QE 2621 15 i 1891 .^^UaaAA^Q'^^Xa^OT: ^y^t':: o 'oh r.^nf_r^: n^rv^A feAAAWM^?; lAhAAA^ ykf^^ ">^r .Mmmmm '^i^^>^^ -^A)^-i laAaA^^pee^AAK^^^m, BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Hentg W. Sage 1891 ENGINEERING Library , ^ 4. 113 Lf^ .. ^ ^ ^'^/j^/^;^^ Cornell University Library QE 262.I5D13 1890 The geology of the country around Ingleb 3 1924 004 543 363 r^ Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004543363 MEMOIES OP THE GEOLOGICAL STJEYEl. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GSOLOGY of THE COUNTRY AEOtTND TNGLEBO HOUGH, WITH PAETS OF WENSLEYDALE AND WHAEFEDALE. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 97 S.W. NEW SERIES, SHEET 50.) J. R. DAKYNS, M.A., K. H. TIDDEMAN, M.A., F.G.S., ' W. GUNN, F.G.S., and A. STEAHAN, M,A., F.G.S. (With Notes bt C. EOX-STEANGWAYS, F.G.S., and J. G. GOODCHILD, F.G.S.) PTJBIISHED BY OEDEB OS THE lOEDS COMMISSIONEES OP HEK MAJESTY S TEEABUET. LONDON: PRINTED FOB HEE MAJESTY'S STATIONEEY OFFICE, BY ETEB AND SPOTTISWOODE, PEINTEES TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Habdino Steeet, Fleet Sieeet, E.O. ; or ADAM AND OHAELES BLACK, 6, NoETH Beidoe, Bdineuegh; or HODSES, EIGGIS, & Co., 104, Geaeton Stbeet " Dublik. 1890. Price Two Shillings,- LiST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND OTHER PUBLiCATIONS OF THE CEOLOCICAL SURVEY. , Thb Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, geologically coloured by the Geological Survey of the United kingdom, under the Superintendence of Aeoh. Geikie, LL.D., F.R.S., Director-General. (For Maps, Sections, and Memoirs illustrating Scotland, Ireland, and the West Indies, and for full pa^rticulars of all publica- '. tions.^ee" Catalogue." Price Is.) ENGLAND AND WALES,-(Scaleone-inchtoamile.)' ' Maps marked ' are also published as Drift Maps. Those mariced t are published only as Drift Maps. Slieets 3*, S, 6*, 7*, 8*, 9, 11 to 23, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33 to 37, 40, i\, 4A, 47*, 64*, 65t, 69t,70*, 83*, 86*, price 8«. 6d. each. Sh(5et 4, 6s. Sheets ?*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 32, 38, 39, aS, m, 85t, 4«. each. I. of Wight (New Series), 6». Sheets divided into quarters ; all at 3s. each quarter-sheet, excepting those in brackets, which are Is. 6d, each. 1*. 42, 48, 45, 46, NW, SW, NE*, SE, 48, NWt, S W*, Mt, (SE*), C49t), 50t, 51.*, 52 to 67. (57 NW), S9 to 63, 66 SWt NEt, N,W», SEt, 67 Nt, (St), 68 Et, (NW*),SW+,71 to 76, 76. (N) S, (77 N), 78, 79, NW*, SW,NE*, SE*,80NW, SW», NE. SE,-81KW*,SW, NE, SB, 82, 83*, 87, 88,.N'W, SW.NE, SB, 89 NW* SW*,NB, SE*, 90(NE»),(SE*),91, (NW*j,(SW*),NB*, ' SE*. 92 SW*, NE, SE, 93 NW, SW, NB*, SE*. 94 NWt, SWt, (NUt), SEt. 95 NW*, NE*, (SB*), 96 NW*, SW*, NE* -SE», 97 NW*, SW*. NE*, SE, 98 NW, SW, NE*, SB, 99 (NB*), (SE*), 101 SE. 102 NE*, 103*, 104*, 105 NW, SW, (NB*), SE, 106 NW*. NB* SB* 107 SWt, NB*. SB*, 108 SW*, NB*, SE*, 109 SW, SE*, 110 (NW*), (NB*), SW*. HORIZOXg-TAK SECTION'S, VEKTICAK SECTIOZTS, , 1 to 140. England, price 6s. each. 1 to 78, England, price Ss. 6d. each. COKPI^ETEil) COTnTTIES OF EN'GIiAia'D AWD TVAIiES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mile. Sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked t are illustrated by General Memoirs. iNGLESBYt,— 77N,78. Hor. Sect. 40. BEDFORDSHIRE,— 46 NW, NE, SWt, SEt, 52 NW, NB, SW. SE. BERKSHIRE,— 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34*, 45 SW*. Hor, Sect. 59, 71, 72, 80. BRECKNOCKSHlBEt,— 36, 41, 42, 66 NW, SW, 57 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6, 11, and Vert'Sect. 4 and 10. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,— 7* 13* 45* NB, SE, 48 NW, SWt, 62 SW. Hor. Sect. 74, 79. OAEKMABTHENSHIlSEt,S7,38,40,41, 42NW,SW, 66 SW, 57 SW, SE. Hor. Sect, a-4, 7,8 ; and Vert. Sect. S-6, 18,14. CABRNARVONSHIREJ;— 74 NW, 75, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW, SW. Hor. Sect. 28, 31, 40. CAMBRIDGESHlRB.tAie NE, 47*. 51*, 52 SE, 64*. OAEDIGANSHIRBt,— 40, a, 66 NW, 67, 68, 69 SB, 60 SW. Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6. CHESHIRE,— 73 NB, NW, 79 NE, SE, 80, 81 NW*, SW*, 88 SW. Hor. Sect. 18, 48, 44, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70. ' COENWALLt,— 24t, 25t, 26t, 29t. 30t, 31t, 32t, & 33t. J DENBIGHt,— 73NW, 74,75 NB, 78 NE, SE, 79 N W, S W, SE, 80 SW. Hor.Sect. 31, 35, 38, 39, 43, 44; and Vert. Sect. 24. DKRHYSHIREt,- 62 NE, 63 NW, 71 NW, SW, SE, 72 NB, SE, 81, 82, 88 SW. SE. Hor. Sect. 18, 46, 60, 61, 69, 70. DE VONSHIRBt,-20t, 21t, 23t, 23t 24t, 26t. 26t, & 27t. Hor. Sect. 19. DOESBTSHIRE,— 15, 16, 17, IS, 21, 32. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22,66. Vert. Sect. 22, ESSEX,— 1*, 3*, 47*, 18. Hor. Sect. 84,120. FLINTSHIRBt,— 74 NE, 79, Hor. Sec^. 43. GLAMORGANtelRBt,— 20, 36. 37, 41, & 42 SE, SW. Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Vert. Sect. 2, 4, 8, 6, 7 9 10 47 GL0TJ0BSTBRSHIRB,-19, 34*, 36, 43 NE, SW, SB, 44*. Hor.Sect.l2 tol5, 59; Vert. Sect. 7, 11,15, 46 to 51 HAMPSHIRE,— 8t, 9t, 10*, lit, 12*, 14, 15, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. HEREFORDSHIRE,- 42 NE, SE, 43, Ss, 56 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 6, 13, 27, SO, 34 ; and Vert. Sect. 15 HERTFORDSHIRE,- It N W, 7*, 46, 47*. Hor. Sect. 79, 120, 121. HUNTINGDON,— 51 NV, , 62 N W, NE, SW, 64*, 65. KBNTt,— It SW & SE„ 2t, 3t, 4*, 6t. Hor. Sect. 77 and 78. LANCASHIRE,-79 NB, 80 NW*, NE, 81 NW, 88 NW, SWt, 89, 90, 91, 92 S W, 98. H. S. 63 to 68, 85 to 87 V S 27 W. Hor. Sect. 18, 2S, SUFFOLK,— 47,* 48,* 49, 60, 61, 66 SB*, 67. SURREY,- 1 SWt, 6t, 7*, 8t, 12t. Hor. Sect. 74, 76, 76, and 79. SUSSEX,-**, 6t, 6t, 8t, 9t, lit. Hor. Sect. 73, 76, 76, 77, 78. " WARWI0KSHIRB,-44*, 46 NW, 63*, 54, 62 NE, SW, SE, 63 NW, SW, SB. Hor. Sect. 23, 48 to 61 • Vert S»„f o, WILTSHIRB,-12*. 13*,14, 15„18, 19,34*, andSo. Hor.Seot.l5and69. . ». vert. Sect. 81. WOECBSTEESHIEB,-43 NB, 44', 64, 66, 62 SW, SB, 61 SB. Hor. Sect. 13, 23, 25. 60, 69, and Vert.Seot. 16. GED'ERAX. niEniOIRS OF THE GEOKOGZCAK sixRVET. REPORT on CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOME RSBT. By Sir H. T. DE La Beohe 14» (O P ^ FIGURES and DBSORIPTIONS of the PALiEOZOIC FOSSILS in the above Counties." By PeopPhtttt,... ,r^y,. The MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of GEEAT BRITAIN. Vol. I., 21«.; Vol II (in apVrVfw?^" '^•■^•^ By W. Whiiaker. 6th Ed TERTIARY FLUVIO-MARINB FORMATION of the ISLE of WIGHT. By Edwaed Foeb™ fi, ' The ISLE OF WIGHT. By H. W. Beibiow. New Ed. By C. Reid and A. SiEAHAir. &t.M. MEMOIRS OP THE GEOLOGICAL SUMEl. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNXBT AROUND TNGLEBOROUGH, WITH PARTS OF WENSLEYDALE AND WHARFEDALE. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 97 S.W. NEW SERIES, SHEET 50.) J. E. DAKYNS, M.A., R. H. TIDDEMAN, Ii^.A., F.G.S., W.-GUNN, F.G.S., and A. STEAHAN, M.A., F.G.S. (With Notes bt C. FOX-STRANGWAYS, F.G.S., and J. G. GOODCHILD, F.G.S.) PTOIIBHED BT OBDEB OF THE LOBDB COMMISBIONEBB OP HEE MAJEBIT'B TEEABCET. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTIg-WOODE, PEIITTEES TO THE ftUBBN'S MOST EXCELIENT MAJBSTT. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from f YEE AND SPOTTISWOODE, Bast HAflDiNa Steeet, Fleet Stebet, E.C. ; or ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK, 6, NoETH Beidqe, Edinbueqh; or HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104, Geabton Steeet, Dublin. 1890. Price Two Shillings, PEEFAOE. The geological mapping of the Quarter-Sheet described in the following chapters was begun in the western part by Mr. (now Professor) Hughes, and on his retirement from the staff was carried on, first by Mr. Goodchild, and then by Messrs. Dakyns, Tiddeman, Gunn, and Strahan, a small portion of the northern margin having been done by Mr. Fox-Strangways. The field-work was prose- cuted under the supervision of Messrs. Aveline and Howell. The present Memoir has been written by the officers chiefly concerned in the mapping, Messrs. Dakyns, Tiddeman, Gunn, and Strahan, notes having been supplied by Messrs. Fox-Strangways and Goodchild, and the whole has been' arranged and edited by Messrs. Dakyns and Strahan. Among the features of special geological interest in the map, and in the present description of it, reference may be made here to the exposures of the Silurian platform, which in some of the dales has been revealed under the base of the Carboniferous Limestone ; to the outliers of Millstone Grit on Ingleborough, Whernside, and' some other of the higher fells, and the enormous denudation which they demonstrate ; and to the great double Craven Fault as well as a second large dislocation which in the present Memoir is dis- tinguished as the Dent Fault. There are many topographical features of interest in the district, such for instance as the caves in the platform of limestone on which Ingleborough stands, A bibliography of the more important geological books and papers relating to the district is appended. ARCH. GEIKIE, Geological Survey Office, Director Genei'al. 28, Jermyn Street, London, 16th May 1890. E CISCO. 500.— 7/*)), Wl. lf6G3. CONTENTS. Paob. PlUJFAC'£ BY IHB DlRECIOB Q-EITBEAL - • • - iji CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION, by J. R. Dakyns :— PsrsioAL Geology and Table op Stbaia • 1 II. SILURIAN ROCKS, by "W. Guan :— LOWEB SlLUBLAN RoCKS - - - 3 Upper Silubian Rooks - - ■ 12 Intrusive Rocks - - - - 15 III. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS :- Inteodughon, by J. R. Dakyns - - 18 DiSTEiOT 1. Inglebobough and Neighboue- HOOD, RiBBLEHEAD, AND KiNGSDALE WITH Leck Eell, by J. R. Dakyns, R. H. Tiddeman, and W. Gunn - - - 20 The Caves, by R. H. Tiddeman - . 33 IV. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS, continued. District 2. Dent and Garsdalb, by A. Stratan - . - - • 41 V. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS, continued. DisTEiCT 3. LiTTONDALE, by J. R. Dakyns - 63 VI. CARBONIFEROUS ROOKS, continued. District 4. WHABrEDALE with parts ot Walden, Bishopdale, Semmerdale, Sled- dale, Snaizholme, Widdale, and Wens- LEYDALE, by J. R. IDakyns, with Notes by C. Fox-Strangways - - - 56 VII. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS, continued, by J. R. Dakyns, with Notes by C. Fox- Strangways and W. Gunn ... Millstone Grit . ■ • - 74 Coals in the Lower Cabbonifebous Rocks • 77 VIII. CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS, continued. The Coalpield op Ingleton and Black BuBTON, by R. H. Tiddeman - . 79 IX. FAULTS AND MINERAL VEINS, by J. R. Dakyns, W. Gunn, and A. Strahan - - 83 X. SUPBRFICIALDEPOSITS,by J. R. Dakyns, R. H. Tiddeman, W. Gunn, and A. Strahan : — Glacial Dbipt - - - - 87 Alluvium, River Terraces, and Peat . 93 APPENDIX. List op the more important Publications on the District, by W. Gunn - - - - 95 VI List of Illustrations. Page Fig. 1. — Section along Chapel-Ie-Dale from near Ingleton to God's Bridge - - - - - - 4 ,, 2. — Section from Horton Wood to the Elver Eibble near Kow End - - - " - - - -15 ,, 3. — Section from the Ingleton Goal- Field across the Graven Faults and through Ingleborough Hill - - - 27 ,, 'i — Section from Barkih to Crag Fell across the Dent Fault 49 THE GEOLOGY OF THE CODNTKY AROUND INGLE BOROUGH, ETC. ETC. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTEY AltODNP INGLEBOROUGH, ETC. ETC. CHAPTER I.— INTRODUCTION. By J. R. Daktns. Physical Geology and Table of Strata. The country comprised in this map is situated between tlie towns or hamlets of Kettlewell, Amcliffe, Horton-in-Ribblesdale, Ingleton, Dent, Hawes, Bainbridge, and Aysgarth, which latter is just outside the limit of the map. It embraces the following dales : Littondale, the part of Wharfedale above Kettlewell, the upper part of Bishopdale, Semmerdale, Duerley, Snaizholme, Widdale, the southern side of Wensleydale from Hawes nearly to Aysgarth, Ribblesdale above Horton, Chapel-le-Dale, Kingsdale, Dent, and a portion of Garsdale. It thus comprises the very centre of the river-systems of South Yorkshire and Lancashire, as here are found the sources of the Wharfe, the Ribble, the Greet, the Dee an important tributary of the Lune, and several of the affluents of the Ure. It contains the following points of maximum elevation above the sea : Addlebrough 1,564, Blea Moor 1,753, Rise Hill* 1,825, Wold Fell 1,829, Greenfield Knot 1,959, Wether Fell 2,015, Yockenthwaite Moor 2,109, Dodd Fell 2,189, Fountain Fell 2,191, Widdale Fell 2,203, Crag o' Dent 2,250, Pennegentf 2,273, Buckden PikeJ 2,302, Ingleborough 2,373, and Wheraside 2,414. As may be supposed, this country, with the exception of some rich land in the valleys, particularly in Dent and Wensleydale, is composed entirely of fell and moorland. Geologically it consists of an elevated plateau of Carboniferous Limestone inclined eastwards, on which stand hills of Yoredale Rocks capped with Millstone Grit ; while in the western dales, owing to the general easterly dip, the streams have cut down through the Carboniferous beds and exposed great thicknesses of Silurian Rocks. The limestone, where not covered with clayey drift and peat, gives growth to a short sweet grass between the scars of rock, save on the bare plateaus known as Helks. The sandstones, shales, * Sometimes spelt Eisell or Kyssell. Here and elsewhere through the Memoir the spelUng given on the Ordnance Map has heen adopted. In cases -vfhere there is reason to think this spelling may mislead, the version commonly in use is also given. f Frequently spelt Peuyghent. > X This hill seems to have been formerly called Setteringset. E G1320. A INTRODUCTION. and Drift afford pasturage of a coarser kind. There is no arable land save in the low ground near Ingleton. Physically the aspect of the country is that of a succession of terraces formed by the outcrops of various beds of limestone and grit ; the top of each bed of limestone being generally marked by a row of pot-holes, vsrhile springs gush out along the base. The rocks contained in this map range from Lov?er Silurian up to Coal- Measures. Lower Silurian rocks are exposed in ChapeUe- Dale, north-east of Ingleton, and at Hoiton-in-Eibblesdale, Upper Silurian strata in Ribblesdale below Horton and in Crummack. The Coal-Measures occur, at a corner of the map, near Ingleton only, and being on the west side of the Craven Fault are more intimately connected with the country on the west. The rest of the map, and by far the larger portion of it, con- sists of Carboniferous Rocks in an unbroken series from the Basement Conglomerate to the grit of Buckden Pike ; this last, the highest bed occurring in this map, is one of the grits above the Kinderscout Grit, probably one of those of FoUifoot Ridge. The unconformity between the Carboniferous and Silurian groups, one of the most marked in the British Isles, can be studied in several places within this Quarter-Sheet. Annexed is a table of the strata occurring in this map : — • Kecektand [^"r^"'™- Post-Glacial. lui^er Terraces. Glacial. { i°^J^an(f (jJavel } ^^'^^^ contemporaneous. Feet. Coal-Measub.es ; faulted against tte Lower Carboniferous Rocks. Millstone Ghit j the whole thickness not seen - - 471 Cherty beds, sandstone, and shale; variable Main Limestone Sandstone and shale - Underset Limestone (thins away south) Sandstone and shale with two ToKEDALE J thin limestones EocKS. ) Middle Limestone Sandstone and shale - Simonstone Limestone Sandstone and shale - Hardraw Scar Limestone (sometimes in two divisions) 25 to 80 Sandstone and shale thinning L out south-eastward - to 140 Gayle Limestone. Shale thinning to the south - - to 9 Hawes Limestone. Sandstone and shale thinning southward - to 14 Limestone. Thick " scar" limestone. Basement Conglomerate. Unconformity. i-Coniston Flags. {Coniston Limestone. Greenish grits and slates, presumably on the horizon of the- Volcanic Series of the Lake District. Careonieeeotjs LlMESTOUE Semes. Oto 90 50 to 100 70 to 100 Oto 80 100 to 345 15 to 110 30 to 150 15 to 60 30 to 180 Uppee SlLTJEIAN. LOWEK SlLUKIAN. tOWEE SILUEIAN ROCKS. CHAPTER II.— SILTJEIAN ROCKS. By W. GuNN. In the southern part of this Quarter-Sheet there are four separate patches of Silurian Rocks. Two of these are near Ingleton and contain only Lower Silurian, while the two farther eastj at Crummack and Hortou-in-Ribblesdale respectively, com- prise both Upper and Lower Silurian strata. But these last two patches are only separate as regards this map, being connected in the sheet to the south (Quarter- Sheet 92 N.W.). A fifth small area of Upper and Lower Silurian rocks lies in the north-western corner of the map, for the description of which the reader is referred to the Memoir on Quarter-Sheet 98 S.E., and to that on 97 N.W. (in preparation). The strata come into sight in a small gill near Underwood. In Helmside Gill five or more mica-trap dykes traverse the Coniston Limestone. The following table gives the order of succession observed in the southern part of this Quarter-Sheet. Upper r Coniston J 'rough grits and flags. Silurian. 1 Flags. j ConTomTrate '^ Unconformity ? \ Limistone I Mudstone or strongly cleaved slate. Lower 1 a •„„ I Iiimestone and shale. Q.i . < beries. J Silurian.^ " Green Slates 1 ^ . , .. ,,, LandPorphyries." I*^'"''^''^^^ S^ts and slates. In the following description use has been made of papers by Phillips,* Sedgwick,f and more especially of one by Prof. HugheSjt who surveyed much of the area. Mr. Goodchild also, who went over portions of the ground, furnishes MS. notes, which have been drawn upon in several instances. Lower Silurian Eocks: Chapel-le-Dale Area. The largest and most important area of Lower Silurian strata is that which occupies the lower part of Chapel-le-Dale§ and the adjacent valley of Thornton Beck. It stretches about 2\ miles * Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 1. 1829. t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. viii. p. 35. 1852. t Geol. Mag., vol. iv. p. 346. 1867. § In the following description the stream which flows down Chapel-le-dale is called Ingleton Beck, and that which flows down Kingsdale Thornton Beck, the names they are generally known hy. On the Ordnance Maps the former is named The Doe or The Dale Beck, the latter The Twis or The Greet. The name Doe, however, though sometimes applied to Thornton Beck, is never used for Ingleton Beck. A 2 f fq '&^>'i:l- -^ •J o es o ro Sedgwick's Great Scar Limestone. G. Limestone. J The measures between F and G are very thin. Phillips there- fore took F as the top of his Carboniferous Limestone, and included the beds from A to F in his Yoredale Series. As we go south however from Wenslej^dale, we find the measures between E and F to become very thin, and at last to die away altogether. CARBONIFEROUS BOOKS. 19 The measures above the Middle Limestone contain one and sometimes two thin limestones. The lowest of these is full of Producti and was called by Phillips the Impure Productal Lime- stone. In some districts it is locally known as the Horseshoe from the appearance of the large Producti. It is nearly, if not quite, always present, and probably represents the limestone known further north as the Five-Yards Limestone of Alston Moor. The upper one is probably the equivalent of the Three-Yards Lime- stone of Alston Moor. The Underset is found as a very thin bed on the flanks of Whernside, but does not appear either on Ingle- borough or Pennegent. The Main Limestone thins away near Kettlewell, though it may reappear above Grassington. The first important bed above the Main Limestone is the grit which forms the top of Ingleborough. Between this grit and the lime- stone there comes generally a mass of sandstone and shale of variable thickness. Phillips took the Main Limestone as the topmost bed of the Yoredale Series, including the measures above it in the Millstone Grit. In Wharfedale and in Ooverdale a coarse grit lies immediately upon thp limestone ; this grit we believed to be a part of the Kinderscout Grit ; and consequently we here took the Main Limestone as the top of the Yoredale Series. As the limestone is very persistent find its top generally well-marked by lines of swallow-holes, while the overlying beds are change- able, it is undoubtedly most convenient to take the top of the lime- stone as the division between the Yoredale and Millstone Grit Series. As we go north we find that the beds associated with the lime- stone undergo considerable changes. At Ooverhead, between Ooverdale and Wharfedale, the top of the limestone consists of a .thin bed of chert. Northwards this bed of chert swells out into a great thickness of cherty beds known as the Main Chert and the Black and Red Beds of Swaledale. These cherty beds contain in some places thin gritty partings. Still further north the Black and Ked Beds lose their cherty character, and are replaced by a set of shales and grits, known as the " coal-sills," capped by a thin but very constant bed of limestone, known as the " little lime." Thus this little limestone corresponds to what has been taken by Phillips as the top of the Yoredale Series. Over both the " little lime " and the Black and Red Beds we have a bed of shale succeeded by a set of flaggy sandstones known as the "Ten-Fathom Grit." The grit is succeeded by a thin calcareous bed and that by shale ; and the shale is succeeded by a well-marked gannister-like sandstone. This sandstone passes southward into, or is replaced by the coarse conglomeratic grit of Ingleborough. This grit is by all geologists classed with the Millstone Grit, and it is undoubtedly one of the beds which in Wharfedale have been coloured as Millstone Grit on our published maps. It usually forms a conspicuous feature on the fells, and is easily identified from point to point. The distance between it and the Main Limestone is however very variable ; in fact the grit seems to have been deposited in hollows eroded out of the lower B 2 ^ CAKBONirEEOUd BOCKS. beds and thus lies on an uneven surface. It is succeeded upwards by a variable series of sandstones aad shales, the several members of which have not been everywhere correlated from one hiH-top to another. But from a comparison of the various sections which we have got, we oifer, as probably safe on the whole, the following classification of the beds above the Main Limestone :— Millstone Grit : — Sandstone of Buckden Pike, not less than - 70 teet. Shale • -. " - 50 » Sandstone of Whernside Top - 50 „ Shale 50 „ Salndstone of Widdale Fell (varying from 60 to 90 feet) - - - - - 75 „ Variable series of sandstone and shale (from 100 to 184) - 142 „ Pebbly grit, of Ingleborough, from 50 to 140 95 „ YoEEuALE Beds : — Shale and sandstone, from to 120 Cherty beds from to over 50 feet. Nearly the whole of the country embraced by this map is remakably free from faults ; but at Ingleton in the extreme south- western corner two large faults known as the Craven faults throw down the beds to the south-west, so that the Coal- Measures form the low ground about that town (Fig. 3, p. 27). A small portion of the great I'ault which runs from near Kirkby Stephen by Cautley, Garsdale Foot, and Dent, to near Barbon, bringing up the Silurian Rocks on its western side, is included in the north-western corner of this map. District 1. Ingleboeodgh and Neighboukhood, Eibble- HEAD, And Kingsdalb with Leck Fell. By J. R. Dakyns, E, H. Tiddeman, and W. Gunn. This district includes the upper part of Ribblesdale, the head of Crummack Dale, the whole length of the valley of the Dale Beck or Ohapel-le-Dale, and the lower part of the valley of the Kingsdale Beck, more generally called Thornton Beck or the Doe, which unites at Ingleton with the Ingleton or Dale Beck.