 1627 ; created earl, 14 June 1633 ; published "Monar- chicke Tragedies," 1607; "Doomesday," 1614; "Recreations with the Mvses," 1637; d. 12 Feb. 1640. STIELING-MAXWELL, see Maxwell. STJEENHJBLM, Jorge, Swedish scholar and poet; b. 1598; wrote " Anti-Claverius, sive de Originibus Sueo-Gothicis," published 1685 ; d. 1672. STJEENHOEK, Johan, Swedish antiquary and jurist; b. 1576; d. 1675. STOBjEUS, Joannes, Greek author; fl. 4th century; compiled " Florilegium," first printed, 1535; "Eclogse," 1575- i STOBEE, Elian, Swedish naturalist ; *. 1690 ; d. 1742. STOCHOVE, Vincent de, seigneur de Sainte- Catherine, Belgian traveller; b. about 1610; pub- lished "Voyage du Levant," 1643; "I'Othoman, 1665 ; d. 25 Sept. 1679. STOCK, Richard, puiitan . divine ; wi-ote " Churches Lamentation for the Losse of the Godly," published 1614; "Commentary upon the whole Prophesys of Malaohy," 1641 ; d. 20 April 1626. STOCK, Simon, general of the Carmelites ; in- stituted the scapulary ; d. 16 May 1265. STOCKDALB, rev. Percival, Scotch miscel- laneous writer and poet ; b. 1736; pubUshed " Life of Waller the Poet,'' 1769 ; " Lectures on the truly- eminent English Poets," 1807 ; " Poetical Works, ' 1808; d. II Sept. 1811. STOCKESLEY, John, bishop of London; consecrated, 1530; d. 1539. STOCKMANS, Pierre, Belgian jurist; b. 3 Sept. 1608; published "Jus Belgarum circa Bul- lUrum Pontificiarum Receptionem," 1645; "de Jm-e Revolutionis," l666; d. 5 May 1671. STOCKMAE, Christian Friedrich von, baron, a German physician, friend and adviser of the Coburg family; b. at Coburg, 1787; physician to prince Leopold on his marriage to princess Char- lotte of Great Britain, 1816; adviser to princess Victoria, 1836; promoted union of Great Britain and Pinissia, and German unity ; d. 9 July 1863 ; "Memoirs," edited by Max Miiller, published 1872. STOCKS, Jotn EUerton, M.D., botanist; b. 1822; made a justice of the common pleas, July 1849 ; puldished " Ion," a tragedy, 1835 ; " Vacation Rambles and Thoughts," 1844 ; "Final Memorials of Charles Lamb," 1848; d. 13 March 1854. TALHOTJET, Auguste Frederic Bon-Amour, marquis de, French officer ; b. 8 April 1788; d. 12 March 1842. TALIACOTIUS, see Tojliacoz-j,. TALLAET, Camille d'Hostun, comte de, mar- shal of France; b. 14 Feb. 1652; victorious over the prince of Hesse-Cassel at Spire, 15 Nov. 1703 ; defeated and taken prisoner by Marlborough at Blenheim, 13 Aug. 1704; d. 30 March 1728. TALLEMANT, Francois, French abbe; b. 1620 ; published translation of Plutarch, 1663-5 • d. 6 May 1693. TALLEMANT des EiUtjx, Gedeon, brother, French writer; b. 7 Nov. 1619; wrote " Historiettez," (published 1833-5); d. 10 Nov. 1692. TALLEYEAND, Alexandre, baron de, French diplomatist; b. 22 Feb. 1776; minister to Florence, l8'J3-4; ambassador to Copenhagen, 1835-8; d. 3 July 1839. TALLEYEAND, Klie, cardinal de Perigord, French cardinal ; b. 1301 ; friend of Petrarch ; created, 1331 ; legate to France, 1356; d. 17 Jan. 1364. TALLEYEAND-PEEIGOED, Alexandre Angelique de, French cardinal; b. 16 Oct. 1736; created cardinal, 28 July 1817 ; archbishop of Paris, 8 Aug. 1817; d. 20 Oct. 1821. TALLEYEAND - PEEIGOED, Charies Maurice de, prince of Benevento, nephew, French statesman and diplomatist; b. 13 Feb. 1754; d. 17 May 1838. Bishop of Autun 1788-90 Elected president of jiational .issenihly 16 Feb. 1790 Sent on secret mission to Londou . . Feb. 1792 Minister for foreign altiiirs . July 1797 — July 1799 Reaj)pointed foreii^ii minister . . . Nov. „ Created jn-ince of Benevento . . 5 June 1806 Formed " Confcileration of the Rhine " 12 July ,, Resigned his portfolio . . 9 Aug. 1807 Negotiated armistice .... 23 April 1814 Reapi>ointed foreign minister, 12 M.ay 1814 ; retired 28 Sept. 1815 Ambassador to Great Britain Sept. 1830— Jim. 1835 TALLIEN, Jean Lambert, French revolu- tionist; b. 1769; elected president of the conven- tion, 22 March 1 794 ; led the reaction that caused the fall of Kobespierre, July 1794; suppressed re- volutionary tribunal, and closed the Jacobin club, Aug. 1794; d. 16 Nov. 1820. TALLIS, Thomas, musical composer ; b. 1529 ; published " Discursus Cantioncs," 1575 ; d. 23 Nov. 1585- TALMA, Char-lotte, comic actress, wife of fol- lowing ; b. (Vanhove), 10 Sept. 1771; married, 26 June 1802 ; published "Etudes sur I'Art thc-itral," 1835; d.\l April i860. llichelieu," i April 1791 ; d. 19 Oct. 1826. TALOCHON, Marie Vincent, called " Pere Elysee," French monk and surgeon ; b. Jan. 1753 ; d. 27 Nov. 1817. TALON, Nicolas, French Jesuit ; /). 1605 ; paib- lished "Histoire sainte," 1640; "Histoire sainte du Nouveau-Testament," 1669; d. 29 March 1691. TALON, Omer, French scholar ; b. about 1510; published " Institutiones Oratorio;," 1544; d. 1562. TALON, Omer, grand-nephcAv, French magis- trate ; b. 1595 ; wrote " Memoii-es," published 1732 ; d. 29 Dec. 1652. TAMBEELIK, Enrico, Italian tenor singer: /). 1820 ; made his dibut at Naples, 1841 ; .sang in London, Paris, America, &c. TAMBEONI, Clotilda, Italian Hellenist; b. 1758; professor of Greek at Bologna, 1794-8; d. 4 June 181 7. TAMBEONI, Giuseppe, brother, Italian poet and historian ; b. 8 Sept. 1773; published " Com- peudio delle Storie di Polonia,' 1807; "Ode," 1816 ; d. 22 Jan. 1824. TAMBUEINI, Antonio, Italian barytone singer; b. 28 March 1800; made his debut at Bofogna, 1818 ; in England, 1832 ; retii-ed, 1855 ; d. 9 Nov. 1876. TAMBUEINI 571 TASCHEE TAMBUKINI, Pietro, of Brescia, Itiilian theologian; b. 1737; published " Idea (Iclla Sauta Sede," 1785 ; d. March 1827. TAMEELANE, soe Timur. TANCEED, prince of Galilee, Sicilian chief- tain ; one of the leaders of the first crusade, 1096-9; (t. at Antioch, 1112. TANCEED, king of Sicily ; succeeded 'Wimani II., Jan. Iigo; with emperor Henry YI., invaded Sicily, 1 191 ; d. 20 Feb. 1194. TANDY, James Nappcr, Irish politician and rebel; i. 1757 ; rf. 24 Aujj. 1803. TANNAHILL, Eobert Scottish poet; b. 1774; in-ote "Flower of Dumbluine," ic; d. 17 May 1810. . / J TANNEGUT, see DmlUdel. TANNEE, Mathias, Bohemian Jesuit biogra- pher; b. 1630; published "Societas Jesu Aposto- lorum Imitatri.T,'' 1675; " Societas Jesu militans," 1675 ; d. about 1705. TANNEE, Thomas Hawkes, m.d. ; b. 1824 ; a founder of the Obstetrical Society; published "Manual of Clinical Medicine," 1855; "Practice of Medicine," 1861 ; d. 7 July 1871. TANNEE, Thomas, bishop of St. Asaph, anti- quary ; b. 25 Jan. 1674; consecrated, 1731 ; edited Wood's " Athenae Oxonienses," 1721 ; wrote "No- titia Monastica," published 1744; " Bibliotheca Britinnico-Hibeniico," 1748 ; d. 14 Dee. 1735. TANNEVOT, Alexandre, French dramatist; h. 1692; d. \'t~iT^. TANSILLO, Luigi, Italian poet; b. about 1510; published " Veudemmiatove," 1534; "La- grime di San Pietro," 1560; d. 1 Dec. 1568. TANUCCI, Bernardo, marchese di, Neapolitan rcfonuing statesman ; b. 1698 ; fostered letters ; dis- graced, 1774; <^- 29 April 1783. TAPAEELLI d'Azeglio, see Azcglio. ""■ TAPPAN, Anthony, American philanthropist ; b. 22 May 1786; president of Anti-Slavery Society, Dec. 1833; rf. 28 July 1865. TAEAKONOV, Elizabeth, Russian princess, reputed daughter of the empress Elizabeth and count Eazoumovski; b. 1755; drowned in prison by inundation of the Keva, Dec. 1777. TAEASIUS, Saint, patriarch of Constanti- nople ; b. about 745 ; consecrated, 25 Dec. 784 ; held council at Constantinople, 24 Sept. — 23 Oct. 787 ; d. 25 Feb. 806. TAEAVAL, Husues, French allegorical painter; b. 1728 ; d. 18 Nov. 1785. TAECAGNOTA, Giovanni, Italian historian ; published " Istorie del Mondo," 1562; d. 1566. TAEDIEU, French artists : Nicolas Henei, liiie-engra\er; h. 18 Jan. 1674 d. 27 Jau. 1749 SIabie Anne, wife, engraver ; 1}. (Hortemels), 1682 ; niaiTied, 20 Oct. 1712 . . rf. 24 March 1727 Jacques Nicolas, son, engi-aver ; h. 2 Sejit. 1716 ; engi-aved portrait of ciueen Marie Antoinette, after Nattier d. g July 1791 Elisabeth Claiee, wife, engi'aver ; 6. (Touraay), 1731 • • . . . t!. 3 May 1773 Jeak Chaeles, called Tardieu-Cocliin, son, histo- rical and genre painter : />. 3 Sept. 1765 d. 3 April 1830 PiEEBE Fkakqois, nephew of Nicolas Henri Tar- dien, engraver; h. ateiit 1714 . . 17 Nov. 1697; published Nouveau Traite de Diplomatique," 1750-65; "Histoire Lit- tcraire de la Congregation de Saint-Maur," 1770; d. 10 Sept. 1777. TASSO, Bernardo, Italian poet; J. 11 Nov. 1493; published "Eime," 1531 ; " I tre libri degli Amori," 1537; "Amadigi, pocma," 1560; d. 4 or 15 Sept. 1569. TASSO, Torc|uato, son, Italian poet; i. 11 March 1544; visited France, 1571 ; in service of Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, 1572; imprisoned for his love of princess Eleonora, 1577; liberated, July 15S6; published "II Kinaldo," 1562 ; " Aminta, favola Doscaresrgia," Ij8i ; " Gerusalemme Libe- rata, ovvero il Goffredo," 1581 ; " Gerusalemme Cunquistata," 1593 ; d. 25 April 1595. TASSONI, Alessaiidro, Italian poet ; !i. 28 Sept. 1565; published " Queaiti," 1601 ; " Secchia ra- pita," 1622 ; d. 25 April 1635. TASSONI, Alessandro Mari.a, Italian theo- logian ; i. 24 Oct. 1749 ; published " Eeligioue dimostrata e difesa," 1800-5 ! '^- 3' ■'''■''y 1818. TASTTJ, Sabine Casiraire Amable, French poetess and "u'ritcr; h. (Voiart), 31 Aug. 1798; published "Poesies," 1826; "Education Mater- nclle," 1835 ; " Prose," 1836. TATE, Francis, lawyer and antic^uary ; i. 1560; f!. 16 Nov. 1616. TATE, Nahum, Irish poet; b. 1652; poet- laureate, 1692; published "Poems," 1677; "In- nocent Epicure, 1697 ; with N. Brady, " New Version of the Psalms of David," 1696; d. 12 Aug. 1715- TATIAN, Greek Christian apologist, native of Assyria ; J{. 2nd century. TATISHTCHEV, Vasily Nikititch, Russian historian; b. 19 April 1686; wrote in Bus,sian " History of Russia," published 1768-1848 ; " His- torical, political, and civil Dictionary of Russia," 1793; f^- IS July 1750. TATIUS, Achilles, see Achilles. TATTAjM, ven. Hemy, archdeacon of Bedford, Egyptologist; 4. 28 Dec. 1788; published "Lexi- con iEgvptiiico-Latinum, Minores jEgyptiaea)," 1836; 1835 ; " ProphetoB Prophetoo Majores jEgyptiaca;,"''"i852 ; d. Jan. 1868. TATTI, Jacopo, see Sansovino. TATWINE, archbishop of Canterbury ; con- secrated, 10 June 731 ; d. 30 July 734. TAUBMANN", Friedrich, Gernran philoso- pher and poet; b. 15 May 1565; published " Jle- lodajsia," 159"; " Schediasmata poetica," 1604; d. 24 March Ibij. TAUCHOTTZ, Christian Bemhard, haron, German publisher; 4. 25 Aug. 1816; published "Collection of British Authors," 1841-70. TAULEE, Johann, of Strasburg, Gei-nian mystic divine; b. 1290; his " Predig " first printed, 1498; "Von der Nachfolgung des armeu Lebens Christi," 1621; d. 16 June 1361. TAUN AY, Auguste, French sculptor ; 4. 1 769 ; settled in Brazil, 1816; d. 1824. TAUNAY, Nicolas Antoine, brother, French historical painter; 4. 1 755; resided in Brazil, 1816-19; d. 20 March 1836. TAUNTON, see Laboucherc. TAUEELLIUS, see Torelle. TAUSEN, or TaGESEN, Johan, Danish pro- testant reformer ; 4. 1494 ; consecrated bishop of Ripen, 1542 ; d. 9 Nov. 1561. TAVANNES, Gaspard de Saul.^, marshal of France; 4. Mai'ch 1569; present at the siege of Calais, 8 Jan. 1558; created marshal, 1569; rf. 19 June 1573. TAVAEONE, Lazzaro, Genoese painter; 4. 1556; d. 1641. TAVEENEE, John, orgauist and musical composer;/. 1533. TAVEENEE, Richard, theological writer; 4. 1505; published "Garden of 'Wyscdome," I S39 ; "Epistles and Gospelles," 1540; d. 14 July 1575- TAVEENIEE, Flemish engravers : Melchior : h. 1544 ; engi".aved " G.irdps Fran- (;oiscs," and " Clievaliers du Baint-Esprit" d. 1641 Melchioe, nephew ; h. 1594 . d. 1665 TAVEENIEE, Jean Baptiste, French tra- veller ; 4. 1605 ; published " Six Voyages de J. B. Taveraier, qu'il a faits en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes, pendant I'espace de quarante ans," 1676-77; rf. July 1689. TAXANDEE, see Andreas. TAYLEE, rev. C. B. ; 4. about 1797 ; published " Records of a Good Man's Life," and many tracts ; d. Oct. 1875. XAYLEE, Frederick, water-colour painter ; 4. •;o April 1804 ; president of Society of Painters in Water-Colours, 1858-71; exhibited "Festival of the Popinjay," 1854; ifcc. XAYLEE, John James, unitarian minister ; 4. 1797; principal of Manchester New college ; pub- lished " Christian Aspects of Faith and Duty," 1851: "Retrospect of Religious Life in England," 1845-53-70 ; d. 28 May 1869. XAYLOE, Alfred Swaine, m.d., toxicologist ; 4. Deo. 1806; elected professor of chemistry at Guy's hospital, 1832 ; published " Manual of Medical Jurisprudence," 1844, et seq. ; " Poisons," 1847-75- TAYLOR 573 TCHEENAYEFP TAYLOR, Ann, wife of Isaac Taylor; pub- lished " Materaal Solicitude," 1814; d. 1830. TAYLOR, Ann, daughter of Isaac Taylor; ■writer for the young; b. 1782; with Jane and others, published " Original Poems for Infant Minds," &o. ; married rev. Joseph Gilbert, 1813 ; rf. 20 Dec. 1866. TAYLOR, Bayard, American writer; }. II Jan. 182c ; published " Views afoot," 1846 ; " Bye- ways of Europe," i86g ; several tours. TAYLOR, Brook, ll.d., mathematici.an ; b. 18 Aug. 1685 ; " New Principles of Linear Per- spective" published, 1715; " Contemplatio Philo- sophica," 1793; d. 29 Dec. 1 731. TAYLOR, Edward, Gresham professor of music ; b. 1784 ; d. 12 March 1863. TAYLOR, Chevalier John, oculist ; published "History of his Travels and Adventures," 1761 ; d. after 1767. TAYLOR, sir Henry, essayist and dramatic poet; 4. 1800; published "Isaac Comnenus," 1832; "The Statesman," 1836; "Philip van Artevelde," 1834; "Edwin the Fair," 1842; "Notes from Life," and "Notes from Books," 1848; &c.; knight, 1873. TAYLOR, sir Herbert, lieut. -general"; i.'i775; private secretary to duke of York and to king George III. ; d. 20 April 1839. TAYLOR, Isaac, independent minister, of Ongar, writer for the young ; published " Advice to the Teens," 1818; "Beginnings of European Biography," 1828; d. 11 Dec. 1829. TAYLOR, Isaac, philosophical writer ; b, Aug. 1786; published "Elements of Thought," 1822; "Natural History of Enthusiasm," 1829; "Natural History of Fanaticism," 1833 ; " Spiritual Despot- ism," 1835; &c. ; d. 28 Juno 1865. TAYLOR, Isidore Justin Severin, baron, French traveller and artist ; h. 15 Aug. 1789; pub- lished " Voyages Pittoresques ct Komantiques dc I'ancienne Fiance," 1820-63; "Voyage Pittoresque en Espagne," 1826-32; "la Syrie, I'Egypte, la Palestine, et la Judee," 1839; &c. TAYLOR, James, mechanician; b. 1757; d. 18 Sept. 1825. TAYLOR, Jane, daughter of Isaac Taylor, writer for the young ; 4. 23 Sept. 1783 ; published "Hymns for Infant ilinds," 1807; " Essays in Ehyme on Morals and Manners," 1816; "Display," 1815 ; d. 13 April 1824. TAYLOR, Jeremy, bishop of Down and Con- nor, and of IJromore; A. about Aug. 1613 ; conse- crated bishop of Down and Connor, 1660; of Dromore, 1661 ; published "Liberty of Prophesy- ing," 1647; "Holy Living and Dying," 1650-1 ; "Grove," 1655; "Ductor Dubitantium," 1660; &c. ; d. 13 Aug. 1667. TAYLOR, John, judge ; ma.ster of the rolls, 1527 ; d. 1534. TAYLOR, John, the "water-poet;" b. about 1580; published " Greate Britaine all in Blacke," 1612; "Sculler rowing from Tiber to Thames," 1612 ; " Heavens Blessing and Earths Joy," 1613 ; ""Workes," 1630; d. 1654. TAYLOR, John, Hellenist: S. 1704; canon of St. Paul's, 1757; published "Marmor Sandvi- cense," 1743; "Elements of Civil Law," 1755; d. 14 April 1756. TAYLOR, John, b.d., unitarian divine; i. 1694; published "Paraphrase and Notes on the- Epistle to the Komans, 174S; "Scripture Doc- trine of Original Sin," 1740; "Hebrew Concord- ance," 1754-7 ; d. 5 March 1761. TAYLOR, John, political economist ; b. 1781; published " Identity of Junius with a distinguished Living Character established," 1818 ; d. 1864. TAYLOR, Philip Jleadows, o(d., novelist ; }. 25 Sept. 1808; went to India; early entered th& service of the nizam of Hyderabad ; employed po- litically, 1842-60 ; published " Confessions of a Thug," 1839; "Tippoo Sultaun," 1840; d. 13; May 1876. TAYLOR, Eichard, American confederate ge- neral; b. about iSlo; appointed to command in; East Louisiana, Sept. 1864 ; sui-rendered to general Canby, May 1865. TAYLOR, Richard Cowling, antiquary and geologist; b. 18 Jan. 1789; d. 26 Oct. 1851. TAYLOR, sir Kobert, sculptor and architect ; b, 1 7 14; founded by bequest the Taylor Institu- tion, Oxford; d. 27 Sept. 1788. TAYLOR, Eowland, LL.D., martyr; burnt oq Aldham common, 8 Feb. 1555. TAYLOR, Silas (Domville), antiquary; b. 1624 ; published " History of Gavel-Kind," 1663 ; d. 4 Nov. 1678. TAYLOR, Thomas, called "Illuminated Doc- tor," puritan divine; b. 1576; published "Com- mentnry on the Epistle of St. Paul written to Titus," 1612; d. 1632. TAYLOR, Thomas, called "Platonist," Hel- lenist; b. 15 May 1758; published translations of Plato's "VTorks," 1804; Aristotle's ""Works," i8o5-i2; "Select "Works of Porphyry," 1823; d. I Nov. 1835. TAYLOR, Thomas Edward, col. ; b. 1812 ; se- cretary to treasury, July i856— Oct. 1868 ; chan- cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, Oct. — Dec. 1868 ; Feb. 1874. TAYLOR, Tom, critic and dramatist ; 5. 1817 ; published "Autobiography of B. E. Haydon," 1853 ; " Autobiography and Correspondence of C. K. Leslie," 1859; many plays, "Ticket of Leave- Man," &c. TAYLOR, "William, critic, of Norwich.; i. 176? ; published "English Synonymes discrimin- ated," 1813 ; " Historic Survey of German Poetry," 1828-30 ; a. March 1836. TAYLOR, rev. William; S. 28 Dec. 1789; de- voted to education of the blind, 1820, et sen.; and to manufacture of large bells ; d. 16 Sept. 1870. TAYLOR, William Cooke, ll.d., historical writer; b. 16 April 1800; published "Historical Miscellany," 1829 ; " Student's Manual of Ajicient History," 1838 ; d. 12 Sept. 1849. TAYLOR, Zachary, American general and po- litician; b. 24 Nor. 1784; victorious in Mexican campaign, 1845-7 ; president of the United States, 4 March 1849 ; d. 9 July 1850. TCHBRNAYEFF, Michael Grigorievitch^ Polish general ; b. 1828. Entered Russian army about 1840 ; distinguished in Crimean war, 1854-5 I ser\'ed in the Ca^icasua, 1859; in central Asia, against Khokand, &c., 1864-5 ; defeated ; recalled ; retired . . 1866. Commander of the Servian army , . July 18^5, Campaign generally unsuccessful ; armistice for i months signed, 1 Nov. ; he retired . - Nov. TCHIHATCHEFP 574 TEMPLEMAN TCHIHATCHEPP, Petr, Russian geologist; i>. 1812 ; published "Asie Mineure," 1853-6. TBBALDEO, or TibALDEO, Antonio, Italian poet; A. 4 Nov. 1463; published "Sonetti e Capi- toli," 1499; " Stanze nuove," 1520; d. 1537. TECK, Francis Paul Charles Louis Alexander, inince and duke of, b. 27 Aug. 1837 ; married prin- oess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, 12 June 1866; has 4 children. TEDESCHI, Niccolo, called ranomiitano, Italian cardinal and canonist; h. 1386; consecrated archbishop of Palermo, 1434: created cardinal, 1440; -wrote " Glossic in Clementinas," printed 1474; "In V. Uecretaliura libros Commentaria," 1475-8; d. 15 July 1445. TEGAGLIANO, Marcello, doge of Venice ; elected second doge, 717 ; d. 726. TEGEL, Erik Goransson, Swedish historian; published " Kou. Gustafs I. Historia," 1622; " Kon. Eriks XIV. Historia," 1751 ; d. 1638. TEGETHOFE, "Wilhelra von, Austrian ad- miral ; b. 1827 ; defeated the Danish fleet oft' Heli- goland, May 1864; aUo the Italian fleet oft'Lissa, 20 July 1866 ; commander in chief of the navy, 1868; d. 17 April 1871. TEGNEE, Esaias, Swedish poet and Hellenist; b. 13 Nov. 1782 ; made bishop of Wexio, 1824 ; pub- lished "Axel," 1821 ; "Fiithiofs Saga," 1825; d. 2. Nov. 1846. TEGOBOESKI, Ludwik von, Polish econo- mist; b. 1792; published "Etudes sur Ics I'orce.^ productives de la Russie," 1852-4; "Finances et Credit public de I'Autiiohe," 1843; d. II April 1857. TEIAS, Gothic king of Italy ; succeeded Totila, 552 ; defeated and slain by Narscs, 553. TEIGNMOUTH, John Shore, lord, states- man; b. 8 Oct. 1751 ; governor-general of India, 1793-8; president of British and Foreign Bible So- ciety, 1804-34; published "Memoirs of the Life, "Writings and Con-espondence of Sir "William Jones," 1804; d. 14 Feb. 1834. TEISSIEE, Antoine, French \rater; J. 28 Jan. 1632 ; published " Eloges des Hommes sa- vants," 1683 ; d. 7 Sept. 1715. TEISSIEE, Guillaiime Ferdinand, French archasologist; b. 29 Aug. 1779; published "Me- morial du Garde Champetre,'' 1825 ; " Histoirc de Thionville," 1828; rf. 4 Feb. 1834. TEIXEIEA, Pedro, Portuguese traveller ; f. i6th and 17th centuries; published "Eelaciones d'el Origen, Descendencia y Succession de los Eeycs de Persia, y de Harmuz," 1610. TEKELI, Emeric, Hungarian count ; J. 1658; headed revolt against the empire, 1678 ; declared king of Hungary by the sultan Mahomet IV., 1682; took and lost Presburg, 1683 ; invaded Transyl- vania, 1690; retired, Nov. 1G97 ; d. 13 Sept. 1705. TELECLIDES, Athenian comic poet; f. about B.C. 444. TELESILLA, Greek poetess; /. about n.c. 510. TELESIO, or TlLESITJS, Antonio, Italian Latin poet; b. 1482; published " Poemata," 1524; "Idyllia," 1545; d. 1534. TELESIO, Bernardino, nephew, Italian phi- losopher; b. 1503; published "de Naturii Eerum juxta propria Pnncipia," 1565; d. 1588. TELESPHOEUS, pope; elected 5 April 127; •Gloria in Excelsis;" d. said to have written about 2 Jan. 139. TELFOED, Thomas, civil engineer ; i. 9 Aug. 1757; constructed the Bridgewater canal, 1793; Caledonian canal, 1823 ; suspension bridge over the Menai straits, 1826; St. Katharine's docks, opened 1828 ; d. 2 Sept. 1834. TELL, "Wilhelm, Swiss patriot; mythically said to have been compelled by Gessler to shoot an apple from off the head of liis youngest child, 18 Nov. 1307; d. about 1350. TELLEZ, Balthazar, Portuguese Jesuit histo- ri.an; b. 1595; published "Chronica da Com- panhia de Jesus na Portugal," 1645-7; "Historia geral da Ethiopia a alta," 1660 ; d. 20 April 1675. TELLEZ, Gabriel, see Tirso de Molina. TELLIEE, Bee Le Tdlicr. TELUCGINI, Mario (Bemino), Italian poet; published " Artemidoro," 1566; " Innamoramento di doi fidelissimi Amanti Paris e Vienna," 157 1. TEMANZA, Tommazo, Veneti.an architect and biograi)her; 4. g March 1705; published " An- tichitii di Eimini, 1741 ; " Vite de' piu celebri Architetti e Scultori Veiieziani che fiorirono nel secolo XVI.," 1778 ; d. 14 June 1789. TEMPESTA, Antonio, Italian painter; i. 1555 ; d. 1630. TEMPESTA (Pieter Molyn), Dutch storm painter; b. 1637; d. 1701. TEMPLE, Frederick, bishop; b. 30 Nov. 1821; head master of Eugby school, 1858-69; con- secrated bishop of Exeter, 21 Dec. 1869; published one of "Essays and Reviews," i860; "Sermons preached in Eugby chapel," 1861. TEMPLE, sir John, master of the rolls, father of sir William; published "the Irish Rebellion," 1646; rf. 1677. TEMPLE, John, son of sir '^' illiara Temple, politician ; appointed sccretary-at-war, Apiil, l68g ; rf. by suicide, 14 April 1689. TEMPLE, sir "William, hart., statesman; b. 1628; resident at Brussels 1667-8; concluded the triple alliance, 23 Jan. 1668 ; .ambassador to the States General, 1668-71; again, 1674-8; published "Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands," 1673; "Miscellanea," 1680-90; rf. 27 Jan. 1698-9. TEMPLE, sir Richard, statesm.an ; entered In- dian civil service, 1846 ; member of council, 1868- 74 ; directed relief operations during famine in Ben- gal, 1874; lieut.-gov. of Bengal, 1875; governor of Bombay (for the famine relief), Jaii. 1877; bart., 1876. TEMPLE, (Grenville) countess and earls : 1. Hester, wife of RiclL-ird Grenville, created countess Temple, 18 Oct. 1749 . . d. 1752 2. Richard son; 6. 26 Sept. 1711 ; carl, 1752; first lord of ndiniralty, Nov. 1756; lord jirivy .seal, 1757-61 . . . . rf. II Sept. 1779 3. Georoe Grenville Nucient, nephew; I», 17 June 1753 : uarl, 1779 ; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1782-3, 1787-9; secretary of state a few days, Dec. 1783 : marquis of Buckingham, Nov. 1784 d. II Fell. 1813 4. RlCHxnD Nugent Temple Grenville, son ; see Bucl:ill{lhavJ, and Chandoa. TEMPLE, see Palmerston. TEMPLEMAN, Peter, m.d.; }. 1711 ; ap- pointed librarian at the British Museum, 1753 ; translated Norden's "Travels in Egypt," 1757 ; rf. 23 Sept. 1769. TENCIN o7.5 TEEWESTEN TENCIN, Claudiue, Alexandrine Guerin, mar- quise de, French beauty and novelist; b. 1681 ; became mistress of the regent duke of Orleans ; said to be mother of U'Alembert, 1717 ; published " Memoires du Comte de Commiuges," 1735 ; " Siege de Calais," 1739; "Malheurs de 1' Amour," 1747; rf. 4Dec. 1749. TENCIN, Pierre Guerin de, brother, French car- dinal and statesman ; b. 22 Aug. 1680 ; appointed archbishop of Embrun, 2 July 1724; cardinal, 23 Feb. 1739; secured the election to the papacy of Benedict XIV., 17 Aug. 1739; archbishop of Lyons, 1740; minister of state, Aug. 1742; retired, 1751 ; d. 2 March 1758. TENEEANI, Pietro, Roman sculptor; b. about 1800 ; executed " Venus wounded," statue of count Rossi, and monument of pope Pius Yill., in St. Peter's at Home ; d. 14 Dec. 1869. TENIEES, Flemish painters : David, the elder; h. 1582 ; studiyd luider Rubens d. 1649 David, tlie yoimjer, V. 15 Dec. 1610 ; published " Theatruni Pictoruiiu," coutaiuiiig the gallciy t»f the archduke Leopohl, 1660 d. about 5 April 1694 TENISON, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury ; b. 29 Sept. 1636; at iUonmoutli's execution, 15 July 1685 ; consecrated bishop of Lincoln, 1691 ; archbishop, 1694 ; founded school and library in St. J[artin's-in-the-Fields ; the library of books and IISS. sold by auction, Juue 1864; published " Creed of Hobbes examined," 1670 ; " Baconiana," 1679; d. 14 Dec. 1715. TENIVELLI, Carlo, Italian biographer; b. 1756 ; published " Biografia I'iemontese," 1784-92 ; d. 17 May 1797. TENNANT, James, geologist; long professor at King's College, London; published "Treatise on Geology," 1857, &c. TENNANT, Smith.son, chemist; b. 30 Sept. 1 761; appointed professor of chemistry at Cain- bridge, 1813; d. 22 Feb. 1815. TENNANT, William, Scottish poet and philo- logist; b. 1785; published " Anster Fair," 1812 ; " Cardinal Beaton," 1823; d. 15 Oct. 1848. •TENNEMAN, Wilhelm Gottlieb, German philosopher;*. 7 Dec. 1761 ; published "System der Platonischen Philosophie," 1792-4; "Ge- schichte der Philosopbie," 1798-1811; d. 30 Sept. 1819. TENNENT, sir James Emerson, bart., b. (Rmerson), 7 April 1804 ; assumed surname of Ten- nent, 1831 ; secretary to the India board, 1841-5 ; •colonial secretary of Ceylon, 1845-50 ; secretary to the poor law boai'd, 1852 ; secretai-y to the board of trade, 1852-67 ; created baronet, Feb. 1867 ; pub lished "Ceylon," 1859; "The WUd Elephant,' 1867 ; d. 6 March 1869. TENNIEL, John, artist; b. 1820; became a contributor to Punch, 1851; illustrated "AUce in "Wonderland," and many other books. TENNYSON, Alfred, poet; b. 1809; poet- laureate, 1850. Published " Poems, chiefly lyrical "The Princess" ' In Memoriam " 'Maud" ' Idylls of the King " ■'Enoch Arden" - . " The Holy Grail " "The Window" " Gareth and Ljmette ' ■'Queen Mary," 1875 ; "Harold" . 1S30 1847 1850 . 1855 . 1859 . 1S64 1869 . 1870 ■ .... 1872 performed at the Lyceum 19 April 1876 Dec. „ TENON, Jacques Eene, French surgeon; b. 21 Feb. 1724; d. 1 5 Jan. 1816. TENTEEDEN, see Abbott. TENTOEI, Cristoforo, Italian historian; b. 1745 ; published " Saggio sulla Storia e suUa Coro- grafia e Topografia della Repubbliea di Venezia," 1785-90; d. 1810. TENYG, see Ccratiims. TEEAMO, Jacopo Palladino, il, Italian bi-Aop ; b, 1349; wi-ote " Processus Luciferi contra Jesum," and "Belial ant Consolatio Peccatorum;" d. 1417. TEEBUEG, Gerard, Dutch painter; J. 1608; resided in London for some years ; d. 168 1. TEEENTIA, wife of Cicero;/, ist century, B.C. TEEENTIANUS MAUEUS, Roman poet and grammarian ; y/. about 100 ; wrote " de Lit- teris, Syllabis et Metris Horatii," first printed 1497. TEEENTIUS AEEE, PubUus, Roman comic poet; b. about B.C. 194; Ms "ComocdiiE," first printed, about 1468 ; d. about 158. TEENAUX, Guillaume Louis, baron, French manufacturer; b. 8 Oct. 1763; published " Voou d'un Patriote," against the issue of assignats, 1790 ; " Menioii-e sur les Moyens d' assurer les Sub- sistanees de la Ville de Paris," 1819 ; "Essaissnr la Fabrication de la Polenta et du Tcrouen," 1825 ; d. 2 April 1833. TEEPANDBE, Greek;iyric poet; one of the founders of Greek music \Ji. 700-650. TEEQUEM, Olry, French mathematician ; b. of Je\rish parentage, 16 June 1 782 ; published " Lettres Tsarphatiques," advocating reform of the Jewish worship, 1821-37 ! ''■ 6 May 1862. TEEEASSON, Antoine, French jurist ; b. i Nov. 1705 ; published " Histoirc de la Jurisprudence Romaine," 1750; d. 30 Oct. 1782. TEEEASSON, Jean, French scholar and critic ; b. 1670; published " Sethos, histoirc, ou -vie tiree oes monumens-anecdotca de Paucicnne Egypte," 1731 ; "Dissertation Critique sur I'lliade d'Homere," 1715 ; d. 15 Sept. 1750. TEEEAY, Joseph JIarie, French abbe and financier; b. Dec. 1715 ; aided expulsion of Jesuits, 1761; controller-general of the finances, Dec. 1769 ■—Aug. 1774 ; d, 18 Feb. 1778. TEEEIN, Claude, French antiquary ; b. about 1640 ; published " la Yenus ct I'Obelisque d' Aries," 1680 ; d. 30 June 1710. , TEEEY; Daniel, comedian; b. about 1780; acted •' Bailie Nicol .larvie," &c. ; d. June 1828. TEEEY, rev. Edward, traveller; b. about 1590 ; published " Voyage to East India," 1655 ; " Merchant and Mariner's Preservation and Thanks- giving," 1649 ; d. 1660. TEESAN, Charles Philippe Campion de, French antiquary; b. 1736; d. II May 1819. TEETULLIANTJS, Quintus Septimius Flo- rens, Latin Father ; b. about 160 ; wrote " Apolo- geticus adversus Gentes," ig8; "de Testiinonio .Animae;" his "Opera" first printed, 1521 ; d. about 240. TEEWBSTEN, brothers, Dutch painters: AuGUSTiNU.s; b. 1649; d. 21 Jan. 1711. Elias, flowers and fruit; 4. 1651 ; d. 1724. Mathias, historical; b. 1670; d. 1735. TESI 576 TESI, llauro Antonio, called "il Mam-ino)'' Italian painter; b. 1730; d. 18 July 1766. TESSE, Ifans Jean Baptists Eene de Froulay, comte de, marshal of France; b. 1651 ; defended Pignerol against the Piedmontese, 24 July — 2 Oct. 1693 ; defended Mantua against prince Eugene, 10 Dec. — 1701 — 23 J[ay 1702; created marshal, 14 Jan. 1 703 ; defeated before Barcelona, May 1 705 ; d. 30 May 1725. TESSIER, Henri Alexandre, French agricul- turist; b. 16 Oct. 1 741; published " Dictionnaire d'Agiiculture et d'Economie mrale," 1787-1816; "Instruction sur la Culture du Coton en France," 1808; d. II Dec. 1837. TESSIN, Swedish architects : >'icoDEMCs; h. 7 Dec. 1615 . . d. 24 May 1687 XicoDEMUs, son ; h. 23 M.ny 1654 d. 10 April 1728 Karl Gumtaf, son ; h. 5 Sept. 1695 d. 10 Jan. 1770 TESTA, Pictro, called " il Lncchesino," Italian painter and engraver ; b. 1617; d. 1650. TESTE, Jean Baptiste, French politician ; b. 20 Oct. 1780; minister of public works, 29 Oct. 1840 — 16 Dec. 1843 ; tried and condemned for corruption, 17 July 1847 ; d. 26 April 1852. TESTELIN (Tettelin), French Mstorical painters : TxilTis, tlie elder; h. 1615 . . d. 19 Aug. 165s Henri, the younger, brother : ft. 1616 ; published " >5cntimeTits des jtlus liabiles Peintres sur la Pratique de la Pchiture et Sculpture," 1680 d. i-j April 1695 TESTI, Fuh-io, conte, Italian poet ; b. 23 Aug. 1503; published "Kime," 1613 ; "Italia," 1617; "Kusrelletto orgoglioso;" d. m prison, 28 Aug. If46. TESTTT, Jacques, French abbe and poet; b. about 1626 ; published " Stances Chretiennes sur divers passages de I'Ecriture Sainte et des Peres," 1669; d. June 1706. TETUAN, see O'Donnell. TETZELi, Johann, German Dominican monk ; b. about 1470 ; entered order of St. Dominic, 1489 ; a vendor of indulgences, 1502 ; published " Suni- maria Instruetio Sacerdotum ad proedicandas In- dulgentias," 1517; against which Luther fulmi- nated his nine'ty-iive theses, 31 Oct. 1517; d. 14 July or Aug. 1519. TEXEIEA, Jose, Portuguese historian; b. 1543; published "de Portugnllia) Ortu," K82 ; " E.xegesis Gcnealogica," 1590; d. 29 or 30 April 1604. TEXIER, Charles Feli.x Marie, French tra- TcUer and archaeologist : b. 22 Aug. 1802 ; published ' * Description de 1' Asie Mineure, " 1839-49 ; "L 'Ar- menie, la Perse, et la Slesopotamie," 1840-52;" Ar- chitecture Byzantine," 1865; d. I July 1871. TEYLEE van dcr Hulst, Pieter ; b. 25 Itareh 1 702 ; founded and endowed Teyler Museum, Haar- lem; d. 8 April 1778. THAARUP, Thomas, Danish poet and drama- tist ; h. 18 Aug. 1749; wrote " Hoestgildet," 1790; "Peters Bryllup, 1793; "Hiemkomsten," 1802; d. II July i'82i. THACKEEAY, "William Makepeace, novelist and satirist; b. 181 1 ; d. 24 Dec. 1863.' Published "Vanity Fair" . . . 1846-8 "Bookof Snobs," 1848 ; "Dr. Birch" . . .1849 " Histoiy of Pendennis " . . . . 1849-50 "History of Henry Esmond" . , . 1852 THEMISTOCLES '' Lectures on the English Hiunorists" . .1853 The Rose and the Ring," 1854; "The New- „,';9>»?s." . . 185s Virginians," 1858-9 ;" Four Georges " . .i860 Lovel, the Widower," " Adventures of Philip " 1861 Edited "Coriihill Magazine" . 1860-1 "Roundabout Papers," "Denis Duval" . .1863 THACKERAY, Elizabeth, daughter of pre- ceding, novelist ; published anonymously tales in the "Cornhill Magazine," "Elizabeth," &c., " Old Kensmgton," 1873; "Bluebeard's Keys," &c., 1874; "Miss Angel," 1875. THACKWELL, sir Joseph, general ; b. I Feb. 1781 ; entered army, 1800; fcrved in Peninsula, 1809-15 ; in India, 1838-49; d. 8 April 1859. THAIS, Greek courtesan, mistress of Ale.tander the Great ; fl. 4th century, B.C. THALBERGr, Sigismund, Swiss pianist and musical composer; b. 7 Jan. 1812; manied a daughter of Lablache, 1S4S; d. 27 April 1871. THALES, Greek musician and lyric poet ; Jl. 7th century, B.C. THALES, Greek philosopher; b. B.C. 640; founded the Ionic school of philosophy ; predicted an eclipse of the sun, and fixed its revolutioh at 365 days, 603 ; d. about 548. THAMAS, see Nadir Shah. THEAULON, Etienne, French genre painter ; b. 28 July 1739 ; d. 10 May 1780. THEAULON de Lambert, Marie Em- manuel Guillaume Marguerite, French dramatist ; b. 14 Aug. 1787; d. 16 Nov. 1841. THEED, Williara, sculptor; b. 1804 ; works, the queen and prince consort, at Windsor ; Isaac Newton, at Granth.am ; sir Itobert Peel, Hudders- field ; Africa, in Albert memorial, &c. THEIL, Jean Franqois Napoleon, French phi- lologist ; b. 13 April 1808 ; published " Dictionnaire- complet d'Ifomere et des Homerides," 1842; " Grand Dictionn.aire de la L-angue Latine," 1855- 65 ; " Dictionnaire classique de mythologie, de- Geographie et d'Histoire," 18G6. THEINER, Augustin, German Eomanist his- torian ; 4. 1 1 April 1804 ; at first a liberal ; became- an Ultiamontine priest of the oratory, Rome, 1833 ;. published continuation of " Annales" of BaroniuSy 1856, et seq. ; and new edition of the " Annales," 1864, et seq. ; " History of Clement XIV.," 1852, &c. ; d. 10 Aug. 1874. THELLUSSOlvr, Peter Isaac, GeneveBe mer- chant of London ; b. about 176^; left 600,000/. tO' accumulate during the lives of ^lis three sons, and of their sons, and to be then applied to the pur- chase of estates for the elde.st lineal male descendant ; his will established by the house of lords, 25 Juner 1805; d. 21 July 1797. THELWALL, rev. Algernon Sydney, son of following; b. 1795 ; d. 30 Nov. 1863. THELWALL, John, political writer and elo- cutionist; b. 27 July 1764; acquitted on trial for treason, 1794; published " the Peripatetic," 1793 ; " Letter to Cline on Imperfect Development and Treatments of Impedimenta of Speech, 1810; d. 17 Feb. 1834. THEMISTITJS, Greek rhetorician and philo- sopher; b. about 315 ; d. about 390. THEMISTOCLES, Athenian general and statesman ; b. about n.c. 514; defeated the Persian fleet at Salamis, 20 Oct. 480; ostracised from Athens, and retired to Argos, 471;!?. 