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 Henrik Ibsen's Brand. 
 
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 « f3 340 Hewrih IhserCs Brcmd. [Oct., 
 
 Aeticle'III.— HENRIK IBSEN'S BRAND. 
 
 EiTGLisH speaking people have liad;;Hfenrik Ibsen brought to 
 their notice in a strangely piece-naeal, unhistorical way. Some 
 one of his later works, commonly " A DoU-Home " has first 
 attracted attention and then others of the stage-plays of modem 
 society have been sought out and jead in a hap-hazard way. 
 Some few persons have perhaps tried to study the poet's ante- 
 cedent development but have found the material accessible in 
 English very inadequate. Thus there are no^English transla- 
 tions of those unique dramatic poems |' Brand" and "Peer 
 Gynt," nor of that delicate satire " Love's Comedy." "What 
 the non-existence of these translations floay mean to the English 
 reader, is evident from the statement that very probably the 
 works on which Ibsen's permanent place and fame in pure 
 literature will depend are, in chronological order, these four : 
 "Love's Comedy," "Brand," "Peer Gynt," and "Ghosts." 
 Among these the writer does not hesitate to rank " Brand " and 
 " Peer Gynt " higher than the other two, while his individual 
 preference would give the highest place of aU to "Brand." 
 The choice between " Brand " and " Peer Gynt " is, however, 
 difficult and perhaps unnecessary, since the one may be 
 regarded as the counterpart of the other. 
 
 Mr. Evans in the AtlanUo MonthVy for May, 1890, recounted 
 Ibsen's life until his voluntary exile beginning in 1864. 
 Like Goethe, Ibsen found a congenial environment, favorable 
 to development, in Eome, where " Brand " and " Peer Gynt " 
 were written, the former appearing in 1866, the latter in 186Y. 
 Both are in rhymed verse. In " Brand " the lines aU have 
 four accents, while the rhymes may be either single or double ; 
 the movement may be either iambic or trochaic, the latter 
 being employed in tender, emotional passages. The whole is 
 divided into five acts, but within the acts the successive scenes 
 are not numbered. 
 
 The aim of this Article is to give such a plain, unvarnished 
 outline of the drama, and to translate literally with close repro- 
 
1890.] The Imvincible Armada in Jwpan. 339 
 
 TJie liQarvelous transformations that have since revolutionized 
 the island, . empire 1 need not recount. We felt our way into 
 her harhors in the dark. ISTow, and for twenty years past, 
 every headland and cape has been surmounted by a light- 
 house, truthful token to the approaching mariner of the 
 cordial welcome and help that await him. " Where 
 cannon was cast to resist Peri-y now stands the Imperial 
 Female Normal College. On the treaty grounds rises the spire 
 of a Christian church."* The famous edict against Christianity 
 is abolished. The first missionaries landed in 1859 ; now nearly 
 two hundred are at work in different parts of the country. 
 Some of them in the early days resided in Buddhist temples, 
 rented to them by priests, who to give them accommodation 
 moved out with all their idols. We may accept it as a happy 
 omen of the vast educational and spiritual transformations 
 which are even now cleansing those heathen shrines and illu- 
 mining them with the radiance of the Cross. The great Island 
 Kingdom of the Orient is in the golden dawn of her renewal ; 
 and now, more than ever, deserves to wear the diadem of her 
 ancient title, " The Empire of the Kising Sun." 
 
 John S. Sewall. 
 * Grriffls. Matthew Oalbraith Perry, 325. 
 
1890.] Hervrik Ibsen's Brand. 341 
 
 duotion of tlie rhythm and to some extent of the rhymes, such 
 portions as will together produce as nearly as possible the 
 impression to be gained from a careful reading of the original. 
 
 The theme of " Brand " is idealistic seK-suflSciency, as that 
 of " Peer G-ynt " is materialistic self-suflSciency. " Brand " has 
 been called "the tragedy of the categorical imperative;" its 
 hero is a man of strong wiU, who seeks to make will absolute, 
 not only ia himself but in all about him, and who learns that 
 love is no less essential than will. 
 
 The drama opens on mountain snow-fields of Norway, with 
 heavy fog, rain and semi-darkness. Brand, in company with a 
 peasant and his young son, is struggling along, having lost the 
 way. The peasant, though summoned to his dying daughter, 
 wishes to turn back, but Brand, who, as we learn, is a pastor 
 in the estabhshed Lutheran church, will go on. He reproves 
 the peasant for his unwillingness to risk his life that his 
 daughter may die in peace, saying : 
 
 " Gro home. Your life's the way of death. 
 You know not God ; God knows not you." 
 
 To this the peasant rejoins : " Oh you are hard," and after 
 they part. Brand soliloquizes : 
 
 " They grope towards home. Oh slave so slack, 
 Were will a well-spring in thy breast, 
 Were strength the only failing thing, 
 The toilsome way I would have shortened ; 
 On death-tired back, with wounded foot 
 I would have borne thee gladly, lightly ; — 
 But help is useless to a man 
 Who wills not, though he cannot do. 
 Hm — life, life ; strange indeed it is. 
 That life's so dear to these good folk I 
 Each puny man finds life so weighty 
 As if the world's salvation all. 
 Each human creature's health of soul. 
 Were laid upon his feeble shoulders. 
 They will no doubt make sacrifices ! 
 But life's the thing that must be spared. 
 
 • (smiling, in recollection.) 
 
 Two thoughts in boyhood came to me 
 And made me twist and writhe with laughter ; 
 One was : an owl afraid of darkness, 
 And one : a fish afraid of water. 
 Whence came that twisting, writhing laughter ? 
 
 / 
 
342 Henrik Ilsen^s Bromd. [Oct., 
 
 Oh, from the discord dimly felt 
 
 BetweenJJungs as. they reallx.are 
 
 And as they ^Hsglyoiight to be, — 
 
 'Twixt having aye toDMr a burden 
 
 And finding burdens all too heavy. 
 
 Eg,{j^niaii in Norway, sick or well. 
 
 Is such ^i;, owl, is such a fish ; 
 
 He's made for work within the deep, 
 
 He ought to know and live life's darkness, — 
 
 And this it is that makes him fear. 
 
 Upon the beach he flounders, frightened, 
 
 And from his star-lit chamber flies, 
 
 With cry of ; ' air and flames of day !' " 
 
 ITow tlie fog begins to lift and Brand, hearing song and 
 laughter in the distance, sees a pair of betrothed lovers, Einar 
 and Agnes, parting from a group of friends upon the moun- 
 tain's highest ridge. They come singing and sporting towards 
 him in the clear summer morning, until with a shout he stops 
 them on the very brink of a precipice. With lightest minds 
 they tell the story of their hasty betrothal and how they now 
 are on their way to take the steamer for home, there to be 
 married, and then will go to the south, " like swans in their 
 first flight." Brand listens coldly and turns away with a " Fare- 
 well, you two !", when Einar recognizes him as a school-mate in 
 boyhood, saying : 
 
 " You are the Brand of old. 
 Sufficient always in yourself ; 
 Our games could never draw you on. 
 To join your comrades' boisterous troop." 
 
 From Brand's replies we discover that he is to make a 
 hurried visit to his native place near by and then is expecting 
 to take the same ship as Einar and Agnes. To Einar's rejoic- 
 ing that he is going the same way as they, Brand rejoins : 
 
 " But I go to a funeral. 
 
 (Agnes :) A funeral? 
 
 (Einar :) To bury whom ? 
 
 (Brand O That God you just now named as yours. 
 
 (Agnes :) (shrinking away :) Come, Einar 1 
 
 (Einar :) Brand 1 
 
 (Brand :) In shroud and coffin. 
 
 By daylight broad there shall be laid 
 
 Each earth-thrall's God, each day-work-drudge's. 
 
 This thing must to an end be brought ; 
 
y 
 
 1890.] Henrih IhserHs Brand. 343 
 
 It's time for you to understahd, 
 
 That He has ailed a thousand years. 
 (Einar :) Brand, you are ill. 
 (Brand :) No, well and sound ; 
 
 The present human race diseased, 
 
 It is, that healing needs to find," — 
 
 healing of its halfness and weakness. Again Brand declares : 
 
 "Both race and God degenerate. 
 He needs a cap for his bald pate. 
 But this God never can be mine ! 
 Mine is a storm, a weak wind thine, * * * 
 And He is young, like Hercules, 
 No gran'ther in the gray sixties." — 
 
 and further on : 
 
 " It is not dogma, is not kirk 
 That I would better by my work. 
 For both have seen a primal day. 
 And see, presumably, they may 
 A final night that shall descend. 
 All things created have an end, 
 By worm and moth consumed, decay ; 
 All must by rigid law and norm 
 Give way before an unborn form; 
 But one thing death shall ne'er control, — 
 The uncreated spirit-soul, 
 Which was redeemed, when it was lost. 
 In time's fresh spring, at awful cost. 
 And built by faith's intrepid force 
 A bridge for flesh to spirits' source. 
 Of this but fragments now are found, — 
 Because false views of God abound ; — 
 But from these bits, of souls the stumps, 
 These broken spirits' torso-clumps. 
 These heads, these hands, a whole shaU rise, 
 Such that the Lord shall recognize 
 His man, His noblest work, at length. 
 His oflEspring Adam, young in strength." 
 
 They part, and after Brand is gone, Agnes feels as if the sun 
 had set and clouds and darkness gathered about them, while 
 she asks Einar if he saw how great Brand grew when speaking. 
 