* Between Chapel-le-Dale and Ribblesdale the ground rises to the isolated summit of Ingleborough, 2,373 feet above the sea; The highest point of Simon Fell is 2,125 feet In Ribblesdale below Hortori, in Crummack Dale, below Chapel-le-Daie, and in the lower part of Thornton Beck, we * We have already called attention to the mistake made on the Ordnance map of identifying the Dale Beck with the Doe, which really is the same as Thornton Beck. INGLEBOEOUGH. 21 find exposed the floor of old Silurian rocks (dipping at high angles and" striking generally N.W. and S.E.j on which rests unconformably the mass of Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Eocka, and Millstone Grit of Ingleborough, Pennegent, and W^hernside. The Carboniferous Eocks as a rule have very little dip ; about Ipgleborough it is generally ^.E. at a low angle. There is one exception to this description, the mass of Carboni- ferous Limestone included between the two parallel Craven Faults near Ingleton having been bent into a rather steep arch (Figs. 1 and 3). The Carboniferous Rocks may be grouped and described under the heads of Basement Beds, Carboniferous or Great Scar Limestone, Yoredale Eocks, and Millstone Grit. The following is a general section of the Carboniferous Beds around Ingle- borough : — Ingleborough. Feet. Millstone Grit. Coarse pebbly grit of Ingleborough summit 60 'Shales ... - 120 Main Limestone - - - 50-60 Sandstone, with some shalo - - . 200 Shale, with some sandstone - - - 130 Limestone (with shale) ... 8-10 Shale and sandstone - - 60 Middle Limestone - - . . 15-20 ^ Sandstone and shale . - . . 150 1 SiMONSTONE Limestone - - 25-30 I Sandstone and shale - - 100 I Habdhaw Scab, Limestone - ' - - 30-40 I Shales and limestone - - 30 I G-KEAT Scab, Limestone - about 600 [^Basement Beds, impersistent. Carboniferous Limestone ■ Series. The Basement Beds only occiu: as patches here and there be- tween the limestone and Silurian Kocks (Fig. 3). In many places the pure limestone rests on the upturned jagged edges of the older rock, but often pebbles of quartz occur in the lower layers of the ' limestone, and sometimes a block of Silurian Grit is included. In a few places we find a considerable thickness of variable conglo- merates and breccias, and the more important of these we will now describe. In Ribblesdale in only one place on the eastern side are these beds seen, viz., in a small stream between Brackenbottom and Dove Cote. The lower 10 feet of the limestone are thin- bedded, and contain bands of shale. Below these come about 20 feet of conglomerate of which the upper 5 feet are calcareous, the remainder consisting of red conglomerate or breccia. On the west side of the valley, 500 yards south of Bee Croft Hall, at the head of a small stream, 8 feet of limestone with quartz- pebbles lie on 11 feet of red conglomerate which rests on slate. 22 O^EBONIFEROUS UOCKS. At Gillet Brae Head, 200 yards further south, we find the following section* : — Gillet Brae Head, Ribblesdale. Feet. f Irregular oonoretionary earthy limestone - 3-4 I Light-grey oalcareoTis stale - - _ - 2 „ , '.„ j Calcareous conglomerate and breccia, with Carboniferous <^ quartz and Silurian pebbles - - 1 I Grey shale - - - - - 3 LBreccia, as above ... - 1 Silurian Eocks. West of Crummack there is a mass of probably not less than 20 to 25 feet of very coarse conglomerate at the base of a lime- stone-scar. In one place a large block of Silurian Grit 13 feet long is seen, but the coarse conglomerate dies out eastwards as a wedge between the lower beds of the limestone. At Austwick Beck Head the lower beds of limestone contain quartz-pebbles. We see these beds at several places in Chapel-le-Dale. On the east side of the dale, in the first little stream below God's Bridge (close to the height marked 803 in the road), a section shows calcareous conglomerate resting on slate. In several other places 1 to 1^ feet of breccia forms the base of the limestone-series, and just east of the point in the road marked 811, at one of the numerous springs which rise in the limestone, coarse breccia rests on 4 feet of flaggy and shaly limestone with fossils, while pebbles of quartz and of Silurian Grit occur at the base of the limestone near Skirwith. On the west side of the dale a good section at a stream-head north of Twisleton Dale House exposes 8 to 10 feet of irregular conglomerate and some thin grey flag-bands. About 150 yards further westward brecciated conglomerate and dark- grey limestone with corals occur in alternations of 8 inches to 2 feet thickness. A little further on again are large pebbles or blocks of Silurian slate in the base of the limestone, while in several places dark-grey limestone with lines of quartz-pebbles occurs at the base. North of Dale Barn breccia reappears in a band of 2 to 3 feet thickness. The beds are well seen at Thornton I'orce where they have been described by Phillips and Sedgwick, Limestone forms the top of the Force and below is found — Thornton Force, Feet. Conglomerate, with pebbles chiefly of Silurian Kocks - - . _ _ g Conglomerate, very coarse, with pebbles 2 feet long- - - - . 1 to 2 * Thi3 seems to be the section described by Phillips. Geol. of Yorksh. vol ii p. 15. It is also described by Mr. J. E. Marr in the Excursion Notes of the Inter- national Geological Congress, 1888, INGLEBOEOUGH. 23 Further down on the west side of the beck and above tlie slate-quarry we see — Thin-bedded grey limestone passing down into Thin grey limestone with quartz-pebbles, passing into Loose Conglomerate chiefly of quartz-pebbles and fragments of Silurian Rocks with several lenticular nodules of limestone. Silurian Green Slate. It is evident that these beds were deposited upon an uneven floor of the Silurian Rocks, for the line dividing the two formations runs sharply up or down 20 or 30 feet in places, while the bedding of the limestone keeps nearly horizontal. In other places, as south of Dale House, Silurian Grit sticks up in a boss, against the west side of which limestone has been laid down in horizontal strata. At Tw'isleton Dale House, too, the Hmestone and Base- ment Beds have been deposited against a boss of the old rocks. There is a marked example of overlap of this kind in the Car- boniferous Limestone of Moughton Scar, above Capple Bank in Crummack Dale, which is best seen when looked at from a distance to the westward. In this case, though the limestone in the scar above is nearly horizontal, its base-line runs down as much as 150 feet in about 300 yards. Another case of the same kind almost as marked occurs at the Moughton Scars on the south side of the head of Moughton Lane. These examples show that little reliance can be placed on dips of small amount in the lower Carboniferous strata. The earliest mention of the marked unconformity which exists in this district between the Carboniferous and ' Silurian rocks occurs in a book published at the beginning of the century by Playfair in illustration of Button's Theory of the Earth, and the account is so lucid that it is worth while to give his description in his own words : — "I shall mention only one other, which was discovered by Lord Webb Seymour and myself, at the foot of the high mountain of Ingleborotigh, in Yorkshire. As we went along the Askrig road from Ingleton, about a mile and a half from the latter, an opening appeared in the side of the hill, on the right, about one hundred yards from the ro&d, formed by a large stone, which lay horizontally and was supported by two others, standing upright. On going up to the spot, we found it was the mouth of a small cave, the stone lying horizontally being part of a limestone bed, and the two upright stones vertical plates of a primary argil- laceous schistus. The Hmestone bed which formed the roof of the cave was nearly horizontal, declining to the south-east ; the schistus, nearly vertical, stretching from north-west by west to south-east by east. The schistus though close in contact with the limestone seemed to contain nothing calcareous, and did not effervesce with acids in the slightest degree." " At the spot just described no breccia appeared to be interposed between the primitive and secondary rockj but we found a breccia at another point of the same junction, not far distant. 24 CAKBONIFEBOUS BOCKS. This was at a cascade in the river Greata, called Thornton Force, about two miles and a half from the place just mentioned. The Greata here precipitates itself from a horizontal rock of limestone, and after a fall ot about eighteen or twenty feet, is received into a bason which it has worked out in the primary schistu.s. This schistus is in beds almost perpendicular ; it exactly resembles that which has just been described, and stretches nearly in the same direction. On the' south side of the river a breccia was seen, lying upon the schistus, or rather it might be said that the lowest beds of limestone contained in them many rounded fragments of stone, whiclr on comparison resembled exactly the schistus underneath. The primary rock itself is here seven or eight hundred feet above the level of the sea. The same schistus, somewhat lower down the valley, and nearer to Ingleton, appears in large quantities and is quarried for slate. Here, however, the immediate junction of the limestone and schistus does not appear."* The Great Scar Limestone is a nearly solid mass of greyish or light-blue limestone with but few partings of clay or shale, except near its t)ase as described above, and occasionally near its upper boundary. But thin beds of shale do sometimes appear in the main mass of the limestone. One of greenish clayey shale occurs in the large quarries on the west side of the Settle and Carlisle Ivailway, south-east of Ribblehead station. Its dip is lowering it gradually northward, and it probably is identical with the bed of shale vyhich appears at a spring above the road to Gearstones near the Station Inn. Another thin bed of shale occurs in Ganber High Pasture Eocks, but this must )ie at a somewhat higher horizon. As a rule, however, the limestone here seems fairly compact and homogeneous. The Great Scar Limestone attains its highest point above the sea (about 1,.500 feet) on the south-west side of Ingleborongh, near ^-lewby Moss, whence it falls to about 1,200 feet at Souther- scales Fell and South House Moor in a distance of nearlj^ three miles, which equals a fail of 100 feet per mile or 1 in 53 nearly, not much more than a dip of 1° on the average, but in places of course the dip becomes steeper. North of Black Shiver Moss it amounts to 4°-5° to the E.N.E., and it is more than the average about Hurnel iVloss. The base of the Carboniferous Series lies at an elevation of 725 feet at God's Bridge and Thornton Force, nor in Chapel-le-Dale does it anywhere rise more than 150 feet above this, but in Ribblefedale and Crummack it is more variable in height. In Crummack on both sides of the dale it reaches to 1,175 or 1,200 feet and falls to 925 feet, at Austwick Beck Head and much lower ip the map to the south. The Great Scar Limestone must be as much as 600 feet thick on the average. Its base at Dowgill near Horteu-iii-Ribblesdale runs at 800 feet and its upper line at about 1,400 feet elevation. We get much the same * Playfair's Illuptr£|,tions of the Huttonian Theo|ry, pp. 217, 218, 219 ; 1802.' IXGLEBOROUGH. 25 result (about 625 feet) if we measure from its base in Jenkia Beck to its top above Crina Bottom, west of Ingleborough. The limestone forms a magnificent set of grey and white scars and rocky terraces on either side of Chapel-le-Dale, rising tier iibove tier from near the bottom of the valley. The highest 'limestone in the hill-side spreads out into a wide plateau, in places fantastically weathered by atmospheric agencies, especially along the numerous lines of joints. Ingleborough is noteworthy for the great flats of bare lime- stone around its fl.ank3, which are much fissured by joints. The joints appear principally to run N. and S., or N.W. and W.S.W. Good examples of this may be seen in (Jauber High Pasture. The bare limestone, where the Drift has Jong been removed, has been much worn by the solvent action of rain containing Carbonic Acid Gas or vegetable matter, and worn into deep hollows, which generally end at the joints. Each block of lime- stone bounded by joints, has a little system of valleys of its own produced in this way. Where the rock is only just emerging by denudation from overlying shale or Drift it has usually a plane surface, but the further we go from this the more do we find the above-mentioned furrows developed. The joints, further, are much widened by the flow of water down their sides, and extend many of them to a considerable depth. Ferns and other plants, sometimes small hazel-bushes, grow in their sides in sheltered seclusion. Specially remarkable is the series of parallel N.N. W. joints on Moughton, some of which, enlarged by atmospheric causes, run in straight lines as fissures lor a quarter of a mile or so. On Simon Fell above the Great Scar Limestone occur several limestones in shales, which perhaps sholild be included with it, but lithologically they belong properly to the alternating series above it. These are from the Hardraw Scar Limestone downwards. At the north end of the northern spur of Ingle- borotigh there are at least three, but the lowest amalgamates with the main mass a mile to the south. At the north end it makes a wide spread owing to its lying flat. The next shows up well (15 feet or more) on the north and west as far as Fenwick Lot, where it splits into two, but, owing to the Drift coming on thickly here, we were unable to trace it any further. Nor has it been detected in the ground to the south. On the east side it is not seen fi:om above Colt Park to the south end of Park Fell, but a thin limestone is visible here which may be the same. It is generally of dark colour. Next above, with an interval of shales, is the Hardraw Scar Limestone. This is of the usual character, dark, bituminous, with much black chert. On the north and west this must be nearly 30 feet thick. It is lost for a good part of the way under Drift- deposits. In other parts it gives a well-defined line of pot-holes on its upper surface. These limestones with interbedded shales are about 90 feet thick. The series, from the main mass on the plateau of Park 26 CAEBONIFEEOUS EOCKS. Fell to its top, is about 650 feet thick, leaving about 560 feet for the portion of the true Yoredale Series represented here. Above the Hardraw Scar Limestone are tvro well-marked lime- stones. The top of the lower, probably the " Simonstone," is about 200 feet above the main, mass and that of the upper about 350 feet from it. Below the upper, two thin limestones besides may be seen in the upper part of Shiver Spiingi a little gill which runs down near Rigg Barn, a cowshed about one third of a mile south of Oolt Park. This is one of the best sections, but others may be seen at the north end, and also in one of the gills running down on the west side. Sandstones occur in^ several parts of the series, but notably as follows. A large outlier with a flaggy base on the top of the hill. A coal-crop has been marked below this at the north end, by Prof. T. McK. Hughes, but this cannot now be seen nor at the S.W. base of th6 outlier. At this place there have been some workings of some kind, but they seem to have been made in the fl.aggy base with the object of getting flags or " throughs " for vvalUng, and no trace of coal was here visible. A sandstone-quarry also occurs at the north end, at a place erroneously marked " Limestone Quarry " on the Six-inch Ord- nance Sheet. This lies some height above the Hardraw Scar Limestone. It has a bed' of shales above it, and then another sandstone occurs which runs up to the base of the Simonstone Limestone. All the Yoredale liniestones belov? the Five- Yards Limestone can be well traced east of Simon Fell, but little is to be seen of any of them on the north side of Ingleborough, except tho Hardraw Scar Limestone. Thi^ is fairly well seen in Meregill, and forms Black Shiver Eidge. At Tathani Wife Hole it is thrown up to the south about its own thickness, say 40 feet, by a fault runnino- E.S.E to the nick above Foals Foot, where we find the fault split into several branches. The most northerly' throws down north three to fovr feet, and the main branch, 15 to 20 yards further south, throws down south fifteen feet. The fault splits ao-ain higher u^, the north branch keeping the main throw of 10 to 12 feet down south. The top of the Middle Limestone is seen at Black Shiver, viz., about six feet of limestone, grey in colour and weathering rather creamy, above which comes shale 10 feet, and then grit 20 feet, blocky in the upper part, shale 30 feet, and then traces of limestone. Froni this point there is a good clear section up a precipice to the top of the Main Limestone. Southward from Tatham Wife Hole, and in fact all around the south side of Ingleborough and Simon Fell, and in the valley of Fell Beck, very little is seen of the lower Yoredale limestones owing to thick masses of Drift, and it has not been thought advisable to continue the lines all around the hill. South west from the long southern shoulder of ^Ingleborough, near a place called Knoutberry Hole, two limestones crop out, the lower one probably being the Simonstone which runs along under the Cloven Stone. At Knoutberry Hole itself we find what may be the Ill as £ S ft' u iS S3'' S4 « s 02 27 D I ^ § 11 s a n o S ■s e II PS . a'-' « 11 .3*3 S.'S o'P.S « (U ^ J3 ^ pCa GQ II II h; > ^ :i^ J^e si^'tcwsi iS SO 28 CAKBOMIFERODS, BOCKS. Middle Limestone. It seems, however, to be onl}' 5 feet or 6 feet thick at most, and to be not more than 60 feet above the Simon- stone, so that if we are right about the identification, there is most likely a fault between them, these two being 150 feet apart, on the west side of the Fell Beck. The Hardraw Scar Limestone is partly exposed in Gapinoj Gill, its is also a thin limestone which comes between it and the Great Scar Limestone. The thin limestone (8 to 10 feet thick) next above the Middle Limestone is probably the equivalent of the " Fossil Lime " of Wenaleydale, the " Hors'eshoe " of Garsdale, and the " Five- Yards " of Teesdale. It is not very well seen, except in a stream that runs from the north side of Ingleborough and in one on the east side of Simon Fell. North of Ingleborough the upper part is dark and shelly, and the lower two or three feet impure lime- stone, turning to rotten-stone, with shale in the middle. Above this thin limestone comes a mass of sandstone and shale, nearly 350 feet thick, of which the upper 200 feet are mostly sandstone and the lower part mostly shale. This 200-foot sand- stone-band is a marked feature all around the shoulders of Ingleborough and Simon Fell, except at the head of Clapham Bents, where it is obscured by Drift and tumble. It is coarse and massive in places. The upper five to six feet are rather fine and blocky, and calcareous at the top, passing up into the Main Limestone. There is thus no trace of the Underset Limestone about Ingle- borough, nor any, as far as ' seen, of the little limestone which comes in "W enslej dale above the Preston Grit and is called in Teesdale the Three- Yards Limestone. In fact as we shall see later on, the Underset Limestone has become so thin on the flanks of Whernside that it has doubtless thinned out altogether before getting to Ingleborough. The Main Limestone forms ban^s round Ingleborough and Simon Fell, in places a good deal obscured by tumbled rock and peat. It is best seen in the scar on the north side of Ingleborough. On the eastern side of Simon Fell it is markedly and coarsely enorinital. Ribblesdale. At the head of Ribblesdale the Great Sear Limestone is seen along Thorn Gill below Gearstones, and as far north as Low Brig on the Lancaster and Richmond high-road. The overlying shales crop out above " Intack "* in Gale Gill and in a neighbouring sike. Limestone is seen over these shales at Low Gate and at Winshaw. The shales overlying this lime.«tone appear in Hazel Gill and over them a sandstone. Over the sand- stone comes the Simonstone Limestone, seen in Hazel and Gate Gills and in the neighbouring gills'. The overlying shales are well exposed in the same giUs as also in Ouster Gill, where a thin limestone, three feet thick, lying on Siindstone, appears in these * So spelt on the Ordnance Map. The correct spelling is Intak, BIBBLESDALE. 29 shales. This thin limestone is again visible in the main beck below Newrby Head, not far from the twenty-seventh milestone. Over these shales comes the Middle Limestone. This rock crops out above the limekiln on Black Rake, and in Gate and Winshaw Gills, and over it alternations of sandstone and shale in the same gill? and also in Dry Gill. The course of the above-mentioned beds round the side of Blea Moor to Littled^le Beck is hidden by thick Drift, but the gills descending into Littledale from Whemside give good sections, particularly that called Coal Gill, where we see the following sequence of beds : — Eastern Slopes of the Southern End of Whemside, Cabbokiperous Limestone Seeies : — Feet. Shale ....... 8 Sandstone and shale ..... - 48 Main Limestone, of G-reensett Drags, Hagg Worm Haw, and Craven Wold - . . . . about 50 Sandstone and shale ..... Coal ... Shale . - . . . Grit, of Horsing Stones Plate ....... Undekset Limestone, seen in Combe Scar (7i feet), beneath Horsing Stones, ari4 in Coal Gill (25 feet) , Sandstone . . - . . -li,4.jt-A Plate with a thin limestone - - -f ^^°"* ^"^ Sandstone and shale - Thin limestone Sandstone ..... Shale - Thin limestone .... Sandstone ..... Shale ... . ^ Middle Limestone, at the High Force - " about 40 Sandstone ..... Shale ..... Thin limestone, adhering to - . . -)■ about 120 Sandstone, at the Low Force Shale .... SiMONSTONE Limestone . . . ' about 20 Sandstone . . . . - .~) Shale - - - - . . I Thin limestone - - - - - i Sandstone ... .1 about Chert and limestone Irony shale and plate Limestone Shale Gbeat Scab Limestone. 160 to 175 Of the. above beds, the Simonstone Limestone and the beds below it are not clear ; but the beds above are well seen on the whole. The Underset Limestone in Coal Gill is about 25 feet thick; but it thins southwiird, so that under Combe Scar, two miles from Coal Gill, it is only 7^ feet thick. The coal below the Main Limestone was once worked in Coal Gill and along the flanks of Whernside. 30 CAEBONIFEEOTJS ROCKS. A comparison of beck-sections on both sides of Gale Beck, as the upper part of the Ribble is called, gives the following series of beds : — Gale Beck, Feet: 80 to 100 about 100 50 250 30 Main IiImestone, of Higb. Wold Sandstone - . - . -^ Shale Sandstone . , .. Shale - - " ' . ■ ' ' . '' Undebset Limestone, of Great, Middle, and Little Wolds -' - - - , - Thin shale - - - - - Flags ....-- Shale -.---- Limestone - - - - - - [ Sandstone - - . - Shales with thin sandstones, of Shivery Grill, The Mares, and Lat Gill ' - - - -J MiBDLE Limestone, in Mq,res Gill, and Black Bake - , Sandstone with a calcareous band - Shale - Limestone, 2 feet thick, in Hazel and Lat Gills - y about 145 Sandstone ....