449. THENAED 577 THEOT THENARD, Louis Jacques, baron, French chemist; b. 4 May 1777; founded "Society des Amis de la Science," 2 March 18 W; pubhshed " Traite de Chimle," 1813-16; d. 21 June 1857. THEOBALD, count of Champagne, 1201 ; suspected of murder of Louis VIII. of France, 1226; proclaimed king of Navarre, 1234; joined crusade; at Ptolemais, 1238; returned; A. Jul)' 1253- THEOBALD, archbishop of Canterbury ; con- secrated 1 139 ; d. 18 April 1 161. THEOBALD, Lewis, critic; edited Shaks- peare's ""Works," 1733 ; d. Sept. 1744. THEOCRITUS, Greek poet ; Jl. 3rd centurj- B.C. ; bis " Idyllia " first printed, about 1481. THEODATUS, king of Italy, 534; mar- ried and killed Araalasontha ; deposed and killed, Aug. 534. THEODELIND A, queen of the Lombards ; man-ied Autharis, king of the Lombards, 589 ; after his death, 5 Sept. 590, married Agilulph, and caused Mm to be proclaimed king, May 591 ; again widow, 615; d. 625. THEODORA, empress of the East, wife of Justinian I. ; h. about 500 ; married, 525 ; A. June 548. THEODORA, empress of the East, mfe of Theophilus; b. about 810; married, 830; made re- gent, 842 ; d. 867. THEODORA, influential courtesan at Eome, 890-920; caused John 5. to be elected pope, 914. THEODORE, king of Abyssinia; b. about 1820 ; crowned, u Feb. 1855 ; imprisoned consul Cameron and others, Nov. 1863-7 ; war declared against him ; defeated at Arogee, 10 April ; killed himself at Wagdala, 13 April 1868. THEODORE, Saint, archbishop of Canter- bury ; b. at Tarsus, about 602 ; consecrated 668 ; wrote " Pocnitentiale," printed 1677; d. 19 Sept. 690. THEODORE, see NeuUf. THEODORE I., II-, popes : 1 h. at Jerusalem, about 580 ; elected, 24 Nov. 642 d. 13 May 649 2. 6. at Eome ; elected 12 Feb. 898 3. 3 Mai-cli 898 THEODORE I., II., Lascams, Greek emperors of Nicaea. 1. h. about 1177 ; began to reign, 1206 2. rcigiietl . ' . THEODORETUS, Greek ecclesiastical wri- ter ; 4. 386 or 393 ; m-ote " Historia Ecclesiastica ; " d. 457 or 458. THEODORIC, the Great, king of the Ostro- goths; i. 455; succeeded, 474; defeated the i.ul- o-arians, 485 ; also Odoacer at Verona, 29 Sept. 489; himself strangled Odoacer, 5 March 493 ; killed Boethius, the philosopher, 524 ; and faym- machus, 525 ; d. 26 or 30 Aug. 526. THEODORIC I., II., kinss of the Visi- goths ; 1. proclaimed king, 418 ; unsuccessfully besieged i-les, 426 ; again, 430 ; defeated by Attila, aud killed at t)ie battle of Chalons d. 1222 J255-9 466 2 son ; ft. 426; killed Ms brother Torismund, and 'succeeded, 453 ; defeated by ;Egidius; tookNar- bonne, 462 ; assassinated by Eunc about Aug. THEODORUS, of Cyrene, Greek philosopher; Jl. 4th century B.C. THEODORUS, bishop of Mopsuestia, Greek ecclesiastical writer ; b. about 350 ; consecrated, 394 ; d. about 429. THEODORUS STUDITA, Greek ecclesias- tical writer; b. 759; opposed the iconoclasts; d. 11 Nov. 826. THEODORUS, Roman general; recovers Britain, 367-70; defeated Alemanni on the Danube, 370 ; employed in Africa, 372-3 1 be- headed, 376. THEODOSIUS, of TripoU, Greek geo- grapher; f,. 1st century B.C.; wrote "Sphsorica," Brat printed in Greek, 1558. THEODOSIUS I.— III., emperors of the East: 1. the Great 6. about 346 Associated with Gratian in the empire, 19 June 379 Baptized .... ... 380 Gratian dethroned by Maximus . . . . 383 Suppressed paganism ; ordered massacre at Thes- snlonica for sedition ; excommunicated by St. Ambrose, April — Dee. 390 . . d. 17 Jan. 395 2. the Younger, grandson ; 6. 30 April 401 ; suc- ceeded his father, Arcadius, 402 ; promulgated the Codex Theodosianus, i Jan. 439 (Z. a8 July 450 3. Adramj'tenus ; succeeded Ajiastasius II., Jan. 716 ; abdicated . . . about May 717 THBOGrNIS, Greek poet ; b. about B.C. 570; wrote " Sententia) Elegiaeoe," first printed, 1495 ; d. about 485. THEON, Greek philosopher ; described an eclipse of the sun 365. THEOPHANES, Georgius, Greek chronicler- d. 12 March 818. THEOPHANES, Joannes, Byzantine his- torian; b. 758; d. 818. THEOPHANES, Procopovitch, Eussiau his- torian ; b. 1681 ; d. 8 Sept. 1736. THEOPHANIA, empress ; man-ied to Otho II., 972; regent with her son, Otho III., 983; d. 15 June 991. THEOPHANO, empress of the East ; wife of Romanus II. ; accused of poisoning him, 963 ; re- gent; married Nicepborus Phocas, about Aug. 963; caused his murder, Dec. 969 ; banished ; recalled by her son, Basil II., 976. THEOPHILUS, Saint, Greek ecclesiastical writer; wrote "Three Books to Autolycus," first printed in Greek, 1546; d. about 181-186. THEOPHILUS, patriarch of Alexandria; consecrated, 385 ; opposed Chrysostom, 403 \ d. 15 Oct. 412. THEOPHILUS, emperor of the East ; asso- ciated in the govei-nment with his father, Slichael II., 821 ; succeeded him, 829; d. 20 Jan. 842. THEOPHRASTUS, Greek philosopher and naturalist; b. about B.C. 374; wrote "History of Plants," and " Moral Characters; " d. about 287. THEOPHTLACTUS, called Simocatta, By- zantine historian ; wrote " History of the Emperor Maurice," printed 1604 ; "Physical Problems," 1653 ; d. about 630. THEOPOMPUS, Greek orator and historian ; b. about B.C. 378; wrote "History of Greece," and " History of Philip V., long of Macedon ; " d. after 305. THEOT, Catherine, French visionary; b. March 1716; d. I Sept. 1794. P P THERESA 578 THOM THEEESA, Saint (Teresa de Ahuniada), Spanish Carmelite nun; b. 28 March 1515; re- formed the Carmelite order ; -wi-ote " Vida de Teresa de Jesus, escrita per mandado de su confesor ; " d, 5 Oct. 1582. THEEON', tyrant of Agrigentum; began to reign, B.C. 488 ; with Gelon defeated Hamilcar, 480 ; d. 472. THESIGrEE, Frederic, lord Chelmsford; b. 15 July 1794; solicitor-general, April 1844 — July 1845; attorney-general, July 1841; — July 1S46; again, Feb. — Dec. 1852 ; lord nigh chancellor, Feb. 1858 — June 1859 ; created baron, i March 1858 ; reappointed lord chancellor, July 1866 ; resigned, Feb. 1868. THESPIS, Athenian poet; Ji. 6th century B.C. THEVENAED, Antoine Jean Marie, comte, French admiral; b. 7 Dec. 1733; minister of marine. May— Sept. lygi ; published " Mumou-es relatifs a la Marine," 1800 ; d. g Feb. 1815. THEVENIN, Jeanne Francjoise, French comic actress, known as Sophie Devienne ; h. 21 June 1763; married Antoine Gevaudan, 10 May iSlo; retired, 1813 ; d. 20 Nov. 1841. THEVENOT, Jean de, French traveller ; b. b June 1633; visited Persia and India, 1664-67: ^vrote " Kelatiou d'un Voyage fait an Levant," published 1664 ; " Eelation de I'lndostan," 1684 ; d. 28 Nov. 1667. THEVENOT, Melchisedech, uncle, French traveller; b. 1621 ; published " Eolations de divers Voyages cuiieux," 1663-72; "Elementa Lingua; Tartaricsc," 1682 ; d. 29 Oct. 1692. THEVET, Andre, French traveller; b. 1502; published " Cosmographie du Levant," 1554; " Singularitez de la France antarctique, autrement nommee Amerique," 1558 ; d. 23 Nov. 1590. THEW, Eobert, hne-engraver ; b. 1758; d. July 1802. THIAED, see Tym-d. THIBAUDEATT, Antoine Claire, comte, French politician and liistorian ; b. 23 March 1765; published " Histoire goncrale de Napoleon Bona- parte," 1827-28; " le Consulat et I'Empire," 1834- 35; "Histoire des Etats Generaux," 1843; d. I March 1854. THICKNESSE, Anne, biographer; b. 1737; published " Sketches of the Lives and 'ft ritings of the Ladies of France," 1778-82 ; d. 20 Jan. 1S24. THICKNESSE, Philip, governor of Land- guard fort; b. 1719; published " A Tear's Journey through France and part of Spain," 1777 ; " Sketch of the Life and Paintings of Thomas Gains- borough," 1788; "Memoirs," 1788-91; d. 19 Nov. 1792. THIEBAULT, Dieudonne, French writer; b. 26 Dec. 1733; published "Gramraaire philoso- phique," 1802 ; " Mes Souvenirs de vingt ans de Sejour a Berlin," 1804 ; d. 5 Dec. 1807. THIELE, Just Mathias, Danish novelist and ■writer on art; b. 13 Dec. 1795; published in Danish " Youth-time of Thoi-valdsen, 1851. THIELBN, Jan Philip van, Flemish flower painter ; b. 1618 ; d. 1667. THIEEEY I., II., kings of Austrasia. 1. son of Clovis ; &. about 486 . . . d. 534 2. &. 587 ; succeeded his father, Childebert II., as king of Burgundy, 596 ; conquered Austrasia, 612 d. 613 3. king of Neustria and Burgundy, son of Clovis II- ; i. 654 ; succeeded Clotaire III., 670; defeated at Tcstry by Pepin d'Heristal, who sub.?equeutly ruled in his name, 687 .... (J. 691 4. king of the Franks, son of Dagobert III.; h. 713 ; succeeded Chilperic II. by intluenoe of Charles Martel, who govexiied in his name, 720 d. Aiiril 737 THIEEEY, Amedee Simon Dominique, French historian, brother of J. N. A. Thierry ; b. 2 Aug. 1797 ; published " Histou-e des Gaulois," 1828 ; " Plistoire de la Gaule sous I'Administraiion Homaine," 1840-2; "Histoire d'Attila," 1856; d. 26 llarch 1873. THIEEEY, Henri, French printer; issued " Corpus Juris Civilis," 1576 ; " Origine des Bour- guignons," 1581. THIEEEY, Jacques Nicolas Augustiu, French historian; b. 10 May 1795; published "Histoire de la Conquete de I'Angleterre par les Norniajids," 1825; "Lettressur I'Histoire de France," 1827; " Itecits des Temps Merovingiens," 1840-2; " lie- cucil do Jlonuments de I'Histoire da "Tiers Etat," 1S49-56; d. 22 May 1856. THIBES, Jean Bapfiste, French theologian and satirist; b. 11 Nov. 1636; published " de Stola in Archidiacononmi Visitationibus gestanda a p-aroc- cis," 1674; " Sauce Eobert," 1676-77; " Traitij de TExposiiion du Saint-Sacrament de I'Autel," 1673 ; d. 28 Feb. 1703. THIEES, Louis Adolphe, French statesman and historian ; b. 16 Api-il 1797. Appointed minister of the interior .... 1832 President of tlie council and minister of foreign affau's, Feb. — -Vug. 1836 : again Marcli — ih-X. 1840 Banished at the coup d'(itat . Dec- 1851 Elected deputy for the Seine, (opiiosed the em- peror) ...... . . 1863 IMember of Paris defence committee . 27 Aug. 1870 Visited London, St. Petersburg, Vienna, and Flo- rence, on behalf of France . 13 Sept. —Oct. ,, Had inten'iew with Bismarck . . 1—6 Nov. ,, By the "x'acte de Bordeaux" made cluef of the executive power .... 17 Feb. 1871 Signed treaty of peace with the emperor of Ger- many 26 Feb. „ Offered to resign ; confidence in him voted (495-10) II May „ Nominated president of the French republic (491-93) • ■ ... 31 Aug. „ His iinuistry defeated ; resigned ; succeeded by marshal MocMahon .... 24 May 1873 In rejily to an address at Vizille, near Grenoble, he s.aid, " Since you cannot establish the mo- narchy, establish the republic, and do it frankly and sincerL-ly " 27 Sept. 1874 Published " Histoire de la Revolution FranQaise," 1823-7: "HistoireduConsulatetdel'Empire" 1843-62 THIEESCH, Friedrich "W^lhelm von, Gennan pMlologist ; b. 17 June 1784; published " Grie- chische Grammatik," 1812; " Ueber Gelehrte Schulen," 1826-37 ; " Erechtheura auf der Akro- polis 2u Athens,' 1850 ; d. 25 Feb. i860. THIELBY, St3-an, LL.D., critic ; b. about 1692 ; d. 19 Dec. 1753. THIELWALL, Connop, bishop of St. David's, historian; b. II Feb. 1797; consecrated, 1840; published " Priraitioe, or Essa5"s and Poems," 1809; " History of Greece," 1835-41 ; d. 27 July 1875. THISTLEWOOD, Arthur, conspirator; b. 1772; led the Cato street conspiracy; arrested 23 Feb. 1820 ; executed as a traitor, l May 1820. THOLUCK, Friedrich August Gottreu, Ger- man theologian ; b. 30 March 1799; published (in Gennan) " Doctrine of the Sinner and the Media- tor," 1823; "Hours of Christian Devotion," 1840; "History of Eationalism," 1855, &c. THOM, James, self-taught Ayrshire sculptor ; b. about 1799; executed "Tarn O'Shanter," &c.; d. 17 April 1850. THOM 579 THOMS THOM, Walter, Scotcli historian and miscel- laneous writer; b. 1770; published "History of Aberdeen," 1811 ; " Pedestrianism," 1813 ; a. 16 June 1824. THOM, 'William, the " wcavcr-poet " of In- verury; b. 1799; rf. March 1850. THOMAS A KEMPIS, see Kcmpis. THOMAS, of Erceldoune, called the Ehymer, Scotch poet ; Ji. about 1280 ; wrote " Sir Tristrem," a metrical romance, edited by sir Walter Scott, 1804. THOMAS, Alexandre Gerard, French his- torian; b. 21 Feb. 1818; d. 5 May 1857. THOMAS, Antoine Leonard, French writer ; b. 1 Oct. 1732; wrote several "Eloges;" " Essai sur les Caractcres, les Mosurs et I'Esprit des Fem- mes," 1772, &c. ; d. 17 Sept. 1785. THOMAS, Chai-les Ambroise, French musical composer; b. i Aug. 1811; wrote operas, " Songe d' une Nuit d'Ete," 1850; "Camaval de Venise," 1857 ; "Hamlet," 1868. THOMAS, Clement, French republican general, 1). 31 Dec. i8og; a member of the legislative assem- lily, 1830, et scq. ; exiled, Dec. 1851; placed him- self under Trochu, Sept. 1870; with gen. Lccomte; ohot by communists, 18 March 1871 ; solemn fune- ral of "both, 27 Dec. 1875. THOMAS, Elizabeth, called Connna, poetess ; ii. 1675 ; published " Poems," 1722 ; d. 3 Feb. 1730- THOMAS, George Henry, American northern general; b. 21 July 1816; volunteer in the war of secession, 1861 ; defeated Zollikoff'er at Somerset, 19 Jan. 1862; defeated Hood, and raised siege of Nashville, 14-16 Dec. 1864; d. 28 March 1870. THOMAS, George Housman, historical painter; i. 7 Dec. 1824; designed illustrations to "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 1854, &c. ; d. 21 July 1868. THOMAS, Jacob Ernst, German landscape painter ; b. about 1588 ; d. 1653. THOMAS, John, bishop of Salisbury; b. 1695; . 8 Oct. 1553 ; formed a splendid libran', sold by auction for 10,400/., May 1789; published " de He accipitrarii," 1584; "His- toriae sui Temporis," 1604; " Memoires," 1620; d. 7 May 1617. Pb.an(;ois, Auguste, son ; executed as accomplice of Cinquiars, 12 Sept. 1642. THOUAES, see Bu Fctit Tliouars. THOUIN, Andre, French botanist ; b. 10 Feb. 1747; his "Voyage dans la Belgique, la Holliinde et ritalie" published, 1841 ; d. 27 Oct. 1824. THOURET, Jaccjues Guillaume, French revo- lutionary politician ; b. 30 April 1746; guillotined, 22 April 1794. THOUVENEL, Edouard Antoine, French statesman and diplomatist; b. 11 Nov. 1818; ap- pointed minister at Athens, Jan. 1849 ; at Munich, Nov. 1850; minister of foreign affairs, Feb. 1852; ambassador to Constantinople, May 1855 — Jan. i860 ; again minister of foreign affairs, Jan. i860— Oct. 1862; pubUshed "Hongrieet Valachie," 1840; d. about 18 Oct. 1866. THOUVENEL, Louis, French general, father of the above; b. 2 April 1787; defended Lu.xeni- bourg against the alUes, 1814 ; d. 20 Aug. 1S43. THOUVENTISr, Joseph, French bookbinder; b. 6 Sept. 1790; d. 9 Jan. 1834. THOTISrARD, Nicolas, French biblical critic and numismatist ; h. 1629 ; wrote " Harmonia Kvangeliorum Griuco-Latina," published 1707 : d 5 Jan. 1706. THOYRAS, see Rapiii. THRALE, see Piozzi. . THRASYBtTLUS, Athenian general ; abo- lished government of the thirty tjTants, 404 ; mur- dered in Cilicia, e.g. 389. THROCKMORTON", sir Nicholas, diploma- tist; b. about 1513; imphcated in Wvatt's rebel- lion ; committed to the Tower, Feb. 1554; released, Jan. 1555; ambassador to France, 1559-63; d. 12 Feb. 1571. _ THROSBY, John, topographer; J. 1740; pub- lished " Select Views in Leicestershire," 1789-90; "History and Antiquities of Leicester," 1791 ; d. 3 Feb. 1803. THUANUS, see Thou. . THUCYDIDES, Athenian general and histo- rian ; b. about B.C. 471 ; after siege of Annjhipolis, accused by Cleon and exiled for twenty years, 424 ; wrote "de Hello PeJoponnesiaco," hrst printed, 1502 ; d. 402. THUILLIER, Jean Louis, French botanist ; b. 22 Apiil 1757; published "Flore des Environs de Paris," 1790; d. 18 Dec. 1822. THULDEN, see Tulden. THUNBERG, Carl Pelu-, Swedi,sh botanist and traveller ; A. 11 Nov. 1743 ; published " Icones Plantarum Japoniearum," 1794-1805; " Flora Ca- pensis," 1807-20; d. 8 Aug. 1828. THURLOE, John, statesman; b. i6l6; ap- pointed secretary of the council of state, 1652; secretary of state to Cromwell, Deo. 1653; liis "Collection of State Papers" published, 1742; d. 21 Feb. 1668. . /"t ■ THURLOW, Edward Thurlow, lord chancel- lor; b. 1732; appointed solicitor-general, March 1770; attorney-general, Jan. 1771; lord chancellor. June 1778— Feb. 1783; again, Dec. 1783— June 1792; created baron, 3 June 1778; d. 12 Sept. 1806. THURMAIER, Johann, see Aventmus, THURMANN, Caspar, German bibliographer ; }. 7 Aug. 1634; d. 4 Dec: 1 704. THURMER, Josef, Gei-man architect; b. 1789; d. 13 Nov. 1833. THURNEYSSER, Leonhard, German al- chemist and astrologer ; b. 6 Aug. 1531 ; published " Archidoxa," 1569; " Quinta Essentia," 1570; " Magna Alchymia," 1583 ; d. 9 July 1596. THUROT (O'Farrell), Irish adventurer in ser- vice of France ; landed and plundered Can-ick- fergus ; defeated and killed soon after, Jan. 1 760. THWAITES, Edward, Saxon scholar; b. 1667; published " Not:c in Anglo-Saxonum Nummos," 1708; "Grammatica Anglo-Saxonica," 1711; d. i-ii. THWAITES, sir John, administrative re- former; b. 1815 ; elected chaiiman of the metro- jjolitan boai'd of works, 1856; (f. 8 Aug. 1870. THYNNE, Francis, Lancaster herald and anti- quary; b. 1545; wrote " Ap|)lication of Histories concerning Ambassadors," published 1651 ; d. about 1608. THYS, Antonius, Dutch philologist; b. about 1603 ; d. March 1665. TIARINI, Alessandro, Bolognese historical paiuter; b. 20 March 1577; d. 8 Feb. 1668. TIARKS, Johann Ludmg, German astronomer ; b. 1789; d. 1S37. TIBALDEO, see Tchaldco. TIBALDI, Domenico, Italian architect ; b. 1541 ; d. 1582. TIBALDI, Pellegrino, brother, Italian painter and architect; b. 1527; designed the fac^ade of Milan eathedi"al ; d. about 1600. TIBERIUS I. (Claudius Nero), emperor of Rome ; b. 16 Nov. n.c. 42 ; suppressed revolt of the Hhajti and Vindclici, 15 ; made qu.-Bstor, 23 ; con- sul, 13 ; again, 7 ; adopted by Augustus, a.d. 4 ; succeeded him, 19 Aug. 14 ; governed despotically and cnielly under the influence of Sejanus, the praetorian prefect, 23-31 ; put him to death, 31 ; (f. 16 March 37. TIBERIUS II. (Anicius Thrax Flavins Con- stantinusl, emperor of the East ; succeeded Justin 5 Oct. 578 ; d. 14 Aug. 582. TIBULLUS, Albius, Roman poet; h. about B.C. 54; Iris " Carmina" first printed, about 1472 ; d, about B.C. 19. TICKELL, Richard, poet and political writer ; published " Anticipation," 1778; rf. 4 Nov. 1793. TICKELL, Thomas, poet and essayist, friend and colleague of Addison; b. 1686; wrote " Pros- pect of Peace," 1713; "Royal Progress;" "Colin and Lucy" (ballad); translated Homer's "Ihad," book I., 1 715; rf. 23 April 1740. TICKNOR, George, American historian; 5. i Aug. 1791 ; gave up law for literature soon after, 1813 ; professor of modeim languages at Hansard, 1819-34; published "History of Spanish Litera- ture,''^ 1849; "Life of W. H. Prescott," 1864; d. 26 Jan. 1871 ; "Life, Letters, and Journal" pub- lished, 1876. TICOZZI 582 TIMUE TICOZZI, Stefiino, Itfiliiin historiiiu; b. 30 Jan. 1762; pubKshed " Dizionario degli Architetti, Scultori, Pittori, Intagliatori, &c.," 1830; con- tinued Ven-i's " Storia di Milano," 1836 ; cl. 3 Oct. 1836. TIDEMAH, PMipp, G ex-man painter; b. 1657; d. 1705. TIDEMAND, Adolph, Norwegian landscape and subject painter; b. 14 Aug. 1814 or 1815 ; works: " Lonely, Old Man," 1849; "EmigTants' Farewell," 1855 ;' many pictures in England, &c. ; d. 25 Aug. 1876. TIECK, Christian Friedi-icli, German sculptor ; b. 14 Aug. 1776; d. 14 June 1851. TIECK, Ludwig, brother, German poet, dra- matist and novelist; 4. 31 Hay 1773; publishecl " Lebeii und Tod von Genoveva von IJrabant," drama, 1800; " Gedichte," 1821; "Shakespeare's Torschnle," 1823-9; " SiimmtUchen Werlce," 1828- 42; "Gesammelte NoTcUen," 1S35-46; completed Schlegcl's translation of Shalcspeare's Works, pub- lished 1825-34; '^- 28 April 1853. TIEDEMANN, Dietrich, German philoso- phical crater; b. 3 April 1748; published " Geist Philosophie," 1790-7; c^. 24 May der speculativen T803. TIEDEMAJSTN, Friedrich, son, Gennan ana- tomist and physiologist ; b. 23 Aug. 1 781 ; published "Anatomic der Kohren-Holothurie," 1816; d. 22 Jan. 1861. TIEDGE, Christoph August, German poet ;^ b. I^ iJeo. 1752; published "Urania," 1801 ; "Ele- gien," 1803; " Fraueuspiegel," i8o5; f?. 8 March 1841. TIEPOLO, Giovanni Battista, called Tiepo- letto, Venetian painter and engi-aver; b. about 1693 ; d. about 27 March 1770. TIEPOLO, Giovanni Domenico, son, Venetian painter; b. 1726; d. about 1795. TIEPOLO, Jacopo, doge of Venice, jurist; elected, 1229; abdicated, June 1249; d. 19 July 1249. TIEPOLO, Lorenzo, son, doge of Venice; elected, 23 July 1268 ; concluded a truce with Genoa, 1270; d. 16 Aug. 1275. TIEPNEY, George, statesman; b. 20 May 1 761; fought a duel mth "WiUiam Pitt, 27 May 1798; ti-easurer of the navy, March i8or — May 1804; master of the mint, April 1827 — Jan. 1828; published " Real Situation of the East India Com- pany," 1787; d. 25 Jan. 1830. TIEENET, rev. Jfark Aloysius, historian ; b. 1785; published "History and Antiquities of the Town and Castle of Arundel," 1834 ; d. 19 Feb. 1862. TIETJENS, Teresa, German operatic singer ; b. 1834; made her debut at Hamburg, 1849; in London, April 1858. TIGHB, Maiy, Irish poet; b. 1773; printed "Psyche," 1805; d. 24 March 1810. TIGRANES, king of Armenia about n.c. 98; invaded Cappadooia for Mithridates, 76; refused to surrender him to LucuUus, 71; defeated by LucuUus (who took Tigranocerta), 69 and 68; re- covered part of his lost tenitories, 58 ; submitted to Pompey, 65 ; d. about 55. TIL, Salomon van, Dutch theologian; b. 26 Dec. 1644; d. 31 Oct. 1713. TILBOEGH, Gilles van, Flemish painter ; b. about 1625 ; d. about 15/8. TILESIUS, see Telesio. TILLEMANS, Pieter, Dutch painter ; b. about 1684; 15!. 5 Dec. 1734. TILLEMONT, Louis Sebastien Le Nain de, French historian and critic; b. 30 Nov. 1637; published "Histoii-e des Empereurs et des autres Princes qui out regno durant les six premiers Siecles de I'Eglise," 1690-1738; " Memoires poui- servir a I'Histoire Ecclusiastique des six premiers. Siecles," 1693-1712; "Vie de Saint Louis, lloi de France," piinted 1847-51 ; d. 10 Jan. 1698. TILLI, Michel Angelo, Italian physician and botanist; b. 16 April 1655; published "Catalogus Plantamm Horti Pisani," 1723 ; d. 17 March. 1740. TILLOCH, Alexander, ll.d., Scotch mecha- nician; A. 28 Feb. 1759; projected and edited " Philosophical Magazine," 1798 ; published "Dis- sertation on the Apocalj-pse,' 1823; d. 26 Jan. 1825. TILLOTSON, John,' archbishop of Canter- bury; b. Oct. 1630; made dean of Canterbuiy, 1672 ; of St. Paul's, 1689 ; consecrated archbishop, Api-il 1691 ; published "Eule of Faith," l656 ; d. 24 Nov. 1694. TILLY, Johann Tsereliis, count von, German general ; b. 1559 ; defeated the Bohemians at battle of Prague, 8 Nov. 1620; also the duke of Bruns- wick at Stadtloo, near Munster, 6 Aug. 1623;. wounded in battle on the Lech ; d. about 30 April 1632, TIMiEUS, Greek sophist and grammarian ; fi. 3rd century : wrote " Lexicon to Plato." TIMJEUS, Greek historian in Sicily ; d. about 256 B.C. TIMANTHES, Greek painter;/, about D.d. 400. TIMBEELL, Henry, Irish sculptor; b. 1S06; d. at Kome, 10 April 1S49. TIMES, John, antiquary; b. 17 Aug. 1801 ; employed by su- Eichard Phillips, 1820; edited the "Mirror," 1827-38; "Illustrated London News" for some time ; published about 150 compilations; "Ai-cana of Science," 1828-39; "Tear Book of Facts," 1839-73 ; " Curiosities of London," 1855 ; "Century of Anecdote," 1864; "Things Not Generally Known," &c. ; d. 14 March 1875. TIMOLBON, Corinthian general; b. n.c. 415- 410 ; restored freedom to Syracuse ; d. 337. TIMON, Greek philosopher, poet, and sceptic; fl. 3rd century B.C.; Avrote satu-es entitled "Sillaj." TIMOTEO da TJrbino, called "della Vite," Italian painter; b. about 1470; d. about 1524. TIMOTHEUS, Greek poet and musician; b. B.C. 416; d. 357. TIMOTHY, Saint, iirst bishop of Ephesus ; b. about 35 ; became bishop, about 65 ; d. 97. TIMUE, or TameELAIn^E, Tartar conqueror; b. about 1336 ; favoured by and served Husein, khan of North Ivhorasan, 1361 ; rebelled and defeated him, 1365-70 ; conquei'ed Persia and subdued the Turks in Asia Minor, 1370-1400 ; defeated and im- prisoned Bajazet at Angora, 20 July 1402; founded the Mogul dynasty in India ; d. 18 Feb. 1405. TINCT0EI8 683 TODD TINCTOBIS, Jean, Belgian musician; b. about 1434; published " Tevminoruni ilusicuo De- tinitorium," about 147S; if- 1520. TINDAL, Matthew, Li.n., deistical \mter; i. about 1657 ; published " Eights of the Christian Church asserted," 1 706; "Christianity as Old as the Creation," 1730; d. 16 Aug. 1733. TINDAL, rev. Nicholas, nephew, historian ; b. 1687; published "History of Esse.i," 1724; trans- lated and continued Eapiu's " History of England," 1743-7; " Psalms and Hymns for public and private Wor- ship," 1776 ; rf. II Aug. 1778. 1656 ; sup- d. 18 March oi'iginated TOPPI 080 TOULMIN TOPPI, Niccolu, Neaj)oiitaii histoilim; b. atout 1603; published " BiblLotuca Niipolitaua," 1678 ; d. i68r. TOEBIDO, or TURBIDO, Francesco, called ' ' II More," Italiju iiaiuter ; 0. about 1500 ; (/. about 1581. TORDENSKJOLD, Peter, Danish admiral ; S. (Wessel) 28 Oct. l6gi ; killed in a duel, 20 Nov. 1770. TORELLI, Giuseppe, Italian geometrician; b. 3N0V. 1721; " Arcliimedis qua; supersunt Omnia, cum nova Versione Latina, published 1792 ; d. 18 Aug. 1781. TOEELLI (Tam-ellius), Lelio, Italian jurist ; b. 28 Oct. 1489; edited " Paudectes," 1553; d. 27 March 1576. TORENO, Jose Maria Queipo de Llano, conde de, Spanish statesman ; h. 26 Nov. 1 786; appointed minister of finance, June 1834.; president of the council and minister for foreign affairs, June 1835 ; resigned, 14 Sejit. 1835 ; published "Historj' of the lusui-rection and AV ar, and Kevolution in Spain," 1835-8 ; d. 16 Sept. 1843. TOEPESEN, Thoi-mod, Icelandic historian; i. 27 May 1636; published " Historia Orcadum," 1697 ; " Historia iirolfi lu-akii, Dauia; Kegis," 1705 ; d. 1719. TOEPOELET, Nathaniel, mathematician ; li. about 1573 ; published " Salopiensis Uiclides CceIo- metricic," 1002 ; d. April 1632. TOEQUEMADA, or Turreceemata, Juan de, Spanish Dominican cardmal; stjied " Defender of the Faith," 4. 1388; created, 1439; made bishop of Palestrina, 1455 ; of Sabina, 140)4 ; published " Meditationes," 1467 ; " Expositio iJrevis et Tltilis super toto Psalteno," 1470; "Coni- mentarii in Decretum Gratiani, partes T.," 1519; d. 26 Sept. 1468. TOEQUEMADA, Tomasde, Spanish Domi- nican ; b. 1420 ; appointed grand inquisitor of Spain, II Feb. 1482 ; helped to e.xpel the Jews, 1492 ; d. 16 Sept. 1498. TOEEE, Filippo del, Italian antiquary; b. i May 1657 ; published " Monumenta Veteris Antii," 1700; d. 25 Feb. 1717. TOEEE, Giovanni Maria della, Italian natu- ralist; b. 1713 ; published " Scienza della Natura," 1749-50; " Storia e Fenomeni del Vesuvio," 1755 ; d. 5 March 1782. TOEEENS, sir Hem-y, Irish general ; i. 1779 ; entered army, 1793 ; served in West Indies, Arc., 1796— 1808 ; d. 23 Aug. 1828. TOEEENS, Robert, Irish judge; b. 1775; made a justice of the common pleas, 1823 ; d. 29 March 1^56. TOEEENS, Robert, lieut.-colonel, political economist; b. 1780; published "Essay on the external Com Trade," 1815; "Colonisation of South Australia," 1835 ; d. 27 May 1864. Sir Robert Eichaed, son; b. 1814; employed in Australia, 1841, et scq. ; m.p. for Cambridge, 1868-74. TOEEENS, 'William Torrens McCuUagh, Irish lawyer and liberal politician ; b. (McCuUagh), Oct. 1813 ; M.P. for Finsbury since 1865 ; published ■' Empii'e in Asia," 1872 ; &c. T0EEENTIU8, Jan, Dutch painter; b. 1589 ; d. 1640. TOEEES, Spanish navigator; discovered Torres strait, dividing Australia from New Guinea, 1G06. TOEEICELLI, Evangelista, Italian mathe- matician and physicist ; b. 15 Oct. 1608; assistant of Galileo when blind, 1641 ; invented the baro- meter, 1643 ; improved the construction of tele- scopes and microscopes ; published " Opera Geonie- trica," 1644; d. 25 Oct. 1647. TOEEIGIANI, Pietro, Italian sculptor; b. about 1472 ; executed monuments of ilargaret, countess of Riclimond, and of Hem-y VII. in AVest- minster abbey, completed 1519 ; d, 1522. TOEEINGTON, Ai-thur Herbert, earl of; rear-admiral, 1678 ; vice-admii"al, 1685 ; dismissed, July 1687 ; admiral of fleet of William, prince of Orange, 1688; repulsed French fleetin Bautry bay, I May 1689; made earl, 1689; defeated byTourville off Beechy head, 30 June 1690 ; acquitted by court martial, 19 Dec. 1690 ; d. 13 April 1716. TOEEINGTON, see Byng. TOESTENSON, Lennart, Swedish general; distinguished in 30 years' war, 1631-48; d. 7 April 1 65 1. TOE Y, Geoffroi, French engi-aver and printer ; b. about 1480; d. about 1536. TOSCANELLI, Paolo del Pozzo, Italian astronomer ; b. 1397 ; constructed the gnomon on the cathedral of Florence, 1468 ; d. 15 May 1482. TOSTI, or TOSTIG, earl of Northumberland, son of earl Godwin; defeated by Harold, and killed at the battle of Stanford Bridge, 25 Sept. 1066. TOSTI, Antonio, Roman cardinal; }. 4 Oct. 1776; created, 1838; appointed librarian of the Yatiean, 1854; d. 20 March 1866. TOTILA, Gothic king of Italy, 541 ; warlike reign ; defeated and killed by Narses, July 552. TOTNES, see Carew. TOTT, Francois de, see De Tott. TOTTEL, Richard, piinter; published "Mis- cellanies ;" d. about 1593. TOTTENHAM, rev. Edward, controversialist ; b. 1810; d. 7 June 1853. TOTTENHAM, lord Robert Ponsonby, bishop of Clogher; b. 5 Sept. 1773; bishop of "jtCillaloe, 1804 ; of Leightin and Ferns, 1820 ; of Clogher, 1822 ; d. 28 April 1850. TOTTIE, John, D.D., archdeacon of Wor- cester ; published " Sixteen Sermons preached be- fore the University of Oxford," 1775 ; d. after 1775- TOUCHET, Marie, mistress of Charles IS. of France ; b. 1549 ; after the death of the king, married Fran(;ois de Balsae d'Entragues, 1578 ; d. 1638. TOULMIN, Joshua, D.D., unitarian minister ; b. 1740; published "Memoirs, Sermons, and Dis- sertations," 1766-1813; "History of the Town of Taunton," 1791 ; d. 23 Jnly 1815. TOULMIN, see Crosland. TOUP 586 TEAVIS TOUP, i-cv. Jouathan, iihilologist; b. Doc. j TOWSON, John Thomas, physicist, &e. ; b. 1713; made canon of Exeter, 1774; published | 1804; suggested improvements in progress of pho- " Emendation es in Suidam et Hesychium et alios ' tography; made great improvements in tables for LexieogTaphos," 1790 ; " Curce novissimaj sive Ap- ! navigation, &c., 1846, et acq, ; published " Practi- pendicula Notarum et Emendationum in Suidam," ! cal Information on the Deviation of the Compass ; ' 1775; A. 19 Jan. 1785. TOUEGUBNEFP, Ivan Sergiewitz, Eussian novelist ; b. g Deo. 1818 ; published " Panaschka," 1843 ; many tales, &o. TOITEGrUENIBV, see Tm-gcnvr. TOUENEPOET, Joseph Pitton de, French botanist ; b. 5 June 1656 ; published " Elements de Botanique," 1694; "Kelation d'un Voyage du Le- vant," 1717 ; rf. 28 Nov. or Dec. 1708. TOUENEMINE, Eene Joseph French his- torian and theologian ; b. 26 April l6(5l ; published "Pancgyrique de Saint Louis," 1733; edited "Journal de Trevoux," 1701-18; d. 16 May 1739- TOURVILLE, Anne Hilarion de Costentin, comte de, French admiral ; b. 24 Nov. 1642 ; de- feated by the English at the battle of La Hogue, If) Jlay 1602 ; created marslial of France, 27 March 1693 ; d. 28 May 1701. TOUSSAINT L'OUVEETUEE, negro leader in 8t. Domingo : b. 1743 ; after the revolt of the negroes, recognized by the French as geueral- iu-chief, 1794; established an independent re- public in St. Domingo, 9 May 1801 ; sun-endered to the French, 7 May 1802 ; cl. in Fnmee, 27 April 1803. TOWEES, Joseph, LL.n., political and histoii- cal writer; b. 1737; published "Memoii-s of Frederick III., King of Prussia," 1788; d. 20 May 1799. TOWNLET, Charles, antiquary; b. i Oct. 1737 ; his collection of ancient sculpture, bronzes, coins, and gems, pm-chased for the British Museum in 1805 and 1814, for 28,200^. ; d. 3 Jan. 1805. TOWNLEY, rev. James, dramatist; b. 1715; ■sn-ote " High Life below Stairs," 1759 ; d. 15 July TOWNSEND, (jeorgo Herbert, lou published " Manual of Dates," 1862 ; f^.by suicide, 23 Feb. 1869. TOWNSEND, TVilliam Cliaries, lawyer ; b. about 1803 ; edited " Modem State Trials," 1850; d. 8 May 1850. TOWNSHEND, Charles Townshend, vis- count, statesman ; b. 1676 ; appointed secretary of state, Sept. 1714 ; dismissed, 10 April 1717; lord jiresident of the council, June 1 72 1 — May 1730 ; d. 2X June 1738. TOWNSHEND, Charies, caUed "Weather- cock," grandson, statesman; b. 1725; appointed secretary at war, 1761 ; colonial secretary, 1763; paymaster-general, 1765 ; chancellor of the ex- chequer, Aug. 1766; a. 4 Sept. 1767. TOWNSHEND, George, marquis ; 6eld-mar- shal ; b. 28 Feb. 1724; distinguished in war, 1743-6; succeeded "Wolfe at Quebec, Scjpt. 1759; lord-lieut. of Ireland, 1767; earl of Leicester, 1784; marquis, Oct. 1787; d. i4Sept. 1807. TOWNSHEND, rev. Chauncy Hare, poet; h. 1800; published "Jerusalem," 1828; "Three Gates," 1861, &e. ; d. 25 Feb. 1868. I d. after 1863. TOYNBEE, Joseph, aural surgeon; b. about 1816; accidentally poisoned, 8 July 1866. TOZEE, Henry, puritan divine ; b. 1602 ; pub- lished " Directions for a Godly Life," 1628 ; " Dicta et Facta Christi," 1634; d. 11 Sept. 1650. TEABEA, Quintus, Eoman comic poet; fl. about B.C. 130. TEACY, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, comte de, French philosopher; b. 20 July 1754; pub- lished "Elements d'ldcologie," 1817-18; d. 9 March 1836. TEADENIGO, Pietro, dogeofVemce ; elected, 836; d. 15 March 864. TEADESCANT, John, naturalist, traveller, and antiquary ; appointed gardener to Charles I., 1629; his collection of rarities, which included " two feathers of the phoenix tayle," after his death became the jiroperty of Aphmole, and foi-med the nucleus of the Ashmoleau museum at Oxford ; d. about 1652. TEADESCANT, John, son, naturaHst and traveller; b. 1608; published " Museum Trades- cantianum," 1656; d. 22 April 1662. TEAETTA, Tommaso, ItaKan musical com- poser; b. 19 May 1727; produced opera,5, "il Famace," 1750; " Ippolito ed Aricia," 1759; " Anuida," 1760 ; d. b Api-il 1779. TEAGUS, or Bock, Hierom-mus, German botanist ; b. 1498 ; published " Neues lu-euter- Buch," 1546; a. 21 Feb. 1554. TEAILL, Thomas Stewart, m.d., Scotch phy- sician; b. 1781; edited "Encyclopaedia liritan- nica," Sth edition, 1853-60; d. 30 July 1862. TEAJANUS, Marcus TJlpius Nerva, emperor of Home ; b. 18 Sept. 52 ; adopted by Nerva, 97 ; succeeded him, 27 Jan. 98 ; defeated Decebalus and subdued Dacia, 106; Trajan's coltunn erected at Eome, 114; d. about 8 Aug. 117. TEALLIANUS, Alexander, see Alexander. TEAPP, John, puritan commentator; b. 1601 ; published " Commentary or Exposition on the Old and New Testament," 1654-6; d. 1669. TEAPP, Joseph, D.D., poet and divine ; b. 1679 ; published " Pnclectioues Poetics," 1711-19 ; " Ex- ])lanatory Notes upon the Fom- Gospels," 1747-48 ; d. 22 Nov. 1747. TEATJTTMANSDOEPP, Ferdinand, count, Austrian diplomatist; b. 27 June 1825; envoy to Munich, Feb. 1867; ambassador to Eome, Sept. 1868. TEAVEES, John, musical composer, appointed organist of the chapel royal, 1737 ; d. 1757. TEAVEES, Nicolas, French theologian and historian; b. 10 Aug. 1674; wrote "Histoii-e de Nantes," printed 1836-41 ; d. 13 Oct. 1750. TEAVIS, George, archdeacon of Chester ; b. about 1740; published "Letters to EdTvard Gibbon, Esq.," 1784; d. 24 Feb. 1797. TEEBY 5S7 TKIEST TEEBY, sir George, judge ; h. 1644 ; apijointed recorder of London, Dec. 1680; remoTed, 1682; restored, 10 Dec. 16S8 ; made solieitor-gener.1l, Feb. 1689; attorney-general, May 1689; chief justice of the common pleas, 3 May 1692; d. March 1702. TEEDGOLD, Thomas, civil engineer; h. 22 Aug. 1788; published "Elementary Piinciples of Carpentry," 1820; " Practical Treatise on EaU- roads and Carriages," 1825 ; d. 28 Jan. 1829. TEEE, Ellen, see Kean. TEBGELLES, Samuel Prideaux, ll.d.. Bib- lical critic; b. 30 Jan. 1813; devoted to study of Greek Testament ilSS. ; published an edition, 1857, et seq. ; and other works ; d. 24 April 1875. TEELAWNEY, sir Jonathan, hart., bishop of "Winchester; b. about 1648; consecrated bishop of Bristol, 1685 ; one of the seven bishops committed to the Tower, 1688 ; translated to E.