 The third and last scene of the first act is a way leading 
 along a rocky wall with a wild deep at one side. Above and 
 back of the mountain are seen larger heights with peaks and 
 snow. Brand approaching his childhood's home, describes, as 
 
344 H&n/rih Ihsen''s Brand. [Oct., 
 
 his recollections are revived, this narrow vaUey, barren, sunless, 
 stormy, cold. In under the shadow of a crag he sees the small 
 red house of his widowed mother. 
 
 " There upon the strand of stone 
 I grew up, a child-soul lone. — 
 
 On me rests the cramping weight, 
 Thwarting weight, that I'm in kinship 
 With a soul that pointed earthward, 
 Alien to my higher self. 
 
 All the great things, willed before. 
 Fade now as behind a veil. 
 Strength and courage fail me quite. 
 Mind and soul grow lax and flabby ; 
 Here, in drawing near my home. 
 As a stranger must I come, — 
 "Waking bound and shorn and tamed, 
 Samson-like in harlot's lap." 
 
 He sees the people astir on the way to church : 
 
 " Oh I know you in and out, 
 Lax of soul and duU of mind ! 
 All the Lord's Prayer you can oflEer 
 Is so little winged by wUl, 
 Little resonant with fear. 
 That of it none reaches heaven, 
 Ringing clear as voices should, 
 Other than the fourth petition. 
 This the country's countersign. 
 This the people's watchword is. 
 Out of all connection torn, 
 Written into every heart, 
 There it lies, the storm-tossed wreck, 
 Stranded wreck of all your faith. 
 From this sultry gorge away ! 
 Stifling mine-air here is found ; — 
 Here no banner's folds can fly 
 Borne aloft by breezes fresh !" 
 
 As Brand starts on, a stone rolls close past him, thrown by 
 Gerd, a girl of fifteen who runs to the top of the nearest ridge 
 with other stones in her gathered apron. She is half -crazy and 
 has thrown at an imagined hawk, which is for her the embodi- 
 ment of all evil. Gerd tells Brand that she is on her way to 
 church, but that her church is a great cavern of ice and snow 
 at the end of a narrow ravine far up in the mountains. As she 
 
1890.] Renrih Ilsen^s Brand. 345 
 
 leaves him, Brand reflects briefly, and closes tlie scene and the 
 act with this soliloquy in which is summed np the symbolism 
 of the three meetings of which this first act consists : _ 
 
 " To church she goes, like them below. 
 Down there, — up here, which one does best ? 
 Which one gropes on most wUdly, worst, 
 Which farthest strays from peace and home, — 
 The garland-decked light-mindedness,' 
 Which plays along th' abyss's verge, — 
 The dull lax-mindedness that plods 
 Along the ways of use and custom, — 
 Or that wild-mindedness whose iQight 
 Makes evil almost beautify.! ? — ,^ 
 
 To arms against this triple foe ! 
 I see my call ; it flashes forth 
 Like ray of sun through open crevice 1 
 I know my task ; to slay these trolls . 
 Will be to heal the world's whole woe ; — 
 The laying them within the grave 
 Will be the world-plague blown away 1 
 Up, arm, my soul ! Now draw thy sword ! 
 To battle for the heirs of heaven 1 " 
 
 (He descends towards the village.) 
 
 The second act opens immediately hereafter down by the 
 fjord, with steep enclosing walls of rock. The httle crumbling 
 old church stands on a low hOl near. A storm is approaching. 
 Poor people, men, women and children are gathered in knots, 
 some on the strand, some on the surrounding slopes. The 
 district-magistrate is seated on a stone in the center, distribu- 
 ting provisions with the help of a clerk. Einar and Agnes 
 stand a little way ofE in the midst of a group. Some boats are 
 seen at the water's edge. Brand comes out upon the church- 
 hiU, without being noticed. 
 
 There is famine. Bad harvests, floods and drouth have done 
 their work, and now want, disease and death are rife. Einar 
 has given aU that he had with him ; but when the magistrate, 
 on catching sight of Brand, bids him loosen his purse and help, 
 Brand refuses, and to the magistrate's reproach that he is hard 
 as flint, he answers with emphasis, coming down among the 
 people : 
 
 "When pass the days.in sultry quiet, 
 With slow step like a funeral, 
 
 VOL. XVII. 33 
 
346 Henrik Ihsen's Brand. [Oct., 
 
 Then lies it near to think that us 
 The Lord has stricken from his book. 
 But better has He proved towards you ; 
 He sprinkled terror on your hearts ; 
 With scourge of mortal need He smote ; 
 He took the dear things He had given." — 
 
 This seems to the people the extreme of harshness, but Brand 
 continues : 
 
 " Oh, could the whole of my heart's blood 
 Refresh you as a saving flood, 
 The stream should well forth lavishly, 
 Each vein and artery be drained. 
 But here to help would be a sin ! 
 Lo, God will lift you from the mire ; 
 I A living folk, — though sparse and weak, — 
 I Sucks from afaictipn food and strength ; 
 The drooping sight gets falcon flight 
 And gazes far, beholding beauty ; 
 Weak wills are braced in opposition, 
 And back of strife see vict'ry sure. 
 If want begets not noble conduct. 
 The herd is base, not worth the saving ! " 
 
 These words are scarcely uttered, when, as the storm is break- 
 ing upon the fjord, a woman with bewildered air and torn dress 
 hurries down over the slopes, crying for help. She lives across 
 the fjord ; her husbaud crazed by want has killed one of their 
 three children and then laid violent hand upon himself ; she is 
 seeking a priest : 
 
 " Come save his soul despite the storm 1 
 He cannot live, he dares not die ; 
 Within his arms the child's corpse holding. 
 He's calling on the Evil One ! " 
 
 The magistrate declares that the man does not belong to his 
 district ; Einar and all the men present refuse to stir in response 
 to Brand's appeal for one to aid him : 
 
 " Your God would help none over fjord, 
 But know that mine will be on board. 
 
 One man 's enough, 
 
 To help with fore-sail and with scoop I 
 Come, one of you that lately gave I 
 Give, e'en to death, give, to the grave ! " 
 
1890.] Henrih Ilsen's Brand. 347 
 
 ETen tlie stricken wife and mother will not risk her Mfe ; only 
 Agnes is brave. She renounces Einar because of his cowardice 
 and turns to Brand, saying that she will go in the boat. The 
 people watch them as they cross in safety, and also see and hear 
 Gerd standing above, laughing and shouting, horn-blowing and 
 stone-throwing. "When now many agree to a man's suggestion 
 that Brand would be the right pastor for them, the magistrate 
 gathering up his books and papers, closes the scene thus : 
 
 " At any rate it's not good form 
 To meddle with another's calling, 
 And interfere and risk one's life, 
 Unless the reasons be most cogent. — 
 I also do nay duty ever, — 
 But always keep within my district." 
 
 "With the change of scene we are iq front of the house to 
 which Brand was summoned. It is late in the same day, and 
 the fjord now lies bright and smooth. Agnes is sitting near the 
 water ; after a little, Brand comes out of the door : 
 
 " That was death. Away it washed 
 Every stain of fear and horror ; 
 Now with features large and calm, 
 Cheerful and at ease he lies. 
 Can deluding, vain deceit 
 Make of night a day so bright ? 
 Of his wild and hellish guilt 
 But the outward shell he saw, — 
 That which can be named with hps, — 
 That which can be grasped with hands, — 
 And disgrace upon him brands, — 
 What he wrought upon the babe. 
 Violence done to the dead. 
 But the two who sat in fright. 
 Staring with wide-open eyes. 
 Still, like birds together flown. 
 Crowded in the chimney-corner, — 
 They, who only looked and looked, 
 Knowing not themselves whereat, — 
 They, whose souls received a mark. 
 Which they cannot scour away 
 In the wear and wash of time. 
 E'en when bent and old and gray, — 
 They, whose stream of life shall rise 
 Here in this remembrance foul, — » 
 They, who now shall grow in light 
 
348 Uenrik IhserCs Brand. [Oct., 
 
 Of his dreadful work of night, — 
 They, who ne'er on pyre of thought 
 Can burn clean this putrid mem'ry, — 
 Them he could not recognize 
 As the two who have in hand 
 Accusation and arraignment. — 
 And from these will generation 
 After generation spring, 
 Going forth to sin and evil ? 
 Wherefore ? Grim th' abyss's answer : 
 Of their father they were sons 1 
 What shall be struck out in silence ? 
 What adjusted with indulgence ? 
 When must we begin to face 
 Stern accountability 
 For our heirship to the race ? 
 What a judgment-day and judge 
 When that solemn hearing comes ! 
 Who shall test and who shall witness. 
 Where they all delinquents are ? 
 Who dare then produce attesting 
 Documents, transferred and soiled ? 
 Will this answer be accepted : 
 From my father came the guilt ? 
 Riddle vague and deep of night. 
 None has power thee to solve. 
 But the thoughtless, senseless crowd 
 Dance along th' abyss's edge ; — 
 Bach soul ought to shriek and quake, — 
 But not one among a thousand 
 Sees the mountain-guilt that rises 
 From that little word : to live." 
 
 Now appears a deputation from Brand's native parisli across 
 the fjord. They bring to the stricken family what help they 
 can, as to which Brand says : 
 
 " If all you gave excepting life, 
 Then know that you have given nought ! " 
 
 JBnt their errand proper is to invite Brand to be their pastor : 
 
 " Before now many told 
 And showed us where the way might lie ; 
 The way they pointed out, you we,nt. 
 