--; Shale, above Hazel Gill Barn . . -J , SiMONSTONE Limestone, between the words " Lat " and " Gill," below Hazel Gill Barn, and above , Gate Cote - - . ! - - - SO Sandstone. Below the Underset Limestone of Little Wold there is a bed of calcareous sandstone and shnle, containing Fenestella, some lamelli- branchs, and other fossils. This ' calcareous band appears as a black fossiliferoiis limestone with Froductus latissimus, overlying shale with calcareous bands at Groove Head. On the east side of Ribblesdale it is well nigh impossible to trace the sub-divisions that occur near the top of the Carbon- iferous Limestone Series under the great masses of Drift which conceal the beds. In the gills descending from Cam Fell the lowest bed seen is the sandstone below the Simonstone Limestone : but south of Cam Road we get a section in shale overlying lime- stone in Crutchin Gill ; this is probably the shale below the Hardraw Scar Limestone. Ling Gill gives a section in solid beds of Great Scar Limestone, and over it we have near Far House Barn the following; de- scending section : — Far House Bq.rn, Cam Beck. Feet. Sandstone • Shale • _. - , - a Limestone, with Cauda Qalli ^ 1 Shale - - ' - • 5 Coralline Limestone - nearly 25 Shale - , r Limestone : Shale .... - m Great Scab Limestone M KINGSDALE. 31 In Cam Beck a limestone with corals and Productus giganteus, answering to the Hardraw Scar Limestone, is seen; but the sub- divisions above are not visible. A little further south, on Old Ing Moor, we get ferruginous shale over the Great Scar Limestone, with a little brown impure limestone containing corals and Pro- ductus. Still further south, by a comparison of beck-sections, we get the following series of beds : — Feet. more 50 nearly 100 2 about 70 South of Old Ing. Main Limestone, of Greenfield or Gush Knotts than ..... Gap — strata not seen ... Limestone (? the Underset), at Gush Knott Well Gap ..... ' Shale Thin Limestone Shale . - ! - . - Thin limestone Sandstone or sandstone and shale - Thin limestone, in one spot only six inches thick Platy shale - , - - Limestone, in one spot 2 feet Plate - - Thjn limestone ... Shale Sandstone . . . - - Shale Middle Limestone . . . - •Sandstone - ' - Shale ....-- Sandstone ..... Shale'. Limestone - - - Sandstone .... Shale- ... SiMONSTONE Limestone Sandstone - - - - Limestone, thin , Sandstone - - - - Plate ------ Limestone, six inches Shale -..-■- Cherty limestone, probably the Hardraw Scar ^Ferruginous shale . . - - Produotal and coralline limestone. Plate, thin. Geeai Scae Limestone. Kingsdale. In Kingsdale, on the western side of Whemside, we have the following sections ; yiz., in Gazegill due east of Kingsdale House, and in Buck Beck and Standing Gill. about 120 nearly 60 nearly 50 >nearly 100 about 30 about 25 Buck Beck and Gazegill. Sandstone, at Buck Beck Head. Shale. (Middle Limestone, not seen.) Gap — strata not seen. 32 CAEBONIFEBOUS E0CK8. Feet. ~ Shale , -1 SiMONSTONB Limestone - ' " ' Sandstone - - - - - ->110 Limestone - - - - , - - - ( Thick sandstone, at the highest waterfalls -J Haedeaw Scar Limestone, at Gazegill Bank - - 40 Shale ] Sandstone - ' ' ( Shale - - - V about 50 Calcareous sandstone - " ' I Shale ... .J Limestone. Thin shale. Limestone, at the lowest waterfall. The limestones below the " Hardraw Scar " are seen for some way up l.ong Gill, and then the sandstone below it crops out E.N.E. of " B. M. 1270." The Hardraw Scar Limestone appears at the junction of Swere and Long Gills, with a sandstone 13 feet thick over it forming a scar. The beds above are shown in the following section : — Long Gill. Feet. SiMONSioNE Limestone - - seen to 8 Sandstone ... . . Gap ... . - Sandstone - - - - - 10 ' Limestone .... - - 3 , Plate 7 Sandstone - - - - - - 13 Above the " Simonstone " we have shale ; sandstone ; limestone 1^ feet ; sandstone 3 feet ; limestone 3^ feet; shale; sandstone at the waterfall near " B. M. 1415 "; the Middle Limestone ; and over this in Swere Gill shale ; sandstone ; shale ; a thin lime- stone ; shale probably ; sandstone ; shale ; sandstone at the 1600-foot contour-line, with a calcareous top ; shale ; sandstone at High Pike Quarry ; the Underset Limestone of High Pike. If we now descend the parallel gill, called Back Gill, we have a thin limestone answering to the calcareous top of the sandstone in Swere Gill ; the sandstone is not seen ; but the underlying shales are well exposed in scars at Back Gill Head ; and below them a thin sandstone answering to a bed in Swere Gill ; and a little lower down we come to the Middle Limestone, which does not appear again southward till we get to Yordas Gill. Below the Middle Limestone we have, as shown in several gills descending from Graygarth Fell, the following section : — Graygarth Fell, the eastern slopes. Sandstone and shale. Thin limestone, seen in Yordas Gill, and at Bakstone Gill Head, and at Cluttering Gill Head. Sandstone. Shale, seen at the gill-heads. Simonstone Limestone. Sandstone. THE CAVES. 33 Gbeat Scak Limestone, Feet. 3 1 6 3 8 Limestone Sandstone Limestone Shale - Limestone Sandstone Shale. Limestone. Shale TLimestone Haedeaw I Shale, thin Scab < Limestone Limestone, Shale [_Limestone Sandstone Shale Sandstone Shale CLimestone - -") Sandstone Limestone Plate [_ Limestone Between the Middle and Underset Limestones we have but poor sections on Graygarth ; but the Underset is seen in several spots with its basement-sandstone, and over it shales ; and over these a bed of grit or sandstone ; then shale or sandstone with a scam of coal; and then the iVIain Limestone at the 2000-foot contour-Jine ; and over it shale and then sandstone forming Green Hm. A section plotted at the south end of Whernside gives the following thicknesses :— 8 to 10 25 - 2 - 3 about 40 >seen to about 140 Western slopes of the Southern End of Whernside. Feet. Undehset Limestone, thin but making swallow-holes Measures, mostly shale .... - 200 Thin limestone and shale - - - - - 15 Measures with thick sandstone, forming Great and Little Hard Pots 130 Middle Limestone, not less than - - - - 30 Measures ; sandstone in the upper part ... HO SiMONSTONE Limestone, oherty .... Measures ; nowhere exposed - - - - 80 Hardbaw Scab Limestone, chertv, sometimes in two beds - 75 Shale . . . - ■ ... 30 Thin limestone, not always separable from the Great Scar Limestone .... - Shale - - < - .... Great Scar Limestone . . . - . 470 The Oaves. By R. H. TiDDEMAN. The numerous caves and " pots " which occur in the Carboniferous Limestone give it an exceptional interest and they are far more common in this district than in most. The neighbourhood of E 61320. .y 34 CARBONIFEEOUS BOOKS. Ingleborough presents examples of this kind of underground erosion which are second to none' in the Kingdom for numbers, extent, and interest. Their abundance here is probably iue to several causes : — 1st. The large horlzontalflats of bare limestone which give the water every chance of finding an entrance. 2nd. The numerous vertical and long continuous joints which so easily lend themselves to water-carriage. 3rd. The rarity of beds of shale' or other alternations in the great body of the limestone which would tend to check the free passage of water. 4th The rapid descent of the groimd beyond the limestone- plateaux which gives steep gradients to the water-flow in the limestone. 5th. The height ofthe FbUs above, which form condensers to atmospheric" vapour and give a rainfall above the average. Gatekirk Cave. — About a mile from the " Hawes " or water- shed between the Eibble and the Lune the Dale Beck loses itself, except when in flood, in fissures in the limestone, at a part called on the six-inch map Ivescar End Moss. The river, as in many other places, sinks higher up or lower down its course according to the quantity of water running at the time, and the cracks in its course which can accommodate it. For some distance the river- bed in ordinary times is dry, and the water emerges again from a tunnelrlike cave facing down stream. It will be seen that this cave forms a short cut underground for the stream, and in the Alluvium to the north is a series of holes in a straight line all indirectly connected with it, A small hole, somewhat like an old quarry, occurs at Philpin, lower down the stream. It is choked up with mud and rubbish, but is evidently connected with the subterranean system of drainage which we are now about to describe. Weathercote Cave, a large " pot " or cave, whose roof has fallen in, includes two large pits, which, though connected below, are separated above by a natural arch of limestone. The descent is made by steps for a good part of the way and then by rocks and fallen debris under this arch. Opposite, the stream, which has lost itself through fissures in its bed higher up, emerges from beneath a cliff and, falls through the rest of the descent, in a beautiful " force,"* 75 feet in depth. At its bottom the stream runs oflf to the left in a tunnel-shaped cave. This passes by two other " pots " yet to be described. Jingle Pot, which lies 125 yards lower down, is a large chasm in the overflow-channel of the stream under the right bank. A small heap of coarse gravel may usually be seen on its lower or downstream edge. This has been brought from the depths by the * A watercolour sketch of this beautiful scene hy J. M. W. Turner was in the possession of the late Colonel Lyell, brother of Sir Charles Lyell. THE CAVES. 35 great rush of water upwards, at the last great flood The size of the stones and the depth of the shaft up which they have been carried vertically give one a great idea of the force of the water under these circumstances. Hurtle Pot — ^At a further distance down stream of 200 yards, but high up on the right bank, is another large pot, evidently connected with the underground stream-course. On entering it, by a small cleft at its lower edge, one sees a steep slope of river- mud and rubbish, which leads down to a dark pool of still water, surrounded on all other sides by limestone-cliffs. When the water is agitated by throwing in a large stone it " hurtles " against the enlarged fissures of the limestone and produces a curious sound ; hence its name.* The river gradually rises again in its bed, but a short distance below Ohapel-le-Dale the limestone forms a natural bridge across the channel, allowing the water to pass through crevices in it and giving a dry transit to men and cattle above. This goes by the name of "God's Bridge." In all these underground courses it sometimes happens that the channels are not sufficient to carry off all or even the greater part of the drainage of the area. Even Weathercote Cave is filled to the brim, so that the water runs down the old open-air channel, and it is on such occasions as these that it boils up through Jingle Pot and lifts the accumulation of gravel already referred to. Hurtle Pot also shows, by the accumulation of mud on its sides, that it is sometimes brim-full. Douk Cave lies 800 yards S. 35° W. from the Hill Inn, and is an interesting example of an underground stream whose roof has fallen in through a part of its course. It forms a rude oval, and is surrounded on three sides by steep cliflFs, especially on the east, but on the west it may be easily approached. The sti-eam runs out of a cave on the east side, and loses itself under debris at the west end. A small fault, with a downthrow of 3 feet to the north, coincides with the stream. The cave is accessible, and at a distance of about 80 yards up stream opens out overhead into a deep natural shaft, where light may be seen. This pot is called Little Douk Gave on the six-inch map. At the surface the stream may be heard running down below. Braithwaite Wife Hole is a smaller broad pot about 900 yards to the S.S.W. from Douk Cave. It shows a section of Glacial Drift (clay and gravel) to a depth of about 20 feet, and about 40 feet of limestone below. At the junction between the two, on the S.E. side of the pot, were to be seen glacial striae, indicating ice-movement in a south-westerly direction. Numerous other smaller pots occur over the limestone, and more particularly along the line where the shales rest upon the main mass of the Great Scar Limestone, but they do not call for any special remarks. * An old writer in " A Tour to the Caves in the Environs of Ingleborongh and Settle," etc., and Edition, 1781, p. 23, states that here "large hiack trouts are frequently caught in the night by the inhabitants." c 2 36 CAKBONIFBKOUS EOCKS. Hellan Pot, or Alayi Pot*— This, though not the deepest of the great natural shafts occurring in the Limestone of Craven, is on the whole perhaps the most striking. It lies on the limestone- plateau on the east side of Simon Fell, and about half a mile west from Seiside. As with many more of the large " pots," a well-marked dry valley, the earlier channel of the stream before it found its way down into the joints and gradually excavated for itself an under- ground course, leads up to the mouth of the abyss down which the stream now plunges. The shaft is 216 feet in depth, but has a great width, and an open mouth, so that it is well lighted up, and one can peer well down into the recesses. The sides and ledges on the way for some distance are well clothed with ferns, mosses, and a few little shrubs, and it forms a scene of weird grandeur. Thia pot was explored in 1870 by Mr. Birkbeck, of Anley, near Settle. A great mass of gravel lay at the bottom, and the stream ran off by a cave on the north side. This was fol- lowed for some distance. It had a tortuous course, and opened out in places into considerable chambers ; and in one or two places descended in cascades to lower levels. Further the party was stopped by a deep eddying pool, which cut off all further advance. In all particulars it was similar to other water-caves nearer the surface, except perhaps in size. Mr. Birkbeck was much stnick by the exceedingly sharp flutings of the limestone- sides of the shaft near the bottom. They ran vertically, and with great regularity. They were evidently cat out by the force of the water dripping from so great a height and unatfecled by any side-winds in its course. SimiLir sharp flutinors occur in pot-holes on -Nateby Moor, near Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, in the Main Limestone. Long Churn and Dickon Pot- -These are respectively the upper and lower portions of a tributary passage to Hellan Pot, with an entrance midway about one hundred yards away from that chasm. It has been followed 241 yards westwards to day- light, and to near its termination in Hellan Pot eastwards.t Gaping Gill and Inglehorough Cave. — It is impossible to dissociate these two. The first is the entrance, the second the exit of the same stream. Gaping Gill collects the drainage of rather over a square mile of high ground in the south-east angle between Inglehorough and Simon Fell. In a continuance of dry weather the stream is insignificant, but after an unusually heavy rainfall its force is tremendous. The moderately steep gradient of the channel above Gaping Gill adds intensity to its action, and the shoals of coarse gravel, consisting of boulders whose individual weight may be better reckoned in tons than in * Allum Pot on the Six-inch Ordnance JMap. ■f The exploration of this cave is described in " A Tour to the Caves in the Environs of Ingleboroagh and Settle," etc. 2nd Edition, 1781, p. 44. This descent was also made by Mr. Birkbecic and Mr. W. Metcalf in 1847 and 1848. See Cave Hunting, W. Boyd Dawkins, p. 43. THE CAVES. 37 pounds, give a good idea of its occasional strength. At present the pot-hole will intercept any flood that comes down, but before its capacity was so great, the stream must have run oq past the present hole along a valley which may still be easily followed, and which forms the best guide whereby to find Gaping GiU when advancing on it from the lower ground. This dry old stream-bed runs past two other " pots," or f alien-in caves, by Trowgill, and on past the present mouth of the cave, where the water again joins it. The brook continues through the grounds of Ingleborough House by the pretty village of Olapham, and onwards to the Lune. Gaping Gill has not so wide a mouth as Hellan Pot, nor is it so wide generally, though it is quite possible that it expands in places in its lonsj descent. At the surface it is somewhat funnel-shaped, and the stream enters it on the north side, falling over a horizontal ledge of bare limestone. The side of the shaft opposite the entrance of the stream has been much battered by large boulders, brought down by the water in heavy flood. This was markedly the case, many fresh fractures being seen, after a notably heavy thunderstorm in the summer of 1872. Mr. Birkbeck made an attempt to descend this gill, and succeeded in getting on to a ledge a good way down, but could not get further. Under the right bank of the stream, a few feet from its fall, behind a fallen block of limestone, entrance may be obtained, by crawling, into a small cave. It opens out a little on entering, and then in a very short distance plunges down into the abyss — a depth oP 360 feet. It is most dangerous to visit this place without a light. There is a generally received opinion that the stream which enters at Gaping Gill is the same as that which has an exit beneath and sometimes through the Ingleborough Cave. The ground for determining this is narrowed by the North Craven Fault which crosses to the S.E. near the head of Clapham Tarn. This forms a barrier of Silurian Rocks crossing the valley, and all springs from the drainage of the valley above must come out at this (it being impervious to water) if they do not come out before. No springs of sufficient size to dispose of the water which falls into Gaping GiU come out at this barrier or above it, if we except the stream coming out under the cave, and the volume of this in a general way varies with the quantity of water poured into Gaping Gill. The great size of the pot and the extent of the cave both point in the same direction. Bar Pot is a shallow broad depression evidently caused by the falling in of the limestone from being undermined beneath. It lies a little to the right of the old stream-course as one descends towards the cave, on the top of the limestone-plateau. Trowgill, further down, is a narrow steep ravine at the edge of the same plateau. The narrowest part of the ravine shows on its sides hollows in the rock which look much as if they owed their origin to the action of a stream ; but no stream can descend now, nor can have done so to any great extent since Gaping Gill was formed. Just above the south-east scarp of Trowgill is a huge hollow in the plateau, which must also be due to the underground 38 OARBONIPEEOITS ROCKS. excavation by water. It is full of broken angular limestone, broken apparently by the rocks having given way and f#en. into a pre-existing hollow or cave. The cl6bris prevents ingress on any side, but a little excavation and exploration here might lead to a further knowledge of the extent of the Ingleborough Cave than we at present possess. The Ingleborough Cave. — This cave has been described by Mr. J. W. Farrer* and Prof. J. Phillips,-^- who have both given plans of it. As regards its earlier history we learn that about the first 80 yards had been known from time immemorial. In the year 1837 a large curtain or dam of stalagmite, which barred further progress, was removed, and a large pool of water let off, 80 as to reveal the long series of chambers and galleries which are now visible. These stretched " first to the N. then to theN.W., afterwards to the N. and N.E., and finally to the E.,t till after two years spent in the interesting toil of discovery, at a distance of 702 yards from the mouth, the explorers rested from their labours in a large and lofty irregular grotto, in which they heard the sound of water falling in a stiU more advanced subterranean recess. It has been ascertained at no inconsiderable personal risk that this water falls into a deep, pool or linn at a lower level, beyond which further progress appears to be impracticable." § The dam referred to consisted of travertine, compact on the outer side and more loosely grained on the inner surface. The outer slope is more gradual than the inner, which is very steep : this seems to be the rule with all the stalagmiticdams in the cavern. In many places shelves of stalagmite have grown out from the sides of the pools on the water-level. This has been caused no doubt by a greater evaporation of calcareous water at the line of junction with the rock. On the roof near this dam are little fringes of stalactites which on reaching the water have expanded into a continuous body of calcareous matter, and this is now suspended by their slender attachments. One point worthy of remark is that the outer side of the dams of stalagmite consists always of a compact, crystalline, clean deposit of spar. The inner side, which was deposited under still water, is more cellular or looser in texture, and takes on a branching coralloid or botryoidal form. It is, moreover, not so clean, and a deposit of mud often occurs between the little branches of spar. The cave, being subject to floods, and the deep pools behind the barriers forming basins of settlement for ths mud, that and other impurities have interfered with the continuous deposit of tufa, and account for its irregular development. On the overflow side, on the contrary, the mud would be washed off by the first flow of clean water which succeeded the storm-waters. * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. v. pp. 49-51, 1849. I Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-Coast of Yorkshire, 1858, pp. 30-35, and Plate VII. The subterranean course of the cave is indicated by dotted lines on the Six-Inch Ordnance Map. § Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-Coast of Yorkshire, 1853, pp. 80, 31. THE CAVES. 3(> Thus iu many places where water is now dripping from the roof on to surfaces which were formerly submerged in pools, the diflference in colour and appearance of the later deposit is very marked, and its thickness may be used as a 'measure of the rate at which the spar is formed where the date of the destruction of the barrier is known. The outer side of a stalagmite-dam consists of a series of innumerable little horizontal basins, with rather sharp edges, ranged one above another, not in horizontal planes with one another like brickwork, but more like irregular masonry. These little basins often contain small unattached aggregations of cal- careous crystals, which grow from the gradual evaporation of the water in the basin in dry intervals. The upper edge of a barrier is always horizontal, and neces- sarily so. Where the greatest flow of water occurs, there is the greatest deposft of calcium carbonate, and so the tendency is always towards the formation of a level edge. If a dam receives injury and the water-level is lowered, the stream passes through the gap and slowly builds it up again ; meanwhile the rest of the edge remains at its existing level until the gap is restored and the otitflow is again equally distributed. The level edge is far from running in a straight line across the cave, but often lies in curves of great beauty. Proceeding up the cave from the old barrier we gradually ascend to its water-level and soon arrive at the " Pillar Hall," so called from a large stalactite continuous from roof to floor. We have here another stalagmitic dam, and from this point onwards for some distance a kind of " dado " of tufa marks with great regularity the former level of the water. This pool apparently drained itself by enlarging the joints at the hole called " the abyss." Here and elsewhere in the cave the tufa has grown out in places into shelves at the surface of the former water-level. In the base of such shelves may often be seen large pebbles, now entirely supported by the calcareous cement. These remind us of a time when the cave was filled in with gravel to that height, and of its subsequent clearance by floods. Many of these shelves have had large additions made to them above, by water trickling out from crevices at higher levels, and large projecting bosses are the result. The so-called "Beehive," is one of them. Folds of tufa, resembling drapery, hang from them. The roof of the cave lowers gradually, and you soon arrive at the first " creeping-place." Though low, it is broad, and the road has been cut partly through sand and gravel and also through rock. We emerge into the side of what is called the Long Gallery, which seems to coincide with a fissure : it is wide and lofty, terminating on the right in a large boss of stalagmite called the " Ladies Cushion." Reasoning by analogy we may suppose that this dams back a body of water, and probably if it were tapped, access might be had to a further branch of the cave. It is not, howeVer, running in the direction of Gaping Gill, but rather back towards the cave-mouth. 