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 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
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 http://archive.org/details/cu31924026493894 
 
ECLOGUES OF MANTUAN 
 
THE ECLOGUES OF 
 BAPTISTA MANTUANUS 
 
 EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY 
 
 WILFRED P. MUSTARD, Ph.D. 
 
 COLLEGIATE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 
 
 1911 
 
J\-th-L\h% 
 
 Copyright, 1911 
 
 BY 
 THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 
 
TO 
 KIRBY FLOWER SMITH 
 
Preface 
 
 This edition has been prepared in the hope that some 
 scholars might be glad to study a set of forgotten poems 
 which had a very considerable influence upon the English 
 literature of the sixteenth century. 
 
 The Text is based upon that of the first printed edition, 
 of Mantua, 1498. The more important later variants are 
 mentioned in the notes. The spelling is modified to suit 
 the convenience of the modem reader. The punctuation is 
 my own. 
 
 The Introduction has grown to a portentous length, partly 
 because it seemed desirable to set down my authority for 
 almost every statement. And inasmuch as many of my 
 authorities are not easily accessible — at least, to American 
 scholars — it often seemed necessary to quote their actual 
 words. Hence the " leaden sediment " of footnotes. I am 
 rather ashamed of this unlovely feature, but I feel that any 
 one who has tried to find any modem account of Mantuan 
 which is at once definite and accurate will be inclined to 
 excuse it. Perhaps I should add that a part of my material 
 has already been printed, in the Transactions of the Ameri- 
 can Philological Association, vol. XL. 
 
 I have devoted a good deal of space to the story of 
 Mantuan's popularity in England, and tried to show some- 
 thing of the precise range and character of his influence 
 there. It would be interesting to know whether his 
 Eclogues exercised any such influence in Italy, or France, 
 or Germany ; but that subject must be left to others. 
 
 My Notes are mainly concerned with the question of 
 Mantuan's sources, and only occasionally serve to explain 
 his meaning. I had thought of putting them below the 
 text, but they are hardly of sufficient importance to break 
 
 7 
 
8 PREFACE 
 
 up fhe page, and, besides, the reader may be glad to have 
 the Eclogues printed, for once, so that he can see more than 
 a few lines at a time. Ever since Ascensius published his 
 long-lived commentary they have regularly been printed 
 with alternate stretches of text and notes on the same page. 
 I hope that most of my obligations to earlier writers are 
 duly acknowledged in the footnotes. My Introduction is 
 much better than it might have been because of the gener- 
 osity of Mr. Henry Walters, of Baltimore, who allowed 
 me the free use of his magnificent private library of Italian 
 incunabula. And it is further enriched by material which 
 I was able to collect last summer during a vacation tour 
 of the great public libraries of Italy. It gives me pleasure 
 to recall the uniform courtesy and kindness which I re- 
 ceived from various library officials in Turin, Milan, 
 Mantua, Ferrara, Bologna, and a dozen other cities. And 
 I am glad to say here that my book owes a great deal to 
 Cav. Alessandro Luzio, Director of the R. Archivio di 
 Stato at Mantua. From one of his published papers I 
 had learned most of what I have written about our poet's 
 family, and by his special knowledge and ready helpfulness 
 he made my own work at Mantua both profitable and 
 pleasant. 
 
 W. P. M. 
 Baltimore, 
 May, 191 1. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction 
 
 " Good old Mantuan " 1 1 
 
 His Life II 
 
 His Family and Friends i8 
 
 His Works 26 
 
 His Popularity 30 
 
 Composition and Publication of the Eclogues 35 
 
 Their Use as a School-book 36 
 
 Quotations and Allusions ■ 40 
 
 Imitations 48 
 
 Mantuan's Sources 57 
 
 His Syntax 59 
 
 His Metre 59 
 
 His Vocabulary 59 
 
 Dedicatory Epistle 62 
 
 Text 63 
 
 Notes 121 
 
 Index 153 
 
 9 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 " GOOD OLD MANTUAN " 
 
 In Love's Labour's Lost, iv, 2, 95, the schoolmaster 
 Holof ernes quotes the Latin words " Fauste, precor, gelida 
 quando pecus omne sub umbra Ruminat, — and so forth," 
 and then exclaims : " Ah, good old Mantuan ! I may speak 
 of thee as the traveller doth of Venice ; 
 
 Venetia, Venetia, 
 
 Chi non ti vede non ti pretia. 
 
 Old Mantuan, old Mantuan ! who understandeth thee not, 
 loves thee not." Here the modern reader is apt to think of 
 the Eclogues- of Virgil ; but the reference is to another and 
 much later poet who was likewise a native of Mantua, and 
 likewise the author of ten Latin eclogues. This was Bap- 
 tista Spagnolo, or, as he was commonly called, Baptista 
 Mantuanus.^ 
 
 HIS LIFE 
 
 This later Mantuan was born April 17, 1448.^ He was 
 a pupil of Gregorio Tifernate and of Georgius Merula;^ 
 
 1 In one of the letters of Isabella d' Este (Aug. 23, 1504) he is 
 called " R.*" frate Bap.*' Spagnolo"; S./ von Arx, Romanische 
 Forschungen, XKyi, 813. In a proclamation of the Marquis of 
 Mantua (June 25, 1514) he is " R.''" mag.™ Bap.'^ Spagnolo"; Luzio- 
 Renier, Giornale storico delta htteratura iialiana, xxxiv, 57. In 
 the closing novel of Sabadino's Porrettane he is " maestro Baptista 
 Spagnolo Mantoano." 
 
 2 Tiraboschi gives this date, " from documents of the Carmelite 
 monastery at Mantua." In a little poem Vitae suae Epitome our 
 author states that he was born in the reign of Pope Nicholas V — 
 " istius accepi lucis primordia, quintus | in solio Petri cum Nicolaus 
 erat " — which means not earlier than March 6, 1447. In the dedi- 
 catory epistle prefixed to his Eclogues, Sept. 1, 1498, he calls him- 
 self " quinquagenarius "- 
 
 ' He seems to have studied under both of these teachers at Mantua : 
 F. Gabotto, Ancora un letterato del Quattrocento, 1890, pp. 22-23. 
 
 II 
 
12 INTRODUCTION 
 
 and he afterwards studied philosophy at Padua.* About 
 1466 he entered the Carmelite monastery at Mantua.' In 
 1472 he was appointed " lector " in the monastery of San 
 Martino at Bologna.* 
 
 During his term of service there his monastery was visited 
 by the plague;'' but he was sheltered and nursed by a 
 wealthy friend in the city, Lodovico Foscarari: 
 
 Nuper in cenobium nostrum dirae pestilentiae immisso veneno toti 
 urbi coeperamus esse timori ; pellebamur non a coUoquio tantum 
 verum etiam a conspectu hominum . . . interclusi eramus nee ulla 
 videbatur evadendi via : omnia mortem intentabant . . . tu cum Re- 
 frigerio nostro . . . spem vitae confirmasti, xenia misisti, in amplas 
 ac magnificas aedes tuas hospitio me suscepisti, lautissime et ele- 
 gantissime pavisti.* 
 
 And he afterwards found a refuge at the villa of Gio. Bap- 
 tista Refrigerio, " on the upper waters of the torrent Cla- 
 terna, on the way to Rome " : 
 
 Gregorio seems to have been in Mantua from April, 1460, till 
 December, 146 1 ; Merula, from 1460 till 1463. Gregorio was the 
 "Umber" of the Eclogues (iv, 81, 95 if., 246 ff. ; V, loi ; vil, 10; IX, 
 200), as Mantuan himself explained to Thomas Wolf, Jr., in the 
 year 1500. See note on Eel. IV, 81. Cf. also the Apologia written 
 by the poet's brother Tolomeo : - " Gregorium Tiphernatem quem 
 poeta noster habuit praeceptorem " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Ee, v), and 
 a letter written by Mantuan to Pico della Mirandola, the Younger, 
 Jan. 3, 149S : '' mors Georgii Merulae primum coudiscipuli postea 
 praeceptoris mei (nam sub Gregorio Tiphernate commilitavimus) tris- 
 titia me aflfecit " {loannis Pici Mirandulae Concordiae Comitis of era, 
 Bologna ed., 1496, fol. i6lb). 
 
 * See the dedication of his Eclogues: " ante religionem, dum in 
 gymnasio Paduano philosophari inciperem." 
 
 ^ " Religio placuit iuveni," etc., Vitae suae Epitome. The date 
 usually given, 1464, seems to be too early. The first eight Eclogues 
 were written " ante religionem " ; the fourth laments the death of 
 Gregorio Tifernate; and Gregorio seems to have lived at least till 
 1464. 
 
 8 Florido Ambrogio, De rebus gestis ac scriptis operibus Bap- 
 tistae Mantuani, Turin, 1784, p. 28. In the title of the De vita 
 beata (printed in 1474) he is called " professor "- 
 
 ^.Probably c. 1478; see Muratori, Annali d' Italia, Anno 1478. 
 L. Frati gives the exact date as 1479, Giorn. stor. d. lett. ital., XII, 
 327- 
 
 * Dedication of the first Parthenice, published Feb. 11, 1481. 
 
LIFE OF MANTUAN 13 
 
 ipse quoque in silvis et vallibns Appennini 
 exilem ducens tecto sub paupere vitam 
 delitui qua templa peBt Roraana viator 
 et qua Flaminios fugiens Claterna per agros 
 ducit ab angustis undosum vallibus amnem 
 arce sub Ociami, nostris ubi dicta Camenis 
 tecta Refrigerius sublimi in coUe tenebat.* 
 
 In 1479-80 he held the office of Prior at Mantua." In 
 1483 he was elected Vicar-general of the Carmelite Congre- 
 gation of Mantua.^^ And to this office he was re-elected 
 five times — each time for a period of two years, with an in- 
 terval of four years — in 1489, 1495, 1501, 1507, 1513.^^ 
 
 The first term of his office and the first interval were 
 spent mainly at Rome, on the business of his Congrega- 
 tion." The city was disturbed by the Orsini and Colonna 
 
 * De suorum temporum calamitatibus. Lib. 1. The Claterna re- 
 ceives a grateful mention again in the poem Alfonsus, Bologna ed., 
 1502, fol. 260. 
 
 ^o Florido ^mbrogio, op. cit., 43, who adds that he was appointed 
 tutor of the Marquis Federico's children. On Jan. 23, 1479, he wrote 
 to his friend Refrigerio from Reggio, explaining that he had fled 
 from Mantua because of the plague; on Jan. 29, 1480, and Feb. 16, 
 
 1480, he wrote to him from Mantua. In 1476 (Apr. 28 and July 
 21) and in 1478 (Aug. 12) he had written to the same correspondent 
 from Bologna. In 1481 and 1482 he seems to have been again in 
 Bologna. The first Parthenice was published at Bologna, Feb. 11, 
 
 1481, and in the same year Refrigerio could call himself Mantuan's 
 pupil: "ipse, qui eius disciplinas quotidie haurio " (L. Frati, Giorn. 
 star. d. lett. ital., XII, 327-8). On Oct. 8, 1482, and Nov. 2, 1482, 
 he wrote to Caesar Napeus, of Brisighella, from Bologna. [There 
 are manuscript copies of the letters mentioned in this note in the 
 Library of the University of Bologna.] • 
 
 ^'^ " Congregationis Mantuanae Observantium Carmelitarum Vicar- 
 ius," as he calls himself in his prose account of the Santa Casa at 
 Loreto (Sept. 22, 1489). In 1413, three Carmelite convents, Le 
 Selve (near Florence), Gerona, and Mantua, agreed to correct certain 
 abuses which had crept into the order ; and this combination de- 
 veloped into the Congregation of Mantua, or Mantuan Reform. In 
 1442, it achieved quasi-autonomy under a vicar-general. By Man- 
 tuan's time, it had brought under its authority several oth«r houses 
 in northern Italy, Novellara, Modena, Ferrara, etc. 
 
 12 Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 63, 69, 77, 78, 81, 84. 
 
 ^' The Epigrammata ad Falconem were written during this period, 
 and so were some of the Silvae. In the Epistola contra Calum- 
 niator es he says, " dum Romae sub Sixto quarto agerem " ( Lyons 
 ed., 1516, fol. Aa, vi) ; and Florido Ambrogio records (op. cit.. 
 
14 INTRODUCTION 
 
 factions, and he found great difficulty in getting a hearing 
 for his case: 
 
 Turbida nunc Ursos clamat, nunc Roma Colunnam ; 
 
 esse quid attonita pacis in urbe potest? 
 et nisi Falconis scirem me numine tutum 
 
 iam mea populifer cerneret ora Padus. 
 propterea divi repetes cum limina Petri, 
 
 ne fluat in longos fac mea causa dies.^* 
 
 Still he received much assistance from a yotmg friend, 
 Filippo Baveria: 
 
 tu mihi tractanti Romana negotia semper 
 assiduas operas auxiliumque dabas. 
 
 65) that it was through his efforts that in 1483 Sixtus IV con- 
 firmed the privileges granted to the Congregation of Mantua by 
 Eugenius IV. The poem Pro facata Italia post helium Ferrari- 
 ense (Silvae, VIII, 6) seems to celebrate the peace of August, 1484; 
 and it is addressed to the Cardinal of Naples. The poem In Romam 
 bellis tumultuantem (Silvae, II, 7), with its allusion to the strife 
 of the Orsini and Colonna factions, probably belongs to the same 
 year. But the Consolatio addressed to his friend Sabadino is dated 
 at the end " Bononiae die secunda Februarii, 1485." And the Pane- 
 gyricum on Roberto da San Severino (1485) was not written at 
 Rome: "i, decus Italiae, tantoque accinge labori" (Bologna ed., 
 1502, fol. liii). Silvae, i, 3 and v, 4 (both addressed to Innocent 
 VIII) refer to the Spanish embassy which arranged peace between 
 the Pope and the King of Naples in August, i486 — and in one of 
 them our poet writes as an eye-witness. The Somnium Romanum 
 (1487) was written at Rome: "nam tunc ego templa tenebam | trans 
 Tiberim," Tolentinum, Bk. ill (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. E, ii). The 
 Contra poetas impuaice loquentes was finished at Rome, Oct. 20, 
 1487, as is stated at the end of the poem in the Bologna editions of 
 1489 and 1502. The second Parthenice was written at Rome (as 
 its dedication states), apparently in the summer of 1488. On Aug. 
 25, 1488, he wrote to his friend Refrigerio from Rome (Autograph 
 letter in the Library of the University of Bologna). And a letter to 
 Pico della Mirandola, Oct. i, 1490, seems to refer to the same year: 
 " nam dum ego Romae gravibus admodum rei publicae meae negotiis 
 insudarerfi, eo tempore quo tu quoque, ut meministi, tantis illis aemu- 
 lationum fluctibus laborabas," etc. (prefixed to the Bologna edition of 
 the collected poems, 1502). There is still another reference to his life 
 in Rome in the De Patientia, II, 22 : " verum est id quod ad Fal- 
 conem, cum Romae essem, scripsi hoc disticho," etc. 
 
 ^* This quotation and the next three which follow come from the 
 Epigrammata ad Falconem, 
 
LIFE OF MANTUAN IS 
 
 Through the good offices of the papal treasurer, Falcone 
 de' Sinibaldi,^^ he gained admission to the court : 
 
 te duce Pontificis summi mihi limen apertum, 
 et sancti patuit regia magna Patris. 
 
 And he must have received, or hoped for, some help from 
 another " great star of the Roman Senate," Oliviero Carafa, 
 Cardinal of Naples:^' 
 
 hi sunt Rpmulei duo sidera magna senatus 
 unde bonis lumen praesidiumque datur. 
 
 In the poem prefixed to the Epigrammata ad Falconem 
 he is still begging that the Carmelites of Mantua may have 
 a house of their own at Rome : 
 
 cur igitur, quoties Romana revisere tecta 
 cogimur, in propria non licet esse domo? 
 
 But in 1489 his long efforts were rewarded by the gift to 
 his Congregation of the church and monastery of S. Criso- 
 gono.'^' 
 
 In 1489 he went from Mantua to Loreto, at the head of a 
 company of Carmelite friars, who were to be put in charge 
 of the Santa Casa.'^' In 1490 — at least from March to 
 October — his correspondence shows that he was in Bologna.^" 
 
 ^^ " Cuius beneficio ex omnibus periculis est liberatus." This is 
 the " Falco " of the ninth Eclogue, a poem which doubtless reflects 
 some of Mantuan's own experiences at court. 
 
 ^* To whom the De suorum temporum Calamitatibus was dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 ^^ Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 68. As an evidence of Mantuan's 
 personal success at Rome, Ambrogio mentions (p. 35) an oration 
 which he delivered in the presence of Innocent VIII, in 1488. In 
 one of his Silvae (i, 4) he celebrates the birthday feast of the Pope's 
 nephew, Lorenzo Cibo, Archbishop of Beneventum. And in the 
 Vita Lodovici Morbioli he could thank Pope Innocent for various 
 personal favors, including a gift of money — " aureaque aegroto mu- 
 nera missa mihi." 
 
 1' Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 69-70 ; U. Chevalier, Notre-Dame 
 de Lorette, Paris, igo6, p. 322. 
 
 1' A letter addressed to him, March 20, 1490, by Pico della Miran- 
 dola includes a greeting to Filippo Beroaldo, " saluta Beroaldura." 
 Another letter from thg Famg correspondent, Sept. 19, 1490, asl?s for a 
 
16 INTRODUCTION 
 
 But he probably spent most of his remaining life at Man- 
 tua.^o On May 22, 1513, he was elected General of the 
 entire Carmelite Order; and he seems to have held this 
 office till his death.^^ During his brief term of office he 
 consolidated the congregation of Albi, a French imitation 
 
 catalogue of the monastery library at Bologna : " indicem bibliothecae 
 vestrae Bononiensis, si id tuo commodo fieri potest" {loannis Pici 
 Mirandulae Concordiae comiiis opera, Bologna, 1496, foil. 14S, iSo)- 
 And Mantuan's reply to this second letter is dated at Bologna, Oct. 
 I, 1490 (quoted in the Bologna edition of his collected poems, 1502). 
 
 ^^ In 1493 (Oct. 22) he delivered a funeral oration at Mantua, on 
 Leonora d' Aragona, the mother of Isabella d' Este (printed copy in 
 the Biblioteca Comunale at Bologna). In 1494 (Oct. 29 and Nov, 
 27) and in 1495 (Jan. 3) he virrites to the younger Pico della Miran- 
 dola from Mantua (/. P. Mirandulae opera, Bologna, 1496, foil. 
 164, 161, i6ib). [J. H. Lupton, Life of Dean Colet, 1887, p. 67, 
 says that Colet may have met with Mantuan "in Paris, where (ac- 
 cording to Trittenheim) he was staying in 1494."] In November, 
 1496 he seems to have been at least temporarily absent from Mantua, 
 for his oration In funere Ferrandi Regis was delivered by his 
 friend Pietro da Novellara (Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 69). In 1497 he 
 was in Florence, as the dedication of his Eclogues states : " anno 
 praeterito, cum Florentia rediens Bononiam pervenissem," etc. In 
 1500 he was at Mantua: "Ego dum Bononiae ingeuuis disciplinis 
 vacarem in ipso iubileo anno profectus sum Mantuam, ut Baptistam 
 quem ex libris noveram coram quoque viderem," etc. (Letter of 
 Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503). In Au- 
 gust, 1504, a letter of Isabella d' Este promises to send to Giovanni 
 Sabadino " sei sacchi di frumento " ; and the gift is to go to Bologna 
 in charge of the " R.*° frate Bap." Spagnolo " (S. von Arx, Roman. 
 Forsck., XXVI, 813). On July I, 1506, he wrote to his brother Tolo- 
 meo : " In questo tempo di questo nostro exilio ho fatto trascrivere 
 tutte le nostre cose nove " (F. Gabotto, Un poeta heatificato, 1892, 
 p. 17). 
 
 2^ Ventimiglia, Hist. Chron. General. Carm., Naples, 1773, p. 
 171. Many ancient and modern accounts say that Mantuan soon re- 
 signed his high office — because his reforms were opposed, or in order 
 to devote himself entirely to literature. Possibly the tradition is based 
 upon a remark by Seb. Murrho, in the preface to his commentary 
 on the first Parthenice: " audivimus ex Conrado Leontorio, quo a 
 secretis familiariter utimur, magistratu se quem in eo ordine sum- 
 mum gessit abdicavisse, ut liberius humanis divinisque litteris vacare 
 posset." This preface is not dated, but it was printed in 1513 (at 
 the beginning of Ascensius' Paris edition), and it may have been 
 taken to refer to that year. But Murrho died in 1495 ; and his re- 
 port must refer to Mantuan's office of Vicar-general, not to his 
 office of General at all. 
 
LIFE OF MANTUAN 17 
 
 of the Mantuan Reform.^^ In 1515 he was appointed 
 Apostolic Legate to arrange peace between Francis I and the 
 Duke of Milan ;^^ but he was prevented by age and infirmity 
 from undertaking this mission. He died at Mantua, March 
 20, 1516.=* He was beatified December 17, 1885.=' 
 
 In form and feature Baptista was not very handsome or 
 imposing. One of his admirers who visited him in the year 
 1500 can only say, with Odysseus, that " the gods do not give 
 every gracious gift to all, neither shapeliness nor wisdom nor 
 skilled speech " =^ — " scias id rectissime posse de Baptista 
 dici quod Homerus et ceteri vates de Ulysse rettulerunt, qui 
 corpore parvus et forma indecorus sed ingenio itoaximus et 
 animo speciosissimus fuisse perhibetur." ^'^ So Luca Gaurico 
 calls him " parvus et modicae staturae," in his Tractatus 
 Astrologicus?^ And Bandello says that he was very ugly: 
 " era brutto come il culo, e pareva nato dai Baronzi." =° 
 
 ^^ Catholic Encyclopedia, II (1907), 276. 
 
 ^' Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 93 ; A. Luzio, Archivio storico ital- 
 iano, XL (1907), pt. 3, p. I. 
 
 2* His epitaph, in the Carmelite church at Mantua, is quoted 
 by Saverio Bettinelli, Delle Lettere e delle Arti Mantovane, Man- 
 tua, 1774, p. 99 : " R. P. Magister Jo. Bapt. Mantuanus Carmelita 
 Theologus Philosofus Poeta Orator clarissimus latinae graecae & 
 hebraicae linguae peritissimus." His tomb is now in the Cathedral 
 at Mantua. 
 
 25 The Decretum is quoted by Fanucchi, Delia Vita del Beato Bat- 
 tista Spagnoli, Lucca, 1887, pp. 217-18. 
 
 26 Homer, Od., vin, 167. Cf. Ov. A. A., 11, 123, " non formosus 
 erat, sed erat facundus Ulixes." 
 
 2'' Letter from Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, written 
 at Strassburg, February 24, 1503. 
 
 28 Quoted by F. Gabotto, Un poeta beatificato, 1892, p. 8. 
 
 ^^ Novelle, in, 52, fin. (quoted by Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 66). 
 The Baronzi were a Florentine family, proverbial for their homely 
 features. Bandello's lively description is hardly borne out by the 
 surviving portraits of the poet. There are at least three busts of 
 him at Mantua ; and these suggest only a rather benevolent coun- 
 tenance with a very prominent nose. One is a contemporary portrait 
 in terra-cotta, now in the Museo Patrio ; another is a large bust, in 
 bronzed wood, now in the Palazzo degli Studi (it was transferred 
 tjiither "ex aede Carmelit." in 1783); while a, third may be seen 
 above the poet's tomb in the Cathedral. There is another very in- 
 teresting bust, in bronze, in the Royal Mu.seum at Berlin ; this is 
 beautifully reproduced for an article by W. Bode, Jahrbuch der 
 
18 INTRODUCTION 
 
 HIS FAMILY AND FRIENDS 
 
 As a member of a monastic order — Frater Baptista Man- 
 tuanus — our author never calls himself by his family name. 
 He was the son of Pietro Spagnolo, a Spanish nobleman 
 from Granada, who had himself lost his family name of 
 Moduer (or Modover) and received the name Spagnolo, 
 from the name of his own country.^" His father, and his 
 grandfather, "Antonius Cordubensis," ^'^ took part in the 
 naval battle off Gaeta in 1435 — when Alfonso V of Aragon 
 was defeated by the Genoese. Being taken prisoner along 
 with their king, they spent some time at Milan ; and they 
 remained in Italy after Alfonso was released : 
 
 Hesperios inter proceres quos invida laudi 
 in praedam fortuna dedit turn prima ferebat 
 Alfonso sub rege merens Antonius arma 
 cui genus et patrium dederat sua Corduba nomen. . . 
 ipse pium casus dominum comitatus in omnes 
 venit ad Insubres ubi, postquam vincula passo 
 affuit Alfonso melior fortuna, relictus, 
 seu fuerit casus seu caeli immobile fatum, 
 egregium decus et nomen sibi fecit in armis.^^ 
 
 Koniglich Preussischen Kunstsammlungen, 1889, Heft iv. These 
 busts are doubtless more reliable than the rude woodcut which 
 adorns the Lyons edition of Mantuan's later works, 15 16, the 
 frontispiece of the Cologne edition of the Eclogues, 1688, or the 
 highly idealized portrait which appears in the biography by Florido 
 Ambrogio, Turin, 1784. 
 
 '•> " Petrus Spagnolus," as he is called in the title of the De vita 
 beata. In his epitaph (in the Carmelite church at Mantua) he was 
 called " Petrus Sp. Modover " (quoted in d'Arco's MS. history, in the 
 R. Archivio di Stato at Mantua). 
 
 3"- Cf. Baptista's oration In funere Ferrandi regis (printed at 
 Brescia in 1496) : " sub hoc Alfonso avus meus Antonius Cordubensis 
 in Italiam venisse et meruisse se narrabat, cum ego adhuc puer senem 
 admirarer more veteranorum militum sui temporis bella recitantem." 
 In the Trophaeum pro Gallis expulsis, Bk. v (Bologna ed., 1502, 
 fol. 374b), he says of his brother Tolomeo : 
 
 proavos fecunda virorum 
 magnanimorum altrix et mater Corduba vatum 
 huic dederat, proavos armis et sanguine claros. 
 
 So Paulus Jovius says " ex Hispaniola gente honesta " {Elogia 
 virorum Uteris illustrium, Basel ed., I577> ?■ II7). 
 
 ^'' Alfonsus, Bk. v (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 303). There is a similar 
 
MANTUAN'S FAMILY 19 
 
 Pietro went to Mantua, and there rose to high favor with 
 the reigning house: 
 
 Petrus enim senis Antoni generosa propago 
 Mintiadas adiit populos, ubi Gonzagarum 
 regia, et insignem claro sub principe nactus 
 eximia virtute locum primordia genti 
 condit; et annoso cedet iam frigidus aevo. 
 
 I 
 
 In 1457 he appears as steward {sescalco) of the Marquis 
 Lodovico, who in 1460 conferred upon him and his sons 
 the citizenship of Mantua.''^ He enjoyed the favor of the 
 next two marquises also, Federico and Francesco, and lived 
 to round out fifty years of faithful service to their house. 
 He died early in 1494. 
 
 In his Vitae suae Epitome Mantuan states that his father 
 encouraged his youthful studies : 
 
 a teneris colui Musas, mihi semper ad artes 
 ingenuas calcar cura paterna fuit. 
 
 There is a passage in the seventh Eclogue, 59 ff., which has 
 been regarded as a reference to the author's own life : 
 
 durus et immitis pater atque superba noverca 
 Pollucem graviore iugo pressere iuventae 
 tempore, cum dulces animos nova suggerit aetas. 
 et cum iam invalidae longo sub pondere vires 
 deficerent nuUaque odium mansuesceret arte, 
 constituit temptare fugam, etc. 
 
 " Videtur autem haec vera vitae ipsius poetae descriptio," 
 
 account in the Epitkalamium addressed to the poet's brother Tolomeo 
 (Antwerp ed., vol. Ill, fol. 302). This gives a different explanation 
 of Antonio's remaining in Italy : '' ad Ducis ascitus magno aere An- 
 tonius arma." 
 
 '3 S. Davari, Delia famiglia Spagnola, quale risulia dai documeiiti 
 dell' Archivio Storico Gonzaga, Mantua, 1873, p. 4. Cf., also, the 
 Dialogus contra Detractores, Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. e, i: " Petrum vide- 
 licet patrum tuum, virum ornatissimum ac splendidissimum, sub 
 huius hostri principis patre atque avo domi forisque in praeclaris 
 negotiis summa cum laude semper versatum." In a letter to the 
 Marquis Francesco, Nov. 10, 1494, Baptista could say, of his father's 
 services to the Marquis' house : " el quale cinquanta anni continui 
 servi," etc. (Autograph letter preserved in the R. Archivio di Stato 
 at Mantua). 
 
20 INTRODUCTION 
 
 as Ascensius immediately explained it. And Niceron saw- 
 in the " superba noverca " a hint of the poet's illegitimate 
 birth. ^^ But this interpretation hardly agrees with the 
 fact that his early treatise De vita beata is addressed to 
 his father in terms of affection : " ego enim qui te mihi 
 carior sit inter mortales habeo neminem." 
 
 Baptista had many brothers and sisters. ^^ The eldest, 
 Tolomeo,^* became the confidential secretary of the Mar- 
 quis Francesco, and rose to such favor that he was even 
 allowed to take the name of Gonzaga.^^ But he grossly 
 abused this confidence — ^by forgery and fraud and traffick- 
 ing in justice — and after the death of the Marquis (1519) 
 he was forced to flee from the city.^* Another larother was 
 
 ^* Memoires (Paris ed., 1734), xxvil, 107, " il se plaint, sous le 
 nom de Pollux, des rigueurs et de la fierte de sa belle-mere, qui ne 
 peut-etre autre que cette Constance." 
 
 ^5 " ampla | nostra domus pollens numero' fratrum atque sororum,"' 
 Epithalamium (Antwerp ed., 1576, in, fol. 302). 
 
 ^° Tolomeo seems to have been of illegitimate birth; and Baptista 
 himself may have been " ex damnato coitu natus," as Paulus Jovius 
 puts it : S. Davari, op. cit., 4-9. In the Epithalamium already 
 quoted, Baptista calls Tolomeo — and apparently himself — the son of 
 Costanza de' Madi (or de' Maggi), of Brescia: 
 
 haec est Maia domus pollens propagine tanta, 
 tot Claris ornata viris ; Constantia mater 
 hinc, germane, tibi nuribus praelata pudicis. 
 ^'^ By a decree of the Marquis, Jan. 6, 1507 : S. Davari, op. cit., 
 10. In the dedication of the Dialogus contra Detractores, and in a 
 letter of Mario Equicola (Nov. 10, 1508), he is called " Ptolemeus 
 Gonzaga." At the close of the Dialogus, Baptista says of him: " ob 
 singularem fidem atque industriam in Gonzagarum familiam privi- 
 legio ascitus " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. c, i) ; and Equicola has, "huic 
 cum Ptolemeus a secretis solus primus sit voluntatum et consiliorum 
 adiutor et particeps." In the Trophaeum pro Gallis expulsis, Bk. V 
 (a passage referring to the year 1496), he is introduced as com- 
 forting the Marchioness Isabella : 
 
 tristibus his curis aderat facundus et acri 
 ingenio praestans iuvenis Ptolemeus 
 
 (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 374). 
 ^* Baptista addressed to him his sixth Parthenice (on St. Apol- 
 lonia), a poem on the death of their brother Federico Antonio 
 (1506), a Dialogus contra Detractores, and an Epistola contra Calum- 
 niatores. Tolomeo published a learned Apologia contra detrahentes 
 operibus B. M. (c. 1509), and after our poet's death we find him ar- 
 ranging for a worthy monument for him (Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 63). 
 
MANTUAN'S FAMILY 21 
 
 the Canon Alessandro, who is mentioned in a document of 
 December 1497 as judge in a law-suit between the youth- 
 ful Raffaello Sanzio and his stepmother. There he is called 
 " decretorum doctor " and " vicario del vescovo urbinate." '*" 
 About 1507 he is made one of the speakers in the Dialogus 
 contra Detractores, and called " praeclarus iurisconsultus et 
 nostrae cathedralis ecclesiae canonicus." *" But Alessandro 
 became implicated in his brother's frauds, and after their 
 exposure he joined the erring Tolomeo in Rome.*^ There 
 is a pleasant glimpse of a third brother, Roberto Lucano, in 
 a letter written by Baptista to Tolomeo, Sept. 8, 1503. Here 
 it is reported that Roberto has returned to Mantua after 
 spending some time in the Levant, in the service of the 
 Venetian State. He has brought back a Venetian accent, 
 and a knowledge of spoken Greek, and all the air of a man 
 of the world. And now he wishes to return to Venice, and 
 hopes to go with the Venetian ambassador to the King of 
 Spain.*^ Still another of this talented family — " Claris de 
 tot.mihi fratribus unum," as Baptista might well call him 
 — was Federico Antonio, who died of the plague in 1506. 
 This was the accomplished orator who had stood before 
 kings and princes, who knew all law and all histories, who 
 was loved of all the Muses, who spent his days and nights 
 in study, sitting among his books like a consul among the 
 senators and asking each in turn what advice or information 
 it could give : 
 
 lucra nihil curans, nihil emolumenta, sedebat 
 inter mille libros velut in coetu atque corona 
 mille senatorum consul, quid sentiat unus 
 quisque super rerum causis et origine tota 
 luce rogans et nocte domi, quam plurima chartis 
 lucubrata diu mandans studioque reponens 
 multa gravi, quae forte sequens mirabitur aetas."*^ 
 
 ^^ Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 62. 
 
 *" In a decree of April 28, isiji he is called " canonico mantovano 
 e consigliere del Marchese :" S. Davari, op. cit., 14. 
 
 *^ Baldessar Castiglione had previously gone to Rome, to ask per- 
 mission to proceed against him : Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 62. 
 
 *2 Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 62. In a decree of Oct. 17, 1511, he is 
 called " segretario marchionale " : S. Davari, op. cit., 14. 
 
 *' De morte Federici Spagnoli jratris sui (Ascensius' ed., Paris, 
 1513, vol. n, fol. 161). 
 
22 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Other members of the family were Berardo, whom Baptista 
 could recommend to the Marquis (Nov. 10, 1494) as "del 
 corpo prosperoso et assai litterato et di bono ingegno ;" ** 
 Cesare, who is mentioned in a docimient of Aug. 14, 1512, 
 as " spectabilis et eximius artium et medicine doctor;" and 
 a Dominican friar (perhaps named Paolo) whom Baldessar ■ 
 Castiglione found in Rome in 1519.^^ There were two 
 sisters, Anna and Margherita. And still another brother 
 was Egidio,^" who died in battle in 1509 — when the Mar- 
 quis Francesco was surprised and captured in a night at- 
 tack, near Legnago : 
 
 nos quoque tempestas ista, o Ptolemaee, redegit 
 in luctum, in lacrimas, longa in suspiria, quando 
 Aegidius frater nobis cum Principe raptus 
 ante diem, missus Princeps in vincula, frater 
 in tumulum, datus in praedam furialibus armis.*^ 
 
 From Mantuan's own writings we can collect a long list 
 of his friends and patrons in various cities. It must have 
 meant much to him in his later years that he enjoyed the 
 favor and the patronage of the Gonzagas — especially of the 
 Marquis Francesco, the Marchioness Isabella (who is best 
 known as Isabella d'Este), and the Cardinal Sigismondo.** 
 
 ** Autograph letter in the R. Archil io di Stato at Mantua. 
 
 *^ " un fratello del Tolomeo Spagnolo che e frate in S. Domenico 
 e si lamenta delle calunie che si spargono sul conte di Tolomeo c di 
 Alessandro " (S. Davari, op. cit., IS). 
 
 ^' " Caucelliere della Segreteria di Corte " from 1504 to 1506: S. 
 Davari, op. cit., 15. 
 
 ^'^ De fortuna Fr. Gonzagae (Antwerp ed., 1576, ni, fol. 188). 
 The same events are mentioned in the De hello Veneto anni 1509 
 (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. F, iii). 
 
 *^ For the Marquis he wrote the five books Trophaeum pro Gallis 
 expulsis (c. 1498) and a Carmen de fortuna F. G. (1509). To the 
 Marchioness he dedicated the third, fourth, fifth, and seventh Parthe- 
 nicae (on St. Margarita, St. Agatha, St. Lucia, and St. Caecilia), an 
 elegy on the death of Pietro da Novellara (1504), a "silvula" De 
 Cupidine marmoreo dormiente, and a poem on the death of Niccolb 
 da Correggio (1508). To Sigismondo (then " protonotarius") he 
 dedicated the Silvae; to the same patron (when Bishop of Mantua) 
 a Tractatus de loco conceptionis Christi, and (when Cardinal) an 
 Apologia contra eos qui detrahunt ordini Carmelitarum. The Marquis 
 is further complimented by being included in an address to the 
 various Christian potentates which urges them to take up arms against 
 
PATRONS AND FRIENDS 23 
 
 And he had other good friends at Mantua, in Paride 
 Ceresara/' Baptista Fiera,°" Andrea Mantegna °^ and Mario 
 Equicola.^^ But he had already made many friends in 
 Bologna, and Florence, and Rome. At Bologna, he owed 
 much to Gio. Baptista Refrigerio and Lodovico Foscarari 
 (who have been mentioned above, p. 12),°' and he was on 
 intimate terms with the novelist Sabadino,'* with Count 
 Andrea Bentivoglio,^' Antonio Fantuzzi ^^ and Filippo 
 Beroaldo.^'' Of friends made at Rome, we have already 
 mentioned Filippo Baveria, Falcone de' Sinibaldi and 
 
 the Turk. And a letter from Gioviano Pontano, June I, 1499, sug- 
 gests that Mantuan had tried to enlist his aid in celebrating the ex- 
 ploits of his patron : " de principe vero tuo illustrando, bonam tibi 
 promittere voluntatem possum ; verum quid promittat, cui nihil om- 
 nino est quod det in penu? non deero tamen virtutibus fortissimi ac 
 magnanimi ducis " (printed in the Bologna edition of Mantuan's 
 collected poems, 1502). The new Catholic Encyclopedia (11, 276) 
 states that it was " through the exertions of his former disciples," 
 the Marquis and the Cardinal, that Mantuan was elected General 
 of his order. 
 
 ** To whom the revised Eclogues were dedicated, Sept. i, 1498. 
 For some account of him, see p. 121. 
 
 5" Who is praised as a physician and as a poet, Trophaeum pro 
 Gallis expulsis, Bk. V (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 37s). See, also, 
 Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 54-57. A sumptuous edition of his poems was 
 printed at Venice in 1537. 
 
 °^ The well known painter. His skill is celebrated in Silvae, II, 6. 
 
 52 Secretary to Isabella d' Este. In a letter of Nov. 10, 1508, he 
 expresses his readiness to reply to Baptista's detractors. 
 
 53 The two friends to whom he dedicated the first Parthenice. For 
 Refrigerio, see L. Frati, Giorn. stor. d. lett. ital., xil, 327-8, and S. 
 von Arx, Roman. Forsch., xxvi, 770. In 1481 he calls himself Man- 
 tuan's pupil. 
 
 5* To whom he wrote a Consolatio on the death of a son (1485), 
 Silvae, I, 7. Mantuan is introduced in very complimentary fashion 
 in the closing novel of the Porretiane. See, further, S. von Arx, op. 
 cit., 771. 
 
 5° To whom he dedicated the Somnium Romanum (c. 1487)- See, 
 further, S. von Arx, op. cit., 771. 
 
 56 Por whom he composed the De Patientia. 
 
 5' Cf. Beroaldo's letter to the editor of the collected poems, 
 Bologna, 1502 : " Gaudeo ipse mecum et gestio, quod talem virum 
 non solum familiariter noverim sed etiam habuerim confessorem." 
 See, also, Mantuan's poem De reditu Philippi Beroaldi iuvenis litera- 
 tissimi ex Gallia {Silvae^ vilj 4)* 
 
24 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Oliviero Carafa, Cardinal of Naples ; and to these we should 
 add Pomponius Laetus,^' Gio. Gioviano Pontano,^' and per- 
 haps also Alessandro Cortese "" and Petrus Marsus.®^ At 
 Florence, he had very distinguished friends in Pico della 
 Mirandola (both the uncle and the nephew) and Angelo 
 Poliziano ; and his correspondence shows that his friendship 
 with these men (as with Beroaldo) was not merely a formal 
 matter, but something very real and intimate. 
 
 In a letter to Mantuan, Jan. 13, 1490, Pico answers a 
 request for the loan of a copy of Philostratus : - " en tibi 
 Apollonium, quern si tuae virtuti, tuis in me oflSciis non de- 
 berem, deberem certe vel his litteris quibus eum efiSagitas. 
 tantus in illis amor, tanta humanitas." °^ In a second letter, 
 Mar. 20, 1490, he has to speak of a passage of Philostratus, 
 and of a passage in the Book of Genesis : 
 
 de ApoUonio Thyaneo nihil sentio magis quam quod tu sentis, super 
 qua re scribam ad te plura, cum erit otium, et quae tibi erunt fortasse 
 non ingrata. de diversitate translationis nostrae a littera Hebraica 
 in tertio capite libri Geneseos, ubi de Eva agitur et serpente, sic 
 equidem censeo, etc. 
 
 ^^ To whom the Epigrammata ad Falconem profess to have been 
 submitted for criticism. In the Epistola contra Calumniatores he is 
 called "mihi familiarissimus " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Aa, vi). 
 
 "* Pontano is mentioned in complimentary fashion in the second 
 book of the Trophaeum, where Fame carries the news of Fomovo to 
 King Ferdinand, " Pontanjque ora poetae I accipit." His letter to 
 Mantuan already cited begins : " Et initae Romae memor sum ami- 
 citiae, et ingenii tui excellens vis momentis paene singulis id efficit 
 ut doctrinae vel summa etiam cum admiratione meminerim tuae. an 
 eius ego obliviscar? quem Latinae Musae non memorabilem modo 
 verum maxime etiam admirabilem et nostris faciunt et facturae sunt 
 saeculis." He adds that he is sending some samples of his historical 
 work, and will send some of his other compositions later. And Man- 
 tuan acknowledges the receipt of some of these poems in Silvae, VI, 
 I. Pontano is mentioned also in Tolomeo's Apologia: " erat enim 
 ille vir poetae nostro sic addictus, sicut constat ex eius epistolis, ut 
 eum loco numinis habere videretur " (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. E, e). 
 
 *" Whose death he bewails in a poem addressed to Hermolaus Bar- 
 barus, Silvae, vill, 2. Chevalier's Repertoire (Paris, 1905) puts Cor- 
 tese's death in 1499. But Hermolaus Barbarus died in 1493. 
 
 *^ Mantuan wrote a six-line epigram on his oration In die Sancti 
 Stephani primi martyris, describing it as " breve sed magnae re- 
 ligionis opus." And it was through his recommendation that the 
 speech was printed at Rome, c. 1490. 
 
 °^ Quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 178.^ 
 
PATRONS AND FRIENDS 25 
 
 And the messages at the close seem to make the little circle 
 complete: " saluta Beroaldum. Politianus tuus est totus." 
 In a third letter, Sept. 19, 1490, he has enthusiastic praise 
 for Mantuan's religious poetry, and asks for the return of 
 his precious Greek author : 
 
 Olim ad te, optime pater, nou scripsi, sed interim legi quae tu 
 scripsisti, divina scilicet atque sanctissima ilia tua poemata, in quibus 
 ea rerum maiestas, is splendor est eloquentiae, ut certatim in illis 
 palmam sibi vendicare verba atque sententiae videantur . . . hoc 
 unum dixero, delectari me adeo lectione tuorum carminum, ut fere 
 quotidie, cum me vel taedium vel fatigatio ceperit, in ilia quasi in 
 hortum deliciarum solitus sim secedere. unde animo tanta semper 
 oboritur voluptas ut nihil cupiat magis quam iterum fatigari, ut 
 iterum recreetur. Philostratum de Apollonii vita, si satis illo as 
 usus, desidero, etc.^^ 
 
 And the closing words are: "vale, et Beroaldum nostrum 
 saluta." Mantuan's reply to this third letter, Oct. 1, 1490, 
 is printed in the Bologna edition of his collected works, 
 1502: " Hodie mihi in sacrario nostro cum Beroaldo, ut 
 saepe soleo, fabulanti redditae sunt litterae tuae." As for 
 the Philostratus, he says : " Philostratum tuum prius lec- 
 tione eius apprime delectatus tradidi Beroaldo perlegen- 
 dum." And his letter ends : " vale, et Politianum nostrum 
 salutato." In a letter to the younger Pico della Mirandola, 
 Oct. 29, 1494, he says at the close: " cupio enim tecum esse, 
 ut possemus studiorum tu meorum et ego tuorum particeps 
 esse." And another of his letters to the same correspondent, 
 Jan. 3, 1495, ends with the message: "bene valeat Domina 
 tua, cui me commendo." ^* One short letter from Poliziano 
 may be quoted entire : 
 
 Nee dubito quin amer abs te, nee exigo quod sit incommodum ; sed 
 nee officio litterarum metior amicos, quippe quod et ab inimicis prae- 
 stari solet. gratulatione tua quod philosophiae sim deditus ipse mihi 
 medius fidius ita gratulor, daturus ut operam sim quo possis in dies 
 magis merito mihi gratulari. sed adulescens hie tuus consilio nostro 
 si fuisset usus, magis fortasse suis rationibus consuluisset. nunc 
 quoniam consilio noluit (ni frustra auguriura) credo nee opera iam 
 
 83 /. p. Mirandulae Concordiae Comitis opera, Bologna, 1496, 
 foil. 145, 150. 
 
 ^^ lb., foil. 164, 161. In 1505 Pico submitted one of his poems to 
 Mantuan for criticism (Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 104). 
 
26 INTRODUCTION 
 
 volet uti. verumtamen ei cupio scribas, ut a me expectet omnia, tui 
 quidem causa, nihil enim molestius quam fuisse hunc mihi abs te 
 frustra commendatum. vale."^ 
 
 And still others who may be mentioned here are Carforo 
 Machiavelli, of Ferrara,"" Bernardo .Bembo, of Venice,*^ 
 Georgius Merula, Hermolaus Barbarus,"* Giov. Pietro Arri- 
 vabene, Bishop of Urbino,^" Pamphilo Sasso, of Modena,'" 
 and the German scholar Thomas Wolf, Jr.''^ 
 
 HIS WORKS 
 
 Mantuan achieved distinction in various fields — " sacrae 
 theologiae doctor, philosophus insignis, poeta et orator cele- 
 berrimus," as Trithemius, Abbot of Spanheim, could say in 
 1494.'^ Trithemius mentions also his proficiency in Greek 
 — " Latinae linguae decus et Graecae clarus interpres " — 
 and Paulus Jovius makes especial mention of his interest in 
 Hebrew. Indeed, Jovius says that his interest in Hebrew — 
 ■' insatiabilis Hebraiconmi studiorum cupiditas " — inter- 
 fered with the fullest exercise of his poetic gift : " ut 
 
 *^ Omnia opera Angeli Poliiiani, Venice, 1498, fol. 1, 5. 
 
 *'To whom he could appeal for financial help, in the poem De 
 suscepto theologico magisterio. 
 
 *' To whom the second Parthenice was dedicated. And it was 
 probably out of compliment to this Bembo that the umpire of the 
 tenth Eclogue was named " Bembus "- 
 
 '* " mors Georgii Merulae . . . tristitia me affecit . . . Hennolai 
 et Politiani duorum illustrium virorum lamentabilis occasus attulit 
 et mihi et omnibus litteratis grave cordolium " ( Letter to Pico della 
 Mirandola the Younger, Jan. 3, 1495). 
 
 *^ To whom a poem (Silvae, I, 6) is sent with a gift of wine. 
 
 '"To whom Silvae, v, 5, is addressed. In the fourth book of 
 Pamphilo's Epigrams (Brescia ed., 1499) there is a poem of eighteen 
 lines addressed to Mantuan ; it closes with the words : " o felix copia 
 laudum, | quas aliis laudes vis dare tu tibi das." The first six epi- 
 grams of the second book are addressed to Paride Ceresara ; and then 
 come three on the death of Poliziano, of Pico della Mirandola, and of 
 Georgius Merula. 
 
 ''^ Who visited our poet at Mantua in the year 1500. An epigram 
 printed at the end of the Silvae (Bologna ed., 1502) is entitled: In 
 Thomam, Wolfium Decretorum doctorem ac aedis S. Petri et Michaelis 
 Argentinensis Decanum qui habebat Basiliscum mortuum. iocus. 
 
 ''^ Catalogus Scripiorum Ecclesiasticorum, per Johannem a Triten- 
 heim, Cologne, 1531. 
 
MANTUAN'S WORKS 27 
 
 ... in excolendis Musis curam ac diligentiam remittere 
 cogeretur." ''^ 
 
 His writings were exceedingly numerous, and included 
 both prose and verse. ^* Sabadino, writing before 1483, 
 mentions his work in philosophy '^ and gives a list of his 
 earlier Latin poems.'^^ Trithemius, writing in 1494, has a 
 longer list, and adds : " vivit adhuc in Italia celeberrima 
 opinione ubique nominatus et varia conscribit." 
 