\eter, 1688 ; to "SVinchester, 1707; d. 19 July 1721. TEEMBLEY, Abraliam, Smss naturalist; b. T Kept. 1 700 ; published ' ' llemoires pour servir a i'Histoire d'uu genre de Polypes d'Jiau douce," 1744; " Instructions sm- la Nature et la Eeligion," 1775; d. 12 May 1784. TEEMOILLE, or Teemouille, Charlotte de, under Derby. TEEMOLLIEEE, Pien-e Charles, French historical painter ; b. 1 703; rf. II May 1739. TEENCH, Francis, theologian ; b. July 1806 ; appointed rector of Islip, O.KOii, 1857 ; published "Notes on Scripture," 183&; "Job's Testimony," 1S53; "Few iS'otes from Past Life," 1862; " Is- lipmua," 1869-70. TEENCH, Eichard ChenevL-c, archbishop of Dublin, brother of Francis ; b. 9 Sept. 1807 ; dean of Westminster, 1856-63 ; consecrated archbishop, I Jan. 1864; published "Notes on the Parables," 1841 ; "Notes on the Miracles," 1846; " Study of Words," 1851; " English Past and Present," 1855; "Glossary of English Words," 1859; &c. TEENCH AED, sir John, statesman ; i. 1650; imprisoned upon suspicion of complicity in the Eye-house plot, 1683 ; supported Monmouth's re- bellion, 1685 ; appointed secretary of state, 1693 ; d. 20 April 1695. TEENCHAED, John, political writer; b. 1662 or 1669; wrote "Natural History of Super- stition," published 1709; " Gate's Letters," col- lected 1725; d. 17 Dec. 1723. TEENCK, Franz, baron von; b. at Eeggio, about 1711; entered service of Austria, 1722; of Eussia, 1738; of Austria, 1740; destroyed Cham, 7 Sept. 1742; killed himself at Griitz, 14 Oct. 1749. TEENCK, Friedrich, baron von der, Prussian officer; b. 16 Feb. 1726; intrigued with princess Amelia of Prussia ; imprisoned in the fortress of JIagdeburg, 1753-63; published " SiimmtHche Gedichte und ijohnften," 1786; "Merkwiirdige Lebensbeschreibung,' ' 1 7S6-87 ; guillotined, 25 July 1794- TEENDELBNBUEG, Friedrich Adolph, German philosopher ; b. 30 Nov. 1802 ; published educational Avorks ; d. Jan. 1872. TEENEUIL, Joseph, French poet; b. 27 June 1763; published " Tombeaus de Saint-Denis," 1806 ; d. s March 1818. TEENTA, Filippo, Italian tragic poet; b. Zl April 1731 ; published " Tragedie," 1756; d. 13 March 1795. TEENTO, Antonio da, Italian engraver; fl. about 1550. TEESIL'JAN, sir Robert, chief justice of King's bench, May 1378 ; accused of treason ; executed at Tybui-n, Feb. 1387. TEESSAN, Louis Elisabeth de La Vergne, comte de, French general; b. 4 Nov. 1705; pub- lished "Traite sur I'Eloctricite," 1749; "Amadis des Gaule.5," 1779 ; rf. 31 Oct. 1782. TEEVELYAN, sir Charies Edward, political economist; b. 1807 ; entered Indian service; go- vernor of Madras, J an. 1859; recalled for protesting against new taxes, May i860 ; financial minister in India, Oct. 1862 — April 1875; published "Educa- tion of People of India," 1848. TEEVISANI, Angclo, Venetian painter ; fl. about 1750. TEEVISANI, Francesco, Italian painter; b. 1656; d. 1746. TEEVISANI, Marcantonio, doge of Venice ; elected, 3 June 1553 ; d. 31 Alay 1554. TEEVISO, see Mortier. TEEVITHICK, Eichard, engineer; b. 13 April 1771 ; invented high-pressiu-e steam-engine, 1796; patented, 1802 ; invented locomotives, &c.; d. 22 April 1833. TEEVOE, rev. George, chaplain in Madras, 1836-45 ; rector and canon at York, 1847 ; proctor for 1847; published "Catholic Doctrine of the Holy Sacrament," 1869; &c. TEEVOE, sir John, lawj-er; b. 1633; speaker of the house of commons, 1685-89; re-elected, 1690; expelled tlie house for bribeiy, 6 March 1695 ; d. 20 May 1717. TEEVOE, su- John, statesman; b. 1626; ne- gociated the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, between France and Spain, 1668 ; secretary of state, Sept. 1668— July 1672 ; d. 28 May 1672. TEEW, Christoph Jacob, Gei-man physician and botanist; b. 26 April 1695; published " Vasa Nutritia Foliorum Arboreorum," 1748; " Herba- rium ElackwelUanum auetum," 1750-60; "Libro- rum botanicorum Catalogus," 1752-57; (/. 18 July 1769. TEIAL, Antoine, French comedian ; b. 14 Oct. 1737 ; friend of Eobespierre ; d. by suicide, 5 Feb. 1795- TET AT., Jean Claude, brother, French violinist and musical composer; b. 13 Dec. 1732; d. 23 June 1771. TEIBOLO (Niccolo Pericoli), ItaUan sculptor; b. 1500; executed twelve bas-reliefs for the doors of San Petronio at Bologna ; d. 1565. TEIBONIANUS, Eoman jurist; b. about 475 ; superintended the compilation of the Pandects, Institutes, and new code of Justinian; d. about 545- TEIBUNO, Pictro, doge of Venice ; d. May 912. TEICOUPI, Spiridion, Greek statesman; b. 1791 ; took part in (1821, ct seq.), and published " History of the Greek Insnirection," 1853-7 ; am- bassador to England, 1838, 1842-3; at Paris, 1S50; London, 1852-67; d. 26 Feb. 1873. TEIEST, Pierre Joseph, Belgian pManthro- pist; A. 31 Aug. 1760; d. 24 June 1836. TEIGAN 5S8 TEOYEN TEIGtAN", Charles, French historian; b. 20] Aug. 1694 ' published " Histoire Ecelesiastique de Ifoi-mandie," 1759-61; d. 12 Feb. 1764. TEIGAULT, Nicolas, French Jesuit mission- ary ; b. 1577 ; went to China, 161 1 ; to India, 1613 ; published " de Christiana. Expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu, 1615; "Litterce e regno Sinarum," 1615 ; d. 14 Nov. 1628. TEIMM, Tinrothee (Leo Lispes), French jour- nalist; b. 25 April 1815 ; d. Apnl 1875. TEIMMEE, Sarah, wiiter for the young; b. (Kirby), 6 Jan. 1741 ; married, 1762; ))ublished "History of the liobiiis," 1786; ''Attempt to familiarize the Catechism of the Church of Eng- land," 1791; "Sacred History," 1796; d. 15 Dec. 1810. TEIONPETTl, Italian botanists : Lelio : It. 1647; pubUslied " Lectiones sive Osten- sionea Botanica-," 1675-1721 . . d. 1 July 1722 Giovanni Battista, brother ; h. 8 May 1656 ; d. Nov. 1708 TEIQUETI, Henri, baron de, French sculp- tor; b. 1802; decorated the Madeleine, at Pans, &c. ; emploj'ed upon the prince consoi't's monu- ment at wiudsor, &c. ; d. II May 1874. TEISSINO, Giovan Giorgio, ItaUan poet; b. 8 July 1478 ; produced his tragedy, " Sopnonisba," 1515; "SimiUimi," comedy, 1547; "Italia libe- i-atada' Goti," 1547-48; d. l)ec. 1550. TEISTAM, Nuno, Portuguese navigiitor; ex- plored the coasts of Africa; discovered cape Blanco, 14AI ; also the island of Gete (Arguiui), 1443 ; killed by the natives of the Eio Grande, 1446. TEISTAN, see Z'Smiiite. TEISTAN DA CuNHA, see Cunha. TEITHEIM, Johann, German historian and theologian ; b. I Feb. 1462 ; published " de Serip- toribus eeclesiasticis Collectanea," 1494; "Poly gi-aphia," 1518 ; " Steganographia," 1531 ; d. 27 Dec. 1516. TEITHEN, Friedrich Heinrich, orientalist; ^. 1820; <;. 27 April 1854. TEIVET, Tryvet, &c., Nicholas, chronicler ; d. 1328. TEIVISANO, Bernardo, Italian philosopher ; i. 26 Feb. 1652; published "Meditazioni liloso- fiche," 1704; d. 31 Jan. 1720. TEIVULZI, Gian Jacopo de', marchese di Vigevano, called " Le grand Trivulce," marshal of France; b. 1441; surrendered Capua to Charles VIII., and entered the French service, Feb. 1495 ; created marshal, ii May 1499; d. 5 Dec. 1518. TEOCHU, Louis Jules, French general ; b. 12 March 1815 ; served in Algeria and the Crimea ; gave much offence by his pamphlet, "L'Armee Frani;aise en 1867;" governor of Paris, and gene- ral, Sept. 1870— Feb. 187 1 ; published "Pour la V^rite et pour la Justice " (defending the defence government), 1873. TEOGUS POMPEIUS, Homan historian; fl. about u.c. 20 ; wrote " HistoriiB Philippics." TEOLLOPE Family, novelists, &c. : Frances, novelist; &. 1778; published "Domestic Mamiers of tlie Americans," 1831 : " Vicar of Wrexliill," 1837 ; " Widow Bamaby," 1838 ; "Michael Armstrong, tlie Factory Boy," 1840; d. 6 Oct. 1S63 Tier sons: — Thomas Adolphus ; 7j. 1810; ]uiblislied "Paul tlie Pope ami Paul the Friar," i860 ; " History of the Communwealtli of Florence," 1865 ; "Gemma," a novel, 1866; "Beppo," 1864; fcc. Anthony; h. 1815; long employed in post-office: published "The Warden," 1855; "Barchester Towers," 1857; "Dr. Thome," 1858; " Framley Parsonage," 1864 ; " Cau you forgive her ? " 1864 : "Last Chronicle of Bai-set," 1866-67; " Eustai* Diamonds," 1872; ""Lady Anna;" went to Aus- ti-alia for the post-office : published " New South Wales and Queensland," " South Australia and Western Australia," and "Victoria and Tasmania," 1S74 ; " How we live now, ' 1875 ; &c. TEOLLOPE, ven. Edward, archffiologist ; b. 15 April 1817 ; archdeacon of Stow, 186/ ; pub- lished " Illustrations of Ancient Art," 1854; "Life of Pope Adrian IV.," 1856 ; " Labyrinths," 1858 ; works on churches of Spilsbuiy, Gainsborough, Boston, &c., 1865-70; &e. TEOMBELLI, Gian Crisostomo, Italian theo- logian ; b. 1697 ; published " de Cultu Sanctorum," 1740-43; " de Sacramentis," 1769-81; d. 24 Jan. 1784- TEOMP, Cornells, son of following, Dutch admii-al ; b. 9 Sept. 1629; d. about 29 May 1691. TEOMP, Martin Harpertzoon, Dutch admiral ; b. 1597; destroyed the Spanish fleet off' Gravelines, Feb. 1639; defeated by admiral Blake off' Dover, 29 May 1652 ; victorious over the English fleet at the mouth of the Thames, 10 Dec. 1652 ; killed at the battle of Seheveningen, 10 Aug. 1653. TEONCHIN, Theodore, Swiss physician; b. 24 May 1709; settled at Amsterdam, 1736; pub- lished "de Colicil Pictorum," 1757; d. 30 Nov. 1781. TEONO, Niccolo, doge of Venice; b. about 1397; elected, 13 Nov. 1471 ; d. 28 July 1473. TEOOST, Cornells, Dutch portrait pamter ; b. 1697; d. 7 March 1750. TEOPLONG, Eaymond Theodore, French lawyer and statesman ; b. 8 Oct. 1795; appointed iu-st president of the court of cassation, 1S52 ; pre- sident of the senate, 1854; published "Droit Civil Explique," 1833-58 ; d. 28 Feb. x86g. TEOTTI, Giovanni Battista, called Malosso, Italian painter ; b. 1555 ; d. after 1607. TEOTMAN, John, inventor of a new anchor, &c. ; b. 15 Aug. 1813. TEOUBEIDGE, sir Thomas, admiral; }. about 1750; a lord of the admiralty, Feb. 1801— May 1804; taken prisoner by the French, 1794; went to the East Indies, 1805 ; lost at sea on his return, Feb. 1810. TEOUGHTON, Edward, astronomical instru- ment maker; b. Oct. 1753; d. 12 June 1835. Set up business in London, about 1782 ; iiatented a double sextant • 1788 Made double British reflecting circle .... 1796 Improved surveying and astrouoinfcal apparatus ; made mural circle (adopted at many observa- tories^ . • • • • ... 1806-T1 Published ids method of dividing, 1809 ; took W. Slmms for partner ■ 1826 TEOUSSEAU, Amiand, French physician ; b. 14 Oct. 1801 ; published " Traite Elementaire de Therapeutique," 1836; "Clinique Medicale de I'Hotel Dieu de Pai-is," 1861 ; d. 24 June 1867. TEOWBEIDGE, see Troubrldge. TEOYEN, Rombont van, Flemish landscape painter ; b. 1600 ; d. 1650. TEOYON 589 TURENNB TE.OYON, Constant, French landscape and animal painter ; i. 1813 ; d. 20 March 1865. ,TE,UCHET, Jean, French hydraulic engineer ; !>. 1657 ; d. 5 Feh. 1729. TEUMAN, rev. Joseph, theologian; i. 1631 ; published '• Great Propitiation," 1669; d. 29 July 1671. TRUMBULL, John, American histoi-ical pain- ter; b. 1756; painted "Battle of Bunker HiU," and " Death of General Montgomerj' ; " d. 10 Nov. 1843. TRUMBULL, sii- William, statesman; i. 1636; envoy to France, 1685-86; a lord of the treasury, May 1694 — Nov. 1695 ; secretary of state, 1695-97; d. 14 Dec. 1716. TRURO, Thomas Wilde, lord, lord high chan- cellor; b. 7 July 1782; d. II Nov. 1855. Appointed solicitor-general . . . Dec. 1839 Became attomey-geueral . . July— Sept. 1841 Again attorney-general .... 6-11 July 1846 Maile chief justice of the common pleas . July ,, Created baron Tmro .... 15 July 1850 Lord high chancellor . July 1850— Feb. 1852 TBUEO, present bishop (the fii-st), see Senson in Addenda. TRUSLER, John, ll.d., bookseller; b. 1735; published " Difference between Words esteemed sjaionymous in the English Language," 1766; «'■ Habitable World described," 1788-97; d. 1820. TBTPHIODOEUS, Greek poet and gi-am- marian;^. 4th or 5th century; wrote "Ilii iix- cidium.' TRTPHON, Diodatus, Syrian usurper ; set up Alexander, son of Balas, against Demetrius Nica- tor, n.c. 146 ; killed Antiochus and usurped his throne, 142 ; defeated and killed by Antiochus Sidetes, 139. TSCHIRNHAUSEN, Ehrenfried Walter von, German mathematician and physicist; b. April 1651 ; made burning-glasses of great power, 1682; published " Medicina Mentis," 1687; d. 11 Oct. 1708. histor , -.-,.» llha-'tia.," 1538; " Scliweitzerische Chronik," printed 1734 ; ''■ ^'^'^- ^572- TUBI, Giovanni Battista, Eoman sculptor ; b. 1635 ; settled in France, 1663; d. 9 Aug. 1700. TUCHET, see Andhij. TUCKER, Abraham, metaphysician; b. 2 Sept. 1705 ; published " Light of Nature pursued," 1765-76; "Picture of Ai-tless Love," 1754; d. 20 Nov. 1774. TUCKER, Josiah, dean of Gloucester, political economist; b. 1711 ; made dean, 1758; pubhshed - - ■ " '" 1781; 'Treatise concerning Civil Government, d. 4^'ov. 1799. TUCKEY, James Hingston, naval explorer; b. Aug. 1778 ; ascendedriver Zaire, 1815 ; published " ilaritime Geography and Statistics," 1S15 ; d. 4 Oct. 1816. TUCKNEY, Anthony, piu-itan divine; b. 1599 ; d. Feb. 1670. TUDELA, Benjamin of, see Benjamin. TUDOR, Jasper, earl of Pembroke, guardian of ■Margaret, countess of Eichmond, and her son (aft°rward-, Henry TIL), 1456: defeated at Mor- timer's Cross, 2 Feb. 1461 ; made duke of Bedford, 1485; lieut. of L-eland, i486; f?. 21 Dec. 1495. TUDOR, Owen, Welsh cliieftain, g;randfather of Henry VII. ; nianied queen Catherine, widow of Henry T. of England ; beheaded after battle of Mortimer's Cross, 2 Feb. 1461. TUDWAY, Thomas, musical composer; ft. 1705- TUPNELL, Henry, classical scholar ; b. 1805 ; with sir G. C. Lewis, translated Miiller's "History and Antiquities of the Doric Eace," 1830; d. 15 June 1854. TUKE, sir Brian, diplomatist ; clerk of the parliaments ; secretary to Cardinal Wolsey, 1525 ; ambassador to France, 1528; d. 26 Oct. 1545. TULAS2SrE, Louis Rene, French botanist; b. 12 Sept. 1815 ; published " Fungi H5-jiogffii," 1851 ; " Selecta Fuugorum Carpologia," 1861-3. TULDEN, Theodor van, Flemish historical painter and engraver ; i. about 1607 ; d. about; 1676. TULL, Jethro, agriculturist ; b. about 1680 ; published "Essay on Horse-hoeing Husbandry," 1733; 'i- 3 Jan. 1740. TULLIA, daughter of Cicero; b. B.C. 78; married to Dolabella, 50 ; divorced, 46 ; d. Feb. 45- TULLOCH, rev. John, Scotch theologian ; b. 1823; piincipal of St. Mary's College, St. An- drew's, 1854; gained Burnett prize for his essay on '■ the Being and attributes of God," 1855 ; pub- lished " Eational Theology and Christian Philo- sophy in the Seventeenth Century," 1872. TULLUS HOSTILIUS, see JBCostiUiis. TULLY, Thomas, controversial divine; b. 1620; d. 14 Jan. 1676. TULP, Nicholas, Dutch anatomist and magis- trate; 4. II Oct. 1593; published " Observationum Medicarum libri III.," 1641 ; d. 12 Sept. 1674. TUNSTALL, or TonSTALL, Cuthbert, bishop of Durham; b. about 1474; master of the rolls, 1516-22; dean of Salisbury, 1521 ; bishop of Lou- don, 1522; ambassador to France, 1528; bought and burnt Tyndall's New Testaments, 1529 ; bishop of Durham, 1530; deprived, 1552; restored, 1553 ; again deprived, 1559; d. 18 Nov. 1559. TUNSTALL, James, d.d. ; *. .about 1710; pubUslied "Epistola ad Conyers Middleton d& Ciceronis Epistolis," 1741 ; d. 28 March 1772. TUPPER, Martin Farquhar, poet; b. 1810; published "Proverbial Philosophy," 1839-44; "Bal- lads for the Times," 1S52; "Lyrics," 1855; many poems. TURA, Cosimo, called Cosme, Italian painter; h. 1406 ; d. after 1480. TUEBERVILLE, George, poet; b. about 1530 ; published " Epitaphes, Epigrams, Songs, and Sonets, with a Discourse of the friendly Affections of Tvmetesto Pyndara his Ladie," 1570; " Booke of Faulconrie," 1575; "Tragical Tales," 1576; d. after 1594. TURCHI, Alessandro, called Alessandro Vero- nese, or Orbetto, Italian historical painter ; b. 1582; d. 1648. TURENNE, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergue, vicomte de, marshal of France ; b. about II Sept. 1611 ; killed at battle of Salzbach, 27 July 1675. Victorious over the Austrians at Priedburg Aug. 1644 Ag.ain at Nordliiigen 3 Aug. 1645 Defeated Conde at Arras . . 25 Aug. 1654 TURGENEV 590 TWININa X)efeatetl the Imperialists at Ensislieim 4 Oct. 1674 Again viGtorioiis at JhiUiauseu . 31 Dec. ,, Victor also at Tiu-ckheim . 5 Jan. 1675 TURGBNEV, Aleksandr Ivanovitch, Eussiun historian; b. 1784; d. 17 Dec. 1845. TURGENEV, Nicolas Ivanovich, Eussian author; b. about 1789; published " Eussia and the itussians," 1847; rf. loNov. 1871. TUEGOT, Anue Eobei-t Jacques, baron de I'Aulue, French statesman; b. 10 May 1727; minister of marine, 20 July 1774; of finance, 24 Aug. 1774; made gi-eat reforms ; dismissed, 12 May 1776; d. 20 March 1781. TUENEBE (Turnebus), Adrien, French scholar and translator ; b. 1512; d. 12 June 1565. TURNER, Charles, mezzotiut engraver; J. 1773 ; elected a.r.a., 1828 ; rf. I Aug. 1857. TURNER, Daniel, baptist minister; b. 1710; d. 5 Sept. 1798. TURNER, Davrson, banker, antiquary, and botanist; b. 1775; published "Account of a Tour in Noi-mandy," 1820; "Natural History of Fuci," 1S08-18; d. 20 June 1858. TURNER, Edward, m.d., chemist; 6. July 1796; published "Elements of Chemistry," 1827; ■many papers ; d. 12 Feb. 1839. TURNER, Francis, bishop of Ely ; consecrated bishop of Kochester, 1 683; translated, 1683; de- piived for not taking the oaths, i6gi ; published " Life of Nicholas Fen-ar ; " " Vindication of arch- bishop Sancroft;" d. 2 Nov. 1700. TURNER, sir George James, judge; b. 5 Feb 1798; M.r. for Coventry, 1847-51; a vice-chan- cellor, April 1851 ; a lord justice of the court of appeal in chancei-y, Jan. 1853 ; d. 9 July 1867. TURNER, James Francis, bishop of Grafton and Amiidale ; consecrated, 24 Feb. 1869. TURNER, James Aspinall, cotton manufac- turer ; b. 1797 ; M.p. for Manchester, 1857-65; d. 28 Sept. 1867. TURNER, Joseph Mallord 'William, landscape pabiter;i. 23 April 1775; elected a.u.a., 1799; B.A., 1802; published "Liber Studiorura," 1807- 19 ; bequeathed his collection of pictures and draw- ings by himself to the National Gallery ; its cbcfs- d'ccuvre are "Dido building Carthage," 1815 ; ■"Sun Eisiug in a Mist," 1807; and the "Old Tcmeraire," 1839 ; published " Elvers of England," 1824; "England and Wales," 1827-38; "Elvers of France," 1833-5; d. 19 Dec. 1851. TURNER, Samuel, traveller; b. 1759; pub- 3ished " Account of an Embassy to the court of the Teshoo Lama in Tibet," 1800 ; d. 2 Jan. 1802. TURNER, Sharon, historian; b. 24 Sept. 17G8 ; published " History of the Anglo-Saxons," 1799-1805; "History of England (to 1437), 1814- 20: "Sacred History of the World," 1832-7; d. 13 i?eb. 1847. TURNER, rev. Sydney, son of Sharon; b. 2 April 1814 ; active promoter of refonnatories ; long resident chaplain of that at Eedhill, Eeigate, Sun-ey ; inspector of reformatories, 1857 ; dean of Eipon, Dec. 1875 ; resigned, March 1876. TURNER, Thomas, dean of Canterbury; b. 1591 ; made dean, 1644 ; d. 8 Oct. 1672. TURNER, Thomas Hudson, arohajologist ; b. 1S15 ; published " Manners and Household Ex- penses of England," 1841 ; " Domestic Architecture m England," 1851-3 ; d. 17 Jan. 1852. TURNER, "William, m.d., dean of 'Wells, botanist; h. about 1515; published "Herbal," 1568 ; " Huntyng and Fyiiding of the Romish Fox," 1543 ; d. 7 July 1568. TURPIN, Francois Henri, French historian; b. 1 709 ; published "HistoireduroyaumedeSiam," 1771 ; "France illusti'C, ou Ic Plutarque Fran(^ais," 1777-90 ; " Histoire des Revolutions d'Angleten-e," 1786; d. Sept. 1799. TURPIN, or TlLPIN, French archbishop of Eheims, about 751 ; said to have written a chro- nicle ; d. 2 Sept. 809. TURPIN, Pierre Jean Franc;ois, Ficnch bota- nist; b. II March 1775; published " Let^ous de Flore," 1819; d. i May 1840. TURPIN, Richard, highwaj-man; b. about 1711 ; executed, 7 April 1739. TURR, Stephen, Hungarian general ; /;. 1S25 ; deserted AustriST service for the Sardinian, Jan. 1849 ; served in the Crimea, 1855 ; arrested at Bucharest ; sentenced to death, but banished, 1S56 ; joined Garibaldi, 1859 ; quitted Italian seiTice, 1864 ; published " House of Austria and Hungary," 1865. TURRECREMATA, sec Toi-quemada. TURRETINI, Jean Alphouse, Swiss theolo- gian; b. 13 Aug. 1671; published " de Veritate Ec- ligionis Christiana;," 1721-3 ; " Historia; ecclcsias- tica3 Compendium," 1734; d. I May 1737. TURSELLINUS, Horatius, Italian Jesuit, latinist; b. 1545; published "Vita F. Xaverii," 1596; " Historia D. Yirginis Lauretana?," 1600; d. 6 April 1599. TURTON, Thomas, bishop of Ely; b. 25 Feb. 1780; consecrated, 29 Mai'ch 1845; published " Text of the English Bible considered," 1833 ; " Roman Catholic Doctrine of the Eucharist con- sidered," 1827 ; d. 7 Jan. 1864. TUSSAUD, Madame, Swiss artist in wax- work; i. 1760; opened her exhibition in Paris 1780; removed it to London, 1802; published " Memohs aud Reminiscences," 1838; d.ib April 1850. TUSSER, Thomas, agriculturist and poet; b. 1515; published "A Hundreth good Pointes of HusDandrie," 1557; "Five hundreth Points of Good Husbandry, 1573 ; d. about 1580. TUTHILL, sir George, m.d. ; d. 7 April 1835. T'WAIN, Mark, see Clemens. TWEEDD ALB, George Hay, Marquis of; b. I Feb. 1787 ; ensign, 1804 ; served in the peninsular war, and in North America ; governor of Madras, 1842-8; general, 1854; field marshal, 29 May 1875; d. 10 Oct. 1876. T'WELLS, Leonard, D.D. ; published " Critical Examination of the late Te.xt and Version of the New Testament in Greek and English," 1732; d. 19 Feb. 1742. TWESTEN, Karl, Gennan politician; b. 22 April 1820; lost an ann in a duel with Von Man- teuffel, 1861 ; in chamber of deputies, 1861 ; fined; retired, 1868 ; d. 14 Oct. 1870. T'WINING, rev. Thomas; h. 1734; published translation of Aristotle's "Poetics," 1789; "His- tory of the Pharisees," 1790 ; d. 6 Aug. 1804. TWISLBTON 591 TYTLEE TWISLETON, hon. Edwai-d Turner Boyd; b. 1809; a govemment ooniniissionor for the poor, universities, civil service, &c. ; published "The plandwriting of Junius examined by JI. C. Chabot," 1871 ; "The Tongue not Essential to Speech," 1873 ; d. 5 Oct. 1874. TWISS, Horace, lawyer and politician; b. 17S6; vice-chancellor of the duchj^ of Lancaster; published " Life of Lord Eldon," 1844; ^^- 4 •'''■''^y 1849. TWISS, sir Travers, ecclesiastical lawyer ; h. about 1810 ; appointed queen's advocate-general, and Ivnt., Aug. 1S67 ; published " Lectures on the Science of International Law," 1856; ''Law of Nations in time of War," 1863. TWISS, William, n.D., nonconformist divine; b. about 1575; published "Kiclies of God's Love unto the Vessels of Mercy," 1653 ; d. 20 July 1646. TWYNE, Bryan, grandson »f following, anti- Suary; b. 1579; published "Antiqnitatis Aoademiffi xon'iensis Apologia," 1608 ; d. 4 July 1644. TWYNB, John, antiquary; wrote " de Eebus Albionicis, Britannicis atque Anglicis Commentario- rmn Libri duo," printed 1590; d. 24 Xov. 1581. TWYSDEN, sir Koger, antiquary; h. 1597; edited "Historico AngUcanco Scriptores decern," 1652; d. 7 July 1672. TYAED, Pontus de, seigneur de Bissy; French poet; b. 1521; published "En-evu-s amoureuses," 1549-55 ; " Douze Fables de Fleuves ou Fontaines," 1586; d. 23 Sept. 1605. TYCHO BRAHE, see Sralie. TYE, Christopher, musical composer ; fl. i6th ■centur3^ TYLEE, John, American statesman; b. 29 ilarch 1790; president of United States, 4 April 1841— 4 March 1845; d. 17 Jan. 1862. TYLER, Wat, rebel; led a rebellion against Eichard XL, June 1381 ; sacked Lambeth palace, and seized the Tower ; beheaded Simon de Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury, 14 June 1381 ; killed in London by lord mayor Walworth, 15 June 1381. TYLOE, Edward Burnett, ethnologist; b. 2 Oct. 1832; published "Anahuac, or Mexico," i85i ; "Researches into the History of Ifankind," 18O5 and 1870; "Primitive Culture," 1872. TYTSTDALB, or TisTDAL, William, reformer and martyr ; b. about 1484 ; strangled and burnt at Antwerp, 6 Oct. 1536. .Studied under Colet at Cambridge ; leamt Greek from Erasmus ; cliaplaiu to sir John AValsh, about 1521 Kepulsed by Timstall, bishop of London . 1523 Preached : went to Hamburg 1524 Translated 'Sew Testament trom the Greek ; printed at Worms 1526 Pulilished at Marburg " Obedience of a Christian Man" and "Parable of the AVicked Mammon" 1528 " The Pentateuch " aud " Practice of Prelates " 1530 Settled at Antwerp . . . 1531 Revised New Testament . . . . iS34 TYNDALL, John, physicist; b. in L-eland about 1820. Engaged on ordnance survey, 1839-43; on railway surveys, &e. 1843-7 .Science teacher at Qaeenwood college, Hampslure 1847-8 Studied at Marburg and Berlin; prosecuting re- searches on the dianiagnetic force and optie pro- perties of crystals 184S-51 F R S 1852 ; lectured at Boyal Institution (on dia- magnetisni), 11 Feb. 1S53 ; elected professor of natural philosophy, R I. . . 4 July 1853 TSToniinatedLL.D., Cambridge . . . 1S55 LL.D., Edinburgh . . • ■ i3o6 D.C.L., Oxford . . 1S73 Awarded Eumford medal of Royal Society . . 1864 Lectured in the United States .... 1872-3 Principal reseftrches ami discoucries. — In diainagne- tism, including the magneto-optic properties of crystiils and the polarity of the magnetic force 1850-5 Extension of researches on radiant heat (previously confined to solids and liquids) to the gaseous form of matter ; relation of absorption and radia- tion to chemical combination 1859, ct ppq. Memoirs on glaciers 1S56-9 Caloreseence, or the conversion into lumbious rays of the invisible heat rays of the spectrum . 1865 Dust and disease . .... 1 86^-9- Fireman's resiiirator .... ..- : — ."^"1871-4 On the atmosphere as a vehicle of «oufid, and fog- signals ; and on acoustic reversibility . . 1S73-4 Optical deportment of the atmosphere in relation to putrefaction and infection (o]ixiOHing sjiontu- ueous generation, and supporting the germ theory of epidemic disease) 1875-7 Prbiclpal vjQvlcs, — "Glaciers of the Alps," i860; " Sfountaineering " i86r " Heat considered as a mode of motion " (several editions) ... . ' 1863-75 "Radiation" (Rede Lecture) . . 1865 "Sound" 1867-75 " Faraday as a Discoverer (several editions) 1868-70 " Diamagnetism and Magne-erystallic action " 1870 "Scientific Use of tlie Imagination" . ,, " Hours of Exercise in the Alps " . . . 1871 " Fragments of Science" (several editions) . 1871-6 " Contributions to Molecular Pliysics in the Domain of Radiant Heat" 1872 " Address (as president) to the British Association at Belfast" . . . 1874 "Forms of Water" .... 1872-4 " Lectures on Light " (several editions) . . 1873-5 " Lessons in Electricity " 1876 "Notes on Light" and "Notes on Electrical phe- nomena and Theories " 1870-6 Many papers in Philosophical Transactions, 1853, ct scq. ; iu Philosophical Magazine, &c., 1850, et scfi. TYECONNEL, Eichard Talbot, duke of, statesman ; created earl, 20 June 1685 ; duke, 20 March 1689; lord-lieuteuant of Ireland, 1(186-9; d. about Aug. 1691. TYRONE, see O'lTeal. TYEEELL, sir James, historian; b. 1642; pub- lished " BibUotheca Politica," 1692-95 ; " General History of England," 1700-4; d, 1718. TYET./EUS, Greek poet; fi. 7th century ii.c. TYRWHITT-DEAKE, C. F., geographer; employed in the east by Palestine exploration fund committee; d. 23 June 1874. TYEWHITT, Tliomas, critic; b. 29 March 1730 ; clerk to house of commons, 1 762-8 ; published " Epistle to Florio at Oxford," 1749 ; " (Observation and Conjectures on some Passages of Shakespeare," 1766; edited Chaucer's " Canterbury Tales," 1772- 78; d. 15 Aug. 1786. TYSON", Edward, m.d. ; b. 1649; pubU.shed " Orang-Outang, or the Anatomy of a Pygmie com- pared with that of a Monkey, Ape, or Man," 1699 ; 'Anatomy of aPorpess," 1680; d. i Aug. 1708. TYSSENS, Flemish paintei-s : PiETER : 6. 1625 . Nicolas, son ; 6. 1660 AuGUSTiN, brother; &. ('. 1692 d 1719 d. 1722 TYTLEE, Alexander Eraser, lord Woodbouse- lee, Scotch .judge, son of William Tytler; /;. 15 Oct. 1747; made a lord of session, 1802; published "Elements of General History, ancient and mo- dern," 1801 ; " Essay on the Principles of Transla- tion," 1791 ; d. 4 Jan. 1813. TYTLEE, James, Scotch author; b. 1747; set up from types without writing his " Essays ou lle- ligion," 1772 ; published many pamphlets ; d. 1805. TYTLEE 592 ULPIANUS TYTLEE, Patrick Fraser, son of Alexander, Scottish historian ; b. 1791 ; pubKshed " History of Scotland," 1828-40; " Lives of Scottish Worthies," 1832-3; "Life of Sir "Walter Ealeigh," 1833; " tngland under Edward VI. and Mary," 1839 ; d. 24 Dec. 1849. TYTLEE, "William, historical writer; }. 12 Oct. 1711; published "Inquiry historical and cri- tical into the Evidence against ilary Queen of Scots," 1759; d. 12 Sept. 1792. TZETZES, Joannes, Greek poet and gram- marian ;_/?. about 1 120; •n-rote "ChiUades" and "lUaca." u. TJBALDINL Petruccio, Italian historian and illuminator of books; *. about 1524.; published " Vita di Carlo Jlagno," 1581, the first book printed in Italian in England ; d. about 1600. "dBALDINO, Euggiero, archbishop of Pisa, 1276; Ghibelline chief noted for his cruelty ; cap- tured and starved to death Ugolino and his sons. "DBALDIS, Petnis Baldus de, see Baldiis. "UBALDO, Maria liuido, see Guido. "DBEETI, Eazio degli, Florentine poet ; w-raie " Ditta Jhmdi," first printed 1474; d. about 1370. UCCBLLO, Paolo (Paolo di Bono), Florentine painter ; b. 1396-1402 ; d. about 1479. UCHANSKI, James, archbishop of Gnezne and primate of Poland ; h. 1505 ; consecrated bishop of Chelmno, 1556; ai-chbishop, 1562; cro-\vned Henry of Valois, duke of Anjou, king of Poland, 1574; rf. 5 April 1 58 1. TIDAL, John, puritan divine ; published " De- monstration of the ti-ueth of that discipline which Clu-ist hath prescribed in his "Worde for the Gouem- ment of his Church," 1588, for which he was tried and I'oiulemnpd to be hanged; d. (just pardoned) in the 'ft'hite Lion prison, 1592. "DDAL, Nicholas, master of Eton and "West- minster schools; J. 1506; wrote "Ilalph Roystcr Doystcr," earliest knoxm English comedy ; d. 1556. "DDEN, Lucas van, Flemish landscape painter and engi-aver; b. 18 Oct. 1595; often employed by liubensto paint the landscape in his pictures; d. about 1673. "DDINE, Nanni da, see Ricamatore. "OFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich, German lyric poet ; b. 10 May 1687 ; published " Nachfolge Christi," 1726; d. 1769. UFFENBACH, Zacharias Conrad von, brother, Geraian bibliographer ; b. 22 Feb. 1683 ; published " Bibliotheca LTflenbachiana," catalogue of liis fine library, 1729-31 ; d. 6 Jan. 1734. "UGGIONE, Marco da, called also Marco da Uglone, and Marco da Oggione, Lombard painter ; b. at t'ggione near Milan, about 1480; d. 1530. UGHELLI, Ferdinando, Italian Cistercian and ecclesiastical historian; b. 21 March 1595; published "Italia Sacra," 1643-62; d. 19 May 1670. TJGOLINI, Giuseppe, Italian cardinal; b. 6 Jan. 1783; created, 1838; d. 19 Dec. 1867. "UGOLINO, see Ghcrardcsco. UGONE, Matthias, bishop of Famagosta; uTote " Synodia Ugonia de Conciliis," 1532. UHLAND, Johann Ludwig, German national poet; b. 26 April 1787; elected deputy to the se- cond chamber of the legi.'ilature, i8ig ; ended Iiis political career, 1849 ; published " Gedichte," 1815 ; "Alter hoch- und niederdeutscher VolksUeder," 1844-5 ; f'- 13 Nov. 1862. "UHEIGH, Joseph Alexis, French general ; i. 15 Feb. 1802 ; served in Crimean war, 1854-6 ; firmly defended Strasburg against the Germans, 10 Aug. — 30 Sept. 1870; censured (said to be unjustly) by a French committee. May 1872. "DKEET, Friedrich August, German historian ; }. 28 Oct. 1780; published " Gemiilde der Grie- chenland," 1811; d. 18 May 1851. TJLBACH, Louis, French novelist and poet; b. 7 March 1822 ; published " Gloriana," poems, 1844; papers signed "Jacques Souffrant ouvrier," and many dramas, &c. XILFT, Jacob van der, Dutch architectural painter; b. 1627; d. after 1688. "ULLATHOENE, "William Bernard, Eoman Catholic bishop of Birmingham ; consecrated, 1850 ; published "the Australian Mission," 1838; "Lec- tures on the Conventual Life," 1868; pamphlets, &c. ULLMAN, Karl, German evangelical prelate and theologian; b. 15 March 1 796; professor of theology at Heidelberg, 1821-g, 1836-53; published a work against doctrines of Sti-auss, 1838 ; d. 12 Jan. 1865. ULLOA, Alonso de, Spanish historian ; seiwed in the army under Ferdinando di Gonzaga; settled at Venice ; wrote " Vita dell' gran Capitano Fer- rante Gonzaga," 1563; d. about 1 580. "ULLOA, Antonio de, Spanish naval ofiicer; b. 12 Jan. 1716; sent to South America to meet Lx Condamiue and measure a degree of the meridian at the equator, 1735 ; taken prisoner and brought to England, 1744; published "llelacion Historica. del Viage a la America meridional," 1748; d. in isle of Leon, 3 or 5 July 1795. "DLLOA, Luis de, Spanish Ivric poet; b. about 1590; liis poem "Eaeher' liis best work; d. 1660. ULPHILAS, Gothic bishop ; b. 311 ; conse- crated at Antioch by Eusebius, 341 ; translated the- Bible, excepting books of Kings, into Gothic ; frag- ments only extant; obtained from the empeior Constans lands in Mcesia for his Christian converts, 348 ; d. at Constantinople, 388. "ULPIANUS, Domitius, Eoman jurist ; wrote- " ad Edictum," and " Libri ad Sabinum," in the reign of Caraoalla, 212-17 ; rf. murdered by soldiers, 228. ULEICA 593 URQUIJO ULRICA ELEANOEA, queen consort of Charles XI., king of Sweden, daughter of Frede- rick III., king of Denmark; b. ii Sept. 1656; married Charles XI., 6 May 1680; mother of Charles XII., 27 June 1682 ; celebrated for lin- guistic attainments; cl. 26 July 1693. ULEICA ELEANOEA, queen of Sweden, daiightcr of Charles XI., king of Sweden, and of the above; b. 3 Feb. 1688; married prince Frede- rick of Hesse-Cassel, 1715; elected queen in suc- cession to her brothel' Charles XII., 1719 ; resigned the throne to her husband in consequence of diffi- culties with Russia, 1720; d. 5 Deo. 1741, ending dynasty of Deux-Ponts. ULEICH VI., duke of Wiirtemberg ; h. 8 Feb. 1487 ; duke, 1498 ; his duchy conquered by the Suabian league, i=;20; became Lutheran; defeated his rival Ferdinand near Lauft'en; recovered his duchy; joined league of Smalealde, 1534; estab- lished Lutheranism, 1535 ; his states conquered by imperialists; signed treaty of Hcilbronn, 1548; d. 6 Nov. 1550. ULUG-BEGr, Tartar prince, grandson of Ta- merlane ; b. 1394 ; succeeded his father, 1447 ; author of Avorks on astronomy, and oriental geo- graphy and history; d. put to death by his son, 1449- UNDEEWOOD, Eichard Thomas, water colour painter, artist, and geologist ; i. about 1772; d. 18 July 1835. UNDEEWOOD, see Imerness. UN GEE, Franz Joseph, physician and Austrian botanist; b. 30 Nov. 1800; published "Botanical Letters," "the Primeval World," &c. ; d. 13 Feb. 1870. UNVEEDOEBEN, Otto, German phai-ma- ceutical chemist; b. 13 Oct. i8o5 ; published papers on pitch, turpentine, &e., 1824, ct seq.; d. 27 Dec. 1873- UNWIN, Mary; b. 1724; friend of Cowper, 1765 ; rf. 17 Dec. 1796. UNZEE. Johann August, German physician and philosopher ; b. 29 April 1727 ; published " der Arzt," 1759-64; " licdicinisches Ilandbuch," 1770; d. 2 April 1799. UPCOTT, 'William, topogi-apher and anti- quary, librarian of London Institution; b. 1779; published " Bibliographical Account of the Piin- cipal Works relating to English Topogi-aphy," 1818; d. 23 Sept. 1845. UPTON, colonel ; entered Russian service ; be- came chief engineer at Sevastopol; d. 1854. UPTON, James, classicist ; b. 1670 ; edited Aristotle's "Poetics," 1696; &c. ; d. 13 Aug. 1749. UPTON, rev. John; b. 1707; edited Spenser's "Faery Queen," 1759; Aman's "Epiotetus," 1739-41 ; d. 9 Dec. 1760. UEBAN I.-VIIL, popes : 1. Saint : elected to succeed Calixtns I., 13 Oct. 222 ; d. at Rome, 23 May 230 2 Otho ; h. in Chamraglie ; cardinal and liisliop ofOstia • • 1078 Elected in succession to Victor III. 12 March 1088 Engaged in frequent conflicts with the emperor Henry IV., who supported tlie. anti-pope Gui- hert ; convened the council of Clennont, which autliorised the first crusade ; favoured preach- ing or Peter the Hermit, 1095 . d. 29 July 1099 3. Alberto Crivelli; consecrated archbishop of Milan, 1182 ; cardinal 1185 Elected to succeed Lucius HI. . . 25 Nov. „ Ojiposed usurpations of Frederick Barbarossa : tl. 19 Out. 1187 4. Jacques PantaliSoii; consecrated bishop of Verdun . 1252 Elected to succeed Alexander IV. 29 Aug. 1261 Instituted feast of Corpus Cliristi . . - 1264 Increased number of cardinals . (i. 22 Oct. 1264 5. Guillaiuue de Grimonrd : h. 1309 : elected to succeed Innocent VI., 27 Sept. 1362 ; a wann ]iatron of lettei-s ; founded the academy of Cracow: influenced by the eloquent letters of Petrarch, he removed tlie seat of the papacy from Avignon to Rome, 1367 ; hut restored it to Avignon, 1370 ... d. 19 Dec. 1370 6. Baiiolonimeo da Prignano . h. iji8 Bishop of Acerenza 1363 Archbishop of Bari 1370 Elected to succeed Gregory XI. . .8 April 1378 Irritated by his reitroache.s as to tlieir scandalous conduct, the cardinals elected Robert of Geneva to be anti-pope, under the name of Clement VII. , and thus commenced the great scliism 1378 Defeated anuy of Clement 1379 Deposed queen Joanna, and gave crown of Naples to Charles Durazzo, ]irince . 