 W qfi W W ^ "iC 
 
 (Brand :) Ask what you will, but never this 1 
 On me is laid a greater duty. 
 I need the mighty stir of life, 
 I need the world's wide-open ear. 
 
1890.] Hmrik Ibsen's Brand. 349 
 
 What can I here ? Shut in by mountains, 
 The voice of man is void of power. 
 (Spokesman :) Where mountains answer, there sounds long 
 The word that's spoken full and strong," 
 
 and soon he turns upon Brand the latter's own words : 
 
 " If all you gave excepting life, 
 
 Then know that you have given nought. 
 (Brand :) One thing is owned, we cannot give ; 
 
 That one thing is our inner self. 
 
 We may not fetter, may not bind, 
 
 We may not stay our mission's river ; — 
 
 It must flow on, the ocean find. 
 (Spokesman :) In bog and tarn though lost it be. 
 
 As dew it gains at last the sea. 
 (Brand :) (looking sharply at him :) 
 
 Who put such words upon your Ups ? 
 (Spokesman :) You gave me them by your great deed. 
 
 But Brand cannot yet accept this call and the men silently 
 leave. He turns to Agnes, who, describing to him the vision 
 into which her reveries have formed themselves, points him to 
 the world of the individual human breast. Then Brand : 
 
 " Each man's heart must be the globe 
 New-made, ripe for life of God ; 
 Here the vulture shall be slain. 
 Vulture that devours the will, 
 Here be born the newer Adam. 
 Let the world then go its way, 
 Under thraldom or with singing ; — 
 But if it would crush my work. 
 Meeting me with enmity. 
 Then, by heaven, I will strike I 
 Room on aU the curving earth 
 To be thoroughly one's self, — 
 This is lawful right for man. 
 And none other do I crave I — 
 
 (He is silent a while, in thougfht.) 
 Thoroughly one's self ? One's self ? 
 But the weigh t of heritage 
 And of debt the race has left us ? 
 
 (Starting and looking forward.) 
 Who is she that scrambles, earth-bent. 
 Crooked, up along the hill, 
 Weak, with neck far forward drawn ? 
 Now she stops and rests, to breathe, 
 
350 Henrik Ihsen^s Brand. [Oct., 
 
 Seeks support to keep from falling, 
 Reaches with her long, lean fingers 
 Swiftly to her pockets' depths, 
 Dragging treasure, it would seem. 
 Round the withered skeleton 
 Flaps the dress like folded wings ; — 
 Nippers-like her hands are curved ; 
 
 ^ « 4: 4: * 
 
 (With sudden fear.) 
 Ice-cold memories of childhood, 
 Ice-cold gusts from home and fjord. 
 Sprinkle frost about this woman, 
 
 Sprinkle worse frost on my heart ! 
 
 God of mercy ! 'T is my mother !" 
 
 Brand's motlier indeed, come to beg him be careful of his 
 life ! He is her only child and shall be her heir if he will but 
 preserve his life, perpetuate the family and increase the for- 
 tune she will leave to him. But the son asks what she would 
 do if he were minded to scatter it all to the four winds, and 
 recalls one of those " ice-cold memories of childhood"; 
 
 " One autumn evening, father dead, 
 And you lay ill. I stole in there. 
 Where he Jay pale, by candle-light. 
 I stood and stared forth from a comer. 
 And saw he held a book of psalms ; 
 Amid the scent of airing Unen, 
 I marvelled most at his deep sleep, 
 And how his wrist could be so slender ; — 
 Then steps I heard out in the hall ; — 
 In came a woman, saw me not ; — 
 She took her way straight to the bed. 
 There she began to search and snatch ; 
 She lifted first the dead ruan's head, 
 Drew out one package, others too, — 
 She counted, whispered : ' More, yet more !' 
 A parcel, corded well and knotted, 
 She dug up from a pillow's depths ; 
 She tore, she cut with angry hands. 
 She bit it open with her teeth. 
 * She dug again. She hit on others. 
 
 She counted, whispered : ' More, yet more 1' 
 
 She wept, she prayed, she wailed, she swore ; 
 
 The scent of hidden things she had, — 
 
 And if she found, — with joyous fear 
 
 She fell like falcon on her prey. 
 
 At last each nook and cranny emptied, 
 
1890.] Henrik IhserHs Bra/nd. 351 
 
 She left the room, like one condemned ; 
 
 She wrapped her findings in a rag, 
 
 And softly groaned : ' So, that was all I' 
 (Mother :) My claim was great, my find was small ; 
 
 And it was more than dearly paid for. 
 (Brand :) And dearer still the cost became ; 
 
 It stole from you my filial love." 
 
 The mother recalls her early life ; that at the bidding of her 
 father she had cast off a poor cottager's son, thus quenching all 
 love within herself, and had married a man much older and 
 much richer. Disappointment and miserliness have been her 
 lot ; not until long after her husband's death did she succeed 
 in accumulating the amount she had set her heart on. She 
 again urges Brand to take the inheritance, when it shall be his. 
 Brand asks whether he shall take her debt also, and to his 
 mother's reply that there is no debt, and if there were any, no 
 law to impose it upon him, he rejoins : 
 
 "Not one 
 
 That's written down with pen and ink ; 
 
 But on the mind of honest sons 
 
 There stands engraved another law, — 
 
 And this law shall be satisfied. 
 
 Oh blinded one, learn now to see ! 
 
 You've lessened God's estate on earth ; ' 
 
 Your loan of soul you've wasted, lost ; ^ 
 
 That image in which you were bom, 
 
 With mould of mire you've covered o'er ; 
 
 The spirit able once to soar, 
 
 You've clipped its wings, in dust held down. 
 
 Your debt is this. Where will you turn, 
 
 When comes our Lord to ask His own ? 
 (Mother :) Where will I turn ? Where turn ? 
 (Brand :) Fear not ! 
 
 Your son assumes your debt entire. 
 
 God's image, stained and soiled by you. 
 
 Shall be set up will-washed in me ! 
 
 Meet death with confidence and hope. 
 
 In bonds of debt you shall not sleep ; 
 
 I'll clear the debt. 
 (Mother :) Both debt and guilt ? 
 
 (Brand :) Your debt. Nought else ; mark well my words. 
 
 Your debt of soul your son shall clear ; 
 
 Yourself must answer for your sin. 
 
 That sum of soul that went to waste. 
 
 Consumed by you, a slave of earth, 
 
352 Hennh Ibsen's Brand. [Oct., 
 
 Can to the last remaining doit 
 Be paid by effort of another. 
 But that it went to waste, is guilt ; 
 For guilt is penitence — or death I" 
 
 , ' So Brand demands that his mother shall renounce all her pos- 
 '''i sessions and go naked to the grave, as a condition of his coming 
 to her in her last hour. She cannot promise now, but depart- 
 ing asks him to remain near by, so that she may summon him if 
 f\ she will. 
 
 Brand, turning to Agnes, announces his purpose to settle in 
 his native parish as pastor, and in his thoughts calls to his 
 people : 
 
 " Come, ye men, who wander dully 
 In my native, narrow valleys — 
 Soul to soul and face to face, 
 We will try our cleansing task, 
 Halfness felling, lies confounding, 
 And the will's young lion waking ! 
 Hand on pickaxe, or on sword 
 Honors equally a man ; 
 One our aim is, — to cecome 
 Tablets on which God can write." 
 
 As Brand ends these stirring words, Einar comes, hoping to 
 win Agnes again, but in vain, for she cannot and will not leave 
 Brand. This choice of hers is the conclusion of the second act. 
 
 (Agnes :) Not from teacher, friend and brother. 
 (Brand :) Frail young woman, have a care. 
 
 Mountain-pressed on every side. 
 
 Shadowed o'er by cliff and peak. 
 
 Locked within the gorge's night. 
 
 Shall my life from henceforth run. 
 
 Like an evening with no sun. 
 (Agnes :) Darkness frightens mo no longer ; 
 
 Clouds are pierced by starlight stronger. 
 (Brand :) Know that I am strict in claiming, 
 
 All or nothing I demand ; 
 
 Better sink your life in ocean, 
 
 Than turn back when on the way. 
 
 Haggling-margin none thei'e'U be, 
 
 No indulgence for your fault ; 
 
 If your life suffices not, 
 
 Willing you must then meet death ! 
 (Einar :) Flee, oh flee this trifling wild 1 
 
 Leave this law-beclouded man : 
 
1890.] Henrih Ilsen's Brand. 353 
 
 Live that life you know you can ! 
 (Brand :) Choose ; — you stand where part the ways. 
 
 (He goes.) 
 (Einar :) Choose between the storm and calm 1 
 Choosing now to go or stay 
 Choosing is of joy or sorrow, 
 Choosing is of night or morning, 
 Choosing is of death or life 1 
 (Agnes (rises and says slowly :) 
 
 Into night ; but then through death, — 
 Morning will dawn red beyond." 
 