 Apart from the Eclogues, his poems include eight books 
 of Silvae, or " subitaria carmina," " three books De suorum 
 temporum Calamitatibus,''^ and seven poems each entitled 
 
 ''^ Elogia virorum Uteris illustrium, Basel ed., 1577, p. 117. 
 
 ^* Dr. H. H. Furness, the editor of the Variorum Shakespeare, 
 gives it as his opinion that Mantuan " wrote nothing but eclogues " 
 {LLL, IV, 2, 95). But Filippo Beroaldo could say of him in 1502: 
 " fecundus prorsus artifex, utpote qui versuum millia" plurima condi- 
 derit, adeo ut Musae, ut Apollo, ut Dionysus, ut di omnes poetici 
 nullum hoc saeculo indulgentius f visse videantur " ( Letter to the 
 editor of the collected poems, Bologna, 1502). Lilio Giraldi says 
 " extant Ulius versus paene innumerabiles " (^De poetis nostrorum 
 temporum) . And the amount of his literary output came to be almost 
 proverbial; cf. Les Apres-Dinees du Seigneur de Choliires (1587): 
 " Direz vous que Baptiste Mantouan n'ait este habile homme, qu'il 
 n'ait fait aucune chose? Ses oeuvres le nous tesmoignent treslabor- 
 ieux, et neantmoins il estoit carme " (Paris ed., 1879, p. 57). Indeed, 
 his brother Tolomeo could say of him : " qui tanta conscripsit (de 
 poetis loquor) quanta nemo alius Latinorum " {De licentiis anti- 
 quorum poetarum, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Kk, ii). 
 
 ^^ " El quale, seguendo in li studii della sacra philosophia la doc- 
 trina del subtilissimo Scoto, ha scripto in quella opre eximie et pre- 
 stante" {Novella iJXl) . 
 
 ''^"El Suburbano, la Presidentia de 1' oratore et del poeta, Lo- 
 ciamo, la Morte contemnenda, el Cola, la Porreta, opre tutte scripte 
 et dedicate al suo carissimo Refrigerio, sirailmente la Calamita di 
 nostri tempi, la Vita della regina di cieli et altre sue excellentissime 
 opre, quale sarebbeno troppo lungo a numerare." 
 
 ' '^ The Silvae are arranged in eight books in the Bologna edition 
 of 1502. The Antwerp edition of 1576 makes four books. Earlier 
 editions of his collected poems had been printed c. 1499 (place and 
 date not stated), and in 1500 (at Cologne). Another edition (in- 
 complete, but with copious commentaries) was published by Badius 
 Ascensius, Paris, 1513. The most complete edition of his works was 
 issued at Antwerp in 1576. 
 
 "'^ Printed at Bologna in 1489. On Jan. 29, 1480, our poet writes 
 from Mantua to his friend Refrigerio : " Librum nostrum de calami- 
 tatibus hyemare apud nos oportuit, ut et si minus aliorum meis 
 
28 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Parthenice, of which the first contains three books on the 
 life of the Blessed Virgin/* the second devotes three books 
 to the story of St. Catharine of Alexandria,*" while the 
 others deal with St. Margarita, St. Agatha, St. Lucia, St. 
 Apollonia and St. Caecilia.*'- And there are similar poems 
 on the lives of Lodovico Morbioli, of Bologna,*^ Dionysius 
 the Areopagite (three books) ,^^ St. George,** St. Blaise 
 (two books) and St. Nicholas of Tolentino (three books). *^ 
 There is a book of Epigrammata ad Falconem^^ six books 
 entitled Alfonsus^'' five books of a Trophaeum pro Gallis 
 
 tamen notis responderet. me et ilium simul videbis." Meanwhile, 
 he quotes a sample passage, thirty-nine lines from the close of the 
 second book : " Sylva vetus Dodona timet, gemuere Molossi | rura 
 soli," etc. There is a, MS. copy of this letter in the Library of the 
 University of Bologna. [The poem is mentioned in the closing novel 
 of Sabadino's Porrettane, a collection which is commonly assigned 
 to the year 1478.] 
 
 ''"Published at Bologna in 1481 — " Bononiae aeditum iii. id. Feb. 
 M.CCCC.LXXXI," as is stated at the end of the poem in the Bologna 
 edition of 1488 — but doubtless circulated before it was " published ", 
 like Shakespeare's " sugred Sonnets among his priuate friends." The 
 Apologeticon which is prefixed states that the author has consented 
 to publish it, " longis precibus expugnatus." [This poem also is 
 mentioned in Sabadino's closing novel.] 
 
 ^"Written at Rome (apparently in the summer of 1488), and 
 printed at Bologna in 1489. 
 
 ^1 The Caecilia was written too late to be included in the great 
 Bologna edition of 1502. It was printed at Milan in 1507. 
 
 *2 Dedicated to Innocent VIII (1484-92). 
 
 *^ Here, as often, identified with the holy martyr of Gaul, Diony- 
 sius, the first 'Bishop of Paris. The poem is dedicated " ad lafredum 
 Carolum Mediolani Vicecancellarium et Delphinatus Praesidem." It 
 was printed at Milan as early as 1506. 
 
 ** Dedicated to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Grand Marshal of 
 France ; printed at Milan as early as 1507. 
 
 85 First printed at Milan in 1509 ; the dedication is dated, Mantua, 
 July 20, 1509. 
 
 *'* Printed at Bologna (along with the two poems on Roberto da 
 San Severino) in 1489. 
 
 *' A theological poem, which describes the journey of a young 
 Alfonsus through Purgatory and the Terrestrial Paradise. There is 
 a brief and rather vague account of the conquest of Granada (1492) 
 at the beginning of the sixth book. In the fifth book (Bologna ed., 
 1502, fol. 303, b) there is a reference to the death of the poet's father 
 (early in 1494). 
 
MANTUAN'S WORKS 29 
 
 expulsis,^^ an Obiurgatio cum exhortatione ad capienda arma 
 contra infideles ad Potentatus Christianas,^^ an Exhortatio 
 ad Insubres et Ligures, six books entitled Agellaria,^" a 
 short poem Ad lulium Secundum Pont. Max.,"^ a poem 
 De bello Veneto anni i^og, and twelve books De sacris 
 diebus which set forth and explain the various Saints' Days 
 of the Roman year.^^ 
 
 Of his prose works, the most popular seem to have been 
 the De vita beata "^ and the three books De patientia.^*" 
 
 ^^ Which deals with eVents of the years 1495 and 1496. In the 
 second book (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 336) there is <i reference to the 
 death of Charles VIII (April 7, 1498). 
 
 *' Printed at Milan in 1507. 
 
 so Dedicated to Don Gouzalo Hernand y Aguilar ("il Gran Capi- 
 tano"); quoted in Tolomeo's Apologia, c. 1508 (Lyons ed., 1516, 
 fol. Ff, ii). 
 
 ^^ Which refers to events of the year 1506. 
 
 '2 Dedicated to Leo X (crowned Mar. 11, 1513), and first printed 
 at Lyons in 15 16. Among the later poems printed at Lyons in 15 16 
 there are two choruses from an unfinished tragedy. , These were 
 printed at Milan in 1511, along with the Vitae suae Epitome; there 
 is a copy in the Library of the University of Bologna. In a letter 
 printed in this edition Mantuan writes to Antonius Sabinus, of 
 Imola : " Dum pridem luderem uitae meae Epitomen Ant : Sab : vir. 
 litteratiss. tu Mediolano ueniens me reuisisti. Tibi ergo tanquam 
 hospiti : pro xeuiolo hospitali carmen id dono : daturus libentius si 
 esset longius atque limatius. Addo etiam duos choros ex tragoedia 
 olim a me inchoata sed non consumata (cui nomen est Atila) tunc 
 inter schedia mea casu repertos." Another letter is added, in which 
 " F. Matthaeus Bandellus, C. ordinis prae." writes from Milan (" ex 
 aedib. Gratiarum calendis decembris ") urging Sabinus to have the 
 Epitome printed. 
 
 «3 Printed at Alost in 1474. 
 
 "* First printed at Brescia in 1497 ("per Bernardinum Misintam 
 Papiensem, iii. Cal. lunias"). The careful article in Niceron's 
 Memoires (Paris, I734)j xxvil, 123, gives the date of composition as 
 1498, because of the statement, ill, 29, " agitur enim nunc a Christo 
 annus millesimus quadringentesimus nonagesimus octavus." And so 
 the text runs in Ascensius' edition, Paris, 15 13. But this sentence 
 must have been " brought up to date " by some one who printed the 
 treatise in 1498 ; for both the Brescia edition of 1497 and the Venice 
 edition of 1499 have " nonagesimus Septimus." And what Mantuan 
 actually wrote in this passage must have been something different 
 still ; for each of these early editions includes a letter from Helias 
 Capreolus to loannes Taberius (" Brixiae, iiji. Nonas Decembres, 
 1496 ") which states that the treatise has been brought to Brescia by 
 
30 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Trithemius (writing in 1494) mentions also an Introduc- 
 torium subtilis Scoti, a book of " orationes elegantissimae," 
 an Apologia pro f. Petro (in three books) ,'° and " epistolae 
 multae ad diversos." Some of his later works (printed at 
 Lyons in 1516) were, Tractatus de loco conceptionis 
 Christi^^ De causa diversitatis inter interpretes sacrae scrip- 
 turae, Epistola contra calumniatores, Dialogus contra de- 
 tractores,^'' Contra eos qui detrahunt ordini Carmelitarum 
 apologia.^^ 
 
 HIS POPULARITY 
 
 He wrote with the greatest fluency and rapidity,°° and is 
 even said to have published more than 55,000 verses. He 
 tells us himself that his poem on the Blessed Virgin — a 
 poem of about 2900 lines — was the work of two years, 
 " duorum annorum lucubratio ;" and that his 2100 lines on 
 St. Catharine of Alexandria were written in forty days — 
 merely by way of improving the time in an enforced sum- 
 mer vacation. '^'"' But in spite of this rapid production his 
 writings were very popular, and he was hailed by many of 
 
 Pietro da Novellara, and asks that it be printed. The fact is, that 
 the composition of the De Patientia extended over a considerable 
 period of years. 
 
 ®^ Pietro da Novellara, Vfho had been charged with heresy (Florido 
 Ambrogio, op. cit., 79). The discovery, at Mantua, of another un- 
 published work, Tractatus de sanguine Christi (1492), is reported in 
 the Analecta Bollandiana, xin (1894), 71-72. 
 
 ^s Written in 1503: Donesmondi, Dell' Istoria Ecdesiastica di 
 Mantova, vol. ii (Mantua, 1616), p. 93. 
 
 '^ Dedicated " ad Ptolemeum Gonzagam," i. e., after Jan. 6, 1507 
 (S. Davari, op. cit., 10). 
 
 ^' Dedicated to the Cardinal Sigismondo, " eiusdem ordinis pro- 
 tectorem," i. e., not earlier than 1508 (Donesmondi, op. cit., 11, no). 
 
 ^' " Poema omne carptim composni, cursim absolvi, non fere aliter 
 quam canes aiunt bibere in Aegypto " {Epistola contra Calumniatores, 
 Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Bb, vi). 
 
 100 " Quadraginta enim et non amplius diebus opus absolutum est, 
 dum propter aestivum iustitium negotiis intermissis curamus otia 
 canicularia salubriter cum aliqua studiorum fruge transigere." So, 
 too, his three books on Dionysius the Areopagite were written in a 
 year : " lucubrationi huic annum impendi." 
 
MANTUAN'S POPULARITY 31 
 
 his contemporaries as a second Virgil.'^ In 1496 Erasmus 
 could speak of him as a " Christianus Maro," and add : 
 
 et nisi me fallit augurium, erit, erit aliquando Baptista suo con- 
 cive gloria celebritateque non ita multo inferior, simul invidiam anni 
 detraxerint.2 habet, habet fortunatissimus Carmelitarum Ordo quo 
 sibi placeat, quo cunctos provocet. 
 
 Even before his death, a portrait bust of him was set up 
 at Mantua, beside one of Virgil and one of the Marquis 
 Francesco.^ His works were carried abroad, often by mem- 
 
 '^ Thus Sabadino could say of him (before 1483) : "che e iudicato 
 essere emulo c, se cossi e licito dire, equiperare el divin Marone suo 
 conterraneo " {Novella LXl). Sebastian Murrho could write, in the 
 preface to his commentary on the first Parthenice (c. 1493) : " eius 
 me delectatum ingenio (quo concivem suum Andinum Vergilium 
 facile consequitur et aequat)," etc. Trithemius considered him the 
 equal of Cicero in prose, of Virgil in verse : " qui metro Virgilium, 
 Ciceronem prosa aequat, ne dicam superat " (quoted in the Antwerp 
 ed., 1576, iVj 291). Thomas Wolf, Jr., had a high opinion of the 
 Eclogues in particular : " quae eruditorum sententia totae sunt aureae. 
 in quibus videre licet id quod in Theocriti et Maronis carmine 
 maxime admiramur " ^Letter to- Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503). 
 Filippo Beroaldo ranked him next to Virgil : " proximus longo qui- 
 dem intervallo, sed tamen proximus " ( Letter to the editor of the 
 collected poems, Bologna, 1502). And Teofilo Folengo (" Merlinus 
 Cocains ") could write — just how seriously, it is hard to say — 
 
 mons quoque Carmelus Baptistae versibus altis 
 iam boat, atque novum Manto fecisse Maronem 
 gaudet, nee primo praefert tamen ilia Maroni, 
 uamque vetusta nocet laus nobis saepe modernis, 
 
 Macaronea, XXV, fin. 
 ^Letter to Henry of Bergen, Opera omnia (Leyden, 1703), ni^ 
 1783; P. S. Allen, Erasmi Epistolae (Oxford, 1906), I, 163. This 
 amazing judgment suggests that Erasmus was more concerned with 
 Mantuan's religious tone than with his workmanship. So, in another 
 letter (in, 808) , he contrasts the Carmelite poet with the " pagan " 
 Marullus ; and in a third he writes : " malim hemistichium Mantuani 
 quam tres MaruUicas myriadas." This last letter is addressed to 
 Jakob Wimpfeling (" Basileae postridie Purificationis. Anno xvil"). 
 It is apparently not included in the Leyden edition of the Opera 
 omnia, but it is prefixed to Mantuan's De Sacris Diebus in the Strass- 
 burg edition of 1520. 
 
 3 By Baptista Fiera, in 15 14. They are now in the Museo Patrio 
 at Mantua. They were set on an arch which joined Fiera's house to 
 the Convent of S. Francesco ( Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 56-57). They 
 are mentioned in Scipio Maffei's account of the Marquis Francesco, 
 
32 INTRODUCTION 
 
 bers of his own order,* and promptly reprinted in many 
 European cities. The canons of an Augustinian monastery 
 in Westphalia could say, shortly before 1500: 
 
 ut vere de vobis David prophetasse putetur ubi inquit, in omnem 
 terram exivit sonus eorum et in fines orbis terrae verba eorum, re 
 vera in fines orbis terrae egressa sunt verba (super mel et favum 
 dulciora) vatis praestantissimi sacri ordinis Carmelitarum Baptistae 
 Mantuani.^ 
 
 Annali di Mantova, xi, 6 (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 
 103) : " e presso S. Francesco fu scolpita la sua immagine tra quella 
 di Virgilio e di Battista Carmelitano con questo verso : 
 
 ARGVMENTVM VTRIQVE INGENSj SI SECLA COIRENT." 
 
 And an English traveller could report in 1608 : " Over the gate of the 
 Franciscans Church is to be seen the true statue of that famous Poet 
 and Orator Baptista Mantuanus a Carmelite Frier borne in this Citie, 
 who flourished Anno 1496" (Coryat's CrueLities, Glasgow ed., 1905, 
 \, 267) . Paulus Jovius has what looks like an inaccurate story of the 
 same monument : " Federicus autem Princeps marmoream effigiem 
 cum laurea posuit, quae in arcu lapideo iuxta Virgilii Maronis simul- 
 acrum, pia hercle si non ridenda comparatione, conspicitur " {Elogia 
 virorum Uteris illustrium, Basel ed., iS77i P- 118). And this state- 
 ment received due comment from Petrus Lucius, Carmelitana Biblio- 
 theca, F'lorence, 1593, fol. 15 : " Ceterum quod ad eius statuam mar- 
 moream attinet, ea Mantuae (velit nolit lovius) pie conspicitur in 
 arcu triumphali e regione Franciscanorum monasterii, dextrum Vir- 
 gilio, sinistrum Mantuano, clarissirai Mantuanorum Marchionis latus 
 claudente, cum tali elogio : argumenium uirique ingens si saecla 
 coirent." [The three busts are not of marble, but of terra-cotta.] 
 Cf., further, Lilio Giraldi's remark : " quas ei statuas Mantuani erex- 
 erunt " {De poetis nostrorum temporum, ed. K. Wotke, Berlin, 1894, 
 P- 25). 
 
 * A letter from Badius Ascensius to the Carmelite Laurentius Bur- 
 ellus (Lyons, July 26, 1492) states that the latter has brought to 
 Lyons many excellent Italian books — among them, various works of 
 Baptista Mantuanus {Philippi Beroaldi Orationes et Poemata, Lyons, 
 1492, fol. 2). See, also, L. Thuasne, Roberti Gaguini Epistole et 
 Orationes, Paris, 1903, 11, 40. 
 
 '' Letter to the Carmelite Prior at Bologna, printed in the edition 
 of 1502. The date is mutilated by the printer: "anno Domini mil- 
 lesimo quadringentesimo pridie Nonas Februarias " ; but the writers 
 mention a Deventer reprint of the De Patientia (first printed at 
 Brescia, 1497). Cf. Mantuan's Episiola contra Calumniatores: " le- 
 guntur ubique libelH mei, et videntur esse totius orbis iudicio appro- 
 bati; non omnes tamen, sed qui iam pridem sunt editi ac Bononiae 
 per Benedictum Hectoris impressi ; fere enim in totum Christian- 
 ismum pervenerunt, quacumque L:.tina lingua est diffusa . , . veniunt 
 
MANTUAN'S POPULARITY 33 
 
 And the high esteem in which he was held is pleasantly 
 indicated in one of the Epistolae Ohscurorum Virorum, 11, 
 12 (Guilhelmus Lamp to Ortuinus Gratius, c. 1517) — an 
 account of a journey from Cologne to Rome. The traveller 
 stops at Mantua: 
 
 et dixit socius mens, hie natus fuit Virgilius. respondi, quid 
 euro ilium paganum?' nos voVumus ire ad Carmelitas et videre Bap- 
 tistaih Mantuanum qui in" duplo est melior quam Virgilius . . . et 
 quando venimus ad Claustrum Carmelitarum, dieebatur nobis quod 
 Baptista Mantuanus est mortuus ; tunc dixi, requieseat in pace.* 
 
 But there were other critics who were less partial, or less 
 sympathetic. The inferiority of the later Mantuan is 
 stoutly asserted in the third Idyl of Helius Eobanus Hessus 
 (first printed in 1509, but here quoted from the third re- 
 vised edition, Frankfort, 1564) : 
 
 Cyg. ergo age, in hoc gelido postquam consedimus antro, 
 unde pecus patet atque oculis vicinia nostris, 
 estne aliquis gelida Faustus tibi lectus in umbra? 
 
 Phil, vidimus audaci fluidum pede currere Faustum, 
 cui nihil invideat noster nolitque secundum 
 TitjTus, et patria natum patiatur eadem. 
 
 Cyg. atqui pastores quosdam contentio nuper 
 ilia diu tenuit, paribusne in carraina surgant 
 viribus alteriusne an deferat alter honori. 
 
 Phil, ut lentas corylos damnosa securibus ilex, 
 quantum humiles superat cornus ramosa genistas, 
 tarn mens in versu praecedit Tityrus ilium 
 qui Faustum gelida cecinit resupinus in umbra. 
 ah, male quorundam trivialis iudicat error. 
 
 Ludovicus Vives called him " magis copiosus et facilis quam 
 tersus et sublimitati argumentorum respondens." '' In 1515 
 
 ad me crebro epistolae ex Galliis, ex Britanniis, a Germania, ex 
 Dacia, ab oceano usque Cimbrico, quibus intelligo opuscula mea illic 
 esse in pretio, ab omnibus legi, ab omnibus laudari " ( Lyons ed., 
 1516, fol. Aa, viii). 
 
 ' Mantuan was promptly accepted as an authority on poetical 
 usage by " Joannes Despauterius, Ravisius Textor, Hermannus Tor-* 
 rentinus," and others (Florido Ambrogio, op. cit., 124). He is often 
 quoted in a Gradus ad Parnassum printed at London, 1773. And th^ 
 Christian Remembrancer for 1847 (xiv, 323) says; "and even now, 
 in such dictionaries as Ainsworth and Young, Mantuan stands as 
 an authority." 
 
 ■^ De tradendis disciplinis , HI (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, op. 
 cit., 127). I 
 
34 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Nicole Berault — Nicolas Beraldus — urged upon his students 
 the importance of the ancient authors, as opposed to certain 
 " neoterici " : 
 
 Video Vergilium quoque . . . jam vexari paeneque excuti e mani- 
 bus, proque eo cucuUatum quendam summitti bonum quidem ilium 
 
 rarumque et admirandum ; nihil tamen ad Homerum Man- 
 
 tuanum.* 
 
 Lilio Giraldi was moved to say : 
 
 Laudo institutum piumque propositum, verum extemporalis magis 
 quam poeta maturus. extant illius versus paene innumerabiles ex 
 quibus apud vulgus et barbaros quosdam laudem tantam est adeptus, 
 ut unus prope poeta et alter paene Maro haberetur. at bone Deus, 
 quam dispar ingenium ! nam ut ubique Maro perfectus, ita He 
 immodica et paene temeraria ubique usus est licentia, quam et magis 
 atque magis in dies auxit. . . . iuvenis ille quidem laudabilior poeta 
 f uit ; cum vero ei desedit calor ille et fervor iuvenilis, tamquam amnis 
 sine obice extra ripas sordide diffluens coerceri non potuit. vix 
 enim ea legere possumus, quae longius ille aetate provectus carmina 
 scripsit.8 
 
 The great champion of Virgil, Julius Caesar Scaliger, was 
 stirred to very vigorous language : 
 
 mollis, languidus, fluxus, incompositus, sine numeris, plebeius ; non 
 sine ingenio, sed sine arte, dum modo scribat quod in mentem 
 venerit, edat quod scripserit, susque deque habet. 
 
 And as for the Eclogues in particular, he could express him- 
 self only by a parody of what Horace had said of Virgil : 
 
 putri atque caduco 
 Carmelum imbuerunt sordentes rure cicadae.^" 
 
 After this outburst we hear much less about the " pagan " 
 and the " Christian " Virgil. One man did revive the com.- 
 parison, but he was a Carmelite historian.^^ 
 
 * L. Delaruelle, Le Musee Beige, xiii (igog), 290. 
 
 ' De foetis nostrorum temporum, ed. K. Wotke, Berlin, 1894, ?■ 24. 
 
 ''-" Poetice, VI, 4. 
 
 '^i " Veteri Maroni in paucis minor, in multis par, in plurimis ali- 
 quot parasangis superior," Petrus Lucius, Carmelitana Biblipiheca, 
 Florence, 1593, fol. 13. 
 
PUBLICATION OF THE ECLOGUES 35 
 
 COMPOSITION AND PUBLICATION OF THE ECLOGUES 
 
 The Eclogues are ten in number, making a total of 2063' 
 lines. The author tells us, in his dedicatory epistle, that the 
 first eight were written while he was a- student at Padua, ^^ 
 and that the last two were added after he had joined the 
 Carmelite Order. He tells us, also, that he revised these 
 youthful compositions when he was about fifty years old; 
 and we may be sure that this revision added much to the 
 value of the poems. But even after their revision he 
 seems to have regarded them as a rather frivolous and un- 
 important piece of work; and he probably never dreamed 
 that his ten Eclogues were to contribute more to his fame 
 and to his influence than all the rest of his 55,000 verses. 
 
 They were first printed, at least in their revised form, in 
 1498.^^ They were very popular from the beginning, and 
 soon came to be widely read — ^not only in Italy, but in 
 France and Germany and England.'-* They were imme- 
 
 12 « Quendam llbellum meum quem olim ante religionem, dum in 
 gymnasio Paduano philosophari inciperem, ludens excuderam et ab 
 ilia aetate Adulescentiam vccaveram." 
 
 ^^ " Mantuae Impraessum per Vincentiu Berthocu Regiensem Anno 
 dni. MCCcCLXxxxviii. sexto decimo Kalendas Octobres," etc. So the 
 colophon of a copy in the Bibliotecx 'Casanatense at Rome. [The 
 colophon of my own copy gives the same place, printer, and year, 
 but omits the day of the month.]_ The dedicatory epistle is addressed 
 to a friend at- Mantua, Wd dated Sept. i. Both Brunei's Manuel and 
 Graesse's Tresor mention an edition printed at Poitiers in 1498 ; and 
 both Graesse and Hain cite even an edition with' a few notes by 
 Joh. Murmellius printed at Strassburg in the same year. Graesse 
 calls the Mantua edition a reprint of the Poitiers edition ; but there 
 was hardly time between Sept. i and Sept. 16 for an intermediary 
 edition to be printed abroad. Perhaps the date of the Poitiers edition 
 was only inferred from the date of the dedicatory epistle ; a copy 
 described in Pellechet's Catalogue general, 1, 437, is " s. d. (1498?)." 
 [The " adnotamenta " of Murmellius were included in a letter ad- 
 dressed to Paulus Ruremundensis (printed in full in a Deventer edi- 
 tion of the Eclogues, 1510). This letter is inainly a criticism of the 
 commentary of Ascensius ; and was certainly written later than 
 1498.] 
 
 i*They were printed at Erfurt in 1501, at Bologna, at Brescia, 
 and at Paris in 1502, at Venice and at Strassburg in 1503, at De- 
 venter in 1504, in 1505, and in 1510, at Tubingen in 1511, at London 
 in 15 19, etc., etc. In 1504 they were printed at Florence, in a hand- 
 some Giuntine volume : " Eclogae Vergilii. Calphurnii. Nemesiani. 
 Francisci Pe. loannis Eoe. loan. bap. Ma. Pomponii Gaurici." 
 
36 INTRODUCTION 
 
 diately provided with a commentary, by lodocus Badius 
 Ascensius,^^ and for nearly two hundred years they were 
 commonly used, both on the Continent and in England, as 
 a text-book in schools. 
 
 THEIR USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK 
 
 Their use as a school-book is attested by countless edi- 
 tions of Ascensius' commentary,^" but it is also definitely 
 stated at times, or clearly implied. There is a letter of 
 Thomas Wolf, Jr., to Jakob Wimpfeling, written at Strass- 
 burg, Feb. 24, 1503, which speaks of a school edition of a 
 thousand copies : ^^ 
 
 G. Brunei states that from 1500 to 1536 they were printed 22 times 
 {Dictionnaire de Bibliologie Catholique, Paris, i860, col. loil). "On 
 compte de plus 4 editions des Opera Omnia de cet auteur et 88 
 editions de divers de ses ouvrages." 
 
 1^ Both Graesse and Hain say that this commentary was printed 
 at Strassburg in 1500. It was printed at Paris in 1502 (with a dedi- 
 catory epistle dated March 27), at Strassburg in 1503, at Deventer 
 in 1504, at Tubingen in 1511, etc., etc. It was printed in London at 
 least as late as 1676, and at Coloene at least as late as 1688. Mur- 
 mellius criticized it, and with good reason, as giving the schoolboy 
 much unnecessary help while leaving some real difficulties unex- 
 plained ; " deinde autem cum tardiusculis ingeniis totum se accomo- 
 dat: & quasi tenellis infantulorum rostris premansum cibum inserit 
 magis obesse studiis quam prodesse iudicatur " (Letter to Paulus 
 Ruremundensis, cited above). 
 
 ^^ Another copious commentary (now very rare) was published by 
 Andreas Vaurentinus (of Lavaur, near Toulouse) in 15 19. There 
 is a copy of a revised edition, Lyons, 1529, in the Library of the 
 University of Ferrara : " Habes hie candide lector uberrima com- 
 mentaria Andree vauretini in buccoHca fratris Baptiste Mantuani 
 Carmelite Theologi et poete celeberrimi correcta ac emendata. Ad- 
 dita sunt preterea glossemata in prima Buccolica que culpa im- 
 pressorum lemovicorum {sic), et que summopere utilia erant. Nec- 
 non et loannis coronei Carnutensis Annotamenta perquam utilia no- 
 vissime (ut ab eiusdem Coronei scholaribus asseritur) superaddita: 
 cum annotationibus Remundi langano de alta Ripa in margine 
 positis : et nunq antea impressis," etc., etc. In the Biblioteca Na- 
 zionale at Naples there is a later edition of the same commentary, 
 published at Lyons (by a different printer) in 1536: " Bucolica Bap- 
 tistae Mantuani, diversis diversorum comentariis utilissime declar- 
 ata," etc. 
 
 1'' Wolf's letter and Wimpfeling's reply are quoted in the Tubingen 
 edition of the Eclogues, I5I5' Wimpfeling preferred the Eclogues 
 of Mantuan to those of Virgil, " propter Latinitatis copiam, propter 
 
USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK 37 
 
 Aeglogas Baptistae Mantuani (sicut audio) tradidisti loanni 
 Preusz chalcographo communi nostro amico, ut in raille exemplaria 
 transcriptae latissime diuulgentur. debet profecto tibi plurimum 
 Germana iuuentus, quae diligentia tua multis doctorum uirorum 
 monumentis facta est opulentior. semper enim ex officina tua litera- 
 toria aliquid depromis quod iuuet, quod delectet, quod linguas iuue- 
 num reddat politiores. 
 
 And Wimpfeling's reply, dated March 1, 1503, emphasizes 
 the fitness of Mantuan for school use: 
 
 Baptistam Mantuanum extollo, turn in poematibus suis tersis et 
 puris, quae absque ueneno a mature praeceptore iuuentuti tradi pos- 
 sunt, tum quod 'amor poeticae in eo non extiuguit studium sacrae 
 paginae et philosophiae, nam ex eius libello de patientia magnum eum 
 et philosoplium et theologum esse liquido constat. 
 
 About 1508 a schoolboy at Schlettstadt wrote to his 
 father : " Wisse, dass unser Magister des Morgens friih den 
 Alexander mit uns treibt; urn 9 Uhr lesen wir einige 
 Gedichte aus Horaz, Ovid, u. s. w. ; nach 10 Uhr lesea 
 wir im Mantuanus." ^^ ^ In 1533 the Eclogues were used 
 as a school-book at Wittenberg; in 1535 Mantuan was pre- 
 scribed by school orders at Braunschweig; and about the 
 same time he was read in the schools at Nordlingen, Mem- 
 mingen, and Emmerich.^^ 
 
 In St. Paul's School, London, he was prescribed by 
 statute, in 1518.^° For Colet would have his " scolers " 
 taught in " goode auctors suych as haue the veray Romayne 
 eliquence joyned withe wisdome, specially Cristyn auctours 
 that wrote theyre wysdome with clene and chast laten other 
 in verse or in prose." And among such authors he names 
 " lactancius prudentius and proba and sedulius and Juuen- 
 cus and Baptista Mantuanus." This passage may suggest 
 some of Mantuan's religious poems rather than the 
 
 stili planam dulcedinem, propter utiliora argumenta, propter pudi- 
 citiam et honestatem," Diatr. de proba puerorum instit., vi (quoted by 
 G. Knod, Aus der Bibliothek des Beatus Rhenanus, Schlettstadt, 
 1889, p. 10). 
 
 18 G. Knod, op. cit., 17. 
 
 1' Monumenta Germaniae Paedagogica, I, 48, S44 ! vii, 426. 
 
 20 J. H. Lupton, Life of Dean Colet, London, 1887, p. 279. 
 
38 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Eclogues^^ though some of the latter may very well have 
 been included. And there may be a like uncertainty in the 
 statute which prescribed " B. Mantuanus, Palingenius, 
 Buchanani Scripta, Sedulius, Prudentius " for the Free 
 Grammar School of St. Bees in Cumberland, in 1583.^^ 
 But the Eclogues are specifically fixed by school orders at 
 
 "'■ About 1493 Seb. Murrho wrote a commentary on the first Par- 
 thenice: "cum maxime trivialium ludorum magistris consulere sta- 
 tuerim iuvenilique aetati." Before 1498 Alexander Hegius wrote a 
 commentary on some of the poems for his school at Deventer (L. 
 Geiger, Renaissance und Humanismus, Berlin, 1882, p. 392). About 
 1502 Filippo Beroaldo says of Mantuan : "nee solum habetur in 
 manibus et ediscitur, verum etiam in scholis enarratur, et inde salu- 
 berrima tirunculis dictata grammatistae praescribunt " (Letter pre- 
 fixed to the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1502). In one 
 of the Epistolae (xLi) of Ravisius Textor, one of Mantuan's epic 
 poems is mentioned as a school-book : " testatus Lucanum, Silium, 
 et Statium, ut duriusculos ; Mantuani Carmen, ut paulo flaccidius, a 
 plerisque non usquequaque probari " (London ed., 1683, p. 33). Cf. 
 also the Elegiae Morales of Johannes Murmellius (printed in 1507), 
 I, i, 53-60 : 
 
 nobilis aethereo plenus Baptista furore 
 
 heroicam inflavit me moderante tubam ; 
 virgineis libros infersit laudibus almos, 
 
 lucida belligeros vexit in astra duces, 
 ille graves huius deflevit temporis aestus, , 
 
 ille Cupidineos vitat ubique iocos. 
 ergo frequentatis divina poemata ludis 
 
 dictantur summi non sine laude viri, 
 
 and III, i, 47-52: 
 
 gloria Carmeli veteres Baptista poetas 
 gymnasiis pellens pulpita celsa tenet. 
 
 dum pia virginibus solventur vota sacratis, 
 dum populi flentes tristia fata gement, 
 
 crescet honor vatis maiorque videbitur annis, 
 rectius arbitrium posteritatis erit 
 
 (Miinster ed., by A. Bomer, 1893, pp. 9, 75). In a letter of May i, 
 1 5 18, Jakob Wimpfeling suggests a school edition of the De Sacris 
 Diebus. And about a hundred years later Mantuan is mentioned as 
 being a favorite school author in Spain : " onde I'opere sue poetiche 
 leggonsi in Ispagna a' gioueni publicamente nelle scuole d' humanita 
 (per quanto ho udito dire) come in Italia si fanno quelle di Virgilio," 
 Donesmondi, Dell' Istoria Ecclesiastica di Mantova, II (1616), 121 
 (cited by Lurio-Renier, op. cit., 68). 
 
 22 T. Spencer Baynes, Shakespeare Studies, London, 1894, p. 174. 
 
USE AS A SCHOOL-BOOK 39 
 
 the King's School, Durham, in 1593; ^^ they were in use in 
 the Free School of St. Helens, c. 1635 ; ^* and they were 
 recommended for the third form in Charles Hoole's New 
 Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching School, 1660: 
 
 For Afternoon lessons on Mondayes and Wednesdayes let them 
 make use of Mantuanus, which is a Poet, both for style and matter, 
 very familiar and gratefull to children, and therefore read in most 
 Schooles. They may read over some of the Eclogues that are less 
 oilensive than the rest, takeing six lines at a lesson, which they 
 should first commit to memory, as they are able, etc.^' 
 
 And as Hoole records, they were used in the Rotherham 
 Grammar School (in the fourth form) before he became 
 head master: 
 
 For afternoon lessons they read Terence two dayes, and Mantuan 
 two dayes, which they translated into English, and repeated on Fri- 
 dayes, as before.^' 
 
 Julius Caesar Scaliger complained that some teachers actu- 
 ally preferred them to the Eclogues of Virgil : " hoc prop- 
 terea dico, quia in nostro tyrocinio literarum triviales quidam 
 paedagogi etiam Virgilianis pastoribus huius hircos praetu- 
 lere." ^'^ There is a similar complaint in the preface of 
 Thomas Farnaby's edition of Martial, London, 1615: 
 " quando ipsis paedagogulis Fauste precor gelida sonet altius 
 quam Arma virumque cano." And Dr. Samuel Johnson 
 states that " Mantuan was read, at least in some of the 
 inferior schools of this kingdom, to the beginning of the 
 present century." ^^ 
 
 2^ Foster Watson, The Beginnings of the Teaching of Modern Sub- 
 jects in England, London, 1909, p. 187. 
 
 ^* Id., The English Grammar Schools to 1660, Cambridge, 1908, 
 p. 486. 
 
 2^ This was an exercise in " metaphrase," T. Spencer Baynes, op. 
 cit., 186. Professor Baynes says (p.' 161) that Hoole's New Dis- 
 covery " was not published till 1659, but, as the title-page states, it 
 was written twenty-three years earlier." Professor Watson says, 
 "published in 1660, written twenty years earlier." 
 
 20 T. Spencer Baynes, op. cit., 172. 
 
 ^■^ Poetice, yi, 4. 
 
 2 8 Lives of the Poets, Ambrose Philips. 
 
40 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In 1579, Thomas Lodge could say, in his Defence of 
 Poetry: " Miserable were our state yf we wanted those 
 worthy volumes of Poetry : could the learned beare the losse 
 of Homer? or our younglings the wrytings of Mantuan?" 
 And so Drayton tells us that, when he expressed a boyish 
 wish to become a poet, his tutor 
 
 began 
 And first read to me honest Mantuan, 
 Then Virgil's Eclogues.^ ^ 
 
 It will be observed that Shakespeare's quotation from Man- 
 tuan is put into the mouth of a schoolmaster ; and it may be 
 suggestive for our estimate of Holofernes' learning that he 
 quotes the first line of the first Eclogue — as it were, the 
 opening phrase of his First Latin Reader. At any rate, the 
 same phrase is used to indicate a very little learning in one 
 of Gabriel Harvey's gibes at poor Greene : "he searched 
 euery comer of his Grammer-schoole witte (for his margine 
 is as deepelie learned as Fauste precor gelida) ." ^"' And it 
 is used in the same way in one of the^pleasant tales of Bona- 
 venture des Periers: " H y avoit un prebstre de village qui 
 estoit tout fier d'avoir veu un petit plus que son Caton. 
 Car il avoit leu De Syntaxi et son Fauste precor gelida" ^^ 
 
 QUOTATIONS FROM THE ECLOGUES 
 
 And this common use as a school-book may help to ex- 
 plain some other references in English, French, and Ger- 
 man authors. 
 
 Eel. I, 118 is quoted in Stephen Gosson's Schoole of 
 Abuse (1579) : "Now if any -man aske me why my selfe 
 haue penned Comedyes in time paste, and inueigh so egerly 
 against them here, let him knowe that Semel insanivimus 
 omnes.^^ 
 
 Eel. I, 52, "nee deus, ut perhibent. Amor est," is quoted 
 
 y 
 
 ^^ To my dearly loved Friend, Henry Reynolds, Esq., of Poets 
 and Poesy. 
 
 ^^ Foure Letters (1592), ed. Grosart, i, 195. 
 
 ^^ Nouvelles Recreations et joyeux Devis, Nouvelle XL. 
 
 32 Arber's reprint, London, 1868, p. 41. 
 
QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS 41 
 
 in one of Gabriel Harvey's letters to Spenser (1579).^^ 
 And the whole line appears as a motto on the title-page 
 of Alcilia : ParthenophiVs Loving Folly (1595) : 
 
 J^'ec Deus (ut perhibent) amor est, sed amaror et error.^* 
 
 In Robert Greene's Tritameron of Love (ed. Grosart, iii, 
 100) there is a mention of " Mantuans principle . . . that 
 weal is neuer without woe, no blisse without bale, ech sweete 
 hath his sower, euery commodity hath his discommodity an- 
 nexed." This alludes to Eel. ii, 25-26, 
 
 commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda secum, 
 et sorti appendix est illaetabilis omni. 
 
 In the Historie of Orlando Furioso, ii, 1 (671), Greene 
 quotes Eel. iv, 110, 
 
 femineum servile genus, crudele, superbum ; 
 
 and in the ' Epistle to the Gentlemen Schollers of both Uni- 
 versities,' prefixed to his Mourning Garment (ix, 124), he 
 quotes the " semel insanivimus omnes " of Eel. i, 118. In 
 the first part of Mamillia (ii, 107) he has an allusion to the 
 famous diatribe against women, in the fourth Eelogue: " I 
 would correct Mantuans Egloge, intituled Alphus: or els if 
 the Authour were aliue, I woulde not doubt to perswade him 
 in recompence of his errour, to frame a new one." And in 
 the second part (ii, 226) he returns to the same subject: 
 " yea the railing of Mantuan in his EglogSj the exclaiming 
 of Euripides in his Tragedies, the tants of Martiall, and 
 prime quippes of Propertius, are more of course then cause, 
 and rather inforced by rage than inferred by reason." 
 
 The " semel insanivimus omnes " of Eel. i, 118, is twice 
 quoted by Thomas Nashe — in the Prologue to Summer's 
 Last Will and Testament ^1600), and in Have with you to 
 Saffron-Walden (1596) : " and he replied with that wether- 
 beaten peice out of the Grammer, Semel insanivimus omnes, 
 once in our dayes there is none of vs but haue plaid the 
 
 33 Grosart's edition, I, 25. 
 
 3* Arber's English Garner, iv (1882), 253. 
 
42 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ideots." And in the Anatomic of Absurditie (1589), Nashe 
 has his allusion to the fourth Eclogue: 
 
 To this might be added Mantuans inuectiue against them, but 
 that pittie makes me refraine from renewing his worne out com- 
 plaints, the wounds wherof the former forepast feminine sexe hath 
 felt. I, but here the Homer of Women hath forestalled an obiection, 
 saying that Mantuans house holding of our Ladie, he was enforced 
 by melancholie into such vehemencie of speech, and that there be 
 amongst them as amongst men, some good, some badde, etc.^^ 
 
 The Story of Amyntas, Eel. ii-iii, is introduced, as thor- 
 oughly familiar matter, in the first eclogue of Francis 
 Sable's Pan's Pipe (1595), 11. 76-93.^° And it seems to be 
 alluded to in Thomas Randolph's Eclogue occasioned by 
 Two Doctors disputing upon Predestination: 
 
 Love-sick Amyntas, get a philtre here. 
 To make thee lovely to thy truly dear. 
 
 The motto of one of Bishop Hall's Satires (1598), vi, 1, 
 " Semel insanivimus," comes from Eel. i, 118; and in the 
 same satire we have the lines, 
 
 As did whilere the homely Carmelite, 
 Following Virgil, and he Theocrite. 
 
 ^° Ed. R. B. McKerrow, London, 1904, I, 12. This seems to be 
 an inaccurate reference to a , passage in Robert Greene's Mamillia 
 (ed. Grosart, 11, 107) : " I would correct Mantuans Egloge, intituled 
 Alphus . . . for surely though Euripides in his tragedies doth greatly 
 exclaim against that sexe, yet it was in his choller, and he infered 
 a generall by a particular, which is absurd. He had an euyll wife, 
 what then?" Mr. McKerrow explains Nashe's phrase "Mantuans 
 house holding of our Ladie " to mean " his wife having the upper 
 hand of him, and ruling his household," and quotes Ascham's Schole- 
 master (ed. Wright, p. 205), "if the house hold of our Lady." And 
 he very justly insists that Greene is here referring to the wife of 
 Euripides, " and not to Mantuan's wife at all." There is a bit of 
 gossip in one of the novels of Bandello (in, 52) which offers a little 
 different explanation of Mantuan's bitterness : " Intendo anche che 
 il mio compatriotta, il poeta carmelita, ha fatta un' ecloga in vituperio 
 delle donne, ove generalmente biasima tutte le donne. Ma sapete cib 
 che ne dice Mario Equicola segretario di madama di Mantova? Egli 
 afferma che il nostro poeta era innamorato d' una bella giovane, e 
 che ella non lo voile amare ; onde adirato compose quella maledica 
 ecloga" (quoted by Luzio-Renier, op. cit., 66). 
 
 ^* Reprinted, by J. W. Bright, in Modern Philology, VII (1910), 
 446. 
 
QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS 43 
 
 The motto at the end of Three Pastoral Elegies, by ^Wil- 
 liam Basse (1602), is taken from Ed. i, 9-10 : 
 
 quando vacat, quando est iucunda relatu, 
 historiam prima repetens ab origine pandam. 
 
 Ed. V, 63-64: 
 
 sidera iungamus, facito mihi luppiter adsit; 
 et tibi MercuHus noster dabit omnia faxo, 
 
 is the motto on the title-page of Thomas Middleton's 
 Familie of Love ( 1607) . And Ed. in, 87, " regia res amor 
 est," is set in like manner on the title-page of Richard 
 Brome's The Queenes Exchange, 
 
 The phrase " semel insanivimus omnes," Ed. i, 118, 
 served as the motto of Samuel Nicholson's Acolastus his 
 After-witte (1600) ; ^"^ and it is quoted in The Return from 
 Parnassus (printed in 1606), iv, 2. 
 
 The quotation in Wily Beguiled (printed in 1602),''* 
 " optatis non est spes uUa potiri," comes from Ed. i, 53. 
 
 In Drayton's Owl (1604), the playful mention of the 
 lark. 
 
 And for his reverence, though he wear a cowl, 
 
 alludes to Ed. vii, 4, 
 
 bardocucullatus caput, ut campestris alauda; 
 and the passage in the same poem, 
 
 O moral Mantuan, live thy verses long, 
 Honour attend thee, and thy reverend song ! 
 Who seeks for truth (say'st thou) must tread the path 
 Of the sweet private life, .... 
 For adulation, but if search be made, 
 His daily mansion, his most usual trade, 
 Is in the monarch's court, in princes' halls, 
 Where goodly zeal he by contempt enthralls, etc., 
 
 3T J. P. Collier, Biographical Account of Early English Literature, 
 III, 58. 
 
 3 8 Dodsley's Old English Plays, ed. Hazlitt, ix, 232. 
 
44 INTRODUCTION 
 
 seems to refer to Eel. v, 166 ff. In his Epistle of Mrs. 
 Shore to Edward IV. there is an allusion to the fourth 
 Eclogue: 
 
 Nor are we so turn'd Neapolitan, 
 
 That might incite some foul mouth'd Mantuan 
 
 To all the world to lay out our defects. 
 
 And have just cause to rail upon our sex, etc. 
 
 In Thomas Heywood's Challenge for Beautie^ i, 1, there 
 is yet another allusion to the fourth Eclogue. Here the 
 " proud Queen " Isabel says, of the compliments due to 
 
 Such as would give us our full character 
 Must search for Epithites and studie phrase ; 
 
 and the honest Lord Bonavida replies : 
 
 Examine but plaine Mantuan, and hee'l tell you, what woman is. 
 
 The phrase " melior vigilantia somno," Eel. i, 5, is quoted 
 in William Martyn's Youth's Instruction (1612).** 
 
 Eel. Ill, 81, is quoted, freely, in Beaumont and Fletcher's 
 Wit at Several Weapons, i, 2 : Ut node mecum pernoctat 
 egestas, luce quotidie paupertas habitat. This is quoted by 
 " Priscian, a poor Scholar " — much as Shakespeare's quota- 
 tion from Mantuan is put into the mouth of " Holofernes, 
 a schoolmaster." *" 
 
 In Witfs Recreations, the phrase " sorte tua contentus," 
 Eel. V, 46, is used as the title of two separate epigrams. 
 And the " semel insanivimus," or " semel insanivimus 
 omnes," of Eel. i, 118, serves as the title of two others. 
 
 In Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy there are a whole 
 score of quotations. The phrase" "semel insanivimus 
 omnes," Eel. i, 118, appears three times. The chapter on 
 S5rmptoms of Love-Melancholy has eight quotations : 
 
 ^' Report of U. S. Commissioner of Education for igo4, I, 664. 
 
 ■"• " Larivey has some claim to the title of European master of ec- 
 centric pedantry on the comic stage " ; Sidney Lee, The French Re- 
 naissance in England, Oxford, 1910, p. 423. Was the name of Lari- 
 vey's pedant M. Josse a delicate compliment to lodocus Badius 
 Ascensius — Josse Bade? 
 
QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS 45 
 
 Ed. I, 38; I, 100; 11, 104-6; i, 14-18; 11, 107-8; i, 114-15; 
 I, 47; I, 108. The chapter on Artificial Allurements of 
 Love quotes three passages: Eel. i, 104; i, 73; iv, 218. 
 And the first of these is introduced as very familiar matter ; 
 " and Galla's sweet smile quite overcame Faustus the 
 Shepherd : 
 
 me aspiciens motis blande subrisit ocellis.'' 
 
 The section on Beauty as a Cause of Love-Melancholy 
 quotes, and translates, Ed. i, 48-51, " ludit amor sensus," 
 etc. : 
 
 Love mocks our senses, curbs our liberties. 
 