25 Dec. i6g8; translated into French New Testa- ment and Imitation of Jesus Chiist; d. 2 Feb. 1781. V A L A Z E, Charles Elconorc Dufiiche de, French conventionalist; li. 23 Jan. 1751; elected a member of the convention, 1792; accused with other Girondists at the bar of Fouquier-Tinville ; stabbed himself while sentence was being pro- nounced, 30 Oct. 1793. VALCKENAEE, Jan, son of following, Dutuh diplomatist; b, 1759 or 1765; envoy to JIadrid, 1 796-1801 ; sent by Louis Bonaparte to make a last vain eifort to prevent the union of Holland with France, 1810; d. 25 Jan. 1821. VALCKENAEE, Lodewijk Kaspar, Dutch philologist; I). 1715; his " Observationes Acade- mioae" published, 1790; d. 15 March 1785. VALDES (Valdesso), Juan de, Spanish re- former ; i. about 1495 ; accompanied the emperor Charles V. into Gennany ; "went to Naples as secre- tary to the viceroy Pedro de Toledo; by some called a jSooinian, but irithout sufficient proof ; d. 1540. VALDIVIA, Pedro de, Spanish captain; b. about 1510; distinguished himself in the conquest of Venezuela, 1535 ; went thence into Peru ; in- trusted by Piz.arro with the subjugation of Chili ; founded Santiago, 12 Feb. 1541 ; captain of Chili, 1548 ; taken prisoner by Indums during a revolt at La Coucepcion, and killed, Dec. 1559. VALDO, Pierre, French reformer, of Lyons; often erroneously called the founder of the Yal- denses, wliich sect is mentioned as early as 1 144 ; his followers called "Pauvres de Lyon," on account of the self-imposed poverty that was their distinc- tive character ; his doctrine condemned by the general council of the Lateran, 1 179; fled into Picardy and Germany ; d. in Bohemia, 1 1 79. VALEE, Silvaiu Charles, comte, marshal of France; b. 17 Dec. 1773; served at Austeiiitz and in the Peninsula; created count, 12 March 1814; superintended the reorganisation of the artillery, 1815-28 ; besieged and took Constantine, 15 Oct. 1837; made marshal, 11 Nov. 1837; governor of Algeria, 1837-41 ; d. 16 Aug. 1846. VALENCE, Aymer de, bishop of "^^uchester ; half-brother of Idng Henry III. ; consecrated, 1250; d. 4 Dec. 1260. VALENCE, CjTus Marie Alexandre de Tim- brune, comte de, French general; A. 20 Aug. 1 757; nominated general-iu-chief of the army of the Ardennes, Oct. 1792; took Diiian, Charleroi, and Namur; as secretary of the senate, signed the dethronement of Napoleon, 1814 ; d. 4 Feb. 1S22. VALENCIA, duke of, see Xan-ac:. VALENCIENNES, Pien-e Henri, French landscape painter ; 4. 6 Dec. 1750; published " Ele- ments de Perspective," 1800; d. rbFeb. 1819. VALENCIENNES, Achille, French natu- rahst; b. 9 Aug. 1794; -with Cuvier published "Histoire Naturelle des Poissons," 1829-49- "Histoire Naturelle des MoUusques, &c. " iS"'^ ' many papers ; d. 14 April 1S65. ' ''"' ' Q Q 2 VALENS 596 VALLEE -III., emperors of VALENS, emperor of the Eust ; b. about 328 ; made emperor by his brother, Valentiniaii I., 28 JIareh 364 ; embraced Ariaiiism ; perseciited the C'atliolies ; admitted the Goths into Tln-ace, 376; Idlled iji battle with them near Iladrianople, q Auj. 3/0- VALENTIJN, rran(;oise, Dutch traveller; b. Apiil 1666; protestant minister at Amboyna, Banda, &c. ; Avrote " Oud en Niemv Oost-Indicin," 1724-6; (I. about 1725. VALENTIN (Valentin de Boulogne), French painter; b. Jan. 1591 ; d. 7 Aug. 1634. VALENTIN-SMITH, Joannes Erhard, French lawyer; i. 16 Sept. 1796; published "Men- dicitc et Travail," 1S48 ; "Tribunal de Police eu Angleterre," 1863. VALENTINE, pope; elected to succeed Fugenius II,, i Sept. 827; d. 10 Oct. 827. VALENTINE, of Milan, wife of Louis de Talois, duke of Orleans, brother of Charles VI., daughter of Giovanni G-alcazzo de' Visconti, dulte of Milan; A. about 1370; married, 17 Aug. 1389; celebrated for her amiability and love for her un- faithful husband, who was assassinated, 23 Nov. 1407 ; d. of grief, 4 Dec. 1408. VALENTINE, Basil, Gei-man alchemist; b. about 1414 ; wrote " Microcosmus," published 1609; "Douze Clefs de la Philosoiihie," i&sg. VALENTINIAN I.- Eome : 1. ^'. 321 ; dec'larcil emperor after Jnviall 26 Feb. 364 3Iaiiitjiiiiiitl tlie catliolie faith ; made his l)rotlier Yaleiis emiteror of tlie east 2S Marcli ,, Went iiitri Gaul . . . . . 363 Defeated tlie Aleinaniii, 368 ; d. in a caiii]iaif,'n a-iniiist the Qnadi .... 17 Nov. 375 2. snn ; /,. ahfjut 371 ; jirncl.iiiued eni])crnr witli liis brother, Gratian, in suecessiuii to Valentini.iii I. 23 Nov. ,, Sole eniiievor upmi the iimrrler of Gratian 25 Auj;. 383 His tlirmie usvirped liy Maximns ; re.stored by Thcodosins 388 d, probably strangled by order of Arbnf^ast 15 May 392 3 '). 3 .Tilly 419 Emperor under regency of his mother, Galla Pla- cidia, upon the defeat of .Toainies, who had usiiriied the imperud dignity at the death of Ilnnoi'ins . , . ' , . 23 Oct. 425 Feeble and conteniptiljle ; Carthage taken by the Vnn{lal.s under Genseric . . 439 Britain abandoned . . . 446 Italy dev.a.stated by .^ttila ... 452 Jlurdered Aetius, last gi-eat R07n.au soldier . . 454 (?. murdered, 16 March 455 VALENTINUS, Gnostic hcresiarch, a native of Eg3'pt ; Jl. at Komc, about 140-155. VALEEA, Diego do, Spanish historian; b. about 1412 ; published " Chronica de Espaua abre- viada," 1482; d. about 1500. VALERIA, Caleria, empress of Home ; daugh- ter of the emperor Diocletian ; married Galerius, 292; banished to Syria after his death; beheaded at Thessalonica, 315. VALEBIANO, Giampietro, Italian scholar; b. 1477 ; tutor of Ii]])olito and Alcssandro de' Medici; MTote "Pocmata," jmntcd 1538; " Hiero- glyphica," 1556; " Contarenus, sou de Litterato- rum Infelicitate," 1620; d. 1558. VALERIANOS, .Tuan de Fuca, suniamed Apostolos, Greek navigator; entered the Spanish sen'icc ; d. i(j02. VALERIANUS, Publius Licinius, emperor of Rome; succeeded Decius, 253; defeated the Per- sians and recovered Antioch, but at length taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, 260; d. in captivity. VALERIUS MAXIMUS, see jraximiis. VALESIUS, see Talois. VALGUARNEEA, Mariano, Sicilian poet; b. 7 Oct. 1564 ; his translation of Anacreon first printed, 1795; d. 28 Aug. 1634. VALHUBERT, Jean Marie Melon Eoger, French general; b. 22 Get. 1764; distinguished at battle of Marengo, 14 June 1800; killed at battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec. 1S05. VALIERI, Bertuccio, doge of Venice ; suc- ceeded Francesco Coi-uaro, 15 June 1656; endea- voured in vain to put an end to siege of Candia by the Turks ; d. 30 March 1658. VALIERI, Salvestro, son, doge of Venice ; succeeded Francesco iMorosini, Jan. 1694 ; con- cluded peace of Carlowitz, by which Venice retained the Morea, 26 Jan. 1699 ; d. 5 July 1700. VALIERO, Agostino, Venetian cai-dinal ; li. 7 April 1 531; consecrated bishop of Verona, 1565; transferred to Palestrina, 1605 ; created cardinal, Dec. 1583; published " Ehetorica Eeclesiastica," 1574; d. 24 May 1606. VALIN, Pvene Josue, French juiist ; b. to June 1695; published "Kouveau Commentaire sur la Coutume de la Kochelle, 1756; " Commentaires sur rOrdonnaiice de la Marino du mois d'aoCit 1681," 1760; d. 23 Aug. 1765. VALINCOITRT, Jean Baptiste Ilcnri, du Trousset, sieur de, French writer; b. I Marcli 1653 : published "Lottres a la Marquise de * ' " sur la Priucesse de Clcves," 1678; " A'ie de Fran- (^•ois de Lorraine, due de Guise," 1681 ; d. 4 Jan. 1730- VALLA, Giorgio, Italian physician; b. about 1430; wrote " de Expcteudis et Fugiendis Ee'bus," published 1501 ; d. 1499. VALLA, Lorenzo, cousin, Italian classical scholar; b. about 1406; wrote against temporal ])rcteiisions of the papacy ; contributed greatly to revival of learning; first translated Homer's fliad into Latin; ijubli.shcd " de Elegantia Latina; Lin- gua;," 1471 ; d. Aug. 1457. VALLADIER, Andre, French Jesuit ; i. about 1565 ; wrote " Labyrinthe Eoyal de I'Hercule gau- lois," description of the triumphal entry of Marie de' Mediei into Avignon, 1600; d. 13 Aug. 1638, VALLANCEY, Charles, colonel u.T.., Irish antiquary; b. 1721 ; published "Collectanea de Eebus Hibeniicis," 1786-1804; d. 1812. VALLARSI, Donienico, Italian antiquary ; b. 13 Nov. 1702 ; edited the works of St. Jerome, 1734; d. 14 Aug. 1 77 1. VALLE, Guglielmo della, Italian historian; b. about 1740; wrote " Lettere Sancsi sopia le Belle Arti," 1782-6; d. 1794. VALLE, Pietro della, Italian traveller; b. 2 April 1586 ; travelled in the Holy Land and Persia ; his " Viaggi descritti in Lettere Familiari," published 1650-3 ; d. 20 April 1652. VALLEE, GeofFroi, .sieur de la Plaucliette, French deist; wrote "Beatitude des Chrestiens," for which he was condemned, 18 May 1572 ; !And hanged at Paris, 9 Feb. 1574. VALLEMONT 597 VANINI VALLEMONT, PieiTC Le Lon-ain de, French abhi;, I). 10 Sept. 1649 ; published " Physique Occulte," 1693; "Elements de I'llistoii'e," l6g6; d. 30 Dec. 1721. VALLES, Francisco, Spanish physicirui ; fl. 1 6th centurj' ; became pliysiciiui to Philip II., wrote " Coutroversianmi Medicarum et Philosophi- carum, lib. X.," 156;]. VALLETTA, Niccolu, Italian jurist; b. 22 June 173B; wrote " Cu-calata sul Fascine yolgar- meute detto Jettatura," 1787 ; iL 21 Nov. 1814. VALLISNIEEI, or VallISK-EEI, Antonio, Italian naturalist ; b. 3 Slay 1661 ; made researches into the generation of animals ; published '* Istoiia della Generazione dell' Uonio e degli Animali," 1/21 ; (I. 18 or 28 Jan. 1730. VALLOT, Antoine, French physician ; b. 1594; made physician to Louis XIV., 1652; d. g Aug. 1671. VALMIKI, Indian epic poet ; Jl. 4th century ; wrote " Kamayana." VALMONT DE BOJIARE, Jacques Chris- tophe, Freuch naturalist; b. 17 Sept. 1731; pub- lished " Dictionnaire raisounu universel d'Histoire Naturelle," 1764; rl. 24 Aug. 1807. VALMY, due de, see KcUermann. VALOIS, or ValesITTS, brothers, French liistoriograpliers royal, 1660. Henri de; &. lo Sept. 1603; edited Ammimius iStarceUiuus, 1636 ; Greek Ecclesiastical Histo- rians, 1659-73 . ■ ''■ 2 July 1692 Adrien de; Z). 14 Jan. 1607; edited " Gesta Frau- corum," 1646.58 ; "Notitia Galliaruni," 1676 it. 2 July 1692 VALOIS, see AlenQon, Orleans. V ALPY, rey. Abraham John, classical scholar ; .son of Dr. K. Valpy; b. 1787; edited "Delpliin Latin Classics," 1810-30; "Classical Journal," 1810-29; d. 19 Noy. 1854. VALPY, rey. Edward, classical scholar; hrother of fdlowing; b. about 1764; published " Elcgantia; Latinio," 1803 ; d. 15 April 1832. VALPY, llich.ard, B.D., master of Beading school; b. 7 l)eo. 1754; published "Elements of the Latin Language," 1782; "Elements of Greek Grammar," 1805, &c. ; d. 28 March 1836. VAMEEEY, Ai-minius, Hungarian trayeller; h, about 1832 ; trayelled in disguise of a der^ash ; became professor of oriental languages in the uni- vei'sity of Pesth ; published " Trayels and Adyen- tnres in Central Asia," 1864; ""Wanderings in Persia," 1867; "History of Bokhara," 1873; " Central Asia, &c.," 1874. VAN AKEN", Joseph, Dutch painter ; b. 1699; d. 4 July 1749. VANBRUGH, sh- John, arcliitect and drama- tist; b. 1666; designed Castle Howard, 1702; Blenheim palace, 1715 ; Ayrote "The Kelapse," 1697; "Proyoked "Wife," 1698; "Coufederacj'," "1G99; d. 26 March 1726. VAN BUREN, see Marcn. VAN CLEVE, Joseph, French sculptor; b. 1644; d. 1733. VANCOUVER, George, captain, h.n., mari- time discoverer; b. about 1758; published "Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and round the "World," 1790-5; d. 10 May 1798. VANDAMME, Dominique Bene, comte d' Unebourg, French general ; i. 5 Nov. 1 770 ; com- manded the 32nd division, 1S13 ; taken prisoner by theEussians, 30 Aug. 1813; released, I Sept. 1814; d. 15 July 1830. VANDELEUE, sir John Ovmsby ; general; h. 1 763 ; connnanded British cavalry at Waterloo, .after the marquis of Anglesey was wounded, 18 June 1815 ; d. 1 Nov. 1849. VANDENHOFP, John, tragedian; b. 1790: appeared at Liverpool, May 1814; at Covent Gar- den, Dec. 1850 ; d. 4 Oct. 1861. VANDERBILT, Cornelius, "The Commo- dore," American miUionnaire; worth about 50 million dollars; d. 4 Jan. 1877. VANDERBURGH, Emile Louis, French dramatist; b. 30 Sept. 1794 ; d. 31 March 1862. VAN DER HELST, see SeU. VAN DEE HEYDEN, see I£eijdm. VAN DER MEER, see Meer. VAN DER MEULEN, see J/r«te!. VANDERPLAAS, David, Dutch painter ; I. 1647 ; d. 1704. VAN DER PULLEN, see Fntcanus. VAN DEE SAND, see Sand. VAN DEE VELDE, see Vddc. VAN DEE "WEEPF, see )!Wff. VAN DER "WEYDEN, Boger, called Roger of Bruges, Flemish historical and portrait painter ; b. about 1455 ; d. 1529. VAN DE WEYBR, Sylvain, Belgian states- man and scholar ; b. ig Jan. 1802 ; d. 23 May 1874. An advocate ; keeper of city liljrary, Brussels, and professor at Bmssels 1827 Deprived by Duteli a»vcni;iieut ; a leader in the re- volution . . . . 1830 Anibtissador to London 1831-5, 1851-67 Minister of interior . . . 1835-46 Published "Clioix d'Opuseules" . 1863,1869 VAN DIEMEN, see Siemen. VANDYCK, sir Anthony, Flemish portrait and historical painter ; b. 22 March 1599; visited England, 1627 ; settled in England, 1632 ; patronised by Charles I., and knighted, 5 July 1632; d. 9 Dec. 1641. VANDYCK, PhiUppus, Dutch painter; b. 1680; d. 15 Feb. 1752. VANE, sir Henry, statesman ; b. 18 Feb. 1589 ; secretary of state, Feb. 1640-1641; d. 1654. VANE, sir Henry, son, republican statesni.an ; b. 1612 ; went to New England, 1635 ; returned, 1636 ; treasurer of the navy, 1640 ; impeached Strafford, Jan. 1640; chief of the adnui-alty, 1649 ; opposed CromweU's expulsion of the com- mons, 1653 ; imprisoned, 1653-6 ; arrested and committed to the Tower, July 1660; published "a Healing Question," 1656; "the People's Cause stated, 1662 ; beheaded, 14 June 1662. VANE, see Londonderry. VANETTI, Clementino, Italian writer; b 1755:^.1794. VAN EYCK, see Eych. VAN HELMONT, see Hdmmt. VANINI, Luciho, Italian philosopher ; i. about 1585 ; published " Amphitheatrum ^Eterna! Provi- dentiae," 1615 ; "de Admirandis Naturso Eegina; Deajque Mortaliuni Arcanis ; " burnt for atheism, 19 Feb. i6ig. VANLOO 598 VASSBLIEE VANLOO, Charles Andre, Freneli historical painter ; b. 15 Feb. 1705 ; d. 15 July 1765. VANLOO, Jean Baptiste, brother, French portrait painter ; b. 14 Jan. 1684; d. ig Dec. 1745. VAN LOON, see Loon. VAN MANDEE, Karel, Flemish painter, biographer, and poet; b. May 1548; wrote " Het Leven der oude antycke doorluchtighe Schilders," 1603; d. II Sept. i5o6. VAN MILDEET, William, bishop of Dur- ham; b. 1765; consecrated bishop of Llandaff, 1819; dean of St. Paul's, 1820; bishop of Durham, 1826 ; published " Historical View of the Eise and Progress of Infidelity " (Boyle lectures), 1806; d. 21 Feb. 1836. VANNI, Siennese painters : Francesco, also engraver, architect, .ilid iiiecliani- ci.in ; b. 1563 ; clief-fl'oiU"VTe, the " Fall of Simon ilayns," in at. Peter's at Ro]ne t7. 25 Oct. 1609 Kaffaele, son; h. 1596 rf. 1673 VANNI, Giovanni Battista, Florentine pain- ter; b. 1599; d. 1660. VANNUCCHI, Andrea, called Andrea del Sarto, Florentine painter; b. about 1488; his chefs-d'ocu\Te, fresco of " Madonna del Sacco," 1525, in the Anuunziata, and "Charity" in the LouiTe; d. 1530. VANNTJCCI, Pietro, called Perugino, Italian p.iinter, Umbrian school ; b. 1446; d. Dec. 1524. VAN OSTADE, see Ostadc. VAN PEAET, see Pmet. VANSITTAET, Nicholas, lord Bexley, states- man; b. 29 April 1766; chancellor of exchequer, 9 June 1812 — Jan. 1823 ; chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, 1823-8; created baron, i March 1823; d. 8 Feb. 1851. VANSOMEE, Paul, Flemish portrait painter ; i. 1576; d. Jan. 1621. VAN UDEN, see Vden. VANVITELLI, or Van "Witel, Gaspare, Dutch landscape painter, Roman school ; b. 1653 ; painted ■I'iews of Eome and Venice; d. 13 Sept. 1736. VANVITELLI, Luigi, son, Italian architect ; b. 1700; designed the palace and aqueduct at Ca- serta; d. i March 1773. VAPEEEAU, Louis Gustavo, French author ; b. 4 April 1819 ; professor of philosophy at Tours, 1843-52; published " Dictionnaire des Contempo- rains, ' 1858 et seq. ; " Annee Litteraii'e et Drama- tique," 1859-69. VAEAGrGrlO, Giacorao ua, Italian Dominican hagiographer ; b. about 1230; composed " Legenda Aurea," first piinted about 1470; translated into English and printed by Caxton, 1483 ; d. 14 July 1298. VAEANES, see Barham. VAECHI, Benedetto, Florentine historian and poet; b. 1502; wrote "la Suocera," 1569; "Erco- lano," 1570; " Storia Fiorentiua," 1721; d. 18 Dec. 1565. VAEGAS, Luis de, Spanish painter ; J. 1502 ; d. 1568. VAEIGNON, Pierre, French mathematician ; i. 1654; published " Projet d'unc nouvelle Me- canique," 1687; " Nouvelles Conjectures sur la Cause de la Pcsauteur," 1690; d. 22 Dec. 1722. VAEILLAS, Antoine, French historian ; b. 1624; published "Politique de la Maison d'Au- triche,' 1658 ; "Histoire de Franqois I.," 1685; " Histoire des Revolutions anivee dans I'Europe en Matiere de Religion," 1686-9; 'i- 9 June 1696. VAELEY, brothers, water-colour painters, &c.: John; h. 17 Aug. 1778; left trade for ai-t about 1794; exliiljited at R. A., 1798; a founder of "Water Colour Society, 1804 . d. 17 Nov. 1842 Cornelius; 1). 21 Nov. 1781 ; worked as jeweller, &c. : studied science under his uncle Samuel (a friend of earl Stanhoiie), about 1793 ; made a microscoiie, . 1639; chef-d'oDuvre is "Plage de Scheveningen," in the Louvre; d. 21 Jan. 1C72. VELDE, Esaias van den, Dutch landscape painter aud engraver; li. about 1597; cl. after 1652. VELDE, Jan van den, Dutch engraver; b. about 1567 ; published " Delicia) ^'ariarum insig- niumque Scripturaruin," 1604. VELDE, van den, Dutch marine painters : ■\Vii.LEM, tlie elder; h. 1610: commenced life as a sailor ; came to England, 1675 ; received a peu- siou from diaries II. d. in London, 16 Dec. 1693 "VViLLEM, the younger, son; h. 1633; came to Eng- J:i]id, and pensioned by Charles II. d. at Greenwich, 6 Ainil 1707 VELDEK, Heinrich von, Gei-man poet ; Jl. about n8o. VELLUTI, Donate, Italian historian; i. 16 July 1313; wrote " Cronica di Firenze;" d. i July 1370- VELLT, Paul Frani;ois, French historian ; J. 9 April 1709; wrote "Histoire de France," pub- lished 1765-85; d. 4 Sept. 1759. VELPEAU, Alfred Armand Louis Marie, French surgeon ; J. 18 May 1795 ; son of a farrier ; studied veterinary medicine; practised in his vil- lage ; went to Paris ; rose rapidly; professor, 1835 ; succeeded Lan-ey at Academy of Sciences, 1842 ; published "Traite d'Anatomie Chirurgicale," 1825- 6; " Embryologie," 1833, &c.; many papers; 'd. 24 Aug. 1867. VELTHUYSEN", Lambert, Dutch physician and theological writer ; li. 1622 ; d, 1685. VENCE, Henri FrarKjois de, French Hebraist and biblical writer ; 5. about 1675 ; edited the Bible, 1738-43; e," 1622; f^.25 Sept. 1626. YIBIUS SEQUESTER, Latin geographer; Ji, 4th century; Avrote " de Fluniinibus, Fontibus, *S:c.," printed 1778. VIC, Claude de, French Benedictine historian ; h.^ 1687; -with dom Yaissete, published "Histoire gunerale de Languedoc," 1730-45; d. 23 Jan. 1734. VICENTE, Gil, Portuguese comic poet; h. about 1485; his " Obras" published, 1362; d. about 1557. VICENTINI, Tommaso Antonio, called Tho- masain, Italian comedian ; h. 1682; d. igAug. 1739. VICHMAN'N, Burckhardt, Eussian historian ; h. Aug. 1786; published " Chronologische Ueber- siche der neuesten llussischen Geschichte," 1S21; d. I Aug. 1822. VICI, Andrea, Italian architect; h. 1744; d. 10 Sept. 1817. VICKERS, Alfred Gomersal, marine and sub- ject painter ; b. 21 Ajn-jl 1810 ; d. 12 Jan. 1837. VICO, Enea, Italian antiquary, eugi-aver, and medallist; b. about 1520; published "Discorsi sopre le ^Medaglie degh Autichi," 1555 ; d. about 1570. VICO, Francesco di, Italian astronomer; h. 19 Jlay 1805; director of observatory at Rome, l83g ; expelled at the Kevolution, 1848 ; published papers on comets, &c., 1836, et seq.\ d. in London, 15 Nov. 1848. VICO, Giovanni Battista, Italian philosopher ; b. 1688 ; published " Principj di una nuova Scienza intoruo alia Natura delle Nazione," 1725; d. 21 Jan. 1743. VICQ D'AZTR, Feli:r, French physician; h. 23 April, 1748 ; appointed physician to Louis XVI., I78g ; his " OEuvres " published, 1805 ; d. 20 June 1794. VICTOR I.-III., popes: 1. Saint ; elected, 185 ; fixed the date of Easter day, ig6 ... . d. July 197 2. Gebhard ; elected, 13 Axuil 1055; convoked five councils ... ih 21 or 28 July 1057 3. Didier; Z>. aljout 1027; elected, 24 May, 1086; liis "Dialogorum libri IV." x)riuted, 1651 d. 16 Sept. 1087 VICTOE, Claude Penin, due de BeUuuo, mar- shal of France; b. 7 Dec. 1764; entered army, 1781 ; took Marengo, 14 June 1800 ; made marshal, 1807; d. I March 1841. VICTOR, Sextus Aiu'eliuSj see Aurdiiis. VICTOR AMADEUS I.-IIL, dukes of Savoy, and kings of Sardinia : 1. &. 8 May 1587 ; succeeded, 1630 . d. 7 Oft. 1637 2. h. 14 May 1666 ; succeeded . 12 June 1675 Obtaiuetl Sicily by treaty with Spain . . .1713 Exclianged it for the island of Sardinia, with the title of king, 1720 ; abdicated, 1730; d. 30 Oct. 1732 3. "b. 26 June 1726 ; king, 1773 ; siUTundered Savoy and Nice to France, 1796 . . rf. 16 Oct. 1796 .VICTOR EMMANUEL I., king of Sar- dinia, son of Victor Amadeus II. ; b. 24 July 1759 ; succeeded his brother, Charles Emmanuel IV., 4 Jime 1802; abdicated, 13 March 1821 ; d. lO Jan. 1824. VICTOR EMMANUEL IL, of Sardinia, I. of Italy, son of Chaides Albert, Idng of Sar- dinia; b. 14 March 1820. Proclaimed king of Sardinia on the abdication of his father . . ... 23 March 1849 Joined England and France against Russia Jan. 1855 Suppressed the convents . . ■ • »» Visited London 30 Nov. ,, "War with Austria ; with the French lie was victo- rious at Montebello, 20 May; at Palestro, 30, 31 May ; Magenta, 4 June ; Marignano, 8 June ; Solferino ... 24 June 1859 Signed peace of Villafranca . .11 July ,, Ceded Savoy and Nice t(i France 24 ManOi 1S60 Entered kingdom of Naples . . 15 Oct. „ Proclaimed king of Italy . 17 March 1861 Removed the capital to Florence . 11 Dec. 1864 Jitined Prussia against Austria, by treaty, 12 May ; defeat of his army at Custozza, 24 June; of his fleet at Lissa .... 20 July 1866 Entered Venice (ceded to him) . . . 7 Nov. ,, His troops occupy Rome ... 20 Sept. 1870 National festival on 25th auuivei-sary of his ac(;es- sion 23 March 1S74 Received the emperor of Austria at Venice 5—7 April 1875 \ isited hy the emperor of Germany at Milan 18—23 Oct. „ VICTOR EMMANUEL FERDINAND MARIA JANUARIUS, prince of Naples, son of Humbert, prince of Piedmont; 5. 11 Kov. 1869. VICTORIA, queen of Great Bi-itain and Ire- land, daughter of Edward, duke of Kent, and princess Louisa Maria Victoria of Saxe-Saalfeld Coburg, widow of prince Emich of Leiniugeii; (manied, 29 Hay 1818) ; b. at Kensington Palace, 24 May 1819. Baptized at Kensmgton jialace . . .24 June 1819 Her father died ... . 23 Jan. 1B20 Succeeded her uncle, William IV. . 20 June 1837 Crowned in ■Westminster ahbey . . 28 June 183S Married her cousin, prince Albert of Saxe-Cobui-g- Gotlia .... 10 Feb. 1840 Fin-d at by Edward Oxford . . 10 June ,, Again tired at by John Francis . 30 May 1842 Hei- life threatened by Beiui . . 3 July „ Fh-st visited Scotland - . Aug. — Sept. „ Peace of Nankin signed .... Dec. ,, Visited Icing Louis Phihppe at the chateau d'Eu 2 Seiit. 1S43 "Went to Germany . . Aug. 1S45 Opened Lincoln's inn new hall . 30 Oct. „ Gave assent to act for rei)eal of corn laws 26 June 1846 Sikh war terminated l)y the amiexation of the Punjab Embarked for Ireland Visited Belgium .... Opened the Great Exhibition . Reviewed the Baltic fleet Alliance signed between England, Turkey "War declared against Russia Opened the Crystal Palace at Sydenham Distributed the Crimean medals Visited Paris .... Peace with Russia signed at Paris Indian Mutiny conunenced . Distributed the Victoria crosses Visited Cherbourg, received by the emperor 4-5 Aug, Visited Berlin and Potsdam Became sole sovereign of India Reviewed the volunteers in Hyde park Her mother, the duchess of Kent, died Death of the prince consort . Opened the new xiarliament Laid foundation-stone of the Albert hall of arts at South Kensington .... 20 May 1867 "Early Yeai-s of the Prince Consort" published July „ Published " Leaves from the Joiunal of our Life iu the Highlands" Jan. 1868 29 March 1849 . I Aug. „ Aug. 1850 I May 1851 . II March 1854 France, and 12 March ,, 28 March ,, 10 June ,, 18 May 185s 18 Aug. „ 30 March 1856 March 1857 26 June „ Aug. „ I Sept. ,, 23 June i860 16 March 1861 14 Dec. ., 6 Feb. i865 VICTORIA 604 VILLANI ^Jjieiied the new Bl.ickfriari' bridge and Hullioru viaduct 6 Nuv. 1869 Opened new buildings of Uiiiversitj' of London II May 1870 I-Ier thanksgiving at St. Paul's for recovery of the prince of Wales 27 Feb. 1872 Ojjened new wing of London hosintal, Whiteehapel Nov. 1S75 Sailed for Germany, 28 March ; returned 22 Aiiril 1876 VICTOEIA ADELAIDE MAEY LOUISA, princess royal of Great Britain; i. 21 ]^o\'. 1840; married Frederick "William, piince of Prussia, 25 Jan. 1858. VICTOEINUS, bishop of Petabium, Latin ecclesiastical "writer ; wrote commentaries on the Old Tesfciment; sufl'ered martjTdom under Dio- cletian, about 303. VICTOEINUS, Caius, or Fabius Marius, called the African, lloman grammarian and rhe- torician ; converted to Christianity about 360 ; Avrote " Ars Grammatica," published 1537 ; d. 370. VICTOEIUS, see Vettori. YIDA, !Marco Girolamo, Italian poet and ciitic; h. about 14S0; published " de Arte Poetifu," and " de Ludo Seacchorum," 1527 ; " Chiistiados, libri VI.," 1535; 'I- 27 Sept. 1566. VTDAT:, Owen Emeric, first bisliop of Sien-a Xeone ; b. 1819 ; consecrated, 1852; «. 23 Dec. 1S54. VIDIUS, Vidns, Italian physician ; h. about ^500; professor of medicine at Pisa, 1547; ^vrote ■"Ars iledicinalis," published iCJIi; d. 26 May 1569. VIDOCQ, Francjois Jules, French police detec- tive; b. 23 July 1775 ; d. 13 Jlay 1857. VIEIRA, Antonio, Portuguese Jesuit mission- ary; b. 6 Feb. 1608; went to Brazil, 1653; pub- lished " ScnnOes," 1683-1754 ; d. 18 July 1697. VIELLEVILLE, Franijois de Scepeaux, sire ian, founder of algebra; b. 1540; published his " Canon llatheniaticus," 1579 ; d. 13 Dec. 1603. VIEUSSBNS, Eaimond de, French anatomist; h. 1641 ; published '' Keurologia Universalis," i<585; li- 17.15- VIETEAY, or VlEIEA, Antonio, Portuguese Jesuit missionary and poet ; b. 6 Feb. 1608; d. at Bahia, 18 July 1697. VIGEE, see Lcbri/n, Murle. VIGEE, Louis, French nortrait painter; i. 1727; rf. 1767. VIGEE, Louis Jean Baptiste Etienne, French poet; b. 2 Dec. 1758; jiublished "Poesies," 1813; d. 1 Aug. :82o. VIGENEEE, Blaise de, French writer; b. 5 April 1523 ; Avrote " Traite du Fen et du Sel,'"' published 1G08; d. 19 Feb. iijgfi. VIGIEE, Vigeiins, Fran(;ois, French scholar ; b. 1591 ; published "de Prajcipius Gra:'ca! Dictionis Idiotismis et Particulis," 1632; d. 15 Dee. 1647. VIGIEE, Gerald, French Carmelite hagio- grapher ; wrote " Slonareliie Sainte, Ilistoriquc, (Jhronologique et Gcn^alogique de France," pub- lished 1670-2 ; rf. 1638. VIGILANTIUS, first Gallic heresiarch ; j?. about 406 ; wrote against St. Jerome. VIGILIUS. African bishop and polemical writer; fl. about 484; his works printed, 1664. VIGILIUS, pope ; elected 22 Nov. 537 ; e.Kiled bj' Justinian; his Epistles printed, 1642; d. 15 Jan. 555. VIGNEEON, Jean, called Veueroni, French grammarian; b. 1642; published " Maitre Italien," about 1686; " Dictionnaire Italien-Francjais et Frani;,ais-Italien," 1708 ; d. 27 June 1708. VIGNIEE, Nicolas, French historian and chro- nologist; b. 1530; published " Bibliotheque His- toriale," 1588 ; " Vraie Ilistoire de I'Eglise," r6oi ; d. 13 March 1596. VIGNOLA, Giacomo Barozzio da, Italian ar- chitect; b. 1507; succeeded Michel Angelo as archi- tect of Saint Peter's; published "Eegola deUi Cinque Ordini d'Arehitettura," 1563 ; his " ffiuvres completes" printed, 1815; d. 1573. VIGNOLES, Charles, engineer; i. about 1782; built Kieft' bridge over the Dnieper, 1848-53 ; con- structed Midland counties railway, 1836-40; in- vented Vignoles rail ; c&c. ; president of institution of civil engineers, 1870-1; d. 17 Nov. 1875. VIGNOLLES, Alphouse de, French chrono- logist and historian; b. ig Oct. 1649; published *' Chronologie de I'Histoire sainte," 1738; d, 24 July 1744. VIGKOLLES, Etienne de, sec La Hire. VIGNT, Alfred de, see Do Tlrjtiy. VIGO, Giovanni da, Italian sui-geon; fl. 15 14. VIGOE, Simon, archbishop of Narbonne, French controversialist; h. about 1515; consecrated 1570; his "Sermous" published, 1584; d. 1 Nov. 1575- VIGOES, Nicholas Aylward, Irish zoologist; b. 1787; d. 26 Oct. 1840. VIGUIEE, Pierre Francjois, French oriental- ist ; b. 20 July 1785; published " Elemeus de la Langue Turque," 1 790 ; d. 7 Feb. 1S21. VILAIN, Nicolas Victor, French sculptor ; b. 3 Aug. 1813; gained the gi-and prize for his "David appeasing Saul," 1838; "St. John," 1845; busts of Victor Hugo, Janin, Wattean, &c. VILLALOBOS, Francisco de, Spanish phy- sician and poet ; b. about 1480 ; wrote in verse "Sumario de la Medieina," published 149S; d. 1560. VILLALPANDO, J'uan Bautista de, Spanish Jesuit; b. 1552; published "in Ezcchieleni Expla- nationes," 1596-1606; rf. 23 May 1608. VILLALPANDO Y TOEEEBLANCA, Francisco de, nephew, Spanish jurist; published "Epitome Delictorum," 1618; " Demonologia," 1623; d. about 1645. VILLANI, Florentine historians : Giovanni; h. about 1280; wrote "Storie Fioreii- tine " d. 1348 Matteo, Ijrutlier ; continued the " Storie" to 1363 d. 12 July 1363 FiLlPPO, sou ; added 42 chapters to the same, to 1364, fir.st iirinted . ... 1537 VILLA NOVA 605 VILLIEE8 VILLA NOVA, ArnoUlus de, see Ariiaicld. VILLANUEVA, lago, Spanish writer; b. 1 765 ; published ' ' Viage Literario i. las Iglosias de Espaiia," 1803-52 , d. 14 Nov. 1824. VILLANUEVA, Joaquin Lorenzo de, Spanish poet ; i. 17^7 ; published " Poesias ; " r!. 26 March 1837- VILLAEET, grand-masters of the order of St. John of Jerusalem : G-uiLLAUMR ; elected, 1300 . . . . d. 1307 FoULQUES DE, brother ; eleeteit, 1307 ; took Rlioiles, 10 Aug. 1310 ; resigned, 1319 (f. i Sept. 1327 VILLAEET, Claude, Frenfh historian; b. abouti7i5; continued Velly's " Histoire de France " to 1469 ; d. Feb. 1766. VILLAEET DE JOYEUSE, Louis Thomas, comte, French admiral; b. 1750 ; defendud Brest against Howe, 1794; retook St. Doniinpo, 1802; made governor of Venice, iSli ; d. 24 July 1S12. VILLAE.S, Claude Louis Hector, duo de, mar- shal of France ; b. 8 May 1653 ; made marshal, 1 702 ; defeated Imperialists at Ilochstedt, 20 Sept. 1 703 ; defeated at Malplaquet, 11 Sept. 1 709 ; vic- torious over the Dntch and Austrians, under prince Eugene, 1713; signed the peace of Utrecht, II April, 1 713; captured I'avia, 4N0V. ; Milan, 30 Deo. 1733; wrote " Memoires," published 1734; d, 1 7 June 1 734. VILLAES, Dominique, French botanist ; b. 14 Nov. 1745 ' published " Histoire Naturelle des Plaiites du Dauphine," 17S6-89 ; " Principes de Me- decine," 1797; d. 27 June 1814. VILLAES, Montfauconde, French abbe, mys- tic ; b. 1635 ; stopped preaching through publishing " le Comte de Gabalis," 1670; "1' Amour sans fai- hlisse," 167 1 ; shot while travelling, 1673. VILLE, Antoine de, chevalier, French engi- neer ; b. 1596 ; invented a system of fortification ; published " Fortifications," 1629 ; " de la Charge du Grouvenieur des Places," 1639; d. 1656, VILLEDIEU, Marie Catherine Hortense, d. Nov. 1683. VILLEPOEE, Joseph Francois Bourgoin de, French biographer; b. 24 Dec. 1652; published "Vies dos Peres des Deserts," 1706-8; "Tie de Sainte Therese," 1712; d. 2 Dec. 1737. VILLEFEOY, Guillaumc de, French abbe and orientalist ; 4. 5 March 1690 ; founded the society of " Capucins Hebraisants," 1744 ; published "No- tices de.s Lirres Armeniens MSS. de la Bibliotheque Iniperiale," 1739; d. 4 April 1777. VILLEGAGNON, Nicolas Durand de, che- valier, French admiral and controversialist ; b. I^io; founded the colonv of Coligny in Brazil, 1555; disputed with Calvin, 1560 ; published " Caroli V. Imp. Expeditio in Africani ad Argieram," 1542 ; " ad Ai-ticulos Calviniana) de Sacramento Eucha- ristia; Hesponsiones," 1560 ; d. 9 Jan. I57I- VILLEGAS, Esteban Jlanuel de, Spanish Ivric poet ; b. about 1596 ; published " las Eroticas," l"6i7 ; translated Boethius, 1C65 ; d. 3 Sept. 1669. VILLEHAEDOUIN, Geofiroi, sire de, French historian; b. about 1 155; preached the crusade at Venice, 1201 ; wrote " Coiiqueste de Constantino- ple," first printed, 1585 ; d. about 1213. VILLELE, Jean Baptiste Guillaume Marie- Scraphin Joseph, comte de, French statesman; b. 14 April or Aug. 1773; prime minister to Louis XVIII., 15 Dec. 1821— Jan. 1828; d. 13 March 1854. VILLEMAIN, Abel Francois, French poli- tician; b. i; June 1790; minister of public instruc- tion, May 1839— March 1840; again, Oct. 1840— Dec. 1844; published " Etudes d'Histoii-einodeme," 1846; "Choix d'Etudes sur la Litterature Con- temporaine," 1857, &c. ; d. 30 March 1867. VILLENA, Enrique d'Aragon de, marqui.?, Spanish poet; i. 1384; MTote " la Gaya Sciencia ; " d. 15 Dec. 1434. VILLENAVE, Matthieu Guillaume Thcruse, French writer ; b. 13 April 1762; wrote "la Jaco- biniade," 1795; " Nouvel Abruge des Ties de& Saints," 1812-13 ; d. 16 March 1846. VILLENEUVB, see Armuld, Ducrest. VILLENEUT^E, GabricUe Suzanne Barbot de, French novelist ; b, about 1695; d. 19 Dec. 1755, VILLENEUVE, Guillaume de, French war- rior ; fl. about 1497 ; wrote " Conquete de Naples." VILLENEUVE, Elion or Ilt'liou de, grand- master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem ; b. about 1270; elected, 1319; fought at Mont-Cassel, 1328 ; governed at Rhodes, 1336 ; d. June 1346. VILLENEUVE, Huon dc, French poet ; /- about 1200 ; wrote " les Quatre Fils Aymon." VILLENEUVE, Jerome Pethion de ; French republican; b. 1753; president of the assembly, 1790; maj-or of Paris, Nov. 1791 ; proscribed, 31 May 1793; found dead, June 1794. VILLENEUVE, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste- Silvestre de, French admiral; b. 31 Dec. 1763 ; de- feated at Ahouldr, 1 798 ; taken prisoner at Trafal- gar, 1805 ; d. by suicide, 22 Api-il 1806. VILLENEUVE, Pi.osaline de, saint, Carthu- sian ascetic ; b. about 1263 ; rf. 17 Jan. 1329. VILLEEME Louis Eenu, French physician and economist ; b. 10 May 1782; published " de& Prisons telles qu'elles sent," 1820; "Tableau de I'Etat Physique et Morale des Ouvriers employes- dans la Mannfitcture de Colon," 1840 ; founded " Annales d'llygiene," 1829; d. 16 Nov. 1863. VILLEEOI, Fran(;ois de Neufville, French marshal ; b. 7 April 1644 ; commander in Flanders, 1695 ; defeated by prince Eugene at Cliiari, I Sept- 1701 ; by Marlborough at IlamiUies, 23 May 1706; d. 18 July 1730. VILLEES, Charles Franijois Dominique, French philosopher; b. 4 Nov. 1767; published " Philosophic deKant," 1801 ; d. 26 Feb. 1815. VILLETEEQUE, Alexanch-e Louis de, French writer; b. 31 July 1759; published "Essais- dramatiques," 1793; " Veillees Philosophiques," 1795; d. 8 April 1811. VILLETTE, Charies de, marquis, French, poet ; b, 4 Dec. 1736 ; published " Elo.ge de Henri IT.," 1770; " Eloges historiques de Charles V.," 1772; "(Euvres," 1784; d. g July 1793. VILLIAUME, Nicolas, French histoi-i.an and economist; b. 12 Aug. 1814; published " Histoire- de la Eevolution Francjaise," 1850; "Nouveau Traite d'Economie politique," 1857 ; "Histoire d& Jeanne d'Arc," 1863. VILLIEES, Charles Pelham, brother of 4th earl of Clarendon, statesman ; b. 19 Jan. 1802 ; M.r. for Wolverhampton, 1835, et seq. ; an earnest VILLIEES 606 VIECHOW advocate of repeal of the corn laws; appointed judge advocate-general, 1853 ; president ;^of the poor law board, 1859-66. VILLIEES, Henry Montagu, bishop of Dur- ham; b. 18 13; rector of St. George's, Bloonisbmy, 1841-56; consecrated bishop of Carlisle, 1856; translated. May i860; d. g Aug. 1861. VILLIEES, see Bnckingltam, Clarendon. VILLIEES, DE l'Isle Adam, Philippe de, grand master of the knights of Malta; i. 1464; elected, 1521 ; defended Rhodes, 1522; evacuated it, 1523; settled at Yitcrbo; exchanged it for Malta, 1530; d. 21 Aug. 1534. VILLOISON, Jean Baptiste Gaspard Dansse de, French Hellenist ; 4. 