 Ste follows in Brand's steps. Einar looks after lier a moment 
 dejected, and then with bowed head goes out toward the fjord. 
 The interval between the second and third acts carries ns 
 forward three years to the parsonage and its small, stone-fenced 
 garden, opposite which rises a high wall of rock, while in the 
 background the fjord lies narrow, shut in. Agnes has become 
 Brand's wife and here they live with their little son Alf. It is 
 afternoon and upon the steps leading from the door into the 
 garden. Brand stands above and Agnes is seated below. . Brand 
 is restlessly looking over the fjord awaiting a message from his 
 dying mother. Agnes urges him to go unsummoned, and at his 
 refusal chides him for being so hard, although not towards her- 
 = self. Their conversation shows that Brand has been successful 
 as pastor, that Agnes rejoices in her lot, and yet that both 
 cherish a secret fear of losing Alf because of the trying loca- 
 tion of their home. Brand has learned something of love from 
 Agnes and Alf, and attributes to this his success. But Agnes 
 says to him : 
 
 " And yet your love is stern and hard ; 
 
 Whom you would fain caress, you smite. 
 (Brand :) You, Agnes ? 
 (Agnes :) Me ? Oh no, you dear one ; 
 
 'Twas light, what you have bid me bear ; — 
 
 But many a soul has turned away 
 
 At your demand of all or nothing ! 
 (Brand :) The thing tjiejwoi'ldjias^named^asiove, 
 
 I do not will and do not know. 
 
 What God's love is^I apprehend. 
 
 And that is neither weak nor mild ; 
 
 But hard e'en unto dreadful death. 
 
 It deals, caressing, oft a blow. 
 
 What answered God on Olivet, 
 
354 Sem'ik Ihs&rHs Brrnid. [Oct., 
 
 Where lay His Son in woe and sweat 
 And prayed the cup might from him go f 
 Did He withdraw the cup of pain ? 
 Oh no ! Its dregs He made Him drain. 
 (Agnes :) If this the standard be of worth, 
 
 Condemned is every soul on earth. 
 (Brand :) None knows, on whom the judgment falls ; 
 But in eternal letters flames : 
 ' Be faithful to the end of strife, 
 No haggling wins the crown of life !' 
 The sweat of fear is not enough ; 
 You must go through the torture-fire. 
 ,'l The cajnioi you will be forgiven, — 
 / But never that you do not will.'" 
 
 And again : 
 
 See how upon the whole herd lies 
 
 The claim : no coward compromise ! 
 
 A man is judged in all bis work. 
 
 If half he do and half he shirk. 
 
 This precept shall as law be heard, 
 
 Enforced by life if not by word. 
 (Agnes :) (throwing herseli upon bis neck :) 
 
 Where'er you go, with you I'll keep I 
 (Brand :) For two no cliff can be too steep. 
 
 This scene between Brand and Agnes is interrupted by the 
 passage of tbe doctor, who is answering a call to Brand's 
 mother. He shows how sound reason views the question of 
 duty. He reproaches both Brand and Agnes for persisting in 
 living where they do, compassionates Agnes, and chides Brand 
 for his refusal to go to his mother, to which Brand proudly 
 replies : 
 
 "As son and heir, on me I took 
 
 All debts against her in the book. 
 (Doctor :) Clear first your own 1 
 (Brand :) If one atone. 
 
 For others God the deed will own. 
 (Doctor :) No beggar can atone, who lies 
 
 In debt up to his very eyes. 
 (Brand :) If rich or beggar, full I will, — 
 
 And this one thing all claims can fill 1 
 (Doctor :) Of human will the quantum satis 
 
 Stands entered as your wealth's whole store ; — 
 
 But, priest, your conto caritatis 
 
 Shows none but blank leaves heretofore 1 
 
 (He goes.) 
 
1890.] 
 
 Henrih Ihsen's Bromd. 
 
 355 
 
 (Braud :) There's not a word men so defame 
 
 With falsehood, as they do love's name ; — 
 ^ It's spread with Satan's art, a veil. 
 
 To hide the lack when will doth fail ; 
 
 Of it a cover fair men frame 
 
 To deck their life's light toying play. 
 
 If slipp'ry, strait the upward way, 
 
 Abridge it then in love one may ; 
 
 Who goes upon sin's downward slope. 
 
 In love they say he still has hope ; 
 
 Who never strove the goal t'attain, 
 
 In love they say the prize can gain ; 
 
 If one goes wrong, though right he knows, 
 
 A safe retreat will love disclose ! 
 (Agnes :) Yes, it is false ; yet^ while I know, 
 
 I often question : is it so ? 
 (Brand :) One thing'* left out ; the justice-thirst 
 
 Of law the will must slake. This first. 
 
 You must first will, and not alone 
 
 That which as feasible is shown, 
 
 Not merely where the deed contains 
 
 A deal of drudgery and .pains, — 
 
 No, will you must, both glad and strong. 
 
 Through horrors all that round you throng. 
 
 This is not piartyrdom, to die 
 
 In woe, on cross uplifted high ; 
 
 But this : to will on cross to bleed. 
 
 To will ainld our flesh's need, 
 
 To will amid our spirit's fear ; 
 
 This only brings salvation near. 
 
 CAgnes cliQgs closely to him.) 
 
 When will prevails in such a strife. 
 
 Then comes the'proper time for love, 
 
 It floats, a white descending dove, 
 
 And brings the olive branch of life ; 
 
 But towards this race, in slothful state. 
 
 The best love one can have, is hate ! 
 
 (in horror.) 
 
 Hate ! hate I A simple word and slight, — 
 
 To will, is .'gainst the world to fight." 
 
 Brand goes hurriedly into the house where Agnes sees him 
 kneel by Alf s bed and weep. "With her feminine insight 
 into his soul, she indicates to us that Brand's present standpoint . 
 is but one of transition to full truth : 
 
 " Oh, what a wealth of love there lies 
 Within the soul of this strong man I 
 He dares love Alf, because not yet 
 Has sin, that serpent, bitten him." 
 
/ 
 
 356 Hemrih Ihsen's Brcund. [Oct., 
 
 Brand has found Alf in a high fever, and double anxiety 
 fills him for his mother and his son. There comes a man with 
 summons from his mother, who offers half her possessions if. 
 her pastor-son will come and administer the sacrament. Brand 
 refuses, and the messenger leaves him, saying : 
 
 " Your answer's scourge I shall let fall 
 As lightly, gently as I can. 
 For her this conaf ort still remains : 
 Not full so hai-d is God as you." 
 
 He has hardly turned away after these words when he meets 
 another messenger with whom he comes back. Now the 
 mother offers nine-tenths of what she owns, but uselessly, for 
 Brand dismisses the two men with the demand of all or noth- 
 
 " Cleared table for the mercy-feast." 
 
 Again Agnes fears that Brand is too hard, and we even seem 
 to see the beginning of a wavering, in Brand's words : 
 
 ' ' Yet when before a soul alone 
 I stand and summon it to rise, 
 I seem to swim storm-tossed at sea 
 And cling to some frail bit of wreck. 
 With tears of torment oft I bite 
 The tongue I use in chastisement, 
 And while I lift my arm to smite, 
 I thirst and yearn for love's embrace. — 
 Go, Agnes, look to him who sleeps ; 
 And sing him into brightest dreams ; 
 A child-soul clear and gentle is 
 As mountain-lake in summer-sunlight ; 
 A mother hovers over it 
 As does the bird so fairly mirrored 
 In deepest depth on noiseless wing." 
 
 As Agnes now goes into the house, she asks Brand to give 
 her a helpful thought. 
 
 (Brand :) (embracing her :) 
 
 "Whoever has no guilt shall live.'' 
 (Agnes :) (looking up brightly :) 
 
 , " One thing we own God dare not claim,'' 
 
 (She goes Into the house.) 
 
 Brand's meditation on Agnes' words, mingled with anxious 
 thought of his mother, is interrupted by the coming of the 
 
1890.] Hemil Ilsen's Bromd. 35T 
 
 district-magistrate, who- distributed food at the opening of tlie 
 
 second act : 
 
 " The district-magistrate, 
 ' Good-natured, dapper, brisk and round. 
 
 With hands in both his pockets stuck, 
 And arms like parenthetic curves." 
 
 He is a representative of materia] selfishness, drawn to Brand 
 by the Tatter's prospective riches, but fearing him as ^danger- 
 ous rival for popular favor, and so he advises that soon it will 
 Tfe'Best for all concerned if Brand shall seek a larger field of 
 usefulness. Here he is in place as little as a woK among a 
 flock of geese. People in these poor valleys are weak and 
 narrow with no thought of what lies beyond their rock-walls. 
 Once their ancestors took part in the great movements of the 
 world, in King Bele's reign, when as vikings they plundered 
 England and the lands to the south, and then waged glorious 
 civil war at home. Even now King Bele's memory is not 
 dead, and he and his grand times are often celebrated enthusi- 
 astically over punch between seven and ten o'clock of an 
 evening. Continuing, the magistrate says : 
 
 " 'Twixt us and you this difference holds, 
 
 That you with strong, defiant ■will, / 
 
 Desire to plough and fight at once. 1 
 
 It seems to me your meaning is : ; 
 
 To blend our life and its idea, — 
 
 God's war with tilling of potatoes 
 
 In oneness finally presented. 
 
 So intimate as when saltpeter 
 
 And coal and sulphur turn to powder. 
 (Brand :) That's it. < 
 
 (Magistrate :) Impracticable here, 
 
 Though elsewhere, may be, feasible ; — 
 
 Go thither with your high demands. 
 
 And let us plow our raoor and sea. 
 (Brand :) Plow first then into deepest ocean 
 
 Your boasting of ancestral glory ; 
 
 No dwarf grows man-tall, though he have 
 
 Goliath for his great-grandsire. 
 
 But the magistrate's first word remains his last, and when 
 Brand declares war on him and all his temporiziug methods, 
 he asserts that Brand will be the first to fall. 
 
 (Magistrate :) " Brand, hopeless he who fights alone. 
 (Brand :) My force is strong ; I have the best. 
 (Magistrate :) That's possible ;— but I have most." 
 