 And doth bewitch us with his art and rings, 
 
 I think some devil gets into our entrails, 
 
 And kindles coals, and heaves our souls from the hinges. 
 
 Other scattered quotations- in the earlier part of Burton's 
 work are, Ed. I, 71 ; I, 174; i, 61 ; v, 46. 
 
 Indeed, some of Mantuan's phrases are repeated so often 
 that they have earned a place in our dictionaries of Latin 
 quotations. So, in particular, the " semel insanivimus 
 omnes," of Ed. i, 118, which has acquired a special interest 
 from a passage in Boswell's Life of Johnson: 
 
 When I once talked to him of some of the sayings which every 
 body repeats, but-nobody knows wherfe to find, ... he told me that 
 he was once offered ten guineas to point out from whence Semel in- 
 sanivimus O'mnes was taken. He could not do it ; but many years 
 afterwarde met,yith it by chance in ' Johannes Baptista Mantuanus.'*^ 
 
 A few Other references may be added here, to illustrate 
 the popularity of Mantuan's Edogues in England.*^ He 
 is mentioned in the prologue to the Egloges of Alexander 
 Barclay (c. 1514) — named after Thepcritus and Virgil — 
 
 As the moste famous Baptist Mantuan, 
 
 The best of that sort since Poetes first began. 
 
 *^ London ed., 1890, in, 266. 
 
 *^ The first nine were translated into English fourteeners by 
 George Turbervile, in 1567. And this translation was reprinted in 
 1572, 1594, and 1597. "The whole ten Eclogues did not find a trans- 
 lator till 1656 when Thomas Harvey published a version in de- 
 casyllabic couplets " (Walter W. Greg, Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral 
 Drama, London, 1906, p. 78). 
 
46 INTRODUCTION 
 
 His name appears again in ' E. K.'s' famous epistle to Ga- 
 briel Harvey (1579). He is mentioned in William Webbe's 
 Discourse of English Poetrie (1586) : " Onely I will add 
 two of later times, yet not farre inferiour to the most of 
 them aforesayde, Pallengenius and Bap. Mantuanus." 
 And again (of pastoral poetry) Webbe says: "After Virgill 
 in like sort writ Titus Calphurnius and Baptista Mantuan." 
 In George Puttenham's Arte of English Poesie (1589), i, 
 18, we read : " These Eglogues came after to containe and 
 enforme morall discipline, as be those of Mantuan and 
 other modern Poets." In Francis Meres' Sketch of English 
 Literature (1598) Mantuan is named among the " Neo- 
 terics " ( Jovianus Pontanus, Politianus, MaruUus Tar- 
 chionota, etc.) who "have obtained renown^ and good place 
 among the ancient Latin poets." And in the same sketch 
 it is stated that " Theocritus in Greek, Virgil and Mantuan 
 in Latin, Sannazar in Italian, . . . are the best for Pastoral." 
 In Germany, the Eclogues are quoted as early as 1508, 
 in Heinrich Bebel's Adagia Germanica, No. 246: " Catti 
 invalidi longius vivunt ; dicitur in eos qui niinus grati diu 
 vivunt, dum optati saepe cito moriantur, nam: 
 
 si qua placeni abeunt: inimica tenacius haerent," ^^ 
 
 This is Eel. i, 174. And in the Lamentationes novae Ob- 
 scurorum Reuchlinistarum (1518), No. 118, there is an 
 echo of the dedicatory epistle : " Quid, obsecro, tanti facis 
 philosophi in physicis aenigmata, quae Oedipodes ipse non 
 solveret?" 
 
 In the Pappa Puerorum of Johannes Murmellius (1513) 
 the sentence, " Vadam ad levandum ventrem post dumeta," 
 is probably due to Eel. iv, 87. And two of his " protrita 
 proverbia " are, " semel insanivimus omnes " (Eel. i, 118), 
 and "amor est amaror " (cf. Eel. i, 52).** 
 
 ** Ed. Suringar, Leiden, 1879, p. 69. Other quotations may be 
 found in Wander's Deutsches Sprichworter-Lexicon, Leipzig, 1867, 
 e. g., under ' Erfahrung,' Ed. IX, 195, " facit experientia cautos " ; 
 under ' Liebe,' Eel. 1, 48-49, " ludit Amor sensus," etc. ; under 
 ' Bauch,' Eel. I, 61, " qui satur est pleno laudat ieiunia ventre." 
 
 ** Ed. A. Bomer, Munster, 1894, pp. 16, 34. In his Seoparius 
 ( 1 5 1 7) , Murmellius discusses the " patinam Aesopi " and the " cli- 
 peum Minervae " of Eel. V, 98 (ed. Bomer, p. 50). 
 
QUOTATIONS AND ALLUSIONS 47 
 
 In the second Eclogue of Eurioius Cordus there is a com- 
 plimentary reference to Mantuan, and his first Eclogue: 
 
 omnes non unum facitis quotcumque poetam 
 qualem ego in Ausoniis audivi finibus olim. 
 
 One of the singers professes to have seen him at Mantua 
 during the year of jubilee: 
 
 hie nivei dominus pecoris prope flumina pastor 
 ad viridem recubans in opaco frigore clivum 
 sustulit argutos altum super aethera cantus, 
 quos non fagineae superent dulcedine glandes, 
 non mixtus butyro favus, at non moUe colostrum. 
 
 Aeg. iam scio qui fuerit; quo, die, indutus amictu? 
 
 Mop. quo pecus, hoe etiam fuit illi palla colore. 
 
 Aeg. Candidus est, gelida qui Faustum lusit in umbra, 
 ut retulit veteres Gallam quibus arserat ignes. 
 
 Mop. nunc age, die, isto tibi quid de vate videtur? 
 
 Aeg. omnia consequitur magnas per ovilia laudes.*^ 
 
 There are eleven quotations in the locoseria of Otho Me- 
 lander: Eel. vi, 203-207; vi, 181-182; vi, 198-202; v, 136; 
 II, 91-93; I, 48-51; i, 81-84; i, 114-116; 11, 66-67; x, 193; 
 II, 66-67 (again) .*^ 
 
 Eel. IV, 110 ff., is quoted, and refuted, in one of the epi- 
 grams which go under the name of Crepundia Poetica (ed. 
 1648, p. 54) : 
 
 Cur mala femineo de sexu, Rustice, profers, 
 
 et bona quae confert non retieenda taees? 
 fetnineum est servile genus, crudele, superbum? 
 
 nobilis et clemens Virgo humilisque data est. 
 lege, modo, ratione caret, rectum abicit, inquis? 
 
 at placet huie rectum, lex, ratio atque modus. 
 extremis ea gaudet, ais, m,ediocria vitat? 
 
 haec extrema fugit, sed mediocre tenet. 
 decepit ludaea virum prolemque Rebecca? 
 
 coucipit alma virum Virgo paritque Deum. 
 Eva genus nostrum felicibus expulit arvis? 
 
 in meliora facit nos ut eamus Ave. 
 cur bona femineo de sexu, Rustice, celas, 
 
 et mala si qua facit non referenda refers? 
 
 *6 Leipsic ed., 1518. 
 
 *' Frankfprt ed., 1626, pp. 2, 14, 36, 133, 137, 161, 177, 423- 
 
48 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In France,*^ Ed. ix, 24-31, is quoted and discussed by 
 Ravisius Textor, Epistolae, 42, 43.*' And the Eclogues 
 and other poems of Mantuan are occasionally quoted in the 
 same writer's Officina and Epitome.*^ 
 
 There are four quotations in the learned commentary 
 which Benedictus Curtius composed on the Arrets d' amour 
 of Martial d'Auvergne :'^'' Eel. i, 114-116; vi, 198-202; 
 III, 83-87; I, 118 (" Et Baptista Mantuanus nos insanivisse 
 omnes semel dicit : et ipsum cucuUatum insanivisse eius 
 opera ostendunt ") . 
 
 Fontenelle was offended by the coarseness of Eel. iv, 87 : 
 " on ne s'imaginerait jamais quelle precaution prend un 
 autre berger avant que de s'embarquer dans un assez long 
 discours." And he had little S)Tnpathy with those who had 
 compared Mantuan with Virgil : " quoique assurement il 
 n'ait rien de cpmmun avec lui que d'etre de Mantoue." °^ 
 
 In Italy, we have a summary of the first three Eclogues 
 in Mario Equicola's Libro di Natura d'Amore (Venice ed., 
 1554, pp. 68-69). 
 
 IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 
 
 The Eclogues were very promptly imitated in England, 
 i^in the five Eglg^es of A lexander Barclay (c. 1514).'^^ 
 Barclay's fourth is a paraphrase of Mantuan's fifth ; his 
 fifth is a paraphrase of Mantuan's sixth, with the insertion 
 of a long passage taken from Mantuan's seventh (9-56). 
 And even in his other eclogues a part of the pastoral setting 
 is borrowed from his Carmelite model.'^ The beginning of 
 
 ■*' The ten Eclogues were translated into French by Michel d'Am- 
 boise, Paris, 1530, and by Laurent de la Graviere, Lyons, ISS8. 
 ^* London ed., 1683, pp. 35, 36. 
 
 *9 Venice ed., 1566-1567, i, 23, 88; 11, 126; in, 13, 15, 20, 22, 23, 
 etc. 
 
 •*» Paris ed., 1566, pp. 137, 574, 725, 728. 
 
 ^^ Discours sur la nature de I'&glogue. 
 
 ^2 Printed in Publications of the Spenser Society, No. 39 (1885). 
 
 ^^ For details, see O. Reissert, Neuphilologische Beitrdge, Hann- 
 over, 1886, pp. 14-31 ; W. P. Mustard, Modern Language Notes 
 (1909), XXIV, 8-9. One item which is taken bodily from Mantuan 
 (vil, 42-54) is a " detailed notice of a mural painting in Ely Cathe- 
 dral, which has long since disappeared " — a painting which struck 
 
IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 49 
 
 the first is due to the beginning of Mantuan's third (1-37), 
 and the punning allusion to Bishop Alcock (p. S) is adapted 
 from Mantuan's allusion to Falcone de' Sinibaldi (ix, 
 213 ff.). The beginning of the second repeats a passage 
 from Mantuan's second (1-16) ; the beginning of the fourth 
 reminds one of Mantuan's ninth (117-119) and tenth 
 (137-141, 182-186); and toward the close of the fifth 
 (p. 45) there is a passage which comes from Mantuan's 
 second (66-78). 
 
 In Barclay's ' Prologe,' too, there is an interesting parallel 
 to a passage in Mantuan's dedicatory epistle. This epistle, 
 dated 1498, begins with a playful riddle: 
 
 Audi, o Pari, aenigma perplexum, quod Oedipodes ipse non sol- 
 ueret. ego quinquagenarius et iam canescens adolescentiam meam 
 reperi, et habeo adolescentiam simul et senectam. 
 
 The explanation is, that in the previous year he had found a 
 certain youthful composition of his own, consisting of eight 
 eclogues and, " ab ilia aetate," entitled Adolescentia. And 
 now he sends it forth again, in revised and augmented 
 form. But history repeats itself, and it was not long before 
 Barclay could report a similar experience : 
 
 But here a wonder, I fortie yere saue twayne 
 Proceeded in age, founde my first youth agayne. 
 To finde youth in age is a probleme diffuse, 
 But nowe heare the truth, and then no longer cause. 
 As I late turned olde bookes to and fro, ^ 
 
 One little treatise I founde among the mo : 
 Because that in youth I did compile the same, 
 Egloges of youth I did call it by name. 
 
 And now he too has " made the same perfite " — 
 
 Adding and bating where I perceyued neede.^* 
 
 one of Barclay's editors as " very curious," Publications of the Percy 
 Society, xxii, 43. It is cited also in the Dictionary of National 
 Biography (s.v. Alexander Barclay) as a proof that Barclay's Egloges 
 were written at Ely. 
 
 5* It is interesting to notice that Professor ten Brink found _in 
 these lines the explanation of a peculiar quality of Barclay's Egloges, 
 namely, their combination of the freshness of youth with the maturity 
 of manhood : " So erklart es sich, wenn diese pichtungen in hoherem 
 
50 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In 1563 we have eight English eclogues by Barnabe 
 Googe. Here again the model is Mantuan, though there 
 is very little verbal imitation or borrowing in detail. The 
 lines at the close of Eel. viii, 
 
 and Phoebus now descends, 
 And in the Clowdes his beams doth hyde, 
 which tempest sure portends, 
 
 come from the close of Mantuan's third, 
 
 et sol se in nube recondens, 
 dum cadit, agricolis vicinos nuntiat imbres. 
 
 And perhaps the ram whose battered condition symbolizes 
 his owner's fortunes {Eel. in) should be compared with 
 Mantuan's ram, Eel. ix, 46-47 : 
 
 hie aries, qui fronte lupos cornuque petebat, 
 nunc ove debilior pavidoque fugacior agno est. 
 
 Spenser's Shepheards Calender (1579) owes a large debt 
 to Mantuan, especially in the eclogues for July, September, 
 and October. This was pointed out by F. Kluge, Anglia. 
 Ill, 266-274, and O. Reissert, ib. ix, 222-224; and it is now 
 set forth in C. H. Harford's edition of the poem. Perhaps 
 one further parallel should be suggested ; compare ' Octo- 
 ber,' 100-101, 
 
 The vaunted verse a vacant head deraaundes ^^ 
 Ne wont with crabbed care the Muses dwell, 
 
 with Eel. V, 18-19, 
 
 Grade als andere Werke Barclay's jugendliche Frische mit mann- 
 licher Reife in sich vereinigen " {Geschichte der englischen Litter- 
 atur, Strassburg, 1893, 11, 455). And Barclay's borrowed experience 
 is still accepted as fact in the new Cambridge History of English 
 Literature, iii (1909), 62. 
 
 '5' E. K.' says that line 100 " imitateth Mantuanes saying, 'va- 
 cuum curis divina cerebrum Poscit." But the ' saying ' is hard to 
 find; it is not in the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1502, 
 or in Ascensius' edition, Paris, 15 13, or in the later poems published 
 at Lyons in 15 16, 
 
IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 51 
 
 laudabile carmen 
 omnem operam totumque caput, Silvane, requirit, 
 
 and Eel. v, 90-91, 
 
 pannosos, macie affectos, farragiue pastes 
 Aoniae fugiunt Musae, contemnit Apollo. 
 
 Eel. VII, 27 is quoted in Abraham Fraunce's Latin comedy 
 Vietoria (c. 1580), 156, 
 
 nam Paris Iliaca tria numina vidit in Ida; 
 
 and the same play (450, 1913) repeats the " vult, non vult " 
 of Eel. IV, 123, and the " ludit Amor sensus " of Eel. i, 48. 
 Another Cambridge play, Pedantius, 37, borrows the phrase 
 " hmneros vibrare natesque," from Eel. iv, 230 ; and a third, 
 entitled Fucus, ii, 2, 32, repeats the " semel insanivimus 
 omnes" oi Eel. i, 118.=« 
 
 In Robert Greene's Orpharion (ed. Grosart, xii, 22) we 
 have an unusual version of the story of Orpheus and 
 Eurydice : 
 
 False harted wife to him that loued thee well, 
 To leaue thy lone and choose the Prince of hell, 
 
 and, again, 
 
 She slipt aside, backe to her latest loue. 
 
 His authority for this bit of mythology was probably Man- 
 tuan, Eel. iv, 178-179: 
 
 potuit, si non male sana fuisset, 
 Eurydice revehi per quas descenderat umbras. 
 
 In 1595 we have three " pastorall eglogues " by Francis 
 Sabie, entitled Pan's Pipe. The first of these is practically 
 
 5' See the recent editions of these three plays by G. C. Moore 
 Smith: Pedantius and Victoria in Bang's Materialien zur Kunde des 
 dlteren Englischen Dramas, viii (1905) and xiv (1906), Fucus, at the 
 Cambridge University Press. See, also, my note on Eel. I, 62. 
 
52 INTRODUCTION 
 
 a cento made up from the first four eclogues of Mantuan.^' 
 And in the third, Damon's " dittie " of the " stately progeny 
 of heardsmen " is a paraphrase of Eel. vii, 9-39.°* 
 In Milton's Lycidas, 128-129, 
 
 Besides what the grim wolf with privy paw 
 Daily devours apace, and nothing said, 
 
 there seems to be an echo of Eel. ix, 141-147, 
 
 mille lupi, totidem vulpes in vallibus istis 
 
 lustra tenant, 
 
 factum vicinia ridet 
 nee scelus exhorret nee talibus obviat ausis ; 
 
 and the abrupt close of the poem, 
 
 To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new, 
 
 reminds one of Mantuan's closing line, ix, 232, 
 
 Candide, coge pecus melioraque pascua quaere. 
 
 On Paradise Lost, vi, 871, " Nine days they fell," the com- 
 mentators might perhaps quote Eel. ii, 112-114, 
 
 immo Satanum 
 pessimus ex illis quos noctibus atque diebus 
 ter tribus in terras fama est ex aethere lapses — 
 
 as well as the description of the fall of the Titans in Hesiod. 
 
 The influence of Mantuan's Eelogues in sixteenth-century 
 Germany would be an interesting subject, but that must be 
 left to some one who has access to the necessary books. 
 Some traces of it may be found in the Latin eclogues of 
 Eobanus Hessus and Euricius Cordus. 
 
 Eobanus could claim to be a pioneer in the German field : 
 " primi Latias in Teutona pascua Musas | ducimus," Idyl 
 
 "' See Modern Philology, vil (igio), 433-464, where Sable's three 
 Eglogues are reprinted, with some notes on his sources, by J. W. 
 Bright and W. P. Mustard. 
 
 '8 K. Windscheid, Die englische Hirtendichtung von I$yg-i6ss, 
 Halle, 1895, p. 41. 
 
IMITATIONS OF THE ECLOGUES 53 
 
 VIII, 2-3."° In his third Idyl (quoted above, p. 33) his 
 shepherds discuss the respective merits of Virgil and Man- 
 tuan; and in his Adnotationes on the Bucolics and Georgics 
 of Virgil he pays some attention to the later bucolic writers 
 — among them " Petrarca, Pontanus, Baptista (Man- 
 tuanus)." '" The beginning of his fifth Idyl, 
 
 Montibus his mecum quondam, Philereme, solebas 
 pascere, et alternis nostras concentibus aures 
 mulcere, etc., 
 
 reminds one of the beginning of Mantuan's fifth ; and the 
 close of his tenth, 
 
 tempestas oritur, pastu discedere tempus, 
 
 is like the close of Mantuan's second or third. Idyl i, 72, 
 " iam lectas omnis grex ruminat herbas," and Id. vi, 19, 
 
 et pecus ilicea dum ruminat omne sub umbra, 
 
 may be compared with Mant. i, 1-2 ; Id. vii, 135, 
 
 quisquis amat iacet, et presso fert vincula coUo, 
 
 with Mant. i, 114-116; Id. xi, 68, " non tibi cum puero cer- 
 tandum impubere," etc., with Mant. x, 124; Id. xi, 73-74, 
 
 est aliquid magno barbam attrectare prophetae ; 
 dicere sed volui (lapsa est mihi lingua) ' poetae,' 
 
 with Mant. x, 126-127. The " ventrosus buf o " of Id, v, 
 55, the " multiforem buxum " of Id. xi, 18, the " impatienter 
 amantis " of Id. vir, 146, and the " somnolenti " of Id. xii, 
 6, may be compared with Mant. x, 140; i, 163; vii, 65; 
 III, 59. 
 
 "S Frankfort ed., 1564, p. 44. 
 
 *" C. Krause, Helius Eobanus Hessus, Gotha, 1879, 11, 26. In an 
 unfortunate footnote, Krause explains that the Pontanus referred 
 to is " Petrus Pontanus (aus Briigge)," and that "Baptista Man- 
 tuanus " means " Joh. Baptista Fiera." 
 
54 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In Euricius Cordus *^ the imitation is still closer. The 
 complimentary reference' to Mantuan in his second Eclogue 
 has been quoted above, p. 47. The historic dignity of the 
 shepherd's calling, Eel. iii, is set forth as in Mantuan's 
 seventh, 23 ff. ; and the contrast between the shepherd's lot 
 and that of the farmer, in the middle of Eel. iv, reminds 
 one of the beginning of Mantuan's sixth. Compare, 
 further. Eel. i, 36, for the intransitive " secundat," with 
 Mant. V, 29 ; Eel. ii, 82, " luxati , . . cultri," with Mant. 
 V, 140; Eel. II, 91, " nuda rigent genua," etc., with Mant. 
 V, 23; Eel. ii, 118, 
 
 pollicitos plures vidi, qui multa dedissent 
 nuUos, 
 
 with Mant. v, 105-106; Eel. in, 34, 
 
 dum satur in gelidis grex pabula ruminat uinbris, 
 
 with Mant. i, 1-2; Eel. iii, 115, 
 
 sum puer, at memini quo magnum tempore munus 
 esse putabatur, si textam Acre corollam 
 quis daret, etc., 
 
 with Mant. in, 85-86 ; Eel. in, 148, 
 
 inter tot iuvenes quot festa luce sub ulmum 
 conveniunt, ducuntque leves de more choreas, 
 
 with Mant. ii, 63-65 ; Eel. iv, 33, 
 
 non sapies, nisi torva pedum tibi cornna frangat, 
 
 with Mant. iv, 91 ; Eel. iv, 48, 
 
 in grandique mihi legisse volumine dixit, 
 
 with Mant. vii, 155; Eel. iv, 64 (and v, 26), " quando va- 
 cat," with Mant. i, 9 ; Eel. iv, 69, " desidiosa sumus pastores 
 
 *^ He, too, has been called a pioneer : " fu lodato, fe vero, per le 
 ecloghe, ma codesti componimenti, ch' egli introduce per la prima 
 volta in Germania, e imita da G. B. Mantovano, gia per lui cadono 
 in vuota pastorelleria," G. Manacorda, Delia poesia latina in Ger- 
 mania durante il Renascimento, Rome, 1906, p. 280. 
 
IMITATIONS OP THE ECLOGUES 55 
 
 turba," with Mant. vi, 19-20; Ed. vi, 68, "qui nostra 
 piacula solvunt," with Mant. viii, 162 ; Ed. vi, 142, 
 
 interea in pluvia pastor sitit, esurit aura, 
 
 with Mant. v, 12; Ed. vii, 32, 
 
 versaque dormit humus, luissum requiescit aratrum, 
 
 with Mant. vi, 2-3; Ed. vii, 71, "grata laborantum re- 
 quies," with Mant. viii, 150; Ed. viii, 64-65, 
 
 succede sub ulmum, 
 dum redeo; mihi quid post saepta parumper agendum est, 
 
 with Mant. iv, 87-88 ; Ed. viii, 102, " inscius et nihil hoc 
 ratus," with Mant. iv, 54-55; Ed. viii, 109 (and ix, 65), 
 " cariceam casulam," with Mant. ix, 18; Ed. ix, 98, 
 
 me mea, te tua spes et opinio stulta fefellit, 
 
 with Mant. ix, 192; Ed. x, 6, 
 
 sed melior lento praestat vigilantia somno, 
 
 with Mant. i, 5 ; Ed. x, 22, 
 
 utile servitium fuit illius atque fidele, 
 donee, etc., 
 
 with Mant. iv, 22 ; Ed. x, 28, 
 
 et nentes inter medius sub nocte puellas, 
 
 with Mant. v, 85 ; Ed. x, 123, 
 
 o quoties patriae moesti reminiscimur orae, 
 
 with Mant. ix, 90.**^ 
 
 The famous diatribe against women, Ed. iv, 110 ff., has a 
 rather close parallel in one of the Dialogues of Ravisius 
 
 "2 These passages of Euricius Cordus are quoted from the " se- 
 1. — Aiiir," Tj.i'nsir. KiS. 
 
56 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Textor, Troia, Salomon, Samson.^^ And it is very clearly 
 echoed in Luigi Pasqualigo's comedy, // Fedele, iii, 7. 
 Compare with lines 124 ff., 
 
 mobilis, inconstans, vaga, garrula, vana, bilinguis, 
 imperiosa, minax, indignabunda, cruenta, etc., 
 
 Fortunio's speech: 
 
 Non e dubbio, perche esse sono per natura superbe, uane, incon- 
 stanti, leggieri, maligne, crudeli, rapaci, empie, inuidiose, incredule, 
 bugiarde, ambitiose, piene di fraude, disleali, ingrate, impetuose, au- 
 daci, & senza freno, facilissime a dar ricetto a 1' odio & all' ira, 
 a placarsi durissime, portano ouunque uanno ribellione e lite, elle 
 sono uaghe di dir male, d' accender odio tra gli amici, di seminar 
 infamia sopra i buoni, sono pronte a riprender gli errori altrui, & 
 negligent! a conoscer i proprij vitij, sempre simulano, sempre fingono, 
 tramano inganni, & cercano di condur gli huomini alia morte, all' 
 insidie che tendono, hanno cosi pronti i gesti e il uiso, nel quale a 
 suo piacere possono dimostrar allegrezza, dolore, tema, & speranza, 
 & molti altri aiTetti, che alcuno non puo fuggire da loro, & quinci & 
 non altronde auengono tutti i nostri mali.'* 
 
 But there must be many such echoes in the literature 
 of Germany and France and Italy. One poem which will 
 at least serve to illustrate the fourth Eclogue is Tasso's 
 Aminta. The chorus at the close of the first act, 
 
 Ma sol perche quel vano 
 Nome senza soggetto, 
 Quell' idolo d' errori, idol d' inganno ; 
 Quel che dal volgo insano 
 Onor poscia fu detto 
 (Che di nostra natura '1 feo tiranno), 
 Non mischiava il suo affanno 
 
 *^ " Apud lacobum Stoer," 1609, pp. 192-202. A part of the dia- 
 logue is quoted by J. Vodoz, Le Theatre Latin de Ravisius Textor, 
 Winterthur, 1898, pp. 149-151. 
 
 ** Venice ed., 1579. Pasqualigo's comedy is paraphrased in Lari- 
 vey's Le Fiddle; for this particular passage, see Ancien Theatre 
 franfois, vi, 397. It is adapted also in Abraham Fraunce's Latin 
 comedy Victoria; but Fraunce's play omits all this diatribe. So does 
 the English adaptation by Anthony Munday (recently printed by 
 F. Fliigge, Archiv fiir das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Liter- 
 aturen, cxxill^ 48-80). 
 
MANTUAN'S SOURCES 57 
 
 Fra le liete dolcezze 
 
 Dell' amoroso gregge, 610.,*° 
 
 may be compared with Eel. ii, 161-166, 
 
 qui non communicat usum 
 coniugis invidus est ; livorem excusat honestas 
 introducta usu longi livoris iniquo. 
 nam dum quisque sibi retinet sua gaudia, nee vult 
 publica, communis mos ac longaevus honestas 
 factus, et hunc morem fecit dementia legem ; 
 
 and the passage in ii, 2, 
 
 Or, non sai tu com' e fatta la donna? 
 Fugge, c fuggendo vuol ch' altri la giunga; 
 Niega, e negando vuol ch' altri si toglia; 
 Pugna, p pugnando vuol ch' altri la vinca, 
 
 with Ed. IV, 216-218, 
 
 currit, ut in latebras ludens perducat amantem, 
 vult dare, sed cupiens simplex et honesta videri 
 denegat et pugnat, sed vult super omnia vinci. 
 
 And with Ed. ii, 25, 
 
 commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda secum, 
 
 we may compare Guazzo's Civil Conversatione, Bk. i,*° 
 " anzi si ha da ricordare di quella sentenza: ' Ogni agio 
 porta seco il suo disagio.' " The sentiment was doubtless 
 a commonplace, but Mantuan may have helped to make 
 _it so. 
 
 mantuan's sources 
 
 Mantuan's chief model in pastoral was Virgil, and the 
 influence of Virgil may be traced on almost every page. But 
 there are many echoes of other Roman poets "'' — especiSHy 
 
 '^ This chorus is literally translated in Samuel Daniel's ' pastorall ' 
 on the Golden Age. 
 
 *' Venice ed., 1590, p. 12. 
 
 *^ Some of these are pointed out in the Notes. For Ovid, see 
 notes on Ed. II, 85; III, 171; IV, 132, 201 ; vii, 147; for TibuUus, 
 
58 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Ovid and Juvenal — and there are half a dozen passages in 
 which he imitates the Latin eclogues of Petrarch °* and 
 Boccaccio. And he owes something to the Ecclesiastical 
 Writers — especially Prudentius °° — and to the language of 
 the Latin Bible." 
 
 His style was formed on classical models, and he doubt- 
 less meant his Eclogues to be classical throughout. But 
 they contain a fair number of irregularities — in syntax, 
 in vocabulary, and in metre. Some of these are due to his 
 familiarity with Ecclesiastical Latin, while others can be 
 found only in the Latin of the Middle Ages. Some of them 
 are merely mistakes of a youthful author which remained 
 uncorrected even when the poems were revised. 
 
 notes on Ed. in, 103-8 ; viii, 98-101 ; ix, 107 ; for Juvenal, notes on 
 Eel. V, especially lines 90-91, 104; for Calpurnius, notes on Eel. II, I ; 
 VI, 157; IX, 107; IX, 133. 
 
 "* See notes on Eel. 1, 12-13 ; M) 17-27, 32-33 ; V, 46, 136. 
 
 *' See notes on Eel. IV, 212; VIII, 162; ix, 126-7. In an apology 
 for poetry prefixed to his first Pariheniee, Mantuan cites several of 
 the Ecclesiastical Writers : Prudentius, Paulinus of Nola, Ambrosius, 
 Beda, and Juvencus. And of these his favorite would seem to be 
 Paulinus : " quid de Paulino Nolanae urbis episcopo Hieronymo con- 
 temporaneo et familiari? nonne pulcherrima quae adhuc extant, 
 et semper extabunt, excudit poemata? cum adhuc adolescentulus 
 essem et a studiis ecclesiasticis more illius aetatis abhorrerem, forte 
 in ea poemata incidi, et carminis suavitate delectatus animum ad res 
 divinas paulatim appuli, et ex illo tempore sacrarum litterarum stu- 
 diosior fui." 
 
 ^o See notes on Eel. II, 138; iii, 188; V, 129; viii, 85-86; viii, 222. 
 Another possible " source " is mentioned by Ascensius, on Eel. v, lOl, 
 where he guesses that " Umber " means Niccolo Perotti, Bishop of 
 Siponto : " quem nescio an Sipontinum dicam, a quo plurima sump- 
 sisse videtur." This refers to Perotti's great commentary on some 
 of the epigrams of Martial, entitled Cornucopiae: seu Commentarii 
 Linguae Latinae. It was printed as early as 1489. It was freely 
 used by Ascensius in his commentary on the Eelogues, and it was 
 doubtless well known to Mantuan himself. Indeed, his brother 
 Tolomeo reports of him : " damnabatque episcopum Sipontinum quod, 
 cum esset primi ordinis in ecclesia, tantopere laboravit in enarratione 
 Martialis poetae gentilis epigrammatarii " {Apologia, Lyons ed., 1516, 
 fol. Gg, iii). 
 
SYNTAX, METRE, VOCABULARY 59 
 
 SYNTAX 
 
 One interesting bit of syntax is the use of the simple 
 subjunctive after a verb of thinking : credo . . . concitet et 
 . . . tollat, I, 50-51 ; puto sidera tangant, viii, 44. Another 
 is the use of putare, credere, or aestimare, with a simple in- 
 finitive, apparently on the analogy of verbs of " hoping " 
 or " expecting " : grande aes conflare putdbam, ill, 75 ; qui 
 flectere divos \ creditis, in, 141-2 ; et vertere in aurum \ 
 aestimat, vi, 133-4. Facer e is used with the infinitive, in 
 the sense of "to cause to": v, 58; ix, 221. Intendere 
 (= animum intendere) is used with the dative, i, 106 ; 11, 49 ; 
 subintrare, with the accusative, i, 176; iv, 90; secundare, 
 with the dative, v, 29; obviare, with the dative, ix, 147. 
 The use of mood and tense with dum is largely a matter of 
 metrical convenience : cp. i, 25, dum mens erat; vii, 147-8, 
 dum . . . obstaret . . . dum tepet ac timide insanit ; vni, 19, 
 dum . . . castraret; viii, 120, dum . . . perlegerem ; ix, 55, 
 licuit dum; x, 96-7, dum viximus una, \ dum . . . fuit. 
 
 METRE 
 
 Some of the metrical irregularities have been revised 
 out by editors. In the Mantua edition of 1498 we have 
 quotfidie, I, 120; omissa, 11, 5 {omisit, x, 69) ; sclderat, 11, 
 46; somnolentum, iii, 59; Satdnum, 11, 112; mulieribus, iv, 
 70 {muliere, iv, 206 and vi, 57, mulierum, iv, 245) ; gdneae, 
 IV, 129 {gdnea, v, 151) ; subicit, iv, 156; pulicum, viii, 10; 
 cimicum, viii, 10 ; anglnoso, viii, 145 ; sdbicco, ix, 96 ; 
 cdcdbos, IX, 177; posted, viii, 47, and perhaps vii, 25.'^ 
 There are three spondaic verses, v, 120, v, 129, viii, 213. 
 There are five such cadences as terebinthl: i, 31; vii, 133; 
 viii, 10; IX, 69; ix, 168. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 In the vocabulary, there a number of departures from 
 classical usage. Modo is used half a dozen times in the 
 sense of nunc, i, 4; 11, 151, etc.; parum means "a little 
 
 '1 For angfnoso and sdbiico, lie could cite the authority of Serenus 
 Sammonicus ; cdcdbos may be found in the Macaronea of his younger 
 contemporary, Teofilo Folengo; for gdneae, he had the authority of 
 PriiHsTitius: for sclderat, that of Servius. 
 
60 INTRODUCTION 
 
 while," IX, 20 and 39. Inquis is used for memoras, or dicis, 
 V, 67 ; VIII, 67 ; x, S3 ; ullus for aliquis, vi, 251. At i, 103 
 we have de sub, " from under," and at ix, 122, a longe, 
 " from 'afar." Semel means aliquando, i, 118; ipsis is used 
 for eis, ii, 147, viii, 112, 173; ista refers to what follows, 
 III, 122; VIII, 95. Accuhitu means "bed," vi, 52; tegetis 
 means tecti, or tugurii, ix, 51; tabellam is the "lid" or 
 " cover " of a jug, ix, 39. Polenta is used as a neuter 
 singular, vi, 5 ; viii, 23. There are some unusual words 
 claviculo, II, 100; influxibus, ix, 149; rulla, i, 142 
 runca, iv, 49; variantia, x, 91; callosa, viii, 25; cariceae 
 IX, 18; fluvios, viii, 65; hernica, iv, 118; impetuosa, iv 
 134; saltidico, i, 171; situosus, viii, 65; squarrosa, v, 72 
 suwviloquo, iv, 9; ventrosus, x, 140; appropiare, ix, 119 
 jetant, ii, 30; incalluit, in, 25; inf ortunarit , in, 167 
 obtenebrescere, vi, 239 ; obviat, ix, 147 ; opulescunt, ix, 168 
 praesentas, iv, 90. Catus, i, 59, is the animal ; philomena 
 is the bird, I, 27; ii, 46, etc.; vulpes, vi, 26, means /"^//m 
 vulpinas. There are Greek words, like artocopi, vi, 100 
 artocreas, viii, 23; brucho, viii, 132 ; cercopithecos, v\, 144 
 eremum, x, 175; genethliacos, v, 39; gynaecei, viii, 192 
 lampyrides, i, 155; melotas, vi^ 27; ogdoasj viu, 181 
 onocrotalus, viii, 59; orexis, i, 17; rhomphaea, iv, 211 
 zelotypo, VI, 71. AV^oj = " alms," vi, 157; luxuria — 
 "lust," IV, 161; .f«3rfa«fia= " wealth," iii, 8; deltas^ 
 divinitaSjVn, 33; extimare = aestimare, iii, 16; intendere = 
 animum intendere, i, 106; ii, 49. 
 
BAPTIST AE MANTUANI 
 ADULESCENTIA 
 
F. BAPTISTA MANTUANUS CARMELITA 
 PARIDI CERESARIO D.S. 
 
 Audi, o Pari, aenigma perplexum quod Oedipodes ipse 
 non solveret. ego quinquagenarius et iam canescens adule- 
 scentiam meam repperi, et habeo adulescentiam simul et 
 senectam. sed ne longa ambage te teneam, nodmn hunc dis- 
 solvo. anno praeterito, cum Florentia rediens Bononiam 
 pervenissem, intellexi apud quendam litterarium virum esse 
 quendam libellum meum quem olim ante religionem, dum 
 in gymnasio Paduano philosophari iiiciperem, ludens ex- 
 cuderam et ab ilia aetate Adulescentiam vocaveram. car- 
 men est bucolicum in octo eclogas divisum, quod iam diu 
 tamquam abortivum putabam abolitum. ubi id rescivi, 
 Saturnina fame repente sum percitus, et cogitavi quonam 
 pacto possem proli meae inf erre perniciem. iuvantibus ergo 
 amicis libellum meum vindicavi, ut perderem quem suspica- 
 bar erratis non posse non scatere. at ubi intellexi et alia 
 quaedam exemplaria superesse, visum est praestare hoc quod 
 vindicaram emendare emendatiunque edere, uf eius editione 
 cetera quae continent multa iiimis iuvenilia deleantur. hoc 
 igitur sic castigatum duabus aliis eclogis quas in feligione 
 lusi in calce subiunctis tibi, o Pari, iuvenis antiquae nobili- 
 tatis et studiorum ac omnium bonarum artium amantissime 
 nostraeque urbis decus egregium, libeiitissime dono, ut, 
 quando tetricis illis philosophiae ac theologiae lucubra- 
 tionibus quibus assidue vacas fatigatus fueris, habeas iucun- 
 dulam banc lectiunculam qua tamquam ludo quodam blan- 
 dulo sed liberali lassiim legerido reparetur ingenium. omnes 
 autem penes quos immatura ilia sunt exemplaria quae dixi 
 rogatos volo ut, si quid uftiquam fuit eis dulce meum, con- 
 festim exurant nee ullo pacto superesse permittant. accipe 
 ergo. Pari suavissime, libellum et auctorem, et ambobus 
 tamquam rebus tuis tuo deinceps utaris arbitrio. vale. 
 Kalendis Septembris, mcccclxxxxviii. 
 
ECLOGA I, FAUSTUS, 
 DE HONESTO AMORE ET FELICI EJUS EXITU. 
 FORTUNATUS. FAUSTUS. 
 
 For. Fauste, precor, gelida quando pecus omne sub umbra 
 ruminat, antiques pauluin recitemus amores, 
 ne, si forte sopor nos occupet, ulla f erarum 
 quae modo per segetes tacite insidiantur adultas 
 saeviat in pecudes; melior vigilantia somno. 
 
 Fau. Hie locus, haec eadem sub qua requiescimus arbor 
 scit quibus ingemui curis, quibus ignibus arsi 
 ante duos vel. (ni memini male) quattuor annos; 
 sed tibi, quando vacat, quando est iucunda relatu, 
 historiam prima repetens ab origine pandam. 10 
 
 Hie ego, diun sequerer primis armenta sub annis, 
 veste solo strata sedi iacuique supinus 
 cum gemitu et lacrimis mea tristia fata revolvens. 
 nulla quies mihi dulcis erat, nullus labor ; aegro 
 pectore sensus iners, et mens torpore sepulta 
 ut stomachus languentis erat quern nulla ciborum 
 blandimenta movent, quem nulla invitat orexi's. 
 carminis occiderat studium, iam nulla sonabat 
 fistula disparibus calamis ; odiosus et arcus, 
 fimda odiosa, canes odiosi, odiosa volucrum 20 
 
 praeda, nucum calyces cultro enucleare molestum ; 
 texere fiscellam iunco vel vimine, piscem 
 f allere, scrutari nidos, certare palaestra, 
 sortiri digitis res iniucunda, voluptas 
 magna prius, tanti dum mens erat inscia morbi. 
 colligere agrestes uvas et fraga perosus 
 maerebam ut pastu rediens philomena cibumque 
 ore ferens natis, vacuo sua pignora nido 
 cum sublata videt : rostro cadit esca remisso, 
 cor stupet et contra nidos super arboris altae 30 
 
 fronde sedet plorans infelices hymenaeos ; 
 seu veluti amisso partu formosa iuvenca 
 
 63 
 
64 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 quae, postquam latos altis mugitibus agros 
 complevit, residens pallenti sola sub umbra 
 gramina non carpit nee fluminis attrahit undam. 
 
 Sed quid circuitu pario tibi taedia longo, 
 dum sequor ambages et verba et tempora perdo? 
 summa haec : vitales auras invitus agebam. 
 quod si forte volens cognoscere singula dicas, 
 ' Fauste, quis in syrtes Auster te impegerat istas?' 40 
 
 me mea (verum etenim tibi, Fortunate', fatebor) 
 me mea Galla suo sic circumvenerat ore 
 ut captam pedicis circumdat aranea muscam. 
 namque erat ore rubens et pleno turgida vultu 
 et, quamvis oculo paene esset inutilis uno, 
 cum tamen illius faciem mirabar et annos, 
 dicebam Triviae f ormam nihil esse Dianae. 
 
 For. Ludit Amor sensus, oculos praestringit et aufert 
 libertatem animi et mira nos f ascinat arte ; 
 credo aliquis daemon subiens praecordia flammam 50 
 
 concitet et raptam tollat de cardine mentem. 
 nee deus (ut perhibent) Amor est, sed amaror et error. 
 
 Fau. Adde quod optatis nee spes erat ulla potiri, 
 quamvis ilia meo miserata f averet amori 
 monstraretque suos oculis ac nutibus ignes. 
 nam, quocumque isset, semper comes aspera : semper 
 nupta sequebatur soror et durissima mater, 
 sicque repugnabant votis contraria vdta 
 non secus ac muri catus : ille invadere pernam 
 nititur, hie rimas oculis observat acutis. 60 
 
 For. Qui satur est pleno laudat ieiunia ventre, 
 et quem nulla premit sitis est sitientibus asper. 
 
 Fau. Tempus erat curva segetes incidere falce 
 et late albebant flaventibus hordea culmis. 
 affuit (ut mos est) natis comitata duabus 
 collectura parens quae praeterit hordea messor, 
 ignorabat enim vel dissimulabat amorem ; 
 dissimulasse puto, quoniam data munera natae 
 noverat, exiguum leporem geminasque palumbes. 
 
 For. Pauperies inimica bonis est moribus; omne 70 
 
 labitur in vitium, culpae scelerumque ministra est. 
 
 Fau. Farra legens ibat mea per vestigia virgo 
 nuda pedem, discincta sinum, spoliata lacertos, 
 
ECLOGA I. 33-114 65 
 
 ut decet aestatem quae solibus ardet iniquis, 
 
 tecta caput fronde intorta, quia sole perusta 
 
 fusca fit et voto facies non servit amantum. 
 
 iam tergo vicina meo laterique propinqua 
 
 sponte mea delapsa manu frumenta legebat. 
 
 nee celare suas nee vincere f emina euras 
 
 nee diiferre potest ; tantum levitatis in ilia est. 80 
 
 For. Quisquis amat levis est, nee f emina sola sed ipsi 
 quos sapere et praestare aliis mortalibus aiunt, 
 quos operit latus fulgenti murice elavus, 
 quos vidi elatos regali incedere passu, 
 tu quoque sie affeetus eras dementior ilia 
 forsitan et levior. virgo data farra legebat, 
 at tu farra dabas ; die, quae dementia maior ? 
 perge ; opus est verbis aliquando arcere soporem. 
 
 Fau. Continuo aspiciens aegre tulit aspera mater 
 et clamans ' quo ', dixit, ' abis? eur deseris agmen? 90 
 
 Galla, veni, namque hie alnos prope mitior umbra, 
 hie tremulas inter frondes immurmurat aura.' 
 o invisa meis vox auribus ! ' ite ', precabar, 
 ' ite, malam venti eeleres dispergite voeem.' 
 si quis pastor oves ad pinguia paseua ducat 
 et vetet adduetas praesens deeerpere gramen, 
 vel si iam pastas potum compellat ad amnem 
 et sitibundo ori salientem deneget undam, 
 nonne importunus, naturae inimicus et excors? 
 ilia mihi vox visa lovis violentior ira 100 
 
 cum tonat et pluvius terris irascitur aer. 
 non potui (et volui) frontem non flectere; virgo 
 demissi in eilium de sub velaminis ora 
 me aspiciens motis blande subrisit oeellis. 
 id cemens iterum natam vocat improba mater ; 
 Galla operi magis intendens audire recusat. 
 ut pede, sic animo sequitur. turn providus ipse 
 (namque dolos inspirat Amor fraudesque ministrat) 
 nunc cantu, nunc sollieitans elamore metentes 
 velamenta dabam seeleri, quo credere possent 110 
 
 et soror et mater non audivisse puellam. 
 f alee repellebam sentes, ne crura sequentis 
 levia, ne teneras ausint ofEendere plantas. 
 
 For. Quisquis amat servit: sequitur captivus amantem, 
 
66 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 fert domita cervice iugum, fert verbera tergo 
 dulcia, fert stimulos, trahit et bovis instar aratnun. 
 
 Fau. Tu quoque, ut hinc video, non es ignarus amorum. 
 
 For. Id commune malum, semel insanivimus omnes. 
 
 Fau. Hoc animi tarn triste bonum, tam dulce venenum, 
 cottidie crudele magis crescebat in horas, 120 
 
 ut calor, in nonam dum lux attollitur horam. 
 pallebam attonito similis, lymphaticus, amens, 
 immemor, insonmis. nee erat res ardua morbi 
 nosse genus; frons est animi mutabilis index, 
 ut pater advertit, mitem se praebuit ultra 
 consuetum, quod et ipse suos expertus amorum 
 sciret onus, blandoque loquens humaniter ore 
 ' die ', inquit, ' die, Fauste, quid hoe quod pectore volvis? 
 inf elix puer, haee facies testatur amorem. 
 die mihi; ne pudeat curas aperire parenti.' 130 
 
 For. Sit licet in natos facies austera parentum, 
 aequa tamen semper mens est, et amica voluntas. 
 
 Fau. Ut faeilem pater aflecttun prae se tulit, ultro 
 rem confessus opem petii. promisit; et ante 
 quam brumale gelu Borealibus arva pruinis 
 spargeret, agnati unanimes cvatx patre puellam 
 despondere mihi. nee adhuc sine testibus illi 
 eongrediebar ; eram medio sitibundus in amne 
 Tantalus, o quotiens misso cum bobus aratro, 
 ut vacuis aliquando esset sola aedibus, ibam ! 140 
 
 omnia causabar, stivam, dentale iugumque, 
 lora iugi, rullam; deerant quaecumque, petebam 
 e soceri lare. sola tamen deerat mihi virgo. 
 non deeram mihi; piscator, venator et auceps 
 faetus eram, et sellers studia intermissa resumpsi. 
 quidquid erat praedae, quidquid fortuna tulisset, 
 ad soceros ibat ; gener officiosus habebar. 
 noete semel media subeuntem limina furtim 
 (sic etenim pactus fueram cum virgine) furem 
 esse rati invasere canes; ego protinus altam ISO 
 
 transiliens saepem vix ora latrantia fugi. 
 
 His tandem studiis hiemem transegimus illam. 
 ver rediit, iam silva viret, iam vinea frondet, 
 iam spicata Ceres, iam eogitat hordea messor, 
 splendidulis iam nocte volant lampyrides alls ; 
 
ECLOGA I. ii5-i?6 67 
 
 ecce dies genialis adest, mihi ducitur uxor. 
 
 sed quid opus multis? nox exspectata duobus 
 
 venit, et in portum vento ratis acta secundo est. 
 
 turn bove mactato gemina convivia luce 
 
 sub patula instructis celebravimus arbore mensis. 160 
 
 affuit Oenophilus multoque solutus laccho 
 
 tempestiva dedit toti spectacula vico. 
 
 et cum multifori Tonius cui tibia buxo 
 
 tandetn'post epulas et pocula multicolorem 
 
 ventriculiun sumpsit, buccasque inflare rubentes 
 
 incipiens oculos aperit ciliisque levatis 
 
 multotiensque altis flatu a pulmonibus hausto 
 
 utrem implet, cubito vocem dat tibia presso. 
 
 nunc hue, nunc illuc digito saliente vocavit 
 
 pinguibus a mensis iuvenes ad compita cantu 170 
 
 saltidico dulcique diem certamine clausit.' 
 
 et iam tres hiemes abiere et proximat aestas 
 
 quarta : dies rapidis, si qua est bona, praeterit horis. 
 
 si qua placent, abeunt; inimica tenacius haerent. 
 
 For. Fau'ste, viden ? vicina pecus vineta subintrat ; 
 iam (ne forte gravi multa taxemur) eundum est. 
 
68 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 ECLOGA II, FORTUNATUS, 
 
 DE AMORIS INSANIA. 
 
 FAUSTUS. FORTUNATUS. 
 