5 March 1 750 ; published " Anecdota Gracca," 1781 ; " Epistolaj Vimar- ienses," 1783 ; d. 26 April 1805. VILLON, Fran(,-ois, French poet; h. 1431 ; his collected works first printed, 1489; d. about 1485. VILLOTTE, Jacques, French Jesuit mission- ary ; b. I Nov. 1656 ; travelled in Armenia and Persia; published " Armcnie Chretienne," 1712; " Dictiouarium Latino-Armenicum," 1 7 14; "Voy- ages d'un Missionaire," 1730; d. 14 Jan. 1743. VINCE, rev. S.amuel, mathematician ; Plumian professor of astronomj' at Cambridge, 1796-1821 ; imblished " Complete System of Astronomy," 1797-1808; • 5 Oct. 1717 Became earl s Dec. 1791 Built Strawberrj' Hill, formed its famous collec- tions, and established its private press 1750, et seq. Published " Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England " . . _ . 1758^ " Anecdotes of Painting in England " . 1762-71 " Catalogue of Engravers " . . . 176J " Castle of Otranto " .... 176s "Memoirsof Reign of George II.," published . 1822- " Letters," edited by Peter Cunningham . . 1857-9 d. 2 March 1797 Spenceb HonATio, statesman: 6. 11 Sept. 1806; M.P. for university of Cambridge, 1856, et seq. ; home secretary, Feb.— Dec. 1852 ; again, Feb. 1858— March 1859 ; a third time, July 1866 — May 1867 ; in cabinet till • . . Feb. 186S WALSH, Jolm Edward, Irish judge ; b. Nov. 1816 ; attorney-general for Ireland, July — Oct. 1866 ; master of the rolls, Oct. 1866 ; d. 20 Oct. 1869. WALSINGHAM, air Francis, statesman and diplomatist; 4.1536; ambassador to France, 1561, ic;7o-3; made secretary of state, 1573! chancelloi' of the duchy of Lancaster, 1586 ; favourite of queen Elizabeth; discovered Babington's plot in favour of Mary, queen of Scots, 1586; d. 6 April 1590; his- "Complete Ambassador" printed, 1655. WALSINGHAM, Thomas, monk of St. Alban's, historian; b. about 1410; wrote "His- toria Brevis ab Edvardo I. ad Henricum V.," first printed, 1574. WALTEE, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbm-y : made dean of Toi-k, 1 186; consecrated bishop of Salisbury, riSg; translated 1 193; lord high chan- cellor, 1199-1205 ; d. IT, July 1205. WALTEE, John, proprietors of the " Times : " 1. printer; &. 1739; published "Daily Universal , Register," 13 Jan. 1785 ; name changed to "the Times" I Jan. 1788 . . d. 16 Nov. 1812- 2. son, M.P. : 6. 1784; proprietor and manager d. 28 July 1847- 3. son ; 6. 1818 ; M.P. for Berkshire, 1859-65 ; 1868, et sei}. WAETHAM, John of, bishop of Salisbury ; master of the rolls, 13S1-6; consecrated, 1388; lord high treasurer, 1390-S ; d. 17 Sept. 1395. WALTHEOF, earl of Northumberland; op- posed William I., Aug. 1069; married his niece- Judith, 1070 ; again conspired ; betrayed by his wife ; beheaded, 1075. • WALTHEE, Eodolph, see Gualierus. WALTHEE VON dee Vogelweide, Ger- man minnesinger; b. about 1170; d. about 1230. "WALTON, Bryan, bishop of Chester, oriental- ist ; b. 1600 ; consecrated, 1661 ; published " Biblia Polyglotta," 1653-7; d. 29 Nov. 1661. WALTON, Izaac, writer on angling; b. 9 Aug. 1593; published "the Compleat Angler," 1653;. '^Lives of Dr. John Donne, &c.," 1670; rf. 15 Dec. 1683. WALWOETH 613 WARE WALWOETH, Williaiu, mayor of London; tilled Wat Tyler at Smithfield, 15 June 1381. WAMBA, ting of the Visigoths of Spain; elected, 672 ; dethroned, 680 ; d. 683. WANLEY, Humfrey, antiquary; l. 1672; li- hrarian to Robert Harley, earl of Oxford ; d. 6 July 1726. WANLET, rev. Nathaniel ; h. 1633 ; published "Wonders of the Little World" (Man), 1678; d. 1680. WANKXiYN, James Alfred, chemist; *. i8 Feb. 1834; some time professor at London Institu- tion ; produced propionic acid by action of carbonic acid on sodium ethyl, 1858 ; with E. T. Chapman and Mr. H. Smith, produced ammonia process of Avater analysis, 1867 ; published " Treatise on Water Analysis," 1870; papers, 1857, et seg.\ "Treatise on MiUv Analysis,'^ 1873 ;" Trs ' "" ' "" and Cocoa," 1874. Veatise on Tea, Coffee, WAJSrSLEBEN, Johann Michael, German orientalist : b. i Not. 1635 ; sent to the East by Colbert to collect oriental manuscripts for the royal library at Paris ; d. 12 June, 1679. "WAPPERS, Gustave, baron, Belgian historical painter; h. 1803; created baron, 1847; -works: •'Charles I. and! his children," "Charles LS.," " Anne Boleyn," &c. ; d. 8 Dec. 1874. WAEBECK, Perkin, pretender to the throne, said to have been a Jew of Tournai ; personated Richard, duke of York, son of Edward Iv. ; landed in Ireland, 1492 ; acknowledged as her nephew by Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, 1493 ; and by James TV. of Scotland, 1496; defeated in Eent, 1495 ; went to Cornwall and assumed the title of Kichard IV., 1497; taken prisoner, 1498; hanged at Tyburn, 23 Nov. 1499. "WAEBUETOISr, Eliot Bartholomew George, novelist; h. 1810; pubhshed "Crescent and the Cross," 1845 ; " Prince fiupert and the Cavaliers," 1849 ; drowned at the burning of the Amazon, 4 Jan. 1852. WAEBUETOlSr, John, Somerset herald and antiquary; b. 1682; published "Valium Roma- num," 1753 ; d. \\ May 1759. WAEBUETON, William, bishop ; b. 23 Dec. 1698 ; dean of Bristol, 1757 ; consecrated bishop of. Gloucester, 1759 ; published " Divine Legation of Moses," 1737-8; founded Warburtonian lectures; d. 7 June 1779. WAED, Edward, burlesque poet ; b. 1667 ; published "London Spy," 1698-1700; "Nuptial Dialogues and Debates," 1710; d. 20 June 1731. WAED, Edward Matthew, historical painter; nephew of Horace Smith; b. 1816 ; elected a.k.a., 1846; R.A., 185s; painted "Dr. Johnson reading MS. of 'Vicar of Wakefield,' " 1843 ; " Dr. John- son in Ante-room of Lord Chesterfield," 1845; " Last Sleep of Argyll," &o., in the corridor of the house of commons, 1857; "Tear after the Battle," &c., 1876. WAED, Henrietta, historical painter, daughter of G. R. Ward, and wife of E. M. Ward, r.a. ; *. I June 1832 ; painted " Queen Mary quitting Stir- ling Castle," &c. ; "Newgate, 1818," 1876. WAED, sir Hem-y George, governor of Ceylon ; b. 1798; appointed envoy extraordinary to Mexico, 1825 ; lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 3849-55; governor of Ceylon, 1855-60; published '' Mexico in 1827," 1828; d. 2 Aug. i860. WAED, James, mezzotint-engraver and animal painter; b. 23 Oct. 1769; elected a.k.a., 1807; K.A., 181 1 ; chef-d'oeuvre, the "Aldemey Bull, Cow, and Calf," in National Gallery; d. 23 Nov. 1859- WAED, John, il.d., professor of rhetoric at Gresham college; b. 1679; wrote "Lives of the Professors of Gresham College," 1740; d. 31 Oct. 1758. WAED, John Quinoy Adams, American sculp- tor; b. 29 June 1830; his "Indian Hunter," in New York park ; the " Good Samaritan," &c. ; pre- sident of National Academy of Design, New York, 1871. WAED, Martin T., animal painter; b. about 1799; lived retired at York; d. 13 Feb. 1874. WAED, Nathaniel Bagshaw, sui-geon and bota- nist; b. about 1788 ; invented the "Wardian case " for fei-ns, &c., 13^9 ; lectm-ed on by Faraday, 1838 ; pubUshed "Growth of Plants m closely-glazed Cases," 1842 ; d. 4 June 1868. WAED, Robert Plmner, novelist and politician ; b. ig March 1765 ; .under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1S05-6; a lord of the admiralty, 1807-1 1 ; clerk of the ordnance ; published " Tre- maine," 1825; "De Vere," 1827; "Law of Na- tions;" his "Diary," printed 1850; d, 13 Aug. 1846. WAED, Samuel, d.d., controversialist; made Lady Margaret professor of divinity at Cambridge, 1622 ; d. 7 Sept. 1643. WARD, Seth, bishop, astronomer, and mathe- matician; b. 15 April, 1617; Savihan professor of astronomy at Oxford, 1649-70; elected principal of Jesus college, 1657 ; president of Trinity college, 1659 ; resigned both at the restoration ; dean of E.xeter, 1661 ; consecrated bishop of Exeter, 1662 ; translated to Salisbury, 1667 ; chancellor of the order of the garter, 1671 ; d, 6 Jan. 1689. WAED, Thomas, Roman catholic divine and poet; b. 1652; wrote "England's Reformation," (Hudibrastic poem) pubh'shedi7io;"Erratas ofthe Protestant Bible," 1688; d. soon after 1689. WAED, William, mezzotint-engraver, brother of J. Ward, B.. A.; i. about 1762; elected a.r.a. 1814; d. I Dec. 1826. WAED, William James, mezzotint-engraver, son of the above ; b. 1800; d. 1 March 1840, WAED, see Dudley. WAEDLAW, Henry, bishop of St. Andrews, consecrated, 1404; founded the university of St. Andrews, 141 1 ; d. 1440. WAEDLAW, EUzabeth, lady, poet; b. 1677 wrote " Mardyknute ; " d. 1727. WAEDLAW, Ralph, d.d., Scottish congrega- tional divine ; b. 22 Dec. 1779; published " Chris- tian Ethics," 1833; d. 17 Deo. 1853. WAEDEOP, James, surgeon; h. 14 Aug. 1782; wrote "Essays on the Morbid Anatomy of the Human Eye," 1808-18 ; d. 13 Feb. 1869. WAEE, James, eminent oculist; b, 1755; d. 1815. WAEE, sir James, Irish antiquary ; b. 25 Nov, 1594; wrote " de HibemiS. et Antiquitatibus ejus," 1654-8; "Antiquities and History of Ireland," published 1704 ; d. I Dec. 1666. WAEE 6U WARWICK WAEE, Robert, son, protestant controversialist ; published "Foxes and Fii-ebrands," 1682-9; d. March 1696. WAEE, Samuel Hibbert, m.d. ; b. 21 April 1782; published "Description of the Shetland Islands;" d. 30 Deo. 1848. WAEGENTIN, Pehr Tilhelm, Swedish astro- nomer; b. 22 Sept. 1717; made director of the obsorratory there, 1759; discovered equations of Jupiter's satellites; d. 13 Dec. 1783. WAEHAM, "William, archbishop of Canter- bury ; b. about 14.60 ; sent by Henry VII. on an embassy to the dulte of Burgundy, 1493; conse- crated bishop of London, 1502 ; translated, 1504 ; lord keeper of the great seal, 1502-4 ; lord high chancellor, 1504-15 ; resigned on account of the ascendancy of Wolsey; d. 23 Aug. 1532. WARING, Edward, m.d., mathematician; b. about 1736; d. 15 Aug. 1798. WAErNGTON, Eobei-t, chemist ; b. 7 Sept. 1807; long chemist to Apothecaries' Company, London ; published " Adjustment between Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms" (for the aquarium), 1851 ; many papers; d. 12 Nov. 1867. George, son; b. about 1841 ; published " Phenomena of Radiation " (Actonian pnze essay), 1865 ; " Week of Creation," 1870 ; d. 25 Feb. 1874. WAENEFOED, rev. Samuel "Wilson; b. 1768; founded Wameford scholarships; rf. 11 Jan. i8S5- WAENEE, rev. Ferdinando, ll.d., historical writer; b. 1703; published "Ecclesiastical Historj- of England," 1756-57; "History of Ireland," 1763; <^. sOct. 1768. WARNEE, John, bishop; b. about 1585; made dean of Lichfield, 1633 ; consecrated bishop of Rochester, 1637; founded Bromley college; d. 11 Oct. 1866. WAENEE, rer. Richard, antiquary; pub- Hshed " Collections for the History of Hampshire," 1795- WAENEE, Richard, botanist; b. 1711; d. 11 April 1775. WAENEE, Samuel Alfred, master, R.N., known as "Captain Warner," inventor of mili- tary projectiles and the "long range;" rf. 5 Dec. 1853- WAENEE, Susan, American novelist ; b. 1818 ; as " Elizabeth "Wetherell," published " Wide Wide World," 1849; " Queechy," 1852; &c- Sister Amy, as " Anna Lothrop," published " Dol- lars and Cents," 1852; &c.; together published " EUen Montgomery's Bookshelf," 1853-9 i ^"^ ! " Say and Seal," i860. WAENEE, WiUiam, poet ; b. aiout 1558 ; pub- lished "Albion's England," 1586; "Syrinx," 1697 ; d. 9 March 1609. WAEEEN, Charles, liDe-engraver ; d. 21 April 1823. WAEEEN, sir John Borlase, admiral and di- plomatist; b. 1754; defeated the Fi-euch squadron sent to invade Ireland, 1 798 ; ambassador to Russia, 1802-4; d. 27 Feb. 1822. WAEEEN, sir Peter, Irish vice-admiral ; b. 1703 ; captiu'ed Louisburg and defeated the French fleet, 1745 ; m.p. for Westminster, 1747-52 ; d. 29 July 1752. WAEEEN, Samuel, a.c, novelist; b. 180^; d.c. 1851 ; recorder of Hull, 1S52-74 ; a master in lunacy, 1859 ; published " Passages from the Diary of a late Physician," 1832; "Ten Thousand a Tear," 1841 ; " Now and Then," 1847 ; &c. WAEEENNE, John, earl of ; fought for the king at Lewes, 14 May 1264; wounded his officer in Westminster hall, 1268; made guardian of Scotland, 1296 ; defeated by Wallace, at Stirling, 10 Sept. 1297 ; d. 27 Sept. 1304. WAETEE, rey. John Wood; b. 1806; as son- in-law of Southey edited part of his "Doctor;" " Common-place Book," 1840-51 ; " Letters," 1856; published liis own "Parochial Sermons," 1844; "Seaboard and the Downs," i860; &c. WAETON, Joseph, D.D., poet; b. 1722; head- master of Winchester college, 1766-93; published "Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope," 1756-82; edited Pope's works, 1797; d. 23 Feb. 1800. WAETON, Thomas, brother, poet-laui-eate ; b. 1728; elected professor of poetry at Oxford, 1757: made poet-laureate, 1788; published "Ob- servations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser," 1754; "History of English Poetry," 1774-81; d. 21 iXay 1790. WAEWICK, earis and^duke of: Guy de Beauchamp ; Succeeded to earldom 1298 Distinguished at battle of Falkirk . 22 July „ Seized Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward H., and ordered him to be beheaded at Blacklow Hill, near Warwick , . . 1312 d. at Warwick castle . 12 Aug. 13 15 Henry de Beax'CHamp, duhc . h. 1423 Succeeded his father . 30 April 1439 Created duke of Warwick ... 5 April 1444 Crowned, by Henry VI., king of the Isle of Wight 1445 d., and the duTiedom, became extinct 11 June ,, RicHAED DE Beauchamp, the Good &. 28 Jan. 1381 Invested with order of the garter . 1400 Succeeded his father as earl of Wanvick . . 1401 Defeated Percies at battle of Shrewsbuiy 23 July 1403 Attended council of Constance . . Nov. 1414 Present with Henry V. at the siege of Caen 1417 Created earl of Albemarle for life . . . ,, Became, by will of Heiir>* V. , governor of Henry VI . 31 Aug. 1422 Appointed regent of France . . 1437 d. at Rouen 30 April 1439 Buried under a stately monument in St. Mary's, Warwick. Richard Nevill, the "king maker" b. about 1420 Created earl of Warwick ... 23 July 1449 Espoused the cause of the Yorkists ; .appointed governor of Calais ...... 1455 Captured Henry VI. at Northampton 10 July 1460 Succeeded his father as second earl of Salisbury Dec. ,, Elected knight of the garter . . 8 Feb. 1461 Proclaimed Edward IV. as king . 4 March ,, Defeated Lancastrians at Towtou 29 March ,, Made lord great chamberlam and lord high steward, and obtained immense grants from the crown 1461, c( scii- Joined the Lancastrians; deposed Edward IV., and restored Henry VI. ... g Oct 1470. Reinstated in his offices, and made lord high ad- miral ("Great Captain of the Sea") 2 Jan. 147T Defeated by Edward IV. and slain at battle of Bamet 14 April „ The earldoms of Wanvick and Salisburj- were im- mediately after forfeited by attainder. Edward Plantagenet, son of George, duke of Clarence b. about i4;is Imprisoned in the Tower by Henry VH., and be- headed upon Tower hill . , Dec. 1499, WAEWICK, see Dudley. WAEWICK, sir PhiUp, m.p., secretary to' Charles I.; b. 1608; wTote "Memoirs of the- Reign of E. Charles I.," published 1701 ; d. 15, Jan. 1683. WASHBUENE 615 WATTS "WASHBUBNE, EUhu B., American diplo- matist; b. 23 Sept. 1816; envoy to Paris, May 1869. "WASHINGTON, George, first president of the United iStatea of America ; b. m Virginia, 22 Feb. 1732; d. at Mount Vemon, Virginia, 14. Dec. 1799. MaiTied Mrs. Martha Curtis . . .6 Jan. 1759 Nominated deputy tu the congress of Philadelphia 5 Sept. 1774 Appointed commander-in-chief . . May 1775 American army defeated at battle of Bunker's Hill 17 June „ American colonies declared free, sovereign, and independent ... 4 July 1776 Hessian troojis surrendered to him . . 25 Dec. „ Defeated by general Howe at battle of Brandywine II Sept. 1777 Treaty of peace with Great Britain, signed at Paris 3 Sept. 1783 Resigned his command to congress at Annapolis 23 Dec. ,, Unanimously elected first president of the United States, 6 April 1789 ; re-elected . 4 March 1793 Refused election for third time . 17 Sept. 1796 Vacated office 4 March 1797 His worlds published by Jared Sparks . . 1834-7 WASTELAIN, Charles, Belgian Jesuit his- torian ; b. 22 Sept. 1695 ; " Description de la Gaule Belgique," published l"6i; d. 24 Dec. 1582. WAT the Tyler ; raised insurrection, June ; killed by "Walworth, mayor of London, 15 June 1381. WATELBT, Claude Henri, French writer and engraver; b. 1718; wrote and illustrated a poem, "Art de Peindre," 1760; d. 12 Jan. 1786. WATEELAND, Daniel, d.d. ; b. 14 Feb. 1683 ; published " Vindication of Christ's Divmity," 1 7 19; "Critical History of the Athanasian Creed," 1723 ; his works edited by bishop Van MUdert, 1823 ; d. 23 Dec. 1740. WATEELOO, Antoni, Dutch landscape painter and etcher ; d. 1662. WATEETON, Charles, naturalist; b. 12 June 1782 ; published " Wandei-ings in South America, &c.," 1825; "Essays ou Natural History," 1838-57 ; d. 26 May 1865. WATKIN, sir Edward William, m.p. ; railway director; b. about 1800; chairman of South Eastern railway company, &o ; published " Plea for Public Parks, 1843; ""Trip to United States and Canada," 1851 ; knighted, i8fa8. WATSON, rev. Alexander; b. 1815; published "Devout Churchman," 1847-8; &c.; d. i Feb. 1865. WATSON, Caroline, mezzotint-engraver; b. about 1760; d. 10 June 1814. WATSON, George, Scottish portrait painter ; 5.1767; elected p.k.s.a., 1826; d. 1837. WATSON, John, bishop; b. about 1520; dean of Winchester, 1570; bishop of Winchester, 1580; d. 23 Jan. 1584. WATSON, John Dawson, artist; b. 20 May 1832; exhibited at Eoyal Academy "Artist's Studio," 1853 ; "Poisoned Cup," &c. ; " Across the Common," 1076. WATSON, Joshua, philanthropist; 5. 9 May 1776 ; d. 30 Jan. 1855. WATSON, Musgrave Lewthwaite, sculptor and engraver; b. 24 Jan. 1804; gave up study of law, 1824 ; exhibited at Carlisle, Sept. 1824 ; went to Paris and Italy; produced the Jolly Fnars, Shakspeare, Chaucer, Spenser, Flaxman, &c. ; d. 28 Oct. 1847. WATSON, Kiohard, bishop of Llandaff; b. Aug. 1737; elected professor of chemistry at Cam- bridge, 1764; regius professor of divinity, 177.' > consecrated, 1782; published " Apology for Chris- tianity," 1776; "Chemical Essays, 1 78 1 -7; " Apology for the Bible," 1796 ; d. 4 July 1816. WATSON, Robert, Scottish historian; *. about 1730; principal of the united college of St. Salvator and St. Leonard, St. Andrews; published " History of the Eeign of Philip II. of Spam," 1777 ; i^- 31 March 1781. WATSON, sir Thomas, physician; b. 1792; president of royal college of physicians, 1862.; published " Lectures on Physic,' 1043, et seg. WATSON, Thomas, nonconformist divine; ejected, 1662; wrote "Body of Practical Divinity," published 1692 ; d. about lOgo. WATSON, Thomas, bishop of Lincoln ; made dean of Durham, 1553 ; consecrated bishop, 1557 ; deprived, 25 June 1559. WATSON, Thomas Henry, architect ;_ }. i Nov. 1839 ; president of Architectural Association, 1871. WATSON, sir William, physician and electri- cian; b. 1715 ; d. 10 May 1787. WATSON, sir William Henry, judge; b. 1796 ; served in the army, 1811-7 ; a baron of the excheijuer, Nov. 1856 ; d. 13 March i860. WATSON, William, E. C. priest; published " Decacordon of X. Quodlibetical Questions," 1602; hanged, 29 Nov. 1603. WATSON, William, Scotch lawyer ; b. 1828 ; solicitor-general for Scotland, July 1874 ; and dean of faculty, Nov. 1875 ; lord advocate, Oct. 1876 ; m.p. for Glasgow and Aberdeen universities, Nov. 1876. WATT, Gregory, son of following, geologist ; b. 1777; published paper ou basalt, 1804; d. 16 Oct. 1804. WATT, James, Scotch engineer; }. 19 Jan. 1736; d. 25 Aug. 1819. Discovered method of condensing steam in a vessel entirely separated from the cylinder . . 1765 His first patent granted ... 5 Jan. 1769 Entered into partnership with Matthew Boulton 1774 His patent renewed by act of p.arliaraent . 177s Invented his expansion engine . . . 1778 Invented tlie double engine .... 1781 Published "on Medical Use of Factitious Airs," 1794-6 ; Papers . . 1784, et seq. WATT, James, son, mechanical engineer ; b. 5 Feb. 1769; d. 2 June 1848. WATT, James Henry, line-engraver ; i. '799; engraved "Highland Drovers," after sir E. Landseer ; " May Day," after C. E. Leslie ; d. 18 May 1867. WATT, Joachim von. Latinized "Tadianus," Swiss scholar ; *. 3oDec. 1484; rf. 6 April 1551. WATT, Robert, m.d., Scotch bibliographer; b. 1774; his " Bibliotheca Britannica," published 1824; d. 12 Mai-ch 1819. WATTEAU, Jean Antoine, French landscape painter; b. 10 Oct. 1684; visited England, 1720-21; chef-d'oeuvre, "Embarkation for the Isleof Cytherus," now in the Louvre; d. 18 July 1721. WATTIEE-ZIBSBNIS, Johanna Cornelia, Dutch tragic actress ; b, (Wattier), 13 April 1762; d. 23 April 1827. WATTS, Alario Alexander, poet; b. 1797; published "Poetical Album;" edited "Literary Souvenir," 1825-36; d. S Apr 11864. WATTS 616 WEBVEE "WATTS, George Frederick, historical and por- trait painter ; b. 1820 ; elected a.b.a. and b,.a., 1867 ; painted in fresco " School of Legislation," in Lincoln's Inn hall; "St. George," &c. ; "By the Sea," 1876. WATTS, Henry, chemist; translator of Gmeliu's "Handbook of Chemistry," 1848-67; editor of " Dictionary of Chemistry," 1863, et &eq. ; of " Jonmal of Chemical Society," 1863, et seq. WATTS, Isaac, d.d., nonconformist divine ; b. 17 July 1674; published "Horce Lyricai," 170&; "Psalms and Hymns," 1719; "Divine and Moral Songs for Children," 1720 ; " Logick," 1725 ; &c. ; d. 25 Nov. 1748. WATTS, Thomas, bibliographer and linguist ; b. 181 1; superintendent of reading-room, British Museum, 1857-66 ; keeper of printed books, 1866-9 \ published " Sketch of the History of the Welsh Language and Literature," 1 859; "Wrote many papers ; d. 9 Sept. 1869. WATTS, "William, line-engraver; 5. 1752; d. 7 Dec. 1851. WAY, Albert, archaeologist ; b. 1805 ; president of Society of Antiquaries, 1843 ; a founder of Ar- ehseological Institute of Great Britain, 1845 ; ed'ited " Promptorium Parvulorum." &c. ; 1843-65 ; d. 22 March 1874. WATNPLETE, or Patt-STN-, William de, bishop ; made first provost of Eton college, 1440 ; bishop of Winchester, 1447 ; lord high chancellor, 1456-60 : founded Magdalen college, Oxford, 1456; d.li Aug. 1486. WEARGr, sir Clement, lawyer; S. 1686; made solicitor-general, Feb. 1724; d. 6 April 1726. "WEA"V"EE, Thomas, geologist; b. about 1773 ; d. 2 July 1855. "WEAVER, see Weever. "WEBB, rev. John, historical antiquary; b. 1776; translated and edited for Archicologia, vol. XX., " French metrical History of the deposition of Eichard II. ;" d. 18 Feb. 1869. WEBB, Philip Barker, botanist; *. 1792; rf. 31 Aug. 1854. "WEBB, Philip Carteret, antiquary; b. 1700; d. 22 Jime 1 770. "WEBBE, George, bishop of Limerick; a royalist ; consecrated, 1634 ; wrote " Practise of Quietness," 1631 ; d. a prisoner in Limerick castle, 1641. "WEBBE, Samuel, musical composer; b. 1740; composed the glee " Glorious Apollo ;" d. 25 May 1816. "WEBBER, John, draughtsman to captain Cook's last expedition to the South Seas; b. 1751 ; elected a.r.a., 1785; r.a., 179! ; d. 29 April 1793- "WEBER, Emanuel, count, German jurist; b. 23 Sept. 1659 ; pubHahed" Examen Eei Heraldicse," i6g6; d. 7 May 1726. "WEBER, Godefroi, German musical critic and composer; b. I March 1779; edited "Ca:cilia," 1824-39 ; '^- 2 Sept. 1839. WEBER, Henry William, literary antiquary : h. 1783; published "Metrical Romances of the 13th, 14th, and i5thoentul-ies," 1810; d. 1818. WEBER, Karl Maria von, baron, German musical composer ; *. 18 Dee. 1786; composed "der Freyschiitz," his chef-d'o3uvre, 1821 ; "Eu- ryanthe," 1823; "Oberon," for Covent Garden theatre, 1826 ; d. in London, 5 June 1826. WEBER, Wilhelm, German physicist; i. 2± Oct. 1804; published his "Theory of "Waves,"' (" "Wellenlehre ") 1825 ; " Mechanism of "Walking," 1836; dismissed for protesting against violation of the constitution ; professor at Lcipsic, 1845-9; ^^ Gottingcn, 1849, ct seq, WEBSTER, Benjamin, comedian; b. 3 Sept. 1800; built new Adelphi theatre, 1858; president of the Eoy al Dramatic college ; lessee of the Olympic theatre, 1866, et seq. WEBSTER, Daniel, American statesman and orator ; 4. 18 Jan. 1 782 ; secretary of state, 1841-43 ; again, 1850-52 ; his speeches published as ""Works," 1851; rf. 24 Oct. 1852. WEBSTER, John, dramatist; -wrote "Duchess of Malfey," a tragedy, 1623; his "Poetical and Dramatic Works " edited byUyce, 1830. "WEBSTER, Noah, American lexicographer; b. 16 Oct. 1758; pubhshed "American Dictionary of the EngKsh Language," 1828; d. 28 May 1843. WEBSTER, Thomas, geologist; b. 1773; em- ployed at Royal Institution; designed its theatre, erected, 1803; published "Encyclopajdia of Do- mestic Economy," 1844; many papers ; d, 26 Dec. 1844. "WEBSTER, Thomas, genre painter; b. 1800; elected A.R.A., 1840 ; r.a., painted " Dame's School," Frown" &c. ; "Waiting 1876. WEBSTER, Wiffiam, resigned, 1876; 'the Smile," and "the for the Bone," &o. ; D.D. ; b. Dec. 1689; edited Skinner's "Life of General Monk," 1725; d. 4 Dec. 1758. WECHEL, Andreas, French printer ; b. about 1510; succeeded his father, 1554; bought Estieime's (Stephen's) business, 1560; removed to Frankfort; . d. there, I Nov. 1581. "WECHEE, Christian, French printer, father of above ; b. about 1485 ; printed at Paris, 1522-54 ; d. about 1554. "WEDDERB"[JE]Sr, see Sossli/n. WEDGWOOD, Josiah, manufacturer of art pottery, &c. ; b. 12 July 1730; founded " Etrtnria," near Newcastle-imder-Lyme," 1 771; invented Wedgwood ware ; desci-ibed his pyrometer, 1782-6 ; copied Portland vase, 1790-1 ; d. 3 Jan. 1795. WEDGWOOD, Thomas; b. May 1771 ; made photographic experiments, 1791-3; those made with Davy published, 1802; d. 10 July 1805. "WEEKES, Henry, sculptor; J. 1807 ; elected A.E.A., 1850; R.A., 1863; professor r.a., 1873; executed statues for Martvrs' ILemorjal, Oxford ; statue of " Sardanapalus,'' at the Mansion house, and " Charles II.," at the house of lords; &c. "WEELKES, Thomas, musical composer; b. about 1575; published "Ayeres or Phantastieke Spirites," 1608. "WEENINX, Dutch painters: Jan Baptist ; 6. 1621 ; chief work, " Corsaires re- pousses," in the Louvre . . . . d. 1660 Jan, son ; If. 1644 ; his best works hunting scenes and pictures of still life . . d. 20 Sept. 1719 WEEVER, John, antiquary ; b. 1576 ; pub- lished " Ancient Funeral Monuments within Great Britain and Ireland," 1631 ; d. about 1632. WEHNERT 617 WELLINGTON "WEHNERT, Edward Henry, water-colour painter; *. 1813 ; i. 15 Sept. 1868. "WEIDLEE, JohannFriedrich, 'rermiin mathe- matician; i. 23 April l6gi ; pubiisu^ ' " Institu- tiones Mathematicce," 17 18; " lustitutiones As- tronomicae," 1754 ;(/. 30 Nov. 1735. "WEIGEL, Erhard, German astronomer ; h. 16 Dec. 1625; published "Paneosmus," 1671 ; "Cos- mologia, 1680 ; d. 21 March. 1699. "WEIGEL, Valentin, German theological writer; h. 1533; his "Postille iiber die Sonntags tmd Fest-Evangelien" published, 1611; "Philo- . sophia Mystica," 1618 ; d. 10 June 1588. WEIL, Gustav, German Jewish orientalist; h. 24 Ajjril 1808 ; professor at Heidelberg, 1836 ; pub- lished translation of " Arabian Nights' Entertain- ments," 1837-41 ; " Life of Mohammed," 1843 ; " History of the Caliphs," 1846-51 ; &c. "WEILL, Alexandre, Alsatian novelist and ioumalist; b. 1813; published "Eepublique ct Monarchie," 1848; and novels. WEINBEENNEE, Friedi-ich, German archi- tect; {. 9 Nov. 1766; d. I March 1826. "WEIR, Duncan H., Scotch d.d. ; S. about 1822 ; professor of oriental languages, Glasgow university, 1850; a reviser of the Old Testament; d. Nov. 1876. WEIE, Harrison, artist, especially for animals ; h. 5 May 1824; has illustrated many books. "WEISBACH, Julius, Gennan engineer ; b. 10 Aug. 1806; published " Handbuch der Bergma- schinenmechanik," 1835-6; many papers on mining, hydraulics, &c. ; d. 24 Feb. 1871. WEISE, Christian, German dramatic poet ; h. 30 April 1642; published *'Drei Hauptverderber," 1671 ; " Zittauisches Theatrum," 1683. "WEISHAITPT, Adam, German jurist; b. 6 Feb. 1748; founded society of " Illuminati," 1776; same suppressed, 1784; published "Verbesserte System der llluminaten," 1787; d. 18 Nov. 1822. "WEISS, Christian Samuel, German mineralo- gist, &c.; S. 26 Feb. 1780; published many papers ; d. I Oct. 1856. "WEISS, "Willoughby Hunter, bass singer; b. 1820 ; d. 24 Oct. 1867. "WEISS, see Albinm. "WEISSE, Christian Felix, German poet and dramatist; b. 8 Feb. 1726; published "Beitrag zum deutschen Theater," 1765-9; edited " Kinder- freuud," 1775-84; d. 16 Dec. 1804. "WEITENAUER, Ignaz, German Jesuit orien- talist; b. I Nov. 1709; published " Hexaglotton," 1756; "Subsidia Eloq^uenti£e Sacrae," 1764-69; d. 4 Feb. 1783. "WEITZMANN, Carl Friedrich, Gennan musical composer; b. 10 Aug. 1808; professor at Berlin, 1848 ; published " Geschichte; aer giiechi- . schen Musik," 1855. "WELCHMAN, Edward, archdeacon of Cardi- gan ; b. 1665 ; wrote on the 39 Articles ; d. 28 May 1739- "W E L K E E, Friedrich Gottlob, German scholar; A. 4 Nov. 1784; professor at Giessen, 1809 ; published translation of Aristophanes, ^schylus ; &c. ; d. end of 1869. "WELD, Charles Richard, assistant- secretary to the Koyal Society; *. 1813; elected, 1845; re- signed, 1861 ; published " History of the Koyal Society," 1848; "Florence, the new Capital of Italy," 1867; "Notes on Burgundy," 1869; d. 15 Jan. 1869. WELD, Thomas, of Lulworth Castle, Dorset, founder of the Jesuit college at Stonyhurst ; *. 24 Aug. 1750; d. I Aug. 1810. "WELD, Thomas, son, cardinal; b. 22 Jan. 1773; took holy orders, 1821; created cardinal, 15 March 1830 ; d. 10 April 1837. WELDON, John, musical composer; i. about 1670; made organist of the chapel royal, 1701 ; d. 1736. WELLEKENS, Jan Baptist, Flemish poet; b. 13 Feb. 1658; published " Dichtlievende Uit- spanningen," 1710; d. 14 May 1726. "WELLES, Gideon, American sbitcsman; ap- pointed secretary of the navy, 1861. WELLESLEY, Richard Cowley, marquis, statesman; b. 24 June 1760; d. 26 Sept. 1842. Appointed governor-general of India . . . 1797 Resigned ... . 1805 Ambassador to Spain 1808 Secretai-y for foreign affairs Dee. iSog — Marcli i8iz Lord-lieutenant of Ireland 1821-8 " Despatches," &c., published 1S36-8 WELLESLEY, see Cowley, Mom'mgton. WELLINGTON, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, field-marshal and statesman ; b. April ; said to be I May 1769; d. at Wahner-castle, 14 Sept. 1852. Entered the anny 7 March 1787 Returned to the Irish pai'liament . 1790 Went to Calcutta 1797 Commanded in the Slahratta war ; took Poonah, and Ahmednuggiu' . . iz Aug. 1803 Gained liis first vietoo' at Assaj'e 23 Sept. „ Defeated Scindiah at Argaum . 29 Nov. „ Again at Gawalghur ... 13 Dec. „ K.C.B., 1804; returned to England . Sept. 1805 Elected M.P. for Rye . .... 1806 Appointed secretai-y fur Ireland . .\pril 1807 Served in the Danish expedition . . Aug. „ Took command m Portugal ; defeated Jnuot at Vimeira 21 Aug. 1808 Chief commander in peninsula ; passed the Douro, 12 April ; defeated Victor at Talavera 27, 28 Jxdy 1809 Created viscount Wellington , 4 Sept. „ Repulsed Maasena at Busaco . . 27 Sept. 1810 Occupied the lines at Ton-es Vedras . 10 Oct. „ Defeated Massena at Fuentes de Onoro 3, 5 May 1811 Took Almeida ... .10 May „ Stormed Ciudad Rodrigo . . .19 Jan. i8iz Created earl of Wellington . . 28 Feb. „ Took Badajoz by stonil . . . .6 April „ Defeated Marmout at Salamanca . 22 July ,, Entered Madrid . . .12 Aug. „ Created marquis of WeUingtou . 18 Aug. ,^ Defeated Josepli Bonaparte and Jourdau at Vit- toria 21 June 1813 Stormed St. Sebastian . . . .31 Aug. „ Entered France 8 Oct. „ Defeated Soult at Ortliez, 27 Feb. ; at Toulouse 10 April 1814 Created duke of Wellington, with annuity of i3,oooi. and grant of 300,000!. . . 3 May „ Commanded the anny in the Netherlands ; repulsed Key at Quatre Bras ... 16 June 1815 Defeated Napoleon at Waterloo . 18 June „ Invested Paris 3 July „ Commanded array of occupation in France July 1815— Nov. 1818 His assassination attempted by Cantillon 10 F'eb. „ Appointed master-general of the ordnance Jan. 1819 Commander-in-chief . 22 Jan — 5 May 1827 Again commander-in-chief 27 Aug. 1827—14 Feb. 1828 Became first lord of the treasury . , 8 Jan. „ Carried the Catholic emancipation bill . April 1829 Refused to introduce reform ; resigned 16 Nov. 1830 Secretary for foreign affairs . Dec. 1834 — April 183s WELLS 618 WESLEY Reappointed commaiider-in-cbief . 15 Aug. 1842 d. at Walmer castle .... 14 Sept. 1832 Lay in state at Chelsea liospital . 10-17 Nov. ,, Public funeral ; buried in St. Paul's cathedral 18 Nov. „ WELLS, Edward, d.d. ; h. 1663; published "Bible Geography," 1711-12; f?. Aug. 1727. WELLS, Henry Tanwortli, miniature and por- trait painter; 4. Dec. 1828; elected a.e.a., 1866; E.A., 1870. WELLS, 'William Charlea, pLysician ; b. May 1757; published "Essay on Single Vision," 1792; " Essay on Dew," 1814; d. about 18 Sept. 1817. WELLSTED, J. E.; S. ; published " Travels in Arabia," 1838-40; cl. 25 Oct. 1843. WELLWOOD, sir Hany Moncreiff, bart., D.D., Scotch di\-ine ; b. 1750; d. 14 June 1827. WELLWOOD, Thomas, ji.d., historian; b. 1652; wrote " Memoirs of England ; " d. 171b. WELSH, David, d.d., Scotch reviewer; b. about 1794; founded and edited "North British Eeview, 1844; d. 24 April 1845. WELSH, Thomas, musical composer ; b. about 1770; wrote " Kamtohatka," opera, and "Vocal Instructor." WELSTED, Leonard, poet and miscellaneous writer; b. 1689; published "the Triumvirate," 1718; d. 1747. WENCESLAS, dukes of Bohemia: 1. Saint ; Z>. go8 . . assassinated, 28 Sept. 935 S. . . i'. "93 WENCESLAS I.-IV., kings of Bohemia : 1. 6. 1205 . . . . . cl. 22 Sept. 1253 2. 6. 1271 ; proclaimed, 1278 ; crowned, 1283 (i. 12 June 1305 3. son ; 6. 1289 ; king of Hungarj', 1302 assassinated, 4 Aug. 1306 4. T>. 26 Feb. 1361 ; elected king of Sonians, June 1376 ; succeeded as eiuxjeror of Gerjnauy, Nov. 1378 ; deposed, 24 Aug. 1400 . d. 16 Aug. 1419 WENOKHEIM, Bela von, baron, Hungarian statesman; minister of the interior for Hungary, Feb. 1867— Oct. 1869. WBNDOYEE, Roger de, historian: d. 6 May 1237- WENSLEYDALE, JamesParke, lord, judge ; b. 22 March 1782 ; d. 25 Feb. 1868. A .iustice of the king's bench ... . 1828 A baron of the exchequer .... 1834-56 Created baron Wensleydale of Wenskydale "for the tenn of his natural life" • 16 Jan. 1856 House of lords decided that the patent gave no right to sit and vote as a peer lor life ; created baron Wensleydale of Walton, with usual re- mainder to heirs male . . 23 July ,, WENTWOETH, see RockinffJiam, Strafford. WEECKMEISTEE, Andreas, Gei-man musi- cal writer; b. 30 Nov. 1645; published " Orgel- probe," 1681; "Musics Mathematicco Hodegus Curiosus," 1687; d. 26 Oct. 1706. WEEDEE, Thien-y von, German poet; b. 17 Jan. 1584; translated "Tasso," 1626; d. 18 Dec. WEEBMBBET, Swiss monk; /. about 860; wrote " de Arte Metrorum ; " d. May 884. WBEENEELS, Fehr, Swiss theologian; b. 1627; d. 23 May 1703. WBEENFELS, Samuel, Swiss theologian ; b. I March 1657 ; published " de Logomachiis Erudi- torum," 1692; Mb works, 1739; d. I June 174O. WEEFP, Tan der, Dutch painters : Adbiaan; h. 21 Jan. 1659; painted "Ecce Homo," "Judgment of Paris," and "Magdalen in the Wilderneiis" . . . d. 12 Nov. 1722 PiETEB, brother ; !>. 1663 . . A. 171S WEEGELAND, Henrik Arnold, Norwegian poet; b. 1808; d. 12 Aug. 1845. WBEKMEISTEE, Andreas, German musical composer and poet ; b. 1645; d. 26 Oct. 1 706. WEEL, see Vereliiis. WEENEE, Abraham Gottlob, German mine- ralogist; b. 25 Sept. 1750; published "von den iiusserlichen tcnnzeiehen der Fossilien," 1774 J " Oryktognosie," 1792 ; d. 30 June 1817. WEENEE, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias, Ger- man dramatic poet; b. 18 Nov. 1768; published " die Kreuzbriider," 1823 ; " Mai-tin Luther," 1807 ; d. 18 Jan. 1823. WEENEE, Johann, German mathematician; b. 1468; wrote annotations on Ptolemy ; d. 1528. WEENEE, Johann Gottlob, Gei-man musical writer; b. 1776; published his " Orgelschule," 1805; " Musikalischen ABO Buch," 1806; d. 19 July 1822. WEENEE, Joseph, Swiss miniature painter ; b. 1637; d. 1710. WEENEE, Karl, water-colour painter ; b. 4 Oct. 1808. WEENEE, Paul von, German general ; entered Austrian army, 1725; distinguished in Seven Tears' War, 1756-63; d. 25 Jan. 1785. WEENICKE, Christian, German poet; b. about 1670; published " Ueberschriften," 1697; " Hans Sachs," 1703; d. about 1715. WEENSDOEF, Ernst Fi-iedrich, German theologian; b. 18 Dec. 1718; published " Historia Latinas Linguoo in Sacris puolicis," 1756; d. 7 May 1782. WEENSDOEF, Gottlieb, German theologian,, father of the above; *. 