40 CAEBONIFEROUS ROCKS. Eetracing our steps to the creeping-place, and passing by it, we come to a curious development of tufa. It has taken the form of a number of vertica] plates attached to the right wall, which, on being gently struck with a stick, give forth musical notes, higher or lower according to their size. The largest, with a free end, gives a deep-toned note like a large muffled bell. The "Long Gallery," which extends for about 200 yards, presents many diverse forms of stalagmites which are worthy of study. There are also good examples of limestone-weathering of different kinds. At its upper end this gallery forks out into two branches. That to the right, which seems to be the main branch, if followed a short distance, is found to be choked with river- gravel to the roof The other conducts to the " Cellar-Gallery," a long, round-arched, and mostly low vault, with enlarged joints crossing it at frequent intervals. This part is subject to extra- ordinary floods, such as that in 1871, when it was so choked vnth mud and sand as to be nearly impassable. The " Giants Hall," a more spacious chamber, though hardly justifying its name, has been the usual limit of exploration. Very rarely people have gone further down a crevice on the right side of it which leads to a shallow low -roofed stream-bed. There is only just room to creep, but in time it leads to a long deep pool with high roof and vertical sides. The late Mr. James Farrer and subsequently Mr. John Birkbeck, junr., both attempted to follow this, but without success. This is the limit of our knowledge of the cave in 1890. Yordas Cave lies on the western side of Kingsdale at the foot of Greygarth. From a small entrance it " expands within to a large and lofty chamber (60 yards long and above 20 high), in which water dropping from the roof and sides has formed the numerous and fantastic stalactites and stalagmites. . . Farther in, a circular chamber appears, its roof supported by spirally aggregated pillars of stalactite ... in wet seasons a cascade adds its effect to this beautiful scene. This water is, no doubt, derived from the stream which, a little farther up the glen, is swallowed up by the limestone rocli."* * Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-Coast of Yorkshire, 1853, p. 26. DENT AND GABSDALE. 41 CHAPTER IV.— CAEBONIFEROUS HOOKS— continued. DisTBiOT 2. Dent and Gaesdale. By A. Stkahan. These dales, both of which drain westward into the Lnne, are divided from Chapel-le-Dale and the Ribble drainage-system by the great Millstone Grit-capped fells of Crag Fell and Whernside, and from Wensley Dale by VViddale Fell. They have been exca- vated for the most part in Yoredale Rocks, lying in their normal nearly horizontal position, but towards the west they cross the great boundary-fault which limits the Carboniferous Rocks from Leek Fell to near Kirkby Stephen. The map now under description includes a short length only of this fault, but affords opportunities of observing that the strata are not only thrown down to the east by it, but have been doubled sharply back along its whole eastern side, so as even to be inverted in places. The fault also hades to the west, so far as we can follow it down the sides of the gills, and therefore belongs to the class sometimes referred to as "reversed faults." This peculiarity and the sharp twist- up of the Carboniferous Rocks indicate that the displace- ment was accompanied by great lateral compression. The Silurian Rocks on the west side of the fault show the contortions and high dips usual to these strata, which of course resulted from pre- Carboniferous earth-movements, but here and there are overspread by nearly horizontal patches of Carboniferous Basement Beds. A portion of one such patch falls within the north-west corner of the map. Carboniferous Basement Beds. The deep-red conglomerate, of which this division of the Car- boniferous group consists, lies in Hole Beck Gill on Coniston Flags, stained as usual by infiltration from the rock above. The pebbles, which compose the mass of the rock, range up to a foot in diameter, and are well-rounded. The fault here brings the conglomerate face to face with the upper beds of the Great Scar Limestone, a displacement of about 600 feet. The best exposures of the Basement Beds occur in the valleys of the Clough and Rawthey in Quarter-Sheet 97 N.W. Great Scar Limestone. This rock is laid bare for nearly the whole length of Dent, though it has not been reached in the bottom of Garsdale, partly through the latter being less deep, but more especially in conse- quence of a gentle dip, varying from north-west to north-east in 42 CARBOSIFEBOUS KOCKS. direction, through which the Great Scar Limestone falls from an elevation of about 1,100 feet in Kingsdale to 900 feet in the upper part, and 700 feet in the lower part of Deepdale, to 500 feet in Dent, and below the surface of the ground (721 feet above the sea at the Church) in Garsdale. In Deut the gradient of the river-bed frequently agrees with the inclination of the strata, and in such cases the water slides for many yards over the smooth surface of the same bedding-plane. But near the fault the limestone, tra- versed by innumerable cracks filled in with barytes, rears vertically up, as may be seen in the bed of the Dee, 200 yards west of Barth Bridge, and on the west side of Gawthrop. At the latter locality a small gill follows the actual line of fault, and shows shattered shales of the Coniston Limestone Series in its west, and Great Scar Limestone in its east bank. Thence the limestone runs southwards in a narrow strip through Cragg "Wood, always nearly vertical, and witli a strike parallel to the boundary-fault. In Flinter Gill, Yellow Gill, Scotchergill, and Deepdale Head, one or two thin limestones lie a few feet above the top of the Great Scar Limestone : — Flintergill, near Dent. Feei. Shales and sandstone. Limestone - - ..... SJ Sandstone - .!- .. . -9 Limestone -.-....3 Shale --...... 8 GiiEAi ScAE /Thin-bedded black limestone - - 3 Limestone. \ Hard grey limestone. Deepdale Head. Limestone ...... .g Shale and sandstone - - . , . .8 Gbeai Scah Limesxqne., . _ ., Near Dent Head a band of shale, six feet thick, separates the upper portion of the Great Scar Limestone from, the main mass. This portion may represent the eight-foot limestone of Deepdale Head, though it is thicker, and more closely connected with the Great Scar Limestone. Through parts of its course the Dee traverses picturesque chasms or deep circular pools, such as Hell's Cauldron and Black Dub, which have been formed by the solvent action of the water on the rock. At Hud's Force, about a mile higher up, the water fails over a ledge of hard limestone underlain by a shale six feet thick. Yoredale Beds. The Hardraw Scar Limestone is well exposed in the deep gills which run northwards to Gawthrop. Below it lie thick shales DENT AND GAKSDALE. 4.3 and 'above it shales with bands of limestone, one of which is rich in corals. A section in Oliver Gill shows : — Oliver Gill. SiMONSTONE Limestone. Sandstone. Limestone . » . Sandstone with calcareous bands Limestone Strata not seen • Sandstone Shale - Black coralline limestone Shale . Limestone Shale - Habduaw Scab Limesione, about Peet. 3 13 5 3 6 16 20 The same beds run with little change through Flinter Gill to Yellow Gill and How Gill, where they are partly cut out by faults. Gastack Beck Head (in Deepdale), gives the following details : — Gastack Beck Head, Deepdale. SiMONSTONE Limestone, about Sandstone >■ Shale - Sandstone Sandy limestone Sandstone with thin shale Sandy limestone Sandstone Shale ... Calcareous shale with fossils Shale, about Hakdeaw Scab Limestone. Teet. 12 li 6 10 5 12 2 11 7 1 8 The Simonstone Limestone, a black and homogeneous rock, has been quarried in Oliver Gill for " black marble." In this neighbourhood a thick soft shale, which has been deeply cut into by the streams, lies next above it. In the upper part of Oliver Gill the Middle Limestone contains a thin band of shale in its upper part, about 2 feet of limestone being thus separated from the main bed, while the Five- Yard Lime- stone occurs at its usual distance above. This thin limestone may be traced along the dale for some miles, but the " Five-Yard " is not seen again as far as Force Gill, on the east side of Whern- side, where it reappears in its usual position. The thin limestone below the Middle Limestone also appears in the gills near here, and in Flintergill Head a bed, about 1^ feet thick, may represent 44 CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. the Three- Yard Limestone. The section of the Middle Limestone in Gastack Beck runs as follows : — Gastack Beck. Feet. r Limestone - - - - 2i Middle Limestone •( Shale - - - - - 6 L Limestone - - - - 18 Sandstone. Along the east side of Deepdale the strata lie hidden under thick talus from the long and steep slopes of Whemside, though the vari(>us limestones make their presence known here and there by swallow-holes. They come into view again in Hacker Gill, the Hardraw Scar Limestone having a shale-band, 2 feet thick, near its base. The two thin limestones below the Simonstone, and the Simonstone , itself with a thickness of 1 8 feet, also re- appear. The upper part of the gill intersects the thick flags and sandstone which underlie the Middle Limestone, and shows that here as in Gastack Beck the top part of the Middle Limestone is separated from the main bed by a thin shale. In Blake Beck the Hardraw Scar Limestone forms a remark- ably picturesque waterfall, resembling in many ways the Hardraw Scar Force from which that rock takes its name. The ledge of the force is formed by the lower beds of limestone and the under- lying sandstone while the chasm is excavated in the thick body of shale which separates this bed from the Great Scar Limestone. In the upper part of the beck the following section occurs : — Blake Beck. Feet. Middle Limestone. Sandstone - - - - - - 2 Shale - - - - ... .9 Sandstone - . - - . -- . - 12 Shale - - . > . . . . -20 Limestone .......i Flags 56 Shale - ...... 25 Simonstone Limestone - - - . - 18 Sandstone ....... 9 Shale . . 6 Sandstone and flags .... .50 Shale with limestone (4J feet) - . .12 Sandstone . - . . - . .18 Shale - - - ... 10 Haedeaw Scab Limestone. 248 At Dent Head the Hardraw Scar Limestone also has been worked for " black marble," but the quarry is now occupied by the piers of the Midland Railway Viaduct. The Arten Gill Viaduct is supported on the same bed. The Simonstone Lime- DENT AND GAESDALE, 45 stone was quarried in Short Gill for the building-stone of the Dent Head Viaduct, and is exposed again in Fell-end Gill to a thickness of 17 feet. Its upper part and the thick shale over it crop out in the deep cutting at the south end of the Arten Gill Viaduct, while the thin limestone which occurs between the Simonstone and the Middle Limestones runs along the top of the cutting above Nell's Garth (Cow Dub) as shown below : — Railway-cutting above Cow Dub. Feet. Shale . . - . ' ... 6 Limestone - - - - 1 Sandstone - .-.■. . . .4 Shale with thin sandstone - - - - - - 25 A second thin band a few feet higher up occurs in the gill at the north end of the cutting, and again in Monkey-beck, where it is 1^ feet thick. The Middle Limestone crosses this gill at the north end of the platform of Dent, Station, but has slipped, so as to present the appearance of dipping steeply down the hill. Lower down the following section occurs : — Monkey-beck. Shale Simonstone Limestone Sandstone Limestone Sandstone Limestone Feet. 50 16 12 2h 12 1 In Cowgill we see both the Three- Yard and the Five- Yard Limestones, the section of the latter being as follows : — Cowgill. Feet. ("Bed-topped Limestone - H Five-Yard Limestone < Shale - - - - - 1 L Productal limestone - - 2i About 600 yards down the gill, wo get the following section of the Middle Limestone : — Cowgill. Feet. fLimestone. I Sandylimestone - - - 3 -,',-" / Sandstone - - 2 Middle Limestonb<| ^^^^^^^^^ ... 5 I Sandstone - - - - 6 LLimestone and caloareons sandstones - 3 Shale. Along the north side of Dent this and the Five-Yard Lime- stone occur repeatedly as far as Hall Bank. The thick shale in which the latter lies has slipped in several places, leaving 46 OAEBONIFEEOUS HOOKS. hollows in the hill-side which become conspicuous when the sun is low. The sandstone below the Middle Limestone is flaggy and - has been largely quarried for roofing near Scotchergill. The Simonstone and Hardraw Scar Limestones are well exposed in Scotchergill, where the following section was taken : — ScotchergiiU, Feet Simonstone Limestonu, about - 18 Sandstone ■with shale - 25 Limestone with. Productus giganteus ■ 3 SandBtone 9 Shale. - - 5. Sandy limestone 6 Sandstone . . . . 15 Shale - - - . . • 15 TTahti-r.aw Scab Limestone 25 Sandstone ... 5 Shale 60 Shale with bands of sandstone - 12 Shale .... 40 Limestone ... 5 Calcareous sandstone and shale 18 G-EEAT ScAK Limestone. West of the gill the limestones, after being lost to view under talus and Drift for about two miles, reappear in a gill near Hole House, near the point where the strata turn sharply up to the great fault. They may be traced hence by swallow-holes across the moor to the River Clough, where also they stand in a vertical position (Quarter-sheet 97 N.W.). The Main and Underset Limestones occur as outliers round Dent, on the hills known as Rise HiU, Widdale Fell, Wold Fell, Blea Moor, Whernside, and Crag Fell. The exposures on the east end of Rise Hill will be presently referred to ; on the south side of the hill we find but little evidence for fixing their position, but on Widdale Fell both rocks repeatedly appear, and on Pike's Edge a thin limestone, possibly the Little Limestone (see p. 19) is seen as below : — Pike's Edge, Widdale Fell. Shale (top not seen) .... Calcareous shale .... Shale ...-■... Pine blue limestone, weathering yellow Shale Decomposed cherty limestone ... Shale and gannister. Feet. 6+ 2 3 4 1 1 Further south, near Cross Pits, a thin limestone lies close above the Main Limestone, the horizon of the cherty rock of Pike's Edge being marked by cherty bands in the shale above. The coal between the Main and the Underset Limestones has been worked on this side of Widdale Fell also as far as the Cross DENT AND GAESDALE. 47 Pits Colliery. On Blea Moor there is a cap of coarse grit with a few small quartz-pebbles, probably'the " seat " of this coal-seam, for the Underset Limestone occurs at the right distance beneath. On Whcrnside, and especially on its north-east side, both the Main and Underset Limestones stand out conspicuously. The latter forms the Great Wold and runs, with the overlying cal- careous shale, by the head of Blake Beck ; it contains chert- nodules in its upper part, and reaches a thickness of 30 to 40 feet, though it dwindles away in Combe Scar to the south to about 7| feet. The Main Limestone forms the features known as Hagg Worm Haw and Greensett Crags. Above it lies a thick shale, without however any equivalent of the Little Limestone. The Cross Pits and Garsdale Pits coal has been worked on Whernside ; also, in some old pits dotted at intervals for a long distance along the north and west sides of the hill, and near Combe Scar, where one of the levels still remains open. The same bed has been dug in Coal Gill (see also p. 29). A small outlier of the Underset Limestone survives on High Pike ; and the underlying sandstone is largely quarried for flags. A thin limestone lies over the flags in the quarry, and a calcareous encrinital shale with thin limestone occurs in a gill about 50 feet below, at about the horizon of the Three- Yard Limestone. The Underset Limestone on Crag Fell yields encrinital " marble," the quarry showing the following section : — Marble Quarry, Crag Fell. Feet. Shale (top not seen) - - - " . " " ^+ Laminated cherty and calcareous shale with fossils - - 2 Encrinital chert (silicified limestone) - - - - 3 Encrinital limestone (" marble ") about - - - 20 The Main Limestone is overl.ain by a thick mass of shale which has been deeply gashed by the streams from above. A thin lime- stone (perhaps the Little Limestone) occurs here and there near the County Stone above it. The sections in diiferent parts of Great Combe compare as follows : — Great Combe, Crag Fell, North End, South End. Peet. Feet. Shale. "I Shale with a concretionary Chert arid sandstone - 5 J cherty band - - 14 Sandy limestone - - 5 Limestone, black fine-grained IJ Chert and shale . - 10 Flaggy sandstone. Shale, about - - 50 Main Limestone. The coal underlying the Main Limestone has been worked round this hill also. 48 OABBONIFKEOUS ROOKS. The section- below the Main Limestone runs on thus : — Crag Fell Feet. Main Limestone - - - - - 10 to 15 80 132 Sandstone Shale with coal Sandstone Shale - -J Undekset Limestone - - - - - - 25 Sandstone, flags, and shale with two thin limestones - 390 Middle Limestone ..... 18 Sandstone - -~i Shale with thin limestone Sandstone Shale . - -J SiMONSTOiTB Limestone - - - - - - 16 Sandstone with two thin limestones - . 75 Habdraw Scar Limestone . - . .15 Shale with some sandstone ... - 70 GuEAT Scab Limestone. 835 In Garsdale the Hardraw Scar or lowest limestone of Phillip's Yoredale series appears for a distance of about 2J miles. Its upper pai-t crops out in the river near Low House and the wbole bed in Blea Gill. Along this part of the dale it can be traced by swallow-holes only, but it comes into sight near Scar Top and Low Scar. It finally crosses the river again near Ingheads Bridge, absorbing the water in its fissures for a distance of about 200 yards. The rock is black and fine-grained, and about 20 feet thick ; above it lie sandstone and flags with abundant and beauti- fully preserved annelid-tracks and ripple-marks. The Simonstone Limestone also occurs as an inlier in Gars- dale ; it crosses the river 400 yards above Ingheads Bridge and iTins down the dale for a distance of 3| miles, as far as Birkriga;, where it again descends to the bed of the river. There usually occur two thin sandy limestones below it, as may be seen in Blea, Kay, Assey, and Skelton Gills on the south side of the dale, and in the bed of the river above Ingheads Bridge. In this part of the district, the underlying limestone sometimes equals the Simonstone itself in thickness. The Middle Limestone runs through the whole length of Gars- dale, and the thick sandstone below it forms a distinct feature in the sides of the dale. It is best seen in the gills in the upper part of the dale, in each of which it makes a conspicuous waterfall. Occasionally a thin limestone appears in the sandstone, as in Assey Gill, north of Ray Gill. The limestone itself is also split up rather irregularly by one or more sandstone-bands, and o-ains extreme hardness and a cherty texture, from the intimate mixture of finely-divided silica (probably as a fine sand) and carbonate of s 'H 49 3 I--.. s ^ 5 JS ■I f &3 ^ S 5* rut m a 09 E-i 2 M 2 a .Jtr S II I! M ^ s s oS a gaa .„ Boa •o 0-3 9) lo Simonstone Limestoke . • • 20 WUAEFEDALE. 57 Feet. Sandstone, thiek ... Shale, thick - - - Limestone, 3 feet ... Sandstone, 10 or 12 feet Limestone, 4 or 5 feet - - - - - - ^ 65 Plate - Calcareous sandstone with rootlets, 14 inches Shale - - - . - Plate ..... Limestone with Froduatiis giganteus; top of the Gkeat Scab Limestone. Plate. Limestone. Plate. Limestone, thick. The next gill, Mill Beck, gives the following section ; — Section in Mill Beck. Feet SiMONSiosE Limestone .... . over 24 Sandstone ..... . - 17 Limestone ..... . 3 to 4 Sandstone . . . - - . 4 to 5 Limestone ..... . 6 Sandstone ..... . - 30 Shale - not less than 5 Limestone with corals and Produetus giganteus . - 22 Shale and gap ..... . - 10 Limestone ..... . - 20 Shale - . 4 or 5 Thick Limestone. The Simonstone and Middle Limestones are continuous all along "Wharfedale above Kettlewell. The Underset Limestone sets in somewhere on [the obscure hill-side opposite Buckden ; we first see it in force forming a crag near Low Comb opposite Kirk Gill. It again shows itself on the path leading over the fell from Kaysgill in Wharfedale into Littondale near Horse Head,* but cannot be traced continuously. The Main Limestone runs all round the hill-side below the lop of Old Cote Moor, which is formed of Millstone Grit. The Main Limestone also forms an outher on Horse Head Moor, Horse Head itself being a small outlier of Millstone Grit. A plotted section across the Haws gives the following thicknesses : — The Haws. Feet. Main Limestone, upwards of - . 60 Sandstone and shale - - 60 Undeeset Limestone - . 60 Measures - 225 to 250 Middle Limestone - 65 Measures - 50 SiMOMSTONE LiMESlaNE - - 20 Measures - . - - 50 Limestone with Productns giganteus. * This should be Haws Head. 58 CABBONITEEPUS EOCKS. Another section plotted across Little Fell gives the following : Little Fell. Feet, Mais Limestone - - - - - - 60 Measures, mostly sandstone ..... 130 Undesset Limestose . - - - . - 65 Sandstone . - - - - - "1.180 Fermginous shale with a thin limestone near the bottom* - J Middle Limestone - • - - . - 45 Sandstone with thin limestones on shale . - .85 SiMONsioNE Limestone ■ - . - .60 Sandstone - - . - - - -"] Limestone . - - - - - - ( Sandstone - - - - - . .V65 Limestone ...... Sandstone ...... GuEAT Scab Limestone ; with Prod^uitw giganteus - Plate, thin ..... Limestone, coralline ...... i about Shale, very thin ...... (100 Limestone ...... Shale, very thin ..... Limestone, thick ..... Throughout Wharfedale and Littondale the top of the Great Scar Limestone is marked by a productal band containing espe- cially P. giganteus. The thin subdivisions given near the top of this limestone, in the above section, become important northward, the upper limestone with P. giganteus becoming the Hardraw Scar Limestone ; but in this part of the country these subdivi- sions cannot well be separated from the main mass of the Great Scar Limestone. Westward from Little Fell and the line of the above section, the beds forming the upper part of the Great Scar Limestone are obscured by the Drift which about Greenfield covers the watershed between the Wharfe and the Kibble, but the Yoredale beds can be traced on tolerably well, as the Simonstone and Middle Lime- stones are everywhere important beds. The Middle Limestone is generally covered by a considerable thickness of ferruginous shales, containing a thin liinestone marked * in the section given above. This is the Impure Productal Limestone of Prof. Phillips. The fell-side below Greenfield Knotts shows a similar sequence of beds to that given above. The Underset Limestone is present, and an outlier of Main Limestone forms Greenfield Knotts. The coimtry between Greenfield and Outershaw Becks consists of an outlier of the lower Yoredale Eocks, the top of the hill, called Oocklee Fell, being formed of the sandstone-series above the Middle Limestone. The series from this point towards Beckermonds is as follows : — Between Cocklee Fell and Beckermonds. Feet. Sandstone-series ...