 Fau. Cur tarn senis ades? quid te (iam septima lux est) 
 detinuit? gregibusne nocent haec pascua vestris? 
 
 For. Fauste, Padus nostros qui praeterlabitur agros 
 creverat et tumidis ripas aequaverat undis ; 
 nos, cura gregis omissa, privata coegit 
 publicaque utilitas ripam munire diurnis 
 nocturnisque operis fluviumque arcere furentem. 
 
 Fau. Fert Padus exundans mala saepius omina: noster 
 Tityrus est auctor, qui pascua dixit et arva. 
 
 For. Forsitan id varum, quando extra tempora et ultra 10 
 mensuram atque modum subito concreverit aestu. 
 nunc autem id poscit tempus, nam liquitur altis 
 nix hiberna iugis, implent cava flumina montes. 
 
 Fau. Se exonerant fluviosque onerant. sic flumina rursum 
 se exonerant pelagusque onerant ; hominum quoque mos est 
 quae nos cumque premunt alieno imponere tergo. 
 
 For. Sed iam contractum revocat suus alveus amnem. 
 
 Fau. Decrescente Pado (dictu mirabile) noster. 
 Fortunate, lacus maioribus aestuat undis. 
 urbs natat, obscurae fiunt cellaria fossae. 20 
 
 lintre cados adeunt ; labens ad vina minister 
 ridet, et ex imis fertur gravis obba lacunis. 
 multa, licet nati fuerint melioribus horis, 
 multa et magna ferunt aliquando incommoda cives. 
 
 For. Commoditas omnis sua fert incommoda secum, 
 et sorti appendix est illaetabilis omni. 
 
 Fau. Hactenus Eridanus ; nostros repetamus amores, 
 quandoquidem nunc alma Venus movet omnia, caelum 
 luce tepet nitida, teUus viret, arva volucres 
 cantibus exhilarant vemis, nunc omnia fetant. 30 
 
 For. Tu tua lusisti, sed nos aliena sequamur. 
 namque tibi noti referam pastoris amores, 
 ut doceam Veneris nihil esse potentius igne, 
 
ECLOGA U. 1-74 69 
 
 Pauper et infesto sub sidere natus Amyntas 
 sex vitulos totidemque pares aetata iuvencas 
 annentique patrem ducens in pascua taurum 
 venerat ad Coitum, nitidis ubi Mincius undis 
 alluit herbosos fugiens perniciter agros. 
 arx nova propter aquas pinnatis ardua muris 
 est Coitus, campo moles fundata palustri. 40 
 
 hie igitur recubans vitrei prope fluminis undam, 
 vitis ubi amplectens longis dumeta lacertis 
 in vada curvata ripae supereminet umbra, 
 piscibus insidias tendebat harundine et hamo. 
 messis erat : solis rapidi violentia campos 
 sciderat arentes, finem philomena canendi 
 f ecerat, et neque lux, passim morientibus herbis, 
 pascere oves poterat neque nox umore cicadas, 
 dumque incumbit aquis studioque intendit inani, 
 taurus (ut auditimi est) primum vexatus ab oestro, 50 
 
 mox canibus, demum furaci a milite silvis 
 abditus ex toto confestim evanuit agro. 
 
 Quod puer ut novit, tumulum conscendit et alta 
 voce bovem damans longo rura omnia visu 
 prospicit. ut frustra niti se comperit, arcum 
 corripit et pharetram sequiturque per invia taurum. 
 ilium per caulas et per stabula omnia quaerens 
 per colles, Benace, tuos, per consita olivis 
 iugera, per virides iicis et vitibus agros, 
 venerat ad sublime iugum quod sulphuris arcem . 60 
 
 sustinet et longis aperit prospectibus illino 
 Benacum, hinc campos longe lateque patentes. 
 lux ea sacra fuit Petro : f rondente sub ulmp 
 mixta erat ex omni pubes post prandia vico 
 ducebatque leves buxo resonante choreas. 
 
 Fau. Rustica gens, nulla genus arte domabile, semper 
 irrequietum animal, gaudet sudore. peracto' ' 
 mane sacro festa (quando omnibus otia) luce, 
 ipsa oti ac f amis impatiens epulatur et implet • 
 ingluviem. audito properat tfbicine adiulmum; 70 
 
 hie furit, hie saltu fertur bovis instar ad auras, 
 quam rastris versare nefas et vomere terram 
 calcibus obduris et inerti mole fatigat. 
 ac ferit, et tota Baccho facit orgia luce 
 
,70 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 vociferans, ridens, saliens et pocula siccans. 
 
 For. Stulte, quid haec faris? solatia rustica damnas 
 rusticus ipse ? tuis malus es, tibi pessimus ipsi. 
 
 Fau. Dicta ioco fuerint ; nostrum repetamus Amyntam. 
 
 For. Continuit gressum baculoque innixus acerno 
 intermisit iter, donee mitesceret aestus. 80 
 
 ah puer infelix, aestus te maior in umbra 
 corripiet. nudam videas ne in fonte Dianam, 
 Claude oculos, blandis neu des Sirenibus aurem. 
 sors tua Narcisso similis : Narcissus in undis 
 dum sedare sitim properat, sitit amplius ; at tu 
 exteriorem aestum fugiens intrinsecus ardes. 
 quam melius fuerat (nisi te sic fata tulissent) 
 ad reliquum rediisse pecus, servasse iuvencas, 
 amissi bovis aequo animo dispendia ferre 
 quam, dum conaris nil perdere, perdere te ipsum. 90 
 
 Fau. Sed post iacturam quis non sapit? utile non est 
 consilium post facta, dari quod oportuit ante, 
 consilium post facta, imber post tempora frugum. 
 
 For. Una puellares inter pulcherrima turmas 
 virgo erat, alba comas, aliis procerior, annos 
 nata quater quinos vel circiter, ore nitenti 
 urbanis certare potens et vincere nymphis. 
 aureolis radians guttis ad tempora limbus 
 ibat, et ad pectus clausum velamen aeno 
 claviculo; mediam fulgenti fibula ferro 100 
 
 , stringit in angustum ; nova candicat instita lapsu 
 linea rugoso pedibusque allabitur imis. 
 banc puer ut vidit, periit flammasque tuendo 
 hausit et in pectus caecos absorbuit ignes, 
 ignes qui nee aquis perimi potuere nee umbris 
 diminui neque graminibus magicisve susurris. 
 oblitusque greges et damna domestica totus 
 uritur et noctes in luctum expendit amaras. 
 
 Saepe gravescentem verbis compescere flammam 
 nixus et insanum iuvenis cohibere f urorem 110 
 
 dicebam : ' miserande puer, quis te deus istas 
 misit in ambages? sed non deus, immo Satanum 
 pessimus ex illis quos noctibus atque diebus 
 ter tribus in terras fama est ex aethere lapsos. 
 die, age, si nosti quemquam, reminiseere si quem 
 
ECLOGA II. 73-156 71 
 
 videris hoc pacto ditescere, surgere in altum, 
 
 dilatare domum, maioribus horrea acervis 
 
 complere his studiis, extendere latius agros, 
 
 multiplicare greges, acquirere pascua bobus. 
 
 inter tot populos quot habet latissima tellus 120 
 
 sunt qui nostra f erant mensis epulanda cruentis 
 
 corpora et httmanos absumant dentibus artus ; 
 
 sunt, inquam, quos tanta malis tot vexet Erinys ; 
 
 sed nullum est tam immane genus, tarn barbara nusquam 
 
 gens, quae femineos non exsecretur amores. 
 
 hinc veniunt rixae, veniunt et iurgia et arma, 
 
 saepe etiam dirae multo cum sanguine mortes ; 
 
 hinc quoque deletis eversae moenibus urbes. 
 
 ipsae etiam leges rubrisque volumina loris . 
 
 clausa vetant scelus hoc et detestantur amores.' 130 
 
 Ut leges audivit, ad haec respondit Amyntas 
 (civis enim fuerat puer et versatus in urbe) 
 ' his monitis prudens et circumspectus haberi 
 niteris et sensu tetricos anteire Catones. 
 error hie, haec passim sapiens dementia regnat. 
 ipse sibi blanditur homo sollersque putari 
 vult animal ; tamen incautus sibi multa tetendit 
 retia et in foveam cecidit quam fecerat. ante 
 liber erat; servile iugum sibi condidit ipse; 
 pondus id est legum (vidi ipse volumina) quas nee 140 
 
 antiqui potuere patres, nee possumus ipsi, 
 nee servare aetas poterit ventura nepotum. 
 aspiee quam stulta est hominum prudentia: caelum 
 sperat et esse sibi sedem inter sidera credit ; 
 forsitan in volucrem moriens transibit et altum 
 spiritus assumptis tranabit ad aethera pennis.' 
 
 Tunc ego : ' quid latras ? legum Deus auctor, et ipsis 
 non parere sapit magnam nimis impietatem.' 
 
 Fau. Grandia de magnis haec sunt eertamina rebus. 
 
 For. Quid f uerim reris ? quamvis pannosus et asper 150 
 sim modo, tunc animo, tune vi, tunc ore valebam, 
 nee mihi sese alius poterat componere pastor. 
 
 Fau. Nunc quoque, si rectus vultu gradiare supino, 
 alter eris Marius; raso ore videbere Carbo. 
 
 For. Talia respondit sic obiurgatus Amyntas : 
 ' facto homini Deus invidit (concessa voluptas 
 
72 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl 
 
 visa bonum nimis excellens) et vota repressit 
 
 legibus inventis, ut equi ligat ora capistro, 
 
 ne quocumque libet flectat vestigia, sessor. 
 
 quae mea sit me cogit amor sententia fari, 160 
 
 liberaque ora f acit : qui non communicat usum 
 
 coniugis invidus est ; livorem excusat honestas 
 
 introducta usu longi livoris iniquo. 
 
 nam dimi quisque sibi retinet sua gaudia, nee vult 
 
 publica, communis mos ac longaevus honestas 
 
 f actus, et hunc morem fecit dementia legem. 
 
 invida res amor est, res invidiosa voluptas.' 
 
 Tunc ego non audens hominem contendere contra 
 ampjius insano rediens ab amante recessi. 
 
 Fau. Cernis ut hie malus afEectus sic lumina mentis 1 70 
 claudat, in errores ut sponte feramur apertos? 
 
 For. Cernis ut a summo liventia nubila Baldo 
 se agglomerent ? oritur grando ; ne forte vagantes 
 tempestas deprendat oves, discedere tempus. 
 
ECLOGA II. iS1—ni- 33 73 
 
 ECLOGA III, AMYNTAS, 
 
 DE INSANI AMORIS EXITU INFELICI. 
 
 FAUSTUS. FORTUNATUS. 
 
 Fau. Ilia hesterna ruens Baldi de vertice grando, 
 Fortunate, fuit nobis innoxia (divis 
 gratia nostrarum quibus est custodia frugum) 
 sed, veluti ex illis veniens ait Harculus oris, 
 Veronensem agmm, pecudes et ovilia sic est 
 demolita, casas et pastoralia tecta 
 sic evertit, ut agricolis spes nulla supersit. 
 agricolis etenim pecus est substantia, et arva 
 his subiecta malis ; grandi thesaurus in area 
 civibus est quern nulla queat contundere grando, 10 
 
 nulla pruina, gelu nullum, nullae aeris irae. 
 
 For. Nescio quis ventos tempestatesque gubernat ; 
 id scio (sed neque si scio sat scio, sed tamen ausim 
 dicere — quid? vitane ideo multabor in ipsa?) 
 numina si, ut perhibent, orbem moderantur ab alto, 
 extimo nil duros hominum curare labores. 
 aspice quo tenuem victum sudore paramus, 
 quot mala pro grege, pro natis, pro coniuge pastor 
 fert miser, infestis aestate caloribus ardet, 
 frigoribus riget hibemis ; dormimus ad imbrem 20 
 
 cotibus in duris vel humi ; contagia mille, 
 mille premunt morbi pecudes, discrimina mille 
 sollicitant, latro insidias intentat ovili 
 atque lupus milesque lupo furacior omni. 
 ut manus assiduo detrita incalluit usu, 
 squaluit os, barba obriguit, cutis aruit aestu, 
 una repentino rapit omnia turbine grando. 
 hoc Superi f aciunt quibus inclinamur ad aras 
 et quibus offerimus faculas et cerea vota. 
 nescio quae pietas et quae dementia tantis 30 
 
 cladibus involvat pastores omniimi egenos. 
 
 Fau. Fortunate, scelus nobis haec omnia nostrum 
 ingerit; aetherei sententia ludicis aequa est. 
 
74 BAPTIST AE MANTVANI 
 
 For. Quod scelus? an fuimus Christi vitae insidiati? 
 
 Fau. lurgia, furta, irae, Venus et mendacia, rixae. 
 
 For. Quid meruere boni? nee enim scelus obruit omnes, 
 et tamen una omnes pariter pessumdat Erinys. 
 
 Fau. Heu nescis male de Superis sentire nefandum? 
 his igitur quae scire nef as, nescire necesse est, 
 posthabitis curas iterum repetamus Amyntae 40 
 
 quas sumus experti, quas ignorare negatum est ; 
 res vulgaris amor, studium commune iuventae. 
 
 For. Maeror et ailectus alii de cardine mentem 
 saepe levant; animo sermo venit aeger ab aegro. 
 
 Fau. Intellecta licet pro re, pro tempore fari 
 (sic habitus Cosmas sapiens) incognita numquam. 
 
 For. Fauste, sapis ; notos igitur repetamus amores. 
 restat Amyntaeos postrema in fata furores 
 ducere et in misero lacrimas impendere casu. 
 
 Praeteriens iliac parvo post tempore rursum 50 
 
 insanire hominem video et miseratus amantem 
 ' o,' iterum dixi, ' mens inconsulta veneno 
 ebria fatali. populo iam fabula factus 
 non resipiscis adhuc, et adhuc in amore sepultus 
 te ruis atque tuos, pecus atque mapalia, tecum 
 ut quondam moriens rapuit secum omnia Samson, 
 cum senio curvatus eris (si forte senectam 
 fata tibi dederint) quis sustentabit inertem, 
 somnolentum, inopem, cum iam def ecerit omne 
 robur et ingenium, sensusque recesserit omnis? 60 
 
 haec tibi cuncta feret (nisi mors praevenerit) aetas. 
 esto domi, vigila, observa, super omnia semper 
 prospice quo tendas, et quo venisse dolendum est 
 ire cave, discerne vias hominemque memento 
 non ad delicias, non ad muliebria natum 
 blandimenta levi tam perniciosa iuventae. 
 ipse ego cui pecudes, cui lac, cui caseus, aegre 
 vitam ago ; tanta agros omnes invasit egestas, 
 tot duri rerum eventus, incommoda passim 
 tanta, tot adversis totus convolvitur orbis. 70 
 
 accipe rem non auditam, non tempore factam 
 praeterito, sed quam lux haec mihi protulit ipsi. 
 ut mos, autumno pecudes crescente totondi. 
 mane foro exposui lanae venalia pondo 
 
"■ ECLOGA III. 34-1 is 75 
 
 sexaginta hodie, grande aes conflare putabam ; 
 
 vix vitam gregis eduxi, vix pabula possum 
 
 mercari hibernis nivibus ; quo cetera pacto 
 
 sit victura domus nondum mihi constat, Amynta. 
 
 qiiisquis amat dominae munuscula mittat oportet ; 
 
 tu vero cui vix tectum fortuna reliquit . 80 
 
 sub quo luce habitat, sub quo pernoctat egestas, 
 
 quid poteris cupidae gratum donaire puellae? 
 
 mittere mala decem. satis esse solebat amanti, 
 
 purpurei flores et raptus ab arbore nidus, 
 
 gramen odorif ervim, memini quo tempore magnae 
 
 credebantur opes ; ventum est a gramine ad aurum. 
 
 regia res amor est hac tempestate; recessit 
 
 mos vetus et quaedam mala lex inolevit amandi.' 
 
 Talia suadenti torvo mihi rettulit ore: 
 ' si cupis optatam mihi, Fortunate, salutem, 90 
 
 da quod amo ; nostro haec una est medicina dolori. 
 cetera quae memoras mihi sunt tormenta. revelli 
 ex animo furor iste nequit; mea pectora imago 
 virginis obsedit, mecum est, mecum itque reditque, 
 excubat et dormit mecum; caput, ossa, medullas, 
 cor complexa potest cum sola excedere vita, 
 ac veluti quotiens aliena ex arbore secto 
 surculiis inseritur trunco, natura duorum 
 iungitur et mixto coalescit corpore virga, 
 sic dominae dilecta mihi se immersit imago 100 
 
 et fecit duo corda unum, duo traxit in unum 
 pectora ; sensus inest nobis et spiritus idem, 
 o me felicem, si, cmn mea fata vocabunt, 
 in gremio dulcique sinu niveisque lacertis 
 saltem anima caput hoc languens abeunte iaceret ; 
 ilia sua nobis morientia lumina dextra 
 clauderet et tristi fleret mea funera voce, 
 sive ad felices vadam post funera campos, 
 seu ferar ardentem rapidi Phlegethontis ad undam, 
 nee sine te felix ero, nee tecum miser tunquam. 110 
 
 o Dryades florumque deae Nymphaeque decentes, 
 o nemorum Silvane pater, servate (precamur) 
 collibus in vestris gelidisque in vallibus omne 
 silvarum rurisque decus; circumdate saltus 
 saepibus et prohibete pecus, ne floribus obsit; 
 
76 BAPTIST AE MANTUANI 
 
 ista (precor) dominae servate in funera nostrae. 
 
 tunc omnis spargatur humus ; redolentia serta 
 
 texite, quae circa tumulum supraque iacentem 
 
 componantur heram. tristes ad busta puellae 
 
 Pierides aderunt et lamentabile carmen 120 
 
 ore canept madido signataque verba relinquent 
 
 ista sepulturae relegenda nepotibus olim: 
 
 HIC TEGITUR VIRGO CUI NIL QUIN DIVA VOCARI 
 DEBUERIT DEERAT^ NISI DURA FUISSET AMANTI. 
 
 o virgo, si te tantus consumeret ardor, 
 
 per centum Scyllas ad te, per mille Charybdes, 
 
 tranarem laturus opem; tu saevior Hydra 
 
 me fugis. at culpae nihil est in virgine, nam me 
 
 nescit adhuc; si sciret enim, succurreret ultro, 
 
 nee puto sub miti tam ferrea pectora vultu. 130 
 
 signa tamen vultus fallacia; sub cute molli 
 
 mens fera, sub blanda sunt corda immania fronte. 
 
 alloquar et faciam nostros intellegat ignes. 
 
 si tamen ilia meos vultus averterit, ibunt 
 
 in lacrimas oculi, triste in suspiria pectus. 
 
 oderit ilia licet semper fugiatque sequentem, 
 
 ista tamen, quocimique ferar, me cura sequetur. 
 
 ite procul medicae, non sum sanabilis, artes, 
 
 ite procul magico qui (quod nee credere dignum est) 
 
 carmine pallentes animas revocatis ab Oreo, 140 
 
 ite procul vanis precibus qui flectere divos 
 
 creditis ; adversum est et inexorabile caelum. 
 
 me rapit impatiens furor et iuvat ire per altos 
 
 solivagum montes, per lustra ignota ferarum.' 
 
 Talia iactantem verbis conabar amicis 
 flectere, sed vulnus nihil insanabile curat, 
 ilium per campos nox intempesta silentes, 
 ilium exorta dies inter dumeta videbat 
 insomnem semper, raro silvestria poma 
 carpentem et potu contentum simplicis undae. 150 
 
 post longos gemitus exhaustaque lumina fletu 
 assiduo, post lamenta et convulsa frequenti 
 pectora singultu, moriens finivit amores. 
 exanimum corpus tumuli sine honore relictum 
 nocturnae absumpsere ferae volucresque diurnae. 
 
 Fau. Heu funesta lues, fatalis machina passim 
 
ECLOGA in. 116-194 77 
 
 corda venenatis penetrans humana sagittis, 
 
 aequiperans hominem pecudi. quae pocula Circe, 
 
 quae peiora umquam potuit dare philtra Calypso? 
 
 quae Styx, quis Phlegethon gravior ? quae maior Erinys ? 1 60 
 
 o stulti, quicumque deum dixistis Amorem. 
 
 num natura nocens deus est? ubicumque locorum 
 
 sit deus, est homini clemens, innoxius, aequus. 
 
 For. Heu miserande puer tenera sublate iuventa, 
 quae tibi nascenti luxerunt sidera? quae tam 
 noxia pars caeli est, ut te nil tale merentem 
 laeserit et primis infortunarit ab annis? 
 nee tamen omnino caelum tibi def uit ; omne 
 carmen et argutis quidquid modulamur avenis 
 doctus eras, nisi te mors immatura tulisset, 170 
 
 dignus eras hederis, dignus Parnaside lauro; 
 nee melius eeeinit pugnas ac tristia bella, 
 hordea et agrorum eultus et pascua noster 
 TitjTus a magno tantum dilectus Alexi. 
 namque tui praecox animi sollertia nobis 
 cognita iam pridem magnam produeere frugem 
 coeperat, et specimen tuleras virtutis et artis 
 non vulgare tuae ; poteras iam gloria dici 
 ruris et aetatis decus indelebile nostrae. 
 te Padus et noster lugubri Mincius ore 180 
 
 cum Nymphis flevere suLs, ut Thracius Hebrus 
 Orphea ; te tristes ovium flevere magistri, 
 ut Daphnim luxisse ferunt ; te pascua et agri 
 undique ; et audita est totis querimonia campis. 
 spargite, pastores, tumuliun redolentibus herbis 
 atque sacerdotum cantus ac tura quotannis 
 ducite, et aetemam requiem cantate poetae. 
 
 Fau. Tu tamen arva tenes patriae melioris et altum 
 incolis Elysium; nos hie te flemus, Amynta. 
 
 For. Flendum hodie nobis fuerat ; nam tristia nocte 190 
 nescio quae maestis cemebam insomnia formis. 
 sed iam Vesper adest et sol se in nube reeondens, 
 dum cadit, agricolis vicinos nuntiat imbres ; 
 cogere et ad caulas pecudes convertere tempus. 
 
73 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 ECLOGA IV, ALPHUS, 
 
 DE NATURA MULIERUM. 
 
 ALPHUS. lANNUS. 
 
 A. lanne, caper (video) macer est tuus. esse solebat 
 acer et elatis in caelum cornibus ire ; 
 nunc deiectus humi flaccis piger auribus herbam 
 olfacit et summis attingit gramina labris. 
 
 /. Languet, et ex isto languore facetia surgit 
 quae, quotiens memini, risum ciet. edita nondum est ; 
 edita cum fuerit, totus mirabitur orbis. 
 
 A. lanne, soles narrare sales lepidissime et ore 
 suaviloquo ; die ergo tuus cur langueat hircus. 
 
 /. Res non ficta (Deus testis) sed facta recenter. 10 
 
 at dulce id f acinus non est narrabile gratis ; 
 quid pretii sperare licet? quae dona reporto? 
 
 A. lanne, ubi congessit nidos philomena docebo. 
 
 I. Qui leviter spondet promisso eludit inani. 
 
 A. Qui non credit, inops fidei. sed pignore tutum 
 te f aciam ; duo tela mea deprome pharetra. 
 
 /. Incipiam. Nymphae Parnasides, ora movete 
 et memorate mei dira infortunia capri, 
 ac philomenaeos Alpho concedite nidos. 
 
 Conductus mercede puer praefectus ovili 20 
 
 assidue pascebat oves, caprum atque capellas. 
 servitiimi nobis pueri fuit utile, donee 
 virgine conspecta quae turn hue veniebat aquatum 
 tabuit. ex illo vecors iam tempore factus 
 frigidius curare gregem, contemnere caulas 
 coepit et exhausto subvertere euneta cerebro. 
 eum sopitus erat, poterat vigil esse videri, 
 nugabatur enim; quando vigilabat, inerti 
 corporis officio volvebat somnia mente. 
 
 hunc ergo in saltu ludens per cornua caprum -30 
 
 viminibus validis inter dumeta ligarat , 
 
 (quarta dies hodie) tentans an vincula possit 
 vincere cerviee ac praedurae robore frontis, 
 
ECLOGA IV. 1-74 79 
 
 quaesitum interea nidos nemus omne pererrat. 
 
 corda subit virgo, dilecta recogitat ora, 
 
 ora, sinus et quae f ari pudor ; omnia volvit. 
 
 lux fugit interea; capri redit immemor. alta 
 
 nocte recordatus surgit, pavidusque per umbras 
 
 dum graditur, ruit in foveam quae fronde saligna 
 
 captandis obducta feris et stramine sicco 40 
 
 instar erat putei fundo irremeabilis alto. 
 
 est caper in vinclis, puer est in carcere, pastor 
 
 nullus oves curat, iam tertia luxerat hora; 
 
 miror, oves resero ac numero caprumque requirens 
 
 obstupeo ; puerum clamo, magalia lustro. 
 
 vera loquar : magicis ne forte liquoribus unctus 
 
 extimui ascenso migrassqt in aera capro. 
 
 namque striges tali fama est ope nocte vagantes 
 
 ad quaedam longinqua procul convivia f erri. 
 
 attonitus tandem pecudes ad pascua duco. 50 
 
 dumque pedum meditans subeo nemus, ecce per umbras, 
 
 ecce procul caper in dumis strepit atque reluctans 
 
 cornibus adversis contra sua vincula pugnat. 
 
 terruit incautvmi subito feralis imago 
 
 et nil tale ratum ; firmato pectore tandem 
 
 nosco animal subiensque rubos seco vincula runca. 
 
 sero domum rediens video per pascua longe 
 
 turbam exsultantem risu iuveniliter alto. 
 
 ut prope constitimus meque agnovere, salutant 
 
 et ' tuus ecce,' aiunt, ' puer hie, o lanne, luporum 60 
 
 erutus e foveis. dum nocte perambulat agros, 
 
 incidit in casses.' et sic inventus uterque, 
 
 et caper et pastor, caper haec incommoda passus 
 
 languet adhuc ; puer imprudens insanior hirco est. 
 
 virgo superbivit mox, ut se audivit amari, 
 
 et pueri simulans curam ignorare pudorem 
 
 fingit, ut ad formam faciat pudor. ora sinumque 
 
 omat et in terram versis incedit ocellis 
 
 calUda; vulpina rem simplicitate gubemat. 
 
 haec studia, hi casses, haec sunt mulieribus arma. 70 
 
 ille sua sperans Galatea aliquando potiri 
 
 contempta mercede suos sectatur amores. 
 
 propterea plaustro, stiva bobusque relictis 
 
 ad pastoris opus redeo ; subiecta f urori 
 
80 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 ista iuventutis levitas rura omnia vexat. 
 
 A. Quod nequit ingenium, casus facit. o stupor, o sors 
 ingeniosa, o res risu celebranda bimestri ! 
 lanne, fides servanda; tibi philomena laborat. 
 sed quod tam vafro memoras de virginis astu 
 rettulit in mentem quae psallere saepe solebat 80 
 
 carmina femineis olim de fraudibus Umber. 
 
 /. Die Umbri, die, si quid habes. meditare parumper 
 et verba at numeros ; Umbri est memorabile carmen. 
 
 A. Est (ut ais) sed non gratis, memorabile carmen, 
 quas referes grates? et quid mercedis habebo? 
 
 /. Aceipe : promissis absolve et spicula reddo. 
 
 A. Dum vado ad ventrem post haec carecta levandum, 
 lanne, meum tu coge pecus, ne vitibus obsit. 
 
 /. O aries, aries, qui tortis cornibus atrum 
 daemona praesentas, semper vineta subintras. 90 
 
 non sapies donee fossa tibi limiina fronte 
 eruero. non sunt porrecta in iugera centum 
 pascua sat, nisi pampineos populeris et agros. 
 
 A. lanne, recordatus redeo, sed plurima forsan 
 nondum nota tibi referam. cognoverat Umber 
 omnia quae fas est homini perdiscere, caelos, 
 sidera, tellurem, ventos, mare, flumina, fontes. 
 viderat et Rhodopen atque alta Ceraunia et Ossam, 
 Gallica regna, Ararim, Rhodamun Tiberimque Padumque. 
 Attica Romanis referebat carmina verbis 100 
 
 ore utroque potens et lingua primus utraque. 
 hunc unum nobis invidit Graeeia et ipsi 
 Arcades et Thracimi saltus et Thessala Tempe. 
 si quid erit quod forte velis tibi notius esse, 
 Candidus illius semper documenta secutus 
 non procul hine ; haec ille tenet, nos ille doeebit. 
 sed iam septiforem flatu experiamur avenam. 
 ante tamen Njrmphae precor ut Libethrides adsint, 
 praesertim quae plus meminisse Pol)rmnia fertur. 
 
 ' Femineum servile genus, crudele, superbum, 110 
 
 lege, modo, ratione caret, eonfinia recti 
 neglegit, extremis gaudet, facit omnia voto 
 praecipiti, vel lenta iacet vel concita currit; 
 f emina semper hiems atque intractabile frigus, 
 aut Canis ardentes contristat sidere terras, 
 
ECLOGA IV. 75-156 81 
 
 temperiem numquam, numquam mediocria curat ; 
 
 vel te ardenter amat vel te capitaliter odit. 
 
 si gravis est, maeret .torvo nimis hernica vultu ; 
 
 si studeat comis fieri gravitate remissa, 
 
 fit levis, erumpit blando lascivia risu 120 
 
 et lepor in molli radiat meretricius ore. 
 
 flet, ridet, sapit, insanit, formidat et audet, 
 
 vult, non vult, secumque sibi contraria pugnat 
 
 mobilis, inconstans, vaga, garrula, vana, bilinguis, 
 
 imperiosa, minax, indignabunda, cruenta, 
 
 improba, avara, rapax, querula, invida, credula, mendax, 
 
 impatiens, onerosa, bibax, temeraria, mordax, 
 
 ambitiosa, levis, maga, lena, superstitiosa, 
 
 desidiosa, vorax, ganeae studiosa, palatum 
 
 docta, salax, petulans et dedita mollitiei, 130 
 
 dedita blanditiis, curandae dedita formae. 
 
 irae odiique tenax in idonea tempora differt 
 
 ulciscendi animos infida, ingrata, maligna, 
 
 impetuosa, audax, fera, litigiosa, rebellis. 
 
 exprobrat, excusat tragica sua crimina voce, 
 
 murmurat, accendit rixas, nil foedera pendit, 
 
 ridet amicitias, curat sua commoda tantum. 
 
 ludit, adulatur, defert, sale mordet amaro, 
 
 seminat in vulgus nugas, auditaque lingua 
 
 auget et ex humili tumulo producet Olympum. 140 
 
 dissimulat, simulat doctissima fingere causas 
 
 ordirique dolos fraudique accomodat ora, 
 
 ora omnes facili casus imitantia motu. 
 
 non potes insidias evadere, non potes astum 
 
 vincere ; tantae artes, sollertia tanta nocendi. 
 
 et quamquam videas oculis praesentibus, audet 
 
 excusare nefas. potis est eludere sensus 
 
 sedulitate animi; nihil est quod credere possis 
 
 et nihil est quod non, si vult, te credere cogat. 
 
 His facient exempla fidem. quae crimina non sunt ISO 
 feminea temptata manu? dedit hostibus arcem 
 decepta ornatu bracchi Tarpeia sinistri, 
 saeviit in natos manibus Medea cruentis, 
 T3mdaris Aegaeas oneravit navibus undas, 
 Scylla hostem sequitur patri furata capillum. 
 fratrem Byblis amat, subicit se Myrrha parenti, 
 
82 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 concubitus nati longaeva Semiramis ardet. 
 
 causa necis vati coniunx fuit Amphiarao, 
 
 occidere viros nocturnis Belides armis, 
 
 Orphea membratim Cicones secuere poetam. 160 
 
 cognita luxuriae petulantia Pasiphaaeae, 
 
 Phaedra pudicitiam contra crudeliter ausa est. 
 
 decepit ludaea virum Rebecca suamque 
 
 progeniem velans hircino guttura tergo, 
 
 porrigit Alcidae coniunx fatale venenum, 
 
 decipit Hippodame patrem. Lavinia Troas 
 
 implicat ancipiti hello, Briseis Achillem 
 
 depulit e castris, demens Chryseide factus 
 
 fulminat Atrides et sentit ApoUinis iras. 
 
 Eva genus nostrum felicihus expulit arvis. 170 
 
 credite, pastores (per rustica numina iuro) 
 
 pascua si gregihus vestris innoxia vultis, 
 
 si vohis ovium cura est, si denique vohis 
 
 grata quies, pax, vita, leves prohihete puellas 
 
 pellanturque procul vestris ah ovilihus omnes, 
 
 Thestylis et Phyllis, Galatea, Neaera, Lycoris. 
 
 dicite, quae tristem mulier descendit ad Orcum 
 
 et rediit? potuit, si non male sana fuisset, 
 
 Eurydice revehi per quas descenderat umbras ; 
 
 rapta sequi renuit fessam Proserpina matrem. 180 
 
 at pius Aeneas rediit, remeavit et Orpheus, 
 
 maximus Alcides et Theseus et duo fratres, 
 
 unus equis, alter pugnis bonus atque palaestra, 
 
 et rioster Deus, unde salus et vita resurgit. 
 
 haec sunt, pastores, haec sunt mysteria vohis 
 
 advertenda : anirai fugiunt obscena viriles, 
 
 femineas loca delectant infamia mentes.' 
 
 Ut semel in scopulos vento contortus et unda 
 nauta scit incautis monstrare pericula nautis, 
 sic senior longo factus prudentior usu 190 
 
 praeteritos meminit casus aperitque f uturi 
 temporis eventus vitaeque pericula monstrat. 
 
 ' Si fugiunt aquilam fulicae, si retia cervi, 
 si agna lupum, si damma canem, muliehria cur non 
 blandimenta fugis tantum tibi noxia, pastor? 
 est in eis pietas crocodili, astutia hyaenae ; 
 cum flet et appellat te blandius, insidiatur. 
 
ECLOGA IV. 157-238 83 
 
 femineos, pastor, fugito (sunt retia) vultus; 
 
 non aniinis, non virtuti, non viribus uUis 
 
 fidito, non clipeo cuius munimine Perseus 200 
 
 vidit saxificae colubros impune Medusae. 
 
 monstra peremerunt multi, domuere gigantes, 
 
 evertere urbes, legem imposuere marinis 
 
 fluctibus, impetui fluviorum et montibus aspris, 
 
 sacra coronarunt multos certamina ; sed qui 
 
 cuncta subegerunt sunt a muliere subacti. 
 
 rex qui pastor erat funda spolioque leonis 
 
 inclutus, et natus qui templa Sionia fecit 
 
 primus, et excellens invicto robore Samson 
 
 femineum subiere iugum; minus officit ignis, 210 
 
 saxa minus, rhomphaea minus, minus hasta, minus mors. 
 
 nee formae contenta suae splendore decorem 
 
 auget mille modis mulier : frontem ligat auro, 
 
 purpurat arte genas et collocat arte capillos, 
 
 arte regit gressus et lumina temperat arte. 
 
 currit, ut in latebras ludens perducat amantem ; 
 
 vTilt dare, sed cupiens simplex et honesta videri 
 
 denegat et pugnat ; sed vult super omnia vinci. 
 
 femina Caeciaco (res mira) simillima vento est 
 
 qui trahit expellens mendaci nubila flatu. 220 
 
 quisquis es (expertus moneo) temptare recusa, 
 
 dum licet, hie fragilis quot habet fastidia sexus. 
 
 immundiun natura animal, sed quaeritur arte 
 
 mundities ; id luce opus est, ea somnia nocte. 
 
 deglabrat, lavat et pingit, striat, unguit et ornat 
 
 tota dolus, tota ars, tota histrio, tota venenum. 
 
 consilio speculi gerit omnia ; labra movere 
 
 discit et inspecto vultum componere vitro, 
 
 discit blandiri, discit ridere, iocari, 
 
 incedens luneros discit vibrare natesque. 230 
 
 quid sibi vult nudum pectus? quid aperta superne 
 
 rimula quae bifidam deducit in ubera vallem? 
 
 nempe nihil, nisi quo virus penetrabile sensum 
 
 plus premat et Stygiae rapiant praecordia flammae. 
 
 hi iuvenum scopuli, Syrtes, Scyllae atque Charybdes ; 
 
 hae immundae Phinei volucres quae ventre soluto 
 
 proluvie foeda thalamos, cenacula, mensas, 
 
 compita, templa, vias, agros, mare, flumina, montes 
 
84 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 incestare solent; hae sunt Phorcynides ore 
 
 monstrifico extremis Libyae quae in finibus olim 240 
 
 aspectu mutare homines in saxa solebant.' 
 
 Carmina doctiloqui cursim recitavimus Umbri. 
 quae si visa tibi nimium prolixa, memento 
 ipsius id rei vitium, non carminis esse, 
 non longum est carmen, mulierum amentia longa est. 
 
 /. O memorande senex, quo se vetus Umbria tantum 
 iactat et ipse tuae Tiberis conterminus urbi, 
 Martia non ab re tantum te Roma vocabat. 
 ipsa tuas artes et non trivialia norat 
 
 carmina. te vita functum Severe Latinae 250 
 
 Naiades et Graiae. tua molliter ossa quiescant 
 semper et in summo mens aurea vivat Olympo. 
 
ECLOGA IV. 239— V- 33 8S 
 
 ECLOGA V, CANDIDUS, 
 
 DE CONSUETUDINE DIVITUM ERGA POETAS. 
 
 SILVANUS. CANDIDUS. 
 
 5. Candide, nobiscmn pecudes aliquando solebas 
 pascere et his gelidis calamos inflare sub umbris 
 et miscere sales simul et certare palaestra ; 
 nunc autem quasi pastores et rura perosus 
 pascua sopito fugis et trahis otia cantu. 
 
 C. Vos quibus est res ampla domi, quibus ubera vaccae 
 plena fenint, quibus alba greges mulctraria complent, 
 cymbia lacte nivent et pinguia prandia fumant, 
 carmina laudatis; si quid concinnius exit, 
 plauditis ac laeti placidas extenditis aures. 10 
 
 pro nxuneris vanas laudes et inania verba 
 redditis; interea pastor sitit, esurit, alget. 
 
 5. Nonne potes curare greges et dicere versus, 
 ciun vacat, et positis vitam traducere curis? 
 
 C. Omnem operam gregibus pastorem impendere oportet, 
 ire, redire, lupos arcere, mapalia saepe 
 cingere, mercari paleas et pabula, victum 
 quaerere; nil superest oti. laudabile carmen 
 omnem operam totumque caput, Silvane, requirit. 
 grande utrumque opus est et nostris viribus impar. 20 
 
 cum cecini, sitio ; sitienti pocula nemo 
 porrigit. irrident alii : ' tibi paenula,' dicunt, 
 ' Candide, trita, genu nudum, riget hispida barba.' 
 iam silvae implvimes et hiems in montibus albet ; 
 irascor, doleo, indignor. fert omnia victus, 
 lanitiimi f etusque mares ; non vendimus agnas, 
 sed, quia lac pascunt, premitur nihil; ubera siccant. 
 paenitet ingenii, si quid mihi, paenitet artis, 
 paenitet et vitae, postquam mihi nulla secundant 
 ex tot sideribus quot sunt in nocte serena. 30 
 
 hactenus (ut nosti) gratis cantavimus; aetas 
 indiga paucorvim merces fuit ; altera longe 
 condicio senii quod nunc subit: omniiun egenos 
 
86 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 reddit et exstinctis lucri spem viribus aufert. 
 mox erit utendum partis, modo quaerere tempus. 
 en formica, brevis sed provida bestia, condit 
 in brumam nova f arra cavis aestate latebris, 
 neve renascantur fruges secat ore sepultas. 
 
 5. Scire genethliacos fatalia sidera dicunt. 
 hi sub Mercurio vates et sub love reges 40 
 
 magnatesque locant ; istis dat luppiter aurum 
 atque' magistratus, dat Maiae filius illis 
 ingenium, linguam, citharas et carminis artem. 
 haec tua sors ; quid quaeris opes ? Deus omnia in omnes 
 dividit, ut melius nobis videt esse futunm[i. 
 sorte tua contentus abi, sine cetera nobis. 
 
 C. Sunt tibi divitiae, mihi carmina; quid petis ergo 
 carmen et invadis partes, Silvane, alienas? 
 
 S. Non tibi surripio carmen nee Apollinis arma, 
 sed dare dulcisonis aures concentibus opto. 50 
 
 C. Si gaudere meis igitur concentibus optas, 
 nos gaudere tuis opibus, Silvane, decorum est. 
 
 S. Ille meis opibus gaudet qui diligit ; odit 
 invidus atque animo bona fert aliena molesto. 
 
 C. Sic quoque tu nostris absens gaudere Camenis 
 sat potes ; haec artis sat sint tibi gaudia nostrae. 
 carmina sunt auris convivia, caseus oris ; 
 si cupis auditu, fac nos gaudere palato. 
 hoc amor, hoc pietas, hoc vult Deus; omnia non dat 
 omnibus, ut nemo sibi sit satis indigeatque 60 
 
 alter ope alterius, quae res coniungit in unum 
 omne genus, Gallos, Mauros, Italos et Iberos. 
 sidera iungamus : f acito mihi luppiter adsit, 
 et tibi Mercurius noster dabit omnia faxo, 
 pilleolum, virgam, citharas, nodum Herculis, alas. 
 
 S. Vana supervacuis inculcas plurima verbis. 
 
 C. Vana inquis qilae damna tuis inferre videntur 
 divitiis. si vis nostras audire Camenas, 
 erue sopitam de soUicitudine mentem ; 
 
 vult hilares animos tranquillaque pectora carmen. 70 
 
 torpeo, ut esuriem patiens et frigora milvus, 
 iamdudum squarrosa cutis, situs occupat ora, 
 nee pecus in stabulis, nee in agro farra, nee aurum 
 in loculis ; et vis positis me vivere curis ? 
 
ECLOGA V. 34-115 87 
 
 non f acit ad nostros talis medicina dolores. 
 
 fac alacrem, tege, pasce, gravi succurre senectae; 
 
 invenies promptum versu et cantare paratum. 
 
 plena domus curas abigit, cellaria plena, 
 
 plena penus plenique cadi plenaeque lagenae, 
 
 horrea plena, greges laeti, gravis aere crumena. 80 
 
 tunc iuvat hibernos noctu vigilare Decembres 
 
 ante focum et cineri ludos inarare bacillo, 
 
 torrere et tepidis tostas operire favillis 
 
 castaneas plenoque sitim restinguere vitro 
 
 fabellasque inter nentes ridere puellas. 
 
 Tityrus (ut fama est) sub Maecenate vetusto 
 
 rura, boves et agros et Martia bella canebat 
 
 altius et magno pulsabat sidera cantu. 
 
 eloquium f ortuna dabat ; nos, debile vulgus, 
 
 pannosos, macie affectoS, farragine pastes 90 
 
 Aoniae fugiunt Musae, contemnit Apollo. 
 
 5. Si sperata mihi dederit fortuna quod opto, 
 Candide, praesenti te soUicitudine solvam. 
 
 C. O utinam, Silvane, foret tibi tanta voluntas 
 quanta est hac etiam tibi tempestate facultas. 
 non ego divitias Cosmi, non Serica posco 
 pallia, non Tyrias chlamydes, non prandia regum, 
 non patinam Aesopi f ameo clipeumve Minervae ; 
 nil opus est regis laribus cui f errea nomen 
 tradidit aut, si mens non fallitur, aenea barba 100 
 
 (haec me iam pridem memini didicisse sub Umbro) 
 postulo vestitum, peto victum sub lare parvo 
 certior istud opis toti non def ore vitae ; 
 sint mihi Pythagorae mensae Codrique supellex. 
 saepe alios qui spem dederint invenimus ore 
 magnificos, sed re modicos ; tibi fidimus uni. 
 tu mihi si fueris mendax, praeciditur omnis 
 spes, ut solstitio fiam philomena reverso 
 mutus et elinguis. suspendere postibus arma 
 tempus erit clausoque abigi spectacula circo. 110 
 
 5. Candide, vidisti Romam sanctique senatus 
 pontifices, ubi tot vates, ubi copia rerum 
 tantarum? facile est illis ditescere campis. 
 
 C. Deciperis me velle putans ditescere. vesci 
 et lupus omne animal crudis existimat escis 
 
88 B APT 1ST A E MANTUANI 
 
 tuque putas alios quo tu pede claudere passum. 
 
 non ego ditari cupio, sed vivere parvo. 
 
 f ac habeam tenuem sine sollicitudine victum ; 
 
 hoc contentus earn. Romana palatia vidi, 
 
 sed quid Roma, putas, mihi proderit? o Silvane, 120 
 
 occidit Augustus numquam rediturus ab Oreo. 
 
 si quid Roma dabit, nugas dabit. accipit aurum, 
 
 verba dat. heu Romae nunc sola pecunia regnat ; 
 
 exsilium virtus patitur. sperare iubemur 
 
 undique et in toto vates spe pascimur orbe. 
 
 5. Die pugnas, die gesta virum, die proelia regum, 
 vertere ad hos qui sceptra tenant, qui regna gubemant ; 
 invenies qui te de sordibus eruat istis. 
 
 C. Inveniam qui me derideat et subsannet. 
 tempestate ista reverentia tanta poesi 130 
 
 quanta lupanari; quid me, Silvane, laeessis? 
 
 S. Non decet obscenis vatem prorumpere verbis. 
 
 C. Non possum non vera loqui. si vera taceri 
 forte velis, levibus me paree laeessere dictis. 
 
 S. Utile consilium praestare laeessere non est. 
 
 C. Consilii locuples ego, sed pauperrimus auri. 
 qui pugnas, qui gesta virum, qui proelia regum 
 dicet inops vates cui nee quo fistula possit 
 aptius incidi fierique foramina culter? 
 
 aspiee ut exeussis luxata manubria clavis, 140 
 
 ut dentata aeies veterique simillima serrae. 
 hoc leve, sed mensae grave et intolerabile damnxmi. 
 utile consilium firmat, sed inutile mentem 
 frangit et extenuat vires animumque retundit. 
 magnates dare parva pudet, dare magna recusant, 
 adde quod et nostri curant ita carmina reges 
 ut frondes Aquilo, mare Libs, vineta pruinae. 
 ipsi ad delicias reges et ad otia versi 
 quod celebrant laudari optant ; hinc carmina manant 
 perdita de studio Veneris, de scurrilitate, 150 
 
 de ganea, de segnitie, de infamibus aetis 
 quae castum capitale nefas celebrare poetam. 
 at qui dura manu gesserunt bella potenti 
 fortiter utentes ferro, non molliter auro, 
 dilexere graves Musas; heroica facta 
 qui faciunt reges heroica carmina laudant. 
 
ECLOGA V. it6-igo ' 89 
 
 ut cessere viri fortes et mascula virtus, 
 
 dicendum altiloqui nihil invenere poetae; 
 
 occidit ingeniuin vatum, ruit alta poesis. 
 
 at si forte aliquis regiim gerit aspera bella 160 
 
 et decus armorum studiis belloque paravit, 
 
 nil genus externum venturaque saecula curat 
 
 laude suae gentis satur et praesentibus annis ; 
 
 barbarus est neque carmen amat vel avarus in auro 
 
 mergitur atque Midae curis flagrantibus ardet. 
 
 est et apud reges rudis, invida, rustica turba, 
 
 mimus, adulator, leno, assentator, adulter, 
 
 histrio, scurra, quibus virtus odiosaj poetas 
 
 mille modis abigunt, ut quando cadavera corvi 
 
 invenere, fugant alias volucresque ferasque. 170 
 
 sunt etiam vates quidam sine lege petulci 
 
 qui sine lege aliti sine praeceptoribus audent 
 
 quidquid amant reges (et amant infamia solum) 
 
 scriberej nam vates etiam dementia vexat. 
 
 hi se nescio qua mentis levitate poetas 
 
 esse volunt. postquam trivialibus ora cicutis 
 
 applicuere, sibi applaudunt, sua carmina iactant 
 
 insulsi, illepidi, indociles, improvidi, inepti./ 
 
 qui solet his vacuas praebere ambagibus aures 
 
 id vitium commune putat doctisque resistit 180 
 
 vatibus a vero indoctus discernere falsum. 
 
 S. Candide, per Superos, per 01)rmpica numina iuro 
 me tibi, si venti veniant ad vela secundi, 
 laturum auxilium. meliora in tempora vive 
 nee paulisper adhuc mecum sperare recusa. 
 
 C. Si mihi sic optas, tibi sit, Silvane, quod optas. 
 
 S. Opto equidem, dictumque fides non sera sequetur. 
 
 C. Vade malis avibus numquam rediturus, avare, 
 et facias subito quidquid tractaveris aurimi 
 more Midae, quando virtus tibi vilior auro. 190 
 
90 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 ECLOGA VI, CORNIX, 
 
 DE DISCEPTATIONE RUSTICORUM ET CIVIUM. 
 CORNIX. FULICA. 
 