25 Feb. 1668; his "Dispu- tationcs" published, 1736; d. i July 1729. WEENSDOEF, Gottlieb, son, German philo- logist; b. 1710; published " de EepublicA Galata- rum," 1743; d. 24 Jan. 1774. WEENSDOEF, Johann Chiistian, brother, German philologist \ b. n Nov. 1 723 ; published " de Hypatliia philosophic," 1747-48; edited "Poeta) Latini Minores, 1780-86; a. 25 Aug. 1793- WEET, Jaquet de, Flemish musical composer ; published "Madrigali," 1586; " Musices vel Mo- tectorum quinque vocum liter primus," 1566. WEETHEE, Carl Anton Philipp von, baron, Prussian diplomatist; appointed envoy to Vienna,. 1 Jan. 1868 ; ambassador to Paris, Oct. i86g. WESLEY, Charles, methodist preacher, bro- ther of John Wesley ; b. 1708; wrote "Hymns;"" d. 29 March 1788. WESLEY, Charles, son, organist; b. II Dec. 1757 ; d. about 1815. WESLEY, John, founder of methodism; b. 17 or 28 June 1703 ; founded his society, 1728; went to America, 1735; retm-ned, 1737; first meeting- house built at Bristol, 1739; separated from the Moravians, 1740; held first conference, June 174° J- d. 2 March 1791. WESLEY 619 WHAETON WESLEY, rev. Samuel, poet, father of John ; b. 1662 ; published " Life of Jesus Christ," 1693-7 ' " History of the New Testament," 1701 ; d. April I7;3S. Eev. Samuel, son of preceding; i. 1692; published " Poems," 1736 ; d. 6 Not. 1739. WESLEY, Samuel, musical composer, brother of C. Wesley, the organist ; li. 24 Feb. 1766 ; wrote " Euth," " Death of Abel," &c. ; d. 11 Oct. 1837. WESLEY, Dr. Samuel Sebastian, grandson of Charles, composer ; organist of Gloucester cathedral ; d. 19 April 1876. WESSEL, Jan, Dutch theologian; b. about 1419; wrote "Farrago Eerum Theologicarum," published 1522 ; d. 4 Oct. 1489. WESSELINGr, Peter, German philologist ; b. 7 Jan. 1692; published " Observationum Variorum lib. II.," 1727 ; d. 9 Nor. 1764. WEST, Benjamin, American historical painter; b. 10 Oct. 1738; elected n.A., 1768; p.ii.A., 1792; resigned, 1805; re-elected, 1806; painted " Death of General Wolfe," 1771 ; " Christ healiug the Sick in the Temple," about 1802 ; " Death on the Pale Horse," 1817 ; d. 11 March 1820. WEST, Ehzabeth, Scottish mystic; b. about 1672; ^vrote her " Life ; " d. 1735. WEST, Gilbert, poet and translator; b. lyob; translated Pindar; wrote "Institution of the Garter," 1742; d, 26 March 1756. WEST, Jane, novelist and poet; b. about 1759; d. 25 March 1852. WEST, William, topographer; i. 23 Oct. 1770; published " History of Warwickshire ;' (?. 17 Nov. 1854. WESTALL, Kichard, historical painter; b. 1765; elected a.u.a., 1792; r.a., 1794; illus- trated worlcs of Shakspere and Milton ; d. 4 Dec. i8i6. WESTALL, WUliam, brother, landscape painter; b. 12 Oct. 1781; accompanied captain Flinders to Australia, 1801-3 ; elected a.e.a., 1813 ; d. 22 Jan. 1850. WESTBUEY, see liethell. WESTCOTT, rev. Brooke Foss; b. Jan. 1828; regius professor of divinity, Cambridge, Nov. 1870; published "Bible and the Church," 1864; "History of the English Bible," 1869; sermons, &c. WESTEEGAAED, Nils Ludvig, Danish ori- entalist ; b. 27 Dec. 1815 ; published " Eadices SanBcritaj," 1841; edited " Zendavesta," 1852-3. WESTEEMANN, Fransois Joseph, French general; i. about 1751; served with Kleber in La Vendee, 1793 ; executed, 5 April 1794. WESTMACOTT, su' Eichard, sculptor; A. 177s; elected A.K.A., 1805 ; k.a., 181 i ; professor of sculpture, 1827 ; d. j Sept. 1856. WESTMACOTT, Eichard, son, sculptor; b. 1799; elected a.b.a., 1838; b.a., 1849; professor of sculpture, 1857 ; works : " Venue and Asca- nius," 1831; "Cymbal-player," 1832; "Paolo and Francisca," 1838 ; monument of archbp. Howley, 1850, &c.; published "Handbook of Sculptm-e," 1804; d. 19 April 1872. WESTMINSTEE, marquises and duke of: 1. RoBEHT Gbosvenor ; &. 22 March 1767 ; suc- ceeded his father as earl Grosveuor, 5 Aug. 1802 ; created marquis, 13 Sept. 1S31 d. 17 Feb. 1845 2. RicHABD Grosvenor, SOU : &. 27 Jau. 1795 ; ■ lord steward, March 1850 — Feb. 1852 d. 31 Oct. 1869 3. Hugh Lupus Grosvenor, son ; h. 13 Oct. 1825 : M.P. for Chester, 1S49-67 ; marquis. 1869 ; clnke 1874 WESTMOEELAND, John Fane, eari of, dip- lomatist and musical composer ; b. 3 Feb. 1784 ; as- lord Burghersh entered army, 1803 ; served in the peninsula, 1808-14; ™ Naples, iSk; mainly founded Eoyal Academy of Music, 1822-3; ^^''' ceeded as earl, 15 Dec. 1841 ; envoy to Prussia, Oct. 1841 — Jan. 1851; to Austria, Jan. 1851 — Nov. 1855; d. 16 Oct. 1859. WESTON, EUzabeth Jane, scholar; b. 1586; d. about 1605, WESTON, Eichard, horticulturist; b. 1732;. d. 19 Nov. l8o5. WESTON, Stephen, orientalist; }. 1747; d. 8- Jan. 1830. WESTON, Thomas, comedian; d. 31 Dec. 1775- WESTWOOD, John Obadiah, entomologist; b. 1805 ; professor of zoology, O.xford, i85i ; pub- lished " Entomologist's Textbook," 1838 ; " British Moths," 184s, &c. WETHEEALL, sir George Augustus, general ; b. 1788 ; appointed adjutant-general in the Crimea, 1854; d, 8 April 1868. WETHEEELL, sir Charies, recorderof Bristol ;. b. 1770; opposed parliamentaiy reform; his entry into Bristol occasioned riots, 29 — 31 Oct. 1831; d. 17 Aug. 1846. WETHEEELL, see Warner. WETTSTEIN, Johann Heinrich, Swiss printer and scholar; b. 15 March 1649; printed at Amster- dam ;cum Editionis receptre," 1751-2; d. 23 March 1754. WEXTSTEIN, Johann Rudolph, Swiss histo- rian; b. 27 Oct. 1594; published "Histoire et Actes de ses Negociations," 1651 ; d. 12 April 1666. WETTSTEIN, Johann Eudolph, son, Swiss theologian; b. 5 Jan. 1614; published "Certum- Animo! Solatium," 1638; d. 11 Dec. 1684. WEY, Franijois Alphonse, French philologist; b. 12 Aug. 1812; appointed inspector-general of" the national archives, 1852; wrote "Eemarques- sur la Langue Framjaise au dix-neuvieme Siecle," 1845 ; " Histoire des Revolutions du Langage en. France," 1848. WEYEE, see Van de JTeijcr. WEYSE, Christoph Ernst Friedrioh, German musical composer; b. 1744; d. 8 Oct. 1842. WEZEL, Johann Carl, German dramatist; b. 31 Oct. 1747; pubhshed " Lustspiele," 1778-87; d. 28 Jan. 1819. WHALLEY, Peter, critic and divine ; b. 1722 ;. d. 12 June 1791. WHAENCLIFPE, James Archibald Stuart- Wortley Mackenzie, baron; b. 6 Oct. 1776; entered army, 1791 ; left, 1801 ; baron, July 1826 ; lord privy seal, Dec. 1834— Apiil 1835; president of council, 1841; edited "Letters of Lady M. W. Montague," 1837 ; d. 19 Dec. 1845. WHAETON, marquis and duke of: Thomas ^VHABTON, marquis, "Whig statesman; h. about 1640 ; .joined priuce of Orange at Torbay, 1688 ; appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1708 ; lord privy seal, 1714 . . . d. 12 April 1713 Philip Wharton, son, duke, poet ; J. 1698 ; edited "True Briton," 1723; published "Poetical " orks," 1727 . . . tS. 31 May 1731 WHARTON 62Q WHITE WHARTON, sir George, aEtrologer; b. i6i7; ■d. 12 Aug. 1681. WHABiTON, rev. Henry, ecclesiastical liisto- rian; i. 9 Nov. 1664; published "Anglia Sacra," 1691; under name of Anthony Harmer, " Specimen of some Errors and Defects in [Burnet's] History of the Eeformation," 1693; d. 5 March 1695. WHARTON, Thomas, m.b., anatomist; i. 1610; published "Adenographia," 1656 ; d. 14 Nov. 1673. WHATELT, Richard, archbishop of Dublin ; b. I Feb. 1787; consecrated, 1851; published " His- toric Doubts relative to Napoleon," 1819; "Ele- ments of Logic," 1827; "Elements of Shetorio," 1828 ; " Kingdom of Christ delineated," 1841 ; " English Synonyms," 1851 ; d. 8 Oct. 1863. WHATELT, "William, divine ; b. 1583 ; pub- lished "a Bride Bush, or a Wedding Sermon," 1617; " Sinne no more," 1628; d. 10 May 1639. WHEARE, Degoi-y, historical writer; b. 1573; wrote " Method and Order of reading Civil and Ecclesiastical Histories," published 1685 ; d. I Aug. 1647. WHEATLET, Charles, divine; b. 1686; wrote " Eational Hlustration of the Book of Common Prayer," 1710, 1720; d. 13 May 1742. WHBATLEY, Francis, landscape painter; b. 1747; elected a.r.a,, 1790; r.a., 1791; his "Old London Cries," published 1875 ; d. 28 June 1801. WHEATON, Henry, American diplomatist; b. 1785; wrote "Elements of International Law," 1836; d. II March 1848. WHBATSTONE, sir Charies, physicist; b. Feb. 1802 ; d. 19 Oct. 1875. Engaged in makiii^; umsieal instruments ; pub- lished experiments on sound, 1823 ; paper on Chladni's acoustic pauses ' 1833 Determined velocity of electricity by means of a -^ revolving mirror 1834 ; 1840 Professor of natural philosophy, King's college, London . . 1834 Invented the kaleidophone ..... 1828 Made apparatus for transmission of sound, through conductors of deal, &c., 1831 ; concert of iustru- . ments in different rooms at the Polytechnic . 1835 ■Constructed the stereoscope, 183S ; tlie pseudo- scope 1854 Devoted himself to the electric telegi-aph; con- structed an electro-magnetic telegraph apparatus 1836 With W. F. Cooke patented magnetic needle tele- graph 12 June 1837 [For which they received the Society of Arts Albei-t medal, 1867.] Drew plans of a submarine telegraph between Dover and Calais 1840 Telegraphs invented : s-needle, 1837 ; alphabet dial, 1840 ; type printing, 1841 ; magnetic alphabetic dial, i8s8-6o : automatic .... 1858-67 Invented "Wheatstone's bridge," and other elec- tric apparatus 1843 Received from Royal Society Royal medal, 1840 ; Copley ... . . ,» Knighted 1868 Went to Paris to exhibit a delicate recording instru- ment to the academy . . (Z. there, 19 Oct. 187s WHELER, sir George, traveller; b. 1650; travelled in Greece and Asia Minor, 1672-81 ; pub- lished "Journey into Greece," 1682; d. 18 Feb. 1724. WHETHAMSTEDE, John, abbot of St. Al- hans, chronicler; d. 1464. WHEWELL, rev. William, d.d., mathema- tician and scholar; b. 24 May 1794; d. 6 March 1866. At Cambridge ; professor of mineralogy, 1828-32 ; of moral theology, 1838-55; master of Trinity college JS41, etsej. Published " Treatise on Dynamics " . 1823 "Astronomy, &c." (Bridgewater treatise) . . .1833 " Mechanical Euclid " . , . . 1837 " History of Inductive Sciences " . . 1837-8 " Philosophy of Inductive Sciences " . 1840 " Mechanics of Engineering " . . . 1841 " Elements of Morality " 1845 " Plurality of Worlds " . . - . 1853 " Platonic Dialogues " .... i860 Several treatises and many papers 1825, et seq. WHICHCOTE, Benjamin, d.d. ; i. 11 March 1610; his " Observations and Apophthegms" pub- lished, 1688; "Sermons," 1698; d. May 1683. WHISTON, William, theologian and mathe- matician; b. 9 Deo. 1667; professor at Cambridge, 1703; expelled for heresy, 1710; published "New Theory of the Earth," ibg6; " Pnelectiones Phy- sico-mathematicae," 1710; " Primitive Christianity," 1711; translation of Josephus, 1737; d. 22 Aug. 1752- WHITAKER, rev. John, antiquai^ ; b. about 1735 ; published " History of Manchester," I77I-S ! " may, Queen of Scots," 1788 ; d. 30 Oct. 1808. WHITAKER, rev. Thomas Dunham, anti- quary; b. 8 June 1759; published "History of Whalley and CUtheroe,'^ 1801 ; " History arid To- pography of the town and parish of Leeds," 1816; "History of Eichmondshire," 1823; d. 18 Dec. 1821. WHITBREAD, Samuel, brewer; whig poli- tician; b. 1758; M.P., 1790; supported impeach- ment of lord MelvOle, 1805-6 ; d. by suicide, 6 July 1815. WHITBY, Daniel, d.d.; b. 1638; pubKshed many works against popery; "Paraphi-ase and Commentaiy on the New Testament," 1703; d. 24 March 1726. WHITE, Francis, bishop, anti-catholic writer ; b. 1577; consecrated bishop of Carlisle, 1626; ti'ans- lated to Norwich, 1628; to Ely, 1631 ; d. Feb. 1638. WHITE, rev. Gilbert, of Selbome, naturalist- b. 18 July 1720; published "Natm'al History of Selbome, 1789; d. 26 June 1793. WHITE, Henry Kirke, poet; b. 21 March 1785; his " Eemains" published by Southey, 1822; d. 19 Oct. 1806. WHITE, rev. James, dramatist and historian ; b. 1785; wrote "Eighteen Christian Centuries," 1858 ; d. 28 March 1862. WHITE, Jeremy, uonconfonrast divine; b. about 1629; wrote "Restoration of all Things," published 1779; d. 1707. WHITE, or WhTTE, John, bishop of Win- chester, anti-reformer; b. 151 1 ; consecrated bishop of Lincoln, 1553 ; translated, 1556; deprived, 1560; d. II Jan. 1560. WHITE, Joseph, d.d., orientalist; b. 1746; elected professor of Arabic at Oxford, 1775; pub- lished " Diatessaron," 1799; "iEgyptiaca, looi ; d. 22 May 1814. WHITE, rev. Joseph Blanco ; b. at Seville, II July 1775; published "Letters from Spain," 1822; " Life by himself," 1845 ; d. 20 May 1841. WHITE, or Vitus, Richard, historian ; pub- lished " Historise Britannise," 1597-1607 ; d. 1612. WHITE, sir Thomas, lord mayor of London ; b. 1492 ; founded St. John's college, Oxford, 1555 ; lord mayor, 1562-3; d. II Feb. 1566. WHITE, Thomas, founder of Sion college, London; b. about 1550; d. I March 1623-4. ■WHITE 621 WIEGLEB WHITE, Thomas, called Anglua, Romau Cath- olic priest and philosopher; b. ahout 1600; d. 6 July 1675. WHITE, "Walter, clerk to Koyal society, 1844; assistant secretary, i86r ; published " Londoner's ■Walk to the Land's End," 1855 ; " July Holyday in Saxony," &c., 1857; " Month m Yorkshire," 1858 ; and other tours in England, &c. WHITEFIELD, or Whitfield, George, methodist preacher ; b. 16 Deo. 1714; joined the "Wesleys at Oxford, 1734 ; in America, 1737-8 ; commenced open-air preaching, 1739; advocated Calvinism; parted with "Wesley, 1 741; chaplain to countess of Huntingdon, 1748; visited America seven times, 1737-69; his "Works" published, [771 ;. 1515; published "dePres- -tigiis Da;monum," 1564; d. 24 Feb. 1588. WIEETZ, Antoine Joseph, Belgian painter ; b. 22 Feb. 1806 ; bequeathed studio and chief worics to fonn the JIusee Wiertz at Brussels; d. 18 June 1865. "WIFPEN, Jeremiah Holme, poet ; i. 1792 ; published "Aonian Hours," 1810; "Historical Memorials of the House of Eussell," 1833 ; d. 2 May 1836. WIGAN, Alfred, , actor; *. 24 March 1818 ; opened the Olympic, 17 Oct. 1853; retired, July 1857 ; managed St. James's theatre, 29 Oct. i860 — 1863 ; opened New ftneen's theatre, 24 Oct. 1867 ; retired from the stage with his wife, 5 July 1874. WIGEAM, Joseph Cotton, bishop of Eochester; i. 26 Dec. 1798; consecrated, i860; d. 6 April 1867. WILBEEFORCE, rev. Henrv -^miara, bro- ther of following; 4. 1807 ; published "Essay on Parochial System," 1838 ; vicar of East Farleigh, Kent, 1843; became Romanist, 1850; d. 23 April 1873- WILBEEFOECE, rev. Eobert Isaac, son of "William; li. 19 Dec. 1802; archdeacon of East York, 1840; joined Church of Eome, Oct. 1854; puhlished "Doctrine of the Incarnation," 1848; " Doctrine of Holy Baptism," 1849; "Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist," 1853 ; d. 3 Feb. 1857. WILBEEFOECE, Samuel, bishop, son of the following; b. 7 Sept. 1805; dean of Westminster, 184s; bishop of Oxford, 1845 ; translated to "Win- chester, 1869; published " Life and Correspondence of "William Wilberforce," 1838; " Agathos," 1840; •■ Eucharistica," 1852; killed by a fall from his horse, while riding with earl Granville, at Abinger, 19 July 1873. "WILBEEFOECE, "William, philanthropist ; b. 24 Aug. 1759; elected M.P. for Hull, 1780; in- strumental in abolition of the slave trade ; pub- lished " Practical "View of the prevailing System of professed Christians," 1797 ; d. 29 July 1833. "WILBEOED, or "WiLLIBROD, saint, apostle of the Frisians ; b. about 657 ; preached in Fries- land, 690 ; d. r.bout 738. WILBYE, John, musical composer ; published " Madrigals," 1598, 1609. WILCOCKS, Joseph, philanthi-opist; }. 1723; ■d. 23 Dec. 1 79 1. "WILD, Henry, tailor and orientalist ; i. about 1684; d. about 1734. "WILD, Johann, Geiman theologian ; b. 1485 ; wrote " in Evangelium secundum Joannem Enar- rationes," 1550 ; d. 8 Sept. 1554. "WILD, Eobert, nonconformist divine and poet ii. 1609; wrote " Iter Boreale," 1670; d. 1679. "WILDE, see Fenzamc, Tniro. "WILDENS, Jan, Flemish painter; *. 1584; d. 1644. "WILDEESPIN, Samuel, promoter of infant schools, b. about 1792 ; d. 10 March 1866. "WILFOED, Francis, lieut. -colonel, orientalist ; {. about 1760; d. 4 Sept. 1822. WILPEED, saint, bishop of York; b. about 634 ; d. 24 Api-il 709. "WTLHELM, Jamis, German philologist; b. 1554; published " Plautinarmn Quajstionum Com- mentarius," 1583 ; d. July 1584. "WILHELM, see William. "WILHEM (Guillaume Louis Bocquillon) French musical composer ; b. 18 Deo. 1781; pub- lished " Manuel Musical," 1S36 ; d. 26 April 1842. "WILKES, Charles, American federal admiral ; b. about 1801 ; commanded United States exploring expedition, 1838-42 ; published "Nan'ative, ' 1845; "Western America," 1849; arrested Messrs Mason and Slidell on board the Trent, 8 Nov. 1861 ; d. Jan. or Feb. 1877. "WILKES, John, politician; b. 17 Oct. 1727; elected M.r. for Aylesbury, 1757; published " North Briton," 1762 ; expelled from the house of commons, 19 Jan. 1764; elected for Middlesex, 1768; riots, 1768; again expelled and twice re- elected; lord mayor, 1774; city chamberlain, I779j published "Essay on "Woman," 1763; (Z.27 Dec. 1797. WILKIE, sir David, Scottish painter; b. 18 Nov. 1783; elected a.r.a., 1809; r.a., i8ii; painted * ' village Politicians " and ' ' Blind Fiddler,' ' 1806; "Eent Day," 1807; "Village Festival," 1811 ; " Chelsea Pensioners reading the Gazette of the Battle of "Waterloo," 1822; "John Knox preaching," 1832 ; &e. ; d. on board the Oriental in Gibraltar Bay, i June 1841. "WILKIE, "William, d.d., poet, called the Scottish Homer; b. 5 Oct. 1721 ; published "Epi- goniad," 1757; d. 10 Oct. 1772. "WILKINS, Charles, serjeant-at-law; d. 4 March 1857. "WILKINS, sir Charles, orientalist; b. 1749; translated the Mahabhai-ata, 1 785; appointed li- brarian to the East India company, 1801 ; published Trans, of Hitopadcsa, 1787; "Sanscrit Grammar," 1808; d. 13 May 1836. "WILKINS, rev. David, Saxon scholar; b. 1685; published " Leges Anglo-Saxonica!," 1721 ; " Concilia Magna Britannios," 1736; d. 6 Sept. 1745. WILKINS, George, d.d.; b. about 1784; made archdeacon of Nottingham, 1832; d. 13 Aug. 1865. WILKINS, John, bishop of Chester, niatlie- niatician; b. 1614; consecrated, 1668; published " Discovery of a New "World " 1638; "Discourse of a New i'lanet," 1640; " itercury, or the Secret and Swift Jlessenger," 1641 ; " Mathematical Magic," 1648 ; d. 19 Nov. 1672. WILKINS, "William, architect; b. 31 Aug. 1778; elected u. A., 1826; built University college, London, and National Gallery; published " Anti- quities of Magna Grfficia," 1807 ; d. 31 Aug. 1839. WILKINSON, sir John Gardner, Egyptolo- gist; b. 1797; resided for his health some time in Egypt, and investigated the antiquities, &c. ; pub- lished "Manners and Custom."! of the Ancient Egyptians," 18^4-41; "History of Modem Egypt and Thebes," 1844; "Dalmatia and Montenegro," 1848 ; " On Colour," 1858 ; d. 29 Oct. 1875. WILKINSON 623 WILLIAM WILKINSON, James John Garth, m.d. ; b. 1812; translated Swedenborg's "Animal Kingdom," 1 843-4. ; " Human Body, and its Connection with Man, 1851 ; " on the Cure, Arrest, and Isolation of Small-Pox by a new method," 1864. WILLAERT, Adrian, Flemish musical com- poser; b. about 1490; "maestro di capella," of St. Mark's at Venice; d. Sept. 1563. WILLAN, Robert, physician; b. 12 Nov. 1757; his "Delineations of Cutoneous Diseases," pub- lished, 1817; d. 7 April 1812. WILLAUMEZ, Jean Eaptiste PhiKbert, French admiral; b. 7 Aug. 1763; published "Dic- tionnaire de Marine," 1820; revived Dutch literature ; d. 24 June 1846. WILLEEAM, or Waleam, German monk ; wrote paraphrase of Song of Solomon, first printed, 1528; d. 7 May 1085. WILLES, sir James Shaw, judge; b. 1814; made a justice of the common pleas, 1855 ; with sir H. S. Keating, edited Smith's "Leading Cases," 1849; d. by suicide, 2 Oct. 1872. WILLIAM of Poitiers, French historian; b. about 1020 ; d. about 1090. WILLIAM of Corbeuil, archbishop of Canter- bury ; consecrated, 1 123; d. 26 Nov. 1136. WILLIAM of Jnmieges, French historian ; /I. 1070-1087. WILLIAM of Malmesbury, historian; 5. about 1095 't '^^ about 1 143. WILLIAM le Breton, French historian; b. about 1 1 70; wrote " de Gestis Philippi; d, about 1230. WILLIAM of Newbury, see Ncwburgh. WILLIAM I.— IV., kings of England. 1, ij. Dec. 1027; duke of Normandy . . . T035 Visited Edward the Confessor . . . 1051 Claimed crowa at his death . . Jan. 1066 Defeated Harold at Senlac or Hastings 14 Oct. ,, Crowned ... .25 Dec. ,, Founded Battle abbey . . . 1067 Confirmed Edward's laws 1070 Rnbdued Hereward . . . . 1071 Invaded Scotland successfnlly . . . . 1072 Ordered survey of England (Domesday book) . io8s f?. at Rouen 9 Sept. 1087 2. Rufus, son ; 6. 1056 ; king, 9 Sept. crowned 26 Sept. 1087 Jan. 1091 Invaded Normandy Invaded Scotland : received Ixomage Accidentally shot In the New Forest . 2 Aug. tioo 3. prince of Orange . . . . t. 4 Nov. 1650 Married princess Mary of England . 4 Nov. 1677 Landed at Tor Bay 5 Nov. ifi88 William and Slary proclaimed king and queen, 13 Feb. ; cro\nied . ... 11 April i68g Defeated James II. at the battle of the Boyne r July i6go Defeated at Steenkirk, 3 Aug. 1692 ; a.t Landen ig July, 16 July 1693 Escaped "assassination plot" . Feb. 1696 Peace of Rysmck signed . 20 Sept. 1697 d. through a fall . • . .8 March 1702 4. 6. 21 Aug. 1765 ; entered the navy 15 June 1779 Created dulte of Clarence . i9Mayi7S9 Made admii-al of the fleet 1801 Married Adelaide Louisa of Saxe-Meiningen II July 1S18 Lord high admiral . . April 1827— Sept. 1828 Succeeded his brother, George IV. . 26 June 1830 Assented to first reform bill, 17 July 1832 ; to municipal reform hill . ... 9 Sept. 1875 d. 20 June 1837 WILLIAM, of Holland, emperor of Germany ; b. about 1227 ; chosen long of Eomans, 1247 ; croAvned, 1248; defeated Conrad his rival, March 1251 ; married Elizabeth of Brunswick, Jan. 1252 ; recognised as legitimate emperor, May 1254 ; in- vaded Friesland ; killed, 28 Jan. 1256. WILLIAM I.— III.,kingsoftheNetherlands: 1. prince of Orange . . . 6. 24 Aug. 1772 Deprived of states iDy Napoleon . . . 1806 ■Proclaimed sovereign prince . • 6 Dec. 1813 Assumed style of king of the Netherlands 16 March 1815 Revolution in Belgium . . ' " Belgium separated from Holland Abdicated, 7 Oct.'i84o 2. son Fought in continental war Recognised kingdom of Belgium Succeeded his father Sanctioned constitutional charter 25 Aug. 12 July 1831 d. 12 Dec. 1843 h. 6 Dec. 1792 181 1-5 . . 1830 7 Oct. 1840 . 1848 d. 17 March 1849 3. son ; b. 19 Feb. 1817 ; succeeded his father 17 March 1849 WILLIAM I.— v., Orange. princes of Orange, see . . 1840 . . 1849 9 Oct. 1858 2 Jan. 1861 18 Oct. „ 17 June 1866 July „ WILLIAM I. , Idng of Prussia, son of Fred- erick William III. ; J. 22 March 1 797. Made governor of Pomerauia Commander-in-chief Regent of Prussia Succeeded brother, Frederick AVilliam IV, Asserted the divine right of kings Declared war against Austria . Took command of the army . . Defeated the Austrians under Benedek at Sadowa 3 Jnly Became head of North German confederation, Sept. Assumed chief command of German army, i Aug. ■ 1870 Received surrender of emperor Napoleon III. « , . , »„ 2 Sept. ,, Proclamied emperor of Germany at Versailles 18 Jan 1871 Visited the czar at St. Petersburg, April 1873 ' king of Italy at Milan , . 18-23 Oct 1875 WILLIAM the Lion, king of Scotland ; suc- ceeded, 9 Dec. 1165; taken prisoner at Alnwick 12 July 1 1 74; did homage to Henry II., 8 Deo'. II 74; excused homage for payment to Eiehard II ' 1189; did homage 1200, 1209; f?. 4 Dec. 1214. ' WILLIAM I., king of "Wiirtember- • b 27 Sept. 1781 ; succeeded father, Frederick I.,':!o Oct 1816 ; d. 25 June 1864. ^ WILLIAM, duke of Brunswick "Wolfenbiittel • 6. 25 April i8o5 ; on his brother's expulsion, 7 Sept'. "WILLIAMS 624 "WILLMOTT WILLIAMSi Anna, poetess; b. 1706; d. 6 Sept. 1783. "WILLIAMS, sir Charles Hanbury, statesman and poet; b. 1709; wrote "Odes," published 1775; d. 2 Nov. 1759. "WILLIAMS, rev. Daniel, b.d. ; b. about 1644; d. 26 Jan. 1716; by his wiU founded "Wil- liams's library, Eedoross-street, London; opened, 1729. "WILLIAMS, David, miscellaneous writer ; b. 1738; published "Lectures on Political Liberty," 1782; founded the Literary fund, 1789; d. 29 June i8i5. "WILLIAMS, Edward, (lolo Morganwg), "Welsh poet; b. 1747; d. 17 Dec. 1826. "WILLIAMS, Edward, landscape painter; b. 1782; d. 24 June 1855. "WILLIAMS, sir Edward Vaughan, judge of common pleas, 1847-65 ; d. 2 Nov. 1875. "WILLIAMS, rev. George, scholar; b. 1814; chaplain to bishopat Jerusalem, 1841-3 ; published • "History of the Holy City," 1845, 1849; articles and sermons. "WILLIAMS, Griffith, bishop of Ossory; b. 1589 ; consecrated, 1641 ; published " Seven Golden Candlesticks," 1627 ; d. 29 March 1672. "WILLIAMS, Miss Helen Maria, politician, novelist, and poet; b. about 1762; published "Letters from France," 1790-2; translation of Humboldt's " Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Eegions of the New Continent in 1799-1804," 1814-21 ; "Narrative of Events in Prance," 1815 ; d. 1828. "WILLIAMS, Hugh "William, landscape paint- er ; published " Travels in Italy, Greece, and the Ionian Islands," 1820; " Select "Views in Greece," 1827-29; d. 1829. "WILLIAMS, rev. Isaac; tractarian poet; b. 1802; published "The Cathedral," 1838; "Thoughts in Past Tears," 1838; "Baptistery," 1842; "Christian Seasons," 1854; "Thoughts on the Study of the Gospels," 1841-50; &c.; d. 1 May 1865. "WILLIAMS, John, archbishop; b. 25 March 1582 ; consecrated bishop of Lincoln, 1621 ; lord keeper, 1621-6; imprisoned by star chamber, 1636- 40 ; translated to York, 1641 ; d. 25 March 1650. "WILLIAMS, John, missionary to Pol5Tiesia; b. 29 June 1796; published his " Narrative," 1837 ; murdered, 20 Nov. 1839. "WILLIAMS, Monier, orientalist; b. 1819; elected Boden professor of Sanscrit at 0.\ford, i860 ; published " Sanscrit Grammar," 1846 ; translation of the Sanscrit drama, " Sakuntala," 1855 ; " Rudi- ments of Hindustani," 1858; " Sanscrit and Eng- lish Dictionary," 1872; "Indian "Wisdom," 1875, "WILLIAMS, Peury, "Welsh artist; exhibited at n.A., 1824; went to liome ; produces pictures of Italy. "WILLIAMS, Eoger, coloniser of Ehode Island; b. 1599; planted his colony, 1636; A. April 1683. "WILLIAMS, Eowland, d.d., vicar of Broad- chalke, "Wilts; h. 1817; published "Rational Godliness after the Mind of Christ,'^ 1855; "He- brew Prophets," 1866; review of "Bunsen's Biblical Researches," in " Essays and Reviews," i860 ; for this sentenced by the court of arches to suspension for ore year, 15 Dec. 1862; judgment reversed by judicial committee of privy council, 8 Feb. 1864; "Life and Letters" published, 1874;" d. 18 Jan. 1870. "WILLIAMS, Samuel, wood-engraver; b, 25 Feb. 1788 ; d. 19 Sept. 1853. "WILLIAMS, Samuel "Wells, American orien- talist ; b. Sept. 1812 ; a printer at Canton, 1833 ; published " Lessons in Chinese," 1841 ; " Chinese- Dictionary," 1856, &c. ; employed diplomatically at Pekin, 1859, 1862, et sej. "WILLIAMS, Sarah (Sadie), poet; b. 1837; published " Rainbows for Children," 1866, &c. ; d. April 1868. "WILLIAMS, sir "William Fenwick, bart., general ; b. 4 Dec. 1800 ; defended Kai-s against the Russians, July — Nov. 1855 ; surrendered, 28 Nov. 1855 ; created baronet, 18 July 1856 ; com- manded the b-oojjs in Canada, 1859-67 ; governor of Gibraltar, 1870-5. "WILLIAMS, TVilliam Meade, antiquary and wine merchant; b. x Dec. 1799; wrote "History of the Founders' Company, 1867 ; d. 31 Dec. 1868. WILLIAMSON", Alexander, chemist; b. i May 1824; professor of chemistry, University Col- lege, London, 1849, et seg. ; president of British Association, 1873-4; treasurer, 1874; published " Chemistry for Students," 1865 ; many papers. "WILLIAMSON", sir Joseph, statesman; b. about 1630 ; appointed keeper of the state paper office, 1666 ; secretary of state, 1674-8 ; president of the Royal Society, 1677; d. 1701. "WILLIBEOKD, see Wilbrord. WILLIS, Browne, antiquary ; i. 14 Sept. 1682 ; published " Survey of the Cathedrals of England," 1727-33; d.S'Peh. 1760. WILLIS, rev. Francis, psychological physician ; b. about 1717; attended kmg George III., 1789", d. 5 Dec. 1807. WILLIS, Nathaniel Parker, American essayist; b. 20 Jan. 1807 ; founded " American Monthly Magazine," 1828 ; visited Europe, 1831 ; published " Pencillings by the "Way," 1835; " People I have Met," "Poems," 1840; " llonographs," 1851; d. 20 Jan. 1867. For his sister, see Parton. ■ WILLIS, rev. Robert, architectural antiquary ; b. 1800; appointed Jacksonian professor of natural and experimental philosophy at Cambridge, 1837 ; published "Remarks on the Arohitocture of the Middle Ages, especially of Italy," 1835; "Principles of Mechanism,' 1841; "Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral," 1845 ; " Architectural History of the Holy Sepulchre," 1849, &c. ; d. 28 Feb. 1875. WILLIS, Thomas, anatomist and physician; b. 27 Jan. 1621 ; pubUshed " Cerebri Anatome," 1664; d. II Nov. 1675. WILLISEN, "Wilhelm von, Prussian general; b. 1790; served, 1806-15; sent to settle disturb- ances in Poland ; disgraced for alleged connivance, 1848; resigned, 1849; unsuccessful in command in Sleswig-Holstein, 1849; published "Theory of Great "War," 1840-50; ke. WILLMOEB, James Tibbetts, line-engi-aver ; b. 15 Sept. 1800; elected A.K.A., 1843; d. 12 March 1863. WILLMOTT, rev. Robert Aris, biographer, &o. ; b. 1809; published "Lives of English Sacred Poets," 1832; "Biography of Jeremy Taylor," 1847; &c.; d. 27 May 1863. WILLOCK 625 WILSON WILLOCK, or WiLLOX, Jolm, Scottish re- former; b. about 1510; d. after 1568. WILLOUGHBY, sir Hugh, navigator; lost in the White Sea, 1553. W ILLSON", Edward James, architect; h. 21 June 1787 ; d. 8 Sept. 1854. WILLS, "William John, physicist, explorer ; h. 1834; d. on exploration of interior of Australia, i8bo-l; see Burke. WILLS, 'William Gorman, Irish dramatist and novelist and painter; b. 1828; produced "Man 0' Airlie," 1866; " Charles the First," 1872; "Eugene Aram," 1873; " Mary Queen of Scots," 1874; "the Wife's Evidence " (novel), 1863. WILLUGHBT, Francis, naturalist; b. 1635; ■wrote " Omithologia," published 1676; "de His- toridl Piscium," 1686; d. 3 July 1672. WILMING-TON, Spencer Compton, earl of, speaker of the commons, 1714-27; baron, 1728; president of council, May 1730; premier, Feb. 1742; d. 26 July 1743. WTLMOT, sir John Eardley, judge ; b. 16 Aug. 1709; a justice of king's bench, 11 Feb. I7SS; chief justice of common pleas, 2i Aug. 1760; resigned, 1771 ; d. 5 Feb. 1792. WILMOT, John Wilmot Eardley, son, lawyer; b. 1748; published "Treatise of the Laws and Customs of England," 1780; d. 23 June 1815. WILMOT, see Rochester. WILSON", Alexander, Scottish ornithologist; b. 1766; " American Ornithology," published 1808- 14; d. 23 Aug. 1813. WILSON, Andrew, Scotch landscape painter ; b. 1780; d. 27 Nov. 1848. WILSON, sir Archdale, general; b. 1803; dis- tinguished for services in India, 1825, ct seq. ; de- feated niutinous sepoys near Delhi, 30, 3 1 May 1857 ; succeeded sir Henry Barnard in command, July; captured Delhi, 14-17 Sept.; promoted; created baronet and pensioned; d. 9 Maj' 1874. WILSON, Arthur, historian; b. 1596; wrote "History of Great Britain, being the Life and Eeign of James I.," published 1653 ; d. 1652. WILSON, Benjamin, electrician and painter ; b. 1721 ; published "Treatise on Eleotricitj'," 1750; Ijapers on lightning conductors, &c., 1764, et seq.\ exnibited " Belshazzar'a Feast," 1776; "Garrick as Hamlet," &o. ; d. 6 June 1788. WILSON, Daniel, bishop of Calcutta; b. 1772; vicar of Islington many years ; consecrated, 1832 ; d. 2 Jan. 1858. WILSON, Daniel, Scotch archteologist; b. 1816; professor of history, &c., Toronto, Canada, 1853; published " Memorials of Edinburgh," 1847 ; " Ar- chaeology of Scotland," 1851 and 1863; "Pre-his- toric Man," 1863 ; " Ohatterton, a Biographical Study," 1869. WILSON, George, economist ; b. 24 April 1808; chairman of anti-com-law league, 13 April 1839 ; received testimonial of 10,000^. on repeal of coi-n- laws, 1846; active president of national reform union, 1861 ; d. 29 Deo. 1870. WILSON, Henry, American statesman; b. 16 Feb. 1812; earnest opponent of slavery; senator, 185s; vice-president of United States, 1872; d. Dec. 187s, or Jan. 1876. WILSON, (William James) Erasmus, surgeon ; b. 1809; published " Dissectoi-'s Manual," 1853;' " Students' Book of Cutaneous Medicine and Diseases of the Skin," 1864; " Food as a Means of Prevention of Disease," 1865; &o. WILSON, or VOLTJSENTJS, Florence, Scotch writer; published "de Animi 'TranquiUitate Dia- logus," 1543 ; d. 1547. WILSON, George, m.d., technologist; b. 2t Feb. 1818; published "Life of Cavendish," 1851; " Five Gateways of Knowledge," 1856 ; d. 22 Kov. 1859. WILSON, rev. Henry Bristow, theologian ; b. 1803; appointed professor of Anglo-Saxon at Ox- ford, 1851 ; vicar of Great Naughton, Hunts, 1850; for essay in "Essays and Reviews" sentenced to suspension for one year, 1862 ; sentence reversed, 1863 ; published " Communion of Saints " (Bamp- ton Lectures), 1851. WILSON, Horace Hayman, orientalist; b. about 1786; published "Dictionary, Sanscrit, and English," 1819-40; "Hindoo 'Theatre," 1827; " History of British India," 1846 ; translation of Eig Veda, 1850-66; d. 8 May i860. WILSON, James, naturalist; published "The Eod and the Gun; " d. 18 May 1856. WILSON, James, bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Eoas; b. 1780; consecrated, 1848; d. 5 Jan. 1857. WILSON, James, political economist ; {. 3 June 1805; edited the "Economist;" financial member of couucU at Calcutta, 1859; d. \i Aug. i860. WILSON, John, musical composer; b. 1594; published " Fsalterium CaroUnum, 1657 ; d. I073. WILSON, John, botanist, of Kendal; pub- lished " Synopsis of British Plants," 1744 ; d. about 1750- WILSON, John, Scotch philosopher, essayist, and poet; b. 19 May 1785 ; professor of moral phi- losophy at Edinburgh, 1820 ; published " Isle of Palms," 1812; "Citj of the Plague,"_ 1816 ; ' "Trials of Mai and Dramatic Christophe; (in Blackwood, 1822-36), 1855-6; d. 3 April 1854. WILSON, John, landscape and marine painter; b. 13 Aug. 1774; d. 29 April 1855. WILSON, Dr. John, orientalist ; missionary in India; d. I Dec. 18^5. WILSON, Richard, eminent Welsh landscape painter; b. 1714; elected R.A., 1768; d. May 1782. WILSON, sir Eobert Thomas, general, son of Benjamin above; b. IT'T, served in Peninsula, 1808, et seq. ; helped Lavalette to escape from death, Dl'C. 1815 ; dismissed from army, 1821 ; general, 1841 ; governor of Gibraltar, 1842; d. 9 May 1849. WILSON, sir Thomas, statesman; b. about 1520; wrote " Art of Retorique," 1553; d. 1581. WILSON, Thomas, Puritan divine; published " Christian Dictionary," i5l2 ; d. Jan. 1621. WILSON, Thomas, bishop of Sndor and Man ; b. 1663; consecrated, 1698 ; wrote "Sacra Privata," publislied 1800; d. 7 March 1755. WILSON, sir Thomas Maryon, hart., lord of the manor of Hampstead ; b. 14 April l8oo ; suc- ceeded, 1821; d. 4 May 1869. WILSON, sir William Eae, traveller; b. about 1772; pubhshed " Travels in Egypt and the Holy Land," 1823 ; &c. ; d. 2 June 1849. S S "WILTON 626 WINWOOD WILTON,, Edward, divine; b. about 1820; published " Negeb, or South. Country," 1863 ; d. 30 Aug. 1864. WILTON, Joseph, sculptor; b. 16 July 1722; elected r.a., 1768; keeper, 1790; executed monu- meiit of general Wolfe, in 'Westminster abbey ; d. 25 Nov. 1803. WILTSHIRE, earls of : James Butler ; eai-l, July 1449 ; earl of Ormond, 1452 ; lord treasurer, 1455, 1458 ; "beheaded by Edward IV. after battle of Towton, 29 Marcli 1461. See Witichester. Thomas Boleyn, father of queen Anne ; viscount Eochford, 1525 ; earl of Ormond and "Wiltshire, 1529; ambassador to the emperor Charles "V., 1530 . . : d. 1538 WIMPPELING, Jacob, German poet ; *. 27 July 1^1.50; published " Adolescentia," 1492; "de Integritate, 1505; d. 17 Nov. 1528. WIMPINA, Conrad, of Frankfort, anti-re- former; b. 1460; d, 1 53 1. WINCBCESTBE, William Paulet, or Poulet, reasui'ei ird hig marquis of; b. about 1475; treasui-er to Henry . __ - . i'. 