358 Menrik Ihsen's Brand. [Oct., 
 
 In upon Brand's reflections the doctor soon breaks, to tell 
 Mm that his mother has died, having held fast her possessions 
 to the end. The doctor endeavors both to comfort and correct 
 Brand. 
 
 (Doctor :) " A wholly by-goiie age you wish 
 In everything to reconstruct. 
 You think that law and covenant 
 Are still in force for God and men ; — 
 But generations change, and ways ; 
 No ilaming bush can frighten ours, 
 Nor old wives' talk of theft of soul ; — 
 Its chief commandment : be humane I 
 (Brand :) (looking up :) Humane ! Yes, this unnerving thought 
 Is watchword over all the earth. 
 With this each bungler covers up 
 That ne'er a d^ed he dares nor wills ; 
 With this each puny man conceals 
 That he will never risk his all ; 
 'Neath this is broken easily 
 Each wretch's vow that's basely rued ; — 
 ********* 
 
 Was God humane towards Jesus Christ ? 
 If your God then had had His way, 
 ' He'd cried for mercy 'neath the cross, — 
 ' Atonement then had simply been 
 A diplomatic note from heaven." 
 
 But now Brand must himself face his law of all or nothing. 
 Agnes calls the doctor into the house. On coming out, he 
 tells Brand that Alf must die if they remain here. Brand's 
 father-love wells up within him and at first carries away his 
 will. He desires to start at once. With tenderness the doctor 
 recalls to him the unyielding standard he has set up for others, 
 only now to overthrow it for himself. As the doctor departs, 
 Agnes comes out of the door, with her cloak on and the child 
 in her arms ready to set out. Brand does not see her. She is 
 about to speak, but is struck mute with horror, when she 
 notices the expression on his face. In the same moment a 
 man comes hurriedly through the garden-gate. The sun is 
 setting. 
 
 This man warns Brand against the district-magistrate, who is 
 spreading the report that Brand will leave his parish ; he can- 
 not believe it and his last words are : 
 
1890.] Hewrih Ihsen^s Brcmd. 359 
 
 " For here I stand a single man 
 And say : depart, in case yon can 1 
 I have a soul as much as any ; 
 The Book alone no help affords ; 
 It's you who drew me from the depths, — 
 Try if you now dare slip your hold ! 
 You cannot do it ; I hold fast ; 
 My soul is lost if breaks that hold I — 
 But confident I wait to hear : 
 My pastor quits not God and me.'' 
 
 As A^es now tells Brand that she is ready for what a 
 mother must and will do,. Gerd runs along the road and stops 
 at the gate. In her wild imaginings she exults that after 
 Brand's going, all the evil which he has repressed, will break 
 out again, and the Devil with his troll-servants will rule un- 
 checked. Brand believes her sent of God to show him that 
 his duty as pastor is the older and must displace his duty as 
 father. He will remain. Agnes obeys, bidding him go the 
 way God shows to him. As the act closes, Agnes lifts Alf 
 aloft, and says : 
 
 " That offer, God, Thou dar'st demand, 
 I dare lift up and raise to heaven I 
 Life's horror Thou must lead me through 1" 
 
 (She goes Into the house.) 
 
 Brand looks fixedly into space, breaks into weeping, clasps his 
 hands over his head and siaks upon the steps, crying : 
 " Oh Jesus, Jesus, give me light 1" 
 The fourth act shows us the parsonage on Christmas Eve. 
 There is no light in the room, and Agnes in mourning is sit- 
 ting by the window and gazing into the darkness without, 
 trying through the falling snow to see the churchyard where 
 lies little Alf. Brand enters and conversing with Agnes, lays 
 off his wet outer garments. Agnes welcomes him with all the 
 intensity of- two days' lonely waiting and brooding over her 
 loss. She shrinks from mention of the churchyard, but Brand 
 believing that only heroic treatment can cure her, repeats the 
 word again and again, although it makes his own brow moist 
 with sweat and fills his own eyes with tears. He urges her to 
 be strong, that they may stand together and with united 
 powers advance step by step. Agnes grants that it is easy to 
 stand in the midst of the storm, and to liv6 the life of active 
 confiict, but she says : 
 
360 Servrik Ilsen^a Brand. [Oct., 
 
 " Think of me, to whom belongs 
 
 But a little narrow work ; 
 
 Think of me ; I sit at home, 
 
 Am unable to forget, 
 
 And I do not dare remember I 
 (Brand:) Have you but a little work ? 
 
 Never was it great as now. 
 
 Hear, and I will tell you something 
 
 That has come to me in sorrow. 
 
 Misty often grows my eye, 
 
 Mind and heart grow humble, tender; 
 
 Then I feel, there might be joy 
 
 In ability to weep. 
 
 Agnes, — think, then I see God 
 
 Near as ne'er before I saw Him, — 
 
 Oh, so near it surely seems 
 
 Easy must it be to reach Him. 
 
 Pantingly I long to throw me 
 
 On His breast, a new-found son. 
 
 And to feel the pressure firm 
 
 Of His warm, strong father-arm. 
 (Agnes:) Brand — Oh see Him ever so, — 
 
 As the God you can reach unto, — V. 
 
 Mpre a.ia,ther,Jess a sovereignl 
 (Brand:) Agnes, — block the way I dare not 
 
 For His own advancing work; 
 
 I must see Him great and strong; 
 
 Heaven-great the age demands. 
 
 Just because itself is little." 
 
 Continuing, Brand bids her see God as a kind father and bring 
 to himself in his striving and suffering, the cheer and refresh- 
 ment of God's love. But Agnes answers : 
 
 " Every work, if close we scan it, 
 Is too heavy for my strength; 
 All the branches of my thinking 
 In the one are twined together. 
 All is poem-like, uni-eal. 
 Let me weep now, let me mourn. 
 Help me thus account to render 
 Of myself and of my duty. — 
 Brand, last night while you were gone. 
 In my room he came to me; 
 Health-adorned I saw his cheeks; 
 In his little shirt dressed thinly, 
 Stumbling on with childish step 
 Forward to my bed he came, 
 Stretching forth his arms to me. 
 
1890.] Henrik lisen's Bramd. 361 
 
 Smiling, calling for his mother, — 
 
 But as if he asked for warmth! 
 
 Yes, I saw itl Oh, I shuddered!— 
 (Brand:) Agnes! 
 (Agnes:) Yes, the child was cold I 
 
 Oh, he must be so out there 
 
 On that cushion cold of shavings! 
 (Brand:) 'Neath the snow lies but the corpse; 
 
 Borne to heaven is the child. 
 (Agnes:) (shrinking from him ;) 
 
 Oh, why tear my wound asunder 
 
 Midway in my woe and terror! 
 
 That which harshly you term corpse, 
 
 Must for me yet be the child. 
 
 ***** 
 
 Alf who sleeps beneath the snow, 
 Is my Alf up yonder too. 
 (Brand:) Many a wound must open bleeding 
 To restore you from your sickness." 
 
 Agnes implores Brand to be patient, mild and gentle, and to 
 strengthen her, adding : 
 
 " God, as you have made me know Him, 
 is a king within his castle ; — 
 How dare I appear before Him 
 With my little mother-sorrow ?" 
 
 While she would by no means turn back to her old- life, 
 Agnes finds everything about her too large, — except the 
 church. This chance thought of Agnes has for Brand all the 
 force of an intuition, and since he has heard the same thing 
 from many in the parish, he resolves to build a new, large 
 church. When Agnes leaves the room, to prepare the Christ- 
 mas candles and decorations, that all may be bright and 
 cheerful in appearance as it was the year before, and God 
 may see here a chastised daughter and son with humbled 
 minds, these words are exchanged : 
 
 (Brand :) (embracing her :) 
 
 " Your work is, to give forth light ! 
 (Agnes:) (smiling sadly:) 
 
 Yours, to build your new church large ; — 
 Oh, but finish it ere spring !" 
 
 (She goes.) 
 
 Brand's prayer that God wiU strengthen Agnes and place 
 her burden upon him, is interrupted by knocking on the door 
 VOL. XVII. 34 
 
362 Jlenrih Ihsen's Brand. [Octi, 
 
 and tlie entrance of the magistrate. He has come to confess 
 himself beaten, not because Brand is right, but. because he now 
 has the most on his side. The magistrate is always with the 
 majority, a typical representative of indifferentism ;^ when the 
 majority call white black, he cries " gray ; " he has good plans 
 for making roads, draining swamps and introducing this and 
 that branch of industry, so that he may maintain his influence 
 and position, but has little care for 'the moral welfare of his 
 district. His aims have united the good of the people as he 
 conceives it, with provision for his own numerous family of 
 daughters. Now poverty seems to him the great evil of his 
 district, and for its abolition he proposes a plan, in which he 
 and Brand may, he hopes, sink all their differences : 
 
 " A deep-felt want shall be supplied 
 By building for the district's good 
 What we may call a poverty -pesthouse; 
 Yes, pesthouse I would term it, since 
 From guilt's contagion it shall free. 
 And then this building I have thought 
 United fitly with a prison, 
 So that effect with cause be shut 
 Behind the selfsame bar and lock, 
 With but a wall 'twixt stall and stall. 
 And since I am well underway, 
 It is my mind to build a wing. 
 So that one roof may cover all. 
 To use for parties and elections, 
 For festivals and graver things, 
 With speaker's desk and room for guests, — 
 In short, a neat political hall." 
 