 C. Ningit hiems, mugit Boreas, a culmine pendet 
 stiria ; depositis bobus requiescit arator, 
 dormit humus; clauso pastor tunicatus ovili 
 cessat iners, sedet ante focum fumosa Neaera 
 atque polenta coquit. prius intolerabilis aestas 
 nunc laudatur, hiems aestu laudata molesto 
 displicet; optatum damnat praesentia frigus. 
 
 F. Omne bonum praesens minus est ; sperata videntur 
 magna, velut maius reddit distantia lumen. 
 
 C. Delicias habet omne suas et gaudia tempus. 10 
 
 aspice ut impexi tritaque in veste ligati 
 caede suvim pueri exsultant. inflatur in utrem 
 immissis vesica f abis ; sonat et micat acta 
 nunc pede, nunc cubito, stricto nunc'obvia pugno. 
 si cadit, attollunt ; cursu labor atque recursu " 
 brumam abigit ; glaciale gelu pila rustica vincit. 
 nos tamen hie melius tepido sub sframifle foti 
 transigimus tempus, dum lac coit igne recoctum. 
 
 F. Pauperiem declafat hiems. improvida certe 
 turba sumus iuvenes ; securi aestate vagamur 20 
 
 immemores hiemis, nostrum_aes tibicinis omne est ; 
 ut redit e Scythia Boreas nidosque volucrmn 
 frondibus ostendit nudata cadentibus arbor, 
 frigemus nudi scapulas, dorsum, ilia, plantas. 
 stultitiam declarat hiems. sapientius urbes 
 congeriem nummum accumulant et ad ilia vulpes 
 melotasque trahunt maculosaque tergora Ijmcis. 
 
 C. Desipiunt omnes nee nos in crimine soli, 
 immo ipsos vexat gravior dementia cives, 
 verum illis mater nobis Fortuna noverca 30 
 
 nos premit. infelix sors est dementia, fac sim 
 fortunatus, ero locuples, ero primus in urbe, 
 audiar, assurgent omnes, me vertiee nudo 
 
ECLOGA VI. 1-74 91 
 
 vulgus adorabit, me plebs, me consulet omnis 
 turba, magistratus etiam populusque patresque. 
 
 F. O Comix, Cornix, non est Fortuna Sfed ipse 
 quo sapiunt homines animus. Fortuna potfentem 
 non facit, immo Deus; causam recitabat Amyntas. 
 
 C. Est Fortuna Deus. sed quid recitarit Amyntas 
 die, precor ; in causis erat ingtoiosus et acer. 40 
 
 ante tamen paulimi pecus et praesepia vise, 
 vade, redi; calor est post frigora dulcior; ito. 
 
 F. Attingit nix alta genji, vix te'cta resistunt 
 tanto oneri ; sublimis apex in vertice furni 
 pyramidem fecit metaque assurgit acuta. 
 
 C Da pecori cordum stipuHsque foramina claude, 
 si paries hiat, et rediens laetamine muni 
 limina; nulla gregi gravior quarti frigora pestis. 
 iamne ades? oh quaenam haec solito properantia maior? 
 
 F. Sollicitum me"reddit hiems ; in frigore et igni 50 
 
 maxima strenuit'as ; f aeno recubare calenti 
 abscondique cavo" accubitu post frigora dulce est. 
 
 C. Incipe, et enarra discrimina ruris et urbis. 
 
 F. Hoc igitur tantum ruris discrimen et urbis 
 taliter exortum noster recitabat Amyntas. 
 
 Principio rerum primaque 'ab origine mundi 
 cum muliere majrem sociali f oedere iungens 
 caeli Opifex (sic namque Deum appellabat Amyntas; 
 nomen adhuc teneo) natos producere iussit 
 atque modum docuit fieri quo pignora possent. 60 
 
 accinxere operi, mandata fideliter implent ; 
 sicque utinam de pomi esu servata fuissent. 
 femina fit mater, puerum parit atque puellam, 
 atque puerperio simili fecunda quotannis 
 auxit in immensum generis primordia nostri. 
 post tria lustra Deus rediit. dum pignora pectit 
 femina prospiciens venientem a limine vidit. 
 Adam aberat, securus oves pascebat ; adulter 
 nullus adhuc suspectus erat; sed multiplicatis 
 conubiis fraudata fides, sine cornibus hirci 70 
 
 facti, et zelotypo coniunx suspecta marito. 
 nam quae quisque facit fieri sibi furta veretur. 
 erubuit mater nimiaeque libidinis ingens 
 indicium rata tot natos abscondere quosdam 
 
92 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 accelerat; faeno sepelit paleisque recondit. 
 
 iamque lares Deus ingressus salvere penates 
 
 iussit et ' hue,' dixit, ' mulier, tua pignora prefer.' 
 
 femina maiores natu procedere mandat. 
 
 his Deus arrisit, velut arridere solemus 
 
 exiguis avium pullis parvisve catellis. 80 
 
 et primo laetatus ait, ' cape regia sceptra ; 
 
 rex eris.' at ferrum et belli dedit anna secundo 
 
 et ' dux,' inquit, ' eris.' fasces populique secures 
 
 protulit et vitas et pila insignia Romae. 
 
 iamque magistratus celebres partitus in omnem 
 
 progeniem humanos tacitus volvebat honores. 
 
 interea mater rebus gavisa secundis 
 
 evolat ad caulas et quos absconderat ultro 
 
 protulit ' haec,' dicens, ' nostri quoque pignora ventris ; 
 
 hos aliquo. Pater omnipotens, dignabere dono.' 90 
 
 setosum albebat paleis caput, haeserat armis 
 
 stramen et antiquis quae pend^t aranea tectis. 
 
 non arrisit eis, sed tristi turbidusNire 
 
 ' vos faenum, terram et stipulas,' Deus inquit, ' oletis. 
 
 vester erit stimulus, vester ligo, pastina vestra; 
 
 vester erit vomer, iuga vestra, agrestia vestra 
 
 omnia; aratores eritis pecorumque magistri, 
 
 faenisecae, solifossores, nautae atque bubulci. 
 
 sed tamen ex vobis quosdam donabimus urbe 
 
 qui sint fartores, lanii, lixae artocopique 100 
 
 et genus hoc alii soliti sordescere. semper 
 
 sudate et toto servite prioribus aevo;' 
 
 taliter Omnipotens fatus repetivit Olympum. 
 
 ' Sic factum est servile genus, sic ruris et urbis 
 
 inductimi discrimen ait Mantous Amyntas. 
 
 C. Mirabar si quid recti dixisset Amyntas. 
 civis erat ; semper nobis urbaila iuventus • 
 cui nihil est praeter stulta haec com'menta negoti 
 ludit ; in agrestes semper iaculantuf , et urbis- 
 talia garrulitas et vaniloquentia fingit. • 110 
 
 at neque de 'Superis pudet has componete nugas. 
 iste iocus manif esta gerit convicia seciim, 
 sed tu tam rudis es, tam pleno inflatus omaso, 
 ut neque perpendas isto te scommate carpi, 
 nos quoque paulisper mentem extendamus ad urbis 
 
ECLOGA VI. 75-1S6 93 
 
 stultitiam, ne forte putes sapientius illos 
 vivere qui splendent auro, qui murice fulgent. 
 
 His oculis vidi tunicis plerosque superbis 
 vestiri atque f oro regali incedere gressu 
 quos secreta fames premit atque domestica egestas. 120 
 
 stultius his certe nihil est; opulentia ficta, 
 paupertas et segnities et inertia vitae 
 vera, quid est aliud quam desipientia vera? 
 vidi etiam patres (o rem indignam atque nefandam) 
 dum segnes dormire volunt et vivere laute, 
 prostituisse suas vulgo cum coniuge natas; 
 quid peius? quid perfidius? quid stultius umquam? 
 
 F. Quid sj. vitam alio nequeunt traducere pacto ? 
 
 C. Cum totidem quot nos haBeant animasque manusque, 
 die cur vitarn alio nequeant traducere pacto. 130 
 
 Est etiam xui^s vecors industria vanas 
 quaerat opes, ubTnullus opes invenit ab aevo : 
 aes lavat herb^rmn sucis et vertere in aurum 
 aestimat ac nigra semper fuligine pallet, 
 est qui, dum tiellure latens desiderat aurum, 
 dat magieis operam studiis et tempora perdit ; 
 quid levius? quid futilius? .quid inanius umquam? 
 omnia, ne veniant ad opus telluris et agri, 
 omnia pertemptant; ut agant nihil, omnia versant. 
 semper agunt, numquam peragunt. ex faenore victum 140 
 infamem extorquent; vi, fraude dolistjue laborant. 
 mille viis opibus, mille insidiantur honori. 
 nos capras et oves armentaque pascimus, illi 
 accipitres, catulos et equos et cercopithecos. 
 rusticus est ovium pastor, volucrumque canumque 
 civis ; utrum. melius, te iudice, nobiliusque, 
 Fulica, utilitas unde et opulentia maior ? 
 
 F. Si venit ex nostris operis opulentia maior, 
 civibus uade igitur tantarum copia rerum? 
 
 C. Ex vi, fraude, dolis ; vi, f f au9e dolisque laborant. 150 
 nonne vides, insane, ut nos crudeliter urgent, 
 quo capiunt astu? nos irretire loquendo 
 sacrum offerre putant et opus sublime piimique. 
 hue aures oculosque adigunt, hue ora manusque. 
 
 F. Unde urbanarum tibi tanta peritik reriun ? 
 
 C. Haec didici quondam ductis in moenia capris, , 
 
94 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl 
 
 cum lac vociferans ibam venale per urbem. 
 
 mansi apud artocopum. sapiens et ad omnia promptus 
 
 furta erat et crudum ferro subradere panem. 
 
 ipse, ut erat mores urbis doctissimus, ista 160 
 
 tradidit affirmans nihiF esse nocentius urbe ; 
 
 se quoque furari didicisse aiebat ab urbe. 
 
 Sunt etiam qui parta abavispatrimonia fundunt 
 in meretricuin usus ; quid f oedius improbiusque ? 
 die, ubi moechandi ars, homicidia, seditiones? 
 nonne inter cives atque intra moenia regnant ? 
 quid reges qui regna hominum per vulnera quaerunt 
 in mortemque suos adigunt? quid pectora miles 
 obiciens telis, per mille pericula vadens? 
 pro stipe dat vitam ; nulla est insania maior. 1 70 
 
 gloria praef ertur vitae ; 'quid gloria ? quid laus ? 
 quid fama est? quid honor? voces et opinio vulgi. 
 omnia longa dies abolet; cum viverecessas, 
 omnia sic abeunt, ut lux cum sole recedit. 
 qui mare sollicitant remis, cimi vivere possint 
 in patria, stulti ; vento qui credit et undis, 
 stultus ; divitiae cui sunt et neglegit uti, 
 stultus ; qui, ut natis cumulet patrimoiiia, partis 
 abstinet et genium f raudat, stultissimus, et qui 
 quae facere ipse potest natis faciunda relinquit. 180 
 
 qui numerant Stellas et se comprendere fata 
 posse putant, stulti ; verum dementior istis 
 naturam quicumque Dei scrutatur et audet 
 figere in immensam lumen tam debile lucem. 
 nostra fides melior. civTs ratione coactus 
 difficile assentit ; nudis nos omnia verbis 
 credimus et plures faculas accehdimus aris. 
 civibus est infiida fides ; inquirere' numquam 
 mente sinunt arcana" Dei. si numina scire 
 esset opus, poterant nobis se ostendere ; verum, 190 
 
 quando latere volunt, quid vestigare necesse est 
 quae nos -scire negant ipsi qui cuncta gubefnant? 
 nostra etiam pietas pietate potentior urbis. 
 namque viri qui sacra canunt templisque ministrant 
 quanta legunt ruri paucis alimenta diebus? 
 vidi ego quaesitas ex rure in moenia plenis 
 puppibus inferri (pietas ea rustica) fruges. 
 
ECLOGA VI. 157-238 95 
 
 stultorum est aliud genus immedicabile quoddam, 
 
 causidjci latra.tores rabulaeque forenses 
 
 nummorum aucupium docti legumque tyranni. 200 
 
 aere patrocinium vendunt ; producere causas 
 
 et lites pendere diu vindemia quaedam est. 
 
 sunt et eque^tre genus medici qui tangere venas 
 
 non numquam illicitas aUdent et ponere quaedam 
 
 non intellectis temeraria nomina morbis. 
 
 his, etsi tenebras palpant, est facta potestas 
 
 excruciandi aegros hominesque impune necandi. 
 
 qui vero in populis praesunt hominesque gubernant 
 
 quo plus iuris habent quantoque licentia maior 
 
 insanire solent tanto amplius. ubi sancti 210 
 
 rectores et iustitiae et pietatis amici 
 
 quos patres sere ante focum memorare solebant? 
 
 omnia nunc abeunt pessum. spoliata queruntur 
 
 templa, gemunt inopes, viduae lacrimantur, et huius 
 
 quaenam causa mali? quia stat pro lege libido. 
 
 F. Ista tua, o Cornix, excandescentia fines 
 transit honestatis ; scelus omnibus obicis omne. 
 innocuos habitare homines et in urbe memento. 
 
 C. Non habitant colubri quaedam Balearibus arva 
 proxima (lion memini nomen) neque noctua Cretam, 220 
 nee nemus Egeriae sonipes, nee vir bonus urbem. 
 
 F. Vir bonus est animal rarum paucasque per urbes 
 et per rura locos habet ; est rarissima virtus. 
 
 C. Insanis, Fulica, insanis ; tot in urbibus hostes 
 sunt tibi quot cives. hi nos tondentque pilantque 
 non Kabita nostri capitis ratione ; coartant 
 nos ad furta, ipsi mox ad suspendia mittunt. 
 fas igitur, si quid nostris sese unguibus oiiert, 
 radere et insidiis ac nostra indagine captos 
 deplumare levi tactu sensitn et pedepressim. 230 
 
 si videt, excusa ; si sunt secreta, negato 
 furta; quod occultum est non est iniuria furtum. 
 quidquid habent noster labor est, industria nostra est. 
 
 F.' lam longe egrederis metam rationis et aequi. 
 
 C. O Fulica, improbitas urbana coinquinat orbem. 
 unde tot in terras veniunt aestate procellae, 
 fulmina, venti, amnes, grando? vidisse recorder 
 tellurem tremere ac postes et tecta labare, 
 
96 BAPTISTAE MANTUANl 
 
 solem obscurari, noctu obtenebrescere lunam. 
 
 cur segeti lolium, messi dominantur avenae, 240 
 
 uva in capreblos transit, caligine verni 
 
 depereunt flores? mala parturit omnia nobis 
 
 haec civile nefas, pariet quoque plura deinceps. 
 
 unde venit furor armorum bellique tumultus 
 
 qui genus omne mali secum vehit? omnibus urbs est 
 
 f ons et origo malis. descendit ab urbe Lycaon, 
 
 Deucalion Pyrrha cum coniuge rusticus. ille 
 
 intulit illuviem terris, hie abstulit ; ille 
 
 abstulit humanum terris genus, intulit iste. 
 
 si terra (ut perhibent) flammis abolebitur imiquam, 250 
 
 istud grande nefas ulla descendet ab urbe. 
 
 F. O Cornix, iam pone modimi sermonibus istis ; 
 audio iamdudum pueros de pulte loquentes. 
 cetera, si quicquam superest, post prandia dices; 
 pulti indulgendum monet urbibus hora relictis. 
 
ECLOGA VI. 230— VII. 33 97 
 
 ECLOGA VII, POLLUX, 
 
 DE CONVERSIONE lUVENUM AD RELIGIONEM, CUM 
 lAM AUCTOR AD RELIGIONEM ASPIRARET. 
 
 ALPHUS. GALBULA. 
 
 A. Galbula, quid sentis? Pollux doctissimus olim 
 fistulicen subito quodam quasi numine tactus 
 destituit calamos, tunicas, armenta, sodales; 
 bardocucullatus caput ut campestris alauda 
 quattuor ante dies in religiosa recessit 
 claustra. f erunt ilium, pecudes dum solus in agris 
 pasceret, elEgiem quandam vidisse deorum. 
 cetera non memini, sed tu quid, Galbula, sentis? 
 
 G. Ut dixere patres, iaciens primordia rerum 
 (magna canam nobis quae quondam tradidit Umber) 10 
 instituit Deus agricolas pecorisque magistros. 
 primus agri cultor rudis, immansuetus et asper 
 qualis humus segnis, lapidosa, rebellis aratro. 
 ast ovium primus pastor, initissima proles, 
 instar ovis quae bile caret, quae lacte redundat, 
 mitis erat, riullis umquam pastoribus asper. 
 de grege saepe suo sacrum ponebat ad aras; 
 nunc ove, nunc pingui vitulo faciebat, et agno 
 saepius, et magno divos. ambibat honore. 
 sic profecit apud Superos, -sic numina flexit, 20 
 
 ut fuerit primo mundi nascentis ab ortu 
 tempus ad hoc caelo pecoris gratissima cura. 
 Assyxios quosdam (sed nescio nomina; curae 
 diminuunt animum) Deus ex pastoribus olim 
 constituit reges qui postea murice et auro 
 conspicui gentes bello domilere superbas. 
 cum Paris Uiaca tria numina vidit in Ida 
 (aut Paris aut alius puerum qui obtruncat ad aram) 
 pastor erat. quando caelesti exterritus igne 
 venit ad ostentum pedibus per pascua nudis, 30 
 
 pastor erat Moses, Moses a flumine tractus. 
 exul apud Graios Amphrysia pastor Apollo 
 rura peragravit posito deitatis honore. 
 
98 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 caelestes animi Christo ad praesepia nato 
 
 in caulis cecinere Deum pastoribus ortum, 
 
 et nova divini partus miracula docti 
 
 pastores primi natiun videre Tonantem, 
 
 et sua pastores inf ans Regnator Olympi 
 
 ante magos regesque dedit cunabula scire. 
 
 se quoque pastorem Deus appellavit, ovesque 40 
 
 mitibus ingeniis homines et mentibus aequis. 
 
 et, ne vana putes haec somnia, nuper ab urbe 
 
 rus veniens picto perlegi haec omnia templo. 
 
 sunt pecudes pictae, parvi sub matribus agni 
 
 in tellure cubant, ingens equitatus ab alto 
 
 monte venit, radiant auro diademata divum 
 
 et suspensa tenent vaga lumina praetereuntum. 
 
 non igitur mirum noster si numina Pollux 
 
 vidit ; amant villas et oves et ovilia divi. 
 
 simplicibus praesens Deus est, offenditur astu. SO 
 
 A. Vera refers, pecori sic sint innoxia nostro 
 pascua, vidi asinum, vidi praesepe bovemque. 
 iam memini turbae venientis, et ora videre 
 Indica iam videor regum sua dona ferentum. 
 unum oro, quaenam PoUuci occurrit imago? 
 Galbula, si nosti, ne sit labor omnia fari. 
 
 G. Et novi et memorare libet ; res digna relatu, 
 res digna auditu, pia, sancta, imitabile factum. 
 
 Durus et immitis pater atque superba noverca 
 Pollucem graviore iugo pressere iuventae 60 
 
 tempore cum dulces animos nova suggerit aetas ; 
 et cum iam invalidae longo sub pondere vires 
 deficerent nuUaque odium mansuesceret arte, 
 constituit temptare fugam. res una volentem 
 ire diu tenuit : nimis impatienter amabat ; 
 error enim communis amor iuvenilibus annis. 
 res est f ortis amor, violentia f ortior ; ivit. 
 et tales abiens (mihi namque solebat amores 
 enarrare suos) maesto dedit ore querellas : 
 
 ' O virgo, lacrimaene tuis solventur ocellis 70 
 
 cum te tam caro cernes ab amante relictam? 
 ullane discessu duces suspiria nostro? 
 tune mei crudelis eris forte immemor umquam? 
 usqueadeone tuum poterit frigescere pectus, 
 
ECLOGA VII. 34-1 IS 99 
 
 pectus quod totiens quod lumina fletibus implet? 
 
 tune trahes crebros gemitus et pallida fies? 
 
 cerno oculos, cerno lacrimas, cerno anxia corda 
 
 virginis. heu tantum qua dissimulare dolorem 
 
 fas erit arte? dolor duplex mea pectora torquet, 
 
 illius atque meus. sed fas mihi flere, quod illi 80 
 
 non licet; occultus longe magis aestuat ignis. 
 
 incolumem mihi vos, divi, servabitis illam, 
 
 ut, quando exsilio repetam mea rura peracto, 
 
 fiat amor felix saltern semel ante senectam.' 
 
 Talia pergebat memorans, voluitque reverti 
 (tantus amor iuvenem, vis tanta furoris agebat) 
 sed iam iacta fuga cunctis erat alea nota. 
 fronde sub Herculea fessus maerore sedebat; 
 ecce puellari virgo stipata corona 
 
 ora, maims, oculos habitumque simillima Njrmphae, 90 
 
 et tali aifata est puerum sermone dolentem : 
 
 ' Care puer, quo tendis iter? vestigia verte. 
 nescis, heu nescis quo te via ducat et audes 
 ignotis errare locis nihil insidiarum 
 per campos ratus herbosos, nihil esse pericli. 
 omnia tuta putas et quod placet utile credis 
 more iuventutis stolidae. coUectus in orbem 
 saepe latet molli coluber sub graminis umbra ; 
 est facile incautos oflendere. parvulus infans 
 innocuos rutilum digitos extendit in ignem 100 
 
 nee nisi iam laesus vires intellegit ignis, 
 haec regio intrantes aditu consuevit amoeno 
 fallere, delicias offert et gaudia; verum 
 ingressis, cum triste nihil superesse putatur, 
 mille parat laqueos et mille pericula profert. 
 trames hie, ut coUem gressu superaveris ilium, 
 ducit in umbrosam silvam, crudele ferarum 
 hospitiiun, loca taetra situ et caligine opaca. 
 quisquis eo deceptus abit remeare vetatur, 
 et piceis primxmi velatur Imnina vittis, 110 
 
 deinde per omne nemus, dumeta per aspera tractus 
 transit in effigiem monstri. dum volvere linguam 
 atque loqui temptat, mugit; dum attollere sese 
 credit, humi graditur quadrupes neque suspicit astra, 
 ima tenebrosae vallis lacus aequore nigro 
 
100 BAPTIST AE MANTUANI 
 
 occupat et nigris mons plurimus imminet undis. 
 
 hue tracti in Stygios latices altumque barathrum 
 
 praecipites dantur rapidaque voragine mersi 
 
 in Styga et aeternas Erebi rapiuntur in umbras. 
 
 heu quot pastores istis ambagibus acti 120 
 
 cum gregibus periere suis ! ego sedula semper 
 
 monstro iter ; hie ad opem vigilo indefessa f erendam. 
 
 tolle moras igitur, mortis fuge blanda propinquae 
 
 atria; seereti tutam pete littoris oram 
 
 qua contra Idalios fluctus mihi tollit in altum 
 
 aera Carmelus viridi caput arbore einetimi. 
 
 primus hie antiquis patribus spelaea domosque 
 
 praebuit arboreas intra nemus ilice densum. 
 
 ex hoe in vestros deducta cacumine montes 
 
 religio venit, sicut de fonte perenni 130 
 
 fl'umina, et ex uno multi genitore nepotes. 
 
 illius in silvis abies ubi plurima surgit, 
 
 pinguis ubi piceae sudat liber et terebinthi, 
 
 innocuum postquam f elieiter egeris aevum, 
 
 mox tua mutatis aetas renovabitur annis. 
 
 in loea te tollam meliora virentia semper ; 
 
 immortalis eris divtmi comes, ire per astra 
 
 inter Hamadryades et Oreadas atque Napaeas 
 
 flore coronatas caput et redolentibus herbis 
 
 fas erit ac super et subter eognoscere caelos.' 140 
 
 Sic effata leves virgo discessit in auras, 
 turn sua iuravit Pollux mutata repente 
 pectora et extemplo vietum exspirasse furorem 
 non aliter quam flamma cadet, si ardentibus agris 
 effluat et totas praeceps Padus evomat undas. 
 sic abiit crudelis Amor qui saepe pharetram 
 in iuvenem, dum principiis obstaret amandi, 
 dum tepet ac timide insanit, eonsumpserat omnem. 
 sic igitur Pollux in claustra silentia venit. 
 
 A. Sunt quibus aspirent etiam nolentibus ultro, 150 
 
 sunt quibus infensi sine causa et crimine di sint. 
 
 G. Quod nos in pecudes, in nos id iuris habent di ; 
 hoc rus scire sat est, sapiant sublimius urbes. 
 sic docuit rediens aliquando ex urbe sacerdos 
 lannus et in magno dixit sibi eodice lectum. 
 
 A, Sol cadit et Baldi vix summa cacimiina tangit; 
 
ECLOGA VII. 116-161 101 
 
 nos quoque iam sero cum sole recedere tempus. 
 
 Galbula, sarcinulas ne sit tibi f erre molestum, 
 
 pera levis, levis est et cantharus ; omnia parvus 
 
 ferre labor sero, grave mane sed utile pondus. 160 
 
 ipse pecus ducam, mihi pars erit ista laboris. 
 
102 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 ECLOGA VIII, RELIGIO, 
 
 DE RUSTICORUM RELIGION E. 
 
 CANDIDUS. ALPHUS. 
 
 C. Horrida solstitio tellus sitit, Alphe, reverse ; 
 ad solitos montes, ubi ros in gramine et aestas 
 mitior, haec armenta monet deducere tempus. 
 
 A. Aerios montes et summa cacumina longe 
 prospicio ; quid sint montes (tibi vera fatebor) 
 nescio, semper enim campestria rura lacusque 
 incolui. montanus ager qua fruge redundat? 
 
 C. O rude et illepidum ingenium. prope flumina semper 
 versatus fulicae in morem limosa per arva, 
 sunt ubi ranarum, culicum, pulicum cimicumque 10 
 
 lustra, inter salices, ulvas viridesque papyros, 
 irridere audes et nauci pendere montes. 
 unde fluunt amnes? temp lis ubi tanta locandis 
 marmora caeduntur? fulgens ubi nascitur aurum? , 
 quae parit antemnas tellus? medicamen ab herbis, 
 die, quibus est nisi montanis? de vertice Baldi 
 saepe melampodion legi ; medicina capellis 
 nulla magis praesens. quondam Valsasinus Aegon 
 tradidit hoc, dum vere sues castraret et agnos; 
 tradidit et dixit, ' solus medicamen habeto.' 20 
 
 die, ubi castaneae plures? ubi copia maior 
 glandis? in excelsis fontes et pascua vidi 
 montibus, artocreas et,pingue polenta comedi. 
 sunt populi fortes illic. robusta inventus 
 lata pedes, callosa umeros, nervosa lacertos, 
 hispida, dura manus, moli indefessa ferendae 
 vallibus ex illis, onera ut navalia curet, 
 confluit hue. nullum est hominiun genus aptius urbi, 
 sive velis castrare pecus, seu seindere f agos, 
 sive fimum ferri e stabulis, haurire cloacas 30 
 
 latrinasque curare viamque aperire coactis 
 sordibus et scalis puteos deseendere in altos ; 
 ingenio callent et duro robore pollent. 
 
ECLOGA VIII. 1-74 103 
 
 sed quid opus multis? subeunt opus omne ; popinis 
 
 inservire, focos lignis cumulare veruque 
 
 artifici versare manu, dare libera fumo 
 
 spiramenta, boum ventres ad flumina f erre, 
 
 verrere humum immundam scopis doctissima gens est ; 
 
 quodque magis miror, semper sub pondere currunt. 
 
 cotibus in duris oriuntur et ardua vivunt 40 
 
 per iuga ; cum capreis habitant spelaea f erarum. 
 
 adde quod in caelum brevis est e montibus altis 
 
 transitus ; erectum caput usque ad nubila tollunt. 
 
 nubila transcendunt aliqui, puto sidera tangant. 
 
 esse locum memorant, ubi surgit ab aequore Titan, 
 
 qui (nisi dedidici) contingit vertice lunam, 
 
 et vixisse illic hominem, sed postea abactum 
 
 improbitate gulae, quod scilicet omnia poma 
 
 manderet et magno servaret nulla Tonanti. 
 
 hinc divi sanctique patres in montibus altis SO 
 
 delegere domos tacitas ; Carthusia testis, 
 
 Carmelus, Garganus, Athos, Laureta, Laverna 
 
 et Sina et Soractis apex Umbrosaque Vallis 
 
 et iuga Nursini fato senis incluta et altis 
 
 abietibus turrita caput Camaldula sanctmn. 
 
 cetera praetereo, nee enim sermonibus istis 
 
 omnia cotnplecti statuo. montana frequentant 
 
 culmina caelicolae, sed anas et mergus et anser, 
 
 ibis, onocrotalus, milvi fulicaeque paludes. 
 
 A. Inter montanae tantos regionis honores 60 
 
 cur de messe nihil, nihil est de palmite dictum? 
 haec tamen humanae duo sustentacula vitae 
 maxima, monticolae veniunt e rupibus ad nos 
 hordea mercatum torvi, fuligine tincti, 
 saetosi, macie affecti, laceri ac situosi ; 
 indigenae ostendunt quae sit natura locorum. 
 sed quod montanis de religionibus inquis 
 rettulit in mentem quae de Polluce feruntur. 
 quae dea, si nosti, visa est, quae, Candide, Nympha? 
 die, age, nam coeptum certamen inutile nobis ; 70 
 
 utilior sermo de religione tenendus. 
 
 C. Galbula qui solitus pecudes in pascua tecum 
 ducere te satis hoc potuit docuisse quod optas. 
 
 A. Plura quidem Polluce super narrata, sed ipsam 
 
104 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl 
 
 nec docuit Nympham nee me quaesisse recordor. 
 nunc subiit mentem, cum religionis oborta est 
 mentio, et illarum visa est mihi maxima laudum. 
 
 C. Non erat ilia Dryas neque Libethris nec Oreas ; 
 venerat e caelo Superum Regina, Tonantis 
 Mater, anhelanti pacem latura iuventae. 80 
 
 huic Tethys, huic alma Ceres famulantur, et ipse 
 Aeolus aequoreis ventos qui frenat in antris. 
 banc Deus astrorum flammas super atque volantes 
 Solis equos, supra fulgentem Cassiopeiam 
 extulit et sacram bis seno sidere frontem 
 cinxit et adiecit subter vestigia lunam. 
 
 A. Candide, mira canis nuUis pastoribus imiquam 
 cognita. quid Tethys? quid fulgens Cassiopeia? 
 Aeolus aequoreis ventos quis frenat in antris? 
 qui sunt Solis equi? magna atque ignota recenses. 90 
 
 C. Sidera sunt partim, partim sunt numina prisca. 
 omnia quae Pollux mihi cum narrasset, in aedem 
 duxit et ' ista sacer paries,' ait, ' omnia monstrat.' 
 pictus erat paries signis et imagine multa. 
 omnia non memini (mens est mihi debilis) ista 
 vix tenui dum saepe animo volvo atque revolvo; 
 saepe recordari medicamine fortius omni. 
 ista potest nigro depellere nubila caelo, 
 ista potest siccis fluvios dare frugibus imbres. 
 cum volet, ista novos duris emittere campis, 100 
 
 cum volet, emissos poterit restringere fontes. 
 qui modo sunt steriles et nudi gramine campi, 
 si volet, in pingues poterit convertere glaebas. 
 frigida Saturni cum sidera suscipit atro 
 Scorpius hospitio, non auferet hordea grando 
 nec domus ardebit (nam tunc haec omnia caelum 
 dicitur iratis in terram effundere ab astris) 
 si volet, haec nobis custodiet omnia virgo. 
 si f avet haec nobis, complebunt horrea messes 
 adicietque gregi semper fetura gemellos. 110 
 
 si pecus infelix erit et sine vellere, solo 
 ipsa potest nutu dare lac, dare vellera et agnos 
 et curare greges omnemque avertere morbum. 
 nil opus est modo Pana sequi neque cetera ruris 
 numina quae veteres frustra coluisse feruntur. 
 
ECLOGA VIII. 75-156 105 
 
 vidi ego circum aram Nymphae pendere capellas, 
 plaustra, boves et oves. hie lanni vidimus hircum 
 et memini inscriptam versu hoc legisse tabellam : 
 
 VOTUM PRO SALVO IanNUS BREVE REDDIDIT HIRCO. 
 
 Dumque ea perlegerem, Pollux haec carmina supplex 120 
 ante aram genibus positis in marmore dixit: 
 
 ' O Dea, quae servas urbes et rura, precamur 
 ne Padus exundet nee strix noeturna per umbras 
 hauriat infantes nee eant per eompita larvae. 
 Diva, fave agrieolis; talpas occide malignam 
 aggeribus pestem; gelidis sata laeta pruinis, 
 quando bruma venit, eonspergere, Diva, memento, 
 ne tineae erodent anno frumenta sequenti. 
 a Boreae flatu pingues defende mariscas, 
 a gruis ore fabas et ab ansere farra palustri, 130 
 
 a serpente boves, a vulpe et fure cohortem, 
 a brucho erucas, a bruma et grandine vites, 
 a vi et fraude lupi pecus, a robigine fruges, 
 a rabie catulos, a flamma et fulmine villas, 
 a murum insidiis petasonem, a milite pernas, 
 a campe et pigris — pigris ' (heu cetera nescit 
 mens oblita sequi. nimierus me in verba reduxit 
 saepius; ad numerum rediens oblivia forsan 
 mente abigam. retrogradior numerumque recurro) 
 ' a murum insidiis petasonem, a milite pernas, 140 
 
 a campe et pigris virides limacibus hortos ' 
 (Alphe, viden quae vis numeri? iam cetera cerno) 
 ' a tonitru reboante eados, a frigore f etas, 
 a gravibus vitulos oestris, a gutture porcos 
 anginoso, operas pubes ne rustica perdat. 
 adsis, o Dea, nee laedant examina fuel 
 neu milium f urentur aves neu vellera sentes 
 su'cida neu lappas apprendat lana sequentes. 
 Diva gubernatrix hominum, custodia vatum, 
 Diva laborantmn requies, medicina dolentum 150 
 
 et tutela gregum, nostris, preeor, annue votis.' 
 
 Talibus orabat Pollux; ego postibus haerens 
 in baculum pede porrecto recitata notabam 
 altius ac memori condebam singula mente. 
 
 A. Candide, Polluci pro sollicitudine tanta, 
 pro precis officio, pro religione putasne 
 
106 BAPTIST A E MANTUANl 
 
 dandum aliquid nobis? pietate peculia crescunt, 
 
 C. Quid ni aliquid dandum est ? opus est persolvere crates. 
 
 A . Rusticus es, ' crates ' etenim pro ' gratibus ' inquis. 
 
 C. ' Crates ' et ' grates ' parvo discrimine distant. 160 
 dandum aliquid ; neu bis detur, sine Pascha reverti, 
 quando sacerdotes commissa piacula solvunt. 
 
 A. Quid dabimus? vituli gravis est iactura. vel agnum 
 vel leporem? pietas etiam laudabilis anser. 
 
 C. Dona docet tempus. lepores brumalia dona, 
 quando nive hiberna currendi erepta f acultas ; 
 anser ad autumni finem nonasque Kalendas 
 pertinet; aestatis coryli, nova poma, racemi, 
 munera ; lactentes haedi sunt veris et agni. 
 tunc si de cordis aliquem conspexeris aegrum 170 
 
 ac tenuem qui nee vendi nee vivere possit 
 (munus erit sollemne satis) donabimus agnum. 
 
 Ipse mihi, ciun iam regredi post prandia vellem, 
 carmina de Nymphae soUemnibus eruta fastis 
 tradidit et dixit, ' si quando gravabere curis, 
 haec cane ; pro mentis medicamine carmen habeto : 
 
 " Quando Molorchaeo Titan descendit ab astro 
 pronus et Astraeae iam limina virginis intrat, 
 Virgine laetetur pubes et cana senectus ; 
 transiit ad Superos et Olympica regna petivit. 180 
 
 Ogdoas ut toto iam tertia fluxerit orbe, 
 f esta dies iterum ; natalia Virginis aras 
 ignibus illustrant, offert nova liba sacerdos. 
 Libra redit noctes properans aequare diebus, 
 exsultat Picenus ager, vehit Hadria puppes 
 Illyricas et Chaonias, cum mercibus adsunt 
 Tusci, Umbri, Veneti, Siculi ; Lauretica templa • 
 cum donis turmatim adeunt votisque solutis 
 in sublime iugum laeti ad commercia tendunt. 
 
 Et cum Thessalicas cursu breviore sagittas 190 
 
 sol subit et frigent urentibus arva pruinis, 
 clausa gjTiaecei sacris penetralibus hausit 
 corde Deum toto proprios oblita parentes. 
 
 Et cum semiferi fugiens Chironis ab arcu 
 languet ad hiberni glacialia limina Capri, 
 induat ornatas et mas et f emina vestes 
 laetitiaque diem celebrent quo semine sacro 
 
ECLOGA Vnt. 157-224 107 
 
 coniugis annosus gravidam pater imbuit alvum. 
 
 ilia dies etenim sanctae primordia Nymphae 
 
 fecit at in nostras vetuit descendere sordes. 200 
 
 Cum volat imbrifera lampas Phoebea sub urna 
 ad vemos reditura dies, iam proxima veri, 
 ite, nunis omnes, sacros altaribus ignes, 
 tura focis, faculas manibus date, ducite pompam; 
 attulit in templum nova dona puerpera virgo. 
 
 Quandb -gregis Princeps aurato vellere fulgens 
 incipiet Zephyris aperire tepentibus annum 
 et dare maiores luci quam noctibus horas, 
 aliger occultam redeat Paranymphus in aedem 
 et nova miranti referat mandata puellae. 210 
 
 f esta dies Tuscis populos de collibus omnes 
 cogit et Arnicolas vocat ad Florentia templa. 
 turn quoque sed tenui virgo prius intervallo 
 nupsit, et haec teneris lux est celebranda puellis. 
 
 Quando sub extrema Cancri testudine Phoebus 
 volvitur et revehit vicina Canicula morbos, 
 ture piam celebrate diem ; redit hospita mater 
 in proprios a matre lares, altaria circum 
 primitias Cereris geminae suspendite matri." ' 
 
 Ista dedit Pollux vigilans quae in montibus olim 220 
 
 fecerat ad pecudum caulas, dum nocte serena 
 militiam caeli sparsosque examinat ignes. 
 his quoque plura dedit ; sed carmina plura ref erri 
 non sinit extremum deponens vespera solem. 
 
108 BAPTIST AE MANTUANl 
 
 ECLOGA IX, FALCO, 
 
 DE MORIBUS CURIAE ROMANAE, POST RELIGIONIS 
 INGRESSUM. 
 
 FAUSTULUS. CANDIDUS; 
 
 F. Candide, quo casu patriis procul actus ab oris 
 haec in rura venis ? hie pascua nulla nee amnes 
 nee liquidi f ontes nee ovilia tuta nee umbrae, 
 et tamen assiduos gregis haee pasc'untur in usus. 
 
 C Faustule, me noster Corydon (qui plurima quondam 
 his armenta locis habuit magnamque peculi 
 congeriem fecit) peeori me credere adegit 
 esse salutares istis in montibus herbas ; 
 at postquam segnes agros et inertia saxa 
 vidimus et siccis arentem fontibus undam, 10 
 
 paenituit longaeque viae patriaeque relietae. 
 
 F. Postquam te incolumem saltus intrare Latinos 
 contigit, antiqui potes haee mea teeta subire 
 iure sodalitii. sunt hie mihi pauperis agri 
 iugera pauea meae vix suffieientia vitae; 
 quidquid id est commune puta. tibi forsitan ulla 
 prospera sors aderit ; f ortuna simillima vento est. 
 cariceae suceede casae, dum praeterit aestus, 
 dum grex in gelida procumbens ruminat umbra, 
 pone pedum, discumbe parum, reereabere potu; 20 
 
 potu opus est, potu iste gravis eompescitur aestus. 
 poeula prende ; fluet melius post poeula sermo. 
 
 C. Poeula quis tanta demens aestate recuset? 
 
 F. Vina sitim minuunt animique doloribus obstant, 
 vina ut amicitias vires. ita corporis augent. 
 
 C. Haec parit ora bonos (si patria vina) racemos. 
 
 F. Funde iterum ; potare semel gustare, seeundus 
 colluit OS potus, calefacta refrigerat ora 
 tertius, arma siti bellimique indicere quartus 
 aggreditur, quintus pugnat, victoria sexti est, 30 
 
 Septimus (Oenophili senis haec doctrina) triumphat. 
 
 C. Res est eonsiliis secura fidelibus uti, 
 utile doctrinis praebere senilibus aures. 
 
ECLOGA IX. 1-74 109 
 
 victa sitis, mens aegra manet curaeque supersunt. 
 
 F. Ut sedata sitis, sic mens sedabitur aegra. 
 f unde merum, bibe ; cardiaco medicina dolori haec, 
 utitur ad curas isto medicamine Roma. 
 
 C. Omne opus atque labor vult intervalla; quiescat 
 obba parum, contra muscas impone tabellam. 
 non madet imbre dies nee habet nox umida rorem 40 
 
 crescere nee duris possunt in cotibus herbae. 
 importuna fames, labor improbus, aeris ardor 
 confecere gregem macie; yix debile corpus 
 spiritus aeger agit, vacua cute porrigit ossa 
 clunis et exilis cava contrahit ilia venter, 
 hie aries qui fronte lupos cornuque petebat 
 nunc ove debilior pavidoque fugacior agno est. 
 haec mihi (sed nimium me ardentia vota ferebant) 
 omnia divino praedixerat omine comix. ' 
 vix egressus eram limen, cum tristia portaiis SO 
 
 auguria a dextra venit tegetisque sinistrae 
 culmine consedit pressoque minaciter ore 
 vociferans iter auspicio prohibebat aperto. 
 heu pecus infelix, quod lacte et prole solebas 
 affluere, in nostris licuit dum pascere campis, 
 gramina dum quaeris, suci plus perdis eundo 
 quam referas pastu. simul hie tabescimus ambo, 
 tu tenui vietu, euris ego vietus amaris. 
 
 F. O nostrae regionis opes, o florida prata, 
 o campi virides, o pascua laeta feraxque 60 
 
 et niunquam sine fruge solum, currentia passim 
 flumina per villas, rivi per rura, per hortos. 
 hinc pecus, hinc agri pingues ; sub sidere Cancri, 
 cum tritura sonat passim, cum lulius ardet, 
 arva virent, textae lento de vimine saepes 
 poma ferunt, redolent ipsis in vepribus herbae. 
 
 C. O nemorum dulces umbrae mollesque susurri, 
 quos tecum memini gelidis carpsisse sub umbris 
 turturis ad gemitus, ad hirundinis ac philomenae 
 carmina, cum primis resonant arbusta cicadis. 70 
 
 aura strepenS foliis nemorum veniebat ab Euro 
 et bacata super tendebat bracchia cornus. 
 ipse solo recubans pecudes gestire videbam 
 atque alacres teneris luctari cornibus agnos. 
 
110 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 post somnos per gramen humi nunc ore supino 
 aiit flatu implebam calamos aut voce canebam, 
 pectore nunc prono rutilantia fraga legebam. 
 
 F. Vivere turn f elix poteras dicique beatus ; 
 sed bona (quod nondum fueras expertus acerbam) 
 vilis erat tibi teque ideo fortuna reliquit. 80 
 
 quando iterum veniet (veniet si forsitan umquam) 
 sicut capreolis sursum nitentibus haerent 
 stipitibus vitas stringuntque tenaciter ulmos, 
 sic illam tu prende manu neu desere prensam. 
 it, redit, effigiem mutat nee imagine constat 
 par lamiis quas nocte ferunt errare per umbras, 
 mobilis ut f acies, ita mens ; deludere gaudens 
 quod dederat tollit ; pensi nihil, omnia casu ; 
 qui nimium metuunt sapiuntve repellit et odit. 
 
 C. Delicias patrii quotiens reminiscimur agri, 90 
 
 ferre tot aerumnas animo non possumus aequo, 
 sed quo mente feror? casu afflictatus acerbo 
 unde magis crucier felicia tempora volvo. 
 Mains adest : florent vites humilesque genistae, 
 iam spicata seges, malus iam Punica multo 
 flore rubet, redolent saepes albente sabuco 
 in patria, per rura Padi, per pascua Minci ; 
 hie vero necdum incipiunt pubescere montes. 
 quod si vere solum torpet, quid frigora brumae 
 solstitiumque feret, gelidis cum terra pruinis 100 
 
 albicat et rapido cum caelum incanduit aestu? 
 sunt tamen hie armenta quibus cutis uvida, cervix 
 non signata iugis, gemino frons ardua cornu 
 luxuriansque toris pectus ; nisi pabula carpant, 
 non erit hac tanta umectum pinguedine corpus. 
 
 F. Haec armenta quibus caput a tellure levatur 
 altius et cui sunt longa internodia erurum 
 cuneta vorant, herbas primum, mox ore supino 
 arboreas frondes summaeque caeumina silvae; 
 hoc imbelle pecus quod humi nascentia tantum 110 
 
 gramina decerpit vacuis ieiunat in arvis. 
 
 C. Quid verbis opus est? cunctis animantibus una est 
 condicio : semper maiora minoribus obsunt. 
 agna lupo, mites aquilis sunt praeda colsmbae, 
 jnnocuos delphin venatur in aequore pisees, 
 
ECLOGA IX. 75-156 1 1 1 
 
 unde fit hoc? (certe res prodigiosa videtur) 
 haec loca, si procul hinc videas e rupibus altis, 
 pingue soliim et multo vestitum gramine dicas; 
 quo magis appropias tanto magis omnia sordent. 
 
 F. Hoc est Roma viris avibus quod noctua: trunco 120 
 insidet et tamquam volucrum regina superbis 
 nutibus a longe plebem vocat. inscia f raudis 
 turba coit, grandes oculos micantur et aures, 
 turpe caput rostrique minacis acumen aduncum ; 
 dumque super virgulta agili levitate feruntur 
 nunc hue, nunc illuc, aliis vestigia filum 
 illaqueat, retinent alias lita vimina visco, 
 praedaque sunt omnes veribus torrenda salignis. 
 
 C. O bellum hoc ; poterit dici nihil aptius umquam. 
 sed procul en coluber tortos in pulvere gressus 130 
 
 flectit et exsertis sitiens ferit aera Unguis. 
 
 F. Candide, quae moneo memori sub pectore serva. 
 quando inter silvas graderis, defende galero 
 lumina, namque rubi praetendunt spicula longis 
 dentibus et curvus discerpit pallia mucro. 
 nee depone pedum multaque armare memento 
 cote sinum, ne te subito novus opprimat hostis. 
 et perone pedem tegito ; spineta eolubris 
 plena hominum vitae morsu insidiantur amaro, 
 et nunc longa dies aestu facit acre venenum. 140 
 
 mille lupi, totidem vulpes in vallibus istis 
 lustra tenent et, quod dirum ac mirabile dictu est, 
 ipse homines (huius tanta est violentia caeli) 
 saepe lupi effigiem moresque assumere vidi 
 inque suum saevire gregem multaque madere 
 caede sui pecoris ; factum vicinia ridet 
 nee scelus exhorret nee talibus obviat ausis. 
 saepe etiam miris apparent monstra figuris 
 quae tellus affecta malis influxibus edit ; 
 saepe canes tantam in rabiem vertuntur, ut ipsos ISO 
 
 vincant caede lupos, et qui tutela fuerunt 
 hostiles ineunt animos et ovilia mactant. 
 fama est Aegyptum coluisse animalia quaedam 
 et pro numinibus multas habuisse ferarum; 
 ista superstitio minor est quam nostra, ferarum 
 hie aras habet omne genus, contr^ria cert? 
 
112 BAPTISTAE MANTUANI 
 
 naturae res atque Deo qui dicitur olim 
 
 praeposuisse hominem cunctis animantibus unum. 
 
 saepe etiam morbosa aestas et pestif er annus 
 
 ingruit et passim languens pecus omne per arva 160 
 
 sternitur ; exstinctae dum balat ad ubera matris, 
 
 agnus obit, moritur duro sub pondere taurus. 
 
 nee modus est morbo, non est medicina veneno, 
 
 sed vicina domus vicino a limine mortem 
 
 haurit et assidue sumunt contagia vires. 
 
 ista feras raro pestis rapit, utile semper 
 
 f ert pecus ; exstinctas caulas epulantur atroci 
 
 dente lupi nostraque ferae iactura opulescunt. 
 