1551, et scq. ; d. 10 March 1572, VIII., 1536'; to Edward Vl, 1549; earl of WDt marcjuis, 1551 ; lord high treasurer, •ch I shire, 1550; WINCHESTEE, present bishop, see Browne. WINCHILSEA, see Finch. WINCKELMANN, Johann Joachim, German antiquary ; b. 9 Deo. 1717 ; published " Monunienti Antichi Inediti," 1767 ; assassinated at Trieste, 8 June 1768. WINCKELMANN, Johann Justus, German historian; b. 1620; d. 1697. WINCKELEIED, Arnold von, S\riss patriot; d. victorious at Sempach, g July 1386. WINDHAM, sir Charles Ashe, lieut.-genernl, the "hero of the Eedan;" b. l8lo; served in the Crimean war, 1854-56; first to enter the Eedan, 8 Sept. 1855 ; served during sepoy mutiny, 1857 ; appointed to command the forces in British North America, 1867 ; d. 7 Feb. 1870. WINDHAM, William, statesman; b. 3 Maj 1750; secretai-y at "war, 179471801; 1806-7; d. 3 June 1810. ' WINDISCHGEATZ, Alfred Candid Ferdi- nand, Austrian general ; b. at Brussels, 1 1 May 1787; entered Austrian army, and served against French, 1804-14; governor of Prague, 1848; bom- barded it and suppressed insuri-ection, 15-19 June 1848; captured Vienna, i Nov. 1848; served against Hungarians, 1849 ; d. 24 Maixh 1862. WINGi Vincent, astrologer; b. g April 1619; published " Harmonicon Cosleste," 1651; "Astro- nomia Instaurata," 1656 ; d. 20 Sept. 1668. WINGAED, Thomas, archbishop of Upsal, and primate of Sweden; b. 1781; d. 24 Sept. 1851. WINGATE, Edmund, arithmetician ; b. 1593 ; published " Arithmetic," 1629; d. Dec. 1656. WINKLEE, Cari Gottfried Theodor, called Theodor Hell, German poet and musical composer ; b. g Feb. 1775; pulilished "Penelope," 1811; "LjTatsene," 1821;, made dii-ector of the opera at Dresden, 1825 ; d. 24 Sept. 1856. WINMAELEIGH, lord, see Fatten. WINSLOW, Forbes Benignus, m.d., d.o.l. ; d. Aug. 1810; Lettsomian professor of medicine, 1851-2; published "Anatomy of Suicide," 1840; ' ' Obscure Diseases of the Brain and Disorders of the Mind," i860; " Morbid and Physiological Influence of Light," i856; &e. ; founded "Journal of Psy- chological Medicine ; " rfpuumire, g Oct. ; or- dered to Eslier 17 Oct. 153^ Pardoned, 12 Feb. ; retired to York, Feb. ; an-ested for treason . . . . 4 Nov. „ WOLSELET, sir Garnet Joseph, major-gene- ral, Irish general; b. 1833; ser%'ed in Burmah, 1852-3; in the Crimea, 1854-6; in India, 1857-8; in China, i85o; at the Red river, Canada, 1867; commanded in the Ashantee war, 1873-4; k.c.b., &c., 1874; settled the troubles respecting Langala- balele, in Natal, 1875. WOLOWSKI, Louis Francjois Michel Ray- mond, French economist, of Polish origin ; b. Aug. 1810; established "Revue de Legislation," 1833; published " fitudes d'Economie Politique," 1848 ; "Liberte Commerciale," 1868; &c. ; d. about 14. Aug. 1876. WOLTMAN, Carl Ludwig von, Gennan his- torian ; b. 9 Feb. 1770; wrote " Geschichte Frank- reichs," published 1797; "Geschichte Bohmens," 1815 ; d. 19 June 1817. WOLVERTON, George Carr Glyn, lord, banker; b. 27 April, 1 797; m.p. for Kendal, 1847- 68 ; created baron, 14 Dec. 1869. WOLZOGEN, Lodewijk van, Dutch Socinian writer ; b. 1642 ; d. 13 Nov. :690. WOMACK, Lawrence, bishop of St David's, anti-puritanical writer ; b. 1612; consecrated, 1683; d. 12 March i586. WOMBWELL, George,mcnageiist; b. 24 Dec-. 1777; d. 16 Nov. 1850. WOOD, Alexander, lord Wood, Scotch judge; made a lord of session, 1842 ; d. 18 July 1864. WOOD, sir Andrew, Scottish admiral ; b. about 1455 ; d. about 1539. ; WOOD, Anthony a, antiquary; b. 17 Dec. 1632 ; ])ublished " Historia et Antinuitates Uni- versitatis Oxoniensis," 1674; "Athente Oxou- ienses," 1691-2; d, 29 Nov. 1695. WOOD, Charles, viscount Halifax, statesman ; b. 20 Dec. 1800. Secretary' of the trensuiy . . . 1832-5 Secretaiy of the admiralty . . . 1835-9 Chancellor of the exchequer . July 1846— Feb. 1852 Presidi'ut of the board of control Dec. 1852 — Feb. 185s Fir.st Ifu'd of the admiralty Feb. 1855— Feb. 1858 Secretniy for India . June 1859 — June 1866 Creiited viscount . . . 21 Feb. ,, Lord \iv\\y seal . . 6 July 1870— Feb. 1874. WOOD, Mrs. Henry, novelist ; b. (Price) about 1820; published "Danebury House," i860; "East LjTine, 1861 ; "the Channings," "Vomer's Pride,"' "Oswald Cray," " TrevljTi Hold," 1864, &c. WOOD, James, dean of Ely, mathematician ; b- about 1760; published "Elements of Algebra," 1795; rf. 23 AprU 1843. WOOD, John, architect ; published " Origin of Building," 1741 ; d. 23 May 1754. WOOD, capt. John, Scotch geographer; }. 181 1 ; entered Indian navy, 1826; explored the Indus, 1835, ''* ""V- > '1"^ Oxus, 1837-8 ; received medal of Royal Geographical Society; retired from the service :tnd settled in New Zealand, 1841-52 ; commander of Indus steam flotilla, 1861-71 ; d. 13. Nov. 1871. WOOD, rev. John George, naturalist; b. 1827 ; published "Common Objects of the Sea-shore," &c., 1859, ct scg.\ " Illustrated Natural Historij-," 1870, "Nature's Teaching: Human Invention anticipated by Nature," 1876 ; &c. WOOD 629 WOEDSWOETH WOOD, sir Matthew, bart.,M.p., lord mayor of London; b. 1768; lord mayor, 1816-17; '^■^S Sept. 1843. WOOD, Nicholas, mining engineer ; I. about 1795; d. 19 Deo. 1865. WOOD, Robert, archffiologist; h. 1716; made Under-Secretary of state, 1759; pubhshed "Ruins of Palmyra," 1753; "Ruins of Balbek," 1757; d. 9 Sept. 1771. WOOD, see Satherley.^ WOOD ALL, John, surgeon; b. about 1556; publisbed "Surgeon's Mate," 1612; "Viaticmn," 1628 ; d. after 1639. WOODCOCK, Robert, musical composer; b. 1C92; rf. 10 April 1728. WOODDESON, Richard, jurist; b. i; May 1 745 ; elected Vinerian professor of common law at Oxford, 1777; published "Elements of Jurispru- dence," 1783; (^. 29 Oct. 1822. WOODFALL, WiUiara, journalist and par- liamentary reporter; b. about 1745 ; edited " Morn- ing Chronicle," 1772-89; d. I Aug. 1803. WOODFORD, James Russell, bishop ; b. 30 April 1820; vicar of Leeds, 1868; consecrated bishop of Ely, 14 Dec. 1873 ; published Sermons and Lec- tures. WOODFORD, Samuel, d.d., poet; b. 1636; published " Paraphi-ase upon the Canticles," 1679; d. 1700. WOODFOEDE, Samuel, historical painter; b. 1763; elected a.r.a., 1800; R.A., 1807; d. 27 July 1817. WOODHEAD, Abraham, Roman catholic con- troversialist ; published " Brief Account of Church Government," 1662-87 ; d. 4 May 1678. WOODHOUSE, Robert, mathematician and astronomer; b. 28 April 1773; elected Plumian professor of astronomy at Cambridge, 1822; pub- lished "Piiuciples of Analytical Calculation," 1803; "Treatise on Astronomy," 1812-18; d. 23 Dec. 1827. WOODHOUSLEE, see Tutler. WOODINGTON", "Wm. Frederick, sculptor; b. 10 Feb. 1806 ; a.e.a., April 1876 ; works : a relief on the Nelson monument ; statues of Cook, Drake, Columbus, &c.. Royal Exchange ; bust of Paxton, Crystal Palace, &c. WOODS, sir Albert William, garter, king at arms, son of sir W. Woods, garter; b. 1816; ap- pointed pursuivant, 1838; Lancaster herald, 1841 ; garter, 1869 ; d. Oct. 1869. WOODS, Joseph, architect and botanist; b, about 1776; d. 9 Jan. 1864. WOODS, sir William, garter, king at amis; b. 1786; garter, 1838; d. 25 July 1842. WOODVILLB, or WtDTILLE, Elizabeth, see Elizabeth, qitecns-consort of Eiir/land^ and Jiivers. WOODVILLB, William, m.d., botanist; b. about 1752; published "Medical Botany," 1790-4; ' ' History of Inoculation for the Small Pox,' ' 1 786 ; d. about 26 March 1805. WOODWARD, Bernard Bolingbroke, anti- quary; b. 2 May 1816; congregational minister, 1843 ; resigned, and devoted himself to literature, 1849; librarian at Windsor castle, i860; founded " I'lno Arts Uuartevly Review," 1863; author of " Encyclopfedia of Chronology," completed by W. L. E. Gates, 1872 ; d. 12 Oct. i86g. WOODWAED, Heuiy, comedian ; b. 1717 ; d. 17 April 1777. WOODWAED, John, geologist; b. 1665; founded Woodwardian professorship at Cambridge; published "Natural History of the Earth," 1695; d. 25 April 1728. WOODWAED, Samuel Pickworth, geologist; b. 17 Sept. 1821 ; published " Manual of the Mol- lusoa," 1851; d. 11 July 1865. WOOLHOUSE, John Thomas, oculist ; pub- lished " Catalogue d'lnsti'umeus jiour les Opel'a- tions des Teux," 1696; d. 1730. WOOLLETT, WiUiam, line- engraver; *. 15 Aug. 1735; li. 23 May 1785. WOOLMAN, John, American quaker aboli- tionist; b. 1720; d. 1772. WOOLNER, Thomas, sculptor and poet; b. 17 Dec. 1825; A.R.A.,1871; ii.A.jDec. 1874; works: lord Bacon and prince consort at O.xford; busts of Tennyson, Cariyle, Gladstone, Cobden, itc. ; lord Lawrence, and "Achilles and Pallas," 1876 ; " Me- dallion of Dr. Tyndall," &.c., 1877. WOOLEYCH, Humphry Wm., Serjeant; b. about 179s; published "Lives of eminent Ser- jeants-at-Law," 1869; d. 2 July 1871. WOOLSTON, rev. Thomas, deistical writer; h. 1669; published " Moderator between an Infidel and an Apostate," 1726; d. 27 Jan. 1733. WOEBOISE, Emma Jane, novelist; b. 1825; published " Heleu Bury," 1850; "Grace Hamil- ton's School Days," 1856; "Violet Taughan," 1866; " House of Bondage," 1873; &c. WORCESTER, Edward Somerset, marquis of, philosopher; i. about 1601; succeeded, 1646; seiwed Charles I. diplomatically ; disowned by him, 1645 > published "Century of Inventions," 1663; d. 3 April 1667. WORCESTER, Joseph Emerson, American lexicographer; b. 1784; published " Dictionary of English Language" (the work of his life), i860; d. 27 Oct. 1865. WORCESTER, Thomas Percy, eari of, ad- miral and statesman; supported Henry IV., 1399; joined rebellion; beheaded after the defeat at 8hi-ewsbury (23 July), 25 July 1403. "WORCESTER, present bishop, see Fhilpott. WORDE, WynkjTi de, printer; assisted Cax- toTi'; ijrinted " Polycronicon," 1482. WORDSWORTH, Charles, bishop of St. Andrew's, Dunkeld, and Dumblane, nephew of the poeV; b. 1806; warden of Trinity college, Glenal- mond, 1846-54 ; consecrated, 1852. WORDSWORTH, Christopher, d.d., eccle- siastical historian, brother of the poet ; b. 9 June 1774; master of Trinity college, Cambridge, 1820- 41 ; published " Ecclesiastical Biography," 1809; " Who wrote ^ixav Batri\iKi7 ? ", ascribing it to Chaiies I., 1824-8; d. 2 Feb. 1846. WORDSWORTH, Christopher, bishop, son; b. 1807; head-master of HaiTow school, 1836-44; canon of Westminster, 1844; archdeacon, 1865; consecrated bishop of Lincoln, 24 Feb. l86g; at "Old Cathohc Conference," Cologne Sept. 1872; published " Memoirs of William Wordsworth," 1851; "Greece; pictorial, descriptive, and histori- cal," 1839; " St. Hippolytus," 1853; "Greek Tes- tament," 1856-60; &c. WOEDSWOETH 630 WEEISr WOEDSWOETH, ^Villiam, poet-laureate ; 4. 7 Apiil 1770; d. 23 April 1850. At St. Jolin's college, Camljriilge 1787 Visited Franee . 1791 Passed from republicanism to toryism . 1791-13 Married Mtiry Hutchinson . 4 Oct. i8o3 Settled at Rydal Mount . . . .1813 A distributor of stamps, 500?. a year 1813-42 Pensioned (300I.) . . . 1842 Poet laureiite ... . 1843 Publislied " Evening Wallt " . 1793 " Lyrical Ballads " . . 1798 "Poems" . ' . - . 1807 "Excursion" . , 1814 " White Doe of Eylstoue " . . .1815 "Peter BeU" 1819 " Yarrow revisited " . 1835 ''"Worlis" . 1842 ,**The Prelude, or Growth of a Poet's Mind" . 1850 "WOELIDGE, Thomas, etcher; b. 1700; "De- signs" published, 1768; d. 1766. WOEM, Chiiatian, Danish theologian; h. 10 June 1672 ; published " Historia Sabelliana," 1696 ; d. 1737. "WOEM, Jens, Danish biogi-anhei-; h. 24 Aug. 1716; wrote "Forsoegtil et Lexikon over Danake, Horske og Islandske Laerde," 1771-84; d. 1790. WOEM, or WOEMITJS, Olaus, Danish physi- cian, antiquary, and historian; b. 13 May 1588; published " Institutiones Medica;," IM6-40; ""Da- nica Litteratura," 1643; d. 31 Aug. 1654. WOEM, "WUhelm, son, Danish physician; h. II Sept. 1633; published "de Fluidi et Firmi Natui-i," 1664; d. 1704. WOENUM, llalph Nicholson, art critic; i. 1812; appointed keeper and secretary of the Na- tional Gallery, 1857; published "Sketch of the History of Painting," 1845; "Biographical Cata- logue of the principal Italian Painters ; " " Life of Holbein," 1866, &c. WOEONZOW, Milihail Ilariouovitch, count, Bussian diplomatist ; J. 12 July 1714 ; made chan- cellor, 175s; d. 13 Feb. (o.s.) 17&7. WOEONZOW, MUchail Semenovitch, prince, ]lu8sian general and diplomatist ; I. 17 May 1782; tl. 18 Nov. 1856. WOESAAB, Hans Jakob Asmnssen, Danish archajologist ; b. 14 March 1821; published " Pri- meval Antiquities of England and Denmark," 1849; " Danes and Northmen," 1852. WOESDAXiE, James, dramatist and painter ; d. 13 June 1767. WOESLEY, sir Richard, bart., antiquary; b. 1751; published "Histoijof the Isle of Wight," 1781; "Mussemn 'Worsleianum," 1794-1803; d. 8 Aug. 1805. WOETHINGTON, rev. William, divine; b. 1703; published "Evidences of Cluistianity " (Boyle lectui-es), 1769; d. 6 Oct. 1778. WOTTON, Edward, m.d., naturalist; b. 1492; published "de Differentiis Animalium," 1552; d. S Oct. 1555. WOTTON, sir- Heiu-y, diplomatist ; b. 9 Api-il 1568; ambassador to Venice, 1604-15; provost of liton college, 1625-39; wrote " Elements of Archi- tecture," published 1624; " State of Christendom," 1657; d. Dec. 1639. WOTTON, Nicholas, dean of Canterbury, etatesman; b. 1497; made dean, 1542; d, 25 Jan. ii;66. WOTTON, rev.. William, critic and historian •, b. 13 Aug. 1666; irablished "Reflections upon ancient and modem Learning," 1694; "History of Rome," 1701; d. 13 Feb. 1726. WOULFE, Peter, chemist and alchemist;//, about 1727; made experiments on the distillation of acids; d. 1803.- WOUVEEMAN, Dutch painters: Jan d. 166& Philipp ; 6. 1620 ; his works .are chiefly hunting parties, hoi-se fairs, cavalry attacks rf. ig May 166& PiKTER, brother; &. 1625 . . H. about 1683 WOTEEEN, Jan van den, Flemish writer; b. 28 May 1576; published " Eucharisticon J. Lipsio," 1603; "Vita B. Simonis Valentini Sacer- dotis," 1612; d. 23 Sept. 1635. WOVEEEN, Johann von, German philologist ; b. 10 March 1574; " de Polpnathii," published 1603 ; " Syntagma de Gra^cil et Latini Bibliorum Interpretatione," 1618 ; d. 30 March 1612. WEANGEL, Carl Gustaf, Swedish commander ; b. 13 Dec. 1613 ; high admiral, 1657 ; grand mar- shal, 1660; d. July 1676. WEANGEL, Friedrich von, count, Pnissian field-marshal; b. 13 April 1784; commanded allied Pi-ussian and Federal forces in first Schlesmg-Hol- steiawar, 1848-g; rf. June 1868. WEANGELL, Ferdinand Petrovitch von, baron, Russian arctic explorer; b. about 1795: served under captain Golovnin in his voyage round the world. WEATISLAW, rev. Albert Henry; b. 1821; master of Felstead subool, 1852 ; of Bury school, 1855; published translation of Bohemian poems, 1849; "Adventures of Baron Wratislaw, i6tb cen- tury," 1862, &c. WEAXALL, sir Frederick Charles Lascelles, hart., essayist; i. 1828; d.i\ June 1865. WEAXALL, sir Nathaniel William, bart. traveller and historian ; 4.8 April 1751; baronet, 21 Dec. 1813; published "Historical Memoii-s of my oivn Time," 1815; d. 7 Nov. 1831. WEAY, Daniel, archmologist ; b. 1701 ; d. 2() Dec. 1783. WEAY, see Ray. WEEDE, Karl Philipp von, prince, Gennan general ; b. 29 April 1767 ; distinguished at Hohen- linden and other engagements in French war, 1800- 14; d. 12 Dec. 1838. WEEE, Oliver van, Flemish lustorian ; b. 28 Sept. 1596; published "Sigilla Comitum Flau- drise," 1639; " Genealogia Comitum Flaudi'ia)," 1642-3 ; d. 21 March 1652. WEEN, sir Christopher, architect, son of bishop Wren ; b. 20 Oct. 1632 ; professor at Gresham col- lege, 1657; at Oxford, 1660; president of Royal Society, 1680 ; constructed Temjjle Bar, 1670; the Monument, 1671-7; St. Paul's, 1675-1710; Chelsea, 1682, and Greenwich hospitals, 1690 ; and many London churches; d. 25 Feb. 1723. WEEN, sir Christopher, son, antiquary ; J. 1 6 Feb. 1675 ; wrote " Nuniismatum antiquorum Sylloge," published 1708; " Parentalia," 1750; rf. 24 Aug. 1747. WEEN, Matthew, bishop; b. 3 Deo. 1585; attended prince Charles into Spain, 1621 ; conse- crated bishop of Hereford, 1634; translated to Norwich, 1635; to Ely, 1638; impeached by com- mons and imprisoned, 1641 ; d. 24 April 1667. WEEN 631 WYCLIFFB "WEEN, Matthew, son, political writer; I). 1629; published "Monarchy Asserted," 1659; d. 1672. "WEEN-HOSKYNS, see Soskyia. "WEIGHT, Abraham, poetical writer and divine; b. 161 1; published "Parnassus Biceps," 1656; "Sales Epigrammatum," i56l ; d. 9 May l6go. "WEIGHT, Edward, mathematician; b. about 1560 ; published " Certain Errors in Navigation de- tected," 1599 ; d. 1615. "WEIGHT, Ichabod Charles, banker; h. 1795; published blank verse translations of Dante, 184s; of Homer, 1858 ; d. 14 Oct. 1871. "WEIGHT, Joseph, of Derby, histoi-ical and landscape painter; b. 1734; elected a.b.a., 1781; subsequently resigned; a. 29 Aug. 1797. "WEIGHT, sir Nathan, lawyer; b. 165^; lord keeper, May 1700; deprived, Oct. 1705; d. 4 Aug. 1721. "WEIGHT, sir Eobert, lawyer ; baron of ex- chequer, 30 Oct. 1684 ; with Jeflries in the " bloody assize," 1685 ; ch. justice of common pleas, April 1687 ; d. in prison, Feb. 1689. "WEIGHT, Eobert, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry ; b. about 1559 ; appointed first warden of Wadham college, Oxford, 1613 ; consecrated bishop of BiTstol, 1623 ; translated, 1632 ; d. in defence of episcopal castle at Eccleshall, Stafibrdshii-e, Aug. 1643. WEIGHT, Samuel, dissenting minister; b. 1683 ; wrote "the New Birth ; " rf. 3 April 1746. "WEIGHT, Thomas, antiquary and natural philosopher; b. about 1711 ; d. 1785. "WEIGHT, Thomas, philanthropist to pri- soners ; b. about 1789; d. April 1875. WEIGHT, Thomas Strethill, Scotch m.d. na- turalist ; b. about 1818 ; many papers on zoophytes, &o. ; d. Oct. 1876. "WEIGHT, Thomas, antiquary; b. about 1810; edited " Canterbury Tales," and "Vision of Piers Plowman; " published " the Celt, the Eoman, and the Saxon," 1852 ; "Domestic Manners in England during the Middle Ages," 1861 ; " History of Cari- cature," 1865; translation of emperor Napoleon's "History of Julius Cffisar," 1865-6; ""Works and Life of Gillray," 1875; " Uriconium," 1872; " "Womankind in "Western Europe," 1869, &c. ; edited many books. WE^HT, "William, aurist; b. May 1773; pub- lished '' Deafness and Diseases of the Ear,' i860 ; d. 21 March 1 860.1 "WEIGHT, "WilUara, orientalist; b. in India, 17 Jan. 1830 ; engaged at British museum, 1861 ; professor of Arabic, "University college, London, 1855 ; at Cambridge, 1870 ; published " Arabic Grammar," 1859-62; "Catalogue of Syriac MSS. in British Museum," 1870-2. WEIOTHESLBT, Thomas, ear] of Southamp- ton ; made one of the king's commissioners, 1645 ; lord high treasurer, 1660 ; d. 16 May 1667. WEISBBEG, Heimich August, German ana- tomist ; b. 1739; d. 29 March 1808. WEONSKI, Hoene, Polish mathematician; b. 1778; published "Philosophie Critique decouverte par Kant," 1803 ; " PhUosophie de la Technie Algorithmique," 1815-17; " Messianisme," 1831, 1847-8 ; d. q Aug. 1853. WEOTTESLET, John "Wrottesley, baron, astronomer ; i. 5 Aug. 1798; succeeded, 16 March 1841 ; president of Royal Society, 1854-" ; published " Catalogue of Kight Ascensions of 1318 Stars," 1838 ; d. 27 Oct. 1867. 'WTJLFEN, Franz Kaver von, German mathe- matician and natural philosopher; b. 1728; d. 17 March 1806. WtJLLNEE, Adolph, German physicist ; b. 13 June 183s ; published " Experimental-Physik,' 1866, 1871. "WUEMSEE, Dagobert Sigmund, Austrian general; b. 22 Sept. 1724; defeated Prussians at Habelschwerdt, 1779; victorious over French at Mannheim, 1795; d. 21 Aug. 1797. WfJETZ, or WtJETZ, Karl Adolph; b. at Strasburg, 26 Nov. 1817; professor at Paris; pub- lished many papers in French, 1843, et scq. ; " Dic- tionnaire de Chimie," 1868, ct seq. WUEZELBA"D", JohannPhilipp von, German astronomer; b. 28 Sept. 1651; wrote "Urania Noricce Basis Astronomica;," published 1728 ; d. 21 March 1725. WTJEZEE, Ferdinand, German chemist; b. 22 June 1765; published many papers, 1790, et seq.; d. 30 July 1844. WY ATT, Henry, portrait painter; b. 17 Sept. 1794 ; d. 27 Feb. 1840. "WYATT, James, architect; b. 1746; elected A.R.A., 1770; R.A., 1785; president, 1805-6; built FonthiU Abbey, and the Pantheon, Oxford Street ; d. 5 Sept. 1813. "WYATT, Matthew Cotes, sculptor ; b. 1777 ; d. 10 Jan. 1862. WYATT, sir Matthew Digby, architect; 4. 1820; assisted in designing and decorating Crystal Palace, 1852-4; restored several ancient country mansions; knighted, 1869; Slade professor, Cam- bridge, 1869-73 ; decorated the new foreign office ; published " Geometrical Mosaics of the Middle Ages," 1848 ; " Art Treasui-es of the United King- dom," 1857 ; " "What Illumination, was," and ""What Illumination should be," 1861, &c.; d.21 May 1877. "WYATT, Richard James, sculptor; b. 1793; d. 27 May 1850. "WYATT, sir Thomas, the elder, statesman and poet; b. 1503; ambassador to Madrid, 1537 ; his "Poems" putUshed, 1557 ; d. 11 Oct. 1542. WYATT, sir Thomas, the younger, son; b. about 1520; commanded gan-ison at Boulogne, 1545 ; headed a rebelUon in Kent ; defeated ; be- headed, II April 1554. "WYAT"V"ILLE, sir Jeffrey, architect, nephew of James Wyatt, n.A. ; b. ("Wyatt), 3 Aug. 1766; elected a.e.a., 1823 ; k.a., 1826 ; remodelled "Wind- sor castle ; d. 18 Feb. 1840. "WYCHEELEY, "William, dramatist; b. about 1640; wrote "Love in a "Wood," 1667; "Plain Dealer," 1674; " Country "Wife," 1678 ;d. I Jan. 1715- "WYCK, Dutch painters. Thomas; b. 1616; d. 1686. Jan, son ; b. about 1640; d. in England, 1702. WYCLIFPE ("Wiclif, "Wickliffc), John, re- fonuer; b. about 1324; principal of Baliol college, 1361 ; ambassador to Bruges, 1374 ; rector of Lutter- [ worth, 1374; charged with heresy, 1377; denied WTKEHAM 632 XIMENO transubstantiation, 1381 ; d. 31 Dec. 1384; his remaias burnt by ovder of the council of Con- stance, 1428; translation of the Bible by him and his followers printed at Oxford, 1850. WTKEHAM, "William of, bishop, statesman, and architect ; b. 1324; surveyor of king's works, Oct. 1356; entered the church, 1362- keeper of privy seal, 1364; secretai-y of state, 1366; bishop of Winchester, 1366; lord chancellor, 1367-71, 1389- 91 ; founded new college at Winchester, 1373 ; re- Btored his cathedral, 1395-1405 ; d. 24 Sept. 1404. W V lvrA"W, Jefifries, American naturalist ;h. 11 Aug. 1814; d. 4 Sept. 1874. W X NANTS, Jan, Dutch landscape painter; b. about 1600 ; d. after 1677. ■WTNDHAM, sir "Wm., statesman ; b. 1687 ; secretary at war, 171 1: chancellor of exchequer, 1713; committed to the Tower, 1715; rf.17 July 1740. WYNDHAM, see Egremont. WTNJFOED, see Best. WYNKIKr, see Worde. WTNN, Charles "Watkin Williams, politician ; b. 9 Oct. 1775 ; president of the board of control, 1822-8 ; secretary at war, Nov. 1830 — April 1831 ; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, Dec. 1834 — April 1835 ; d. 2 Sept. 1850. WYNN, sir Henry Watkin Williams, diplo- matist; b. 16 March 1783; envoy to Denmark, 1824-53 ; d. 28 March 1856. WYNNE, John Huddleston, historian; b. 1743 ; published "History of Ireland," 1772-3 ; d. 2 Dec. 1788. WYNTEE, Andrew, m.d.; b. 1819; edited "British Medical Journal," 1845-60; published " Our Social Bees," 1861 ; " Cmiosities of Civilisa- tion;" "Subtle Brains and Lissom Fingers," 1860- 3, &c. ; d. 12 May 1876. WYNTOUN, Andrew, Scottish annalist ; fl. about 1400 ; wrote " Orygynale Cronykil of Scot- land," printed 1795. WYON, Benjamin, medaUist; b. 9 Jan. 1802; d. 21 Nov. 1858. Joseph Shepherd, grandson, b. about 1814; d. 12 Aug. 1873. WYON, William, cousin, gem-engraver and medallist ; b. 1795 ; appointed chief engraver to the mint, 1828 ; elected a.r.a., 1831 ; n.A., 1838 ; d. 29 Oct. 1851. WYTHEE, see Witlier. WYTTENBACH, Daniel, Dutch scholar ; b. 1 Aug. 1746; published "Index Graccitatis," 1830; "Bibliotheca Critica," 1777-1808; " PhUomathia," 1809-17 ; d. 17 Jan. 1820. X. XANTHIPPE, wife of Socrates ; fi. 5th cen- tury B.C. XANTHIPPUS, Athenian general, father of Pericles ; defeated Persian fleet at the battle of My- cale, 22 Sept. e.g. 479. p XANTHUS, Lydian historian ; fi. about B.C. 480. • y ATTPT, Joseph, Freneh antiquary ; b. 16 March 1688; published "Kecherches Historiques sur la Noblesse de Perpignan et de Barcelone," 1763-74; rf. 7 Deo. 1778. XAVIEE, Fran(;ois, Saint, see Francis. XATIEE, Jerome, Jesuit missionary to the East Indies; d. 17 June 1617. XENAGOEAS, Greek historian ; fi. 2nd cen- tury B.C. XENOCLES, Athenian tragic poet; fi. B.C. 425-405. XENOCEATES, Greek philosopher, disciple of Plato : b. B.C. 396 ; d. 314. XENOPHANBS, Greek philosopher and elegiac poet ■ ^. B.C. 540-500; founder of the Eleatic school, holding the doctrine of the oneness of the universe. XENOPHON, Athenian general, historian, and philosopher ; b. about B.C. 445 ; led the retreat of the Ten Thousand after the death of Cyras at the battle of Cunaxa, 401; wrote "Anabasis," " Hellenica," " Cyropsedia " and " Memorabilia Socratis \" d. about 355 or 359. XEEXES I., II., kings of Persia. 1, " Ahasuerus " of the book of Esther Succeeded his father Darius I. Hystaspes B.C. 485 Defeated the Greeks uuder Leouidas at tlie battle of Thermoi^ylus . . 7 Aur. 480 Totally defeated by the Greeks at the battle of Salamis 20 Oct. 480 Murdered 465 2. succeeded Lis father Artaxerxes I., B.C. 425 ; reigued two months ; mui-dered by his half-bro- ther Bogdianus - 425 XIMENES, Augustin Marie, marquis de, French poet; b. 26 i'eb. 1726; friend of Voltaii-e ; d. 31 May 1817. XIMENES, Francisco, Spanish missionary, one of the first introducers of Christianity into Mexi6o ; d. about 1620. , XIMENES, Francisco, Spanish painter; b. 1598; d. i66b. XIMENES, Lionardo, Italian mathematician and astronomer ; b. 27 Dee. 1716 ; published " Del Vecchio e nuovo Gnomone iiorentino libri IV.," 1/57 ; li- 3 May 1786. XIMENES, Eoderigo, archbishop of Toledo ; wrote " Historia de Fspaiia ; " d. 9 Aug. 1247. XIMENES DE CaemoNA, Francisco, Spanish physician and naturalist, fi. 1616. XIMENES DE CiSNEROS, Francisco, Spanish cardinal; *. 1437; d. 8 Nov. 1517. Entered the order of St, Francis .... 1484 Made confessor and councillor to Isabella of Castile 1492 Consecrated archbishop of Toledo . 11 Oct. 1495 Restored ancient Mozarabic rite in one of the cha- pels in his cathedral; founded university of Alcala . . . . ... isoo Created cardinal .... 17 May 1507 Led the expedition to conveit; the Moors . . 1509 Orau taken by assault .... May „ Appointed regent of Spain by Ferdinand the Ca- tholic at his death .... 23 Jan. 1516 Printed Complutensian Polyglott Bible . . 1502-17 XIMENO, Viacentio, Spanish biographer ; d. 1703- XIPHILINUS 633 YORK XIPHILINUS, Joannes, of Trebizond, patri- arch of Constantinople ; elected, 1064 ; d. 2 Aug. I075- XIPHILINUS,, Joannes, nephew oC the jpatriarch ; monk at Constantinople ; fl. 1075 ; ■wrote abridgment of Dion Cassius first printed, XUAEES, Gaspar, Paraguayan Jesuit and,.- botanist; b. 1731 ; d. 3 Jan. 1804. XYLANDEE, Gulielmus (Holtzmann, "Wil- helm), German scholar; b. 26 Deo. 1532; trans- lated "Marcus Aurelius," 1558; " Hutarch," 1561-70; d. 10 Feb. 1576. Y. YACOUB (bnu Leitzs), natire of Seistan; founder of the Soliaride dynasty in Persia, 872 ; d. June 879. YACOUB II., king of Morocco ; b. about i2og; .succeeded his brother Abu-Bekr, 1258 ; thrice in- raded iSpain; d. 20 March 1286. YACOUT,Abu Abd Allah, Arab geographer; h. in Greece about 1178; wrote "Dictionary of Geogi-aphy ; " d. Aug. 1227. YALDEN, rev. Thomas, poet; b: 1671 ; wrote " Ode to baint Cecilia's Day; " d. id July 1736. YAEDLEY, Edward, police magistrate ; b. 1808; appointed to Thames poUee court, 1846; d. i8 Not. 1866. YAEEANTON, Andrew, ironmaster; pub- lished " England's Improvement " [full of sugges- tions], 1677 ; d. after 1681. YAEEELL, "William, naturalist; b. June 1784; published "History of British Fishes," 1835-39 ; " History of British liixds," 1839-43 i ''■ I Sept. 1856. 1 YAET, Antoine, French abbe ; b. 15 Dec. 1710 ; jjubhshed "idee de la Poesie anglaise," 1749-71 ; d. 1791. YATES, Anna Maria, tragic actress ; b. (Gra- ham), 1737; married Kichard Tates; d. 3 May 1787. YATES, Edmund Hodgson, novelist and dra- matist ; b. July 1831 ; published " Black Sheep," 1867; "Noboa/s Fortune," 1871 ; " The Impend- ing Sword," 1874; lectured in the United States, 1872. ; YATES, Frederick Henry, actor, father of .above; b. 1797; d, 21 June 1842. YATES, sir James, judge; b. 1722; appointed a justice of the king's bench, 1764; of the com- mon pleas, 1770; d. 7 June 1770. YATES, James; b. 30 AprU 1789; theologian, archaeologist, and orientalist ; unitarian minister at Birmingham, 1817-25 ; at Carter-lane, London, 1 83 1 -4; devoted himself to various branches of .science, and published many papers; advocated .metrical system warmly; d. 7 May 1871. YATES, John Ashton, political economist ; b. 1 781 ; d. I Nov. 1863. YATES, Richard, comedian; d. 1796. YEAMES, "William Frederick, historical pain- ter; b. Dec. 183s; elected a.k.a., i856; painted " Keception of the French Ambassadors by Queen Elizabeth, after th& Massacre of St. Bartholomew," 1866, &c. ; "The Suitor," 1875; " ContadineUa," and " Last Bit of Scandal," 1870 ; " Amy Robsatt," 1877. YEAESLEY, Anne, jjoetical and dramatic ■writer; b. about 1756; originally a milk-woman; d. 8 May 1806. YEATES, Thomas, oiientaUst; b. 1768; pub- lished "Hebrew Grammar," 1812 ; d. 7 Oct. 1839. YELVEETON, sir Henry, judge ; b. 5 July 1562 ; solicitor-general, 1613 ; attorney-general, ID16; a justice of the king's bench, 1625; of the common pleas, 1625; " Reports " published l56i ; d. 24 Jan. 1630. YENN, John, architect; elected a.h.a., 1774; R.A., 1791 ; d. I March 1821. YEO, Eichai-d, sculptor and medallist, chief engraver to the mint; elected u.a., 1768 ; d. 3 Dec. 1779- YEZDEDJEED I.— III., kings of Persia, of the Sassanide dynasty. 1. succeeded Varaues or Balirain I'V., 399 ; con- quered Armenia, 412 ... . d- 420 2. grandson; succeeded Varanes V., 441 - '^. 458 3. b. 617 ; succeeded, 632 ; last of the ancient kings of Persia, and of tlie Sass,anide dynasty d. 651 YEZID I.— III., Ommiad caliphs, who reigned at Damascus. 1. h. 644; succeeded .^loawiyall, 63o C. about Nov. 683 2. 6. 684 ; succeeded Omar II., 720 A Feb. 724 3. &- 701 : succeeded Walid II., 16 April 744 d. 30 Sept. 744 YKENS, Petrus, Flemish historical and por- trait painter ; b. 30 Jan. 1648; d. 1695. YOLLANB, Waiiam, colonel, r.e. ; b. 1810; appointed inspector of railways, 1854. YONGE, Charles Duke, classical and historical writer; b. Nov. 1812; published " EngUsh and Greek Lexicon," 1849; "History of the British Navy," 1863 ; educational ivorks, &c. YONG-E, Charlotte Mary, novelist; b. 1823; wrote " Heir of iledclyffe," 1853; " Heai-ts-ease," " Daisy Chain," and many other books for the young; " History of Chi-istian ^iames," 1863. YOECK, Johann David Ludwig, count von ■Wartenburg, Pnissiau field-marshal ; b. 26 Sept. 1759; broke the French alliance, and with me Prussian ai-my joined R^ussia, 30 Deo. 1812; created count, 1814 ; field-marshal, 1821 ; d. 4 Oct. 1830. YOEK, present archbishop, see Tlwmson. YOEK, Plantagenet, dukes of : 1. Edmund, " of Langley," fifth son of Edward III. : t. 5 June 1341 ; created duke, 1385 d. I Aug. 1402 2. Edward, son ; created duke of Albemarle 1397 Restored to dukedom of York . . . 1406 Killed at battle of Agincoui-t . . 25 Oct. 1415 3. Richard, nephew, (sou of Ricliai'd, earlof Cam- bndge), father of Kdward I^V. and Kichard III. &. 1416 Appointed regent of France, 1435-37 : again . 1439 Quelled the insurrection in Ireland . . 1449 Protector, elected by parhament 1454 — Feb. 1455 "Wars of the Roses began ; Yorkists victorious at St. Alban's, Henry "Vl. taken prisoner22 May ,, Again declared protector Nov. 1455 — Feb. 1456 lleeouciliation of Lancastrians and Yorkists 25 March „ YORK 634 TRIAETB Lancastriiins defeated at BlorelieatU 23 Sept. 1459 Took refuge in Ireliind ; attjiinted . 20 Nov. ,, Yorkists vietorioubut Northumi>ton,Henrj' taken prisoner 10 July 1460 Formally claimed the crown ; (declared heir) 16 Oct. „ Slain after battle of Wakefield . . 31 Dec. „ 4. filCHARD, second sou of Edward IV. ; d. mur- dered in the Tower . . ,24 May 1483 YORK, see ffijde and James II. YORK, cardinal, Henry Benedict Stuart, styled by the Jacobite party, *' Henry IX.,'* younger BOD of James Francis Edward, prince of Wales, called the Pretender; b. 6 March 1725; d. at liome, 13 July 1807, when the male line of the house of Stuart became extinct. YORK and ALBANY, dukes of: Ernest Augustus, bishop of Osnaburg, brother of George I. ; created duke, 29 June 1716 d. Aug. 1728 Edward Augustus, second son of Frederick, prince of Wales, brother of George III. ; h. 14 March 1739; created duke, i April 1760; rear- admiral, 1761 . . d. at Monaco, 17 Sept. 1767 Frederick, second son of George III. ; li. 16 Aug. 1763 Bishop of Osnaburg, 1764 ; duke 27 Nov. 1784 Duel with col. Lennox . . , .26 May 1789 Commander-in-chief in Flanders, March ; at cap- ture of Valenciennes . . . 28 July ,, Defeated by French at Dunkirk, 8 Sept. ; de- feated at Bois-le-duc ... 14 Sept. 1793 Retreated, Sept. 1794 ; field-marshal . 1795 Commander-in-chief, 1795-1809 ; acquitted of charges of abuse of patronage . i8og Commander-in-chief, 1811-27 . d. 5 Jan. 1827 YORKE, earls of Hardwicke : 1. Philip h. x Dec. 1690 Solicitor-general, 1720-4 ; attorney-general . 3724-33 Chief .iustice of the king's bench Oct. 1733 — Feb. 1737 Lord high chancellor Feb. 1737 — Nov. 1756 Lord high steward for trials of earls of Kilmar- nock and Cromartie, and lord I3alnierino, 1746 ; oflordLovat ... 1747 Created baron, 23 Nov. 1733 ; earl, 2 April 1754 d. 6 Marcll 1764 2. Philip, son, &. 1720: published "Miscella- neous St,ate Papers," 1778 . . d. ti May 1796 3. Philip, distant relative ; 6. 31 May 1757 ; earl, 1706; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, i8oi-6:d. 18 Nov. 1834 4. Charles Philip; h. 2 April 1799; earl, 1834; admiral, R.N., 1863 ; postmaster-general, Feb. — Dec. 1852; lord privy seal, Feb. 1858 — June, 1859 d. 17 Sept. 1873 YORKE, Charles, lord high chancellor, second son of lord chancellor Hardwicke ; b. 1722; solici- tor-general, 1756-62; attorney-general, 1762-3; 1765-6 ; lord chancellor, 17 Jan. 1770 ; to have been created lord Morden ; d. by suicide ? 20 Jan. 1770. YORKE, sir Charles, b. 1790; entered army and served, 1807-15; colonel, 1855; constable of the Tower, 1875 ; field-marshal, 2 June 1877. YOUNG-, Arthur, secretary to the board of agriculture ; b. 7 Sept. 1741 ; published " Farmer's Calendar," 1770; began " Annals of Agriculture," 1784; d. 12 April 1820. YOTINGr, Brigham, president of the Mormons ; b. in Ohio, i June i8oi ; elected " President of the Twelve Apostles," 1844 ; founded' Salt Lake City; imprisoned for not supporting one of his -wives, but sentence reversed, 1875 ; charged with complicity in the Mountain Meadows massacre, 1858 ; exonerated, 1875 J ^- 29 Aug. 1877. YOUNG, Cliarles Mayne, tragedian ; b. about 1777 ; dibut at Liverpool, 1798 ; London, July 1807 ; great as lago, Cassius, and Macbeth ; retired, 1832 ; d. 28 June 1856. YOUNG, sir Charles George, garter king of arms ; b. 1795 ; made garter, 1842 ; rf. 31 Aug. i86q. YOUNG, Edward, LL.D., poet; b. June 1684; nominated rector of AVelwyn, 1730; published " Night Thoughts," 1742-46 ; d. 12 April 1765. YOUNG, George, SeStch lawyer ; made solici- tor-gential for Scotland, Dec. i8ot; lord-advocate,. Oct. 1869: lord of session, Feb. 1874. YOUNG, sir Henry Edward Fox, colonial governor ; b. 1810 ; governor of part of Cape, 1847 ; of South Australia, 1848 ; of Tasmania, 1854-61 ; d. 18 Sept. 1870. YOUNG, sir John, bart., lord Lisgar, Irish statesman : A. 31 Aug. 1807 ; bart., 1835 ; secretary of the treasury, 1844-46 ; chief secretary for Ire- land, 1852-55 ; lord high commissioner of the Ionian Island;, 1855-59 ! governor of New South AVales, 1860-67 ; Canada, Nov. 1868— April 1872;. created baron Lisgar, 1870 ; d. 6 Oct. 1876. YOUNG, Matthew, bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, mathematician and natural philo- sopher; b. 1750; consecrated, 3 Feb. 1798; d.2& Not. 1800. YOUNG, rev. Patrick, called " l>atricius Ju- nius, scholar;" b. 1584; d. 7 Sept. 1652. YOUNG, Thomas, M D., secretary to the board, of longitude, physician and natural philosopher ;, b. 13 June 1773 ; d. 10 May 1829. Discovered interference of light .... 