 Brand suggests with irony that a madhouse might be added, 
 and rejects the proposal because he intends himself to employ 
 ^ his inheritance from his mother in replacing the small old 
 j church with one new and large. At first the magistrate will 
 not hear of the removal of the old building with its ancient 
 memories, but finally comes round to the proposition that he 
 and Brand together shall build the new edifice. He cannot 
 stop now to discuss the details, for he must attend to a band 
 of gypsies recently come into his district, all but two or three 
 of whom have been caught. But as he makes ready to go, he 
 recalls how Brand is in a way connected with the gypsies. The 
 poor cottager's son whom Brand's mother had cast off, had 
 
1890.] Remrih Ihsen's Brand. 363 
 
 fled half-meane to a gypsy-band, taken to himself one of the 
 women and so become the father of a half -crazy, half -gypsy 
 girl — Gi-erd. After the magistrate has gone, we hear Brand's 
 thoughts : 
 
 " Oh, endless wroBg I must atone (or, — 
 The thousand motley threads of "fate 
 In such confusion are entangled, — 
 Guilt's fruit lies mingled so with guilt, 
 The one infecting stUl the o);her, 
 That he who looks within, sees right 
 And grossest wrong becoming one. 
 
 (He goes to the window and looks out long.) 
 My little child, a guiltless lamb. 
 Was slain for what my mother did ; 
 A soul deranged brought word from Him 
 Who thrones- above the crests of clouds, 
 And bade me cast the die of choice ; 
 This soul deranged had come to life, 
 Because my mother's soul went wrong. 
 The Lord thus uses fruit of guilt 
 As food for even-balanced justice ; 
 Upon each later generation 
 He thus hurls down his visitation. 
 
 (withdrawing in terror from the window.) 
 The God of law jules o'er the race ! 
 The oBject sought is even balance. 
 Self-sacrifice alone contains 
 The power which can lift us higher ; 
 But that word men drive out by lies ; 
 They shrink in fear from what they know. 
 
 1 (walking long up and down.) 
 
 To pray? To pray? A word indeed 
 That by the lip righf smoothly passes, — 
 Profusely used among all classes. 
 Prayer is for them a random cry 
 For mercy to all riddles' riddle, 
 To beg a place upon Christ's load. 
 With both their hands to point on high — 
 And stand knee-deep in pools of doubt. 
 Oh, if with this the thing were- done, 
 Then I might dare like all the rest 
 To hammer at the door pf Him 
 Who is so ' fearful in His praises '! 
 
 (standing in silent thought.) 
 And yet in days when dread was worst, 
 In that great fearful hour of grief, 
 In which our child his last nap slept. 
 When no kiss from his mother's lips 
 
364 Hemrik Ihsen^s JSrcmd. [Oct., 
 
 Brought back the smile upon his cheek ; — 
 What was it ? Did I not pray then ? 
 Whence came that sweet bewilderment, 
 That flood of song, that melody. 
 Afar off heard and flying past ? — 
 It bore me high and bore me free. 
 I prayed ? And prayer refreshment brought ? 
 Within this house I talked with God ? 
 And did He hear ? And did He look 
 Upon my mourniug and my tears? 
 I know not! All is closed and shut. 
 Again has darkness round me fallen, — 
 And nowhere, nowhere is there light . . . 
 Why, Agnes — in the dark she sees! — 
 
 (He calls in dread.) 
 Light, Agnes — light, if light you have 1 
 (Agnes opens the door and enters with the Christmas candles, whose brightness 
 Alls the room :) 
 
 (Brand :) Light ! 
 
 (Agnes :) Do you see the Christmas candles ? 
 
 (Brand :) (softly :) Ah ! Christmas candles ! 
 (Agnes :) (placing them on the table :) Was I long ? 
 (Brand :) No, no ! 
 
 (Agnes :) How bitter cold it is ; 
 
 You must be freezing — 
 (Brand :) (ynth. emphasis :) No ! 
 
 (Agnes:) (smiling:) How proud I 
 
 You will not light or warmth require. 
 
 (She fixes the Are in the store :) 
 (Brand :) (walking back and forth :) 
 Hm, will not?" 
 
 Agnes begins to decorate the room and places one candle- 
 stick so that its light may shine out through the window to 
 AK . Brand, true to his severe remedy, insists that she shall 
 draw the curtains again. Agnes does so in tears, and soon, 
 while Brand is inflexibly urging his " all or nothing," she says 
 with profound agitation : 
 
 " Now opens, like a yast abyss, 
 
 That Scripture word that ne'er before 
 
 I fully fathomed. 
 (Brand :) What is that ? 
 
 (Agnes :) Whoever sees Jehovah, dies ! 
 (Brand ;) (throwing his arms about her :) 
 
 Oh hide, oh hide I And see Him not 1 
 
 Close tight your eyes, lest 
 
1890.] Henrik Ilsen's Brand. 365 
 
 (Agnes:) ShaUI? 
 
 (Brand :) (releasing her :) No i 
 
 (Agnes :) You suffer, Brand. 
 (Brand :) In love for you. 
 
 (Agnes :) But still your love is hard. 
 (Brand:) Too hard? 
 
 (Agnes :) Ask not ; I follow where you go." 
 
 When Brand leaves the room, Agnes asks if she may not 
 open the cnrtain just a little, but only to hear his " No !" 
 Alone she feels herself bereft of son, of husband, and of God, 
 is tempted to let the hght shine out for Alf , and finds comfort 
 only in the happy^ memories of the year before. She kneels 
 down by a chest of drawers, pulls one out and takes from it 
 various things. In the same moment Brand opens the door to 
 speak to her, but noticing what she is doing, he checks himself. 
 Agnes does not see him, absorbed as she is in thoughts of Alf 
 suggested by the baby-clothes before her. In vain is Brand's 
 outcry : 
 
 " Spare me, Grod ! I cannot break 
 
 This her final idol-altar ; 
 
 Send another, if 'tis right !" 
 
 For, scarcely are the words out of his mouth, when a sharp 
 knock is heard at the entry-door, and as Agnes with a scream 
 turns and sees Brand, the door is thrown open and a woman 
 with torn attire and a child on her arm, comes hastily in, 
 demanding clothes for the little one. She is one of those from 
 the gipsy-band, whom the magistrate is hunting. B^and 
 insists that Agnes shall give her all of Alf's clothes. With the 
 reluctance of a slow death-struggle, Agnes complies, and the 
 woman steps outside to dress her child. ISTot yet, however, 
 has all been given. For Agnes, taking from her bosom a 
 little, folded cap, confesses that she had reserved this one thing. 
 
 (Brand:) "fliscap? 
 
 (Agnes :) Yes, with tears made wet. 
 
 Moistened by his death-sweat cold, — 
 Since, preserved upon my heart ! 
 
 (Brand :) Worship still your idols false." 
 
 And now Agnes yields up this last precious treasure. 
 While Brand is gone to hand the cap to the gipsy woman. 
 
366 Henrih Ihsen^s Brand. [Oct., 
 
 Agnes stands motionless ; gradually the expression in her face 
 changes to that of radiant joy, and when Brand returns, she 
 flies exultant to meet him, and throws herself upon his neck, 
 
 calling : 
 
 " I am free, Brand, I am free ! 
 (Brand :) Agnes ! 
 (Agnes :) Past is now the darkness ! 
 
 All the horrors that have weighed 
 
 Like a nightmare on my breast, 
 
 Lie now hurled to the abyss ! 
 
 Vict'ry comes when strives the will ! 
 
 Swept away is all the fog, 
 
 Flown afar are all the clouds ; 
 
 Through the night and over death 
 
 Gleam of morning's dawn I see ! 
 And again : 
 
 Thank you that my hand you guided, 
 
 Faithfully for me have struggled ; 
 
 Oh, I saw your heart's quick torture. 
 
 You stand now in vale of choice ; 
 
 Now on you the weight must fall 
 
 Of the choice of ' all or nothing ' I 
 (Brand:) Agnes, riddles are your words ; — 
 
 Ended are the pains of conflict ! 
 (Agnes :) Think upon that Scripture word : 
 
 He^ who sees Jehovah, dies ! 
 (Brand:) (shrinking back :) 
 
 Woe is me, what light you kindle !" 
 
 As before when his own law came dimly home to himself, 
 Brand rebels at first, but when Agnes shows him plainly that 
 he need only bring back to her the baby-clothes, to make her 
 as she was before, that if he will and dare do this, she can re- 
 main with him, he yields obedience, saying : 
 
 " I have here no choice to make. 
 (Agnes :) (throwing herself upon his neck :) 
 
 This and all I thank you for ! 
 
 Weary steps you, faithful, guided I 
 
 Miists of heaviness are o'er me, — 
 
 Faithful, you will guard my couch. 
 (Brand :) Sleep 1 Your day's work now is done ! 
 (Agnes :) Done I The night lamp now is lighted ! 
 
 Vict'ry took my store of strength ; 
 
 I am weary, I am faint ; 
 
 Easy though is God to praise ! 
 
 Brand, goodnight ! 
 
1890.] Henrik lisen's Brand. 367 
 
 (Brand :) G-oodnight ! 
 
 (Agnes :) Goodnight I 
 
 Thanking you for all, I'll sleep. 
 
 (She goes.) 
 (Brand :) (pressing his hands to his breast :) 
 
 Soul, be steadfast to the last ! 
 
 Vict'ry means the loss of all. 
 