-.- 100 Middle Limestone - - • ■ ■ -SO Sandstone ....---25 ♦ The Impure Productal or Five. Yards Limestone, WHABFEDALE. 59 Shale ...... Sandstone ..... Plate -..-.- SmoN8TON£ Limestone ... Flagstone ..... Gap, strata not seen .... Limestone, 8 inches, rosty and adhering to ■ Sandstone ..... Shale, 8 feet Limestone, 3 feet .... Sandstone ..... Plate . Limestone, prodactal (the Hakdeaw Scab Limestone) Shale, thin ..... Limestone Plate ...... Limestone ..... Shale, 3 feet ..... Gheat Scar Limestone ... Feet. I 90 30 ■120 60 Sections in Outershaw give the followiijg series of beds : — Outershaw, Main Limestone Shale Sandstone . Shale Grit Plate and black shale Chert Limestone and plate Undekset Limestone Sandstone and shale, variable Limestone - Sandstone . Shale Sandstone . Shale Middle Limestone Shale and coal Sandstone . Shale Limestone - Shale Sandstone - Limestone, 3 feet - Sandstone ■ Shale Calcareous sandstone Shale Limestone, productal and coralline (the Hardbaw Soak Limestone) ..... Feet. 100 ;>80 to 90 30 300 50 to 80 - 30 90 to 100 30 to 25 'Y 180 60 Shale. Limestone. Shale. GiLEiAi Scab Liuesioke. 60 OABBONirEBOUS KOCKS. As we follow the beds south-eastward down the north and east side of Wharfedale from Outershaw to 'Kettlewell, we find the following general series : — The Main Limestone ; everywhere present, thinning soath-east- wards. Sandstone, passing into shaJe. Undekset Limestone ; continuous as far as Cam Head, north of Kettlewell, where it passes into chert. Shale ; thinning out south-eastwards. Sandstone j continuous to Cam Head, where it thins out. Shale. Middle Limestone. Sandstone ; in force as far as Bnckden Beck. Shale. Sandstones and shales with thin limestones ; becoming feeble to the south-east. SiMONSTONE Limestone. Shales and sandstone. Hakdraw Soak Limestone ; coalescing with the Great Scar Limestone south-eastwards. Shale thinning out south-eastwards. Gkbat Scab Limestone, We will now give the sections of the chief gills on the left-hand side of the Wharfe. The first big gill below Beckermonds is Deepdale,* which gives the following section : — Section in Deepdale, Wharfedale. Feet. Miilsione Gkit ... Oakbonifekous Limestone Seeies : — Plate .-..-.. r Limestone. Main or Coveehead Limestone -! Plate. L Limestone - • 50 Shale ... Sandstone - - - Plate Underset Limestone Sandstone - - . Shale Sandstone . - - Shale Limestone, thin . Sandstone, upwards of - Plate - - - Limestone, 2 to 4 feet Shale Middle Limestone Shale, 4 feet, with coal occasionally Sandstone and shale Sandstone, 50 feet Shale and sandstone Sandstone, 7} feet Shale SiMONSTONE Limestone - 3 50 50 100 50 70 to 80 40 110 25 * A dale of the same name lies on the south side of Dent, WHABFEDAXE. 61 Sandstone .... Limestone .... Shale Haedbaw Scab Likesione Galcareoas sandstone ... Shale Gbeai Scab Limesioite, seen to - - Near Yockenthwaite the section of the lower Yoredale Bocks on the north side of the Wharfe ia as follows : — ;} :} Feet. 80 40 40 275 Section north of the Wharfe, near Yockenthwaite. Middle Lihesione Shale and coal Sandstone, thick • Shale LimeBtono Shale Sandstone, thick • Shale SiMONSTONE Limestone Sandstone, thick - Shale Sandstone, 6 inches Shale, 2 feet Sandstone, thick - Habdbaw Scab Limestone, coralluie Shale Limestone Sandstone Plate Gbeai Scab Liuestone : — Limestone Shale, 2 inches • Limestone, seen to West of Cray we get the following section Section in Crook Gill. Middle LrMESTONE .... Shale ...... Sandstone ..... Shale Thin impure and flaggy limestone Shale ...... Plate ...... Simonsione Limestone ... Sandstone, 15 feet .... Shale, 10 feet ..... Limestone, 1 foot .... Sandstone Plate - Limestone Plate, 3 feet Habdbaw Scab corals Plate, thin Limestone Sandstone Limestone Fhkte, thin Limestone, with FrodmotntiS giganteas and Feet. 50 Tu 40 i.70 or 80 25 to 30 40 400 Feet. 50 Clio 25 75 50 > 50 62 CARBONIFEROUS EOCKS. FSEI. G-EEAT ScAU Limestone: — Limestone - - • . . 25 Shale • ■ . . V Limestone, seen to - - 350 Section in Buckden Beck, Millstone Geit (p. 77} • • > • 470 Caebonipeeous Limestone Seeies:— Main Limestone • - . • • 100 Shale ... 40 TJndeeset Limestone . - . . 100 Shale - • • • 40 Sandstone - • . - - 40 Shale - . - . 20 Middle Limestone - . - . . 110 Sandstone and shale - . - - 30 Simonstone Limestone • . . ■ 40 Sandstone and shale . 60 Haedeaw- Scae, Limestone (ProdMctas hemisphosricus plentiful near Buckden) - . 30 Thin plate - .... Great Scab, Limestone, seen to . 500 Walden. A very small portion of Walden comes into this Quarter-Sheet. We have there the two upper limestones, but rather thinner thai? as given above, viz., the Main Limestone, 80 feet, and the Under- set Limestone, 75 feet thick. Over the Yoredale Beds lies the Millstone Grit, as shown in the section of Buckden Moor. BlSHOPDALE. The upper portion of Bishopdale comes into this map ; and here we have the following general section of the Yoredale Rocks : — Main Limestone - Shale and sandstone TJndeeset Limestone Shale Sandstone Shale Middle Limestone Sandstone and shale Simonstone Limestone Sandstone Haedkat Scae Limestone Plate, thin. Gkeat Scae Limestone. Feet. 100 50 60 V 245 30 to 50 75 to 130 20 to 30 75 to 80 35 to 50 The best section is in Foss Gill ; it is given below : — Section of Foss Gill. Shales, ferrnginous ...... Limestone (Phillips's Impure Productal Limestone) Plate - • - - Middle Limestone, at the first or highest foss Feet. 2 BISHOPDALE. 63 Feei. Sandstone, 5 feet ... Shale ..... Limestone, 2 feet ... Shale, IJ feet .... Limestone, 1 foot ... Shale, 1 foot 5>130 Sandstone, over 4} feet Gap, strata not seen Limestone, 6 feet . . - Plate, 1 foot .... Sandstone, thick ... ^ SiMONSTONB LiMESiONE, at the second foss . . .'20 Sandstone ....... 50 Shalo ....-.-. 30 Hakdbatt Scar Limestone, at the third foss - - .35 Plate . . . . - Limestone .......3 Shale ........ IJ Plate, more than ...... 3 Shale ..... Limestone . . . - Shale, at the fourth foss Limestone .... On the east side of the dale we have the following sections : — East side of Bishopdale. Middle Limestone : its base at the limekiln above West Howgill House ...... Sandstone . . ."1 Sandstone and shale - . I Gap • _ - - - I Section in gill above Limestone resting on sandstone ^ Holme Field Gap ... Limestone Shale, 3 feet Sandstone, 3 feet Limestone, 1 foot Sandstone Gap - • ■ _ Limestone, near the bottom of the wood -4 :1 Feet. 50 - 100 + Section in wood above High West Field . 100 + And again a little farther north, we have the following parallel sections, viz. : — In Myres Garth Gill {in the Upper Wood). Ferrtiginous shales. Middle Limestone Limestone 1 ^ Sandstone J * Shale, thick Limestone, 2J feet '") Slate, 1 foot . I Sandstone, 4 feet - ( Plate - -J SiMONSTONE Limestone (at the bottom of the wood). In Scale Gill. Ferruginous shales. A little limestone and thin plate (just above the wood). • Middle Limestone. Shale. rSandy limestone. ) Sandstone. J Sandy limestone. LPlate. - Shale, thick. ("Limestone. ) Limestone, sandy. ■ ] Plate. (_Limestone, impure. SiMONSTONE Limestone. Feet. About 50 *- About 76 About 30 64 CAEBONIPEEOUS BOCKS. At Woods Plantation, above New House, we have the section continued thus : — SiMONSTONE Limestone (at the top of the wood). Sandstone, 2 feet Shale, 1 foot Sandstone Gap Limestone, sandy Limestone Sandstone Limestone, sandy and ferrnginous - Sandstone Gap Sandstone Shale Haudbat Scab Limestone Shale Limestose Shale Limestone - Feet. -1 75 50 25 On the west side of Bishopdale the uppermost Yoredale beds are different from those on tihe east side in 4he following im- portant respects. On the east side along Bishopdale Edge the Main Limestone is immediately overlain by Millstone Grit ; but on the west side we have above the ordinary Main Limestone of Kidstones Fell and Stake Moss upwards of 50 feet of cherty beds on Thoralby Common. The series on the north end of the Stake is as follows : — Cherty heds, upwards of Main Limestone, white Sandstone, at Stake Edge Undeksei Limestone - Feet. 50 100 50 60 We can complete the Ust of the beds between Bishopdale and Semmerdale with a section from Addlebrough, which is formed by an outlier of the Underset Limestone, to Cubeck. Section from Addlebrough to Cubeck. Unsebset Limestone, of Addlebrough, whole thickness uot F£ET. seen . - . • . 50 Sandstone 10 Sandstone and shale - ■ 260 Middle Limestone ■ 75 Shale .... • 15 Sandstone • ' . ■ 40 Shale .... 20 Sandstone ... • 25 Shale .... ■ 50 SiMONSTONE Limestone 50 Sandstone 20 Shale . 20 Sandstone ... . . . 10 Habdbaw Scab Limestone . 80 SEMMEBDALE. 65 Semmbkdale. Wt; will introduce the description of the beds in Semmerdale by a pecfion plotted from the Ordnance Station 1659 on Stake Fell to Semmer Water. Section from Stake Fell to Semmer Water. Feet. Main Limestone ...... Sandstone ..... .15 Shale ... . - 40 Undekset Limestone ... . 55 Sandstone - - - - - 75 Shale 5 Sandstone ... ... lOO Shale 16 Sandstone .... - 30 Shale ....... 30 Sandstone - - . . - - - 20 Shale - .... - 20 Middle Limestone - - - - - - 70 Sandstone and shale - - - - - - 75 Simonstone Limestone - - - - - 55 Sandstone ...... -~| Shale - ...... I Limestone - - - - - - )■ 90 Sandstone - .... Shale ....... .J Haedbaw Scar Limestone - 50 Sandstone and shale - - - - 40 Great Scj^r Limestone. With the above we may compare a section on the west side of the dale from Green Scar to Semmer Water, which gives : — From Green Scar to Semmer Water. Underset Limestone, of Green Scar Crag, over Sandstone ..... Sandstone and shale series .... Shale with thin "Impure Produetal Limestone, " near the base .-..-.- Middle Limestone . ... Measures Simonstone Limestone Measures . - - - Hardraw Scar Limestone Sandstone ... Limestone ..... Feet. 20 45 130 150 50 110 40 80 35 20 In Semmerdale, where we get clear sections, we ^ee that the Carboniferous Limestone h still further splitting up. The Hardraw Scar Limestone is now always definitely parted trom the beds below, and the lower beds exhibit alternations ; thus in the gill on which Ilaydale House stands, and on Ballinside Moor we have : — Raydale and Ballinside. Middle Limestone - ' - Sandstone - - - - - Thin brown limestone with Cauda galli Sandstone .... Ferruginous shale - - - - E 61320. Feet. ►130 QQ CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. SiMONSTONE Limestone -- Sandstone ... Shale - Sandstone ... Limestone ... Sandstone ... Hakdbaw Scab Limestone, about Sandstone ... Shale .... Limestone ... Shale .... Limestone* ... Sandstone* ... Shale* .... Thick Limestone. Feet. 30 12 6 6 2 50 50 50 2 50 |- about 12 The beds marked thus * are seen at the back of Raycfale House. The sandstone appears also at the foot of Park Scar and again at the foss in Startling Wood, where the section is : — Limestone. Sandstone, 6 feet. Shale, 8 feet. Coralline limestone. We get the following sections in Thornrake Gill at the head of Oragdale : — Cragdale, Millstone Gkit. Oabbonipebous Limestone Seeies : — Main Limestone, about Sandstone .... Gap, strata not seen - Undekset Limestone, forming Green Scar Shale . . . - - Sandstone and shale ■. Sandstone .... Limestone, 6 feet Plate - ... - Limestone, 1 foot, fine-grained and smooth Shale - - _■ Limestone, 1 foot, with fossils Shale . . - . . Limestone, thin ... Shale, ferruginous, about Middle Limestone Shale ..... " Seat-stone," with Stigmcma Sandstone. Feet. 90 - 65 70 1-140 40 60 50 H U It is as well to remark that throughout the Wensleydale basin the Middle Limestone is distinguished by having a coal near its base. At the head of Raydale we have measures as below : — Ray dale Head. Main Limestone Gap, strata not seen Undekset Limestone - Feet. 90 80 50 SEMMEEDALE. 67 Sandstone Shale - . . . Ligaestone - - - Sandstone Calcareous sandstone or limestone Sandstone - - - Calcareous sandstone Shale . - . . Five-Tahds or " Impuke Pjiodttctal " Ferruginous shale Middle Limestone Limestone Feet. 270 ■J 30 The beds, though not well seen in Bardale owing to the great amount of Drift there, are found in their normal form on both sides of the dale. A horizontal section from Green Side across Sardale Head and Raydale to Stallion Busk Pasture gives the following thick- nesses of beds below the Underset Limestone, showing the variations from west to east : — Bardale and Raydale. Feet. Sandstones and shales vdth two thin limestones ■ 280 to 220 Middle Limestone 60 to 50 Sandstone, about 30 - Shale, about 70 :) 90 to 100 SiMONSTONE Limestone 60 to 70 Measures . 80 to 40 HArdkaw Scab Limestone . 45 to 50 The best section in Bardale is in Ash Gill above Marsett. At the top of the hill on Oarlows we have the Main Limestone ; below it beds as follows : — Bardale. Sandstone and shale ■ Undehset Limestone - Sandstone - - Shale and sandstone - A small limestone Ferrnginous shale Five-Yahds Limestone, 1 foot, with corals Shale - . . - - Middle Limestone Shale and coal, 3 feet - Sandstone . . . - Shale A thin limestone - - - Sandstone . . - - Shale - . - - - SiMONSTONE Limestone, at High Ashgill Scar Sandstone .... Hakdkaw Scar Limestone, at Low Ashgill Scar Sandstone .... Limestone in the main beck - Thin shale Limestone . . . - Feet. 50 to 60 30 ^260 30 30 >-100 55 30 60 50^ E 2 68 CARBONIFEKOUS LIMESTONE. Feet. 80 50 or 60 70 to 80 - 270 to 300 - 70 or 80 - 130 or 120 60 or 70 - 100 or 90 80 On Wetherfell we have between the Main Limestone and the Millstone Grit, which forms a small outlier on Drumaldrace, a set of cherty beds similar to those on the Stake. One of the cal- careous seams in this series is crowded with fossils. This cherty series is the equivalent of the cherty beds of Swaledale mentioned above. Sleddale, Snaizholme, and Widdale. The sequence of beds in Sleddale will be best shown by giving the results of a section drawn from the summit of Wetherfell across Ten End into Snaizholme : — Sleddale. Main Limestone Sandstone and shale Undekset Limestone - Sandstone and shales - - - Middle Limestone Sandstone and shales - SiMONSTONE Limestone Sandstone and shale - Haedbaw Scak Limestone Of the base of the outlier of Underset Limestone forming Snaizholme Wold, Prof. Hughes notes : — " Flaggy limestone with Fenestella, resting on sandstone with a concretionary band, about 2 inches thick, on top, which sticks out like a cap on weathered blocks. The limestone is irregularly horizontal all over this hill, but is bent rather sharply over at the north and more so at the south end, where perhaps there are some cracks ; but of this there is no direct evidence." There are very good sections in Duerley Beck and in Little Ing Gill at the head of Sleddale. We have between Dodd Fell and Hawes the following measures : — Section between Dodd Fell and Hawes. Feet. Millstone Ghit (p. 76). Caebonipeeous Limestone Seeies : — Shale - .... - 1 Sandstone, 3 to 20 feet - - - - - ^ 60 Shale ... - -J Main Limestone ...... 90 Sandstone - - - - - ■ V en Shale ]- bO Undeeset Limestone .... 30 |^^j*°°\(fl^g«) : : : . . :} about loo " Thbee-Taeds Limestone " passing down into - -^ Sandstone, at the waterfall south of Dodd House - ( Shale I Sandstone with subordinate shale-bands - - ^about 260 Shale ....... " Five-Yabds Limestone," 2 feet, in shale full of fossils Shale - - ... SLEDDAI^E, SNAIZHOLME, AND WIDDALE. 69 Middle Limestone. about 100 Feei. ■ Limestone, 6 feet Shale, 3 feet - - - - J- 50 L Limestone, 42 feet Sandstone ynth coal, at the lime-kiln east of Dodd^ House ... . - Limestone, 3 feet - - - - - - , Sandstone, on the horizon of the Gayle Flags . | Shale .... Sandstone ...... Simonstone Limestone . ■ 25 or 30 Sandstone - . . . . - 60 to 80 Hasjjeatv Scab Limestone, above Duerley Bottom (in two beds about Gayle)' - - - 50 to 75 Sandstone .... .-i Shale with nodules of ironstone - - - - I about 75 Limestone, at Gayle ... .J Shale - . . . . . about 9 Limestone, at Hawes. Sandstone. Limestone. Sections in Snaizholme are generally poor, but in Rigg's Gill and Green Sike we get the following : — Snaizholme. MiDDXiE Limestone Coal Sandstone - Shale Limestone, 1 foot Sandstone, 1 5 feet Shale Limestone Sandstone Shale SiMONSTONE Limestone Feet. . 30 to 50 )>about 80 -J 30 The best sections are in the " grains " at Grove (or Groove) Head, particularly in Long Sike and North Scar Gill. There we have : — Snaizholme. Feet. Main Limestone, forming High Wold - Sandstone - - - -]- about 100 Shale - - - - - - -J Undekset Limestone, forming Middle and Little Wolds . - - . - - ._ 25 to 50 Shale - ... Limestone, sandy and containing univalves Sandstone .... Shale ..... Limestone, thin andadhering to . - - V^'bont 270 Sandstone ... "Five-Tabds Limestone," 3 feet, impure and earthy - Shale, 10 to 15 feet Middle Limestone 25 to 30 70 CARBON IFEEOUS EOCKS. Sandstone, 2 feet - Coal, 6 inches Shale Sandstone, forming North. Scar ■ Shale Limestone, 2 feet - Sandstone - Shale ... SiMONSTONB Limestone - Sandstone Limestone Sandstone Shale . . - Haedeaw Scab Limestone. Feet. - 50 . 50 40 10 to 30 >- about 50 Prof. Hughes observed Productus latissimus at Grove Head in a black limestone, which is either the Underset Limestone or a bed just below it. The base of the Underset in Jam Sike on the west side of this fell he described as " shaly flaggy limestone with Fenestella, Pecten, &c./' and on Little Wold as calcareous sandstone and shale with similar fossils. Sections plotted across Dodd Fell and Snaizholme FeU give the following thicknesses of measures :— Snaizholme and Dodd Fells, Main Limestone . Sandstone Shale Undebset Limestone Sandstone, 70 feet Shale, 100 feet - Sandstone, 90 feet Shale, 30 feet Sandstone, 50 feet Middle Limobstone Measures ... Simonstonb Limestone Measures . - - Habbkatt Scab Limestone Feet. 100 30 or 40 30 to 40 40 ar 50 •1 , }> 300 to 345 40 or 45 100 36 70 50 We get another fair section in Broad Foot Gill, which starts from a spring at the bottom of the Underset Limestone capping Snaizholme Fell. It is as follows : — Snaizholme, west side. Undeeset Limestone, of Snaizholme Fell Sandstone Shale . . - Sandstone, thin Shale - Sandstone, 20 or 30 feet Shale . Sandstone Sandstone and shale - Shale - Limestone Feet. >100 40 50 60 40 PI SLEDDALE, SNAIZHOLME, AND AVTDDALE. 71 Shale . . - 50 Middle Limestone . - 30 Shale - . - 20 Sandstone , 30 Measures • - 55 SiMOKsioNE Limestone - - 30 Measures . . - 70 In Wensleydale itself there are good sections in the gill that runs from Wetherfell to Hawes, and in Ray Gill east of Burtersett. In the first locality we have on the fell above the gill : — Wetherfell, near Hawes, Cherty beds with fossils, forming Wetherfell Peat Ground Main Limestone, forming Cavj- Glints, about Sandstone and shale ..... Undeeset Limestone, forming Torburgh, at the base of which springs the water of the gill ... Sandstone with subordinate shale .... Shale Limestone, thin (probably the "Three-Yards Limestone") Sandstone ..... Shale .---.- Sandstone - - - - - , Shale ...... Limestone with large Proc^Mcfi (probably the "Five-Yards Limestone"). Shale, about . . . . - Middle Limestone .... Sandstone with coal (1 to 3 inches thick) ; its base at the waterfall .... Shale - ' - Sandstone, at the waterfall - Shale ..... Sandstone, flaggy, at the waterfall - Shale, over . - . - - SiMONSTONB Limestone, about Sandstone, over .... Hakdbaw Scab Limestone, forming two features, about Sandstone ..... Shale ..... Gayle Limestone .... ;} Feet. 100 80 60 120 100 25 10 50 15 or 20 about 50 25 50 25 50 75 about 50 In Ray Gill the beds above the Middle Limestone are much obscured by Drift, but at the foss near Four Lane Ends we have : — Ray Gill, Feet. Middle Limestone, about - 50 Goal 3 inches, seen a little further east Shale .... ■ 1 Sandstone, at Horton Gill Force - > about 50 Shale . ~ . . - J Sandstone, at Horton Gill Brig 25 Shale .... between 25 and 50 Simonstone Limestone 23 Sand^one . - - - over 20 Shale .... . 6 to 8 72 OARBONIFKROUS EOCKS. Feet. Limestone ^ - - ^ - 4 Shale - - .... 2 Sandstone Limestone Shale; thin Sandstone ^- Shale Haedraw Soak Limestone Sandstone 6 53 The section below VViddale Fell composed from the several small streams on the east side is as follows : — Section below Widdale Fell. (Thicknesses estimated from plotted section.) Feet. Millstone Gbit (p. 76). Cabbonifeboits Limestone Series : — Sandy shales and shales with cherty bands - - - 80 Main Limestone (enorinital) - - - - - 75 Measures with a coal-seam and cherts in the lower part - 70 Underset Limestone - - _ - - - - 20 Flaggy sandstones and shales (thin limestone near the top and close to the bottom) - - - - 300 Middle Limestone ... ... 70 Measures with two thin limestones,* and a coal seam 8 ins. 1 thick, but frequently too close to the Middle Limestone to > 110 be worked - ..... J SiMONSTONE Limestone- - - - - - 25 Measures with two thin limestones - - - - 80 Haedraw Scab, Limestone - - - - - 70 Measures, mostly shale ..... 120 Limestone. Section at the North End of Widdale. Feet. Millstone Grit (coarse grit). OAKBONH'EROrrS LiMESIONE SERIES : — Shales, not less than ... - . 60 Main Limestone . - - - 80 Sandstone and shale - - . - . 20 to 35 Coal, 4 to 8 inches. Sandstone and shale - ".."." " ^^ Underset Limestone ' (the upper ' part Hark and oherty) - 20 Sandstone and shale ..... 100 Yellow limestone -..--. 5 Sandstone, flags, and shales - - - - 70 : Crinoidal limestone-band - - - - - 1 to J Sandstone and shale ..... 50 Limestone with Produclms .... 9 Strong flagstones and shales with fossils (becoming all shale and much thinner to the east) - . - 50 to 100 fLimestone - . , - - 6 I Shale with fossils - . - 3 Middle Limestone \m 18j MILLSTONE GKIT. 75 Our measurements were made up the south-eastern face of the fell. In places a shale-band comes in biBtween the grit and sand- stone in the 58-feet bed. B is probably the representative of the Ten-Fathom Grit of Swaledale. A is the Ingleborough Grit. On the east side of the hill the base of A is ninety feet above the Main Limestone ; and at the south end it is eighty feet above it ; but along the western face of the fell it runs rapidly down northward, till it is not more than ten or fifteen feet above the limestone. We have then on Pennegent about 378 feet of measuresj consisting of sandstones and shale with two coal-seams, above the Main Limestone. The whole of this will be referred to the Millstone Grit, if we take as before the top of the lime- stone as the base of the Millstone Grit ; but, as has been done in other parts of the country, we class with the Yoredale Series the beds possibly equivalent to the Ten-Fathom Grit, and therefore we take the base of the Millstone Grit at the base of the Ingleborough Grit. On Fountain Fell only 176 feet of measures occur above the limestone, and east of Littoudale not more than 50 or 60 feet, the whole of which is coarse grit. A boring near Fountain Fell Tarn gave the following section : — No 25. Grit . 