1801 Published *' Theory of Light and Colours " . . i8oa Delivered lectures on natural philosophy at Koyal Institution, 1802-3 : publislied .... 1807- Edited "Nautical Ahnanac," 1819-29; wrote many papers. Deciphered hieroglyiihics by aid of inscriptions on the Rosetta stone. Works edited by dean Peacock published . 185^ YOUNG, James, Scotch chemist; b. July 1811; assistant to professor Graham, 1832; ob- tained oil from coal about 1847 ; his lucrative- patent was affirmed after much litigation ; endowed a professorship at Andcrsonian Institution, Glas- gow. YOUSOUP BNTJ AbD EL RAHMJUf AI» Fehri, last emir of Spain ; made emir, 746 ; Idlled at the 'battle of Lorca, 759. YPRES, Charles de, painter; b. 1510; d. 1563- YPSILANTI, Constantinos, Greek prince; b. about 1760; hospodar of Moldavia, 1799 ; of ■Wallachia, 1802 ; d. 28 July 1816. His sons : — 1. Alexander ; 6. 1783 ; chief of the Hetairia, the secret society for regaining the independence of Greece 1820. Proclaimed revolt against the Turkish yoke, 24 March ; began the war of independence, 6 April 182Z . . ... . . d. 31 Jan. 1828 2. Demetrius, revolutionary leader ; 5. 25 Dec. 1793 : commander-in-chief of the army, 1827-9 d. 16 Aug. 1832 3. Nicolas, prince ; &. about 1797 d. 3 April 1832- YRALA, Domingo Martinez de, Spanish cap- tain ; b. about i486 ; a founder of Buenos- Ayres, 1535 ; governor of it, 1538 ; d. 1556 or 1557. YEIAETE, Bei-nardo de, Spanish politician ; b. about 1734 ; d. 11 July 1814. YRIARTE, Domingo de, Spanish diplomatist ; b. 1746 ; ambassador to Poland and to Basle ; d. 22. Nov. 1795. YRIARTE, Juan de, Spanish antiquary ; i. 15. Dec. 1702 ; keeper of royal hbrary at Madrid, 1732 ;. published "Grammatica Latina en verso Castel- lano," 1771 ; promoted reform of Spanish language;. d. 23 Aug. 1771. YEIAETB 635 ZAMOYSKI YRIARTE, Tomas de, Spanish poet ; b. about 1750; published "Fabulaa Litterarias," 1782; d. 1791. YSABE AU, Claude Alexandre, French revolu- tionist; 4. 14 July 1754; member of the national convention, 1792-5 ; d. 30 March 1831. YVEE, Jacques, French author ; b. 1520 ; pub- lished " Trintemps d'Yrer," 1572; d. 1572. YYES, or ItO, Saint, bishop of Chartres ; b. about 1045 ! consecrated, 1091 ; -wrote valuable letters and collection of Canons, entitled " Pannor- mia" and "Decretum;" d. 23 Dec. 1115. YVES, (de Eer-Martin), Saint; b. 17 Oct. 1253; canonized, 1347 ; d. 19 May 1303. YVETEAUX, Yauquelin des, see Vauquelin. YVON, Adolphe, French historical painter ; b. 1817; accompanied French anny to the Crimea 1854. YVON, Claude, French theologian ; b. 15 April 1714;^, 1791. z. ZABAGrLIA, Nicoolo, Italian arcliitect; b. 1674 > '^' 27 Jan. 1750. ZABAEELLA, Francesco, " cardinal of Flo- rence;" b. 1339; professor of canon law at Florence and at Padua ; bishop of Florence, 1410 ; cardinal, 1411; took an active part in the council of Constance, 1414-7 ; wrote " de Sehismate ;" d. 26 Sept. 1417. ZABAEELLA, Giacomo, coute, Italian as- trologer and philosopher ; b. 5 Sept. 1533 ; pub- lished, " Logica," 1587 ; d. 18 Oct. 1589. ZACCAEIA, Francesco Antonio, Italian Jesuit historian; b. 27 March 17 14; librarian of the Este Ubrary at Modena, 1756; published "Storia Letteraria d'ltaUa," 1751-7; "Annali Letterari d'ltalia," 1762-4; d. 10 Oct. 1795. ZACH, Franz Xavier von, baron, Hungarian astronomer; b. 4 June 1754; director of observa- tory at Seeberg, near Gotha, 1787; d. about 2 Sept. 1832. ZACHAEIA, Justus Friedrich Wilhelm, German comic poet; d. I May 1726; composed an oratorio, "Pilgi-ime auf Golgotha," 1756; d. 30 Jan. 1777. ZACHAEIA, Karl Salomo, German jurist ; b. 14 Sept. 1769; professor of jurisprudence at Heidel- berg, 1808 ; published " Handbuch des franzosi- schen CiviJredits," 1808; d. 27 March 1843. ZACHAEIAH, king of Israel; b. d.c. 808; succeeded his father, Jeroboam II., 773 ; d. 771. ZACBLAEIAS, pope ; native of Greece ; elected, 28 Nov. 741; founded Vatican Library; trans- lated into Greek " Dialogues " of pope Gregory I. ; d. 12 or 14 March 752. ZACHTLEVEN, Herman, Dutch landscape painter and etcher ; b. 1609 ; d. 1685. ZACHTLEVEN, Komelisz, brother, Dutch genre painter and etcher ; b. 1606 ; d. after 1661. ZACUTH, Abraham ben Samuel, Spanish Jew and astronomer; ivrote work on Jewish chronology, entitled " Sepher Juchasin ;" d. .about 1520. ZAG-OSKIN, Mikhail Nioolaevitch, Eussian dramatist and novelist; b. 1789; d. 23 June 1852. ZAINEE, Gunther, German piinter ; *. about 1430; printed at Augsburg, 146S-7S; issued the first book printed there, " Meditationes " of St. Bonaventure, 1468 ; introduced use of Eoman cha- racters into Germany, 1472 ; d. 1478. ZAINEE, Johann, German printer ; printed at. Ulm, 1473-5 ; d. 1500. ZAIONCZBK, Jozef, Polish general; b. i Nov. 1752; took part in insurrection of IT^^V entered French ai-my, 1797 ; published " Histoire de la Eevolution de Pologne, 1797 ; d. 28 July 1826. ZALEUCUS, lawgiver of the Epizephyrian Locriana; fl. about B.C. 660; his code is stated by Strabo to have been the first collection of written laws that the Greeks possessed. ZALUSKI, Andreas Chr5-sostom, PoUsh states- man and diplomatist; b. about 1650; bishop of Kiiovie and Czemiechovie, 1683 ; of Plo<;k, 1691 ; of Warmie, and grand chancellor, 1699; published " Epistolarum Historico-familiarum Emendatio," 1709-11; d. II May 1711. ZALUSKI, Andreas Stanislas Kostka, Polish statesman; b. 1694; bishop of Ploc;k ; grand chan- cellor, 1735; bishop of Chehnno, 1739; of Cracow, 1747 ; d. 16 Dec. 1758. ZALUSKI, Irenee de, coimt, French sculptor ;. d. 20 May 1868. ZALUSKI, Jozef Andreas, bishop of Eiiovie ; b. 12 Aug. 1701 ; consecrated, 1759; collected, ^rith the aid of his brother Andreas Stanislas Zaluski, and presented to the Polish nation in 1745, a fine library, taken by the Eussians from "Warsaw to St. Petersburg in 1795; published " Bibliotheca Poe- tarum Polouicamm, 1752-6; d. 9 Jan. 1774. ZAMBONI, Giuseppe, Italian physicist; b. i June 1776; invented the dry electric pile, &c., 1812 ; an electric clock, 1831 ; published " Electro- motore Perpetuo," 1820 ; papers, 1832 et seq.; d. 25 July 1846. Z AMET, Sebastiano, Italian financier and cour- tier ; b. about 1549 ; came to France with Maria de' Medici; naturalized there, 1581; d. 14 July 1614. ZAMOYSKI (Zamascenus) Andreas, grand- chancellor of Poland; b. 1716; grand chancellor; 1764; published a code of Polish law, 1778; d. lo Feb. 1792. ZAMOYSKI, Andreas, count, Polish patriot ; b. 2 April 1810 ; president of the agricultural so- ciety of Warsaw, suppressed, 1862. ZAMOYSKI ZAMOTSKI, Johan Saviiis, grand chancellor of Poland and general ; i. i April 1541 ; failed in two intrigues to obtain tlie Polish crown ; d. 3 June 1605. ZAMOTSKI, Ladislas, Polish, general and pa- triot; b. 1803; commanded the Polish legion during the Crimean war ; d. Jan. 1868. ZAMOYSKI, Stanislas Kostka Franz Eein- hold, Polish patriot, son of Andreas Zamoyski; h. 13 Jan. 1775 ; president of the senate, 1822 ; d. 2 April 1856. ZAMPEEINI, Anna, lyrio actress and dancer ; b. about 174s; mistress of lord March, afterwards duke of QueensbeiTy. ZAMPIERI, Domenico, " Domenichino," Italian painter and ai-chitect; I. 21 Oct. 1581 ; chef-d^osuvre, " Communion of St. Jerome," now in the Vatican ; designed the chui'ch of St. Ignatius at Rome ; d. 15 April 1641. ZAJS'CHI, Gii-olamo, Italian protestant theolo- gian; b. 2 Feb. 1516; his collected "Works pub- lished, 1619; d. 19 Not. 1590. ZAJSTGIACOMI, Joseph, baron, French law- yer; b. 19 March 1766; president of the chamber of requests and court of cassation, 1831 ; d. 12 Jan. 1846. ZANNICHELLI, Gian Girolamo, Italianphy- sician and chemist; b. April 1662 \ d. 11 Jan. 1729. ZANNONI, Giovanni Battista, Italian archm- ologist; b. 29 Marck 1774; published " Storia deU' Accademia della Crusca," 1818; d. 13 Aug. 1832. ZANOBI DA Strata, Italian author; b. 1312; translated " MoraU di San Gregorio;" d. 1361. ZANONI, Giacomo, Italian botanist; b. March 1615 ; d. 24 Aug. 1682. ZANOTTI, Eustachio, Italian astronomer; b. 2.1 Not. 1709; d. IS May 1782. ZANOTTI, Francesco Maria, Italian mathema- tician and philosopher; i. 6Jan. 1692; tf. 25 Dec. 1777- ZANOTTI, GioTanni Pietro Cavazzoni, Italian ipainter and poet ; b. 3 Oct. 1674; published "Storia dell' Accademia Clementina," 1739; nf. 28 Sept. 1765. ZANTEDESCHI, Francesco, ItaUan physi- cist; b. 18 Aug. 1797; published many papers, 1832 £t seq. ZAPF, Georg 'W'ilhelm, Gennan bibliographer ; i. 28 March 1747 ; published " Anuales Tj'po- grapHse AugustaniE," 1778 ; d. 29 Deo. 1810. ZAPOLTA, kings of Hungary : Jan I. ; 6. 1487 ; proclainied king, 10 Nov. 1526 ; defeated by Ferdinand of Austria, fled to Po- land, 1528 ; made peace, 1536 . d. 21 July 1540 Jan Sigismond de, sou ; &. 7 July 1540 ; proclaimed king, 1540 ; made prince of Transylvauia, 1541 ; abdicated, 1570 . d. 12 March 1571 ZAEATB, Augustin de, Spanish historian ; {. about 1500; published " Historia del Desoubrimi- ento y Conquista del Peru, 1555 ; d. 1558. ZAEATE, Francisco Lopez de, Spanish poet ; b. about 1590; published "Invencion de la Cruz,'' 1648 ; d. s March 1658. ZAECO, Joiio Gonsalvez, conde de Camara dos Lobos, Portuguese navigator; re-discovered Porto Santo and Madeira, 1418-20. 636 ZEPHYEINUS ZAELINO, Giuseppe, Italian musician; b. 1519; wrote " Instituzioni Harmoniche," and "Di- mostrazioni Harmoniche ;" d. 14 Feb. 1599. ZECHAEIAH, Jewish prophet; u.c. 520. ZEDEKIAH, king of Judah, son of Josiah ; b. B.C. 618 ; reigned, 599-588 ; d. after 588. ZEDLEE, Johann Heiarich, German book- seller; b. 1706; published " Universal Lexicon," 1731-50; d. about 1760. ZEDLITZ, Joseph Christian, baron von, Ger- man poet; b. 28 Feb. 1790; d. 16 March 1862. ZEDNEE, Joseph, German Jewish scholar ; b. 1804 ; published " Historical Pieces from Hebrew Authors," 1840; engaged at British Museum, 1846 ; published " Catalogue of Hebrew Books," 1867 ; re- tired, Oct. 1869 ; d. 10 Oct. 1871. ZEEMAN, Eemi, see Nooms. ZEQEES, Daniel, Flemish Jesuit and flower painter; b. 1590; '^- ^9 April 1870. DAVIES, Charles, American mathematician ; professor at Columbia College, 1857-67 ; d. 18 Sept. 1876. DAWSON, George, dissenting minister; b. about 1821; minister at Birmingham, 1844; a popular lecturer and active politician; edited several papers ; d. 30 Nov. 1876. DIAZ DE LA Pena, Narcisse Virgile ; French landscape and subject painter; b. Aug. 1809; d. 18 Nov. 1876. DUFAURE, Jules A. S., French prime minister; resigned on account of defeat in the senate, 2 Dec. 1876. , DOUGLAS, sir James, statesman; b. about 1805 ; employed by Hudson's Bay Company ; first governor of Vancouver's Island, 1851; of British Colombia, 1858; retired, and made k.c.b., 1863; d. 2 Aug. 1877. DOUGLASS, Frederick, made marshal of Co- lombia by president Hayes, March 1877. EDHEM Pasha, Turkish statesman; *. 1823 ; educated at Paris, 183 1, et seq.; served Eeschid Pasha; a commissioner in Servia, 1854; grand vizier, 5 Feb. 1877. EDWARD, Thomas, Scotch naturalist; h. 25 Dec. 18 14; from infancy a collector and earnest student of all kinds of unimals ; at times a shoe- maker, militiaman, &c. ; curator of Banff museum, 1852 ; shoemaker again, 1875 ; his life published by S. Smiles, 1876 ; pension of £50 given him by the queen, 1876 ; 333 sovereigns in a box given biTn at Aberdeen, 21 March 1877. EHRENBERG, Christian Gottfried; d. 27 June 1876. ERMAN, Georg Adolph; d. 12 July 1877. ■'PERGUSSON, sir "WilUam, surgeon; d. lo Feb. 1877. FORBES, David, geologist, irother of professor Edward; b. 1828; travelled and ^v^ote many papers; secretary of Geological Society, Londoil, 1871; a founder of the Iron and Steel Institute, 1869; d. 30 Nov. 1876. FRERE, sir Henry Bartle, appointed governor of the Cape, Jan. 1877. FROST, John, chartist; b. about 1781; sen- tenced to death for Newport riots, Nov. 1839 ; transported, 1840; permitted to return, 1856; d. 29 July 1877. FROST, William Edward; <;. 4 June 1877. (t AT, TON, change brothers to cousins. GAMBETTA, Leon; sentenced to three months' imprisonment and fine of 80Z., for a speech at Lille (about 16 Aug.), 11 Sept. 1877. GASSIOT, JohnPeter, p.k.s.; d. i5Aug. 1877. GOETHE, GCETHE, or Gothe, not Gogthe. GRAHAM, Peter, Scotch painter; b. 1836; exhibited at r.a. "A spate in the Highlands," 1866; "Homewards,?' " Our Northern Walls," and elected a.k.a., 1877.- GRAHAM, Thomas George, Scotch m.d. ; }. about 1795; published several medical works; d. Nov. 1876. GBEIN 640 NOAD GEEIN, Christian Michael, German philologist; h. 19 Oct. 1825 : devoted to old Teutonic literature ; professor at llarburg, 1873 ; cl. 15 June 1877. GEESLEY, rer. 'WiUiam; d. 20 Nov. 1876. GEIFFIN, John Joseph; d. 9 June 1877. HACKLANDER, F. TV. von ; d. 6 July 1877. HALLIDAY (Duff), Andrew; d. 10 April 1877- HAMILTON, Robert Adam Christopher Nis- het; b. (Dundas) 1804; assumed name of Chris- topher; added Nisbet Hamilton, 1855; chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, March— Dec. 1852 ; m.p. for North Lincoln, 1837— 57; (?. 9 June 1877. HAET, Joel T. ; d.2 March 1877. HAWKINS, sir HeniT, judge; transferred from queen's bench to exchequer division, Nov. 1876. HAYES, Eutherford B., American statesman; b. 4 Oct. 1822; solicitor, 1856; volunteer in the war; lieut.-col., 1862; brigadier, 1864; governor of Ohio, 1867 ; republican candidate for the presidency ; after much contention elected by majority of one, 2 March ; inaugurated, 4 March 1877. HBIS, Edouard, Gei-man astronomer; J. 18 Feb. 1806; published " Ccclestis Atlas," and many papers ; d. 30 June 1877. HELMHOLTZ, Heinrich; published "Er- haltung der Kraft," 1847 ; " Physiologisohe Optik," 1856. HENSON, rev. Josiah ; negro ; prototype of Mrs. Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom;" b. 15 June 1789; visited Britain, with advantage ; received by the queen, 5 March 1877. HEUGELIN,Theodorvon,Suabiannaturalist; b. 20 March 1824; travelled much, especially in Africa ; published in German " Keview of Birds of Africa," 1855; "Travels in North-east Africa," 1857 ; d. 5 Nov. 1876. HILL, Eowley, bishop of Sodor and Man ; b. 1836; priest, 1861: vicar of Sheffield, 1873; <=oi'- secrated, 24 Aug. 1877. HOPMEISTEE, Wilhelm, German botanist ; b. about 182}; professor at Heidelberg, 1852; at Tubingen, 1873 ; published many books and papers ; d. 12 Jan. 1877. HUGO, rev. Thomas ; d. 31 Dee. 1876. HUNT, rt. hon. George Ward ; d. 29 July :877. JAMES, lieut.-gen. sir Henry; d. 15 June 1877. JANSSEN, Jules ; awarded the Eumford medal by the Royal Society, 30 Nov. 1876. JELINBK, Dr. Carl von, Gei-man meteorolo- gist ; b. 1822 ; d. 19 Oct. 1876. JUNG BAHADOOE, long prime minister of Nepaul; visited England on embassy to the queen, 25 May — Aug. 1850 ; received the prince of Wales in Nepaul, 12 Feb. 1876; d. suddenly, 25 Feb. 1877. KA.NAEIS, Constantine, admiral; prime-mi- nister of Greece, 29 May; d. 14 Sept. 1877. KENEICK, rev. John, archaeologist ; b. about 1787; published "Ancient Egypt under the Pha- raohs,'^i8so ; " Phoenicia," 1855, &c. ; d. May 1877. KOCHLY, Hermann August Theodor, German scholar; b. S Aug. 1815; a liberal member of Saxon parliament; compelled to flee; went to Belgium, 1849 ; professor at Zurich, 1851 ; at Heidel- berg, 1864 ; published " Geschichte desGriechischen Kriegswesens," 1852, &c. ; d. 2 Deo. 1876. LANDELLS, Eobert Thomas, artist ; b. about 1833 ; engsged for " Illustrated London News " in Avars in Crimea, 1854-b; in Denmark, 1864; in France, 1870- 1 ; d. 5 Jan. 1877. LEE, Eobert, m.d. ; d. 6 Feb. 1877. LETEEEIEE,Urbain J. J. ; d. 23 Sept. 1877. LEWIN, Thomas; d. 5 Jan. 1877. LINDSAY, W. S. ; d. 28 Aug. 1877. LINTON, "William, painter ; d. 15 Aug. 1876. LIVINGSTONE, David (according to " Last Journals,") d. 21 May 1873. LONGMAN, William, bookseller and histo- rian ; b. 9 Feb. 1813 ; organised the " Publisher's Circular,'"^ first issued 2 Oct. 1837; lectured on English History ; published " Life and Times of Edward III.," 1869 ; " Three Cathedrals dedicated to St. Paul," 1873; &c. ; d. 13 Aug. 1877. LONSDALE, Henry, eariof; d. 15 Aug. 1876. LOUIS III., grandduke of Hesse-Darmstadt ; d. 13 June 1877 ; succeeded by his nephew Louis IV.; b. 12 Sept. 1837 ; married princess Alice of Great Britain, i July 1862. MADOU, Jean Baptiste, Belgian painter and lithographer; b. 1796; d. 2 April 1877. MAGNI, Pietro, Italian sculptor; b. about i8l6; works: David, Socrates, &c. ; d. Jan. 1877. MAESHMAN, John Claik, son of Joshua, orientalist; J. Aug. 1794; d. 8 July 1877. ■With his father at Serampore, 1800 ; worked with him, 1812, etscq- ; founded iirst Bengalee and English news- papers (" Sumachur Durpun " and "Friend of India"),, and promoted education. Published "History of India," 1852; "Marshman, ' 1S59 ; " Life of Havelock," i860. MAY, sir George Augustus Chichester, Irish lawyer; b. 1815 ; banister, 1844; Q.C., 1865; Irish attorney-general, Nov. 1875; chief justice of queen s bench, Feb. 1877. MEADOWS, see Taylor. MEEK, F. B., American paleontologist; b. IQ Dec. 1817; on geological survey of the territories, 1867, ctscq. ; wrote many papers; d. Feb. 1877. MEHEMETALI, Turkish general; b. (Jules Detroit) at Magdeburg, 1829; went to Tui-key; patronised by Ali Pasha; became Mahometan, 1847 ; major-general, 1868 ; field-marshal ; chie commander in Bulgaria, Aug. 1877. MELHO, PhUip De, Dutch divine; h. at Colombo, Ceylon, 23 April 1723; translator and poet; issued translation of New Testament, &c., mto Tamul, and other works, 1750-60; the Penta- teuch, 1790; d. 10 Aug. 1790. MELLISH, sir George; <«. 15 June 1877. MIDHAT Pasha, grand vizier ; deposed and exiled, 5 Feb. 1877; in London, 21 May 1877. MOEESBY, sir Fairfax, admiral; b. at Cal- cuttii, 1787; entered navy, 1799; served under earl St. Vincent; captain, 1814; admiral of the white, 1863; of the fleet, 1870; d. 21 Jan. 1877. MOTLEY, John Lothrop ; d. 29 May 1877. NO AD, Henry Minchin, chemist and physicist; b. about 1S15; P.B.S., 1856; long professor at St George's hospital ; published " Manual of Elec- tricity," best ed., 1855-7 ; " Chemical Analysis," 1864, &c.; d. 23 July 1877. " NORTHAMPTON 641 WEEKE8 NORTHAMPTON, mai-quis of; d. 3 March 1877. NORTON, Mrs. Caroline ; man-ied sir William Stii-ling Maxwell, 2 March 1877; d. 15 June 1877. ODGER, George, shoemaker; h. atout 1814; active agitator for refoiin in parliament, 1857; and in trade unions and strikes, 1859, ct seq.; unsuc- cessful candidate for parliament, 1868, 1869; d. 4 March 1877. O'LOGHLEN, sir Colman Michael ; d. 22 July 1877. ONDAATJE, Peter Philip J. U. D. Jurian Quint, lawyer, soldier, politician, and author; b. in Ceylon, 18 June 1758; d. at Batavia, 30 April 1818. Educated in Holland . . . 1774, e( seri- A citizen of Utrecht 1783 Relieved from prosecution for pleading the cause of the citizens . Jan. 1787 Fled from Holland 2 Oct. „ Served in French army . . July i792^^ept. 1793 Returned to Holland ; a director of the E. I. com- pany I March 1796 Held various legal and govcnnnent offices 1797-1808 Employed by E. I. company ; sent to Batavia ; arrived . . . Sept. 4 1816 OIJIiESS, Walter 'William, painter; I. in Jersey, 1848; exhibited at e.a. "Home Again" 1869; several portraits; commended by Ruskiu ; elected a.r.a. 1877. OWEN, Robert Dale ; d. 24 June 1877. OXENPORD, John; d. 21 Feb. 1877. PAGET, sir James ; appointed serjeant surgeon to the queen, Feb. 1877. PATTI, madame ; her marriage with the mar- quis de Caux annulled at Paris, 3 Aug. 1877. PICARD, Louis Joseph Ernest; d. 13 May 1877. POWYS. hon. Horatio, bishop of Sodor and Man ; d. 31 May 1877. ROBERTSON, James Burton; d. i4Feb. 1877. ROGERS, principal Henry ; d. 20 Aug. 1877. ROUS, ton. Henry John, admiral; eminent supporter of the turf; b. 23 Jan. 1795 ; d. 19 June 1877. RTJNEBERG, Johan Ludvig, Swedish poet; b. 5 Feb. Feb. 1804; d. 6 May 1877. SALTER, "William, painter; b. 1804; at Florence exhibited " Socrates before the Areo- pagus," 1831 ; painted " "Waterloo Banquet," 1833 et seq. ; d. 22 Jan. 1876. SANTINI, Giovanni, Italian astronomer; li. 30 Jan. 1786 ; d. 25 June 1877. SARDOU, Tictorien, French dramatist; b. 7 Sept. 1831 ; elected academician, June 1877. SCHNEIDER, Hortense: Co., Dorset Buildings, Salisbury Square. $>\ilUt$ math. Ghortly will be published, an entirely Now Edition, in three vols., cromi 879, clotli, 31s. 6d. SHELLEY'S WOBKS. Tlo two-TOlume edition of Shelley, edited by Hr. W. M. Bossetti, with memoir and noted, and published by Messrs. Mozon & Co. in 1370, has been ont of piint for some while now ; and the cnrious fate of being nnprocurablc, even in the Bri- tish Museum, has befallen this book, as the Eeading-room copy was stolen. It io now proposed to re-issuo the worlc at an early date ; Mr. Bossetti going care- fully and ds Twnio through the task of editorship, and introducing numerous modi- fications, additions, &c., into the memoir and notes, and indeed into thetezt itself, dependent sometimes upon more recent information (brought forward bj himR Clf among others), sometimes upon change of views, or the strictures of other critics. On the whole, the text will be somewhat more strictly conservative than in the previous instance. Moreover, tho type itself will be larger than in the edition ot l^'iO.-'AcacUmy. In one vol., elegant cloth, medium 8vo, toned paper, portrait and vignette, ICi.' SHELLEY'S POEMS, ESSAYS, AND LETTEKS PEOM ABROAD. EOlted by Mrs. Shelley. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 5s. SHELLEY'S POETICAL "WOEKS. JHew Edition. iljB^0n's W^mlhmms Matlh reap. Svo, cloth gilt, 33. Cd. ALOS AND ESTHT.. The Drama of Beauty and the Beast. Crown Svo, half Eoxburghe, 10s. 63. COMPAEATIVE ESTIMATE OF IffODERIT ENGLISH POETS. By J. Dovey, M.A.. Baniater-at-Iaw. . E. Moxon, Son, &' Co., Dorset Buildings, Salisbury Sguan, lath Irji t\t kU milVmx maxismsxtl POET LAITEEATB. S Tola, cloth, demy 8vo, 42s. THE PROSE WORKS OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTS-l Edited by the Eev, Alexandeh B. Grosart, *»• Dedicated by express permission to Her Majesty, and along with the Dedl-' cation a S^itherto Unpublished Poem by Wordsworth, addressed to the Queen on' KDding a giTt copy of his Poems to the Eoyal Library, "Windsor. The Publishers of the Poems of "Wordsworth (Copyright Editions) have the pleasure to announce a complete collection of his Prose "Works, under the editor- ship of the Eov. Alexander B, Grosart, of St. George's, Blackburn, Lancashire,! who has been elected to the office by the Family, and whoso "Fuller "Worthiec:' Library " is one pledge among others of his capacity and needed zeaL " For students of "Wordsworth — those who have imbibed something of his spirits •nd have risen to the bracing meditative air of his solitary thought, in which aE material things take something of a new and spiritual aspect— here assuredl;''i3 ol delight of no common kind."— ^oncon/ormisi. 'With Portr^t, Eoyal Svo, bevelled cloth, gilt, price 9a. WORDSWORTH'S POETICAL WORKS. Centenary Edition, in six volumes, foolscap Svo, cloth, gilt, price 303. WORDSWORTH'S POETICAL WORKS. In sii pocket volumes, cloth (formerly 21s.), price 15s. WORDSWORTH'S POETICAL WORKS Imperial Svo, cloth, gilt edges, price 129. 6d. WORDSWORTH'S POETICAL WORKS •«• The above are the only Complete Editions of "Wordsworth's "Works. £, Mbxon, Son, 6- Co,^ Dorset Buildings, Salisbury Sqtcare, Small 8to, tflost elegant cloth, 5s. tiTSik ELEGAiimAElf M ; a Collection of Eome of the best Specimens of Ver« de Soci6te and Vers d'Occasion in the English Language, by deceased authors, Edited by Frederick Locker. Dedicated to Dean Milman. " To our thinking, Mr, Locker has accomplished an arduous task with mucb taste and judgment." — Times, Crown Sto, toned paper, extra bevelled boards, cloth gilt, 6a, oOlTG-S AHD POEMS- By Eowland Brown (1S75 Edition). Contains the Fourth Edition of " Songs of Early Spring," together with aik_entirely New Series of •' Gathered Leaves," for the first time collected. Contents:— AdventFIowcra — The Broken Eing— A Ballad of Alsace— Chiselhurst — To Italy — The impro- ■pisatrice— Rosenheim Relics: Sonnets I. to XIII. — De Protundis — Separation •^-Tlowers of the "Wind— To the Spirit of Song— Unto the End^Lily's Song — Trifles : Spring Song, I.; Passion Flowers, II.; Morning, III.; My Secret, IV,; Vesper Song, V. Soul's Kest — The Sabbath— Suspiria. 3G6 pages. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 53. fiTATJD ViVlAK", a Drama, and other Poems, by Walter Eew. — Contents :— 1. Poems— Poetry— The Pinnacles of the Temple— A Soul's Angels- Amy Chat- terton, &c. ; 2. Maud Vivian : a Drama of the Present Day, in Five Acts ; 3, Fngitive Pieces. 12mo, cloth gilt, 6s. MOSOU'S (THE LATE ED77AED) SOETtJETS. ** In this graceful and attractive little book wo find some 52 sonnets of no littU> sweetness of tone and elegance of diction, which form much more pleasant and agreeable reading than is to be met with in the general run of similar works." — John Bull. In two vols., fcap. 8vo, cloth gilt, 10s. 6d. P.TJ.fflD'H POETICAL WOKliS. Illustrated -ivith a Portrait of the Author, en- graved by Holl, after the original miniature by Kewton. Prefaced by a Me- moir by the Eev. Derwent Coleridge, M.A. Price 7s. 6d. VILLAGE VERSES. By Guy F.cslyn. •»* This volume includes the many little poems which have been written for tha various Magazines, and highly praised by the press. New Edition, -with Additional Poems. ■ Demy 8vo, cloth, ISs. ; half calf, 24s. ; full calf, or tree calf, Sis. 6d. IiYBIO POEMS JS THOUGHTS AND VEUSE. By Eear-Admiral "Ward Third Edition. Fcap. Svo, clcth gilt, 5s. *** A Popular Edition, printed on thinner paper, price 23. Cd. E. Moxoii^ Son, 6^ Co.^ Dorset Buildings, Salisbury Square, Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 73. 6d, EASTEEir LIFE, PRESENT AIJD PAST. ■ B7 Harriet Martineau. Kew EqI- tion, witli a new Preface recently written by the Author (probably her last literary work), with full-page illustrations. ^ '•"Eastern Life, Present and Past/ exhibits the history and generation of the four great faiths — the Egyptian, the Jewish, the Christian, and the Mohammedan — as they appear when their birthplaces are visited in succession. The work in which she gave out her views on her return ranks oa the whole as the best of her 'writings; and her reputation assumed a new, a graver, and a broader character after its appearance." — Daily News^ June 29, 1876. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, thick paper, with plates, 6a. DATA'S SEAMAN'S MANUAL- Containing a Treatise on Practical Seaman- -ship, with plates; A Dictionary of Sea Terms; Customs and Usages of the Merchant Service ; Laws Eelating to the Practical Duties of Masters and Ma- riners. By R. H. Dana, ]'un., Author of "Two Years Before the Mast." Ee- vised and corrected in accordance with the most recent Acts of Parliament. By John J. Mayo, Esq., Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen. "This is 3 book for all time."— Siar ofGwenL Fcap. 8vo, cloth, 23. ed. GHEEIJWOOD'S (COLONEL) HINTS ON HORSEMANSHIP TO A NEPHEW AND NIEOE. The "Wood Engravings, photographed from life, are iEustra- tive of the management of the reins in accordance with the principles enun- ciated in the work. *> Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 53. HEAP OF STONES. By S. Holdea. Fcap. Svo, cloth, 5s. HOUGHTON'S (LOUD) PALM LEAVES. Fcap. Svo, cloth, 5a. EOU(JHT0N'S (LOED) MEMOEIALS OF MANX SCENES. Fcap, Svo, cloth gilt, 2s. 6d. lOH DIEN. A Poem. Fcap. Svo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. BULLET EIGBYE, THE POETICAL WOKES OF. 25G pages. Fcap, 8vo, wrapper. Is. KESirE(jENS. A Poem, by the Author of *' Ich Dien." Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 5s. -SHYMES OF AN EDITOR, including "Ahnost." By Henry Morford. Author o£ " Rhymes of Twenty Years." JTew VoluTTie of Poems Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. POETICAL DEEEIS- Ry George Messinger. is. MoxoUj Son, &* Co., Dorset Buildings^ Salisbury Sqitm-e. S^&omas floob's Morks.^ HOOD'S WORKS. Complete in 10 vola. All the Writings of the Author of the " Song of the Shirt" (" Hood's Own," First and Second Series, included). With all the original Cuts. A Com- plete, re-issue. In 10 vols,, crown 870, cloth, 50s. ; half calf, 70s. ; half morocco, 70s. COMPLETE EDITION OP HOOD'S POETICAL WOEKS IN TWO VOLUMES. 1. HOOD'S SEEIOtrS POEMS. A New and Complete Edition, with full-page Illustrations. Cro;vn 8to, cloth gilt, 53. 2. HOOD'S COBIIC POEMS. A Nev7 and Co^lete Edition, with full-page lEustrations. Crown Svo, cloth gilt, 5s. *»• Thesa two voluTms contain the entire poems of the late TnoilAS Hood, which are now collected and issued complete for die first time. HOOD'S OWN ; or, Laughter from Tear to Tear. First and Second Series in one vol. , complete, with all the original Illustrations. In entirely new and handsome binding. Now ready, new edition. Royal Svo, cloth gilt, 10s. 6d. nOOD'S OWN ; or. Laughter from Year to Year. First Series. A new edition. In one voL Svo, illustrated by 350 Woodcuts. Cloth plain, 7s. 6d. ; gilt edges, 8s. 6d. HOOD'S OWIT. Second Series. In one vol., Svo, illustrated bj numerous Woodcuts. Cloth plain, 7s. 6d. ; gilt edges, Ss. 6d. HOOD'S POEMS. Twentieth Edition. In one voL, foap. 8vt; cloth plain, 5s. HOOD'S POEMS OF WIT AWD HTIMOTJH. Si.'iteenth Edition. In one vol, fcap. Svo, cloth plain, 3s. 6d. HOOD'S WHIMS AND ODDITIES. In Prose and Verse. With 87 original designs. A new edition. In one vol., fcap. Svo, cloth plain, 3s. 6d. HOOD'S WHIMS AND ODDITIES & WIT AND HUMOTJB. With 87 original designs. In one vol., fcap. Svo, 6s. E. Moxon, Son, &• Co., Dorset Buildings, Salisbury Square. €hairks '^tim.Vs Moxls, A Complete Library Edition of THE LIFE, LETTERS, AND WHITINGS OP CHARLES LAMB. COMPLETE IN SIX VOLUMES. . Edited by PEKOY PITZGEEAID, M.A., F.S.A. Crown 8vo, clotb.gilt, price 7s. per Volume. Containing the MEMOIR by TALFOtJED, with Notes and lUustra. tions, embodying the most recent information on the subject. This Edition contains a large number of Unpublished Letters, which have been placed at the disposal of the Editor, as well as many hitherto ■uncollected. It also comprises many writings of Lamb, in the shape of ICriticisms, Essays, and Poetical Pieces, not hitherto identified. "No one can fail to reveronoo the life of raiobtrusive devotion to tumble duties which distinguished one of our most charming writers ; and very few will fail to enjoy the already well-known letters and worts that are now, for the £rst time, issued in the order and completeness that they so thoroughly deserre." — Bradford Oiterver, " ' reap. Sro, doth, price 2s. 6d. ' CHARLES LAMB'S ELLA AND ELIANA., New Edition. With Portraits. In One Volume, 8vo, cloth, price 10s. 6d. THE WOEKS OF CHARLES LAMB, Containing the Letters of Charles Lamb, with a Sketch of his Life. By SiK Thomas Nooit TALrouKD, D.C.L., One of his Executors. E. Moxon, Son, &• Co., Dorset Buildings, Salishury Square. mml f sriite CdmJrp's Math. COLERIDaE'S POEMa A New Edition. In One YoL, f cap. 8to, cloth, 3s. Cd. COLEEIDGE'S DRAMATIC WORKS. A New Edition. In One Vol., foap. 8to, cloth, 3s. 63. 30LERIDGE ON THE COKSTITtTTION OF CHUECH AND STATE. rourth Edition. In One YoL, fcap. 8vo, cloth, 2a. 6i COLERIDGE'S ERIEND. A Bciies of Essays to aid in the formation of fixed principles in Politics, Monll' and Iteligion, with literary Amusements interspersed. In Two Vols., fcap. 8to, cloth, 5s. COLERIDGE'S LAY SERMONS. Third Edition. In One Volume, fcap. 870, doth, 2s, 61I. COLERIDGE'S NOTES ON ENGLISH DIVINES. Two Vols., fcap. Sto, cloth, 63. COLERIDGE'S NOTES, Theological, Political, and Mlscellaneoua. I'cap. Sto, cloth, 6s. COLERIDGE'S POEMa Pocket Edition, Fost Sro, cloth, 2s, ei. E. Moxon, Son, &• Co., Dorset Buildings, Salisbury Square. MOXON'S POPULAR POETS, Edited by WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI. New ana Elegant binding, doth gilt, gilt edges, inlaid witli imitation porodain centrepiece, 3s. 6d. Crami 8to, elejant cloth cilfi Eli cilgos, Ss. CJ. ; morocco antique, 73. Cd j irory enamel^ 73. Cd.; morocco, extra, 10s. Cd. ; tree calf, lOs. 03. The press and tLo pnblic, alike In Great Britain and her Colonics, and m Uid Unitca States, nnito in their testimony to the immense superiority ol lleasrr.' Colon's Popnlai Poets over any other similar collections published hj any other thonsc. Their possession of tho copyright works of Coleridge, Hood, Keatff, tshellcy, "WordSTVorth, and other great national poets, places this series aboTS rivaliy. Upwards of 100,000 volnincs have already been sol-i. T. Byeon's Poetical Works. 5. LONGFEJ-LOW'S POETICAL WoiSKSi. 3. WoKDswoitTH's Poetical Wokks. 4. Scott's Poetical Wokks. .5. Shelley's Poetical \Voi!ks.i 6. Moore's Poetical Works. 7. Hood's Poetical Works. 8. Keats' Poetical Works. 9. Coleridge's Poetical Work?.' 10. Burns' Poetical Works. 11. Tupper's Proverbial Philosophv. The Four Series completai 12. Milton's Poetical Works. 13. Campbell's (Thomas) Poetical Works. 14. Pope's Poetical Works. rs. CowpER's Poetical Works. 16. Humorous Poems. 17. American Poems. I rS. Mrs. Hf.mans' Poeus. 19. Thomson's Poems. CO. A Selection of Miscellaneous PoEiia In the Press. CI. Hood's Poetical Works. Second Series. MOXON'S LIBRARY POETS. 51jo complete and contlnuins success of IToion's Poets, in tho popular Tires- '.cna-Slspcimy Eories, b»a induced the House to publish a Library Edition of ^ozon'fl Poets, prico Fire ShlUlnga per volmao. Handsomely printed on joofd prper, cither half Itoiturgh or cloth, ellt edges. The Entire Scries of ths Popular Vcg\m b now Lncludcd in this is::uQ. E, Moxon, Son, &* Co*^ Dorset BtiildingSy Salishury Square, ®&5 fjtgljn §tfm sf '§,tmriU: Deiny 8vo, in 1 thick vol cloth, 183. ; half calf, 243. ; fnll calf, or tree calf, 81s. CjJ EAYBN'S 33IOTIOirAET OF DATES, relating to all Ages and Nationaj foi Universal Beference. Fifteenth Edition. Kevised and greatly Enlarged hyj BsHjAMlv YixCENT, Assistant-Secretary of the Boyal Institution of Great Britain ; containing the History of the "World to Autumn 1S76. ''The most universal book of reference in a moderate compass that wo know of in the English language." — Tiines. "Itisbyfnr the readiest and most rcliahle work, of the kind for the general reader within the province of our knowledge." — Standard, Demy 8vo, cloth, ISs.: half calf, 243. ; full calf, or tree calf, 8Is. Cd. HAYDN'S DICTIOHAET OF POPIJLAE MEDIOUTE AHD HT&IElfE, crm- prising all possible Self- Aids in Accidents and Disease ; being a Companion for the Traveller, Emigrant, and Clergyman, as well as for tho Heads of Fami- lies and Institutions. Edited by the late Edwin Lakeester, M.D., F.B.S., Coroner of Central Middlesex. Assisted by distinguished Members of tha Boyal College of Physicians and Surgeons. Demy Svo, cloth, ISs.; half calf, 24b; full calf, or tree calf, Sis. 6d. FDvCEHT'S DICTIONART OF BIOGEAPHT, Past and Present, brought down to September 1877. Containing the chief events in the lives of eminent persons of all ages and nations, preceded by the Biographies and Genealogies of Iho chief representatives of the Eoyal Houses of the World. By Benjamin VrNCENT, Librarian of the Eoyal Institution of Qreat Britain, and Editor of "Haydn's Dates." Demy Svo, cloth, price ISs.; full calf, SlB. Gd. iHAYDS'S DIOTIONAET Or THE BIBLE. For tie TJbo of all Eaadera ani! Students of tho Holy Scriptures of tho Old and New Teatamcnts, and of th» Books of the Apocrypha. Demy Svo, cloth, price ISs. JIAYDH'S DICTIOHAEY OF BOrEUOE. Comprising Astroflomy, Clemistry,- Dynamics, Electricity, Heat, Hydrodynamics, Hydrostatics, Light, Magnet- ism, Mechanics, Meteorology, Pneumatics, Sound and Statics; preceded by. en Essay on tho History of tho Physical Sciences. £. Moxon, Son, &' Co., Dorset Buildings, Salishury Square. f