LlHL^/ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library F 627L7 H67 olin 3 1924 028 914 186 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028914186 THE HI8T0ET LINN COUNTY. I O TV^ ^. CONTAINING A Biographical Directory of its Citizens, War Record of its Vol- unteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, His- tory of the North-west, History of Iowa, Map of Linn County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellaneous Matters, &a. IIjIiTJSTia-A.TEI3. CHICAGO : ^ WESTERN HISTOEIOAL COMPANY, 1878. F 17 HH /\r.i.j(.\ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by THE WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Waahington, D. C. PREFACE npHE historian who delves among the records of the far past, and weaves in continuous thread the story of former generations, for the instruction of ages yet to come, must be governed in the methods of his work by one invaria- ble rule, which is : the acceptance of such facts, and only such, as have become established, either by written evidence or by undoubted verbal testimony trans- mitted in consecutive order and bearing on its face the impress of truthfulness, from its consistency with known facts. The historian who writes of the near past finds, oftentimes, more delicate questions arising for him to decide than does the contemporary of the musty pages. While the latter has but his own sense of consentaneousness to satisfy, the former has a wider constituency to win over to his mode of think- ing. The writer upon ancient events is stimulated to careful research by the hope of discovering that which will subvert the theories of his collaborators, and vindicate his own claim to literary fame. The man who treats of the early deeds of a generation yet living can have no such ambition. His duty is to tell the tale in a simple manner, leaving to those who shall come after him the more agreeable task of embellishment. The historian has endeavored to adhere to the rules which should govern all volumes of this class. Rumors have been given only as such ; traditions find their appropriate place, and assumptions are treated with lightest stroke. Indisputable facts, based upon definite dates and corroborated by testimony admissible in courts of justice, alone stand recorded as facts. Herein lies the greatest danger : the impartial observance of this rule plays havoc with individual claims in more than one instance. It is just to our- selves that we say : We have been actuated by no motives but the highest in the discharge of our duty. If statements made within these pages conflict with personal assertions, let it be remembered by the critic that majority judgment has, in every case, prevailed with us on all disputed points. We do not expect IV PREFACE. to please every subscriber ; that would indicate a millennial condition of unity between the writer and the public which has never been attained, even in sacred history. We have tried to give a truthful record of events as the facts have been made known to us. To those members of the county Press, those numerous Clergymen, In- structors, Pioneers and friends who have so generously aided in the prepara- tion of this work, the heartiest thanks are publicly expressed. The papers on " The G-eology of Linn County" and " The Mound Build- ers" are from the pen of Mr. George W. Bettesworth, of Cedar Rapids, whose familiarity with the topics treated upon is recognized by all who know him. They form an especially interesting feature of this work, advancing, as they do, several original ideas in relation to the respective subjects. When the present generation shall have passed into the silent grave, and the historian is no longer able to converse face to face with them, the 'value of this history will be conceded. THE PUBLISHERS. August, 1878. CONTENTS Pagb. History Northwest Territory 19 Geographical PoBition 19 Early Explorations 20 Dlacovery of the Ohio 33 English Explorations and Set- tlements 35 American Settlements 60 Division of the Northwest Ter- ritory 66 TecumBeh andtheWarof 1812 70 Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War 74 Other Indian Troubles 79 Present Condition of the North- west 86 Chicago 95 Illinois 240 Indiana 242 Iowa 243 Michigan 244 Wisconsin 245 Minnesota 247 Nebraska 248 History of Iowa : Geographical Situation 109 Topography 109 Drainage System 110 Rivers Ill Lakes 118 Springs 119 Prairies 120 Geology 120 Climatology 13"^ Discovery and Ocgupation 139 Territory 147 Indians 147 Pike's Expedition 151 Indian Wars 152 Black Hawk War 157 Indian Purchase, Reserves and Treaties 159 Spanish Grants 163 HISTORICAli. Page. History of Iowa : Half-Breed Tract... 164 Early Settlements 166 Territorial History 173 Boundary Question 177 State Organization 181 Growth and Progress 185 Agricultural College and Farm.186 State University 187 State Historical Society 193 Penitentiaries .194 Insane Hospitals 195 College for the Blind 197 Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 State Normal School 201 Asylum for Feeble Minded Children 201 Reform School 262 Fish Hatching EBtablishment..203 Public Lands 204 Public Schools 218 Political Record 223 War Record 229 Number Volunteers 233 Number Casualties — Officers... 234 Number Casualties — Enlisted Men 236 Population 238 Agricultural Statistics 274 History of Linn County 307 Geology 307 Mound Builders 317 General Summary 321 Personp.! Sketches .344 General Sketches 348 Organization 357 Era of Outlawry 367 Social Development 386 ' Vote, 1876-1877 388 Material Growth and Prosperi- ty 389 Pa ax. History of Linn County : Butter and Cheese 392 Judiciary 394 Criminal Mention 396 Indian Scare 399 Bill Johnson's War 400 Agricultural Society 401 Natural Phenomena. :...402 War History 411 Roster 417 Post Offices 448 Press 448 Educational 465 Cornell College 456 Western College 463 Coe Collegiate Institute 479 Homoeopathic Medical Society .481 Iowa Union Medical Society. i 481 Hog Culture 481 Miscellaneous 482 History of Towns : Cedar Rapids 484 Marion 534 Mount Vernon 557 Lisbon 568 Center Point 574 Western 580 Bertram 683 Ely 584 Palo 585 Fairfax 588 Central City 592 Waubeck v 594 Paris 596 Prairiebiirg. 597 Walker 600 Troy Mills 601 La Fayette 602 Springville 603 Viola 609 Toddville 611 TooLates and Errata 612 Pagk. Mouth of the Mississippi 21 Source of the Mississippi 21 Wild Prairie • 23 La Salle Landing on the Shore of Green Bay 25 Buffalo Hunt 27 Trapping 29 Hunting 32 Iroquois Chief ^J Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain 43 Indians Attacking Frontieramen.. 56 A Prairie Storm 59 lliliUSTRATIOWS. Page. A Pioneer Dwelling 61 Breaking Prairie 63 Tecumseh, the Shawanoe Chieftain 69 Indians Attacking a Stockade 72 Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 75 Big Eagle 80 Captain Jack, the Modoc Chieftain 83 Kinzie House 85 A Representative Pioneer 86 Lincoln Monument 87 A Pioneer School House 88 Page. Pioneers' First Winter 94 Great Iron Bridge of C, R. I. & P. R. R., Crossing the Mississippi at Davenport, Iowa 91 Chicago in 1833 95 Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 98 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, Chicago, 1833 98 Ruins of Chicago 104 View of the City of Chicago 106 Hunting Prairie Wolves 249 CONTENTS. lilTHOGRAPHIC PORTRA.ITS. Page. Page, i^ ^^ff- Brown, H.N 589 'Ellison, Samuel 279 'McKetn, Thos. J 641 Butler, J. Y 747 JHigley, H. G 162 ^et, John 297 Crowe, Edward M 607 ^urtz, John E 713 ^hillips, F. M 581 Daniels, Addison 373 -TLeigh, John B 407''Smyth, Wm 227 Davis, W. Ii 441 "^IcClelland, F 475 "Stephens, Louisa B., Mrs 339 Ellis, Eobt 609 rMcKean, A. J 261 "Stephen s, K. D 305 I^INW COCSITT VOI.VKTEERS. Page. Infantry : First 417 Sixth 418 Eighth 419 Ninth 419 Eleventh 420 Twelfth 421 Thirteenth 423 Fourteenth 425 Page. Infantry ! Fifteenth 426 Sixteenth 426 Eighteenth 427 Twentieth ^428 Twenty-fourth 435 Thirty-flrst 438 Thirty-seventh .440 Forty-fourth • 440 Pass. Infantry : Forty-sixth 4i3 Oavali-y : Second 434 Sixth 444 Eighth 445 Ninth 445 Miscellaneous 4^ BIO«RA.PHICAIi TOWNSHIP DIRECTORT. Page. Bertram 796 Bowlder 698 Brown 721 Buffalo 814 Cedar Rapids 651 Clinton 741 College 790 Fairfax 807 Page. Fayette 762 Franklin 705 Grant 783 Jackson 681 Linn 736 Marion City 613 Marion Township 636 Maine gg^ Monroe '. [[[^^^ Otter Creek !""775 Putnam [[ ygQ Bnpids follows Cedar'fiapidB Spring Grove goi "Washington ",768 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE I,AWS. Page. Adoption of Children 287 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes 275 Commercial Terms 289 Capital Punishment 282 Charitable, Scienliflo and Eeligious Associations 300 Descent 275 Damages from Trespass 284 Exemptions from Execution 282 Estrays 283 Forms : Articles of Agreement 291 Bills of Sale 292 Bond for Deed 299 Bills of Purchase 290 Page. Forms ; ' Chattel Mortgage 298 Confession of Judgment. 290 Lease 296 Mortgages 294 Notice to Quit 293 Notes 290,297 Orders 290 Quit Claim Deed 299 Receipts 290 Wills and Codicils .......293 Warranty Deed 298 Fences 284 Interest 275 Intoxicating Liquors 301 Jurisdiction of Courts 281 Page. Jurors Limitation of Actions 281 Landlord and Tenant 288 Married Women 282 Marks and Brands .284 Mechanics' Liens 285 Boads and Bridges 28C Surveyors and Surveys 287 Suggestions to Persona Purchasing Books by Subscription 803 Support of Poor 287 Taxes 277 Wills and Estates 276 Weights and Measures 289 Wolf Scalps 284 Page. Map of Linn County Front. Constitution of United States 260 Vote for President and Vice Pres- ident 264 Practical Rules for Every-Day Use..265 United States Government Land Measure 268 iniscEi^ ^zLA^a^STJ The Northwest Territory. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced, only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River ; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the " New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern Territory. " In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and. Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States. (19) 20 THE NORTHWEST TEKKITORY. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet- of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habiJ^tion of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the. Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied —as all others did then— that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE NORTHWEST XEKRITORY. 21 Hi O X B O K H O 22 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOiiS". request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette "with Joliet, as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the "Winter in giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths, of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoe's upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of th3 Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. 23 Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- itants yet i)resenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. THE vriliD PEAIEIB. On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 24 THE NORTHWEST TEKUITORY. up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois,, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that pomt, to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, '' did we sefi such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards#i swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — igoing with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace i The river has since beei called Marquette. While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors ii the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre! paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begaa by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see; the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project 6| those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning ad expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacifioj when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol- lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the plan, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 25 alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the " Bale des Puans '' of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors. LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GKEEN BAY. Started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men— thirty workmg men and three monks— and started again upon his great undertakmg. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or -Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians called by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelhng there. The French pronounced it Kiahihi, which became corrupted to Kankakee. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country " about the last of December they reached a vdlage of the Illi- nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 26 THE NOE.THWE8T TBBRITOEY. no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The com being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pimyi-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort " Crevecceur " (broken-heart), a name expressive of the very natural sorro^^ and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building' this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost u tknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reachod Cans ia, and set out agai,n for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecceur on the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort en.tirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony THE NORTHWEST TBEKITOEY. 27 in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen, BUFFALO HUNT. headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior; and with these fellow- countrymen Hennepin and.his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after wenr to France, where he published an account of his adventures. 28 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOET. The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his vain endeavor to find gold and precioas gems. In the following Spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and. worn out with his wander- ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it would load them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through, To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, reached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : " We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main •outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the refv;h of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme Avril, 1682. The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Beum, and then, after •a salute and cries of '■'■Vive le Boi," the column was erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 29 treachery of his follower^, and the object of hfe expeditions was not accomplished until 1699, Avhen D'Iberville, under the authority of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives ^' MalboucMa," and by the Spaniards, "Za Palissade,'" from the great r / i TRAPPING. number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In 1718, Ne,w Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by 30 THE NORTHWEST TEBEITOEY, the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat* and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had throwu open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- ments of LaSalle's labors ; fpr, though he had founded neither of them (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored;" The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de I'lmmaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecceur. This must have beea about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced WS-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly) was estab-' lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated^ * There is considerable dispute aliout tills date, some asserting it was founded as late as 1743. When the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the suljjeot were carefully examined, and i'/03 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house. _THE NORTHWEST TEBEITORY. 31 injuries, cut off tlie entire colony at Natchez. Although the company did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Missi,ssippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. " Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says : " We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains blaek, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have .also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of tlie river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to 32 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOKY. work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the postfat Vincennes in 181 2, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some, individuals dig lead near the si\rface and supply the Indians and Canada,, Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beybnd doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." HUNTING. At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Mianiis, and one at Sandusky in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwesji they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Foi't Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors o£ this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. 33 and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in .trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this Glate- ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to the commerce of China and Japan. I He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant^ Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition^ and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money» the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons^ embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to' the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 84 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured theni that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving^ , Lttoyuoia cuiKSf. among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks' Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved' to bs Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West He THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 35 had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and after worship on th6 lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found tfading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty 36 THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the country west of the AUeghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilderness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, " on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord H oward, Gov- ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of Virginia," for which the Indians received £200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel ' William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the AUeghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. 37 settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- reuil, Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which •were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to. the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur- ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- lish post t)n the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English PickawiUany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones Pickaweke." * The following Is a translation of the Inscription on the plate: "In the year 1749. reign of Louis XV., King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisonlere, com- mander-in-chief of New France, to establish tranquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty-ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its tributaries; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms and treaties; especially by those of Byswick, Utrecht, and Aix La Chapelle." 88 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEJ- This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became. now more inter- ■ ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing. ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomaxand Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan-' caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manceuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con^ tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni' tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were , coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the Summer could the Indians be gttthered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts already begun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 39 ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were 40 THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. " The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of Spring and the April showers. The leayes were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near afc hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and -upon the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign "Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monongahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. • The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755--6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 41 acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Three expeditious were planned for this year : one, under General Amherst, against Lo.uisburg ; another, under A.bercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe- was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce ^ Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and under its provisions all the country' east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, BeletrC; refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKT. French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while on their journey home. Rcigers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohiekon John's Town" on Mohiekon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest . Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them ; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders 'of North Carolina, were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly THE NOETHWEST TEKEITOKY. la PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. 44 THE KORTHWEST TERRITORY. upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander ■of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Dela wares' and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 1768, Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit.. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, ■continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many years among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless^ and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon ■afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried out. It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies said : "' Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 45 yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain. By, it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- 46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed- eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pen- tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whont he afterward lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began' rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. Thi& was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts^ burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen, miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. Thia same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and atjjCahokia only forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally' Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the NeAv Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy. Gov. Gage issued a proclama'tion,' in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 Strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend- ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the "Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincen'hes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made 48 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all signally failed. When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- ganized country, though there were several settlements v^ithin her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 vi^hite and black in- habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 280 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778, From it the following extract is made : " Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles further up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and -at this time con- tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space \ between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 4& gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient. to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 17T8, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who per- formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about tw/a hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new " town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the "West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests. 60 THE NORTHWEST TEKKITOKY. and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade iu this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the itnountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. Ht saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and south, and annihi- late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements . might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and- the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51 ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives " or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlocked for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus 52 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOBY. the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken, St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Roc'heblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond, In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois pos1;s, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, whore he was kept in close confinement. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof the title " Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con- cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." ' At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde- pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled to sue for peace. 54 THE NORTHWEST TBKKITORY. During this same year (1779) the famous " Land Laws" of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public 4ands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assuihed his duties on the 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadian? and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable manner, they fled the country in great haste. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con- cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States. Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was. anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest. During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- dots. In. these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, manv of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious 56 THE NORTHWEST TBEEITOKY. frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the OhiO' valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and Avho, often by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc- INDIANS ATTACKING FEONTIEKSMEN. tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American, banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was THE NORTHWEST TEBKITOKY. 57 proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle was concluded. By the terms of- that treaty, the boundaries of the West were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the "^Voods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi River ; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junc- tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil. Congress appointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set- tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- sonville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in appearance. He says : " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- 58 THE NORTHWEST TEKBITOKY. delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances,, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Cougress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with tnem, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some, grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once- took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this, Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. THE NORTHWEST TEBEITOEY. 69 While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing- its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states A PRAIRIE STORM. by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, lUenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- potamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles 60 THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed,:, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed by an application to the 'Government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for -a grant of the land between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 3d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com-- plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the AUeghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled ■on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian- missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. THE NOBTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. "Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- lated to promote the welfare of such a community." ^1^^ A PIONEER DWELLING. On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the- Muskingum, "for the purpose of naming the new- born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood was called '■'■ Campus Martins T square number 19, '■'■ Capitolium ;" square number 61, '■^ Cecilia T and the great road through the covert way, " Saera Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of goverumfint for the Northwest, 62 THE NORTHWEST TBBRITOEY. under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing^ ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com- mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the moulh of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " : — " Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; o», the mouth ; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789' caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers, removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had THE NORTHWEST TEREITOBY. 63 been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the "Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but BEEAKING PEAIKIB, was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30fch of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war an the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 64 THE NORTHWEST TERKITORT. whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from .the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and niilitary governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- THE KORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit oirer three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whble number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 66 THE NOKTHWEST TEBEITOKT. DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient actioH of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it v^as deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that, : " In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * To minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The. report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides: " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law THE NORTHWEST TEERITORY. 67 was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit- ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at VJncennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for 115,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the 68 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOKY. / aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : " The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the tiine of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm, Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." During this year. Congress granted a township of land for the sup- port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To- all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, and his connection with this conflict. THE NOKTHWEST TERRITOEY. 6w TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. fO THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of 'the present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chief comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed b}' most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation. He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809,. Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- paring for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River. Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could, not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow- ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- tonly murder the captive. In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. 72 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed? Early in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war m the Northwest. INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of iriuch dispute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. 73 In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. This was done, and the Territory of IlUnois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then began the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astpnishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the " monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a "treaty was formed at Green- ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world. On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, aad on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), was laid out January 1, 1825. 74 THE KOETH\irBST TERBITORT. Oa the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches at different convenient points. Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed bhe privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to navigate the bosom of that inland sea. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with- honesty and justice, the record of many_ years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- perity. BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States. , Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes; his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one THE NORTHWEST TBBRITOKY. lb BLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. 76 THE NOETHWEST TEREITORY. of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokeesi for a similar cause. In a, severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation^ He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers. The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn MassaC|l'e had a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British Government but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated. In the early part of 1816, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fos THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. ' 77 Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained k foothold, until through whisky and artifice "they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening' of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated. This attack and its resiilt aroused the whites. A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation ot the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the Note —The above Is the generally accepted version of the cause of the Black Hawk War, bnt In our History of Jo Daviess County. 111., we had occasitn to go to the bottom of this matter, and have, we think, found the actual cause of the war, which will be found on page 157. 78 THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the "Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was how another's dwelling place, and he was at wandereiv On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. "The THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORY. 79 body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons." No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union. The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of "Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 183t) was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, W^isconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it Avas a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division. OTHER INDIAN TROUBLES. Before, leaving this part of the narrative, we will narrate briefly the Indian troubles in Minnesota and elsewhere by the Sioux Indians. In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours mas- sacred ten or twelve hundred persons. A distressful panic was the immediate result, fully thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes to districts supposed to be better protected. The military authorities at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number were killed and captured. About a year after. Little Crow, the chief, was killed by a Mr. Lampsoli near Scattered, Lake. Of those captured, thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, through fears of mob violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and secured his release by the following order : 80 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. BIG EACtLE. THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. 81 " Special Order, No. 430. " War Department, " Adjutant General's Office, Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. " Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, Iowa, will, upon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confine- ment and set at liberty. " By order of the President of the United States. " Official : " E. D. TowNSEND, AssH Adft aen. " Capt. James Vanderventee, Com'y Sub. Vols. " Through Com'g Gen'l, Washington, D. C." Another Indian who figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and who was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians, is noted in the annals of the New Northwest: we refer to Captain Jack. This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby, was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabiting the border lan^ds between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what is known as the " Lava Beds," a tract of land described as utterly impene- trable, save by those savages who had made it their home. The Modocs are known as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous race. They had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many generations, and at one time were exceedingly numerous and powerful. A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and insignificant tribe. Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, cpmplaints began to be heard of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was en- tirely destroyed at a place since known as " Bloody Point." These occur- rences caused the United States Government to appoint a peace commission, who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs, Snakes and Klamaths, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon. With the exceptioh of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds. Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a 82 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOKY. difficulty with the commissioner and his military escort, a fight ensued, in which the chief and his hand were routed. They were greatly enraged, and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive 'whites. The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A com- mission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be done. It comprised the following persons : Gen. E. R. S. Cauby. Rev. Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California ; Mr. A. B. ^Nleacham, Judge Rosborough, ot California, and a Mr. Dyer, of Oregon. After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggressive, often appearing with scalps in their belts. Bogus Charley came to the commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them that Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near Clear Lake, about three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accom- panied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley repaired. After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf of the Indians there were present : Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schnac Nasty Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pis- tols. A:5ter short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, Chief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired bj' the savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schon- chin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being fired at twice. Riddle, the interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued. The Avhole country was aroused by this brutal massacre ; but it was not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of his entire gang, a number of whom were murdered bv Oregon volunteers Avhile on their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until Jul}' when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, alias One-Eyed Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These senteaces were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873. These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for several j-ears the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were again involved in a conflict with the savages about the country of the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. S3 CAPTAIN JACK, THE MODOC CHIEFTAIN. 6i THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just now the borders of Oregon and California are again in fear of hostilities '; . but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they i will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the Indians as one of the nations of the past. The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Viucennes, Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we leave the narrative we will present our readers with an account of the Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, each of which may well find a place in the annals of the Northwest. Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie house, represented in the illustra- tion, established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in 1804. The stockade had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor of the Secretary of War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, on the southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape^ and of procuring water in the event of a siege. Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago River, about half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he work that the fort cost, the Government oiily fifty dollars. For a while the garrison could get no grain, and Whistler and his men subsisted on acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world. Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, on the site of which he erected his mansion. Within an inclosure in front he planted some Lombardy poplars, seen in the engraving, and in the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard. In 1812 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater of stirring events. The garrison of Fort Dearboirn consisted of fifty-four men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant, Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and Ensign Ronan. The surgeon was Dr. Voorhees. The only residents at the post at that time were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyagers with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the prin- cipal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attach-^ ment to the British. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 85 After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the lead- ing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that conflict with American troops. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians ! " " What? Where ? " eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, >vhen the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not fur off. KIirziE HOTTSE. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they dis- appeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed by alarms. Chicago was then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19th of June, 1812, did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7tli of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes. 86 THE irOETHWEST TEBKITOBY. PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST. Preceding chapters have brought us to the close of the Black Hawk war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- za.tion. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep sno-w A EaEPRESENTATIVB PIONEER. of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the former city to Kaskaskia led almost through a wildei'ness. Vegetables, and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the THE NOBTHWEST TBEEITOEY. 87 lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation, and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south ward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPKINGFIBLD, ILLINOIS. them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, 88 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORY. from the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting lillii^iKl&Sk. the vast armies of the Union fell largely to the Governors of the Western States. The struggle, on the whole, had a marked effect for the better on the new Northwest, giving it an impetus which twenty years of peace would not have produced. In a large degree, this prosperity was an inflated one ; and, with the rest of the Union, we have since been compelled to atone therefor by four THE NORTHWEST TEERITOEY. 89 years of depression of values, of scarcity of employinent, and loss of fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is becoming daily more extended, and we have been largely exempt from the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the nation at large. Anew era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi and Missouri. As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much' toward securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the principles which should govern the country. In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a nevifspaper, one can nob indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements of actualities that fill the columns of ephemeral publications. Time may bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 90 THE NOKTHWEST TEEEITORY. the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its history for the past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the cattle raising districts of the southwest. Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of the food of the world, in which branch it has already outstripped all competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the "West and transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East St. Louis are yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest in the matter is on the increase. To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at .Chicago at the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the government was able to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKY. 91 nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone. Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids. fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearly o Hi a 1^ o « K O a Q K o our whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time- support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles except food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly increasing beyond those of any other region. 92 THE NORTHWEST TERBITOEY. The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. Now that prosperity is returning to our stricken country we witness its anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, and leases which bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly transferred to other lines at Cairo the yast burden of freight destined for the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of a thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by the railways. The Chicago and Northwestern line has become an aggre- gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion are the Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which line will con- nect with all the various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort "Wayne and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order of things. The panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now being moved have given a great rise to the value of rail-way stocks, and their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold 124,000,000 of dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have j)laced here their distributing agents or their factories ; and in groceries THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOEY. 93 Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages over New York. Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spring and summer months, they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on behalf of home interests. It is impossible to forecast thp destiny of this grand and growing section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might seem ten years hence so ^ludicrously small as to excite only derision. ■«%, iiy HISTORY OF THE KORTHWEST. 95 CHICAGO. It is impossible in our brief space to give more than a meager sketch of such a city as Chicago, which is in itself the greatest marvel of the Prairie State. This mysterious, majestic, mighty city, born first of water, and next of fire ; sown in weakness, and raised in power ; planted among the willows of the marsh, and crowned with the glory of the mountains ; sleeping on the bosom of the prairie, and rocked on the bosom of the sea , CHICAGO IN 1833. the youngest city of the -world, and still the eye of the prairie, as Damas- cus, the oldest city of the world, is the eye of the desert. With a com- merce far exceeding that of Corinth on her isthmus, in the highway to the East ; with the defenses of a continent piled around her by the thou- sand miles, making her far safer than Rome on the banks of the Tiber; 96 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. with schools eclipsing Alexandria and Athens ; with liberties more con- spicuous than those of the old republics ; with a heroism equal to the first Carthage, and with a sanctity scarcely second to that of Jerusalem — set your thoughts on all this, lifted into the eyes of all men by the miracle of its growth, illuminated by the flame of its fall, and transfigured by the divinity of its resurrection, and you will feel, as I do, the utter impossl bility of compassing this subject as it deserves. Some impression of her importance is received from the shock her burning gave to the civilized world. When the doubt of her calamity was removed, and the horrid fact was accepted, there went a shudder over all cities, and a quiver over all lands. There was scarcely a town in the civilized world that did not shake on the brink of this opening chasm. The flames of our homes red- dened all skies. The city was set upon a hill, and could not be hid. All eyes were turned upon it. To have struggled and suffered amid the scenes of its fall is as distinguishing as to have fought at Thermopylae, or Salamis, or Hastings, or Waterloo, or Bunker Hill. Its calamity amazed the world, because it was felt to be the common property of mankind. The early history of the city is full of interest, just as the early his- tory of such a man as Washington or Lincoln becomes public property, and is cherished by every patriot. Starting with 560 acres in 1833, it embraced and occupied 23,000 acres in 1869, and, having now a population of more than 500,000, it com- mands general attention. The first settler — Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the West Indies — came and began trade with the Indians in 1796. John Kinzie became his successor in 1804, in which year Fort Dearborn was erected. A mere trading-post was kept here from that time till about the time of the Blackhawk war, in 1832. It was not the city. It was merely a cock crowing at midniglt. The morning was not yet. In 1833 the set- tlement about the fort was incorporated as a town. The voters were divided on the propriety of such corporation, twelve voting for it; aiid one against it. Four years later it was incorporated as a city, and embraced 660 acres. The produce handled in this city is an indication of its power. Grain and flour were imported from the East till as late as 1837. The first exportation by way of experiment was in 1839. Exports exceeded imports first in 1842. The Board of Trade was organized in 1848, but it was so weak that it needed nursing till 1855. Grain was purchased by the wagon-load in the street. I remember sitting with my father on a load of wheat, in the long HISTORY OP THE NORTHWEST. 97 line of wagons along Lake street, while the buyers came and untied the bags, and examined the grain, and made their bids. That manner of business had to cease with the day of small things. Now our elevators will hold 15,000,000 bushels of grain. The cash value of the produce handled in a year is $215,000,000, and the produce weighs 7,000,000 tons or 700,000 car loads. This handles thirteen and a half ton each minute, all the year round. One tenth of all ,the wheat in the United States is handled in Chicago. Even as long ago as 1853 the receipts of grain in Chicago exceeded those of the goodly city of St. Louis, and in 1854 the exports of grain from Chicago exceeded those of New York and doubled those of St. Petersburg, Archangel, or Odessa, the largest grain markets in Europe. The manufacturing interests of the city are not contemptible. In 1873 manufactories employed 45,000 operatives ; in 1876,60,000. The manufactured product in 1875 was worth 1177,000,000. No estimate of the size and power of Chicago would be adequate that did not put large emphasis on the railroads. Before they came thundering along our streets canals were the hope of our country. But who ever thinks now of traveling by canal packets ? In June, 1852, there were only forty miles of railroad connected with the city. The old Galena division of the Northwestern ran out to Elgin. But now, who can count the trains and measure the roads that seek a terminus or connection in this city? The lake stretches away to the north, gathering in to this center all the harvests that might otherwise pass to the north of us. If you will take a map and look at the adjustment of ' railroads, you will see, first, that Chicago is the great railroad center of the world, as New York is the commercial city of this continent ; and, second, that the railroad lines form the iron spokes of a great wheel whose hub is this city. The lake furnishes the only break in the spokes, and this seems simply to have pushed a few spokes together on each shore. See the eighteen trunk lines, exclusive of eastern connections. Pass round the circle, and view their numbers and extent. There is the great Northwestern, with all its branches, one branch creeping along the lake shore, and so reaching to the north, into the Lake Superior regions, away to the right, and on to the Northern Pacific on the left, swinging around Green Bay for iron and copper and silver, twelve months in the year, and reaching out for the wealth of the great agricultural belt and isothermal line traversed by the Northern Pacific. Another branch, not so far north, feeling for the heart, of the Badger State. Another pushing lower down the Mississippi — all these make many con- nections, and tapping all the vast wheat regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and all the regions this side of sunset. There is that elegant road, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, running out a goodly number of ■98 HISTORY OF THE NOETHWBST. OLD FOET DBARBOBN, 1830. PKESENT SITE Oli' LAKE STKEET BBIDGE, CHICAGO, Ilf 1833. HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 99 branches, and reaping the great fields this side of the Missouri River. I can only mention the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis, our Illinois Central, described elsewhere, and the Chicago & Rock Island. Further around we come to the lines connecting us with all the eastern cities. The Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Fort "Wayne & Chicago, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Cen- tral and Great "Western, give us many highways to the seaboard. Thus we reach the Mississippi at five points, from St. Paul to Cairo and the Grulf itself by two routes. "We also reach Cincinnati and Baltimore, and Pitts- burgh and Philadelphia, and New York. North and south run the water courses of the lakes and the rivers, broken just enough at this point to make a pass. Through this, from east to west, run the long lines that stretch from ocean to ocean. This is the neck of the glass, and the golden sands of commerce must pass into our hands. Altogether we have more than 10,000 miles of railroad, directly tributary to this city, seeking to unload their wealth in our coffers. All these roads have come themselves by the infallible instinct of capital. Not a dollar was ever given by the city to secure one of them, and only a small per cent, of stock taken originally by her citizens, and that taken simply as an investment. Coming in the natural order of events, they will not be easily diverted. There is still another showing to all this. The connection between New York and San Francisco is by the middle route. This passes inevit- ably through Chicago. St. Louis wants the Southern Pacific or Kansas Pacific, and pushes it out through Denver, and so on up to Cheyenne. But before the road is fairly under way, the Chicago roads shove out to Kansas City, making even the Kansas Pacific a feeder, and actually leav- ing St. Louis out in the cold. It is not too much to expect that Dakota, Montana, and Washington Territory will find their great market in Chi- cago. But these are not all. Perhaps I had better notice here the ten or fifteen new roads that have just entered, or are just entering, our city. Their names are all that is necessary to give. Chicago & St. Paul, look- ing up the Red River country to the British possessions i the Chicago, Atlantic & Pacific ; the Chicago, Decatur & State Line ; the Baltimore & Ohio; the Chicago, Danville & Vincennesj the Chicago & LaSalle Rail- road ; the Chicago, Pittsburgh & Cincinnati ; the Chicago and Canada Southern ; the Chicago and Illinois River Railroad. These, with their connections, and with the new connections of the old roads, already in process of erection, give to Chicago not less than 10,000 miles of new tributaries from the richest land on the continent. Thus there will be added to the reserve power, to the capital within reach of this city, not less than 11,000,000,000. 100 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. Add to all this transporting power the ships that sail one every nine minutes of the business hours of the season of navigation ; add, also, the canal boats that leave one every five minutes during the same time — and you will see something of the business of the city. THE COMMERCE OF THIS CITY has been leaping along to keep pace with the growth of the country around us. In 1852, our commerce reached the hopeful sum of $20,000,000. In 1870 it reached 1400,000,000. In 1871 it was pushed up above $450,000,000. And in 1875 it touched nearly double that. One-half of our imported goods come directly to Chicago. Grain enough is exported directly from our docks to the old world to employ a semi-weekly line of steamers of 3,000 tons capacity. This branch ia not likel}- to be greatly developed. Even after the great Welland Canal is coraple ted we shall have only fourteen feet of water. The great ocean vessels will continue to control the trade. The banking capital of Chicago is $24,431,000. Total exchange in 1875, $659,000,000. Her wholesale business in 1875 was $294,000,000. Tjie rate of taxes is less than in any other great city. The schools of Chicago are unsurpassed in America. Out of a popu- lation of 300,000 there were only 186 persons between the ages of six and twenty-one unable to read. This is the best known record. In 1831 the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers and news he could find. As late as 1846 there was often only one mail a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the post- master nailed up old boot-legs on one side of his shop to serve as boxes for the nabobs and literary men. It is an interesting fact in the growth of the young city that in the active life of the business men of that day the mail matter has grown to a daily average of over 6,500 pounds. It speaks equally well for the intelligence of the people and the commercial importance of the place, that the mail matter distributed to the territory immediately tributary to Chicago is seven times greater than that distributed to the territory immediately tributary to St. Louis. The improvements that have characterized the city are as startling as the city itself. In 1831, Mark Beaubien established a ferry over the river, and put himself under bonds to carry all the citizens free for the privilege of charging strangers. Now there are twenty-four large bridces and two tunnels. > In 1833 the government expended $30,000 on the harbor. Then commenced that series of manoeuvers with the river that has made it one HISTORY OF THE NOETHWEST. 101 of the world's curiosities. It used to mnd around in the lower end of the town, and make its way rippling over the sand into the lake at the foot of Madison street. They took it up and put it down where it now is. It was a narrow stream, so narrow that even moderately small crafts had to go up through the willows and cat's tails to the point near Lake street bridge, and back up one of the branches to get room enough in which to turn around. In 1844 the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank roads, which acted in wet weather as public squirt-guns. Keeping you out of the mud, they compromised by squirting the mud over you. The wooden-block pavements came to Chicago in 1857. In 1840 water was delivered by peddlers in carts or by hand. Then a twenty-five horse- power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Chris- tian Association was organized in 1858, and horse railroads carried them to their work in 1859. The museum was opened in 1863. The alarm telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The city grew from 560 acres in 1833 to 23,000 in 1869, In 1834, the taxes amounted to #48.90, and the trustees of the town borrowed #60 more for opening and improving streets. In 1835, the legislature authorized a loan of 12,000, and the treasurer and street commissioners resigned rather than plunge the town into such a gulf. Now the city embraces 36 square miles of territory, and has 30 miles of water front, besides the outside harbor of refuge, of 400 acres, inclosed by a crib sea-wall. One-third of the city has been raised up an average of eight feet, giving good pitch to the 263 miles of sewerage. The water of the city is above all competition. It is received through two tunnels extending to a crib in the lake two miles from shore. The closest analy- sis fails to detect any impurities, and, received 35 feet below the surface, it is always clear and cold. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 of gallons per day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 of gal- lons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water- mains. The three grand engineering exploits of the city are : First, lifting the city up on jack-screws, whole squares at a time, without interrupting the business, thus giving us good drainage ; second, running the tunnels under the lake, giving us the best water in the world ; and third, the turning the current of the river in its own channel, delivering us from the old abominations, and making decency possible. They redound about 102 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. equally to the credit of the engineering, to the energy of the people, and to the health of the city. That which really constitutes the city, its indescribable spirit, its soul, the way it lights up in every feature in the hour of action, has not been touched. In meeting strangers, one is often surprised how some homely women marry so well. Their forms are bad, their gait uneven and awk- ward, their complexion is dull, their features are misshapen and mismatch- ed, and when we see them there is no beauty that we should desire them. But when once they are aroused on some subject, they put on new pro- portions. They light up into great power. The real person comes out from its unseemly ambush, and captures us at will. They have power. They have ability to cause things to come to pass. "We no longer wonder why they are in such high demand. So it is with our city. There is no grand • scenery except the two seas, one of water, the other of prairie. Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, a power, that soon makes it a place never to be forsaken. One soon ceases to believe in impossibilities. Balaams are the only prophets that are disappointed. The bottom that has been on the point of falling out has been there so long that it has grown fast. It can not fall out. It has all the capital of the world itching to get inside the corporation. The two great laws that govern the growth and size of cities are, first, the amount of territory for which they are the distributing and receiving points ; second, the number of medium or moderate dealers that do this distributing. Monopolists build up themselves, not the cities. They neither eat, wear, nor live in proportion to their business. Both these laws help Chicago. The tide of trade is eastward — not up or down the map, but across the map. The lake runs up a wingdam for 500 miles to gather in the business. Commerce can not ferry up there for seven months in the year, and the facilities for seven months can do the work for twelve. Then the great region west of us is nearly all good, productive land. Dropping south into the trail of St. Louis, you fall into vast deserts and rocky dis- tricts, useful in holding the world together. St. Louis and' Cincinnati, instead of rivaling and hurting Chicago, are her greatest sureties of dominion. They are far enough away to give sea-room, — farther off than Paris is from London, — and yet they are near enough to prevent the springing up of any other great city between them. St. Louis will be helped by the opening of the Mississippi, but also hurt. That will put New Orleans on her fept, and with a railroad running over into Texas and so West, she will tap the streams that now crawl up the Texas and Missouri road. The current is East, not North, and a sea- port at New Orleans can not permanently help St. Louis. Chicago is in the field almost alone, to handle the wealth of one- HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 103 fourth of the territory of this great republic. This strip of seaeoast divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Savannah, or some other great port to be created for the South in the next decade. But Chicago has a dozen empires casting their treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery of the world for 500 centuries ; in a garden that can feed the race by the thousand years ; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a summer resort equaled by no great city in the land ; with a climate that insures the health of her citizens ; surrounded by all the great deposits of natural wealth in mines aud forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder of to-day, and will be the oity of the future. MASSACRES AT FORT DEARBORN. During the war of 1812, Port Dearborn became the theater of stirring events. The garrison consisted of fifty-four men under command of Captain Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm (son-in-law of Mrs. Kinzie) and Ensign Ronan, Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only resi- dents at the post at that time were the wives of Captain Heald and Lieu- tenant Helm, and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyageurs, with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on most friendly terms with the Pottawattamies and Winnebagos, the principal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attachment to the British. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing on his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house, pale with terror, and exclaiming : " The Indians ! the Indians!" "What? Where?" eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. "Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Barnes ( just confined) living not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Barnes and her infant not a day old were safely conveyed. The rest of the inhabitants took shelter in the fort. This alarm was caused by a scalping party of Winnebagos, who hovered about the fort several days, when they disappeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were undisturbed. On the 7th of August, 1812, General Hull, at Detroit, sent orders to Captain Heald to evacuate Port Dearborn, and to distribute all the United States property to the Indians in the neighborhood — a most insane order. The Pottawattamie chief, who brought the dispatch, had more wisdom than the commanding general. He advised Captain Heald not to make the distribution. Said he : " Leave the fort and stores as they are, and let the . Indians make distribution for themselves ; and while they are engaged in the business, the white people may escape to Port Wayne," ■HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 105 Captain Heald held a council with the Indians on the afternoon of the 12th, in which his officers refused to join, for they had been informed that treachery was designed— that the Indians intended to murder the white people in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. Captain Heald, however, took the precaution to open a port-hole displaying a cannon pointing directly upon the council, and by that means saved his life. Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Captain Heald not to confide in their promises, nor distribute the arms and munitions among them, for it would only put power into their hands to destroy the whites. Acting upon this advice, Heald resolved to withhold the munitions of war ; and on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other property had been made, the powder, ball and liquors were thrown into the river, the muskets broken up and destroyed. Black Partridge, a friendly chief, came to Captain Heald, and said : " Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day: be careful on the march you are going to take." On that dark night vigilant Indians had crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of their promised booty going on within. The next morning the powder was seen floating on the surface of the river. The savages were exasperated and made loud com- plaints and threats. On the following day when preparations were making to leave the fort, and all the inmates were deeply impressed with a sense of impend- ing danger, Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, was discovered upon the Indian trail among the sand-hills on the borders of the lake, not far distant, with a band of mounted Miamis, of whose tribe he was chief, having been adopted by the famous Miami warrior, Little Turtle. When news of Hull's surrender reached Fort Wayne, he had started with this force to assist Heald in defending Port Dearborn. He was too late. Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the morning of the 15th. It was a warm bright morning in the middle of August. Indications were positive that the savages intended to murder the white people; and when they moved out of the southern gate of the fort, the march was like a funeral procession. The band, feeling the solemnity of the occa- sion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. Capt. Wells, who had blackened his face with gun-powder in token of his fate, took the lead with his band of Miamis, followed by Capt. Heald, with his wife by his side on horseback. Mr. Kinzie hoped by his personal influence to avert the impending blow, and therefore accompanied them, leaving his family in a boat in charge of a friendly Indian, to be taken to his trading station at the site of Niles, Michigan, in the event of his death. 106 HISTORY OE THE NORTHWEST. -i^L I iiJi f ^ \ tl M.^* ir - .-"^ *, ft- HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 101 The procession moved slowly along the lake shore till they reached the sand-hills between the prairie and the beach, when the Pottawattamie escort, under the leadership of Blackbird, filed to the right, placing those hills between them and the white people. Wells, with his Miamis, had kept in the advance. They suddenly came rushing back, Wells exclaim- ing, " They are about to attack us ; form instantly." These words were quickly followed by a storm of bullets, which came whistling over the little hills which the treacherous savages had made the covert for their murderous attack. The white troops charged upon the Indians, drove them back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged between fifty- four soldiers, twelve civilians and three or four women (the cowardly Miamis having fled at the outset) againsb five hundred Indian warriors. The white people, hopeless, resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. Ensign Ronan wielded his weapon vigorously, even after falling upon his knees weak from the loss of blood. Capt. Wells, who was by the side of his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the conflict began, behaved with the greatest coolness and courage. He said to her, " We have not the slightest chance- for life. We must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you." And then he dashed forward. Seeing a young warrior, painted like a demon, climb into a wagon in which were twelve children, and tomahawk them all, he cried out, unmindful of his personal danger, " If that is your game, butchering women and children, I will kill too." He spurred his horse towards the Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and papooses, hotly pursued by swift-footed young warriors, who sent bullets, whistling after him. One of these killed his horse and wounded him severely in the leg. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him their prisoner and reserve him for torture. He resolved not to be made a captive, and by the use of 'the most provoking epithets tried to induce them to kill him instantly. He called a fiery young chief a squaw, when the enraged warrior killed Wells instantly with his tomahawk, jumped upon his. body, cut out his heart, and ate a portion of the warm morsel with savage delight ! In this fearful combat women bore a conspicuous part. Mrs. Heald was an excellent equestrian and an expert in the use of the rifle. She fought the savages bravely, receiving several severe wounds. Though faint from the loss of blood, she managed to keep her saddle. A savage raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face,, and with a sweet smile and in a gentle voice said, in his own language, " Surely you will not kill a squaw ! " The arm of the savage fell, and the life of the heroic woman was saved. Mrs. Helm, the step-daughter of Mr. Kinzie, had an encounter with. a stout Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, she received the glancing blow on her shoulder, and at the same instant 108 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. seized the savage round the neck with her arms and endeavored to get hold of his scalping knife, which hung in a sheath at his breast. While she was thus struggling she was dragged from her antagonist by ano bhei powerful Indian, who bore her, in spite of her struggles, to the margin of the lake and plunged her in. To her astonishment she was held by him so that she would not drown, and she soon perceived that she was in the hands of the friendly Black Partridge, who had saved her life. The wife of Sergeant Holt, a large and powerful woman, behaved as bravely as an Amazon. She rode a fine, high-spirited horse, which the Indians coveted, and several of them attacked her with the butts of their guns, for the purpose of dismounting her ; but she used the sword which she had snatched from her disabled husband so skillfully that she foiled them ; and, suddenly wheeling her horse, she dashed over the prairie, followed by the savages shouting, " The brave woman ! the brave woman ! Don't hurt her ! " They finally overtook her, and while she was fighting them in front, a powerful savage came up behind her, seized her by the neck and dragged her to the ground. Horse and woman were made captives. Mrs. Holt was a long time a captive among the Indians, but was afterwards ransomed. In this sharp conflict two-thirds of the white people were slain and wounded, and all their horses, baggage and provision were lost. Only twenty-eight straggling mejQ now remained to fight five hundred Indians rendered furious by the sight of blood. They succeeded in breaking through the ranks of the murderers and. gaining a slight eminence on the prairie near the Oak Woods. The Indians did not pursue, but gathered on their flanks, while the chiefs held a consultation on the sand-hills, and showed signs of willingness to parley. It would have been madness oii the part of the whites to renew the fight ; and so Capt. Heald went for- ward and met Blackbird on the open prairie, where terms of surrender were soon agreed upon. It was arranged that the white people should give up their arms to Blackbird, and that the survivors should become prisoners of war, to be exchanged for ransoms as soon as practicable. With this understanding captives and captors started for the Indian camp near the fort, to which Mrs. Helm had been taken bleeding and suffering by Black Partridge, and had met her step-father and learned that her husband was safe. A new scene of horror was now opened at the Indian camp. The wounded, not being included in the terms of surrender, as it was inter- preted by the Indians, and the British general. Proctor, having offered a liberal bounty for American scalps, delivered at Maiden, nearly all the wounded men were killed and scalped, and the price of the trophies was afterwards paid by the British government. THE STATE OF IOWA. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. The State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that of a rec- tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due east and west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The northern boundary is upon the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- mately upon that of forty degrees and thirty-six minutes. The distance from the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does not reach that of the multiple of these numbers ; but according to a report of the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,044 square miles. When it is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear no comparison with Iowa. TOPOGRAPHY. No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- gineer corps within the State. Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the whole State is traversed by 109 110 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain, with no mountain or hill ranses within its borders. A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to point, in straight lines across it : From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 foot 1 inch per mile. From the N. E. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feetO inches per mile. From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. From the S. W. corner to the highest ridge between the two great rivers (in Ringgold County) 4 feet 1 inch per mile From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 6 feet 7 inches per mile. From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moinea River) 4 feet inches per mile. It will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 444 feet above the level of the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea is not far from eight hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. When we come to consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest ; consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its physical features are most strongly marked. DRAINAGE SYSTEM. The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western bounda- ries of the State, and receive the eastern and. western drainage of it. The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems is formed by the highest land between those rivers along the whole length of a line running southward from a point on the northern boundary line of the State near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern part of Adair County. From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great rivers, continues southward, without change of character, through Ringgold County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair County, it is no longer the great watershed. From that point, another and lower ridge bears off more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- son, Clarke, Lucas and Appanoose, and becomes itself the great watershed. HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. Ill RIVERS. All streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits, occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. The drift and bluflf deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not only rise upon their surface, but they also reach considerable depth into these deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the general prairie level. The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa drainage run, either along the whole or a part of their course, upon that peculir deposit known as bluff deposit. Their banks are often, even of the small streams, from five to ten feet in height, quite perpendicular, so that they make the streams almost everywhere unfordable, and a great impediment to travel across the open country where there are no bridges. The material of this deposit is of a slightly yellowish ash color, except where darkened by decaying vegetation, very fine and silicious, but not sandy, not very cohesive, and not at all plastic. It forms excellent soil, and does not bake or crack in drying, except limy concretions, which are generally dis- tributed throughout the mass, in shape and size resembling pebbles ; not a stone or pebble can be found in the whole deposit. It was called " silicious marl" by Dr. Owen, in his geological rej^ort to the General Government, and its origin referred to an accumulation of sediment in an ancient lake, which was afterward drained, when its sediment became dry land. Prof Swallaw gives it the name of "bluff," which is here adopted ; the term Lacustral would have been better. The peculiar properties of this deposit are that it will stand securely with a precipitous front two hundred feet high, and yet is easily excavated with a spade. Wells dug in it require only to be walled to a point just above the water line. • Yet, compact as it is, it is very porous, so that \^ater which falls on its surface does not remain, but percolates through it ; neither does it accuniulate within its mass, as it does upon the surface of' and within the drift and the stratified formations. The bluff deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Missouri runs almost centrally, and measures, as far as is known, more than two hun- dred miles in length and nearly one hundred miles in width. The thickest part yet known in Iowa is in Fremont County, where it reaches two hundred feet. The boundaries of this deposit in Iowa are nearly as follows : Com- mencing at the southeast corner of Fremont County, follow up the watershed between the East Nishnabotany and the West Tarkio Rivers to the southern boundary of Cass County ; thence to the center of Audubon County ; thence to Tip Top Station, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway ; thence by a broad curve westward to the northwest corner of Plymouth County. This deposit is composed of fine sedimentary particles, similar to that which the Missouri River now deposits from its waters, and is the same which 112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. that river did deposit in a broad depression in the surface of the drift that formed a lake-like expansion of that river in the earliest period of the history of its valley. That lake, as shown by its deposit, which now remains, waa about one hundred miles wide and more than twice as long. The water of the river was muddy then, as now, and the broad lake became filled with the sedi- ment which the river brought down, before its valley had enough in the lower portion of its course to drain it. After the lake became filled with the sedi- ment, the valley below became deepened by the constant erosive action of the waters, to a depth of more than sufficient to have drained the lake of its first waters ; but the only effect then was to cause it to cut its valley out of the de- posits its own muddy waters had formed. Thus along the valley of that river, so far as it forms the western boundary of Iowa, the blufis which border it are composed of that sediment known as bluff" deposit, forming a distinct border along the broad, level flood plain, the width of which varies from five to fifteen miles, while the original sedimentary deposit stretches far inland. All the rivers of the western system of drainage, except the Missouri itself, are quite incomplete as rivers, in consequence of their being really only branches of other larger tributaries of that great river , pr, if they empty into the Missouri direct, they have yet all the usual characteristics of Iowa rivers, from their sources to their mouths. Ohariton and Grand Rivers both rise and run for the first twenty-five miles of their courses upon the drift deposit alone. The first strata that are exposed by the deepening valleys of both these streams belong to the upper coal meas- ures, and they both continue upon the same formation until they make their exit from the State (the former in Appanoose County, the latter in Ringgold County), near the boundary of which they have passed nearly or quite through the whole of that formation to the middle coal measures. Their valleys gradu- ally deepen from their upper portions downward, so that within fifteen or twenty miles they have reached a depth of near a hundred and fifty feet below the gen- eral level of the adjacent high land. When the rivers have cut their valleys down through the series of limestone strata, they reach those of a clayey com- position. Upon thes§ they widen their valleys and make broad flood plains (commonly termed "bottoms"), the soil of which is stiif and clayey, except where modified by sandy washings. A considerable breadth of woodland occupies the bottoms and valley sides along a great part of their length ; but their upper branches and tributaries are mostly prairie streams. Platte River. — This river belongs mainly to Missouri. Its upper branches pass through Ringgold County, and, with the west fork of the Grand River, drain a large region of country. Here the drift deposit reaches its maximum thickness on an east and west line across the State, and the valleys are eroded in some instances to a depth of two hundred feet, apparently, through this deposit alone. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 113 The term " drift deposit " applies to the soil and sub-soil of the greater part of the State, and in it alone many of our wells are dug and our forests take root. It. rests upon the stratified rocks.. It is composed of clay, sand, gravel aud boulders, promiscuously intermixed, without stratification, varying in char- acter in different parts of the State. The proportion of lime in the drift of Iowa is so great that the water of all our wells and springs is too " hard " for washing purposes ; and the same sub- stance is so prevalent in the drift clays that they are always found to have suiB- cient flux when used for the manufacture of brick. One Hundred and Two River is represented in Taylor County, the valleys of which have the same general character of those just described. The country around and between the east and west forks of this stream is almost entirely prairie. Nodaway River. — This stream is represented by east, middle and west branches. The two former rise in Adair County, the latter in Cass County. These rivers and valleys are fine examples of the small rivers and valleys of Southern Iowa. They have the general character of drift valleys, and with beautiful undulating and sloping sides. The Nodaways drain one of the finest agricultural regions in the State, the soil of which is tillable almost to their very banks. The banks and the adjacent narrow flood plains are almost everywhere composed of a rich, deep, dark loam. Nishnabotany River. — This river is represented by east and west branches, the former having its source in Anderson County, the latter in Shelby County. Both these branches, from their source to their confluence — and also the main stream, from thence to the point where it enters the gre'at flood plain of the Missouri — run through a region the surface of which is occupied by the bluff deposit. The West Nishnabotany is probably without any valuable mill sites. In the western part of Cass County, the East Nishnabotany loses its identity by becoming abruptly divided up into five or six different creeks. A few good mill sites occur here on this stream. None, however, that are thought reliable exist on either of these rivers, or on the main stream below the confluence, except, perhaps, one or two in Montgomery County. The valleys of the two branches, and the intervening upland, possess remarkable fertility. Boyer River. — Until it enters the flood plain of the Missouri, the Boyer runs almost, if not quite, its entire course through the region occupied by the bluff deposit, and has cut its valley entirely through it along most of its pas- sage. The only rocks exposed are the upper coal measures, near Reed's mill, in Harrison County. The exposures are slight, and are the most northerly now known in Iowa. The valley of this river has usually gently sloping sides, and an ndistinctly defined flood plain. Along the lower half of its course the adjacent upland presents a surface of the billowy character, peculiar to the bluff deposit. The source of this river is in Sac County. 114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldier River. — The east and middle branches of this stream have their source in Crawford County, and the west branch in Ida County. The whole course of this river is through the bluff deposit. It has no exposure of strata along its course. Little Sioux River. — Under this head are included both the main and west branches of that stream, together with the Maple, which is one of its branches. The west branch and the Maple are so similar to the Soldier River that they need no separate description. The main stream has its boundary near the northern boundary of the State, and runs most of its course upon drift deposit alone, entering the region of the bluff deposit in the southern part of Cherokee County. The two principal upper branches, near their source in Dickinson and Osceola .Counties, are small prairie creeks, with indistinct valleys. On entering Clay County, the valley deepens, and at their confluence has a depth of one hundred feet, which still further increases until along the boundary line between Clay and Buena Vista Counties, it reaches a depth of two hundred feet. Just as the valley enters Cherokee County, it turns to the southward and becomes much widened, with its sides gently sloping to the uplands. When the- valley enters the region of the bluff deposit, it assumes the billowy appearance. No exposures of strata of any kind have been found in the valley of the Little Sioux or any of its branches. Floyd River. — This river rises upon the drift in O'Brien County, and flow- ing southward enters the region of the bluff deposit a little north of the center of Plymouth County. Almost from its source to its mouth it is a prairie stream, with slightly sloping valley sides, which blend gradually with the uplands. A single slight exposure of sandstone of cretaceous age occurs in the valley near Sioux City, and which is the only known exposure of rock of any kind along its whole length. Near this exposure is a mill site, but farther up the stream it is not valuable for such purposes. Roch River. — This stream passes through Lyon and Sioux Counties. It was evidently so named from the fact that considerable exposures of the red Sioux quartzite occur along the main branches of the stream in Minnesota, a few miles north of our State boundary. Within this State the main stream and its branches are drift streams, and strata are exposed. The beds and banks of the streams are usually sandy and gravelly, with occasional boulders intermixed. Big Sioux River. — The valley of this river, from the northwest corner of the State to its mouth, possesses much the same character as all the streams of the surface deposits. At Sioux Falls, a few miles above the northwest corner of the State, the stream meets with remarkable obstructions from the presence of Sioux quartzite, which outcrops directly across the stream, and causes a fall of about sixty feet within a distance of half a mile, producing a series of cas- cades. For the first twenty -five miles above its mouth, the valley is very broad, with a broad, flat flood plain, with gentle slopes occasionally showing indistinctly defined terraces. These terraces and valley bottoms constitute some of the finest HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 115 agricultural land of the region. On the Iowa side of the valley the upland presents abrupt bluffs, steep as the materials of which they are composed will stand, and from one hundred to nearly two hundred feet high above the stream. At rare intervals, about fifteen miles from its mouth, the cretaceous strata are found exposed in the face of the bluffs of the Iowa side. No other strata are exposed along that part of the valley which borders our State, with the single exception of Sioux quartzite at its extreme northwestern corner. Some good mill sites may be secured along that portion of this river which borders Lyon County, but below this the fall will probably be found insufiicient and the location for dams insecure. Missouri River. — This is one of th« muddiest streams on the globe, and its waters are known to be very turbid far toward its source. The chief pecul- iarity of this river is its broad flood plains, and its adjacent bluff deposits. Much the greater part of the flood plain of this river is upon the Iowa side, and continuous from the south boundary line of the State to Sioux City, a distance of more than one hundred miles in length, varying from three to five miles in width. This alluvial plain is estimated to contain more than half a million acres of land within the State, upward of four hundred thousand of which are now tillable. The rivers of the eastern system of drainage have quite a different character from those of the western, system. They are larger, longer and have their val- leys modified to a much greater extent by the underlying strata. For the lat- ter reason, water-power is much more abundant upon them than upon the streams of the western system. Des Moines River. — This river has its source in Minnesota, but it enters Iowa before it Has attained any size, and flows almost centrally through it from northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeast- ern corner of the State. It drains a greater area than anyjiver within the State. The upper portion of it is divided into two branches known as the east and west forks. These unite in Humboldt County. The valleys of these branches above their confluence are drift-valleys, except a few small exposures of subcarbonTferous limestone about five miles above their confluence. These exposures produce several small mill-sites. The valleys vary from a few hun- dred yards to half a mile in width, and are the finest agricultural lands. In the northern part of Webster County, the character of the main valley is modified by the presence of ledges and low cliffs of the subcarboniferous limestone and gypsum. From a point a little below Fort Dodge to near Amsterdam, in Ma- rion County, the river runs all the way through and upon the lower coal-meas- •ure strata. Along this part of its course the flood-plain varies from an eighth to half a- mile or more in width. From Amsterdam to Ottumwa the subcarbon- iferous limestone appears at intervals in the valley sides. Near Ottumwa, the sub- carboniferous rocks pass beneath the liver again, bringing down the coal-measure strata into its bed ; but they rise again from it in the extreme northwestern part 116 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Van Buren County, and subcarboniferous strata resume and keep their place along the valley to the north of the river. From Fort Dodge to the northern part of Lee County, the strata of the lower coal measures are present in the valley. Its flood plain is frequently sandy, from the debris of the sandstone and sandy shales of the coal measures produced by their removal in the process of the formation of the valley. The principal tributaries of the Des Moines are upon the western side. These are the Raccoon and the three rivers, viz.: South, Middle and North Riv- ers. The three latter have their source in the region' occupied by the upper coal-measure limestone formation, flow eastward over the middle coal measures, and enter the valley of the Des Moines upon the lower coal measures. These streams, especially South and Middle Rivers, are frequently bordered by high, rocky clifis. Raccoon River has its source upon the heavy surface deposits of the middle region of Western Iowa, and along the greater part of its course it has excavated its valley out those deposits and the middle coal measures alone. The valley of the Des Moines and its branches are destined to become the seat of extensive manufactures in consequence of the numerous mill sites of immense power, and the fact that the main valley traverses the entire length of the Iowa coal fields. Skunk River. — jThis river has its source in Hamilton County, and runs almost its entire course upon the border of the outcrop of the lower coal meas- ures, or, more properly speaking, upon the subcarboniferous limestone, just where it begins to pass beneath the coal measures by its southerly and westerly dip. Its general course is southeast. From the western part of Henry County, up as far as Story County, the broad, flat flood plain is covered with a rich deep clay soil, which, in time of long-continued rains and overflows of the river, has made the valley of Skunk River a terror to travelers from the earliest settle- ment of the country. There are some excellent mill sites on the lower half of this river, but they are not so numerous or valuable as on other rivers of the eastern systeni. Iowa River. — This river rises in Hancock County, in the midst of a broad, slightly undulating drift region. The first rock exposure is that of subcarbon- iferous limestone, in the southwestern corner of Franklin County. It enters the region of the Devonian strata near the southwestern corner of Benton County, and in this it continues to its confluence with the Cedar in Louisa County. Below the junction with the Cedar, and for some miles above that point, its valley is broad, and especially on the northern side, with a well marked flood plain. Its borders gradually blend with the uplands as they slope away in the distance from the river. The Iowa furnishes numerous and valua- ble mill sites. Cedar River. — This stream is usually understood to be a branch of the Iowa, but it ought, really, to be regarded as the main stream. It rises by numerous branches in the northern part of the State, and flows the entire length HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 117 of the State, through the region occupied by the Devonian strata and along the trend occupied by that formation. The valley of this river, in the upper part of its course, is narrow, and the sides slope so gently as to scarcely show where the lowlands end and the up- lands begin. Below the confluence with the Shell Rock, the flood plain is more distinctly marked and the valley broad and shallow. The valley of the Cedar is one of the finest regions in the State, and both the main stream and its branches afford abundant and reliable mill sites. Wapsipinnicon River. — This river has its source near the source of the Cedar, and runs parallel and near it almost its entire course, the upper half upon the same formation — the Devonian. In the northeastern part of Linn County, it enters the region of the Niagara limestone, upon which it continues to the Mississippi. It is one hundred miles long, and yet the area of its drain- age is only from tweke to twenty miles in width. Hence, its numerous mill sites are unusually secure. Turkey River. — This river and the Upper Iowa are, in many respects, un- like other Iowa rivers. The difference is due to the great depth they have eroded their valleys and the different character of the material through which they have eroded. Turkey River rises in Howard County, and in Winnesheik County, a few miles from its source, its valley has attained a depth of more than two hundred feet, and in Fayette and Clayton Counties its depth is increased to three and four hundred feet. The summit of the uplands, bordering nearly the whole length of the valley, is capped by the Maquoketa shales. These shales are underlaid by the Galena limestone, between two and three hundred feet thick. The valley has been eroded through these, and runs upon the Trenton limestone. Thus, all the formations along and within this valley are Lower Silurian. The valley is usually narrow, and without a well-marked flood plain. Water power is abundant^ but in most places inaccessible. Upper Iowa River. — This river rises in Minnesota, just beyond the north- ern boundary line, and enters our State in Howard County before it has attained any considerable size. Its course is nearly eastwai'd until it reaches the Mis- sissippi. It rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, and flows across the out- crops, respectively, of the Niagara, Galena and Trenton limestone, the lower magnesian limestone and Potsdam sandstone, into and through all of which, except the last, it has cut its valley, which is the deepest of any in Iowa. The valley sides are, almost everywhere, high and steep, and cliffs of lower magne- sian and Trenton limestone give them a wild and rugged aspect. In the lower part of the valley, the flood plain reaches a width sufficient for the location of small farms, but usually it is too narrow for such purposes. On the higher surface, however, as soon as you leave the valley you come immediately upon a cultivated country. This stream has the greatest slope per mile of any in Iowa, consequently it furnishes immense water power. In some places, where creeks come into it, the valley widens and affords good locations for farms. The town 118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Decorah, in Winnesheik County, is located in one of these spots, which makes it a lovely location ; and the power of the river and the small spring streams around it offer fine facilities for manufacturing. This river and ita tributaries are the only trout streams in Iowa. Migsissippi River.. — This river may be described, in general terms, as a broad canal cut out of the general level of the country through which the river flows. It is bordered by abrupt hills or bluffs. The bottom of the valley ranges from one to eight miles in width. The whole space between the bluffs is occupied by the river and its bottom, or flood plain only, if we except the occasional terraces or remains of ancient flood plains, which are not now reached by the highest floods of the river. The river itself is from half a mile to nearly a mile in width. There are but four points along the whole length of the State where the bluffs approach the stream on both sides. The Lower Silurian formations com- pose the bluffs in the northern part of the State, but they gradually disappear by a southerly dip, and the bluffs are continued successively by the Upper Silurian, Devonian, and subcarboniferous rocks, which are reached near the southeastern corner of the State. Considered in their relation to the present general surface of the state, the relative ages of the river valley of Iowa date back only to the close of the glacial epoch ; but that the Mississippi, and all the rivers of Northeastern Iowa, if no others, had at least a large part of the rocky portions of their valleys eroded by pre-glacial, or perhaps even by palaeozoic rivers, can scarcely be doubted. . LAKES. The lakes of Iowa may be properly divided into tjvo distinct classes. The first may be called drift lakes, having had their origin in the depressions left in the surface of the drift at the close of the glacial epoch, and have rested upon the undisturbed surface of the drift deposit ever since the glaciers disappeared. The others may be properly termed Jluvatile or alluvial lakes, because they have had their prigin by the action of rivers while cutting their own valleys out from the surface of the drift as it existed at the close of the glacial epoch, and are now found resting upon the alluvium, as the others rest upon the drift. By the term alluvium is meant the deposit which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers by the action of their own currents. It is largely composed of sand and other coarse material, and upon that deposit are some of the best and most productive soils in the State. It is this deposit which form the flood plains and deltas of our rivers, as well as the terraces of their valleys. The regions to which the drift lakes are principally confined are near the head waters of the principal streams of the State. We consequently find them in those regions which lie between the Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, and the Des Moines and Little Sioux. No drift lakes are found in Southern Iowa. The largest of the lakes to be found in the State are Spirit and Okoboji, in HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 119 Dickinson County ; Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo County ; and Storm Lake, in Bunea Vista County. Spirit Lake. — The -width and length of this lake are about equal , and it contains about twelve square miles of surface, its northern border resting directly on the boundary of the State. It lies almost directly upon the great watershed. Its shores are mostly gravelly, and the country about it fertile. Okohoji Lake. — This body of water lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and has somewhat the shape of a horse-shoe, with its eastern projection within a few rods of Spirit Lake, where it receives the outlet of the latter. Okoboji Lake extends about five miles southward from Spirit Lake, thence about the same distance westward, and then, bends northward about as far as the eastern projec- tion. The eastern portion is narrow, but the western is larger, and in some places a hundred feet deep. The surroundings of this and Spirit Lake are very Jileasant. Fish are abundant in them, and they are the resort of myriads of water fowl. Olear Lake. — This lake is situated in Cerro Gordo County, upon the watershed between the Iowa and Cedar Rivers. It is about five miles long, and two or three miles wide, and has a maximum depth of only fifteen feet. Its shores and the country around it are like that of Spirit Lake. Storm Lake. — This body of water rests upon the great water shed in Buena, Vista County. It is a clear, beautiful sheet of water, containing a surface area of between four and five square miles. The outlets of all these drift-lakes are dry during a portion of the year, ex- cept Okoboji. Walled Lakes. — Along the water sheds of Northern Iowa great numbers of' small lakes exist, varying from half a mile to a mile in diameter. One of the lakes in Wright County, and another in Sac, have each received the name of " Walled Lake," on account of the existence of embankments on their borders, which are supposed to be the work of ancient inhabitants. These embankments are from two to ten feet in height, and from five to thirty feet across. They are the result of natural causes alone, being referable to the periodic action of ice, aided, to some extent, by the force of the waves. These lakes are very shallow, and in winter freeze to the bottom, so that but little unfrozen water remains in the middle. The ice freezes fast to everything upon the bottom, and the expansive power of the water in freezing acts in all directions from the center to the cir- cumference, and whatever was on the bottom of the lake has been thus carried to the shore, and this has been going on from year to year, from century to century, forming the embankments which have caused so much wonder. SPRINGS. Springs issue from all formations, and from the sides of almost every valley, but they are more numerous, and assume proportions which give rise to the name of sink-holes, along the upland borders of the Upper Iowa River, owing 120 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to the peculiar fissured and laminated character and great thickness of the strata of the age of the Trenton limestone which underlies the whole region of the valley of that stream. No mineral springs, properly so called, have yet -been discovered in Iowa, though the water of several artesian wells is frequently found charged with soluble mineral substances. ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. It is estimated that seven-eighths of the surface of the State was prairie when first settled. They are not confined to level surfaces, nor to any partic- ular variety of soil, for within the State they rest upon all formations, from those of the Azoic to those of the Cretaceous age, inclusive. Whatever may have been their origin, their present existence in Iowa is not due to the inilu- ence of climate, nor the soil, nor any of the underlying formations. The real cause is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fifty years ago, Iowa would now be a timbered country. The encroachment of forest trees upon prairie farms as soon as the bordering woodland is protected from the annual prairie fires, is well known to farmers throughout the State. The soil of Iowa is justly famous for its fertility, and there is probably no equal area of the earth's surface that contains so little untillable land, or whose soil has so high an average of fertility. Ninety-five per cent, of its surface is tillable land. GEOLOGY. The soil of Iowa may be separated into three general divisions, which not only possess different physical characters, but also differ in the mode of their origin. These are 'drift, bluff and alluvial, and belong respectively to the deposits bearing the same names. The drift occupies a much larger part of the surface of the State than both the others. The bluff has the next greatest area of surface, and the alluvial least. All soil is disintegrated rock. The drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota ; but the greater part of Iowa drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been transported but a short distance. In general terms the constant component element of the drift soil is that portion which was transported from the north, while the incomtant elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlying strata. For example, in Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation known as the Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand than elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of some parts of the State occu- pied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones and sandy shales of that forma- tion furnishing the sand. In Northern and Northwestern Iowa, the drift contains more sand and gravel than elsewhere. This sand and gravel was, doubtless, derived from the HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA 121 cretaceous rocks that now do, or formerly did, exist there, and also in part from the conglomerate and pudding-stone beds of the Sioux quartzite. In Southern Iowa, the soil is frequently stiff and clayey. This preponder- ating clay is doubtless derived from the clayey and shaly beds which alternate with the limestones of that region. The bluff soil is that which rests upon, and constitutes a part of, the bluff deposit. It is found only in the western part of the State, and adjacent to the Missouri Eiver. Althougl^ it contains less than one per cent, of clay in its composition, it is in no respect inferior to the best drift soil. The alluvial soil is that of the flood plains of the river valleys, or bottom lands. That which is periodically flooded by the rivers is of little value for agricultural purposes ; but a large part of it is entirely above the reach of the highest floods, and is very productive. The stratified rocks of Iowa range from the Azoic to_ the Mesozoic, inclu- sive ; but the greater portion of the surface of the State is occupied by those of the Palaeozoic age. The table below will show each of these formations in their order: SYSTEMS. AQES. GROaPS. PERIODS. FORMATIONS. EPOCHS. Drift Inoceramous bed, Woodbury Sandstone and Shales. Nishnabotamy Sandstone Upper Coal Measures Middle Coal Measures Lower Coal Measures St. Louis Limestone Keokuk Limestone , Burlington Limestone Kinderhook beds Hamilton Limestone and Shales Niagara Limestone Maquoketa Shales Galena Limestone Trenton Limestone St. Peter's Sandstone Lower Magnesian Limestone Potsdam Sandstone Sioux Quartzite THICKNESS. IN FEET. Cretaceous Carboniferous.. Devonian Upper Silurian Lower Silurian. Azoic 'Post Tertiary Lower Cretaceous. Coal Measures. Subcarboniferous. 10 Hamilton Niagara Cincinnati . Trenton. Primordial. Huronian to 200 50 130 100 200 200 200 . 75 90 196 175 200 350 80 250 200 80 250 300 50 THE AZOIC SYSTEM. The Sioux quartzite is found- exposed in natural ledges only upon a few acres in the extreme northwest corner of the State, upon the banks of the Big Sioux River, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite haS been given them. It is an intensely hard rock, breaks in splintery fracture, and a color varying, in different localities, from a light to deep red. The process of metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole formation that the rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture. The dip is four or five degrees to the northward, and the trend of the outcrop is eastward and westward. This 122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. rock may be quarried in a few rare cases, but usually it cannot be secured in dry forms except that -into which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is to angular pieces. It is absolutely indestructible. LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. PRIMOKDIAL GROtlP. Potsdam Sandstone. — This formation is exposed only in a small portion of the northeastern portion of the State. It is only to be seen in the bases of the bluffs and steep valley sides which border the river there. It may be seen underlying the lower magnesian limestone, St. Peter s sandstone and Trenton limestone, in their regular order, along the bluffs of the Mississippi from the northern boundary of the State as far south as Guttenburg, along the Upper Iowa for a distance of about twenty miles from its mouth, and along a few of the streams which empty into the Mississippi in Allamakee County. It is nearly valueless for economic purposes. No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa. Lower Magnesium Limestone. — This formation has but little greater geo- graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam sandstone. It lacks a uniformity of texture and stratification, owing to which it is 'not generally valuable for building purposes. The only fossils found in this formation in Iowa are a few traces of crinoids, near McGregor. St. Peter's Sandstone. — This formation is remarkably uniform in thickness throughout its known geographical extent ; and it is evident it occupies a large portion of the northern half of Allamakee County, immediately beneath the drift. TRENTON GROUP. Trenton Limestone. — With the exception of this, all the limestones of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa are magnesian limestones — nearly pure dolomites. This formation occupies large portions of Winnesheik and AUar makee Counties and a portion of Clayton. The greater part of it is useless for economic purposes, yet there are in some places compact and evenly bedded layers, which afford fine material for window caps and sills. In this formation, fossils are abundant, so much so that, in some places, the rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals an'd fragments of tribolites, cemented by calcareous material into a solid rock. Some of these fossils are new to science and peculiar to Iowa. The Cralena Limestone. — This is the upper formation of the Trenton group. It seldom exceeds twelve miles in width, although it is fully one hundred and fifty miles long. The outcrop traverses portions of the counties of Howard, Winnesheik, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development 'in Dubuque County. li; is nearly a pure dolomite, with a slight admixture of silicious matter. It is usually unfit for dressing, HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 123 though sometimes near the top of the bed good blocks for dressing are found. This formation is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The lead region proper is confined to an area of about fifteen miles square in the vicinity of Dubuque. The ore occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse the rock at regular intervals from east to west ; some is found in those which have a north and south direction. The ore is mostly that known as Galena, or sul- phuret of lead, very small quantities only of the carbonate being found with it. CINCINNATI GROUP. Maquolceta Shales. — The surface occupied by this formation is singularly long and narrow, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles in length. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi near Bellevue, in Jackson County, and the most northerly yet recognized is in the western part of Winnesheik County. The whole formation is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales', sometimes slightly arena- ceous, sometimes calcareous, which weather into a tenacious clay upon the sur- face, and the soil derived from it is usually stiff and clayey. Its economic value is very slight. Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found in the Maquoketa shales ; but they contain a larger number that have been found anywhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and their distinct faunal char- acteristics seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa shales as a distinct formation from any others of the group. UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. NIAGABA GHOUP. Niagara Limestone. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone is nearly one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and forty and fifty miles wide. This formation is entirely a magnesian limestone, with in some places a con- siderable proportion of silicious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. A large part of it is evenly bedded, and probably affords the best and greatest amount of quarry rock in the State. The quarries at Anamosa, LeClaire and Farley are all opened in this formation. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. HAMILTON GROUP. Hamilton Limestone. — The area of surface occupied by the Hamilton lime- stone and shales is fully as great as those by all the formations of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in the State. It is nearly two hundred miles long and from forty to fifty miles broad. The general trend is northwestward and south- eaatw5>*d. Although a large part of the material of this formation is practically quite TfQrthless, yet other portions are valuable for economic purposes ; and having a 124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. large geographical extent in the State, is one of the most important formations^ in a practical point of view. At Waverly, Bremer County, its value for the production of hydraulic lime has been practically demonstrated. The heavier and more uniform magnesian beds furnish material for bridge piers and other material requiring strength and durability. All the Devonian strata of Iowa evidently belong to a single epoch, and re- ferable to the Hamilton, as recognized by New York geologists. The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are bra- chiopod, moUusks and corals. The coral Acervularia Davidsoni occurs near Iowa City, and is known as " Iowa City Marble," and " bird's-eye marble." CARBONIFEKOUS SYSTEM. Of the three groups of formations that constitute the carboniferous system, viz., the subcarboniferous, coal measures and permian, only the first two are found in Iowa. SUBCARBONIFEROUS GROUP. The area of the surface occupied by this group is very large. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern part of Winnebago County, with consider- able directness in a southeasterly direction to the northern part of Washington County. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking the Mississippi River at Muscatine. The southern and western boundary is to a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coal field. From the southern part of Pocahontas County it passes southeast to Fort Dodge, thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of El- dora, in Hardin County, thence southward to J;he middle of the north line of Jasper County, thence southeastward to Sigourney, in Keokuk County, thence to the northeastern corner of Jefferson County, thence sweeping a few miles eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren County. Its area is nearly two hundred and fifty miles long, and from twenty to fifty miles wide. The Kinderhooh Beds. — The most southerly exposure of these beds is near the mouth of Skunk River, in Des Moines County. The most northerly now known is in the eastern part of Pocahontas County, more than two hundred miles distant. The principal exposures of this formation are along the bluffs which border the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, where they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des Moines County, along English River, in Wash- ington County ; along the Iowa River, in Tama, Marshall, Hamlin and Frank- lin Counties ; and along the Des Moines River, in Humboldt County. The economic value of this formation is very considerable, particularly in the northern portion of the region it occupies. In Pocahontas and Humboldt Counties it is almost invaluable, as no other stone except a few boulders are found here. At Iowa Falls the lower division is very good for building pur- poses. In Marshall County all the limestone to be obtained comes from this formation, and the quarries near LeGrand are very valuable. At this point HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 125 some of the layers are finely veined with peroxide of iron, and are wrought into, ornamental and useful objects. In Tama County, the oolitic member is well exposed, where it is manufac- tured into lime. It is not valuable for building, as upon exposure to atmosphere and frost, it crumbles to pieces. The remains of fishes are the only fossils yet discovered in this formation that can be referred to the sub-kingdom vertebrata ; and so far as yet recog- nized, they all belong to the order selachians. Of ARTICULATES, Only two specics have been recognized, both of which belong to the genus phillipsia. The sub-kingdom mollusca is largely represented. The RADiATA are represented by a few crinoids, usually found in a very im- perfect condition. The sub-kingdom is also represented by corals. The prominent feature in the life of this epoch was molluscan ; so much so in fact as to overshadow all other branches of the animal kingdom. The pre- vailing classes are : lamellihranchiates, in the more arenaceous portions ; and brachiopods, in the more calcareous portions. No remains of vegetation have been detected in any of the strata of this fDrmation. The Burlington Limestone. — This formation consists of two distinct calca- reous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. Both divi- sions are eminently crinoidal. The southerly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington limestone down, so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk River, near the southern boundary of Pes Moines County. The most northerly point at which it has "been recognized is in the northern part of Washington County. It probably exists as far north as Marshall County. This formation affords much valuable material for economic purposes. The upper division furnishes excellent common quarry rock. The great abundance and variety of its fossils — erinoids — now known to be more than three hundred, have justly attracted the attention of geologists in all parts of the world. The only remains of vertebrates discovered in this formation are those of fishes, and consist of teeth and spines ; bone of bony fishes, like those most common at' the present day, are found in these rocks. On Buffington Creek, in Louisa County, is a stratum in an exposure so fully charged with these remains that it might with propriety be called bone breccia. Remains of articulates are rare in this formation. So far as yet discovered, they are confined to two species of tribolites of the genus phillipsia. Tossil shells are very common. The two lowest classes of the sub-kingdom radiata are represented in the genera zaphrentis, amplexus and syringapora, while the highest class — echino- derms — are found in most extraordinary profusion. 126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Keokuk Limestone. — It is only in the four counties of Lee, Van Buren, Henry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation, nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough' and unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. They vary in size from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the post offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. The only vertebrate fossils found in the formation are fishes, all belonging to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a. length of twenty-five or thirty feet. Of the articulates, only two species of the genus philUpsia have been found in this formation. Of the moUusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and polyzoans are quite abundant. Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found, but crinoids are most abundant. Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to Ihe sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. The /St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous group in Iowa. The superficial, area it occupies is comparatively small, because it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its exten* is very great. It is first seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefi'erson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the bank;s of Boone River, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge. As it exists in Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- ceous and calcareous. The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, large blocks are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable and durable stone, exposures of which are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. Of the fossils of this formation, the vertebrates are represented ,only by the remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus phillipsia, and two ostracoid, genera, cythre and beyricia. The moUusks distinguish this formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the two preceding it. The rocks of the subcarboniferous period have in other countries, and in other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely composed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- iferous group. With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of Iowa. Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason, the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North America. It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable the whole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of tlie formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred miles. At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. THE COAL-MEASUEB GROUP. The coal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- ness of about two hundred feet. A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State : Commencing at the southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner of Jefferson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or eight miles northward from the one last named, and then carry it northwest- ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern, boundary of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a point 128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in Hardin County ; thence west- ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County; and thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. Lower Coal Measures. — In consequence of the recedence to the southward of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River. They also occupy a large area westward and southward of that river, but their southerly dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the river. No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic value of the lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost every bed of coal furnishes, a large amount of material for potters' use. The sandstone of these measures is usually soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which make good building material, samples of which can be seen in the State Arsenal, at Deg Moines. On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, is not well supplied with stone. But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- ures, but such animal remains as have been found are without exception of marine origin. Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to th^ class acrogens. Specimens of calamites, and several species of ferns, are found in all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodendron seems not to have existed later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. Middle Coal Measures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The Counties more or less underlaid by this formation are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk, Madison, Warren, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wayne and Appanoose. This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which offer many con- trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The formation is also characterized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which indicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata have been discovered. Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds. Some of the shales and sandstone have afforded a few imperfectly preserved land plants — three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. Radiates are represented by corals. The moUusks are most numerously repre- sented. Trilohites and ostracoids 'are the only remains known of articulates. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129 Vertebrates are only known by the remains of salacUans, or sharks, and ganoids. Upper Coal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is very great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in tha southwestern part of the State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by the middle coal measures. The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet it contains a considerabl ; proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, and that only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes eephalapoda, gasteropoda, lamelli, branchiata, hrachiapoda and polyzoa. Radiates are more numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely composed of their small fusiform shells. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the next strata in the geological series are 'of the cretaceous age. They are found in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations upon which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have been removed by denuda- tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tertiary age that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice produced their entire removal over considerable areas. It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following will approximate the outlines of the area : From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; thence to the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast corner of Cass County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie County; thence to the middle of the south" boundary of Woodbury County; 130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. thence to Sergeant's bluffs ; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the northwest corner of the State ; eastward along the State line to the place of beginning. All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. Nishnahotany Sandstone. — This rock has the most easterly and southerly extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of Guthrie County and the southern part of Montgomery County. To the north- ward, it 'passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excep- tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiospeir- mous leaves. Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- botany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of "Woodbury County, hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven miles below Sioux City. This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the Woodbury sandstones and ghales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. ; Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, or cestratront, and three genera of teliosts. Molluscan remains are rare. PEAT. Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- mated, contain the following areas : Counties. Acres. j Cerro Gordo 1,500 Worth 2,C00 Winnebago 2,000 Hancock ; 1,500 Wright 500 Kossuth 700 Dickinson ; 80 Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds are of an average depth of four feet. It is estimated that each acre of these beds will furnish two hundred and fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distance from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly compensated the deficiency of other fuel. GYPSUM. The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies a nearly central position in Webster County, the Des Moines River running nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen in the form of ordinary rock clifi" and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the smaller streams and of the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining the town of Fort Dodge. The most southerly point at which it has been found exposed is about six miles, by way of the river, from this northerly point before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned. As one goes up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- lying drift. There can be no doubt that the difiierent parts of this deposit, now disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of from twenty to sixty feet. The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and which exists irrespective dt the character or geological age of the strata beneath, mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there from the general level of the upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- scape. As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come into the valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum expo3ed on either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of 132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of stratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below Fort Dodge. The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable deposit does not occur in "heaps" or "nests," as it does in most deposits of gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and quality throughout the whole region, and from top to ^bottom of the deposit as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar lines of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufiicient in amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but although it will probably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, at the natural exposures, it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty feet thick. Since the drift 'is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum, with noth- ing intervening, except at a few points where traces appear of an overlying bed of clayey material without doubt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during the glacial epoch ; and it has, doubtless, also suffered some diminution of thickness since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through the drift from the surface. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- ulary in its lower part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection against the diminution of the gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial imperviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand instead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt long since disappeared by being dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it from the sur- face. Water merely resting upon it would not dissolve it away to any extent, but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that gypsum is now suffering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their waters. An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. Emery's report. HISTOR? OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 133 Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same age, and not of the age of the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. Age of the Gypmm Deposit. — In neither the gypsum nor the associated clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is afforded by its stratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is that it is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Podge are, however, of considerable value. As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon the lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of coal-measure strata from the top of the subcarboniferous group to the upper coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of the palaeozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, perhaps older than the Cretaceous. Lithologieal Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated fact. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposition of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace of native sulphur have been found in connection with it ; nor has any salt been found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole region, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of , a sedimentary deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal laminae of alter- nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surfaces of the layers, but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is evidently sedimentary in its character. From these facts, and also from the further one that no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dodge originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters which were 134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Baturated with sulphate of lime and destitute of life; its stratification and impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been held suspended in the same waters. Physical Properties. — Much has already been said of the physical proper- ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so different in some respects from that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- tion with those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- ysis by Prof. Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole deposit will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimes prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it will be seen that ours is a very superior article for such purposes. The impu- rities are also of such a character that they do not in any way interfere with its value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining process nec- essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- cally made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster of Paris still further tested by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of aa good a quality as any in the country, even for the finest uses. In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, many persons forget that a time may come when Nature will refuse to respond so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- monwealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even now rapidly passing away when a man may purchase a new farm for less money than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the one he now occupies. There are farms even now in a large part of the older settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper application of plaster, and such areas will continue to increase until it will be difficult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country adjoining our State more than three times as great as its own area will find it more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other source. For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found to be comparatively unaffected by the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls of houses is such that it is protected from the dissolving action of water, which HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 135 can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is too slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years. One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe, built a large', fine residence of it, in 1861, the walls of which appear as unaffected by exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it is quarried and wrought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail- road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same material to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used for the lower courses, which come in contact with the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of the sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. . They are more durable than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage over stone in not becoming slippery when worn. The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone. Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryman bores his holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and with as great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn into the desired shapes by means of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- ing stone. MINOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME. Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has also been discovered in various formations in different parts of the State, includ- ing the coal -measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- ties, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity of gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, and frequently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso- ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these cases it is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in which cases the gypsum is of course not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supposed to be. The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, the same substance is found in similar small quantities and under similar con- ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection with that deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which had a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- rent, the mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. No anhydrous sulphate of lime [anhydrite) has been found in connection with the great gypsum deposit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. SULPHATE OP STRONTIA. {Geles'.ine.) The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort Dodge. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower coal measures and in the clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Rees' coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercalated among the coal measure shales, amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is fibrous and crystalline, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- bles, in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystalline gypsum before men- tioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crystaline facets upon both the upper and under surfaces of the layer ; those of the upper surface being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses along the lines of the perpendicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with those of the shales which imbed it. The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical fact. SULPHATE OF BARYTA. {BaryUa, Eeavy Spar.) This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion Counties, the Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small crystalline masses. SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. {Epsomite.) Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate of lime, being in very small quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large quantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water. The epsomite mentioned was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrus- tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office ,of the Survey, a fine article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no prac- tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. CLIMATOLOGY. No extended record of the climatology of Iowa has been made, yet much of great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof T. S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- 138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City. The result is that the atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- able to health. The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, while that of Summer and Winter is best represented in that of August and December. The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next mean time being July 27th. The lowest temperature extends from December 16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the range in each case being two full months. ^ The climate of Iowa embraces the range of that of New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not characterized by the frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastward, but of other seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good breezes at nearly all seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healthful States in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her Autumn, and nothing can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. Iowa, in the symbolical and expressive language of the aboriginal inhab- itants, is said to signify " The Beautiful Land," and was applied to this magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississippi River was the extreme western boundary of the United States. All the great empire lying west of the " Father of Waters," from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to British America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was a Spanish province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupation of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, which, until the commencement of the present century, was a part of the Spanish possessions in America. Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered the New World, and one hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered the mouth of the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543^ descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered the Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of Mexico. But it was also held by the European nations that, while discovery gave title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation. Although Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery, she made no efibrt to occupy it; by no permanent settlement had she perfected and held her title, and therefore had forfeited it when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi Valley was re-discovered and occupied by France. The unparalleled labors of the zealous Frc nch Jesuits of Canada in penetrating the unknown region of the West, commencing in 1611, form a history of no ordi- nary interest, but have no particular connection with the scope of the present work, until in the Fall of 1665. Pierre Claude AUouez, who had entered Lake Superior in September, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, had arrived at the great village of the Chippewas at Chegoincegon. Here a grand council of some ten or twelve of the principal Indian nations was held. The Pottawatomies of Lake Michigan, the Sacs and Foxes of the West, the Hurons from the North, the Illinois from the South, and the Sioux from the land of the prairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told 140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. tlie story of their ancient glory and about the noble river on the banks of 'which they dwelt. The Sioux also told their white brother of the same great river, and Allouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the French nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. The purpose of discovering the great river about which the Indian na- tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with Mar- quette, in 1669. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement within the present limits of the State of Michigan. Marquette was delayed in the execution of his great undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. About this time,, the French Government had determined to extend the do- minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot was sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the Indian nations, at St. Mary's. When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far and near ; and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- ship to the Miamis, who occupied the region about the present location of Chicago. In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- rence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North, Perrot met with them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the assembled nations that their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of the French Government. Marquette, during that same year, had gathered- at Point St. Ignace the remn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of years, was considered the key to the unknown West. The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand project. The successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by white men. The Indians, who had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi Valley were cruel and bloodthirsty, and would resent the intrusion of strangers upon their domain, The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terrible monsters, who could swallow both canoes and men. But Marquette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, even to lay down his life for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- ing, on the 13th day of May, 1678, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- ageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission on his daring journey. Ascending Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and discovery proceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where Marquette was delighted to find " a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town, ornamented with white skins, red girdles and -bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank Him for HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 the pity He had bestowed on them during the Winter, in having given them abundant chase." This was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of the French missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by his Indian hosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite of the venomous rattle- snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had ilo fear of death, to which he knew he would be exposed on his perilous journeys. Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the 10th of June. Conduct- ing them across the portage, their Indian guides returned to their village, and the little party descended the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long been so' anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the west bank of the river and landed a little above the mouth of the river now known as Des Moines, and for the first time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpected, for there was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come to them. They were, therefore, received with great respect and hospitality, and were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. They were informed that this band -jvas a part of the lUini nation and that their village was called Mon- in-gou-ma or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines (Monk's Eiver), its present name. Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- tility or remonstrance by their savage. entertainer^. On their departure, they were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. Marquette received from them the .sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and safeguard among the nations, and re-embarked for the rest of his journey. It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery of Iowa more properly belong to the history of another State. In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in the name of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense region watered by the great river and its tributaries from its source to its mouth, and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIV. The river he called " Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, "Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, Reigning April 9th, 1682." At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, including Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte. 142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA, The province of Louisiana stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources of the Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Allegheny and the Monongahela on the east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Father of Waters on the west. Says Bancroft, "France had obtained, under Providence, the guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to be inherited." By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England her possessiona in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained' Louisiana ; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in the hands of a Governor General, with headquarters at Mobile. This govern- ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. Crozat met with no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor on the Giilf was closed against his vessels ; the occupation of Louisiana was deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory ; Spain was jealous of the am- bition of France. Failing in his efforts to open the ports of the district, Crozat "sought to develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be opened, and explorations . to be made to its remotest borders. But he actually accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only prosperity which it ever possessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- viduals, who had succeeded in instituting a little barter- between themselves and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in August, 1717." Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and more magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France was deeply involved in debt ; the colonies were nearly bankrupt, and John Law appeared on the scene with his farndlis Mississippi Company, aS the Louisiana branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a legal existence of twenty -five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers and privileges than had been granted to .Cvozat. It invested the new company with the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New France, and with authority to enforce their rights. The Company was author- ' ized to monopolize all the trade in the country ; to make treaties with the Indians ; to declare and prosecute war ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil officers, commission those of the army, and to appoint and remove judges, to' cast cannon, and build and equip ships of war. All this was to be done with the paper currency of John Law's Bank of France. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and in the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that it was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of Finance. Among the first operations of the Company was to send eight hundred emigrants to Louisiana, who arrived at Dauphine Island in 1718. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 In 1719, Philipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois with two hundred miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to extend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in 1720. The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it had been inflated, and the Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May following. France was impoverished by it, both private and public credit were overthrown, capi- talists suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without employ- ment. The effect on the colony of Louisiana was disastrous. While this was going on in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was the theater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana extremely dangerous for many years. The English had not only extended their Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their friends, the Iroquois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce aijd powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although the expedition resulted in diminishing their numbers and humbling their pride, yet it was not until after several successive campaigns, embodying the best military resources of New France, had been directed against them, that were finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin River, and driven west in 1746. The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisiana exceeded the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France. The Company had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- ville returned to assume command for the King. A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As early as 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. In the year 1716," the French population on the Wabash kept up a lucrative- commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River was comparatively unknown. In 1746, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater prosperity than in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels of ilour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- able quantities of hides,, peltry, tallow and beeswax. In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been made, so that, in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French families, about six hundred " converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of which we speak, the great ambition of the French had been, not alone to preserve ' their possessions in the West, but by every possible means to prevent the slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 144 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ments toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining possession of , the great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the world. French commandants had avowed their purpose of seizing every Englishman within the Ohio Valley. The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia were most affected by the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisialna. To carry out this purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- ginia, and had commenced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio River. Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but .attentive to the vast importance of an immediate and effectual resistance on the part of all the English colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the French. In 17£3, Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent George Washington, then a young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant " a reason for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted." Washington met the French commandant, Gardeur de St. Pierre, on the head waters of the Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, but would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading on the Ohio and its waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made his report'to the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised, and Washington, as Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to the forks of the Ohio, with orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the Ohio Company, and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements." On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania, Washington, through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the French concealed among the rocks, and as they ran to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at the same time, with his own musket, setting the example. An action lasting about a quarter of an hour ensued ; ten of the Frenchmen were killed, among them Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- oners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled *to return to Fort Necessity. Here, on the 3d day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th, Washington accepted terms of capitulation, and the English garrison withdrew from the valley of the Ohio. This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indignation of France, and war was formally declared in May, 1756, and the " French and Indian War" devastated the colonies for several years. Montreal, Detroit and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February, 1763, by the treaty of Paris — which had been signed, though not formally ratified by the respective governments, on the 3dof November, 1762 — France relinquished to Great Britian all that portion of the province of Louisiana lying on the east side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the same day that the treaty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145 whole country to the head waters of the Great River, and west to the Rocky- Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which had lasted nearly a century, was ended. At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States, the English Government ceded to the latter all the territory on the east side of the Mississippi River and north of the thirty- first parallel of north latitude. At the same time, Great Britain ceded to Spain all the Floridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and south of the southern limits of the United States. At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the Spanish possessions 'in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River was under the dominion of Spain. That- government also possessed all the territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the pros- perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last three hundred miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern boun- dary of the United States. The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of the Spanish Crown, and as the final settlement intimately afiiected the status of the then future State of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. * The people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- sippi River accordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth of the western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and political importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it- was very evident that no power on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below them, only while their numbers were insufficient to enable them to maintain their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immediately after the ratification of the treaty of 1783, the AVestern people began to demand the free navigation of the Mississippi — not as a fivor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military posts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- ports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- ous exactions were somewhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as her right to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American people, that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the Spanish Govern- ment concocted a scheme for the dismembership of the Union. The plan was to induce the Western people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them that the Spanish Government would grant them favorable commercial privileges, provided they would secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. The Spanish Minister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential correspondent that, unless the Western people would declare their independence 146 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and refuse to remain in the Union, Spain was determined never to grant the free navigation of the Mississippi. By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain formally stip- ulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the Gulf, for its entire width, should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the United States should be permitted, for three years, to use the port of New Orleans as a port of deposit for their merchandise and produce, duty free. In November, 1801, the United States Government received, through Rufus King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain and France, signed at Madrid March 21, 1801, by which the cession of Loui- siana to France, made the previous Autumn, was confirmed. The change offered a favorable opportunity to secure the just rights of the United States, in relation to the free navigation of the Mississippi, and ended the attempt to dismember the Union by an eflPort to secure an independent government west of the Alleghany Mountains. On the 7th of January, 1803, the American House of Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their " unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the rights of navi- gation and commerce through the River Mississippi, as established by existing treaties." In the same month. President Jefferson nominated and the Senate confirmed Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to the Court of Spain, with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing that part of Louisiana lying on the west side of the Mississippi. In fact, on the 2d of March following, the instructions were sent to our Ministers, contam- ing a plan which expressly left to France " all her territory on the west side of the Mississippi." Had these instructions been followed, it might have been that there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- ous Union of States west of the "Father of Waters." In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston broached this plan to M. Talleyrand, Napoleon's Prime Minister, when that courtly diplo- matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France might be willing to cede the whole French domain in North America to the United States, and asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- ingston intimated that twenty millions of francs might be a fair price. Talley- rand thought that not enough, but asked the Americans to " think of it." A few days later. Napoleon, in an interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract with Spain for the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that province by the treaty, and he was " anxious to give the United States a magnificent bargain for a mere trifle." The price proposed was one hundred and twenty-five million francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of April, 1803. This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. Accordingly, on the 20th day of December foil .wing, on behalf of the Presi- dent, Gov. Clairborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- drew her opposition early in 1804. By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Grulf of Mexico to British America. If the original design of Jefferson's administration had been accomplished, the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus have acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it was done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the IJnited States by the Louisiana purchase. By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided : that part lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the name of the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri. On the 4th of July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas Territory. On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the TERRITORY OF IOWA was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. Having traced the early history of the great empire lying west of the Mis- sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to give some history of THE INDIANS OF IOWA. Accoifding to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title to any territory. We have. seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 148 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again what had already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants ; therefore, the his- tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, that cannot be omitted. For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a trading post had been established. The whole country remained in the undis- puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State so aptly styled " The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, was made the pretext for war against the Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the ^Northern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- sion of the country for many years. When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them resided, viz. : Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may be called such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the east bank of, the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River ; the third was at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth was near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River; another about twelve HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 149 miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on Turkey River. The lowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where lowaville now stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas was fought, in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : "Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day- time, the attending circumstances j ustifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in lecgth, and two miles wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near the river bank, was situated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated broken river bluifs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, aifording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the foe. " Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might afford, to aid them in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. " At the foot of the mound above mentioned, the lowas had their race course, where they diverted themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense carefully inculcated, by which means a skill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. " Fash-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain the cover of the timber along the river bank, and with the ulmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush to make a simultaneous assault on the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. The plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reached the village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabiiants, by firing one general Tolley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalp- ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as soon as the fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. " On the instant ot the report of fire arms at the village, the forces under Pash-a-po-po leaped from their couchant position io the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and unarmed lowas in the midst of their racing sports. The fir^t impulse of tbe latter naturally led them to make the utmost speed toward their arms in the village, and protect if possible their wives and children from the attack of their merciless assailants. The distance from the place of attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in their flight by the bullets and tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and the survivors only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their whole village was in flames, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaughtered heaps amidst the devouring element, and the agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with the exulting shouts of the victorious foe, filled their hearts with maddening despair. Their wives and children who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and together with their arms were in the hands of the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw ofF their shattered and defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moinej River, which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek Hills." The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took nossession 150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 1825, the Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and flourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves ; the picturesque bluffs along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, squash and other vegetables, with little labor ; the abundance of wild fruit, game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole nation. North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who often disputed possession with their rivals in" savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, a boundary line was established between them by the Government of the United States, in a treaty held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difiSculties, caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other on United States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the " neutral ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- mined to attack them. With sixty of his warriors, he started and arrived at a point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, where thisy were able to dis- cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaw as they were rushing into the Sioux's camp. He started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. pike's expedition. Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessad, and, also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen. James Wilkinson commanding, had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post. Captains Lewis and Clark, with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four month's' rations, on the 9th day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been appointed Indian Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and Fox warriors. At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated. Pike held a council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : "Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of red people in our newly acquired territory of Louisiana^ and has ordered the General to send a- number of his warriors in different directions to take them by the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky and tobacco. Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as being " on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 21' north. The channel of the river runs on that shore ; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular ; nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the river, a short distance below the mouth of the Henderson, which pours its waters into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the opinion that the place he selected was the spQt where Burlington is now located, called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he waited some time for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed it inexpedient to detain the boat longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pur- 152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. suit of them, and he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two men would soon overtake him. They lost their way, however, and for six days, were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at Dubuque. At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubuque, a Frenchman, who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- lish the wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer obtained but little information from him. After leaving this place, Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- tory of another State. It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with the Sioux, September 23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°. At this time the then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from Hudson's Bay to the St. Lawrence ; up that river on both sides, along the great lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th of April, 1806. INDIAN WARS. The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States, and was ostensibly in the possession of the Government, was still occupied by the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownership and possession. Before it could be open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. As previously shown, at the time when the United States assumed the con- trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the encroachments of the pale faces. Among the most noted chiefs, and one whose restlessness and hatred of the Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his tribe, was Black Hawk, who was born at the Sac village, on Bock River, in 1767. He was simply the chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- inent in affairs on the Mississippi.' Some historians have added to the statement that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. How any man who had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said to have been the " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the Americans," but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. Id will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In his life he says : " I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village, on Rock River, not liking the change -any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish father' again. The information made all our people sorry." On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded between William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by which the latter, in con- sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson, in Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and select- ing sites for forts within the territory recently acquired from France by the United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and he was very much prepossessed in Pike's favor. He gives the following account of his visit to Rock Island: " A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of people he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. shore with his interpreter, and made a speech and gave' us some presents. Wfe in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spar^. We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat us well." The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of Ae present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by sonle of their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans were doing, and had ap in- terview with the commander ; after which they returned home apparently satis- fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- ing to Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he was build- ing a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement which Black Blawk says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachriient upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from theni, It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Port Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound themselves " that if any citizen of the United States or any other white persons should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthwith be removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they erected Fort Madison within the territory reserved to the Indians, who became Very indig- nant. Not long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison, who ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of marching out of the fort every morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. However, they kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting fire to the fort with blazing arrows ; but finding their efforts unavailing, they soon gave up and returned to Rock River. When war was declared between the United States and Great Britain, in 1812, Black Hawk and his band allied themselves with the British, partly because he was dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because they had been deceived by the Americans. Black Hawlc himself declared that they were "forced into the war by being deceived." He narrates the circum- stances as follows : " Several of the chiefs a,nd head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see their Great Father. On their return, they related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished them, in the event of a war taking place with England, not to interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but wished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that British traders would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us with goods, but that we should be supplied with an American trader. Our HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods ; that we should go there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had done." Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the promise of their great father at Washington. The trader was inexorable ; and, disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. "Few of us," says Black Hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an express, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him " Gen. Black Hawk," decked him with medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and armed his band ; but he met with defeat and disappointment, and soon aban- doned the service and came home. With all his skill and courage. Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs, and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the treaty of 1804, and to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized^ with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the Peace party." Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and havmg all the old men and women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band " of the Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says Keokuk was introduced to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the village ; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village and cross over to the west side of the Missi^ippi. Keokuk had been standing at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, and offered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be their war chief. He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of Keokuk. Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780. He was of a pacific disposition, but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing ; in his public speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- fortunately for the reputation of. Keokuk, as an orator among white people, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power of reproduction. He had suflScient knowledge of the English language to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- fication at the bungling efibrts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his audience. Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, than his noted and restless co temporary, Black Hawk. He knew from the first that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would have forced him to submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in the field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance was over, he called the council to prepare for war. He made a speech, in which he admitted the justice of their complaints against the Americans. To seek redress was a noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their braves, slain in battle, called loudly for vengeance. "I am your chief," he said, "and it is my duty to lead you to bat- tle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But before HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success." He then portrayed to them the great power of the United States, against whom they would have to contend, that their chance of success was utterly hopeless. "But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before we go, we will kill all our old men and our wives arid children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi." This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- don the rash undertaking. But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of Indians, from the west side of the Mississippi, made incursions into the white settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- redations. When peace was declared between the United States and England, Black Hawk was required to make peace with the former, and entered into a treaty at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not "touch the goose-quill to it until May 13, 1816, when he smoked the pipe of peace with the great white chief," at St. Louis. This treaty was a renewal of the treaty of 1804, but Black Hawk declared he had been deceived ; that he did not know that by signing the treaty he was giving away his village. This weighed upon his mind, already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments of the whites ; and when, a few years later, he and his people were driven from their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his fathers. It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty with various tribes, the United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan west to the Mississippi, except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by the whites, during the absence of tbe chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the west side of the Mississippi. When they returned, they found their wigwams occupied by white families, and their own women and children were shelterless on the banks of the river. The Indians were indignant, and determined to repossess their village at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and menacingly took possession of their own cornfields and cabins. It may be well to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to which they attributed all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged to leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not appear that they occupied any lands other than those owned by the Government. If this was true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. But the whites, driven out in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous against what they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island with a military force to drive the Indians again from their homes to the west side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk says he did not intend to be provoked into war by anything less than the blood of 158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. some of his own people ; in other words, that there would be no war unless it should be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general war against the whites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their experi- ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- ous. Black Hawk and his band had done no more than to attempt to repossess the the old homes of which they had been deprived in their absence. No blood had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the permission of the President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As was usual, the Indian traders had dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large amount of pro- visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, with their women and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Blacic Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but it does not appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearanee create any special alarm among the settlers." They knew that the Indians never went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and their children. The Gfalenian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty miles up Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- son's company of mounted rangers, says that " Black Hawk and h^s band crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his band had had bad luck in hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief. Other old set- tlers, who all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during the Fall and Winter of 1831-2, his people became deeply indebted to their favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had not been fortunate in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed in one year. If, therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over, and the fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on the 13th of April, 1832, George Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on the frontier settlements. * * * From every information that I have received, I am of the opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 yet, from the 6th day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were committed by the British band of Sac Indians. It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of the State of Illinois. It is sufiicient to say that, after the disgraceful afiair at Stillman's Run, Black Hawk, concluding that the whites, refusing to treat with him, were determined to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- sippi. He could not return by the way he came, for the army was behind him, an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if possible, before the troops could overtake him, and this he did ; but, before he could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, through his trusty Lieu- tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving Indians did not wish to fight, but would return to the west side of the Missis- sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to this second effort to negotiate peace, and, as soon as supplies could be obtained, the pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles before they reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not be dignified by the name of battle) commenced. Here, overcome by starvation and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 1832. Black Hawk escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the Spring of 1833, when he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they remained till the 4th of June, 1833, when orders were given for them to be liberated and returned to their own country. By order of the President, he was brought back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the attentions he received. He lived among his people on the Iowa River till that reservation was sold, in 1836, when, with the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained till his death, which occurred on the 3d of October, 1838. INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES. At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty was made at a council held on the west bank of the Mississippi, where now stands the thriving city of Davenport, on grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September, 1832. At this council, th6 United States were represented by Gen. Wmfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern border of Iowa fifty miles wide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, containing about six million acres. The western line of the purchase was parallel with, the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, the United States Government stipulated to pay annually to the confederated tribes, for thirty consecutive years, twenty thousand dollars 'in specie, and to pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which had been accumulating for 160 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. seventeen years and amounted to fifty thousand dollars, due to Davenport & Farnham, Indian traders. The Government also generously donated to the Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and fathers had fallen in the Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. This territory is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase." Although it was not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, it was the first opened to actual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title was extinguished. The treaty was ratified February 13, 1833, and took effect on the 1st of June following, when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and beautiful region was opened to white settlers. By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase was reserved for the Sacs and Foxes 400 square miles of land situated on the Iowa River, and in- Icuding within its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve, ' and was occupied by the Indians until 1836, when, by a treaty made in September between them and Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the United States. The council was held on the banks of the Mississippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assem- blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. About one thousand of their chiefs, and braves were present, and Keokuk was their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the treaty, the Sacs and Foxes were removed to another reservation on the Des Moines River, where an agency was established for them at what is now the town of Agency City. Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black Hawk Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the island, on the Iowa side. This was the first land title granted by the United States to an individual in Iowa. Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their new reservation on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street was transferred from the agency of the Winnebagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency among them. A farm was selected, on which the necessary buildings were erected, including a comfortable farm house for the agent and his family, at the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent was employed to superin- tend the farm and dispose of the crops. .Two mills were erected, one on Soap Creek and the other on Sugar Creek. The latter was soon swept away by a flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected with the agency were Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The latter was interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- kuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the two former on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in what is now " Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. Among the traders connected with the agency were the Messrs. Ewing, from Ohio, and Phelps & Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, who estab- lished his post at what is now the site of Eddyville. The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their natural and wonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, and it has been reported that he died of delirium tremens after his removal with his tribe to Kansas. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 161 In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines River, above the temporary line of Red Rock, having ceded the remnant of their lands in Iowa to the United States on the 21st of September, 1837, and on the 11th of October, 1842. By the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession of the " New Purchase " till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them were removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the Spring of 1846. 1. Treaty with the Sioux — Made July 19, 1815; ratified December 16, 1815. This treaty- was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota and Upper Iowa and the United States, by William Clark and Ninian Edwards, Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace and friendship on the part of those Indians toward the United States at the close of the war of 1812. 2. Treaty with the Sacs. — A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage des Sioux, between the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguate Choteau, on the 13th of September, 1815, and ratified at the same date as the above. In this, the treaty of 1804 was re-aflSrmed, and the Sacs here represented promised for themselves and their bands to keep entirely separate from the Sacs of Rock River, who, under Black Hawk, had joined the British in the war just then closed. 3. Treaty with the Foxes. — A separate treaty of peace was made with the Foxes at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the 14th of September, 1815, and ratified the same as the above, wherein the Foxes re-afiirmed the treaty of St. Louis, of November 3, 1804, and agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to the ofiioer in command at Fort Clark, now Peoria, Illinois. 4. Treaty with the lowas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was made between the United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners as above, on the 16th of September, 1815, at the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified at the same date as the others. 5. Treaty with the Sacs of Rock River — Made at St. Louis on the 13th of May, 1816, between the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the Commissioners, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified December 30, 1816. In this treaty, that of 1804 was re-established and confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacs of Rock River, and Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, " touched the goose quill." 6.- Treaty of 18Si — On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by William Clark, Commissioner, wherein the Sac and Fox nation relinquished their title to all lauds in Missouri and that portion of the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract" was set off and reserved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as In- dians. Ratified January 18, 1825. 7. Treaty of Attgust 19, 18^5. — At this date a treaty was made by William Clark and Lewis Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Me- nomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty, in order to make peace between the contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa, it was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows : Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and ascending said Iowa River to its west fork ; thence up the fork to its source ; thence cross- ing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des Moines River ; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its junction with the Missouri River. 8. Treaty of 18S0. — On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the above line, twenty miles in width, and extending along the line aforesaid from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux also, whose possessions were north of the line, ceded to the Government, in the same treaty, a like strip on the north side of the boundary. Thus the United States, at the ratification of this treaty, February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty miles wide, extend- ing along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. This territory was known as the " Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line were allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the Winnebagoes were removed to it in 1841. 9 Treaty wiih the Sacs and Foxes and other Tribes.— At the same time of the above treaty re- specting the " Neutral Ground" (July 15, 1830), the Sacs and Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, lowas and Missouris ceded to the United States a portion of the western slope of Iowa, the boun- daries of which were defined as follows : Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet, on the east side ; thence down said creek and the Calumet 162 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. River to the Missouri River ; thence down said Missouri River to the Missouri State line above the Kansas ; thence along said line to the northwest corner of said State ; thence to the high lands between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands along the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River ; thence along said high lands or ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source of the Boyer River, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of beginning. It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were to be assigned and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and other pur- poses. In consideration of three tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to pay to the Sacs three thousand dollars ; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars ; to the Sioux, two thousand dollars ; to the Yankton and Santie bands of Sioux, three thousand dollars ; to the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars ; and to the Ottoes and Missouris, two thousand five hundred dollars — to be paid annually for ten successive years. In addition to these annuities, the Government agreed to furnish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural imple- ments to the amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes. It does not appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort Atkinson on the Neutral Ground, in 1840-41. This treaty was made by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, and Col. Willoughby Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into effect by proclamation, February 24, 1831. 10. Treaty with the Winnebagoes. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, September 15, 1832, by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor of Illinois. . In this treaty the Win- nebagoes ceded to the United States all their land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other Indian lands are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833. In addition to the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United States should give the Winnebagoes, begin- ning in September, 1833, and continuing for twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars in specie, and establish a school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facili- ties for the education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and to continue the same for twenty-seven successive years. Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of oxen and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by the Government. 11. Treaty of 18SZ with the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the Black Hawk purchase. 12. Treaty of 1836, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to the United States; for whichthe Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity of ten thou- sand dollars for ten successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to various parties. 13. Treaty of 1837.— On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Wash- ington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- ern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Bock Island, as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles." This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a point at both ends, lying directly baoli of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of the same length. 14. Treaty of Relinquishment. — ^At the same date as the above treaty, in the city of Washing- ton, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers, the United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them, for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 15. Treaty of 184S.~-The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes October 11, 1842 ; ratified March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sao and Fox agency ' (Agency City), by John Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians " ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title." By the terms rf this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expira- tion of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring following. Harvey G.RiGLEY foECE/ISED) CEDAR RAPIDS HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 163 SPANISH GRANTS. While the territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was under Spanish rule as a part of its province of Louisiana, certain claims to and grants of land were niade by the Spanish authorities, with which, in addition to the extinguishment of Indian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these should be briefly reviewed. Dubuque. — On the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French- man, from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a cession or lease of land? on the Mississippi River for mining purposes, on the site of the present city of Dubuque. Lead had been discovered here eight years before, in 1780, by the wife of Peosta Fox, a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all the lead bearing lands in that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his claim and commenced mining, at the same time making a settlement. The place became known as the "Spanish Miners," or, more commonly, "Dubuque's Lead Mines." In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition with Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him by the Indians might be granted to him by patent from the Spanish Government. In this petition, Dubuque rather indefinitely set forth the boundaries of this claim as " about seven leagues along the Mississippi River, and three leagues in width from the river," intending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Little Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than twenty thou- sand acres. Ca,rondelet granted the prayer of the petition, and the grant was subsequently confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. In October, 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his claim to Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May, 1805, he and Choteau jointly filed their claims with the Board of Commissioners. On the 20th of September, 1806, the Board decided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be a regular Spanish grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 1800, only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that the claim of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only a permit to occupy the tract and work the mines during his life, and that at his death they reverted to them, took possession and continued mining operations, and were sustained by the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated, the Du- buque claim thus held by the Indians was absorbed by the United States, as the Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in the treaty of 1832. The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish their claim without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an agent to look after their interests, and authorized him to lease the right to dig lead on the lands. The miners who commenced work under this agent were compelled by the military to abandon their operations, and one of the claimants went to Galena to institute legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction, although he did bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of lead dug at Dubuque, for the purpose of testing the title. Being unable to identify the lead, however, he was non-suited. By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque was sur- veyed and platted. After lots had been sold and occupied by the purchasers, Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who 164 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. held land in Dubuque under a patent from the United States, for the recovery of seven undivided eighth parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Augusta Choteau in 1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United States for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the plaintiff. The case was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, when it was heard at the December term, 1853, and the decision of the lower court was affirmed, the court holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease or permit to work the mines ; that Dubuque asked, and the Governor of Louisiana granted, nothing more than the " peaceable possession " of certain lands obtained from the Indians ; that Carondelet had no legal authority to make snch a grant as claimed, and that, even if he had, this was but an " inchoate and imperfect title." Giard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana granted to Basil Giard five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres of land, in what is now Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." He occupied the land during the time that Iowa passed from Spain to France, and from France to the United States, in consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent of the same to Giard in his own right. His heirs sold the whole tract to James H. Lockwood and Thomas P. Burnett, of Prairie du Chien, for three hundred dollars. Honori. — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows : " It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honore Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the River Des Moines^ and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." Honori took immediate possession of his claim, which he retained until 1805. While trading with the natives, he became indebted to Joseph Robedoux, who obtained an execution on which the property was sold May 13, 1803, and was purchased by the creditor. In these proceedings the property was described as being " about six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon after he purchased the proprerty. Auguste Choteau, his executor, disposed of the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805, up to which time Honori continued to occupy it. The grant, as made by the Spanish government, was a league square, but only one mile square was confirmed by the United States. After the half-breeds sold their lands, in which the Honori grant was included, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate the title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and is the oldest legal title to any land in the State of Iowa. THE HALF-BREED TRACT. Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territory of Iowa, white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom were scattered along the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents and employes of the American Fur Company, intermarried with the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing a race of half-breeds, whose number was never definitely ascertained. There were some respectable and excellent people among them, children of men of some refinement and education. For instance : Dr. Muir, a gentleman educated HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in tlie United States Army, stationed at a military post located on the present site of Warsaw, married an Indian woman, and reared his family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other exam- ples might be cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general rule, and the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa. " A treaty was made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of Lee County was reserved to the half-breeds of those tribes, and which was afterward known as " The Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing about 119,000 acres, lying between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers. It is bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. This line was intended to be a straight one, running due east, which would have caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or below Montrose ; but the surveyor who run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded eastward, and, in consequence, the line he run was bent, deviating more andmore to the northward of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it struck that river at the lower edge of the town of Fort Madison. " This errone- ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the northern limit of the Half-Breed Tract as in determining the northern boundary hne of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present townships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jefferson, Des Moines, Montrose and Jackson. Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the. right to occupy the soil, but could not convey it, the reversion being reserved to the United States. But on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right was relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired the lands in fee simple. This was no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the half breed owners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was sufficient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians would often claim ownership of land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut diamond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized sur\'eys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, Edward Johnstone, Thomas S- Wilson and David Brigham were appointed Commissioners, and clothed with power to effect these objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- ing all that had been done and depriving the Commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, however, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against the owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their services, in the Dis- trict Court of Lee County. Two judgments were obtained, and on execution the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid, the Sheriff executing the deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title was questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 166 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiflF in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the "judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, who was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shar-es and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, and should abide the result, whatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's ofiice, October 6, 1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his death, in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1806, when his property passed into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on traffic with the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a station at what is now Sandusky, six miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the United States army, who had been stationed at Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper Mississippi, he had married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following romantic account is given : The post at which he was stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden — whose native name, unfortunately, has not been preserved — who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- moor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, she had seen her future husband, and had come to the fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized him as the hero of her dream, which, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related to him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- tion, the doctor honorably married her; but after a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 officers — less honorable than he, perhaps — made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaiue, it is said he embraced the opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " When I got there I was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- sided at bistable with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 1819-20, he was stationed at Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother officers on account of his Indian wife Induced him to resign his commission. After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for » term of years to Otis Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he practiced his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokuk), Mary and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property in such condition that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, and his brave and faithful wife, left friendless and penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to her people on the Upper Missouri. Messrs. Reynolds k Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with his family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831, at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and, Dr. Muir having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and half-breeds. Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through the southern part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of Vermont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were known to be rich in lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was therefore eminently desirable. In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swim- ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones Street Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- buque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mine in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the con- fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as guides, and traversed in different directions the whole region lying between the Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- tions, to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit. 168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having obtained the con- sent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the Mississippi and commenced mining in the vicinity around Dubuque. At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any State or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of the case demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation within the limits of the present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old Cottonwood drift log, at what is now the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- sisting of J. L. Langworthy, 11. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- ported the following, written by Mr. Langworthy, on a half sheet of coarse, un- ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : We, a Comniiltee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by whicli we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi Kiver,* with the following exceptions, to wit: AiiTicLB I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground by working said ground one day in six. Articile II. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying. The report was accepted by the miners present, who elected Dr. Jarote, in accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1830, a primitive Legisla- ture elected by the people, the law drafted by it being submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus elected as duly respected, as any have been since. The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own on the west side of the Mississippi River continued to work successfully for a long time, and the new settlement attracted considerable attention. But the west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. The execution of this order was entrusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in com- mand of the military post at Prairie du Chien, who, early in July, sent an officer to the miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be driven off by armed force. The miners, however, were reluctant about leaving the rich "leads" they had already discovered and opened, and were not dis- posed to obey the order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In due time. Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river, and from the east bank saw the troops land on the western shore. The three who had lingered a little too long were, however, permitted to make their escape • Established by the Superintendent of U. S. Lead Mines at Fever River. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned, and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white occupants. In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the negotia- tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on the ground that the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was again ordered by the War Department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid'-winter. It must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be ; the Indians had retired, and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the Government can be given. But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty went into force, when they could return. Among these were James L. Lang- worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand pounds of lead. Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on the part of a sp.bordinate clothed with a little brief authority was sternly rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- son, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn, and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. Sheldon was appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas and Capt. Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds for the payment of six per cent, of all lead manufactured to the Government. This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in ITO HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay 10 per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among the miners on the west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- ment tax upon their means of subsistence, when the Federal Government could better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abolished in about ten years. During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them from Galena. In the same year, Mr. Lajngworthy assisted in building the first school house in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small school house which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and influential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865. The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting held in 1834. In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In 1834, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here, under the command of Col. Stephen W. Kearney. The soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. During the same year, 1832, soon after the clos/3 of the Black Hawk War, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. At the close of the Black Hawk War, parties who had been impatiently looking across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from lUinois and made claims. The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as the faim of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of that year, they were driven off by the military from Rock Island, as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon as the Indian title was extinguished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town of Burlington in 1834. All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocking into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the thriving city of Davenport now stands. As eirly as 1827, Col. Davenport had established a flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the foundation of the town of BuflFalo, in Scott County, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this part of the Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. John Sullivan, Mulli- gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White^ H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows. The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. George Daven- port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexan- der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu- pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says r " Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottowatomie chief In 1818, he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first settlers. B. B. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, H. Reece, Jona Petti- bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine. During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some timber since known as Eads' Grove. The first post office in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. Prentice was appointed Postmaster. The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as " a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there." The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that year. The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the Summer of 1834. The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to per- manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, in 1832. The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Dubuque, in 1834. The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer, The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and enterprising people. As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a trading post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as "Mynster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluffs, and had probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of the American Fur Company as Lacote de JTart, or " Hart's Bluff." In 1827, an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others, encamped in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the present location of Broad- way, and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block -house was Ibuilt on the bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part ■of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There were no white settlers in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five miles above Omaha, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to plant a crop. In the Spring of 1847; Young and a portion of the colony pursued their journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle- ment of this strange community was at a place first called " Miller's Hollow," on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in honor of Col. Kane, of Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement extended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the State remained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846, they raised a bat- talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde started a paper called the Frontier Cruardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after many of the faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they were not all within the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulgated that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone. May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on board the steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of the State, Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer to ascend the Des Moines River to this point. The troops and stores were landed at what is now the foot of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 Court avenue, Des Moines, and Capt. Allen returned in the steamer to Fort Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due time they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the arrival of the troops, a trading post was established on the east side of the river, by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B. Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been such independence and freedom of competition. Among those who have pioneered the civiliza- tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked higher in the scale of intelligence and moral worth than the pioneers of Iowa, who came to the territory when it was an Indian country, and through hardship, privation and suffering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous commonTYoalth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a quarter of people. From her first settlement and from her first organization as a terri- tory to the present day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affairs, wise statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impartial jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and industries which go to make up a great and prosperous commonwealth, she has taken and holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. TERRITORIAL HISTORY. By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act of the same session, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired country .was divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory. In 1805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- ernment of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a State, March 2, 1821, "Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk purchase having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and north of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a part of Michigan Territory. Up to this time there had been no county or other organization in what is now the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed and a post office was established at Dubuque in 1838. In September, 1834, however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the west side of the Mississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock, Island. These counties were 174 HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. partially organized. John King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque County, and Isaac Leffler, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two Associate Justices, in each county, were appointed by the Governor. On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- zen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through the efforts of Gen. Jones, Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went into operation, July 4, 1836, and Iowa was then included in THE TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN, of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S. Horner, Secre- tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irwin and William C. Frazer, Associate Justices. September 9, 1836, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory to be taken. This census resulted in showing a population of 10,531 in the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on which day the following members of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from the two counties in the Black Hawk purchase : Dubuque County. — Council: John Fally, Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc^ Craney. House : Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. Des Moines County.^ — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Ingram. House : Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and was organized by electing Henry T. Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of the House. It adjourned December 9, 1836. The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, 1837. Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington; com- menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial . Legislature, in 1836, the county of Des Moines was divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Heni-y, Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. The question of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 1837. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wis- consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of Dubuque, then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now Wisconsin, was Delegate to Congress" from Wisconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 lish tlie Territorial Government of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take effect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced " all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mis- sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor, whose term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white male inhabitants,. citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a public library, and $20,000 for the erection of public buildings. President Van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, was appointed Secretary of the Territory ; Charles Mason, of Burlington, Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Van Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; Au- gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thomas Mc- Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the District Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charles Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and James Clarke, editor of the Gazette, was appointed to succeed him. Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for the election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the 10th of September, dividing the Territorj'- into election districts for that purpose, and appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to be elected, at Burlington. The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled at Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members : Council. — Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram, Robert Ralston, George Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M. Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W. Parker, Warner Lewis, Stephen Hempstead. ^OMse.— William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, James Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes, George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler,* William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel Summers,! Jabez A. Burcharrd, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas Cox and Hardin Nowlin. Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives — the former unani- mously and the latter with but little opposition. , At that time, national politics * Cyrus S. Jacobs, who was elected for Des Moines County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington before the meeting of the Legislature, and Mr. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. f Samuel E. Murray was returned aa elected from Clinton County, but his seat was successfully contested by Burchard. 1T6 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- gressional Delegate was also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : William W. Chapman and David Eohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. P. Wallace, of Henry County, and P. H. Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, receiving a majority of thirty-six over Engle. The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- ing one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed with almost unlimited veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make free use of it, and the independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- lative departments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1839, amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint SheriiFs and Magistrates. Among the first important matters demanding attention was the location of the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for which Congress had appropriated $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his message, had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or thought of Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- ,sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided between Burlington and Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1889, an act was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County ; John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- son County. Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future Iowa City, was designated as the county seat, temporarily. Then there existed good reason for locating the capital in the county. The Territory of Iowa was bounded on the north by the British Possessions ; east, by the Mississippi River to its source ; thence by a line drawn due north to the northern boundary of the United States ; south, by the State of Missouri, and west, by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- disputed possession of the Indians, except a strip on the Mississippi, known as the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the geographical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical center of the future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. The Commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect public buildings thereon, Congress having granted a section of land to be selected by the Territory for this purpose. The Commissioners met at Napo- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10, in Town- ship 79 North of Range 6 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi- ately surveyed it and laid off the town. The first sale of lots took place August 16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the geographical center of the section, where a square of ten acres on the elevated grounds overlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, which assembled in November, 1889, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost when complete should not exceed $51,000, and if they had already adopted a plan involving a greater expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for the building were designed and drawn by Mr. John F. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 1840, the corner stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the address on that occasion. ^ When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, July 13, 1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that month he had visited Iowa City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- izing a loan of $20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, the unsold lots of Iowa City being the security oifered, but only $5,500 was obtained under the act. THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri was a difficult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River. The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or "the rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians, (evidently not well versed in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from the rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosauqua, thus taking from Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sherifi's to collect them by distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, however, were not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were arrested by the Sheriffs of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, called out his militia to enforce the claim and sustain the officers of Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men were enlisted, and 500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren County, ready to defend the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to effect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners of Clarke County , Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing 178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was declined, but afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the controversy, which was insti- tuted, and which resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks that " the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots who furnished supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with man before the law by providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries during the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman has full and equal ci.vil rights with man, except only the right of the ballot. Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and the purity of elections secured by heavy penalties against bribery and corruption. The judiciary power was vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate was made divisible by will, and intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder was made punishable by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free schools, open for every class of white citizens, was established. Provision was made for a system of roads and highways. Thus under the territorial organi- zation, the country began to emerge from a savage wilderness, and take on the forms of civil government. By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands which had been purchased of the Indians were brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, which greatly aided the settlers, who were now coming in by thousands, to make their homes on the fertile prairies of Iowa — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the country had spread far and wide ; even before the Indian title was extinguished, many were crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their claims on the choicest spots they could find in the new Territory. As soon as the country was open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged with eager land hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It was a sight to delight the eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could reach, with a soil surpassing in richness anything which they had ever seen. It is not to be wondered at that immigration into Iowa was rapid, and that within less than a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred and fifty thousand people. As rapidly as the Indian titles were extinguished and the original owners removed, the resistless tide of emigration flowed westward. The following extract from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shows how the immigrants gathered on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the llth day of August, 1842, for the remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians should retain HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 possession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the ceded territory west of a line running north and south through Redrock, until October 11, 1845. These tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- ing for the 1st day of May. As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the line, and their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had prevented any settlement or even the making out of claims by any monuments whatever. To aid them iii making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the settlers had placed piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve o'clock of the night of the 30th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupa- tion pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of these wonderful surveys, numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence, Between midnight of the 30th of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had settled on their new purchase. While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religious rites were performed to atone for the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears ; and when their cavalcade was put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the entire procession. The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through Bedrock. The government established a trading post and military encampment at the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the red man lingered until the 11th of October, 1845, when the same scene that we have before described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after (he Indian title was extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase public lands could net be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly offered and not sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good faitli might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. The "claim laws" were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the " eternal fitness of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or disnaraged by its enumeration. The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed officers, and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty of all to attend the sales. The Secretary bid oiFthe lands of each settler at f 1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and degree of order and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- port a promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, p. 456). The Supreme Territorial Court held this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that " spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early-settler was not always able to pay , even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and courage and their family jewels, "the pledges of love," and the "consumers of bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, and the "beautiful prairies," the "noble streams," and all that sort of poetic imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from^becoming discouraged. An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, says : Well do the " old settlers ' of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had been 180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. broken up ; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of youth, we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps on the willows." Another, from another part of the State, testifies : There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at $3.00 per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for $600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part of which I never collected, and upon which I only received $50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37J cents per bushel. Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, $1 .00 per hundred ; and the best horse a man could raise sold for $50.00. Nearly all were in debt, and the Sheriff and Constable, with legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed "the times that tried men's souls." "A few," says Mr, Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and the reward of their self-denial." On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of . Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at $33,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for $15,600. During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the " Old Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, and it was so far completed, that on the 6th day of December, 1842, the Legis- lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- ancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements amounted to very nearly $24,000. With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 181 Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the office of Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke. STATE ORGANIZATION. By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township electi'ins in April following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and adopted the first State Constitution. The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was instructed to transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that m;ght be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- lows: Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; thence vfestwardly along said line to the " old " northwest corner of Missouri ; thence due vpest to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River ; thence up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet River ; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River, where the Watonwan River — according to Nicollet's map — enters the same; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union, provided the people accepted the act, bounded as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence by the middle ol the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian of Washington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri ; thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des Moines River ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The western boundary would have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 7,656, to 7,2.35. A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month another Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted ; 9,492 votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution " 182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Congress approved December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American Union. Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day of October, and elected Oresel Briggs, Governor ; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and House of Representatives. At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union. At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from storms, and expressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete it, at least sufficiently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly responded by appropriating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toward the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and toward the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State University, which had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of discussion and parliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a law. Soon after, by " An act to locate and establish a State University," approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General Assembly and the State officers, until other provisions were made by law. The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in what is now Des Moines Township, and the others in Fairview Township, in the southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City and Monroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) amounted to f 1,797.43, while the expenses of the sale and the claims of the Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- tion was generally condemned. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant financial ope- ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer the report to a select Committee of Five, with instructions to report " how much of said city of Monroe was under water and how much was burned." The report was referred, without the instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- ers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of govern- ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building and grounds by the University. At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for completing the State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 $4,000 more were apppropriated for the same purpose, making the whole cost $123,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but principally .from the proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City. But the question of the permanent location of the seat of government was not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to Pella and to Fort Des Moines. The latter appeared to have the support of the majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third reading. At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the eifort was more successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- ment of Commissioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated to the State by citizens and propSrty-holders of Des Moines. An association of citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to the State at a nominal rent. The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857, when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 " for " to 38,681 " against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a procla- mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on the 19th of October followin'g. Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and con- tinued through the Fall. It was an undertaking of no small magnitude ; there was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the diSiculties ; and it was not until December, that the last of the effects — the safe of the State Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds "—drawn by ten yoke of oxen was de- posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, inostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel Merrill, ex officio, President ; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs ; James F. Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine; James 0. Crosby, Gainsville ; Charles Dudley, Agency City ; John N. Dewey, Des Moines ; William L. Joy, Sioux City ; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secretary. The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the best material and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most approved manner; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the State Agricultural Society, and for all purposes of State Government, and should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first appropriated was $150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the cor- ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the northwestern part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish the murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted to protect the settlers. " The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroad bridge, that was to be the first to span the "Father of Waters," was laid with appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. On the 1st day of January, 1856, this railroad was completed to Iowa City. In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Missis- sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav- ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 185 railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the spirit of speculation ruled the hour. " In the meantime, every effort was made to help the speedy completion of the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in the interior, voted large corporate subscriptions to the stock of the railroad companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county authorities to levy taxfes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely removed The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was not a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 miles in successful operation. GROWTH AND PROGRESS. When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10,531. The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected by the Territory of Michigan, in 1884. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa Territory : Year. Population, 1852 230,713 1854 326,013 1856 519.055 1859 638,775 1860 674,913 1863.; 701,732 1865 754,699 1867 902,040 The most populous county in the State is Dubuque. Not only in popula- tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more than thirty years, its wild but beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize the older States. Year. Population. 1838 22,589 1840 43,115 1844 75,152 1846 97,588 1847 116,651 1849 152,988 1850 191 982 1851 204,774 Year. Population. 1869 1,040,819 1870 1,191,727 1873 1,251,333 1875 1,866,000 1876 1877 186 HISTORY OF TtlE STATE OF IOWA. Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface ; an iron net-work of thou- sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school houses, in which more than five hundred thousand children are being taught the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people; high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State; manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities and towns. Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the eaidi ; and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate ; an intelligent, liberty- loving people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her present citizens. Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fairly put upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the " Star of Empire " had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was a mighty empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The Great American Desert." Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to the golden shores of ihe Pacific. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. Ames, Story County. The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by au act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. A Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Cofiin and E. G. Day ; the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex ofiicio mem-, hers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jefferson and Tama Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site for the buildings were located. In 1860-61, the farm-house and barn were erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,000 acres of land for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts, and 196,000 acres were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett was appointed Land Agent for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- bly appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 187 In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster, Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. Johji Browne, of Des Moines, -was employed as architect, arid furnished the plans of the build- ing, but -was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The $20,000 appropriated by the General Assembly were expended in putting in the foun- dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation of $91,000 was made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868. Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State- over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- vious to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition for three scholars from each county ; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the college, are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, except for sacramental, mechanical or ruedical purposes. The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following branches : Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit Growing, Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology, Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as are directly connected with agriculture ; also such other studies as the Trustees may from time to time prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- ments are suiRcient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is also an " out-law " called the '■^ ATA, Chapter Omega." The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. Warden, Ottumwa, Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, Sioux City ; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William D. Lucas, Treasurer. Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of Mili- tary Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- mology ; A. Thompson, C. E., Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture ; J. K. Macomber, Physics ; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and Political Economy ; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics. THE STATE UNIVERSITY. Iowa City, Johnson County. In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory of. the United States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 20, 1840, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized " to set apart and re- serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to which the Indian title has been or may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into which the pub- lic land are authorized to be surveyed." William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north of Range 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the Assembly, John M. Whitaker of Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- cordance with its terms, and instructed the General Assembly to provide, as soon as may be, effectual means for the improvement and permanent Security of the funds of the university derived from the lands. The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established the " State University of Iowa " at Iowa City, then the capital of the State, "with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, provided, how- ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the University, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it by the State. Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theodore S. Parvin, George Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of Trustees. The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal Schools were established. The branches were located — one at Fairfield, and the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in sespect to funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City. "This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, with equal rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- ience may hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- tine, Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr. Henn was elected President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres of land were purchased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive $500 annu- ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. The several Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was organized Nov. 21, 1849; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and Andcew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from the University Fund. From that time they made no further effort to continue in operation. At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., was elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and Guffin. In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated by the State until December, 1857. In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular catalogue was published. At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on D. Franklin Wells. This was the first degree conferred by the Board. Article IX, Section 11, of ihe new State Constitution, which went into force September 3, 1857, provided as follows : The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place ; and the University fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Article XI, Section 8, provided that The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with " full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- poses. The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially different from the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the re- pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. The Board of Trustees created by the new Taw met and duly organized April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " Mechan- ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At this meeting, a reso- lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the existing term ; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them to the Normal Department. At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows : Levi P. Aylworth, Cellina H. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney and Sylvia M. Thompson. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 An "Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board no discretion in the matter. The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it was unwise to re-open the University at that time ; but at the annual meeting of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal Department in operation ; and at a special meeting, October 25, 1859, it was decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 (third Wednesday) ; and at this date the actual existence of the University may be said to commence. August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned. Prof Oliver M. Spencer was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in the Collegiate Department. The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction had been ex officio President. During the period of the Board of Education, the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof. Nathan R. Leonard was elected President pro tern. The North Hall was completed late in 1866. At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer (absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof. Leonard continued as President joro tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D. D., Vice President of Wash- ington and Jeiferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered upon his duties in September, 1868. The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, which had been in successful operation for three years, under the management of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during the year ending June, 1877, there were 103 students in this department. At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board of Regents " was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. Dr. Black tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the Board, held August 18, 1870, to take effect on the 1st of December following. His resignation was accepted. The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction" was established, and the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- lery, U. S. A., was detailed as " Professor of Military Science and Tactics," at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected in his stead. At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homoeopathy was .established. In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of the State with the University. In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- ident. In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. PEESIDENTS. FKOM TO Jamea Harlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex oiBcio 1847 1848 Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1848 1854 James D. Eads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1864 1867 Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1859 1863 Francis Springer 1863 1864 William M. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1868 Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1872 1876 Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor, ex officio 1876 1877 Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 John H. Gear 1878 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 193 VICE TRESIDENTS. FROM TO Silas Foster 1847 1851 Robert Lucas 1851 1863 Edward Connelly 1854 1855 Moses J. Morsman 1855 1858 SECRETARIES. Hugh D. Downey 1847 1851 Anson Hart 1851 1857 Elijah Sells 1857 1858 Anson Hart 1858 1864 William J. Haddock 1864 TREASURERS. Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850 Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852 Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 1855 Henry W. Lalhrop 1855 1862 William Crum 1862 1868 Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 John N. Coldren 1876 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. Amos Dean, LL. D 1855 1858 Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D 1860 1862 Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* 1862 1867 James Black, D. D 1868 1870 George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 C. W. Slagle 1877 The present educational corps of the University consists of the President, nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and six Instructors in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the Law Department ; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in the Homoeopathic Medical Department. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from oblivion the memory of the early pioneers; to obtain and preserve various accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the Indian tribes of Iowa ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest ; to aid in binding its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary incidental expenses of the Society. There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding the last Wednesday in June of each year. The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under the title of " Annals of Iowa." THE PENITENTIARY. Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the Governor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. To the Directors was also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter to appoint his own assistants. The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to con- tain one hundred and thirty- eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary for more than thirty years, and durin'g that period many items of practical ex- perience in prison management have been gained. It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, but Iowa has adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the United States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of the future. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live in idleness at public expense; Honest men labor ; why should not they ? Hon- est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil ; why should not the convict as well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of imprisonment, he would not be turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. Located at Anamosa, Jones County. By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 663 feet. IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Mount Pleasant, Henry County. By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, $4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. McGugin, Keokuk; G. W. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua; John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered " domestic duties ;" 122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to $13,721.26. Trustees, 1877 : — T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant ; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; William C. Evans, West Liberty; L. E. Fellows, Lansing ; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. Resident Officers : — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent ; H. M. Bassett, M. D., First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant Physician ; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- son, Steward : Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, Chaplain. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Independence, Buchanan County. In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgam, of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W . Bemis, of Indepen- dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be offered by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were offered, but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter of Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- tion 8, all in Township 88 north. Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian, This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., was employed to prepare plans, specifications and drawings of the building, which, when completed, were sub- mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for |88,114. The con- tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commissioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These Trustees Avere Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. C. Parker, E. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. Fisher, President ; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the two first sections of the south wing, next to the center building, for $6,250. The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by patients in the Fall. In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, and it is now overcrowded. The Board- of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Maturin L. Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- dence ; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence ; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; and Stephen E. Robinson, M. D., West Union. RESIDENT OFFICERS. Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent; G. H. Hill, M. D., Assistant Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. Vinton, Benton County. In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. McClary, Secretary ; James H. Gower, Treasurer ; Martin L. Morris, Stephen Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Samuel Bacon, Principal; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name should be chang'ed from "Asylum for the Blind," to that of " Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, when the General As- sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for each pupil. This was subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, -which sum, with the amounts realized from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved suflicient for the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician he had few superiors. On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made arrange- ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan was modified, and the con- tract for enclosing .let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- uiture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. In August, 1864, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. Chapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 1867, and Gen. James L. Geddes WM appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was succeeded by Prof. S. A.Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 1875, and Prof Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, when the present incumbent. Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. Trustees, 1877-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President ; S. H. Watson, Treasurer; H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. Faculty. — Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M. ; Matron, Mrs. Emeline E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat- tice, Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended; yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of the State, and shows an utter disregard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why $282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars a year for each pupil. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 199 INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. Council Bluffs, Pottawattomie County. The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number of deaf mutes then in the State was 301 ; the number attending the Institution, 50. The first Board of Trustees were : Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Hon. E. Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot was ardently devoted to the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class under his charge. A strong eifort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun- cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire ; and August 6 following, the roof of the new west wing was blown, off and the walls partially demolished by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week or two the school was in run- ning order. The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 1857-8 was not well pleased with the condition of affairs, and reported that the building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management were very essential. Trustees, 1877-8.— Thomas, Ofiicer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; Paul Laiige, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, Conrad S. Zorbaugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie ; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D. ; Steward, N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. SOLDIERS' -ORPHANS' HOMES. Davenport, Cedar Falls, Grlenwood. The movement which culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- stitution was originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war of 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great was the public interest in the movement that there was a large representation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an association was organized called the Iowa State Or- phan Asylum. 200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The first oiBcers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, John R. Needham, J. W. Cattell, Mrs. Mary M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelton; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcomb Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields' Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre- sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. Gov, Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- kuk, was Chairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as Steward. At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home. The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 13th day of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applicar tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, was appointed Matron. She resigned, in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont County. i The " Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the General Assem bly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different counties, and which were established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in which such Home was located, and one for the State at large, who held their office two years, or until, their successors were elected and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan actually supported was made by the General Assembly. The Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old hotel building was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- mates. October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that purpose. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 By " An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial pursuits. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors of the new institution. The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President ; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof J. C. Gilchrist was elected Principal of the School. On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during the third term. The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Ofiicers and Faculty : Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term ■expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 1880 ; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880 ; G. S. Robinson, Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. Board of Officers. — J. J- Toleston, Secretary; E. Townsend, Treasurer; William Pattes, Steward ; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron — all of Cedar Falls. Faculty. — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Glenwood, Mills County. Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 202 HISTORY Of the state of IOWA. Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and |2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years. Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, Treasurer, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The fences were broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away;, the win- dows broken, doors off their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, cellars reeking with offensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much assistance. 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent,, and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald,. Teacher. The Institution was opened September 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. THE REFORM SCHOOL. Eldora, Hardin County. By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County ; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., 'of the Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. The contract for fitting up the buildings, was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for the erection of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, tO' organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 203 The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further advances will be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. Near Anamosa, Jones County. The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also " An act to provide for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- priated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House ; to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters of the State. In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 20x40 feet, two stories ; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 204 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Salmon, 10,000 Bass, 80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of other species. By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi. In 1875-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. THE PUBLIC LANDS. The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, are as follows : 1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 2. The 16th Section Grant. 3. The Mortgage School Lauds. 4. The UniTersity Grant. 6. The Saline Grant. 6. The Des Moines River Grant. 7. The Des Moines River School Lands. 8. The Swamp Land Grant. 9. The Railroad Grant. 10. The Agricultural College Grant. I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 1841, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of pubhcland for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were granted. The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superinteudent of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with exclusive a.uthority in the management and sale of school lands. The ofiice of School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the County Judge. By this act, Ciounty Judges and Township Trustees were made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund, Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid ofiF by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examination. When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund ; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the interests of said fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land shall be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fund. These lands are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Ofiice. 206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two f-ntire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support jf a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant was renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be used " solely for the purpose of such university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : ACRES. In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20 In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 2,571.81 In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24 Total 45,957.94 These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. V. — SALINE LANDS. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University. These lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows: Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of (he public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said ferri- tory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said improvement shall progress; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands as shall produce the sum of thirty thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that one-half of said sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expenditure shall be certified as aforesaid. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That the said Kiver Des Moines shall be and forever remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service passing through or along the same : Provided always, That it shall not be competent for the said Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become the property of said Slate for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Provided the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved Aug. 8, 1846. By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 9, 1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, atid provided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board. Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd numbers" throughout the whole extent of the grant, and this selection was ap- proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a confiict of opinion as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General Land Office, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that " the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon Forks would, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- missioner of the General Land Office. The Board'also sent in a protest to the State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of January, 1849,. the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in Iowa. On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City " to with- hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. ' October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General Land Office to " submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed,- or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. March 10, 1852 143.908.37 " By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 83,142.43 " Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 " Total 271,572.24 acres. The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then standing against the fund was about $108,000, and the Commissioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell " any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than $1,300,000." On the 24th of January, 1858, the General Assembly provided for the elec- tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,300,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster County which had been sold by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its contract with the State. March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the gr^ -t was again raised and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided th. it was limited to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was liiade to the Secretary of the Interior, and by him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant extended to the northern boundary of the State ; the State relinquished its claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was supposed to be finally settled. The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi- igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of which amount 58,830 acres were located above the Raccoon Fork. The last certificate of the General Land Office bears date December 30, 1853. After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the Company. March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. These deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- eral Government not previously sold ; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded to individual purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State by the Federal Government. By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the remainder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement operations, reserving 60,000 acres of the land in security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed, claims amounting to |109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had been settled. 210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the original grant was again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision was rendered declaring that the grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void (see 23 How., 66). The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which was granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing to the State all the title which the United States then still retained in the tracts of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, Congress enacted : That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improTement of the Des Moines River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five milea of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 1861, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provided, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, any lands which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect- ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of April, 1864, the General Land Ofiicer authorized the selection of 800,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of 'July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. Many difiiculties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem- bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. VII. — THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress in 1841 ; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Office February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John Tol- man. School Fund Commissioner Tor Webster County, to sell them as school lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.61 acres were set apart and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- vidual purchasers 8,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, $949.53. By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim — first, to cer- tain swamp lands ; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that "the said company shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 27th of August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a suit- in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of such patents. On the 30th of August, an ea; parte injunction was issued. In January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the court an elaborate answer to plaintifis' petition, denying that the company had any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen- ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 1869. VIII. — SWAMP LAND GRANT. By an act of Congress, approved March 28, '1850, to enable Arkansas and other States to reclaim swampy lands within their limits, granted all the swamp and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some of the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faith ; that she had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected bv the Agents of the State as "swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution Dec. 18, 1856, and by act March 3, 1857, saved the State from the fatal result of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855', immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons. Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove them to be dry. In such cases the General Land OflBce ordered hearing before the local land officers, and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered tod the claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. Affidavits were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, who, for a few dollars, would confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These appHca- tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis- sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirma- tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them under act of May 15, 1856, under which the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num- bered sections within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was not intended nor was it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These were already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the State the way was opened, and they were not slow to enter their claims. March 4, 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly an opinion that the railroad companies were not entitled even to contest the right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office expressed the same opinion, and the General Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimied any intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of Sept. 28, 1850. A great degtl of legislation has been found necessary in rela- tion to these swamp lands. IX. — THE RAILROAD GRANT. One of the most important grants of public lands to Iowa for purposes of internal improvement was that known as the "Railroad Grant," by act of Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads from Burlington, on the Mississippi River, to a point on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Platte River ; from the city of Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 213 Council BluiFs ; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa ; thence on said main line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel ; across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River ; from the city of Dubuque to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the mouth of the Tete des Morts, to the nearest point on said road, to be com- pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those roads were definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre- emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to select a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the United States within six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the double minimum price of the public lands when sold, nor were any of said lands to become subject to private entry until they had been first offered at public sale at the increased price. Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be disposed of by said State only in the manner following, that is to say: that a quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said roads, may be sold ; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the Secretary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of said roads is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads haying twenty continuous miles completed as aforesaid, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of such roads, may be sold ; and so from time to time until said roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 14, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were granted by the State to the several railroad companies named, provided that the lines of their respective roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857 ; and~ pro- vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, 1859, and its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the State of Iowa to resume all rights {o lands remaining undisposed of by the company so failing. The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with the provisions of the above act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the Iowa Central was again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company, which accepted theni. By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com- pany was required to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension of the time fixed for the completion of its road. A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special reference to railroad companies. The lands were granted to the State, and the act evidently contemplate the sale of them bi/ the State, and the appropriation of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad within its 214 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in dis- posing of the lands. Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the State by the proper authorities. Under an act of Congress approved August 3, 1854, entitled " J-W act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in fee of the lands which have been or may be certified to them," these certified lists, the originals of which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State "the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char- acter contemplated " by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended to be granted thereby ; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby." Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in number, viz.: For the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, nine; for the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad, 11 ; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen; and for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to the State were as follows : Burlington & Missouri River R. R , 287,095.34 acres. Mississippi & Missouri River R. R 774,674.36 '■ Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R. R 775,454.19 " Dubuque & Sioux City R. R 1,226,558.32 " A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under' the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the counties were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp under act of September 28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces- sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and powers conferred upon the State by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies ; in other words, that it was designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto to the State perfected the title to the coinpanies by virtue of the act of July, 1856. One of the companies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their title. This induced Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, under the broad seal of the State. On the 9th of Novenlber, 1859, the Governor thus certified to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 27th, 43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 281,073.14 acres. These were the only HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 215 lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities with any design of perfecting the title already vested in the company by the act of July, 1856. The lists which were afterward furnished to the company were simply certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the State from the United States General Land Ofl[ice. These subsequent lists embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land Grant. It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con- trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition- ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen- eral Land OiBce vested the title in the State only by virtue of the act of Con- gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when accepted by the companies, was that it became a conditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub- sequent act- of Congress, approved June 2, 1864, amending the act of 1856, the terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the companies and the State. The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport k. Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted portion of its line," to run through the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as- nearly as practicable to that point. The original grant had been made to the- State to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to the com- panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of what had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had already certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and also provided that " if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no fur- ther sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa, it is plain that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully require the Secretary of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of the lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its act .of June 2, 1864, provided that whenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Eailroad Com- pany should file in the General Land Office at" Washington a map definitely showing such new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer- tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 216 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached, and on which a bona fide settlement and improvement had not been made under color of title derived from the United States or from the State of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. The term " out of any lands belonging to the United States, not sold, re- served or otherwise disposed of, etc.," would seem to indicate that Congress did intend to grant lands already granted, but when it declared that the Company should have an amount per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted, it is plain that the framers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of the original grant, or that they designed tha.t the United States should resume the title it had already parted with two years before the lands could revert to the United States under the original act, which was not repealed. A similar change was made in relation to the pedar Rapids & Missouri Railroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a similar manner. Like provision was made for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, and the Company was permitted to change the location of its line between Fort Dodge and Sioux City, so as to secure the best route between those points ; but this change of location was not to impair the right to the land granted in the orig- inal act, nor did it change the location of those lands. By the same act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company was author- ized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant to any other company or person, " if, in the opinion of said Company, the construction of said railroad across the State of Iowa would be thereby sooner and more satisfactorily com- pleted ; but such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabilities and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect title in any other manner than the same would have been acquired by the original grantee." Still further, the Burlington k Missouri River Railroad was not forgotten, and was, by the same act, empowered to receive an amount of land per mile equal to that mentioned in the original act, and if that could not be found within the limits of six miles from the line of said road, then such selection might be made along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached. Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the " lobby," occa- sioned much controversy and trouble. The Department of the Interior, how- ever, recognizing the fact that when the Secretary had certified the lands to the State, under the act of 1856, that act divested the United States of title, under the vesting act of August, 1854, refused to review its action, and also refused to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse claims (except in pre-emption cases), on the ground that the United States had parted with the title, and, therefore, could exercise no control over the land. May 12, 1864, before the passage of the amendatory act above described, Congress granted to the State of Iowa, to aid in the construction of a railroad from McGregor to Sioux City, and for the benefit of the McGregor Western Railroad Company, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the right to substitute other lands whenever it was found that the grant infringed upon pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been reserved or disposed of for any other purpose. In such cases, the Secretary of the Interior was instructed to select, in lieu, lands belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 217 X. — AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LANDS. An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the eleventh section of the act, the proceeds of the five-section grant made for the purpose of aiding in the erection of public buildings was appropriated, subject to the approval of Con- gress, together with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State for the purpose, for the benefit of the institution. On the 23d of March, by joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of Congress to the proposed transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862, Congress removed the restrictions imposed in the "five-section grant," and authorized the General Assembly to make such disposition of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of the State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper County certified to the State to aid in the erection of public buildings under the act of March 3, 1845, entitled " An act supplemental to the act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College and Farm. The institution is located in Story County. Seven hundred and twenty-one acres in that and two hundred in Boone County were donated to it by individuals interested in the success of the enterprise. By act df Congress approved July 2, 1862, an appropriation was made to each State and Territory of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress, to which, by the apportionment under the census of 1860, they were respectively entitled. This grant was made for the purpose of endowing colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed at an extra session of its Legis- lature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to accept of the grant, and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act of Congress entitled ' An act granting public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,' approved July 2, 1862." This act made it the duty of the Governor to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as swamp lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings to the Governor, who was instructed to submit the list of selections to the Board of Trustees of the Agricultural College for their approval. One thousand dollars were appro- priated to carry the law into efiiect. The State, having two Senators and six Representatives in Congress, was entitled to 240,000 acres of land under this grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricultural College. Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was appointed to make the selec- tions, and during August, September and December, 1863, located them in the Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1864, these selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land OflSce, and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior December 13, 1864. The title to these lands was vested in the State in fee simple, and con- flicted with no other claims under other grants. The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96 acres ; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount of land approved to the State under this grant was only 204,309.30 acres, located as follows: In Des Moines Land District 6,804.96 acres. In Sioux City Land District 59,025.37 ". In Fort Dodge Land District 138,478.97 " 218 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 1864, entitled, " An act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm to sell all lands acquired, granted, donated or appropriated for the benefit of said college, and to make an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands were granted to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au- thorized to take possession, and sell or lease them. They were then, under the control of the Trustees, lands as follows : Under the act of July 2, 1852 204,309.30 acres. Of the five-section grant 3,200.00 " Lands donated in Story County 721.00 " Lands donated in Boone County 200.00 " Total 208,430.30 acres. The Trustees opened an oflBce at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. W- Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, which now ranks sec- ond to none in the United States, was planted by the first settlers. - They had migrated to the " The Beautiful Land " from other and older States, where the common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the country. Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State, the first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the means for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings for their families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to Iowa. Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth, and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa been more marked and rapid than in her common school system and in her school houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To- day, the school houses which everywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More especially is this true in all her cities and villages, where liberal and lavish appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, commodibus and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, and costing from |10,000 to |60,000 each. The people of the State have ex- pended more than $10,000,000 for the erection of public school buildings. The first house erected in Iowa was a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James L. Langworthy and a few other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was completed, George Cabbage was employed as teacher during the Winter of 1833-4, and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught the second term with twenty-five pupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219 commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She was the first female teacher there, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas H. Benton, Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of schools at Dubuque was levied in 1840. Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the Winter of 1834-5. The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca- tine, which served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. The first school in Davenport was taught in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839. When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty families had settled within the limits of the town ; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now College street. The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John E.. Gray, about two miles from the present site of Bddyville; and in the Summer of 1844, a log school house was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Renfro, Joseph McMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school was opened by Miss Urania Adams. The building was occupied for school purposes for nearly ten years. About a year after the first cabin was built at Oskaloosa, a log school house was built, in which school was opened by Samuel W. Caldwell in 1844. At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, in one of the rooms on " Coon Row," built for barracks. The first school in Pottawattomie County was opened by George Green, a Mormon, at Council Point, prior to 1849 ; and until about 1854, nearly, if not quit^, all the teachers in that vicinity were Mormons. The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a young man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. W. Scoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyrus C. Carpenter, since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris McHenry first occupied it as teacher. During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre- vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis- appearing. In 1865, there were 796 ; in 1870, 336, and in 1875, 121. Iowa Territory was created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common school, or schools in each of the counties in this Territory, which shall be open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years." The second section of the act provided that " the County Board shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective counties whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by a majority of the voters resident within such contemplated district." These districts were gov- erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons ; each district was required 220 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. to maintain school at least three months in every year ; and later, laws were enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents sending, in proportion to the length of time sent. When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100,- 000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis- tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the number had increased to 3,265. In March, 1858, upon the recommendation of Hon. M. L. Fisher, then Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that " each civil township is declared a school district," and provided that these should be divided into sub-districts. This law went into force March 20, 1858, and reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900. This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. An effort was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub- district system. Mr. Kissell, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual message. But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde- pendent districts from the sub-districts of district townships. The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 1849 ; and new schools, in which more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded. The first ofiicial mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., made December 2, 1850, who said, " An institution of this character was organized a few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular institute in the county of Jones." At that time — although the beneficial influence of these institutes was admitted, it was urged that the expenses of attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation were able to bear. To obviate this objection, Mr. Benton recommended that '' the sum of $150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in install- ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and expended for these institutions." He proposed that three institutes should be held annu- ally at points, to be designated by the Superintendent. No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March, 1858, when an act was passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding $100 for any one institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the institute might direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriated to defray the expenses of these institutes. December 6, 1858, Mr. Fisher reported to the Board of Education that institutes had been appointed in twenty counties within the preceding six months, and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted. The Board of Education at its first session, commencing December 6, 1858, enacted a code of school laws which retained the existing provisions for teachers' institutes. In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board by appropriating " a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institute, held as provided by law in each county." HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 221 In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that " the provision made by the State for the benefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the people and the teachers, as during the last two years." By act approved March 19, 1874, Normal Institutes were established in each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This was regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose. This school is now " in the full tide of successful experiment." The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various officers who are entrusted with the educational interests of the commonwealth are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve. " The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township was set apart by the General Government for school purposes, being one-thirty-sixth part of all the lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands was fixed at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five per cent, on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The State gives to this fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it ; the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent, fund go into the State Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord- ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long terms at eight per cent, interest, on security of land valued at three times the amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thereon. The interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail- able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties of the State, in pro- portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The cbunties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school each year." The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the admirable school laws of the State, no taxes can be legally assessed or collected for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some- times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to blame but themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are determined by the Board of Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boards are elected annually, except in the independent districts, in which the board may be entirely changed every three years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for support 222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar ; usually, however, but one. Mr. Abernethy, who was Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports : There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there would be still less if the funds were always properly guarded and j udiciously expended. How- ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. The opposition of wealth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the most liberal in their views and the moat active friends of popular education. They are often found upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of men who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities. At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts, 3,138 indepen- dent districts and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 476 graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. There were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was $34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation of $28.69 per month. The number of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877, waS 567,859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 251,372; average cost of tuition per month, $1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10,296, valued at $9,044,973. The public school libraries number 17,329 volumes. Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries amounted to $2,953,645. There was expended for school houses, grounds, libraries and apparatus, $1,106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies, $1,136,995, making the grand total of $5,197,428 expended by the generous people of Iowa for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was $3,462,000. Annual interest, $276,960. In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to $198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun- dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries twenty years ago, and there were only 1,686 school houses, valued at $571,064. In twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, to $2,953,645 in 1877. Total school expenditures, from $364,515 to $5,197,428. The significance of such facts as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen- ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the people, all of whom manifest their love of popular education and their faith in the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one per cent, of their entire taxable property ; this, too, uninterruptedly through a series of years, commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and resources to the extreme, and continuing through years of general depression in business — years of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and even amid the scanty surroundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the purposes of public education. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 223 POLITICAL RECORD. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. Grovemors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41 ; John Chambers, 1841-45 ; James Clarke, 1845. Secretaries— WiWiam B. Conway, 1838, died 1889 ; James Clarke, 1839 ; 0. H. W. Stull, 1841 ; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse Williams, 1845. Auditors— J ease "Williams, 1840 ; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843 • Robert M. Secrest, 1845. Treasurers — Thornton Bayliss, 1839 ; Morgan Reno, 1840. Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838 ; Joseph Williams, 1838 ; Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. Elbert, 1842-3 ; Thomas Cox, 1843-4 ; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6. Speakers of the House — William H. Wallace, 1838-9 ; Edward Johnston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2; James M. Morgan, 1842-3 ; James P. Carleton, 1843-4 ; James M. Morgan, 1845 ; George W. McCleary, 1845-6. First Constitutional Convention, 1844 — Shepherd Leffler, President ; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. Second Constitutional Convention, 18^6 — Enos Lowe, President ; William Thompson, Secretary. OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; Sam- ael J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864 ; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, 1876 to 1877 ; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878 ; John H. Gear, 1878 to . Lieutenant G-ovemor — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9 ; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1 ; John R. Needham, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Balis, 1872-3; Joseph Dy- sart, 1874-5 ; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7 ; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-9. Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848; Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856 ; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863 ; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to . Auditors of State— ^ose^h T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Will- iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854 ; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854, resigned in 1855 ; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865 ; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871 ; John Russell, 1871 to 1875 ; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . ' Treasurers of State — Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859 ; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863 ; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1867; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873; William Christy, 1873 to 1877; George W. Bemis, 1877 to . Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office created in 1847 — James Harlan, June 6, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854 ; James D. Eads, 1854-7 ; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857 ; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864 — Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870 ; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872 ; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to . State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859 ; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867 ; James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876 ; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to . Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 13, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Amofs B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862 ; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan 5, 1863 ; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to to January, 1875 ; David Secor, January, 1875, to . State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish, 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1858 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 to 1857 ; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861 ; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872 ; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to . Adjutants G-eneral — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5 ; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7 ; Elijah Sells, 1857 ; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to . Attorneys Greneral — David C. Cloud, 1853-56 ; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60; Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6 ; John F. McJunkin, 1877. Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7 ; Thomas Hughes, 1848; John J. Selman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe,, 1850-1; William E. Leffing- well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate. Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8 ; Smiley H. Bonhan, 1849-60 ; George Temple, 1851-2 ; James Grant, 1853-4 ; Reuben Noble, 1855-6 ; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7 ; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9 ; John Edwards, 1860-1 ; Rush Clark, 1862-3 ; Jacob Butler, 1864-5 ; Ed. Wright, 1866-7 ; John Russell, 1868-9 ; Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1 ; James Wilson, 1872-3 ; John H. Gear, 1874-7 ; John Y. Stone, 1878. New Oonstitutional Convention, 1859 — Francis Springer, President ; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 225 STATE OFFICERS, 1878. John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor ; Josiah T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian ; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court ; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend- ent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg- ister Land Office ; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. THE JUDICIARY. SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847 ; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848 ; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864 ; Geo. G. Wright,Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866 ; RalphP. Lowe, Jan.,1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876 ; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877 ; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12,' 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855 ; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855 ; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan. 11, 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil- lon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 1, 1864, to 1877 ; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868 ; W. E. Miller, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned ; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed Wright. SUPREME COURT, 1878. James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice; Joseph M. Beck, Lee County, Associate Justice ; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice ; William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fre- mont County, Associate Justice. CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. UNITED STATES SENATORS. (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858 ; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City, elected Jan. 13, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 226 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. Harlan ; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872 ; James B. Howell, Kepkuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3d ; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 1871-1877 ; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872 ; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, March 4, 1877. MEMBERS OF HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. Twenty-ninth Congress — 18^6 to 184.7- — S. Clinton Hastings; Shepherd Leffler. Thirtieth Congress — 184-7 to 1849. — First District, William Thompson; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-first Congress — 1849 to 1851. — First District, First Session, Wm. Thompson ; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. Second District, Shepherd Leffler. Thirty-second Congress — 1851 'to 1853. — First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, Lincoln Clark. Thirty-third Congress — 1853 to 1855. — First District, Bernhart Henn. Second District, John P. Cook. Thirty-fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857. — First District, Augustus Hall. Second District, James Thorington. Thirty-fifth Congress — 1857 to 1859. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, Timothy Davis. Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863. — First District, First Session, Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, James F. Wil- son. Second District, William Vandever. Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865. — First District, James F. Wilson. Second District, Hiram Price. Third District, William B. Allison. Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell. Fifth District, John A. Kasson. Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865 to 1867. — First District, James F. Wilson ; Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. Kasson ; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869. — First District, James F. Wilson ; Sec- ond District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison, Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard. Forty-first Congress — 1869 to 1871. — First District, George W. McCrary ; Second District, William Smyth ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth District, William Loughridge ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth Dis- trict, Charles Pomeroy. Forty-second Congress— 187 1 to 1873.—Yir&i District, George W. Mc- Crary ; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, W. G. Donnan ; Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-third Congress— 1873 to i575.— First District, George W. McCrary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, William Y. Donnan ; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, * Vacated seat by acceptance of commission qs Brigadier General, and J. F. "Wilson chosen his successor. foecEASt MARION HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 William Loughridge; Seventh District, John A, Kasson; Eighth District, James W. McDill; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. Forty-fourth Congress— 1875 to 1877.— ¥ix&t District, George W. Mc- Crary; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, JamesWilson ; Sixth District, Ezekiel S. Sampson ; Seventh District, John A, Kasson ; Eighth District, James W. McDill ; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. Forty-fifth Congress— 1877 to 1879.— Yiv&i District, J. C. .Stone; Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, T. W. Burdick ; Fourth District, H. C. Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson ; Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp ; Ninth District, Addison Oliver, WAR RECORD. The State of Iowa may well be proud of her record during the War of the Eebellion, from 1861 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of the history she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of " The History of Iowa and the War," one of the best works of the kind yet written. "Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Government, in the courage and constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa proved herself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end of only a single week, men enough were reported to be in quarters (mostly in the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by company com- manders for acceptance under the President's call. So urgent were these offers that the Governor requested (on the 24th of April) permission to organize an additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the close of May), the Adjutant General of the State reported that upward of one hundred and seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve against the enemies of the Union. " Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these regiments for the field. For the First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothing was extemporized — principally by the v-olunteered labor of loyal women in the different towns — from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within the limits of the State. The same was done in part for the Second Infantry. Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called by the Governor, to convene on the 15th of May. With but little delay, that body authorized a loan of $800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in ponsequence of the new emer- gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor Merrill, then a resident of McGregor) immediately took from the Governor a contract to supply a com- plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, agreeing to receive, should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con- 230 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. tract he executed to the letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manu- factured in Boston, to his order) was delivered at Keokuk, the place at which the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day on which the contract had been entered into. The remainder arrived only a few days later. This clothing was delivered to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and bl.ue had been adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con- federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoneP by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal mistakes were liable to be made. But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her whole duty in common with all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, ; from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists of Missouri, and from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile Indians, who were freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of the nation at its very heart. To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both rebels in arms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and- equip two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry were enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says Col. Wood, "in times of special danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri for assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had " The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received on the 13th of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately embarked in steamboats, and moved to Hannibal. Some two weeks later, the Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together with many other of the earlier organized Iowa regiments, rendered their first field service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army with which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson*8 Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In the following month (September), the Third Iowa, with but very slight support, fought with honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing ; and in November, the Seventh Iowa, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, greatly distinguished itself in the battle of Belmont, where it poured out its blood like water — ^losing more than half of the men it took into action. " The initial operations in which the battles referred to took place were fol- lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis', (Jf this State, and other commanders, which resulted in defeating the armieS defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tenn- nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their withdrawal from much of the territory previously controlled by them in those States. In these and other movements, down to the grand culminating campaign by which Vicksburg was HISTORY 01? THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 captured and the Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment and siege of Vicksburg, the State was represented by thirty regiments and two batteries, in addition to which, eight regiments and one battery were employed on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the many fields where they served won for them the highest meed of praise, both in military and civil circles. Multiplied were the terms in which expression was given to this sentiment, but these words of one of the journals of a neigh- boring State, 'The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the spirit of all. " In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 above all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for the national armies, the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any other State) were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term of equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of those who gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should not be left without defenders. " In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions their wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. " Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during their whole term of service m the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. " The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, and by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the benefit of the soldiery, placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren- dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. " Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of establishing a Home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as might be left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public, and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro- vide, increased accommodations for the large number of children who were seeking the benefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk County, and by securing, during the same year, for the use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman near the City of Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by act of Congress. 232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. " In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for that purpose, the SoldiersCs Orphans' Home j( which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) became a State institution, and thereafter the suras necessary for its support were appropriated from the State treasury.. A second branch was established at Glenwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve- ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, and em- ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all ways the provision m;ide for tliese wards of the State has been such as to chal- lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who have been inmates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is considerably more than two thousand. " At the beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included about one hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' 1 men ; one regiment of infantry, composed of three months' men; and four regi- ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-niKe thousand. The re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army and navy, and organizations of other States, will, if added, raise the total .to, upward of eighty thousand. The number of men who, under special enlistmenii^ and as militia, took part at different times in the operations on the exposed, borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. * " Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the field. In some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion — that of the call of July 18, 1864 — was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there- existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside^;' in part, the former j-ule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply of men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General Government for men, on a settlement of her quota accounts." It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts for the purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, while she was foremost in duty, while she promptly discharged all her obligations to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred before the war com- menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon the Federal Government were found to be fully equal to the amount of he t' bonds issued and sold during the war to provide the means for raising and equipping her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon her treasury in consequence of the war. HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. 233 NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, TO JANUARY 1, 1865. No. Regiment. 1st Iowa 2d 3d 4tli 5th 6{h 7lh 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21at 22d 23d 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 3l8t 32d 33d 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th Infantry. No. of men. 959 1,247 1,074 1,184 1,037 1,013 1,138 1,027 1,090 1,027 1,022 981 989 840 1,196 919 956 875 985 925 980 1,008 961 979 995 919 940 956 1,005 978 977 925 985 953 984 986 914 910 No. Regiment. 39th Iowa Infantry 40th " " 41st Battalion Iowa Infantry.. 44th Infantry (100-days men) 45th " " " 46th " " " 47th " 48th Battalion '' " 1st Iowa Cavalry 2d " " Sd " " 4th " " 5th " " 6th " ■' 7th " " 8th " " 9th " " Sioux City Cavalry* Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry., 1st Battery Artillery 2d " " 3d " " 4th " " 1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. Sf- Dodge's Brigade Band Band of 2d Iowa Infantry Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1, 1864, for the older Iowa regiments Enlistments of Iowa men in regiments of other States, over Total Re-enlisted Veterans for different Regi- ments Additional enlistments Grand total as far as reported up to Jan. 1, 1865 No. of men. 900 294 867 912 892 884 346 1,478 1,394 1,360 1,227 1,245 1,125 562 1,234 1,178 93 87 149 123 142 152 908 14 10 2,765 2,500 61,653 7,202 6,664 75,519 This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. * Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry, f Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. 234 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. •l«10I CO iC CO N - r-lCS f rH Ol rH rH (N ♦ iCCOrHt-'^COr-IOrH'* CO iC CO (N ■-H-I OiOC0iOCD CO>lCOCOCOr-ii— l-OCO(MiftOSCC CO(MCOCOCOCSC0(Ni-iC- O P o •l'>')OJ, Tl< :^ Ol t^ CD rH O (— 1 * US'* ■« -nn 9snB0 ■M \a " !N fH y~i -^ -* -^ n eOTiico •iCitiiqBsip joj r~t CO rH r-t l-H IN 1-^ rH(M rH ff^rH rH ■I^JOX cocq CO CD -* cq IN CO .1 to rH rH .^ ^ CD CO CD U3 O^ «*01t- •Sumaiojp jCg 1 •••::: : ; : ''.'.'.'.', •^ : ; ■aseasip }Q (M (M -^ CD (N r-t !M CO rH ^ ^ f-t r-t tMi-( (M W*(N rH M eO •epanoAi. JQ rH (M (N rH ■* •^ CO iC rH CO rH t- !MrH^ ■IB10I rH rH CO CO lO CM CO rH to (N {N(Ncotftt~"«*-'*eOCOCDC0CC(N M o 1 t 1 > 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 1 1 > ■4- "S B C 1 1 i 5 ^1 i t 1 ^1 > 1 i 1 1 1 B J i 1 1 1 1 1 1 > t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1— X t 1 i i ■ i i I i 1 c 11 '1 1 f \ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 lO £N M iO CO .-» (N l-H W rH(M rH rH cq -«# w^ IN 1-1 rH rH i-H rH lO CI « U3 CO T-l S^ i-H (N r-1 cq ,-c : rH rH -^ : T-t IN i-H : CQ rH %a rH rH ■3 1 rl T^ 1 i ■ ^ § ' «D iffl ■* t-i — 1 Cq CO rH lO ■* I-H CO ■*« iO r^ r-t CO CO r-* I : K : : 1^ CO <0 -* CO 03 CO CO Tfi lO -^ WD ■* 50 CO lO CO »0 -^ CO -^ CO (N (M rH (M (M CO (N CO 1-i r-t IN CO l-tl-H ^ 10.-I r-i 1-i rH rH rH rH IN CO 1-t CO to IN C-COOOOOOcDCDr-COTt-i-iiOt-COCOCOGOGS Mi-lOiOI>- p. c 1 •" h II } li 34 : :.s ; : j 1 ii III c i 3 1 \ 1 1 236 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. CDIr-i-tCOIr-<£>aOO.-H ij^rHCOr-OqtNt-t^iM'^TflQO H US Si •l«?oi rH rH CO -«*1 (M CO C^ •^. •)U8UI (Mi-HC-GOCOOiO ri-H ■^ (C CO "* !M G^ CM t^ CO >o at K -luioddy A^a Tj1c0"^0'rt<— icooocom OirHOCO ;OiOr~U0r-iTj<,H ■sdjoo -a -AOX 1-H C-1 ^-a:iCOcoo:■».'7)u0 1--tco- . ■^Ot~OiiOaJOt-iOCM(Ot— 1— I CDlO'> ■eaiiinnSBO moj, iOi:01:-»0'^rHTt<(NiOOO"*i-i t-rH(Mi-H,-l CO -* "* CO rH t^ CO C-l r-1 LT 1 '3 1— 1 rH rH r-i (M CO CO CM CO CO (?q CO i^ ' COOti»OCOCO!:D'X>':t- •mox OCDOCOC^CO-rtlf^ii^OCOi-ICNrH '. <>} (MCO OSCOi-OCOOCCO' n ■M rH CO (M CN 01 : CO S<) CMCM !MC^ coc^^ uMonsi fiDOiu^fMrHtooDiOOOCa rH(MX00lOiHi-(.H CO ;rHr-ITpr- rCDtQt-OOCOCOL': .OS rHO ."^rHTtlOCD(N-H -HQ astiTiO t-OOiHtMOOOCfS-tlLOCOCOrHt- CO ;l--fr^-*COrH(M(Mp-.OiOCOt> a ^i!iw^8ia joj rH rH (M .H tH cm : CO rH CO O COCMCN(N.-i iHrHrH rH rH (M rt r-l rH rH (N rH Tt1C0(MTPfNTtHt-'*0':> rH r^ TtH CCDI>-Tt1OIr-rH(N rH C^»OrHTHC^C^I>-CiCN-^03:0C£ ■uopov nj rH O r-l »0 rH lO lO O Oi '^ OlO rH b ^ ■= ■» t- ■> c! ^ " fe ^ 1 ^U d ■ ■1 J 1 "a 1 ■a j: -•Slji: HH(NTOTH»^'g| ) P fc? P & g § m c 111 3i 1? 1- 1 1 F 1. ;| >l !! 1 \'i 3^ '■^ i''^ a n !i 1 a 31 .1 3 J 4 ^ 3.! n ij ii HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 23T r-iMOC0(Ml:^l>-OC0(>-t-.-D'^^ COQOOliOi-I'MiM'-l t-4C^(Ni-H COtNOlC^r-^r- (1— IrHi— (- IT- "^ O OS "* -^ rH CO CO CO a; rH'^Nt-t-OOOiC^cot-OsO'— iOOO'^cDt--a:r--cDC:cDcoasCrH ■^ H WWrH M : rH CO CO i>- c-05'^(NOOOCOrHCOCDCOCOOfNCDi— lOO;Cr;>C-COiO"*rH OirHOiOCscOiOC^OiOiOsOcDCO-^cocDOcOiM rHOOiM'sfrHrHir^ ,_i,^C : 1>J 1-^ (>i C^ r~i - |! . il f-. ■a i-i^S fl 5 I-l s rt i-^jH a5^ 1 js-S ».a I I I -*J -<.3 -^^ - a a a m m V a i'^ -S 1 1 ^ F5 >§ g -g •^--gl^^arS-Sa^^l 3 gl^-H 1 O ,o S-a^ "a 6D a fl — -Kaaaaaaaaaa ■^cn aa^CMCM«ScF3 oo n V d,d i3 b£;* - a &"£ I g 9 2 t ja ^ I ^„.2 ' ^ the width of the building higher than the walls or base of the rafters. How to reckon the cost of hay. Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. How to measure grain. Rule. — Level the grain; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. Note.— IJxactness requires the addition to every three hundred hushels of one extra bushel. The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8. If the corn in the box is in. the ear, divide the answer hj 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai corn to make 1 of shelled corn. Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any ■given plot in square j'^ards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres. The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walk- ing, keep these objects constantly in line. Farmers and others hy adopting the following simple and ingenious con- trivance, may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure. Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger ol the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being given. Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. 268 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given. Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left. The diameter being given, to find the circumference. Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. How to find the diameter, when the circumference is given. Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- ness throughout will contain when squared. Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on. Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and. divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. Howard's new rule for computing interest. Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left ; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left. Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. Note.— The reciprocal of the rate is found by Inverting the rate ; thus 3 per cent, per montli, in- verted, becomes K of a month, or 10 days. When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, three ones. Hulefor converting English into American currency. Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. A township — 36 sections each a mile square. A section — 640 acres. A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres. An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide — 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square — 40 acres. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 269 The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-east corner. The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de- scription of a forty acre lot would read : The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range Y west, or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain. The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile. SURVEYORS' MEASURE. Y 92-100 inches make 1 link. 25 links " 1 rod. 4rods • " 1 chain. SO chains " 1 mile. Note. — A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 66 feet. Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley- corn ; three of which made an inch. Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of measure is four inches — called a hand. In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes used, which is a length of nine inches. The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length. The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length. A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches. A fathom is equal to 6 feet. A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league. In cloth measure an aune is equal to li yards, or 45 inches. An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches. A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches. A Brabant ell is equal to 2Y.116 inches. HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man- ner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunity of ac- quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the business transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers. 270 MISCELLANBOTIS INFORMATION. 1875. A. I-I. JACKSON. Dr. Ci • Jan. 10 To 7 bushels Wheat at J61.25 18 6 1 48 6 17 75 30 25 00 25 50 $2 18 2 25 4 35 188 ~~ " 17 By shoeing span of Horses 50 00 40 Feb. 4 4 March 8 To 14 bushels Oats To 5 lbs. Butter By new Harrow. at S .45 . . . at .25 8 By sharpening 2 Plows " 13 By new Double-Tree " 27 To Cow and Calf April 9 9 To half ton of Hay ... .■ By Cash . _. 00 May 6 24 July 4 By repairing: Corn- Planter. 75 To one Sow with Pigs By Cash, to balance account . .. l") $88 05 05 187£ CASSA MASON. Dr. C:-. March 21 U 21 (( 23 May it 1 1 June 19 (I 26 July 10 29 Aug. 12 12 Sept. 1 By 3 days' labor at $1.25 To 2 Shoats at 3.00 To 18 bushels Corn at .45 By 1 month's Labor To Cash By 8 days' Mowing at $1.50 To 50 lbs. Flour To 27 lbs. Meat.... at $" .15 By 9 days' Harvesting at 2.00 By 6 days' Labor at 1.50 To Cash To Cash to balance account 10 2 2 20 18 $67 75 75 |3 25 12 1800 900 -$67 75. INTEREST TABLE. A SiMPLH Rule for accuratbly Computijto Iittbrbst at Ajiv Givkn Pjcit Cknt. for any Lehsth ov Time. Multiply the principal (amount of money at Interest) by the time Teduced, to days; then divide this pro*Mt bythegiioWcmt obtained by dividing 360 (the number of days in tlie interest year) by the ocr cent, oniitstcsli and t/ie quotient tftu» ofiCamed win be the required interest. Solution. $463.50 •49 ILLUSTRATION. . Require the interest of S462.50 for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An interest month is 30 days ; one month and eighteen days equal 48 days. $4b2.60 multl- Bi'.S?Jj„-.?8 gives S222.0000; 360 divided by 6 (the per cent, of interest) gives 60. and S22'J.0000 divided by 60 will give you the exact Interest, which is »3.70. uniera'-oot 370000 Interest in the above exampln were 12 per cent, we would divide the $222.0000 by 30 BiSfiO \ 185000 (because 360 divided by 12 gives 30); If 4 per cent., we would divide by 90; If SperzZlir \ _^^^ cent., by 45: and in like manner for any other per cent. 60/ $222.0000(53.70 180 420 420 lo MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 12 units, or things, 1 Dozen. I 196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour. I 24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire. 12 dozen, 1 Gross. 200 pounds, 1 Barrel of Pork. 20 quires paper 1 keam. „ . 20 things, 1 Score. | 56 pounds, 1 Firkin of Butter. 4 ft. wide, 4 r. high, and 8 ft. long, 1 Cord Wood. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 271 NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS, Virginia, — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region. Florida. — Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers." Louisiana was called after Louis the Fou-rteenth, who at one time owned that section of the country. Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest." Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long River." Arkansas, from Kansas, the Indian word for " smoky water." Its prefix was really arc, the French word for " bow." The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Carolana," after Charles the Ninth of France. Q-eorgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first established a colony there in 1732. Tennessee is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. e., the Mississippi which forms its western boundary. Kentucky is the Indian name for " at the head of the river." Ohio means " beautiful ; " Iowa, " drowsy ones ; " Minnesota, " cloudy water," and Wisconsin, " wild-rushing channel." Illinois is derived from the Indian word illini, men, and the French suffix ois, together signifying "tribe of men." Michigan was called by the name given the lake, fish-weir, which was so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap. Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more properly applies to the river that flows through it. Oregon owes its Indian name also to its principal river. Cortes named California. Massachusetts IB the Indian for " The country around the great hills." Connecticut, from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long River." Maryland, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of England. New York was named by the Duke of York. Pennsylvania means " Penn's woods," and was so called after William Penn, its orignal owner. 272 MISCELLANEOUS INFOEMATION. Delaware after Lord De La Ware. New Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who was Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel. Maine was called after the province of Maine in France, in compli- ment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green' Mountain. New Hampshire, from Hampshire county in England. It was formerly called Laconia. The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly* resemble. Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States and Territories. Alabama ArKansas California Connecticut Delaware Tlorida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Xoulsiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts — Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri If ebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania, Bhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Total States Arizona , Colorada Dakota District of Columbia Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyoming Total Territories Total TJnited States Total Population. 996. 484, 560, 537, 125, 187, ,184, ,539, ,680, ,191, 364, ,331, 726, 626, 780, ,467, ,184, 439, 827. .721, 122, 42, 318, 906. 382. 071, 665, 90, 521, 217, 705, 258, 818, 330, 225, 442, ,054, 992 471 247 454 015 748 109 891 637 792 399 Oil 915 915 894 351 059 706 922 295 993 491 300 096 759 361 260 923 791 353 606 520 579 551 163 014 ,670 38,113,853 9,658 39,864 14,181 131.700 14,999 20,695 91,874 86,786 23,955 9,118 442,730 38,555,983 POPULATION OP FIFTY PRINCIPAL CITIES. Cities. New York, N. Y Philadelphia, Pa Brooklyn, N. Y St. Louis, Mo Chicago, 111 Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Cincinnati, Ohio..... New Orleans, La. ... San Francisco, Cal... Buffalo, N. Y Washington, D. C Newark, N.J Louisville, Ky Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburg, Pa Jersey City, N.J Detroit, Mich Milwaukee, Wis Albany, N. Y Providence, E. I Rochester, N. Y Allegheny, Pa. Richmond, Va New Haven, Conn... Charleston, S. C Indianapolis, Ind Troy, nTy Syracuse, N. Y Worcester, Mass Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Cambridge, Mass. . . . Hartford, Conn Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Paterson. N.J Kansas City, Mo Mobile, Ala Toledo, Ohio Portland, Me Columbus, Ohio Wilmington, Del Dayton, Ohio Lawrence. Mass Utlca, N. y Charlestown, Mass., Savannah, Ga Lynn. Mass Fall River, Mass.... Population. 942,392 674,038 396,099 310,864 298.977 267,354 250,526 816,239 191,413 149.473 117,714 109,199 105,059 100.753 92,829 86,076 82,546 79,577 71,440 69,422 68,904 62,386 53.186 51.038 60.840 48,956 48.244 , 46,465 43,061 41,105 40,928 40,236 39,634 37,180 35,092 33,930 33,579 32,360 32,034 31,684' 31,418 31,274 30,841 30,478 28,921 : 28,804 28,238 26,766 MISCELLANEOUS INPOKMATION. 273 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, States and Territokies. States. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas '. Kentucity Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan* Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. . Ohio Oregon Area in square Miles. 1870. ,722 198 981 .674 120 268 000 .410 .809 045 .318 ,600 .346 .776 .184 .800 ,451 .531 ,156 ,350 ,9P5 090 ,280 .320 ,000 .704 964 .244 Population. 996, 484. 560,: 537, 125, 187, 1,184, 2,539, 1,680, 1,191.' 364, 1,321, 726. 626, 780, 1,457, l,184,i 439, 827, 1,721,: 123, 42, 318. 906, 4,382, 1,071, 2,665, 90, Miles R. K. 1875. 1872. 1,350,544 528,349 1,651,912 1,334,031 598,429 246,280 52,540 1,026,502 4,705,208 1,671 25 1,013 820 227 466 2,108 5,904 3.529 3.160 1,760 1,123 539 871 820 1,606 2,235 1,612 990 2.580 828 593 790 1.265 4,470 1,190 3,740 1S9 * Last Census of Michigan taken in 1874. state.s ahd Tbbbitobijss. states. Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia.... Wisconsin Total States. Territories. Arizona Colorado Dakota Dlst. of Columbia, Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyoming Total Territories. Area ill square Miles. 46,000 1,306 29,385 45,600 237.504 10,212 40,904 23,000 53,924 1,950,171 113,916 104,500 147,490 ,60 90,932 143.776 121.201 80.056 69,944 93,107 965,032 POPULATION 1870. 3,521, 217, 705, 1,258, 818, 380, 1,225, 442, 1,054, 9,658 39,864 14,181 131,700 14.999 20,595 91,874 86,786 23.955 9,118 442,730 Miles R. E. 1875. 1872. 258,239 925,145 1,230,72E 5,113 136 1,201 1,520 865 675 3,490 485 1,725 59,587 392 375 "498 Aggregate of (J. S.. 2,915,203 38,555,983 60,852 • Included In the Railroad Mileage of Maryland. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; ]*OPULAT10N- AND AeBA. Population. Date of Census. Area in Square Miles. Inhabitants to Square Mile. Population. China British Empire Russia United States with Alaska. France Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland. German Empire Italy Spam Brazil Turlrey Mexico Sweden and Norway Persia Belgium Bavaria Portugal Holland ^ ew Grenada Chili Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia SanSalvador Hayti Nicaragua Uruguay ". Honduras San Dnniingo CostaBlca Hawaii 500.000 817.108 925,410 925,600 469,800 904,400 785,300 .817,100 906,092 439,921 .642,000 000.000 463,000 173.000 921,500 000,000 021,300 861,400 995,200 688,300 000.000 000,000 .669,100 500,000 .000,000 .812,000 ,818,500 ,784.700 500,000 ,461,400 ,457,900 180,000 ,300,000 ,000,000 823,138 718,000 600,000 572,000 350,000 800,000 350,000 136,000 165.000 62.950 1871 1871 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 1869 1870 1871 ■1869 1871 1870 'i'sii 1870 1871 'i'sii 'i's'ii 1871 'isVi 1871 1871 'is 70 3,741,846 4,677,432 8,003,778 ■J, 603, 884 204,091 240.348 149,399 121,315 160,207 118,847 195,775 3,253.029 672,621 761,526 292.871 635,964 11,373 29,292 34,494 12,680 357,157 132,616 15,992 471.838 497,321 871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 5,912 19,353 40,879 218,928 63,787 2,969 9,576 7,335 10,205 58,171 66,722 47,092 17,827 21,505 7.633 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 232.8 262.3 187. 230.9 85. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 120.9 4.2 247. 75.3 28.9 6.9 15.6 277. 74.9 81.8 56. ■ 6. 6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Pekin London St. Petersburg.. Washington Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro Constantinople . Mexico Stockholm Teheran Brussels Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota. Santiago Bertie Lima Chuquibaca Buenos Ayres.. Stuttgart Copenhagen Caraccas , Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito , Asuncion Darmstadt Monrovia Sal Salvador ... Port au Prince Managua Monte Video. . . Comayagua San Domingo. . . San Jose Honolulu....... 1,648,800 3,251,800 667,000 109,199 1,825,300 833,900 1,554,900 3,251,800 825,400 244.484 332,000 420,000 1,075,000 210,300 136,900 120,000 314,100 169,500 224,063 90,100 45,000 115,400 36.000 160,100 35,000 177,800 91,600 162,042 47,000 36,600 43,400 40,000 70,000 48,000 30,000 3,000 15,000 20,000 10,000 44,500 12,000 20,000 2,000 7,633 STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.) COUNTIES. No. of Acres of Im- proved Land. No. of Acres Unim- pvoved Land. Appanoose Alaraakee Audulion Adams Adair Buena Vista . . Benton Boone Butler Bremer Black Hawk... Buchanan Clay Clierokee Cass Crawford Cedar Cerro Gordo... Clayton Clinton Chickasaw Carroll Clarke Calhoun Davis Decatur Duljuque Des Moines Delaware Dickinson Dallas Emmet Floyd Fayette Franklin Fremont Grundy Green Guthrie Hardin Humboldt Howard Harrison Hancock Hamilton Henry Ida Iowa Jackson Johnson Jasper Jones Jefferson Keokuk Kossuth Lee Lucas Lyon Linn Louisa. Mitchell Mahaska Marion Mills Madison Monroe .... Marshall Monona Muscatine Montgomery. . . O'Brien Osceola Polk Pochahontas... Pottawattomie Powesheik..... Page Plymouth Palo Alto Klnggold Scott Story Shelby Sioux Sac Taylor Tama TTnion Van Buren Wayne Warren Wiunesheik,... Woodbury Worth Washington... Webster Winnebago Wright 161059 134767 21146 65459 83132 33113 297518 156937 149498 145967 213025 19056 37059 54638 110864 58053 248869 62980 212291 299855 96504 58065 93694 26996 150938 115751 187831 149665 472029 15770 132435 9939 147098 179504 69359 115907 146039 59940 87259 128831 29114 115828 94848 10462 68966 182080 7292 191041 193290 241021 27E 20E 167S89 203125 31550 108952 15872 281118 151007 126884 199669 141512 102215 228735 52242 178945 104638 33626 18490 207689 21928 124630 156782 58233 18517 18400 235515 148649 53180 102861 255182 57005 153674 147766 194265 246140 44179 48927 225176 97288 17589 35516 No. of Acres under Culti- vation in 1874. 