1} 24. Shale . ti 23. Grit . it 22. Grit and shale It 21. Shale . n 20. Grit . tt 19. Plate . it 18. Conglomerate a 17. Plate 1) 16. Coal it 15. Grit t> 14. Shale tt 13. Coal It 12. Shale 11. Coal 10. Shale 9. Coal )) 8. Shale »> 7. Conglomerate tt 6. Grit • it 5. Shale ,. »i 4. Conglomerate tt 3. Grit - 9j 2. Shale . It 1. Coal . Bed No. 17 as Depth fkom Lhici kNESd. SUBPACE. Ft. In. Ft. In. 15 15 .0 3 18 12 30 12 42 . 18 60 2 62 6 68 6 74 1 .0 75 _ ,4 75 4 9 84 4 14 98 4 _ 4 98 8 6 104 8 _ 3 104 11 2 106 11 _ 4 107 3 16 123 3 6 128 3 8 136 3 9 145 3 4 149 3 8 157 3 3 160 3 2 ives thel 162 7J thickness of Ft. In. 3 6 14 2 76 CARBONIJ^'EROUS BOOKS. Millstone Gkit. Bed No. 25 reaches up the hill to about 10 feet above the level of the surface at the bore-hole ; then comes a bed of shale ia which is a coal-seam about 2 feet 6 inches in thickness, followed by shales (in which there is another seam 3 inches thick), and these by flagstone on the summit. On AVhemside the section above the Main Limestone is : — Whernside. Feet. Sandstone (of Cable Rake Top) with a thin shale-band - - - - - 50 Shale - .... 40 Flaggy sandstone (above Pot in t' FeU) - 60 •{ Shale, with many sandstone-bands towards the south .... 50 Sandstone and flaggy grit with shale-bands - "| Coal ^200 LPebbly grit, 66 feet - - - J ToEEDALB Beds : — Shale - - - . - . - 8 Sandstone and shale - - 48 Main Limestone (p. 29). The coal was seen above Skelside whence we got the following section : — Skelside. Feet. Flags. Shale and coal. Grit - - 66 Shale - - 8 Sandstone i ...... 48 Section on the East Side of Widdale FeU. f Sandstone with flags in the Iftwer part - 50 ,, Shale 30 MllisTONB .' g^^jgtones and grit . - - - 80 *'*"• ) Shale with thin coal (1 foot or less) - - 35 (_CoaTse pebbly grit - - - - 50 YoKBDALE Beds: — Sandy shales and shales with cherty bands - 80 Main Limestone (p. 72). Sectien on the West Side of Widdale Fell. 'Flaggy sandstone - . - 40 Shale - - - - - 25 Sandstone - - - - - 95 ■^ Shale with coal, 1 foot thick, seen in the stream on the south of the Fell, but 'not worked - - - - 40 Pebbly grit, about - - - 100 Section between Dodd Fell and Hawes. Feet. {Sandstone on the top of the fell, over - - 50 Shale - - - - - - 25 Grit, coarse -, - "luo Sandstone, blooky - . f ^^^ Millstone Gbit. COALS IN THE LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. 77 Feet. ;} Millstone Geit. ToEEDALE Beds: — Shale ... Sandstone, 3 to 20 feet - - - - ^ 60 Shale Main Limestoue (p. 68). At Buckden there are 470 feet of Millstone Grit immediately overlying the Main Limestone, viz. : — Feet. Sandstone, forming an ontlier on Bnckden Moor, and capping Great Whernside* in the adjoining map on the east - - - 70 Shale .... - 50 Sandstone - - . . 50 Shale .... - 50 Sandstone, varying from 90 to 60 feet, say - 75 Shale, varying from 100 to 150 feet, say - 125 _Grit - - - 100 The lowest of the beds is the grit of Grassington Moor. It forms the outliers on Old Cote Moor Top and on Cray Moss. It sometimes consists of two separate beds, the lowest of which is called the " bearing grit," because lead-veins are most rich in this bed on Grassington Moor. West of Yockentliwaite Moor a band of shale comes in between the grit and the Main Limestone, as may be seen at the head of Deepdale. A small outlier of Mill- stone Grit on Wetherfell consists of coarse pebbly grit on sandstone, and another of similar character occurs on Ten End. Coals in the Lower Carboniferous Hocks. In Wensleydale and at the head of Wharfedale there is generally a coal at the base of the Middle Limestone ; this lias been worked in several places, particularly in Wensleydale. There is also in many places a coal near the base of the Underset Limestone ; and again there is one near the base of the Main Limesfajiie, which has been worked on Cam, Widdale Fell (p. 51), and Whernside. There is also at times a coal on the top of the Main Limestone, as on Rise Hill, between Dent and Garsdale. In the Millstone Grit there are coals between the Bearing and Top Grits of Grassington Moor, and on or near the top of the Top Grit. The former has been gotten on Gam Moor, near Kettle- well. A coal, probably on the same horizon, has been worked on Pennegent. Coal has also been extensively worked on Fountain Fell, whose summit is covered with old coal-pits ; and from the accounts of boring there it appears that there are no less than seven separate seams, the principal of which are respectively 2 feet 4J inches, and 2 feet 6 inches thick. The last of these, however, is above the bore-hole. The Millstone Grit coals on Whernside and on Widdale Fell have been already mentioned. The seams mentioned above were worked in former days for domestic use, but now are only occasionally dug out for burning lime. * Not the hill north of Dent, which is known as Whernsids. 7S CfAKBONirEKOUS ROCKS. Professor Sedgwick writes : '' It is said that they [the coal-beds in Dent] were first considered an object of profit in Kirthwaite. Early, I believe, in the last century a small Statesman called Buttermere found the bed of coal under the upper Limestone [the Main Limestone] of the Town-Fell ; just under the last rise of the Crag. The bed appearedat first sight too thin to be worked for profit ; but on examination it proved to be free from sulphur, and well fitted for the works of whitesmiths in Kendal. He therefore engaged the help of the country miners and carried on his work lor years — conveying to Kendal, by. a train of pack- horses (seventeen miles over the mountains), the coal which he drew from a bed not more than six or seven inches thick."* * A Memorial by the -Trustees of Cowgill Chapel. Cambridge. 8to. 1868, p. 60. THE INGLETON AND BLACK BURTON COALFIELD. 79 CHAPTER VIII,— CARBONIFEROUS UOCKS— continued. The Coalfield of Ingleton and Black Burton. By R. H. Tiddeman. This CoaMeld by an unfortunate accident of the division of the Ordnance Maps lies in four Quarter-Sheets, and the part in the map imder review, though small, is a very important part. There 'are at the same time great difficulties in the way of an accurate diagnosis of some of the area, and on the whole an acknowledged ignorance wiU be safer than a rash confidence in dealing with these parts. Commencing with what we know as absolutely certain we may say that so far as the exploration of the Coalfield has progressed it contains two good workable coal-seams, the Four-foot or Main, which is the best, and the Six-foot or Deep Coal, and that the former lies about 85 feet above the latter. Both of these beds have been worked along the outcrop from near Black Burton to a little south of Ingleton in numerous " hand-pits," and subsequently the Four-foot has been worked by deep shafts in several places. The extent of the Coalfield is unknown and so far untried. It certainly does not exist west of Burton* nor further east than the Craven Fault near Ingleton, but of its extent to the north it is difficult to judge. The southern extent is of course well-defined by the worked outcrop, but not so the northern boundary ; that can but be conjectural, considering the absence of sections and the thick spread of Drift to the south-east of Kirkby Lonsdale, Ooal-Measures, however, being distinctly shown in Leek Beck. Previous to the Geological Survey entering upon this ground all the rocks visible in Leek Beck below the Silurian area were regarded, in various Editions of Mr. Ruthven's Geological Map, as " Old Red " or " New Red." It is difficult to say what could have led to this conclusion, save the red colour of the beds. They are totally unlike the well-known so-called Old Red Con- glomerate of Underley Park hard by and the similar beds occurring beneath the Mountain Limestone in many parts of the Lake District, and the variations in character, substance, and general appearance render them extremely unlike any Permian or Triassic Beds. A portion of the beds visible in the Greet from Ingleton downwards was also coloured in the same map as belonging to " Old Red " or " New Red," but a line of demarcation was drawn between these and the known Coal-beds. This line could not be recognised anywhere. There was no special change in the general character of these alternating beds to support a notion that there was a sudden change anywhere from beds of one age and character * The Coal-seams of Farleton, Lowgill, Caton, &c., to the south and south-west belong to the MUlstone Grit Series. 80 CAEBONIFEJROUS ROCKS. to those of another, and there was no alternative but to throw the whole of them into Ooal-Measures and this was accordingly done. The same change was necessarily made in the classification of the Leek Beck beds. The only further doubt that remained was the existence in the river between the two bridges at lugleton of certaih measures whii-h contained calcareous beds. These consisted of gypsum or a highly dolomitized limestone. A specimen of this rock was analysed by Prof. E. Frankland, and shown to differ from dolomite merely in there being a slight deficiency in the proportion of carbonate of magnesia. The analysis follows. Analysis of a sample of Limestone from Ingleton. Mean of two specimens. Moisture at 100° C. to 110° C. - '30 per cent. Portion soluble in water : — Volatile matter - - - - ■12"| Mineral matter, containing -04 per cent. I . ,„ SiOa, "08 per cent. CaO, and -03 per cent. [ " MgO -36j Portion insoluble in HCl, and containing 2-22 per cent. : — SiOs, -59 per cent. FcaOs and AI2O3, and '00 per cent. CaO - . 2-78 Portion soluble in acid : — Silica - -10 per cent." Sesquioxide of iron •36 Alumina 1-23 Oxide of manganese - traces Phosphoric acid Lime - traces 30-06 U6-29 Magnesia 18-81 Alkalies traces Sulphuric acid- •22 Carbonic acid - 45-51 99-85 Loss on strong ignition - - 45-61 Carbonate of lime 53-69 per cent. - CaO 30-06 CO2 23-63 Carbonate of magnesia - 39-50 „ { S 018-81 2 20-69 Organic matter, traces only. Such beds do not occur in the well-known Coal-Measures further down stream, nor in the Burnley Coal-Basin. Limestones of a certain character, however, do occur in the Upper Coal- Measures in the Lancashire Coalfield near Manchester, and there seems no improbability that such calcareous beds should have been developed locally in the Coal-Measures anywhere. More- over the sandstones and shales interbedded with these limestones in the Greet were identical not only in character but even in colour with the beds in the river lower down stream. The only conclusion possible was that these were all Coal-Measures, and that either those between the bridges were the same beds as those THE INGLETON AND BLACK BURTON COALFIELD. 81 below, but had thin limestones coming in, or that they were higher beds of the same series.* The following are the only sections of any importance occurring in the small part of the Ingleton Coalfield which falls within the area of the Quarter-Sheet now under description. Section sunk through in the Netqfield Pits, Ingleton. (Then belonging to Mr. T. Bracewell. Information furnished by Mr. E, Danson, manager.) Thickness. Depth from Stjefacb. F~ In. Ft. In. Soil . . . . 2 2 'Clay - - 9 11 Pine dry sand - 3 14 Glaoial-DrifJ ^?:i-l [Boulder Clay] - . - 36 60 ^rfl AMI W/^ .lb./ L ^^ U ^ " Leather " clay, sandy {\Kan- nated), with a few boulders • . 9 69 Eed marl 5 64 "Bedrock ]_ called " Crow Coal Grreyrookj Kock" - 1 2 66 6 68 6 Ceow Coal 1 3 69 9 " Segar " clay - 3 72 9 Black shale - 6 78 9 Coal ("Main" or " Fotm- foot") 4 82 9 Fire-clay 2 84 9 Takd Coal 2 86 9 "Segar "clay. 3 89 9 G-reyrock 42 131 9 Ironstone-banda 2 183 9 Grey rook 12 145 9 Ironstone-bands 1 6 147 3 Grey rock 12 159 3 Black shale 6 159 9 Blue " soapstone " • 12 171 9 'Top Coal 1 6 173 3 Dirt - 4> 173 7 Six Foot Coal« Middle Bed 4 177 7 Dirt - 5 178 _Bottom Coal 6 178 6 The following are the beds driven through in the Main Drift from Moorgarth. Colliery, Ingleton, Moorgarth Colliery, (Information as above.) Ft. In. Top Coal ... • 5 Cannel ... . 1 7 Coal - . . 2 4 Fireclay . - 1 9 Black " shiver " - - 3 * The late Mr. E. W. Binney, F.R.S., whose knowledge of Carboniferous as well as Permian and Triassic Rocks in the North of England was very considerable, kindly went to see them at my suggestion and said that he quite agreed with my conclusions. This, if it did not remove all doubt, at any rate relieved one of some responsibility. — E. H. T. E 61830. p. .82 CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS. Ft. Ijf - 3 2 - 1 . 9 - 2 - 38 6 Tabd Coal ...... "Segar"cla.y . - . . - Black shale - - - - - Grey " Boapstone " - - . . - Grey sandstoue-rock .... The drift began in the lower beds, was carried level and, by the dip (1 in 5), passed into the upper, as above. A further drift was carried on tlvrough troubled ground to the N.E. It passed for 60 yards through stone and a bastard coal with black shale-roof. Then the following beds nearly vertical were crossed : — Moorgarth Colliery. "Segar"olay " Soapstone," red-cast " Segar " clay " Soapstone," red-cast Grey rock " Soapstone," red "Segar "clay " Soapstone " - Then the drift passed for 35 ya^is through " red soapstone " dipping at a low angle. Ft. In. 18 25 5 9 6 2 5 10 23 Section of Goal-Measures in a Gill near Yarlsber, Ingkton. Sandstone . . - . . Clay .--.--. Coal-smut . - . - . Sandstone, rather hard ... Soft grey and purple shales, with reddle „ „ „ harder . Sandstone - . - . . Ked and white speckled soft sandstone (thickness unknown). Here comes a fault running N. 30° W. with quartz- pebbles in it. Fine light-blue clay well-bedded, with plant-remains. CoAi, good ----... Seat-clay ..-..,. Grey "soapstone" with small fermginous irregular nodules ...---. Ft. 66 6 3 7 9 45 In. 1 FAULTS AND MINEEAL VEINS. 83 •CHAPTEK IX.— FAULTS AND MINERAL VEINS. By J. R. Dakyns, W. Gunn, and A. Stbahan. Faults. The north-western and south-western corners of this Quarter- Sheet include portions of the line of disturbance, usually known as the Pennine Fault. The name was first applied to the great dislocation which runs at the foot of the Pennine range on the east side of the Vale of Eden ; but subsequently was made to in- clude the system of faulting which extends from the south end of the Vale of Eden past Dent to near Ingleton, and lastly that which runs from near Ingleton towards the south-east, partly within this map. For the first length mentioned the fault runs iibout south-east with a downthrow west, for the second it runs about south-south-west with a downthrow east, and for the third about south-east with a downthrow west. The intermediate length therefore (viz., that between the south end of the Vale of Eden and Ingleton) intersects the others nearly at right angles, and throws the strata in an opposite direction. The necessity which arose under these circumstances of distinguishing one por- tion of the fault from another has been partly recognised .in the application of the name Craven Fault to that portion which runs south-east from Ingleton. The name Pennine Fault may be conveniently restricted to the part which gives rise to the Pennine range,* but it remains to find a term descriptive of the inter- mediate length. The part in question runs from the Eden above Kirkby Stephen past Cautley and Garsdale Foot, where it separates the.Howgill Fells from the Carboniferous hills of Wild Boar Fell and Baugh Fell. Then entering this map it crosses Dent, and passes up the valley occupied by Barkin Beck, forming the boundary between the Silurian rocks of Middleton Fell, Barkin, and Barbon Fell, and the Carboniferous hills. Even- tually it dies away near Leek Fell, in the same neighbourhood in which the Craven Fault comes into existence. One of the best known dales crossed by the fault is that of Dent, where also its peculiar eifects are mostly fully exhibited. We shall therefore allude to the three dislocations as the Pennine fault, the Dent fault, and the Craven fault in the following pages. Highly inclined or inverted along the Dent and Craven faults, the Carboniferous rocks lie nearly horizontally throughout the remainder of the area in this Quarter-Sheet, and are remarkably free from disturbance. The twist-up takes place usually at a quarter to half a mile distance from the fault, and so sharply that ' Phillips applied the name " Penine Fault " to the whole length of the dislocation from the Pennine lange to Ingleton, but remarks " on arriving at Kirby Lonsdale the Penine fault suddenly turns to the E.S.E., and receives the name of the Craven Fault" Geology of Yorkshire, 1836, part 2, p. 104. F 2 84 FAITLTS AND MNEBAL VEINS. the strata pass from a horizontal to a vertical position within a space of a few yards (Fig. 4). Close to the fault we sometimes see the beds pass a few degrees beyond the vertical, so as to be inverted, and at the same time notice that the plane of the fault slants down to the west, under the Siinrian rocks. The fault therefore belongs to the class known as " reversed faults." So far from allowing the strata to occupy a wider space, as happens in the case of a normal fault, it marks a line along which they have been compressed till broken, and have been partly thrust, the older (Silurian) rocks over the newer (Carbonxferous) beds. The gills draining the west side of Greygarth Fell into Barkin Beck and Aygill (Quarter-Sheet 98 S.E.) best exhibit these peculiarities. In the preseiit map the fault runs for the most part under Drift, Keeping about east-south-east near Hole House in Dent, but bending suddenly, near the river, to a few degrees west of soTith, and, after passing Gawthrop, to about south- west. At the bend it throws off a number of small faults, which run about S. 30° E, towards the head of Deepdale. These unlike the Dent fault throw the strata down westwards, excepting one of two nearly parallel fractures seen in Gastack Beck, which is a downthrow to the north-east. Gawthrop gills, Flinter Gill, and How Gill provide exposures of these smaller faults, and a small watercourse near Gawthrop follows the Dent fault for some yards ^o exactly that its west bank consists of Ooniston, and its east bank of Car- bonifdtous Limestone. The Craven fault consists of two parallel lines of fracture, each with a downthrow west, and distinguished as the North and South Craven faults (Figs. 1 and 3). Between the two lies a mass of Carboniferous Limestone, dipping generally to the sontli-west at a high angle, but not iafrequently turning over and dipping east or north-east near the North Craven fault. The position of this northern branch is got pretty accurately both in Jenkin Beck and in the Dale Beck, in both of which the thrown-down Carboniferous and the Silurian Rocks are seen near each other, but it is more fully exposed in Thornton' Beck, at the angle norti-feaBt of Thornton Hall, where its course coincides with that of the' stream for some distance. It hades at 30° or 35° from the vertical, and the beds near are a good deal smashed. A trial-level has been made here, apparently for lead, but without result. I'urther to the north-west the fault seems to divide, the main part going by the point marked 882, at a junction of roads, while a branch passes by Hunt's Cross, probably without much " throw," but marked by much dun limestone with calcite along its course. The position of the South Craven fault is exactly given ia Jenkin Beck, where we find sandstone (Coal- Measures) on the west side opposed to the limestone on the east, but north-west from this we infer its course from the ending off of the limestone along a well-defined line. There was an indication of shafe having been got out in making the chimney of the Mealbank Limeworks, on the west side of the fault. South of Jenkin Beck the courses of both faults become obscure, owing to the Drift. FA-UHS.'AND 'MINEEAL VEINS. 85 The throw of therNorth Craven fault seems greatest about Jenkin Beck (Fig. SO-' Near it the section on the ^vest side is somewhat complicated' apparently by other faults, but a mass of shale seen in one place- and apparently sandstone in another, indi- cate the presence of Yoredale BedS) which are opposed to Silurian rocks on the east side of the dislocation, so that the throw must be greater than the itWekness of the Great Soar Limestone, or oyer 600 feet. A little to the east of, the fault we find dun limestone along a north and south line. A similar vein, with traces of iron- and copper-carbonates, lies near the South Craven fault. Close by, on the north side of Jenkin Beck, a remarkable set of narrow joints, like a rough kind of cleavage, traverses the limestone, the planes striking N. 40 W. and dipping at 55° to the N.E. Mineral Veins. The only other fault of any importance, occurring iii the area of this map, is that which crosses Burtersett High Pasture in a south-south-westerly direction ; this fault throws down the beds on the east side, so that the Main and Undei'set Limestones of Bardale are repeated on Oarlows. It dies out in Bardale \ but northward it continues across the Ure, and is also a lead-vein. Lead-veins are worked on Middlesmoor, west of Kettlewell ; and have in former times been extensively worked on Cam Pastures, north of Kettlewell. There are also many lead-veins on Hawks- wick Moor. Many of these veins are merely open joints filled ' with spar and ore. Calcitci barytes, and fluorspar form the " vein- stone." Near the top of the Main Limestone on Buckden and Bishopdale Gavels* three " flots " of lead occur, which have been extensively worked. The mode of occurrence of the ore is on this wise : the white limestone is traversed by a number of vertical courses of magnesian limestone, known to the miners as " dtm lime." These courses are of various breadths, some only a foot or two, others several yards, vride ; they all trend nearly N.N.W., and at three different horizons lead-ore occurs between the dun and white limestone, and is followed and worked along the cheeks of the dun course. Dun limestone and lead-ore are in this part of the- country- so -generally imited, that wherever a course of dun limestone is found the miners search along It at the proper horizons in the strata in hopes of finding ore. Though the " dun lime " generally occurs in the shape of parallel vertical courses, yet it sometimes seems to form great irregular masses, and at others to lie in beds. Mr. Dalton notes that the large pot-holes west of Pennegent, known as Jackdaw Hole, Hull Pot, and Hunt Pot, seem to be situated on lines of fracture, but that there is little or no displace- ment. In Hull Pot there occur traces of lead, zinc, and copper ores with calcite and barytes. This word 'would be more correctly spelt Gayle. 86 FAULTS AND MINERAL VEINS. Near Beckermonds there are one or two veins of copper-ore in- the Carboniferous Limestone, trending N.N^E. Sulber Nick probably marks the line of a vein. There are several small veins in the limestone on the north-west side of Ingleborough running in the same direction or E.N.E. A little galena seems to have been obtained from one of these at the spot on the map marked " Lead Mines." The two north of Black Shiver Moss have traces of spar, and the northern one barytes with a trace of copper. A poor vein runs in a north-north-westerly direction north of the spot marked " Lead Mines," but it cannot be traced across the bottom of the valley east of Dale House, though on the north side a vein having nearly the same direction has been tried north of Atkinson's Hull. In Garsdale a small fault, seen in Blea Gill (near Dandra Garth), runs a little north of east with a down-throw south, crossing the gill about 30 yards from the road. It appears also in the cliff over the bend in the road a few yards further up the dale. A quartz-lode running N. 35° E. crosses the river near Scar House, and a second running N. 27° E. is exposed to view in Assey Gill in the Simonstone Limestone ; the quartz contains small specks 'of copper-pyrites. The fault near the Garsdale coal-pits haa been previously alluded to. A similar vein has been found in Dent in the Great Scar Limestone in the gill which comes down from Coventree, and has been tried for copper about 150 yards below the road to Dent. Specks of copper may be seen also in a joint filled with calcspar in the " Marble " quaiTy near Great Combe on Crag Fell. The joint runs about east-south-east. 6LACIAI. DRIFT. 