 C. Heu, heu quam praeceps miserum me insania traxit ; 
 credere fallaci gravis est dementia famae. 170 
 
 Romuleos colles, Tiberim Romanaque tecta 
 audieram et studio mens est accensa videndi 
 ducendique bonis in tot praestantibus aevum. 
 accessi cum parte gregis, tentoria demens, 
 totum paene larem cum pastoralibus armis 
 trans iuga summa tuli, mulctraria, cymbia, aena 
 et cacabos et quo formatur caseus orbem 
 fagineum ; impensam atque operas amisimus omnes. 
 quid faciam? quo me vertam? sperata negantur 
 pabula; tot casus, tot ubique pericula. cogor 180 
 
 in veteres remeare casas et coepta fateri 
 consiliis egressa malis iterumque per aestus 
 et montana pati longos per saxa labores. 
 heu pecus inf elix, o laevo sidere pastor 
 hue avecte. fuit multo praestantius istud 
 ignorasse solum patrioque in limine tutos 
 consvunpsisse dies, gelidis senuisse sub antris 
 atque Padi circum ripas Athesisve per agros 
 aut ubi per virides campos et pascua nota 
 Mincius it vel qua vitreo natat Abdua cursu 190 
 
 consedisse, gregem pavisse salubribus herbis. 
 
 F. Te tua credulitas, et me mea fallit in horas. 
 vidi ego supremae qui prosperitatis habebant 
 culmina, dum laudata petunt, cecidisse nee urriquam 
 emersisse malis ; f acit experientia cautos. 
 hi prius explorant et non laudata sequuntur 
 omnia ; laude carent quae sunt meliora. fuerunt 
 
ECLOGA IX. 137-232 113 
 
 (non nego) quae famam retinent ac nomina servant 
 
 (ctincta suis pollent vicibus) Luna, Hadria, Troia, 
 
 Salvia (quas nobis memorabat saepius Umber) 200 
 
 nomine sunt solo, delevit cetera tempus. 
 
 si minor est patriae forsan modo gloria nostrae, 
 
 res tamen est melior. laudatae gloria Romae 
 
 quanta sit in toto non est qui nesciat orbe ; 
 
 fama quidem manet, utilitas antiqua recessit. 
 
 illi prisca quibus maduerunt pascua fontes 
 
 nunc umore carent, venis aqua defuit haustis, 
 
 nulla pluit nubes, Tiberis non irrigat agros, 
 
 tempus aquaeductus veteres contrivit et arcus 
 
 et castella ruunt; procul hinc, procul ite, capellae. 210 
 
 hie ieiuna fames et languida regnat egestas. 
 
 Hie tamen (ut fama est et nos quoque vidimus ipsi) 
 pastor adest quadam ducens ex alite nomen, 
 lanigeri pecoris dives, ditissimus agri, 
 carmine qui priscos vates atque Orphea vincat, 
 Orphea qui traxit silvas et saxa canendo. 
 hie alios omni tantum virtute Latinos 
 exsuperat quantum Tiberim Padus, Abdua Macram, 
 lenta salix iuncum, tribulos rosa, populus algam. 
 credimus hunc illi similem cui Tityrus olim 220 
 
 bis senos fumare dies altaria fecit, 
 hie ovium custos ipso vigilantior Argo 
 Daphnide nee solum sed eo qui dicitur olim 
 Admeti pavisse greges per Thessala rura 
 doetior, omne pecus Solymi curare magistri 
 dignus et antiquo dignus suecedere patri 
 qui fuit Assyrii pecoris post retia pastor, 
 iste potest servare gregem, depellere morbos, 
 lunectare solum, dare pascua, solvere fontes, 
 conciliare lovem, fures arcere luposque. 230 
 
 si favet iste, mane, quod si negat iste favorem, 
 Candide, coge pecus melioraque pascua quaere, 
 
114 BAPTIST AE MANTUANI 
 
 ECLOGA X, BEMBUS, 
 
 DE FRATRUM OBSERVANTIUM ET NON OBSERVANTIUM 
 CONTROVERSIA, POST RELIGIONIS INGRESSUM. 
 
 CANDIDUS. BEMBUS. BATRACHUS. MYRMIX. 
 
 C. Maxima pastores agitat discordia, Bembe, 
 qui Solymos coUes Galilaeaque rura colebant; 
 Batrachus hinc, Myrmix illinc certare parati 
 iudice te paucis, si non audire recusas 
 et nisi te revocant maiora negotia, dicent. 
 tu pater es vatum, tu scis componere lites 
 iurgiaque et blandis convicia tollere verbis ; 
 te quoque Pierios fama est potasse liquores 
 et vidisse deas quibus est custodia sacri 
 fontis et Eurotae campos ac Phocidis arva, 10 
 
 ipse ubi fronde sua tibi tempora cinxit Apollo, 
 dona dedit citharam, nervos et eburnea plectra. 
 
 Be. Dicite, quandoquidem tepidos admovit ad ignes 
 nos hiberna dies, dum non sinit ire per agros 
 bruma gregem, flatu Boreas dum saevit acuto, 
 dum riget omne solum, tectis dum plurima pendet 
 stiria, dum torpent sub aquis glacialibus amnes ; 
 otia damnantur quae nulla negotia tractant. 
 
 M. Pastores, genus infelix, aestate vagamur 
 pro grege soUiciti, sed cum nos frigidus imber 20 
 
 continet in stabulis, lites et iurgia surgunt. 
 
 Ba. Qui veteres audent ritus mutare suoque 
 arbitrio et nullis ducunt sub legibus aevum, 
 hi sunt, o Myrmix, qui bella domestica gignunt. 
 
 Be. De veteri ritu, de consuetudine patrum 
 rixa agitur vobis? leges moresque parentum, 
 Batrache, die. die, cur nostrum venistis in orbem 
 ex Phoenice solo? nos pascua vidimus ilia, 
 vidimus herbosos felici uligine campos. 
 
 vertice Carmeli vitreis uberrimus undis 30 
 
 fons cadit et rauco densum nemus irrigat amne. 
 vidimus et lordanis aquas, ubi maximus olim 
 pastor oves mergens scabiem resecavit avitam, 
 
ECLOGA X. 1-74 US' 
 
 amnis hie a Libano veniens Galilaea per arva 
 
 transit et ampla lacu consurgit in aequora magno ; 
 
 unda coit rursum, rursum mare fundit apertum, 
 
 urbs ubi Romani de nomine dicta Tiberi ; 
 
 unda coit rursum, tandem lericunte relicta 
 
 intrat. in inf ames Asphalti gurgitis undas. 
 
 hinc satis est nos oram omnem vidisse probatum; 40 
 
 dicite, et hinc tandem vestras demergite lites. 
 
 M. Batrachus audaci semper sese ingerit ore 
 et mihi se praefert magno temerarius ausu. 
 
 Ba. Non ego me ingessi, processi a iudice iussus. 
 
 Be. Pone pedum, Myrmix, et tu quoque, Batrache ; non est 
 orandum armatis manibus, sed mentibus acquis. 
 Batrache, die; Myrmix, aninii compesce furorem 
 interea, ut venias magis ad responsa paratus. 
 qui furit insanit ; qui vero insanit amaro 
 impatiens animo nee corda nee ora gubernat ; 50 
 
 quidquid ait vanum est, quidquid molitur ineptum. 
 
 Ba. Bembe, genus nostrum generisque exordia dicam. 
 venimus Assyriis (ut Candidus inquit) ab oris, 
 est pater Elias nobis qui sustulit armis 
 pastorum genus omne malum, qui traxit Olympo 
 flammigeros ignes, qui ascendit in aethera curru. 
 
 Be. Nobile et antiquum genus hoc, et clara propago. 
 
 Ba. Pastores alii quotquot per rura vagantur 
 omnia sunt rivi nostris a f ontibus orti ; 
 
 nos dedimus leges, pascendi ostendimus artem. 60 
 
 quo magis hi peccant qui, cum sint ordine primi, 
 primatum amittunt studia inconsulta sequendo. 
 nos radix, alii rami; sed nos quoque rami 
 a veteri radiee patrmn iam aetate caduci. 
 tradidit Elias certam pastoribus artem 
 qua curare greges, qua noxia pabula fas est 
 discere et oeeultos imbres ventosque latentes 
 quive salutaris f oret et qui pestif er annus ; 
 signa dedit, nihil omisit quod ovilia tangat. 
 sed fons ille fluens Carmeli e rupibus altis 70 
 
 tarn nitidus quondam, tam dulci limpidus unda, 
 tramite mutato (patet id) modo currit in Austrum. 
 sed prius (extat adhue vetus alveus) ibat ad ortum. 
 hi cursus feeere novos, liquere priores 
 
116 BAPTIST AE MANTUANI 
 
 quos . dederat rivo veterum prudentia patrum. 
 
 M. Quid tibi, sive novo currat seu tramite prisco, 
 dummodo fecundis umectet pascua lymphis? 
 et quid de caeli quereris regione? per Austrum 
 solis iter, melior vitis quae respicit Austrum, 
 et melior legitur Libycis de collibus uva. 80 
 
 Ba. Est melior taxus Boream quae respicit ; ergo 
 in Boream melius poterat decurrere rivus. 
 pastor es, et cura pecoris male sane relicta 
 sermonem de vite facis quasi legibus isdem 
 grex et vitis eant, nee quod discrimen in undis 
 gramineque et ventis nosti et quam noxius Auster 
 sit pecori ; disce a Roma si noxius Auster. 
 cur Mutinensis agri pecudes siint vellere fusco? 
 cur Clitumnus habet niveas? cur Mantua moUi 
 lanitio excellit Veronaque proxima Manto? 90 
 
 unde haec multiplici rerum variantia forma? 
 non aliunde nisi a caelis, a gramine et unda. 
 
 Be. Candide, utrumque pediun procul hinc (rogo) pro- 
 tinus aufer; 
 inter eos hodie video bellum acre futurum. 
 clam cape et auferto ; subter sarmenta reconde. 
 
 Ba. Bembe, mihi tecum sermo est. dum viximus una, 
 dum commune pecus nobis fuit, heu mihi quantimi 
 dedecus, heu quot sunt pecudes incommoda passae. 
 nee mersare gregem fluvio nee vellera certis 
 temporibus (sicut mos est) tondere licebat. 100 
 
 nudabant spineta pecus, nudata secabant 
 terga rubi ; scabie cutis aspera, tabidus umor 
 pestis, et in totum serpebant ulcera corpus, 
 multum igitur refert pecudes quae pabula carpant, 
 flumina quae potent et qua regione morentur. 
 
 Die mihi, die, Myrmix, priscimi cur lana colorem 
 perdidit? haec gregibus quidnam nova vellera fecit? 
 cur pecus est nigrum quod erat melioribus annis 
 clarum? immutarunt mutati vellera mores. 
 
 Bembe, ad te redeo. paucis absolvere nitar, no 
 
 sed, quo digna omni tua sit sententia laude, 
 vera loquar. tu iura tenes, ego facta docebo ; 
 indicium reddit verum enarratio vera. 
 hi3 aniroadversis aegr? tot damna ferentes 
 
ECLOGA X. 7S-I55 117 
 
 venimus ad fontem, rivumque a vertice summo 
 scrutari mihi cura fuit ; tu, provide Myrmix, 
 interea nidos avium vel dorcada parvam 
 venabare tuae quae dona darentur amatae. 
 
 M. Bembe, vides ut aperta in me convicfa torquet? 
 auguror, ista manu lis est, non ore, agitanda; 120 
 
 mos mihi, non lingua, maledicta refellere dextra. 
 
 C. Batrache, ne verum taceam, linguosior aequo es ; 
 iurgia bilem acuunt, convicia pectus acerbant. 
 non tibi cum puero res est, nee homuncio Myrmix ; 
 res male tuta viros lingua irritare proterva. 
 
 Ba. Da veniam, Myrmix ; ' amitam ' prof erre volenti 
 nescio quis mihi misit in os malus error ' amatam.' 
 
 M. Do veniam ; cave ne rursum me voce lacessas. 
 
 Ba. Alveus excelsa saliens de rupe lacunam 
 foderat et clausis ripas aequaverat undis; 130 
 
 gurges erat textu silvarum imibrosus opaco 
 densaque saepierant tristem spineta lacunam. 
 mille venenorum species in gurgite vidi, 
 mille secus ripas in opaco margine, mille 
 per nemus ad lymphas sinuoso serpere gressu. 
 obstupui, et rapido rediens ad ovilia cursu 
 incipio paleas furca versare tricorni. 
 ecce caput tollit coluber linguaque trisulca 
 sibilat, inflantur fauces, nepa livida tendit 
 bracchia, ventrosus profert vestigia bufo, 140 
 
 vipera per stipulam gradiens strepit. ' o loca,' dixi, 
 ' non pecori tantum verum et pastoribus ipsis 
 noxia.' mox grege diviso de sedibus illis 
 pascua quaesitum tristis meliora recessi. 
 perque iter antiquum fontis nova flumina duxi 
 in cjimpos ubi prima suos Aurora colores 
 explicat et croceos Phoebi redeuntis ad ortus. 
 hie mihi fecundae pecudes, hie pascua laeta 
 et sine labe liquor, dulces sine crimine lymphae. 
 haec loca primaevi sunt quae coluere parentes ; 1 50 
 
 signa casae superant, puteus cariosaque ligna 
 fixa solo seiuncta pedum discrimine septem 
 et focus et lacera quae cingitur area saepe. 
 
 M. Cura viris levibus rerum solet esse novarum ; 
 propterea certe nova pascua quaeris et amnes 
 
118 BAPTIST AE MANTUANI 
 
 fingis inauditos et vis novus auctor haberi. 
 
 Ba. Cura viris gravibus rerum solet esse suarum ; 
 propterea, Myrmix, nimis a gravitate recedis. 
 haec novitas non est novitas, sad vera vetustas. 
 religio et pietas patrum instaurata resurgit 160 
 
 quam tua corrupit levitas et nota tuorum 
 segnities. igitur si quis labentia tecta 
 erigat et sterilem qui mansuefecerit agrum 
 iudice te damnandus erit? non ponitur arbor 
 altera, sed veteri inseritur bona virgula trunco ; 
 segne prius lignum nostro fit fertile cultu. 
 
 M. Quamvis pingue tuo pecori sit gramen et unda 
 defaecata, tamen multae cum matribus agnae 
 interiere; lupi et pastae meminere volucres. 
 
 Ba. Hae (fateor) quae dira tuae contagia pestis 170 
 
 accepere. etiam procul aspicientibus obsunt; 
 tantum virus inest, vestri vis tanta veneni. 
 propterea magis atque magis discedere semper 
 est animus, patitur pecus haec incommoda nostrum 
 sola, quod in vastam nondum discessit eremum 
 nee satis a vobis procul in deserta recessit. 
 
 M. Batrache, de gregibus mentiris plurima nostris. 
 certe alienarum tibi cura superflua rerum, 
 et temere assumis partes censoris iniqui. 
 cur mihi qui pasco cuium pecus ista tueri 180 
 
 non licuit? solisne domus mea cognita vobis? 
 
 Ba. Aethiopes una quoniam nigredine sordent, 
 ille color nuUi vitio datur ; omnibus idem 
 vultus et alterius si quis reprenderet ora, 
 et sua damnaret. pecori pecorisque magistris 
 faex eadem, scabies eadem, cutis et color idem. 
 
 Be. Parcite ; iam satis est lis intellecta diesque 
 inclinata cadit, iam post iuga summa ruit sol. 
 audite, o magni generis longaeva propago 
 lite super vesfra quae sit sententia nostra. 190 
 
 M. Batrache, me audaci totiens sermone lacessis. 
 
 Ba. Non ego, sed non aequa magis te causa lacessit 
 iudiciumque timet sibi mens male conscia iustum. 
 
 C. Quando inimicitias tempus deponere, rursum 
 vestra novas lites vecordia suscitat. ergo 
 perpetuis 'haec rixa odiis aeterna manebit? 
 
ECLOGA X. 156-204 119 
 
 quae vos debilitas capitis, quae insania vexat? 
 
 non pudet his uti tanto sub iudice nugis? 
 
 ergo animis audite acquis odiisque sepultis 
 
 ultima doctiloqui quae sit sententia Bembi. 200 
 
 Be. Ferte per antiques patriun vestigia gressus 
 et veteres servate vias. revocate vagantes 
 per valles et saxa greges, per lustra ferarum. 
 iigite in antiquis iterum magalia campis. 
 
NOTES 
 
 THE DEDICATORY EPISTLE. 
 
 The Paride Ceresara to whom the revised Eclogues were dedicated 
 was a nobleman of Mantua, distinguished for his great wealth and 
 wide learning. In one of the novels of Bandello (ii. 5) he is called 
 'nobilissimo e in ogni sorta di lettere dottissimo.' He translated the 
 Aulularia for the Bishop Lodovico Gonzaga, and perhaps also a 
 Greek comedy. And he had some knowledge of Hebrew. In his 
 later years he was interested in astrology and in the ' occult sciences ' ; 
 hence the mention of him by Luca Gaurico : ' erat facie et barbitio 
 rufus, procerae staturae, sed proportionatus ; ex love in horoscopo 
 cum Marte ditissimus et locuplex ; habebat aedes regias ; ingeniosus, 
 legum professor, in litteris latinis et graecis eruditus. Quum senec- 
 tutis limina fuit ingressus, incepit dare operam astrologiae.' He was 
 born in 1466, and died in 1532. [Luzio-Renier, Giornale storico 
 della letteratura italiana, xxxiv (1899), 86-88]. 
 
 ECLOGA I, FAUSTUS. 
 
 Antiques repeti vult Foriunatus amores; 
 Obsequitur Faustus rejerens conubia laeta.* 
 
 At Fortunatus' request, Faustus repeats the story of his love, 
 courtship, and marriage — the story of an honorable love and its happy 
 ending. This eclogue (with various details added from the second, 
 third, and fourth) is imitated in the first ' eglogue ' of Francis 
 Sable's Pan's Pipe (iS95)- 
 
 1-2. Cp. Boccaccio, Ed. vi. 8l, ruminat omne pecus. The same 
 phrase occurs in the Ecloga Theoduli, 248. 
 
 4. inodo = K««f, as at ii. 151, v. 35, viii. 102, 114, ix. 202, x. 72. 
 So often in the Ecclesiastical Writers and in the Latin Bible : e. g., 
 John, ix. 25, ' scio quia, caecus cum essem, modo video.' 
 
 9-10. Virg. Aen. i. 372-3, 'O dea, si prima repetens ab origine 
 pergam, | et vacet annales nostrorum audire laborum ; ' Geor. iv. 
 285-6, ' altius omnem | expediam prima repetens ab origine f amam.' 
 
 * loannis Mnrmellii argumentum. 
 
122 ECLOGUE I. ii-sg 
 
 II. Ovid, Met. xiii. 595, primisque sub annis. 
 
 12-13. Petrarch, Eel. vi. 78-79, ' sedeo iaceoque supinus, \ multa 
 canens quae dictat Amor nee crastina cnrans.' 
 
 19. Virg. Ed. ii. 36, ' disparibus septem compacta cicutis | fistula. 
 
 22. Virg. Ed. ii. 72, ' viminibus mollique paras detexere iunco ; ' 
 lb. A. 71, ' fiscellam texit hibisco ; ' Gear. i. 266, ' texatur fiscina 
 virga;' Nemes. Ed. i. i, ' fiscella ... iunco | texitur.' 
 
 24. sortiri digitis : the ancient and modern game of ' mora '- 
 
 27-31. Cp. Virg. Gear. i. 381, 'e pastu decedens ; ' Aen. vii. 700, 
 'cum sese e pastu referunt;' Gear. iv. 511-12, ' qualis populea 
 maerens philomela sub umbra | amissos queritur fetus ; ' Stat. Theb. 
 V. 601-3, 'ilia redit, querulaeque domus mirata quietem | iam stupet 
 impendens advectosque' horrida maesto | excutit ore cibos.' 
 philomena : this form of the word was already familiar in Italian ; 
 cp. Petrarch, Sonn. 269, ' piagner Filomena.' Du Cange cites it 
 from a Glossarium of the year 1348. hymenaeos ; for the cadence, 
 cp. Virg. Aen. vii. 555; a. 720; also, Mantuan, Ed. vii. 133; viii. 
 10; ix. 69; ix. 168. 
 
 32-35. Cp. Stat. Theb. vi. 174-77, 'nunc vallem spoliata parens, 
 nunc flumina questu, | nunc armenta movet vacuosque interrogat 
 agros ; | tunc piget ire domum, maestoque novissima campo | exit 
 et oppositas impasta avertitur herbas ; ' Virg. Ed. v. 26, ' nee 
 graminis attigit herbam.' pallenti . . . umbra : cp. Virg. Gear. iii. 
 357, 'turn sol pallentes baud umquam discutit umbras' (where Con- 
 ington translates, 'the wan shades of night'). 
 
 38. Virg. Aen. i. 387, auras | vitales carpis. 
 
 45. 'Nam et Venus paeta dicitur ' (Ascensius). Cp. Francis 
 Sable's imitation. Pan's Pipe, i. 137-8, ' for where she squinted a 
 little, I That did grace her, I thought.' Fontenelle was offended by 
 the rustic realism of this passage ; also, of Ed. iv. 87-88. 
 
 48-51. Cp. Cic. C. M. xii. 42, ' impedit enim consilium voluptas, 
 rationi inimica est, mentis (ut ita dicam) praestringii oculos? 
 credo . . . concitet . . . tollat : cp. viii. 44, ' puto sidera tangant,' and 
 perhaps also Mantuan's De Vita Beata, ' dicis Archimedem fecisse 
 mundum ; putasne fecerit nebulas ? putasne aestatem, puiasne sol- 
 stitia et aequinoctia posueritV and Boccaccio, Ed. xiv. 46-48, ' Silvi, 
 quid dubitas? an credis Olympia patrem | ludat, et in lucem sese sine 
 numine divum | praebeat? St. Augustine could say, Conf. i. 14, 23, 
 ' credo etiam Graecis pueris Vergilius ita sit, cum eum sic discere 
 coguntur ut ego ilium ; ' ix. 13, 36, ' et credo iam feceris quod te 
 rogo.' In a letter to his friend Refrigerio, Aug. 12, 1478, Mantuan 
 wrote : 'Audivistine Benedicti Morandi viri praestantissimi obitum ? 
 credo audiveris : et puto quem viventem tanto charitatis affectu com- 
 plectebaris mortuum defleveris' (MS. copy in the Library of the 
 University of Bologna). 
 
 58. Cp. Virg. Aen. i. 239, fatis contraria fata. 
 
 59. catus : the classical name is feles. The name cattus (cp. It. 
 gatto and late Gr. k&tto( ) appears first about 350 A. D. For the 
 history of the animal, see Mayor's note on Juvenal, xv. 7, and 
 O. Keller, Die antike Tierwelt, Leipzig, 1909, p. 74. Mantuan's 
 spelling reflects the popular etymology of his day; cp. Perotti's 
 
ECLOGUE I. 61-148 123 
 
 Cornucopiae, ' est igitur felis quem vulgo catum nominamus, nee 
 meo quidem iudicio inepte. veteres enim catum astutum dicebant et 
 quod nos in praesentia cautum ; a quo Catones primo volunt appel- 
 latos' (Venice ed., 1494, fol. 108). 
 
 61. Fortunatus' comment explains the mother's lack of sympathy. 
 The expression was proverbial ; cp. the words of Aeneas Silvius (in 
 a letter to Joannes Urunt, 1446), 'nam tu me pleno stomacho reris 
 ieiunium commendare.' St. Jerome, Ep. 58. 2, has 'plenus venter 
 facile de ieiuniis disputat.' 
 
 62. This line is borrowed in the Cambridge Latin play Laelia 
 (c- 159s). i- 3> 176-7. ' quas nulla premit sitis ] sunt illae asperiores 
 semper sitientibus ' (ed. G. C. Moore Smith, Cambridge, 1910). 
 
 64. albebant. Cp. Juvencus, ii. 313, albentes cernite campos; 
 John, iv. 35, quia albae sunt iam ad messem. 
 
 74. Cp. Virg. Aen. vii. 227, plaga solis iniqui. 
 
 83. Virg. Aen. ix. 614, fulgenti murice. 
 
 97- Virg. Ed. ix. 24, et potum pastas age ; lb. ii. 30, gregem 
 viridi compellere hiblsco. 
 
 98. Virg. Eel. V. 47, saliente sitim restinguere rivo. 
 
 103. Cp. Mantuan's Alfonsus, Bk. i (Bologna ed., 1502, fol. 251), 
 ' lumina demisso in cilium claudebat amictu.' de sub : ' from under.' 
 For such double prepositions, see Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, pp. 
 234-S. 475- lu some later editions the line is rewritten : demissis 
 aliunde sui velaminis oris. 
 
 106. operi . . . intendens. Cp. Minuc. Fel. Oct. vii. 5, intende 
 templis; Augustine, Conf. ii. 10, 18, nolo in earn intendere; lb. xi. 
 2. 3, intende orationi meae ; Psa. 54- 2, intende mihi. 
 
 113. Virg. Ecl.x. 49, ' ah tibine teneras glacies secet aspera plantas.' 
 
 1 15-6. Cp. Tibullus, ii. 3. 79-80, ' ducite : ad imperium dominae sul- 
 cabimns agros : | non ego me vinclis verberibusque nego ; ' Ovid, Her. 
 vi. 97, ' scilicet ut tauros, ita te iuga f erre coegit ; ' Palingenius, 
 Zodiacus Vitae, v. 444, ' fert placida cervice iugum.' 
 
 116. bovis instar. Cp. ii. 71, bovis instar; vii. 15, instar ovis; 
 Ov. Met. iv. 135, exhorruit aequoris instar. 
 
 120. cottidie. For Mantuan's scansion, compare one of his Epi- 
 grammata ad Falconem (on the death of Filippo Baveria), 'cottidie 
 querimur, cottidie rapimur.' 
 
 121. in nonam . . . horam. See note on line 148. 
 138. Cp. Ov. Met. ix. ^(>l, mediis sitiemus in undis. 
 
 142. rullam: ' instrumentum ferreum quo vomis detergetur ' (Du 
 Cange). Perotti, Corn., ' rulla significat instrumentum ferreum 
 stimulo rusticorum additum ad vomerem detergendum : Plin. 
 <[xviii. 49. I79> purget vomerem subinde stimulus cuspidatus rulla.' 
 The modern texts of Pliny have rallo. deerant . . . deerat . . . deeram : 
 synizesis, as in Virg. Gear. ii. 200, 233. 
 
 148. setnel = ' aliguando, Gall. Une fois, un jour' (Du Cange, 
 who quotes an example from a document of the year 1300). Mantuan's 
 use of semel was criticized by his contemporaries, and defended by 
 his brother Tolomeo : ' in quo vult innuere id non aliquando sim- 
 pliciter sed semel, hoc est non pluries, accidisse. ast hi vulgariter 
 loqui omnia consueti magis ad consuetudinem vulgi quam ad poetae 
 
124 ECLOGUE I. is4— ECLOGUE 11. s 
 
 sensum respexenint. sed fingamus eos verum dicere et semel pro 
 aliquando illic poni ; si recte intelligerent, id non coarguerent. locus 
 enim et tempus multa excusant quae alias essent digna redargui. 
 locus ergo ille potuit illis, immo et debuit plene satisfacere, id enim 
 est in Bucolicis dictum, ubi ridentur mores rusticorum, et Minerva 
 pastoralis praesentatur. ibi etiam rusticus quidam Crates pro grates 
 g. m. t. versa fabulatur -^viii. i58>, et ad imitandum pro ridiculo 
 villicos Pollux pro Paulus ^vii. I>, Harculus pro Hercules 
 ■<iii. 4]>, Enophilus pro Onopkryus <^i. i6l ; ix. 31^, Coitus pro 
 Godio <ii. 37^, hora nona pro meridie <[i. I2I>, et huius modi alia 
 de industria ponuntur, non casu vel inscitia : ut fortasse isti crim- 
 inantur ' {Apologia contra detrahentes operibus B. M., Lyons ed., 
 1516, fol. Dd, ii). 
 
 154-55- Cp. Mantuan's De Sacris Diebus (of St. Urban's Day, 
 May 25), ' musca volans noctu, dicunt lampyrida Grai, | nunc latet 
 astrictis, nunc lucet hiantibus alis, | ■ . ■ iam spicata Ceres ; ' Perotti, 
 Corn., ' cicendula a Graecis lampyris dicta nunc pennarum hiatu 
 
 refulgens, nunc compressu obumbrata.' 
 
 156. Cp. Ov. Met. ix. 7Sg, venit ecce optabile tempus, \ luxque 
 iugalis adest. 
 
 159. gemina . . . luce : ' solis et taedarum ' (Ascensius). Rather, it 
 was a two days feast. 
 
 161. Oenophilus. See note on line 148. 
 
 163. Ovid, Met. xii. 158, multifori deleciat tibia buxi. 
 
 167. multotiens : ' satis humile adverbium quo idonei abstinere 
 dicuntur ' (Asc). 
 
 170. Cp. Catullus, 62. 3, iam pinguis linquere mensas. 
 
 173. Cp. Virg. Gear. iii. 66, ' optima quaeque dies miseris mortali- 
 bus aevi | prima fugit ; ' Plin. Ep. viii. 14. 10, ' tanto brevius omne 
 quanto felicius tempus.' 
 
 175. subintrat: for the transitive use, cp. Anthol. ii. p. 402 Burm., 
 ' forte subintrarunt unica tecta simul.' The intransitive use is com- 
 mon in the Vulgate. 
 
 176. taxemur: a post-Augustan word. 
 
 ECLOGA II, FORTUNATUS. 
 
 Quae Padus exundans tulerit dispendia primum, 
 Insanum memorat mox Fortunatus Amyntam. 
 
 The speakers are the same as in the first Eclogue. Here (and in 
 the third) Fortunatus discourses on the madness of unlawful love, 
 or unlawful desire, and its unhappy issue. 
 
 I. Cp. Calpurn. Eel. vi. I, ' serus ades, Lycida;' lb. vii. i, ' lentus 
 ab urbe venis, Corydon ; vicesima certe | nox fuit,' etc. 
 
 5. omissa: cp. x. 69, dmisit, and the poem Aljonsus, Bk. i (fol. 
 255), segniter dmisit. The Mantua edition of 1498 doubles the m — 
 as it does in amisso, i. 32 ; amissi, ii. 89. Cp. Boccaccio, Eel. xv. 86, 
 nee laerimas dmitto. 
 
ECLOGUE II. 8-S2 125 
 
 8-9. Virg. Gear. i. 481-3, 'proluit insano contorquens vertice silvas 
 I fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes | cum stabulis 
 armenta tulit.' Tityrus means Virgil, as in Virgil's first Eclogue. 
 So, too, in Calpurn. iv. 62; Nemes. ii. 84; Boccaccio, Ed. i. 82-5, 
 X. 66; Mantuan, Ed. iii. 174, v. 86, ix. 220. In Spen^ser's imitation 
 of Mant. V. 86, he is called 'the Romish Tityrus' (5. C, x. 55). 
 He is mentioned here as the author of the Edogues and Georgics. 
 
 12-13. Virg. Gear. i. 43, ' vere novo gelidus canis cum mOntibus 
 umor I liquitur ; ' lb. i. 326, ' implentur fossae et cava fiumina 
 crescunt.' 
 
 17. Ovid, Met. viii. 559, ' dum tenues capiat suus alveus undas.' 
 
 18. Virg. Aen. i. 439, mirabile dictu. 
 
 19. lacus: not Benacus (as Ascensius thought), but the lake 
 formed by the Mincio at Mantua. Cp. Mantuan's Vita Lodovici 
 Morbioli, ' et senior vitreo Mantua cincta lacu; ' also, Ed. vi. 105, 
 ' Mantous Amyntas.' 
 
 25. This line is quoted in Mantuan's Dialogus contra Deiractores 
 (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. c. ii). 
 
 28. Cp. Virg. Ed. iii. 55-57, ' dicite, quandoquidem in molH con- 
 sedimus herba, | et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos, | 
 nunc frondent silvae, nunc formosissimus annus ; ' Gear. ii. 328-30, 
 ' avia turn resonant avibus virgulta canoris, | et Venerem certis re- 
 petunt armenta diebus ; | parturit almus ager ; ' Lucr. i. 2, ' alma 
 Venus' (so Aen. i. 618; Ov. F. iv. 90); Lucr. i. 9, ' nitet diffuso 
 lumine caelum.' 
 
 35. Virg. Aen. i. 705, 'centum aliae totidemque pares aeiate 
 mini^tri.' 
 
 37. Coitum : Goi'to. See note on i. 148. 
 
 41. Virg. Ed. i. I, rec-ubans sub tegmine fagi. 
 
 43. umbra. Cp. Virg. Ed. ix. 42, ' lentae texunt umbracula vites.' 
 
 45-46. Cp. Virg. Gear. i. 92, ' rapidive potentia solis ; ' lb. ii. 353, 
 ' ubi hiulca siti findit Canis aestifer arva;' TibuU. i. 7' 21, ' arentes 
 cum findit Sirius agros.' sclderat. In the Bologna edition of the 
 collected poems, 1502, the passage is rewritten: messis erat: rapidi 
 violentia solis adusios | prosciderat campos. Cp. Servius' comment 
 on Virgil's abscidit, Aen. iii. 418: 'propter metrum 'iri' corripuit 
 per poeticum morem.' philomena : for the spelling, see i. 27 «. 
 
 47-48. Cp. Virg. Ed. v. 77, ' dumque thymo pascentur apes, dum 
 rore cicadae ; ' Gear. i. 107, ' exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis.' 
 
 49. intendit. Cp. i. 106, operi . . . intendens. 
 
 (so. sulphuris arcem: Solferino. 
 
 61. longis . . . prospectibus. Cp. viii. 4-5, longe \ prospicio ; Virg. 
 Aen. iii. 206, aperire procul montes. 
 
 63. sacra ... Petro : the day of S. Pietro in Vincoli (Aug. i). 
 
 69. Virg. Gear. iii. 431, ingluviem . . . explet. 
 
 71. bovis instar. Cp. i. 116 «. 
 
 79. Cp. Virg. Aen. vi. 389, ' comprime . gressum ; ' Ovid, Met. viii, 
 218, ' aut pastor baculo stivave innixus arator.' 
 
 80. Cp. viii. 2-3, aestas mitior. 
 
 81. Cp. Virg. Ed. vi. 47, ah virgo infelix. 
 g2. Cp. Ovid. Met. iii. 144 ff. (of Act^fon), 
 
126 ECLOGUE II. 85-172 
 
 85. Ovid, Met. iii. 415 (of Narcissus), dumque sitim sedare cupit, 
 sitis altera crevit. 
 
 87. Ovid, Met. iii. 176, sic ilium fata ferebant. 
 
 98. limbus: 'head-band,' 'fillet' Cp. iv. 213, frontem ligat auro; 
 Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. 118, frontem limbo velata pudicam; 
 Arnob. ii. 41, imminuerent frontes limbis. 
 
 100. claviculo : ' pin.' The vrord is very rare ; cp. Nonius, p. 140 
 M., ' Maeander est picturae genus, adsimili opere labyrinthorum, 
 claviculis inligatum.' 
 
 103-5. Cp. Virg. Eel. viii. 41, ' ut vidi, ut peril ; ' Aen. iv. 2, ' et 
 caeco carpitur igni ; ' Ovid, Her. v. 143, ' me miseram, quod amor 
 non est medicabilis herbis ; ' Met. i. 523, ' hei mihi, quod nuUis amor 
 est sanabilis herbis ; ' Her. xvi. 190, ' flamma recens parva sparsa 
 resedit aqua.' 
 
 107-8. Ovid, Met. xiii. 761-2, ' validaque cupidine captus | uritur, 
 oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum.' 
 
 108. Cp. Gregorio Tifernate (Mantuan's teacher), Triumphus 
 Cupidinis, 'hie furit et noctes in fletu ducit araaras ' (Venice ed., 
 1498, fol. b. iii). 
 
 112. Satantim. Mantuan has also Satdnas (ace. pi.) and 
 Sdtdnibus (Ascensius' ed., Paris, 1513, Vol. i. fol. 164, 214 b). 
 
 121-2. Virg. Aen. iv. 602, epulandum ponere mensis; lb. iii. 257, 
 malis absumere mensas ; Geor. iii. 268, malis jnembra absum-psere. 
 
 124-5. Cp. Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 13. 30, ' quod nulla gens tam fera, 
 nemo omnium tam sit immanis, cuius mentem non imbuerit deorum 
 opinio.' 
 
 126-8. Cp. Cic. C. M. xii. 40, ' hinc patriae proditiones, hinc rerum 
 publicarum eversiones, hinc cum hostibus clandestina coUoquia nasci.' 
 
 134. tetricos . . . Catones. Cp. Mart. x. 20. 21, 'tunc me vel rigidi 
 legant Catones ; ' lb. 14, ' tetricae . . . Minervae ; ' Mantuan, Contra 
 Poet. 151, 'id cane quod tetrici possint audire Catones.' Lewis and 
 Short give only ietricus; Ovid and Martial have tetricus. 
 
 138. Psa. vii. 16, et incidit in foveam quam fecit. 
 
 140-2. Acts, XV. 10, 'nunc ergo quid tentatis Deum imponere iugum 
 super cervices discipulorum quod neque nos neque patres nostri por- 
 tare potuimus?' (Asc). Virg. Aen. iii. 158, ' ventures ... nepotes.' 
 
 146. tranabit : cp. viii. 180, ' iransiit ad Superos.' 
 
 147. ipsis. For this use of ipse, cp. viii. 112, 173. It is common 
 in the Vulgate ; and it occurs in Minucius Felix, Oct. 9. 3 ; 28. 6 ; 
 30.4; 30.5. See the passage quoted from John (on Eel. iii. 75), the 
 letter of Thomas Wolf, Jr., quoted on Eel. iv. 81, the mediaeval 
 document quoted on Eel. ix. 20. 
 
 151. modo = «««c, as in i. 4. 
 
 154. Marius . . . Carbo. The early commentators could find very 
 little point in these proper names. Ascensius suspected a play on the 
 word carbo ; Andreas Vaurentinus suggested that the names were 
 loosely used, by a rustic speaker, 'like Pollux for Paulus (vii. l).' 
 
 167. Cp. Ovid, Her. vi. 21, credula res amor est. 
 
 172. Baldo: Monte Baldo (7275 ft.), east of the Lago di Garda. 
 
ECLOGUE III. i-sg 127 
 
 ECLOGA III,- AMYNTAS. 
 
 Agricolae duram sortem, miserique furores, 
 Fortunatus et exitium deplorat Amyntae. 
 
 In the third Eclogue Fortunatus completes the story which he had 
 begun in the second. A part of the preliminary discussion (17-27 
 and 32-33) may be compared with- Petrarch, Ed. ix. (6-27 and 81-82). 
 
 I. Ilia . . . grando. The reference is to Eel. ii. 173, oritur grando. 
 
 2-3. Cp. Mantuan's 3 Parthen. (fol. 147 Asc), ' saepe boni quibus 
 est hominum custodia divi | et suus ipse oculis se subiecere videndos ' 
 (where Ascensius explains divi as meaning spiritus aut genii boni). 
 In the De Sacris Diebus, divi regularly means the ' saints.' For 
 divis gratia, cp. Ter. Ad. 121 ; Ovid, Pont. iii. 5. 48. 
 
 4. Harculus : see note on i. 148. 
 
 8. substantia = ' wealth,' as in the Ecclesiastical Writers and in 
 the Latin Bible. Cp. Juvencus, iv. 255 ; Paul. Nol. xviii. 56, 
 ' geminos, quod ei substantia, nummos.' 
 
 12. gubemat. The earliest texts have the indicative, although the 
 clause seems to be interrogative. Contrast involvat, 1. 31. 
 
 16. Virg. Ed. viii. 35, 'nee curare deum credis mortalia quemquam.' 
 eztimo : ' extimare pro aestimare, interdum apud Script. Ecclesias- 
 ticos ' (Du Cange). Mantuan has the form extimat again, 2 
 Parthen. ii. Jog. 
 
 17-27. Petraich, Ed. ix. 6-27, ' rastra manu versans rigida scabrosque 
 ligones | urget in arva boves sulcoque annixus iijhaeret. | • - . post- 
 quam sudore exhaustus anhelo | spes cernit florere suas iamque horrea 
 laxat, I ecce, fremens sata culta truci vertigine nimbus | obruit, et 
 longos anni brevis hora labores | una necat,' etc. Virg. Ed. viii. 
 43, duris in cotibus. insidias intentat : cp. ii. 44, insidias iendebat. 
 incalluit : cp. viii. 25, callosa. 
 
 31. Virg. Aen. i. 599, omnium egenos. 
 
 32-33. Petrarch, Ed. ix, 81-82, ' falleris, ah demens ; nam iusta et 
 sera merentes | pastores ferit ira Dei populumque rebellem.' 
 
 39. Hor. Od. i. 11. 1, scire nefas. 
 
 40. Cp. ii. 78, nostrum repetamus Amyntam. 
 
 41-42. Cp. i. 118, 'id commune malum, semel insanivimus omnes.' 
 43. Cp. i. 51, tollat de cardine mentem. 
 
 46. Cosmas is unfortunately hard to identify. Perhaps he is only 
 an ideal person. 
 
 47. Cp. ii. 27, nostros repetamus amores. 
 
 50. Cp. Virg. Ed. i. 30 and 68, longo post tempore. 
 
 53. fabula. Cp. Hor. Epod. xi. 8, per urbem . . . fabula quanta fui ; 
 Id. Ep. i. 13. 9, fabula fias; Ov. Am. iii. i. 21; TibuU. i. 4, 83; 
 ii. 3- 31; etc. 
 
 57. Cp. Tac. Ann. i. 34. 3, curvata senio membra. 
 
 59. somnolentum. The word is used with the same quantity in a 
 mediaeval Latin poem (C. Pascal, Poesia latina medievale, Catania, 
 1907, p. 114). 
 
128 ECLOGUE III. 73-145 
 
 73. Contrast Mantuan's De Sacris Diebus (St. Urban's Day, May 
 25), 'iam tondentur oves.' Cp. Varro, R. R. ii. 11. 7-8, ' oves hirtas 
 tondent circiter hordeaceam messem, in aliis locis ante faenisicia. 
 quidam has bis in anno tondent, ut in Hispania citeriore, ac semen- 
 stres faciunt tonsuras.' 
 
 75. conflare putabam. Cp. line 141, 'qui fiectere divos | creditis;' 
 vi. 133, ' vertere in aurum | aestimat ; ' and Mantuan's Alfonsus, Bk. 
 iii (fol. 278), ' Bucarem Maurum qui fortibus armis | Hesperiam 
 delere putans traiecerat aequor | perdomui.' So in the Latin Bible, 
 John, V. 39, ' scrutamini scripturas. ■ quia vos putatis in ipsis vitam 
 aeternam habere.' Cp., also, Amm. Marc. xiv. 11, 34, scruiari puta- 
 bit ; Tertull. An. 38, tegere senserunt (E. Lofstedt, Beitrdge zur 
 Kenntnis der spdteren Latiniidt, Uppsala, 1907, pp. Sg-62). 
 
 83-85. Virg. Eel. iii. 71, ' aurea mala decern misi ; 'lb. ii. 45-5S> 
 ' tibi lilia plenis | ecce ferunt Nymphae calathis,' etc. ; lb. iii. 68-69, 
 ■ parta meae Veneri sunt munera : namque notavi ] ipse locum, aeriae 
 quo congessere palumbes.' Cp. Prop. iii. 34. 71, ' felix qui viles pomis 
 mercaris amores.' 
 
 86. Ovid, A. A. ii. 277-8, ' aurea sunt vere nunc saecula. plurimus 
 auro I venit honos ; auro conciliatur amor.' 
 
 87. Cp. ii. 167, invida res amor est. 
 
 QI. Cd. Ter. Phorm. 504, quoi quod amas domisi. 
 
 97. Virg. Geor. ii. 76, aliena ex arbore germen. 
 
 103-8. TibuU. i. I. 59-62, ' te spectem, suprema mihi cum venerit 
 hora, I te teneam moriens deficiente manu. | flebis et arsuro positum 
 me, Delia, lecto, | tristibus et lacrimis oscula mixta dabis ; ' i. 3. 57-8, 
 ' sed me, quod facilis tenero sum semper Amori, | ipsa Venus campos 
 ducet in Elysios.' 
 
 109. Virg. Aen. vi. 550, 'quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus 
 amnis, | Tartareus Phlegethon.' 
 
 115. Virg. Geor. ii. 371, ' texendae saepes etiam et pecus omne 
 tenendum ;' lb. iv. 10, 'neque oves haedique petulci | floribus insultent.' 
 
 117-24. Cp. Virg. Ed. v. 40-44, spargite humum foliis, etc. ista : 
 applied to what follows, as at viii. 95. • 
 
 130. Cp. Tibull. i. I. 63-64, ' flebis ; non tua sunt duro praecordia 
 ferro | vincta, neque in tenero stat tibi corde silex ; ' Ov. Am. i. 11. 
 9, ' nee silicum venae nee durum in pectore ferrum.' 
 
 134. meos vultus averterit : apparently a variation on such Bibli- 
 cal phrases as Ps. 21, 25, 'nee avertit faciem suam a me; ' Ps. 26, 9, 
 ' ne averias .faciem tuam a me.' 
 
 138. Ovid, Met. i. 523, ' hei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabilis 
 herbis.' 
 
 139. Virg. Geor. iii. 391, si credere dignum est (repeated, Aen. vi. 
 173). So Ovid, Met. iii. 311. 
 
 141. Virg. Aen. vii. 312, fiectere ... Superos. With fiectere... 
 creditis cp. line 75, conflare putabam. 
 
 143-4. Cp. Virg. Geor. iii. 291-3, ' sed me Parnasi deserta per ardua 
 dulcis I raptat amor ; iuvat ire iugis, qua nulla priorum | Castaliam 
 molli devertitur orbita clivo ; ' lb. ii. 471, ' illic saltus ac lustra 
 ferarum; ' Aen. iii. 646, 'in silvis inter deserta ferarum | lustra.' 
 
 145. talia i^ctantem: a Virgilian phrase, Aen. \. 102 1 ii. 588; 
 ix. 62;, 
 
ECLOGUE III. i47-ig4 129 
 
 147. nox intempesta: a Virgilian phrase, Gear. i. 247; Aen. iii. 
 587; xii. 846. Cp. Lucr. v. 986. 
 
 150. Cp. Virg. Gear. iii. 528, simplicis herbae. 
 
 151. Cp. CatuU. 64. 242, ' anxia in assiduos absumens lumina fletus.' 
 156. Virg. Aen. ii. 237, fatalis machina. 
 
 161. Cp. i. 52, 'nee deus (ut perhibent) Amor est, sed amaror et 
 error.' 
 
 164. Virg. Aen. vi. 882, heu miserande puer. 
 
 165. Cp. Juv. vii. 194-6, ' distat enim, quae | sidera te excipiant 
 modo primes incipientem | edere vagitus et adhue a matre rubentem.' 
 
 167. Virg. Aen. ii. 87, primis . . . ab annis. inf ortunarit : cp. 
 Mantuan's Tropkaeum, Bk. ii (fol. 334), ' deo extreraps infortunante 
 labores.' Du Cange cites the verb only from a Paris missal : ' Deus 
 . . . quo benedicente nemo inforiunabii.' 
 
 169. Virg. Eel. X. SI, modulabor avena; Calpurn. i. 93, modulemur 
 avena ; lb. iv. 63, carmen modulatus avena. 
 
 171. Juv. vii. 29, ut venias dignus hederis; Ovid, Met. xi. l6S, 
 lauro Parnaside vinctus. 
 
 174. Tityriis means Virgil, as in ii. 9. Cp. Virg. Eel. ii. i, ' for- 
 mosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim ' (on which Servius says, 
 ' Corydonis in persona Vergilius intellegitur, Caesar Alexis in persona 
 inducitur'). In Juan del Encina's paraphrase of Virgil's second 
 Eclogue King Ferdinand takes the place of Alexis. 
 
 179. Virg. Eel. iv. II, decus hoc aevi; lb. v. 34, iu decus omne 
 tuts; Ovid, Pont. ii. 8. 25, saecli decus indelebile nostri. 
 
 181. Ovid, Met. xi. 47, ' lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt | increvisse 
 suis ' (cited by loannes Murmellius). 
 
 182-5. Virg. Eel. V. 24, 'non uUi pastos illis egere diebus | frigida, 
 Daphni, boves ad jlumina ; ' lb. 35, ' ipsa Pales agros atque ipse re- 
 liquit Apollo;' lb. 40, ' spargite humum foliis.' 
 
 188. Hebr. xi. 16, 'meliorem [patriam] appetunt, id est, coelestem.' 
 
 192-4. Virg.^Ef/. vi. 85-86, ' cogere donee oves stabulis numerumque 
 referre | iussit et invito processit Vesper Olympo.' For the ' star 
 that bids the shepherd fold ' (the dtrr^p aiiAiof of ApoU. Rhod. iv. 
 1630) cp. Calpurn. ii. 93-94, ' sed fugit ecce dies revocatque crepus- 
 cula Vesper ; | hinc tu, Daphni, greges, illinc agat Alphesiboeus ;' 
 Nemes. ii. 89-90, ' frigidus e silvis donee descendere suasit | Hesperus 
 et stabulis pastos inducere tauros ; ' Boccaccio, Eel. ii. 152-3, ' ast 
 ocior Hesperus haedos | egit ut ad septas traherem, caprosque 
 Melampus.' 
 