161083 156821 23819 43735 55680 .37034 53911 71810 58908 47001 150881 71418 39919 28974 45304 283414 41417 125188 151908 57837 94772 309744 50487 87172 98561 58165 62805 29850 57765 23586 S2I30 98156 43i'46 47926 49838 47220 39930 86906 171048 337451 341613 39935 60249 9494 89357 142401 71257 179752 63298 669' 98999 48798 78692 59757 S18841 62649 52922 70176 122190 82779 53604 47552 56278 48831 5060: 82070 31406 56841 85572 419489 4S697 175471 51912 S2225 58829 19123 4S374 89326 867394 47201 235515 90222 33216 99528 66795 167178 131670 5709' 45957 65652 61744 80625 15986 54832 66265 27010 239408 108642 124877 104810 181236 157240 83375 45412 92785 15262 16648.' 48648 178622 Spring Wheat. ■Kr, of No. of i^"- 0/ Bushels Acres. Harv't'd 74104 39159 13159' 93275 146244 97618 161357 11961 114625 8387 110708 133758 65590 135108 52823 76892 97765 27013 61871 7228- 90O5 52050 110831 6514 142401 193019 216949 140684 125590 149672 28835 133580 88857 12766 175655 100066 94138 150368 153214 99837 137979 9l7r' 117303 39844 129699 86026 26134 M651 140450 19219 906 ' 171583 115484 44379 166' 60873 185712 99387 47230 83515 24179 79442 214941 45826 113263 117689 153737 259469 33097 32157 157884 70910 12.121 28957 9606 61880 6876 17947 27550 13514 '99406 32505 S7907 64291 17481 31698 40123 21000 40467 28199 40162 26736 17968 11040 5378 8211 49240 10615 60401 5701 29256 8911 62067 60779 31096 13229 67384 19891 27489 38464 12046 36113 15026 8108 48410 43513 45306 79926 36090 16287 33278 10798 10851 13954 8132 52178 19764 65534 84862 45136 24385 37553 11638 69895 15331 32875 1381 14904 8769 87686 7434 83369 57312 10926 47698 26658 22029 22996 11056 15-146 97013 10586 7455 108' 42175 112175 15243 28092 41646 80554 8939 13629 281376 435014 162737 1343666 429257 T79167 644795 1108024 812342 158159 40150T 824894 640544 415468 1305125 1010345 643519 340161 217090 109631 80993 77169 634185 113396 71728 25822 445848 1510 941489 863670 Winter Wbeat. No. of Acres. 206901 976607 257760 393574 497251 20902 143701 70006 180220 48316 670247 650000 666779 1107170 462478 164904 13139 72624 153587 76742 656397 1088811 893532 5-29663 842961 628314 1014IS 1125382 183811 416471 551539 157326 7475- 80774 688971 855792 442736 78851 762815 817944 251286 110094 206813 1487807 141188 58808 76846 654679 1813465 2;R875 410487 469879 891051 162281 IQRIAA 1049 181 10 7 70 1347 12 S 3 7 10 5379 817 No. of Bushels Harv'fd 491 100 81 6192 148 140 15400 31 12 205 189 83 1220 10 125 40 244 143 61 1439 5 11 1964 97 174 3500 21030 428 55 150 56405 12239 1720 117310 60 Indian Corn. 186 10625 ""44 1080 7942 1274 200407 3-29 54 160 16267 2212 543 484 6584 200 629 894 ' '475 20283 , 160 "1762' 618 20 10 960 121854 1236 910 14193 "'270' No. of . Bushels Acres. Harv't'd 64871 24325 9225 25474 8797 9459 40382 17957 78224 9512 37948 16014 39066 10656 62127 50484 67118 102924 56150 3183 57652 2197 26462 37091 24066 73845 40175 41304 9998 9916 44720 2067 20441 62672 2301 (2518 58962 77142 100217 65423 55061 75697 9781 59863 47023 2645 91773 49642 11274 83775 84630 59543 69494 45575 67699 215TZ 54760 39251 6379 2510 77497 8981 47258 86748 71386 10097 6641 85613 59071 61273 17674 6780 8662 48260 73251 24063 S0211 65623 80280 27185 14647 3530 73265 28713 1374 mnoa 905920 394653 969777 1403428 1595752 1270878 1026641 1811250 180120 815215 1901062 648658 2843921 265443 1471263 8061338 514'279 550041 1580260 351120 2116569 1763140 1702391 2807938 1690385 44455 14278 642448 1296480 1' 1482682 783027 1379961 297381 307912 1620192 57899 670731 2415670 108465 2713830 1665518 3158178 4523869 1909534 1695510 3327282 119777 2190306 3439928 2184658 411961 8768209 8835063 1533976 1738916 2808256 1713973 1441467 106052 17279 8272040 1750038 S571105 17S778 142957 1143937 2226346 1783477 689556 32038 mne 1419680 1130930 1823622 2405187 977316 490371 917911 62425 QQ10.11 Acres. Harv't'd 13736 13776 4455 2791 15490 10401 18827 14259 16804 17431 4436 3545 9079 7199 20024 23704 11744 8238 12337 2993 13643 10565 25115 9242 20577 1549 15461 20770 9532 5419 11786 4227 4145 10982 3974 10210 3462 1353 5108 13893 455 11756 23652 17760 15267 18260 14005 15582 5143 11817 12665 8477 22670 6793 14078 16646 10987 6528 8743 11513 13611 2804 13287 5832 8107 1390 12188 2541 6278 11416 9768 4161 2979 9118 15915 11273 2254 4691 8085 8718 18574 6127 12596 18242 8391 24307 8072 444S 15701 7491 1827 Value of Products of Farm in Dollars. 387346 443829 33233 141293 159739 67069 445070 404620 421719 518571 538196 556209 98766 115595 176281 99158 675837 228097 669895 107377 367643 73182 345707 S4455I 632113 37282 335124 3241 487729 704407 828679 179645 401948 120948 153505 3569(3 90944 14060 819071 521156 52'ai97 446128 447603 27857 279069 342164 13789 585648 175735 542662 496248 335746 232639 285103 241081 465243 66475 403362 201685 63931 26829 431841 40494 168081 833565 346507 120437 46839 255007 71676 45096 187748 281510 .8216508 91647 161657 433820 ABSTRACT OF IO¥A STATE LAWS. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed ; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. .Parties may agree, in writing, on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. DESCENT. The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, as exempt from execution; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including life insurance, descends as does real estate. One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. . 276 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased wife. The widow's share cannot be affected by any -will of her husband's, unless she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- visions of the will. The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband or surviving wife. Subject to the above., the remaining estate of which the decedent died siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them. Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- ants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to like rules. Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. No exact form»of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent wit- nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half per cejit. on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- ble for extra services. Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appointment as the court or clerk shall direct. Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, are forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 277 Claims are classed and payable in the following order : 1. Expenses of administration. 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. 6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice given by the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow, in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of th» deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. : 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ; property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies ; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such lease ; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- dents in any such institution, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- scribed by their charter. , 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous to the listing ; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value ; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 278 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. revenue ; sucli opinion and the fact upon whicli it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person; and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars in value. 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with' ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent, interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. LINN TOWNSHIP ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 281 JURISDICTION OF COURTS DISTRICT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. CIRCUIT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed $100 or the imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a stutute penalty;, and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on the ground of fraud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within five (5) years. Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any of the above periods. Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, and th^y shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 282 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liaMIity to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own interests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with the jury to inflict it or not. A MARRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may coa- vey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. A resident of theState and head of a family may hold the following prop- erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre ; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months; all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bed- stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- niture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of- which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time viithin ninety days next preceding the levy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 283 There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. ESTRAYS. An unbroken animal shall not be taken up a3 an astray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed with it as if taken on his Own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. The estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the Justice need not proceed farther than to enter the description of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less, than ten dollars, if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- plied with the law and paid costs. An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and moderation. If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to comply with the law regarding estrays. or use or work it contrary to above, or work it before having it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such oifender shall foifeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a comnlete title vests in the finder. 284 ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him tlie appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the estray. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. MARKS AND BRANDS. Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, jlnd have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other ptiison residing in his township. DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the damage ; and if the party injured elects to recover by action' against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of distraint. When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known-; and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting the notice, between the hours of 1 and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir- cuit Court. Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. FENCES. A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence- provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- teen inches from the ground. The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain paitition fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and, if found insuf- ABSTEACT OV IOWA STATE LAWS. 285 ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a month interest, by action. In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to who shall erect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done ; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double damages. No person, not wishing his land inclosed, and not using it otherwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- tion fences. Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above. And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give' his neighbor six months' notice thereof. Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove crops. MECHANICS' LIENS. Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other improve- ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor done or materials furnished. It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- contractor secures his lien. He should file, withia thirty days after the last of the labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or labor nerformed. and when completed, and containing a correct description of 286 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole verified by affidavit. A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as above. Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a princi- pal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above ; and that actions to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much better be done with an attorney. ' ROADS AND BRIDGES. Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one half of the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- ing five dollars. The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person wronged. Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit ; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district ; and when noti- fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at one time, without their consent. Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a wallc across any such bridge. The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so ^ell known to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) When the petition is filed, ?11 necessary and succeeding steps will be shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. ABSTEACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 287 ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Any person 'Competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child •of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separ- ated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk, of the Circuit Court of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by party. or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such •child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. The person adopting s^U also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall .acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be acknowledged. The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. There is in «!very coranty elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by-himself or his Duputy, to make ■a\\ surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- :ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested j)ersons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and iiipartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the 'Original survey of the same land, if there be any in the •office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- with. Their fees are 'three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty-five cents. . SUPPORT OF POOR. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- ship Trustees. In the absence or inaMity of nearer relatives, the same liability shall extend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- 'children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order, to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing mayJbe had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 288 ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of th& Circuit Court. When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or hus- band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such estate. The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- son abandoned, or give secui-ity for the same, the order shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township oflScer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- ises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the Ist day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due ; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the- term. The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the landlord is entitled to a writ ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 289 of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to rcover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the affidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to- wit: Apples, Peaches or Quinces, Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, Osage Orange Seed Millet Seed Stone Coal. Lime Corn in the ear Wheat Potatoes Beans Clover Seed Onions Shelled Corn Kye Flax Seed Sweet Potatoes ,.... 48 40 32 32 45 80 80 70 60 60 60 60 57 56 56 66 46 Sand 130 Sorghum Seed 30 Broom Corn Seed 30 Buckwheat 52 Salt 50 Barley 48 Corn Meal 48 Castor Beans 46 Timothy Seed 45 Hemp Seed 44 Dried Peaches 33 Oats 33 Dried Apples 24 Bran 20 Blue Grass Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed .'. 45 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. DEFINITION OP COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now. United States Currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to; ft for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; '^ for per or by the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f ft, and Flour at $8@$12 f bbl. % for per cent, and # for number. May 1. "Wheat sells at $1.20@$1.25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling " short " to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the " shorts " are termed " bears." Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable Within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much as possible. 290 ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. NOTES. Fonn of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and ^une of payment are mentioned : $100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received. L. D. LowEY. A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub' stituted for money in the above form. ORDERS. Orders should be worded simply, thus : Mr. F. H. Coats : Ghicaho, Sept. 15, 1876. Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and char^ to F. D. SiLVA. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for services Tendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. Thomas Brady. If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. BILLS OF PURCHASE. W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. Bought of A. A. Graham. 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at 11.50 $6 00 2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 Received payment, ' $6 60 A. A. Graham. CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. -j Iowa, , 18 — . after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum after until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, interest at same rate and conditions. a failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the •whole note to become due and collectable at once. If thin note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall he allowed as attorney fees. No. — . P. 0. — , CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. — vs. — . In Court of '■ County, Iowa, , of — ■ — 'County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in tli« ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 291 sum of dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees, with interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — hereby confess judgment against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of | , and $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be paid . Said debt and judgment being for . . It is especially agreed, however. That if this judgment is paid within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment. Dated , 18—. . The State of Iowa, 1 County. j being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said as aforesaid. Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said • this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market- able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times ; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. 292 ABSTRACT OP IOWA STATE LAWS. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, One Hun- dred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. John Jones, Thomas Whiteside. agreement with clerk for services. This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first part, and ' George Barclay, of McGregor, County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — WITNESSETH, that Said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, without absenting himself from his occupation ; during which time he, the said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month ; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay. Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. George Barclay. BILLS OF SALE. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purchaser mmt take, actual possession of the property, or the bill of sale must be acknowledged and recorded. COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administra^ tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horsey, ^ sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns, forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatsoever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Louis Clay. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 293 NOTICE TO QUIT. To John Wontpay : You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now occupy to wit : '[Insert Description.] on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. [Reverse for Notice to Landlord.] GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and tes- tament, in manner following, to-wit : First. I give, devise and bequeath unto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging ; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my. two daughters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and also, each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the Recorder's office, in the county where such land is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Sdid building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relinquish her 294 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. ■ And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney H. Mansfield. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use for- ever. In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eighteen hundred and seventy-two. Charles Mansfield. Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and tes- ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. Peter A: Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa, Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. CODICIL. Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mans- field, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles Mansfield. Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles Mans- field, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. {Form No. 1.) SATISFACTION 'OF MORTGAGE. State of Iowa, \ County, j I, , of the County of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge that a- certain Indenture of , bearing date the ■ day of , A. D- 18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on the following described Real Estate, in the County of , and State of Iowa, to-wit : (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the Recorder of the County of , and State of Iowa, on the day of , ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295 A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of Mortgage Records, on page , is redeemed, paid ofiF, satisfied and discharged in full. . [seal.] State of Iowa, ) County, J Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18 — , before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above written. . ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. Know all Men By these Presents : That , of County, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described premises, situated in the County , and State of , to wit : (here insert description,) and do hereby covenant with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same ; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that the said shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory note for the sum of dollars. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. And the said Mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her riorht of dower and homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed to day of , A. D. 18 — . [Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. This Indenture, made and executed by and between of the county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the county of and State of party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs and 296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate situated in the county of and State of , described as follows, to- wit : {Here insert description.') " The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said premises, that they are free from encumbrance and that he will warrant and defend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do expressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and convey all rights of homestead therein. , This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- ditions, to-wit : First. Said first part agree to pay said or order Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the same. Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so paid. Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes due ; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing conditions or agree- ments, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall become due and pay- able, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security therefor, and the same shall be included in the decree of foreclosure and shall, be made by the SheriiF on general or special execution with the other money, interest and costs, and the contract embodied in this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects be governed, constructed and adjudged by the laws of , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] FORM OF LEASE. This Article op Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of A. D. 187-, by and between , of the county of , and State of Iowa, of the first part, and , of the county of - and State of Iowa, of the second part, witnesseth that the said party of the first (deceased) VIOLA ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 297 part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described premises, to wit : l^Here insert description.'] for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, a,% the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to wit : [^Here insert Terms.'] And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3,612 of the Code of 1873 ; or he may use any or all of said remedies. And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by superior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes whatever ; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever ; that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part ; and that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by fire, and the depredations of animals ; that will keep buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable necessity", or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ, excepted ; and that at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condi- tion as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by ~ fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. In witness' whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date first above written. In presence of FORM OF NOTE. ,18- On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to pay or order, dollars, with interest from date until paid, at ten per cent, per annum, payable annually, at . Unpaid interest shall bear interest at ten per cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall become due at once. 298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County, and State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of County and State of do hereby sell and convey unto the said — '■ the following described personal property, now in the possession of in the county and State of , to wit : l^Sere insert Description.'] And do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for the sum of dollars. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent, One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due = — , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, including $ Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. Signed the day of , 18 — . -., .j* [Acknowledged as in form No. IJ . WARRANTY DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That '— of County and State of , in consideration of the sum of Dollars, in hand paid by of , County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit : ISere insert description.'] And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee simple, of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance ; that — ha good right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever ; and the said hereby re- linquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the — — day of , A. D. 18—. IN PRESENCE OF [Acknowledged as in Form No. l.J ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 QUIT-CLAIM DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand paid by , of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do hereby acknowledge, have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the following described premised, to wit : [here insert description] with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . Signed in Presence of [Acknowledged as in form No. l.J BOND FOR DEED. \ Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and State of , in the sum of Dollars, to be paid to the said , his executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself firmly by these presents. Signed the day of A. D. 18 — . The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pSy to said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of — certain promissory note of even date herewith, for the sum of Dollars, One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obligor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or parcel of real estate, situated in the County of and State of Iowa, described as fol- lows, to wit: [here insert description,] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice to the obligee terminate his liability under the bond and resume the posses- sion and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this agreement. On the fulfillment of the above conditions this obligation to become void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue ; unless terminated by the obligor as above stipulated. [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 300 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHARITABLE, SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS. Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, a majority of whom shall be citizens of this State, who desire to associate themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific, religious or missionary pur- poses, may make, sign and acknowledge, before any officer authorized to take the acknowledgments of deeds in this State, and have recorded in the office of the Recorder of the county in which the business of such society is to be con- ducted, a certificate in writing, in which shall be stated the name or title by which such society shall be known, the particular business and objects of such society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Managers to conduct the same, and the names of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of such society for the first year of its existence. Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons who shall have signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their associates and success- ors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic and corporate by the name stated in such certificate, and by that they and their successors shall and may have succession, and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, and may have and use a common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure ; and they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable of taking, receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate, and of making by-; laws for the management of its affairs, not inconsistent with law. The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management of the affairs and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in such State, established agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, Directors or Managers; and when any such institution may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers as shall be agreed upon by those bodies immediately concerned. And any vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, shall be filled by the synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent.. In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such .by-laws. Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a wife. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 301 child or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more than one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or bequest shall be valid only to the extent of such one-fourth. Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of officers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- ings ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in this State. The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in the county. , The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated or continued.' INTOXICATING LIQUORS. No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes ; and even such sale ia limited as follows : Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In order to get thut consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors. If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- three per cent, on the cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and the amount of freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him isince the date of his last report ; to whom sold ; for what purpose and at what price ; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand ; which report shall be sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all times to the inspection of the public. , No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. 302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating liquor. But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by the importer thereof of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author^ ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in accordance with such laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola- tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void. Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable consideration, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or other property who may have taken the same in good faith, without notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was taken, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the above provision. Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or in consequence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, with consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- icating liquors contrary to law, shall be liable. The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six months, to be determined by the Township Trustee. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corporation and such two- mile limits. The power of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold on the day on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of the place where said election is held ; except only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. B03 SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- TION. The business of publishing looks hy subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consid- eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay thn price named. ' The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of*.the promise to pay, and not the too often exag- gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi- pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the tim_e of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, i^ persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is; if they can not read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. 3of POPULATION OF LINN COUNTY IN 1875, showing, by townships and cities, the number of males and females, the number of voters, the nativity of population and of voters, and the illiteracy of the county. Compiled from the State census of Iowa for 1875. Bertram, Brown Bowlder Buffalo College Western, town Clinton Fairfax Fayette Franklin Mt. Vernon, town .... Lisbon, town Grant Jackson Linn Maine Marion Marion, town Monroe Olter Creek Putnam Rapids Cedar Rapids, town. Spring Grove Washington POPULATION. 467 668 457 311 499 113 548 590 465 502 364 278 457 500 478 668 1009 955 5G8 408 427 688 3534 486 791 Total 16226 15488 31709 13425 14208 357 659 436 248 421 125 494 530 392 495 403 288 363 465 447 647 945 1071 582 390 371 644 3573 441 696 824 1327 893 559 920 238 1042 1120 857 997 767 561 820 965 925 1315 1950 2026 1150 798 798 1332 7107 927 1487 p a IS ° °g 424 600 423 270 406 100 447 426 394 500 292 213 338 445 495 572 885 709 572 394 370 569 2341 475 765 .00 ■347 693 338 191 236 131 468 478 417 376 449 329 424 445 401 669 992 1217 524 286 163 543 3053 354 684 194 305 205 12:^ 164 62 225 251 216 219 186 137 185 223 226 315 468 465 262 156 148 305 1701 188 347 7274 6 a S5g 169 282 14,1 84 99 56 174 148 194 176 176 126 164 181 208 278 424 395 241 113 82 236 1192 1.58 320 5817 ILLITEEACT. ^ ^ ^ t n' - " "Si 21 29 [ 6 16 .7 1 44 PRESIDENT FIffST NAWNAmANH MAF?ION HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. GEOLOGY. INTRODUCTION. The geology of Linn County is not isolated. It is a link in the chain of the geology of the Mississippi Basin. No especial examination of its soil and rocks, to our knowledge, has been had. In a general way, this has been done, as included in that of the Northwest, by that eminent scientist, David Dale Owen, United States Geologist, as given in his report of a geological survey of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, made under instructions from the United States Treasury Department, in the years 1848 and 1849. In order to arrive at a comprehensive view of the geological record of Linn County, that is, as to its rock formations in geologic time, it will be necessary to show the connection that exists between it and our surroundings. Fortunately this is presented, and our Cedar River formation receives especial mention in the introduction to D. D. Owen's report : The lower sandstones (lowest protozic strata) will be seen coming to the surface on the east side of the Upper Mississippi, north of the Wisconsin River. This doubtless underlies, also the extensive drift and red marls and clays of the Lake Superior country, there assuming a red tint bnd ferruginous, argillaceous character. To these succeed the Lower Magnesian Limestones, which appear on both sides of the Upper Mississippi, southwest of the Lower Sandstones, and partially intersected by narrow belts of the same, where they crop out beneath it, in the deep cuts of the streams, or rise to the surface along the bearings of partial axes of upheaval. Next supervenes the Upper Magnesian Limestone, with its underlying shell-beds, its lead bearing strata, and its coralline and pentamerous subdivisions, all lying south of the two preced- ing. Southwest, again, we come upon the Cedar Limestones, cotemporary with the Devonian formation of English geologists, separating the Magnesian Limestone of the north from the Car- boniferous Limestones and the great coal field of Iowa and Missouri. The intervening country, lying chiefly toward the headwaters of the Mississippi and its tributaries, and on Bed River (of the North), is overspread with drift. The latter occupies, in this district, not only a much greater area than any one of the above described formations, but nearly as much as all of them put together. Underlying the whole of these formations, but showing themselves only over limited tracts, either in cuts of the streams or where they protrude in dykes or ridges upheaved by igneous action, are the crystalline and metamorphic rocks. We also represent this in tabular form, to show where corresponding to the known formations. 308 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. SUPEKEICIAL SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS. Drift Period. — Erratic Block, and Fine and Coarse Drift; Red Clays and Marls, overlying- the Red Sandstone of Lake Superior. SUPEKPOSITION OF THE FOSSILIFEKOUS STRATA. OORBESPONDING FORMATION. FORMATION. DESCRIPTION OP FORMATION. GEOLOGIC AGE. Hamilton Group, Onondaga Limestone. Clinton and Niagara Group (and Onondaga Limestone in part?) Hudson River Group and Trenton Limestone. Calciferous Sandstone New York. of Potsdam Sandstone of New York. Cedar Valley. Upper Magne- sian Limestone of Iowa and Wisconsin. Upper Sand- stone of Min- nesota and Wis- consin. Lower Magne- sian Limestone of Iowa and Wisconsin'. Lower Sand- stone of Wis- consin and Minnesota Upper Coralloid Limestone. Middle Shell Beds. Lower Coralline Beds. Coralline and Pentamerous Beds. Lead Bearing Beds. Shell Beds. Sandstones, usually white and incoher- ent. Magnesian Limestones, with veins and segregations of Chert and Quartz. Magnesian Limestone, with Oolitic lay- ers and green particles, disseminated wiih intercalations of Magnesian Limestone. Soft, fine Sandstones, usually fine grained. Upper Trilobite Beds ; Fu- coidal layers and Green Earth. Coarse Lingula Grits; Lower Tri- lobite Beds; Lingula and Obulus lay- ers; Inferior Pebbly Beds ; Red Sand- stone of Lake Superior. D 6 vonian Age. Upper SilgriaD Period./ Lower Silurian Period. Lower Si- lurian Pe- riod. Lower Si- lurian Pe- riod. As this pioneer and great geological report is becoming very scarce — perhaps the copy before us (a borrowed one from another county) is the only one in the county — and as it, fortunately, is the work of the father of our local knowledge on this subject, placing a few of his words in our county history will be but a due method of expressing our appreciation, and at the same time we shall be preserving to our posterity a legacy of great value. It is from this report that the geological information we find in our text-books, relating to our territory, has been derived. In this report, we believe, the world first learned that America was the oldest -continent — Europe and Asia, with all their great and lofty mountains, were modern in comparison to America. In the report on the by which he was led to the announcement that America is the oldest continent; "Bad Lands" in Nebraska and Dakota, David Dale Owen gives the reasoning geologically speaking, it is not the "New World," as we have been led to call it. We give this reasoning as an unique specimen ; and which may serve as a model for our geological reasoning ; and perhaps be the ideal on which some future Owen will reason out and establish the detailed geological historyof Linn County : " The investigation connected with the geology of this curious country, and the natural history of its ancient Fauna, are invested with no small degree of interest when we consider that, at the time these singular animals roamed over the Mauvaises Terres of the Upper Missouri, the configuration of our present continent was very different from what it now is. Europe and Asia were then, in fact, no continents at all, being represented only by a few islands, scattered over a wide expanse of ocean. The Atlantic seaboard of the United States, back to the mountain ranges, and up the valley of the Mississippi as high as Vicksburg, was yet under water. Mount ^Etna, that remarkable volcanic cone HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 309 of Sicily, nearly 11,000 feet in height, was yet unformed, and the fertile plateau of that island, more than 100 miles in circumference^ was still (ieep under the tertiary Mediterranean Sea. In Europe, during the period following the extermination of the eocene fauna of Nebraska, the Alps have been heaved up nearly their whole height, and in Northern India, the whole sub-Himalayan range has been elevated. In South America, 9,000 feet has been added to the height of the Cordilleras, and the South Atlantic has been driven back 700 miles ; while a district of country 2,500 miles in length, from the Great Plain of the Amazons to the Straits of Magellan, has emerged from the ocean. " Some of my readers, who have not made Geology a particular study, may be curious to follow the course of reasoning by which geologists have arrived at such startling results — results which must, no doubt, appear to them incredible. " In Europe, in Asia, and both North and South America, science has long observed and studied particular geologic formations, which, in all these countries, have a certain degree of uniformity of organic remains therein embedded. These are, chiefly, an assemblage of marine shells and corals, which, though they differ in most instances in trivial minutiae of form, yet bear a close resemblance to the very shells and corals now inhabiting our seas, and which are cast by thousands upon our shores. '' It is not in a few rare instances alone that these fossil shells are detected embedded in the substance of the rocks in question ; many of the strata, and especially those that contain much lime, actually teem with these exuviae ; and not infrequently, as in Florida and Mississippi, they are but an aggluti- nated aggregate of marine productions. We have, indeed, the most unequiv- ocal proof that all the strata comprising this formation have been a succession of sediments or precipitates consolidated at the bottom of the ocean. Alter- nating with these beds, there are also others interstratified, filled with the bones of quadrupeds which have perished on the banks and near the mouths of rivers, whence they have been swept into estuaries and bays, and embedded in the sed- iment there accumulating. In the occurrence of such mammalian remains, the geologic formations to which the attention of the reader is now called differ essentially from every other which underlies them, and which, therefore, are of more ancient date, since it is self-evident that the upper layers of sedimentary deposits must always be the newest and last to have settled down. " These bone and shell beds constitute what is now known as the Tertiary or Cainozoic grand divisions of the fossiliferous rocks, and overlie the chalk of England and the cotemporaneous marly limestones and argillaceous beds of this country; and with the exception of transported superficial sands, gravel, erratics, marls and alluvial earth, are unquestionably the most recent of the sedimentary strata. These tertiary rocks are of great thickness, and admit of being sub-divided into subordinate groups and members, of older and newer dates — chronologically, as well as palasontologically, distinctly separable from each other. Thus we have become acquainted with a lower, middle and an upper group, and even subdivisions of these groups, in each of which peculiar and distinct races of animals are found. By these, any given member can at once be identified, even on remote continents. For instance, the gigantic ani- mal, the skeleton of which was discovered in the bad lands, called the Paloeo- therium, characterizes the lowest group of the formation. Its remains are con- fined exclusively to the eocene beds, both in Europe and this country ; whereby we learn that the animal lived during the dawn of that geological epoch, and became entirely extinct before the middle group began to accumulate, which latter does not contain a vestige of its bones, though rich in the remains of 310 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. an entirely diiferent set of extinct animals. The same is true of the uppermost and most modern beds of the formation as compared with the middle and lowest divisions. " Now it is an axiom in geology, which all experience fully confirms, that there is never any reversal of superposition — these tertiary beds invariably occupying the same relative position with respect to the chalk formation, being always above it, never below it so long as they remain in their original undis- turbed condition. They may be twisted, contorted and sometimes even turned and folded under the upper, over limited spaces ; but these are local inversions of the order of arrangement by subsequent disturbance, and occur only in mountain chains in which powerful subterranean forces have been at work, and close observation can even there, in many instances, trace the continuity of strata around the axes of the pliated subverted beds. " In such situations, the strata may be baked, indurated and greatly altered from their original appearance, but all this does not by any means militate against the general proposition. Wherever organic remains can in such cases be detected, they always prove to be infallible guides to unravel the complicated structure and solve the difficult geological problems which such regions fre- quently present. " Another self-evident fact of this science regards all strata which have been rent asunder, broken, tilted, or otherwise disturbed, as, in every case, more ancient than the dislocating forces and eruptions producing such derangement of the bed ; and older, also, than the rocks which, in a nascent state, may be thrust up through the fissures and parted walls of the superincumbent layers. " Admitting these facts, the corollary follows which determines the age of mountain chains, and which may now be illustrated by demonstrating the period of the principal uplift which gave origin to the highest and most extensive range of mountains in all Europe. ^ " Among the sedimentary strata forming part of the flanks of the Alps, there are certain dark colored slates, marls and sandstones, known in Switzerland by the name of Flysch. These beds are implicated in the gigantic movements which have convulsed the whole of Switzerland, and they have been carried on the crest of the intruding masses, in their upward course, until they have actually been raised more than 10,000 feet — nearly to the highest summits of the chain. This effect was produced, not by one violent, tremendous eruption, but rather by a long succession of oscillatory movements — by contractions and sub- sidence of the rocks during periods of repose, and the extinguishment of volcanic fires ; and by the expansion of the wedge-shaped nucleus, as well as by the ejection of incandescent materials, during the rekindling of the irresistible chemical reactions, called into activity by interchanges of elective affinities going forwai-d in the great laboratory of nature — the bowels of the earth. " The question now arises : Can we determine the age of these disturbed Flysch beds ? Can we refer them to any group of sedimentary strata, the age of which is well established ? If so, we have the clue — we have the data, the proof — the quid e-rat demonstrari, by which the period of formation of the Alps is mathematically demonstrated. The Flysch beds were long regarded as of great geological antiquity, anterior even to the great coal formation ; but in the language of a French geologist, ' The longer they are studied, the younger they grow,' and this, notwithstanding their great hardness, solidity, or even local crystalline structure Now, all the most experienced geologists of Europe admit that, so far from being classed with the paleozoic rocks, their position above the numulite limestone has latterly proved that they really belong to the HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 311 eocene or early tertiary, which subdivision contains, in France, the celebrated Gypsum quarries of Montmartre, containing the remains of Palaeotherium and other remarkable extinct quadrupeds, and which are cotemporaneous with the Nebraska beds, affording a gigantic variety of the same genus, and the other coeval extinct races which form so interesting a feature in the palaeontology of the Mauvaises Terres. Thus it is that the geologist is able to prove, as satisfactorily as can be demon- strated a mathematical problem, that, at the times these fossil mammalia of Nebraska lived, the ocean ebbed and flowed over Switzerland, including the present site of the Alps, whose highest summits then only reached above its surface, constituting a small archipelago of a few distant islands on the great expanse of the tertiary sea." STRATIFIED ROCKS. In the prosecution of his survey in 1849, Dr. Owen visited Linn County. Maj. Robert Holmes, then a resident at Marion, "piloted" him about the country, where there were rocks exposed, or things remarkable to be seen. The Major speaks of him as a man of the acutest observation, and the greatest reti- cence ; his eyes were all the time open to see and detect, and his mind seemed hard at work, analyzing, comparing and classifying his observations. One day, after a long ride in silence, the Major thought to enlist him in a conversation, and asked him his opinion on a subject then exciting public attention : " If the science of Geology confirmed the Bible? " His reply was : " Sir Charles Lyell is of the opinion it does." The Major says "he remembers that reply well, as he had plenty of time to ponder it over, but no further opportunity for con- versation." The particular object of his visiting the valley of the Cedar was to deter- mine its geological character ; the point of great interest being that the Upper Silurian, Devonian and Subcarboniferous formations come together somewhere to the east of and above the confluence of the Cedar and Iowa Rivers. The strata of either in places were found near together, but owing to the limited outcropping of rocks it was difiicult to lay down a particular line of limit. He says : "The inferences to be deduced from his observations (given below) made on both sides of Cedar River, in Muscatine, Johnson, .Cedar and Linn Counties, are : All the rocks, as well those referable to the Upper Silurian as to the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, have been subjected to disturbances subsequent to the Carboniferous era. These disturbances have been chiefly dislocations, through which the strata have been displaced more by abrupt ver- tical depressions and elevations, than by prolonged, arched or waved movements." /Ai Mineral Contents.— the structure and composition of the rocks which form the bases of this tract of country are not unfavorable for the retention of minerals ; its physical features, however^ do not indicate a mineral tract. Along the course of dur route, no symptoms were observed of ijnportant axes of dislocation and disturbance. The surface is comparatively level ; the ledges of rooks lie low and horizontal, without any abrupt uplifts or sudden faults, as if beyond the sphere of active action that has fissured, and filled with metallic matter, the magne- sian limestones lying to the northeast, near to the Mississippi. Its Range, Extent and Bearings. — The superficial area of the formation under consideration is much less than that of any other system of sedimentary rocks of the district. It may be traced along the course of the Mississippi River, for the distance of about thirty miles, viz.: From near the head of Rock River Rapids, a few miles below Parkhurst, to the town of Wyo- ming. Thence the formation ranges, with a northwesterly curve, up the valley of Red Cedar River ; forming a belt, averaging, at first, some twelte or fifteen miles only in width, but gradu- ally enlarging, until when in latitude 43°, it disappears under the drift of Northern Iowa, it attains a width of from thirty to thirty-five miles. Over a large portion of this tract of country, and especially on the high grounds, these limestones are concealed, wholly or partially, by extensive deposits of drift. Indeed, they appear mostly only in low ledges, near the water-courses. 312 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Its Physical and Agricultural Ohnracter. — On leaving the northwestern margin of that portion of the Illinois coal-field, which, on the west side of the Mississippi, juts into Iowa, in the vicinity of Muscatine, a sudden change is observable, not only in the character of the soil, but also, to some extent, in the climate. The soil which overlies the sandstones of the coal measures is of that warm, quick, siliceous, porous character, which rapidly advances vegetation, but is apt to leave it in a parched condition, during the drouths of Summer or Autumn ; while, immediately north of the mouth of Mud Greet (Sec 10, T. 78, R. 2 W.), the stiff, dark, calcare- ous soil marking the transition to the liioestones of the Cedar Valley appears. Though less forcing in its character than the other, this soil is much richer and more retentive ; storing up the successive acquisitions and infiltrations from organic decomposition, until the proportion of geine, humus and other organic principles rise from ten, sometimes even to thirty per cent. For wheat and small grain generally this soil is well adapted. Its Lical Details, — On leaving the Mississippi (at Muscatine) and proceeding in a northerly course for two or three miles, there is a change in the soil after passing the principal branch of Mud (Mad?) Creek, and on Section 27, Township 79 north. Range 2 west, Fifth Principal Meridian, on the east bank of Sugar Creek (Cedar County), ledges of rugged magnesian lime- stone rise twelve feet above the water level at the foot of a dam. In this rock I tound no well- defined fossils ; but the imperfect Tereb'atulm and Pentameri, as well as the lithological character leave little doubt that it belongs to the Upper Silurian epoch. This inference was confirmed by observations on the opposite side of the same stream, where these magnesian beds are at an eleva- tion of from fifteen to twenty feet, and have resting on them from fifteen to twenty feet of a white, brecciated, close-textured limestone, the extension of the beds of the Upper or Rock Island Rapids of the Mississippi River ; at which locality the superior beds contain Terebratula reticu- laris, T. aspera, Spirifer enruteines, Orthis resupinata and Favosites spongites. In juxtaposition with these calcareous beds, in a hollow, not thirty paces from Sugar Creek, and at an elevation Of twenty -five feet above the creek, a light, buff banded freestone, an ouilier of the coal formation, crops out. On Section 1.5, Township 79 north, Range 2 west, on the same creek at Freeman's Quarry, are solid ledges of magnesian limestone to the height of thirty feet. At this locality, no white limestone was observed overlying it, only some loose pieces of freestone are scattered on the slopes. In some of the slabs of the magnesian limestone lying in the quarry are casts of Cyatkophyllsc, a small Terebratula, and an Orthis, not sufficiently well preserved to make out the species. At Floyd's Mill on the same creek, on Section 14, Township 80 north, Range 3 west, is a similar rock, having, however, a more earthy and arenaceous appearance, and sometimes banded. There the white, brecciated limestone lies about twenty feet above the water. On Red Cedar River, half a mile from Rochester (southeast qr. Section 2, Township 79, Range 3 west), ig magnesian limestone, like that at Parkhurst, and a variety of freestone is again in close proximity ; and a half a mile west of the same place, twenty feet of buff colored earthy magnesian limestone (this rock has the same lithologicil appearance as the Quarry Creek rock near Le Claire on the Mississippi and an analysis gave Carbonate of Lime 52.15 ; Carbon- ate of Magnesia 42.10; Oxide of Iron, Alumina, etc., 1.90; Insoluble matter, X.20 ; loss and moisture 2.65), is exposed with nests of calcareous spar and black specks disseminated, such as are found at the head of the Upper Rapids of the Mississippi. On Rock Creek, a mile northeast of Rochester, a light colored magnesian limestone is in place ; and the same rocks form ledges of thirty-five feet above the level of Rocky Run, on Sec- tion 27, Township 80, Range 3 west. At these latter localities, the magnesian limestone is of a much lighter color than is usual ; it has, however, the texture and glistening aspect peculiar to dolomitic rocks. Only obscure casts of organic remains are found in it. In digging a well on Section 9, Township 80 north. Range 8 west, rock was struck at thirty- two feet, and the excavation continued for forty-three feet more, first through white, close-grained limestone, and then magnesian limestone. The top of the well is about seventy feet above the waters of the Cedar. A mile or a mile and a half from this place, on Rocky Run, earthy magnesian limestone with dark specks is exposed eight feet above the water At the south end of Mason's Grove the rock is a cellular magnesian limestone, containing Erdrochites. Between this place and Rocky Rvin, porphyritic boulders are scattered over the prairies, of a similiar composition to those observed in the Winnebago Reserve (south of Crow Wing, Minne- sota), but smaller, about one-third the size. At the crossing of Clear Creek, in the southern part of Cedar County, twenty-six feet of buff- colored magnesian limestone, with cavities, is exposed in a quarry. The lower strata, to the height of fifteen feet, lie in heavy beds from one and a half to three feet thick, and over the whole the beds are much broken and irregularly divided. At the crossing of Breakneck Creek, on the road from Rochester to Marion, the rocks are schistose, even bedded, and ring under the hammer, possessing a texture like some of the Daven- port limestone. On Section 11, Township 83 north. Range 7 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian, west side of Indian Creek, the upper rock is compact, close-textured limestone, resting on magnesian limestone beneath. At the source of the Big Spring that drives McLoud's Mill on Section 9, Township 83 north. Range 7 west, a partial exposure is seen of soft, yellow, magnesian limestone, like that observed at Quarry Creek, near Parkhurst. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 313 The bed of Cedar River, at the rapids (near the gas works in Cedar Rapids) in Linn County, is formed of white and gray compact limestone, containing Terebratula reticularis, Orthis resupinata, Spirifer eureutinex, Lithoslrotion hexagonum, L. ananus, Favodtes Gothlamiica (rar. F. basaltica), Oorgonia retiformis (?), and a small species of Oyatiphyllum. The quarry near by, which has been opened in the prairie bottom, is composed of thin, even bedded limestones, containing nests of calcareous spar. It afforded, however, few or no fossils. On the high ground, between (Cedar) Rapids and Marion, on Section 15 (Southwest J 11?), Township 83 north, Range 7 west of Fifth Principal Meridian, freestones, like those of the coal series, occur, whilst a, quarter of a mile north of this place, both buff-colored magnesian and white compact limestones are in place. In sinking wells on the prairie on which Marion stands, a schistose limestone is struck, at a depth of from thirty to thirty-five feet. The soil and sub-soil are usually fifteen feet deep. Beneath these a stiff blue clay sets in, sometimes passing into a yellow clay, enclosing water- worn pebbles. Under this clay is an ancient vegetable mold, intermixed with sticks, leaves and timber. This soil rests upon the above mentioned limestones. Water rises plentifully, to the height of seven feet in the wells, on peuetratiog the ancient soil. Small particles of lead ore are reported to have been found, in digging the foundation of the Court House at Marion. It is possible, however, that it may have been pyrites, or blende, ores which are of more frequent occurrence in the formations prevalent in Linn County. Where the Tipton road, passing through Linn Grove, crosses Big Creek, compact magnesian limestone is overlaid by white and buff colored limestone. In the bed of Cedar (River), in Township 80 north, Range 3 west of Fifth Principal Meridian, probably on Sections 34 and 27, limestone, possessing a close lithographic texture is found, at a low stage of the river. The stone cutters of Iowa City are supplied with gravestones from a quarry of cream colored limestone, which lies in thin, even bedded layers, to the height of from thirty to forty feet above Cedar River, in the south part of Township 82 north. Range 5 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. The lowest strata, which are the thickest, hardly exceed eight inches. In some of the layers, small hemispherical concretions run in the joints of the strata, as well as through the substance of the rock itself. The best of the slabs approximate in character to lithographic limestone. They are, however, of too coarse a texture for fine work. The upper strata are striped- with yellow, obliquely to the bedding. On Section 28, Township 81 north. Range 4 west, where the south line of the section strikes the river above Washington Ferry, the rocks are of the same character as at the last described quarry, only in rather thicker layers of a yet coarser texture. The lowest layers have very much the aspect of the beds observed on the west side of Clear Creek. A north and south crevice traverses the rock at this place, con- taining some calcareous spar and ferruginous clay ; but no metallic ores have been discovered, the crevice being filled with tumbled wall-rock, intermixed with red clay. The strata have a. southerly dip of 3°. A quarter of a mile lower down, near the middle of Section 34, of the same township and range, below Washington Ferry, there is a fine quarry of heavy beds of sub-crystalline magnesian limestone. This rook, which is of the Upper Silurian Period, dips southwesterly, under the thin bedded limestones above the Ferry., These latter appear, from their chemical composition, to belong to the Devonian system, although no evidence was derived from organic remains, which are very scarce at both localities. Some well known Devonian forms are, however, in the debris of the river near by. In Hickory Grove, on the southeast corner of Section 34, Township 80 north, Range 4 west of Fifth Principal Meridian, both magnesian limestone and white limestone lie within two yards of each other — the latter containing Spirifer euruteines gorgonia rectiformis (?), and a Stromatopora, of the same species as that found in the Winnebago Reserve. The Devonian rocks consists chiefly of white or gray limestones, sometimes brecciated, or of argillaceous limestones, both varieties containing a much smaller percentage of magnesia than the adjacent dolomitic rocks of Upper Silurian date. The former are of no great thickness, probably not exceeding seventy feet. The prairie country, based on rocks belonging to the Devonian and Carboniferous Systems, extending up the Red Cedar (Cedar), Iowa and Des Moines, as high as latitude 42°, or 42° 31', presents a body of arable land, which, taken as a whole, for richness in organic elements, for amount of saline matter and due admixture of earthy silicates, affords a combination that belongs only to the most fertile upland plains. The valley of the Cedar River and Indian Creek have been formed subse- quent to the Devonian age. There was a wide valley for the Cedar at the time of the Drift, which may have filled it up level, and when it was cleared out again the channel of the river, in places, may have been considerably changed. As especial objects of interest, we may mention that the rocks of Cedar River in Linn County afford the finest specimens of fossils — they are literally a great shell-bed — from which Devonian, Carboniferous (?) and Silurian (?) fossils can 314 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. be taken almost as natural as life, with many undetermined species. In addi- tion to those fossils given, we have found a Zaphrentis Gyathophyllum and other polyps. A Tribolite, beautiful specimen (photographed). Geodes. Some of the shell-bed rock polishes into pretty marble ornaments, barring the blemishes caused by the shell of the fossil. There is a layer of this rock overlying yellow clay, on the bank of the river, below the dam and just above the creek, coming down the Vinton road. In the quarries on the C. & N. W. Ry., two miles below Cedar Rapids, can be had fine specimens of colored calcite, and in the lower quarry concretionary structures, like geodes, are numerous. In the upper bluif rock, at a small ravine, below an old limekiln at the bend of the river, between three and four miles above Cedar Rapids, at one place appear fossils, undetermined in name, that may be carboniferous. The shell rock, which is last seen at the bend of the river (as above), crops out again below Cedar Rapids in a ledge south of the creek, a distance above the upper lime kiln, back from the river a short distance. At the latter place are porous stones, oval in shape, that suggest a sponge petrified. Between Indian Creek and the Cedar River, westward of Marion, there are places, sink holes, where the water has found its way down in the rock, and in places caverns have been worn. It is possible that in the stalagmite of these • caverns there may be petrified human remains. Concretionary structures can be obtained in the clay bank at the Epley brick yard ; they are in all shapes, single and combined, round and flat, hollow and cracked. Some are odd looking. There is an indication of a fault — a vertical depression — having taken place- at the rapids in the Cedar, near where the Vinton Road Creek enters the river. The tilted rocks in the vicinity of the Wapsipinicon give evidence of con- siderable disturbance. TJNSTEATIFIED ROCKS. The Drift Period will be the part of this subject of most interest to the general reader, especially so, as there are only a few persons but have an opinion as to its origin. The drift has covered, substantially, the whole country ; but in the present valleys, nearly every drift vestige has been removed, and hence is not covered with drift material, as is the case on the general levels above the , river valleys, in the woods and over the open prairies ; an occasional " boulder " — a component part of the drift soil — of more than ordinary dimensions, in the valley or bed of the river, has been left as a relic to point to the past, and to the reflecting mind suggest what may have been. In speaking of the drift soil, we say the drift deposit ; this, of itself, sug- gests that the soil has been deposited — has been brought here, from somewhere, by some means. We flnd it composed of clay, sand, gravel, rocks and an occasional piece of coal and other minerals has been found. This drift soil is many ■ feet in depth — from inches in some places to over a hundred feet in other places. Throughout the drift — deep down, or protruding at the surface — we find rocks, these of larger size called boulders. These boulders, in places, are near together, thick on the ground ; then, a whole section might be searched and not one to be found. Sometimes we see them lying in such direction to each other that there seems to be some method in their being scattered — in streaks longer than wide — and these streaks may have a direction from the northeast to the- southwest or from the southwest to the northeast. These boulder-s are observed to be unlike the rocks we find in the quarries of our county ; they are different in composition, generally of granite. They have a smooth surface, most are HISTOKT OF LINN COUNTY. 315 rounded in shape, indicating that they have been smoothed — by the same influences we find stones smoothed in the creeks and rivers — worn smooth by abrasion by the action of water. These rocks came from somewhere ; where they came from, the soil surrounding them came from also, would be a natural inference, and came at the same time — the boulders and the drift soil came together. If we know where the boulders were brought from, we may then find out the means by which they may have been brought together here. The Drift epoch is usually called the Glacial epoch, under the idea that ice, either in the form of icebergs or glaciers, was concerned in the transportation of the boulders, pebbles and earth . Ice may float masses of many thousand tons' weight, when in the condition of an iceberg, for twenty, thirty or hundreds of miles ; and so glaciers, as in Greenland, may bear along great masses of rock or earth, But simple running or moving water is comparatively feeble for such results. There are, then, two theories, the Iceberg axiA the Glacier. The former supposes large parts of the continent under the sea; the latter places the same regions above the sea, and per- haps at a higher elevation than now. They thus diverge at the outset. — Dana. How the drift became connected with icebergs, and the iceberg's relationship to the glacier, can be seen at a glance on reading Dr. Kane's description of those in Greenland : Humboldt Glacier. — -This line of cliff rose in a solid, glassy wall, 300 feet above the water level; with an unknown, unfathomable depth below it. The interior with which it commu- nicated and from which it issued, was an unsurveyed mer de glace, an ice ocean, to the eye, of boundless dimensions. It was in full sight — the mighty crystal bridge which connects the two continents of America and Greenland. In mass, Greenland is continental over 1,200 miles in length. Imagine, now, the center of such a continent, occupied through nearly its whole extent by a deep, unbroken sea of ice, that gathers perennial increase from the water-shed of vast, snow-covered mountains and all the precipitations of the atmosphere upon its own surface Imagine this moving on like a great glacial river, seeking an outlet at every fiord and valley, rolling icy cataracts into the Atlantic and Greenland sea. It is thus, and thus only, that we must form a just conception of a great glacier. It was slowly that the conviction dawned on me, that I was looking upon the counterpart of the great river system of Arctic Asia and America. Yet here were no water-feed- ers from the south. Every particle of moisture had its origin vpithin the Polar Circle, and had been converted into ice. There were no vast alluvions, no forest or animal traces borne down by liquid torrents. Here was a plastic, moving, semi-solid mass, obliterating life, swallowing rocks and islands, and plowing its way with irresistible march through the crust of an investing sea. As the surface of the glacier receded to the south, its face seemed broken by piles of earth and rock-stained rubbish. As I looked over the ice belt, losing itself in the far distance, and covered with its millions of tons of rubbish, greenstones, limestones, chloritic slates, rounded and angular, massive and ground to powder, the importance as a geological agent in its transportation of drift struck me with great force Its enormous masses of the Great Glacier are propelled, step by step, year by year, until, reaching water capable of supporting them, they are floated off to be lost in the temperatures of other regions. We now present part of what has been said by Dr. Owen in his report : Extensive deposits of drift prevail throughout the interior of the Chippewa land district. These fill up the inequalities of the surface, and give, for long distances, a greater degree of flatness and uniformity of contour than one would expect to encounter in a country near the sources of so many large streams. Between the western tributaries of the Chippewa Eiver and the heads of the eastern branches of the St. Croix and Rum Rivers, the drift seems to rest chiefly on the northern exten- sion of the lower protozoio (containing remains of the earliest life of the globe) sandstones of Wisconsin, which formation appears to be invaded only at a few points by intrusive rocks of igneous origin. The drift of this part of Wisconsin, which, in a great measure, conceals these underlying formations, is chiefly of a light, sandy and gravelly nature, supporting, locally, mul- titudes of boulders, many of which do not appear to be far removed from the parent rock. Where valleys have been excavated by streams, these boulders, undermined and rolling from the higher grounds, have accumulated on the banks and ip the beds of the rivers, causing frequent obstruction in the channel, or covering it as with an artificial pavement. Northeast of the Chippewa, toward the Michigan boundary, the drift reposes chiefly upon metamorphic (sedimentary rocks, which have been changed by heat) schists and granitic rocks ; and the same is true of the extreme northern portion of the district, and of a belt of country some forty or fifty miles in width, ranging north-northeast and south-southwest, from Mille Lacs, 316 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. through the rapids of the Mississippi and St. Peter's Rivers, between longitude 94° and 95°. In these latter regions, besides the coarse boulder drift sand and gravel, a deposit of finer materials, more marly and argillaceous, and of ash gray color, prevails over considerable areas. Bordering Lake Superior, red clays and marls, containing a large percentage of oxide of iron, underlie the boulder drift. The sand which constitutes the most bulky part of the drift of the interior of Wisconsin, north of the forty-third degree of latitude, has evidently been derived from the denudation of the beds of the lower sandstones, belonging to the Lower Silurian Period. Between Crow Wing and Sandy Lake, there is no rock visible in place on the Mississippi. The sections expnsed by the river, throughout the whole distance, present deposits of clay, sand, pebbles, boulders and loam, varying, in thickness, from ten to one hundred and twenty feet. Such deposits are usually described as a part of the drift formation, although it is evident to my mind, that they were deposited under very diiferent circumstances from those which operated during the great " err at c" period. In some places the drift hills are conical, or, rather, dome like ; but most generally the elevations are in the shape of narrow, oblong ridges, with gently indalating valleys between them. Opposite Upper Saukville (Wisconsin River), the hills on the river are again of drift, composed of loose sand and boulders of trap, porphyry, quartzite granite and masses of mag- nesian limestone, some of which would weigh several hundred pounds. Behind the drift hills, which are upward of one hundred feet high, rise higher hills, in which rocks are partially exposed, and one mile above Sauk Prairie, the lower magneslan limestone forms a bold and rug- ged escarpment at the top of the bluffs, which are three hundred and sixty feet high, with drift hills on the foreground one hundred and thirty feet high, resting against the slope of the prin- cipal range. On the west side of the Mississippi, in the vast prairie region of Iowa, the attention of the geologist is frequently arrested by erratic blocks of enormous dimensions, scattered here and there, and half sunk in the ground. As they arise around the ocean of grass, they may be seen for miles; and in the absence of more conspicuous objects, they form the principal landmarks of the traveler. The largest of them might, in an inhabited country, very well be mistaken for cabins in the distance. The measurements of one observed, were found to be fifty feet in cir- cumference and twelve feet high. It is probable that at least one-half the rock is buried beneath the ground. Hence, may be gathered some idea of their dimensions The boulders appear to be most abundant along the route which I traveled, between the headwaters of the Wapsipinicon and Red Cedar (Cedar), and some ten to fifteen miles beyond the latter, along a belt which may be twenty to thirty miles in breadth. Among the smaller of these erratic blocks is considerable variety; it is, however, somewhat remarkable that almost every large boulder which I examined in this region is a peculiar variety of porphyritic granite, in which the feldspar is of a flesh color, and often in large, regular crys- tals. Of the granite which I found in place in the (northwest of Wisconsin) Chippewa land district, along my route to Lake Superior, that which was found at the first rapids of the Court Oreille River (from Lake Court Oreille, in the northwest corner of Chippewa, Co., Wis., to the Chippewa River), comes nearest to the composition and appearance of these prairie boulders. This, how- ever, can hardly be the source from which they have drifted, for the direction of the belt of erratics does not appear to be transverse to the streams, that is, from northeast to southwest, but parallel with them, from northwest to southeast. No boulders were found near Cedar River, in Townships 79, 80 and 81. A few only were noticed in the east part of Johnson County, eight miles from Iowa City, near the Dubuque road. The only explanation that is at all satisfactory in accounting for the transporting power which has brought these detached masses of granite rocks into their present position is, floating ice — ice drifted by currents setting in from the north before the land emerged from the ocean, in the same manner as, at the present time, thousands of tons of rock are precipitated on the bed of the Atlantic Ocean from icebergs which annually work their way from the north, and melt in southern latitudes. No mere currents appear at all adequate to convey such heavy blocks across valleys and over hills, to a distance of hundreds of miles from the parent rook. Their isolated position on the prairie also indicates that they were dropped into their present position, rather than rolled into. Under the latter supposition, even if it were possible, they would probably be closer together and more regularly assorted as to size. There are facts ascertained which render it probable that a large area of the Northwest Territory has been raised during very modern periods, even since the present fauna inhabited its lakes and rivers. Below Parkhurst (Rock Island rapids?), on the west bank of the Missis- sippi, I have observed, over a considerable tract, multitudes of Unios, besides a variety of other fresh water mollusoa, of the same species as those now inhabiting the Mississippi and it'i tribu-- taries, elevated far beyond the reach of the highest freshets ; and I am informed that the same deposit can be found in some places as much as a hundred feet or more above high water mark. It is well known to those who have traveled much in the swampy and undine regions of the Mississippi Valley, that there is a gradual drainage of its waters taking place, even at this time, 80 that land which was formerly covered with water is now completely dry ; and shell marls HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 317 found through portions of the prairie country show that many of these places are but drained lakes or expansions of the great water courses. The fine silicious and loamy marls widely distributed in the valley of the Mississippi, at an elevation of a hundred to two hundred feet above the present rivers, containing Cyclostoma, Phye «, Succinea, Helices, Helicina and Planorbes, with occasional Unio, Paludina and Melanica, and considered to be of the age of the Loess (a tertiary deposit) of the Rhine, in Germany, afford evidence of a modern rise of the lands of the interior of the Northwest. There is abundant evidence of the rise of land throughout the valley of the St. Peter's, and 1 would call attention to the fact that the ancient elevated bed abounds in boulders, while but few are seen in the upland prairie, and none on the recent alluvial deposits. Hence I infer that the second bench was not formed by the same causes which accumulated the first bench. In relation to an occasional piece of coal, Dr. Owen has this to say : " On the Mankato (St. Peter's) several pieces of lignite were picked up from the beds and banks of the streams. Some of this lignite approaches in its character to canncl coal, but most of it has a brown color, and exhibits distinctly the lig- neous fiber and other structure of the wood from H^hich it has been derived. At one point, a fragment was found seventy feet above the level of the river, projecting from the drift. It appears most probable that the pieces found have been transported from the North along with the drift. All of the coal found did not exceed ten pounds." A similar origin can most probably be ascribed to any other pieces of mineral that may be found. Since the publication of that report, we believe coal of this character has been discovered in the Arctic regions on Bathurst Island, which lies in a line to the north of a trend of the great lakes of the north — Winnepeg, Athabasca and Great Slave ; ■ arid it is noticeable that this lake valley is parallel to the present iceberg channel of Baffin's Bay. This would be a strong argument to support the iceberg as against the glacial view of the origin of the drift. This coal of a " woody fiber" may have been formed from wood carried to the Arctic regions by ocean currents, as is being done by the Gulf Stream to the coast of Nova Zembla to-day. This Gulf Stream in and north of latitude 42° meets the Arctic currents that bring down the icebergs, retards their surface southerly flow, and, hence, icebergs are seldom seen below that latitude. If the same natural Gulf Stream, with a continent submerged, had passed over the now Valley of the Mississippi, and an iceberg had come down over the now valley of the lakes, stretching to the north, the Gulf Stream would have checked those icebergs in the latitudes in which we now find the boulders. The larger part of the drift deposit on the prairies is now clay, when, in all probability, it was sand when deposited. It may occur to ask, what has pro- duced the change ? We can, perhaps, answer this question by asking another one : What has become of all the vegetation that it is reasonable to suppose through the unnumbered years, has grown, fallen and decayed on the soil? On poor, sandy soils we have known men to haul peat, wood, etc., and burn it. This had the eifect, in a short time, to make a heavier soil — to make a light clay of it. Nature may have worked in the same way ; burnt the accummu- lated vegetable deposits' and from the original sandy soil, through the action of the ashes on the same, changed it to beds of clay. THE MOUND BUILDERS. How long man has existed on this earth has not been determined. History and chronology are not by any means definite as to his age. It is very proba- ble that our knowledge of man, or what man may have done, does not extend further back than the time when his thought became preserved in writing. We think this is so, for we find that the first record, or oldest record, we have is of the people that first reduced or preserved their thoughts in writing. Historical 318 ■* HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY; man is no older than the time of the knowledge of writing. In the eariiest records, traditions of a remoter time may be preserved, but it is hardly possible that tradition has any reliability more than a thousand years, if as long, previa ous to the time of writing. Where we find records of man unmentioned in history, not necessarily prior to any history, those records and those people are called pre-historic. In America, history goes back no further than is preserved in the oldest European annals. The North American Indians had no written language prior to the time of the European ; they had traditions, and memory preserved them as best it could. To determine the age of man from his first appearance on the earth is undoubtedly an impossibility. However, it would be natural to suppose that the oldest continent was man's first habitat ; there we should find the first evidence of his existence. What relics of man — fossils, preservations in the rocks, caves and earth — there may be in America, on account of the limited search that has been made, we cannot now tell. In Europe, extensive pre- historic relics have been discovered. Near Abbeville, on the Somme River, in north of France, relics were discovered in a bed of stratified loam, sand and gravel, situated ninety feet above the valley ; the layers apparently had not been destroyed since their formation. Bones of the old elephant were found in the overlying sandy layer. Near Amicus, the beds are similar, and are situ- ated eighty-nine feet above the bot'tom of the valley. Their thickness is twenty to thirty feet. The arrow-heads and hatchets are in a gravel .resting on chalk ; and in the same deposit were found bones of the ancient elephant, rhinoceros and hippopotamus. At Hoxne, England, five miles east of Diss, flint imple- ments occur in alluvium, with land and fresh water shells, and some mammalian bones — part of them of extinct species; and it is probable that the deposits date back to Post-Tertiary mammals. The beds, according to Prestwick, "are more recent than the boulder clay of the Glacial Period. This evidence may not be carrying man back in past time so much as the bringing forward of the extinct animals toward our own times. About several of the Swiss lakes, there are remains of "lake habitations," in the shape of piles and platforms for their support, which are in view at occasional low stages of the water. In connec- tion with the structures, numerous human relics have been found, such as stone , arrow-heads, lance-heads, axes, hammers, bone harpoons, bone arrow heads, pieces of pottery ; but nothing made of metal. Many relics have been found in caves. Near Aray, in France, a human jaw was found in the same. bed which contained remains of rhinoceros and the cave bear and hyena. In Kent's Cavern, near Forquay, England, there are flint arrow heads. At Brix- ham, Devonshire, in the superficial stalagmite, other human relics — as frag- ments of rude pottery and bones — have been found, with bones of the ancient mammals ; and they occur in each case in such connection as appears to show that man existed before the extermination of the Post-Tertiary species. A cave near Auvignac, in the vicinity of the Pyrenees, contains human skeletons, and flint and bone or horn implements, along with fragments of bones or teeth of the cave hyena, cave bear, cave felis, fox, wild boar, bison, stag, reindeer, Irish elk, and others. These bones are supposed to have been carried in by the ancient anhabitants, and the most of them were from their food. Many show that they had been split open to get out the marrow. Some of these are of the species of the Post-Tertiary, which were probably the earliest to disappear. These quotations will convey a brief idea of what may be found elsewhere of the early existence of man, when search has been made as thorough and intelligently as in Europe. We can likewise gather from this where remains HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 319 may be looked for, and what we may expect to find. Again, we can note that, in France, where these rehcs have been found, geologically speaking, it is a much more recent formation than our own. We likewise have made these quo- tations to pave the way for our remarks on the subject of this notice — the Mound Builders. If it is really true that there were pre-historic peoples, then the oldest continent would be, in all probability, the first inhabited ; and as this is the oldest continent in the formations of the geological period, and as there are found relics of man in England in identically the same strata as are shown in Linn County, why may we not reasonably expect to find relics of man — relics as old as any — in Linn County ? If man once existed here, why may he not have always existed here ? It is certainly unreasonable to think young Europe should alone have early relics of man. What, place the " Mound Builders " are entitled to in the world's history, since they have left no relics but mounds of earth, which mounds are probably funereal pyres or places of sepulture, we can simply conjecture. We believe some rude carvings on slabs have been exhumed at Grand Traverse, Mich., Davenport, Iowa, and Rockford, 111. These carvings may have reference to the sun, moon and stars ; we believe the savants favor such an interpretation. As to where he lived, careful geological study of his mound may some day deter- mine. He was a link in the chain of man's existence ; tracing it to its source, we may discover some hitherto unknown facts regarding man's origin, or the ancient history of America.' This continent may have been more intimately connected with Asia than is at present considered. It was a spontaneous expres- sion of the poet — " Westward the Star of Empire takes its way." It is westward the march of peoples has been. Let us trace it back. Philol- ogy, an unerring guide, points out the line of progress. The preservation of the mother tongue, in the roots of speech, are like mile-stones carried forward and set up, to ever after indicate the distance of language from the cradle of its birth. In a word, with rare exceptions, Europe was peopled from Asia, South- ern Asia from Eastern and Northern Asia ; and at a very early day, the Egyp- tian, passing along the shore of the Indian Ocean toward the west, rested at last on the fertile plains of the Nile. Language indicates that Europe and Asia were settled by peoples which came from the northeast of Asia — from the west. Came from America ? From the isles of the Pacific ? Let time tell. How many times man has passed around the earth, seeking new fields and pastures green, pressed on from old and worn to new and rich, impelled by his great and ever present hunger, with flocks and herds and increased population, is a topic for speculative thought. When one becomes familiar with figures, six thousand years of historic time beside the unnumbered ages as read in the earth's rock-record look very small. We can readily imagine the learned and poetic Psalmist of Israel in contem- plating these works of God's hand, exclaiming: " A thousand years are but as yesterday in Thy sight." How long is a thousand years ? Compare the life of the empires of the earth with it, and how short their lives appear. Babylon, 1,500 years ; Egypt, 2,200; Assyria, 1,500; Phoenicia, 1,500; Jewish, 2,100; Troy, 1,000; Athens, 1,400 ; Rome, 1,300 ; Medo-Persian, 500 ; Macedonian, 600 ; Par- thian, 900 ; Carthage, 1,300 ; the average of these— we might say the life of these people, their length of endurance — is less than fourteen hundred years. Taking this as a test, we may assume that a distinct people would not exist 320 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. more than fourteen hundred years. This -will give us an idea to judge by. Com- pare the average life of these nations with the age of the Cedar Valley ; com- pare historic age with Cedar Valley, whose channel has been cut down through the rocks between one and two hundred feet. Look at these old Devonian rocks, with their fossils as fresh as of yesterday. Look at the clay soil that overlies the rocks. Has it been changed in fourteen hundred or in six thousand years ? Now look at those mounds that are on the crests of so many ridges, and say how old they are ! Forests of giant trees have come and gone over them, how many times ? Those mounds were built by the people known as the " Mound Builders." What of their life ? What of their age ? What of their history ? We have the mounds, and substantially the mounds only. But these mounds are an interesting study of themselves. We have not observed these mounds only in the vicinity of the Cedar River, above and below Cedar Rapids ; our observations find them in positions as follows : LOCATION OP MOUNDS NEAR CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA. Township. Bange. Number of Mounds. N. W. i S. Vf. i S. JS. E.} S. |N. W. J. , N. W. J N. E. J. N. JN. W. 1 EJ W.J N. W. JN. W. J. Total 35 16 16 17 20 18 18 •24: 83 83 83 83 83 83 11 14 11 3 11 11 11 12 No. 1 has eleven mounds, situated on the crest of a divide. The general direction of location is from north to south, or south to north. The correct location, I believe, is from south to north ; that is, they point to the north. These mounds are now raised about three feet above the level, and are uni- formly thirty feet in diameter. Counting from the south, the sixth and seventh are generally within a few feet — come very near touching each other ; the others are as near as, may be, two diameters apart. These remarks will apply to No. 2, No. 3, No. 5 and No. 6. No. 2 has eleven in a line (as No. 1), and then three mounds to the east appear to be parallel, and may have had the remaining eight removed by cultivation. No. 4 is on the bottom — second bench land ; are a little larger in size ; the others, to make out the eleven, may have been destroyed by cultivation. No. 7 has eight in position, and then a valley intervenes, and the three additional, making the eleven, are on the ridge next to the north. No. 8 has twelve. They are on the crest of a divide which passes around the head of a deep ravine, and follow the divide at the angle. One mound is set inside of the angle. Most of these mounds (No. 8) have been lately opened, but we think no relics were found. We have been careful to find the place that the earth composing the mounds was taken from. Generally, the banks of a near ravine indicate, by their shape, the place. Under the strongest sunlight, in a mound cut through the center, we could detect no indi- cation or difference in the clay to show that it had been removed or disturbed, or that there had been any remains in it to discolor the clay in their decom- position. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 321 Let it be observed that the mounds are substantially north and south in line of location. They are eleven in number, uniform in size, and, I believe, cover every ridge in the vicinity of the rapids of the Cedar having the direction suffi- cient in length on which the mounds could be placed. They are built in the locality the least likely to be disturbed, and in the shape and of the material the most enduring. There certainly was intelligence displayed in their loca- tion and in the selection of the material of which they are constructed, as well as in the design of their form and positions. There may have been more mounds than these, but these are all that are left — all there are left of that race which might have sent from their number emigrants to people the new land, to the far West, the last continent, fresh and vigorous from the ocean, the newest born, the best then adapted for man's material and mental development. J. S. Newberry, in Johnson's Cyclopedia, says : From all the facts before us, we can at present say little more than this, that the Valley of the Mississippi and the Atlantic coast were once densely populated by a sedentary, agricultural and partially civilized race, quite different from the modern nomadic Indians, though, possibly, the progenitors of some of the Indian tribes ; and that, after many centuries of occupation, they disappeared from our country at least one thousand, perhaps many thousands of years, before the advent of the Europeans. The prehistoric remains found so abundantly in Arizona appear to be related to the civilization of Mexico ; and the remains of semi-civilized Indian tribes now found there are, perhaps, descendants of the ancient builders of ihe great houses and cities whose ruins are found there. GENERAL SUMMARY. The first white occupant of any part of the territory included in the great State of Iowa, of which history gives any account, was Julien Dubuque, an adventurous Frenchman, who commenced working the lead mines in the vicinity of the site of the city that now bears his name and perpetuates his memory, in 1788. Dubuque is said to have been a Canadian Frenchman, and probably obtained his first knowledge of the Upper Mississippi country from the reports left by James Marquette and Louis Joliet, who were authorized by the French Government of Canada, in 1673, to "start from the Straits of Mackinaw and find out and explore the great river lying west of them," of which they had heard marvelous accounts from the Indians about Lake Michigan. Marquette and Joliet, accompanied by five boatmen, left the southern extremity of Green Bay and ascended Fox River in small canoes to the head- waters of that stream, and thence carried their canoes and provisions across to Wisconsin River. Again launching their canoes, they floated down that stream and entered the Mississippi on the 17th day of June, 1673. "When we entered the majestic stream," wrote Marquette, "we realized a joy we could not express." Quietly and easily they were swept down to the solitude below, filled, no doubt, with wonder and admiration as they beheld the bold blufis and beautiful meadows along the western bank of the Father of Waters, then revealed for the first time to the eyes of white men. This was the discovery of Iowa — the "Beautiful Land." At this time, and until 1788, this newly discovered territory was inhabited only by tribes of Indians, of whom we have but a vague and unsatisfactory his- tory. Marquette and Joliet left but a very brief statement concerning them, and that statement is summed up in a very brief paragraph. On the 21st day of June, 1673, the fourth day of their journey down the Mississippi, they landed on the west bank and "discovered footprints of some fellow mortals and a little path leading into a pleasant meadow." They followed that trail a short distance, when they heard the Indians talking, and, making their presence 322 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. known by a loud cry, they were conducted to an Indian village, the location of which, by some, has been conjectured was near the Des Moines River. Other authorities, with a reasonable degree of plausibility, have claimed that it was not far from the present site of the city of Davenport. The inhabitants of this Indian village are said to have been of the Illini,* who are supposed to have occupied a large portion of the country bordering on the Mississippi. The Illini were succeeded by the Winnebagoes, who in turn gave place to the lowas. The lowas, after having been defeated in a sanguinary conflict by the Sacs and Foxes,t yielded up their prairie homes to the victorious foe, and sullenly retired to more peaceful hunting grounds farther west, leaving the name as an unfad- ing remembrance to the flourishing State that now occupies their aboriginal possessions. For a period of one hundred years following this discovery, or until 1763, France claimed jurisdiction over the country thus discovered by Marquette and Joliet, when that government ceded it to Spain, but in 1801 the Spanish Gov- ernment ceded back to France all interest in the Mississippi Valley, and, under treaty dated April 30, 1803, the First Consul of the French Republic ceded . these possessions to the United States. It was while under the dominion of the Spanish Government in 1788, that Dubuque found his way to the Galena section of Iowa and obtained from Blon; deau and two other chiefs of the Fox tribe of Indians what he claimed was a grant of lands. His claim was described as "seven leagues (twenty-one miles) on the west bank of the Mississippi, from the mouth of the Little Maquoketa River to the Tete Des Mortes, and three leagues (nine miles) in depth. This grant from the Indian chief Blondeau was subsequently qualifiedly confirmed by Carondelet, the Spanish Governor at New Orleans. Dubuque intermarried with the Indians among whom he had cast his fortunes, and continued to ope- rate his mines (employing about ten white men), until the time of his death in 1810. In 1854, a case having been made, the United States Supreme Court decided that his grant from the Indian chief Blondeau, qualifiedly confirmed by the Spanish Governor, Carondelet, was nothing more than a "temporary license to dig ore, and constituted no valid claim to the soil." — [16 Howard Rep., 224.] March 16, 1804, the boundary line between Upper and Lower Louisiana was established. The lower country was called the Territory of New Orleans, and the upper country the District of Louisiana. The District of Louisiana embraced the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and Minnesota, and was attached to the Territory of Indiana for political and judicial purposes. In 1807, Iowa was organized with the Territory of Illinois, and in 1812, it was included in the Territory of Missouri. In 1821, when Missouri was admitted into the Union as a sovereign and independent State, Iowa was left, for a time, as a " political orphan," in which condition she remained until attached to Michigan Territory, in June, 1834. Under an act of Congress, approved April 20, 1836, which went into efiect July 3, of the same year, the territory now comprising the States of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota was organized as Wisconsin Territory, and Henry Dodge appointed Governor. "At the close of the -Black Hawk war," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his State Address, delivered at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, Thursday, *Tribe of Men. tThe Sauks or Saukies (white clay), and the Foxes or Outagamioa (so called by the Europeans), and AlgonquiOB, respectively, but whose true nume is Mus-quak-ki-uk l,red clay), are in fact but one nation. When the French Missionaries first came in contact with them in 1665, they found that they spoke the same language, and that it differed from the Algonquins, though belonging to the same stock. — Albert Qaltatin. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 323 September 7, 1876, " and on the 15th of September, 1832, Gen. Winfield Scott concluded a treaty at the present site of the City of Davenport [on the grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Depot — Ed.] with the confederate tribes of Sac and Fox Indians, by which the Indian title was extinguished to that portion of Iowa known as the Black Hawk Pur- •chase." This was a strip of land on the west bank of the Mississippi River, the western boundary of which commenced at the southeast corner of the pres- ent county of Davis; thence to a point on Cedar River, near the northeast corner of Johnson County ; thence nothwest to the neutral grounds of the Win- nebagoes ; thence to the Mississippi to a point above Prairie du Chien, and con- tained about six million acres of land. By the terms of this treaty, the Indians were to occupy this land until June 1, 1833." Under the jurisdiction of Mich- igan Territory this strip was divided into two counties — Dubuque and Des Moines— rbeing divided by a line commencing at the flag-staff at Fort Arm- strong (Rock Island), and thence running due west forty miles. In 1836, when the first census of this district of country was taken, the population of the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines aggregated 10,531. At the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, held in 1836, the counties of Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine and Cook, now called Scott, and Slaughter (now Washington), were organized out of the original Des Moines County. At the second session, which convened at Bur- lington, Des Moines County, in November, 1837, Dubuque County was sub- divided, and the following counties erected therefrom: Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Benton, Clinton and Cedar. DESCRIPTIVE -GEOGRAPHY INDIAN NAMES TIMBER SOIL. Linn County is composed of twenty congressional townships, being Town- ships 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86 north, Ranges 5, 6, 7 and 8 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and is bounded by Buchanan and Delaware Counties on the north, Jones and Cedar Counties on the east, Johnson County on the south and Benton County on the west. Cedar River enters Linn County at the northwest quarter of Section 18, between Fayette and Washington civil Townships, Township 85 north. Range 8 west, and flows in an irregular course southeasterly through the county, finally crossing the county line on Section 34, of Franklin civil Township, Township 82 north. Range 5 west. The Wapsipinicon River enters the county on Section 6 of Spring Grrove civil Township, Township 86 north. Range 7 west, and flows irregularly in a southeasterly direction, leaving the county on Section 1 of Brown civil Town- ship, Township 84 north. Range 5 west. Buffalo Creek enters the county on Section 4 of Jackson civil Township, Township 86 north. Range 6 west, and runs almost parallel with the Wapsipin- icon, leaving the county on Section 24 of Buffalo civil Township, Township 85 north. Range 5 west. The entire county is amply drained by numerous creeks and small streams, which preserve the region from malarial exhaJations, and supply abundant facil- ities for the raising of farm products and live stock. Thus, in the economy of nature, have been wisely provided means for the development and maintenance of a large and healthy community, as well as for the profitable management of such industries as are demanded by the settlers in the various sections. 324 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. The Cedar River is so called because of the large quantities of red cedar •which were at one time growing on its banks. The Indians named the stream, according to the authority of Mr. Antoine Le Claire, late of Davenport, who wa» probably one of the most accomplished Indian linguists of his day, the Mask- wah-wak-wah, meaning the Red Cedar. The so called Wapsipinicon is, properly, the Waurbis-e-pin-e-ka, meaning the White Potato ; but the white man has robbed the name of its euphony, and attached to the fine stream the less musical title by which it is now designated-. The small creeks bear the names of those settlers who were, perhaps, first to own the lands through which they flow, as in the case of Abbe's Creek, or else have no further specific names than the practical pioneers saw fit to call them by. Mr. David Dale Owen, in the Spring of 1849, made a partial survey of the adjoining county of Cedar, and what he said later of the valley of which Linn County forms a part, is interesting. " Though the valley of Cedar River cannot boast the dense forests of Indi- ana or Ohio, yet, for a provident people, it contains timber sufficient for fuel, fencing and building purposes ; and the absence of continuous forests is well repaid by the facility with which the settlers in the prairie can, in a few years, reduce an extensive farm to excellent order, aided, as in these level meadow lands he has an opportunity to be, in his sowing and harvesting operations, by labor-saving machinery." The beautiful valley of the Cedar and the adjacent territory unrolls before the eye of the traveler in a succession of charming landscapes. As one gazes upon them at the present day, and beholds the wonders that nature has created and man has transformed into fruitful farms, with the aid of the mechanical devices which have so enlarged the capabilities of the farmer, the eye is delighted at the scene and one is forced to exclaim, " This, indeed, is a beauti- ful land, an Iowa." Linn County is not only a section most pleasing to the eye, it is also one of the most healthful regions; — free from miasmatic poisons — to be found in the State. The general character of the landscape is undulating prairie, with pro- . fuse groves of thrifty hard wood trees. The timber consists of White Oak, Quercua Alba ; Black Oak, Quercm Tinctoria; Red Oak, Quercus Rubra; Burr Oak, Quereus Macrocarpa ; Hickory, Carya Alba; Elm, Ulmm Americana; White Maple, Acer Dasycar- pum; Sugar Maple, Acer Saccharinum ; Linden or Basswood, Tilia Ameri- cana ; Cottonwood, Populus Monilifera ; Oak predominating. The natural fruits are crab apple, wild cherry, plum and grape. There are many black walnut aind butternut trees. As is indicated by the manner in which the flowing streams pass through the county, the character of the soil is unusually uniform. It is evident that nature designed the gentle mounds and rich valley lands for grazing purposes, while at the same time the region was supplied most bountifully with those qualities which go to make up a profitable grain growing country. At the present time it may be observed that farmers are turning their atten^ tion more particularly to stock-raising, wisely concluding that the rich harvests of grain can be more economically transported " on the hoof " than in the kernel. Neat cattle, horses and hogs are grown and shipped in large numbers. No difficulty is experienced in securing abundant feed of all descriptions for the animals thus, brought out to supply the Eastern markets. The county is well adapted to dairy purposes. Innumerable streams flow through meadow lands, that are almost inexhaustible in their fertility. Springs HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 325 of pure cold water leap forth in almost every part of the county, contributing material aid to the thrifty housewife and dairymaid. Above all else that may be spoken in just praise of this county, the distin- guishing feature is its marked healthfulness. The miasmatic poisons incidental to the first breaking up of new lands have long since been blown away. The prairie which once was unstable, and trembled beneath the tread of the pioneer, is now firm as solid earth can be, and the highly cultivated farms proclaim the death of the old and the birth of the new era The streams are pure and rapid, hurrying over their beaten beds, cool and limpid, as though impressed with a sense of the blessings they are constantly dispensing on all around. The noble Cedar exercises a paternal watchfulness over the lesser water courses, and bends with graceful sweep, far from its own direct path, to take up and urge forward a modest creek. The many tribu- taries of the Cedar encroach on what would naturally be called the drainage territory of the Wapsipinicon, and carry the spring waters southward, until they are finally merged into the great Mississippi. EARLY SETTLEMENT. The tide of civilization gradually flowed westward from the Mississippi River. The regular chain of progress is clearly shown, and forms a portion of the history of Linn County. Venturesome spirits pushed bravely ahead of the advance posts, claiming rights to unsurveyed territory, in anticipation of inde- pendence and fortune. The story of these pioneers' lives is one of absorbing interest to those who now are reaping the reward of their courage and persever- ance, and as the years roll by, carrying the original settlers, one by one, to the great hereafter, the pages which record the incidents of primitive life in the then Far West will continue to increase in value. While it is true that those who located in this county in the years 1837 and '38 came from the Bast, it is also certain that this section would not have been reached so early in this cen- tury had the lands immediately west of the Mississippi been unselected. It was, and still is, the desire of genuine pioneers to find a spot beyond the con- fines of civilization, no matter how crude the out-lying stations may be. Turning, therefore, to the first records for the causes which led to the loca- tion of Linn County by white men, it is found that the earliest settlements made in Iowa were along the Mississippi River. In 1833, the miners from the east side of the Mississippi, at Galena and the adjacent district in Wisconsin, were permitted to cross the river and settle upon the land included in the Black Hawk Purchase. The galena district around Dubuque was the first great center of attraction, but as soon as the settlers commenced raising mineral the United States appeared, by an agent, and assumed direct control of all the min- eral-bearing lands, requiring the miners to take out permits for limited privi- leges, and to deliver the ore to a licensed smelter, who paid the Government a royalty on the lead manufactured. These restrictions became so exacting and so hard to enforce that the Government abandoned them, in 1846, and put the land into market. The men who first came to the Dubuque region were not long in discover- ing the exceeding beauty and fertility of the lands embraced in the Black Hawk Purchase, and their fame soon spread far and wide. Indiana was pretty well occupied ; Illinois, admitted into the Union in 1818, had received a large rush of immigration ; and, pushing on through these States, adventurous men and women soon began to cross the Mississippi River and to settle in various parts of the famous Black Hawk lands of Iowa. West of the Father of Rivers, 326 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. there were no roads. When once a pioneer crossed the great river, he left behind, if we may except the few miners' cabins that sprang up at Dubuque, all evidences of the civilizing influences and surroundings of white people. A pocket compass or the North Star were the only guides. Hundreds of the first pioneers to the "Forty Mile Strip " of Iowa had no definite point of settle- ment in view when they left their old homes to create new ones in the far West beyond the Mississippi ; but, bold, fearless, determined and resolute, they pushed on and on until they found a locality to suit their fancy, and then pitched theiu tents or lived in their wagons — those great, schooner-like concerns, of the Conesto^a (Pennsylvania) kind, that. would hold about as much, as an ordinary canal boat — until cabins could be reared. Previous to 1829, there were no regularly established ferries at any point on the Upper Mississippi, and but little, if any, use for ferries. Dubuque and his men, when they had occasion to cross the river to the Illinois side, used Indian canoes. Dubois, who is said to have come to the Dubuque region about the same time with Dubuque, but who settled on the Illinois side in what is now Dunleith Township, Jo Daviess County, as a trader among the Menominee Indians, used the same means of crossing when he had occasion to visit his cotemporary. December 8, 1829, the County Commissioners of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, granted a license to John Barrel to establish and maintain a ferry at Rock Island. At that time, Jo Daviess County, Illinois, extended from the northwest corner of the State to the south line of the north tier of townships in Mercer County, and not far from the present site of Keithsburg, and thence east along the north line of the military tract to the Illinois River. Until about 1835, when new counties began to be formed out of Jo Daviess, all that region of country, now including nine full counties, and several parts of counties, was subjected to the jurisdiction of Jo Daviess County, so that when the first immigrants to the Cedar River country crossed the Mississippi River they were subject to ferry charges established by the Commissioners of Jo Daviess. Barrel's Rock Island ferry was established December 8, 1829. License had been granted to Col. Davenport for a similar purpose, at the same place, a few months previous. When the ferry license was granted to Barrel, the Commissioners ordered that he be permitted to charge the same rates as those established by Col. Davenport, which were as follows : Man and horse $ 25 Horses or cattle, per head, other than cattle yoke 37J Road wagon 1 00 For each horse hitched to said wagon 25 Each two-horse wagon 76 Each two-wheeled carriage or cart 1 00 One-hvse wagon 76 Each hundred weight of merchandise, etc 6 " A.S far back as 1881," says Judge Tnthill, of Tipton, Cedar County, " Col. (jreorge Davenport established a trading post with the Sauks and Foxes, on the west side of Cedar River, just above .the mouth of Rock Creek, which was kept up by him for a period of four years, until his abandonment in 1835. Poweshiek, a noted Fox chief, with a considerable number of his tribe, made his headquarters near this trading post in 1834, and while there ehcamped was threatened with an attack from the fierce and warlike Sioux, between whom and the Sauks and Foxes there existed a chronic feud. Upon receipt of the start- ling intelligence, Poweshiek immediately commenced throwing up sod embank- ments and earthworks to protect his people from the ferocious enemy, who were supposed to largely outnumber the threatened party. A sanguinary combat seemed inevitable ; the Sioux steadily approached, and had reached Mason's HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 327 Grove, their savage paraphernalia and war paint betokening unappeasable ven- geance, when loT the angel of peace appeared in the shape of the United States Indian Agent, whose power and authority being duly and successfully exerted, the untoward aiFair was speedily brought to a peaceful conclusion. " The debris and somewhat obscure remains of that primitive fortification, and of the neighboring trading house and surroundings, may be seen to this day in the shape of miniature mounds, fragmentary embankments and superficial excavations, and their origin not being within the memory of the oldest inhab- itant of the vicinity, they have excited the curiosity of the speculative, and given rise to various fanciful theories of some ancient and long forgotten settle- ment by inhabitants of an unknown period, attracted perhaps by the rich min- eral wealth of ' Old Cedar.' "Another irruption of Indians occurred in the Winter of 1836-7, when a band of some five or six hundred in number, said to be Poweshiek's tribe, giv- ing out that they were pursued by their ancient enemy, the ferocious Sioux, again encamped and fortified themselves against their dreaded opponents, but this time, however, on the east side of Cedar River, just above Rochester, and near the mouth of Rock Creek, and between the junction of Rock Creek and Cedar River. Their defenses were not earthworks, as in 1834, but a picketed stockade, formed by splitting logs some ten feet in length, and setting them closely together endwise in the ground. " Whether the location of this block-house had some peculiar advantage, or that its occupants had become intimidated without sufficient cause, has not been fiilly determined, but the fact gradually manifested itself that no fight occurred ; and after a short sojourn the copper-colored warriors abandoned their protecting walls, and went on their way rejoicing. "In June, 1885, a party consisting of Antoine Le Claire, Col. George Davenport, George L. Davenport, Maj. Wm. Gordon, Alexander McGregor, Louis Hebert, with some others whose names are how forgotten, started from Rock Island for the purpose of making claims, under what has been called squatters' rights, in the groves north and northwest of the Island. " They first located claims in Hickory and Allen's Groves in Scott County, and entering Cedar County at Posten's Grove, blazed and staked out their claims so as to include all the timber in that grove. From thence they went and took possession of what is now called Onion Grove. " It is supposed that this was the first party of white men that attempted to secure a right to the occupancy of any part of the county, but the intention so manifested, not being followed by actual residence, the presumptive right so acquired was, by the squatter law of that day, considered as abandoned. " There are a number of competitors for the honor of being the first white inhabitant of the county, the most prominent claimants being Robert G. Roberts, Enos Nyce and David W. Walton. " As the question can only be settled by satisfactory evidence, all the obtain- able facts relating to the several claimants are now presented, and justify the conclusion that Col. David W. Walton was that ubiquitous personage — ' the oldest inhabitant.' "Robert G. Roberts, a Pennsylvanian by birth, but who had long resided in Indiana, arrived in July, 1836, and made a claim on what was afterward known as the Dillon farm. He only remained there a week or two, when he abandoned his claim, and, crossing the river to what was afterward a part of Muscatine County, jumped the claim of some person in that locality. This being an infraction of the ' claim law,' he was speedily notified by the self-con- 328 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. stituted authorities to quit the premises ; and, neglecting to obey the mandate, was summarily ejected by a party of ' claim regulators ' from the Muscatine slough. Disgusted with this arbitrary proceeding, he left Muscatine and returned to Cedar, where he settled in what is now Iowa Township, in August, 1836, and was, unquestionably, the first settler on the west side of the river. The Indians said that his daughter Eliza was the first white woman who crossed the Cedar. " Roberts was considered a good citizen, honest and upright in his dealings, and, possessing the rudiments of a common school education, was elected as the first member of the House of Representatives of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, from Cedar, Linn, Jones and Johnson Counties. His principal fault was his natural sluggishness of disposition — a sort of torpidity, which, by many, was called laziness. This was so fully developed in his system that he could readily fall asleep at the slightest opportunity, and enjoy the sweet pleasure of a sound repose. " While in the Legislature, a memorial to Congress had been introduced, asking for an appropriation to improve the navigation of the Iowa River, and Roberts was greatly interested in having Cedar in the hill. One day, while indulging in his favorite recreation of a good, sound nap, the yeas and nays were called on a bill subjecting yeal and personal estate to execution. One of the wags of the House hastily aroused Roberts from his somniferous repose, and informed him that they were now voting on the ' river bill. ' This thoroughly awakened our sleeping hero, who, rising at once to his feet and gesticulating wildly, called out in sonorous tones, ' Mr. Speaker ! Mr. Speaker ! is Cedar in that ere bill ? because if Cedar is in that ere bill, I goes for it.' " This ludicrous mal entendre occasioned a hearty laugh all over the House, and our friend Roberts was afterward known as ' Old Cedar.' "This cognomen, together . with the fact that he was the first person who settled on the west side of the river, in all probability gave rise to the wide- spread belief that he was the first settler in the county. That this conclusion was erroneous, is fully shown by the date of his arrival, which, being in July, 1836, after some fifteen or twenty persons had already made a settlement, efiiect- ually disposes of his claim to the coveted honor. " Enos Nyce, a native of Ross County, Ohio, with his wife and two children, came to this county about the 20th of May, 1836. He built and occupied a cabin on the northwest quarter of Section 32, Township 79, Range 2, known for years as the Billopp place, afterward as the Ira Bond farm, and now owned by the Widow Drake. Mr. Nyce sold his claim to Luke Billopp, in the Fall of 1836, and removed to the west side of Cedar River, near the west branch of the Wapsipinicon, where he died in the Fall of 1840. His widow and family are still residents of the place. " David W. Walton, familiarly known as Col. Walton, from his having been appointed to the command of a regiment in the Territorial militia, by Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, was a native of New Jersey, and, possessing great mechanical ingenuity, superadded to his practical skill as a blacksmith, he gradually accumulated a small capital of several thousand dollars, and removed to Pike County, Ohio, where he embarked in milling operations, and after remaining there several years, and not meeting with the success he had anticipated, he again removed with his family to Tippecanoe County, Ind. He lived there several years, until, having heard of the richness and fertility of the 'Black Hawk Purchase,' he determined to ascertain the truth or falsity of the statement by personal examination. Accordingly, in the Summer of HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 329 1835,* he, with his son George, made an exploring trip to Iowa, crossing the Mississippi River at Clark's Ferry, and, after having traveled over and examined a considerable portion of what afterward became Cedar County, made choice of a location near the small stream to which he gave the name of Sugar Creek, from the orchard of sugar maples he had discovered on its banks, some two or three miles south of the place he had concluded to make his home. " Here he staked out two claims, on what is now the south half of Section 16, Township 79, Range 2, erected a log cabin and commenced making improvements, perfectly satisfied with this new region, where an .abundant sup- ply of game was so readily procured by his unerring rifle, until the approach of cold weather warned him that it would be rather lonesome to remain there during the long, dreary Winter months, and he concluded to go back to Indiana and remain until Spring. " As soon as the roads were practicable for travel, the Colonel, with his family, consisting of his wife, five sons and two daughters, returned to Cedar County, amply provided with all the necessaries and essentials requisite for frontier life, including, among other things, an excellent 'breaking team,' con- sisting of four yoke of fine-looking, strong and heavy cattle. They crossed the Mississippi River at Rockingham, on the 1st day of May, 1836, and arrived safely at the well-known place he had selected the previous year, and com- menced his actual and permanent settlement on the 10th of May, 1836, thus ■ •entitling him to the honor of being the first settler in Cedar County. " Col. Walton was a good specimen of the hardy Western pioneer ; rough and outspoken in his language, but honest and straightforward in all his deal- ings, he won the esteem and confidence of all who knew him ; and being an ardent Whig, as well as a strong Tipton man, was elected by that party, at the exciting contest of 1841, to the somewhat important oflBce of Judge of Pro- bate. " As characteristic of his intense hatred of fraud or injustice, the following anecdote is told : It is said that in the settlement of the estate of a person named Shepherd, the son of the deceased — an idle, profligate fellow, who was never known to have done a day's work in his life — filed in a bill for work and labor, amounting to some $150. When this claim was presented to our worthy Judge to be probated, he sent for the prodigal son, and having had him placed conspicuously before him. in open court, addressed him as follows: 'Adam, I have carefully examined your claims. I want you to understand that I am placed here, as it were, a judge between the living and the dead. I have made up my mind that your bill is a devilish outrage, and I'll be d — d if I'll allow it.' " The justice of this somewhat unique decision was never questioned ; but it is said that Dr. Bissell, who was then Acting Clerk of the Court, did not record it in the same emphatic language in which it was given. "A number of persons followed Col. Walton from Indiana, influenced, per- haps, by his glowing description of this new region, several of whom reached Cedar County in June." * A son of Col. Walton, who still lives in the old neighborhood, says that, in the Summer of 1835, his father had nmoTed a son-in-law from Tippecanoe County, Ind., to Muscatine County, not far from the Cedar County line. Col. Walton was accompanied on that trip by one of his older sons. The country presented such a grand appearance that the Colonel determined to make it his future home, and, with this resolution, he selecte-i a claim, built a cabin, broke some of the prairie sod, and then returned to Indiana to winter. The following May, he returned with the family, coming by ox wagons, and bringing cows, hogs, etc., suflGlcient to stock his claim and provide milk, butter, meat, etc., for the family. To Mrs. Walton, therefore, belongs the credit ipf cooking the first meal ever cooked by a white woman in Cedar County, then a part of Dubuque. During that season (1836), the Waltons broke and put under culti- vation one hundred acres of land. The ground broken in the Fall of 1835 was planted to corn, as was also some of the ground plowed immedintoly after their arrival. They also sowed some Spring wheat, which was harvested and threshed. The Walions, therefore, are entitled to the honor of preparing the ground, planting, sowing, harvesting and garnering the first crops grown in the county. 