87 CHAPTEK X.— SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. By J. R. Daktks, R. H. Tiddeman, W. Gonn, and A. Steahan. Glacial Drift. The ordinary Glacial Drift of the district consists of coarse subangular and rounded detritus of local rocks. This is some- times more or less rudely stratified, but perhaps is generally heaped together without arrangement. It is often piled up in hummocks, the longer axes of which are ranged in the direction of ice-flow, that is usually up or down the dales. It also often forms a spread in the bottoms and along the sides of the lower valleys, but is apt to be especially abundant at the junction of two large valleys^, where it often completely covers the rocks to the height of some hundreds of feet above the stream in the angle between the~ valleys. There is certainly more Drift in the basins of the Ure and Ribble than in that of the Wharfe. Thus the gentle slope of Aysgarth Moor is formed at its lower end of thick Drift, which in Bishopdale (Quarter Sheet 97 S.E.) takes the form of huge- mounds of Boulder Clay trending north-east. Semmer Water is- dammed up by Drift; arid there is a great deal of Drift at the head of Raydale, while Bardale is well-nigh choke-full of Drift. There are some fine strisB on rock at the head of Widdale, , trending E. 35° N., at an elevation of more than 1,650 feet, above the sea. In Wensleydale itself the general motion of the ice was finally down the dale, i.e., towards the east, as is clearly shown by the shape of the ground. No rocks foreign to the district have been found among the boulders in Wensleydale or Wharfedale ; nor in fact in any part of the area embraced by this, map. As mentioned above, the east side of Ribblesdale is so smothered in Drift that it is difficult to trace any subdivisions at all In the solid rocks ; and connected with this Is the fact that the water^ed between the upper parts of Ribblesdale and Wharfedale is occupied by mounds of Drift, the longer axes of which point more or less along the cross-valleys, i.e., from N.E. to S.W. Scratches trend- ing S.S.W. were observed on solid rock in this neighbourhood, east of Ling Gill, near the Hawes and Settle road. In fact there are few places where the arrangement of the rubbish-heaps of the ice-sheet Is better shown than at the head of Ribblesdale. We have here a part of the watershed between the Ribble and the Lune, which is crossed by the long railway-viaduct of Batty Green, near RIbblehead Station. The heaps lie in long, some- what seml-ovoid forms, some of large size, and for the most part conform to the courses of the valleys. That the movement of the ice has determined their arrangement cannot be doubted,. 88 . GLACIAL , DBIFT. partly from the reason just stated, and also because glacial striations, -where found beneath them, usually coincide with their long axes., , It appears by the arrangement of the Drift-mounds that a portion of the ice forming in the present Eibble-basin did not work down to lower levels, by way of Settle, but branched off across the watershed down the Dale Beck towards Ingleton. This is shown by the mounds as viewed from the first railway- cutting south of Eibblehead Station, where the mounds and underlying striations are pointing from Gearstones Jnn, and go on, over rather higher ground, to the south-west along the western side of Ingleborough. Another group of glacial striations,* along the east side of the mountain, runs from about 1,200 to 1,400 feet in. elevation, those to the north being lowest. The first is about 400 yards W. 30° S. from Hellan Pot, and runs S. 10° W. The next two lie about a mile further south on the main mass of the Limestone. These are also S. 10° W,, the furthest being beneath a limestone-boulder. Another, under Drift at the boundary between Fell Close and The Allotment, where a cart-track joins it, ranges S.S.W. A fifth, about a quarter of a mile south-south-west of this, at a point marked " Water-swallow " on th6 six-inch map, ranges S. 35° W. Again, 115 yards north-east of the mouth of Long Kiji Cave are striations pointing S. 50° W. These last three localities are above the main mass of the Limestone. These all appear to be connected with a range of moraine-like mounds which curve with the striations. In the Ribble-valley about Horton there Is a fine set of Boulder Clay ridges or drumlins. Those on the east side of the valley have a general tendency towards a south-south-westerly direction, and those on the west side towards the south-south-east, the latter coinciding more nearly with the majority of the glacial striae on the rocks in the valley thereabouts. There is a_ cutting, 40 feet deep or so, through one of these ridges, about 600 yards south of Horton Station; and the underlying rock is finely glaciated. There is an interesting case here of deviation of direction of striae in front of a scar (now concealed by Boulder Clay) ; for the strise turn eastward along the face of the rock, and gradually surmount- ing it, bend round towards the south so as to recover their general direction. One of the best glaciated rock-surfaces in the country occurs among the Silurian rocks, south-west of Crummack, "and close up to, the Scar Limestone. Glacial Drift probably occurs as high as 2,000 feet on the south-east side of Ingleborough, and it may be a good deal higher, for under the thick peat which covers much of" the Main Limestone of Simon Fell, there seems to he a kind of Drift, princi- pally made up of. angular sandstone-blocks, partly embedded in clay. The same kind of Drift occurs in a patchy form over a good deal of the Scar Limestone about Lead Mines Moss and ou * This group was first ugtioed by Mr. Tiddeman in 1«71, Quart. Journ. GeoL Soc, Vol. xXTiiT. p. 471. 1872. ' .GLA^CXAJ. PEIFT. 89 tlie south side tif Ingleborough. In the stream above Crina Bottom loose local Drift is seen up to 30 feet thick, which how- ever contains scratched boulders of limestone. The difitribution of the greater portipn of the Drift around Ingleborough has been already noticed. It is thin and patchy over the lower part of the Silurian area in Chapel-le-Dale ; thicker and more continuous in the narrow part below God's Bridge. On the northern abutment of Ingleborough the Drift reaches in places ,to over 1,600 feet on the eaat side, and nearly to the same height on the west. As we proceed up the Dale Beck the rocks become more hidden by drifts, and when we approach the viaduct these seem to be more of a mixed character than below ; nests of sand alternate with till and laminated day, and give very rough wet pastures. Beneath the viaduct and on both sides of it is a flat alluvial spread of laminated clay which is on the watershed. It is very thick, and gave much trouble to the contractor when building the foundations. The numerous glacial markings in Chapel-le-Dale run generally south-west, parallel to the direction of the valley. Most of them are, on the Silurian Rocks, but a few occur high up on the lime- atone of the south side, mostly under perched boulders ; and at Souther Scales Scars some were noticed by Mr. Tiddeman at an elevation of 1,150 feet, running south-west under Drift, in a swallow-hole called Braithwaite Wife Hole. Some of the scratches marked south and south-east of Simon Fell occur under boulders. The ice here seems to have skirted the higher ground ; for as mentioned above its direction of movement west of Selside was S. 10° W., but further south we find it generally about S.S.W. Most of the boulders mentioned above as occurring on the bare limestone are of limestone. The largest of these^ lying south-west of Hurnel Moss, is called the Harryhorse Stone. Boulders of Carboniferous sandstone, however, are pretty common on the limestone, but they are mostly small. The largest we have noticed occurs on Moughton, south of the foot-track from Bee Croft Hall to the head of Moughton Lane, and about equi- distant from both. It measures 3x3x2^ feet, and, standing alone on the bare limestone-plateau, forms a conspicuous object. A large boulder of Carboniferous limestone, measuring 12 x 9 x 5 feet, occurs west of Skirwith in Chapel-le-Dale, and there are many others both of limestone and of Silurian rocks scattered about the fields near, which have come from some distance up the dale, especially boulders of a peculiar coarse conglomerate which crosses the valley in a band at Twisleton Dale House. At White Stones, south of Simon Fell, lies a mass of white encrinital lime- stone, about 70 yards long and 40 yards iii greatest breadth, probably a portion of the Main Limestone from the top of the fell, brought hither by the ice-sheet. To the south of this a long ridge of Drift stretches to the south-south-west, looking like a 90 ■GLACIAL Drift. lateral moraine of the Fell Beck valley, but it is profeably only an ordinary drumlin. In Kingsdale above Twisleton Hall there are thick masses of Drift, several drumlins on the east side ranging S.S.W. ; and on the west side of the beck above Thornton Force there is a horse- shoe-shaped ridge of Drift with its convexity pointing up the valley. At the head of the dale, on the summit of the pass into Blea (GiUs, glacial scratches about 1,700 feet above the sea, trend N. nnd S., or N.E. and S.W. The description of the Drift given above applies in all respects to that in Dent and Garsdale. It is purely local, consisting of more or less stony clay, formed from the grinding-up of Carboni- ferous shale and sandstone. The finely developed drumlins which run up to about 1,100 feet above the sea on Brown Mea and Brown Moor, are arranged with their longer axes in a nearly east and west direction, this being the trend of the dales of the neighbourhood. To the west where Garsdale and Dent join Lonsdale, which runs north and south, the drumlins also bend round to that direction. The same change is observable also in Deepdale, Kingsdale, at Dent Head, and in Little Dale under Whemside. In all these the drumlins run north and south, so long as they lie within a valley having that direction. They attain also a great height above the sea, amounting to 1,800 feet on the south-eastern side of Crag Fell, and to 2,000 feet on Blea Moor. In one case in Dent, near Low Barth, the Drift becomes more gravelly than usual, and assumes the esker-like form so often seen in ghacial gravels. Though there is no section to show the nature of the deposit clearly, the shape was considered sufficient evidence to justify the hillock being coloured on the map as gravel. A more interesting case of stratified Drift-Gravel occurs above Arhcliffe on the north side of Dambrook Beck. The beds are inclined at an angle of deposition of 20" to the E.S.E. This patch of gravel lies at a height of 1,150 feet above the sea, on the very brow of the steep slope running down to Cowside Beck. In some cases the Drift takes the peculiar form of ridges of loose sandstone-debris, piled up, much like lateral moraines, at a short distance from the steep slopes. Ridges of this character occur in Great Combe under Crag Fell (near Dent) and under the steep eastward face of Whemside. In the first case the ridgea run across from point to point of the Combe, so as to enclose a hollow known as Combe Bottom, now partly filled up with peat. On Whemside the ridges start from some great piles of slipped shale and sandstone just below the highest point of the hill, and curve round to the north on a platform of shale supported by the Main Limestone. They run for about 800 yards nearly parallel to the steep face from which they start, at a distance of about 300 yards from it, so as to enclose a large hollow with two little tarns, and known as Greensett Moss. Patches of sandstone-; GIiACIAL DRIFT. 91 debris occur also lower down the hill, overspreading the shale and limestone-outcrops. They are above the level of, and different from the drumlin- drift described above. Though these ridges and heaps of rubbish resemble moraines in form and composition, they are not in such places as would have been occupied by a glacier. Neither in Great Combe nor on Whernside is there sufficient gathering ground for the forma- tion of a glacier, and in the latter case the ridges run parallel to the steep slope instead of keeping straight down the hill. They appear more probably to be due to avalanches of snow down the steep slopes. Avalanches of sufficient violence to transport large rocks and to knock down farm-buildings have been known to occur in the dales. According to Sedgwick they were in his time called " Gill- Bracks" or "fell-side Bracks," by the old people in Dent. None of the shepherds now living in the dale remember any snow-slip of sufficient importance to deserve the name of avalanche, but they point out several steep slopes where it has been found impossible to maintain stone-walls on account of the general movement of snow and soil after frost, and in several cases where wire-fencing has been laid straight up such a slope the posts have been snapped off and the wire gathered in a tangle ai the foot of the slope after a heavy snow-fall. A notable example of a " gill-brack " occurred about the 28th of January 1752 and was described by an eye-witness in the letter of which a copy is subjoined. The letter was first printed in- correctly in the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, afterwards more correctly in the " Cambridge Chronicle " (Dec. 9th, 1865), and lastly by Sedgwick in " A Memorial by the Trustees of Cowgill Chapel (1868)." The original is now in the possession of Prof. T. McK. Hughes, to whom also Sedgwick ^as originally indebted for it. It was addressed to "Christor Thistlethwait, Hosier, Att Aysgarth in Wensleydale," but the address has long since become illegible. " Habonrgill y« e"- of the 2°* mo'' 1752. " Dear Bro. and Sist', — ' ' These few lines I hope will find Excnse for it's not Without a Cause that I have written no Sooner to you for I fully purposed to have Seen you a Considerable time since, but Now as things are at present I have Lost all hopes of Comtng yet thro the good providence of Heaven we are all Alive and preatty well in health which is more than Could be well expected Considering what Dismall Time it has been with us in Bent I hope I shall never Live to see the Like again for we had the greatest Storm of wind and Snow that continued for above a Week with very Little inter- mission so that all the water Courses both in the Mountains and Elsewhere was Made Levell the Like Never being remembered for it Excited the Curiosity of Several persons to view them with wonder and astonishment yet Little thinking that the Consequence would have been so Tragical .to Many for at the breaking up of the Storm* it began to rain Exceedingly in the Evening which Continued "all Night and- the next Day to that degree that by 11 a'clock the Dismall Sceen began for the Snow in y' the Courser being no Longer able to Sustain the great quantities of water all began to Slide Down the Mountains together with incredible Swiftness Driving * " Storm ■' here signifies frost. 92 GLACIAL DEIET. gi'eat rocks Stones and Earth all before it Eoariug Like Claps of Thunder which Made us run out of doors to see what was Coming upon us & we ran to Look at the Gill and we directed our sight (by the Noise that it Made) the right way and the frightfulness of the appearance at the very first Sight (which was when about the middle of the pasture) Made us run for our Litres and we gt)t no farther than from the yet* to -the Sycamore li'ees, before the Stable peat-house and all the Calf parrackf and Cow parrack was an heap of the Most Shocking Kuins that ever your Byes beheld and I believe from' the first Sight of it when it was Coming till all was overturned was Less than the i of a minutes time it has brought Rocks Down past -th^ Middle of -the Houme Which has gone through the peat house and Stable; that .1 think three, or four Yoke of Oxen Could not be able to Move the poor old Horse was Crushed to pieces in a ihbment, IsTo thing but the good providence of God has pre- served us from perishing for the Ajnazeing "to think hOWthe Bam Stood the yiolence of the Shook the water run round our dwelling house Broke doYTV- the gardin Trail and Continued running thro it till Next -day in the Morning So that, its become a bed of sand it was about 11 aclock when this hapned and went from place to place Not knowing where to be Safe expecting every Moment More of the Like Nature which accordingly hapned for I think in the space of two hours the face of things was so Chapged that one scarcely could have known them for they Came down almost Every Slack (so Called) Carrying all the walls before them so that we were obliged to run from one place to another to Escape their fury which was with difficulty for it Continued raining Extreamly that we wear wet to the Naked Skin not dareing to Come in any 'house Audit drawing towards We resolved to make an attempt to get to Brother John's and accordingly set forwards and got up at our pasture head on to tha Moor and with difficulty got over harbourgill and so forwards towards Munkeybeck but we knew that the bridge was broke down So that we must be obliged to pass it somewhere on the Moor And we waded throw the water And Snow till we were almost Spent in Extream wet and Tateagne And at Last Got over a Little below where our peat fell is tho with very Great hazard of our Lives at Last; My poor old Father and betty being almost quite Spent he having only one Shoe on one foot the greates part of that time then when we were got over it gave us some fresh incouragment and we arrived at Bro : Johns Jugt before it was dark where we were thankfuU to see the faces of one another in a place of More Safty we went three Nights sucessively to bro Johns to Lodge Not dareing to stay about the old place. Old Francis Swinbank and Thomas Stockdals whol family perished in a Moment about the same time that the thing hapned with us being seven in Number Likewise John Burton Stone house had.a Barn swept away and a Cow killed. I hope these few broken hints will be excused for I am not very good at writing at this time All being so in confusion so Greatly desires Tou would Come to see us as soon as well Can for our Love is Very Much towards you. Tou perhaps May tbink I have outstretched but if you please to Come your Byes will Con- vince you to the Contrary. For I have Not told you one half So shall Conclude your very Loving Brother "Thomas Thisileihwaii." " Betty's kind Love is to you both but S' in perticular." The funeral of the victims of this catastrophe is recorded in the Parish Register of D«nt as having taken place on 31st January 1752. It is perhaps worth noting that Thistlethwait and his party must have crossed Moiikey-beck close to the point where the * Gate. f. ."Parruck, or parrock, is a pure, old- An^lo-Saxou word, of which the modern word paddock is a vile corruption." Sedgwick. A Memorial by the Trustees of Cowgiil Cbapel, Cambridge, 1868, p. 81. AlJLVVnm, BIVEK TEBHA.CE,- AHD PEAT. 93 stream is crossed by the Midland Railway, that is at the northern end of the J)latform of Dent Station. A peculiar form of Drift, the like of which probably occurs in many other places, was specially noticed on Leek Fell. The lower part of the hill is almost completely covered by a local till consisting of very sandy clay enclosing vast numbers of fragments of Yoredale sandstones. These often occur locally in such numbers as practically to enable water to flow through the Drift, the effect of which is to gradually wash' away^ the finer material and leave nothing but a mass of grit-blocks. These masses of grit are not due to mere weathering out nearly in situ, as might be at first supiposed; for by far the largest examples of them occur further west on the Carboniferous Lime- stone, where there is no grit near to form such masses. A remarkable glaciated rock-surface has been exposed in a cutting on the Midland Railway on the northern margin of this map (about one mile south of Hawes Junction). As clearly appears from the deep grooving of the many ledges and faces both horizontal and vertical, presented by the rock, the movement of the ice has been up the dale, though from the direction of the Drift-transportal, we should have inferred an ice-flow down the dale. Striae have also been observed by Prof. T. McK. Hughes, running east and west in the bed of the river 150 yards below Kirk Bridge in Garsdale, on the Hardraw Scar Limestone. On Mossdale Moor near Sikes Pits Gill, the coarse grit overlying the Underset Limestone is well-rounded, probably by glaciation, though striae are not actually visible. The ice-flow appears to have been here about east-north-eastwards, but the evidence is scanty. Alluvium, River Teeeacej and Peat. By W.GuNN. The only alluvial patches worth notice in the Ingleborough district occur in the Ribble valley near Horton, and in the valley of Thornton Beck about Ingleten; The largest area along the Ribble is found below Horton, and forms part of an extensive flat, most o£ which lies in the sheet to the south of this (92 N.W ), and which flat seems to be the site of an old lake. The alluvial deposit of the Ribble consists of sand and gravel, with silt on the wide flat before mentioned. There is no distinct trace of any terrace above the more modern Alluvium of the main stream, but such terraces exist along two of its tributary streams, Brans Gill which joins the Ribble at the New Inn, and Horton Beck, which runs past the village. East of Horton Bridge the terrace of the latter stream appears about 25 feet above the water. In the Ingleton area, a lake-like expanse of Alluvium has been formed by Thornton Beck, in Kingsdale, above a barrier near '94 .ALLUVIUM, RIVEB TERRACE, AND PEAT. Raven Ray through which the stream has cut a ravine. In the valley of Ingleton Beck there are some rather wide alluvial flats between God's Bridge and Beezley's, with some doubtful traces of terraces near Twisleton Dale House. Where the two streams leave their ravines and come together at Ingleton there is a great thickness of alluvial material at a considerable height above the river. On Thornton Beck, where the South Craven fault crosses, we find on the east side first the ordinary alluvial flat, reaching to a few feet above the bed of the stream ; next a low terrace, about 20 feet above the stream at its highest part ; then a steep banki 30 feet high or so, on the top of which lies a narrow terrace of old river-gravel. On the Ingleton Beck at the north end of the village, there are three distinct flats of the lower Alluvium below that of the high terrace, and on the south of the railway and west of the river there are four of these terraces, rising a*f ew feet each, on the lower alluvial flat. These are bounded by a high bank, above which comes a high gravel-terrace 50 feet or more above the others. The lower part of the village, including the churcbi is built on this high gravel-terrace, which also forms the high flat on the west of the river near the railway-station. Some gravel-pits south of the station, and 15 to 20 feet deep, expose well-washed and rounded gravel. A peaty flat of some size, west of the station, appears to be the site of a lake or marsh, hollowed out in the high terrace. The high terrace on the east side of the river extends a long way to the south of Ingleton, but has been a good deal denuded. There is much hill-peat on the high ground in places. It is thickest on the south side of Simon Fell, both on the limestone and on the high sandstone-plateau. A good deal also occurs on the slopes on either side of the valley of Fell Beck, and among the streams on the west side of Simon Fell. Over the bare limeslone -plateaus peat forms only where there are patches of thin Drift (mostly formed of Carboniferous sand- stone), and that generally in hollows. There are many small patches of this peaty Drift on Moughton to the west of Horton, and on the limestone-plateaus of White Scars, west of Ingle- borough. Trees seem to have grown formerly at a far greater elevation than at the present day. Trunks may commonly be found in the peat-filled hollow^ high up on the fell-sides. Birch occurs in Greensett Moss, on the east side of Whemside, at 1,950 feet above the sea. APPJ2NDIX. 95 APPENDIX. List of- the more impoetant PtJBLiCATioNS on the District. By W. GuNN. 1802. Platpaib, J. — Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory. 8vo. EdinhurgTi. pp. 217-219. 