130 ECLOGUE IV. 3-70 
 
 ECLOGA IV, ALPHUS. 
 
 Amissum memorat caprum puerique furorem 
 lannuSj et ingenium notat hinc Alphus muliebre. 
 
 The fourth Eclogue — the most famous of the series — is a satire on 
 the ways of women. The topic had been a prime favorite with 
 mediaeval writers : for some of the abundant literature on the subject, 
 see A. Tobler, Zeitschrift fur romanische Philologies ix (1885), 288- 
 290; D. Comparetti, Virgilio nel Medio Eva, ii.^ 112 if.; C. Pascal, 
 Poesia latina medievale (1907), pp. 151-184, and Letteralura latina 
 medievale (1909), pp. 107-115. 'Mantuan's discourse (lines 110-241) 
 is put into the mouth of one of his early teachers, Gregorio Tifernate 
 — just how appropriately, it is hard to say. Certainly, there is noth- 
 ing in Gregorio's published poems to suggest that he was a misogynist 
 above all others of his day and generation. Possibly the youthful 
 author meant merely to imply that his knowledge of the subject was 
 only second-hand. 
 
 3-4. The symptoms of the sick animal are dutifully borrowed from 
 Virgil ; cp. Geor. iii. 466, medio procumbere campo \ pascentem ; lb. 
 465, summas carpentem ignavius herbas ; Eel. v. 26, nee graminis 
 atiigit herbam. 
 
 13. Virg. Eel. iii. 69, quo congessere palumbes. philomena : for 
 the spelling, see i. 27 n. 
 
 15. qui non credit, etc. ' Quia qualis quisque est, talem iudicat 
 quemlibet : et ita, qui fidus non est, neminem fidum existimat ' (As- 
 censius) ; 'quia infidus et alios infidos putat ' (Andreas Vaurentinus). 
 Cp. the two ' emblemes ' at the close of the May eclogue of Spenser's 
 Shepheards Calender : nfif /wv aniaTOi airicTc'i, and T(f 6' apa man; 
 (iTviaTif , Perhaps Alphus means that the man who does not trust his 
 neighbor is not trusted (or trustworthy) himself. 
 
 17. Virg. Aen. ii. 13. incipiam. fracti bello, etc. 
 
 41. Virg. Aen. v. 59i» irremeabilis error. 
 
 44. resero. The poet's brother Tolomeo defended a similar use of 
 reserare, in the Alfonsus (animas reseraret ab Oreo), by citing Virgil, 
 Aen. ii. 258-9, ' inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim | laxat claustra 
 Sinon ' {Apologia, Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Cc. v). 
 
 46-49. Cp. Thomas Middleton, The Witch (ed. A. H. BuUen, vol. 
 V. p. 366). Further details as to the witches' flight, etc., may be 
 found in Delrio, Visquisitiones magicae, lib. ii, quaest. 16 ( Moguntiae, 
 1624, pp. 167 if.). 
 
 52. pedum meditans. In some of the later editions the line is re- 
 written ; dumque nemus subeo meditans tnecum., ecce per umbras. 
 
 56. runca : ' Runca dicitur ferreum instrumentum, seu sarculum, 
 quo sentes et herbae runcantur aut evelluntur ' (Du Cange). 
 
 70. mulieribus. Cp. muliere, iv. 206 and vi. 57; mulierum, iv. 
 245; Boccaccio, Eel. vii. 124, mulieribus. For the e in the oblique 
 cases of mulier, Quicherat cites Venant. Fort. viii. 6 ; Dracontius, 
 Satis/. 161 ; and it is not uncommon in mediaeval Latin hexameters. 
 
ECLOGUE IV. Si-ioo 131 
 
 The usage was criticized by Mantuan's contemporaries, but his 
 brother Tolomeo could cite the authority of Laurentius Valla and 
 Gregorio Tifernate {Apologia, Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. Ee, iv). 
 
 81. Umber means Gregorio Tifernate (Gregorio da Citta di Cas- 
 tello), as Mantuan himself explained to Thomas Wolf, Jr., in the 
 year 1500: 'Ego, mi lacobe, sicut multa alia ita hoc praecipue 
 quaesivi, quid ipse in aeglogis suis intelligi desyderaret per Vmbrum, 
 in cuius laudibus esset tarn frequens ac assiduus. Aiebat ipse a se 
 notari Gregorium tiphernum praeceptorem suum,' etc. (Letter to 
 Jakob Wimpfeling, Feb. 24, 1503, printed in the Tiibingen edition 
 of the Eclogues, 15 15). Gregorio was born about 1414. He studied 
 at Perugia, and afterwards spent some years in Greece. Returning 
 to Italy, he taught Greek at Naples, where (c. 1447) he had Gioviano 
 Pontano as one of his pupils. From 1449 to 1455 he was in the 
 service of Pope Nicholas V, for whom he made translations of 
 several Greek works. After the death of his patron (March 25, 
 1455) he taught for a short time at Milan ; and toward the close of 
 1456 he went to France, to the court of Charles VII. On Jan. 19, 
 1458, he was appointed professor of Greek at the University of 
 Paris ; but early in September, 14S9, he returned to Italy. From 
 April, 1460, to December, 1461, he seems to have taught at Mantua, 
 and the remainder of his life was spent at Venice. He seems to 
 have died about 1464. [The unpublished ' Vita ' of Gregorio, Cod. 
 Vat. Lat. 6845, foil. 157-161, contains very little information be- 
 yond what may be gleaned, or inferred, from his own poems. Some 
 additional facts are furnished by F. Gabotto, Ancora un letterato 
 del Quattrocento (1890), pp. 7-23; L. Delaruelle, Melanges d' 
 archeologie et d' histoire, xix (1899), 9-33; L. Thuasne, Roberti 
 Gaguini Epistole et Orationes (1903), i. 10-12]. 
 
 82-83. Virg. Eel. iii. 52, quin age, si quid habes; Ibid. ix. 45, 
 numeros memini, si verba tenerem ; lb. ix. 38, neque est ignobUe 
 carmen. 
 
 87-88. Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. 20, ' Tityre, cage pecus; ' tu post carecta 
 latebas. For the rustic realism, cp. i. 44-47, and note, obsit: cp. 
 iii. IIS, "^ floribus obsit. 
 
 90. Cp. i. 17s, vineta subinirat. 
 
 93. 'et: i. e. etiam; pampineos . . . agros : i. e. vineas' (Asc). 
 
 98-99. Virg. Gear. i. 332, aut Rhodopen aut alia Ceraunia. Cp. 
 ' Umber's ' own reference to his long journeyings : ' lunior Eurotae 
 potavi fluminis undam, | de Ligeri factus grandior amne bibo. | 
 vidimus Oceanum mare, vidimus Hellespontum : | sic voluit longas 
 nos Deus ire vias,' Gregorii Tipherni Poetae clariss. Opuscula, 
 Venetiis, 1498, fol. c. iii. [This quotation is taken from a copy in 
 the Library of the University of Turin. There is another copy of 
 the same edition at the University of Padua; and Voigt-Lehnerdt 
 report a third in the Royal Library at Berlin.] 
 
 100. referebat cannina. None of Gregorio's translations of Greek 
 verse have been preserved. His translations of prose authors "(all 
 of them dedicated to Nicholas V) are as follows: (l) Aristotle, 
 Magna Moralia and Eudemian Ethics; (2) Dio Chrysostom, De 
 Regno ; (3) Strabo, De Situ Orbis, lib- xi-xvii (the first ten books 
 
132 ECLOGUE IV. 105-149 
 
 were translated by Guarino) ; (4) Theophrastns, four fragments 
 (iMetaphysica, De Natura Ignis, De Piscibus, De Vertigine) ; (S) 
 Timaeus Locrensis, De Mundi Fabrica. [I owe this note to Dr. D. 
 P. Lockwood, of Columbia University.] 
 
 105. Candidus means Mantuan himself, as in Eclogues IX and 
 X. Cp. the reference in Euricius Cordus, Ed. ii, ' Candidus est, 
 gelida qui Faustum lusit in umbra, | ut retulit veteres Gallam quibus 
 arserat ignes.' 
 
 108. Virg. Eel. vii. 21, Nymphae, noster amor, Libethrides. 
 
 log. plus : ' subaudi caeteris. alioqui dixisset plurimum ' (As- 
 censius). 
 
 no. Cp. a letter of Aeneas Silvius (to Hippolytus of Milan, 1446), 
 Remedium contra amorem : ' Mulier est animal imperfectum, varium, 
 fallax, multis moribus passionibusque subiectum, sine fide, sine 
 timore, sine constantia, sine pietate. de his loquor mulieribus quae 
 turpes admittunt amores.' For a longer string of such uncompli- 
 mentary epithets (with a similar saving clause at the end) see 
 •Martinez de Toledo, Corvacho (1438), Madrid ed., 1901, p. 61. Cp., 
 also, Boccaccio's Corbaccio (Florence ed., 1828, p. 199): ' Ora io 
 non t' ho detto quanto questa perversa moltitudine sia golosa ritrosa 
 e ambiziosa, invidiosa accidiosa iracunda e delira, ne quanto ella 
 nel farsi servire sia imperiosa noiosa vezzosa stomacosa e importuna, 
 e altre cose assai,' etc. 
 
 112. extremis gaudet. So La Bruyere, Des Femmes, 53, ' Les 
 femmes sont extremes : elles sont meilleures ou pires que les hommes.' 
 ■ 114. Virg. Gear. i. 211, brumae intractabilis. 
 
 115. Virg. Aen. x. 273-5, ' aut Sirius ardor | . . . laevo contristat 
 lumine caelum.' Canis is probably the genitive. 
 
 117. amat . . . edit. Cp. Publil. Syr. Sent., 'aut amat aut odit 
 mulier, nil est tertium ; ' also, the line in a mediaeval poem, 'Aut 
 amat aut odit: medium non femina novit ' (C. Pascal, Poesia latina 
 medievale, Catania, 1907, p. 179). capitaliter odit: the expression 
 is cited from Amm. Marc. 21. 16. 11. 
 
 ■ n8. hernica: cp. Mantuan's Aljonsus, Bk. ii (fol. 269), ' facili 
 minus hernica vultu.' 
 
 124. Cp. Virg. Aen. iv. 569, varium et 'mutabile semper \ femina. 
 
 129. ganeae : ' gluttony.' For the quantity, cp. Prud. Hamart. 
 322, gdneonis ; Id. Psych. 343, gdnearum ; Sidon. v. 340, gdnea. 
 
 132-3. Ovid, Met. ii. 467, distuleratqiie graves in idonea tempora 
 poenas. 
 
 134. litigiosa : cp. Juv. vi. 242, ' nulla fere causa est in qua non 
 femina litem | moverit.' 
 
 135 ff. : echoed in Two Italian Gentlemen (1584), 938-943, Malone 
 Society Reprint, 1910, through L. Pasqualigo (see p. 56): ' Busie 
 they are with pen to write our vices in our face, But negligent to 
 knowe the blemish of their owne disgrace. Gestures and lookes in 
 readinesse at their command they haue, Mirth, sorrowe, feare, hope,' 
 etc. 
 
 146-9. Cp. the close of the fable ' De muliere et proco sua' (L. 
 Hervieux, Les fabulistes latins, ii. 487) : ' Hie dicitur, quod mulier 
 habet omnes artes Dyaboli et adhuc ulterius artem unam. De visis 
 enim decipit veluti de non visis.' 
 
ECLOGUE IV. iso-212 133 
 
 150 ff. The examples cited, here and in lines 207 ff., had long 
 been stock examples in treatises on this subject. Cp. St. Jerome, 
 Adv. lov. Bk. i. (ii. 292 Migne), 'quid referam Pasiphaen, Clyteih- 
 nestram, et Eriphylam . . . quidquid tragoediae tument, at domos 
 urbes regnaque subvertit, uxorum pellicumque contentio est. arman- 
 tur parentum in liberos manus : nefandae apponuntur epulae : et 
 propter unius mulierculae r'aptum Europa atque Asia decennali bello 
 confligunt.' 
 
 156. siibicit: cp. Lucan, vii. 574, ipse manu subicit gladios; Sil. 
 Ital. i. 113, subicitqiie hand mollia dicta. 
 
 161. luxuiiae means ' lust ', as in the Ecclesiastical Writers : Paul. 
 Nol. XXV. 10 ; Prudent. Perist. xiii. 25 ; etc. 
 
 176. The names all occur in Virgil's Eclogues. 
 
 178. An unusual version of the story. C. G. Leland, Legends of 
 Florence, New York, 1895, p. 236, mentions ' the fact that Eurydice 
 was lost for tasting a pomegranate,' but omits to state where the 
 ' fact ' is recorded. Cp. Ovid, Met. ix. 600, si non male sana fuissem. 
 
 180. Virg. Gear. i. 39, ' nee repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem.' 
 
 181-3. Virg. Aen. vi. lig-23, 'si potuit manes arcessere coniugis 
 Orpheus | ... si fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit, | itque redifqile 
 viam totiens — quid Thesea magnum, | quid memorem Alciden ? et mi 
 genus ab love summo;' Hor. Od. i. 12. 26, ' huno equis, ilium su- 
 perare pugnis | nobilem.' 
 
 184. Boccaccio, Eel. xiv. 207 (of the Redeemer), inde salus venit 
 et vita renatis. 
 
 194-5. Cp. iii. 65-66. 
 
 196-7. Cp. Brunetto Latini, Li Tresors, i. 5. 132 (of the Cocodrille), 
 ' Et se il vaint 1' ome, il le manjue en plorant; ' lb. i. 5. 191 (of the 
 Hiene), 'et ensuit les maisons et estables, et contrefait la voiz des 
 gens, et ainsi decoit sovent les homes et les chiens, et les devore ; ' 
 Philippe de Thaiin, Besiiaire, 717-18 (of the Cocodrille), ' S' il pot, 
 ume devure, | Quant mangie 1' at, si plure ; ' Perotti, Cornucopiae 
 (of the crocodile), ' conspecto homine emittit lacrimas; mox appro- 
 pinquantem devorat;' (of the hyena), ' humanum sermonem inter 
 pastorum stabula assimilare dicitur, nomenque alicuius discere quern 
 foras evocatum dilaceret. vomitionem etiam hominis imitari ad sol- 
 licitandos canes quos invadat;' Cecco d' Ascoli, xl (of the hyena), 
 'contrafa Ihumana uoce | per deuorar Ihumana creatura ' (Venice 
 ed. 1487) ; Mantuan, Alfonsus, Bk. v. fol. 293, ' callida et, ut per- 
 hibent, nostrae aemula vocis hyaena.' 
 
 200-1. Ovid, Met. iv. 780-1, ' se tamen horrendae clipei quem laeva 
 gerebat | acre repercussam formam aspexisse Medusae;' lb. 551, 
 ' saxificae ... Medusae ; ' Met. v. 217, ' saxificos vultus ... Medusae.' 
 
 204. fluviorum: for the scansion, cp. Virg. Geor. i. 482, fluviorum 
 rex Eridanus. aspris: for the form, cp. Virg. Aen. ii. 379, aspris 
 . . . sentibus. 
 
 207 ff. ' Plebeii ac triviales sunt versiculi: Adam, Samsonem, Lot, 
 Davidem, Solomonem, \ Femina decepit; quis modo tutus erit? ' 
 (Asceusius). 
 
 212. Prud. Hamart. 264-5, 'nee enim eontenta decore | ingenito 
 externam mentitur femina formam.' 
 
134 ECLOGUE IV. 213-251 
 
 213. Prud. Hamart. 272, ' aureolisque riget coma texta catenis.' 
 
 216. Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. 64-5, 'malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella, 
 I et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri.' 
 
 217. dare. Cp. Catull. ex. 4, 'nee das et fers saepe.' 
 
 218. Cp. Ov. A. A. i. 665-6, 'pugnabit primo fortassis et 'improbe' 
 dicet : | pugnando TJinci se tamen ilia volet.' 
 
 219. Gellius, ii. 22. 24, 'est etiam ventus nomine caecias, quem 
 Aristoteles ita flare dicit ut nubes non procul propellat, sed ut ad 
 sese vocet, ex quo versum istum proverbialem factum ait : "E^wv 
 k^' aiirov ojare KaiKia^ ve<po^.' 
 
 222. hie fragilis . . . sexus. Cp. Prud. Hamart. 27^, 'haec sexus 
 male fortis agit, cui pectore in arto | mens fragilis facili vitiorum 
 fluctuat aestu.' Cp., also, the poem Alda (du Meril, Poesies inedites 
 du moyen age, Paris, 1854, p. 430), fragili rigor in sexu; and the 
 expression femina res fragilis, in two other mediaeval poems (C. 
 Pascal, Poesia laiina medievale, pp. 154, ISS). 
 
 233. Cp. Virg. Geor. i. 93, penetrabile frigus. 
 
 234. Petrarch, Eel. i. 87, Stygias fiammas. 
 
 236. Virg. Aen. iii. 216, ' foedissima ventris I proluvies ; ' lb. 227, 
 ' diripiuntque dapes contactuque omnia foedant 1 immundo.' 
 
 239-40. Lucan, Phars. ix. 624, ' finibus extremis Libyes, ubi fervida 
 tellus] accipit oceanum demisso sole calentem, | squalebant late Phor- 
 cynidos arva Medusae.' These lines are quoted by Perotti, and as- 
 cribed to Ovid ; and Ascensius borrows both the quotation and the 
 false reference in his commentary on Mantuan. 
 
 244. rei. For the quantity, cp. Lucr. ii. 112, 548; vi. 918. 
 
 247. urbi : Citta di Castello, on the upper course of the Tiber. It 
 occupies the site of the ancient Tifernum Tiberinum. Cp. Virg. 
 Eel. vi. 73, quo se plus iaetet Apollo. 
 
 249-50. Juv. vii. 55> earmen triviale. 
 
 251. Virg. Eel. x. 33, quam molliter ossa quieseant. 
 
 ECLOGA V, CANDIDUS. 
 
 Otia Sylvanus miratur inertia vatis, 
 Candidus abieetos querit-ur nunc esse poetas. 
 
 The iifth Eelogue lifts up an old complaint against the niggardly 
 attitude of rich men toward poets — against ' these frugal patrons, who 
 begin | To scantle learning with a seruile pay.' Like the fourth, it 
 was a youthful composition on h traditional subject — a subject which 
 had been touched on by Theocritus, and Juvenal, and Martial, and 
 Petrarch — and it cannot reflect anything in the author's own ex- 
 perience. It is paraphrased in Alexander Barclay's fourth Egloge 
 ' treating of the behauour of Riche men agaynst Poetes,' and imitated 
 in the October Aeglogue of Spenser's Shepheards Calender. ' E. K.'s ' 
 comment on Spenser's poem states that ' this Aeglogue is made in 
 imitation of Theocritus his xvi. Idilion,' adding — what most of his 
 
Eclogue v. 2-ss' ]3j 
 
 readers were lilcely to know— ' and the lyke also is in Mantuane.' 
 But this comment is misleading, and must have been intended to be 
 misleading. Spenser's indebtedness to Theocritus is exceedingly 
 slight; but it would doubtless be more impressive to refer one of 
 his poems to a great Greek model than to the 'homely Carmelite' 
 whose Eclogues were a familiar text-book in almost every school. 
 
 2. Virg. Eel. V. 2, caXamos inflare. 
 
 6. Cp. Juv. iii. i6s (and vi. 357), res angusta domi; Cic. Phil. 
 xiii. 4. 8, res familiaris ampla. 
 
 _ 7"8. Virg. Gear. iii. 177, nivea implebunt mulctraria vaccae; Aen. 
 iii. 66, spumantia cymbia lade. 
 
 9. Pers. i. 45, si forte quid aptius exit. 
 
 10. eztenditis aures : cp. Seneca, Ep. xl. 3 (of the proper delivery 
 for philosophical teaching), nee extendat aures nee obruat. 
 
 II-I2. Juv. vii. 30-32, ' didicit iam dives avarus | tantum admirari, 
 tantum laudare disertos, | ut pueri lunonis avem ; ' ' So praysen babes 
 the Peacoks spotted traine,' Spenser, 5. C. a. 31; T. Randolph, An 
 Eclogue to Master Jonson, ' Rich churls have learn't to praise us, and 
 admire, | But have not learn't to think us worth the hire.' Cp., also, 
 Juv. i. 74, ' probitas laudatur et alget.' 
 
 16. saepe : abl. of saepes. 
 
 25. Virg. Eel. ix. 51, omnia fert aetas. 
 
 27. Cp. TibuU. ii. 5- 25, pascebant herbosa Palatia vaccae; Virg. 
 Eel. ii. 42, bina die sieeant ovis ubera. 
 
 28. Cp. Juv. vii. 34-5, ' taedia tunc subeunt animos, tunc seque 
 suamque | Terpsichoren odit facunda et nuda senectus.' 
 
 29. secundant. For the intransitive use, cp. Boccaccio, Eel. vi. 
 47, da eoepta seeundent. 
 
 32. altera =: alia. 
 
 33. Cp. Juv. vii. 32-3, ' sed defluit aetas | et pelagi patiens et 
 cassidis atque ligonis;' Virg. Aen. i. 599> omnium egenos. 
 
 38. fniges secat ore. This bit of natural history was recorded 
 in the famous Greek treatise Physiologus. Cp. E. Peters, Der 
 griechische Physiologus und seine orienialischen Uebersetzungen, 
 Berlin, 1898, p. 89, ' Wenn sie {sc. die Ameise) die Nahrung in der 
 Erde aufspeichert, so beisst sie die Korner in zwei Stiicke, damit 
 nicht die Korner wahrend des Winters keimen und sie Hunger 
 leidet.' Cp., also, Philippe de Thaiin, Bestiaire, 931-4, ' Le grenet 
 que 11 at \ En dous parr le fendrat ; | Issi fait cuintement ! Qu' en 
 iver faim nel prent;' Guillaume le Clerc, 937-40, ' Chescun son grein 
 par mileu fent | E ensi le garde et defent, | Qu' il n' empire ne ne 
 porrist | Ne que nul germe n' i norrist ; ' Brunetto Latini, Li Tresors, 
 i. 5. 190, ' et ses grains brise tous parmi, porce que il ne puissent 
 naistre a la moistor de la terre;' and (for Mantuan's own day) 
 Perotti's Cornucopiae, ' semina condunt semirosa, ne rursus in fruges 
 exeant.' 
 
 46. Petrarch, Eel. iv. 68, ' sorte tua eontentus abi, citharamque 
 relinque.' 
 
 58. fac nos gaudere. Facere with the infinitive in the sense of 
 " to cause to " is common in the Ecclesiastical Writers. " This 
 
136 ECLOGUE V. 6o-g8 
 
 construction seems to have been colloquial : we find it at least once 
 in Cic. (Brut. 142), in Lucr., Varr., Ou. and Col. Its presence in 
 Verg. A. 2. S38-9, is only one of many instances of V's taste for the 
 communis sermo " (W. C. Summers, Select Letters of Seneca, London, 
 1910, p. 350). 
 
 60-61. Cp. Theocritus, xxv. 50, akXov 6' qTJmv Wr/Ke 6cbc tnK^nvea 
 tpuTuv (quoted by Florido Ambrogio, p. 131). 
 
 64. f axo : archaic, as in Aen. ix. 154; xii. 316. 
 
 65. nodlim Herculis. Cp. Macrobius, i. 19. 16, ' in Mercurio solem 
 coli etiam ex caduceo claret, quod Aegyptii in specie draconum maris 
 et feminae coniunctorum figurauerunt Mercurio consecrandum. hi 
 dracones parte media uoluminis sui in uicem nodo, quern, uocant 
 Herculis, obligantur,' etc. 
 
 67. inquis = dicis. Cp. viii. 67, quod . . . inquis ; a. S3> "' Can- 
 didus inquit. 
 
 70. Cp. Ov. Tr. i. I. 39, ' carmina proveniunt animo deducta 
 sereno ;' Juv. vii. S3-56, ' sed vatem egregium . . . anxietate carens 
 animus facit ; ' lb. 63-64. 
 
 72. squarrosa : a rare word, cited only from Lucilius : ' squarrosi 
 a squamarum similitudine dicti, quorum cutis exsurgit ob assiduam 
 illuviem.' situs occupat ora : cp. Virg. A en. iv. 499, pallor simul 
 occupat ora ; TibuU. i. 10. S0> occupat arma situs. 
 
 75. Cp. iv. 67, ' ut ad formam faciat pudor.' 
 
 .78. Cp. ' Itala,' Ps. 143. 13, cellaria eorum plena. 
 
 80. Virg. Eel. i. 36, ' gravis aere domum mihi dextra redibat.' 
 
 82. ludos inarare : ' id securi faciunt rustici, divinare f acientes 
 quem sulcum tetigerint ' (Asc). 
 
 86. Tityrus means Virgil, as in ii. 9. 
 
 89. Cp. Mart. viii. 55. 5, ' sint Maecenates, non derunt, Flacce, 
 Marones;' Juv. vii. 69-71, 'nam si Vergilio puer et tolerabile desset 
 I hospitium, caderent omnes a crinibus hydri, | surda nihil gemeret 
 grave bucina.' 
 
 90-91. Cp. Juv. vii. 59-61, 'nee enim cantare sub antro | Pierio 
 thyrsumque potest contingere maesta | paupertas ' ('Ne wont with 
 crabbed care the Muses dwell,' Spenser, 5. C. x. loi). 
 
 96. Cosmi : Cosimo de' Medici, 'the Elder' (1389-1464). His 
 wealth was proverbial; cp. a letter of Aeneas Silvius (to Petrus 
 Noxetanus, 1446) : ' Non habes opes Cosmi : at Marcelli habes.' 
 
 97. Pers. i. 67, in luxum et prandia regum. 
 
 98. patinam Aesopi. Plin. A''. H. x. 51, 141, ' Clodi Aesopi 
 tragici histrionis patina HS c taxata, in qua posuit aves cantu aliquo 
 aut humano sermone vocales, HS VI singulas coemptas, nulla alia 
 inductus suavitate nisi ut in his imitationem hominis manderet,' etc. 
 This ' patin of Esope ', as Alexander Barclay translates it, was 
 proverbia}. Beroaldo has, ' lam patina Esopi caedat : iam luxus 
 Apici : I et Ptolomeorum prodiga luxuries ' (/« caenam datam prin- 
 cipi Bentivolo a Mino Roscio, Lyons ed. 1492). Cp. also, the 
 Lamentationes novae obscurorum, ReucUinistarum, xi (Henricus 
 Haversack to Joannes Smoerpot), 'Vale ad longos Nestoris annos, et 
 Aesopi patinas nobis ad caenam para.' clipeumve Minervae. 
 Sueton. Vit., xiii. 2, ' patinae, quam ob immensam magnitudinem 
 
tCLOGUE V. gg-igo 137 
 
 clipeum Minervae TroXcoixov dictitabat. in hac scarorum iocinera, 
 phasianarum et pavonum cerebella, linguas phoinicopterum . . . com- 
 miscuit.' [These two phrases were explained by loannes Murmellius, 
 in his Scoparius (1517).] 
 
 99- regis laribus. Nero's Golden House (Sueton. Nero, 31). 
 100. aenea barba: Aenobarbi, a family name of the Domitian 
 gens (Sueton. Nero, l). 
 
 loi. The speaker explains his more than pastoral enlightenment: 
 cp. vi. 58-59; vii. 10; viii. 153-5; ix. 200; also, vi. 220 and note. 
 
 104. Juv. XV. 173-4, ' Pythagoras, cunctis animalibus abstinuit qui 
 I tamquam homine et ventri indulsit non omne legumen ; ' lb. iii. 
 229, ' unde epulum possis centum dare Pythagoreis ; ' lb. iii. 203, 
 ' lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex,' etc. 
 108-9. Cp. ii. 45-47- 
 
 109. Hor. Ep. i. I. 4-5, armis \ Herculis ad postern fixis. 
 123. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 6. 37, regina Pecunia; Juv. i. 112, inter nos 
 sanctissima diviiiaruTn \ maiestas. 
 
 129. subsannet. The verb is a common one in the Latin Bible 
 and in the Ecclesiastical Writers : e. g. 2 Par. 30. 10, illis irridenti- 
 bus et subsannantibus eos. 
 
 136. Petrarch, Eel. iv. 70, posceris auxilium: tu consults? Mart, 
 ii. 30, 6, quod peto da, Gai: non peto consilium, sed. The 
 Bologna edition of 1502 reads sum. 
 
 145 if. Cp. T. Lodge, A Fig for Momus (1595), Eel. iii, 'To 
 Rowland ' : ' But now, these frugal patrons, who begin | To' scantle 
 learning with a seruile pay, | Make Poets count their negligence no 
 sinne : | The cold conceit of recompence doth lay | Their fierie furie 
 when they should begin. | The priest unpaid, can neither sing nor 
 say, I Nor poets sweetlie write, excepte they meete | With sound 
 rewards, for sernioning so sweete.' 
 151. ganea. See iv. 129 k. 
 
 166 ff. Cp. Palingenius, Zodiacus Fitae, ii. 549 (Basel ed., 1548, 
 p. 29) : ' si qua tamen donant, dant scurris, dantque cynaedis, | dant 
 lenis potius,. dant scortis callipareis : | nemo dabit vati, Musae 
 spernuntur ubique.' 
 
 176. trivialibus : cp. iv. 249-50, trivialia . . . carmina. 
 181. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. 10. 29, vero distinguere falsum. 
 190. Cp. Hor. Ep. i. i. 52, villus argentum est auro, ■virtutibus aurum. 
 
 ECLOGA VI, CORNIX. 
 
 Cornix enarrat discrimina ruris et urbis, 
 Et pergit varies stultorum carpere mores. 
 
 Fulica repeats a story which explains that the difference between 
 the lot of the countryman and that of the townsfolk was fixed at 
 the very beginning, when the Creator ordained that some of Eve's 
 younger children should be shepherds, and ploughmen, and laborers 
 in the field. Cornix retorts with a lively satire on the evils of life 
 
138 ECLOGUE VI. 1-57 
 
 in a city. The poem is paraphrased in Alexander Barclay's fifth 
 Egloge ' of the disputation of Citizens and men of the Countrey.' 
 
 1-5. Cp. the winter picture at the close of Love's Labour's Lost : 
 ' When icicles hang by the wall . . . While greasy Joan doth keel 
 the pot.' 
 
 5. polenta, used as neuter singular ; cp. viii. 23, pingue polenta. 
 Mantuan's defence of this usage is quoted in his brother Tolomeo's 
 Apologia (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Cc, vii) : " cum audisset sibi vitio 
 dari quod neutro genere polenta dixisset, paulum subrisit et, ut est 
 f acetus, in me conversus ait : ' hui me miserum, Ptolemaee, vocor in 
 indicium de polenta quod non edi ; ' et continuo attulit versus illos 
 ex quinto libro Metamorphoseon Nasonis <i449-450> ; 
 
 prodit anus divamque videt lymphamque roganti 
 dulce dedit testa quod coxerat ante polenta, 
 et paulo infra <453-454> : 
 
 offensa est, nee adhuc epota parte loquentem 
 cum liquido mixta perfudit diva polenta, 
 in primis duobus versibus iungit dulce cum polenta ; in aliis duobus 
 dicit cum liquido polenta, quo essent et critici nostri iure perfun- 
 dendi, et in stelliones deformesque bestiolas convertendi. Philippus 
 Beroaldus in sextum librum Apulei de aureo Asino loquens de 
 polenta dicit : ' apud Ovidium neutraliter enuntiatur illo versu, dulce 
 dedit testa quod coxerat ante polenta.' " \_Met. v. 450 is quoted by 
 Mantuan, and by Beroaldo (Bologna ed., 1500, fol. Y. ii), as it stands 
 in the fifteenth-century editions, Vicenza, 1480, Venice, i486, etc. 
 Modern editors give an ' emended ' line : ' dulce dedit tosta quod 
 texerat ante polenta.'] 
 
 22-23. Cp. / Parthen. iii (of the Nativity), ' deciderant umbrae 
 nemorum, sine crinibus omnis | arbor erat nidosque avium mon- 
 strabat inanes.' 
 
 26. vulpes = ^«//^j vulpinas (Asc). 
 
 27. melotas =: ^e//?j ovinas (Asc). Cp. Hebr. ii. 37, ' circuier- 
 unt in melotis, in pellibus caprinis.' tiahvtnt ^^ contrahunt (Asc). 
 Virg. Aen. i. 323, maculosae tegmine lyncis. 
 
 30. mater . . . noverca. Beroaldo has a similar fancy, Fortuna, ad 
 Minum Roscium, ' hos ut mater alit : illos ut saeva noverca | exagitat : 
 fovet hos: his inimica nocet ' (Orationes et Poemaia, Lyons ed., 
 1492). Cp. the beginning of Pliny's seventh book (of Nature), 
 ' non ut sit satis aestimare, parens melior homini an tristior noverca 
 fuerit;' and Mantuan's Dialogus contra Detractores (Lyons ed., 
 15 16, fol. a, viii) : 'Dixit etiam Exopus, ut in ei,us vita legisse me 
 memini, terram malis herbis esse matrem, bonis novercam. est 
 etiam apud Graecos illud adagium : est quandoque dies mater, quan- 
 doque noverca ' "CHesiod, Erg. 825, a/l/lore fiTjTfmri ncXn Vf^PV, 
 
 aXXoTC fiT/TTJp'^. 
 
 31-2. Cp. Juv. vii. 191, felix et sapiens et nobilis et generosus^ etc 
 45. Virg. Geor. iii. 355, septemque assurgit in ulnas. 
 52. accubitu : 'bed'- 'Accubitus pro cubatu, aut cubitu, Gall. 
 la couchee' (Du Cange). 
 
 57. muliere. Cp. iv. 70, and note. 
 
ECLOGUE VI. sS-zig 139 
 
 S8. Ov. Met. i. 79, ille opifex rerum; Prud. liamart. Ii6, ipse 
 epifex rerum. 
 
 6l. Yirg.^Aen. ii. 235, accingunt omnes operi. 
 
 70. sine cornibus 'iuxci=z loedi adulteri (Asc). 
 
 97. Virg. £f/. iii. 101, pecorisque magistro. 
 
 loi. genus hoc. -Gp. Hbr. i'a?. ii. 6. 44, nugas hoc genus. 
 
 105. Mantous Amyntas. The same Amyntas as in £c/. ii; cp. 
 107, civis erat, with ii. 132, civis^ enim fuerat puer ei versatus in urbe. 
 
 113. Alexander Barclay, Ed. v, translates, 'But thou art so rude, 
 thy paunche is so fatte.' And, as Shakespeare's Longaville remarks, 
 ' Fat paunches have lean pates ' {L.L.L. i. i. 26) ; or, as Thomas 
 Lodge puts it, A Fig for Momus ('To his Mistres A. L.'), 'Of 
 such doe Basile, Galen, Plato, write, | That fattest bellie hath the 
 weakest sprite.' Cp. Hor. Sat. ii. 5. 40, pingui tentus omaso ; 
 Perotti, Corn., ' nam omasum appellamus intestinum pingue ' (Venice 
 ed., 1494, fol. 24). There is a Greek proverb, yaaTilp Tzaxela ^etttov 
 oil tIktel v6ov. 
 
 115. Cp. V. 10, placidas extenditis aures. 
 
 117. Cp. i. 83, fulgenti murice. 
 
 119. Cp. i. 84, guos vidi elatos regali incedere passu. 
 
 128. Cp. V. 14, vitam traducere. 
 
 132. ab aevo. Cp. Vulg. Sirach, i. , 4, ' prior omnium creata est 
 sapientia, et intellectus prudentiae ab aevo ; ' Tert. Scorp. 6, ' ab 
 aevo dignissimum creditum est.' 
 
 133-4. vertere . . aestimat. Cp. iii. 75, conflare putabam. 
 fuligine pallet. Cp. Mantuan's Trophaeum, Bk. v. (fol. 367), caede 
 madens et pulvere pallidus atro ; also, his First Parthenice, Bk. iii, 
 abscurae pallentia fiumina Lethes (Ascensius' ed., Paris, 1513, fol 74). 
 
 140. Cp. Mart. iii. 79. 1, rem peragit nuJlam Sertorius, inchoat 
 omnes. 
 
 149. Cp. V. 112, copia rerum, \ tantarum; Virg. Aen. iv. 233, 
 tantarum gloria rerum. 
 
 157. Cp. Calpurn. Eel. iv. 25, et lac venale per urbem non tacitus 
 porta. 
 
 167. quid reges : the verb omitted, as in Virg. Geor. iii. 258, 
 quid iuvenis, etc. 
 
 175. Virg. Geor. ii. 503, sollicitant alii remis freta caeca. 
 
 177-9. Cp. Hor. A. P. 170, inventis miser abstinet ac tim,et uti; 
 Ep. i. 5. 13, parcus ob heredis curam nimiumque severus | assidet 
 insano ; Ter. Phorm. 44, suom defrudans genium. 
 
 189. siVLVLat^ desinunt (Asc). 
 
 193. pietas. Cp. viii. 157, 164; also, Du Cange, ' pitie, idem quod 
 aumSne, in testam. ann. 1366.' 
 
 199. Prud. Hamart. 401, iride canina foro latrat facundia toto ; 
 Quint, xii. 9. 12, si a bono viro in rabulam latratoremque convertitur ; 
 Cic. Or. XV. 47, rabulam de foro. 
 
 203. equestre genus. ' Et hoc quoque satyrice. Equestres sunt, 
 quia mulis fere vehuntur medici ' (Asc). 
 
 206. Cd. Deut. 28. 29, sicut palpare solet caecus in tenebris. 
 
 210. Cp. Virg. Geor. ii. 486, o ubi campi, etc 
 
 219. Plin. N. H. iii. 8. 78, ' Ebusi terra serpentes fugat;' Perotti, 
 
140 ECLOGUE VI. 220— VU. 37 
 
 Corn. fol. 112, ■' inter banc {sc. Ophiusam) et Pytiusam Ebosus est 
 cuius terra serpen tes fugat.' 
 
 220. Plin. N. H. A. 29. 76, ' quarum (,sc. noctuarum) genus in 
 Creta non esse, etiam, si qua invecta sit, emori ; ' Perotti, Corn. fol. 
 151, 'quae in Creta non est, et si qua invehatur non multo post 
 moritur.' The unlettered speaker forgets the name, as in Virgil, 
 Eel. iii. 40, quis fuit alter, etc. Cp. the pastoral simplicity of vii. 
 28; viii. 87; viii. 150; and contrast v. loi, and note. 
 
 221. Virg. Aen. vii. 778, ' unde etiam templo Triviae lucisque 
 sacratis | cornipedes arcentur equi.' 
 
 240. Virg. Geor. i. 153-4, ' interque nitentia culta | infelix lolium 
 et steriles dominaniur avenae ; ' Eel. v. 37. 
 
 246. fens et origo. Cp. Flor. Epit. i. 41. 12, in originem fon- 
 temque belli Cilieiam ; Prud. Sym. i. 72, liaec causa est et origo 
 mali; Palingenius, Zod. Viiae, vi. igi, stultitiae fans est et origo 
 philautia vestrae. 
 
 252. ulla. Cp. Mantuan's Trophaeum, Bk. v. fol. 369, ' iacturam 
 hanc lucro ullo alias fortuna rependet.' 
 
 ECLO6A VII, POLLUX. 
 
 Galbula paslores ad sidera laudibus effert, 
 Et canit, iit visa versus sit numine Pollux. 
 
 The seventh Eclogue reports a vision in vifhich the youthful Pollux 
 is warned against the dangers of the world, and pointed to the safe 
 retreat of Mount Carmel. Here Pollux is commonly supposed to 
 mean Mantuan himself; but the poem was written before he joined 
 his religious order. See, also Introduction, p. 19. Lines 9-56 are 
 paraphrased in Alexander Barclay's fifth Egloge; lines 14-31 are 
 echoed in Spenser's July Aeglogue, 129-157; lines 9-39 are para- 
 phrased in the third Eglogue of Francis Sabie's Pan's Pipe, Damon's 
 ' dittie ', of the ' stately progeny of heardsmen.' 
 
 I. Pollux: see note on i. 148. 
 10. Umber. See iv. 81 n. 
 
 II. Cp. vi. 97, and Virg. Eel. iii. loi, pecorisque magistro. 
 14. ast. An archaic form, as in Virg. Aen. i. 46; ii. 467. 
 18. Virg. Eel. iii. 77, cum faciam vitula. 
 
 20. Cp. iii. 141, fiectere divos; Virg. Aen. vii. 312, flectere . . . 
 Superos. 
 
 23. Assyrios : ' ut Abraham, Lot, lacob, et caeteros patriarchas ' 
 (Asc). Cp. the excuse for forgetting at viii. 95. 
 
 25. postea : here probably a dactyl, as it is at viii. 47. 
 
 26. Virg. Aen. i. 21, populum late regem belloque superbum. 
 
 33. deitatis : late Latin for divinitaiis, as in Aug. Civ. Dei, vii. 
 1, Prud. Apoth. 144, etc. 
 37. Tonantem: cp. Ov. Met. i. 170; ii. 466, etc. It is a bit of 
 
ECLOGUE VII. 3g-i2s 141 
 
 traditional criticism to say that Mantuan made too free use of pagan 
 imagery; and his frequent use of Tonans is always cited in this con- 
 nection. But he had good authority for borrowing the word for 
 Christian use : Paul. Nol. xxii. 149 ; Juvencus, ii. 795 ; iv. 553, 672, 
 786; Prud. Atoih. 171; Cath. xii. 83. 
 
 39- magos regesque. In the De Sacris Diebus (' De Epiphania ') 
 Mantuan rejected the tradition that the Magi who came to worship 
 the infant Sa\dour were kings : nee reges, ut opinor, erant. 
 
 40. John, X. 14, ego sum pastor bonus. 
 
 43. Cp. Virg. Aen. vi. 33, omnia perlegerent oculis. 
 
 46. divum : ' aut regum aut angelorum Christi et parentum-eius ' 
 (Asc). The 'kings' were a regular feature in.,paifftrngs of the 
 Nativity. Or divum may be usedasit-is— tTs'ed in the First Par- 
 thenice, of the ' multitude ^f ^^^Eeivenly host' which appeared to 
 the shepherds : agmen di: 
 
 59. Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. 33, ' est mihi namque domi pater, est 
 iniusta noverca.' 
 
 72. duces suspiria. Cp. 76, trahes . . . gemitus ; also, C. Erasmus 
 Laetus, Eel. v. 24, ' quid gemitus trahis et maestus suspiria ducis ?' 
 
 75. Ovid, Met. iv. 683, lumina . . . lacrimis implevit. quod lumina : 
 ' legendum videtur tot, ut sit : pectus, inquam, quod implet toties 
 lumina tot fletibus' (Asc). Perhaps Mantuan wrote iua lumina. 
 
 79. fas eiit^= licebit. Cp. 80-81, sed fas mihi flere, quod illi | 
 non lieet; ji.. 66, qua noxia pabula fas est \ discere. 
 
 81. Virg. Aen. i. 688, oeeultum ignem; Ovid, Met. iv. 64, quoque 
 magis tegitur, teetus magis aestuat ignis. Cp., also. Two Gentlemen 
 of Verona, i. -i. 30, ' Fire that's closest kept burns most of all,' and 
 the Cambridge play Laelia, i. 3. 145-6, ' quantum potui, celavi, sed 
 amor ignis est : ] quo magis foves, eo erumpit ardentius.' 
 
 87. Cp. Sueton, lul. 32, iacta alea est. 
 
 88. fronde sub Herculea : an allusion to the ' Choice of Hercules.' 
 Cp. Virg. Eel. vii. 61, populus Aleidae gratissima. 
 
 89. Virg. Aen. i. 497, magna iuvenum stipante caterva. 
 
 90. Virg. Aen. i. 589, os umerosque deo similis; lb. iv. S58, 
 OTnnia Mereurio similis, voeemque coloremque \ et erines fiavos et 
 membra deeora iuventa. 
 
 92. Virg. Aen. vii. 7, tendit iter; lb. i. 656, iter . . . tendebat. 
 
 93. Virg. Eel. ix. I, quo via dueit. 
 
 97. Virg. Gear. ii. 154, in spiram tractu se eolligit anguis. 
 
 98. Virg. Eel. iii. 93, latet anguis in herba. 
 
 102 ff. Cp. the ' Laberinto d' Amore ' in Boccaccio's Corbaecio — 
 where the ' spirit ' of Boccaccio's vision corresponds to Mantuan's 
 ' nymph '. 
 
 106-8. Ovid, Met. a. 53-54, trames \ arduus, obscurus, ealigine 
 densus opaca. 
 
 1 12-14. Ovid, Met. xiv. 279-81, ' saetis horrescere coepi | nee iam 
 posse loqui, pro verbis edere raucum | murmur et in terram toto 
 procumbere vultu.' 
 
 116. Virg. Aen. i. 419, collem. qui plurimus urbi \ imminet. 
 
 125. mihi. The identity of the ' nymph ' is disclosed : Our Lady 
 of Mount Carmpl. 
 
142 ECLOGUE VII. 130— VIII. 25 
 
 130. Cp. Ovid, Am. iii. 9, 25, ' adice Maeoniden a quo, ceu fontt 
 perenni, \ vatum Pieriis ora rigantur aquis ; ' Ronsard, Hymnes, ii. 
 7. 40, ' Homere, | De qui, comme un ruisseau d' age en age vivant, 
 I La Muse va tousjours les poetes abreuvant.' 
 
 138. Cp. Boccaccio, Ed. xiv. 213-21, ' stat Satyrum longaeva cohors 
 . . . roseis ornata coronis,' etc. 
 
 144. cadet. The earliest editions have the future. 
 
 147. Ovid, Rem. Am. 91, principiis obsia. 
 
 148. insanit. Cp. i. 1 18, semel insanivimus om-nes. 
 
 152. Cp. Hor. Od. iii. i. 5-6, ' regum timendorum in proprios 
 greges, | reges in ipsos imperium est lovis.' 
 156. Baldi: cp. ii. 172. 
 
 ECLOGA VIII, RELIGIO. 
 
 Ille canit monies, rura hie campesiria; nym,phae 
 Polluci visae laudes et festa canuntur. 
 
 The eighth Eclogue returns to the same subject as the seventh, and 
 explains that the ' virgin ' who appeared to Pollux was no nymph, 
 but the Queen of Heaven, the ' Mater Tonantis ' herself. It adds a 
 list of the pastoral blessings which she can bestow, and gives a 
 calendar of the days which are to be kept in her honor. The pre- 
 liminary debate between an upland and a lowland shepherd is 
 imitated in Spenser's July Aeglogue. 
 
 2. Virg. Eel. viii. 15 (repeated, Gear. iii. 326), cum- ros in ienera 
 pecori gratissim-us herba\ Gear. i. 312, m-ollior aestas. 
 
 3. deducere. Cp. Livy, i. 18. 6, deductus in arcem. 
 
 4. longe prospicio. Cp. ii. 61, longis . . . prospeciibus. 
 
 9-1 1. In the Bologna edition of the collected poems, 1502, the 
 passage is rewritten : versatus luirae in ■morem- limosa per arva, 
 I halat ubi cimex Siygiae excrementa lacunae, \ est ubi ranarum, 
 pulicum, culicum, fulicarum \ patria, per salices, etc. This revision 
 gets rid of the false quantity cimicum, but still retains the pulicum. 
 
 16-18. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, ii. 4. i. 2 (quoting Leander 
 Albertus) , ' Baldus, a mountain near the lake Benacus, in the terri- 
 tory of Verona, to which all the herbalists in the Country continually 
 flock.' melampodion. Cp. Plin. N. H. xxv. 5. 21, ' Melampodis 
 fama divinationis artibus nota est. ab hoc appellatur unum hellebori 
 genus Melampodion. aliqui pastorem eodem nomine invenisse tra- 
 dunt, capras purgari pasto illo animadvertentem.' 
 
 18. Valsasinus : from the Val Sassina, on the east of Lake Como. 
 
 20. Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. 107, et Phyllida solus habeto. 
 
 23. pingue polenta : cp. vi. 5, polenta coquit. 
 
 25. callosa: cp. iii. 25, ut manus incalluii, and Mantuan's 
 5 Parthen. fol. 147, duroque manus callosa labore. The word is cited 
 four tim^s from St. Jerome : e. g. Epist. 106. I, callosq. tenendo capu- 
 
ECLOGUE VIII. 30-86 143 
 
 lum manus. Cp., also, Seneca, Dial. v. 17. 4, callosis . . . genibus 
 manibusque. 
 
 30. ferri. The earliest texts have the passive. 
 
 36. artifici . . . manu. Cp. Ov. Met. xv. 218; Id. Am. iii. 2. 52; 
 Prop. V. 2. 62, artifices . . . manus. 
 
 38-39. Cp. Virg. Eel. i. 9-10, ille meas errare boves . . . permisit. 
 