330 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. In the Spring of 1836, Benjamin Nye, who afterward was appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the county seat of Linn, built a small mill at the junction of Pine Creek and the Mississippi River, about twelve miles above Muscatine. He also opened a store, started a blacksmith shop and made some other improvements, and having city aspirations, named the place Montpelier. By common usage, however, the site came to be called Mouth of Pine. Rocking- ham was a trading place on the Mississippi River, four miles below the site now occupied by the city of Davenport and immediately opposite the mouth of Rock River (Illinois). Rockingham was " laid out " as early as 1835, and forty, years- ago was quite a village, and boasted the best hotel on the west bank of the Mis- sissippi River. Those pioneers of Cedar in 1836, who were so unfortunate as to come toO' late in the season to provide comfortable cabins for homes or hay for their stock, encountered severe trials in meeting and buffeting the emergencies of Winter. Money was scarce, provisions of all kinds were dear, and not to be had nearer than the mouth of Pine or Rockingham, then small trading posts, Davenport being unknown, as has been shown. To make the situation and surrounding* still more difficult, every little slough and creek between the settlements on Sugar Creek and the Mississippi was a treacherous quagmire, in which wagons- going for or returning with provisions were sure to settle with almost inextri- . cable tenacity ; and when once in the mud, there was no alternative but to leave the wagon where it " stuck " a,nd go to the nearest settler for help, which, it is needless to say, was always readily tendered. Sometimes the assistance of twO' or three additional teams of oxen was unequal to the task of removing a loaded wagon. In such cases the goods were taken from the wagon and carried by hand to the nearest elevation; then the wagon would be "hauled out," the goods reloaded and the journey resumed. These were the ruling circumstances of Spring and Fall travel, not only during 1836-7, but for some years thereafter. The Winter of 1836-7 commenced early ; the last of November, snow fell to the depth of eighteen inches, and its depth increased as the Winter advanced. It did not melt away, as the people have seen it melt almost every Winter since, but shut in the settlers and almost completely interrupted neighborly ■ intercourse until the middle of April. The snow melted away before the last- named date, and the streams were swollen to impassable torrents, their banks- were overflowed, and the land adjoining became quagmires. Provisions became exhausted^ sickness came upon many families, and the general condition of affairs was deplorable to contemplate. Stock died from sheer starvation, and the people themselves began to think that they would be forced to share the same fate. Before the Spring sun began to melt away the snowy barrier, some of the more intrepid and self-sacrificing pioneers made journeys through two feet of crusted snow to Mouth of Pine and Rockingham, a distance of thirty to forty miles, for provisions. These journeys were oftener undertaken on foot than with teams. They were attended with exposure, danger and peril that but few people would be willing to encounter now. On the prairies, in many places, the snow was piled up in great billowy drifts of five to seven feet in depth. To pass them with ox teams was out of the question. Provisions must be had. The only way to obtain them was for the pioneers to go on foot to the nearest; trading place and carry them home on their backs. Who of the people of Linn County, in 1878, would think of going on foot, even in the Spring, Sum- mer or Fall season, over good roads, a distance of thirty, aye, even ten miles, for a supply of family necessaries ? The stoutest hearts will almost quail at the thought, ' HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 331 The first difiiculty encountered by these hardy pioneers was to get food, and the second was to convert the grains raised on their slightly-tilled farms into meal for bread. A reminiscence, suggestive of the fact that the " mother of invention is necessity," is apropos here : The first mill built in Cedar County was a curiosHy. Its plan originated in the mechanical brain of Aaron Porter, and his hands fashioned and set it in motion. The pioneers of 1836, after erect- ing their cabins, made preparations for sowing and planting in the Spring of 1837, and during that season many of them raised corn and buckwheat sufficient to supply their families ; but, without a mill, the grain was comparatively useless, and, knowing and appreciating the mechanical ingenuity of Mr. Porter, the pioneers prevailed upon him to construct a mill, of some description, to supply their needs. After pondering over the situation and necessities for a time, Mr. Porter went to work. The prairies and forests furnished the material. Groing to the prairies, he selected two boulders for the "upper and nether mill stones." These stones were about ten inches in diameter, the surfaces of which were dressed down to suit the purposes for which they were to be applied. One of these stones was fastened to the floor of his cabin. A hole or eye was drilled through the center of the other one, which was so adjusted as to revolve upon the other from a pivotal center. An upright shaft completed the machinery. One end of this shaft was fixed in the upper side of the upper mill stone, and the other end was fitted, gudgeon fashion, in the ceiling or joist above. The power was derived from this shaft, which was operated by two men, one using his right hand and the other his left one. With their other hands they fed the mill. It was a rude, primitive concern, but it served its purpose, and its con- struction was looked upon by the people whom it was intended to benefit and accommodate as a great and convenient accomplishment, and was called the "Little Savior." It did not grind very fine, but was a little ahead of a coifee mill in speed. The meal or flour it turned out was not bolted, for Mr. Porter did not attach a bolting apparatus. The only refining process to which the productions of Porter's mill were subjected was a wire seive, and then it was ready for bread; and many choice buckwheat cakes and many a relishable "johnnycake" were baked from fiour and meal ground at Porter's " Little Savior" Mills. They were always busy, till the time came when other and better mills were erected in accessible localities. Many and many a bushel of grain was carried to them on the backs of the settlers. They generally went to mill in couples, and helped each other to grind their respective "grists." No " toll " was exacted — no charge made for the use of the mill. It was built for the accommodation of the settlers, and was an accommodation that was highly appreciated. Before it was ready for operation, common tin graters were fre- quently used to reduce com to coarse meal. Sometimes a cofiee mill was brought into requisition, and sometimes corn was pounded into meal. Men used to spend the evenings, from the time suppers were over till bed-time, in grinding (iiii a cofi'ee mill), grating or pounding corn into meal for the next morning's breakfast. It made coarse but wholesome food, and the fathers, mothers and children of 1837-8 were much stronger, far more active and athletic, and capable of greater physical endurance than are the people of 1878. Pioneer days in Cedar County were days of hardship, often of exposure, but their trials served to develop the true manhood and womanhood of the settlers. GENESIS. " Had we realized, in those early days," remarked one of the pioneers to the writer, "that we were making history, a detailed record of events would 332 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. have been transcribed from ■week to week. But what incentive had we for such a task ? There were no startling incidents in our daily lives. Many of us came here supposing this would prove to be but a temporary abiding place. It was a struggle for existence. For one of us to have predicted the development of Linn County to its present condition within the life time of our little com^ pany would have been ample grounds for writing him down either a silly dreamer or a positive lunatic. We began on so small a scale, that the idea of preserving our movements in the form of records never entered our minds. Had we the same experience to go through with again, we would profit by our mis- takes of the past and be able to produce reliable data for the historians who shall come after us." Fortunately for the purpose of reliable history, there still live within the borders of this county many of those who came here in the first years of the existence of Linn. Vague rumor has it that white men tramped over the lovely valley of the Cedar prior to 1837 ; but if such transitory efforts were made, surely no trace of them can now be found, and injustice would be done the true pioneers to couple their names with traditionary and supposititious characters, who were at least mere prospecters after adventure. Having briefly outlined the settlement of the adjoining county of Cedar to the year 1837, the chronological evidence is complete to the period when Linn became the next successive stage in the progress of improvement. The proper settlement of Linn County began with the year 1837. Early in the Fall of that year, the original claimant located in what is now known as Brown Township. Upon this question there naturally is more or less dispute, and the conscientious historian — who has no purpose to distort facts or misrepresent dates — is perplexed over the task of deciding where the proper credit should be given. There appears but one policy for him to pursue, and the wisdom of his course will undoubtedly be conceded by fair-minded men. It is regarded as just that the several statements of the early comers be taken, with full dates, where- ever such can be definitely ascertained from the lips of the pioneers themselves, or their descendants, and a record made from the facts thus gathered. If errors creep into this work, it certainly cannot be asserted that, willfully or carelessly, the history is slighted. If memories are at fault, the writer is exonerated. AVANT COURBUR. It seems almost incredible that the first white man to stop within the limits of this county for the purpose of settlement still lives, surrounded by the im- provements and advantages of civilization, on the spot located by him, as a second selection, it is true, but still at so early a day in the history of Linn that the place chosen was in all its native wildness at the time. Nevertheless, the fact exists. The first white pioneer of Linn County is to-day a resident of the township of Buffalo, and the home now enjoyed by him stands in a picturesque spot on the banks of Buffalo Creek, a name given the fine stream which crosses the three civil townships of Jackson, Boulder and Buffalo, and drains the rich lands of that charming region. Before the white man disturbed the solitude and destroyed the simple life of the aborigines, this stream was known to the Indians as the Pop-a-lao-qua, or Black Walnut River, a designation eminently suited to it, as was the case in the christening of every stream by them. When the first white man invaded the precincts of the native, the musical cognomen had not been torn from the geographical vocabulary, nor was it sacrificed until the first surveying party came through Iowa for the pur- pose of establishing the county lines of Linn and the township boundaries of the HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. 333 three northeast towns thereof. Then the practical pale-face conceived the idea of designating the stream by the title of Buffalo Creek, because of the large herds of buffalo which came down the rolling prairies of the North and West to drink of its cool waters. For several years, the luxurious grasses of that locality furnished ample food for these noble animals ; but the approach of civilization soon alarmed them and drove them westward. There was scarcely a trace of the herd in 1840. Edward Millis Crow, the man to whom must be accorded the honor of being the first settler, was born in Orange County, Ind., June 4, 1816. In 1834, his father, John Crow, moved from Indiana to Chicago, then a village of about four hundred inhabitants. There were but two stores in the unpromising town at that time, one of which was owned by Beaubien and the other by Kinzie. After a few months' residence in Chicago, Mr. Crow removed to Hickory Creek (now called Joliet River), Illinois. There he remained for some time. On the 4th day of June, 1837, Edward was 21 years of age, and on the 6th of that month he started out into the world in search of fortune. In company with James Dawson, of Geneva, 111., Crow traveled westward, and at Plum River encountered James G-illilan, of Ohio. The three men con- tinued to journey toward the Mississippi, with a team of horses belonging jointly to Crow and Dawson, and reached the river at the site of Savannah. From there they went to '' the Narrows," now the location of Fulton. At the Mississippi River, the party aided a settler in fitting up a scow boat on which a passage could be worked. At Clinton, Dawson took the team and pursued a general westerly course, while Crow 'and Gillilan went up the Maquoketa River, to the junction of the Little Maquoketa, and then turned southward, reaching the Mississippi at Comanche. At that point, Crow and Gillilan took steamer for Burlington, then a place of half a dozen houses and one store, and traveled west and southwest to Bentonsport, Van Bureh County ; thence followed up the Little Cedars, in Southern Iowa, and finally returned to Burlington. There Gillilan took passage for Ohio, and Crow continued his prospecting tour in company with a stranger, whose name he has forgotten. A point on the Iowa River, below the mouth of the Cedar, was soon reached, and from there he went up to a place fully a day's travel above the site of Iowa City, thence back to where Black Hawk stands. There the men parted, and Crow set out for Comanche, which he reached by boat from New Boston. From Comanche he went in search of Dawson, who was said to be in the neighborhood of Linn County. After reach- ing the Wapsipinicon and following it up for twenty-five miles, Crow crossed the stream and fell in with a man named Smith. He there discovered the trail of Dawson's team. At the site of Rome, Jones County (then called 01in),,Crow met Mr. Merritt and his party, which had formed a part of Daw- son's company. That night Crow found Dawson and a man named Wheat, who came from Dubuque. Dawson and Crow started at once for Linn County, entering the line at a point southeast of what is now called Viola. There Crow made a claim, in July, 1887. Dawson did not at first choose a claim in Linn, but went over into Jones County, and began preparations for future work. The men were in Linn County about four days. They cut down some small timber ; put up a rude hut ; covered it over with hay taken from the prairie, and blazed trees on the claim, marking their names with pencil on the smooth surface of stakes and trees. The men then started for Fox River, 111., in quest of provisions, as they intended to make a permanent settlement in the beautiful region they had found. 334 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. After all the search made by the several persons, the lands in Linn County and across in Jones were decided upon as the most desirable for cultivation. Late in August, 1837, Edward M. and Garrison Crow, his brother, and James Dawson came to Linn County, this time prepared to begin work in ear- nest. They had exchanged horses for oxen, purchased plows, corn for seed, pro- visions, etc. They put up a cabin September 5, 1837. More hay was secured, and full preparations were made for the coming Winter. John Jocelyn and Mr. Russell came to the Crow settlement about this time. In October, the men again went to Illinois for supplies. Not being able to obtain any meal at the place they stopped- at, they purchased corn, and had it ground at a little mill which was put up by Benjamin Nye, at Montpelier. Crow and Jocelyn returned to Linn County, and just before reaching the line were overtaken by a severe snow storm. They reached the cabin of Jacob Mann, in Cherry Grove, which extends through Greenfield Township, Jones County, almost to the Linn border. The men remained at this cabin with Mann and his daughter over night, and reached " home " the day following, after an absence of five weeks. Winter set in and found Edward and Garrison Crow and James Dawson in the little shanty in the' edge of the " Big Woods," in Brown Township. There they remained, passing the days in shooting deer and elk, tanning skins and trading with the natives. In this monotonous manner the months rolled by, and Crow's party became the first settlers in Linn County, inaugurating civil- ization after the approved order of bachelors. Edward Crow remained on his claim until 1839, when he disposed of it and made the location now occupied by him on Buffalo Creek. He owns some 400 acres at present, and has a large brick house. A spacious barn belonging to him was burned recently, leaving him without suitable farm buildings, but for- tunately his purse is ample and his old age made enjoyable by the possession of wealth. Instead of wolf scalps and deer skins, the ornaments of his first cabin, his walls are now decorated with pictures. The howl of the wild beast was then the only sound that broke the stillness of the forest ; while to-day the notes of more than one musical instrument resound through the Grove, under the skillful fingers of his daughters. The broad plain once trodden by the buf- falo and elk are now converted into grain-laden fields. The groves, increased in size and more abundant than formerly, surround the homestead of the pioneer, a reminder of the olden days, but still far different in character from the wild woods of '87, in which the Indian paused for shelter and refreshment. The mighty hand of progress has laid its grasp on nature, and the foot of man has left its impress in the devious paths. The visible changes are great, and the marvel is that he who saw the wilderness in those years, so brief in the great history of the world's existence, yet long' for feeble man's endurance, should still behold the transformation. Of those who wintered with Mr. Crow in 1837, it is told that Dawson sold his claim in Jones County to Gideon Pete, sometime in 1840, and came to Linn Grove, in this county. There he bought a claim of Sarah Mann. On the 10th of November, 1840, he was married to Emeline Wilcox. He died in that locality. Garrison Crow married a daughter of Mr Simmons, in the Spring of 1844. In 1846, he went to Grant County, Wisconsin. From there he moved to Ore- gon, thence to California, from which State he came to this county in the Spring of 1865. He returned to California shortly afterward, and died there in the month of December, 1876. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 335 Jacob Mann moved from Illinois in July, 1837, and made a claim in Cherry isual team 37J For freight or tonnage, regulated by the hundred or by the trip, all under 1,000 pounds, per 100 4 All over 1,000 pounds, per each load or trip 50 (The owner of the property loading and unloading.) On the 9th of January, 1840, the Board ordered that the county jail should be erected on Lot 2, Block 36, Marion plat; and at the same meeting, Lots 2 and 3 Block 28, were reserved as a Court House site. The contract for build- ing the jail was awarded to William Abbe and Asher Bdgarton, for $635, the building to be finished by the 1st of May. The first moneys raised by sale of lots were applied on this contract. Hiram Beales was appointed Assessor,' vice A. J. McKean, resigned. Luman M. Strong was licensed to retail spirituous liquors, on payment of $6.00, until April, 1840. At the April term, the license was extended for one year, on payment of $.'S0.00. At the April session, 1840, the Board defined and created School District No. 1, which was all lands and people residing within three miles' radius of the village of Marion. The fourth election precinct was established at the house of Charles T. Dor- sey, and called the "Southwest Precinct" — Charles T. Dorsey and Jacob Chreps, Judges. Among the entries, under date of July 8, 1840, is the following : The Court ordered that a certain colored boy, viz., Theodius Linn, be bound out to serve Hiram Beales, of Linn County, for the term of three years and two months. Said boy is to serve said Beales faithfully and industriously, at any kind of labor suitable for a boy of his' age to perform. And said Beales, on his part, hath agreed to provide for said boy suitable and wholesome food and clothing, to keep him decent and comfortable, and to send said boy to a good English common school eight months during the aforesaid term of three years and two months, and to guard him as much as possible from all immoral company and conduct. Said Beales is to provide for said boy, in sickness or in health, as the case may be. And the age of said boy is now supposed to be near 12 years, and will be 15 at the expiration of the time with said Beales. The first Court House was ordered by the Board, at the July term, 1840. The Clerk reported that the first assessment roll exhibited, as, the amount of taxes due, the sum of $738.60. At the April term, 1841, the Board provided for the erection of the Court House, on the lot already mentioned. George W. Gray appears to have been the chief contractor and builder. Thomas W. Campbell, -the first Treasurer, makes the following showing, in his earliest report, dated January, 1841 : Treasurer stands charged, as per receipts on fines, to the amount of. $40 00 Also, as per receipts for ferry license 6 75 Also, on retail license 174 50 Also, on revenue lax of 1840 737 60 Treasurer Dr. to amount total $958 85 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 331 ■ The Treasurer produces orders, the amount of which is placed to his credit and canceled $557 29J Treasurer's commission on above payment 16 71J Treasurer's Cr. by account total 574 oOf Leaving balance of. ' $384 84J At the July session, 1841, the county was diyided into three Commissioner Districts, the Commissioners having been chosen by popular vote theretofore. The townships of Washington and Fayette composed District No. 1 ; Franklin and Brown, No. 2 ; and Marion and Putnam, No. 3. The assessment roll for 1841 was as follows : Territorial County Tax, as per assessment $782 76 Delinquent List of 1840, with 7 per cent 165 79J Territorial Tax 20 08 Total $968 63J The rate of tax for 1842 was regulated at five mills on the dollar on all taxable property, and one dollar on all polls assessed, and an additional sum of one-fourth mill on the dollar, which was a Territorial tax for the year 1842. ESTABLISHMENT OP TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. At the July session, 1840, the Board of Commissioners began to discuss the question of township organizations. A vote of the county was ordered at the next election, to determine the voice of the people. The election took place in August of that year, and resulted favorably to the project. Below is given a list of the townships to date, in the order of their admission : Marion, established January, 1841 ; Franklin, January, 1841 ; Washing- ton, January, 1841 ;. Fayette, January, 1841 ; Putnam, January, 1841 ; Brown, July, 1841; Linn, January, 1843; Rapids, February, 1843; Otter Creek, January, 1844 ; Buffalo, January, 1848 ; Maine, January, 1848 ; Monroe, March, 1849 ; Spring Grove, March, 1853 ; Clinton, March, 1854 ; Jackson, March, 1855 ; College, February, 1858 ; Bertram, March, 1858 ; Bowlder, August, 1858 ; Fairfax, September, 1858 ; Grant, January, 1872. FISCAL MANAGEMENT. The original system of government continued in force from the establish- ment of the county to the year 1851, at which time the Court of Commission- ers was superseded, by act of the Legislature, by what was called the County Judge plan. In this single officer was vested the degree of authority possessed by the three Commissioners. The first Judge chosen was Hon. N. W. Isbell, elected August 16, 1851. This court continued in existence for nearly ten years, when it gave way, by order of the Legislature, to the Supervisor system of control. One member of this Board was selected from each township. The first Board met at Marion, January 7, 1861, and the following members responded to the roll call : Perry Oxley, Bertram ; J. Whitney, Bowlder ; William Carbee, Brown ; Joseph Story, Buffalo; D. M. Smith, Clinton; J. W. Hentierson, College; Philip Moody, Fairfax ; William Hayzlett, Franklin ; L. W. Johnson, Fayette; J Blodgett, Jackson ; W. L. Miller, Linn ; S. T. Buxton, Maine ; A. J. Two- good, Marion ; Daniel Albaugh, Monroe; J. H. Mason, Otter Creek; Wiley Pitz, Putnam ; John Weare, Rapids ; J. H. Fairchild, Spring Grove ; C. Gil- christ, Washington. 362 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. In 1871, the system of government was again changed, a board of three Supervisors at large taking the place of township representation. The first board under this arrangement consisted of Joseph Whitney, William Ure and R. P. Rose. One year later, the county was divided into three districts, from which Super- visors are elected, instead of by general vote of townships. The first Super- visors thus elected were : First District — James Yuill ; Second District- Daniel Travis ; Third District — M. M. Crookshanks. At the date of this writing, the last named plan is still in vogue. COUNTY OFFICERS. Commissioners. — Samuel C. Stewart, Peter McRoberts, Luman M. Strong, 1839; E. T. Lewis, B. McGonigle, S. C. Stewart, 1842; E. T. Lewis, Oliver Day, B. McGonigle, 1843 ; Oliver Day, E. T. Lewis, W. B. Davis, 1844 ; W. B. Davis, Andrew Safely, 1846 ; Andrew Safely, Benjmin Waterhouse, Samuel Hendrickson, 1847 ; S. Hendrickson, Andrew Safely, Johnson Hill, 1850 ; A. Safely, Johnson Hill, William A. Thomas, 1851. Judges Second Circuit, Eighth Judicial District. — Sylvanus Yates, 1869; John McKean, 1873. Judges Eighth Judicial District Court. — Joseph D. Williams, 1840; Thomas S. Wilson, 1846; James P. Carlton, 1847; William Smyth, 1853; Isaac Cook, 1857; William E. Miller, 1859; Norman W. Isbell, 1862; C. H. Conklin, 1864; N. M. Hubbard, 1866; James H. Rothrock, 1867: John Shane, 1872. Two of the Supreme Court Judges were from Linn County : Hon. George Greene and Hon. Norman W. Isbell. County Judges. — N. W. Isbell, J. M. Berry, Daniel Lothian, Johnston Elliott and A. B. Dumont. Commissioners' Clerks. — John C. Berry, Porter W. Earl, Elijah Evans and Alpheus Brown. Clerks of Circuit and District Courts. — S. H. Tryon, 1839 ; John C. Berry, 1840 ; Porter W. Earl, 1847 ; Hosea W. Gray, 1849 ; James M. Berry, 1851; A. J. McKean, 1854 ; J. L. Crawford, 1873. Sheriffs. — Hosea W. Gray, 1840 ; Ambrose Harlan, 1844 ; Samuel W. Durham, 1846 ; Ambrose Harlan, 1848 ; Vincent Beall, 1850 ; Samuel Brazel- ton, 1853 ; Levi H. Mason, 1855 ; Thomas J. McKean, 1860 ; William W. Smith, 1861 ; 0. 0. Stanchfield, 1862 ; Hiel Hale, 1866 ; John G. Hayzlett, 1868 ; G. D. Gillilan, 1874 ; David Carskaddon, 1877. Auditors. — A. B. Dumont, 1869 ; John P. Coulter, 1870 ; Samuel Daniels, 1876. Recorders. — Addison Daniels, 1841; 0. S. Hall, 1842; John Zumbro, 1844 ; 0. S. Hall, 1845 ; P. W. Earl, 1846 ; William A. Waller, 1846 ; Will- iam M. Harris, 1847 ; Isaac Cook, 1851 ; N. M. Day, 185G ; William Cook, 1860 ; James Johnson, 1864 ; John J. Daniels, 1865 ; Charles E. Putnam, 1873. Treasurers.— 1\iomz& W. Campbell, 1840 ; John S. Torrence, 1841 ; Thomas Rickey, 1842 ; I. Wilson, 1848 ; John Hunter, 1844 ; H. N. Brown, 1845; A. R. Sausman, 1847 ; W. M. Harris, 1848; Isaac Cook, 1852; N.M. Day, 1855 ; William Cook, 1860 ; R. T. Wilson, 1866 ; S. T. Berry, 1874. County Surveyors.— Ross McCloud, 1839 ; S. W. Durham, 1841 ; T. J. McKean, 1843; A. D. Bottorf, 1847; John McArthur, ; S. W. Durham, 1851 ; T. J. Stone, 1854 ; Adam Perry, 1856; Plympton Greer, 1857 ; G. A. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 363 Gray, 1859 ; John M. Greer, 1865 ; G. A. Gray, 1866 ; S. W. Durham, 1873; J. E. Lyman, 1875. Superintendents of Schools. — Ira G. Fairbanks, Homer Bradshaw, P. W. Reeder, T. R. Eastman, William Langham, Eli Johnston. Member of United States Congress. — Hon. William Smyth. State Senators. — Isaac M Preston, 1852 ; William G. Thompson, 1856 ; H. G. Angle, 1860 ; J. B. Young. 1864 ; Robert Smyth, 1868 ; E. B. Kep- hart, 1872 ; S. L. Dows, 1874. Representatives. — John McArthur, 0. B. Stanchfield, E. A. Bates, J. E. Kurtz, J. B. Young, Charles Weare, A. E. Warner, J. S. McClure, W. D. Litzenburg, William Ure, E. H. Steadman, A. S. Belt, D. Lothian, J. Craw- ford, Isaac Milburn, J. P. Carbee, Adam Perry, A. M. McKeel, M. C. Jordan, William Ure, Irwin P. Bowdish. THE COUNTY SEAT CONTEST. The county seat of Linn County was established at Marion by a duly appointed Board of Commissioners, consisting of Richard Knott, Benjamin Nye and Lyman Dillon, who were designated by the Territorial Legislature of Iowa in the Winter of 1838-9. The history of the location of the seat of jus- tice at this point is given in this volume under the caption of " Organization of Linn County." As the years rolled by, leaving their impress in the form of the material changes worked by man in the several portions of the county, the question of removing the county seat became one of no slight interest to the people of Linn, The development of large industries at Cedar Rapids, by which means that city had grown to be the commercial metropolis of the county, naturally awakened a desire on the part of the citizens of that place to add to their town the name of local capital. The spirit which fosters the marvelous advancement of civiliza- . tion in the West is of a character to arouse opposition from that which is estab- lished, inasmuch as the essence of its power is innovation. By the same • principle as that which governed the citizens of Cedar Rapids, the electors of the central and northern sections of the county repelled the efforts' to re-locate the seat of justice. It was urged by the Marionitea that the geographical eligi- bility of Marion was of a nature to outweigh all other considerations ; but that, in addition to the wise selection of this point by the original commission, the fact that such choice had been made coeval with the establishment of the county itself should settle the dispute forever in favor of retaining the present site. On the other hand, the restless activity of Cedar Rapids men rendered it impossible for an adjudication less formal than that of the ballot box to deter- mine the strength of the respective factions, and the issue of "buildings or no buildings" for a time swallowed up all other questions, political or civil, in the county canvasses. I While this feeling was running high throughout Linn County, the Legisla- ture of Iowa, in 1850-1, created the office of County Judge, an office which was designed to and did succeed the former legislative bodies of the several counties of the State. To this Judge were delegated powers equal to those possessed by the Board of Supervisors which controls the fiscal affiiirs of the county at the present writing. Among the rights and privileges peculiar to the •office was that most important one of submitting to the people the question of raising moneys for the erection or repair of buildings for the use of the several county officers. The law empowering the County Judge to act in this super- :vi8ing capacity may be found in the Code of Iowa for 1851, and need not be ■quoted here. 364 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. At the date now referred to, 1855, as being one of the most interesting in the history of this struggle, and which may properly be termed the culminating period in the old issue, the distinguished and responsible post of Judge of Linn County was held by the Hon. James M. Berry. In pursuance with the law and in the observance of what he evidently deemed his oflScial duty. Judge Berry took steps to eflfect the erection of the present jail and fire-proof building used as county offices, which structures, together with the Court House, are usually collectively spoken of as the " County Buildings." The jail and offices were contracted for by Messrs. Scott, Hubbell & Cooper, of Mt. Vernon, Ohio, in the Spring of 1855, and work was begun upon them. This positive action aroused to a still higher degree the already warm feel- ings of the people of both sides, until, from constant agitation, public sentiment literally was at fever heat. Political questions were lost sight of in the din and smoke of the " Court House fight," as it was called. Speakers devoted time and energy to the work. The press chose sides and vigorously defended the cause, pro and con. Judge Berry's term of office expired in 1855, and his suc- cessor was to be elected in August of that year. Naturally, the opportunity to test the matter in a square manner at the polls was improved. The Judge was named for re-election by the advocates of Marion's claims to the seat, and the Rev. Elias Skinner, of Cedar Rapids, was put in nomination by the Cedar Rapids faction. The canvass which followed these conventions was animated in the extreme, and many interesting and amusing incidents are related concern- ing it ; but impartial judgment decides that it is better to omit from this simple record recitals that might create unpleasant feeling. It is the writer's sole pur- pose to state facts as they are gleaned from a multitude of oral testimony, but from exceedingly meager written evidence. The result of the election was, in aggregate, 1,233 ballots for Judge Berry, and 998 ballots for Mr. Skinner. The Judge was, therefore, re-elected by a majority of 240 votes, thereby practically affirming his policy in the case and, for the time being, settling the question of re-location adversely to the interests of Cedar Rapids. The buildings were completed and the agitation subsided. From that time until the year 1871, no overt de"monstration was made toward the removal of the county seat. In 1871, however, the question again assumed definite form and engaged the attention of those who were acknowledged leaders of public sentiment and public policy. The all-absorbing subject of the civil war had silenced those who thought of local issues, during the memorable decade of the '60's, and driven from political councils all pettier interests than the preservation of the Union. Whatever of personal conflict there may have been engendered by the minor problems of sectional polity, there was here no trace of jealousies in the unanimous advocacy of the salvation of the nation's life. So, during the years which intervened between the "fight" of 1855 and the final calm which settled over the country after the national election of 1868, the re-location of the seat of representatives was an ignored if not a forgotten topic. Gradually public interest revived the old-time excitation of feeling, and the people of Linn found an agreeable diversion in the renewal of the contest. The lessons of the war had taught men to throw their whole ' energies into whatever measures were offered relative to public afi'airs, and hence it is not surprising to discover evidences of a still more marked contention among the rival factions. Of the secret undercurrent of thought and argument which flowed through the few years just prior to 1871, there is no very satisfactory record, but the HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 365 character thereof is manifested by the documents now on file in the Auditor's ofiSce. From these papers it is necessary to quote liberally. At the June session of the Board of Supervisors, a legislative body which had succeeded the County Judge, upon the abolishment of that office (a record of which transformation will be found in the chapter on " Organization " already referred to), it was ordered thiat all petitions relative to the re-location of the county seat be filed by June 6, 1871, at 9 A. M. of that day, and that all pro- tests against the removal of the county seat be filed by 3 P. M. of that day. This order shows that steps had been taken to secure an expression of public sentiment on the subject. At the time prescribed in the order of the Board, petitions and remonstrances were duly presented and placed on file. So voluminous were these docu- ments that one treek was spent by the Board in making an examination of them. On the 12th of June, a report was made to the Board by the examiners. It was then stated that many names appeared in duplicate upon the petition, and upon the remonstrance also ; whereupon, the legal counsel for the remonstrants moved that the Board count such names as being in favor of retaining the seat at Marion. The Board, however, resolved to omit such signatures from the records entirely. The day following this action, the Board adopted a code of rules by which to be governed in their proceedings. Both factions were represented before the honorable body by able lawyers, who watched with careful eye the minutest detail of the delicate and laborious task imposed on the Board. Daily sessions were held by the Supervisors until the 15th of June, at which time the coun- sel for the petitioners confessed that they had no case, and proceedings were stopped. It appears that the reason for this action of the petitioners was the ruling of the Board, in compliance with law, that all names attached to both petition and remonstrance, no matter which was signed first, should be counted only among the remonstrants. In the case at issue, there was presented, first, a simple petition for the re-location of the county seat, as follows : To the Honorable Board of Supervisors of Linn Co., Iowa : The undersigned, citizens and legal voters of said county, do hereby petition your Honorable Board to order : That at the next general election to be held in said county of Linn, to wit : on the second Tuesday of October, A. D. 1871, the question of the re-location of the county seat of said county at the city of Cedar Rapids, in said county, may be submitted to the legal and qualiiied voters thereof, and that a vote may be taken between the said designated place and the existing county seat. In opposition to the above there was ofiered the following remonstrance : State of Iowa, Linn County, ss : Whereas, A petition signed by various voters in this county will be presented to the Board of Supervisors at the June Session, A D. 1871, of said Board, asking and petitioning for the re-location of the county seat of said county, to the end that the said Board of Supervisors submit the question of the re-location of said county seat to be voted upon at the next general election thereafter, and. Whereas, We, the undersigned, citizens and legal voters of said county of Linn, State of Iowa, being in favor of the county seat remaining at Marion, where it now is. -and being opposed to the re-location of the same at Cednr Rapids, do. hereby remonstrate against the re-location of (he same, nnd remonstrate against locating said county seat at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and remonstrate against the Board of Supervisors submitting the question of the re-localion of said county seat to be voted upon at the next election. Then appeared the petitioners, armed with a formidable bundle of documents, bearing the heading quoted below, and which was termed the "iron-clad peti- tion " by those most interested in the retention of the seat at Marion : To ike Honorable Board of Supervisors of Linn County, Iowa: The undersigned, citizens and legal voters of said county of Linn, do hereby state to your Honorable Board, that we were induced by false statements and a misunderstanding to sign a remonstrance against th« 366 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. petitions now being circulated, asking that at the next general election to be held in said county of Linn, on the 2d Tuesday in October, A. D. 1871, the question of the re-location of the county seat of said county, at the city of Cedar Rapids, in said county, may be submitted to the legal and qualified voters thereof: we and each of us do therefore hereby request and demand that our respective names be erased from said remonstrance and be retained and counted on the petition only, and we hereby authorize the Chairman of the said Board of Supervisors to so erase the same frnm the said remonstrance. Witness our hands in May, 1871 . The exact numerical strength of the three petitions is nowhere recorded, as the official count was never completed. It became apparent to the petitioners that their case was gone, since the names attached to the "iron-clad " paper could only be counted as remonstrants, and they quietly withdrew from the field. Their withdrawal, however, was not an evidence of discouragement, for they are again seen coming to the front, in 1872, armed with ■ petitions bearing the following proposition : State of Iowa, County of Linn, ss. — To the Honorable Board of Supervisors of Linn County : The undersigned, citizens and legal voters of said county, do hereby petition your Honorable Board, that at the September meeting thereof, A. D. 1872, you order : That at the next general election, to be held in said county of Linn, to wit : on the first Tues- day after the first Monday of November, A. D. 1872, the question of the re-location of the county seat of said county, at the city of Cedar Rapids, in said county, may be submitted to the legal and qualified voters thereof, and that a vote may be taken between the said designated place and the existing county seat. [The electors of Cedar Eipids, in presenting the petition to the electors of the county, make the following proposition : In case a majority of the legal voters of the county shall sign the petition, and the Board of Supervisors shall order a vote to be taken at the November election, 1872, in accordance with the prayer of the same, the people of Cedar Rapids, will, within the next twenty days after such vote is ordered, secure to be paid to the county of Linn, in lawful money of the United States, not less than the sum of $25,000, for the erection of a Court Hbuse and county offices at Cedar Rapids, to be paid to the county at such time and times as shall be designated and required by the Board of Supervisors ; also, at least one-half block of lots for a site for such Court House and offices, centrally and eligibly located in the city of Cedar Rapids, shall be secured to the county, free of expense, to the satisfaction of the Board of Supervisors ; also, the use of the City Hall in Cedar Rapids, together with such offices for the county records and county offices as shall be deemed necessary by the Board of Supervisors, free of expense to the county, until a new Court House and offices shall be built at Cedar Rapids. This proposition and these promises, although of no legal validity in this form, yet they are made here and now, that the people of the county may know just exactly what Cedar Rapids proposes to do in the event of a removal of the county seat. As soon as a vote is ordered by the Board of Supervisors, then the foregoing proposition and promises will be put into legal con- tracts with the Board of Supervisors to their satisfaction. If the people of Cedar Eapids fail to do this within twenty days from the day of ordering the vote, the people of the county will have the power in their own hands to vote against the removal of the county seat, and thus administer a just rebuke, if they shall fail to make good the above propositions and promises.] Dated this day of August, 1872. The Marionites met the Cedar Rapids project with this brief remonstrance : Whereas, A petition signed by the various voters of this county will be presented to the Board of Supervisors at the September Session, A. D. 1872, of said Board, asking and petition- ing for the re-location of the county seat of said county, therefore we, the undersigned, legal voters of said county, remonstrate against granting the prayer of said petitioners. As the text of these documents shows, the September Session of the Board became an exceedingly exciting one. The work of gathering names on the petitions began in the Spring of 72, and Marion had guaranteed the sum of $5,000 to be employed in making certain needed repairs on the Court House building. The proposition to raise the money in Marion was made to the Board at the August meeting, on the 23d of that month, but was laid over for final action until the September session. On the 2d of September, the Board ordered that all papers be filed by 10 A. M. of September 4th. On the latter date, an objection was raised to the petition by the Marion people because of the appearance of certain names thereon which did not appear in the last preceding census. The law was HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 367 explicit on this point, and provided that no resident who had taken up his abode in the county suj^sequent to the taking of the census of 1870 was a valid petitioner. The Board sustained the remonstrants, in their ruling given Sep- • tember 5th, on this issue. The petitioners thereupon took formal exception to the decision. Certain technical questions were also raised by the petitioners, because of the manner of verification of the remonstrance, but were overruled. The precise strength of these petitions and counter-petitions is not given. It became evident that the petitioners were in the minority, and the case was dropped. The Cedar Rapids advocates took some preliminary steps toward an appeal from the decision of the Board, but the case was stricken from the court docket before it came to trial. At the present writing, the prolonged "County Seat Conflict" must be regarded as in statu quo ante helium. THE ERA OF OUTLAWRY. PREFATORY. About the confines of American civilization, there has always hovered, like scouts before the march of an invading army, a swarm of bold, enterprising, adventurous criminals. The broad, untrodden prairies, the trackless forests, the rivers, unbroken by the keels of commerce, furnished admirable refuge for • those whose crimes drove them from companionship with the honest and law- abiding. Hovering there, where courts and civil processes could afford but a weak bulwark of protection against their evil and dishonest purposes and prac- tices, the temptation to prey upon the comparatively unprotected sons of toil, rather than to gain a livelihood by the slow process of honest industry, has proved too strong to be resisted. Some of these reckless characters sought the outskirts of advancing settlements for the express purpose of theft and robbery ; some because they dare not remain within reach of efiGicient laws; others, of limited means, but ambitious to secure homes of their own, and with honesty of purpose, exchanged the comforts and protection of law afforded by the old, settled and populous distrietsTFor life on the frontiers, and not finding all that their fancy painted, were tempted into crime by apparent immunity from pun- ishment. In all new countries, the proportion of the dishonest and criminal has been greater than in the older and better regulated communities where courts are permanently established and the avenues of escape from punishment for wrong-doing more securely guarded. When white people first began to enter upon and possess the Cedar River country, there were but two counties organized west of the Mississippi River, even to the Pacific Ocean, if we except the counties of Missouri. These two counties were Dubuque and Des Moines. They extended from the flag staff at Fort Armstrong back into the country forty miles, and from the Missouri State line northward to a line running westward from Prairie du Chien. It was a vast scope of country, and afforded secure hiding places for outlaws and desperadoes. When the rich prairies, beautiful forests and magnificent valleys began to attract honest immigration, human vultures followed in the rear or settled down in the midst of the industrious, toiling pioneers, tp prey upon their substance, well knowing that, by reason of the unorganized condition of society, there would be comparative freedom and immunity from detection and punishment. In 1837, the country began to be flooded with counterfeit money — in fact, says our informant, there was more counterfeit money than there was of good. 368 HISTORY OF LINN COTJNTY. Occasionally — and the occasions were rather more frequent than angels' visits — a horse would be stolen. No one could tell where the counterfeit money came from PxOr where the stolen horse was hidden. At last, horse stealing became so general and was so successfully prosecuted that when a farmer missed a horse from his stable or pasture, he never hunted for him beyond a half mile from his premises. It was useless, the gang was so well organized, and had such a perfect system of stations, agents, signs and signals. Early in 1837 or 1838, a number of persons settled in Cedar County, whose habits and practices gave rise to the suspicion that they belonged to a regularly organized gang of law breakers, horse thieves and counterfeiters.: They had no visible means of support, and were almost constantly coming ,and going, wore good clothes — that is to say, they dressed better than the honest, toiling farm makers — had plenty of money, and were ready at all times and on all occasions to pay their way. When the young men and women — the sons and daughters of the settlers — got up a ball, these suspected parties, at least the unmarried portion of them, sought to " run things " according to their own notions, and at last became so overbearing and dictatorial that, as a measure of self-protection, the scions of the pioneers found it necessary to choose as man- agers of their Terpsichorean entertainments the strongest and most athletic of their number to do the fighting — ^the "knocking down and dragging out " of the domineering young pirates, who generally carried their revolvers whei'ever they went. These people were shrewd, cunning and secret in their business" maneuvers. To their immediate neighbors they were obliging, kind and charitable, where charity was needed. They wore an outward garb of respectability, and so hedged themselves as to escape detection and exposure for many years. PERSONALE OF THE FREEBOOTERS. Among the representative men of these bold plunderers were Squires, Con- logue, James Stoutenburg alias James Case and Christian Gove. Squires lived in Iowa Township. Conlogue first settled at Gpwer's (Cedar Bluffs) Ferry, but subsequently moved across the county line and settled in Johnson County, near what is now Morse Station. Stoutenburg alias Case was an unmarried man, and divided his time between the houses of Squires and Conlogue, as best suited his convenience and the purposes .of those with whom he was connected and associated. Gove was also an unmarried man, and, while Conlogue managed Gower's Ferry, worked for and made his home with him. Besides these men, there were a uumber of others of equally suspicious character. Some of them lived in Cedar County, and others lived on the borders of the adjoining counties. Besides those above named, there was a man named McBroom — a ^een, shrewd, cunning fellow, with some knowledge of law — who was always present to defend such members of the gang as found themselves in the " clutches " of the law. McBroom came here from Illinois, and was regarded as a very danger- ous character, and a "member in good standing" with the unworthy fraternity. John Brodie and his four sons — John, Stephen, William and Hugh — came to the country in 1839, and were among the early settlers in Linn County. They were natives of Ohio, and commenced their career of villainy in that State as much as fifty years ago. Somewhere about 1830 or 1832, they were driven from the Clear Fork of the Mohican River, in Richland (now Ashland) County, and sought refuge in Steuben County, Ind., for two or three years, where they became so notorious as to arouse the entire country against them, and in 1835 they were forced to quit the country and flee westward. In the year last HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 369 named, they found their way to the Rock River (Illinois) country, and settled a*' what came to be known as Brodie's Grove in Dement Township, Ogle County. At that time, that region of country was completely under the power and dominion of outlaws and desperadoes, and there, for a time, they found congenial companionship and associations. At last, however, the honest people organized themselves as Vigilantes or Regulators, as a measure of self-protection ; and, in 1839, theBrodie brood was bought out, and warned to leave the country. They accordingly left there at once, and came to Linn County, where their houses became refiiges and hiding places for their accomplices in crime and villainy. For a number of years after the Brodies came to Linn County, there was scarcely a term of the court in which some of the family were not arraigned for trial, on the charge of horse stealing. Sam Literel and Jo Leverich were said to be members of the gang; and, if not actively engaged in horse stealing, their homes and houses were resorted to by those who were. This gang operated over a large scope of country, and with so many mem- bers located in Cedar County, such secure hiding places, and so many of the gang coming and going, it is but little wonder that the people came to live in constant fear and dread. But the villains worked so cautiously and secretly as to be almost past finding out. Horse stealing became so common that a man who owned a good horse never presumed to leave him over night in an unlocked stable, and, in many instance, farmers and horse owners slept in their stables with their rifles by their sides. The time came, however^ when the gang planned and undertook the perpetration of a robbery that aroused honest people throughout the country, and caused the immediate organization of a protective association, and the visitation of quick and summary .punishment upon several of the Cedar River Buccaneers. THE GOUDY ROBBERY. In 1889, John Goudy, a married son and a son-in-law, Thomas McElheny, settled just over the Cedar County line in Linn, being equally well known and respected among the people of both counties. The senior Goudy was a man of considerable means, and, among the majority of the settlers of the county, was reported to be very wealthy. In April, 1840, it was noised about that he had about nine thousand dollars in his house, which report at once aroused the cupidity and avarice of the gang, and they determined to possess themselves of the treasure. As a preliminary measure, Henry E. Switzer, who lived on a claim about seven miles southeast of Tipton, was sent on a visit to Goudy's home, about the 1st of April, 1840, under the pretense of wanting to borrow some money to pay for his land. The real object, however, was to acquaint himself with the arrangement of the premises where the money was kept, in case he succeeded in making the loan, and taking such other observations as would facilitate the thieves in their work of robbery. Either because Mr. Goudy did not have the money, or for want of confidence in Switzer's honesty and ability to pay, the loan was declined. In other respects, Switzer learned enough to enable him to report the situation to his accomplices, and on the 14th of April the gang started from Conlogue's on their plundering and murderous mission. They passed up the west side of Cedar River to a point above Goudy's, and then crossed over and started leisurely in the direction of Goudy's. Between the point where they crossed the river and their point of destination, they were 370 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. met by a settler who recognized Conlogue and had some conversation with him, when the different parties went their respective ways. From the fact that Con- logue was not with the gang when they entered Goudy's residence, and that he afterward showed his whereabouts on that night, it is believed that he left his companions in villainy, after. being recognized, and went to Gower's Ferry,' where he remained over night, for the express purpose of being able to prove an alibi, and thus avoid identification as a participant in a robbery, the proceeds of which he afterward admitted he shared. At the hour of 11 o'clock on the night of the 14th of April, the doors of the Goudy cabin]were forced open, and the inmates awoke to find themselves in the presence and power of five desper- adoes. The cabin had only one room and a shed-kitchen at the side from the road. In the main room were two beds. One of these was occupied by Mr. Goudy and his wife, and the other one by the son-in-law, McElheny, and his wife. One of the robbers covered Mr. Goudy with his rifle, another one stood guard over McElheny and his wife, and a third one stopped the clock. The wife of Judge Shane, a daughter of Goudy, was a girl then, but remembers the circumstance with remarkable precision, and to her the reader is indebted for the most of these details. The man who stood over her father demanded his money, threatening that if its whereabouts were not revealed, they would kill the entire household. Mr. Goudy replied that he had but little, only |40, which he had saved to buy some hogs, and that they would find that in his vest pocket. The vest was searched and the amount found. They insisted that he had more, and demanded it. The old man protested that it was every dollar he had, or that there was about the house. The leader of the gang then ordered the house to be searched, and directed the occupants of the beds to cover their heads at once, ■ so as, it is supposed, to prevent the family from recognizing any of their num- ber — especially Switzer, who had been there only a few days before under the pretext of wanting to borrow money with which to enter his land. In the excitement, the girl Hannah had got out of her own sleeping place (probably a trundle bed), and crawled under the bed occupied by her sister. Paying no attention to the order to " cover up," Hannah sought to climb into bed with her sister, and, in doing so, climbed over the knees of one of the ruffians who was sitting by the side of the McElheny bed. By this time a brighter light had been raised, and as the girl got upon her sister's bed, the clothes were so raised that Mrs. McElheny could see the faces of the villains, and she recognized Switzer, and whispered to her husband : " That is Switzer, the man who was . here the other day to borrow money." The husband admonished her to be still, or they would all be killed. " Why, it is Switzer, and that other fellow is ," who was also known to the family. The search* commenced. Boxes, barrels, trunks, drawers and pockets were ransacked, but with little success. At last a flour barrel was upset and its con- tents scattered out on the floor, and with it a purse containing $120, belonging to the girl Hannah, who had saved it from the change given her by her father from time to time. An old leather belt, which Mr. Goudy had used to carry his money around his person, was also found, but not very carefully examined, or the robbers would have added a flOO bill, which was concealed within it, to their other booty. Fortunately, they overlooked this "nest egg," and it was spared to the family. Maddened at their failure to find more money — the |9,000 Mr. Goudy was reported to have in the house — they heaped all sorts of curses upon the family and left them to reflect in sadness upon the ways of the wicked and the ungodly. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 371 Capt. Thomas Goudy, the married son, lived near by the cabin of his father. He had been captain of a militia company in Ohio, and his uniform, etc., were ~ hanging up against the wall, on seeing which they remarked, " he's been a military officer and must be a rich man." His money was demanded, but the- demand was not rewarded with success. After rummaging the house pretty thoroughly and finding nothing for their trouble, but some provisions, they left Capt. Goudy's and went to the house of William F. Gilbert, not far distant, who was a prominent man in the neighborhood, and who was believed to keep- considerable money by him. At this particular time, three men were stopping over night with Mr. Gilbert: — the Dubuque and Iowa City mail carrier and two other men. Gilbert's house, like old man Goudy's, only had one room and two- beds. Mrs. Gilbert and the children occupied one bed, the two strangers occupied the other, and Gilbert and the mail carrier were sleeping on a bed made down on the floor before the fire. The entrance of the robbers was sO' sudden and noiseless, that before the occupants of the cabin knew what was going on, they were covered with guns and clubs, and Gilbert's money demanded. In attempting to rally to the defense of the house, Gilbert and the mail carrier were both knocked down, and the cheek bone on one side of the mail carrier's face mashed completely in by a blow from a club wielded by one of the thieves. The house was completely searched, and in the drawer of a secretary — rwhich was opened and closed by a secret spring, supposed to be known to no one but the older members of the family — a fifty-dollar bill and some thirty or forty dollars in change was found and taken. Only three of the gang were engaged in this robbery, and Mr Gilbert's little son, while the work of plunder was going on, rose up in his bed and recognized a neighbor, one Goodrich, who lived but half a mile distant, as one of the robbers. This neigh- bor had hitherto been unsuspected, but he opened the private drawer in the secretary as quickly as Mr. Gilbert could have done, showing very conclusively that he had some knowledge of the premises. He had no doubt often seen the secretary and its private drawer opened, and had watched every movement of its opening and every part of its construction. The amount of change taken from Mr. Gilbert was not definitely known, but it was estimated at from $30' to $40. Estimating it at $30, and adding that amount to the amount taken, from Mr. Goudy, and the robbers had $240 as a reward for one night's work. ARRESTS, FLOGGINGS AND CONFESSIONS. News of these outrages spread like wild-fire. The whole country was aripused. Capt. Thomas Goudy and some others started^ in pursuit of a man named Wallace, who was believed to be implicated. Old man Goudy went to- J. W. Tallman, at Antwerp, and Col. Prior Scott, at Pioneer Grove, for advice and counsel. It was agreed that nothing ought to be done of an aggressive nature until Wallace should be found, arrested and brought back. Col. Scott went among the people and inaugurated measures for the organization of a. mutual protective association. The settlers hunted up their old rifles, shotguns, and every other kind of weapon they could find. The organization was per- fected and the vigilantes were ready to commence the work. Wallace was cap- tured at Illinois City, ten miles above Muscatine, on "the Illinois side of the- Mississippi River, by a citizen named Coleman, and turned over to Capt. Thomas Goudy and his party. Coleman was not above suspicion. He was suspected of belonging to the outlaws, but an estrangement had come between Mm and Wallace, and hence Wallace's easy capture. A warrant was taken out for the arrest of Switzer, and when Wallace was returned, Switzer was arrested 372 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. and a preliminary examination held before a Justice of the Peace (John G. Cole, probably) of the precinct where the robbery was committed. Both of them were held to bail, and their cases came on for trial at Tipton at the October term (1841) of the District Court. Switzer was a powerfully built man, and his size and strength were feared by a majority of men, and trouble was feared when his arrest should be undertaken. The warrant for his arrest was placed in the hands of James W. Tallman, aa Constable. At that time, Tallman lived at Antwerp, where he called two or three of his neighbors to his assistance, and later in the night started for Holder- man's mill to complete his posse. They arrived at Holderman's mill at 12 o'clock at night, and seeing a light within, opened the door without ceremony and surprised William Fraseur, who was there "sitting up" with Charlotte Baker, his present wife. Fraseur 's joys of courtship were interrupted for the time being, and he and Christian Holderman, Wm. McNaughton and J. Mc- Cartney were summoned as additions to the posse, when the party moved for- ward to the point of attack. The posse reached Switzer's about 2 o'clock in the morning, and hitching their horses a short distance from his cabin, they approached and surrouaided the house and demanded admission and the sur- render of Switzer. The latter refused to open the door until morning, claiming that he did not know but what they had come to rob him and those who were there with him. He cursed Tallman, and declared in language most profane that he could not and would not be taken. " If you had come like men," said he, after Tallman had told him for what he was being arrested, " in daylight, I would have given myself up without hesitation, as I have no fear of the conse- quences." When daylight came, the door was opened, and Switzer was taken in custody. There were three or four strapping fellows in the house when the posse entered, and the appearance indicated that it was more of an arsenal than an honest settler's cabin. Guns, pistols and ugly knives were scattered all around. As soon as Switzer surrendered, the posse started back, and reached Holderman's for breakfast. After breakfast, a part of the posse crossed the river for another suspected party, already referred to, but who, upon preliminary examination, proved an alibi. As already stated, Switzer and Wallace were held to bail, and subsequently tried in the District Court at Tipton. About the time Switzer and Wallace were arrested, James Stoutenberg, alias James Case, was arrested at Conlogue's, by other parties, as accessory to the Goudy robbery, and as an accomplice and member of the gang. He was taken to the woods near Conlogue's, and examined in the court of Judge Lynch, and in the effort to extort a confession from him, was finally stripped to his waist, tied to a tree and severely flogged. After that event, he was never again seen in the country, and it is believed by some that the same parties carried him to Cedar River, tied him to a stone raft and left him to his fate. Conlogue was also arrested as accessory to the Goudy robbery, but at the preliminary examination he established an alibi. Being satisfied that he was guilty of helping to plan the robbery, the indignant settlers took him to the brush, where he was tried by rules not recognized by courts of law. He was found guilty, and sentenced to be hanged. A motion was maile to change the sentence to whipping. The motion prevailed and was carried into effect, and it was ordered that each of the citizens should give him five lashes on the bare back, until the panel was exhausted. If that failed to extort a confession as to the particulars of the robbery, and the extent and names of the gang, then the " application was to be repeated, until he was whipped to death." Conlogue soon fell on his hands and knees, almost completely exhausted. Blows con- MARION HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 375 tinned to fall upon his quivering, bleeding back. At last he imploringly raised his hand, and in agonized whispers begged for mercy, and promised to reveal all that he knew of the operations of the freebooters. The execution of the sentence was suspended, and the bleeding, suiFering wretch kept his promise. He admitted his complicity in the Goudy robbery, and that he received |25 as his share of the plunder. He told them that he had the particulars of the night's work from Wallace, who was the leader on that occasion, and that Swit- zer was another one of the five men who perpetrated the robbery. The sen- tence was then fully remitted. An embrocation of salt was used upon his lacerated flesh, which was followed by an application of slippery elm bark, and he was allowed to depart for his home. At the time of this occurrence, Conlogue was under indictment, in Johnson County, for assaulttng, with intent to rob, a man named Brown. For this offense he was subsequently tried, found guilty and sentenced to the peniten- tiary. Goodrich, Gilbert's neighbor, who was recognized by the little son of the latter while he was ransacking Gilbert's house and secretary, was tried in the same court, and on the same day that Conlogue received such a terrible casti- gation, and was sentenced to a similar punishment. The sentence was carried into execution by a man named Murdoch, of Iowa City. Goodrich was terri- bly cut and gashed, but the flagellation failed to elicit from him anything that would criminate himself. He removed from the county soon afterward, and has never been seen or heard of since. The revelations made by Conlogue clearly implicated McBroom, previously mentioned as the general attorney of the gang, and he was also arrested and tried by the " court in the brush," and sentenced to be whipped. He was taken into Big Creek bottom, near Scott's mill, stripped to the waist, tied to a small burr oak tree and whipped within an inch of his life. Like Goodrich, he soon after left the country. Some years ago, William Stretch, one of the early settlers in the neighbor- hood where the above occurrences transpired, made a trip down the Mississippi River as far as New Orleans, and met and recognized McBroom at some of the Southern cities — Nashville, Memphis or New Orleans — our informant does not remember which. The recognition was mutual, and McBroom begged that Stretch would say nothing there of his life, associations and disgrace in the Cedar River country. He assured Stretchthat he was a different man there from what he had been here. He still keenly felt the disgrace that had been brought upon him by his complicity with the Cedar County freebooters. Upon inquiry. Stretch learifed that McBroom was leading an honest life, and had accumu- lated a fortune estimated at $40,000. A young man named Wilson, a cousin of the Brodies, connected with the gang, was overtaken in Washington Township, Linn County, and shot dead while seated in his buggy, by a self-appointed band of Regulators. Seventeen balls penetrated his body. The fellow was attempting to pass through the county with a team of stolen horses, from the eastern part of the State. Some of those who participated in the act are still living here, but are reticent in regard to the affair. The names are purposely omitted. THE SWITZBB TRIAL. This trial came on at the October term (1841) of the Cedar County District Court — to which it was taken, by change of venue, from Linn County, where he had been indicted for burglary, in May, 1840 — Judge Joseph Williams pre- 376 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. siding. George McCoy was Sheriff, and William M. Knott was Deputy Sheriff. The following named citizens composed the jury : Christopher Kline, William Morgan, Abraham Kiser, Elias Epperson, Porier McKinstry, Philip Wilkinson, .Tames S. Lewis, John Lewis, William H. Bolton, William Denny, Samuel Gil- liland and Peter Diltz. *The trial was an exciting one. The feeling against Switzer and his associ- ates in crime and villainy was intense, and it is a subject of surprise that, he was not taken from the custody of the law officers and hanged to a limb of the first convenient tree. Besides the employment of as able counsel as could be secured in the country, Switzer and his friends imported from Illinois a bully known by the name of Christ. Burns* — a man of 240 pounds, very muscular and without a pound of surplus flesh. He was all sinew and strength, and as active as a cat. Of this character, more anon. When the trial commenced, SwitZer showed an uneasy, restless disposition, entirely foreign to a man who knew he was innocent, and gave unmistakable signs of fearing the verdict. As the trial of the case progressed, Switzer was clearly and unmistakably identified as one of the Goudy robbers by Mrs. Mc- Elheny and other members of the family, who were in the house the night the robbery was committed. Switzer tried to prove an alibi, but the evidence of identification was such that the efforts of himself and counsel in that direction signally failed. When the trial was concluded and the case given to the jury and the jury had retired, Switzer tried a new argument — one that his counsel had not introduced. He approached Deputy Sheriff Knott, and said, " Knott, you and I have always been on friendly terms. If the jury find me guilty, when you are returning with them to the court room let the end of your hand' derchief hang out of the side pocket of your coat." Knott replied, " Switzer, you got into this scrape without my help, and you must get out of it the same way." The jury was out two days and two nights, but failed to agree, there being eleven for conviction and one for acquittal. During the trial, one of the jurymen went out home and stayed over night with one of Switzer's most intimate friends. Burns and several others, known friends of Switzer's, stayed at the same place, and it would not be strange if the trial was talked about by them and the verdict predicted. Each day during the trial, a large gray horse was brought and hitched immediately in front of the building used as a Court House for that term of court. About 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the second day they were out, the jury were returned to the Court House to report their inability to agree upon a ver- dict. Switzer and his friends were on the watch. When the jury were leaving the room in which they had deliberated, one of them, either by accident or agreement, left the end of his handkerchief protruding from the side pocket of the coat. Switzer saw and recognized the signal. He was standing close ta his gray horse, and as soon as he saw the signal, he unhitched the animal, mounted his back with the nimbleness of a squirrel and darted away like the wind. Knowing the proposition Switzer had made to Knott, there was reason to think that either Switzer or some of his friends had corrupted one of the jurymen, and that the hankerchief signal had been agreed upon in case of the finding of a verdict of "guilty," and that, in the excitement of the hour, the juryman had, in mistake, given the signal. After the jury reported to the court their inability to agree, and were discharged, Switzer's friends started out to find and convey to him the result, but did not succeed in their mission until the next day, when they found him concealed in the woods along Sugar Creek. * Burns was killed at a shooting match in Upper Missouri, ahout 1846, by being shot by a nelehbor with whom \a had a quarrel. < w o j o HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 377 A warrant was issued for Switzer's re-arrest and placed in the hands of Sheriif McCoy, but from some cause that oflficer did not undertake to serve it, and Switzer, taking advantage of the delay, made arrangements to leave the country, and soon after emigrated to the West. In 1852, when William Knott went to California, he met Switzer at Carson River, in Nevada Territory, and had a long talk with him. Amiong others, Switzer spoke of one of the jurymen, and requested Knott to convey to him his kindest regards and remembrances. "Tell him," said Switzer, "that, as he stuck to me when I was in a d — d tight place, I'll stick to him and remem- ber him as my best friend as long as I live." Mr. Knott said his morals had not improved any, whatever his practices may have been. In 1874, Judge Shane and his wife visited California, and, upon inquiring at Vallejo, learned of Switzer's whereabouts, and that he had accumulated a fortune estimated at $40,000 ; also, thaf he was accounted a very dissolute, reckless and dishonest man, and that he was almost universally feared and despised. His children were "chips of the old block," and were following in the footsteps of their father. One of the sons had but recently killed a man at an agricultural fair at Vallejo, Sonora County, for which offense he was under arrest and awaiting trial. Soon after Switzer was arrested for the Goudy robbery, a civil suit was also commenced against him for the recovery of the money, and a judgment obtained against him. Judge Shane consulted an attorney there in regard to Switzer's career here and the indictment and judgment that were unsatisfied. Arrange- ments were made to send a transcript of the proceedings to California, with a view to recovering the judgment (then amounting to $3,000 at least). When Judge Shane returned here and came to examine the records, he found them mn est, and no further action was taken. Switzer died at his home near Vallejo some time during the year 1877. CHRIST. BURNS. This ruffian and bully was imported by Switzer and his friends to overawe the court and court officers, as well as the spectators, in the event of % verdict of guilty. He was present when that term of the court commenced, and swag- gered around through the court room with the air of a braggart and desperado. He dressed for the convenience of the occasion and the purpose for which he had been imported. His pantaloons were of blue jeans, held in place by his suspenders tied around his waist. The legs were stuffed in the tops of his boots. His shirt was made of some kind of coarse stuff — red flannel, it is believed. He wore neither coat nor vest — only a gentleman's cloak of the old style, thrown loosely over his shoulders. When the time for battle came, all that was necessary was to throw the cloak from his shoulders, and thus freed from restraint, and making a bold dash among a miscellaneous gathering of men, and taking them by surprise, he would have been more than a match for twenty ordinary men. And that was his programme. It was unmasked, however, soon after the trial commenced, and measures inaugurated to defeat the bully. Some of the' old pioneers — men of nerve and muscle — prepared themselves to meet and beat the bully at his first attempt. They warned the officers of Burns' pur- poses and intentions. The Sheriff and his Deputies armed themselves and used every possible precaution to maintain the dignity of the court and enforce its mandates. The disagreement of the jury and the flight of Switzer probably saved a bloody scene in the Cedar County Court House, for it is certain that if the jury had returned a verdict of guilty, Burns would have attempted to rescue 3'l 8 HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. Switzer from the officers. And, maddened as the pioneers were over the repeated outrages of Switzer and his accomplices, there is no reason to doubt that short work would have been made of Burns and his co-workers in iniquity: The punishment visited upon Conlogue, Case, Goodrich, McBroom and others by the vigilantes, by whipping, and the arrest of Switzer and his subse- quent flight ffom the country, did not entirely free the settlers from the pres- ence of outlaws and plunderers. The snake was not killed — only scotched. If the vigilantes did not follow up their scourging of suspected parties, they kept a close watch upon their movements. Knowing they were under the espion- age of a community they had repeatedly outraged, they were very cautious and guarded in their movements. From 1841 to 1855, the settlers in the county were left comparatively free from the operations of horse thieves, although good horses were not considered the safest kind of property. CHARLES CLUTE. Among the settlers of this county in the Spring of 1855 was Charles Clute, a carpenter, who located in the Denson House neighborhood, about nine miles northeast of Tipton. He was first employed to build a house for WiUiara Gessford, and afterward to build a house for Mrs. Denson, who had been engaged in keeping public house since the date of her settlement there, with her husband, Joseph D. Denson, in 1839. During his occupation on Mrs. Denson's house, Clute paid court to. Anna C. Denson, the acquaintance dating from June, 1855, and resulting in the marriage of the paities shortly there- after. Mr. Denson was one of the first California gold-seekers, going to the Pacific coast in 1850, and dying there in February, 1851. Clute became,^ by virtue of his marriage, practically the manager of the Widow Denson's farnij taking supervision of the tavern in the event of the absence of the proprietress. By this means, Clute became widely known throughout this section, the Den- son House ranking among the favorably regarded places of entertainment. He prepared, in the Winter of 1855-6, to improve the prairie farm owned by Mrs. Denson. One day, in the season above mentioned, while Clute and Mrs. Denson were in Davenport on business, a stranger named Johnson, ostensibly a peddler, arrived at the tavern with a one-horse peddling wagon, and engaged accommodations. He was compelled to remain for several days, because of a severe snow storm which blocked the roads. As soon as he was able to travel, he took his departure, riding a gray mare, and leaving his wagon on the Den- son premises. After an absence of ten days or two weeks, Johnson returned to the Denson House, this time bringing a team of horses, and engaging as a teamster and day laborer in the neighborhood. He remained until February, when he proposed to Clute to enter jointly into the work of breaking land. He claimed to have a farm in a northern county which required his attention at this time, and proceeded northward, remaining away until March, when he again returned to the Denson House, bringing with him but one of the hOrses which he had driven away in February. Soon after this, Clute, J. A. Warner (now Mrs. Denson's husband) and Johnson went to Davenport with a load of wheat, intending to carry back with them necessary household goods and pro- visions. Johnson did not return with the party, but when he next put in »n appearance at Densons, he brought with him a pair of brown mares. ' §In a day or two after this, Johnson went away on foot, leaving the mares in Clute's possession, with instructions to sell them for $225, and to apply the proceeds on the purchase of a breaking team. A day or two after Johnson's departure, Clute took the mares and started to Tipton to find a purchaser. HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. 379 Warner accompanied him, driving a team belonging to Mrs. Denson, to bring 8orae family supplies and to afford Clute a conveyance home in case he sold the mares. The needed purchases were made, and Warner returned home, leaving Clute in Tipton. He remained away over night and returned home the next day, bringing with him two yokes of cattle, and reported that he had sold one of the mares to Peter W. Neiman for ready money, and that he had traded the other to Jacob Davis for the cattle, paying the difference in money received from Neiman. Soon after this, Warner went over to Scott County to work at his trade — that of a carpenter — and remained away until harvest, when he came^ home to help Clute take care of the grain growing on the Denson place. Having secured a team, Clute began the work of breaking prairie. In the meanwhile, Johnson had been arrested at Massillon on a charge of stealing horses from Wisconsin. At a preliminary examination, sufficient evidence was found against him to remand him to the Wisconsin authorities, and he was taken back to that Stalte (Grant County) and lodged in jail. At the examination, he made some allusions to his business connection with Clute. Whatever that ref- erence was, it was enough to direct suspicion against Clute ; and while he was at work breaking prairie for H. C. Piatt, he was arrested on a charge of harbor- ing horse thieves and taken before Justice Finch for examination. No evidence was found against him, and he was discharged. The result of the examination before Esquire Finch did not prove satisfactory to some of the citizens of the county, and one night, toward the last of June, Clute was visited at his house by parties who pretended to have a warrant for his arrest. Against the earnest protestations of his wife, he surrendered to the pretended officers, and was taken some distance from his house, tied to a tree and severely whipped. After the whipping, he was untied and permitted to return home. About the beginning of harvest, as already stated, Warner returned home from Scott County to help Clute through harvest. The next day after he came back to the Denson place, Clute and Warner went to Tipton to buy a grain cradle. As they neared Tipton, they were met by the Sheriff of Cedar County, who waa accompanied by the Sheriff of Grant County, Wisconsin. Clute was addressed by these officers, who told him they desired to see him. He answered them by inviting them to go back to town with him, where he would hear any- thing they had to say. When they arrived in Tipton, they went to Piatt's law office, where Clute was taken into custody as an accessory to stealing horses from Wisconsin. A preliminary examination was had before Justice Robert Long, and Clute was held to answer. Alonzo Shaw became his bondsman, and Clute was released from custody. At the suggestion of his counsel, Clute soon after (if not immediately) went away to avoid the unpleasant conduct of neigh- boring citizens, and under the belief that, in his absence, the excitement and feeling against him would die out. He secured employment at Rock Island, but returned to Cedar County to attend the Fall Term of the court, when he expected to be tried. In coming home to attend this term of court, Clute made a mistake as to the time, and came home some ten days too early. On learning bis mistake, he immediately returned to Rock Island. Learning of his presence at home, Charles Williams and eighteen other men visited the Denson House and, demanded Clute. Mrs. Denson was up stairs, spinning, at the time, and she was invited down, a request with which she declined to comply, stating that if they wanted to see her they must come up stairs. Williams and another man went up, and, in reply to Mrs. Denson's interrogatory as to what they wanted with Clute, Williams said they wanted to "run him out of the country and put an end to his harboring horse thieves." Mrs. D. then asked the fur- 380 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. ther question, " Do you know anything wrong of me or any of my family ? " Williams made answer that he did not, except as to Clute ; that he was a horse thief before he came to the country, and that she knew it. This was more than Mrs. Benson's Kentucky blood could stand; and, already at fever heat, she made a spring at Williams, and seizing him by the coat collar, kept a piece of it as a trophy. Williams "got" down stairs on the double quick and, with his posse, soon after quit the premises. Clute had previously gone back to Rock Island and thus avoided a second "unpleasantness." At the proper time, Clute returned; but his case was not reached, and he went back to Rock Island. At the second term of the court after Clute's exam- ination before Esquire Long, the case was again continued, and Shaw asked to be released from his obligation as bondsman, which request was granted, and Robert Barnes was accepted in his place. At the third term of the court, the case was called three times, and, the complainants failing to answer, the case was dismissed. Mrs. Denson married Jacob A. Warner on the 29th of January, 1857, and Clute decided to remove to Rock Island. After his dismissal from arrest, he repaired to Rock Island to perfect arrangements for removal. When he had come over to attend the term of court at which his case was dismissed, he left his wife at the residence of her uncle, Robert Barnes, in Scott County, and when he went to take her home, he was suddenly taken sick and remained there some weeks, under the care of Dr. Neimeise. When he was able to be removed, he was taken back to the Denson House by Mr. Warner. At this time, Mr. Warner was engaged in building a house and barn for a man named Dunn, in Scott County ; and when Clute got able to work he was given employment by Warner, as a journeyman carpenter. Just at daylight on the morning of the third day after Clute had gone to work there, the house was alarmed by the appearance of a number of men, the leader of whom said they had a warrant for the arrest of Warner and Clute, which purported warrant commanded them to appear forthwith before Justice Gates, at Big Rock. The men were taken in custody and started, as they sup- posed, for the oiEce of Justice Grates. But there was no Jhstice Gates at Big Rock, and the party kept on in the direction of Clinton County, crossing- the Wapsipinicon River at Clam Shell Ford. No halt was made until the party reached the residence of old man Warren, in Clinton County, who was uu.ler the ban of suspicion. Warren was also arrested, and, after some sort of a trial, was hanged till he was dead. A jury of twelve men were selected from the band, and Warner was tried. No evidence was found against him, and he was acquitted on the condition that he would not bring suit in the courts against them, but warned to leave the country within ninety days. Clute was next arraigned and tried in like manner, and almost unanimously acquitted — eleven of the jury voting for acquittal and one for conviction. Clute was given thirty days to quit the country. After these proceedings, the " court " returned to Big Rock, where Clute and Warner were kept over night at Goddard's tavern. The next morning, they were allowed to depart unmolested, and returned to Dunn's, where Warner threw up the contract on which he was engaged. Clute had decided that it was unsafe for him to remain in the country, and determined to leave and find a home in some other locality. Warner gave him a set of bench tools to help start him in the world, and the two men separated, Warner to return to the Denson place, and Clute to go out somewhere in the world to commence anew life's battle. Since that separation, the wife and family of Clute have never HISTORY OF LINN COUNTS. 381 had any tidings from him. The tools/ that Warner gave him when they parted were found in Van Tyle's store in Davenport, but how they came there is not explained. It is the belief of Clute's relatives that he never got out of the country alive — that he was followed and murdered, and his body consigned to the Wapsipinicon River, or concealed in some other undiscoverable place. Others, and among them the best citizens of the county, believe that Clute's intended departure from the country was not hindered in any way, but that wherever he went he assumed a new name, and that purposely he has concealed his where- abouts from wife, kindred and friends. It was said that after his departure from Dunn's, he was seen in Keithsburg, Mercer County, Illinois, and that he told parties there he was going South. There is a deep mystery, however, about the total disappearance of Clute, which naturally excites comment. Whether he voluntarily abandoned his family, or was murdered and his body concealed, will probably never be known until the last day. The jury which tried him gave him thirty days' time in which to leave the country, and the speedy acceptance of the terms by him fevors the supposition that he was not foully dealt with ; but his silence and his neglect of his family, to whom he appeared to be strongly attached, puts an additional tinge to the darker colorings of the story. To complete the story, and present some explanations offered by Clute's friends : After the harve.st following the whipping administered to Clute in June, Mrs. Denson, Jacob A. Warner and Robert Barnes, of Scott County, went up to Grant County, Wisconsin, to visit Johnson, who was there in jail on a charge of stealing the brown mares heretofore mentioned, to learn from hiu), if possible, if Clute had any connection with him in horse stealing. He assured his visitors that Clute was innocent of all complicity with him ; that he alone had stolen them and taken them to Clute, and left them with him, and gave him instructions to sell them, and that Clute did not even know they were stolen. Clute's friends say, also, that the same night he was taken out and whipped, the peddler's wagon that Johnson had brought and left at the Den- son place was hawled away by Clute's captors, and that they saw and identified it in Wisconsin, when they visited Johnson in the Grant County jail. The mare that Clute sold to Nieman was claimed and taken by Wisconsin parties. Nieman came back on Clute to recover the money he had paid for her. Clute did not have the money, but turned over to him, in settlement of the demand, one yoke of the cattle obtained from Davis in exchange for the other mare. When Johnson first came to the Denson place with his peddling wagon, he asked the privilege of taking what few goods were left, into the. house, which request was grartted. It was only a remnant stock, and did not exceed $15 in value, and consisted of pins, needles, thread, tobacco, cigars, matches, etc. , which accounts for the finding of the "peddler's" goods in the Denson House. Mr. Warner did not obey the commands of the vigilantes who arrested him and Clute, at Dunn's, to leave the county within ninety days, but removed his family to Tipton. They remained there over one year, and then returned to the Denson place, to which, by his industry, Mr. Warner has added several hundred acres, and where he still remains, bearing a name for honesty and fair dealing that is above reproach. GLEASON AND SOPBR. Alonzo Gleason and Edward Soper were the next victims of a long-suffering and wonderfully outraged people. Soper lived three miles southeast of Tipton, on the Muscatine road. Gleason stayed wherever it suited his convenience. 382 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. One night in the early Spring of 1857, Edward Soper, Alonzo Gleason and three other equally bad characters invaded the premises of Charles Pennygrot, a German, who lived two and a half miles southeast of Louden, on a horse- stealing mission. Pennygrot was the owner of only two horses of serviceable age, one of which was a superb animal, and which the thieves had previously " spotted " as " suited to their fancy." The five unrighteous wretches had gone out in the neighborhood in a two-horse wagon, and, as night came on, they drove out in the rear of Pennygrot's fields to await a suitable hour to perfect their plans. Sometime about midnight, three of them went to the stable and house to complete the programme. The old man had been sleeping in the barn, but ' the night being cold, he was forced to go to the house to warm. While he was in the house, one of the thieves approached and stood by the door with a club in his hand to knock the old man down in case he came out before the work was completed. Pennygrot also owned a fierce and almost unmanageable dpg, and to secure themselves against his alarm and attack, the thieves resorted to an expedient that showed conclusively their cunning and aptitude in artifice. Somewhere on their route they found and secured a slut in estuation and carried her with them to the near vicinity of the barn. This artifice had the effect to divert the watch dog's attention from them and prevent his alarming his owner, thus enabling them to finish their work without molestation from that quarter. After the coveted horse was secured, a signal was given to the sentinel at the door, and the trio started to join their companions in crime at the wagon. Previous to starting out on this mission, these night raiders had stolen a horse from a Bohemian, living near Solon, Johnson County, but had managed to keep themselves so concealed as to escape detection. In their hurry to get away from Pennygrot's barn, the thieves forgot to fasten in the stable the old horse, mate of the stolen one, and he followed after them. As soon as they arrived at the wagon, they started toward the Missis- sippi River. When day began to light the eastern horizon, they sought shelter and concealment in the timber along the Wapsipinicon River. Just as they entered the timber, they discovered the old horse close in the rear, and to prevent him from following them any further, one of the malignant fiends went to the affectionate brute and severed his hamstrings, thus rendering him completely helpless. During the day, the mutilated beast commenced to neigh as if in hunger and distress, and, fearing that the calling after his mate would attract the attention of some one passing along the road, Gleason, demon and devil that he was, left his hiding place long enough to go out where the helpless old horse was lying and cut his throat, thus ending his agony and their apprehensions together.. While the act may have been a humane one, in one sense of the word, the motives that prompted it were as far removed from pity as the sun is from the earth. When darkness came on, the villains again took up their journey, and by night stages and unfrequented by-roads, reached and crossed the Mississippi into Illinois, and finally sold the stolen animals somewhere on the Illinois River,, in the vicinity of Peru or Peoria, where they were subsequently found, identic fied and recovered by their respective owners. After they had disposed of the stolen horses, the thieves returned to Cedar County, and, emboldened by their late success, attempted to carry on_ their nefarious business on an enlarged scale ; but success seems to have deserted them. They made several attempts to steal valuable animals belonging to Henry Fulwider, James Gay and others, but were always defeated. At last, their maneuvers became so bold as to attract attention and suspicion. and the people — the vigilantes — on the 2d day of July, 1857, aided the authori- HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 383 ties in' placing them under arrest. Ed. Soper was arrested at a house on tfie farm now owned by Martin Busier, and Grleason was found concealed in a hazel copse bordering on a slough a short distance from the house. After their arrest, Sheriff John Birely placed them in the court room — occupying the entire ground floor of the old frame court house — under a guard of about twenty men. About midnight, the vigilantes, to the number of about forty men, overpow- ered{!) the guards — a large number of whom, as was more than suspected, needed very little compulsion — seized the prisoners and carried them to a grove on the farm of Martin Henry, about one and a half miles south of Louden, and prepared to try them according to the rules and regulations of the Protective Association. The crowd continued to augment in numbers, until fully two hundred men were present. (Boys were carefully and rigidly excluded and guarded away from the ground.) After all necessary preliminary arrangements were made, a jury of twelve good and true men were selected, and the trial was commenced. The prisoners were told they were allowed to challenge any one on the jury, and to reject any one of them they might believe to be unduly prejudiced against them. They were given every reasonable latitude, and allowed every privilege that would have been accorded them in an organized court of law. The people, to the number of two hundred or more, in the midst of whom the trembling wretches stood in awed subjection, were cool, calm and deliberate, yet resolute and determined. The captives saw and appreciated the situation and the conse- quences, and made full confession of all their crimes, giving full particulars of the stealing of the Bohemian's horse, near Solon, the stealing of Pennygrot's horse, the artifice they used to quiet his dog, how William Denny, Jr., had stood at his door, club in hand, ready to kill the "old Dutchman" if he came out of the house before they got away with his mare, the killing of the old horse, where the stolen mares were sold, and where they could be found, together with many other things not necessary to mention in these pages. After the "evidence was all in," the jury were asked for their verdict. "GUILTY" was the response. A motion was then made and submitted to the assembled two hundred^that the trembling wretches — self-confessed horse thieves — should be hanged to death at once. Only four of that number voted against the motion. Ropes were procured and adjusted to the necks of the condemned men. A wagon was drawn up under a projecting limb of a white oak tree under which they had been tried and condemned, and the men were made to get up on it. The loose end of the rope was thrown over the limb and securely fastened, the wagon was pulled out from under them, and about 3 o'clock on the afternoon of July 3, A. D. 1857, the bodies of Edward Soper and Alonzo Gleason were hung between the heavens and the earth, upon their own confession. When life was extinct, their bodies were cut down, and a rude grave dug beneath their gallows, and, unwashed and uncofiined, their remains were rolled into the hole and covered with mother earth. i When the rope was placed around their necks, Gleason said to his execu- tioners : "Boys, I hope I'll meet you all in hell ! " and making a leap, jumped from the wagon and landed in eternity. It is said by some that Gleason told Soper to stand up and die like a man — " to jump off the wagon, and not allow himself to be strangled to death like a dog." In a day or two after the tragical affair, the friends of Soper exhumed his remains and prepared to give them a decent, if not a truly Christian, burial. The following Sunday, his corpse was brought to the Court House yard in S84 HISTOBY OF LINN COUNTY. Tipton. The coffin was opened and his face exposed to view. It was a sicken- ing and repulsive sight — all blackened with the advanced stages of decomposi- tion and putrefaction. After the coffin was closed, a few friends formed in procession and followed all that remained of Edward Soper to the old grave yard at Tipton, where he was re-buried. It would be strange, indeed, if there were not some people who censured and condemned the manner of his sudden and disgraceful taking off, or a sympathy awakened for him and his relatives and friends, even if the punishment of death was justly merited. Such a sympathy was awakened and found expression in more voices than one. The action of the vigilantes was seriously and earnestly condemned, and at one time it was feared that the sympathy and condemnation would overleap the bounds of reason and prudence, and take the form of retribu- tive action not altogether creditable to law-abiding people. But happily and fortunately for the peace, welfare and good name of the community, the ruffled element of public sentiment settled down into a peaceful calm, and other than an attempt to get the matter before the grand jury, no action has ever been taken. At the first session of the court after the hanging, Judge Tuthill, presiding, said, in his charge to the grand jury, that "where a number of per- sons are assembled together to do an unlawful act, all who are present when the offense is committed are, in presumption of law, participants ; for it is a well known principle of criminal jurisprudence that all who openly aid and abet the commission of a felony participate in the crime ; and in riotous and tumultuous assemblies all who are present and do not endeavor in some manner to prevent, restrain or discountenance the breach of the peace are prima facie participants therein." While the grand jury was in session, a large number of those who were engaged in the Soper-Gleason tragedy were in town, and when witnesses were seen approaching the grand jury room, the vigilantes or their friends used means to either persuade or frighten them away, so that no indictments were ever lodged against them. Witnesses who, had been summoned subsequently reported that when they were nearing Tipton to go before the grand jury to testify, they were met by men whom they did not know and told to go back home and at! end to their own business ; that if they went before the grand jury, they were only inviting their own deaths. Whether this is true or not, only those who were interested have the means of knowing. A large majority of those interested in the Soper-Gleason affair still remain in Cedar County. Many of them are among the wealthiest, and consequently most influential, citizens of the community, highly respected and generally use- ful, reliable and strictly law-abiding. HI. ROBERTS. Hiram Roberts, of Indiana, was the owner of a farm in Jones County, and frequently visited there to look after his interests. On these visits, his associa- tions were with that class of men who were under the ban of suspicion as horse thieves and counterfeiters. He frequently went over into Cedar County, and made protracted visits among people who were almost known outlaws. His most frequent stopping place was at James W. Hanlin's, four miles northwest of Tipton. About the last of October, or first of November, 1857, Roberts was on one of his visits to the county, and having heard thaj he had been pretty severely threatened by the members of the Protective Association, he sent word to the leaders of the Association where he was stopping, together with an invitation for them to come and take him. His invitation was accepted. Word was sent HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 383 around among the people, and Roberts was arrested at Hanlin's. He was taken across the county line into Jones County, to the barn of Geo. Saum. When they arrived within the barn, Roberts was left in charge of a part of those con- cerned in his arrest, while the other part, a majority, perhaps, went a little dis- tance outside to consult. One of this number was a young man in the employ of a citizen who has always been prominently identified with the afiairs of Cedar County, and who had been sent by his employer to represent him, because of other pressing engagements. It may be said, too, that the employer was a Justice of the Peace at the time, and this may have had something to do with his non- attendance. When this young man learned the desperate resolve of the men by whom he was surrounded, he turned away and started to the barn to get his horse and leave the scene. As he opened the barn door, he was horror-stricken to find that Roberts had already been tried, condemned, sentenced and hanged to a beam overhead, and that he was even then writhing in the agonies of death. After life was extinct, the body of Roberts was taken down, carried out and re- hanged to the limb of a tree, and left there to await the order of his friends. It is said by some of those who participated in the Roberts lynching, that before he was hanged, he confessed that he had been engaged in counterfeiting and associated with counterfeiters a good many years, and tha,t he had put in circulation more than $100,000 of spurious money. The Coroner of Jones County was notified of the hanging of Roberts, and an inquest was held on his remains, and a verdict rendered in accordance with the facts, as far as the facts could be as.certained. Warrants were issued for the arrest of Charles Williams, Benjamin Freeman, Moses Bunker. William Dallas, George Saum and William M. Knott, charging them with the ofiense. The Jones County Sheriff and his Deputy came over to arrest the parties named. No resistance was offered, and by agreement and on recommendation of Judge Tuthill, then District Judge, they entered into bonds for their appearance before a Jones County Justice of the Peace, on a certain day named (within two weeks), for a preliminary examination. At the appointed time, Williams, Freeman, Bunker and the others mentioned, accompanied by about two hundred Cedar County citizens, appeared as per agreement, with Judge Bissell as their attorney. They waived an examination, and entered into bonds for their appearance at the next term of the District Court for that county. Their bonds were signed by not less than one hundred of the best citizens of Cedar and Jones Counties. At the Spring term (1858) of the Jones County District Court, the parties under bonds, accompanied by nearly two hundred Cedar and Jones County citi- zens, appeared in Anamosa to answer to any indictment that might be found against them ; but no indictment was returned against them, for want of suffi- cient testimony. In addition to the fact that the vigilantes had taken good care to get important witnesses for the people out of the way, one of the grand jury was in full sympathy and accord with the movement to free the country from the presence of dishonest" characters. Besides that one juryman, there were several others who were indifferent as to the prosecution of the case, and it is fair to presume that they did not worry themselves yery much about find- ing an indictment. Since then the affair has almost died out of memory, and the country has maintained a quiet and obedience to law that has made for Cedar County people a praiseworthy reputation. Charles Williams, one of the arrested parties, subsequently removed to Texas ; Freeman died in Jones County about ten years ago ; George Saum now lives in Davenport ; Moses Bunker, William Dallas and William M. Knott have maintained a continuous residence in the county, and are useful, respected citizens. 386 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. The marvels of the last half centurj are not confined to the mechanic world' alone, but reach out in the direction of the West, and include the social world as well. The history of Linn County is one of comparative brevity, and is compre- hended to-day by the men who drove the first breaking teams over the virgin prairie ; but it is, nevertheless, one of the most remarkable in the list of Amer- ican counties, so famous in the eyes of all the peoples of the globe as akin to- the miraculous types of the progress of mankind. There is not a man in Linn County at the present time who is not willing to admit that the improvement of his favorite locality far excels his most san- guine expectations ; but that simply proves the extraordinary character of the social and material advancement of the section. In the year 1840, Hosea W. Gray completed the first census of the county. Some idea of the popularity of the region may be formed by a comparison of the numbers which gathered at Westport, July 4, 1839, to " celebrate," and the returns made by Sheriff Gray. The celebration, as already remarked, drew to Westport many persons not residents of the county, and with such acquisitions to the people, there were, probably, two hundred men and women assembled oni that day. The census returns of 1840 show that there were then resident in the county no less than 1,373 men, women and children. The county filled up thus rapidly in that one year. The older settlers still living remark that the pro- cessions of immigrants were almost continuous. Claims were made with great rapidity, and the lands were staked out by the pioneers after the manner of the times. The new comers were plain, honest people for the most part, and came with the real determination of making homes for themselves and their children after them. Andrew J. McKean relates an incident of 1838 that is illustrative of the feeling entertained at that time by the settlers. When he arrived in the county and made known his wish to secure a claim, he was told that there were no- vacant lands in the neighborhood of what is now Mount Vernon. Every foot of land had been secufed by actual settlers, they told him. "Well," observed Mr. McKean, "I like this country, gentlemen, and, vacant lands or no vacant lands, I'm going to stay with you. I came here to locate, and I shall remain." No sooner had he declared his intentions of becoming a bona fide resident of the county, than he was greeted with the utmost cordiality. There were plenty of unselected sites, and those who had first turned the cold shoulder upon him, fearing that he might be a speculator, were extremely officious in aiding him with his work. As the forefathers had declared, " not one cent for tribute ; millions for defense," so the pioneers proclaimed, " not one foot of land for speculators ; thousands for settlement and cultivation." It is because of this rule and the rigid determination to observe it, on the part of the first men, that the county is to-day so far advanced in the scale of improvement. During the three years following the census, the influx of settlers was unceasing, and by 1845 probably 4,000 pej-sons had decided upon Linn as their abiding place. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 387 The men who came here in the early '40's were ambitious, determined, experienced workers in their several vocations. Many of them knew from personal encounter that there were rocks in the sea of life, and were disposed to shun the errors of their former ways. Lessons learned in the school of experience are seldom forgotten, and the progress made by such as' were of the less successful business class of the East, was slow but substantial. They felt their way cautiously along over the shoals of financial waters, until they reached a depth that enabled them to live freely and enjoy life. Those days were not like the present times in point of luxuries. As late as 1855 there were but two pianos in the county, and not more than half a doBen spring buggies. Sewing machines were unknown. Domestic training consisted of the simple branches, devoid of all the modern accomplishments. Now there is scarcely a farm house without its musical instruments and sewing machines, while the boys of the family drive spirited horses before the best of vehicles. Family carriages are not uncommon, and comforts of every description find their way into the large and elegant farm mansions which have taken the place of the old log houses. The young members of the family have ceased to attend the District schools, and graduate with honor from institutions of learning with which the county is so well supplied. The census of 1850 shows that 5,444 inhabitants were accredited to Linn in that year. The gold excitement in California, which began in the year '49, naturally drew many of the more ventureeome spirits westward, and a number of Linn County men joined the long procession on its wearisome way over the plains and mountains. Still this county continued to thrive. The soil was yielding ample returns for the comfortable support of its tillers, but markets were limited to the newer counties to the west of this, and farmers devoted all their energies to the actual improvement of their farms, rather than to any speculative ventures. Another decade passed, and the statistics were returned to the proper bureau. Then it was discovered that the population had reached the hand- some figure of 18,947, and the future of Linn was a guaranteed success. In 1870, there were 31,080 residents in the county, and in 1875 the State census shows a population of 81,815, Long before this time, the lands were taken up, and the augmentation of numbers depended upon the growth of business centers, instead of upon the agricultural classes. As the farms were improved, greater shipping facilities were required ; increased commercial con- veniences were demanded ; and the manufacturing population necessarily went to swell the total number of residents in cities and villages Probably the present number of actual residents is as large as the rate of production demands or will be able to support for some few years, except in the larger cities. The county already ranks among the older regions of the East in numjerical strength, and the demand for " pioneers " has ceased. Other sources of increase must be looked to for accretions, as is always the case where the area is no longer subject to first purchase. The vote of 1889 numbered thirty-two ballots. The last vote cast in the county does not show the full strength of the adult population entitled to the right of elective franchise. There are, as reported in the census of 1875, 7,274 legal voters in the county. For convenience as well as comparative exhibition, will be found on follow- ing page in tabular form a statement of the last Presidential vote, and the more recent "ofi" year" ballot, in 1877, for State and county ofiicers. 388 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. r/5 w Pd o H \^ o h-l >H u^ H \^ iz; o o o iz; P !?^ o 1— 1 u ■raBUJtid 22 1 ^ •aBnijCT; CJ5CD.-H--O-C0'MG0ifl:Dl--t-'-iCDl---^"*O"*S'^ ^^T— I 1— ICO t-Hi— 'r-*i— II— > "^OCCOQO-^COOi'— lCOOCDa;t-l--t— C<]OC*!MO00C300Oirtt-C)30-^in)!:D05"*-^C0C0t^Xi>-* —4 ^H C^,_,,_,,— 1"^ 1— ICNtHi— 'CM"^OCO T-Hi-(i— I r-i^-^i— I 1— li-H y-< •jfoid'Bqg ■noppBsiai'BO OiOlOOXCOCOCO^i^It— Oi— ITOiOCOCOOOCOCaOCOCDCOCO C^t— C^OCOt-as'XiOS'SlTtHOOOOt— TtlOSflDO^Ot^iXJCDCftCC rH'^i— < I— (i— llO^H I— (i— It-Hi— I 1— I ■aBinrif) I Thio^cocooiocooo:D<:D<:Dt-'^cor-i-^TtCO'M'^!MCOC^t- I--I 1— lT-l(M T-l^.-tl-' 1-1 ■Xajea •Sunoj •qsipMog^ -T-HCOI--'— llOOO'^COlMt-COCOCOXCOCO.f— It— 'OS )OOOt-i-OI:-OQO-^r-«'-X'CO-^-^CO':vDWI>-'-iX 1— ( T-H,-H I— ( 1— iio I— i(rqi— (.— I 1—1 jcooco>T^^couoo<:o^Hoit-oi'^coot- )05«— O-Tt.— lOiCOOiiOOOOt—COt-i— It— ICCOCOt— ICOi-<<£> sOQ0i-iut)G0i-iC0'^0i0iC3S'THTHThC005 1-->-iiO r-< S^.-l 1-1 r-lrjl ^G^,_(^ ^(M tscovccOQOiCt-tr-ososu^or-'— ''-l'^^7>'^asOOCSi-l'^OSQOi-l COl—Ol>-X>OlOSCOCO* TH"^050THTjHt-<:OOi>OI-»-OCO!MCO I— li— I I— ICOrH 1— li-Hr-Hi-H i— I ■9ia •qeui •J«90 coTt(a3CiDr-«300--L':)t-'— ic^iMr-iiorooooit—cocDOiOios CO t— (MOQOOlCXlOiOt-OXi-^COCOt— "^rH"*050t>-CXlGO ^ ^ C^ ^ W rH CO (N ■7— iCOi— 1 1— (I— li— I^H rH lOt— '•-DCOI--OD'^0'<**C005CO-^QOT-HOiiOt-':DCO'^CO'OC^10 cofN:o(r— (■^t-oscococNioooi>->LOcoioco^i— ii— I ,—1 .-Hr- « 1— ITtl I— iClrHT— I-— It— I "^iMt-OOi^DiJOOCD^Tt^COOil-OCOuScDOOOiXCOiOySiOO eoTtii>"(?iocoot-asiot-cDcCr-(Oii— icoco«-iOii-iocDODr- ,_, ^rHrHi-H --HCO rHi— Ir-Hi— I' OCOasoOQDCOCO:D:DOOXOOO'^<:DOuTiOOCOCOCD-OOt— OSOO-^OSi— iCO-^-^COt— lOOOSi— It— .-H i-t(M.-( t-HCO t-lCq,-lrH — OSCOS*li— liCi-ICOCOCOOCJt-COt—COOO'y^OCNt-f-lCOiOQOO (Nr-Osl>*(OOSOi(MCC TfTtiCOOiOCSI— LOC— t— r-lTt<— IrH •^ooo:l■-co^-OiooooGOt-"^■-*oco^-cocot-co'^^r-^c^qrH -*t-C^C10X'MOiCcD-*0iC0l0C5CD0Di-l'?t-lCOiO»i2COG^t-rHoOrHOOS"*(M"^COCOC3iiOCO (Nr-i I— IrHi-i-HCMrHi— IrHi-li— ICD»-I (MCOtMtN rHrH a a Pu S3 ,^ ■" o .5 2 o «^ aj ti w •.& S3 g.'s t, o fa 33 H [i( Ca o -5 C S 2 rs o ^^.a r; j, Jones, Johnson, Iowa, Tama and Benton Counties. The saiue territory composes the District Court, and b >th branches of the judiciary are designated as the Eighth Circuit and District Courts respectively, with Hon. John McKane as Judge of the former and Hon. John Shane as Judge of the latter. CRIMINAL MENTION. It is neither pleasant nor profitable to uncover the darker pages of the early records. Prudence teaches that it is better to devote the space which might be filled with traditionary recitals to the more satisfactory work of treating braver and better topics. History shows that deeds of cowardice and treachery ar'e more numerous than deeds of benevolence, and that no region is so primitive but that the assassin's hand is raised against his fellow man. AcceptiDg facts as they are, but exercising the discretionary power of one whose provitice enables him to exclude all other evidence, the writer purposely ignores the vague rumors of violence which serve no other purpose than to satisfy a morbid curiosity, and transcribes those cases which form a part of the court history of the county. It is proper to state, in passing to these brief extracts, that no « omission is here made of any event which exercised an influeuce upon public affairs or affected the life story of any one whose name is identified with thfe development of Linn County. RBED-OARNAGY MURDER. The first murder ever committed in this county occurred at Marion, on th^ 20th of March, 1847. A man named James Reed brutally assaulted Nathaniel HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 397 €ariiagy with a billet of wood, and inflicted injuries from which the latter died April 3d. It appears that Reed had been drinking heavily all day and had grown quarrelsome. Meeting Carnagy, he renewed an old feud and indulged in abusive language. Subsequently, Reed followed his victim into a saloon and there delivered the blows which proved fatal to Carnagy. Reed was arrested and indicted at the June term of court, 1847, but the trial was postponed until the April term following. The jury adjudged Reed not guilty, with that free- dom which characterizes so many juries in similar cases. BUTLER-O'CONNOR MURDER. The next murder was that for which Samuel Butler was indicted at the September term of court (1856), for the killing of Patrick O'Connor. The deed was committed Oct. 8, 1856. There had existed some difficulty between these parties for a long time, growing out of a dispute over a quantity of «orn. On the 8th of October, the men met on a public highway in Buffalo Township. A quarrel ensued, terminating in a struggle. Butler struck O'Con- nor over the head with a gun, fracturing his skull and killing him instantly. Butler's trial came on at a special term, November, 1856. Nathaniel G. Hub- bard prosecuted, and Preston & Cook defended. During the progress of the trial one of the jurors became so ill that the court dismissed the panel and ordered a new jury into the box. The trial occupied four days, and resulted in * verdict of not guilty. DECKLATS-AKERS MURDER. Decklats was indicted at the March term of 1865, for the murder of John Clark Akers, on the night of December 24, 1864, in a saloon in Cedar Rapids, by firing the contents of one chamber of a revolver into Akers' breast, produ- cing instant death. Akers was a young man, and he, with others, had been indulging in a carousal. The parties were more or less under the influence of liquor. In the earlier part of the evening they had drank at Decklats' saloon. .During the course of the evening, Akers learned that Decklats accused him of stealing his tumblers. This was near 11 P. M. Akers and others went to Decklats' saloon and called on him for something to drink. Decklats told them to go away ; that Akers could not get anything to drink from him ; that he .(Akers) had stolen his tumblers. Akers retorted by calling Decklats a liar, and also stating that he had put down a dollar for liquor and had received no change. Finally Akers made an assault upon Decklats, and the latter took a revolver .from a shelf and fired, the ball striking Akers and killing him instantly. Deck- lats' trial commenced May 31, 1865, William G. Thompson Attorney for the State. The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and the prisoner's punishment was fixed at sixteen years in the penitentiary. An appeal was taken to the Su- preme Court. This Court affirmed the decision of the Court below, and reduced the sentence to ten years, instead of sixteen. THE FBLTER UXORICIDE. One of the most revolting crimes in the annals of the State is the murder .of a woman named Felter, by her husband, Abram Felter, in 1865. The cul- prit was about forty years of age, and resided, with his wife and child, on a farm in Tama County. The case is a part of the records of Linn County, although the crime was committed elsewhere. The forenoon of the fatal day was marked by no unusual occurrence, but during the afternoon, neighbors were attracted to the spot by evidences of a conflagration. The spectacle 398 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. •which presented itself to their eyes, as they neared the cursed spot, was of a character to remain indelibly impressed on their memories. The Felter house Was in ashes, and lying close to the ruins was the naked body of the unfortu- nate woman. One foot was consumed, and the position of the corpse was such as to excite gravest suspicions. A. more careful investigation revealed the hor- rible fact that Mrs. Felter had sustained injuries from which she had died prior to the fire, and that the destruction of the building was manifestly to conceal a most heinous crime. The skull of the victim had been beaten in with some heavy instrument. The defendant himself was found (although he had been seen walk- ing around by persons when approaching the premises) lying near some stacks, with his throat cut from ear to ear, and exhausted from loss of blood. The only witness to the terrible crime was a young daughter of the defendant, and she saw but a portion of the crime. The defendent was arrested and indicted, but was granted a change of venue to Benton County, where he was tried in March, 1867. The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and he was sentenced to the penitentiary for life. An appeal was taken to the Supreme Court and the decision of the Benton County District Court was reversed and the case remanded for a new trial. A second change of venue was granted the prisoner, and this time it was brought to Linn County, where the case was again tried in March, 1869. A verdict of guilty of murder in the second degree was returned, and the prisoner was sentenced to the penitentiary for life. Again the case was taken to the Supreme Court, and this time the decision of the Linn District Court was affirmed. LANGSDALE-BAENES MUEDER. William Langsdale was indicted at the November term, 1872, for the kill- ing of Joseph Barnes, by firing a revolver charged with powder and ball into Barnes' person, on the 19th of July, 1872, in Langsdale's store, in Center Point, Linn County. The testimony filed in the office of the Clerk seems tO' indicate that Barnes was comparatively a stranger to those present, and was under the influence of liquor. " A stranger entered the store and said he wanted to see the little man with the mustache, and walked up to Mr. Randall and had some conversation with him , when suddenly Barnes struck Randall in the face with his hand, and then a general fight commenced." Langsdale was standing behind the counter, and during the fight a pistol shot was heard ring- ing on the air, and Barnes said " I am shot." Barnes was taken to the ofiice of a physician, where he died in a few minutes. Langsdale was tried at the March term, 1873. William G. Thompson prosecuted, and Preston & Son defended the prisoner. A verdict of not guilty was returned. THE MASSING VTIFE MUEDER. Frank Massino was a Bohemian, residing in Cedar Rapids with his wife and family. Massino had been in the habit of frequenting the house of another Bohemian woman, and- his wife remonstrated about his intimacy with other women. Massino became jealous of her, which- culminated, on the night of July 9, 1873, in her death by the hands of her husband. He fired the con- tents of a loaded shot gun into her person. He was indicted at the October term, 1873, and tried at the same term. He was found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary for life. W. G. Thompson prosecuted and Charles Liee Murray defended. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 399 INDIAN SCARE. The early settlers of Linn County never had any serious trouble with the Indians, althou;j;h there were great numbers of them in the county, going and coming at their own convenience at all times. This was no doubt owing to the fact that there were many amongst the pioneer whites who were just and humane in their intercourse with the "children of the forest," and" thus gained their confidence and respect. Thomas W. Campbell, who settled on Big Creek at an early day, became especially conspicuous for his control over the Indians. They would encamp in large numbers in his vicinity, staying weeks or months at a time; but his rights of property were always scrupulously guarded and respected by the red men. Campbell settled many disputes between them and the whites, which might afterward have resulted seriously, and his decisions were never appealed from. In the Spring of 184Y, a ridiculous scare took place, which is worthy of a corner in history. There had been rumors of Indian outragss on the settlers of the new western counties, and many of our citizens, especially those who had recently come in, were fearful that Linn County would be visited by the One afternoon a man rode into Marion, bringing the news that the Indians bad crossed Cedar River in large numbers near the old town of Westport, and were burning,N killing and pillaging all before them. The messenger was bare- headed, had ridden hard and fast, and was laboring under great excitement, and, of course, his story created a commotion at once. The Court House was the first thought of all, and it was decided to make it the Thermopylae of defense in case the savages should attack the town. The country people in the section supposed to be the scene of conflict, fled from their homes and came to Marion. By 10 o'clock at night, the town was filled with men, women and children, and still upon all the roads leading from the south and east, the stream of fright- ened humanity kept pouring in. Foul- or five young men of the town, viz., Charles Nye, Preston Daniels, Dean Cheadle, Willard Harland and Robert Holmes, who had some doubts as to the truth of the reported trouble, volunteered to go and ascertain what the facts were. They went south toward Westport, but found that the inhabitants had all flei from that vicinity, but there had been no burning. Houses and barns were still intact, but not a human being was met with until they reached the residence of Thomas W. Campbell, on Big Creek. It had become dark, and a great light was discovered, and there were forms flitting back and forth in the vicinity of the fire. Our adventurers could not at first determine whether they were friends or foes. Impartial history must record that they approached the place with caution, each one determined to make a strategic movement toward his base of supplies in case of necessity. It was soon discovered, however, that the campers were white people, and not savages, and a great burden rolled off each one's mind. Mr. Campbell. and a few of the neighbors had just returned from an investigation, and had ascertained that the danger was imaginary. It grew out of two or three Indians passing through the neighborhood, on the west side of the river. They approached two boys, working in a field, with the inten- tion of begging something to eat. The bym H., e. Oct. 1, 1861, missing battle Shiloh, re-e. as vet. Dec. 25, 1863. Whitenacfc, Wm. W., e. Sept. 20, 1861, missing battle Shi- loh, re-e. Dec. 25, 1863. Watrobek, Enos, e. Sept. 23, 1861. Watrobek, John, o. Oct. 4, 1861, disd. July 20, 1862. Whittam, John J., e. Sept. 20, 1861, missing battle Shiloh, ree. as vet. Dec. 25, 1863. Wagner, Jasper, e. Oct. 16, 1861, missing battle Shiloh. Webster, Wm. H., e. Oct. 18, 1861, died Jan. 5, 1862, at St. Louis. Williams, J. Company E. Musician Benj, B. Eberhart, e. Oct. 17, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. Company I. Zedeker, Jas. F., e. Oct. 10, 1861, missing battle Shiloh. Company K. Corp. Lewellyn Larrebee, e. Sept. 8, 1861, wd. in battle ,, Shilph. Mosher, Allen, e. Sept. 15, 1861. Grimes, JUexander, e.Nov. 25, 1861, missing battle Shiloh. THIRTEENTH INFANTRY. Was recruited under the President's proclamation of July 22, 1861, and ordered to rendezvous at Camp McGIellan, near Davenport, where the regiment was filled up, com- pletely organized and mustered into sei-vice Nov. 2, 1861. The mustering officer, Capt. Chambers, rejected a few men, but when it entered the service there were 899 names on its rolls. The number was soon increased by enlistments tot989. Maj. Marcellus M. Crocker, of the Second Regiment, was commissioned Colonel of the Thir- teenth. Milton M. Price was Lieutenant Colonel, and John Shane, Major. Soon after organization, having been supplied with clothing, the regiment^was ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., where it remained from November 20th to Decem- ber 11th, when it was ordered to report to Gen. Pope, and was assigned to garrison duty at Jefferson City, where it remaiQed during the Winter. The time was improved to the utmost by Col. Crocker and his command. Schools of Instruction were instituted for the officers, and regular drills for the men. Several hours each day were spent in obtaining a thorough knowledge of their duties, and every.pfflcer and private labored diligently to obtain pro- ficiency in the art of war, that they might be ready for efficient service when called upon. In March, Col. Crocker received orders to report to Gen. Grant; and on the 8th of that month, 1862, the reg- imentleft, by railroad, forSt. Louis, where it embarked for Pittsburg Landing, arriving on the 23d. Col. Crocker re- ported to Gen. McClemand, commanding First Division, and with the Eleventh Iowa and Eighth and Eighteenth Illinois, constituted the First Brigade, under Col. Richard Oglesby. At Shiloh, on the first day, it was under fire for ten consecutive hours, and gallantly sustained the reputation of Iowa troops. On that day, Lieut. Col. Price and Major Shane were wounded, and the regiment lost 24 killed, 139 wounded and 9 missing. A few days after the battle of Shiloh the army was reorganized, and the Thirteenth was placed in the Sixth Division, and attached to the Third Brigade, composed of the Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Iowa Regiments, Col. M. M. Crocker commanding, soon becoming known ae the "Iowa Brigade." About this time, Lieut. Col. Price resigned, Maj. Shane was promoted to be Lieutenant Colonel, and Capt. G. M. Van Hosen became Major. The command participated in the siege of Corinth, and became- a pai t of the garrison at that place when evacuated by the rebel forces. After remaining at Corinth two months, the regiment marched to Bolivar, Tenn., to louk after the enemy, but returned to Corinth September I2th. Its next movement was under Gen. Ord, in a march on' luka, and returned to Corinth about the 1st of October, where it was engaged on the 3d and 4th; but although under heavy artillery fire for some time, its losses were- light. On Sunday morning, October 5th, the command joined in pursuit of the rebels, which was continued ta Bipley. On its returo, the regiment reached Corinth October llth, where it remained three weeks, when it joined in the campaign, under Gen. Grant, against Vicks- burg, via Holly Springs and Granada. It reached " Yo- cana" Creek, when. Holly Springs having been lost, the army countermarched to the frontier of Tennessee, and arrived at Memphis Jan. 13, 1863. On the 20th, it em- barked on steamers, moving down the river to Duckport, La.; but, without disembarking, returned to Milliken's Bend, where it remained a fortnight. It then moved to Providence and went into camp for two months, working much of the time on the Lake Providence Canal. While- here the army was reorganized, and the Thirteenth became a part of the First Division, Seventeenth Corps, observation. Gen. McPherson commanding. Shortly after. Col. Crocker was promoted to be a Brigadier General, when Lieut. Col. Shane was commissioned Colonel of the regiment. During most of the campaign at Vicksburg, the Iowa Brigade performed much extra service, involving hard labor and calling for tough marching qualities, and ac- quired the sobriequet of "Crocker's Graybounds." It was a part of Sherman's army of ? and July 4, 1863, wten Vicksburg was being surrendered to Grant's victo- rious army, the Thirteenth was skirmishing with John- ston's rebels, at Big Black Biver. In August, it was engaged with a portion of tha navj' in wrecking and dismantling gunboats that had been> sunk by rebel torpedoes in Yazoo Kiver. It also par- ticipated in a campaign against Monroe, La., under Gen. Stevenson. September 3d, it went into quarters at Vicks- burg, where it remained four months. From February 4r to March 4,1864, it was with the forces under Gen. Sher- man in the famous raid on Meridian. On its return from this raid, most of the men having re-enlisted, it was- declared a veteran organization, and officers and men were given " thirty days in their own State," and wer* homeward bound on the 7th of March. April 16th, they were off' to the wars again, arriving at Huntsville, Ala., May 20th, thence to Ackworth, Ga., joining Sherman's army on .the 8th of June. Its first battle in the Atlanta campaign was at Kenesaw Moun- tain, and was almost continuously under fire until July 20th, when it took position before Atlanta, three miles. away. On the 21st, the Iowa Brigade, under Col. Shane,, lost 226 men in twenty-seven minutes, in a splendid assault on a rebel fort. Again engaged on the 22d, and suffered severely. On the 28th, gallantly fought, having^ been ordered to reinforce a portion of the line hard pressed by the enemy. It participated in Sherman's famous march to thfr sea, and a portion of the regiment, under Lieut. CoL Kennedy, entered Columbia and hoisted the Stars and Stripes on the rebel capitol. The Thirteenth, after a long and honorable career, was mustered out, paid off and disbanded at Davenport, Iowa, July 28 and 29,1805. [Note — This regiment was rmistered out at Lomemlle July SI, 1865.'] , ^ Lieut. Col. Justin C. Kennedy, com. Ist lieut. Co. A Oct. 18, 1861, prmtd. capt. April 20, 1862, prmtd. lieut. col. Jan. 1,1865. Adjt. Henry H. Kood, com. 2d lieut. Co, A Oct. 18, 1861,. prmtd. Ist lieut. April 20, 1862, prmtd. adjt. Jan. 22,. 1863, m. o. Nov. 1, 1864. Adjt. Chas. A. Myers, e. as private Co. A Sept. 18, 1861^ wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. sergt. maj. then adjt. Nov. 11, 1864. _ ^ Quartermaster Richard Kennedy, e. as Ist sergt. Co. A Sept. 12, 1861, prmtd. sergt. maj. then 2d lieut April 20, 1862, prmtd. quartermaster June 5, 1862, m. o. l^ov. 1,1864. Company A. Capt. Jno. Quincy Wilds, com. Oct. 18, 1861, read. April 19, 1862, for ill health. Capt. Chas. W. Kepler, e. as private Sept. 18, 1861, prmtd Ist. sergt., wd. at Corinth Oct. 3, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 2, 1863, prmtd. capt. Jan. 9, 1865. 424 WAR RECORD OP LINN COUNTY. First Lieut. "Wm. H. Plainer, e. aa aergt. Sept. 18, 1861, prmtd. iBt aergt. tlien 2d lieut. June 5, 1862, prmtd. lat lieut. Feb. 2, 1863, wd. at Atlanta, m. o. Nov. 1, 1864, term expired. Second Lieut. Jas. W. Fitz, e. aa priTato Sept. 19, 1861, , wd. at Corinth, prmtd. lat eerfft., com. 2d lieut. June 7, 1865, m. 0. as Ist sergt. Sergt. B. B. Maaon, e. Sept. 16, 1861, captd. at Atlanta July 22, 1864. Sergt. Martin T. Taylor, e. Sept. 23, 1861, re-e. aa vet. Dec. 1, 1863. Sergt. Joel Bankers, e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. at Atlanta July 22, 1864. Sergt. Fred L. Keith, e. Sept. 12, 1861, re-e. as vet. Deo. 1. 1863. Sergt. Morgan J. Umstead, e.Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, captd. at Atlanta July 22, 1864. , Sergt. C. K. Simons, e. Sept. 15, 1861. Sergt. Wm. H. Warren, e. Sept. 12, 1861, died July 15, '63, at Nashville. Sergt. John F. Hipp, e. Sept. 17, 1861, disd. July 9, 1862. Sergt. John W. Morgan, e. Sept." 23, '61, disd. Jan. 15, '63. Sergt. John B. MoClaskey, e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh April'6, 1862, and Kenesaw Mt. July 5, 1864. Corp. Jno? C. Mason, e. Sept. 12, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Jas. S. Brooks, e. Sept. 12, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Sept. 8, 1862. Corp. Nathan Gilliland, e. Sept. 23, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 4. 1864, killed near Atlanta July 21, 1864. Corp. K. W. Vansant, e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. Shiloh, disd. Jan. 21, 1864, disab. Corp. Jno. W. Johnston, e. Sept. 18, 1861, died of wds. at Lovejoy's Station Sept. 4, 1862. Corp. Benj. E. Butler, e. Sept. 26, 1861, re-e. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Kenesaw Mt. July 18, 1864. Corp. Wm. H. Buchan, e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh April 6, 1862, and Atlanta July 18, 1864. Corp. C. M. Berdsall, e. Sept. 18, 1861, died April 5, 1862, at Pittsburg Landing. Corp. Jno. B. Shafer, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864. Corp. Wm.B. Myers, e. Sept. 24, 1861. Corp. P. J. Downing, e. Sept. 18, 1861. Corp. Geo. B. Barnes, e. Sept. 15, 1861, died May 28, 1862. Musician 0. D. Ishum, e. Sept. 12, 1861, disd. Oct. 22, 1862, disab. Musician .Jno. Conway, e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, re- e. aa vet. Dec. 1, 1863. Wagoner Isaac Gager, e. Sept. 18, 1861, disd. July 4, 1862, disab. * .\rrasmith, Willis, e. Oct. 1, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died of wds. in Atlanta July 21, 1864. Arford, John J., e. Sept. 16, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Kenesaw Mt. July 6, 1864, died July 9, 1864. Bradd, Jas. H., e. as vet. Feb. 20, 1864, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864. Baragar, Zacheus, u. Oct. 5, 1861, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864. Boyd, Isaac W., e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Aug. 20, 1862. Boyd, Abraham, e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Dec. 1, '63. Barks, W. J., e. Sept. 18, 1861, died July 21, 1862, at Corinth. Bunce, Hiram, e, Sept. 27, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864. Billington, I. C, e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Oct. 22, 1862. Brown, A. S., e. Sept. 18, 1861, killed in battle at Shiloh April 6, 1862. Bedell, David, e. Sept. 20, 1861, disd. July 4, 1862, disab. Cole, A. W., e. Sept. 18, 1861, died Dec. 20, 1861. Comstook, Wm. L., e. Sept. 24, 1861, captd. July 22, 1864, near Atlanta. Davis, Jacob J., o. March 31, 1864, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864. Dunn, .1., e. Sept. 20, 1861, disd. July 11, 1862, disab. Devore, B., e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Dotey, Geo. W., e. Sept. 12, 1861, killed in battle of Shiloh April 6, 1862. Easterly, Jacob W., e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. near Atlanta July 21, 1864. Fink, Jno. W., e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Fitz, Jno. A., e. Sept. 19, 1861, wd. at Corinth Oct. 4, 1862, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Gardner, Chas., e. Sept. ]9, 1861, wd. at Corinth, disd. March 18, 1863, disab. Gardner, Geo. D., e. Sept. 18, 1861, disd. Oct. 22, '62, disab. Harper, Jos. M., e. Sept. 18, '«1, wd. at Shiloh April 6. '62. disd. Aug. 15, 1862. Harman, S. P., e. Sept. 28, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, diid. Aue 1,1862. , * Haynes, H. M., e. Sept. 16, 1861, died, place unknown. Hamilton, S. B., e. Sept. 18, 1861. Hamilton, David A., e. Sept. 18, 1861, disd. Aug. 15, 1862, disab. Hinckley, Wm., e. Sept. 17, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, re-e. aa vet. Dec. 1, 1863. Hannah. Geo. A., e. Oct. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Aug. 28, 1862. Hazzlett, Bwd., e. Sept. 12, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Atlanta, died Aug. 14, 1864, of wds. Hall, Geo., e. Sept. 20, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864. Hall, Geo. W., e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as. vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Hampton, J. S., e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Harrison, Josiah, e. Sept. 12, 1861, disd. Aug. 15, 1862. Kern, Peter, e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Dec. 1, 1863, wd. near Atlanta, died at Chattanooga Nov. 12, 1864. Euntz, Thompson, e. Sept. 20, 1861,' re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Kamberling, H., e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. near Atlanta, disd. Nov. 24, 1864. wds. Largeant, Jno. M., e. Sept. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh Oct. 29, 1862. Matthews, Jas. H., e. Sept. 18, 1861, trans, for promotion to Q. M. sergt. in 8th Lousiana Vols., June 21, 1863. Mabee, Levi, e. Sept. 20, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan, 1, 1864, wd. near Atlanta. Murntz, Peter, e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Dec. 1, 1863, wd. near Atlanta, trans, to V. B. 0. McElroy, Isaiah, e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. Jan. 16, 1863, disab. McFarland, Jas., e. Sept. 18, 1861, disd. Oct. 22, '62, disab. McWilliams, J. C, o. Sept. 19, 1861, disd. Feb. 12, 1862, disab. McAferty, Benj., e. Sept. 24, 1861, killed in battle of Shiloh April 6, 1862. Mooris, Wm., e. Oct. 2, 1861, disd. Oct. 22, 1862, wd. Neal, Jas. B., wd. at Shiloh, died at Keokuk May 4, 1862. Oldham, Jas. T., e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1,1864. Flasket, Saml. H., e. Sept. 12, 1861. Beed, A. C, e. as vet. Dec. 1, 1863. Bundell, S. A., e. Sept. 26, 1861, killed in battle of Shiloh April 6, 1862. Bupert, Jacob, e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Smith, H. C, e. Feb. 10, 1864, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864, died at Florence, N. C, Nov. 8, 1864. Smith, S. G., e. Sept. 19, 1861, wd. in battle of Shiloh, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Atlanta. Smith, Jas. W., e. Feb. 10, 1864, captd. at Atlanta July 22, 1864, died at Andersonville Sept. 8, 1864. Stevens, Tincent, e. Sept. 27, 1861, re-e. as vet. Dec. 1, 1863, captd. at Vicksbnrg Feb. 9, 1864. Stream, Fenton, e. Sept. 15, 1861, disd. March 7, 1863, disab. Shover, J. K., e. Feb. 10, 1864, missed in action at Atlanta July 22, 1864. Shaver, J. K., e. Sept. 18, 1361, wd. at battle of Shiloh, re-e. as vet. Dec. 1, 1863, captd. at Atlanta. Smith, A. B., e. Oct. 1, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Aug. 4, 1862. Thompson, Bobt. W., e. March 30, 1864, captd. at Atlanta July 22, 1664, died at Florence, N. C, Nov. 21, 1864. Thompson, Wm., e, Sept. 12, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, '64. Umstead, Saml. D., wd. ac Kenesaw Mt., died at Marietta, Ga., July 20, 1864, of wds. Varner, F. A., o. Sept. 18, 1861, died of wds. reod. at Shiloh April 6, 1862. Whitlatdy, Adam J., e. Sept. 25, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. July 22, 1864, near Atlanta. Wilson, Thos. W., e. Sept. 26, 1861, disd. Fob. 12, 1862. Waldo, C. F., e. Sept. 18, 1861, disd. Oct. 22, 1862, for sickness. Walling, Oscar L., e. Sept. 12, 1861, re-e. as vet. Dec. 1, 1863, killed in action at Atlanta July 22, 1864. Wi6kham, B., e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Wickham, E. M., e. Sept. 18, 1861, re-e. aa vet. Jan. 1, '64, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864. Weaver, C, e. Sept. 24, 1861, disd. March 8, 1862, disab. Weaver, D. C, o. Sept. 25, 1861, iiei Deo. 26, 1861. Wickham, Jas. W., e. Sept. 19, 1861, wd.at Corinth, captd. at Atlanta July 22, 1864. Shaver, John. Company C. Oapt. .lohn Julius Safely, o. as 1st sergt, prmtd 2d lieut. April 3, 1863, prmtd. capt. Nov. 11, '64. Company F. [Note. — Some of the daiea of enlisting Co^Fareiwt found in Adjutani OeneraVa report.] Capt.NobleL. Earner, oomd. Nov. 2, 1861, read. Feb 26,1862. , WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. 425 €apt. John SecreBt, comd. lat lieut. Oct. 16, 1861, pnntd. capt Feb. 26, 1862, read. Sept. 16, 1862. Capt. John Archer, e. as Ist sergt. Sept. 17, 1861, prmtd. iBt lieut. Feb. 26, 1862, prmtd. capt. Sept. 17, 1862, m. 0. Nov. 10, 1864, term expired. Capt. Jonas S. Gauby, e. as Corp. Sept. 17 , 1861, wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. Ist sergt. then Ist lieut. Sept. 22, 1863, prmtd. capt. Nov. 11, 1864. IPirst Lieut. Neace McAllister, e. as sergt. Sept. 17, 1861, prmtd. lat sergt., wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 10, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Sept, 17, 1862, resd. Jan. 23, 1863. ^irst Lieut. Michael Donahoo, e. as corp. Sept. 17, 1861, prmtd. let sergt. then 2d lieut. Sept. 17, 1862, prmtd. Ist lieut. Jan. 21, 1863, resd. July 2, 1863. First Lieut. Elias Gerberich, e. as corp. Sept. 17, 1861, prmtd. 1st sergt. then 2d lieut. Jan. 24, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. July 23, 1864, m. o. Sapt. 20, 1864. Ji'ilBt Lieut. Elias V. Miller, e. as private, prmtd. Corp., promtd com. sergt., prmtd. let lieut, Nov. 11, 1864. Setgt. Jacob Bell, e. Sept. IT, 1861, disd. Jan. 26, 1862. Sergt. Saml. H. Farley, e. Sept. 17, 1861, died May 8, 1862. Sergt. John 0. Hinman, e. Sept. 17, 1861, disd. Feb. 18, 1862, disab. Sergt. H. B. Baldwin, captd. Feb. 19, 1864, Canton, MIbb. Sergt J. Bordenhoffer, e. Sept. 17, 1861; wd. at Shiloh April 6, 1862. asrgt. Henry Blessiog, trans, to V. R. C. Goxp, ThoB. Griffith, trans, for prmtn. to 10th La. Vols. ^ June 6, 1863. Corp. Frank Cook, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Corp A. E. Wood, e. Sept. 17, 1861, wd. at Shiloh April 6, 186'.i. Corp. 0. Z. Brockman, e. Sept. 17, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, captd. near Atlanta July 22, 1864. Corp. Kliaa Gerbrich, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Corp. David Hester, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Oorp; Geo. W. Thompson, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Musician B. J. Coolton, e. Sept. 17, 1861, disd. Feb. 13, '62, disab. Musician Wesley Ziegenfuse, e. Sept. 17, 1861, disd. July 5,1862, disab. Wagpner Albert Myers, e. Sept. 17, 1861, died Jan. 6, 1862, Jefferson City, Mo. Agens, Christopher, e. Sept. 17, 1861, died May 2, 1862, of wds. received at Shiloh, Bonce, Wesley, e. Sept, 17, 1861. Bly, John, e. Sept, 17, 1861, wd. at Shiloh and disd. Sept. 16, 1862. Bnighttoup, C, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Bundge, Oline, e Sept. 17, 1861. Baker, Samuel, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Baldwin, Qnincy, e. Sept. 17, 1861, cor. re-e. vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Bierley, John, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Barnard, I. D., e. Sept. 17, 1861, died. Jan. 23, 1862, ditab. Brigga, M. J., 0, March 31, 1864, died Aug, 31, 1864, Marietta, Ga, Buck, D, B. Oiirttwright, Elias, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Oct. 18, 1862. Oline, Wm., wd. at Shiloh, died. Sept. 16,1862. Carlton, Wm., wd, at Shiloh, disd. Aug. 20, 1862. Coffee, Ezra, wd. at Shiloh, April 6, 1862. Oristee, Wm., e. Feb. 27, 1862, died July 6, 1862, at Corinth. Davis, Wm. Basterly, Wm. H., rc-e, as vet, Jan, 1, 1864, Franklin, B, Z, French, Bolivar, disd, Jan, 26, 1862, Fullerton, T, B,, disd, Oct, 23, 1862, Oregg, Geo,, re-e, as vet. Dec, 1, 1863, the Spring of 1864, the regiment was attached to Gen. Steel's command, and marched to Camden. April 13th, was in an engagement near Moscow, thirty miles from Camden. . . * April 17th, received seven successive and impetuous charges from superior numbers, and returned to Camden with a loss of seventy-seven men ; returned to Fort Smith, and, until it was mustered out, nothing particu- larly'noteworthy occurred. [Note.— r*i« Eegiment viae mustered oat at LUtle Bock, Ark., July 20, J8fi5.J Lieut. Col. Thomas Z. Cook, com. Aug. 2, 1862, resd. Julv 16, 1863. Company A. Second Lieut. James T. Christian, com. Aug. 7, 1862, resd Feb. 11, 186S, Sergt. Silas P. Chapman, e. June 14, 1862. Corp. Edward D. Wilson, e. July 3, 1862, disd. Nov. 7, '62, disab. Corp. W. T. Evans, e. June 16. 1862, wd. Jan. 8, 1863, died Jaij. 16, 1863, at Springfield, Mo. Corp. M. L. Blackman, e. June 10, 1862, kid. Sept. 5, 1863, by Quantrel's s:uerillas. Corp. Samuel C. Griflitb, e. July 8, 1862. Corp. John H. Wilson, e. July 21, 1862, disd. by civil au- thority Aug. 7, 1862. Musician A. T. McDonald, e. July 10, 1862,kld. March 12, 1863, accidently shot in camp. Adams, P. B. J., o. June 22, 1862, died Nov. 28, 1863, at Springfield, Mo. Adams, F. D., e. April 21, 1863. Andrews, John A., e. July 18, 1862, wd. Jan. 8, 1863, at Springfield, Mo. Atkins, William C, e. July 18, 1862. Allen, Charles H., e. July 27, 1862, died Feb. 11, 1863, at Springfield, Mo. Bosley, James P., e. July 19, 1862, died Dec. 12, 1863, at Springfield, Mo. Beebe, 0. J., e. July 21, 1862, wd. and captd. April 18, '64, in action at Poison Spring. Black, Newton, e. July 21, 1862. Carpenter, W. J., e. July 9, 1862. Crouch, Caleb, e. June 2, 1862, died April 24, 1862, at Van Bucen. Ark. Dowling, Finton, e. July 26. 1862. Dye, Warren, c. July 24, 1862, disd. Feb. 19, 186,3, disab. Ellis, Robert C, e. July 14, 1862, died Sept. 2, 1862, at So- dalia. Mo. Giddings, George, e. June 10, '62, disd. Feb. 17, '63, disab. Harris, Pleasant, e. July 10, '62, disd. March 12, 63, disab. Hodge, Henry, e. July 11, 1862. disd. Dec. 28, 1862, disab. Harris, Wm. E., e. July 19, 1862, disd. Dec. 28, 1862. Hardin, John A., e. July 18, 1862. Hotchkiss, J. A., e. July 27, 1862. Hart, William, e. June 5, 1862. Hanna, John, e. July 16, 1862. Hensell, F. M., e. Sept. 19, 1862. King, Charles, e. July 1, 1862, died July 6, 1864, at Wash- ■ ington Insane Asylum. Mallaham, William, e. May 28, 1862. . Marshal), W. 8., e. May 21, 1862, wd. and captd. April 18, 1864, at Poison Spring. Marshall, John M., e. May 4, 1862. McCuIley, George W., e. May 18, 1862. McBride, David, e. May 17, 1862. Mounce, Malon, e. June 21, 1862, wd. Jan. 8, 1863, died Jan. 8, 1863, at Springfield, Mo. Netland, 6. G., e. June 2, 1862, wd. by lightning June 2, 1863, died June 6, 1863, at Sprin^aeld, Mo. Peat, W. K , e. June 13, 1862, disd. Nov. 6, 1862, disab. Biley, Robert, e. July 17, 1862, captd. in action at Poison Spring April 18, 1864. Stoddard, John, e. July 20, 1862. Stanley, Francis M., e. July 8, 1862, wd, at Springfield, Mo., Jan. 8, 1863. Torrence, George P., e. July 13, 1862, wd. at Springfield, Mo., Jan. 8, 1863, disd. March 7, 1863, disab. Van Dyke, Simeon, e. June 9, 1862, died Dec. 10, 1862, at Springfield, Mo. Company C. Barkley, Edward A., e. July 27, 1862. Company E. Blood, George B., e. July 14, 1862, disd. Feb. 9, '63, disab. Budolpb, Samuel, e. July 8, 1862, disd. Dec. 24, '62, disab. Company C. Andrews, B. L., e. Aug. 8, 1863. Company H. Corp. William P. Henderson, e. July 5, 1862, trans, for promotion to capt. Co. G, 2d Ark. Inf. 428 WAR RECORD OP LINN COUNT V. TWENTIETH INFANTRY. [For the following detailed history of this regiment, we are indebted to L. L. Wilson, of Center Point. The work from which It la taken is a copy of a pamphlet written by Lieut. J. Wilkine Moore, who relied upon a diary^ kept by "W m. L. Onlbertaon, of Company G. The state- inents herein contained may, therefore, be relied upon aa accurate. Had it not been tor the courtesy of Mr. Wilson, the writer would have found great difficulty in preparing so elaborate a record of the gallant Twentieth — the most of which enlisted from Linn County. — Ed.] The Twentieth Iowa Volunteer Infantry, composed of five companies from Linn County, viz., A, B, F, H and I, and five companies from Scott County, were mustered into the service Aug. 25, 1862. The companies drew their uniforms immediately after the muster. The reg- iment marched to Clinton, Iowa, the 19th of August, and were quartered there until the 31st. During their stay at Clinton, a young lady, of Lyons, Iowa, presented the regiment with a very beautiful silk banner, inscribed with the name of the regiment. Maj . William F. Thomp- son responded in behalf of the regiment with an appro- priate address. The regiment received marching orders on the evening of the 31st of August, and at midnight, embarked on board the steamer Canada. By daylight everything was on board, and the steamer plowed her way down the river. The boys were all in good spirits, especially the Scott County men, who expected to see their friends in Davenport. The regiment arrived at Davenport, early in the morning of Sept. 1st, and dis- embarked, and marched through the principal streets of Davenport, after which they filed into " Camp Herron." The barracks were not completed, and the regiment were quartered under temporary sheds, to protect themselves from the rain that fell in torrents. The following day, Oapt. J. B. Leake, of Company " G-," was promoted to the Lieutenant Colonelcy of the regiment. Many of the Iriends of the soldiers visited camp, during the day, bringing with them all the delicacies of the sea- son. The government rations were thrown aside for that day, and the boys reveled in the " good things of life." The Sth, the regiment received marching orders in the morning, and by noon, all the ^en and goods were stored away on board the steamer Metropolitan. The banks of the river were lined with the friends and relatives of those on board. Many and sad were the leave takings, and many were the hearta that throbbed with anxious feelings, when, at 3 P. M., the Metropolitan, with her load of patriot soldiers, shoved off from the shore abd started down the river. Cheer on cheer rent the air from those on shore and those on board, and announced the departure of the regiment. Handkerchiefs were waved, as long as there remained any- hope of their being seen. On arriving at Montrose, the men were transferred to barges and flatboats, and passed down to Keokuk and over the rapids at that point. On the 6th, they were trans- ferred to the steamer Northerner, and at daylight of the 7th, started down the river, arriving at St. Louis in the evening. The regiment disembarked on the 8th, and marched to Benton Barrswiks, where they were comfort- ably quartered. There they remained until the 14th, drilling twice a day, when the regiment were ordered on board the cars, at the Pacific Railroad depot. Arriving at RoUa in the evening, they disembarked, and. went into camp on the 16th. The regiment then started on the first and hardest march of its existence, making sixteen miles, and encamping on the banks of the " Lit- tle Piney," where the Nineteenth Iowa, Twentieth Wis- consin and Ninety-fourth Illinois were already in camp. From the 16th of September to the 3d of October, the regiment made 172 miles, not marching continually. Oct. 6th, the advance guard attacked the rebels' rear guard. The regiment was drawn up in line of battle, but did not participate in the engagement, as the " rebs " took to their heels. The regiment took up the line of march again on the 9th, and on the 17th, went into camp on the battle field of" Pea Ridge," having made lorty-four miles, and remained in camp four days. The rpgimeut left many of its men in the hospital, at Oassvillo. On the 2l8t, the men were again on the move, and kept up light marches during the rest of the month, when they went into camp in Osage Springs, having marched back twenty-one miles from Fayetteville, Ark. Nov. 2d, the reg- iment took up the march again, and kept it up until the 20th, going into camp at " Camp t^yon," in Missouri. The weather was very bad, and the boys suffered greatly. On Dec. 3d, the regiment started under marching orders, and kept it up until the 7th, when it went into the engagement at Prairie Grove. Having made eighty-flve miles, the regiment crossed Illinois Qreek, and took up a position behind Murphy's Battery, in a small ravine. Gen. Herron had encountered the enemy, and a battle was. in progress. During the afternoon, the regiment advanced upon the enemy's line; and the members of the Twen- tieth remember the occurrences of that day better than they would be recorded here. Gen. Hindman had been defeated, and fled precipitately, leaving his dead and wounded upon the field. The regiment remained in camp until the 26th, when it was ordered out on a six days' scout, and returned to camp, at Prairie Grove, on the 31st, having marched ninety miles. Captured the town of Tan Buren, on the Arkansas River, together with five steamboats, and a large amount of commissary stores. The boys destroyed the steamboats and stores, and returned to camp. Jan. 1, 1863, the regiment had orders to march, but did not leave camp until the 2d, when they started out on the Sth. Went into " Camp Roseorans," on the War Eagle, where they lay until the 9th. The 20th then marched fourteen miles to Huntsville,where they remained until the 18th, and then started out in the mud and rajn. On the' 19th, they went into "Camp S tuck-in -the-mud," and " stuck " there until the 22d, when they resumed the mirch and went into "Camp Lost-in-the-woods." Short marches were kept up until the 3l8t, when they went into quarters in Gamp Schufield, where they re^- mained until the 13th of February, drilling and cleaning up drill grounds. On the lith, the camp was moved four miles to a better position, and was called "Camp Bliss." March 1st, the regiment broke camp and marched five days, having marched seventy-five miles. Remained in camp until the 14th, when the regiment moved under marching orders until the IBth; when they went into " camp oa Elk River," and remained there until April 3d, when the march was again taken up until the 7th, During, this tramp the boys made fifty-five miles. Remained in camp until the 22d. During the soldiers' stay in this place, which they called " Camp Totten," they were reviewed by Gen. Herron, and the Scott County boys received a beautiful silk fiag. On the 24rth, the men went to RoUa, and on the 24th to St. Louis, where they remained doing -guard duty until the 30th. On May 4th, broke camp and marched to "Camp Gamble," once famous as "Camp Johnson," the scene of Gen. Lyon's first military exploits Remained in camp until the 15th, when they started on the cars for "Pilot Knob," where they remained doing "drill duty until the 3d of June, when they etarted^at 3 P. M., under marching orders, and halted at 8 P. M., having made fifteen miles. Arrived at St. Genevieve on the Sth, and marched aboard the transports' awaiting them^. The 20th, went on board the J, D. Perry ; started down^ the river on the 7th; passed many objects of interest. Ar-s rived at the mouth of the Yazoo River, in plain view of the besieged city of Vicksburg, At .this place the men were ordered to Haines? Bluff; and upon their arrival there, were ordered back to Young's Point, where they landed. On the 12th, marched across Young's Point; and on the 13th, crossed the river and camped. On the 14th, the force was moved up, and took their position in the line of investing forces. The division was located en the extreme left of the Union troops, and the right of the rebel line. From the 15th to the 30th, the regiment took an active part in the siege, rapidly rushing forward their works, laboring night and day. Large numbers became sick, and the regiment was very much reduced. The fatigues and exposures of the siege pioved too much for some of the men, The day after the regiment took up their position, they advanced the rifie pits 300 yards, and continued to ad- vance, until the capitulation. The regiment planted, during this time, eighteen pieces of field artillery in fVont of their division, besides the siege guns. On the 30tb, the regiment bad four siege guns planted in front of uieir brigade, and were mounting more every day. Up to this time, only four or five men had been wounded in the; regiment. July 1st and 2d, the regiment pushed forward their works. At 10 A. M., on the morning of the 3d, a white flag was displayed along the entire line of the enemy's works; Hostilities were at once suspended ; and wMle Gens- Grant and Pemberton were arranging the terms of sur- render, the boys were all busy holding consultation with the rebels between the two lines of works. On the: morning of the 4th, at 10 A. M., the Twentieth had the honor of leading their division into the rebel works, and of being the first on the left to plant their flag on the battlements of Vicksburg. On the 10th, the regiment received marching orders, and on the 11th embarked un transports, and arrived at Yazoo City on the 13th. The rebels fied on the approach of the men, leaving in the WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. 429 bands'iof the Federal forces five large siege guns and plenty of 'ammunition. The regiment did scouting duty until the 2lBt, when they embarked on the transports and went down to Vioksburg. On the 24th, the regiment went aboard the latan, and on the 26th disembarked at Port Hudson — went into camp and remained until the 15th of August. The regiment became very much reduced by Bickness, and several of the men died from fever, contracted at Ticksburg. Went aboard the Crescent, on the 16th, and started down the river — disembarked at CarroUton, on the 17th, and went into camp about two miles below town. Remained in camp until the 4th of September. Were visited by Gens. Washburne, Banks and Grant, during their stay in CarroUton, Commenced to go aboard the "Nupen Parish'" on the 5th, the entire divi- sion going aboard other transports, and on the ?th started up stream. Left all the sick and baggage behind, the men taking nothingbut their blankets. Landed four miles below Morganza, La., on the evening of the 7tb. From the 8th to the 14th, was occupied in scouting; on the ISthj moved up to Morganza, and commenced fortifying. Trom the 16th to the 2Sth, the regiment planted all their artillery behind the levee, and prepared for an attack. Lieut. Col. J. B. Leake, of the Twentieth, was out, in command of the Nineteenth Iowa and Twenty-sixth Indiana, some cavalry, one section of artillery and mounted infantry, as an advance guard. He encountered the enemy, and after a severe struggle was defeated and taken prisoner by an overwhelming force of the enemy. From the Ist to the 9th of October, the regiment lay in camp. Received marching orders on the 10th, and at once started down the river; arrived in CarroUton on the'llth; remained quietly in camp until the 23d. On the 24th, the division embarked on board the Qulf Transports, forming a part of Gen. Banks' Texas Expedition. Started down the river and anchored at the mouth of the Mississippi on the 25th. On the 27th, the flag ship McClellan arrived, and was received with a salute. At noon the signal was given. The feet weighed anchor and stood out to sea. On the let of November, the ileet came in sight of the Point Isabel Lighthouse and Brazos Island. Some of the troops were landed on Brazos. Col. Bertram ordered a landing in sui-f boats near Bagdad; and in making the attempt, the boats were capsized, and several men drowned — among them, William Bice and Morgan Par- Hons, of the Twentieth Regiment. On the 4th, the reg- iment succeeded in landing on Brazos Island, and went jnto camp. Lay in camp on the 5th, and on the 6th moved up and landed at Point Isabel. From the 7th to the 14th, lay in camp at Point Isabel. The men suffered greatly from a scarcity of water. On the 15th, embarked on board the Planter, and stood out to sea. Landed, in the evening of the 16th, on the southern end of Mustang Island, and commenced marching along the beach, drag- ging, by hand, two 12-pound howitzers, and carrying their knafHacks and sixty rounds of extra ammunition. Ar- rived at the north end of the Island, on the 17th, where the rebels had some earth works thrown up, to defend the entrance to Corpus Christi and Aransos Bays. From Nov. 18th until June 24, 1864, the regiment remained upon Mustang Island, garrisoning the works. Expeditions were made up the bay, to the towns of Cor- pus Christi, Lamar, St. Mary's and Flour Bluffs, for the purpose of procuring lumber, with which to erect houses and improve their positions. The duties of the garrison were light; and as a great many refugees' families had accompanied tbem on their return from the above named towns, there were hopes that they might establish a col- ony, but the order for evacuation arrived, and " quashed" all their plans. On the morning of the 24th of June, the troops marched aboard the steamship "Alabama," and on the 26th, landed at Brazos, Santiago, and took up the line of march for Brownsville. Beached Clarksville during the day. Three of the soldiers, who were unable to walk, were placed on board a Rio Grande steamer. The reg- hnent reached Clarksville, Tex.', on June 28th, and re- mained there, in camp, at Fort Armstrong, until July 29th. Commenced marching again, and readied Brazos de Santiago on the 31st. Aug. 1st, embarked on_ board the sailing ship Panama, and started, on the 2d, in tow of the City of Richmond. Arrived at CarroUton on the morning of the 6th ; were transferred to transports, four companies going aboard the Kate Dale, and the othem on the "Thomas Sparks." The Kate Dale arrived at Fort Gaines, just three hours after its surrender to Admiral ^rragut. The Kate Dale then moved up opposite to Klot Town, a small place on Mobile Point, and anchored. The four companies were gotten ready instantly, and were landed by surf boats belonging to the fleet. The men were drawn up in a line of battle at once, then de- ployed in a line of skirmishers, and commenced the advance upon Fort Morgan, from which they were re- lieved by the Ninety-fourth Illinois, and were sent to do picket duty. The balance of the regiment arrived on the 10th, and were relieved from picket duty by the Thirty-eighth lo^a, and moved down to the front, within easy range of Fort Morgan. From the 12th to the 18th, the men were busy in throwing up intrenchments, mounting siege guns and mortars. From the 19th to the 22d, the works were pushed rapidly forward. Gen. Page dropped shot and shell among the men too frequently for comfort. The works were completed on the night of the 22d — sixteen mortars, ten siege guns and eight field pieces having been planted. The boys had thrown up immense " barbettes " entirely across the peninsula, under cover of which the guns were hauled into position. The bombardment of the fort began early in the morn- ing of the 23d of August, both from the land and naval batteries, and was kept up during the day, provolnng no answering shot from the fort. Toward evening, the fire of the Northern forces was not so frequent as earlier in the day; but about 9 o'clock, the citadel of the fort was discovered to be on fire, and the batteries commenced shelling more furiously than ever. About 1 o'clock, the enemy attempted to signal their willingness to surrender, but the signals were not under- stood, and the firing continued without cessation, unti the morning of the *24th, when two men were discovered' on the parapets, waving a white flag, and at 2 F. M., the fort was in possession of the Union forces. The balance of the month was spent in recovering from the fatigues of the bombardment. Sept. 1st, the men moved down the point and went into camp, and on the 7tb, started for New Orleans on board the Josephine. Arrived at New Orleans at daylight of the 9th. Received orders to re- port at Morganza, La. Arrived in Morganza on the 10th, and remained there until the 30th, doing guard duty. The men did scouting duty the first ten days iq Octo- ber, in the region of the Atchafalaya, and in the vicinity, and on the 11th started up the river on board the " Ne- braska." Arrived at White River landing on the 15th. Made a lauding on the 16th, and on the 17th marched on board the J, S. Pringle, and started up White River. Arrived at DuvalVs Bluff on the 18th, went ashore and encamped, and from the 19th to the 31st remained in camp, performing camp duties. ' From the 1st to the 7th of November, the men were occupied in building fortifications around the town. On the 8th, the boys held an election. All the votes were polled early, and resulted in 412 for Lincoln and 32 for McClellan. On this day, all the sick soldiers and goods were shipped to Brownsville. Commenced the march on the 9th. The weather was very rough, the men march- ing a quarter of a mile within the water, waist deep. Reached Brownsville on the 10th, and went into camp. From the 11th to the 20th, the men remained in camp. It rained all the time, and there was nothing to break the monotony, until the arrival of George Smith, from Scott County, with sanitary stores for the regiment. Lay in camp until the 30th, when the march was again taken up. Went seven miles, marched into Duvall's Bluff on the 1st of December, and took up quarters in the bar- racks previously occupied by the Seventh Missouri. The was occupied until the 15th, roofing the barracks. On the 16th, all the troops were paraded on the prairie west of the camp, to witness the execution of Private George W. Prince, of Company B, Twenty-second Ohio Infantry, found guilty of deserting and bushwhacking. The reg- iments were inspected on the 18th, by Col. Black, of the Thirty-seventh lUiuols Veterans. The men were engaged in building fortifications, from the 19th to the 31st. A number of men v.'ere sent up the Arkansas, on the 21st, as guards for a number of steamers. January, 1865. Lay in camp from the 1st to the 5th, and on that day four companies started down the river; the balance of the troops started on the 7th, and dis- embarked at KennerviUe, La., on the 11th, and went into camp in a " mud hole." Remained in camp until the Ist of 5;ebruary. On the 24th, the men turned in their old Enfield rifles, and drew new Springfield muskets. Were in camp until the 15th, under marching orders, and at that, date went onboard the steamer St. Mary's. Arrived at Ft. Morgan on the afternoon of the 16th, and at 9 P. M., weighed anchor and stood out to sea. Dis- embarked and went into camp, at Florida Point, close to the cemetery, where so many patriotic soldiers lie buried. 430 WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. Remained in camp until March 2d, when the diviBion was inspected by Gen, Steele. On the 5th, Gen. C. C. Andrews assumed command of the division, and Col. Moore of the brigade. Kev. P. P. Ingalla, of Mt. Pleas- ant, Iowa, addressed the regiment, in behalf of the low^ State Orphan Asylum. The regiment doaaied over $6,- OOU to the asylum. Every preparation was made for an extensive cam- paign; and on the 11th, got into line, and reached Fen- sacola about sundown, having marched fifteen miles. There they remained until 20th, when they again took up their line of march to Mobile. The following letter to the Davenport Gazette contains a full history of the march — the siege and assault of Blakely. It was written by Lieut. Moore, and published at the time indicated by the date ; Camp of Investing Forces, ( Near Blakely, Ala., April 9, 1865. J Editor of Gazette : After a rather extended period of waitiag and preparations, we have again entered into the merits of an active campaign. On Monday, the 20th of March, our division of the Thirteenth Army Corps broke camp at daylight, and moved out from Pensacola. Fla., on a road running parallel with the Mobrle & Great North- ern Railroad, our course being due north. Marched about ten miles and went into camp, followed by Gen. Hawkins' division of colored troops. Ou the 2l3t, we again moved forward, and marched all day in a heavy rain. Ou the 22d, we lay in camp ; 23d, we resumed our line of march, and went into camp about 2 o'clock P. M. On the 24th, we were compelled to lie in camp nearly all day, while large fatigue parties were sent on in advance, to build a corduroy bridge over a creek. About 5 o'clock in the morning, the bridge being completed, we broke our camp, and crossing the bridge, went into camp on the oppo- site side. On the 25th, we moved at daylight; and about 10 o'clock we heard skirmishing in front, which contin- ued throughout the entire day. In the evening, I learned that our cavalry had been attacked by a small force of rebels, commanded by Brig. Gen. Clanton, the result of which was, the rebs got beautifully whipped, our cavalry taking Gen. Clanton himself (who was severely wounded), with 16 of his officers and 100 ol his men prisoners. On the 26th, we marched to within three miles of Pol- lard — a station on the Mobile & Great Northern Railroad. The Second Brigade of our division went into the town, where they captured a telegraph operator, together with his instruments. They tore up three miles of railroad track, burnt the commissary building, and then returned to camp. A portion of our cavalry, consisting of detach- ments of the First Florida, Second Maine, Second New York and Second Illinois, joined us at this point, having just returned from a raid up toward Montgomery. They went as far up the railroad as Evergreen Station, where they captured two trains, loaded with supplies for the garrison at Mobile, on board of which were 250 rebel soldiers, all of whom were taken prisoners. On the 27th, moved out upon a road running nearly west, and leading to a plEice called Stockton, situated upon the Tensos River. About two miles out from Pol- lard, we came up to the cavalry camp, where a large flock of Ethiopia's sable sons and daughters had col^ lected together from the surrounded country — gray- headed men and silver-haired women, and the middle aged and youth of both sexes waited patiently for the moment to come, when they would start out on their journey to the land of freedom. Their beaming faces were express- ive with the joy that thrilled their inmost souls, and many were the blessings which they showered upon us, as we passed them. "We marched about twelve miles this day, and camped at Canoe Station, where we took eleven more rebels in out of the wet, most of whom had just returned from Rock Island, and had not yet been armed. To-day, the troops were placed upon half rations, and were out of tobacco, also. There was a good deal of growling done, which was considerably abated, owing to the libemlity of the cavalry, who, on their raid up to Evergreen, had captured a large quantity of the weed, which they threw from their horses to our boys, upon learning that the weed was not to be had in the Twen- tieth, for either love or money. On the 28th, wo.had to go back about three miles, and build corduroy roads for our teams and artillery, they having got mired the day before. We went to work with a will, and about noon, the 20th, were relieved, and ordered to camp again — the brigade commander giving us a reason for relieving us that we had already done more than three times as much work as any other regiment, and because we were willing to work. That was no reason why we should be imposed upon; consequently, we returned to camp, and were followed by the other regiments of the brigade, who, seeing us returning, considered themselves relieved; but unfortunately tor them, however, this was not the case, and the result was, that they returned and com- pleted their work, which they did in a very suitalble manner. On the 29th, we moved out at daylight ; and after we had marched about four miles, we were halted;, and had the following complimentary order read to us, which conclusively shows that the Twentieth Iowa' is doing now and always does do its duty. - Headquarters Second Division,) Thirteenth Aemt Corps, > In The Field, March 28, 1865. J. - General Order, No. 5. 1. The General commanding appreciates the ready and generous efforts of the troops in promoting this difftcult march. These labors assure future success, and every patriot will feel grateful to the soldiers that have endured them. The General particularly thanks Lieut. Col. J. B. Leake, commanding the Twentieth Iowa Volunteers, for the valuable and rapid service of bis regiment thii) morning, showing, by the amount done, how much can be accomplished by officers giving their personal interest and attention to their duty. By order of Brig. Gen. 0. 0. Andrews. , (Signed,) George Monroe, Ass't Adjt. Gen. On the 30th, we were busy all day in corduroying the roads, the trains being unable to proceed any length with- out it, and our progress was on that account very slow, and only succeeded in passing over si:J£. miles of road. On the 31st we had much better roads, and moved along very lively, and marched a distance of eigt^teen miles, camp- ing near Stockton, Ala,, within a short distance of the Tensas River. We did not nxove until late in the day of the 1st, and consequently did not get into camp until about 10 o'clock at night. We camped at a railroad sta- tion where our cavalry had a heavy skirmish with the enemy, defeating them and taking seventy-seven df 'them prisoners. On Sunday, the 2d, we broke camp and moved at 4:30 A. M., and marched until.daylight, when' we heard heavy firing in front, and soon learned that our cavalry had again engaged the enemy. About 9 o'clock, we arrived upon the field of action, and immediately our brigade was formed in line and everyone thought we were about to engage in a general battle. The ambulano'es were busy going to and from the front, wounded men were being bi ought back, and everything betokened an approaching scene of carnage and slaughter. Our men were ordered to lie down, and loud talking was stopped. About 10 o'clock, we moved in toward the front in columns of companies. After moving up three or four hTindred yards, we were halted, and Companies B,6, B, K and D were, thrown out as skirmishers, and moved for- ward, the balance of the rt^giment being held in reserve. The enemy shelled our skirmish line considerably, but without doing us any damage. We moved up about two miles and halted ; we were in plain sight of their fortifi- cations ; threw skirmishers in the i ifle pit, and the invest- ment of the fortifications of Mobile, on the eastern shore of the bay, was completed. We had a long and toilsome march. The country through which we passed was com- paratively a wilderness, the people generally rude, and uneducated, and believing a Yankee to be a devil incar- nate. They looked upon our' coming as a veritable plague. Our regiment was relieved on the evening of the 2d, from the skirmish line, by the Thirty-fourth Iowa, and while relieving us they had two men severely" wounded. On the 3d; we commenced entrenching, aud are now within nine hundred yards of thcirfoits, and the regiment is encamped withiu easy range of their guns. The consequence is they shell our camp every little while, much to our annoyance and diKgust, On the even- ing of the 4th, our brigade sent forwarda detail to advance our line of pits, which they succeeded in doing in the face of a heavy fire of musketry and shells, with the losa of only one man from the One Hundred and Fourtteenth Ohio, who was slightly wounded in the left arm. Yester- day morning we were aroused very suddenly and ordered into line in our reserve pits, the enemy having commenced shelling our lines furiously. An attack was feared, and while moving up to our position, private George Balton, of Company K, was severely wounded by a musket ball. He is frpm LeCIaire. His wound, though severe, is not dan- gerous. He is the only one in the Twentieth yet injured. Last night the Spanish Fort at the mouth of the Tensas River, which Gen. Granger has been investing for some time, was taken by assault, and with it 500 prisonersiaad about twenty pieces of artillery. This will compel the evacuation or surrender of the forts around Blokely, WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. 431 ■which we are now inveating, and open the doors of 3Iobile to our monitoiB. THE ASSAULT ON FORT BLAKELY, , April 10, 1865. I have re-opened my letter, in order to itransmit glorious news. Yesterday evening, at 5 o'clock P. H., just as we were discussing the merits.' of our evening meal, we were ordered into line. We fell in, -and in less than five minutes our Hoe was formed behind our advanced works. A large line of skirmishers wer? deployed in front of us. Everything betokened work, and all were convinced that an assault on the enemy's works was intended immediately. Some little time was occupied in getting the skirmish line ready to advance. This was completed at twenty minutes past 5 o'clock, and then the order was given for them to advance. The men bounded from the works with a cheer, which Boanded like Ihe signal note of victory. Lieut. Col. William H. Baldwin, of the Eighty-third Ohio Infantry, was in command of the skirmish line, and led, in person, the gallant men who first advanced, directing their movements, cheering them on to tbeir work, by both word and action. Steadily and gallantly they advanced. Kihehuudred yards ofground wastobepassedover, ere the enemy's works could be reached; yet not a man faltered, but right on they moved, in the face ot an awful fire, sending up cheer after cheer, as they advanced. But a few moments elapsed, until the cry was sent down our jlpes, " Ttiey have reached Oie works / " In a moment more, the command iarvfarA had been given, by our gal- lant Lieut. Col. J. B. Leake, and like a giant, who felt his power to do and dare, the gallant old .Twentieth plunged into that awful, hissing, roaring, seething flame of fire. .^ Side by side was the noble old Thirty-seventh Illinoisr We rushed forward, sending up such cheers as only Western boys can give — no faltering, no wavering there — but as though every man deemed himself an armed host, did we press onward ; every step we made marked by a howling storm of shot and shells, which fell like hailstones all about us; straight across that ,900 yards of abatH» "wire fence" and "torpedoes," without a bait or check, straight after the glorious ban- ner which Color Sergt. Grace dashed ahead with, striving to be the first to plant it on their works, did we move on, until, with a cheer which must have chilled the heart of every traitor there, we dashed up the sloping sides of ;4he earthworks, and rallied round our colors, conquerors of -all within. There were in the charge the Second Division, Thir- teenth Army Corps; Second Division, Sixteenth Army Corps, and one Division United States Colored Infantry, .who, to their everlasting praise be it said, went to the assault aa bravely and as nobly as 'any body of troops in the world. Bepulsed in their first assault, they rallied under the enemy's fire, and charged the second time with the success they so well merited. Fort Blakely, with all ithe defences of Mobile on the eastern shore of Mobile Bay, and with them Brig. Gen. Cockrell, and 2,200 of his troops, including a large num- ber of ofiicers, were captured. The Twentieth Iowa did not lose a man in the assault, owing to the fact that our rapid approach to their works excited the enemy to such a degree, that al though they fired with immense rapidity, they did not fire accurately, or with much precision, and consequently their fire passed over ua, one of their shells passing through the blue field of the flag presented us by our Scott County friends. Many of their shells passed over us, and exploded in the regiments to our right. So far as our regiment is concerned, it has been a blood- less and yet a glorious victory. Our ilivision lost, in killed and wounded, not more than 250, all told. The rebel gunboat Nashville was lying in fhe river opposite the fort. She did not fire a shot, but traitorously and cowardly hoisted the white flag, and made her escape under its protecting folds. The prisoners whom we cap- tured begged us not to turn them over to the colored troops, whom they feared would take revenge on them, for the cold blooded massacre at Fort Pillow. Col. Moore, of the Eighty-third Ohio, commanding our brigade, and Col. Black, of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Veterans, and Col. Leake, of our own Twentieth, are deserving ot the highest praise for the gallantry which distinguished them and controlled their actions throughout the entire engagement. We were occupied just twenty minutes, from the time we left our own works, until we mounted those of the enemy, and compelled the traitorous horde within to lay down their arms and acknowledge them- ■ selves prisoners." ^ ™ ,. , i ., The regiment moved into the works, at Blakely, April lath, and camped near the banks of the Tensas Biver. The Federal troops marched into Mobile this day. On the 14th, embarked on board transports, and went over to Mobile, and into camp in the shape of an L, the right of the regiment resting on the corner of Eslava and St. Emanuel streets, and the left;onthe corner of Monroe and Boyal streets, in the city of Mobile. [The' diary onds with the occupation of Mobile]. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Mobile^ Ala., Jvh) 8, 1865.} Col. William MoE. Dye, com. Aug. 1, 1862. Maj. William G. Thompson, com. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, Ark., Dec. 7, 1862, resd. May 18, 1864. Maj. Edward Coulter, com capt. Go. B, Aug. 25, 1862, taken prisr. Dec. 15, 1863 at Metagorda Bay, Tex., prmtd. maj. May 19, 1864, m. o. as capt. Co. B. Surg. Henry Ristine, com. -Aug. 8, 1862, res. May 13, '63. Adjt. Constants S. Lake, com. Aug. 15, 1862. Chaplain Uriah Eberhart, com. Aug. 25, 1862, resd. June 13, 1864. Q. M. S. Samuel J. Waters, e. June 13, 1862, died Jan. 5, 1363, at Springflld, Mo. Com . Sergt. Joseph S. Lake, trans, from Capt. Lees' com- pany, 22d Inf. by order of Governor. Drum Maj. H. H. Clark, disd, Jan. 29, 1863, diaab. Company A. Capt. Ellsworth N. Bates, com. Aug. 25, 1862, res. Sept. 18, 1863. Capt. Chas. C. Drake, com. lat lieut. Aug. 25, 1862, prmtd. capt. Sept. 19, 1863, res. Fob. 8, 1866. Capt. Henry W. Chace, e. as 1st sergt July 26, '62, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 6, 1863 prmted. 1st lieut. Sept. 19, 1863, prmtd. capt. Feb. 9, 1865. First Lieut. John N. Coldren, e. as sergt. Aug. 1, 1862, re- duced to ranks at his own request, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 8, 1864, prmtd. Ist lieut. Feb. 9, 1865. Second Lieut. Cornelius Andross, e. as corp. July 28, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. June 23, 1865, m. o. aa 1st sergt. Sergt. Cyrus Wynn, e. July 26, 1862, formerly private in Co. K, 1st Infantry. Sergt. Paul Carpenter, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Sergt. John Whighting, e. July 20, 1862. Sergt. John N. Coldron, e. Aug. 1, 1862. Sergt. Alonzo Breed, e. July 31, 1862. Corp. John J. Deery, e. Aug 6, 1862. Corp. Peter Hanger, e. Aug, 1, 1862 Corp. David McDowell, e. July 20, 1862. Corp. H. N. Angell, July 29, 1862, died Oct. 13, 1862, at Springfield, Mo. Corp. Owen Coburn, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Corp. E. Carpenter, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Corp. Cornelius Andross, e. July 28, 1862. Corp. Chas. C. Dingman, e. Aug. 2, 1862, disd. Feb. 2, '63, Corp. F. A. Wilson, e. July 28, 1862, wd. July 1, 1863, at Vicksburg. Musician J. S. Eberhart, e. July 30, 1862 Allen, Geo. W., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Albangh, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Angell, C. J., e. July 26, 1862, died Jan. 1, 1863, at Spring- field, Mo. Anderson, Thoa., e. July 20, 1862. Allen, Franklin, e. Aug. 2, 1862, diao. Feb. 24; disab. 14. Angell, H. L, e. July 26, 1862. Arford, John, e. July 31, 1862, disd. Jan. 26, 1863, diaab. Anthony, Jaa. K., e. July 26, 1862. Adams, Milo, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Anderaon, Jaa. A., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Buckhart, J. C, e. Aug, 10, 1862. Boyce, William H., e. July 26, 1862. Baird, John W., July 26, 1862. Burnett, Morris, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Center, John, e. July 29, 1862. Gulp, John H., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Chatten, John F., e. July 26, 1862. Carpenter, David, e. July 30, 1862. Comstock, Joseph K., e. July 31, 1862, died Sept. 25, 1863, at New Orleans. Detderich Isaac, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Feb. 23, '63, diaab. Detderich', Peter, e. July 23, 1862. Gott, F. ,M., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Gott, A. H., e. Aug. 1, 1862, died. Aug. 20, 1863, at Memphis . Gott, David V., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Hewlett, Henry, e. Aug. 1, 1862. Homer, Geo. W., e. Aug. 2. 1862, wd. June 24, 1863, died June 26, 1863, at Vicksburg. Hezgesheimer, J. M., e. July 29, 1862. died Feb. 25, 1863, at Springfield, Mo. Howell, D. M., e. July 29, 1862. Huntsberger, Wm., e. Aug. 1, 1862, died Nov. 10, 1862, at Wilson's Creek. 432 WAE RECORD OP LINN COUNTY. Hoxsie, Jacob, e. July 26, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps May 24, 1864. Halloway, James, e. Aug. 11, 1862. iBherwood, Jno. W., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Jackson, Andrew, e. Aug. 2, 1862, disd. July 5, 1865. Johnson, Da^id, e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. accidentally. Keeler, Bobt., e. July 29, 1862. Largent, Jas. N., a. Aug. 1, 1862. lewis, John C, e. Aug, 2, 1862. Lightbody, Isaac, e. Aug. 2, 1862, died Jan. 6, 1864, at Cairo. Myers, Wm., e. July 26, 1862. Myers, Thos. S.. e. July 26, 1862, died Jan. 13, 1863, at Jayetteville, Ark. Martin, F. L., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Mentzer, Geo. W., e. July 30, 1862. Miley, Jesse, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Miller, Jacob, e. Aug. 2, 1862, died Deo. 13, 1862, at Springfield, Mo. Mounce, Jno D., e. July 31, 1862, disd. July 7, 1863, disab. McGuire, Wm. W., o. Aug. 1, 1862, disd. Feb. 3, 1863, disab. Noll, Jesse, e. Aug. 2, 1862. ProbasBo, Jos., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Preble, M. 8., e. Aug. 2, 1862, disd. Oct. 5, 1863, disab. Porter, Wm. H., e. Aug. 2, 1862. ■Kicliardson, John, e. July 30, 1862, Bobbins, C. E., e. Aug. 4, 1862. Robbins, Daniel W., e. July 28, 1862, killed in battle of Piairie Grove Dec. 7, 1862. Bucket, Aaron, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Books, JOB. H., e. July 26, 1862, disd. June 6, 186S, disab. Beed, Z. W., e. July 29, 1862, died Sept. 6, 1863, at Car- roUton, La. Banch, Jacob, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Boss, Jacob H., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Steinson, Franklin, e. July 28, 1862., Stayes, Anthony, e. July 28, 1862, disd. Feb. 20, 1863, disab. Starbuck, John M., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Swartwood, A., e. July 28, 1862. Strayer, David, e. Aug. 1, 1862. Stow, John 0., e. Aug. 1, 1862. Snyder, Benj. F., e. July 28, 1862, disd. Jan. 21, 1863, disab. Tabor, Wm,, e. July 28, 1862, disd. Jan. 3, 1863, disab. Ueble, Ferdinand, e. July 29, 1862, disd. Nov. 18, 1862, disab. Wilson, 0. A., e. July 20, 1862, died Nov. 18, 1862, at Ozark, Mo. Williams, Eobt., e. July 29, 1862. Williams, Geo. D., e. July 30, 1862, died July 20, 1863, at Vicksburg. Williams, Gibson, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Woods, John, e. Aug. 2, 1862, died Dec. 4, 1862, at Spring. field. Mo. Company B. Capt. Jas. 0. Stewart, e. as 1st sergt. May 28, 1862, com' 2d lieut. March 25, 1863, com. capt. May 20, 1864, m. 0. as 2d lieut. First Lieut. Jas. M. Denison, com. Aug. 25, 1862. Second Lieut. Daniel Gavin, com. Aug. 25, 1862. res, March 24, 1863. Sergt. Jas. 0. Stewart, e. May 2^, 1862, was private in Co. K, 1st Iowa inf. Sergt. Edward Thompson, e. May 28, 1862. Sergt. Wm. D. Kobins, e. May 28, 1862, from Co. K, 1st Iowa inf. Sergt. Alexander Cargill, ,.•. July 15, 1862, from Co. K, 1st Iowa inf. Sergt. Eobt, Dewey, e. July 15, 1862, from Co. K, Ist Iowa inf. ' Corp. Saml. K. Smith, e. Aug. 13, 1862, reduced to ranks. Corp. A. J. Mallahan, Aug. 6, 1862. Corp. John J. Bobbins, June 10,1862. Corp. E. W. Bartleson, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Corp. Z. H. Bobbins, o. July 18, 1862. Corp. Isaac S. White, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Corp. Avery M. Palmer, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Feb. 6, 1863, disnb. Corp. Eobt. Hall, e. July 17, 1862, Musician Horace D. Overacker, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Musician D. G. Manahan, e. June 8, 1862. Musician Allen Thompson, e. July 17, 1862. Wagoner P. Allensworth, e. Aug. 7. 1862, died Nov. 9, 1863, at New Orleans. Blane, Saml., e. Aug, 14, 1862, Bliss, Geo. C, e.' July 30, 1862. Sarr, Bobt., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Bryson, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Baldwin, Isaac, e. May 28, 1862, disd. March 12, 1863, disab. I Booth, Samuel, e. June 3, 1862, disd. April 11, 1864, disab. Belmer, Henry, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Cress, H. J., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 30, 1864, disab. Colson, Samuel, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Cargill, David, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Cress, Josephus, e. Aug. 12, 1162, died Oct. 22, 1863, at Cassville, Mo. Demott, S. S., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Dingman, D, A,, e. Aug. 8, 1862. Dean, Hiram. Dawson, Daniel 0., Aug, 11, 1862, «. disd, Nov. 30, 1862, disab. Floyd, Joseph, e. Aug. 3, 1862, died Nov. 27, 1863, at New Orleans. Floyd, Isaiah, e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. July 20, 1863, at Yazoo- City, Miss. Feath, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Dec. 14, 1862, at Springfield. Flitcraft. Geo. W., o. Aug. 11, 1872, trans. Jan. 10,-1865, to V. B, C. Graham, Alex., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Hunter, T. J., e. May 30, 1862, disd. Feb. 3, 1863, disab. Hyatt, Solomon, e. July 17, 1862. Johnson, John M., e. Aug. 14, 1862. King, Jeremiah, e. Aug. 2, 1862. Keagle, Geo. B., e. Aug, 2, 1862, Keagle, Chas. H,, e. July 4, 1862. Lockhart, Moses, e. Jnne 30, 1862. Martin, H. H., e. ,Tune 7, 1862. Martin, B. F., e. Ang. 6, 1862. Mohler, Allen, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. March 12; 1863, disab. Morgan, Austin, e. July 26, 1862, disd. Feb. 9, 1863, diSab. Morgan, George, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Nov. 4, 1862, at Caesville, Mo. McOonnell, Wm., e. Aug. 6, 1862; Nevins, Edwin, e. July 14, 1862, died Oct. 30, 1862^ at Springfield. Porter, Daniel, e. Aug. 6, 1802. Porter, John, e. June 7, 1862, disd. Feb. 28, 1873, disab. Perry, Lewis, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Bobbins, Wm., e. Aug. 5, 1862, died Sept. 22, 1862, at St. Louis, Mo. Bobbins, J. W., o. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps. ■ Bobbins, V. H., e. June 7, 1862, died Oct. 23, 1862,' at Eolla. King, Eichard C, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Eomey, Oliver, e. Aug. 16, 1862, died Aug, 10, 1863, at Port Hudson, La. Baymond, C. E., e. June 19, 1862, died Aug. 23, 1863, at Garrollton, La, Bowan, Jas., e. July 17, 1862. Sceets, George N., e. May 28, 1862. Size, Boswell, e. Aug. 1, 1862, died Sept. 13, 1863, at Ben- ton Barracks, Mo. Smith, A. S., e. July 25, 1862. Stewart, Geo. W., e. June 1, 1862, deserted Aug. 31, 1862. Spry, Abram, e. July 28, 1862. Taylor, D. M., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. March 19, 1864, disab. Wilson, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Dec. 8, 1863, at Spring- • field. Wilson, L. L., e. Aug. 5, 1862. Williams, F. B., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Wentt, Jos,, e. Aug. 8, 1862. Wolf, Samuel, e. May 28, 1862, died Sept.. 6, 1863, at Oar- roUton, La. Wells, Geo. G., e. July 15, 1862. Wells, P., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Wallace, John, e. July 5, 1862, disd. May 21, 1866, disah. Company C. Kerper, Fred, e. Jan. 29, 1864. Company F, Capt. Nathaniel M. Hubbard, com. Aug. 25, 1862, resd. 20, 1865. Capt. Munson Hume Crosby, com. 2d lieut. Aug. 25, 1862,' prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 28, 1862, prmtd. capt. April 21, 1865. First Lieut. Wm. Corbett, com. Aug. 26, 1862, res. Feb. 21, 1863. First Lieut. Milon H. Fierce, e. as private Aug. 14, 1862, prmtd. Corp., com. Ist lieut. July 7, 1865, m. o. as 1st sergt. Second Lieut. Benjamin F. Jordan, e. aa lat sergt. Aug. %., 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. March 11, 1863, disd. Dec. 2, 1863. WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. 433 Second Lieut. Lorenzo B. Jenks, e. as corp. Aug. 9, 1862, com. 2d lieut. Deo. 3, 1863, disd. as sergt. maj. Jan. 31, 1864, to accept prmtn. in TJ. S. 0. 1. Se^nd Lieut. Geo. B. Woods, e. as Corp. Aug. 9, 1862, com. , 2d lieut, April 21, 1865, m. o. as sergt. Sergt, N. C. Gillilan, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died. May 18, 1863, diaab, Sergt. Thomas Erwin, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Nov. IT, 1862, disab. Sergt Joseph H. Shome, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. March 16, 1861, disab. Sergt. Charles W. (Joe, c. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 25, 1866, disab. Seigt. BenJ. F. Barker, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Sept. 12, 1863, at Helena, Ark., on hospital steamer. Corp. Wm. D. Grommon, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. Geo. J. Wright, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. J. A. Wager, e. Oct 11, 1862. Corp. M. H. Pierce, e. Oct 14, 1862. torp. Geo. W. Bice, e. Oct. 9, 1862. Corp. William Bice, e. Aug. 12, 1862, drowned Nov. 3, 1863, at mouth of Bio Grande. Corp. Geo. B. Woods, e. Oct 9, 1862. Corp. Harlan Hollenbeck, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. Wesley Harberson, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Musician Henry H. Stall, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. March 13, 1863, disilb. Husician Myron Hartwell, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. April 6, 1863, disab. Wagoner Morgan L. Parsons, e. Aug. 12, 1862, drowned Not. 16, 1863, at mouth of Bio Grande. Warns, H. 0., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Oct 4, 1864, disab. Adams, D. S., o. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Feb. 24, 1863, disab. Andrews, Wm. G., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Anderson, Bichard, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Baker, Peter, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Brisco, John, e. July 19, 1864. Bennings, Wm. J., e. July 20, 1864. Boynton, Quincy A., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Bishop, Elbert, e. Aug. 12, 1862. ^ Barrett, Jas. K. P., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Bowen, William C, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Jan. 21, 1863, disab. Beach, S. A., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Beebe, Geo., e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Feb. 23, 1863, disab. Chandler, John, e. July 20, 1864. Cpnner, Samuel B., e. Aug. 9, 1S62. Cone, Byron, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 9, 1863, disab. Crookshanks, John, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Oar8on,Kobert,6. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Lebanon, Mo., Nov. is, 1862. QNnplieU, C. B., e. Aug. 9, 1862. I^iirch, James B., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Church, Samuel, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Denny, A. S., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. May 15, 1866, disab. Elrod, P. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Dec. 2, 1862. Blrod, J. B., e. Aug. 9, 1862, from Co. K, 1st Iowa Inf., disd. Dec. 2, 1862, disab. Ervin* Stewart,, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Eckley, Elias T., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 25, 1863, disab. Elaton, John, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Feb. 3, 1863, at Spring- field, Mo. Elliott, Milton L., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove Dec. 7, 1862, disd Jan. IS, 1863. Eastman, H. P., e. April 9, 1862. Jobes, John B., e. April 9, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, 1862, disab. Ferguson, G. C, e. July 20, 1864. Qitnes, Seuben, e. April 9, 1862. Grear, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Q«ge,Geo. W., e. July 11, 1864. Brasefleld, E. R., e. Aug. 9. 1862, died June 27, 1863, at Vicksburg. Gillilan, Geo. D., e. Aug. 11, 1662. Oraasfield, David, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Geiger, Samuel M., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Huston, Jas. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Hewlett, James W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans to V. E. C. Harberson, W., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Henderson, A. J., e. Aug. 9, 1862. James, L. A., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Justin, George A., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, 1863, disab. Jenkins, J. H e Aug. 11,1862, disd. Feb. 25,1863, disab. Jenkins, W. H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died May 18, 1865, at Mobile, Ala. , „ j. i. Jenkins, fiinim e. Aug. 11, '62, died. March 13, '63, disab. l«ng, Jas. W., e. Aug. 11, '62, died Sept. 30, '62, at Kolla, ,Mo. „ . . lewis, Walter, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Dec. 7, 1862, at Praine Grove, Ark. l*wrence, P. E., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Moore, Cbas., e. July 16, 1864. Miller, James J., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Mentzer, P. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Monroe, Jas., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Moreland, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Noll, Henry, e. July 5, 1864. Newhall, Jas. W., e. July 13, 1864. Parker, John 0., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove bat., disd. March 18, 1863, disab. PedrosB, A., e. July 14, 1864. Pierce, Milton H., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Kichardson, W„ e. July 16, 1864. Reynolds, E. J., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove bat. Dec. 7, 1862. - Bussell, M. M., e. July 20, 1864, died April 9, 1865, at Mound City, III. Reese, W. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Ross, Thos., e. Feb. 21, 1864. Robbins, J. E., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 28, 1865, disab. Biley, E. J,, o. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Aug. 23, 1863, disab. Smith, Henry, e. July 2, 1864. Stanard, S. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Deo. 23, 1862, disab. Stinson, W., e. July 11, 1864, deserted July 25, 1864. Steeples, H.,e. A.ug.11, 1862, died Jan. 10, 1863, at St Louis. Sohrimper, William, e. Dec. 29, 1863. Sutton, H. H., e. Aug. 9, 186:', died Aug. 11, '63, at Vicks- burg. Shakspear, A. B., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Thomas, George F., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Deo. 22, 1862, disab. Walton, James, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Weidlich, R., e. July 6, 1864, deserted Aug. 8, 1864. Williams, John W., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Dec. 23, 1862, disab. Weseack, Henry, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Wheeler, Lewes, e. July 13, 1864, deserted Sept. 24, 1864- Winsor, F. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Weidner, A., e. July 13, 1864. Wilson, McDonald, e. Aug. 13, '62, disd. Feb. 23, '63, disab. Willis, H, B., e. Aug. 13,1862. Winsor, James R., e. Ang. 14, 1862. Wood, D. 0., 6. Aug. 13, 1862. Company H. Capt. Rufus H. Lucore, com. Aug. 26, 1862, resd. Deo. 19, 1862. Capt Geo. A. Gray, e. as 1st sergt July 25, 1862, prmtd. sergt maj. Oct 20, 1862, prmtd. capt Dec. 20, 1862. First Lieut. Jos. J. Hollan, com. Aug. 26, 1862, resd. Feb. 21, 1863. First Lieut Wilson Wightman, com. 2d lieut. Aug. 25, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 22, 1863, resd. Jan. 19, 1865. First Lieut Wm. H. Scott, e. as sergt, Aug. 1, lS62, prmtd. 1st sergt, then 2d lieut, Feb. 22, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 81, 1865. Second Lieut. Edward Evershed, e. as private Au^. 15, 1862, com. 2d lieut. June 10, 1865, m. o. as 1st sergt. Sergt. Geo. W. Wynn, e. July 25, 1862, disd. Oct 27, 1862, disab. Sergt Lewis Patterson, e. Aug. 11. 1862. Sergt M. MoCurdy, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Sept 6, 1863, at Carroll ton. La. Sergt A. W. Hollengrain, e. July 31, 1862. Sergt W. W. Gray, e. Aug. 5, 1862, disd. Feb. 12, 1863, disab. Corp. B..P. Wickham, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Corp. Wm. J. Conley, e. July 31, 1862. Corp. A. B. Swanout, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Corp. Lorenzo D. Elsbery, e. July 31,1862. Corp. Wm. J. HufT, e. July 31, 1862. Corp. A. P. Mitchell, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died July 23, 1863, at Vicksburg. Corp. Jacob C. Cummins, e. Aug. 6, 1862. captd. Sept, 29, 1863, at Atchafalaya,La., disd. May 29, 1866, disab. Wagoner Alonzo B. Lucore, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Musician C. McCauley, e. Aug. 16, 1862, disd. Feb. 7, 1863, disab. Adam Nelson, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. April, 1863. Adams, H. C, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. March 6, 1863, disab. Brockman, Jas, A., e. July 31, 1862, disd. March 22, 1863, disab. Brockman, Benjamin, o. Aug. 14, 1862, died Aug. 15, 1863, at St Louis. Bishop, Thomas, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Busby, Wm., e. Aug. 5, 1862, died Feb. 12, 1866, at New Orleans. Bums, Benjamin, e. Deo. 13, 1863, died Sept 20, 1864, at Morgan za. La. Barlow, Chas. H., e. Aug. 6. 1862. Castle, Daniel L., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 434 WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. ■Clark, C. H., e. Aug. 2, 1862, disd. Feb. 3, 1863, disab. Cartlick, Geo. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862, diad. March 22, 1864, diBab. ■Chipman, Sidney, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Dix, A. W., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Dicks, L. D., e. Aug. 5, 1862. Douglas, Jerome H., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Dodd, 0. W., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Davis, B. C, 6. Aug. 15, 1862, died Sept. 9, 1863, at Vioks- burg. Dunkler, H., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died Dec. 29, 1863, Keokuk. Elson, W. C, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Elliott, David V., e. Aug. 6, 1862. > Elliott, Ohas. D., e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Feb. 6, 1863, disab. JKvershed, Edward, e. Aug. 16, 1862. Fay, John H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Oct. 8, 1863, Linn Co. Founior, L., 6. Aug. 6, 1862, died June 13, 18B4, disab. Gilbert, N. B., e. Jan. 4, 1864. ■Goldsmith, Wm., e. Jan. 6, 1862. Hollan, S. P., e. Jan. 6, 1862. Hoisted, Wm. C, e. Jan. 11, 1862. Butchins, E., e. Jan. 11, 1862, died Nov. 1, 1862, Kolla, Mo. Hunter, Jas. M., e. Jan. 11, 1862. Hepner, Herman, e. Jan. 6, 1862, died Dec. 19, 1862, at Springfield, Mo. Hoover, Geo. B., e. July 28, 1862, trans, to V. R. C. July 1, 1864. HoUycross, John, e. July 31, 1862, disd. March 22, 1864, disab. Hittibiddle, Leon, e. July 28,1862. Inks, Hiram, e. July 31, 1862, died Aug. 13, 1863, at St. Louis. Jordan, Jos. D., e. Aug. 4, 1862, died Oct. 9, 1863, at Car- roUton, La. Kern, James, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Feb. 9, 1863, disab. Laughlin, John, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Lucore, H. K., e. July 30, 1862, disd. Dec. 17, 1862, disab. Lucore, A. M , e. Aug. 1, 1862. Lowther, Ezrlel, e. Aug. 6. 1862, disd. Jan. 31, 1864, disab. Lauchabaugn, J., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Moriarty, Peter, e, Aug. 6, 1862, died Nov. 16, 1862, at Ozark, Mo. McCurdy, Lairandus, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. battle Prairie Grove, Dec. 7, 1862. McConahy, F. A., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Mills, S. F., e. Jan. 6, 1864. Myers, Chas., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Nelson, Lovell, e. Aug. 6, 1862. ■Orr, Thos., e. Dec. 13, 1863. Phillips, Montroville, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Perry, W. J., e. Dec. 22, 1863. Perrin, Thaddeus, e. Aug. 11, 1862. •Page, Geo. W., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. March 13, 1863, disab. Patterson, A. H. e. Aug. 2, 1862. Sawyer, Cbas. H., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Swann, Asa, e. Dec. 17, 1863. Stuckstager, Alva, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died Oct. 3, 1863, at New Orleans. Snyder, John, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died Nov. 11, 1862, at Cass- ville. Mo. Swan, Jesse, e. Aug. 4, 1862. Swallom, Geo. W., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Sawyer, Geo., e. Dec. 10, 1863. Sawyer, William, Aug. 6, 1862, died Oct. 9, 1862, at New- tonia. Mo. Souder, Theodore, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died Sept. 3, 1863, at Carrollton, La. Spargim, Abram, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Templeman, U. P., e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. March 12, 1863, disab. Wells, Jas. A., e. Aug. 6. 1862. Wynn, Harrison, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died Aug. 20, 1863, at Carrollton, La. Walker, Wm. H., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Webber, W. C.e.Aug. 6,1862. Wright, Geo. J., e. Aug. 11,1862, died March 9, 1864, at Aransas Pass, Texas. ■Weaver, A. C, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Dec. 2, 1862, Spring- field, Mo. ■Wallace, James H., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Sept. 9, 1863, at Memphis. Company i. Capt. Chas. C. Cook, com. Aug. 26, 1862, res. Dec. i2, 1862. Capt. Joseph 0. McClelland, com. 2d lieut. Co. A, Aug. 26, 1862, prmtd. capt. this Co. Dec. 23, 1862. (First Lieut. Stephen L. Dows, coiii. Aug. 25, 1862, res. Jan. 6, 1862. First Lieut. Jas. W. Carver, com. 2d lieut. Aug. 26, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 6, 1863. • Second Lieut. Wm. E. Earl, e. as Ist sergt. Aug. J,,1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 6, 1863, res. Aug. Aug. 18, 1863. Second Lieut. Dudley E. Steadman, e. as sergt. Aug. 1, 1862, com. 2d lieut. June 10, 1866, m. o. as, Ist sergt. Sergt. A. HoUenbeck, e. Au^. 5, 1862. gergt. Ezekiel Tates, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Sept. 3, 1863, at New Orleans. Sergt. Simon F. Seeley, e. Aug. 8, 1862. Sergt. Casper J. Hart, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. Martin Lally, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Nov. 16, 1862, disab. Corp. John W. Whitenaok, e. Aug. 9,1862. Corp. Wm. W. Sillingham, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Feb. 3, 1863, disab. Corp. Samuel S. Spauldiug, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp. Fones Cole, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Corp. Samuel B. Mann, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 23, 1863, disab. Corp. Benj. C. Gardner, o. Aug. 6, 1862, died June 1, 1863, at Pilot Knob. Corp. Jacob Goldsmith, e. Aug. 5, 1862, trans, to V. E. 0. Musician Chas. Morehead, e. Aug. 8, 1862. Musician John C. Weatherwax, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Wagoner Leonard Hiltenbrandt, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Benedict, Nelson, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Burt, W. S., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Feb. 24, 1863, disab. Burriss, A. S., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 26, 1863, disab. Carver, N. B , e. Aug. 5, 1862. Coon, Alonzo B , e. Aug. 5, 1862. Carter, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Croutch, George, e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans. Jan. 17, 1865, to V. K. 0. Cooper, Joseph, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Cooper, Albert, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Carvfer, Thos. B., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Aug. 12, 1863, at Port Hudson, La. Chambers, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Aug. 9, 1863, at ■yicksburg. Daugherty, Adolphus, e. Aug. 8, 1862. Daniels, Geo. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Prairie Grove, Ark., Dec. 7,1862, disd. Feb. 23, 1863, disab. De. ker, Chas., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Feb. 23, 1863, disab. D. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864 SejQgt. Jacob W. Hosier, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Cham- pion Hills, trans, to Invalid Corps Sept. 1, 1863. Sergt. Wm. 0. Glover, e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd. at Cedar Creek Oct. 19, 1864. Sergt. Geo. W. Martin, o. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Winches- ter Sept. 19, 1864. Corp. Wm. H. Donohoe, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp. Edw. M. King, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Deo. 9, 1862, at Helena, Ark. Corp. Wm. M. Griffin, e. Aug. 7, 1862, captd. at Champion Hills, wd. at Winchester Sept. 19, 1864. Corp. Jas. H. Shanklin, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Aug. 14, '63, at CarroUton, La. Corp. Josiah Bundy, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Cedar Creek Oct. 19, 1864. Musician 0. D. Goodrich, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Musician Bobt. B. Sweet, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Wm. H. Pherrin, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Wagoner A. K. Bolton, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Anderson, Wm., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 10, 1863, disab. Austin, Silas B., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 4, 1863, disab. Boyer, Jackson, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd, at Champion Hills, died there May 19, 1863. Boyer, Michael, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at St. Louis April 30, 1863. Benton, A. W., o. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, 1864, disab. Brown, Thos. C, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Burlingham, Truman, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Helena, Ark., April 9, 1863. Burlingham, C. H., e. Aug. II, 1862, died Jan. 9, 1863, at Helena, Ark. Bolton, Geo. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Beaver, Francis N., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Champion Hills May 16, 1863. 438 WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. Bedell, M., e. Feb, 24, 1864. Bundy Joel, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Champion HIUb May 16, 1863. Bolton, William T., o. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. May 18, 1863, disab. Berryhill, James I., e. Feb. 24, 1864. Bowman, John B., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Brown, W. H., e. Dec. 13, 1863. Bunce, Milo, e. Aug U, 1862, disd. June 13, 1864. Branch, 0. H., e. Dec. 23, 1863. Garmichael, J. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Winchester, died there Oct. 29, 1864. Carr, James, e. Aug. 11, '62, dipcl at Memphis June 21, '63. Coulter, F. C., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., Jan. 9, 1863. Casselman, Alex., e. Aug. 11, 1862, kid. at Champion Hills May 16, 1863. Crannell, H., e. Jan. 19, 1864, died at New Orleans June 15, 1863. ClendenoD, Benjamin, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Champion Hills May 16, 1863. Cooper, Anthony, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Champion Hills May 16, 1863. Case, Charles B., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Helena, Ark., March 18, 1863. Carnahan, Joseph, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Yicksburg June 19, 1863. Daniels, James, e. Jan. 4, 18G4. Doudna, J. V., o. Aug. 11, 1862. Durbin, J. C, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. April 1, 1864, disab. Ely, David, e. Dec. 6, 1863. BIsbeiTy, Z. V., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Ebert, A L., e. Dec. 25, 1868. Bnst, P. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862, diad. April 1, 1863, disab. Elsberry, C. R., e. March 31, 1864. East, , e. Feb. 26, 1864. Gregg, E. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Champion Hills May 16. 1863. Gregg, E. K., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Goodlove, W. H., e. Dec. 30, 1863. Griffith, Milton, e. Feb. 20, 1864, died at New Orleans May 20. 1864. Gibson, E. C, e. Aug. 11, 1862. disd. Feb. 21, 1863, disab. Gibson, Thomas J., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at James Planta- tion, La., May 26, 1863. Gibson, Benjamin W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 21, 1863. Hammond, Martin, e. Aug. ll', 1862, wd. at Winchester Sept. 19, 1864. Hollingshead, B. S., o. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Winchester Sopl. 19, 1864. Hodgin, William E., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Hakes, W. D., e Dec. 6, 1863. Hyatt, Joseph, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Dec. 13, 1862, at St. Louis. Hodgin, John, e. Dec. 10, 1863. Hull, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862. wd. at Champion Hills, died there May 19, 1863. Hunter, F. C, e. Jan. 4, 1864. Heald, Oliver, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 23, 1865, for promotion U. S. colored troops. Heald, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 21, 1863, disab. Hedge, Darius C, e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at Champion Hills May 16, 1863. Hess, A. N., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Hodgin, Elijah, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Hydorn, Levi, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Irish, I. A., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 20, 1863, disab. Jones, S., e. Feb. 18, 1864. Johnson, James M., e. Aug. 8, 1864. Jones, I,, e. Feb. 17, 1864. Jones, E. D., e. Aug. 8, 1862. Kinkcad. Geo, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 21, 1863, disab. Kinkead, J"hn, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. April 1, 1868, disab. Lambert, israel, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Lichty, J. P., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg June 1, 1863, and again May 4, 1864. Mitchell, W., e. Aug. 11, 1862, kid. at Champion Hills May 16, 1863. McShane, J. P., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Dec. 27, 1862, at Helena, Ark. McCauley, H., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Mann, Berijanjin, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Merritt, Alonzo, e. Aug. 9, 1862. ' , Nealey, Kobert H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. Noah, A W., e. Aug. 7, 1862. Noyes, Samuel J., e. Aug. 7, 1862, kid. at Champion Hills May 16, 1863. Peat, W. E., e. Feb. 20, 1864, disd. July 1, 1864, disab. Pcnn, Charles, e. Dec. 20, 1863. Peeregoy, William J., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 1, 1863, disab. Fennell, E. C, a. Jan. 26, 1864. ; Post, Daniel L., e. Jan. 10, 1864, wd. at Winchester Sept.' 19, 1864. Boder, George P., e Aug. 7, 1862, died at Vicksburg June 25, 1868. Eatcliff, Lemuel, o. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Mslta, 0., Jan 16, 1864. Reynolds, H. L., e. Dec. 25, 1868, died June 87, 1864. Smith, Francis, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Cedar Creek Oct. 19, 1864. Sisser, Loren, e. Aug. 11, '62, died at St. Louis Aug. 14, '63; Stephens, A. S., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Streit, S. P., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Aug. 10, 1863, d|«ib. Streit, Levi, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 27, 1863, disah, Stephens, H. H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, kid. in battle at Ofan- pion Hills May 16, 1863. Stanfleld, Levi S., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Steward, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Keokuk Feb. 16, '66. Stanfleld, Samuel V., e. Aug. 11, 1862, trans, to Invalid Corps Nov. 10, 1863. Vernon, Joseph S., e. Aug. 11, 1862. White, Samuel P., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Cedar Creek Oct. 19, 1864. Williams, .Tames B., e. Jan. 10, 1864. White, Leonard C, e. Aug. 11, 18B2, disd. Aug. 2S, 1863, disab. ' Winans, W. B., e. Dec. 6, 1863. Winaus, David C, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Winans, H. W., e. Dec. 30, 1863. Tount, John, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Feb. 4, 1863, disab. Company K. Barnhill, R. 8., o. Jan. 4, 1864, died at New Orleans July 16, 1864. Cuntryman, J. W., e. Aug. 31, 1864. tJN ASSIGNED. Hunter, F., e. Jan. 4, 1864. THIKTY-FIRST INFANTKY. Was muster,ed into service at Davenport, by Capt. Hender^: shott, on the T3th of October, 1862, and under command^ of Col. Wnijam Smyth took transport and moved down, the river November Ist, arriving at Helena, Ark., theSOth inst. On the 27th of the same month, they started on an expedition to the Cold Water Biver, in Mississippi, re- turning to Helena December 7th. Two weeks later, th^y started on the Yazoo Elver expedition, and the rerfment was partially engaged in the battle at Chickasaw Bayou, on the a7th, 28th and 29th of December. On the 2d of January, 1863, they started for a point near Arkansas Post, where they arrived on the 9th inst., and on the night of the 10th marched through Bwampa and mire to the rear of the enemy's works, where, on the 11th,' they hotly engaged in the capture of the place. From this point, the regiment was ordered to Young's. Point, La., where they remained in camp until April 2, when they moved again up the river to Greenville, Miss., and, alter some skirmishing and considerable . forqging for mules^ cattle, horses, hogs,and even negroes, retijme4i to Young's Point on the 26th of the same month, from here they moved with Grant's whole army toward Grand) Gulf, arriving May 7, when> they again moved toward Jackson, Miss. The regiment was under fireat Raymond, on the 12th ; was at the taking of Jackson, on the 14th j and again under fire at Black River, on the 16th, reaching the rear of Vicksburg on the 1 8th, where it was engaged on the 22d,in a terrible but successful charge om the enemy's works, and was^from this time steadily under fire till the fall of Vicksburg, on the 4th day of July. ' The regiment, under Gen Sherman, started for Jackson, Miss., on the 6th of July, being under Are until the second evacuation of the place, when it was moved to Canton, M iss., where it was again engaged, when it went into camp at Black River until the 22d of September. From here it moved to Vicksburg, tbence to Memphis, thence to Cor- inth, ^iss., where it remained till October 11; thence marched to luka, and to Cherokee on the 20th, and on the morning of the 21st had a severe engagement witK rfbel cavalry. On the 26th and 27th, had a running fight with the enomy, again returning to Cherokee Station. On the 24th of November, was in the battle of Lookout Mountain, and on the following day bad oquall hard fighting at Mission Ridge, and on the 27th was again engaged at Ringgold and Taylor's Hills, where the regiment suffered severely. . Here they remained ^ until December 1, when, moving by way of Chattanooga, '" WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. 439' and Bridgeport, they reached Wbodville, Ala., on the 27th iDfit.,and went into Winter quarters, where they remained notil the 1st day of May, 1864. On the morning of May 1, moved east, reaching Snake Gap, Ga., on the 9th inat., where they encountered the enemy in force. On the 13th, had a severe iight at Beeaca, jD .which Lieut. Col. Jenkina was severely wounded. The regiment laid in camp at Kingston, Ga., from the night of the 19th, until the morning of the 23d, awaiting Bupplies; then moved on, encountering the enemy at Dallas, on the night of the 26th, E^nd the following morn- ing, after a short butsharp conflict, the enemy was driven hack; and again, on the 28th, the enemy charging on their works, were driven hack. The fighting lasted dur- ing the 29th, 30th and 31st. On the 1st of June, the regi- ment moved to New Hope Church and occupied rifle pits, under fire of the enemy, until the 6th, when the regiment moved to Aekwnrth, remaining there until the 10th, when they marched to Big Shanty, ten miles distant,, again engaging the enemy in force. Guarded wagon train until the 15th, when they moved into rifle pits near Kenesaw Mountain, and were constantly under fire until the evening of July 3d, when the enemy evacuated Kene- saw Mountain. . July 4th, they agaip encountered the enemy at Chatta- hoocbie Biver, and, building works, remained under fire nntil the 11th, when they moved'to Boawell, Ga. From here they went to Yining Station, thence to a point near Atlanta, August 26th, they moved toward Jonesboro, on the Macon Railroad. On the 31st, the enemy made a desperate fight, and the regiment was again under fire antil tha 2d of September, when Jonesboro was evacuated. On October 4, the regiment, with a large portion of Sher- man^s army, moved north in pursuit of Hood, skirmishing with him at Beeaca, Snake Gap, Ljttle Bjver, etc.;. after this, went to Atlanta, November 15 ; thence into the heart of Georgia. Marching about fifteen miles per day, they reached the rear of Savannah, on the 10th of Decem- ber, 1864, and ten daya later the whole army entered that city. By this victory the army was severed into three partB, and the enemy compelled to loosen its grasp over a yefit territory. The Thirty-first was actively engaged in the North Caroline campaigns from this time till March S, when Gen. Grant's famous dispatch, " Let us finish the job now,'' was announced, when the final blow was soon fltnick, and the year which promised to be so full of bloody strife wae the end of the war of the rebellion. "The Thirty-first was mustered out of service at Louis- ville June 27, 1865, and came to Davenport, where they were paid 00" and disbanded. ' [Note. — TMm regiment was mustered out at LouisvQU June S7, 1861.] Col. William Smyth, com. Aug. 10, 1862, read. Dec. 15, 1864. Surg. Garretson L. Carhart, com. Sept. 16, 1862, resd. Dec. 16, 1864. Quartermaster Levi H. Mason, com. March 20, 1863, resd. July 10, 186). Quartennast>-r A. J. Twogood, com. Sept. 10, 1862. Sergt. Maj. Milo P. Smith, e. Aug. 16, 1862, from Co. 0, apppinted Sept. 23, 1862, prmtd. 2d lient. Co. Nov. 23, 1862. Quartermaster Sergt. D V. Whipple, e. Aug. 20, 1862, appointed Sept. 10, 1862, died. March 19, 1863, diaab. Commiesary Sergt. Donald Lothian, e. Aug. 15, 1862, ap- pointed Sept. 10, 1862, died at Jefi'erBon Barracka Jan. Company A. Oapt. Robert Stinson, com. Oct. 13, 1862, dismissed by court martial June 13, 1864. Capt. J. S. Alexander, e. as private Auf. 16, 1862, prmtd. sergt. maj. Nov. 23, 1862, prmtd. 2d lient. Feb. 16, 1863, prmtd. capt Juno 14, 1864. rirst Lieut. Dyer Usher, com. Oct. 13, 1862, resd. Dec. 29, 1862. Krst Lieut. John H. Harvey, com. 2d lient. Oct. 13, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan . 1, 1863. Sergt. John M. Bobbins, e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. Sept. 7, 1863, disab. Sergt. Hiram Deem, e. July 23, 1862, reduced to ranks, died Jan. 31, 1863, on hospital boat. Sergt. Jesse Abbott, o. Aug, 4, 1862, wd,, died at Marietta , Sept. 11, 1864. Sergt. Bichard Abbott, e. Aug. 1, 1862, died Jan. 31, 1863, on hospital boat. Sergt, Alfred Stinson, e. Aug. 4, 1862. "wgt A. P. McKinley, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp, Jas. A. White, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Corp. Perry Newman, o. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. May 31, 186.'? disab. Corp. L. Pence, e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Young's Point La.,*'eb.22, 1863. Corp. John W. Scott, e. Aug. 20, 1862. Corp. Thompson Sborp, e. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg May 20, 1863. Corp. Geo. W. Whitenack, e. Aug. 20, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps April 10, 1864. Corp. Newell J. White, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Corp. Bichard Belley, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Musician D. C. Martin, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Musician T. B. Newman, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Bing- - gold, Ga., disd. May 2i, 1864, disab. Wagoner M. W. Coleman, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Anderson, Isaac, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Andrews, F. E , e. Aug. 9, 1862, died March 2i, 1863, on steamer D. A. January. Ackley, 0. G., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Andrews, John, e, Aug. 20, 1862, died Nov. 12, 1862, at Helena, Ark. Burt, James B., e. Aug. IS, 1862, disd. June 9, 1863, disab. Black, Samuel, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Dec. 14, 1862, at Marion. Brooks, James C, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at St. Louia Jan. 10, 1864. Brown, Andrew, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Bunting, James H., e. Aug. 4, 1862, died at Memphis- March 30, 1863. Bumgardner, I., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died. June 5, '63, disab. Coffland, John M., e. Aug. 13,1862. Coleman, Peter W., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Chattin, James W., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died on floating hos- pital, at Nashville, May 15, 1863. Clark, George, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. at Lookout Mt. Nov.. 24, 1863. Covington, I. M., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Certain, Wilson, e. Ang. 10, 1862. Collins, Nelson T., e. Ang. 20, 1862, died Jan. 8, 1863, in hospital at Keokuk, la. Edburn, Peter, e Aug. 10, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg May 21,. 1863. Evans, Wm., e. Aug. 20, 1862, disd. Sept. 23, 1864, disab. < Grimm, Wm. C, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Graves, Stephen, e. Aug. 11, 1862, trans, to Inv, Corps Feb. 5, 1864. Hurley, J. B., e. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps April' 10, 1864, Harvey, A. J., e. Aug. 8,1862. Hein, Herman, e. Aug. 10, 1862, died at Memphis April' 14, 1863. Hein, John, e. Aug. 10, 1862, died at Memphis April 12,. 1863. Harding, James E., e. Ang. 14, 1862. Hinze,F. W., e. Aug. 15,1862. Havens, Seaman, e. Aug. 20, 1862. Hall, John, o. Aug. 16, 1862, disd. July 28, 1863, disab. Hamilton, Theo., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Jackman, J. E., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Jacobs, Ellas, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at St. Louis May 28,. 1863. Kimble, Wm. C, e. Aug. 14, 1862, trans, to V. B. C. March 16, 1864. Konkler, John, e. Aug. 10, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 21 1863 Kellerl John, e. Ang. 22, 1862. Kortright, E. F.. e. Aug. 21, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps May 1, 1864. ' Lanty, Jacob F., e. Aug. 14, 1862. McLaughlin, G. D., e. Aug, 12, 1862, died Jan. 24, 1863,. at Young's Point, La. Miller, J. B., e. Aug. 10, 1862. Moore, D. B., e. Aug. 16, 1862. Moore, Samuel, e. Aug. 20, 1862. Nauman, Aug., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Newman, Wm. B., e. Aug. 20, 1862, disd. June 19, 1863,. disab. Biokabaugh, John, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Bansier, S., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died Nov. 20, 1862, at St. Louis. Bogers, Edwin, o. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Memphis March 16, 1863. Bead, Samuel P., e. Aug. 11, 1862, trana. to Inv. Corps Jan. 15, 1864. _ „ „„„ Beynolda, James, o. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Sept. 7, 1863, disab. Eucher, A. W., e. Aug. 10,1862. Saeer, S'. S , e. Aug, 11, 1862. „ ,„„, Schwartz, Joseph, e. Aug. 10, 1862, disd. Sept. 23, 1864,. disab. Stinson, Geo, W., o, Aug, 4, 1862. 440 WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. Snyder, Abraham, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Sanborn, Josiah W.. e. Aug. 12, 1862. Stinson, Hiram, e. Aug. 4, 1862. Sheadman, A., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Steadman, Geo. C, e. Dec. 20, 1863. Tripp, Ealph, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Thorsto n, Eobert G., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Todd, 0. J., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Troth, Joseph, e. Aug. 11, 1862. TJsher, Wm. L. A., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at Helena, Ark., Feb. 8, 1863. Warner, John K., e. Aug. 10, 1862. Warner, Jo3., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Yankirk, E., e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to 66th Co., iBt Bat- talion Marine CorpB. White, James A., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Ward, B., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, 1863, disab. Wells, Chas., e. Aug. 14, '62, died at St. Louis Feb. 3, '63. Willis, John H.,.e. Aug. 12, 1862. Wright, B. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Company C. Paddington, Geo., e. Aug. 5, 1862, disd. Feb. 27, '63, disab. Smith, Milo P., e. Aug. 16. 1862, prmtd. sergt. maj. Oct. 13, 1862, wd., trans, to V. B. C. Dec. 21, 1864. Company G. Snow, Dennis T., e. Aug. 12, 1862, trans, to V. B. C. April 27, 1864. THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. This regiment was known as the " Gray Beard Begi- ment," from the fact that nearly or quite every member was over forty-five years of age. Linn County was repre- sented by men in Companies A, D, G, H and I, but only partial lists were made up from here. Nearly all of those who enlisted are either removed from the county or have finished duty on earth. The regiment was formed during the Summer of 1862. Company A was best represented, under Capt. Hogendabler, who now lives in Clinton County. The Thirty-seventh was assigned to guard duty at St. Louis, afterward at Alton, then at Bock Island. From there it went to Memphis, Tenn., and Holly Spring, Ark., where regular duty was performed. It was in numerous skirmishes, but no battles. No man from Linn County was killed in an engagement. By doing duty as guards of rebel prisoners, the Thirty-seventh relieved another regi- ment of younger men It was in the service about three years, but our informant, Mr. Hergeshamer, private in Company A, is unable to give exact dates. [Note. — This Regiment was mustered out at Davenpart; da(e not given in A(](}ulant GeneraVs Report.'] Company A, Capt. John Hogendabler, com. Dec. 15, 1862. First Lieut. Elibu H. Steadman, com. Dec. 15, 1862. Sergt. John A. Harding, e. Aug. 26, 1862, disd. Dec. 29, 1863, disab. Sergt. Wm. P. Welch, e. Sept. 1, 1862, diad. Oct. 24, 1863, disab. Corp. A. Scott, e. Sept. 21, 1862. Corp. Bolla Mallahan, e. Aug. 31, 1862. Corp. Bichard Harbert, e. Oct. 2, 1862. Corp. Thomas Kirkwood, e. Oct. 9, 1862, died at Bioom- ington. III., July 25, 1864. Corp. John Googe, e. Oct. 18, 1862. Musician B. Steadman, e. Oct. 11, 1862. Musician Sol. Stoddard, e. Sept. 13, 1862, disd. May 4, 1866, disab. Aucutt, Bichard, e. Sept. 13, 1862. Burt, Calvin,' e. Sept. 19, 1862, disd. Dec. 29, 1863, disab. Brown, John, c. Sept. 2, 1862, disd. March 21, '63, disab. Bull, Daniel S., e. Sept. 12, 1862, disd. May 21, '63, disab. Burnett, Wm., e. Oct. 9, 1862. Bonestead, Wm. J., e. Aug. 30, 1862, disd. April 25, 1863. Coburn, Samuel, e. Oct. 9, 1862, Daugherty, Bobert, e. Oct. 17, 1862. France, Peter, e. Sept. 12, 1862, died at Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 3, 1864. riannary. P., e. Sept..22, 1862, disd. Dec. 17, 1864, disab. Fife, Wm., Sr., o. Aug. 27, 1862. Graham, Alex., e. Sept. 24, 1862, died Sept. 15, 1863, at Alton, 111. Gray, Philip, o. Sept. 1, 1862. Glover, C, e. Sept. 18, 1862, disd. May 21, 1863, disab. Howard, Jos., e. Sept. 12, 1862. Hergeshamer, S., e. Sept. 20, 1862. McCord, Thomas, e. Sept. 3, 1862. Bath, v., e. Aug. 29, 1862, died Sept. 3, 1864, at Indianap- olis, Ind. Bath, A., e. Sept. 1, 1862, diad. March 11, 1865, disab. Eiley, John, e. Sept. 19, 1862, disd. May 14, 1865, disab. Staats, A., e. Sept. 12, 1862, disd. May 22, 1863, disab. Swalley, J., e. Sept. 8, 1862, disd. May 18, 1364, disab. Trowbridge, H., e. Sept. 27, 1862. Valmot, Geo., e. Oct. 2, 1862, disd. Jan. 26, 1865. Weatherwax, Thomas, e. Sept. 29, 1862, diad. Nov. 30, 1864, disab. Walcott, Wm., e. Oct. 6, 1862. Winter, John, e. Sept. 11, 1862, disd. April 25, 1863, disab. Tount, Enoch, e. Sept. 21, 1862, died at Cairo Sept. 3, '64. Company D. Orippen, J. A., e. Aug. 30, 1862, died Nov. 3, 1864, at Ciu- , cinnati, Ohio. Company C. Edgington, Silaa, e. Nov. 7, 1862. Company H. Davenport, J. C, e. Sept. 15, 1862, disd. Jan. 22, '63, disab. Company I, First Lieut. Ezra Havens, com. Dec. 15, 1862. Corp. James S. Morehead, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Corp. George Stone, e. Oct. 17, 1862, disd. April 8, 1863, disab. Oalder, Geo. A., e. Oct. 17, 1862. Houlet, Geo., e. Oct. 19, 1862, died Oct. 2, 1863, at Bertram. Knox, William, e. Oct. 7, 1862. Kearns, Henry, e. Sept. 20, 1862, died Sept. 5, 1864, at Indianapolis. Snyder, Geo. L., e. Oct. 20, 1862, disd. May 22, 1863, disab. Shawl, Ira J., e. Sept. 22, 1862. Co. K. Wakely, Henry, e. Oct. 4. Westlake, S. S., e. Oct. 3, 1862, died April 25, 1863, at St. Louis, Warroll, S. S., e. Aug. 6, 1862. WarroU, Jas., e. Oct. 19, 1862, diad. Oct. 29, 1864, disab. FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. (One Hundred Days.) This regiment was recruited as a 100-day regiment, and went into camp at Davenport early in the Spring of 1864. It did guard and garrison duty at Memphis and La Grange, Tenn., during the Summer, and, on expiration of the term of service, returned to Davenport, where tjie men were mustered out. The history of the regiment is uneventful. [Note. — This Regiment was mustered out at Xtavenport, Iowa, Sept. 15, 1861,.] Chaplain Morton Bowman com. June 4, 1864. Company C. First Lieut. Bichard McNary, com. 2d lieut. June 1, 1864, prmtd. 1st lieut. July 10, 1864. Corp. John Hubby, e. May 10,- 1864. Corp. A. H. Brown, e. May 14, 1864. Bush, P. M., e. April 30, 1864. Butler, Samuel, o. May 14, 1864. Conklin, H. C, e. May 1, 1864. Hubby, Marricdy, e. May 10, 1864. Kemp, X. N., e. May 20, 1864. McNary, Wm., e. April 30, 1864. Pierce, J. K., e. May 28, 1864. Wagner, J. G., e. May 8, 1864. Company D. First Lieut. Jas. L. Perry, com. Juno 1, 1864. Second Lieut. Thomas L. Stephens, com. June 1, 1864. Sergt. E. 0. Eberaole, o. May 18, 1864. ' Sergt. Daniel McKollar, e. May 6, 1864. Corp. Geo. W. Bowman, e. May 20, 1864. Corp! Bobt. F. Townley, e. May 4, 1864. Corp. John H. Johnson^ e. May 20, 1864. Corp. Jos. L. Gore, e. Mfay 3, 1864. Corp. M. H. White, e. May 4, 1864. ' Corp. Wm. E, Home, o. May 4, 1864. >#.fi.l ^A^: ^^^^^^-t^7^ EDITOR OF THE LISBON SUN. WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. 443 Corp. Wm. A. Burr, e. May 20, 1864. AmiBtrong, T. J., e. May 20, 1864. Eargelt, Lewis J., e. May 20, 1864. Brenzer, E. H., e. May 20, 1864. Collier, Alfred D., e. May 3, 1863. Curas, Tbomaa L., e. May 6, 1864. Dimmitt, Geo. N;, e. May 20, 1864. Dnnlap, Jas. H., e. May 20, 1864. Bll, Elisha D., e. May 20, 1864. Gandy, Jos. B., e. May 4, 1864, Jenkins, John H., e. May 3, 1864. LangBtaff, H. H., e. May 6, 1864. Lamce, Frank, e. May 5, 1864. ' Mambeck, Bem'. P., 6. May B, 1864. Myera, Jos. V., e. May 20, 1864. Neidig, A. H., e. May 3, 1864. Stewart, James H., e. May 3, 1864. Stewart, John M., e. May 18, 1864. Tripp, .V. B., e. May 3, 1864. Tandever, Jae. H., e. May 18, 1864 Warner, , e. May 18, 1864. Weaver, M. B., e. May 18, 1864. Wilcox, John F., e. May 20, 1864. Willey, Vim., e. May 19, 1864. Young, Geo. W., e. May 17, 1864. Zike, Samuel P., e. May 3, 1864. Company F. Clarke, Byron T., e. May 9, 1864. FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. (One Hundred Days.) This was also a 100-day Vegiment. It went into service at Davenport, Jane 10, 1864. and was forwarded to Cairo and thence to Memphis, arriving at the latter place June 20. June 27, the regiment was ordered to Camp Lookout, near CoUieraville, Tenn., where the men did heavy duty, being on picket alternate days for about two months. The only brush with the enemy occurred at that place in August. A squad of guerrillas captured two pickets, and a detachment was sent out to rescue them, if possible. In the skirmish that followed, four of our men were wounded. September 1, the Forty-sixth returned to Mem- phis, and on the 10th of the same month started home- ward, reaching Davenport on the 16th. The regiment was mustered out and paid off on the 23d. I Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Davenport, la., Sept. US, 3«6i.] Company E. Oapt. John S. Harrison, com. June 10, 1864. First Lieut. John T. Christian, com. June 10, 1864. Second Lieut. Geo. W. Bever, com. June 10, 1864. Sergt Joshua J. Clark, e. May 9, 1864. Sergt. David B. Parker, e. May 9, 1864. Corp. Henry 8. Bever, e. May 4, 1864. Corp. D. S. Adams, e. May 9, 1864. Corp. Wenzel Smith, e. May 11, 1864. Corp. Fredk. Burton, e. May 10, 1864. Corp. Benj. F. Snyder, e. May 14, 1864. Wagoner M. F. Elliott, e. May 2, 1864. Andrews, W. W., e. May 23, 1864. Alspaugh, S. P., e. May 9, 1864. BuBbnell, Geo. S., e. May 2, 1864. Bnshnell, Xlias K., e. May 2, 1864. Bomgaidner, J., e. May 3, 1864. Bomgardner, John, e. May 4, 1864. Barrish, Wentzel, e. May 11, 1864. Buchanan, Thos., e. May 18, 1864. Burk, Wm. T., e. May 18, 1864. Bartlow, Dewitt C, e. May 19, 1864. Bolton, John B., e. May 21, 1864. Barger, I. S., e. May 24, 1864. Beal, Adam, e. May 21, 1864. Blanch, David, e. June 7, 1864. Caldwell, Edwin, e. May 9, 1864. Carpenter, 6., e. May 24, 1864. Cherry, Jacob, e. May 7, 1864. Otattin, Chas, F., e. May 7, 1864. Hson, Sylvester, e. May 4, 1864. Knch, John W., o. May 5, 1864. Hotoll, Abraham, e. May 13, 1864. Horak, F., e. May 17, 1864. Hendijx, H., e. May 9, 1864. Joyce, Geo., e. May 26, 1864. Joyce, Stephen, e. May 30, 1864. Jacoby, H. F., e. May 21, 1864. Kearns, H. 0., e. May 12, 1864. Liposkey, Jos., e. May 16, 1864. Morris, S. L., e. May 21, 1864. Mawdsley, Bobt. N., e. May lb, 1864, died at Memphis , Tenn., Aug. 10, 1864. Mershon, A. S. e. May 14, 1864,' McDonald, T. J., e. May 19, 1864. Melindy, Wm. D., e. May 7, 1864. Metcalt, Samuel H., e. May 18,1864. Moore, Hance, e. May 9, 1864. Martin, N. H., e. May 4, 1864. Norris, Wm. A., e. May 18, 1864. • Otterbein, Phillip, e. May 18, 1864. Podhasky, Jos., e, May 11, 1864. Phelps, Homer H., o. May 10, 1864. Richmond, S. P., e. May 10, 1864. Batzeck, John, e. May 11, 1864. Beed, Martin, e. May 23, 1864. Sulek, Antony, e. May 11, 1864. Smith, A., e. May 14, 1864. Scott, Geo. E. W., e. May 18, 1864. Seaton, V., e. May 10, 1864. Weatherwax, J., e. May 9. 1864. Wilson, Eobt., e. May 9, 1864. Walker, Jas. H., e. May 14, 1864. Wing, L. L., e. May 3, 1864. Yates, Pliny A., e. May 10, 1864. Company I. Hart, Horace, e. May 19, 1864. Hart, F., e. May 19, 1864. Penn, Charles, e. Dec. 20, 1863. Pennell, B. C, e. Jan. 26, 1864. SECOND CAVALRY. The Second Iowa Cavalry was mustered into service Aug. 2oth, 1861. at Davenport, Iowa, by Capt. Chambers; Capt. Elliott, of the Third United States Cavalry, being commissioned Colonel of the regiment. Went to Benton Barracks, St. Louis, Mo., December 7, 1861, where they drew horses and equipments. On the 17th of February, 1862, they went to the front at Bird's Point, Mo. March 4th, they went to New Madrid, where they arrived on the 12th inst. Aftar the capture of Island No. 10, they were put aboard a fleet under Pope's command, went up the Tennessee to Hamburg, to assist in the investment of Cor- inth. On the 9th of May, 1862, at Farmington, they charged a battery of eight guns supported by 15,000 infantiy. May 2S, 1862, started on a raid to Boone- ville, Misa., and entered Corinth May 31st, and on June 15th retired from the front to Farmington. On June 26th returned to the fnmt at Booneville, where, with the Sec- ond Michigan, they repulsed Chalmers, who charged upon them with 4,000 men. They then moved back to Eienzi, Miss., where, on the 26th of August, they repulsed a charge made by Faulkner with 2,500 men. The regi- ment remained here until the 5th of September, when they went with General Bosecranz to take part in the defeat and pursuit of the rebels at luka, Miss., and thence to the second battle of Corinth, October 21th. Had en- gagenbents with the enemy at Ooffeeville, Miss., Decem- ber 5th, Palo Alto April ;^d, 1863, Birmingham April 24, 1863, and Jackson, Tenn., in July; at Grenada August 17, at Gollierville, November 3d, Moscow December 4, 1863, being engaged the rest of the year in keeping the rebels away from the Memphis & Charleston Railway. They were mustered as veterans at Memphis, Tenn., March 28, 1864, and recruited to 1088 men, the veterans numbering 360. They arrived at Davenporc on veteran furlough April 15, 1864, and reassembled for duty May 16th, and left for St. Louis May 17th, and being supplied with horses, reeiched Memphis May 29. June ' 19, were armed with Spencer's seven-shooting carbines, and joined A. J. Smith's forces for an expedi- tion against Forrest, then at Tupelo, Ml%s. Encountered the enemy at Pontotoc, pushed him back to a strongposi- tion three miles south of that place, moved by the left flank to the rear of the enemy, and seized Tupelo, his bass of operations. On the 14th of July, engaged In the re- pulse of four desperate charges made by Forrest's troops. Met and defeated Forrest again on the 15th at Old Town. Beached Memphis July 24, 1864, where the regiment re- mained till August 2d, when they went again in search of the enemy, whom they found on the 9th near Oxford, Miss., where they engaged in various skirmishes until about August 22d. They then returned in pursuit of Forrest, who had started on his famous raid to Memphis, and reached La Grange August 28tb, and White's Station, 444 WAE RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. near Memphis, September 5th. Left here September 30th for Middle Tennessee, to confront Forrest, who had crossed the Tennessee River at Clifton, and were here ordered to join Sherman's army on his famous march to the sea, but subsequently were ordered to join Gen. Thomas in rf-pelllng Hood's invasion, November 1, 1864, and from that time to the 20th was engaged in various skirmishes with Hood's army,beforewhom they retreated in skirmish line via Lawrenceburg, Campbellville, Lynn- ville, Columbia and Fi'anklin to Nashville, which point was reached December 5, 1864. On the 16th, 16th and 17th, engaged in the attack and defeat of Hood's army at Nashville, pursued the enemy until he crossed Ihe Ten- nessee Kiver at Bainbridge, thence the regiment went to Eastport, Miss., where it remained until February 19, 1865, when a portion of it w^s sent after the rebels at Tuscum- bia, Rushville and Russellville, Ala. After this, the regi- ment remained at Eastport and vicinity until the close of the war, when they were mustered out of the service at Selraa, Ala., September 19, 1865, and were paid off and dis- banded at Davenport, Iowa. j [Note. — This regiment was musteredout at Selma^ Ala., Sep- lemher 19, ISeS.] Company E. Hines, George, e. Aug. 16, 1861. Company C. Lane, Hiram, e. Dec. 13, 1863. Company H. Sergt. Wm. S. Perry, e. Aug. 14, 1861, died at Memphis Feb. 19, 1864. Corp. George Alexander, e. Aug. 20, 1861. Corp. D. P. Palmer, e. Sept. 3, 1861, captd. on railroad en route to regt. June 15, 1862. Corp. J. K. Wagner, e. Aug. 14, 1861, captd. on railroad en route to regt. Juno 15, lt62. Bower, Solomon, e. Sept. 4, 1861. Church, N. B., e. Aug. 14, 1861, wd., diad. Nov. 25, 1863. Haskins, A. K., e. Aug. 14, 1861, wd. at Nashville Dec. 15, 1864. Lamb, E. W., e. Aug. 14, 1861. Reeves, A. V., e. Aug. 14, 1861, wd. at Farmington, Miss., May 9, 1862. 7 Vanarsdcl, J. H., o. Aug. 25, 1863. Company I. Second Lieut. Jackson C. Smith, e. as sergt. Aug. 14, 1861, prmtd. com. sergt. Oct. 15, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 21,1865. Sergt A. W. Carmichael, e. Aug. 4, 1861, wd. at Coffee- ville,MISB., Dec. 5, 1862, disd. March 7, 1863, disab Corp. Jas. B. Smith, e. Aug. 14, 1861, wd. April 29 1863 disd. Oct. IS, 1862, disab. Corp. C. W. Taft, e. Aug. 14, 1861, disd. Oct. 15, '61, disab. Corp. A. Webster, o. Aug. 14, 1861. Corp. H. E. Jones, e. Aug. 14, 1861. Bedner, Joseph, e. Aug. 4, 1861, captd. Deo. 6, 1862, at Coffeeville, Miss., re-e. as vet. March 1, 1864 Bolion, A. E. e. May 17, 1864. Conner, C. W., e. Aug 14, 1861, wd. at Hurricane Creek Miss., April 18,1864. Cook, James W,, e Aug. 4, 1861, wd. at Farmington disd. Aug. 28, 1862, disab. Conaway, Alonzo, e. Aug. 14, 1861, died Feb. 24, 1862, at St. Louis, dammit, B. F., e. Aug. 4, 1861. Jones, Edward F., e. Aug. 14, 1861, re-e. as vet. March 1, 1864. Kellogg, W. H,, o. Aug. 14, 1861, disd. April 4, 1863 disab. Matson, James A., o. Aug. 14, 1861, disd. Aug. 9. 1862 d]8»b. ' Norris, Thomas J., e. Aug. 14, 1861, re-e. as vet. March 1, 1864. Raff, George, e. Aug. 4, 1861, wd. Aug. 13, 1864, at Hurri- cane Creek, Miss. Rutter, C. E., e. Ang. 4, 1861. Zeigler, D. R., e. Aug. 4, 1861. Zeigler, Chas. F., e. Aug. 4. 1861. SIXTH CAVALKY. The Sixth Cavalry was recruited in 1862, and was sent to Minnesota immediately after being mounted and dnlled, where it marched under Gen. Sully against the Indians. During August, 1863, three companies of the Sixth, under command of Msj. House, while on detached service, undertook to hold a camp of 1,500 Indians until word could be sent to the main force, but this proving to be almost too large a job for the men, for the Indians were breaking away just as Gen. Sully came up with Col. D. S. Wilson at the head of the Sixth and Col. Furnas in command of the Second Nebraska. The battle began instantly, two companies of the Sixth going through the camp, and Col. Furnas joining Maj. House. The engage- ment lasted till alter dark, when tho bugles sounded the recall. The Indians fled during the night, leaving every- thing but their ponies and arms behind. The next day (5th), the command destroyed half a million pounds of dried meat, three hundred lodges, and other valuable property. Over a hundred dead Indians were found on the field. July 28, 1864, the Sixth had a hand in the en- gagement with the Indians at Tahkahokutah, where the Indians occupied a secure position on some steep and rocky bluffs partly covered with timber. The Indians threw out mounted skirmishing parties eight orten miles in advance of this position, which were driven back to the bluffs. The Indians w^re then shelled out of their position in the rocks and forced to retreat with consider- able lose. August 8th, the regiment, which had camped the previous night on the Little Missouri, had a skirmish with a heavy force of Indians, and on the following day got a chance to cbergu them a distance of over two miles, killing a considerable number. The regiment remained in Dakotah until Winter, bivouacked at Sioux City until Spring, and was mustered out in October, 1865. [Note. — This regiment was mustered ovl at Sioux GUy, Iowa, October 17, 1885.] Surgeon Jacob H. Camburn, com. asst. sug. Oct 28, Iti62, prmtd. surg. Feb. 11, 1863. Asst. Surg, Thos. S. Bardwell, com. Feb. 16, 1863. Chaplain David H. Mitchell, com. Feb. 3, 1863. Wood, Jas.B,, Company A. . Oct. 26, 1862. Company H, Capt. Canfleld J. Marsh, com. Jan. 31, 1863, res, June 12, 1865. First Lieut. G. A. Hesselberger, com. Jan. 31, 1863, res. May 26, 1865. First Lieut. John A. Patterson, e. as 1st sergt. Oct. 2, 1862, wd. at White Stone Hill, D. T., Sept. 3, 1863, prmtd. iBt lieut. June 10, 1865. Second Lieut. Carter Berkeley, com. Jan. 3, 1863, capt. Co. K, 2d U. 8. V. March 1, 1865, died at Ft. Leavenworth, Kan., Oct. 20, 1865. Sergt. John McGee, e. Oct. 10, 1862, Sergt, Henry Wright, e. Sept. 14, 1862, Sergt. A. T. Shanklin, e. Oct. 10, 1862. Corp. Frank Markel, e. Sept. 17, 1862. Corp. H. B. Heath, e. Oct. 9, 1862. Corp. Edward J. Hale, e. Oct. lu, 1862. Corp.'Wm. H. Cooper, e. Sept. 2, 1862. Corp. F. Peremsky, e. Sept. 17, 1864, Corp. John Conner, o , Oct. 10, 1862. Teamster M, L. Bennett, e. Oct. 10,1862, disd. Jan. 9,186.'>, disab. Anderaon, John, o. Sept. 15, 1862, disd. April 16, 1863, disab, Beita, Julius, e, Sept. 15, 1862. Betts, George, e. Oct. 10, 1862, Blair, Cyi-us, e. Oct. 10, 1862. Hurd, Wm, U., e. Sept. 16, 1862. Carman, David, e. Oct. 10, 1862, Culmary, D,, e. Oct. 10, 1862, Dobel, John H,, e. Oct. 10, 1862, Frisinger, D„ e. Oct. 10, 1862. Gibson, Geo. M., e. Oct. 10, 1862, died Dec. 7, 1863,at Sioux City, of accidental wounds received Dec, 6, 1863, Harris, S. E., e. Sept, 16, 1862, Higgin8,Jno.D.,e. Feb. 14, 1 862. Hickey, Jas., e. Sept. 18, 1862. Howarth, Jas., e. Sept. 27, 1862, Johnson, Chas., e. April 2, 1864. Knapp, Jos. W., e. Sept. 17, 1862. McDonald, Thomas, e Sept. 25, 1862. Markel, Bernard, e. Sept. li, 1862. Moran, John, e. Oct. 10, 1862. Magee, Robert, e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. Nov. 5, 1864, disab. McMuUin, Geo., e. Oct. 28, 1862. Norton, J U., 6. Oct. 10, 1862. Niles, Franklin, e. Jan. 9, 1862, Smith, Frederick, e. Sept, 20, 1862, Strassberger, Wm,, e, Sept. 27, 1862. Smart, B. B., e, April 18, 1864. WAR RECORD OF LINN COUNTY. 445 Stringham, Wm., e. Oct. i, 1862. Spo n, Keily, e. Oct. 10, 1862. Sha non, Patrick, e. Oct. 10, 1862. Uekerman, Chas., e. Sept. 27, 1862, kid. Sept. 3, 1863, at White Stone Hill, D. T., in battle. Wedea, , e. Sept. 17, 1862. Company I. Corp. Alonzo Menick, e. Oct. 1, 1862. Corp. Simms B. Osborne, e. Sept. 29, 1862, disd. Ma,j 24, 1865, disab. Dickey, John S., e. Oct. 1, 1862. Osborne, Philip, e. Sept. 29, 1862. Steffey, Solomon, e. Sept. 29, 1862. Company K. riret Lieut. Samuel M. Parker, com. Feb. 2, 1863. Second Lient. Hiram F. Beret, com. Feb. 2, 1863. Sergt. Dean Cheadle, e. Oct. 4, 1862. (J. M. Sergt. Jamea L. Crowley, e. Oct. 11, 1862, disd. March 1, 1865, for promotion to adjt. 3d U. S. Vols. Sergt. Dewitt 0. Acklej, e. Oct. 4, 1862. .Sergt. Thomas Cameron, e. Oct. 11, 1862, disd. March 24, . 1865, for promotion, by order of Maj. Gen. Pope. Corp. James D. Eeed, e. Oct. 20, 1862. Corp. Benton Leonard, e. Sept. 12, 1862. (iorp. William B. Stephenson, e. Nov. 22, 1862. Corp. K. F. Winchell, e. Oct. 20, 1862. Corp. John Emberson, e. Oct. 11, 1862, disd. April 12, '64, disab. Corp. Isaac Gager, e. Oct. 4, 1862. Teamster George Singer, e. Oct. 4, 1862. Teamster B. G. Rahn, e. Oct. 7, 1862, disd. Dec. 2, 1863, disab. Farrier JoReph A. Hansell, e. Oct. 4, 1862. Farrier Willis Arnold, e. Oct. 21, 1862. Saddler George W. Smith, e. Oct. 9, 1862, disd. March 18, 1863, by order of Lieut. Col. Grier. Wagoner Samuel T. Granger, e. Oct. 4, 1862. Butler, A., e. Oct. 13, 1862. Butler, Samuel, e. Oct. 4, 1862. Biggs, B. F., e. Nov. 13, 1862. Bentley, D. M., e. Oct. 4, 1862, disd. Aug. 8, 1564, disab. Barnard, A., e. Oct. 11, 1862. Boyd, Kobert W., e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. Feb. 10, '63, disab. Brown, James, e. Oct. 10, 1862. "Came, Samuel, e. Dec. 1, 1862, died April 1, 1863, at Iowa : City. flhttrci, William W., e. Dec. 4, 1862. dook, Enos, e. Dec. 4, 1862. Caldwell, D. M., e. Oct. 13, 1862, Chapman, N., e. Oct. 14, 1862. Chattin, H. C, e. Oct. 21, 1862. Cooper, John, e. Oct. 4, 1862. Oline, M., e. Oct. 11,1862. Dennis, Jacob, e. Oct. 9, 1862, disd. Dec. 3, 1863, disab. Frager, , e. Oct. 4, 1862. Freeman, S. S., e, Oct. 14,1862, disd. Nov. 17, 1864, disab. Harris, Charles, e. Oct. 12, 1862. ' i Heaton, Peter, e. Oct. 11, 1862. Harris, William E., e March 2, 1862. Hurley, John, e. Nov. 20, 1862, kid. in battle at White Stone Hill, D. T., Sept. 3, 1863. Jacobson, Thomas, e. Oct. 26, 1862. Johnson, William, e. Oct. 13, 1862. Kennedy, Samuel, e. Oct. 8, 1862, disd. Jan. 9, 1865. Kellan, Patrick, e. Not. 20, 1862. Leonard, Morgan, e. Sept. 12, 1862. MoBoberts, William H., e. Oct. 14, 1862. Nevina, John, e. Oct. 4, 1862, died at Fort Sully, D. T., March 1, 1864, Oakley, M., e. Oct. 4, 1862. Reinhimer, J., e. Nov. 13, 1862. Stephens, George W., e. Oct. 1, 1862, disd. June 19, 1863, disab. Stoneking, Godfrey, e. Oct. 9, 1862. Sloneking, Enix, e. Oct. 11, 1862. Smith, Charles E., e. Oct. 4, 1862. Sothoron, F., e. Oct. 11, 1862, died Sept. 23, 1863, on stmr. Alone, in Crow Creek, D. T. Stone, J. D., e. Dec. 1, 1862, died. Oct. 6, 1864. Wheeler, Alfred, e. Oct. 4, 1862. White, A. G., e. Nov. 21, 1862. Williams, John M., Oct. 10, 1862. Wagner, H. D., e. Nov. 1, 1862. Company M. Andrews, Erskine, e. March 2, 1863. DpUnger, William D., e. Nov. 1, 1862. UN ASSIGNED. Kobb, James O., e. April 8, 1864. EIGHTH CAVALRY. Was mustered into service September 30, 1863. October 8th, left for Louisville, Ky. ; marched to Nashville, Tenn., arriving there Nov. 17th ; December 1st, scouted through Tennessee, on the line of N. 4 W. W. R. R. The Eighth met the enemy at Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's and Newman. At Newman, the regiment was captured, except a part of one company and a few who cut thfir way through the enemy's lines, under command of Capt. Dance. When organized again, they were placed in a command after Wheeler and Forrest, and were in front of Hood when he advanced on Nashville, and followi'd him as he retreated after his defeat. They were on Wilson's raid in Alabama. [Note. — This regim&nt was mustered out at JIfacon, Memphis, Tenn., m. o. Aug. 10, 1865. Stall, M. W., e. Oct, 7, 1861, re-e. as vet. Dec. 12, 1863, kid. June 10, 1864, in action at Guntown, Miss. BoUenbaugh, G. W., e. Oct. 14, 1861, re-e. as vet. Dec. 14, 1863, m. o. Aug. 10, 1865. Fifth Veteran Cavalry. Strawn, Samuel H., e. June 24, 1861, re-e. as vet. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. Wheeler, Lewis, July 13, 1864, deserted Sept. 24, 1864. Weidner, A., e. July 13, 1864. Seventh Cavalry. Corp. E Iwin B. Kennedy, «. Sept. 23, 1861, m. o. June 2!!, 1866. Cook, John B., e. Sept. 23, 1861, m. o. June 22, 1866. Twelfth Wisconsin Infantry. Waltz, A. I. First Illinois Artillery. Ballard, 0. M., Feb. 15, 1862. Third Iowa Battery. Eberhart, F. S., e. March 29, 1864. Sanders, tj. B., March 29, 1861. Engineer Regiment of the West. Artificer Buel Dexter, Oct. 18, '61, disd. July 25, '63, disab. Artificer Paul P. CJuick, Oct. 6, 1861. Haskins, L. S., e. Oct. 6, 1861. iVIississippi Marine Brigade. Buljack, Joseph, e. Jan. 2, 1864. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 447 THE CLOSE OF THE WAR. After peace was declared, the people of Linn County manifested a deep feel- ing for those who had ventured their all in defense of the nation's life. Numer- ous meetings were held in various parts of the county, to welcome the veterans home. The most notable of these meetings was held at Cedar Rapids, Thursday, September 7, 1865. The day was, unfortunately, far from pleasant, owing to continuous rain ; but the ceremonies were duly observed. The following notice was published in the papers of the county, and gives a good idea of the character of the occa- sion : GRAND UNION WELCOME AND RECEPTION TO OUR SOLDIERS, TO BE HEID AT Cedar Rapids, Thursday, September 7, 1865. The loyal citizens of Linn County, fully appreciating their gallant services, trials and sacri- fices forthe Union, hereby tender to the brave soldiers of " Old Linn " a hearty and cordial wel- come home. " The cruel war is over," and the glorious old flag again waves over this broad land, redeemed, disenthralled and free. A cordial invitation is extended to all in Linn County who have served their country during the rebellion, together with their families, to come and enjoy the feasts of good things pro-_ Tided. Every citizen of Linn County is also invited. Come one, come all, from far and near, and join in the welcome and reception of our brave soldiers. A public dinner will be provided for the soldiers and their families. Eminent speakers from abroad will address the people. The best music to be had will be provided. A triumphal arch will be erected. The exercises of the day and evening will close with a balloon ascension and an entertain- ment provided especially for the soldiers and their ladies. The soldiers are respectfully invited to prepare themselves in uniform, as far as may be, for a military review, to be under the direction of officers of their own selection. The procession will form on Iowa avenue, at 11 o'clock A. M., and proceed to the grove, where the exercises will be held. OFFICERS OF THE DAY. President — Dr. S. D. Carpenter. Vice Presidents — Thomas Gainer, Rapids; William Smyth, Marion; John P. Carbee, Brown ; P. D. Harman, Bertram ; Noah McKean, Franklin ; Dr. Bowman, College ; James Albright, Clinton ; J. S. McClure, Fairfax ; John HoUenbeck, Fayette ; Truman Peet, Buffalo ; /Seorge Busby, Maine; James H. Mason, Otter Creek; Isaac Milburn, Monroe; Hiram Russell, Washington; Joseph Morehead, Putnam; J. H. Fairchild, Spring Grove; W. H. Wood, Boul- der;' John C. Goudy, Linn; J. J. Nugent, Jackson. Chief Marshal— Col. J. P. Coulter. Assistant Marshals— Col. T. Z. Cook, Capt. W. W. Smyth, Capt. W. B. Leach, Capt. R. H. Whitmaok, Capt. M. A. Higley, Capt. Hiel Hale. Secretaries — H. B. Stibbs and S. C. Higby. TOWNSHIP COMMITTEES. Marion— Maj. N. G. Thompson, A. B. Dumont and T. D. McAffee. Brown — Jesse Reno, Milton Oxley and T. M. Griffin. Clinton— W. P. Gardner, N. I. Parker and U. M. Smith. Bertram— J. Moore, John Berry and A. M. MoKeel. Linn— William Miller, L. A. Kramer and John Safely. Fairfax— W. B. Reynolds, Robert Lockhart and William Ure. College— J. C. Bartholomew, A. Neidy and Adam Perry. Putnam— Elmer Prickett, Wiley Fitz and F. Karshner. Franklin— A. L. Knott, J. T. Rice and John E. Kertz. Washington— E. D. Hazeltine, J. C. Spooner and Mr. Soper. Spring Grove— E. Piatt, A. D. Robinson and D. S. Fay. 448 HISTORY OF ^LINN COUNTY. Jackaon — S. Blodgett, S. Stanard and N. Henderson. Boulder — Horace Brown, Neeley Parsons and Willard Grouch. Otter Creek — L. F. Dance, A. Yambert and Henry Pence. Fayette — John Langley, N. J. Whiting and Henry B. McKeen. Maine — J. L. Crawford, J. B. Houston and Moses Jordan. Buffalo— Joseph Story, G. C. Perkins and George Paddington. Monroe— J. M. Todd, F. Palmer and D. Albaugh. By order of Committee of Arrangements, H. P. Angle, R. Ellis, E. E. Leach, H. B. Stibbs, J. H. Elder, S. C. Higbt. E. ROBBINS, ''^M ':^^^i^a^POST OFFICES. J There are twenty-six post offices in Linn County. Following is an alpha- betical list : Bertram, Cedar Rapids, Central City, Center Point, Ely, Fair- field, Flemingville, La Fayette, Lisbon, Marion, Mount Vernon, Nugent's Grove, Palo, Paralta, Paris, Prairieburg, Rural, Spring Grove, Springville, Todd- ville, Troy Mills, Viola, Walker, Waubeck, Western College, West Prairie. THE LINN COUNTY PRESS. The press has ever maintained a commanding position in this county, and has, in several notable instances, wielded a powerful influence throughout the State. The present condition of the newspapers is creditable alike to the people' and publishers. Strangers are apt, nowadays, to form something of an idea of the inhabitants of a county by the manner in which they sustain their local journals. In the case of Linn County, there is every reason to be proud of these indications of general prosperity. MARION. \ii^ The first newspaper published in Marion and in Linn County was the Prairie Star, commenced in 1852, by Azor Hoyt, 'formerly of New York City. He was a practical printer with considerable newspaper experience, but, being totally unused to the rough ways of life in those early days, he didn't succeed very well. He sold out after a short time and returned with his family to the Eastern States. ^_j The name of thie paper was changed to the Linn County Register, and remained under the control of J. S. & G. H. Jennison, for a time. As the early files of the paper are not accessible, dates cannot be given. At one time, Maj. W. G. Thompson acted as editor, and succeeded in making the paper very popular, giving it a good standing with the fraternity throughout the State. During the exciting campaign of 1856, Judge N. M. Hubbard edited it with marked ability. During 1857, J. S. Jennison was again at the helm. In 1858, Robert Holmes became the editor, and, soon afterward, proprietor. The years 1858, 1859 and 1860 were perhaps the most notable in the history of American politics, embracing the great struggle of the Slavery and Anti-Slavery parties for the control of the Government, which culminated in the election of Lincoln as President, followed, the next year, by the breaking-out of the rebellion. ^ J In December, 1863, Mr. Holmes sold the office to A. G. Lucas, who changed the name of the paper to the Linn Oounty Patriot. In September, 1864, S. W. Rathbun, a young lawyer from Cedar County, purchased the paper from Mr. Lucas, soon after changing the name back to the Linn County Regiiter, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 449 January 1, 1865, the title became the Marion Register. The paper has con- tinued to the present time under the control of Mr. Rathbun. During all this time it has been one of the official organs of the county, thoroughgoing in political matters, and still maintaining a prominent position among the leading papers of the county and State. The Register issued a semi-weekly edition in 1872-5. The Marion Herald (Democratic) was established by Messrs. Hogan& Crowley in 1857. In 1858, J. P. Brown, S. W. Durham and T. S. Bard- well were the editors, and afterward Mr. Brown had sole control. W. J. Nee- ley purchased the office, and became editor about the beginning of the year 1859. In 1860, Dr. T. S. Bardwell purchased it, and changed the name to the Marion Democrat. The Doctor made it an able and vigorous champion of the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency, but suspended its publication soon after the election, when it became known that Douglas was defeated. In 1861, the Doctor revived the paper under the name of the Campaigner, and made a brilliant fight for the election of Col. W. H. Merritt as Governor. Soon after this election, the press and material of the office were sold to Matt Parrott, at present one of the proprietors of the Waterloo Reporter, who removed them to Illinois. The Hope of Israel was a semi-monthly, established by the Christian Publish- ing Association, with W. H. Brinkerhoff as editor and business manager, in May, 1866. After two years, he was succeeded by Elder B. F. Snook for two years. The present editor, Jacob Brinkerhoff, then took charge for two years, followed by H. E. Carver for one year ; then W. N. Fuller for a year and a half, at which period the Association was broken down. Six months after its suspen- sion, the office was purchased by Mr. Jacob Brinkerhoff, and the publication resumed. The name of the paper had been changed, in 1872, to the Advent andSahhath Advocate. Mr. Brinkerhoff has recently established a printing office in the western part of the town. The paper is devoted entirely to the interests of the cause which its title indicates, and has twenty columns, of seventeen "ems" width, reading matter. It has a circulation of 500 copies, extending over the United States and Canada. The Linn County Sigml was established at Marion, in 1868, by F. H. Williams (now of the Meehanicsville Press) and Robert Tompkins, who con- ducted the paper with much life and spirit during the Presidential campaign of that year. In the succeeding Winter the press and fixtures were removed to Cedar Rapids. Thomas G. Newman afterward became the owner, and in 1872 changed the name to Linn County Liberal, and removed the office back to Marion. In 1873, James T. Simkins became the editor, making an excellent county paper, until some time in 1874, when the office was removed again tp Cedar Rapids and merged into the Standard. The Linn County Pilot was founded by a stock company in Mt. Vernon, with C. W. Kepler as editor, in 1871. A year later, Mr. A. Beaty became the editor, and in 1874 the office was removed to Marion, since which time it has been under the control of Messrs. Beaty & Wittits. The Pilot has estab- lished itself firmly among the county papers, being conducted with ability and enterprise. CEDAR RAPIDS. The Progressive Era was the first newspaper published in Cedar Rapids. It was established in 1851, by D. 0. Pinch, was Democratic in politics, and exercised a fair degree of influence in local matters. J. J. Childs was editor for a time, and Dr. J. L. Enos also acted in that capacity. 45G HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. In the A-utumn of 1854, Dr. J. L. Enos purchased the Era office, and com- menced the puhlication of the Cedar Valley Times. — Cedar Rapids was just then entering upon its mar- velous career of prosperity, and the Times was the organ through which the enterprising men of that day made known their business to the surrounding inhabitants. The editor was capacitated for the work, and the paper exercised a commanding influence over the growth of the town. In politics the Times espoused the American cause ; and as the editor held a prominent position in that organization, the circulation of the paper became quite extensive. No paper in the interior of the State was more favorably known than the Times, under Dr. Enos' management. When the Republican party was organized in Iowa, in 1856, the Times entered heartily into the support of its cause ; and from that time through all its various editorial changes, it has been a firm and ready supporter of the Republican party. In 1857, J. G. Davenport, of Michigan, came to Cedar Rapids and pur- chased a half interest in the Times, taking charge of the office, different persons at different periods acting as editors. Mr. Davenport was appointed Postmaster soon after Lincoln became Presi- dent, but on account of financial trouble, both in his private and official positions, he left the paper and went West. The paper then passed into the charge of E. N. Bates, a lawyer of promise, who conducted it for a short time with great ability. He entered the army as Captain, but fell a victim to disease. C. M. Hollis became proprietor and editor of the Times after the departure of Mr. Bates, and the paper again became an important organ in the interests of the city and contiguous country. In 1866, Mr. Hollis sold to Ayres & Co., with Dr. F. McClelland as editor. In 1868, the name of the paper was changed to the Cedar Ra-pids Times. In 1869, Dr. McClelland bought an interest jn the business, and the firm became Ayres, McClelland & Co., until 1874, when it was again changed to Ayres & McClelland, the present firm. Dr. McClelland being editor, and Mr. Ayres having charge of the mechanical department. The Times job office is complete in all its appointments, and has few equals in the State. It has all the most approved machinery, steam power presses, etc. Promptness and reliability is the motto of the Times establishment ; and its great prosperity is not a matter of wonder to those who know the inside workings of the office. Greeley and McElrath, of the New York Tribune, were said to have been made for each other, as editor and publisher, respectively. The same may be said of Ayres & McClelland. Each is supreme in his own department, and there is no friction between them. The Times has had two baptisms by fire and one by water. September 12, 1874, the office was destroyed completely by a conflagration in the short space of two hours. All the type, presses and machinery, both of the printing office ^nd book bindery, were either destroyed or rendered valueless by the devouring elements. The partners were indebted to the liberality of the Republican and Standard offices for types and presses to issue their paper for a time, until they coiild procure new material of their own. The firm was not disheartened ; but, with the few thousand dollars obtained from the insurance company and what they saved from the debris of the fire, they were soon re-established in the base- ment of the post office building, where they have continued ever since. On the 26th of May, 1875, a block of three new stores, which was being erected on Eagle street as an addition to the post office block, took fire in th6 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 451 roof and was burned to the ground. It was supposed at the time that the post ofiBce building would also be destroyed, the prospect of saving it being appar- ently a hopeless one. The occupants of the building, including the Times office, the post office, and numerous law, insurance and other offices in the upper rooms, commenced removing their valuables ; and it looked, at one time, as though the entire population of the city were. either engaged in removing prop- erty or assisting the firemen in putting out the fire. By superhuman exertions, the post office building was saved, but not until the occupants had removed nearly all their valuables. The Times office lost nothing in this case by fire, but it was almost as bad as a conflagration. The peculiar nature of printing office property renders its removal, under such circumstances, an impossibility without great damage. A few weeks sufficed to put the office in good shape . again. In June, 1876, during a heavy rain storm, a large stream of water rushed down Eagle street toward the river. At Washington street, it was checked by the crossing, and accumulated until it swept over the sidewalk and poured down into the basement of the Times office. The room was flooded to the depth of several feet. The city steamer was put to work, and, in the course of a few hours, the water was pumped out. The damage consisted mainly in the delay of business. In 1856, Dr. J. L. Enos commenced the publication of the Oedar Valley Farmer, a monthly, of sixteen pages, devoted, as its name implies, to the inter- est of agriculture in the Cedar Valley. Two volumes were published, and are highly prized for the valuable scientific and practical character of the contents. The Cedar Rapids Democrat was the third paper published in Cedar Rapids. It was commenced in 1856, by W. W. Perkins & Co., and was a radical expo- nent of democracy, being conducted with a good deal of zeal and ability. It attained a fair circulation, but, in spite of the efforts of its friends, it was forced to suspend after the first year or so of its existence. The Voice of Iowa, a monthly journal of thirty-two pages, with nearly the same amount of advertising, was commenced in January, 1857, by James L. Enos as editor and publisher. The Voice was an able exponent of the free school system, and did much to shape the excellent school system of Iowa. Through its influence the Institute for the temporary training of teachers was established, and its editor was for many years among the most successful and popular conductors of them. Three volumes of the Voice were published, when it was merged into the Iowa School Journal. The Oedar Bapids Atlas, established in 1864, was the next candidate for public favor. This was a large-sized semi-weekly, by Rev. A. G. Lucas. It was published about three months, when its editor started on a tour to procure subscribers and never returned. The paper suspended, and the office was ulti- mately sold to pay the employes and other creditors of the concern. The Western World, a large-sized weekly, made a vigorous commencement July 18, 1868, but was published only for a few months. W. A. Ballard, pub- lisher ; J. L. Enos, Editor. Republican in politics. The Linn County Signal, by Henry Williams, was the next venture on the sea of Cedar Rapids journalism. It was Democratic in politics and enjoyed a liberal patronage. The Signal was purchased by T. G. Newman, and the pub- lication continued as the weekly of the Daily Observer, the first daily of Cedar Rapids, established by Mr. Newman, in 1869. T. G. Newman and J. L. Enos editors. The Observer was a morning paper, contained the Press dis- 452 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. patches, and met a hearty welcome by the citizens. Few men possessed more business tact than Mr. Newman, and the Observer was very soon brought to a paying basis under his direction as business manager. It was mildly Demo- cratic, though chiefly devoted to news, general and local. The Cedar Rapids Republican was started as a daily, Sept. 1, 1870. It was then called the Qedar Rapids Observer, and was printed and published by Thomas G. Newman, and was independent in politics. On the 9th of March, 1872, the paper was transferred to the "Republican Printing Company," when the present name of the paper was adopted. Both a daily and a weeikly edition have been published since that time. Hon. Wm. B. Leach was its first editor under Republican colors. The Republican Printing Company made large additions to the machinery and material of the ofiice and put in a large cash capital. This Company continued the paper with various editors until May, 1877, when the establishment passed into the hands of the " Republican Com- pany." This Company put in about $8,000 new capital, erected its own build- ings, adapted water power for its machinery, put in three new presses and a large amount of new material. The paper is now on a firm basis, with ample capital, and is doing a paying business. The weekly edition has a large circulation, and no other daily is published in this or any adjoining county, except Johnson. The Directors of the Republican Company are John Weare, W. W. Walker, N. M. Hubbard, Chas. Weare and J. W. Traer. Chas. Weare is President, and W. W. Walker, Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. Walker also has charge of the editorial department of the paper. In May, 1872, the Republican Co., of Cedar Rapids, began the publication of a sixteen page monthly called the Farmer's Journal, W. J. Abernethy (now of the Pioneer-Press, St. Paul), becoming the editor thereof, and T. G. Newman, (now editor of the American Bee Journal, of Chicago) taking busi- ness control. From that time until September, 1876, the publication was con- tinued under that name ; several changes having been made in the mean time in the editorial and business control. In this interim ex-Gov. John Scott, of Nevada, occupied the leading editorial position for a lengthy period. In September, 1876, the Farmer's Journal and the Fine Stock G-azette, of Vinton, were consolidated and the joint publication thereafter known as the Western StoeJc Journal and Farmer. A joint-stock company was then formed, in whose hands the publication has since continued. In August, 1877, the Producer, published under the auspices of the Faculty of the State Agricult- ural College, was merged into the Western Stock Journal and Farmer.. The paper has been enlarged to twenty-eight pages. The Journal is now edited by Prof. S. A. Knapp, of Vinton, J. T. Mitch- ell, of Cedar Rapids, and Judge Z. C. Luse, of Iowa City, and numbers' among its regular contributors, Hon. James Wilson, of Traer; Hon. A. 8. Welch, of the State Agricultural College ; Col. John Scott, of Nevada ; Hon. J. L. Budd, of the State Agricultural College; Hon. Jos. Dysart, of Dysart; and Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the State Agricultural College. The Journal is the only stock journal published west of the Mississippi, and has a large circulation in all the Northwestern States, particularly in Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. It is the representative organ of the live stock interest in the West, and has been specially indorsed by the Iowa State Agricultural College, Iowa State Stock Breeders' Association, and Iowa State Agricultural Society. The first issue of The Standard appeared in July, 1874, being then pub- lished by the American Publishing Company, with Thomas G. Newman as HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 453 manager, and Chas. E. Heath, editor. A semi-weekly was started, but after issuing about two months, the publishers decided to discontinue it and devote their whole time to the weekly. In the Fall of the same year, Mr. Heath withdrew from the editorial management of the paper, and was succeeded by Mr. Newman. The American Publishing Company sold out to Thomas Gr. Newman & Son, who continued under that firm name and style until the Spring of 1876, when Mr. D. H. Ogden was admitted as a partner, and he assumed the position of city editor, when the firm changed to Thomas G. Newman & Co. In August of that year, Mr. H. A. Cook bought an interest and assumed editorial control of its columns, Mr. Ogden remaining as city editor until the Fall of that year, when he withdrew from the firm. The firm was then contin- ued as Thos. G. Newman & Co. until the close of April, 1877, Mr. A. H. Newman being business manager, when Mr. Frank L. Millar bought the inter- est of both Thomas G. and A. H. Newman, and the firm name became Millar & Cook. In August of that year, Mr. Cook sold his interest to Mr. Maury 0. Miliar, and the firm became Millar Bros., who have since continued its publica- tion, Mr. Cook being retained as editor, and F. L. Millar attending to the busi- ness department. ' The paper has been published as a continuation of the Linn County Liberal, which was a continuation of the Linn County Signal, and it is now in its twelfth year. It has ever been Democratic in politics, and commands a large and increasing patronage and influence among members of its party, and enjoys the confidence of the public generally. The office is located in the most prominent business portion of Cedar Rapids, with every possible convenience that experi- ence and ample means could suggest. The job department is one of the largest, . most complete and best arranged in the State, the machinery being propelled by a water motor which draws its supply from the street mains. The Iowa Farmer, published by the Iowa Farmer Company, at Cedar Rapids. J. W. Brown, President and Alexander Charles, Editor and Manager. Mr. Charles has had a large experience in the publication of agricultural newspapers, and is considered authority on matters pertaining to fine stock and other questions of vital importance to the agricultural interests of the country. The Farmer was started as an eight-page monthly in December, 1877, but was enlarged in July of the present year to a sixteen-page paper. The price is 75 cents per annum, the publishers relying on advertisements for their profit. Although so recently started, the publishers claim a large circulation already, which is constantly increasing. The July edition of the paper was printed in the well-known form of the Country G-entleman, which has been adopted as the permanent form, and 20,000 extra copies were issued. The editor, Mr. Charles, has been connected with the agricultural press for twelve years, and the Farmer seems to be already on a firm basis. The Northwestern Traveler, published by the Traveler Publishing Company. William A. Young, Editor and Manager. This is a monthly paper, devoted to commercial interests. The first number was issued in March, 1878, and it has attained quite a wide circulation through the indefatigable labors of the editor and manager. A distinctive feature of the paper has been the writing up of the towns and villages bf the Cedar Valley, and in this way it has given notoriety and importance to many places, and added largely to the local history of the State. The Traveler has been always bright and newsy in this respect, and is deserving of the substantial encouragement it is receiving. It is published semi- monthly at the low price of 50 cents per year. The Traveler bids fair to become one of the permanent institutions of the city. 464 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. The Merchants Dispatch, published monthly by A. N. Hubbell, Editor and Proprietor. The Dispatch, as its name indicates, is devoted to the mer- cantile interests of the Northwest, and is especially valuable for its full lists of counterfeifnotes. It also contains a great variety of practical information, not only for the business man, but for the farmer and the mechanic. It has an extensive circulation along the principal railroads of the State, and is a good medium for advertisers to reach a large and intelligent class of customers. AMATEUR PAPERS. The News is an amateur paper, edited, printed and published by Herman E. Reeder, who has attained the ripe age of 13. It is a monthly of six pages, two columns to the page. The price is 25 cents a year, and the publisher says it is " devoted to the interests of its subscribers." Herman has good natural ability and an aptitude in expression, which only needs perseverance and the cultivation that experience alone can give, to make him a forcible writer. The Rounce, an eight page paper, flies at its mast-head the name of R. Van Vetchten as editor. The second number is before us, and it is a model of typographical excellence. The contents, both original and selected, are good. The editor is combative, and is not afraid to take a lively hand in the questions which convulse amateur newspaperdom, and in this respect is just like his older brothers of the daily and weekly press. The Amateur World, a publication of eight pages, sixteen columns in size, is devoted chiefly to the interests of the Cedar Rapids High School. The editors and publishers are Clarence N. Jenkins and Charles Reeder, aged .respectively 18 and 17 years. Subscription price 40 cents a year. This paper has been published eight months. The Acorn, ably edited by Nathan Cole, Jr., St. Louis, and Frank L. Misner, Cedar Rapids, is devoted exclusively to the cause of amateurdom, and is strictly editorial. Size, four pages, twelve columns. The editors are 19 years of age, and this journal has been issued regularly for three years. Boys' Monthly Guide, a small eight-page amateur paper ; is published by Frank C. Plumb. Subscription 20 cents per year. Was first published in February, 1877. OTHER PAPERS. The American Bee Journal was published by Mr. T. G. Newman in this city for a while, and then removed to Chicago, where it still flourishes under that name and under the management of the same proprietor. The Progressive Farmer, commenced by the Farmer Company in 1875 ; E. R. Bradford, Business Manager, and A. S. Welch, Editor. After the retire- ment of President Welch, Mr. Bradford continued the publication. Two volumes were published. ' The PoJrrok, Odd-Fellows' Banner, Dawning Light, and perhaps other papers of mote or less value, have been born and died in the city. The soil has been prolific in the production of newspapers. There has been a constant struggle for existence, and the Darwinian theory of the " survival of the fittest" has had a new illustration. Whether this has been true in every instance, we do not pretend to say. Every paper started here, however, has been loyal to its birth place, and has sung the praises of the city while life remained. Per- haps no city in the West is more indebted to the press than is Cedar Rapids. lis great natural advantages have been persistently set forth in their best light, strangers by the thousand have been brought hither through these influences, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 455 and many have become permanent inhabitants as the result of their visit. The young city has a good position, great local advantages, a few liberal citizens, and, more than all, a wide-awake newspaper, press, all acting in concert ; and the result has been a wonderful success. Other influences have done much, but the press heralded them abroad, and to it belongs a crown of honor. Papers are published at Mount Vernon, Lisbon, Center Point and Western. Their history is so closely identified with that of their respective towns that it has been thought best to incorporate them into the chapter on towns, under the appropriate headings, of which detailed records will be found. The character of the papers issued from the places referred to is more local than otherwise. EDUCATIONAL. The first schools taught in Linn County were, as were all other social privi- leges, primitive in the extreme. The teachers were employed by private subscription at modest salari0S, and a room in some settler's cabin was fitted up in crude shape for the purpose of instructing the few children who could attend. In 1839, there were several schools established, but upon the first one there is some doubt. During the month of July, of that year, Elizabeth Bennett taught in Linn Grove, ai)d in the Winter Judge Green presided over the youth of the Ivanhoe section. The "Buckskin School," in Linn Grove, later on, was an institution worthy of more than passing notice, because of the significance of the dress of every pupil. The whole class, from teacher to infant scholar, wore ieomplete suits of buckskin. In those days the Paris modes were not within the reach of the pioneers. The year 1840 saw a marked improvement in the quality of the schools. That year, the first district was formed, with Marion as its center. From that time on, school houses sprang up in every direction. The population had so increased as to require greater facilities. The buildings were of logs, with home-made benches and puncheons for desks ; but there were many foundations of substantial educations laid therein. Those were happy days, too, in spite of the rigid discipline of the old-fashioned pedagogue, who believed in the rod as • firmly as he did in the spelling-book. The contrast between the schools of 1840 and those of 1878 is great enough to serve as a safe criterion of the progress of the county during the thirty-eight years now past. Among the civilized peoples of the world the condition of a country's schools is accepted as a true index to the advancement of a nation. In Linn County the "Buckskin " school has been supplanted by three col- leges and a system of primary and higher education that are a credit to the county. The following statement is compiled from the last annual report of the County Superintendent of Schools, Eli Johnston : Number of sub-districts 180 " " ungraded schools 177 " " graded schools 10 Average number of months taught 7^'^ Number of teachers employed : Males 136 Females 262 Average compensation per month : Males 136 16 Females 24 76 Number of persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years in county : Males 6,704 Females 6,709 Total number enrolled in county 9,984 456 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Average cost of tuition, per month, for each pupil f 1.22 Total average attendance in county 6,015 Number of school houses : Frame 165 Brick 26 Stone 2 Value of school houses $199,507 Value of apparatus 1,843 Number of volumes in libraries 482 Total amount of money received from all sources for school purposes. .,.$83,148 93 CORNELL COLLEGE. In 1851, Allison I. Willits suggested to Rev. G. B. Bowman, then Metho- dist Pastor at Mount Vernon, the idea of erecting, on the beautiful eminence which forms the site of Mount Vernon, an institution of learning. With the same energy and earnestness which he had manifested in the construction of the church and which characterized him as a man, Mr. Bowman turned the course of his labors in that direction, and secured the interest of the Iowa Conference of the Methodist Church in that cause. Liberal subscriptions were made by the members of the Church for that purpose, and, late in the Fall of 1852, active measures were taken for the erection of a building, to be known as the IOWA CONFERENCE SEMINARY, under the superintendence of Mr. Bowman, as the Agent of the Conference. Ten acres of the grounds now known as the College Grounds were donated by Mr. Willits; ten acres were purchased of Isaac Julian, and smaller amounts of Reuben Ash and others. July 4, 1852, Hon. James Harlan, afterward United States Senator, delivered the first Fourth of July oration ever rendered in Mount Vernon in the College Grove. The lumber for the seminary building was purchased at Dubuque ; the stone for the foundation was from the town quarry ; the door and window sills were from Anamosa; the bricks were made by William Albright, at or near the present Robinson brickyard. The mason work was done by William and H. D. Albright and the carpenter work by R. J. Ilarbert. This building, now the Ladies' Hall, is a substantial brick structure of three stories, 72x40 feet in size; was enlarged by an addition of thirty feet, and refitted, in 1869, making its total cost about $15,000. Suitable instructors were not numerous at that time, in the West, and Gov. Slade, of New Hampshire, was addressed and requested to recommend a lady Principal. In reply. Miss Catherine A. Fortner was suggested as a proper person for the position, and, accordingly, secured. She arrived at Mount Ver- non in the Spring of 1853, and, as the Seminary building was not yet comple- ted, the school was begun by Miss Fortner, assisted by Mr. F. L. Knott, in the Methodist Church, and there continued until November 14, 1853, when the Seminary was formally opened under the charge of Rev. S. M. Fellows, A. M,, Principal ; Rev. D. H. Wheeler, Professor ; Miss C. A. Fortner, Preceptress ; Miss Sarah L. Matson, Assistant ; Mrs. Olive P. Fellows and Mrs. Sophia E. Wheeler, Teachers. Miss Fortner remained with the institution until, a few years later, she became the wife of Rev. Rufus Ricker. The first Board of Trustees was organized in 1852, as follows : Rev. G. B. Bowman, President ; Hon. E. D. Wain, Secretary ; Rev. H. W. Reed, Rev. E. W. Twining, Rev. J. B. Taylor, Jesse Holman, Henry Kepler, William Hayzlett and A. I. Willits, members. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 457 During 1853-4, there were 161 students ; during 1854-5, 260 ; during 1855-6, there were 255 students, while Rev. Stephen N. Fellows, A. B. and Rev. Benjamin W. Smith, A. B., were added to the Faculty. The catalogue this year says : " By the sale of scholarships and hy dona- tions, $50,000 have already been secured " (as a permanent endowment). At the first term of the Seminary, students came from a considerable dis- tance, and the attendance was flattering. There were not then the facilities for their accommodation that there now are, and most of the foreign students kept "bachelor's hall." Very many of them, however, resided in town and the surrounding country; many of them walking three or four miles to school, or working in town mornings, evenings and Saturdays to pay expenses. Among those who attended school during the first term, in the church, were A. R. Knott, and sister, now Mrs. W. H. Goudy ; Miss H. L. Albright, J. T. Rice, H. S. Church, now a leading minister in the M. E. Church of Iowa ; Miss Helen Reed, daughter of Rev. H. W. Reed, near Dubuque ; Miss Kate Knowland, from the same place ; Miss Regina Young, daughter, and George, son, of S. K. Young ; and Miss L. C. Albright, daughter of H. D. Albright, now wife of Prof. S. H. Manley. J. Tom Rice, the only one of these now residing in Mount Vernon, says : " I well recollect my own part in the drama. I was past 21 years when I com- menced attending school in the church, in- June, 1853, and we college boys , and girls had our public basket-dinner on the hill, this side of the creek, in Wain's pasture. The second exhibition, or the first commencement, of the seminary was held in the College grove, in June, 1854." During 1856-7, there were 288 students. It was soon found that the Seminary building was inadequate to the necessities of the school, and again the enterprising progenitors set to work to secure means for building another school edifice, which was begun in the Fall of 1855. The lumbe^ for this, the College building proper, was purchased in Davenport, and the brick were man- ufactured by Wm. Albright, and at the Port Stottler yard. The foundation stone and sills were obtained at the Cavanaugh quarry. The mason work was done by Wm.. Albright, and the carpenter work by Harrison Hall. The corner- stone was laid July 4, 1856, and the building was dedicated in the Fall of 1857. It is a fine four-story brick building, 100x55 feet in size, costing about twenty-five thousand dollars, and is divided into recitation rooms, library, society halls, laboratory, etc. From this time the first building was used for music rooms and the ladies' hall. The Seminary was prosperously conducted by Rev. S. M. Fellows until 1857, when a college organization was consummated, and the institution received the name of Cornell College, in honor of its generous benefactor, the late W. W. Cornell, of New York City. Rev. E. E. E. Bragdon, A. M., was elected to the Presidency. He, how- ever, declined the position, and Rev. R. W. Keeler, A. M., was elected, and became the President. Cornell College opened with the following faculty : Rev. R. W. Keeler, A. M., President and Professor of Philosophy ; Rev. S. M. Fellows, A. M., Professor of Latin and Literature ; Rev. S. N. Fellows, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Science; Rev. D. H. Wheeler, Professor of Greek and Literature ; Miss E. E. Hale, Preceptress, and teacher of French ; Miss H. J. Cooke, Teacher of English, Drawing and Paiilting; Miss Alice M. Foulke, Teacher of Music; Miss E. 0. Dumon, Preceptress of Primary De- 458 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTF. partment. The Agents of the College were Revs. G. B. Bowman and C. G. Trusdell ; Steward, A. C. Lewis ; Janitor, J. H. Long. During 1857—8, there were 294 students. The college course at this time was classical. It will be seen that the number of students increased regularly from year to year, and was, in 1858-9, enlarged to 321, and to 373 in 1859-60. In the latter year. Rev. Samuel M. Fellows became Acting President, a posi- tion which he held until his death, in 1 863, since which time the institution has been under the Presidency of Rev. William Fletcher King, D. D. Alonzo Collins, A. B., became Professor of Mathematics and Natural Science, in 1860. In that year, there were 407 students. Then came the devastating war, which decreased the number of students for many years. Two hundred students threw down their books to grasp the musket in preservation of their beloved country. After peace had been restored, the College continued its work with additional vigor. For several years, the average age of its students was higher than the Normal State, as many of the boys who had been in the army returned to Mount Vernon to complete their education. Those formed an earnest class of students who have since established reputations of honor, and gained many stations of profit throughout the country. The large number — from four to five hundred — of gentlemen students then boarded at various places in the vicinity, and, being scattered over the city at the different boarding houses, the desired order and uniformity of labor could not be secured. Consequently, in 1872, the Gentlemen's Boarding Hall, a brick edifice, 56x36 feet in size, and four stories in height, was erected, at a cost of about eight thousand dollars. Until about the present time, chapel exercises have been held in a room of the main College building fitted for that purpose. The necessity for a more commodious auditorium for that uSe, and for all public gatherings in connection with the institution, had been generally considered, and in 1875—6 active measures were taken for the construction of an edifice for those purposes, resulting in the present elegant and costly struct- ure. The Chapel building was begun in 1876, and is now under roof and nearly completed. The architect was Cass Chapman, of Chicago. It was estimated to cost about thirty thousand dollars ; but $41,000 have already been expended, and work is suspended for want of further means. The lower story is already completed and occupied. The building is an artistic, stately cut-stone edifice, situated about one hundred feet west of the old Seminary building ; is 86x114 feet in size, front- ing to the northeast ; it has four gables something after the Gothic style, three of which, namely, the east, west and north, have large triple Gothic windows, the only ones in the main part above the basement. There are three towers, the main tower being square and 140 feet in height, surmounted by a railing eight feet square ; another tower is round from the ground up ; and the third, square. The first story is devoted to a library, 31x46 ; museum, 25x46, lect- ure room, 41x60. The second floor is devoted entirely to the chapel which, having a floor 68x72, and a large gallery, will seat about 1,200 persons, and forms the most convenient and tasteful audience room connected with any insti- tution in the State. This building is exceedingly well planned and will not only be the pride of the College but of the State as well. Sufficient aid will doubtless be secured by the friends of education to com- plete it at an early day. As before stated, the institution was founded by and is under the manage- ment of the Methodist Episcopal Conferences of Iowa, directed by thirty Trust- ees chosen from those bodies. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 459 The present oflScers of the Board are: E. G. Andrews, President ; S. A. Knapp, Yice President ; H. H. Rood, Secretary ; H. A. Collin, Treasurer ; Executive Com- mittee, W. ¥. King, W. F. Johnston, H. A. Collin, S. A. Knapp, Robert Smyth ; Financial Agent, Rev. G. R. Manning ; Steward, Rev. C. M. Sessions. The Faculty and Teachers in 1877-78 are : Rev. Wm. F. King, D. D., President, and Hamline Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy ; Alonzo Collin, M. A., Professor of the Natural Sciences; Harriette J. Cooke, M. A., Preceptress, and Professor of History and German ; Rev. Hugh B;)yd, M. A., Professor of the Greek and Latin Languages and Literature ; James E. Harlan, M. A., Alumni Professor of Mathematics ; Hamline H. Freer, B. S., Principal of Preparatory and Normal Departments; Sylvester N. Williams, B. C. E., Professor of Civil Engineering and Librarian ; Isaac H. Bunn, M. A., Professor of Vocal Music ; John E. Myers, Second Lieut. U. S. A., Professor of Military Science and Tactics ; William H. Norton, B. A., Adjunct Professor of Latin and Greek Languages ; Mary Frye Stribling, Teacher of Instrumental Music ; *Ei'a A. Hutchins, Teacher of Drawing and Painting; Franc M. Martin, M. A., Teacher in Preparatory Department ; Mary F. Burr, B. S., Teacher of French and Mathematics ; M. Beaumont Gray, Teacher of Instrumental Music ; Charles A. Pollock, Instructor in Bookkeeping ; rW. F. Cramer, Instructor in Penmanship and Drawing ; Tyndale Palmer, Inst uctor in Elocution. THE PRESENT. From the first, both sexes have enjoyed equal advantages and have received the same degrees. During the first years of the College, the old Classical Course of study held entire sway. In 1860, the Scientific Course was organized, and, in 1873, fur- ther facilities were added by inaugurating the Civil Engineering Course. By gradual progression, these courses have been brought to a high standard, and the character of the College has been much improved by increasing the amount and exactness of the requirements for admission. An extensive and thorough Preparatory Department is maintained in con- nection with the institution. The Collegiate Course is of four, and the Preparatory Course of two, years. A Normal Course is formed each year for the preparation of those students who expect to become teachers. An army officer, who is a graduate of West Point and also of the Artillery School at Fortress Monroe, has been detailed by the Secretary of War to act as Professor of Military Science and Tactics in this institution. All the young men of the College, except such as are excused by the Faculty for special reasons, are organized into companies of infantry, known as " Cornell Cadets," and are required to drill as much as one hour each school day when the weather permits. Young men are expected to provide themselves with the prescribed uniform — a neat suit of gray. The institution has always afforded excellent facilities for a thorough and symmetrical musical education. At the last meeting of the Board of Trustees, a Conservatory of Music was established in connection with the College. Prof. I- H. Bunn who has long been connected with that department, will have charge of the vocal music, while Prof. W. C. Kidder, assisted by his wife, will We the department of instrumental music. Special attention will be given to preparing pupils for teaching, and in all respects it is intended to afford a first- class musical education. • Deceased. ' ^ 460 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. A practical business education in bookkeeping and penmanship is also afforded. In the Laboratory, liberal provision has been made for those yrho wish to give particular attention to chemistry. The philosophical and cheroical appa- ratus and engineering instruments are valuable and extensive. ; , The Museum contains a large and valuable collection, to illustrate the various departments of Natural History. The department of Zoology embraces several hundred well-preserved speci- mens of mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes ; and also a large collection of land, fluvial and marine shells, including over five hundred species furnished by the Smithsonian Institution. The department of Geology and Mineralogy is amply illustrated by over four thousand specimens of rocks, fossils, ores and crystals from various parts of the world, which have been obtained through exchange, purchase, or gift. Connected with the College Museum are : 1. The "Kendig Cabinet," which comprises the whole of the valuable collection of minerals, fossils, coins and birds of the Rev. A. B. Kendig. 2. The " Woodman Cabinet," which embraces one of the rarest ;an'd most valuable collection of corals, sponges, starfishes, Crustacea, etc., in the' country. 3. The "Warren Collection " of woods and grasses, which contain over five hundred varieties. The General Library consists of over four thousand volumes, representing the various departments of Literature and Science, besides Cyclopaedias and other books of reference, and is annually increased by appropriations and d6na- tions. " ; The Normal Library is supplied with works on education, educational reports and reference books. In connection with the Library is a well arranged Reading Room, contain- ing a choice selection of over one hundred newspapers, magazines and reviews.. The degree of Bachelor of Arts it conferred on those who complete the Classical Course ; that of Bachelor of Science on those who complete the Sci- entific Course, and that of Bachelor of Civil Engineering on those who. com- plete the Civil Engineering Course. Ladies are admitted to either Course, and, on completing the same, receive the corresponding degree. The degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Science and of Civil Engineering are conferred respectively upon Ba/ehelors of Arts, Bachelors of Science and Bachelors of Civil Engineering of three years' stand- ing, who, during that period, have sustained a good moral character and have pursued professional or scientific studies. There were, during the present year, 390 students from thirteen different States. The tuition for the preparatory department is $11.00 per term, and for the collegiate, $12.00, including "incidental iee." The following scholarhips, endowed with $.500 each, were founded for the purpose of educating young men preparing for the ministry. The beneficiaries are exempt from regular tuition and incidental fee : The Robert Smyth Scholarship, endowed by Hon. Robert Smyth. The Davis Scholarship, endowed by E. M. Davis. The Beechly Scholarship, endowed by Jesse Beechly. The West Scholarship, endowed by Wesley West. The Harbron Scholarship, endowed by Elizabeth Harbron. The two William Smyth Scholarships, endowed by Hon. Wm. Smyth. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 461 The Peck Scholarship, endowed by Franklin K. Peck. Following is a condensed report of the funds, made by Treasurer Henry A.. Collins, to the Board of Trustees, June 1, 1878 : ' Tb6 Treasurer has received during the year $19,892 05 And has disbursed 19,642 73 Excess of receipts '. $ 249 32 The following is a summary of funds : 1877. 1878. Permanent Endowment Fund... |49,666 37 $45,893 29 Special Endowment Fund 4,600 00 4,600 00 Alumni Fund 12,086 36 12,336 36 Ladies' Chair of English Literature 2,897 48 2,746 58 ' dopley Chair of Civil Engineering 10,000 00 10,000 00 Aggregate $79,250 21 $75,576 23 Total Funds, June 1st, 1877 $79,250 21 Total Funds, June 1st. 1878 i 75,576 23 Decrease of funds $ 3,673 98 Increasie of liabilities 968 80 Total decrease ; | 4,642 78 SOCIETIES. The Amphiotyon, Adelphian, Philomathean, iEsthesian, Miltonian and Star are flourishing literary societies, that meet on Friday and Saturday evenings of each week. Most of them have growing libraries, and spacious and attractive halls J the last two have been organized for the benefit of students in the Pre- paratory department. ! Amphietyon Society. — This is the oldest society of Cornell College. It was organized in the old seminary chapel, on Friday evening, the 18th of Novem- ber, 1853. Its charter members were Profs. S. M. Fellows and D. H Wheeler, Messrs, A. R. Knott, J. T. Rice, C. A. Hawn and fifteen others. H. S. Church was the first President. The name of the society was taken from a society of that name at Mt. Morris, 111. (Rock River Seminary). The literary exercises of the -society at first consisted of discussions, limited to two hours. In the Fall of 1857, essays, orations and declamations were made part of the pro- gramme. Select readings were introduced in 1867, and criticisms were added in the Spring of 1870. Over 500 different persons have been members of the society. The alumni of the society number fifty-nine — thirty-three Classical, twenty-four Scientific and one in Civil Engineering. • The Amphictyons had to put up with school desks and the Seminary chapel until the Fall of 1857, when they obtained a hall in the new College building. The hall was situated in the northeast corner of the third story, being forty feet long by twenty wide and sixteen high. The first meeting in the hall was held Dec. 11, . 1857. At first, the hall was very poorly furnished ; a few hap-hazard, backless benches and a little old table, lit up with a tallow candle. The improvements in the hall commenced in 1860, led off by Rev. E. K. Young, and from time to time additions have been made up to the present. Now, the floor is furnished with Brussels carpeting and the walls are nicely papered. The windows are draped, and in the north end of the hall are two very fine book cases — one each side of the window, while above the window is an arch on which is inscribed the name of the society and its motto, " Vestigia Nulla Retror- «tm," and underneath this is a carved oak leaf — the badge of the society. The 462 HISTORV OF LINN COUNTY. walls are decorated withfine oil paintings ; and the busts of Franklin, Shakspearej Washington Irving and many others adorn the room. The regular programmes are enlivened with vocal music, accompanieil by a iine Burdette organ. The furniture of the hall is now valued at f 1,525. There are 425 volumes in the library, valued at $850, making the entire property of the society worth $2,375. The first book purchased was the " American Debater," October 9, 1859.. The society has had hard as well as prosperous times, but no time seemed so dark as in the Fall of 1862 ; all the members except three — J. S. Eberhart, T. L. Stephens and Ed. Collin — went to the war ; but others soon joined and the society was prolonged. In the Spring of 1878, a plan long cherished by the society was brought into action — the building of a Society Hall. A committee was appointed to take charge of the matter, grounds for the building were granted by the Trust- ees, and. over $2,000 were raised. It is confidently expected, within the next five years, to have one of the finest society halls in the West. The Adelphian Literary Society, of Cornell College, was organized May 1, 1858. R. Peet was chosen first President, and H. S. Church first Secretary. A few of the most prominent Alumni are : Gr. W. Bowman, Will Galloway, J. B. Albrook, L. E. Curtz,. Wm. H. Norton and James G. Eberhart, The membership is confined to the College department, there being from twenty-five to thirty-five active members. The society is self-supporting, having no endow- ment and receiving no foreign aid. It has, from its own resources, collected together the nucleus of a select library, consisting of 1,600 volumes and valued at $2,500. This society gives, each term, a public entertainment in the College chapel. The literary exercises consist principally of orations, essays and reci- tations. It also aims to discuss the leading questions of the day, and to estab- lish correct opinions concerning them. The society has lately made a great improvement in its hall, and it now has one of the most spacious and attractive halls in the College, being furnished entirely new with carpets, pictures and general furniture to the amount of $3,000. The JEsthesian Literary Society, composed of ladies, was organized in 1870. The charter members, believing that two societies were necessary in order to preserve harmony, and also believing that emulation would serve to make each stronger, formally withdrew from the Philomathean Society, of which they were members, and took the necessary steps for establishing a new society. Their first meeting was held in the Amphictyon Hall, Ophelia Matson acting as President. The next term, the society had but five members, but, though few in numbers, their courage was great and success attended their efforts. The society at the present time is in a prosperous condition, having each term from twenty to twenty-five members. Meetings are held each week on Saturday evening, when a programme consisting of orations, essays, debates, etc., is given. Once per term, the society gives a public entertainment in the College chapel. The regular meetings were formerly held in the Amphictyon Hall, but in the Spring of '78 a spacious hall was granted them. Elegant and hand- some furniture will be added as the financial condition of the society will permit. The object of the society is to elevate the mind and develop the talents. The significance of the chosen name, .^Bsthesian — " Lovers of the good and beautiful" — it is the aim of the members of the society to uphold. " THE COLLEGIAN." A monthly, published under the auspices of the Amphictyon and ^sthesian Societies of Cornell College. The first number was issued Oct. 1, 1869. The HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 463 first corps of editors were Will Galloway, J. B. Albrock, S. A. Marine, Willard Nowlin, Ella S. Rigby, Lou. McFreer, Ella A. Golder, Imogene Albright. Prominent among the editors since, we find the names of S. J. Smith, A. E. Carhart, R. L. Rowe, C. A. Pollock, J. S. Day, Fred M. Abbott, Mary F. Burr, Kittie Mason and Marther Clinton. The Adelphian and Philomathean Literary Societies were . formerly con- nected with the paper, but in the Spring of 1877, they withdrew from the Col- legiate Association. The printing has mostly been done at the office of S. H. Bauman, of the Mt. Vernon Hawk Eye, although for a short time it was published at the office of the Daily Observer, Cedar Rapids. THE ALUMNI. The Alumni properly begin with John Cavanaugh and Miss Mary Fellows, who graduated in 1858, but as the college charter had not been received, their names are not published among the list of graduates. The class tie was re- placed by the matrimonial, and they now reside in Iowa City, where Mr. Cavanaugh is in the law practice. The first regular class, 1859, consisted of John A. B. Putnam, John G. Safley, Mary 0. Chubbuck, Sarah Beebe and Lydia Miller. Mr. Putnam moved to Texas, and during the war became Captain in a rebel regiment. He is one of but two Cornell students only who ever bore arms against their coun- try. During the war, on learning that one of his prisoners was a " Cornell Boy " and an Amphictyon, he took him several miles from the camp, gave him a horse and started him for the Union lines. Besides the matrimonial ties here effected, the ties of school fellowship are stronger than almost any other human affiliation. Miss Chubbuck married Rudolphus Peet, a former student, and died a year or two later — hers being the first death among the Alumni. The class of 1860 were Thomas D. Hogg (whose name was changed to T. H. Dixon), Madge Oliver, 0. J. Cowles and Minnie Matthews. The, two couples as stated soon became united in marriage. Of the later classes many have won for themselves lasting reputations and honored names, in the pulpit, at the bar, in the school room, in the household and among all the various avocations of life. An Alumni Association has been formed, and a chair, known as the Alumni Chair, endowed. By liberal patronage the Institution has been able to send forth several thou- sand efficient workers into the different professions and vocations. The one hundred and seventy-three Alumni have achieved a success which is alike flat- tering to themselves and the College ; and they have already contributed over 112,000 toward the endowment of their Professorship. WESTERN COLLEGE. The first steps taken toward the founding of an institution of learning by the Church qf the United Brethren in Christ, west of the Mississippi, were taken by the Iowa Annual Conference, assembled at Muscatine, in August, 1855. At an hour set apart to consider the educational interest, the question of immediate action toward the promotion of higher education was quite thoroughly discussed, and it was determined to build a college at an early day. A board of Trustees was elected, consisting of Rev. Solomon Weaver, of Vin- ton, President ; Rev. M. G. Miller, of Tipton, Secretary ; Rev. Joseph Miller, 464 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Rev. Daniel Runkle, of Lisbon, and Jonathan Neidig, of Muscatine, who " were required, as soon as possible, to select a site for the location of a college, in as convenient a place as possible for the whole church in Iowa." Rev. George Miller was elected Traveling Agent. Steps were also taken toward securing the co-operation of the Des Moines Annual Conference. " A resolu- tion was then, offered and passed that the institution should be known by the name of the ' Western College ' of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ." This name was suggested by the fact that, of the colleges of the United Brethren Church, it would be the farthest west. The Board of Trustees here created held its first session in Vinton, Benton County, Iowa, October 15, 1855. Sessions were held at various points in the State in 1855 and the early part of 1856, during a part of which time propositions of financial aid were being presented by different localities with the design of securing in their midst : the location of the college. Col. W. H. Shuey, of Virginia, who had, in the early part of the same vear, settled in Johnson County, where Shuey ville now stands, saw a notice in the Religious Telescope of this initiatory step toward building a college, and thinking that his locality might offer some inducements to the committee, wrote to Mr. Weaver, the Chairman, in reference to the matter, and he at once came on a trip of inspection, and the present site of Western College^ then a bleak prairie, was examined one morning, before early breakfast, by Mr. Weaver and Col. Shuey, and they concluded it was the place for a college. In a few days afterward, the Rev. D. Runkel, of Lisbon, ReV; M. Gr. Miller, of Tipton, and J. Neidig, of Muscatine, were also on the ground/ amd the result was that the people in the community were encouraged to' offer a bonus of $7,000 in consideration of the location of the college in their midst. The Hon. Adam Perry, who has ever been a valuable friend to the institution, and who was the first resident of the town, assisted in raising; this amounti The following appears in the minutes of the third regular meeting; held at Sugar Creek, Cedar County, December 24, 1855: "Inasmuch as William H.' Shuey has presented a proposition to this Board of a donation of $6,<0G0, pro- vided the college be located in the neighborhood of Shueyville, near the south- west corner of Linn County, Iowa ; Resolved, therefore, that we locate Western College near the southwest corner of Linn County." This bonus was in cash and lands. At this meeting, Joseph Miller having by letter resigned, Wj H. Shuey was elected to fill the vacancy. .;ii' At the fourth meeting of the Trustees, held at Shueyville, Johnson Ociunty, February 11, 1856, the location was finally made where the College how stands, on lands conveyed to the College by Jacob Shuey, Adam Perry and W. A. Wherry i This tract of land lay out on the bleak prairie. At this meeting steps were taken toward the erection of the college buildings. The lands, thus made the property of the college, were laid out as a town, which was named "Western." Near the center of the plat was located the college campus, containing about seventeen acres. Friends soon began to flock to the place and buy lots and build ; and thus around the college a village grew up, which now contains about 250 inhabitants. One of the leading designs in thus locating the college upon an unsettled prairie was, that by this means it might secure a strong local support through the friends who would, it was supposed, buy land and open farms for miles around it. In this its friends were disappointed. A foreign people (Bohemi- ans) soon began to purchase and settle upon these adjacent lands, and now com- prise a greater part of the neighboring population. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 465 The location is beautiful and healthful, in the midst of one of the most fertile seetions of Iowa. It lies eight miles south of Cedar Rapids, having its nearest railroad connection with Ely station, three miles east on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Railway. It was incorporated under the name of " Western College," in March, 1856. The incorporators and first Trustees were : S. Weaver, D. Runkle, M. G. Miller, Jonathan Neidig, and W. H. Shuey. The powers usually vested in Trustees of colleges are given these Trustees and their successors, in these articles. The number of Trustees is not definitely fixed — each Annual Conference of the United Brethren Church, which may co-operate with the college, being required torelectfive Trustees; whose term of office is five years — the term of one expir- ing each year. An Executive Committee, elected by the Board of Trustees, acts in its .stead' between the times of its annual sessions. The first Executive Committee consisted of Rev. S. Weaver, Rev. J. Bow- ersox and W. H. Shuey, who were elected at the fourth session of the Board of Trustees, held in Shueyville, February 11, 1856. The first meeting of the Board held at Western convened October 9, 1856. At this meeting were present : S. Weaver, D. Runkle, J. Bowersox and W. H. Shuey, of the Iowa Conference, and J. Hopkins and C. Witt of the Des Moines. This was the first meeting composed partly of Trustees from other than the Iowa Conference. At this session, Rev. Solomon Weaver was elected Presi- dent of the College for the ensuing year. In the Eall of the same year, the main College building was completed, and on the first day of January, 1857, the school was formally opened in the, pres- ence of a large audience from Western, Shueyville and the surrounding country. An address was delivered by the first President, the Rev. S. Weaver. The Shueyville brass band and the Western choir furnished good music for this interesting joccasion. The first Faculty, in addition to President Weaver, was composed of S. S. Dillman, Dr. J. C. Shrader and Mrs. Emily S. Dillman. There were thirty-eight students in the Preparatory Department, besides a pri- mary class of twenty scholars, making in all fifty-eight. ; The first annual session of the Board of Trustees was held in the College chapd June 10, 1857. The members present were : S. Weaver, D. Runkle, M. Q. Miller, John Gooden, W. H. Shuey, Jonathan Neidig and J. Hopkins. Steps were taken toward the employment of persons to constitute a Faculty — salaries not to exceed $500. During the first ten years of the operation of the College, its professors and lady teachers, with but few exceptions, were gi;aduates of institutions under the controL of other churches, and hence were not, in their prior denominational connections and training, of this sect. But these men and women, with breadth of views and prompted by motives higher than those of a personal or sectarian character, entered heartily and energetically upon the duties to which they were called. Amid discouragements and with sacrifices, they patiently labored with the church in her inexperienced efibrts to found a college, and made its interests emphatically their own. COLLKGB PAPER. In July, 1856, the first number of the Western College Advocate, a monthly magazine, was issued, with Rev. S. Weaver and W. H. Shuey as editors and proprietors. One year from its starting, it passed into the hands of the Board iof Trustees. Its publication was continued monthly, in magazine form and under this name, until about the year 1859, when the Board purchased a press, 466 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. changed the name to Western College Reporter, and began issuing it semi- monthly in quarto form. Its publication was continued — part of the time semi- monthly and part of the time weekly, some years a quarto and some years a folio sheet — until the latter part of the year 1874, when it was discontinued and the office subsequently sold. It was designed principally as a medium, for advertising the College. During most of the time, its editorial management was either partially or entirely in the hands of W. H. Shuey, or some member of the College Faculty. It was a paper of quite a good degree of merit, and at times had a circulation of from 800 to 1,000. During most of its career it did valuable service for the College. Through the most reliable sources from which testimony is obtained, it is quite satisfactorily established that there were no catalogues published sepa- rately, in regular pamphlet form, until the year 1867. Prior to the suspension of the college paper in 1864, it was customary to publish, at least occasionally, if not as a standing advertisment, the names of the officers of the college, the courses of study and rules ; and there seems to have been published regularly, at the close of each college year, a list of the students for the year. It is pos- sible to obtain but few of these papers, and being unable to find accurate regis- ters elsewhere, no complete summary of students can be made. STUDENTS, ETC. In the issue of the Western College Advocate for June, 1858, is found a fair substitute for a catalogue. This is the catalogue for the year closing June 10, 1858, the first full college year. It represents as co-operating confertnces the Des Moines, Iowa, Rock River and Illinois. The Executive Committee are: J. E. Bowersox, W. H. Shuey, S. S. Dillman, Wm. Parmenter and Jacob Berger. Faculty: Rev. S. Weaver, President; Wm. Parmenter, A. M., M. D., Professor of Mathematics and Physiology; N,. W. Bartlett, A. B., Professor of Ancient Languages; S. S. Dillman, A. B., Professor of Agriculture and Nat- ural Science; Mrs. E. S. Dillman, Principal of the Ladies' Department. This was the first regular faculty. Agents : Traveling, Rev. J. Wickard, Rev. J. Manning and L. C. Pope; Resident, Rev. S. Weaver. The summary of students is : Gentlemen, 69 ; ladies, 22 ; total 91. Space may be taken to notice one other similar " catalogue," found in the issue of the Western College Reporter of June 15, 1864. The co-operating conferences are the Iowa, North Iowa, Rock River, Wisconsin, East Des Moines and West Des Moines. The names of five traveling agents are given. Stu- dents: Gentlemen, 71; ladies, 69; total, 140. In this summary, it will be noticed at once that, widely difierent from the general rule, the number of ladies almost equals that of the gentlemen. This resulted from the war. This, as all other similar lists, makes no classification of students accordinig to regular class standing. Hence, with the exceptions of Mr. W. T. Jackson and Miss Emma Neidig, known to be seniors, we know very little as to the standing of the students;- hence very little also concerning the actual internal eondi' tion of the school. The pamphlet catalogue of the oldest date which can be found is of the college year 1867-8. It, however, was issued, not in the Spring of 1868, at the close of the college year, but in the Fall of 1867, at its opening; hence it contains an imperfect list of the students of the year for which it purports to be published. It takes its list principally from the registry of the previoua college year. The summary gives a total of 128 — 90 gentlemen, 38 ladies. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 467 There were no gentlemem of higher standing than the senior preparatory — classical. Of the ladies there were two in the third or senior year — ladies' course. The catalogue of last year gives a summary of 210. The senior class of the present year, which graduates June 21st, numbers eight — five gentlemen and three ladies. For several years from its founding, its course was steadily upward, and it attained a wide and well-earned reputation. Its halls 'were crowded and its classes filled with students, many of them of rare talent and promise. In the Spring of 1859, the number in attendance was 120. Its friends were active and full of hope. This was the position it occupied and from which it had its outlook in 1859 and 1861. Higher than this point, however, it then failed to rise, but, on the other hand, began a gradual decline. It reached its lowest point in the years 1866 and 1867. Since that time, it has been rapidly and per- manently advancing, and how stands higher and enjoys a more extensive pat- ronage than at any period of its history. It would have been difiicult to find a community more intensely interested in the overthrow of the rebellion than were the Faculty and students of West- em College. Squads of young men, from time to time, left its halls for the privations and perils of the camp and battle field. The response to calls for volunteers was so general, that at one time, it is said, there was left in the school but one able-bodied man of military age. Thus several interesting classes were entirely broken up, and the internal condition of the school was much demoralized. Many left for the tented field never to return, and others upon returning did not re-enter their classes. PRESIDENTS. Rev. Solomon Weaver was not a man of college training, hence he labored at much disadvantage. But he was a ihan of great energy and much natural ability. He did no work in the recitation room. Mr. Weaver came to Iowa froih Ohio, where he had been connected in some capacity with Otterbein Uni- versity. His views respecting the question of the church establishing and building up institutions for the promotion of higher education, were far in ad- vance of the opinions entertained by most of his co-laborers in the church twenty years ago. He was the leading spirit in the movement for a college in the U. B. Church in Iowa. In his efibrts in founding and laboring for Western College, he did a good work for the church and the world. Soon after his resig- nation, in 1864, he removed to Kansas, and subsequently founded " Lane Uni- versity" at Lecompton. He afterward started ihe Kansag New Era, which paper he edited until his death, in December, 1874. Rev. William Davis, one of the ablest members of the church, next filled the responsible position of President for one year. Prof. N'. W. Bartlett, a graduate of Dartmouth, took the chair of Ancient Languages in 1857, and continued till 1867. He was an excellent man and a most competent teacher, and became Principal of Denmark Seminary, in Lee County, Iowa. He acted as Principal during 1866 and the first term of 1867, after which H. R. Page completed the year. Mr. Page graduated in 1869, and became Professor of Natural Sciences. He afterward graduated in the Med- ical Department of the State University, and became located as a physician at New Sharon, Iowa. Professor E. 0. Ebersole, mentioned among the Professors, acted as Prin- cipal in 1868. 468 HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. Rev. Ezekiel B. Kephart, A. M., for the past ten years and at present tte incumbent of the President's Chair, is a graduate of Otterbein University, of Ohio. He is a member of much force of character and fine executive ability, and possesses tireless energy and ever-living faith and hope. He assumed the duties of his position when the condition of the college was anything but flat- tering. But he threw himself with all his soul into the work before him, determined to lift the institution from the mire. The history it has made, and is still making under his administration is evidence sufficient that in him it has a man who is equal to his task. He started Monday, July 15, 1878, for a European tour, which will occupy a period of about four months. PROFESSORS. Professor S. S. Dillman removed to Toledo in 1860; went into the army as & Lieutenant in the Twenty-eighth Iowa Infantry, and was killed in Sheridan's Shenandoah campaign, in Virginia. Mrs. Emily L. Dillman, his talented wife, and the first teacher in the Ladies' Department of the college, is now Postmistress at Toledo. Dr. J. C. Shrader, who was among the first students, and for a short time •assistant teacher, is now one of the leading physicians at Iowa City ; served in /the army as Captain and then Surgeon, and became one of the Medical, Pro- fessors in the State University. Dr. William Parmenter, a graduate of Oberlin, an able and scholarly man, was connected with the Faculty from 1S57 to 1861. He is now an eminent physician in Michigan. Mrs. H. H. Parmenter was an assistant teacher, at the same time with her husband.^ She is remembered as an amiable and intelligent woman. - i Miss S. J. Miller, a graduate of Otterbein University, had charge of the Ladies' Department from 1861 to 1864. She was an excellent teacher;. She died in 1864. ' .. i i The Rev. H. A. Thompson, D. D., President of Otterbein University, was a Professor from 1861 to 1862. He is one of the best and most eminent scholars and divines in his church. The Rev. D. A. Tawney, a graduate of Otterbein University, filled a Pro- fessor's chair in 1862-63. He was a gentleman of more than ordinary talents, and is now engaged in the ministry in Pennsylvania^ Prof. E. 0. Ebersole taught from 1863 to 1865, and a half year in 1868. Prof Ebersole is a graduate of Amherst, is a thorough scholar and a strict disciplinarian. He was afterward Greek Professor in the Iowa State Univer- sity ; then Principal of one of the High Schools of Cedar Rapids, and themhe became a lawyer at Toledo. : ; vi Miss Spencer, afterward Mrs. Ebersole, was a teacher in the Ladies' Depart- ment, from 1863 to 1865. . .'^ Perhaps one of the most talented women that ever taught in the Ladies' Department of the College was Miss Hattie Hillis, a graduate of Oberlin. She was employed from 1865 to 1867. Miss Juan R. Kumler, a graduate of Otterbein University, taught from 1866 to 1867, and returned to Ohio. ■ > Miss Emma Neidig taught from 1866 to 1868. She was a graduate? of Western College ; was a good teacher, and is now Mrs. Steele, of Savannah, Nebraska. :; Prof William Langham, a graduate of Otterbein University, took the Chair of Ancient Languages in 1867, and resigned in 1870 to fill the ofiice of County HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 469 Superintendent of Schools, in Linn County. Prof. Langham is a shrewd, intelligent man ; was one of the ablest teachers the College ever had. Mrs. Emma G. Bookwalter, another graduate of Otterbein University, was Principal of the Ladies' Department from 1868 to 1871. She was an efficient and accomplished teacher, and is the wife of Prof. Lewis Bookwalter, in the present Faculty. Prof. J. G. Accman, a graduate of an Ohio College, taught in 1870-71, and is now at Lebanon Valley College, Penn. Prof. F. Kien, a graduate of Vienna, Europe, and one of the best linguists in the country, was Professor of Ancient Languages from 1870 to 1872. In 1871, Rev. I. L. Kephart was elected Professor of Natural Sciences, a place ,he filled well. He is a Pennsylvanian, was educated at Otterbein Uni- versity, served three years as a Chaplain in the army, and was Superintendent of Public Schools in Greene County, Iowa, when elected to a Chair in the Col- lege. He was succeded by Byron 0. White, Ph. B. : : Prof. A. W. Drury, a graduate of Western College, filled the Chair of Ancient Languages very acceptably in 1872-73, but owing to ill health was compelled to resign. He is a son of the Rev. M. R. Drury, of Castaliaj Iowa, and is a young man of more than ordinary promise. Mrs. Sallie J. Light, the present Principal of the Ladies' Department, is also a graduate of the College, was elected to the position in 1872, and is a very popijlar teacher atid a most worthy woman. Her husband, the Rev. E. F. Light, another graduate, has been for the last two or three years, Instructor in German and Penmanship. He then studied theology at Yale. ■ The 'Rev. Lewis Bookwalter, who graduated with high honors in the class of 1872, was elected this year to the Chair of Ancient Languages. This is '*egarded as a most excellent selection. He is a man of more than ordinary aoquiremdnts, is a fine speaker, and will make an efficient and popular teacher. He has been intimately connected with the College as Treasurer, Agent and Steward of the Boarding Hall, and knows well what are the wants of the iastittition. Mr. Henry Sheak, who has been the official short-hand law reporter of Judge Rothbrock's district, taught phonography for a number of years, being eucfeeeded by A. N. Ferris. ALUMNiE. William T. Jackson, of Jones County, and Miss Emma Neidig, of Musca- tine, graduated in June, 1864. She received the first diploma of the College. Mr. Jackson became Principal of Westfield College, Illinois, six years; of Greene Hill Seminary, Ind., two years; then became a student of the Theological Department at Yale. Miss Neidig, a daughter of Jonathan Neidig, of Western, taught nearly two years in the College, and married F. B. Steele, of Savannah, Neb. Jacob A. Shuey, of Shueyville, graduated in June, 1865, and became a merchant at Grant, Montgomery County, Iowa. Miss Mary A. Beam, daughter of Rev. Charles Beam, of that place, and Miss Millie Grove, daughter of the late Rev. L. S. Grove, graduated in the class of 1868. Miss Beam became Mrs. Emerson, of Ely Station. Miss Grove became a successful teacher at Ainsworth, Iowa. H. R. Page, of New Sharon, Joseph B. Overholser, of Coleta, 111., and Mrs. E. A. Cook graduated in the class of 1869. Mr. Overholser has since 470 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. been admitted to the practice of law at Vinton, and was connected for a time with the Cedar Rapids Republican. Miss Mattie Allison, who was a student of more than ordinary talents, grad- uated in 1870. As a teacher, she is first-class, and taught for some time in a Baptist college at Wilton, Iowa. A. D. Collier graduated in 1871. Mr. Collier became a successful lawyer at Cedar Rapids, of the firm of Whitam & Collier. He is a man of more than ordinary energy, and knows no such word as fail. The class of 1872 numbered ten, as follows, with the business in which they first engaged : Rev. Lewis Bookwalter, of Minnesota, now Professor of Ancient Languages in Western College; W. H. Custer, now in a printing ofiice in Indiana; Prof. A. W. Drury, of Castalia; Rev. M. R. Drury, an able and successful preacher of the North Iowa Conference of the U. B. Church ; F. R. Fry, a teacher at Hamilton, Iowa ; Miss Sallie S. Perry and Miss Anna Ew Shuey, of Western ; Miss Lou Strother, now Mrs. Williams, of Philomath, Oregon ; Miss Sallie J. Surran, now Mrs. Light, Principal of the Ladies' Department of Western College, and Rev. R. E. Williams, President of Philo- math College, Oregon. The graduating class of 1873 numbered eight, as follows : H. tr. Bowman, of Western, a teacher in Green Hill Seminary, Indiana ; Milo Booth, of Albany, 111. ; Rev. T. J. Bauder, of Western, a preacher of the Iowa Conference, U. B. Church ; Miss Eva Drury, of Castalia ; Rev. E. F. Light, entered the Theological Department of Yale ; W. K. Riggs, of Castalia ; J. W. Surran, Principal of a High School in Indiana, and Henry Sheak, of the Commercial Department of the College. The following are the more recent graduates : 1873 — Henry G. Bowman, Thomas J. Bauder, Enoch F. Light, Eva M. Drury, Milo Booth, Henry Sheak, W. K. Riggs, John W. Surran. 1874 — Francis M. Washburn, Cyrus J. Kep- hart, William B. Arble, L. M. Conn, A. L. Marshall. 1875— J. H. Albert, Lou Hopwood, Millie Gambrel. 1876 — A. M. Beal, Sophia Bookwalter, Belle Hopwood, Mary C. Hedges, William I. Beatty, W. H. Kaufman, Frank S. Smith. 1878 — John W. Bnmgardner, Arthur M. Moore. In the sixteen years' existence of Western College, hundreds of young ladies and gentlemen have gone out from her walls to adorn and benefit society by active and useful lives, and it would be pleasant to follow them in individiaal history. Eternity itself will only reveal the influence for good that is exerted by a well conducted college. It will be noticed that a large number of the graduates have chosen the ministry of the United Brethren donominatiop. An Alumni Association was organized on the evening of commencement of June 18, 1873, by electing Prof. W. T. Jackson, of New Haven, Conn., Presi- dent, and Mrs. M. E. Emerson, of Ely Station, Secretary. At the session of the Board of Trustees held in June, 1875, an amendment to the articles of incorporation, allowing the Alumni Association of the college a representation of five in the Board of Trustees, was proposed. This amend- ment was duly submitted to the co-operating conference for ratification, and having been approved, is recognized as a part of the fundamental law of the institution. The first representatives of the Alumni Association will take their seats at the next session — June, 1876. This is a new departure with the col- lege of this church, but its originators and friends see many reasons why, in their judgment, it will prove highly beneficial to the college. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 471 FRIENDS AND PATRONS. The largest donation received was from Ira Lane, of Illinois. This gift was made years ago, mostly in land, from which the college realized between $3,500 and $4,000. Remarks are not necessary to give Mr. Lane a place with the valued friends of the school. He is now advanced in years ; is living near Galesburg, Knox County, Illinois. Jacob Shuey, Jonathan Neidig and Adam Perry each made donations which aggregate between $2,000 and $2,500. Jacob Shuey donated the greater part of the land constituting the town plat, and besides gave liberal sums of money. Mr. Shuey was deeply interested in the efforts of the church of Iowa to establish a school, and was a fast friend to Western College, in the initial steps toward the founding of which he did more financially than any other man. He died at his home in Shueyville, Iowa, in October, 1867. Jonathan Neidig, one of the first Trustees, made his donations principally at the starting of the institution, these donations consisting of lands and money. At an early day, he removed from Muscatine, Iowa, -to Western for the twofold purpose of securing to his family the benefits of the College and of identifying himself more actively with the efibrts to build it up. He was a member of the Executive Committee for years. He was one of the " pillars " during the try- ing and dark days of the school's early history. Hedied in Western, February, 1868. Adam. Perry donated the north part of the town plat and some money at the founding of the college. He has since added to these, more liberal dona- tions. Also Mrs. Perry holds a life insurance policy for $1,000 in the United Brethren Mutual Aid Society, of Lebanon, Pa., in favor of the College. He has acted on the Executive Committee many years. The college has not a friend who is in heart more interested in its welfare than Mr. Perry. He removed from his old home in Western to Cedar Rapids in the Fall of 1875, but returned, and now lives at Western. Rev. M. S. Drury has given quite liberally, in more recent years, in sums amounting to between $1,000 and $1,500. For the last ten years Mr. Drury has been one of the most active and progressive members of the Board of Trust- ees. The educating of his entire family of four children at the institution sig- nifies alike his appreciation of higher education and interest in the college. He also has a policy for $1,000 in the U. B. M. A. Society of Pennsylvania, in favor of the coll'ege. He has recently removed from his former home, near Castalia, Iowa, to Western. Among the donors of sums aggregating $500 and upward may be mentioned A. B. Hisey, who was a student in the early history of the college and a donor at that time, not now a resident of this State ; W. H. Shuey, whose name has frequent mention elsewhere, now a resident of Western ; Benjamin Tallman, who was for years intimately connected with the College as Farm Agent, Resi- dent Agent and member of the Executive Committee, residing in Western ; Rev. D. Runkle, one of the incorporators and first Trustees, and subsequently for years a valuable member of the Board of Trustees, residing in Lisbon, Iowa ; Rev. M. Bowman, one of the active men in rhe first movement in the interest of the college at the Iowa i^nnual Conference of 1855 at Muscatine, and subse- quently one of the most eflBcient members of the Board, now residing in Western and Pastor of the station here ; H. A. Dilling, formerly of Benton County, Iowa, now a resident of this place, and a member of the Executive Committee ; John Neidig, some years deceased ; and others. 472 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. None of the amounts are large compared with the gifts that are- frequently made to colleges ; hut these men gave liberally, and some of them exceedingly so, in proportion to their ability. This can also truthfully be said of the many- donors, whose amounts are less and not mentioned here. In many cases besides those so mentioned, the gifts were in the formof lands^ situated in Illinois and Iowa, and of town lots in various places. These lands were sold years since, at the low rates then prevailing, which lands, had the College been able to retain them, would now be, collectively, of immense value: CO-EDUCATION. From the very first, there was but one sentiment among the founders of the institution upon this point. It was taken as a matter of course that their daughters as well as their sons needed, and should have, the benefits of higher education. If precedents were wanted, they had them in the action of the older colleges of the United Brethren Church. The history of the college proves their action wise and just. At no time have its managers had the least disposi^ tion to change its policy in this regard. The whole of this matter may be stated by simply remarking that the experience of Western College in co-education is of the same satisfactory character as that of hundreds of institutions in our country, and that its testimony in its favor is equally hearty and pronounced. MANUAL LABOR. While the founders of the College were thoroughly awake to the importance of securing to their church facilities for the education of its young people, they seem to have been beset with the idea prevalent among uneducated people iii their time, that a college training disposed persons, more or less^ to become haughty and indolent. To counteract this supposed tendency, and at the same time afibrd students healthful exercise and a means of defraying a part of their expenses, it was determined to have a Manual Labor Department connected with the college. The system embraced agriculture only, nothing being done in the mechanic arts. The following is found in the minutes of the first meeting of the Trustees: " It was agreed upon that said college should be conducted under the manual' labor system." Further — '■'■ Resolved : That we locate no less than 240 acres, for the College buildings, town and farm." In taking this action, the Trustees were following the explicit instructions of the conference which appointed them. The early records at our command make it very clear that, as a department of the College, this was considered second to none. In the catalogue of the college of its first full year, closing June 10, 1858, published in the Western College Advocate, the following appears: ' '^Manual Labor Department. — All students are required to perform more or less labor, for which they are remunerated. By the opening of the next session, the Professor in Agriculture will be prepared to furnish a large amount of labor to students, by which means they can pay at least one-half of their current expenses." In the Western College Advocate, of which, at this time, President Weaver was senior editor, this department was very earnestly sup- ported. An editorial in the June number, 1857, urges that: "It promotes health, and last, but not least, prevents caste." The following is from an ex- tract from an article in the "Editor's Table " of the issue of February, 1858:- " We want it understood by all, that the life of Western College as much depends upon the success of the Manual Labor Department, as any and all HISTORY or LINN CODNTY. 47S other departments of the school. It was founded as a manual labor college, and the funds secured for the building-up of said institution, have been given with that express understanding; and now, should the managers of the school in any way neglect to give prominence to this department, they would prove, recreant to their trust." A "College Farm," located about a mile from the College building, was put in operation at an early day. Financially it was a moderate success, but seems not to have sustained the position at first assigned it, "of equal importance with other departments in the school." It was run in connection with the Col- lege for five years, when it was rented and subsequently sold at a very low fig- ure, and the "manual labor system" abandoned. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE. From what has been said respecting the origin of the institution it will be peen that it was started as an agency for furthering the interests of religion. Its founders were among the most pious and zealous men of the church, and they entered upon their work in the name of Christ and with faith in God. The religious element was early a prominent feature in the school, and has been all along its history. To make it a nursery of vital Christianity, and a center from which shall go forth young men and women possessing the highest develop- ment of the heart as well as of the head is, if possible, more zealously sought for now than at any time in the past. The skepticism and deistical tendency of the age has deepened the 'conviction in the minds of those having the man- agement of the institution, that higher education, no less than other, to be a blessing, must be sanctified. Moral and religious training is considered of the first importance. Students are required to attend religious services in the College chapel every Sabbath morning with the United Brethren congregation, or if the church preferences of the student render it desirable on his part, he is at perfect liberty to worship with some other congregation. Singing, reading of the Scriptures and prayer are held every morning in the chapel — Saturday and Sabbath excepted — which all are required to attend. The students are urged to attend Sabbath school and prayer meetings. During each term special religious services are held by the minister of the congregation, assisted by the professors, chiefly for the ben- efit of the students. These special eflbrts always result in good, and are fre- quently reasons pf great spiritual power. It is the aim to throw around the students, coiitinually, the most wholesome moi"al and religious influences. Besides these direct religious agencies, the moral atmosphere of the community is comparatively pure. The town is free from saloons and places of sinful, viti- ating amusements. Almost all who spend some years at the institution leave its halls earnest Christians. TERRITORY CO-OPERATING. The conferences now co-operating are: In Iowa, the Iowa, East Des Moines and West Des Moines; in Minnesota, the Minnesota; in Illinois, the Rock River. These contain a membership of 9,000. It will at once be seen that Western College is the educational center of the church in the Northwest.- This territory is as choice as it is extensive. The church is becoming more and more interested in the college, and is giving it a continually increasing support. The college also has many valuable friends and supporters outside the church. 