 AU of loss has made thy gain ; — 
 
 Loss alone is owned forever 1 
 
 Between the fourtli and fifth acts lies a year and a half. 
 The new chiu-ch has been completed, and is seen adorned in 
 the early gray of the morning of its dedication-day. The 
 sexton is hanging up garlands outside the church. To him the 
 schoolmaster comes up, and in a half-ironical scene between 
 them is sketched the situation and the disposition of the people, 
 of whom Brand's uncompromising ideahsm has tended to make 
 empty promisers. They hear some one playing on the organ 
 in the church ; it is Brand, who the sexton says, has not slept 
 that night, and ever since his wife's death has seemed to be 
 conBumed by secret grief. Every tone is as if he were weep- 
 ing for wife and child, as if they were talking together, one 
 comforting, the other suffering. As the sexton and the school- 
 master withdraw, the organ peals forth suddenly into a pierc- 
 ing final discord, and soon after Brand appears. His soliloquy 
 is full of discord and doubt ; the church is not large as he had 
 wished, its walls and vaulted ceiling shut in close-pressing 
 about the organ's tones, like the coffin and the lid about the 
 corpse ; God seems in anger to reject his prayer ; and as he 
 notices the festal preparations, he concludes, Just before the 
 magistrate enters, with these words : 
 
 "God, give light, — if not, then hurl me 
 Under ground a thousand fathoms ! 
 In an hour the celebration ; 
 All think only of the pastor ; 
 He is named by every lip 1 
 All their thoughts I apprehend, 
 AU their words, I feel them bum ; 
 Laud and praise are borne bewitched 
 Like an ice-stream through my hair ! 
 Could I only, could I only 
 Cast forgetfulness around me, 
 Hide me in a wild beast's den I" 
 
368 HenriTc Ihsevus Brcmd. [Oct., 
 
 The magistrate, in full uniform and with beaming counte- 
 nance arrives now, to congratulate Brand on the completion of 
 this great church with its noble style, magnificent proportions, 
 and wonderful resonance, and to announce to him besides the 
 gift of a silver memorial cup from the district-board, that he is 
 to be decorated with the cross of some high order. The two 
 men are fully characterized by the following speeches. When 
 Brand utters doubt of the real largeness of the church, the 
 magistrate says : 
 
 "It all depends on what Jolk think. 
 It adds not nor detracts a whit 
 That kennel-small the church may be, 
 If people but unvexed believe 
 That it is marvellously large." 
 
 And Brand goes from the magistrate with the indignant out- 
 burst : 
 
 " This talk is wholly empty, vain ; — 
 I leave you wise as when I came ; 
 Of what there lay behind my words. 
 No faintest trace you comprehended. 
 I did not mean that largeness, which 
 In feet and inches can be measured. 
 But that which comes in mystic glory 
 By turns to chill and fire the soul, 
 Which beckons on to dream and linger, 
 And lifts one high as starry night, 
 Which, which — go from me ! I am faint ; — 
 Explain, convince, talk to the rest — " 
 
 (He goes up toward the church.) 
 
 To the magistrate departing Brand's utterances seem very 
 confused, while Brand descending again and looking after the 
 other, says : 
 
 " Could I but crush him with my heel ! 
 Each time I try to lift his sight 
 Above low artifice and lie, 
 He belches forth his rotten soul, 
 Ill-mannered, to my very face ! — 
 
 Oh, Agnes, why were you too weak ? 
 I'm weary of this empty game, 
 Where ho one wins, and no one yields — 
 Yes, hopeless he who fights alone 1" 
 
1890.] Renrik Ils&nis Brcmd. 369 
 
 How hopeless, he is to see further from the ensuing conver- 
 sation with his immediate ecclesiastical superior, the provost or 
 dean, one of the characteristic products of a state-church under 
 certain conditions — very little of a_ pastor, very much of an 
 jo^lcial, shallow and selfish, but able to preach and talk with 
 great unction. He comes with worthless congratulations and 
 a grave warning, that Brand must now sink his individuality 
 in his office, or suffer the consequences. His parting words 
 express the essence of his errand and of his character : 
 
 "A man like you must finally 
 A better sphere of action find ; 
 But if you wish to be content 
 In large relations as in small, 
 Put on the age's uniform. 
 The corporal with stick in hand 
 Before his squad must beat the time ; 
 Ideal of leader in our land 
 Is now-a-days the corporal. 
 As into church squad after squad 
 The corporals now lead their men, 
 So into paradise the pastors 
 Must lead their folk by parishes. 
 It's easy all ; as ground for faith 
 You have, of course, authority ; 
 And since on learning this is built, 
 With blindest trust it can be followed ; 
 Then, how the faith shall be presented, 
 The law and ritual make plain. 
 So now, my brother, — don't despair ; 
 But for reflection use the time ; 
 The situation boldly ponder ! — 
 Within the church I wish to try 
 If I can pitch my voice more high ; 
 We are not used to resonance, — 
 It is a rare thing here-abouts. 
 Farewell, farewell ; I mean to preach 
 Upon the schism of human nature 
 And how God's image is efiEaced, — 
 But now it must be time, I think, 
 To take a little food and drink." 
 
 The dean goes, leaving Brand in thought as if petrified,'^but 
 he soon rouses into an outburst of despair, ending thus : 
 
 " Oh, if but one met me in faith— 
 And gave me confidence and peace." 
 
370 Hemrik Ihsen's Brand. [Oct., 
 
 One does come, a pale emaciated figure, dressed in black ; it 
 is Einar, now a hypocritical, canting pietist, with no interest 
 in Brand, Agnes, and the past, except as it all seems to him to 
 have been the Lord's means of making him holy. So in 
 passing on, he says : 
 
 " On me adheres no spot, not one ; 
 
 Well-washed am I in bath of faith ; 
 
 And off is every dirt-splash rubbed 
 
 Upon that washboard, — holiness ; 
 
 My Adam's apron I have made 
 
 With batlet of revival, clean ; 
 
 And surplice-white I now appear,. 
 
 Because I've used that soap-lye, prayer. 
 (Brand :) Fy ! 
 (Einar :) Fy again ! Here sulphur smells, 
 
 And gleams I see of Satan's horns. 
 
 I am a grain of heaven's wheat, — 
 
 You — chaff upon the judgment-scoop." 
 
 As he goes. Brand looks after Einar awhile ; suddenly his 
 eyes brighten and he bursts out : 
 
 " That's the man, whom I have needed ! 
 Now my fetters all are shattered ; 
 My own flag shall wave about me, 
 Even though not one wiU follow !" 
 
 And now when the people, impatient to see Brand, stream 
 in toward the church, throwing the procession into disorder, 
 he speaks to them such words of bitter reproof and of sweet, 
 persuasive invitation, that almost all of them flock about him 
 ready to follow, and then : 
 
 (A thousand voices :} "Light is kindled where was darkness ; — 
 One is : live and worship God ! 
 
 (Brand :)_Far £rom here ! Not here is God, — 
 Cannot be among such folk ; 
 Free and fair his kingdom is. 
 
 CHe looks.the chvu-oh-door and takes the keys.) 
 Here I am no longer pastor. 
 I recall the gift intended ; — 
 None shall from my hand receive 
 For your festival the; keys ! 
 
 (He throws them out into the river.) 
 Thralls of earth, if in you will. 
 Creep in through the cellar's hole ; 
 
1890.] Mervnk Ihsen^s Bramd. 371 
 
 Bend your supple backs, and crawl ; 
 
 Let your sighs in damps and darkness 
 
 Venom-laden graze the earth, — 
 
 Imp_otent, consumptive gasps. 
 (Magistrate :) (aside, relieved :) 
 
 Ha, there ■went his knighthood's order ! 
 (Dean :) (likewise :) Now he never can be bishop ! 
 (Brand :) Come, you young, — you strong ones, come ; 
 
 Breath of Ufe shall from you blow 
 
 All this dismal corner's dust. 
 
 Follow my triumphal march ! 
 
 Sometime surely you 'must waken ; 
 
 Sometime surely be ennobled, 
 
 Bceakipg peace with compromise ; — 
 
 Out of all your paltry needs ; 
 
 Out of all your muddled halfness ; — 
 
 War declare for life or death ! 
 
 O'er the high moor's frozen billows ! 
 Through the country we will journey. 
 Loose all soul-destroying snares, 
 Caught in which our folk are sitting, — 
 Purify the3Da, raise them, free them, — 
 Crtish out all remaining dullness, 
 Will be men and will be priests, 
 Stamp anew God's impress worn, 
 Make the land one vaulted temple ! 
 (The crowd gather about Brand, who is raised up on the shoulders of a few.) 
 (Many voices :) Great the time is ! Visions great 
 Lighten through the brighter days ! " 
 
 The multitude streame up througli the valley ; but few remain 
 behind. After a little the magistrate and the dean follow. 
 
 The next scene is far up on the mountains with rain. 
 Fatigue and hunger, wet and cold are wearing upon the crowd 
 whom we see with Brand, toiling upwards. He can now give 
 them no satisfactory answers to their petulant inquiries about 
 the length of the way, the duration of the struggle and the 
 prize of victory, and so the dean and the magistrate find it 
 very easy to persuade them to return, when the former promr 
 ises forgiveness, and the latter falsely alleges that an enormous 
 school of fish is making into the fjord below. The fickle mul- 
 titude drive Brand with stones into the wilderness and then 
 descend. 
 
372 ^ Herwik Ibsen's Brand. [Oct., 
 
 The rest of the act takes us still farther up on the wide 
 
 mountain wastes. An iacreasing storm is driving the heavy 
 
 clouds over the snow-fields ; black masses and peaks of rock 
 
 are seen at intervals, and then are veiled again by the fog. 
 