 40. Cp. iii. 21, cotibus in duris; Virg. Eel. viii. 43 duris in cotibus. 
 
 44. puto sidera tangant. Cp. i. 50-1, eredo . . . eoneitet et . . . tollat. 
 
 45-46. Mantuan reflects the common mediaeval tradition (based 
 upon Ezekiel, xxviii. 13-16) which placed the Terrestrial Paradise on 
 a lofty mountain in the far East. Cp. Claudius Marius Victor 
 (Sth cent.). In Genesim, ' Eoos aperit foelix qua terra recessus | 
 editiore globo,' etc.; Alexander Neckam (d. 1227), De laudibus 
 divinae sapientiae, ' quid quod deliciis ornatus apex Paradisi | lunarem 
 tangit vertiee pene globum'i' (quoted by Arturo Graf, // mito del 
 Paradiso terrestre, Turin, 1892, pp. 200, 210). Cp., also, Boccaccio, 
 Eel. xiv. 170-2, ' est in secessu pecori mons invius aegro, | lumine 
 perpetuo clarus, quo primus ab imis |. insurgit terris Phoebus.' Dante 
 placed it on the top of the mountain of Purgatory ; Ariosto, on the 
 mountain at the source of the Nile, Orl. Fur. xxxiii. st. no. 
 
 47. postea. The word here forms a dactyl ; see, also, vii. 25. 
 
 49. Tonanti : see vii. 37 k. 
 
 51. Carthusia: La Grande Chartreuse, near Grenoble, France. 
 
 52. Garganus : Monte Gargano, with a famous sanctuary of St. 
 Michael. AthOS : still the Holy Mountain, with its 22 convents. 
 Laureta: Loreto, 15 miles south of Ancona. Cp. line 189, in sublime 
 iugum. The house of the Blessed Virgin at Nazareth was conveyed 
 by angels, first to the heights above Fiume (1291), then to the plain, 
 and lastly (1295) to the hill, of Loreto. See U. Chevalier, Notre- 
 Dame de Lorette, Paris, 1906. Laverna: La Verna (or, Alverna), 
 in the Casentino, the ' rude rock between the Tiber and the Arno ' 
 (Dante, Par. xi. 106), where St. Francis of Assisi founded a mon- 
 astery. Cp. Mantuan's De Saeris Diebus (of St. Francis' Day, 
 Oct. 4), 'Umber erat, coluit Tuscae montana Lavernae, | quae 
 furum tutela fuit.' 
 
 53. Soractis apex: cp. Virg. Aen. xi. 785, ' summe deum, sancti 
 custos Soractis Apollo.' In Mantuan's day there was a monastery 
 of S. Silvestro. Umbrosaque Vallis: Vallombrosa. 
 
 54. Ntirsini senis : St. Benedict, born at Nursia, a small town 
 near Spoleto, died at Monte Cassino. 
 
 55. Camaldula: Camaldoli, near Florence. 
 
 65. situosi : cp. V. 72, situs oeeupat ora, and Mantuan's Dionys. 
 Areop., fol. 205, naufragio situosus et ora reeenti. 
 
 67. sed quod inquis, etc. The same device is employed in Eel. 
 iv. 79-81, ' sed quod tarn vafro memoras de virginis astu | rettulit in 
 mentem,' etc. inquis : cp. v. 67, vana inquis ; x. 53, ut Candidus 
 inquit. 
 
 79. Tonantis : cp. vii. 37, Tonantem. 
 
 81. Virg. Gear. i. 17, alma Ceres. 
 
 82. Virg. Aen. i. 52-54, Aeolus antra \ luctantes ventos . . ■ frenat. 
 85-86. Apoeal. xii. I, ' mulier amicta sole, et luna sub pedibus eius, 
 
 .t in runite eius corona stellarum duodecim '^Asc). 
 
144 ECLOGUE VIII. 93-180 
 
 93. Hor. Od. i. 5. 13-14, tabula sacer \ votiva paries. 
 
 95. ista refers to what follows, as at iii. 122. Cp. the excuse for 
 forgetting at vii. 23-24. 
 
 98-101. TibuU. i. 2. 49-50, 'cum libet, h.iec tristi depellit nubila 
 caelo, I cum libet, aestivo convocat orbe nives;' Ovid, Am. i. 8. 
 9-10, ' cum voluit, toto glomerantur nubila caelo : | cum voluit, puro 
 fulget in orbe dies.' 
 
 102. modo = nunc, as at line 1 14 and i. 4. 
 
 104-7. Cp. Virg. Gear. i. 33S-6, ' sidera serva, | frigida Saturni 
 
 sese quo Stella receptet,' etc., and the comment of Servius : ' Saturnus 
 
 deus pluviarum est . . . hie autem in capricorno facit gravissimas 
 
 pluvias, et praecipue in Italia ... in scorpio grandines, item in alio 
 
 . fulmina, in alio ventos.' 
 
 no. Virg. Eel. vii. 36, si fetura gregem suppleverit. 
 
 116. ' capellas = ffl^raj cereas' (Asc). 
 
 117. lanni hircum. See iv. 30 S. 
 
 123-4. Cp. Ser. Samm. Med. Chap. 58, ' praeterea si forte premit 
 strix atra puellos | virosa immulgens exsertis ubera labris ; ' Perotti, 
 Corn., fol. 254, ' maleficae mulieres quae noctu gradientes infantium 
 corpora sanguine sugendo exhauriunt.' 
 
 126. Virg. Gear. i. 325, sata laeta. 
 
 129. Colum. X. 415, pingues mariscas. 
 
 137. Virg. Eel. ix. 45, numeros memini, si verba tenerem. 
 
 141. campe. Perotti, Corn., fol. 117, " vermiculus est hortenses 
 maxime herbas et arborum frondes erodens : dicta ai'o rmi Kafi-KTEiv, 
 quod est flectere. unde Columella : ' nee solum teneras audent 
 erodere frondes | implicitus conchae Umax hirsutaque campe.' " 
 
 144. Virg. Gear. iii. 148, oestrum Graii vertere vocantes. 
 
 145. anginoso : for the quantity, cp. Ser. Samm., 16, ' verum 
 angina sibi mixtum sale poscit acetum.' pubes . . . rustica : cp. Virg. 
 Gear. i. 343, pubes agrestis. 
 
 154. Cp. Catull. 64. 231, memori tibi condita cords; Virg. Aen. 
 ii. 388, tu condita mente teneto. 
 
 157. pietate : cp. vi. 193, nostra etiam pietas pietate potentior urbis. 
 
 158. Virg. Aen. i. 600, grates persolvere dignas; lb. ii. 537, 
 persolvant grates dignas. 
 
 162. commissa piacula solvunt. Cp. Virg. Aen. vi. 569, com- 
 missa piacula; Tac. Ann. i. 30. 3, soluii piaculo (where piaculo 
 seems to mean ' guilt ') ; Prud. Apoth. 543-4, ' Christique negati | 
 sanguine respersus commissa piacula solvit,' and Mantuan's 
 I Parthen. Bk. ii, ' iam Deus antiquae commissa piacula fraudis 
 I ponet' (ed Ascensius, 1513, fol. 59). 
 
 166. Cp. Virg. Geor. i. 308-10, ' auritosque sequi lepores . . . cum 
 nix alta iacet.' 
 
 167. nonas Kalendas = Kalendas N ovembris (by the old Roman 
 reckoning). 
 
 170. Varro, R. R. ii. i. 19, ' dicuntur agni cordi qui post tempus 
 nascuntur ac remanserunt in volvis intimis.' 
 
 175. Cp. viii. 20, iradidit et dixit. 
 
 177-80. The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, Aug. 15. Molor- 
 cbaeo . . . ab astro : ' id est, a leone clava Molorchi interempto. est 
 
ECLOGUE VIII. 182-222 145 
 
 autem longe petitum epithetum ' (Asc). The epithet is found also 
 in Palingenius, Zodiacus Vitae, ii. 234 (Basel ed. 1548, p. 18) : 
 tunc quum per torva leonis | signa Molorchaei gradiens calidissimus 
 est sol.' transiit ad Superos: cp. ii. 146, tranabit ad aethera. 
 
 182. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, Sept. 8. 
 
 187. Lauretica: of Loreto. See note on line 52. 
 
 190. Tliessalicas...sagittas = 5'a5^(«aWMx. Cp. line 194, semi- 
 jeri . . . Chironis. 
 
 192. The Presentation, or entrance of the Virgin Mary into the 
 temple, Nov. 2i. 
 
 197. The Conception of the Blessed Virgin, Dec. 8. 
 
 199-200. primordia . . . fecit : cp. vii. 9, iaciens ■primordia. Here, 
 and in another of his earlier poems (/ Parthen. i. 223 ff.), Mantuan 
 affirms the immaculate conception of the Blessed Virgin. In one 
 "of his latest poems, De Sacris Diebus, Bk. xii ('De conceptione 
 Beatae Virginis Mariae ') he deprecated the violent controversies 
 which raged about the question, and dismissed it as unessential : 
 ' aequanimes autem volumus si vera fateri, | vanus uterque labor, 
 pietas temeraria, praeceps | religio, levitas velata scientiae amictu ; 
 I nee natura potest illuc extendere visum, | nee Deus hoc docuit, nee 
 re dependet ab ista | nostra salus. quae nos igitur dementia torquet 
 1 ut studeamus in his consumere litibus annos ? | . . . ergo nee in- 
 fectam dicas, nee labe carentem. | obmutesce ; Deus sciri haec arcana 
 negavit.' The Blessed Virgin's immunity from original sin became 
 an accepted dogma in 1854, by proclamation of Pope Pius IX. 
 
 201. Virg. Aen. iv. 6, Phoebea . . . lampade. 
 
 204. Cp. Ov. F. iii. 418, turaque pone focis. 
 
 205. The Purification, or the Presentation of Christ in the temple, 
 Feb. 2 ('Candlemas'). 
 
 207. Virg. Gear. ii. 330, Zephyrique lepentibus auris; lb. i. 217, 
 candidus auratis aperit cum cornibus annum, etc. 
 
 209. Paranymphus. In the 'Apologeticon ' prefixed to his First 
 Parthenice Mantuan defended his use of this word : ' legant Augus- 
 tini de Christi nativitate sermones . . . invenienf angelum ad virginem 
 missum paranym-phum- vocari.* It is used in the same way in a 
 poem formerly attributed to Venantius Fortunatus (see Leo's ed., 
 Berlin, 1881, p. 379). 
 
 210. The Annunciation, Mar. 25. 
 
 217. The Visitation, July 2. 'hospita, sc. Maria, redit a matre, 
 sc. loannis ' (Asc). 
 
 220. geninae . . . matii. Cp. Mantuan's poem De Sacris Diebus 
 ('De Visitatione '), 'o geminae matres, quae pignora tanta tulistis.' 
 
 222. militiam caeli: trop. of the heavenly bodies, as in Acts, vii. 
 42, et tradidit eos servire militiae cqeli ; Dei^t. xvii. 3, et adorent 
 egs . . .ft oninem militiam. coeli. 
 
146 ECLOGUE IX. 14-52 
 
 ECLOGA IX, FALCO. 
 
 Faustulus expertus Romani frigida tractus 
 Pascua, pastorum mores exponit iniquos. 
 
 The ninth Eclogue is a satire on the ways of the Roman curia, 
 and doubtless reflects some of Mantuan's own experiences when he 
 went to Rome on the business of his order. For similar criticism 
 of the state of things at Rome, cp. De Calamitatibus, Bk. iii, 
 ' venalia nobis | templa, sacerdotes, altaria, sacra, coronae, | ignes, 
 tura, preces; caelum est venale Deusque ' (Ascensius' ed., Paris, 1513, 
 fol. 61) ; Alfonsus, Bk. vi, 'pastores odere pecus nee pascere curant, 
 I sed tondere greges pecorique illudere tonso ' (Bologna ed., 1502, 
 fol. 309); De Sacris Diebus (' De Sanctis Leonibus'), ' Romana 
 gravi maculata veneno | curia, quae spargit terras contagia in omnes.' 
 This eclogue had the fortune to be taken over into Protestant Eng- 
 land, and there made the model of an attack on the ' loose living 
 of Popish prelates ' in general. For it is imitated rather closely in 
 the September Aeglogue of Spenser's Shepheards Calender, wherein 
 ' Diggon Davie is devised to be a shepheard that, in hope of more 
 gayne, drove hi^ sheepe into a far countrye. The abuses whereof, 
 and loose living of Popish prelates, ... he discourseth at large.' 
 And it was probably in Milton's mind when he wrote the passage 
 in Lycidas about ' our corrupted clergy.' 
 
 14. Cp. Livy, i. i. i, vetusti iure hospitii. 
 
 19. Cp. i. I, gelida quando pecus omne sub umbra \ ruminai. 
 
 20. parum : cp. line 39, quiescat obba parum ; also the mediaeval 
 use of unum parum (quoted by Du Cange from a document of the 
 year 1308) : ' Vade, dixi ego, mecum unum parum ; libenter, dixit 
 ipse.' The poet's brother Tolomeo defended a similar use of 
 parum by citing Lucan, iv. 742, fraude sua cessere parum {Apologia, 
 Lyons ed., 15 16, fol. Ee, vii). recreabere potu : ' invitat autem ad 
 potandum, nee abnuit Candidus, ut si qua petulantius in curiam 
 Romanam dicta sint, a potis dicta censeantur ' (Asc). 
 
 31. Oenophili : the name occurs in Eel. i. 161. 
 
 35"37- Cp. Ovid, Met. xii. 156, vinoque levant curasque sitimque; 
 Tibull. i. 2. I, adde merum vinoque novos compesce dolores. 
 cardiaco. Cp. Plin. N. H. xxiii. 25. 50, ' cardiacorum morbo unicam 
 spem hanc e vino esse certum est ; ' also, Seneca, Ep. xv. 3 ; Cels. 
 iii. 19; Juv. v. 32. In the later medical writers (Cael. Aur., Cass. 
 Fel.) the word is used of disease of the heart, not of the stomach. 
 Here cardiaco dolori seems to mean grief, sorrow (cordolium). 
 
 41. Virg. Eel. viii. 43, duris m cotibus. 
 
 42. Virg. Gear. i. 145, labor . . . improbus. 
 
 50-52. Cp. Virg. ix. 15, 'ante sinistra cava monuisset ab ilice 
 cornix;' Hor. Od. iii. 27. 15-16, ' teque nee laevus vetet ire picus 
 I nee vaga cornix.' tegetis. Du Cange quotes this word from 
 Joannes de Janua (1286) : ' Teges, parva domus quae et Tugurium, 
 scilicet casula quam faciunt sibi custodes vinearum vel pastores ad 
 tegmen sui; quasi Tegerium vel Tugurium.^ Cp. Ercole Strozzi (of 
 
ECLOGUE IX. S2-I07 147 
 
 the Nativity), 'nascitur ille Puer tegetis sub culmine parvo | regales 
 referunt cui pia dona manus,' Aldine ed., 15 13, p. 7. 
 
 52. Virg. Gear. i. 410, corvi presso . . . gutture. 
 
 57- Cp. i. 27, pasiu rediens. 
 
 6S- Virg. Gear. ii. 198, texendae saepes etiam; lb. iv. 34, lento 
 . . . alvaria vimine texta. 
 
 67-70. Virg. Eel. i. S3-59, ' frigus captabis opacum . . . saepe levi 
 somniun suadebit inire susurro . . . nee gemere aeria cessabit turtur 
 ab ulmo ; ' Eel. ii. 13, ' resonant arbusta cicadis.' 
 
 71. Cp. i. 92, hie tremulas inter frondes immurmurat aura. 
 
 73- Virg. Gear. ii. 527, ipse dies agitat festos fususque per herbam, 
 etc. ; Eel. i. I, recubans sub iegmine fagi. 
 
 74. Virg. Gear. ii. 526, adversis luetaniur eornibus haedi. 
 
 77. Virg. Eel. iii. 92, qui legitis flares et humi naseentia fraga. 
 
 88. 'pensi {i. e. excogitati et deliberati) nihil (j. e. habens), 
 omnia casu (i. e. faeiens),' Asc. Cp. Mautuan's De Calam. Bk. i 
 (of Anger), 'nil pensi, nil mentis habet.' So in a letter of Aeneas 
 Silvius (1444), ' et quia inexpertus est, parum pensi habet.' Cp., 
 further, Sallust, Cat. xii. 2, ' nihil pensi neque moderati habere.' 
 
 92-93. Cp. Tennyson's Locksley Hall, ' a sorrow's crown of sorrow 
 is remembering happier things,' with its allusion to Dante, Inf. v. 
 121-3, ' Nessun maggior dolore, | Che ricordarsi del tempo felice | 
 Nella miseria.' The sentiment is an ancient one : cp. Boethius, Phil. 
 Cons. ii. prosa 4, ' nam in omni adversitate f ortunae infelicissimum 
 est genus infortunii fuisse felicem,' Euripides, Iph. Taur. 1 121, 
 rd a uer' evrv^iav nanov- [ adat dvarol^ f^apvg aldv^ Here. Fur. 1291, 
 liEKXriiitvtf) de furl /laKapla Trori \ al fierapoXal Xvx7ip6v. 
 
 94. Virg. Gear. ii. 434, humilesque genistae. 
 
 95. malus . . . punica : ' pomegranate ' Cp. Ov. Met. v. 536, 
 punieeum . . . pomum. 
 
 96. sablico. Andreas Vaurentinus, in his commentary on this 
 passage, suggested that this form of the word was due to metrical 
 convenience. But Mantuan might have cited the authority of Ser. 
 Samm. $0, vel tristia poma sdbuei, an author whom he mentions in 
 the Apologeticon prefixed to his First Partheniee (1481) : ' Quintus 
 Serenus et Ausonius, medici et poetae.' See, also, the note on 
 anginoso, viii. 145. 
 
 loo-l. Hor. Od. i. 4. 4> "■^'^ prata eanis albicant pruinis; Virg. 
 Eel. ii. 10, rapido . . . aestu ; Gear. iii. 479, totoque autumni incanduit 
 aestu. 
 
 102-3. Cp. De Calam. i (the picture of Gastrimargia) , ' sub gutture 
 lato I surgit et inflatum tollit cutis uvida pectus ; ' lb. ii (the ad- 
 dress to Pope Sixtus), 'stent ad praesepia tauri | qui signata iugis 
 longoque attrita labore | eolla gerunt.' 
 
 104. Virg. Geor. iii. 81, luxuriatque toris animosum pectus. 
 
 107. cui. loannes Murinellius defended this irregularity by citing 
 Sallust, Cat. $6. S> ' interea servitia repudiabat, cuius initio ad eum 
 magnae copiae concurrebant,' and TibuUus, ii. i. 11-12, ' vos quoque 
 abesse procul iubeo, discedite ab aris, | cui tulit hesterna gaudia nocte 
 Venus ' ( Letter to Paulus Ruremundensis, quoted in the Deventer 
 edition of the Eclogues, 15 10). ' Ita et hie, cui <;subintellige> gregi 
 
148 ECLOGUE IX. iig-igo 
 
 armentorum, vel armento.' [The edition of TibuUus ' cum com- 
 mentariis Bernardini Veronensis,' Brescia, i486, gives the text as 
 Murmellius quotes it; modern editions have discedat ab aris.1 Cp., 
 also, Calpurnius, Eel. i. 27, longa . . . internodia. 
 
 119. appropias. Mantuan's defence of this word is quoted in his 
 brother Tolomeo's Apologia (Lyons ed., 1516, fol. Gg) : ' usurpat 
 similiter hoc verbum apfropio, id est, appropinquo, deductum a 
 prope, sicut elongo a longe. reperitur id verbum, ut inquit poeta, 
 fuisse in usu ante annos abhinc mille. legitur enim in editione vul- 
 gata psalmorum quae Hieronymum antecessit dum appropiant super 
 me nocentes.' The word occurs a dozen times in the Vulgate, and the 
 'Itala' often uses it where the Vulgate has appropinquare; see 
 H. Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata, p. 181. 
 
 122. a longe = e longinquo. For such combinations of preposition 
 and adverb, see Ronsch, liala und Vulgata, pp. 231-4, 475. So 
 Augustine, Conf. iii. 3. 5, has, ' et circumvolabat super me fidelis 
 a longe misericordia tua.' 
 
 127. illaqueat. Prud. Cath. iii. 41, ' callidus illaqueat volucres | 
 aut pedicis dolus aut maculis, | illita glutine corticeo \ vimina 
 plumigeram seriem | impediunt et abire vetant.' 
 
 128. Virg. Gear. ii. 396, in veribus torrebimus exta colurnis. 
 133. Calpurn. i. 7, defendimus ora galero. 
 
 136-7. Virg. Gear. iii. 420, cape saxa manu, cape robora, pastor. 
 
 138-9. spineta colubris | plena: cp. Virg. Geor. iv. 243, con- 
 gesta cubilia blattis. 
 
 140. Virg. Geor. iii. 434, asperque siti atque exterritus aestu. 
 
 142. Virg. Geor. iv. 554> subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum; 
 Aen. vii. 680, subitum dictuque oritur m-irabUe monstrum. 
 
 I43"5- Virg. Eel. viii. 97-99, h^is ego saepe lupum fieri, etc. 
 madere caede: cp. Ov. Met. i. 149 and xiv. 199, caede madentes; 
 xiii. 388, caede madebit. 
 
 147. obviat: cp. Ital. ovviare. Virg. Aen. ii. 535, pro talibus ausis. 
 
 153-4. The animal worship of the ancient Egyptians is often 
 mentioned: Cic. N. D. iii. 19, Tusc. Disp. v. 27. 78; Juv. xv. 1-8; 
 Arnob. i. 28 ; Cels. Epicur. ap. Orig. iii, etc. 
 
 158. Gen. i. 28, ' dominamini . . . universis animantibus quae 
 moventur super terram ' (Asc). 
 
 159. Virg. Aen. iii. 139, letifer annus. 
 
 162. Virg. Geor. iii. 515, duro fumans sub vomere taurus \ 
 concidit. 
 
 163. Petrarch, Eel. vi. 73, nee morbi modus ullus adest. 
 
 168. opulescunt. Gellius reports, xviii. 11. 3, that Furius Antias 
 was criticized for using such words as opulescere (^ opulentum 
 fieri) . 
 
 174-7. Cp. Virg.'C^or. iii. 343-5, 'omnia secum | armentarius Afer 
 agit, tectumque laremque | armaque,' etc. cacabos : Teofilo Folengo 
 has cdcdbi (Venice ed., 1555, fol. 16). 
 
 185-191. Cp. ii. 87-88, ' quam melius fuerat . . . rediisse . . . ser- 
 vasse,' etc. 
 
 188. Athesis : the Adige. 
 
 190. Abdua : the Addua. 
 
ECLOGUE IX. 193— X. 3 149 
 
 I93"5- Cp. vi. 124-6, ' vidi etiam -patres . . . dum segnes dormire 
 volunt . . . prostituisse,' etc. 
 
 199-200. Cp. Dante, Par. xvi. 73, ' Se tu riguardi Luni ed Urbis- 
 aglia I Come son ite,' etc. ; also, Petrarch, Fam. v. 3, ' Lunam olim 
 famosam potentemque, nunc nudum et inane nomen ' (ed. Fracassetti, 
 i. 254). Luna: famous in antiquity for its harbor (the Gulf of 
 Spezia) ; destroyed by the Arabs in 1016. Hadria: an ancient seaport 
 between the Po and the Adige; ruined by a war with Venice in 1017. 
 Salvia : Urbs Salvia, or Urbesalvia (whence the modern name 
 Urbisaglia), an inland town in Picenum. Under the Empire it 
 was a place of some commercial importance, but it was completely 
 destroyed by Alaric. Umber: see iv. 8i«. 
 
 202. HLOdo = nunc. See i. 4K. 
 
 210. Cp. Virg. Eel. i. 75j »'* meae, felix quondam pecus, tie 
 capellae. 
 
 211. Juv. V. 10, tarn ieiuna fames; Ov. Met. viii. 782, ieiuna 
 Fames. 
 
 213. pastor. Falcone de' Sinibaldi, papal treasurer under Inno- 
 cent VIII. From him Mantuan received much assistance, when he 
 went to Rome on the business of his order : ' cuius beneficio ex 
 omnibus periculis est liberatus.' See pp. 15 and 28. 
 
 214. Virg. Eel. ii. 20, quam dives peeoris; A en. i. 343, and iii. 
 642, ditissimus agri; so Ovid, Met. v. 129. 
 
 218. Macram. Cp. Dante, Par. ix. 89, ' Macra che per cammin 
 corto I Lo Genovese parte dal Toscano.' 
 
 219. Cp. Virg. Eel. v. 16-17, ' lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit 
 olivae, | puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rosetis,' etc. ; lb. i. 26, 
 ' quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.' 
 
 220. Titjmis means Virgil, as at ii. g. 
 
 221. Virg. Eel. i. 43-4, guotannis | bis senos cui nostra dies al- 
 taria fumant. f umare . . . fecit : see v. 58K. 
 
 230. Virg. Aen. i. 78-9, tu seeptra lovemque \ eoncilias. 
 
 ECLOGA X, B EM BUS. 
 
 Nune verae et falsae diserimina relligionis 
 Narrat, ovesque pias Carmeli separat hoedis. « 
 
 The tenth Eclogue is a debate between the two great divisions of 
 Mantuan's order, the Observantes, or Discalced Carmelites, and the 
 Conventuals, who followed a mitigated rule. The speakers discuss 
 the abuses which had crept into the order and caused the separation, 
 and the umpire advises a return to the good old ways. 
 
 I. Bembe. The name of the umpire (and the title of the poem) 
 is probably chosen out of compliment to Bernardo Bembo, of Venice, 
 to whom Mantuan dedicated the Second Parthenice (c. 1488). 
 
 3. Batrachus . . . Myrmix. Ascensius saw a certain fitness in the 
 two names. ' Nam parpaxog rana dicitur, cui fere similem habeut 
 Carmelitae de observatione interiorem tunicam, quia piceam aut, ut 
 dicunt, griseam; Myrmix autem formica, quae nigra est, ut non 
 
ISO ECLOGUE X. 6-Sg 
 
 observantium tunica.' There is a similar pair of names in Eel. 
 vi, Comix and Fulica. The name Batracos had been given to one 
 of the speakers in Boccaccio's ninth Eclogue; the name Myrmix is 
 employed again in the second and fifth Eclogues of C. Erasmus 
 Laetus (Witebergae, anno 1560). 
 
 6-7. Cp. the aged Meliboeus in Nemes. Eel. i. 52-53, ' tu ruricolum 
 discernere lites f assueras, varias paeans mulcendo querellas ; ' Virg. 
 Eel. iii. 108, tantas componere lites. 
 
 10. Eurotae campos. Cp. Virg. Eel. vi. 82-83, ' omnia quae Phoebo 
 quondam meditante beatus | audiit Eurotas iussitque ediscere lauros.' 
 
 11. Virg. Eel. iii. 62, 'Phoebo sua semper apud me | munera sunt, 
 lauri,' etc. ; Ovid, Met. xi. 165, ' ille caput flavum lauro Parnaside 
 vinctus.' 
 
 13-14. Virg. Eel. iii. 55, dieite, quandoquidem, etc. ; Pers. vi. I, 
 admovit iam hruma foeo ie, Basse, Sabino? 
 
 16-17. Cp. vi. 1-2, a eulmine pendet \ stiria. 
 
 20-21. Virg. Geor. i. 259, frigidus agrieolam si quando eontinet 
 imber. 
 
 29. Cp. Virg. Geor. ii. 184, pinguis humus dulcique uligine laeta. 
 
 34. Juvencus, i. 414, Galilaea per arva ; so Sedulius, ivt 188. 
 
 35. lacu . . . magno : the Lacus Samachonitis (Waters of Merom). 
 
 36. mare . . . apertum : ' the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of 
 Tiberias' {John, vi. l). 
 
 39. Asphalti gurgitis: the Lacus Asphaltites, or Dead Sea. 
 inf ames . . . iindas : cp. De Calam. i (of Luxuria), 'haec fera adul- 
 terium parit incestusque nefandos | stupraque et igne scelus dignum 
 quo barbara quondam | abstulit immixtis sulfur quinquurbia fiammis ; 
 I nunc lacus est ubi tunc homines errare solebant,' etc. 
 
 54. Elias. The Carmelite Order claimed for its founders the 
 prophets Elijah and Elisha. Mantuan often repeats the claim: 
 De Vita Beata; i Parthen. Bk. iii; De Patientia, ii. 27, iii. 31; 
 Alfonsus, Bk. v; Apologia pro Carmelitis. The first volume of the 
 Annates C armelitarum by loan. Bapt. de Lezana (Rome, 1645) be- 
 gins vifith 'annus mundi 3123, ante Christum 930.' 
 
 59. Cp. vii. 130-1, sicut de fonte perenni \ flumina; Ronsard 
 (CEuvres, ed. Blanchemain, vii. 128), Vos estes mes ruisseaux, je 
 siiis vostre jonteine. 
 
 66. fas est = /8«i. Cp. vii. 80-81, sed fas mihi flere, quod illi \ 
 non lieet. 
 
 68. Cp. ix. 159, pestifer annus; Virg. Aen. iii. 139, letifer annus. 
 
 69. omisit : cp. ii. 5, omissa. In the Bologna edition of the col- 
 lected poems, 1502, the line is rewritten : signa dedit, nil quod tangat 
 magalia omisit. 
 
 77. Virg. Geor. iv. 126, umeetat flaventia culta Galaesus. 
 
 79-81. Virg. Geor. ii. 112-13, apertos \ Baechus amat eolles, Aqui- 
 lonem et frigora taxi. 
 
 87. Cp. Hor. Od. ii. 14. 15-16, noeentem \ eorporibus metuemus 
 A ustrum. 
 
 89. Cp. Virg. Geor. ii. 146, hinc albi, Cliiumne, greges; Prop. iii. 
 19. 26, et niveos abluit unda boves ; Sil. Ital. iv. 546 ; Stat. 
 Silv. i. 4. 129. 
 
ECLOGUE X. gi-i8s ISl 
 
 91. Lucr. iii. 318, unde haec oritur variantia rerum. 
 
 99. Virg. Gear. i. 272, balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri; 
 lb. iii. 446-7, udisque aries in gurgite villis \ mersatur. 
 
 loi. Virg. Gear. iii. 444, hirsuti secuerunt corpora vepres. 
 
 102-3. Virg. Geor. iii. 441, turpis oves temptat scabies; Mart. i. 
 78. 1-2, indignas premeret pestis cum iabida fauces \ inque ipsos 
 "vultus serperet atra lues. 
 
 104-5. Virg. Geor. iii. 481, corrupitque lacus, infecit pabula tabo. 
 
 106-9. The correct color of the Carmelite habit has often been 
 the subject of animated discussion among the different branches of 
 the order. Mantuan himself regarded it as a matter of much im- 
 portance. In his first term as Vicar-general he came into conflict 
 with the General of the order, who had prescribed ' nigrum in 
 vestibus colorem ; ' and he obtained from Sixtus IV a special bull 
 which permitted the Congregation of Mantua to wear ' habitum grisei 
 coloris, sive tane ' (tan color). In the third book of the De 
 Calamitatibus he records that the founder of the order, the prophet 
 Elias, wore, and prescribed for his followers, a garment of ' natural 
 wool ' : ' namque rudem tunicam tetrae f uliginis instar, | cui sim- 
 plex expersque artis natura colorem | fecerat, induitur ; per saecula 
 cimcta nepotum | progenies iussit similem gestaret amictum.' 
 
 109. Cp. Livy, xxxvii. 54- 18, ' nee terra mutata mutavit genus 
 aut mores.' 
 
 125. Virg. Eel. iii. 7, parcius ista viris tamen obicienda memento. 
 
 127. Virg. Eel. viii. 41, ut me malus abstulit error. 
 
 128. Virg. Eel. iii. 51, ne quemquam voce lacessas. 
 130. Cp. ii. 4, et tumidis ripas aequaverat undis. 
 
 132. saepieiant. Neue cites the form sepivit from St. Jerome, 
 In les. V. 2. 
 
 135. Virg. Geor. i. 244, flexu sinuoso elabitur Anguis. 
 
 137. Virg. Geor. i. 264, furcasque bicornes; Ovid, Met. viii. 637, 
 furca bicorni. 
 
 138. Virg. A en. ii. 47S, Unguis micat ore trisulcis. 
 
 143-4. grege diviso. An allusion to the disruption of the Car- 
 melite Order in 1459, when the Observantes, or Discalced Car- 
 melites separated from the Conventuals and went back to a more 
 rigid rule. 
 
 146. Aurora. Cp. line 73, ad ortum. 
 
 152. pedum ... septem. An allusion to the separate cells in 
 which the early Carmelites lived ; ' tantum enim spatii cellis singulis 
 congruit' (Asc). 
 
 153. Cp. v. 16, mapalia saepe \ cingere. 
 
 175-6. eremum ... deserta. The early Carmelites were hermits. 
 Batrachus means that the Reformed body is not even yet close 
 enough to the old rigid rule. 
 
 180. cuium pecus : ' dictum id puto pro cuiumcuium, id est, 
 cuiuscumque pecus' (Asc). Cp. Virg. Eel. iii. i, cuium pecus. 
 
 182-5. Cp. Seneca, Dial. v. 26. 3, non est Aethiopis inter suos in- 
 signitus color; Juv. ii. 2. 23, loripedem rectus derideat, Aethiopem 
 albus. 
 
 185. Virg. Eel. iii. lOl, pecori pecorisque magtstro. 
 
INDEX 
 
 The references in Arabic numerals are to the pages of this book. 
 Such references as iv. 167 mean the number and line of one of the 
 Eclogues. 
 
 ab aevo, vi. 132. 
 
 Abdua, ix. igo, 218. 
 
 Adam, vi. 68. 
 
 Adulescentia, 62. 
 
 Aeneas Silvius, 123, 132. 
 
 Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary, 33. 
 
 Alcilia, 41. 
 
 Alexis (^ Augustus), iii, 174. 
 
 Allen, P. S., 31. 
 
 Ambrogio, Florido, 12, 13, 15, 17, 
 
 24, 25, 32, 33, 136. 
 Analecta Bollandiana, 30. 
 Andreas Vaurentinus, 36, 126, 
 
 130, 147. 
 ant, wisdom of, v. 36-38. 
 Antonius Sabinus, 29. 
 d'Arco, 18. 
 Arienti, G. Sabadino degli, 11, 
 
 14, 16, 23, 27, 28, 31. 
 Arrivabene, G. P., 26. 
 Arx, S. von, 11, 16, 23. 
 Ascensius, 16, 20, 27, 32, 35, 36, 
 
 44, 58, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 
 
 132, 133. 138, 139, 140, 141. 
 
 143, 144, 14s, 146, 147, 148, 
 
 149. 151- 
 Athesis, ix. 188. 
 Athos, viii. $2. 
 
 Badius, lodocus, 32, 36, 44; see 
 
 Ascensius. 
 Baldus, ii. 172,, vii. 156, viii, 16. 
 Bandello, Matteo, 17, 42, 121. 
 Bandellus, Mattheus, ' C. ordinis 
 
 prae.', 29. 
 Barbaro, Ermolao, 24, 26. 
 Barclay, A., 45, 48, 49, 134, 136, 
 
 138, 139. 140- 
 Basse, W., 43. 
 Baveria, Filippo, 14, 23. 
 Bavnes, T. S., 38, 39. 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher, 44. 
 
 Bebel, H., 46. 
 
 Bembo, B., 26, 149. 
 
 Bembus, x. I. 
 
 Benacus, ii. 58, 62. 
 
 Bentivoglio, A., 23. 
 
 Berault, N., 34. 
 
 Beroaldo, Filippo, 15, 23, 24, 25, 
 
 27. 38, 138. 
 Bettinelli, S., 17. 
 Boccaccio, 121, 124, 132, 133, 
 
 141, 142, 143, ISO. 
 Boswell, J., 45. 
 Bright, J. W., 42, 52. 
 Brink, B. ten, 49. 
 Brome, R., 43. 
 Brunet, G., 36. 
 Brunet, J. C, 35. 
 Bureau, Laurent, 32. 
 Burton, R., 44, 45. 
 
 Caecias, iv. 219. 
 
 Calpurnius (imitated), 58. 
 
 Camaldula, viii, 55- 
 
 Cambridge History of English 
 Literature f 50- 
 
 Carafa, Oliviero, 14, 15, 24. 
 
 Carbo, ii, 154. 
 
 Carmeiite habit, 149, 151; found- 
 er of the order, x. 54. 
 
 Carmelus, vii, 126, x. 30, 70. 
 
 Carolus, lafredus, 28. 
 
 Carthusia, viii. 51. 
 
 Castiglione, B., 21, 22. 
 
 Catholic Encyclopedia, I7> 23. 
 
 Cecco d' Ascoli, 133. 
 
 Ceresara, Paride, 23, 26, 62, 121. 
 
 Chevalier, U., 15, 24. 
 
 Cholieres, N. de, 27. 
 
 Christian Remembrancer, 33. 
 
 clipeum Minervae, v. 98. 
 
 1S3 
 
154 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Codri supellex, v. 104. 
 Coitus, ii. 37. 
 Colet, J., 16, 37. 
 Comparetti, D., 130. 
 Congregation of Mantua, 13, 14, 
 
 15- 
 Coroneus, Joannes, 36. 
 Correggio, Niccolb da, 22. 
 Cortese, Alessandro, 24. 
 Coryat's Crudities, 32. 
 Cosmas, iii. 46. 
 Cosmus, V. 96. 
 Crepundia Poetica, 47. 
 crocodile's tears, iv. 196. 
 Curtius, Eenedictus, 48. 
 
 Davari, S., 19, 20, 21, 22, 30. 
 Delaruelle, L., 34, 131. 
 Despauteres, J., 33. 
 des Periers, B., 40. 
 Dictionary of National Biog- 
 raphy, 49. 
 Donesmondi, F. Ippol., 30, 38. 
 Drayton, M., 40, 43, 44. 
 
 ' E. K.,' 46, so, 134- 
 
 Elias, X. 54, 65. 
 
 Eqbanus Hessus, 33, 52, 53. 
 
 Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum, 
 
 33- 
 Equicola, Mario, 20, 23, 42, 48. 
 Erasmus, 31. 
 
 Este, Isabella d', 11, 16, 20, 22. 
 Euricius Cordus, 47, 54, 55, 132. 
 Eva, iv. 170, vi. 57 ff. 
 
 facit experientia cautos, ix. 195. 
 
 Falco, ix. 213 ; see Sinibaldi. 
 
 Fantuzzi, Ant., 23. 
 
 Fanucchi, L. G., 17. 
 
 Farnaby, T., 39. 
 
 Fauste, precor, gelida, 11, 39, 
 
 40; i. I. 
 femineum servile genus, 41, 47; 
 
 iv. no. 
 Fiera, Bapt., 23, 31. 
 Folengo, Teofilo, 31, 59, 148. 
 fons et origo, vi. 246. 
 Fontenelle, 48, 122. 
 Fortuna noverca, vi. 30. 
 Foscarari, L., 12, 23. 
 Frati, L., 12, 13, 23. 
 
 Fucus, 51. 
 Furness, H. H., 27. 
 
 Gabotto, F., II, 16, 17, 131- 
 Garganus, viii. 52. 
 Gaurico, Luc a, I7> 121. 
 Geiger, L., 38. 
 Giraldi, L. G., 27, 32, 34. 
 Gonzaga, Federico, 13, 19. 
 
 Francesco, 19, 20, 22, 31. 
 
 Isabella; see Isabella d' 
 
 Este. 
 
 Lodovico, 19. 
 
 • — — Sigismondo, 22, 30. 
 
 Tolomeo, 20, 30. 
 
 Googe, B., 50. 
 Gosson, S., 40. 
 Graesse, J. G. T., 35, 36. 
 Graf, Arturo, 143. 
 Gratius, Ortuinus, 33. 
 Greene, R., 40, 41, 42, 51. 
 Greg, W. W., 45. 
 
 Gregorio Tifernate, 11, 12, 126, 
 
 130, 131- 
 Guazzo, S., 57. 
 Guillaume le Clare, 135. 
 
 Hadria, ix. 199. 
 
 Hain, L. F. T., 35, 36. 
 
 Hall, J., 42. 
 
 Harculus, iii. 4. 
 
 Harvey, G., 40, 41. 
 
 Harvey, T., 45. 
 
 Hegius, Alex., 38. 
 
 Hernand y Aguilar, G., 29. 
 
 Heywood, T., 44. 
 
 Hoole, C, 39. 
 
 hyena's cunning, iv. 196. 
 
 immaculate conception, viii. 197- 
 
 200. 
 Innocent VIII, 14, 15, 28. 
 instar ovis, vii. 15. 
 Itala, 136, 148. 
 
 lericus, x. 38. 
 
 Jerome, St., 123, 133. 
 
 loan. Bapt. de Lezana, 150. 
 
 Johnson, Sam., 39, 45. 
 
 lordanes, x. 32. 
 
 Jovius, Paulus, 18, 20, 26, 32. 
 
 Juan del Encina, 129. 
 
INDEX 
 
 155 
 
 Julius II, 29. 
 Juvenal (imitated), 58. 
 
 Keller, O., 122. 
 Kluge, F., so. 
 Knod, G., 37. 
 Krause, C., 53. 
 
 Laelia, 123. 
 
 Laetus, C. Erasmus, 141, 150. 
 Laetus Pomponius, 24. 
 Lamentationes novae Obscurorum 
 
 Reuclilinistarum, 46. 
 Lamp, Guilhelmus, 33. 
 Larivey, Pierre de, 44, 56. 
 Latini, Brunetto, 133, 135. 
 Laurent de la Graviere, 48. 
 Laureta, 15 ; viii. 52, 187J 
 Laverna, viii. 52. 
 Lee, Sidney, 44. 
 Leo X, 29. 
 
 Leonora d' Aragona, 16. 
 Leontorius, C, 16. 
 Lezana, loan. Bapt. de, 150. 
 Libanus, x. 34. 
 Lockwood, D. P., 132. 
 Lodge, T., 40. 
 Lofstedt, E., 128. 
 ludit Amor sensus, i. 48. 
 Luna, ix. 199. 
 Lupton, J. H., 16, 37. 
 Luzio, A., 8, 17. 
 Luzio-Renier, 11, 16, 17, 20, 
 
 21, 23, 31, 38, 42, 121. 
 
 Machiavelli, Carforo, 26. 
 
 Macra, ix. 218. 
 
 Maffei, Scipio, 31. 
 
 Maggi, Costanza de', 20. 
 
 Manacorda, G., 54. 
 
 Mantegna, A., 23. 
 
 Mantua, Congregation of, 13, 151. 
 
 Mantuan : ' good old M.', 1 1 ; 
 a ' Christianus Maro ', 31 ; 
 ' honest M.', 40 ; ' the homely 
 Carmelite ', 42 ; ' moral M.', 
 43 ; ' some foul-mouth'd M.', 
 44 ; ' plaine M.', 44. 
 
 Mantuan Reform, 13, 151. 
 
 Marius, ii. 154. 
 
 Marsus, Petrus, 24. 
 
 Martinez de Toledo, 132, 
 
 Martyn, W., 44. i 
 
 Marullus, 31. 
 McKerrow, R. B., 42. 
 Melander, Otho, 47. 
 melior vigilantia somno, i. 5. 
 Meres, Francis, 46. 
 Merlinus Cocaius, 31. 
 Merula, Giorgio, 11, 12, 26. 
 metre (Mantuan's), 59. 
 Michel d' Amboise, 48. 
 Middleton, T., 43. 
 Milton, 52. 
 
 Mincius, ii. 37, iii. 180, ix. 190. 
 Modover, Antonio, 18. 
 Modover, Pietro, 18. 
 Molorchaeus, viii. 177. 
 Monumenta Germanica Paeda- 
 
 gogica, 37. 
 Morbioli, L., 28. 
 multotiens, i. 167. 
 Muratori, L. A., 12. 
 Murmellius, loan., 35, 36, 38, 
 
 46, 121, 129, 137, 147. 
 Murrho, Seb., 16, 31, 38. 
 Mustard, W. P., 48, 52. 
 
 Napeus, Caesar, 13. 
 Nashe, T., 41, 42. 
 Niccolo da Correggio, 22. 
 Niceron, J. P., 20, 29. 
 Nicholson, S., 43. ' 
 
 nodus Herculis, v. 65. 
 Nursinus, viii. 54. 
 
 Observantes, 149, 151. 
 Oedipodes, 62. 
 Oenophilus, i. 161, ix. 31. 
 Ovid (imitated), 57. 
 
 Palingenius, 38, 46, 123, 137, 145. 
 Paranymphus, viii. 209. 
 Pascal, C, 130. 
 Pasqualigo, L., 56, 132. 
 patina Aesopi, v. 98. 
 Pedaniius, 51. 
 Pellechet, M., 35. 
 Perotti, N., 58, 122, 123, 124, 
 
 133. 134. 13s. 139. 140, 144- 
 Peters, E., 135. 
 Petrarch, 58, 127. 
 Petrus Lucius, 32, 34. 
 Philippe de Thaiin, 133, 135. 
 
156 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Physiologus, 135. 
 Pico della Mirandola, 14, 15, 24, 
 25. 2ti- 
 
 (the Younger), 12, 16, 24, 
 
 25, 26. 
 
 Pietro da Novellara, 16, 22, 30. 
 Poliziano, A., 24, 25, 26. 
 Pontano, G. G., 24, 131. 
 Prudentius (imitated), 58. 
 Puttenham, G., 46. 
 Pythagorae mensae, v. 104. 
 
 Raffaello Sanzio, 21. 
 
 Randolph, T., 42. 
 
 Refrigerio, G. B., 12, 13, 14, 23, 
 
 27, 122. 
 Reissert, O., 48, $0. 
 Remundus Langano de alta Ripa, 
 
 36. 
 Return from Parnassus, 43. 
 Roberto da San Severino, 14, 28. 
 Ronsch, H., 123, 148. 
 
 Sabadino : see Arienti. 
 
 Sabie, F., 42, 51, 52, 121, 122, 
 
 140. 
 Salvia, ix. 200. 
 
 Sammonicus, Serenus, 144, 147. 
 Sasso, Panfilo, 26. 
 Saturnina fames, 62. 
 Scaliger, J. C, 34, 39. 
 semel insanivimus omnes, 40-46, 
 
 48, 51 ; i. 118. 
 Servius, 129, 144. 
 Shakespeare, 11, 40, 44. 
 Sina, viii. 53- 
 Sinibaldi, Falcone de', 14, 15, 
 
 23, 28, 149. 
 Sixtus IV, 13, 14. 
 Smith, G. C. Moore, 51, 123. 
 Solymus, ix. 224, x. 2. 
 Soracte, viii. 53' 
 sorte tua contentus abi, v. 46. 
 sortiri digitis, i. 24. 
 Spagnolo, Alessandro, 21, 22. 
 
 Baptista, 11. 
 
 Pietro, 18, 19, 28. 
 
 Tolomeo, 12, 16, 18, 20, 21, 
 
 22, 24, 27, 58, 123, 130, 131, 
 138, 146, 148, 
 
 Spenser, E., SO, 134, 135. 136. 
 
 140, 142, 146.' 
 Strozzi, Ercole, 146. 
 Summers, W. C, 136. 
 syntax (Mantuan's), 59. 
 
 Tasso, T., 56, 57- 
 
 Textor, Ravisius, 33, 38, 48, 56. 
 
 Theodulus, 121. 
 
 Thuasne, L., 32, 131. 
 
 Tibullus, 57. 
 
 Tifernate, Gregorio, 11, 12, 126, 
 
 1.30, 131. 
 Tiraboschi, G., II. 
 Titan (= the Sun), viii. 177. 
 Tityrus (= Virgil), ii. g, iii. 
 
 174, V. 86, ix. 220. 
 Tobler, A., 130. 
 Tonans, vii. 37, viii. 49, 79. 
 Tonius, i. 163. 
 Torrentinus, H., 33. 
 Trithemius, 16, 26, 27, 31. 
 Trivulzio, G. G., 28. 
 Turbervile, G., 45. 
 
 Umber, 12, 58, 131. 
 Umbrosa Vallis, viii. 53. 
 
 Valla, L., 131. 
 
 Valsasinus, viii. 18. 
 
 Ventimiglia, M., 16. 
 
 Victoria, 5 1. 
 
 Virgil (imitated) ; see Notes 
 
 passim. 
 Vives, L., 33. 
 vocabulary (Mantuan's), 59. 
 
 Watson, F., 39. 
 Webbe, W., 46. 
 Wily Beguiled, 43. 
 Wimpfeling, J., 16, 17, 31, 36, 
 
 38, 131- 
 Windscheid, K., 52. 
 Witfs Recreations, 44. 
 Wolf, T., Jr., 12, 16, 17, 26, 31, 
 
 36, 37. 131- 
 woman's ways, iv. 1x0 ff. 
 
 Young's Latin Dictionary, 33. 
 
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