1821. Smith, W. — Geological Map of Yorkshire. 4 sheets. 1829. Phillips, J. — On a Group of Slate Eocks ranging E.S.E. between the rivers Lune and Wharfe, from near Kirby Lonsdale to near Malhain. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iii., p. 1.' 1835. Sedgwick, A.— Description of a Series of Longitudinal and Transverse Sections through a portion of the Carboniferous Chain between Penigent and Kirkby Stephen. Treins. Oeol. Soc, ser. '2, vol. iv., p. 69. 1836. Phillips, J. — Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. Part 2. The Mountain Limestone District. 4to. London. 1849. Fakeee, J. H.— On Ingleborough Cave. Quart. Joum. Geol. 8oc., vol. v., p. 49. 1852. Sedgwick, A. — On the Lower Palseozoic Bocks at the base of the Carboniferous Chain between Bavenstonedale and Bibblesdale. ib., vol. viii., p. 35. . — On the Classification and Nomenclature .of the Lower Palseozoio Rocks of England and Wales, ib., vol. viii., p. 136. 1863. Phillips, J. — The Eivers, Mountains, and Sea Coast of Yorkshire. 8vo. London. Ed. 2 in 1855. . — A Map of the Principal Features of the Geology of Yorkshire. 8vo. Torh. Ed. 2 in 1862. . — Geological Sketches around Ingleborough. Proe. Boy. Insi., vol. i.. p. 278. 1865. Sedgwick, A. — A Synopsis of the British Falseo'zoic Eocks, &e. Svo. London and Cambridge. 1855. • Phukpsj J.— Manual of Geology. Svo. London. 1859. Wood, E.— Notes of a Geological Tour in Wharfedale. Geologist, vol. ii., p. 445. APPENDIX. 1863. Bakeb, J. G.— North Torksliire; Studies of its Botany, G-eology, Climate, and Physical Geography. Sto. London. (2nd Ed. in 1888.) 1867. Hu&HES, T. McK. — On the Break between the Upper and Lower Silurian Eocks of the Lake District, as seen between Kirkby Lonsdale and Malham, near Settle. Geol. Mag., vol. iv., p. 346. 1868. Hughes, T. McK.— Notes on the Geology of Parts of Yorkshire and Westmoreland. Proc. Geol. 8f Poh/tech. .Boc. W. Bid. of York, vol. iv., p. 665. 1869. Nicholson, H. A. — Notes on the Green Slates and Porphyries of the Neighbourhood of liigleton. Geol. Mag,, vol. vi., p. 213. 1869. EiCKBTTS, C. — The Geology of the Neighbourhood of Ingleboroughi- Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc, sess. 10, p. 34, 1870. MiAH, L. 0. — On the formation of Swallow-holes or Pits with vertical sides in Mountain Limestone. {Brit. Assoc.) Natwre, vol.' ii., p. 526, and Geol. Mag., vol. vii., p. 513. 1871. Dawxins, W. Botd. — On the Formation of the Caves around Ingles borough. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., vol. x., No. 2, p. 106. 1872. TiDDEMAN, E. H. — On the Evidence for the Ice-Sheet in North Lancashire and adjacent Parts of Torkshire and Westmoreland. Quart. Jowrn. Geol. Soc, vol. xsviii., p. 471, 1873, - Dawxins, W. Boyd. — Observations on the rate at which Stalagmite is being accumulated in the Ingleborough Cave. Rep. Brit. Assoc, Trans. Sect., p. 80, and Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manch., April 1873. 1874. ,Dawkins, W.BoTD.-^Gave Hunting. 8vo. London, „■: ,,. -..,., , 1875. GooDCHiLD, J. G. — On the Glacial Phenomena of the Eden Valley, and the Western part of the Yorkshire-Dale District, Quart Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. zzzi., p. 55. 1878. Davis, J. W., and F. A. Lees. — ^West Yorkshire, an account of its Geology, Physical Geology, Climatology, and Botany. 8vo. iiondon, (2nd Ed. in 1880.) MiALL, L. C. — The Geology,. Natural History, and Pre-Historio Antiquities of Craven in Yorkshire. (Eeprinted from the 3rd Edition of Whitaker's History of Craven) with a Geological Map, and a Greologioal Section through Craven by A. H. Gkeen. Polio. Leeds. APPENDIX. 97 1881. Mabb, J. E. — On some Sections in the Lower Palseozio Rocks of the Craven District. Proc. Torlc. Oeol. and Poly. Soc, N.S., vol. vii., p. 397. 1886. De Koninck, L. Q-., and Maximin Lohest. — Notice sur le Parall^lisme entro le Calcaire Oarbonifere dn Nord-Ouest de I'Angleterre et celui de la Belgique. Bull, de V Academic royale de Belgique. Ser 3, Vol. xi., p. 541, 1887. Mare, J. E. — The Lower Palaeozoic Rocks near Settle. Geol. Mag., dec. iii., vol. iv., p. 35. 1888. Baker, J. G. — North Yorkshire ; Studios of its Botany, Geology, Climate, and Physical Geography. 8vo. Leeds. 2nd Edition ; first instalment issued as Part XI. of Trans. Torlcshire Nat. Union. Geology revised by J. E. Clark and H. M. Platnatjee. Law, R., and J. Hoksfall. — Ou the Discovery of Carboniferous Fossils in a Conglomerate at Moughton Fell, near Settle, Yorkshire. Geol. Mag., N.S., dec. iii., vol. v., p. 30. Make, J. E,, and R. H. Tiddeman. — La Geologie do I'Ouest du York- shire. Gongres Geol. Internat. 4-me Bessioii, Londres. Explication des Excursions, pp. 63-106. Geol. Map. E G1320. !)9 INDEX. Addlcbrough, 1, 64. Alan Pot, see Hellau Pot. Allum Pot, see Hellan Pot. Alluvium, 93, 94, Arkose, 5, 9. Amoliffe, glacial gravel at, 90. Arten Gill Viaduct, 44, 46. Ash Gill, 67. Assey Gill. 48; quai't;i-vein in, 86. Atkinson's Hull, 80. Austwick Beck Head, 9, 12; Base- ment Beds of, 22-24. Avalanches, 91, 92. Aysgarth Moor, Drift of, 87. Back Gill, 32. Baker. J. G., Publication by, 96, 97. Bakstone Gill. 32. BiiUinside Moor, 65. Bardale, G7 ; Drift of, 87 ; fault in, S5. BarUin Beck, 49 ; fault in, 83. Bar Pot, 37. Barth Bridge, 42. Barytes, 11, 42, 85, 86. Basement Beds, 21-24, 41, 7P. Batty Green, Drift qf, 87, Baugh Fell, 5 1 , Bg,. "Bearing grit," oS, 77, Beokdale Barn, 14. Beolcermonds, 58, 60 1 veins near, 86. Bee Croft Hall, 10, 21 i boulder near, 89. Beezley's, 5, 6i alluvium near, 9). Birch in peat, 94. Binney, E. W,, on Coal-measures, 81. Birkbeok, J., on Hellan Pot, 36 ; on Gaping Gill, 37. Birkbeck, J., Junior, on Ingleborough Cave, 40. Birkrigg, 4S. Bisboprlale, 62-6-1 ; Drift of, 87. Black Beds (Swaledale), 19. Black Burton Coal-field, 79-82. Black Dub, 43. Black Rake, 29, 30. Black Shiver Moss, 24 j vein near, 86. Black Shiver Ridge, 26. Black trout, 35. Blake Bock, 14, 47. Blea Gill (Garsdale), 48; fault in, 86. Blea Gills (Dent), strise near, 90. Blea Moor, 1, 29, 46, 47 ; Drift on, 90. Boulder Clay, 81, 87-93. Boulders, 89. Bowther Gill, 56, 57. Brackenbottom, 21. Brnithwaite Wife Hole, 3.) ; stria; in, 89. Brans Gill, terrace in, 93. Broad Koot Gill, 70, Brown Mea, drumlin on, 90. Brown Moor, drumlin on, 90. Buck Beck, 31, 32. Buckdeii, 57 ; Mil stone Grit of, 77. Buckden Beck, 60, 62. Buckden Pike, 1, 2, 20. Buitersett, 71 ; fault near, 85. Cable Bake Top, 76. Cam Beck, 30, 31. Cam Fell, 30 j coal on, 77 ; vein on, 85. Cam Head, 00. Cannel, 81. Capple Bank, 12, 13 ( unconformity at, 23. Carlows, 67 ; fault on, 85. Cautley, fault near, 83. Caves, 33-40. Cavy Glints, 71. Chapel le-dale. Carboniferous Rocks of, 20, 22-28 ; o^tves in, 33 40 j Drift in, 89 ; Silurian Hooks, 3-9 ; yeins in, 8« Chert, 47. Clapham, 37. Clark, j, E,, publication by, 97, Cleavage, 11, 13, Cliugh, R., 41, 40, Cloven Stone, 26. Cluttering Gill, 32. Coal Gill, 29. Coal in Millstone Grit, 74-78 i In Yore- dale Hocks, 26, 29, 46-48, SI, 53, 60, 61, 66, 72, 73, 77, 78. Coal-Measures, 79-82. " Coal-Sills," 19. Cocklee Fell, 58. " Cockle-shell " Limestone, 72. Colt Park, 25, 26. Combe Seur, 29, 47. Coniston Flags and Grit, 12-15, 41 ; Limestone, 3, 4, 7-12, 15, 42. Copper-ore, 85, 86, Copplethwaite, 50. (.'otewold, 51. County Stone, 47. Coverdale, 19. Coverhead, 19. Coverhead Limestone, 60. Cow Dub, 45. Cowgill, 45, 51 ; Wold, 51. Cragdale, 66. Crag Fell, (Dent), 1, 41, 46, 47, 49 j coal on, 78 ; Drift on, 90 j vein near, 86. Cragg Wood, 42. Crag Hill (Bibblesdale), 9, 14. Craven Faults, 4, 5, 7, 20, 21, 27, 37, 79, 83-85. Craven Wold, 29. Cray, 61 ; Moss, 77. Crina Bottom, 25, 27 ; Drift near, 89, 100 INDEX. Crook GiU, 61. Cross Pits, 46, 47, 52. Crow Coal (Ingleton), 81 j Eock, 81. Crummack, Carboniferous Bocks of^ 20- 24 ; striae near, 88 ; Silurian Rocks of, 9,12, 13. Crutehin Gill, 30. Crystal Beck, 53. Cubeck, 64. Cush Knotts, 31. Dale Bam, 6, 22. Dale Beck, 3, 20 ; Drift of, 89 , fault in, 84 ; ice-4p5T along, 88 ; underground course of, 34. Dale House, 5 ; unconformity at, 23 ; veins near, 86. Dalton, W. H„ on pot-holes, 85. Dandra Garth, 51 ; fault near, 86. Danson, E., on a coUiery section, 81. Darn^rook, 54 j glacial gravel near, 90. Davis, J. W., publications by, 96. Dawkins.'W. Boyd, publications by, 96. Deep Coal, 79. Deepdale (Dent), 42, 44 ; Drift of, 90 ; faults in, 84. Deepdale (Wharfedale), 60, 77. Dee, E., 1, 42. D^ Koninck, L. G., publication by, 97. Dent, 41-48 ; Drift in, 90 ; " giU- bracks " in, 91, 92 ; quartz-vein in, 86. Dent Fault, 41, 42, 46, 49, 83, 84. Dent Head, 42, 44 ; Drift of, 90 j Via- duct, 45. Dent Station, 45. Dickon Pot, 36. Dodd Fell, 1, 68, 70 ; Millstone Grit of, 76, Dodd Hquse, 68, 69. Doe R., 3. Dolomite, 80, 84, 85. Douk Cave, 35. Dove Cote, 14, 21. Dow Gill, H,24. Drumlins, 87-91. Dry Gill, 29. Duerley Beck, 68, 69. Dun limestone, 84, 8S. Dykes, 4, 15-17. • Far House Barn, 30. Farrer, J. W., on Ingleborough Cave, 38, 40. Fell Beck, 26, 28 ; peat of, 94. Fell-end Gill, 45. Fenwick Limestone, 25. Five-Yards Limestone, 19; (Bishopdale), 62, 63; (Dent), 43, 45; (Garsdale), 50; (Ingl4?borough),28; (Littondale), 53; (Semfncrdale), 65-67; (Sleddale and Snaizholmt), 68, 71; (Wharfe- dale), 58 ; (Widdale), 72. Flag-quarries, 46, 47, 51. Fliuter Gill, 42, 43 ; fault in, 84. " Flots," 85. Fluorspar, 85. Foals Foot, 26. Follifoot Ridge Grit-s 2. Force Gill, 43. Foss Gill, 62, 63. " Fossil Lime," 28. Fountain Fell, 1, 53, 54 ; coal on, 77 ; grit of, 75. Four-foot Coal, 79, 81. Four Lane Ends, 71. Foxup Beck, 53. Frankland, E., on dolomite, 80. Gale Beck, 28, 30. Galena, 11. Gaping Gill, 28, 36, 37. Garsdale, 41, 43, 48-52; Drift ii>, 90; fault in, 83, 86 ; strisp in, 93. Garsdale Coal-pits, 51, 52. Garth House, 14. Gastack Beck, 43, 44 ; fault in, 84. Gate Cote, 30, Gate GUI, 28, 29. Gatekirk Cave, 34. Gauber High Pasture, 24, 25. Gawthrop, 42 ; fault near, 84. Gayle, 69 ; Flags, 69 ; Limestone, 7J. Gaze Gill, 31, 32. Gearstones, 24, 28 ; ice-floTir at, 88. " Gill-Bracks," 91, 92. Gillet Brae IJead, 22. Glacial Drift, 87-93 ; striae, 10, 35, 87- 90. God's Bridge, 4, 5, 22, 24, 35 ; AUuyium near, 94 ; Drift near, 89- Goodchild, J. G., publication by, 96. Grassington, 19. Grassington Moor Grit, 77. Gravel, glacial, 90 ; of rivers, 93, 94. Great Combe, 47 ; Drift-ridges in, 90, 91 ; vein near, 86. Great Scar Limestone, (Bishopdale), 62-64 ; (Dent), 41, 42, 49, 86 ; (Ingleborough), 24, 25 ; (Kingsdale), 33; (Littondale), 53, 58; (Eibbles- dale), 28 } (Semmerdale), 65-67 j upper limit of the, 18 ; (Wharfedale), 55-62. Great "Vyteruside, 77. Great Wold, 47. Greenfield, 31 ; Drift near, 58., Greenfield Knot, 1, 68. Green HUI, 33. Green Scar, 65, 66. Greensett Crags, 29, 47. Greensett Moss, 90 ; trunks in, 94. Green Side, 67. Green Sike, 69. "Green Slates and Porphyries", 3-9, 10, 11. Greet R., 1, 3, 24, 79, 80. Greygarth Fell, 32, 33 ; cave near, 40 ; fnult on, 84. Grove Head, 30, 69, 70. Gypsum, 80. Hacker Gill, 44. Hagg Worm Haw, 29, 47. Hall Bank, 45. Harbourgill, avalanche at, 91, 92. Hardlands Barn, 14. INDEX, 101 Hardraw Scar Limestone, (Bishopdale), 62-64; (Cam Beck), 31 ; (Dent),43- 46, 48, 49 ; (Garsdale), 48 ; (Ingle- borough), 25-28 ; (Kingsdale), 32, 33 ; (Littondale), 54 ; (Semmerdale), #5-67 ; (Sleddale and Snaiaholme), 68-72 ; (Wharfedale), 59-62 ; ^Jf^jd- dale), 72, 73. Harryhorse Stone, 89. Hawgs, 68, 69, 71 ; Millstone Grit pear, 76 ; strife near, 93. I^awes Jnnstwn, striae near, 93. Hawes, The, 34. Hawkswick, 53 ; Moor veins, 85. Haws Head, 57. Hazel Gill, 28, 30. "Helks", 1. Hellan Pot, 36 ; striae near, 88. Hell's Cauldron, 42. Helmside Gill, 3. Hesleden, 54. High Force, 23, High Pike, 32, 47. High Wold (Snaizholme), 69 ; (Bibbles- dale), 30. Hill Inn, 35. Hole Beck Gill, 41. Hole House, 46 ; fault at, 84. Horse Head, 57. Horseshoe Limestone, 19, 28, 50. Horsfall, J., publication by, 97. IJorsing Stones, 29. Horton, 10-12, 24 ; Drift neai', 68 ; river-gravel near, 93. Horton Gill, 71. Horton Wood, 14, 15. How Gill, 43 i fault in, 84. Hud's Force, 42. Hughes, T. McK., on a dyke, 15 j on p eoal-seam, 26; on Lower $ilurian Rocks, 6, 7, 9, 96 ; on Snaizholme, 6$, 70 ; on striie, 93. HuU Pot, 85. Hunterstye, 10, 13. Hunt Pot, 85. Hunt's Cross, fault at, 84. Hurnel Moss, 24 ; boulder near, ^9. Hurtle Pot, 35. Impure Produotal Limestone. See Five- Yards Limestone. Ingheads Bridge, 48. Ingleborough, 1, 19-28; caves around, 33-40 ; Drift and striso on, g8, 89 i Millstone Grit of, 74 ; veins on, 86. Ingleborough Cave, 36-40. Ingleborough Grit, 19-21, g", 49, 74-77. Ingleton, Alluvium and terraces near, 93, 94 ; Carboniferous Limestone near, ?0- 28 ; fault near, 83-85 ; Silurian l|ocks near, 3-9, 15-17, 24. Ingleton Beck, Alluvium of, 94; Car- bouiferous Bocks of, 20; dykes in, 15, 17 ; Silurian Rocks of, 3-9. Ingleton Coal-field, 79-82. Iron-ore, 85. Ivesctir pnd Moss, 84, Jackdaw Hole, 85. Jam Sike, 70. Jeukin Beck, 9, 25, 27 ; ^ul^ in, 84, f^^. Jingle Pot, 34, 35. Joints, 25, 55, 85. Kersantite dykes, 16, 17. Kettlewcll, 19, 55-57, 60 ; coal n,ear, 55, 77 ; veins near, 85. Kidstones Fell, 64. Kipderscout Grit, 3, 19, 74. Kingsdale, 3, 20, 31-33, 42 ; Alluvium in, 93, 94 ; cave in, 40 ; Drift of, 90, Kirk Bridge, strise near, 93. Kirkby fionfedale, 79. Kirk GiU, 57. Knoutberry Hole, 26, 28. Lake District VcJcanic Rocks, com- pared, 9. Landslips, 45, iS. Lat Gill, 30. Law, R., publication by, 97. Lead-veins, 85, 86. lieok Beck Coal-Measures, 79, 80. Leek Fell, Drift on, 93 ; &filt on, @3. Lees, F. A., publication by, 96. Leylaijd, J., on Pennegent, 74. Limestone in Ccal-Measures, 80, Ling Gill, SO ; strise near, 87. Little Dale, drumlins of, 90 ^ Beck, $^. Little Fell, 58. Little Ing Gill, 68. Little Limestone, 19 ; (Pent), 46, 47 j (Garsdale), 51. Little Wold, 30, 69. Litton, 53. Littondale, 53, 54, 58; Millstoj^ Gr^( of, 75. Loftshaw Brow, 49. Lohesf, M., publication by, 97. Long Chimney, 6. Long Churn, 36. Long Gill, 32. Long Kin Cave, strise near, 88, Long Sike, 69. Low Barth, esker near, 90. Low Brig, 28. Low Comb, 57. Low Force, 29. Low Gate, 28. Low House, 48. Low Scar, 48. Magnesian limestone, 85. Main Chert, 1 9. Main Coal, 79, 81. Main Limestone, (Bardale), 85 ; (Bishop- dale), 62, 85 ; (Buckden), 85 ; coal above the, 52, 77 ; coal below the, 29, 46, 47, 51, 52, 72, 77, 78: (Dent), 46-51 ; (Garsdale), 51 ; (Ingle- borough), 27, 28 ; (Kingsdale), 33 ; (Littondale), 53,54; (Pennegent) , 74, 75 ; (Ribblesdale), 30, 31 ; (Semmer- dale), 65, 66, 68 ; (Sleddale and Snaizholme), 68-71 ; (Walden), 62 ; (VVhaifedale), 56-6Q, 62; (W'horn- side), 29 ; Widdale, 72, 76, lOS i.Ni)rx. "iCarble," 43, -14, 47, ol.se. Mare Gill, 30. Marr, J. E., on Lower Coniston Flags, 12, 13 ; publications bv, 97. Marsett, 67. Mealbank Limeworks, fault at, 84. Mei'e Gill, 26. Metcalf, W., on Long Churn, 36. Miall, L. C, publications by, 96, Mica-trap, 3, 15, 16. Middle Limestone, (Bishopdale), 62-64 j coal below, 60, 61, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 77 ; (Dent), 43-46, 48, 49 ; (Gars- dale), 50, 51 ; (Ingleborough), 26-28 ; (Kingsdale), 31, 33 ; (Littondale), 53, i54; (Eibblesdale), 29-31; (Semmer- dale), 65-67 ; (Sleddale and Snaiz- holme), 68-71 ; (Wharfedale), 56-62 ; (Whernside), 29 j (Widdale), 72. Middlesmoor, veins on, 85. Middle Wold. 69. Mill Beck, 57, Millstone Grit, 19, 20, 74, 75 ; (Buck- den), 77; (Cray Moss), 77; (Dodd Fell), 76 ; (Fountain Fell), 75 ; (Ingle- borough), 74 ; (Old Cote Moor), 77 ; (Pennegent), 74 ; (Skelside), 76 ; (Ten Pnd), f" i (Wetberfell), ?7 ; ( Wharf e, Jale), 55 ; (Whernside), 76, 77 i (Widdale), 77 ; (YockenthwaiteMoor), Mineral veins, 85, 86, Monkey-beck, 43, 9B. Moorgarth Colliery, 81, 82. Moasdale Moor, 31 1 glaciated rooks on, 98. Moughtou, boulders on, 89 j joints on, S5 ! peat near, 94. Moughton Lane, 13. Moughton Scar, unconformity at, 23, Moughton Sikc, 10. Moughton Whetstone Hole, 13. Myres Garth Gill, 63. Nateby Moor, pot-holes on, .36. Nell's Giirth, 45. Newby Head, 29 ; Moss, 24. NewfieldPits, 31. New House, e.^. Newland House, 14. Newsholme Gill, 53. Nicholson, H. A., publication by, 96. North Scar, 70 North Scar Gill, 69. Old Cote Moor, 50, 77. Old Ing Moor, 31. Oliver Gill, 43. Ouster Gill, 28. Outershaw, 59, 60. Park Fell, 25, 26 ; Scar, 66. Pasturage, 1, 2. Peat, 94. Pennegent, 1, 19, 53, fl4 ; coal on, 74, 77 ; pot- holpB near, 8fi | Millstone Grit of, 74, T-O. Peniiiiiu Fault, 83, 84. Pettythorn Barn, 10. Phillips, .L, on dykes, 16 ; on Ingle- borough Cave, 38 ; on the Ingleborough Grit, 74 ; on the Pennine Fault, 83 ; on Thornton Force, '22 ; on Yoredale Rocks,. 18, 19; on Yordas Ciave, 40; publication by, 95, Pike's Edge, 46. Platnaner, H. M., publication by, 97. Playfair, .1., on an unconformity, 23, 24 ; on Thornton Force, 5 ; publication by, 95. Pot in t' Fell, 76. Potts Beck, 53. Preston Grit, 2S. Providence Mine, section of, 55, 56. Quartz- veins," 86. Raven Ray, Alluvium near, 94. Rawthey E., 41. Raydale, 65-6?; Drift of, 87. Kay Gill, 48, 71. Red Beds (Swaledale), 19 ; Limesf^ne (Littondale), 54. Redding Barn, 1 4, Reversed fault, 41, 84. Ribble, H., 1 ; Drift of the, 87, 89 ; gravel of the, 98. RihbJehead, Drift of, 87, 89 ; ice-,flow at, 87, 88, Eibblesdale, Carboniferous Rocks of, gl, 32, 94-31 1 Silurian Roclts of, 10-19, 18-16, Rleketts, C„ publloatlon by, 9fl. Uigg Earn, 26, Higg's Gill, 69. Rise Hill, 1, 46, 51, 52 1 coal on, 52, 77. RisehiU Tunnel, 50. Rivei'-Terrace, 93, 94. Roofing-stones, 46. Row End, 10, 15. Euthven, J., on Coal-Measnres, 79. Rutley F., on an arkose, 5 j on dvkcs, 16, 17. Scale Gill, 03. Scar House, quartz-vein near, 86. Scars, origin of, 55. Scar Top, 48, 50. Scoskii Moor, Hi. Scotchergill, 42, 46. Sedgwick, A., on coal-seams in Dent, 78 ; on dykes, 15, 16; on "gill-bracks," 91 ; on Silurian Rocks, 6, 7, 11, 13 ; on Thornton Force, 22 ; publication by, 95. Selside, ice-flow near, 89; pot-holes near, 36. Semmerdale, 65-68. Semmer Water, 05 ; Drift-dammed, 87. Setteringset, 1. Shiver Spring, 26. Shivery Gill, 30. Sikes Ph.» Gill, glaciated rocks near, 93. INDEX 103 Simou Full, 20, 25, 2(i, 28 ; boulders ou, 89 J Drift of, 88 ; peat of, 94 ; pot- hole near, 36 ; striae on, 89. Simonstone Limestone, (Bishopdale), 62, 64; (Dent), 43-49; (Garedale), 48, 86 ; (Ingleborough), 26-28 ; (Kings- dale), 32, 33 ; (Littondale), 53, 54 ; (Rlbblesdale), 28, 30, 31 ; (Semmer- dale), 65-67; (Sleddale and Snaiz- holme), 68-71 ; (Wharfedale), 56-62 ; (Whernside), 29 ; (Widdale), 72, 73. Single-post Limestone, 72. Six-foot Coal, 81. Skehide, 76. Skelton Gill, 48. Skirwith, 7 ; Basement Beds of, 22 ; boulder near, 89 ; dyke at, 15, 16. Sleddale, 68, 69. Smith, W., publication by, 95. Snaizholme, 68-71. Snaizwold, 51. Southerscales Fell, 24. South House Moor, 24. South Scales Scars, strise on, 89. Stake, 64, 65, 68. Stalagmite, 33-40. Stallion Busk Pasture, 67. Standing Gill, 31. Startling Wood, 66. Stockdale Shales, absence of the, 12. Sulber Nick, 86. Swere Gill, 82. Tatham Wife Hole, 26. Ten End, 68 ; Millstone Grit of, 77. Ten-Fathom Grit, 19, 75. Thoralby Common, 64. Thorn Gill, 28. Thornrake Gill, 66. Thornton Beck, 3, 6-9, 20, 24 ; dyke in, 15-17 ; fault in, 84 ; gravel of, 93, 94. Thornton Force, 5, 6, 8 ; unconformity at, 22, 23 ; Drift near, 90. Tiddeman, K. H., publication by, 96, 97. Three- Yards Limestone, 19 ; (Dent), 44, 45, 47 ; (Garsdale), 50, 51 ; (Ingle- borough), 28 ; (Littondale), 53 ; (Sled- dale and Snaizholme), 68, 71 ; (Wid- dale), 72. Travertine, 38-40. Tree-trunks in peat, 94. Trowgill, 37. Tufa, 38-40. Twisleton Dale House, 5 ; Basement Beds near, 22, 23 ; conglomerate near, 89 ; terraces near, 94. Twisk'ton Manor House, 7. Twis K., 3, 7-9. Unconformity, appearance of, below Millstone Grit, 54; of Carboniferous on Silurian Kocks, 21-24, 41. Undsrgrouud streams, 34-40. Underley Park, 79. Underset Limestone, (Bardale), 85 ; (Bishopdale), 62, 64 ; coal below the, 77 ; (Dent), 46-51 ; (Garsdale), 51 ; (Ingleborough), 28 ; (Kingsdale), 32, 33; (Littondale), 54; (Bibblesdale), 30, 31 ; (Semmerdale), 65-67 ; (Sleddale and Snaizholme), 68-71 ; (Walden), 62 ; (Wharfedale), 57-60, 62 ; (Whernside), 29 ; (Widdale), 72. Ure E., 1 ; Drift of the, 87; fault in the, 85. Walden, 62. Weathercote Cave, 34, 35. Wensleydale, 71; coals in, 77; ice- flow, 87. Wetherfell, 1, 68, 71; Millstone Grit of, 77. Wharfedale, 1, 19, 55-62 ; coals in, 55, 59-61, 77 ; Drift of, 87 ; Ingleborough Grit in, 74. " Wharfe Grits," 12, 13. Whernside, 1, 19, 20, 29, 31-33, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47 ; coal on, 29, 47, 76, 77 ; Drift on, 90, 91 ; Millstone Grit of, 76 ; peat on, 94. White Scars, peat near, 94. White Stones, boulders at, 89. Widdale Fell, 1, 20, 41, 46, 51, 52, 72, 73 ; coal on, 77 ; Millstone Grit of, 76 ; strife on, 87. Widdale Little Tarn, 51. Winshaw, 28, 29. Wold Fell, 1, 46. Wood, E., publication by, 95. Yard Coal, 81, 82. Yarlsber, Coal-Measures of, 82. Yellow GUI, 42, 43. Yockenthwaite Moor, 1, 61, 77. Yorburgh, 71. Yordas Cave, 40 ; Gill, 32. Yore E. See Ure E. Zinc-ore, 85. LONDON: Piinted by £ Y a B and Spottiswoode, Printers to the C^een's most Excellent Majesty. Fo* SerMmesty'g Stationery Office. EI86S3.— 500.— 7/90.J CBWIiKAI. AIEIHOIKS Or THE GBOiOCZCAI. SURVEY-, ili.iutd. Tlie WEALD (I'AIiT.S of the COUNTIES o£ KENT, SUREET, SUSSEX, and H V\TS) By W Toplet !"< The TRIASSIC and PERMIAX ROCKS of the MIDLAND COUNTIES of ENGLAND. B.y E.Hull bs The FEXLAND. By S. B. J. Skekichlt. 36s. 6^. The -MAXUl'ACTURE of GUN FLINTS. I3y S. B. J. Skeetchlt. 16s. The SUPERFICIAL DEfOSITS of SOUTH-^YEST LANCASHIRE. By C. E. De UiNCE. 10s. OJ. UOETH DEEBi'SHIRE. By A. H. Gulen, C. Le Neve FosTEE.and J. E.DiKTXS. 2nd Ed. B.v A. H. Geee". and BURNLEY COAL FIELD. By E. Hull, R. H. Tiddeman, and Others. lUs. TOUKSHIIiE CUALIIELD. By A.H. Geeen, R. 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