 Brand comes bruised and bleeding, and ends thus a long 
 
 soliloquy : 
 
 " Is thatjmagejost, effaced, 
 
 In which soul of man was made? 
 
 Is our origin forgotten ? 
 
 (Listening.) 
 Ha, there's singing mid the storm ! 
 
 (Chorus of the invisible ones :) 
 
 Never like Him thou becomest, — 
 
 For in flesh thou hast been made ; 
 
 Do His work now, or deceive Him 
 
 Equally wilt thou be lost ! 
 
 Worm, thou ne'er becomest like Him, — 
 Death's full beaker thou hast drained ; 
 Follow Him now or deceive Him, 
 Equally thy deed 's condemned ! 
 
 Dreamer, ne'er becom'st thou like Him, 
 Thou hast lost thy heritage ; 
 Eich He grows not by thy off'rings, 
 For thy earth-life thou art made ! " 
 
 "While now these iioods of doubt as to whether his life-motto 
 has not after all been wrong, pour down upon him and his 
 thoughts turn with longing to Agnes and Alf, a bright spot 
 opens in the fog, in which stands, in appearance^ Agnes. This 
 apparition — for Brand the tempter in the wilderness, the spirit 
 of compromise, — endeavors to tempt him to renounce finally 
 bis " all or nothing." He is firm, the apparition suddenly dis- 
 appears in the fog with a piercing cry, as of one in flight, and 
 now Gerd appears with a rifle loaded with a silver ball in 
 order to kill the hawk in which her fancies see the Evil One. 
 She finds Brand lame, bruised, with bleeding temples, and 
 misled by her insane imaginings, she thinks him tO be Christ 
 and so addresses him, ready to fall at his feet and pray. This 
 immediate comparison to the meek and loving Saviour, breaks 
 Brand's obstinate mind and softens his heart. The clouds lift, 
 and finding himself at the entrance to Gerd's Ice Church, he 
 exclaims : 
 
1890.] Henrih Tbsen's Bromd. 373 
 
 " Forth from here a thousand miles ! 
 Oh, how fervent is my longing 
 Now for light and sun and mildness, 
 Peace, with all its churchlike stillness, 
 And the summer-realms of life ! 
 
 (bursting int o tear s.) 
 Jesus, I have called Thy name ; " 
 
 Never hast Thou me embraced ; 
 
 Let me of Thy saving garment, 
 
 Moistened with atoning blood. 
 
 Grasp now but the outmost corner I 
 (Gerd:) »***»» 
 
 Man, why wept you ne'er before? 
 (Brand :) (radiant and as if made young again :) 
 
 Frostway bears through law and further, — 
 
 Then — the summer-sun down-shining ! 
 
 Till to-day was need to be 
 
 Tablet on which God can write ; — 
 
 From to-day my life shall glide 
 
 Like a, poem rich and warm. 
 
 I can weep, the crust is broken, 
 
 I can kneel, — and I can pray." 
 
 Brand now falls upon his knees, and Gerd, moved by his tears 
 and his tone of love, takes courage to slay the Evil One ; she 
 shoots at the hawk. The shot brings the Ice Church with 
 the snow above it down upon them. Brand cries, facing the 
 descending masses : 
 
 " Answer, God, in jaws of death ; — 
 For salvation counts no whit, 
 Of man's will the quMntum satis f 
 
 As the avalanche buries hjm and Gerd, a voice rings out 
 through the thunderous crash.: 
 
 " He is Deus earittitis ! " 
 
 Akthtir H. Palmer. 
 Adelbert College. 
 
374 Thoughts about Frotection and Centralization. [Oct., 
 
 Article IV.— THOUGHTS ABOUT PROTECTION AND 
 CENTRALIZATION. 
 
 The word "protection," as used by publicists now-a-days, 
 means the protection of American manufacturing interests 
 against foreign competition. It does not include the pro- 
 tecting of agricultural interests ; nor the protecting of physical, 
 intellectual, social, or spiritual interests. In the minds of 
 protectionists these latter interests are apparently of insuflS- 
 cient importance to be regarded as factors in the country's 
 welfare. Or it may be that they are not elements in their 
 pohtical economies. An Article in the July number of the 
 " North American Keview," signed Andrew Carnegie, pre- 
 sents the principles, the plans, the expectations, the hopes, and 
 the ultimate possibilities of protection, so clearly, so frankly, 
 and so fully, that all can understand the proposed future, and 
 all can see that the present is the result 'of forces which are 
 working out that future. For thirty years these forces have 
 prevailed. The time must be near at hand when their victory 
 will be complete, or when some majestic popular revolution 
 will destroy them utterly, and overthrow their nearly finished 
 work. The singular frankness of the writer must proceed 
 from conviction ; his boldness of utterance, from consciousness 
 of adequate support. The ultima thule of protection, as he 
 announces and predicts it, he puts into words Gladstone is 
 reported to have used of the United States : "A world, and 
 not a very little world." The condition to which protection is 
 leading this "little world" is commercial isolation; and the 
 writer rejoices that the signs of the times show this isolation 
 to be near at hand. The time is coming, under protection, 
 when importing and exporting will cease ; when home demand 
 and home supply will balance ; when there will be no surplus 
 of produce to export ; no demand for imports either raw or 
 manufactured. How the desired equilibrium is to be pre- 
 served when once reached, the writer does not show ; but he 
 rejoices in its approach, and rejoices with words which are 
 
1890.] Thoughts about Protection and Centralisation. 375 
 
 not only his words, but the words of the class to which he 
 belongs. 
 
 " The control of our own home market," as he puts it, is the 
 complete victory which is about to crown the efforts of pro- 
 tection. 
 
 So far the easy-going American, though in theory he must 
 accept commercial isolation as the logical terminus of protec- 
 tion, has regarded the condition as practically impossible ; or 
 as so very far off that its consideration might well be be- 
 queathed to fixture generations. But if to-day but three per 
 cent, of the products of the United States are exported ; and 
 if the entire foreign commerce of the country is decreasing at 
 the rate of one hundred millions a year; then, if present 
 forces be not arrested, how long will it be before Mr. Carnegie 
 and his fellow protectionists are congratulating themselves on 
 the completed triumph of their pohcy ? Are we not already 
 in the penumbra of commercial eclipse ? Is it not therefore 
 the right and the duty of living citizens to consider what may 
 be some of the effects of commercial isolation on the country ? 
 
 Commercial relations are the basis of all peaceful relations. 
 This has been law since the beginnings of history ; since the 
 Phoenicians first set sail from the harbor of Tyre. War may 
 carry civilization and open new sources of intercourse ; war is 
 exceptional, peace is normal. A nation which withdraws itself 
 from commercial relations with other nations withdraws itself 
 from the brotherhood of nations and from the brotherhood of 
 mankind; from the affections, sympathies, mutual interests, 
 aims, and hopes which make one people, under one God, of 
 all the inhabitants of the earth, whose chief end under His 
 command is to help one another in the pursuit of happiness 
 and in the development of civiHzation and benevolence. ' This 
 is not preaching, but a statement of the economic fact that 
 unless a nation, or an individual, be placed in a position for 
 the full and free exercise of the highest, noblest, and best 
 faculties, accumulations of wealth will not suffice for moral 
 health, nor for intellectual happiness. The earth and the full-, 
 ness thereof are the only limits man may set to his practical 
 activities. Isolation begets narrow-mindedness and conceit in a 
 nation, precisely as it begets the same qualities in individuals. 
 
376 Thoughts about Protection and Centralization. [Oct., 
 
 If a people be confined to the consideration of their own laws, 
 their own customs, and their own notions, they will soon 
 regard them as the sole existing. The congress of the United 
 States is to-day engaged in the task of substituting one of its 
 resolutions for a- fundamental principle of international law. 
 International law is the modern protest against medieval 
 lawlessness and barbarity. As yet but few of its ideas have 
 been formulated and accepted ; and there is no more blessed 
 human duty than to fortify these few and to increase their 
 number. Of the few, no one, so far, is more generally 
 accepted than the one limiting the jurisdiction of States over 
 the waters which line their coasts. This country is presenting 
 to-day the sad spectacle of an endeavor to overthrow this law 
 and to substitute in its stead the purchased medieval claims of 
 a semi-barbarous people ; and that, too, in favor of a monopoly 
 created in defiance of the Constitution. Is this picture not 
 vivid enough to expose the dangers of isolation ? 
 
 Commercial relations cannot be considered apart from other 
 relations in devising schemes for the welfare of States ; still, 
 for the time, let human aspects be veiled and only commercial 
 phases be viewed. 
 
 The termination of foreign commerce will cause radical 
 redistribution of values, and necessitate new sources of revenue. 
 Changes are taking place and their direction is evident. The 
 tendency is seen in the decrease in importance of sea-board 
 cities in comparison with the increase in population and 
 wealth of internal points of distribution. When the census is 
 complete, the vast alterations of the last ten years will be 
 apparent, and the causes evident. Eastern cities, to hold their 
 own, must gain in manufacturing power the equivalent of 
 loss in commercial power. Their efforts are strenuous but 
 vain. The West has the raw material at its door. The 
 East is handicapped by cost of transportation. With ports 
 wide open to the importation of raw material, the manufac- 
 tories of the East could meet the competition. Dependence 
 upon the South and West for materials means certain termin- 
 ation of eastern manufacturing activity and of eastern financial 
 supremacy. Deprive Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and 
 Baltimore of foreign commerce and of home manufactories ;