474 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. FINANCES. The plan generally adopted for raising funds to meet the various wants of *he institution has been the employment of agents, who operate in such dis- tricts of the conferences co-operating as the Board of Trustees directs. Its financial difficulties have been not unlike those of most institutions in their infancy. These have, by no means, been rendered lighter by its having taken its rise in the pioneer period of the State. During the early part of its history the aim of its managers seems to" have been simply to reduce the debt — which was incurred chiefly at its founding — and to meet current expenses. The rais-- ing of a permanent endowment fund received attention first during the annual session of the Board in 1866. In the minutes of this session is found a motion by Rev. W. W. Richardson, "that we endow a Professorship in this school." This motion was disposed of " after some discussion," by passing an amend- ment that " we endow a professorship when our debts are paid and way clear." As years passed, and the cost of instruction was not being met nor the general condition of the finances improved, it became evident that new measures must be inaugurated by which to meet expenses and place the institution upon a sound financial basis. Hence, in the session of 1870, it was resolved to endow two chairs. It was determined, also, to sell perpetual scholarships at $250 each. In connection with eiforts to secure means to meet contingent expenses and liquidate debts, the agents have been working up these funds, until a fair start has been made. The total amount now secured, including scholarships, is $30,000. Only a part of this is funded. This is but the beginning of what is expected, erelong, to be a respectable endowment. BUILDINGS. The buildings are three in number — all brick. The main building is 36x62 feet and three stories in height. The lower story contains four recitation rooms and rooms for laboratory and library. The second story is the chapel. The third story — formerly wholly comprised of dormitories — is now occupied by the two halls of the gentlemen's societies, a recitation room and cabinet room. Neidig Hall is 30x40 feet and two stories in height. It was named from Jonathan Neidig, of Western, who contributed liberally toward its erection. It was erected in 1858. It was designed to accommodate gentlemen boarding themselves, and was occupied by gentlemen until 1875, when it was partially refitted and set apart for the use of ladies boarding themselves. Lane Hall is three stories in height, besides basement, and 35x62 feet. It was named from Mr. Ira Lane, of Illinois, a liberal donor to the college. It is the boarding hall for ladies. The basement contains a cellar, pantry, kitchen, dining-room and laundry. The first story contains Steward's rooms, music and reception rooms and hall of the ladies' society. The second and third stories are used as dormitories. The foundation of this building was laid in 1860, but a want of funds delayed its completion. Its wall, at various times raised higher, stood unfinished and without a roof until the Fall of 1864. In the Summer of 1865, the building was partially finished, and in the Fall of the same year it was occupied and opened for boarders. It was finally completed by finishing the upper story in 1874. ^^^t^^ EDITOR OF"CEDAR RAPIDS TIMES" HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 477 A NEW CHAPEL. Active measures are now being taken for the erection of a costly and elegant chapel building, to be located at the south end of the main college building, extending a few feet further west. It will be a brick structure, 50x90 feet in size, the first story to be used as a lecture room and for other purposes, while the whole of the second story will be devoted to the chapel. It will have an open timber ceiling, and will seat 715 persons, as planned by the architect, E. Grow Aurand, of Ossian, Iowa. It will be connected with the main building, which will be thoroughly remodeled and increased to four stories, and a tower, about 120 feet in height, will form the junction of the two buildings. It is expected that it will be completed within three years, at a cost of about $30,000. LITBRAKY SOCIETIES. There are connected with the college three literary societies — two for gentle- men, one for ladies. The following statistics are as nearly accurate as any that can be obtained. ' The Young Men's Institute can find no records made prior to November, 1868. The number of members from that time to 1876 is 192, which figures are given below : GENTLEMEN. Foundeil. Volumes in Libraiy. Young Men's Institute.. Fhilophronean LADIES. Calliopean 1857 1869 1859 263 275 125 Initiation. |1 00 1 00 1 00 Membership. Present. 35 25 25 Total. 192 145 176 11 19 15 The Philadelphian Society flourished in the early days of the institution. It dissolved as early as the former part of the year 1860. During the college year of 1863-4, the Nestorian was formed. Its career was short. From the Irving Institute, of later origin than either of the last named, the Fhilophro- nean sprung. The instability of most of the gentlemen's societies, organized during the early years, is doubtless partly to be ascribed to the fact that, before the year 1870, they had no society halls. The ladies fitted up a hall in 1869. The regular literary societies are the only societies connected with the College. By rule, all secret societies are prohibited. LIBRARY AND CABINET. The college library contains over 800 volumes. This interest is being gradually worked up, and will" eventually become a prominent feature of the institution. The literary societies have libraries, to which their members have free access. CABINET. Valuable additions have been made to the cabinet, among which is a complete shell Cabinet, containing over 500 species and more than 2,600 individuals ; also over forty specimens of coral. These two collections are a gift of the class of 1877. Additions have also been made to the geological and mineral depart- ments. EXPENSES TO STUDENTS. The tuition, in all the departments, is $7.00 per term ; the incidental fee per term is $1.50, making a total admittance fee of $8.50 per term. Boarding at the hall or at private residences is had for from $2.75 to $3.00. The sum 478 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. total of expenses incurred in attending this institution is small, compared with that of many like institutions. Many students reduce their expenses by board- ing themselves and by manual labor. FACULTY. The present Faculty is as follows : Rev. B. B. Kephart, A. M., President and Professor of Mental and Moral Science; Rev. Lewis Bookwalter, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages and Literature; Byron 0. White, Ph. B., Professor of Natural Science and History ; Anna E. Shuey, M. A., Principal of Ladies' Department ; Rev. James W. Robertson, Tutor ; Eli Ridenour, Teacher of Penmanship ; J. W. Robertson, Teacher of Phonography ; E. P. Miller, Teacher of Bookkeeping ; J. Baumgardner, Teacher of German ; Mrs. S. J. Kephart, Teacher of Drawing and Painting ; Mrs. Jane Bowman, Teacher of Instrumental Music ; W. S. Varner, Teacher of Vocal Music. The officers of the Faculty are : Rev. E. B. Kephart, President ; Anna E. Shuey, Secretary ; Byron 0. White, Librarian. The officers of the Board of Trustees are : Rev. E. B. Kephart, President ; Rev. W. I. Beatty, Secretary. Executive Committee: Rev. E. B. Kephart, President; Rev. L Book- waiter, Secretary ; H. A. Dilling, Samuel Dice, Ransom Davis, T. Halverson ; Wm. J. Ham, General Financial Agent and Treasurer; Dennis Gray, Solicit- ing Agent ; J. G. Brown, Steward. RESUME. There were, during the year ending June 26, 1878, 182 students, of whom 68 were ladies. All students are under the careful government of the Faculty. The college year is divided into three terms of thirteen weeks each. The Summer vacation continues ten weeks. Public examinations of all classes are held at the close of each term. These examinations are considered important, and students absenting themselves from an examination are required to pass a full examination at the commencement of the succeeding term for class standing. Grading is done by the scale of to 10. Any student having a standard in any study below 6 is not advanced from that study until it has been successfully repeated. Like every institution of learning, Western College has, at different periods, enjoyed different degrees of prosperity, and varied in its rank as a college. While the men connected with it may justly be considered amqng the prime causes of these variations, surrounding circumstances, for which no one was responsible, and various complicated causes have conduced to determine the status of the institution. But it is not so much to its past and present as to its promises for the future that the friends of Western College look with pleasure. True, it has done a noble work. It has furnished a number of teachers, professors and principals for th e schools of the Church in the West and Northwest. Through the min- istry, it is adding new life and bringing greater success to the general work of the Church. A number of its students are rising to distinction in the various secular professions, and filling public positions of profit and honor. We are by no means to measure its work solely by the number of graduates it has sent out. Scores of young men and women, whom circumstances permitted to .spend but from one to three years within its halls, have gone forth to do them- selves honor and bless the world. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 479 But the institution is only in its infancy — its work thus far initiatory. We confidently look for that more stable character, that higher excellence and" widening influence which may be expected to attend the firm development and increased strength of maturer years. It has entered our nation's second century with strong promise of less trial and greater success than was experi- enced in the closing decade of the first. The aim shall be to qualify the insti- tution to act a yet nobler part in the elevation of men. This sketch has been compiled chiefly from a brief history of the College prepared in 1876 by Prof. Lewis Bookwalter, A. M. THE COE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. The Cedar Rapids Collegiate Institute was incorporated in 1853. On tlie third Monday in July, 1853, the first officers were elected for a term of three The character of the Institute, set forth in the articles of incorporation, was declared to be " a college and seminary of learning," located at the city of Cedar Rapids, with stock limited to f 100,000, in shares of $25 each. The teachers must be of the class which professes evangelical piety, and the exer- cises of the school conducted in accordance with religious ideas. In considera- tion of the donation of $6,000, and a pledge of five scholarships for the first five years, and of ten thereafter, the Iowa City Presbytery had the right to nominate all teachers of the Institute, subject to the action of the Board of Directors of the College. The first Board consisted of George Greene, Presi- dent ; S. C. Bever, Treasurer ; David Blakely, Secretary ; Williston Jones, John F. Ely, W. W. Smith, S. D. Carpenter, A. Daniels, Isaac Cook, W. Greene, J. L. Shearer and Aaron Van Dorn. At the July meeting of the Board of that year, a proposition was read from Daniel Coe, of Durham, Greene Co., N. Y., offering a conditional donation of $1,500. Mr. Coe proposed to devote $500 to the purchase of a tract of land near Cedar Rapids and the improvement of the same, as the site of the College buildings, and $1,000 to the purchase of a farm tract contiguous to the same, to the end that students who were unable to pay their way without labor might therein find a suitable opportunity to earn money for board and tuition. Mr. Coe suggested the propriety of admitting females as well as males to the privi- leges of the College. The proposition was accepted by the Board, and by July 28, 1853, the requisite stock had been subscribed to enable them to carry out Mr. Coe's plan. In September, 1853, the first term of the institution was begun, with David Blakely as Principal. Steps were taken to secure a site for permanent buildings ; but pending their erection, the Presbyterian Church was used as a school room. In January, 1855, D. B. Nash was chosen teacher. The school did not prove a financial success, and it was resolved to relinquish all rights, real and personal, to the Iowa City Presbytery. In 1857, the Board rejected the proposition of the Iowa City Presbytery, relative to a transfer of the property, and concluded to carry on the work as originally proposed. The history of the College for the few years immediately succeeding 1857 is such as follows the organization of almost every institution of this kind. Various propositions for pecuniary aid were made, and an effort put forth to secure the removal of the College to Vinton, Benton County. The plan did not prosper. 480 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. In 1870, the Board resolved to re-convey the property of the College to Daniel Coe, in accordance with the terms of his proposition. In 1866, the " Parsons Seminary" was instituted at a meeting in Cedar Rapids presided over by John Weare. Rev. Gr. E. W. Leonard was chosen Financial Agent. The Seminary was incorporated with George Greefie, John F. Ely, E. L. Mansfield, S. 0. Sever, John Weare, W. W. "Walker, N. B. Brown, W. S. Cooper, James Knox, E. E. Loach, I. N. Isham, W. W. Maltby, A. C. Churchill, E. A. Wheeler and E. W. Leonard, Trustees. The articles were filed December 3, 1866. The temporary officers chosen were : Rev. James Knox, President ; George Greene, Vice President ; J. F. Ely, Secretary ; S. C. Bever, Treasurer. At the regular meeting, this list was changed to the following : Gfeorge Greene, President ; James Knox, Vice President ; John F. Ely, Secretary, and W. W. Walker, Treasurer. 1 1 Correspondence was opened with Mr. Coe, and also with the representatives of Mr. Parsons, of St. Louis, who had made a provision in his will, donating certain amounts of lands to the Synod of Iowa, for educational purposes. Measures were adopted to invest the Board with the property formerly owned by the Cedar Rapids Collegiate Institute. Mr. Coe re-donated . a hand- some sum to the educational interests of Cedar Rapids, under the supervision of the Parsons Seminary Company ; and the Board resolved to name the first endowed professorship after that benevolent gentleman. Various means were resorted to for the purpose of securing aid for the sem- inary. The ladies of the city took an active interest in the work, arranging and carrying out entertainments. In May, 1867, a contract was made with William Richmond for the erection of a school edifice on the " Boulevard road," a continuation of Iowa avenue, where a tract of eighty acres was owned by thb company. The tract was platted in the Fall of '67, and designated " Coe's Addition to Cedar Rapids." In April, 1868, Rev. H. H. Kellogg was appointed Financial Agent of the company ; and in October of that year, R. P. Kingman succeeded to that office. The building was completed in the Fall of 1868, and the property then owned by the Seminary was valued at $40,000, on which there was about $7,000 incumbrance, with collectible paper of about $2,000, to act as partial offset. The next two years were somewhat unsatisfactory, in a financial sense, and in March, 1870, a meeting of the Board was held to consider the propriety of suspending the institution. In July of that year, the Parsons Seminary expressed a willingness to trans- fer its property rights to the " Parsons College," an institution proposed by the representatives of the gentlemen referred to before, and then under the super- vision of the Northern Synod of Iowa. This plan was not carried out. In April, 1875, the name of the seminary was changed to that of the " Coe Collegiate Institute," and the institution passed under the direction of the Cedar Rapids Presbytery. The list of signers to the Articles of Incorporation is : George Greene, Jas. Knox, S. C. Bever, Isaac Cook, T. McRae, D. W. C. Rowley, W. S. Cooper, John F. Ely, E. L. Mansfield, E. E. Leach, N. B. Brown, George Douglas,, T. M. Sinclair, W. W. Walker, John Weare. The institution is now in a prosperous condition, having won its way to the confidence of the people by the indefatigable efforts of its leading spirits. The HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 481 present oflBcers are: George Greene, President; Rev. E. R. Burkhalter, Vice President ; D. W. 0. Rowley, Secretary ; J. C. Brocksmidt, Treasurer. Prof. Robert Conditt is in charge of the college. LINN COUNTY HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. This society embraces the homoeopathic fraternity of Linn County. The society holds semi-annual meetings in Cedar Rapids. No one is admitted to membership without due examination by the censors. The officers are: L. S. Davis, of Center Point, President ; P. Moor, of Cedar Rapids, Vice President ; G. E. Coggswell, of Cedar Rapids, Secretary ; Mrs. C. Hickox, of Cedar Rapids, Treasurer ; Drs. Moor, Peck and Hindman, Censors. IOWA UNION MEDICAL SOCIETY. This society was first organized as the Linn County Medical Society, but was changed as above in 1874. It now embraces the profession in Linn, Ben- ton, Jones, Cedar and Johnson Counties. The officers are : J. Doran, Presi- dent; George W. Holmes, First Vice President; W. W. Skinner, Second Vice President ; George R. Skinner, Secretary ; G. L. Carhart, Treasurer. The Board of Censors is M. Meredith, H. Ristine and J. S. Love. The society meets semi-annually, in June and December, in Cedar Rapids. HOG CULTURE. The raising of hogs in this county is so important an industry as to be worthy of a special chapter. It has already been shown that Linn County is destined to become one of the leading dairy regions of the West, and that, too, at no very distant day. The- dairy cannot be worked to its full capacity of profit without the extensive growing of hogs. The latter follow as a natural sequence. It is estimated that five hogs should be raised for every cow milked, but the question of proportion the farmers must decide for themselves. In any event, swine must enter largely into the calculations of those who figure on suc- cessful dairying. It is an established fact that the best breeds of swine are the choicest for marketing. Long-headed, thin-flanked porkers are easy to get, but poor to sell. The old maxim of "the best is the cheapest" is fully illustrated in this department of stock growing. The care of fine strains is necessarily greater than of coarse varieties, but it is labor well bestowed. The yield in pounds is more, the price in the market is higher, and the satisfaction to the producer is infinitely beyond that of the common animjil. The farmers of Linn are quick to perceive the advantages of thorough work. This is shown in the well-tilled acres and substantial buildings of the county. The cows owned here, if not pure bloods, are of a fine average mixture, and superior milkers. Hogs, however, are not as generally cared for, if we may judge from a pretty thorough inspection of the stock, as they should be. More attention ought to be paid to shelter and treatment, and the herds headed by males of better texture than now obtains. It may be claimed by some that fine bloods do not thrive as well as common kinds ; but this argument will be turned against those who advance it by men of practical experience in the matter. Farmers who have experimented with both sorts declare that the product of acclimated thoroughbreds is the class to raise. 482 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Farmers can see for themselves what proper care will do, by visiting the pioneer and largest swine yards in the county, on the farm of Charles Weeks, in Monroe Township. Mr. Weeks has made a specialty of the Poland- China breed. His pens are models of neatness and cleanness, while the science of breeding is carefully studied. His annual sales, which are held in Septem- ber, place many hundreds of breeding swine in the county, for his trade is solely, or almost so, confined to Linn. We feel compelled to allude to his work, because of the good such a business will effect in the swine culture of this region. In riding over the county one sees a highly cultivated farm, showing every indication of the wealth of the proprietor. The question is asked, " How did this man make his money ?" The answer comes quickly, " In hogs." There is money in the business, but like every other good thing, judicious use of ad- vantages must always be made. Slovenly pens, draughty shelters and wet beds will produce imperfect hogs, for a good hog needs in its way as much care as a good horse. There is no animal more sensitive to extremes of temperature and moisture than a hog. The low price of pork at the present time is only an argument in favor of good blood, since the increase in quality and weight will be in greater proportion than the cost of feeding and care. If the same expense is devoted to herds of fine and coarse blooded swine, the outcome will be found largely .in favor of the better grades. The soil and climate is peculiarly fitted to the growth of such roots and grains as are adapted to the proper fattening of swine. Among other roots may be mentioned the Brazilian artichoke, which is pronounced by the Agricultural Bureau of the United States a very valuable tuber for this purpose. Mr. Weeks has experimented successfully with the artichoke and approves of its use. It is clear that the future wealth of Linn County depends in no slight degree upon its hog product, and the attention of farmers will, sooner or later, be turned to the increase and improvement of swine. With a constant supply of milk from the dairies, returning an income continuously, and with vast herds' of hogs, which require but little outgo through the year, and net the owner large sums in bulk when sold, the prospect of success is flattering to the husband- man. MISCELLANEOUS. PREHISTORIC RELIC. A tooth of the Mastodon G-iganteum in a remarkable state of preservation was found three miles south of Center Point, July 10, 1875, by Noble Garry, , nineteen feet below the surface. It is 3x4 inches on the face, with roots ex- tending 4 J inches. The enamel of the tooth is bright and uninjured. A block of perfectly petrified wood, about IJ feet long, weighing 75 pounds, with ax marks, the grain and heart of the wood, worm holes, etc., showing with great distinctness, was found by Tobias Rowe, in the deep Brainerd cut, on the B., C. R. & N. R. R., 2\ miles south of Center Point. It has been sent by request to many geological societies for their inspection. These, together with a large number of interesting specimens, are among the collection of J. F. Wilson k Co., at Center Point. An old brass belt buckle found while digging a well near Fairfax, and bearing the coat of arms of South Carolina, together with " 1776," is another specimen in this museum. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 483 ANECDOTES. The following incident in the life of William Brody, whose history forms a prominent page elsewhere, is taken from the Marion Register, July, 1857 : The notorious Bill Brody, who figured extensively in this county some years ago, was recently arrested in the northern part of this State, for horse-stealing; and while on his way, in charge of an officer, to West Union, Fayette County, bound hand and foot, and lying in the botlom of the wagon, he contrived to get his head above the edge of the box, and drop his hat overboard. After riding two or three hundred yards. Bill showed the officer his bare head, and requested him to go back after his hat. The officer did so, and while he was gone Brody managed to get hold of the whip, and commenced plying it to the horses as freely as the situa- tion of his hands would permit. The horses ran and the officer after them. After tramping about three miles, the officer found the horses and wagon, but the prisoner had escaped, having pulled out his feet and left his boots in the fetters. Bill displayed in his escape an ingenuity of conception and energy of execution which were (as all newspaper writers would undoubtedly say under similar circumstances) " worthy of a better cause." Since the above occurrence, Capt. Stinson, of Marion, who once arrested Brody in this county for horse-stealing, has seen him in St. Joseph, Mo. There were some queer characters among the early ministers. They were undoubtedly good men, and made up in zeal for a great deficiency in knowledge or " book larnin," as it was sometimes called by them. It is related of one of these ministers who itinerated about the country a good deal, that he astonished his congregation one day by announcing his text as taken from "the book of Jeems, sometimes vulgarly called James." At another time, after announcing his subject, on a hot day, he put the people at ease by saying that he could tell all he knew about it in half an hour. But his sermon spun out to an hour and a half, and he made an apology at the close, to the effect that he did not intend to " branch out " when he began. An incident of frontier jurisprudence is related by the early settlers. A Marion merchant had a customer who was very slow pay. The only thing which the long-winded customer possessed of any apparent value was a note on a neighbor, which he tendered the merchant in liquidation, and it was accepted. The note was overdue at the time, and the merchant, after "dunning" the maker several times, brought suit before a Justice of the Peace in the township where the maker of the note resided. On the day of trial the note-maker brought in his account aga,inst the original payee of the note in question, which amounted to about f 25 more than the note. This was all duly proven, and the learned Justice proceeded to render up judgment for the $25 against the mer- chant as the innocent purchaser of the note, who, he decided, " stood in the shoes " of the original holder and was the only party of record in the court that the note-maker could look to for the money that was due him. This was a startling view of the case to the merchant, who wisely came to the conclusion "that buying notes of haiid was a poor investment financially, provided the Jus- tice expounded the law correctly. The rivalry between Marion and Cedar Rapids was not always confined to worldly matters. It is related that the Sunday school scholars in a Cedar Rapids church, in early days, complained to the Superintendent that the Marion schools had better and more extensive libraries. This worried the zealous Superintendent a good deal, and in his closing prayer he ejaculated, " God for- bid that Marion Sunday schools should be more prospierous than those of Cedar Rapids." 484 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. CEDAR RAPIDS. In the midst of a region characterized by Prof. David Dale Owen as a type of perfection in fertility, stands the busy and promising city of Cedar Rapids, the commercial and manufacturing center of Linn County, which is destined tO' become one of the foremost cities in the State. The corporate limits embrace an irregular area of Sections 21, 22, 27 and 28, Town 83 north, Range 7 west, lying on the east bank of the Cedar River, and are governed in outline by the meanderings of the stream. The former town of Kingston, now called West Cedar Rapids, on the west shore of the river immediately opposite the old site, is a part of the corporation at the pres- ent time, but in speaking of the first settlement of Cedar Rapids, the writer designates the two localities as the east and the west banks of the Cedar. The name of Cedar Rapids was selected because of the magnificent rapids here discovered in the river, the first encountered in ascending the stream. Kingston was so designated because of the early settlement of David W. King on that claim. The date of the location of the first claim in this locality is almost identical with that of the settlement of the county. Early in the year 1838, Robert Ellis, who is to-day the oldest settler in this vicinity still living on the claim made in those wild times, started for the new Iowa country. He reached Cedar County in the Spring of that year, and learned that there was a beajjtiT ful section still further west, on the Cedar. He was told that some bachelors, were then living at the point mentioned. Ellis was but a boy, without money, and with no capital save a pair of stout arms and plenty of genuine Western nerve. On the 6th day of May, 1838, Ellis reached the house of Michael Donohpo, in Sugar Grove, and remained there over night. Two days later. May Stb", Ellis approached the site of Cedar Rapids. As he drew near the river from the east, he wa;s charmed with the view. Not knowing the exact location of the men who had settled here, he was unable to decide which way to go, but observing signs of travel in the brush near him, he followed toward the stream. Suddenly he came upon a crude shanty which showed every indication of hav- ing been recently inhabited by a white man, but no person was in sight. A path led to the river, and down this Ellis walked with rapid stride. He had not gone many rods before he beheld a sight which thrilled him through and through. There at his feet, in a little "patch"' of garden which was being dug np for seeding, lay the body of a white man, apparently lifeless. Ellis remarks ^hat 1)0 could feel the hair move under his hat at the awful sight. The country nad not then passed through a long and desperate war, and become accustomed to such sights; no one could s^y that Blood and destruction were so in use, And dreadful objects so familiar — that men could smile when they beheld a human being torn and rigid in a ghastly death. Then, too, the solemnness of the place, the distance from the habitations of white men, and the unexpectedness of such a scene, all combined to enhance the terror of the solitary footman. It is no very pleasant experi^. ence to discover a corpse in the most populous localities, where assistance is within immediate summons ; what, then, must have been the emotions of the boy who stood face 4o face, in a dense wilderness, with the specter Death ? HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 485 Mr. Ellis was no coward, as his intrepid wanderings had fully proved, but the first impulse which seized him was. to shout, as though the voice of man might awaken the dead. And shout he did, with all his power. The efiect of that outburst was even more startling than the discovery of the body had been ; for, with a terrified bound, as if to prove that the gift of resurrection was really indwelling in the speech of man, the body stood erect before the staring eyes of Ellis. The "situatiori," as dramatists term it, was novel, and would have been exceedingly eifective on the modern stage with the accompaniments of low iriusic and a glare of red lights. " Hallo, stranger ! " " Well, I swar ! " and the introduction on the stage would have been complete. Whether that served -as the address of welcome and the response in this case, Mr. Ellis did not state to the writer. The explanation made was in substance that the pioneer had become weary with working, and thrown himself down upon the grass in the warm May sunlight, and fallen fast asleep. The unconscious attitude of the sleeper, and the hiding of his face, caused Mr. Ellis to jump to the conclusion that the man was dead. This was Mr. Ellis's induction into Cedar Rapids. The man who proved both a shock and a pleasure to him, was Philip Hull. As Mr. Hull's experi- ence forms no special part of the history of Linn, we digress from the subject in hand long enough to observe a singular fact in the lives of these two men. Some years later than 1838, Ellis and Hull lost sight of each other. The former drifted to the pine woods of the North, and the latter moved from Linn County. In 1849, Ellis came down from Minnesota expressly to join a party bound for California in search of fortune., He made the best of such means of transportation as the country afibrded, between the pinery and Marion, and early in the Spring of '49 joined a company headed by Mentzer, of Marion, then ready to start over the plains. After a most tiresome tramp, the little band reached Sacramento. Ellis had not been in town two hours before he encountered Philip Hull. The coincidence of these men's lives, drifting across each other's path at two such important periods in their record, is singular, to say the least. It illustrates the saying that " no man can run away from him- self." But to return to Linn County in 1838. Ellis states that he also found in the locality of Cedar Rapids, but on the west side of the stream, William Stone, who made a claim along the river, extending northward on the bluiF. Mr. Galloway, whose first name is forgotten, claimed south of a large cottonwood tree, on the same side of the river. John Young claimed on the east side, near the present foot of Park street, and a man named Granger was associated with him. On the east shore of the river, and on what is now Cedar Rapids, Osgood Shepard had erected a cabin, which was the first house on the site of the city. Shepard was the first settler in Cedar Rapids. It is asserted by some who came later than Mr. Ellis did, that William Stone first claimed the city site, and afterward relinquished it to Shepard ; but that story is not definitely corroborated. It may be that Stone first chose the land, and that Shepard "jumped " his claim. Mr. N. B. Brown is inclined to this opinion ; and he is correct, possibly. This theory makes Stone the first claimant, but still leaves Shepard's title to original settler undisturbed. It was a ease of the " survival of the fittest." _^ It has also been declared that theoriginal name of the city was " Columbus, and was thus designated by Stone, who was a speculative sort of man ; but we 486 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. can find no corroborative testimony on this point. If Stone did contemplate making a village plat, he miist have intended it to be laid out on the west side of the river. No survey was made, because the lands were not subject to entry until in 1843, and a town would have gone the way of Westport had it been ■designed then. Neither Mr. Ellis nor Mr. Brown remembers hearing of the "Columbus " scheme ; but one or two old settlers outside of town have spoken about it. On the strength of Mr. Ellis's clear and satisfactory account, it is stated that' Osgood Shepard was the , FIRST ACTUAL SETTLER OF CEDAR RAPIDS, and that William Stone was the original settler of West Cedar Rapids. Shepard was, like almost all the lawless gang, a good-hearted man ; but his love of adventure carried away what self-respect he had, and left him a prey to baser controlling influences. He was not the leading spirit of the band, how- ever. He harbored thieves and gave them much encouragement ; but the leader was undoubtedly Joel Leverich, whose record dates back into the times of wild life in the Mississippi River counties. The universal nickname of "Jo" was applied to Leverich, and created the impression that his cognomen was Joseph ; but that was an erroneous belief. Leverich did not come to Linn, County until a considerably later period than that of which we now write. One of the stories told about Joel Leverich is that of the wonderful com- pany he was going to organize for the manufacture of " queer," or, as it was called in those days, "bogus." Leverich filed the milling ofi"of a genuine half dollar, aiyj confidentially exhibited the piece to the settlers as "the sort of stuff he was making." A number of the more bilious men grabbed the bait with avidity, after satisfying themselves that the money looked and sounded so real as to defy detection. Considerable sums of money passed into Leverich's coffers in exchange for stock in the secret company. After that, no more was heard from the wily manager, and when he was threatened with prosecution he told the victims that he had them in his power, as they had attempted to create a counterfeiting organization. This sort of conduct was peculiarly characteristic of the man. He once offered an old settler, who traded with the Indians a good deal, a quantity of bogus coin, assuring the trader that it would pass current with the red men. The plan did not succeed in that instance, however. Every man who knew Leverich admitted his power over the masses. He was an inglorious ruler, who might have been a great man had he shaken off the dominant influence of evil. Shepard was not on his claim when Ellis arrived, but shortly afterward returned from the East, bringing with him his wife and family. Mrs. Shepard has asserted that she gave birth to the first white child born in the county ; but in the absence of positive dates, and because of other facts, it is safe to pass, that claim by with little comment. Shepard ofl'ered hospitality to travelers in those early days, and an amusing incident is related of some young fellows who occupied Shepard's cabin one night, early in the existence of that tavern. In the river, opposite the cabin, was a large rock, which was covered when the water was high. When the men crossed the stream, they did not notice the rock, but in the stillness of the night, the swashing of the current, as it swept past, could be heard with distinctness. A regular " splash, splash, splash," could be easily distinguished. The unusual noise awakened the men, who inquired what it was. One of the number vol- HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 487 unteered the information that it was the dip of an Indian paddle. This excited the whole company, and, the noise continuing without cessation, they precipi- tately fled to the grove to escape massacre. In the morning, they discovered the cause of their fright and each swore that he went to the woods only to help scare the others. 0. S. Bowling came in the Summer of 1838, being the next settler after Robert Ellis, and made a claim on the west side of the river. Mr. Bowling still resides on the claim then made by him. About the first of April, 1839, Joseph H. and John Listebarger reached the Rapids, and, being bachelors, erected a cabin on the west shore, some time in May or June. Prior to that time, they boarded at Shepard's " tavern." In the cabin built by them at this date, they remained some three years. Isaac Listebarger, brother to the above, came a little later in the year and took up a claim. Thomas Gainer and David W. King reached the Rapids on the 18th day of June, 1839. They found, as is shown above, the Shepard tavern, the Stone cabin, the Listebarger brothers' bachelors' hall, and the claims of Hull, Young, Robert Ellis and 0. S. Bowling. Mr. Gainer's wife, Rosehanna, was the first white woman to settle on the west bank of the river, and the second woman in the Rapids, Mrs. Shepard being the first. On the 15th day of May, 1840, Mrs. Gainer was delivered of a daughter, and on the 8th day of June, in that year, died from the effects of child-birth. This was the first birth in the Cedar Rapids settlement, and the decease of Mrs. Gainer was the first death. The infant survived until September, 1840, when, on the 15th day of that month, the little spirit took its fiight. The child's name was Mary J. Gainer. Mr. Gainer located where he still resides. David W. King died in the Autumn of 1854, leaving behind him a record of integrity, enterprise and benevolence. Isaac Carroll and family reached a point one and a half miles from the site of Gedar Rapids, on the Boulevard road, in July, 1839, having stopped on the site of Marion on July 4th. Charles C. Cook, at present Deputy Sheriff of this county, was stepson to Mr. Carroll, and was one of the family of nine persons to arrive at the above date. L W. Carroll, son of Isaac, is also a resi- dent of the county at this writing. The condition of this section in 1839 is shown by the fact that one hunter killed thirteen deer in one day, on a spot now in the heart of the city of Cedar Rapids. The year 1840 seems to have been productive of no very marked events in the history of the settlement. Those settlers who came during the year evi- dently devoted their attention closely to the work of preparing the way for more permanent improvements in 1841. SUMMARY JUDGMENT. In the early days of this county, when formal courts were unknown, the Settlers oftentimes acted in the diversified capacity of Judge, jury and execu- tioners. While this immediate locality was comparatively free from the presence of law breakers, there were occasional visitations by horse-thieves, who operated in the adjoining counties more extensively. In referring to these matters, the writer omits in this particular case the names of those who took part in the exercises defensive of society and government, and justifies the policy of so doing by observing that many of the parties are still living and desire that no mention be made of them. It is certain that the ends warranted the means 488 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. used to rid the country of the rascals who, in cowardly ways, preyed upon thfe poor and industrious pioneers; but at this distant remove of time from the events themselves, no good can come of personalties, and history is amply pre- served by the bare recital of facts. From the lips of several of the impromptu jurymen, the writer obtains the following account of the tarring of one of the first settlers on the site of Cedar Kapids. The victim, after leaving this county, finally settled in an adjoining State, and there reared a family, who are esteemed by those who know them. For their sake this sketch will speak of the man as Fogg — solely because that is not his name. In the year 1841, Fogg came to Cedar Rapids and boarded with Mrs. Snooks, whose husband was not with her, because of pressing demands in a State institution. The woman was of more than ordinarily pleasing appearance, and succeeded in awakening a passion in the mind of Fogg. The sentiment was returned on the woman's part, and, it is alleged, produced relations more agreeable to the parties themselves than to the neighboring settlers. In those early days the people of the county were somewhat given to the discussion of domestic questions relating to acquaintances, and were unrestrained by the more delicate sense of privacy which now controls society at large. As a natural result of this freedom of discussion, Fogg's association with the well-favored woman became exceedingly annoying to the people, who believed in the observ- ance of the Ten Commandments. Fogg was a large man, but was an easy sort of fellow in his ideas of industry. He had sown a bit of prairie with oats, and had taken other measures to drive the wolf from the door. His nominal calling was that of tavern-keeper, and his hostelry was the log hut made notorious by the residence of Shepard therein. In this primitive house, Fogg and his female companion livedi and dispensed such crude comforts as the country afforded to those weary travelers who chanced to pass in his section of the wilderness. A suspicion attached to Fogg, probably because of the ill-repute of Shep- ard, and he was regarded as a harborer of horse-thieves. That dark shadow aggravated the good people of Cedar Rapids and made the social habits of the pair seem still more reprehensible in the eyes of men. Finally, a half-dozen citizens decided to teach Fogg a lesson in morality, and the sequel shows that their methods were forcible, if not altogether as deli- cate as might be desired. In those days tar was used freely about wagon axles, and was a common commodity in the new store at Marion. It was planned that one of the men should go over to Marion and obtain tar. A horse had been sold Fogg, some time before, and it was planned to be delivered that night. "When the man rode the horse around that night, he was taken violently sick and asked Fogg to put out the animal. This request the "landlord" complied with, and when he stepped from his stable, in the darkness, he was grappled with by a stalwart fellow, who attempted to throw him down. Another and- another successively aided the first brave young man, and the obnoxious Fogg was felled to the earth and bound. He was then taken to a point near the site of the present Episcopal church, and there commanded to confess his sins. He admitted that horse-thieves had stopped with him, but denied — probably truth- fully — any fellowship with the lawless gang. He made such other admissions as the men demanded and considered good for his soul. Fogg was then covered with tar and treated to a liberal dose of sand, to keep the tar in place. His feet were tied close, so that he could but barely walk, and his hands fastened behind him. He was then told that he might remain in the country long enough to HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 489 dispose of his worldly eifects, but must move out as speedily as possible. The band of disguised men then left Fogg to find his way home as best he might, and ran ofi" in various directions. The following morning, Fogg appeared in the little town, as clean as thor- ough scrubbings by his devoted admirer could make him, and vowed vengeance on his persecutors. He visited a lawyer in Marion, intent on taking legal redress, but was sent by the facetious attorney to a lawyer in Iowa City, with a pretended letter of introduction, but really a letter explaining and justifying the course of the people. From there, Fogg went to Muscatine, and while in that place became aware that he was a double victim. Although he made some violent demonstrations, he really did no harm to any of the suspected persons, and, shortly after the tarring adventure, left the country in company with his companion. In the Winter of 1841, Robert Ellis built three flat-boats for the trans- portation of wheat to the Mississippi. He bought on commission, and secured some 4,000 bushels. In the Spring, he drifted down to the river, but was unable to get ready money for his wheat. He loaded his boats with flour and started for New Orleans, which city he reached in July. After a wearying effort, he managed to sell on a low market and returned home. Flat-boats of produce may have gone down the Cedar before '41, but this was probably the first load of wheat that was taken to the river. , The title to the lands upon which the city stands passed, in 1841, from Osgood Shepard to N. B. Brown, George Greene, A. L. Roach, Mr. Carson, K. W. Gray and Addison Daniels, S. H. Try on, J. E. Sanford and Osgood Shepard. The latter retained a one-fourth interest. In the year 1841, the first dam was begun. The day of national independ- ence was chosen as an appropriate time for the observance of this ceremony. N. B. Brown was the first to move in this important matter, and under his supervision the development of the water-power was initiated. The village was laid out during the year 1841. There were then three log cabins on the site, and the census was easily taken. One man might have mus- tered the entire population without overtaxing his strength. Including the "oldest inhabitant," there were not more than six or eight persons within the limits of the surveyed plat. W. J. Carson and Dr. J. K. Rickey purchased Young's claim, adjoining Shepard's, in 1841. Mr. Brown bought out these men in 1842. The original company soon dissolved, and the property of Cedar Rapids passed into the possession of N. B. Brown and George Greene. The first saw-mill on the magnificent water power was erected in 1842-3, and the first grist-mill in 1843-4. Subsequently, Mr. Brown enlarged the mill, completing the repairs in 1855. Shepard removed from the county in 1842. John Vardee erected the first frame dwelling, in 1842-3. This structure is still standing, on the north corner of Adams and Brown streets. Harrison Campbell built the first blacksmith shop, in 1843. It is claimed that Stephen Pollock was the first blacksmith, however. Isaac Cook was the pioneer lawyer ; John Shearer the first Justice of the Peace, and James Lewis the original Constable. In regard to the first physician, there are no reliable records. The name has passed from the memory of the pioneers. Of his peculiarities, there remain several stories. From a series of papers on the early settlement of this city, 490 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. prepared by James L. Enos, and published in the Cedar Valley Times, several years ago, the following is taken : u * * * The first physician, whose name is forgotten, was disposed to blow his own trumpet. Once, when he had returned from Muscatine, he claimed to have lost forty pounds of quinine in one of the streams below the Cedar. * * * Constable Lewis once called on him with an execution to secure a judgment. The Doctor threw off his coat and prepared for a fight. The Constable, seeing his opportunity, seiz£d the coat and made away with it, and found therein sufficient money to satisfy the debt." Dr. S. M. Price was the second physician at the Rapids, but he soon removed to Center Point. The first doctor to locate permanently was Dr. E. L. Mansfield. He came in 1847, and built up a lucrative practice. The first merchandise ever sold in Cedar Rapids was offered by Samael Hook, in 1842. The stock consisted of one wagon-load of miscellaneous goods, and was owned by Mr. Cleveland, a non-resident. The pioneer stores were opened by George and Joseph Green and Charles Mulford, the latter of New York, in the sam« year. The first "store" was in one part of a log building located on the north corner of Commercial and Sugar streets. The rest of the building was used as a dwelling, where boarders were accommodated. There were religious services held under the direction of Rev. Mr. Hodges, the father of Methodism in this county, as early as 1840. The other denom- inations followed with work after their kinds in rapid succession. The Advent- ists held service in 1842. The first school was taught by Miss Emily Coffman, but the first school house was not built in the town until 1846—7, when a company, consisting of N. B. Brown, George Greene, Alexander Ely and others, erected a building, which they subsequently sold to the district. Porter W. Earl erected the first brick building, in 1844, on the northwest corner of Iowa avenue and Washington street. Mr. Earl still lives to behold the wonders of modern developement. The first tailor was D. Fidler. The first carpenter was Abel Eddy. Mr. Rock, brother of R. C. Rock, was the first tinner. George Westlake made the pioneer harnesses. Porter W. Earl wielded the first paint brush. The first jeweler was a Mr. Walker. Alexander Ely erected the second saw-mill, in 1844 ; and in 1844-5, put up a grist-mill. Mr. Ely died of consumption shortly after this work was done. The first hotel — if one is permitted to speak disrespectfully of the Shepard mansion, which was used as a " tavern " — was built in 1847, by Wm. Dwyer. James Gunning was the first landlord. This building was burned in 1865. It was called the Union House, and was located on the west corner of Market and Adams streets. The post office at Cedar Rapids was established in 1847, and Joseph Greene appointed Postmaster. L. Daniels succeeded him, and Homer Bishop, in turn, was commissioned. Mr. Bishop held office under Lincoln's administration, when J. G. Davenport became the officer in charge. Davenport became a defaulter, to the amount of $1,500, and left the country. G. M. Hewlett suc- ceeded him in office. Mr. Weare is the present Postmaster. The first express office was established in 1856, between Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, with semi-weekly trips. J. L. Enos was Agent at the Rapids. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 491 FIRST MARKETS NAVIGATING CEDAR RIVER. The early settlers of Linn County expected, that Cedar River would prove navigable for steam-boats of sufficient capacity to carry to market the surplus productions of the country. Railroads were not then thought of as likely to penetrate this part of the world for a lifetime or two. There was not a mile of road in operation in all that vast region lying west of New York and Pennsyl- vania. The primeval solitudes of the great empire embraced in the limits of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Kentucky, Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, had not then been disturbed by the whistle of the locomotive or the clatter of the rush- ing train. The Ohio and Mississippi Rivers constituted the great artery of communication between the East and the West. The only artificial means of communication expected to become of general use was the slow-moving canal boats, supplemented by turnpikes and plank roads, where they wei'e practicable. The first settlers of Linn were poor, and for a while but little more produce was raised than sufficed to support themselves and supply the few emi- grants that arrived. When these fields became larger and more numerous, and the rich soil of our prairies began to yield its generous and prolific crops, the farmers began to realize that they were indeed a long distance from a mar- ket. But few boats had ever ascended the Cedar River. Wheat and pork were the only articles of production that would command any price in the nearest markets, which were Dubuque and Muscatine (then called Bloomington), and to these points everything had to be transported by teams. Ox teams were then more common than horse teams, and a trip of sixty miles to Musca- tine, or of seventy miles to Dubuque, with oxen, consumed about as much time and was much more laborious than a trip now to New York City and back by railroad. No money fould be had for produce in those days by the farmer. When he reached the Mississippi River, a small per cent, of groceries could be had in exchange, but dry goods at good round prices had to be taken for the most of the load. As a special favor, a jug of whisky could sometimes be procured, or money enough to buy it, for whisky was a cash article in those days. Every well-regulated household was expected to have a supply on hand, it being considered a very handy thing to have about the house in case of snake bites or fever and ague. As an illustration of how far a certain class of farmers always are from mar- ket, a little incident may here be mentioned. In the year 1848, an emigrant with his family arrived in Marion. Entering a store, he got into conversation with a farmer who happened to be there. He made many inquiries about the country, the climate, and its desirability as a place to locate, etc. The farmer gave a good report of the country generally, but said it was "too far from mar- ket," claiming that it cost as much to market the produce after it was raised as it would bring. Before parting, the emigrant asked the farmer if he had any corn to sell. He answered in the negative. Any oats ? No. Any hay ? No. Any meat of any kind? No. The emigrant started off in disgust, remarking to the farmer that he "was farther from market than any man he ever got acquainted with." The incident was talked of a great deal at the time, and many a man found his credit poor because he was "too far from mar- ket," or in other words, because he had nothing to sell. As before remarked, but few boats came up the Cedar River, and those that did come were not loud in its praises as a navigable stream. One or two would come up during the first high water in the Spring, and there would be no more during that year. Artificial improvement, in shape of dams at proper intervals, 492 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. I was often talked of to enable boats to traverse it at all seasons, but the countj- ■was too poor to undertake it. The date of the arrival of the first steamboat at Cedar Rapids is probably 1842, although opinions conflict in regard to it. The majority, however, seem to agree that this was the date of the first arrival. The boat was called the " Maid of Iowa." It arrived on Saturday evening, and on Sunday the officers invited the people hereabouts and at Marion to tafcean excursion down the river fifteen miles and back. Nearly all the young people went, and although the boat was small, it was not overloaded. In the Spring of the year 1841, Robert Ellis built three flat-boats at this point, and loading them with wheat, set sail for "St. Louis and a market." This was the first venture on a large scale toward navigating the Cedar with flat- boats, although it is probable that some small boats had run out of the river, previous to that date. Mr. Ellis sold his wheat at St. Louis, and there took on flour with which he went on to New Orleans, thus floating with the current a total distance of about 1,600 miles. Henry Thompson also ran flatboats to St. Louis at an early day. In 1844, Robert Holmes built a flatboat and took wheat to St. Louis. In 1846, he took out two boats, and in 1851 two more. Other parties built boats and took out produce, whose names it is- not possible to ascertain at this time. In the vicinity of Custer Point a number of boats were built, and floated to St. Louis ; but all this boating had to be done within a few weeks' time in each year, in high water, and consequently the most of the produce had to be wagoned to the Mississippi River. In 1848, Greene & Brothers built a keel-boat which made a good many trips to the Mississippi River and St. Louis. ' In 1858, a stock company was formed in Cedar Rapids to build a steamboat suited to the river, and which could pass over its shifting sand bars and thread the tortuous channel at an ordinary stage of water. The contract for building it was given to a Pittsburgh flrm. Judge Greene and daughter (now Mrs. Belt) came all the way from Pittsburgh to Cedar Rapids on the first trip of the boat. It was called the " Cedar Rapids," and was a well built, stanch craft, of large tonnage, and did a successful business on the river for about two years. The boat cost $20,000. The stockholders were Judge Greene, William Greene, John F. Ely, H. G. Angle, L. Daniels & Co. and W. W. Smith. The boat made money for its owners for about two years, when it unfortunately came into collision with another boat, the Lucy Tracy, near Burlington, and sank it. The Cedar Rapids was tied up by the United States Marshal, and the owners sued for damage in sinking the other boat. They succeeded in beating the other party in the courts, but the delay and expenses ate up the profits they had made. In 1858, W. D. Watrous, J. J. Snoifner, W. W. Smith and Mr. Stanley built the steamer "Black Hawk," at this place, for the purpose of navigating the Upper Cedar River. The work was done by Freeman Smith, at that time a well-known mechanic of the city. During the years 1859-60, the boat made regular trips between Cedar Rapids and Waterloo. The railroad from Clinton was finished to Cedar Rapids the first-named year, and all the merchandise for Vinton, Waterloo and the towns beyond was carried by this boat and much produce brought down in return. The boat made money for its owners during these two years. In 1861, it was sold to the Government and taken South, and was used as a Government supply boat during the war, on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. The advent of railroads has practically destroyed the usefulness of Cedar River for the purposes of navigation. Four or five railroad bridges span it and HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 493 the Iowa River between this point and the Mississippi River. In all human probability its placid current will hereafter flow to the Father of Waters unvexed by the keel of a steamer till the end of time. CITY GOVERNMENT. Cedar Rapids was incorporated July 22, 1856. Previous to that period, the city was controlled under the general laws of the State. The officers of the city, from the date of its incorporation, are appended. The first charter elec- tion was held August 7, 1856. For 1856 — Mayor, Isaac N. Whittam ; Recorder, D. M. Mcintosh ; Treas- urer, S. C. Koontz ; Marshal, Charles Weare. Aldermen — First Ward, J. T. Walker, J. J. Snouffer ; Second Ward, J. F. Charles, A. Hager ; Third Ward, H. S. Ward, W. D. Watrous. For 1857 — Mayor, Isaac N. Wittam ; Recorder, E. P. Huntington ; Treas- urer, S. C. Koontz ; Marshal, S. C. Lampson. Aldermen — First Ward, J. J. Snouffer ; Jno. C. Graves ; Second Ward, S. D. Carpenter, J. J. Child ; Third Ward, Wm. Richmond, A. Whitenack. For 1858 — Mayor, R. C. Brock ; Recorder, George Seymour ; Treasurer, S. C. Koontz ; Marshal, C. T. Kellogg. Aldermen — First Ward, J. J. Snouf- fer, John C. Graves ; Second Ward, D. N. Sprague, R. R. Taylor ; Third Ward, Wm. Richmond, S. A. Shattuck. For 1859 — Mayor, D. N. Sprague ; Recorder, George Seymour ; Treas- urer, S. C. Koontz ; Marshal, Wm. M. McMahone. Aldermen — First Ward, John C. Graves, T. Z. Cook ; Second Ward, D. M. Mcintosh, Chas. Weare ; Third Ward, S. A. Shattuck, G. Listebarger. For 1860 — Mayor, E. H. Stedman ; Recorder, George Seymour ; Treas- urer, J. S. Wattles; Marshal, Benj. Darnell. Aldermen — First Ward, T. Z. Cook, A. Hager ; Second Ward, W. B. Mack, R. P. Kingman ; Third Ward, G-. Listebarger, J. P. Coulter. For 1861 — Mayor, Homer Bishop ; Recorder, M. A. Higley ; Treasurer, J. S. Wattles; Marshal, Benj. Darnell. Aldermen— First Ward, S. C. Bever, H. E. Higley ; Second Ward, R. P. Kingman, I. W. Carroll ; Third Ward, J. C. Adams, Geo. Dewey. For 1862 — Mayor, T. Z. Cook ;* Recorder, S. C. Koontz ; Treasurer, J. S. Wattles; Marshal, J. Hogendobler. Aldermen— First Ward, S. C. Bever, H. E. Higley ; Second Ward, I. W. Carroll, H. B. Stibbs ; Third Ward, Geo. Dewey, S. G. McClelland. For 1863 — Mayor, MowryFarnum; Recorder, Geo. C. Haman; Treasurer, Benjamin Harrison ; Marshal, A. Laurance. Aldermen — First Ward, S. C. Bever, D. Denlinger; Second Ward, H- B. Stibbs, I. W. Carroll; Third Ward, S. G. McClelland, Thos. Slonaker. For 1864 Mayor, Mowry Farnum ; Recorder, Geo. C. Haman ; Treasuer, Benjamin Harrison ; Marshal, A. Laurance. Aldermen— First Ward, S. C. Bever, E. H. Stedman ; Second Ward, D. Denlinger, Jos. Hollan ; Third Ward,' S. G. McClelland, T. Slonaker. ^ „ „ For 1865^ Mayor, H. Church; Recorder, Geo. C. Haman; Treasurer, Beni Harrison; Marshal, T. M. Parsons. Aldermen— First Ward, S. C. Bever, E. E. Leach; Second Ward, D. Denlinger, C. Weare; Third Ward, G. Listebarger, J. C. Adams. *Eerfgned August 9, 1862, and entered the Eighteenth Eegiment of Iowa Volunteer Infantry aa Lieutenant *^'°" oCgelTat ha?fo*ouC"m^^^^ o/the oily, by resignation or otherwise, are not shown. 494 HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. For 1866 — Mayor, A. R. West; Recorder, Geo. C. Haman; Treasurer, Benj. Harrison; Marshal, J. 0. Stewart. Aldermen — First Ward, J. J. Snouffer, J. Wetzel; Second Ward, H. B. Stibbs, N. S. Mershon; Third Ward, J. C. Adams, J. A. Hart. For 1867 — Mayor, A. R.West; Recorder, D. A. Bradley; Treasurer, Benj. Harrison; Marshal, A. Laurance. Aldermen — First Ward, J. J. Snouf- fer, J. Wetzel; Second Ward, H. B. Stibbs, E. Robins; Third Ward, J. A. Hart, L. Wallace. For 1868 — Mayor, J. P. Coulter; Recorder, D. A. Bradley; Treasurer, Benj. Harrison; Marshal. A. Laurance. Aldermen — First Ward, J. Wetzel, A. C. Churchill; Second Ward, E. Robins, E. E. Leach; Third Ward, Wm. Stewart, Jas. Albright. For 1869 — Mayor, A. R. West; Recorder, Geo. C. Haman; Treasurer, Benj. Harrison; Marshal, A. Laurance. Aldermen — First Ward, A. G. •Churchill, E. S. Hill; Second Ward, E- E. Leach, D. Denlinger; Third Ward, Wm. Stewart, J. F. Charles. For 1870 — Mayor, Wm. B. Leach; Recorder, W. B. Stewart; Treasurer, Benj. Harrison; Marshal, A. Laurance. Aldermen — First Ward, E. S. Hill, J. J. Snouffer; Second Ward, E. E. Leach, E. Robins; Third Ward, Wm. Stewart, Elihu Baker. For 1871 — Mayor, T. Z. Cook; Police Judge, H. J. Harvey; Recorder, J. C. Stoddard; Treasurer, Benj. Harrison; Marshal, A. Laurance. Alder- men — First Ward, J. J. Snouffer, J. L. Bever; Second Ward, E. E. Leach, I. H. Shaver; Third Ward, William Stewart, C. C. Cook; Fourth Ward, E. B. Leach, James Bell. For 1872— Mayor, E. S. Hill ; Police Judge, A. St. Clair Smith ; Treas- urer, Benj. Harrison ; Recorder, J. C. Stoddard; Marshal, Hiel Hale. Alder- men — First Ward, J. L. Bever, G. M. Hewlett ; Second Ward, I. H. Shaver, C. H. Clark ; Third Ward, W. Stewart, C. C. Cook ; Fourth Ward, George Dale, E. E. Leach. ' For 1873— Mayor, J. F. Charles; Police Judge, A. St. Clair Smith; Treas- urer, Benj. Harrison; Recorder, J. C. Stoddard; Marshal, Hiel Hale. Alder- men—First Ward, J. L. Bever, G. M. Howlett ; Second Ward, C. H. Clark, C. C. Cook ; Third Ward, Henry Forsythe, W. S. Bradley ; Fourth Ward, Geo. Dale, S. T. Weir. For 1874— Mayor, A. B. Hull; Recorder, J. C. Stoddard; Treasurer, Benj. Harrison ; Assessor, A. Laurance ; Marshal, Hiel Hale; Chief Engineer, E. S. Hewitt. Aldermen — First Ward, F. J. Upton, J. H. Smith ; Second Ward, Charles Clark, C. C. Cook ; Third Ward, George A. Lincoln ; Fourth Ward, E. S. Mansfield, S. T. Weir; Police Judge, H. J. Harvey. ■: For 1875— Mayor, Jesse H. Smith ; Police Judge, I. N. Whittam ; Re- corder and Assessor, A. G. Plumb; Marshal, Hiel Hale; Treasurer, Benj. Har- rison ; Chief Engineer, Hiel Hale. Aldermen — First Ward, Richard Cornish, F. J. Upton ; Second Ward, A. T. Averill, V. C. Blake ; Third Ward, W- S. Bradley, George Lincoln ; Fourth Ward, S. T. Weir, E. L. Mansfield ; Fifth Ward, M. P. Mills, C. A. Clark. For 1876 — Mayor, J. H. Smith; Treasurer, B. Harrison; Recorder and Assessor, A. G. Plumb ; Police Judge, I. N. Whittam ; Marshal, Hiel Hale; Chief Engineer. George A; Lincoln. Aldermen — First Ward, J. J. Snouffer, Richard Cornish ; Second Ward, E. K. Larimer, V. C. Blake; Third Ward, 0. C. L. Jones, W. S. Bradley ; Fourth Ward, D. H. Richards, E. L. Mans- field ; Fifth Ward, Amasa Mason, C. H. Clark. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 495 For 1877 — Mayor, W. S. Bradley ; Mr. Bradley resigned and Mason .P Mills was elected by the Board ; Treasurer, Ben. Harrison ; Recorder and Assessor, A. G. Plumb ; Marshal, H. E. Morehead ; Chief Engineer, C. W. Eaton. Aldermen — First Ward, J. J. Snouffer, C. Magnus ; Second Ward, E. K. Larimer, V. C. Blake ; Third Ward, 0. C. L. Jones, Frank Witousek ; Fourth Ward, Daniel Richard, D. T. Brown; Fifth Ward, Amasa Mason, A. R. Foot. For 1878 — Mayor, J. T. Hamilton ; Recorder, George A. Lincoln ; Treas- urer, A. G. Plumb; Marshal, H. E. Morehead; Clerk Superior Court, George A. Lincoln ; Chief Engineer, C. W. Eaton. Aldermen — First Ward, J. J. Snouffer, C. Magnus ; Second Ward, N. C. Blake, W. W. Smith ; Third Ward, 0. C. L. Jones, Frank Witouske; Fourth Ward,E. L. Mansfield, D. T. Brown; Fifth Ward, A. R. Foot, James Morton; Sixth Ward, H. G. Bowman, E. R. Earl. W. B. Leach w^s elected Judge of the Superior Court, under the law cre- ating Superior Courts in towns of a certain size, to continue in the judgeship for four years. The City Hall, the place of meeting of the Council, abo the Superior Court room, is a large two-story brick structure. The Steamer Company occupy the first floor ; it is also the Police headquarters. There was no regularly organized Police force in Cedar Rapids until a recent date. The force now consists of nine men, including the Chief. THE CITY JAIL. The City Jajl is a two-story stone structure, situated on Lot 7, in Block 4, and attached to the City Hall. It contains six cells, three above and three below, with an entrance into the old jail, which contains three additional cells. The outside wall is of solid stone masonry, twenty inches thick ; the interior of the corridor and cells is lined with great blocks of flagstones, eight inches in thickness. The windows are lined with bars and plates of iron, to keep outside parties from passing anything in to the prisoners. George Lincoln was the prime mover in building this jail. He let all the contracts and managed the entire affair. The iron work was obtained in Chi- cago. H. Dearborn did the stone work. FIKB DEPARTMENT. The permanent organization of a fire company was effected in 1869. The city purchased a Silsby steamer from Messrs. Silsby & Co., of Seneca Falls, N. Y. at a cost of $6,000. This steamer was the only one owned until 1871, ^hen a hand engine was brought into service. Within the past few years, hose companies have been organized in the several wards. The present Department is as follows : C. W. Eaton, Chief Engineer ; L. M. Ayres and W. J. Chrisley, Assistant Engineers. Steamer Hose Corwpant/.— Headquarters at City Hall ; Hiram Darr, Fore- man ■ 25 members. This company had charge of the steam fire engine previ- ous to the building of the water works. The steamer is still kept in condition to work at a moment's notice. , f ^ e r t a • -Independent Hose Co., No. i.— Headquarters foot of Iowa avenue; J. A. Hart Foreman " 37 members. First Ward 'Hose Compawi/.— Headquarters on Van Buren street ; L. Stark, Foreman ; 25 members. 496 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Third Ward Hose Qompany. — Hose house on Adams street, near Carpen^ ter ; J. W. Kouba, Foreman ; 25 members. Fourth Ward Hose Qompany. — Headquarters, West Side, on Front street, near Park avenue ; John Dall, Foreman ; 20 members. Fifth Ward Hose Company. — Headquarters on Van Buren street, near Franklin avenue ; Dan Anderson, Foreman ; 20 members. Relief Hook and Ladder Company. — Headquarters at City Hall ; Willis Vance, Foreman ; 25 members. Connected with the department is the fire alarm telegraph, the only one now operated in Iowa. It was introduced by Messrs. Firman k Chandler, of Chicago, Garner & Co., Western Agents. The telegraph consists . of five miles of wire, one automatic bell striker, with the necessary battery for operating the line. Gongs are placed at the Water Works and in Chief Eaton '^ house. By its use, the location of a fire is easily determined, and the firemen are enabled to make good time in getting on streams. There are ten alarm boxes, located at convenient points. Its introduction is due to the untiring ef- forts of Chief C. W. Eaton. The department has 4,000 feet of rubber hose, besides 2,000 feet at the great packing house of T. M. Sinclair & Co., which is placed at the disposal of the city. The 160 men are all nicely uniformed; are brave, well-behaved and attentive to their duties. The department is, without doubt, one of the best in Iowa. Henry Mott, an old and experienced firemen, has charge of all the property, sleeps at the engine house, and is engineer of the steamer. In connection with the Fire Department, is the organization of the Fire Police, numbering some thirty members, composed of the business men, under the command of Capt. J., J. Snoufi"er. It is the duty of this police force to attend all alarms of fire, assist in removing goods beyond the reach of the flames, preserve order, and perform the duties that naturally pertain to an officer of the law. The police are subject to the orders of the Chief of the City Police, and are vested with t,he same power, having been sworn in, as is the rule. WATER WORKS. The Water Works building was erected in 1875 by James Gushing ; it is built of cut stone, and presents a fine appearance. The works are located at the northern terminus of Washington street, and have an imposing tower at the south entrance. The smoke-stack is built of brick and is ninety-five feet highi. The McGowand pumps and engines, of Cincinnati, Ohio, are used in the works. The water from the river is run through a filter into an immense well, and is pumped up from the well. The works have a capacity of 4,000,000 gallons every twenty-four hours. The hydrants are so arranged that in the business and more thickly settled portions of the city, from 4 to 8| inch streams can be brought to play in any locality. The entire city is surrounded by mains, rendering all portions of it within the reach of water. The officers of the Water Works are : W. W. Walker, President ; T. M. Sin- clair, Treasurer ; J. M. Brocksmit, Secretary ; F. 0. Weeks, Collector. Direct- ors — W. W. Walker, T. M. Sinclair, George Douglass, J. L. Beyer, J. C. Brocksmit, WiUiam Waterhouse and Charles Weare. James Savage, .Fi''st Engineer ; J. C. Fox, Second Engineer ; John Childs, Fireman and Pipeman. GAS. The Cedar Ilapids Gaslight 9,nd Coke Company was organized in 1871, and established works on South Commercial street. Between seven and eight miles HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 497 of main are laid at present. The city and nearly all the public and business houses are supplied with gas. There are about 300 consumers, and 115 street lamps. The ofiScers of the company are : A. T. Averill, President ; H. G. Higley, Vice President ; M. A. Higley, Treasurer ; John Thomas, Secretary. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The graded school system in Cedar Rapids was inaugurated in 1861, but in 1856, when W. W. Smith built the Washington school building, the first graded school may be said to have been begun. The building was commenced in 1855, but was not ready for occupancy until 1856, and then only a few rooms were used. It was not fully used until 1865, when Prof. 0. W. Burton took charge. The first teacher who commenced the work of grading the school was Prof. .Humphrey, who taught three years. There were about 300 pupils attending under this system at that time. Mr. Humphrey was succeeded in his work, so well begun, by Mr. Ingalls, who managed the school for one year or more ; but it was not until the Fall of 1865, when Mr. C. W. Burton took charge of the schools, that the system began to prove a success. The people had been for years sending their children to school and permitting them to study whatever they desired. During Mr. Burton's first and second years, he had a, catalogue pre- pared and issued, fixing definitely what a scholar should study in the grade in which he belonged. In 1866, rooms were rented in different parts of the city to meet the increased demand for seats. The school buildings in the various wards have been named in honor of the Presidents of the United States, in regular order. In the Summer of 1867, the Adams School was built. This is a brick building, costing about |5,000, and is situated on the corner of Madison and Daniels streets. The Jefferson School is a brick 'building of two stories, containing six rooms, and is located on Linn street, between Jackson and Van Buren, and was erected in 1868, at a cost of 112,000. The Monroe School was the next one built, and is located on Ligare street, corner of Adams. It is a brick structure, has two floors, containing six rooms. It was erected in 1873, at a cost of fl7,000, including the lots upon which it stands. The Madison School was erected in 1877, on the corner of Third and King streets, and was built in place of one destroyed by fire. It is built of brick, is two stories high, contains eight rooms, and cost $11,500. There are also three frame buildings that were built in 1877. The Adams Frame is located near the Adams School. The James Street Frame is located on First street, corner of Huntington, on the West Side. Time Check Frame is lopated in " Time Check," the locality near the railroad machine shop. The teachers in the various departments, as far as can be given at this sea- son, are : Sigh School ( Washington). — Miss M. A. Robertson, Principal ; Miss J. Ada Sherman, lat Assistant ; Miss Sallie A. Thompson, 2d Assistant ; Miss M. J. Oouden, Grammar Department; Miss Louie B. Chambers, Grammar Department; Miss E. J. Fordyce, Miss E. C. Stearns. Adams School. — Miss Ada R. Smith, Principal ; Miss Annie E. Ferguson, Miss Phoebe Coleman, Miss M. L. Barnes. Jefferson School. — P. D. St. John, Principal ; Miss Hattie A. Glass, Miss N. J. Stifler, Miss Ella Jones and Miss Mary Deacon. ■ Monroe School. — Frank Culler, Principal ; Miss A. J. Norris, Miss Emma fforsyth, Miss Lillie Haran, Miss Emma Norris and Miss Carrie Fordyce. 498 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Madison School. — Joseph F. Dey, Principal ; Miss Mary Card, Miss Julia Brown, Miss Anna McDaniels, Miss Bell Byers, Miss Flora Joyslin. Adams Frame. — Miss Aurelia Whittam. James Street Frame. — Miss Carrie Russell. " Time Qheck School." — Miss M. L. Prescott. The number of school children in the city is 3,200 ; average daily attend- ance, 1,500. The Superintendent in charge of all of the schools of the city is Prof. J. W.'Akers. The Board of Education consists of the following named gentlemen : J. S. Anderson, President, M. A. Higley, Thomas Devendorf, 0. W. Burton, Ohas. H. Clark, A. H. Spangler. The oflScers of the Board are : John W. Henderson, Treasurer ; Warren Harman, Secretary, and J. W. Akers, Superintendent. Standing Committees — Finance, M. A. Higley, Charles Clark; Teachers, C. W. Burton, T. Devendorf ; Repairs and Supplies, T. Devendorf, M. A. Higley ; Building Committee, A. H. Spangler, M. A. Higley, T. Devendorf;" Salaries, Charles H. Clark, A. H. Spangler, C. W. Burton; Rules, Regula- lations and Text Books, E. W. Burton, A. H. Spangler, Charles H. Clarkj In the High School, the Superintendent receives $1,500 per annum ; Prin- cipal, $100 per month ; First Assistant, $65 per month ; Second Assistant,' $60 per month, and those in the Grammar Department, $60 per month. The remaining teachers in the various schools are divided into four classes — First class, $50 per month ; second class, $45 ger month ; third class, |40 per month ; fourth class (or inexperienced teachers), $30 per month. The schools of Cedar Rapids have been steadily improving, until at the present writing they are considered the~equal of any in the State. Appended' is the Secretary's last financial report, dated March, 1878 : teachers' funds. EECEIPT8. Balance on hand at last report $3,585 85 Received from County Treasurer (taxes) 11,180 29 Received from semi-annual apportionment 3,464 65 Total receipts $18,230 79 DISBURSEMENTS. Amount of teachers' orders issued \ $13,517 56 Balance |4,713 23 CONTINGENT FUND. RECEIPTS. Balance on hand at last report , $251 28 ■ Received from County Treasurer (taxes) , 6,265 19 Total receipts $6,616 47 DISBURSEMENTS. Amount of orders issued $6,375 71 Balance in treasury $140 76 SCHOOL HOUSE FUND. RECEIPTS. Balance on hand at last report $1,09565 Received from County Treasurer (taxes) 8,793 88 Received from Fourth Ward School House. 8,032 49 Total receipts $17,921 87 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 499 DISBURSEMENTS. Amount of orders issued |9,817 50 Bonds and coupons paid 7,523 75 Total disbursements $17 34; 25 Balance in treasury $580 62 The tax for school purposes during 1877 was thirteen and one-half mills on the dollar. BUSINESS IN 1856. The growth of Cedar Rapids was remarkable during the decade from 1850 to 1860. The year succeeding its incorporation, the following statement of its manufacturing, retail and general business houses, public institutions, etc., was made in the Voice of Iowa : Flouring-mills, 4; planing-mills, sash, doors and blinds, 2; cooper, 1 ; wagon and carriage factories, 5 ; iron foundry, 1 ; cabinet and chair factories, 2 ; plow factories, 3 ; boot and shoe factories, 3 ; saddle and harness factories, 2 ; tin, i During the whole history of the church the aggregate membership has reached the number of 658, of whom 279 are now members. 508 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. The church has had eight Pastors, as follows : Rev. A. Gr. Bberhart, pres- ent Pastor at Muscatine, Iowa, was the first Pastor, beginning his pastorate in September, 1860, four months after the organization of the church. He con- tinued in this relation until November, 1861, when he accepted a chaplaincy in ■the Twelfth Regiment Iowa Volunteers. Rev. N. F. Ravlin was his successor, and remained with the church until April, 1864. Mr. Ravlin has kindly remembered the church since his departure, in the gift of the gas fixtures now in use in the church building. Rev. J. Y. Atchison succeeded him, serving one year. After an interregnum of a year, during which the church was •dependent upon supplies, in October, 1866, Rev. Henry R. Wilber became Pas- tor, continuing one year. December 1, 1867, Rev. D. H. Cooley became Pas- tor, continuing in office three years. Since the close of his successful and, in many respects, eventful pastorate, the church has had three Pastors. Rev. J. W. Daniels served the church one year. Rev. Wm. Wilder succeeded him in the longest pastorate the church has ever had — three years and eight months. Mr. Wilder left the pastorate to assume the superintendency of the Iowa Baptist State Missions. The present incumbent. Rev. Wm. H. Stifier, has' been with the church two years. The present house of worship, corner of Eagle and Adams streets, was begun in October, 1866, and dedicated April 11, 1867. The cost of the build- ing, grounds and furniture approximates $20,000. The house is of brick, two stories — lecture room and Sunday School rooms in the basement, with an aud- itorium room above, whose ordinary seating capacity is 490, which can, by means of seats in the aisles, be increased to 800. Prior to the erection of this building, the church worshiped in halls on Commercial street. The present officers of the church are as follows: W. H. Stifier, Pastor; Justis H. St. John, Clerk ; A. C. Churchill, Collector and Treasurer. Deacons — A. C. Churchill, James Lewis, J. J. Powell, E. T. Hooper and A. G. Phelps. Trustees — Abel Evans, President ; A. J. Mallahan, Clerk ; A. C. Churchill, Treasurer ; A. G. Phelps, E. T. Hooper, House Committee ; George Dale, B. B. Smith, Auditing Committee. The church has a large chorus choir, led by Mr. C. E. Ferguson, with Mrs. George Hackett as organist. A Ladies' Mite Society, organized for the purpose of diminishing the indebt- edness on the church building, with Mrs. H. R. B. Smith as President, Mrs. B. F. Parks, Secretary, and Mrs. E. T. Hooper, Treasurer, gives semi-monthly musical and literary entertainments. The Sunday School, conducted by the church, was organized June 17, 1869, with Dr. J. W. Eades as Superintendent. The present officers are as fol- lows : A. J. Mallahan, Assistant Superintendent; R. Austin Wallace, Secretary; A. R. Wescott, Treasurer ; L. A. Bien, Librarian. Teachers— Dr. J. W. Eades, J. J. Powell, J. H. St. John, A. J. Mallahan, A. R. Wescott, E. B. Smith, Mrs. Kilborn, Mrs. Furgeson, Mrs. Cogswell, Mrs. Wescott, Mrs. Harriet R. B. Smith, Miss Cooley, Miss Cooper, Miss Cheney, Miss Stifier and Miss Prescott. The average attendance during the. past two months has been 164. Have a library of 450 volumes. Lutheran Church. — The First Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cedar Rap- ids was organized Augtist 23, 1868, by the Rev. 0. Baird. The membership enrolled at that time was : Rebecca J. Baird, Mary Hart, J. A. Hart, Ellen (^,^^a-^^ CEDAR RAPIDS. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 509 L. Hart, John A. PuUuson, Mary M. Pulluson, George M. Nusz, Susan M. Nusz, Philip Kuhn, Mary Kuhn, Adolphus Brash, Dora Brash, J. W. McEl- henny, Mary McElhenny, Elizabeth Hirgsheimer, I. T. Taylor, Mrs. Taylor, Magdaline Uplinger, Catherine J. Fordyce, C. H. Hollsbaugh, Margaret Weightman, Margaret A. Smouse, Joseph Kethledge, Mary Atwell, Miss Rile, Margaret Kroyr, Jane ShafiFer, Isabel Ohler, David Ranch, W. J. Lislie and Mrs. Leslie. The frame building on the corner of Park and Adams street is owned by the society. They will purchase a lot and build a new church, before long. The church now numbers 110 members, and the Rev. Gr. W. Snyder is the present Pastor. The society is in a flourishing condition. The Sabbath school connected with this church is large and growing, and in all benevolent and charitable work of the community, the church occupies a prominent place. First Universalist Church. — The Universalist Church of Cedar Rapids was organized in April, 1869, by the Rev. W. C. Brooks, who remained as Pastor for several years. Services were held in a hall on Commercial street. The first records of the church are defective. Rev. B. F. Snook succeeded Mr. Brooks as Pastor, and in 1874 Rev. B. F. Rogers, of Dixon, 111., was called and assumed the charge of the organization. To his indefatigable labors, sec- onded by the active work of the few members at that time, the church owes much of its present prosperity. The lot upon which the fine church now stands, an ornament to the city, was purchased, and the corner-stone laid with appro- priate ceremonies in 1875. The Rev. H. V. Chase succeeded to the pastorate in 1876. The present Pastor is the Rev. W. W. Nutting. The basement of the church was completed and the first services held therein, in 1875. During the present year the main auditorium was finished, and the dedication services took place June 16th, 1878. At that time, the church debt of- $4,000 was entirely liquidated, and the church starts out under favorable auspices, with a good membership, thoroughly united and enthusiastic in the work of the Master. The congregation is large and growing, and the organi- zation occupies a proud prominence in the field of evangelization. Among the original members of this church were the following : F. J. Upton and wife, A. Mann and wife, J. C. Adams and wife, A. G. Plumb and wife, J. P. Rollins and wife, C. W. Burton and wife, John Thomas and wife. Dr. E. Bliss and Dr. J. T. Smith. Second United Presbyterian Church. — This church was organized in July, 1874, and the Rev. W. J. McCallister ministered to the society for the first three months. The names of the original members are : W. S. Cooper and wife, John Vance and wife, William McBurney and wife, Hugh Beatty and wife, James Parks and wife, Sampson Hawthorne, Mrs. Reed, Mrs. Donney and daughter, Thomas Stevenson, wife and daughter, Matthew Henry and wife and William Sampson. The building, corner of Franklin and Jefferson streets, formerly occupied by the Methodist society, has been used as a house of worship. When Mr. MeCallister's three months expired, the society employed the Rev. J. T. Wilson, who preached acceptably and faithfully to the church and congregation for three years. After Mr. Wilson severed his relations with the church as Pastor, there was an interregnum, during which the regular preaching of the Word was sus- pended. The Rev. J. H. Niblock, of Canada, preached a portion of the time. At present, the Rev. W. J. McCallister is again at the helm. The membership has increased to about forty. The Sunday school connected with the church is prosperous and increasing in numbers. W. S. Cooper is Superintendent. 510 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. The church is of recent organization, during which time the most wide- spread financial panic of modern times has paralyzed the industries of the country ; yet, notwithstanding all discouragement, it has maintained its organ- ization intact, and is firmly established as one of the Christian agencies of the community. A lot has been purchased in an eligible location, and a house of worship will be erected at as early a period as possible. African M. E. Ohurch. — The African Methodist Episcopal Church of Cedar Rapids is a creditable structure, surpassing in architectural appointments many of the churches of the towns and villages of Iowa which have large and wealthy congregations. The census of 1873 showed a colored population of less than 100 souls in the city. In 1874, a beginning was made toward the erection of a house of worship. Dr. Ely contributed the lot, and the citizens generally responded to the request for aid in a liberal manner. The church building was completed, and dedicated with appropriate ceremonies by Bishop Wyman, of Baltimore, on the 1st day of July, 1876. Sixty-four members were enrolled at the first organization. There have been several changes in the pastorate since that time. Henry Simons, of Cedar Rapids, was the first officiating clergyman; but he soon afterward resigned, and is now preaching in St. Paul. Greorge Meartyn was the next minister in course, and was succeeded by the Rev. James Lewis. The Rev. Mr. Hutchinson is the present officiating minister. The finances of the society are understood to be in a healthy condition. A flourish- ing Sunday School is connected with the church. In fine, the African M. E. Church of the city is a credit to the limited population to which it must look for support. Its continued prosperity in the field it occupies alone seems to be an assured fact. The Church of Christ. — This church was organized August 1, 1875, Rev. N. A. McConnell officiating. There were thirty-four persons who united them- selves with the church at that time, viz. : J. J. Witwer,' Sarah Witwer, I. H. Shaver and Mrs. Shaver, Bessie Shaver, H. C. and Cornelia Waite, John D. Bunger and wife, N. A. McConnell, wife and two daughters ; W. A. Kitching and wife, F. R. Witwer, F. V. St. John, S. A. Mershon, H. D. St. John, J. H. Sutherland, Maria Sutherland, Aquilla Miller, S. E. Miller, Mary J. Miller, M. S. Dickey, Elizabeth Dickey, L. Hiltebrande, Dorcas Lutz, H. E. Witwer, W. II. Frick. The church is composed, as will be seen by this list of members, of many our most substantial citizens, and the membership has considerably increased since that time. The minister in charge, the Rev. N. A. McConnell, is an able theologian of ripe experience, and the organization is -a very strong one. A lot has been purchased on the corner of Jefferson street and Park avenue, and in -due time a house of worship will be built thereon, and a first-class one may be expected when they do build. When they are once domiciled under their own roof, with the strength which comes from a strong organization, its influence will be powerful in the community for good. United Brethren Church. — The United Brethren Church of Cedar Rapids was organized in January, 1876, by the Rev. Father Bookwalter, of Western College. At present, the society worships in the store-room owned by Mr. Morse, on First street. They propose soon to purchase a lot and build a church, which will be located somewhere on the west side of the river. The church has had several revivals of religion since its organization, and already numbers about sixty members. The Pastor is the Rev. Father Bookwalter., The Trustees are W. B. Smith, John Bear, Christian Bear and Mr. Garlow. The Sunday ' HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 511 School, of ■which W. B. Smith is Superintendent, is large and flourishing, hav- ing about seventy-five scholars. A Union Mission School, in which this church takes a deep interest, was organized nearly a year ago on the east side of the river, and meets every Sunday afternoon in the Dubuque Southwestern depot. The Superintendent 3f this school is also W. B. Smith, and the number of scholars is about sixty-five. The church is largely composed of zealous members, and bids fair, relig- iously, to occupy their great field of usefulness in the work of the Master. The Evangelical Church of Cedar Rapids was organized at a comparatively recent period. No house of worship has yet been erected. The old Presbyte- rian Church on Adams street was used for preaching until that edifice was torn down recently. The Rev. Mr. Ilion is the present minister in charge, and public services are held at stated intervals. A house of worship will in due time be erected. A large number of citizens holding to the tenets of this organization live in the city and vicinity, and the society will, with this begin- ning, undoubtedly grow and become one of the leading evangelical denomina- tions of the city. YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION. This association was organized April 19, 1876. A meeting was held in the Lutheran Church on the evening of that day, for the purpose of organizing such a society. Robert Widensall, a member of the Executive Committee of the Young Men's Christian Association of the United States, was present and was elected Chairman. The first membership was sixteen. The prime mover in this laudable work was T. M. Sinclair. The society would never have been a success had it not been for the untiring efforts of Mr. Sinclair, who was elected first President. For a time the association held regular meetings in the various churches in the city, at stated periods, when, through the kindness of Hon. Stephen L. Dows, room 13 in the Post Office Block, was placed at the disposal of the Association for as long a period as they desired. The Associa- tion held their meetings in the above room for nearly a year, when John T. Waterhouse, wishing to see the Association prove all that its members desired, fitted up and furnished in handsome style a room on the ground floor of the "Waterhouse Block," just back of the Grand Hotel, in which place meetings are now held. There are six committees — Finance, Mission Work, Printing and Publishing, Lectures and Sociables, Devotional Meetings and Bible Study, and Receptions and Strangers. During the two years of the existence of the Association they have done a great deal of good, and have followed out the letter of the Constitution — the encouragement of the study of the Bible and the growth of spiritual life and unity among young men. The Association hold Sabbath School and union prayer meetings at 3 and 4 o'clock P. M., at the district school house in "Time Check." Thomas McLaughlin and others are particularly interested in this movement, and do much good in their Sunday afternoon work. The present officers of the Young Men's Christian Association are: J. C. Broeksmit, President; John Gates, Vice President; George M. Olmstead, Sec- retary; H. C. Waite, Treasurer. PROFESSIONAL. Attorneys — The legal fraternity is now largely and ably represented in •Cedar Rapids. The following is an alphabetical list : , E. R. Bradford, J. W. Bull, H. G. Bowman, U. C. Blake, Charles A. Clark, J. J. Childs, F. C. Clark, A. D. Collier, G. D. Crafts, C. J. Deacon, A. L. 512 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Daniels, A. V. Eastman, R. H. Gilmore, N. M. Hubbard, B. F. Hein, E. S. Hill, H. G. Higley, F. C. Hormell, Charles B. Keeler, Jere Lynch, W. B. Leach, J. C. Leonard, John M. May, Mason P. Mills, James A. McCreery, J. J. Powell, N. D. Parkhurst, Isaac M. & Edward C. Preston, J. P. Swisher, J. M. St. John, A. St. Clair Smith, Joseph Sosil, H. J. Smith, Frank A. Sim- mons, J. W. Traer, I. N. Whittam, M. L. Ward, A. R. West, J. W. Weyand. Physicians — Allopathic — Ezra Bliss, D. T. Brown, George P. Carpenter, J. P. Coulter, J. W. Bades, John F. Ely, George W. Holmes, J. R. Kinney, E. L. Mansfield, F. McClelland, D. McClenehan, Henry Ristine, John M. Ristine, A. B. Reed, G. R. Skinner, J. H. Smith, C. Schlemm, A. H. Taylor. Physicians — Homoeopathic — G. E. Coggswell, Coggswell, Mrs. C, Hickox, J. V. Law, P. Moore. Physican — Eclectic — H. Warren. Dentists — A. B. Dennis, E. Ebi, A. K. Minor, C. Sterneman, L. J. Walter. RAILROADS. Chicago, Iowa ^ Nebraska Railroad — The people of Linn County did the preliminary work for several railroads before they realized the benefits of any. The Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad was the first road constructed into the county. The company was organized at Clinton (which was then a corn- field), on the 26th of January, 1856. The first officers were : Charles Walker of Chicago, President ; James Purdy of Mansfield, Ohio, Vice President ; T. T. Davis of Syracuse, N. Y., Treasurer pro tern ; R. H. Nolton, Secretary; Col. Milo Smith of Clinton County was appointed at the same time Chief Engineer, which position he filled until June, 1861. Several Cedar Rapids men were con- nected with the first Board of Directors, a list of whom could not be obtained for this work. Considerable local aid was subscribed here and at other points from Clinton to this city ; but the most of the solid wealth which built the road was furnished by the B astern stockholders. It was built as an extension of what was then known as the Dixon Branch of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, the western terminus of which was Fulton, Illinois. The managers believed it would pay to construct a road over the fertile prairies of Iowa, and in this they were not mistaken. In May, 1857, the C, I. & N. R. R., was opened to De Witt, then the county seat of Clinton County, a distance of twenty miles from the Mississippi River, and to the Wapsipinicon, a distance of thirty-six miles, in the following December. In July, 1858, it was opened to Clarence in Cedar County, a distance of forty- seven miles, and in December of the same year to Lisbon, sixty-four miles, which was the first railroad station in Linn County. In June, 1859, the Ipngr anticipated completion of the road to Cedar Rapids became a fixed fact. The event was celebrated by an excursion given by the railroad company, and all the people were invited to take a ride on the cars. It was an important event in the history of Cedar Rapids. It was "the beginning of the end "in the struggle for railroad supremacy in the county. The C, I. & N. R. R. is one of the best roads in the West, having no heavy grades or sharp curves, its route seeming to have been intended by nature for a railroad. It was constructed during the time of the great depression of business which immediately preceded and followed the panic of 1857. It was built well, but owing to the peculiar condition of the country, and the fact that its owners paid cash for everything, the cost per mile was probably less than any other road in the State has ever been built for. The stock is above par. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 513 The present oflBcers of the road are : Horace Williams, President ; John Bertram, Vice President ; J. Van Deventer, Secretary and Assistant Treasurer ; D. P. Kimball, Treasurer and Register of Stock. The road is now operated by the Chicago &North-Western Railway Company, and, in connection with the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad, constitutes the Iowa Division of that great corporation, extending from Clinton to Council Bluffs. The Qedar Rapids ^ Missouri River Railroad Company was organized in the, year 1858, at or about the time of the completion of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad to Cedar Rapids, it being in effect an extension of the lat- ter road from this point to the Missouri River at Council Bluffs. The Legis- lature of the State, at the session of 1860, conferred upon the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company the grant of land made by Congress to aid in building a railroad across the State on or near the 42d degree of latitude. This grant had been previously conferred upon the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad Company; but as the work had not progressed to the satisfaction of the Legislature, that body exercised its legal right to make e change, which it did, as stated above. In 1860, the surveys were made and some grading done. In 1861, forty miles of iron were laid, taking the track to Chelsea, in Tama County. The next year, 1862, the iron horse m^de his appearance at Marshall- town. The work was pushed steadily and persistently, and was completed to Council Bluffs in February, 1867. The last 150 miles of the road was graded and the iron laid in 275 days. This rapid work was done in order to earn a dona- tion offered by the Union Pacific Railroad Company of $75,000, provided the road reached the Missouri River by April, 1867. It was completed two months before that time, and it was then considered a great feat in railroad building. This was the first road built across the State to the Missouri River, and a great portion of the material for the construction of the Union Pacific Rdad waa trdnsported over the line.' The principal office of the company has always been at Cedar Rapids, the meetings of the stockholders taking place here annually in May. The officers of the company are : Horace Williams, President ; Frederick Nickerson, Vice President ; P. E. Hall, Secretary ; D. P. Kimball, Treasurer and Register of Stock ; J. Van Deventer, Assistant Treasurer ; George T. Crandell, Auditor. The capital stock of the company is : Common stock, $6,850,400 ; seven per cent, preferred stock, $769,600 ; first mortgage seven per cent, bonds, $3,614,000. Dividends on stock, February and August. The Cedar Rapids ^ Missouri River Railroad is leased to the Chicago & North-Western Road, and in connection with the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska, forms the Iowa Division of the North-Western Road. Steel rails have been laid on the whole road, and it is said to be not only the best managed road in the State, but it is also claimed that it is the smoothest and best in the West. It does a very large passenger and freight business. The management have made it popular with the people along the line, and eventually it will be the principal east and west road of the State. Burlington, Cedar Rapids ^ Northern Railroad, — In the year 1865, the Cedar Rapids & St. Paul Railway Company was organized in this city, and in the Fall of that year D. W. C. Rowley, who had the contract on the first nine miles of the line from here to Vinton, commenced the grading and did the first •work on what is now the great highway from Minneapolis and St. Paul on the north, to St Louis on the south. 514 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. The Cedar Valley Construction Company took the contract to build the Cedar Rapids & St. Paul Road from this city to Waterloo, Mr. Rowley being a sub-contractor from that company. This Construction Company was a home institution, Dr. Ely, being the President ; William Greene, Superintendent', and D. W. C. Rowley, Secretary. The work proceeded slowly for a while, but during the next year (1866) a considerable portion of the grading was com- pleted between Cedar Rapids and Vinton. In December, 1866, a company was organized to build a road from this city to Burlington. It was named in the Articles of Incorporation, the Cedar Rapii^ & Burlington Railway Company. The object, as stated therein, was the "con- struction of a railroad from Cedar Rapids to Burlington, via Iowa City and Wapello, to connect with the road from Burlington, via Keokuk, to St. Louis." The first President of this company was the present Governor of the State, the Hon. John H. Gear; the Secretary was James E. Putnam, of Burlington; Directors, S. D. Carpenter, of Linn, Ezekiel Clark and P. A. Day, of Iowa City, and John Bird of Louisa County. In June, 1867, the Board of Directors was increased to fifteen, and the words "via Iowa City" stricken from the Articles of Incorporation. George Greene, N. B. Brown and Charles Weare were added to the Directory from Linn County ; George Greene was unanimously elected President and Charles Mason Vice President. The route via Iowa City was abandoned because the people of that city preferred to take stock in another north and south line, which soon afterward failed, leaving that place out in the cold for the time, as far as a cross road is concerned. In June, 1868, a consolidation of the Cedar Rapids & St. Paul Company and the Cedar Rapids and Burlington Company took place, and the new organ- ization was known as the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Railway Com- pany. Judge Greene was continued as President, and soon afterward D. W. C. Rowley was elected Secretary. Article 14, of the new incorporation provided, that after the year 1869, the annual meetings of the stockholders should take place alternately at Cedar Rapids and Burlington, in June of each year. It was also provided, that the business meetings of the Directors should take place alternately at each place. In 1871, after the road had been completed from Burlington to Cedar Falls, the Articles of Incorporation were amended, changing the time of holding the annual meetings to December, and making Cedar Rapids the principal place of business. The Articles of Consolidation divided the road into three divisions : the first comprising the portion between Burlington and Cedar Rapids ; the secohdj'all between Cedar Rapids and the State line, and the third, all that portion lying within the State of Minnesota. The fpurth section provided that track-laying should commence at the same time on the first and second divisions — at Burling- ton for the first and at Cedar Rapids for the second division. On the 4th of June, 1869, J. H. Potter, of Burlington, was appointed Superintendent of the First Division, and William Greene, of Cedar Rapids, Superintendent of the Second Division, with authority to purchase all necessary materials, subject to the approval of the Executive Committee. On the 6th of May, 1869, the railroad company entered into a contract with the Iowa & Minnesota Construction Company to lay the iron and complete the first division from Burlington to Cedar Rapids. It was stipulated that the cars should be running to Columbus Junction by the 1st of October, 1869 ; to West Liberty by January 1, 1870, and the whole to Cedar Rapids by January 1, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 515 1871. The Construction Company complied substantially with this contract, and the cars were running to the several points mentioned at or about the time specified. Track-laying was commenced at Cedar Rapids on the second division in the Spring of 1870. S. L. Dows had the contract for laying it down, and it was pushed along with his well-known energy. The track was completed and the cars entered Waterloo during that year. From this date on there was no let- up in the vigorous prosecution of the work. During 1871 the track-layers reached Plymouth, near the north line of the State. The two divisions had been previously uaited south of Cedar Rapids, and early in the year 1872, trains commenced running through from Burlington to St. Paul. The Pacific Division of the road and the Milwaukee Division had been de-' termined upon before the completion of the main line. Considerable work was done on both during 1872, and in September, 1873, the latter was completed from Cedar Rapids thi-ough to Postville, a distance of one hundred miles. Dur- ing the same year the Pacific Division was opened to Traer, in Tama County. That place was the terminus for several years. After the reorganization of the company in 1876, it was determined to extend this branch, and the work was commenced in 1877, and completed to Holland, in Grundy County. During the same year the main line was extended to Albert Lea in Minnesota, at which place more favorable connections were secured with St. Paul and Minneapolis. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of this road to the business interests of Cedar Rapids. A reference to the map will show that the road was built for this locality. The main line stretches away to the north, while the branches extend on either side, opening up to our business and enterprise a vast expanse of the richest territory in Iowa, the Garden State of the West. It would be a frightful calamity to contemplate, were it possible to wipe out of existence this road. Its several lines converging here constitute the veins through which pulsates the life blood of the city. The busy brain which con- ceived the plan, and the tireless energy which triumphed over every obstacle, and made it a success, are well known and will never be forgotten. The original Articles of Consolidation between the St. Paul Railway Com- pany and the Cedar Rapids & Burlington Railroad Company provided that the car, repair and machine shops of the second division of the road should be located at Cedar Rapids, " on the east side of Cedar River." The shops of the first division were of course located at Burlington ; and thus in the early his- tory of the enterprise the work was divided. Experiences soon proved tha-t this was not good policy, as it required double expense in the way of machinery and the salaries of Superintendents and other officers. Cedar Rapids being more centrally located, the principal part of the work was done here. Before the company was reorganized, Gen. Winslow, acting as Receiver of the road un- der the order of the United States Court, obtained an order to authorize him to construct the necessary buildings for the permanent use of the road, and the present magnificent shops were commenced. They are the largest and most complete railway shops west of Chicago. The buildings consist of a round house, constructed of stone and covered with iron ; a machine shop proper, 402x86 feet, and a blacksmith shop, 102x67 feet. The main shop is con- structed of brick and stone, with a glass roof, and is supplied with all the most improved machinery for building cars and doing all necessary repairs. The number of hands employed varies from 250, the lowest, to 400 during the busy season. The pay roll of the company at this point amounts to from $25,000 to ?30,000 a month. The employes are nearly all married men, and this large 516 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. sum, being distributed at regular periods among our business houses gives life and animation to all branches of trade. The present officers of the company are, Gen. E. F. Winslow, Vice Presi- dent and Manager ; C. J. Ives, Superintendent and General Freight Agent ; W. D. Walker, Secretary and Paymaster; J. C. Broeksmit, Auditor; B. F. Mills, Assistant General Passenger and Ticket Agent ; A. H. Mohler, Assist- ant General Fi'eight Agent; John C. Fox, Superintendent of Telegraph and Train Dispatcher ; L. A. Bein, Assistant Train Dispatcher ; Geo. W. Edwards, General Agent ; G. S. Winslow, Purchasing Agent ; R. W. Bushnell, Master Mechanic ; A. R. Foot, Local Agent. Dubuque Southwestern Railroad. — This road was extended from Marion during the year 1865, and through trains commenced running from Dubuque to Cedar Rapids about the first of October of that year. This was an' important local event to the city. Six years previous fin 1859), the North-Western road entered the city, and its track was gradually creeping westward toward the " Big Muddy." As the second in chronological order the advent of the Southwestern will always be reckoned as being an important step toward constituting this city one of the great railway centers of the West, a consummation which the most sanguine of the citizens at that time could only hope for in the dim, uncertain future. The Southwestern road has always been an important one to the city. It was the first north and south line in the State and opened up communication between the northwestern part of the State and the central portion, and also with the State Capital. Its Eastern connections were not such as to make it a competitor for business at this point, and for several years its business here was quite limited. In May, 1878, the road was sold to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Company. The vigorous management of that organization soon put new life into the concern, and its further history will be found under .that heading. Chicago, Milwaukee ^ St. Paul Railway. — A brief sketch of the con- struction of the Iowa Division of this road and its completion to Marion, appears in its proper place elsewhere. In May, 1878, the Company purchased the Dubuque Southwestern Railroad from this city to Farley, thereby practically extending the Milwaukee road into Cedar Rapids and making this place its present terminus. Improvements were at once commenced by the Company and new switches and side tracks put down to accommodate the increased business which the change of management would naturally bring about. A round house for engines and a coal house have already been built; new ground for additional side tracks has been purchased, and an elegant freight and passenger depot will be erected soon. It is understood that the city authorities have granted the Company the use of a portion of the Public Square,^ ust north of the Oat Meal l^ills, for the site of the new depot, which will be large, commodious and of con- siderable architectural proportions, and an ornament to the street. The advent of a rich and powerful organization such as the Chicago, MiU waukee & St. Paul Company in this city means more than appears on the sur- face. The freight business of the city amounts to probably a million of dollars per annum, and the company propose to have a fair share of it. They have unsurpassed facilities for handling promptly and expeditiously vast quantities of merchandise and produce. Their eastern connections are as good as those of any pther company. Milwaukee is one of the greatest wheat markets in the United States and in the world. The Company own and operate nearly two thousand miles of railway already, reaching all important points in Wisconsin, Minnesota HISTORY Of LINN COUNTY. 517 and Northern Iowa. The intention of the Company is to extend the road from here in a southwest direction, through this State and Missouri to Kansas City, and it will be one of the greatest thoroughfares in the State. What the Chi- cago & Alton road is to Illinois, this road will be to Iowa. No single event in the history of Cedar Rapids has been more significant of a prosperous future than the coming of this road, almost unheralded and unannounced. Some of the advantages of this road to our city may be mentioned as follows : 1. The quickest, cheapest and best passenger route to Milwaukee. 2. A competing route for passengers to Chicago. 3. The best and quickest route to all points north and west of Chicago in Wisconsin, Minnesota .and Northern Iowa. 4. A powerful competitor for bringing merchandise from the East and for carrying our Western productions to the Eastern markets. Cedar Rapids being the competing point, it will give our merchants and busi- ness men an advantage not enjoyed by any other locality in the State. It is a fact not generally thought of, that right here in Cedar Rapids two great rival routes from the seaboard to the West, come together for the first time in actual competition. The result will be lower freights on both East and West bound articles to and from Cedar Rapids. This advantage, however small it may be over other points in the State, will always constitute a healthy and sure margin which will enrich our dealers and build up the city. •Fremont, Elkhorn ^ Missouri Valley Railroad Company. — This road ex- tends from the station known as Missouri Valley Junction, on the North-West- ern Railway, crossing the Missouri at Blair, and thence to Fremont, on the Union Pacific Railroad ; and from thence up the Valley of the Elkhorn in a northwesterly direction to Wisner, Nebraska, which is the present terminus. The principal place of business is at Cedar Rapids. The officers are : James Blair, President ; S. P. Wisner, Vice President ; P. E. Hall, Secretary ; Chas. E. Vail, Assistant Secretary; L. D. Richards, Second Assistant Secretary; David P. Kimball, Tr^feasurer ; J. Van Deventer, Assistant Treasurer ; Geo. T. Crandell, Auditor ; P. W. Penhallow, Jr., Register of Stock. The capital stock is $690,000; shares, $100 each. Bonded debt the same, drawing seven per cent., payable April and October. Iowa Falls ^ Sioux Oity Railroad Company. — The principal office of this Company is at Cedar Rapids, except the office of Treasurer and Register of Stock, which is at 23 Sears Building, Boston, Mass. The officers are : Horace Williams, President ; J. Van Deventer, Vice President and Assistant Treasurer; P. E. Hall, Secretary and Auditor Land Department; George T. Crandell, Auditor; J. B. Calhoun, Land Commissioner; Charles H. Clark, Register of Lands ; David P. Kimball, Treasurer and Register of Stock. The town lot and land department of the Company has the same officers as the rail- road company. ^ Up to March 31st last, the account stood as follows : Lands sold, 281,- 893.47 acres ; lands unsold, 361,610.01 acres. The lands belonging to the Company are situated within twenty miles of the railroad, on either side of it, between Iowa Falls and Sioux City, and comprise some of the richest agricult- ural lands in the State. The capital stock of the Railroad Company is $4,625,000 ; shares, $100 each. The bonded debt consists of $2,952,600, bonds bearing seven per cent, interest. The capital stock of the Town Lot & Land Company is $500,000 ; shares,. $50 each. 518 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Sioux Qity ^ Pacific Railroad Company. — This road extends from Sioux City, Iowa, down the valley of the Missouri to the junction with the Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad, the latter crossing the Missouri River at Blair and running thence to its connection with the Pacific Railroad at Fre- mont, Nebraska. The principal place of business is at Cedar Rapids, except the office of Treasurer and Register of 8tock, which is at No. 23 Sears' Build- ing, Boston, Mass. The officers are : Oliver Ames, President ; D. C. Blair, Vice President; P. E. Hall, Secretary; David P. Kimball, Treasurer and Reg- ister of Stock ; J. Van Deventer, Assistant Treasurer ; George T. Crandell, Auditor. The capital stock consists of $1,899,400 common stock, and $169,000 pre- ferred stock. Dividends, April and October. First mortgage six per cent, bonds, $1,628,000; interest payable January and July. Maple River Railroad Company. — This road forms a junction with the North-Western Railway, in Carroll County, Iowa, the station being known as Maple River Junction. It runs northwesterly first and then curves to the south- west, corresponding somewhat to the great curve in the North-Western Road, from Carroll County to the Missouri River at Council Bluffs. The Maple River Road was built by the Iowa Railroad Land Co., for the purpose of affording easy access to the large body of lands owned by the Company in the section through which it runs. The Road, as stated above, commences in Carroll County and runs thence through Sac, Ida, Woodbury, and terminates at East Mapleton, in Monona County, a distance of a little more than sixty miles. The principal office of the company is at Cedar Rapids. The officers are, Horace Williams, President ; Fred L. Ames, Vice President ; Henry V. Fer- guson, Secretary ; David P. Kimball, Treasurer and Register of Stock ; J. Van Deventer, Assistant Treasurer. THE BLAIR BUILDING. This building situate on the corner of Eagle and Adams streets is the headquarters of the following companies : First National Bank. Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Co. Iowa Falls & Sioux City Railroad Co. Sioux City & Pacific Railroad Co. Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad Co. Maple River Railroad Co. Iowa Railroad Land Co. Moingona Coal Co. Blair Town Lot & Land Co. Sioux City & Iowa Falls Town Lot and Land Co. Missouri Valley Land Co. Elkhorn Land & Town Lot Co. The building was erected by the Cedar Rapids & Missouri Railroad Co., for the use of the several organizations. Mr. John I. Blair, of New Jersey, having a large interest in many of the companies represented, it has been generally designated the "Blair Building." It is built of brick, with cut-stone corners, having a Mansard roof over the main portion. The First National Bank occu- pies a commodious suit of rooms on the main floor of the wing, while all the companies have finely appointed apartments, well ventilated, and have abundance of light. The building is warmed with hot air from a furnace underneathi It is substantial in every respect, and for the purposes intended could not be im- proved on. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 519 IOWA RAILROAD LAND COMPANY. The principal place of business of this company is at Cedar Rapids. It was organized in October, 1869, and commenced business in that year. The object of the company is to promote emigration and to dispose of the lands granted by Congress to aid in the construction of the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad, now leased and operated by the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Co. The first officers were, John I. Blair, of New Jersey, President ; W. W. Walker, Cedar Rapids, Vice President ; Chas. E. Walker, Cedar Rapids,, Sec- retary ; Charles H. Clark, Cedar Rapids, Register of Lands ; D. P. Kimball, Register of Stock. At the organization of the company, there were 1,060,776.07 acres of land belonging to the company, mostly in Central and Western Iowa. At present, the account stands : Lands sold, 540,347.60 acres; lands unsold, 520,429.47 acres. The present officers are as follows : J. Vandeventer, President and Assist- ant Treasurer; P. E. Hall, Vice President and Auditor ; George T. Crandell, Secretary; D.P. Kimball, Treasurer; J. B. Calhoun, Land Commissioner ; Chas. H. Clark, Register of Lands ; David P. Kiniball, Register of Stock. The capital stock amounts to $7,620,000, divided in shares of flOO each. MISSOURI VALLEY LAND COMPANY. Principal office at Cedar Rapids. Organized in 1875 to dispose of the lands and town lots belonging to the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad Company, from Sioux City via Missouri Valley Junction to Fremont, Neb. The officers are : J. Van Deventer, President and Assistant Treasurer ; P. E. Hall, Vice Presi- dent and Auditor ; George T. Crandell, Secretary ; David P. Kimball, Treas- urer and Register of Stock ; C. H. Clark, Register of Lands. Besides a large number of town lots, the Company have for sale 45,602 acres of choice bottom lands mainly on the Missouri River. The capital stock is $200,000 ; shares, $50 each. MOINGONA COAL COMPANY. The mines of the Company are in the Des Moines Valley, near the station of Moingona, west of the river, on the North- Western Road. The coal deposits are very extensive, and all the coal used in the central and western part of the State by the North- Western Road, comes from these mines. The principal office of the Company is in Cedar Rapids. The officers are : P. E. Hall, President; David P. Kimball, Vice President and Treasurer; H. V. Ferguson, Secretary ; J. Van Deventer, Assistant Treasurer ; George T. Crandell, Auditor ; D. P. Kimball, Register of Stock. The capital stock is $305,200 ; shares, $100 each. BLAIR TOWN LOT & LAND COMPANY. The principal office of this Company is at Cedar Rapids. The company was organized to lay out towns and sell lots along the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad (now operated by the Chicago & North- Western Railway Com- pany). The officers are : J. Van Deventer, President and Assistant Treasurer ; P. E. Hall, Vice Presi- dent and Auditor; George T. Crandell, Secretary ; D. P. Kimball, Treasurer; J. B. Calhoun, Land Commissioner ; Charles H. Clark, Register of Lands ; D. P. Kimball, Register of Stock. 520 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. The new towns along the line of the Maple River Branch Railroad were also laid out by this Company. The capital stock is $778,200, divided into shares of $50 each. SIOUX CITY AND IOWA FALLS TOWN LOT & LAND COMPANY. The headquarters of this Company are also located in Cedar Rapids. The object is to lay out towns along the line of the railway between Iowa Falls and Sioux City. The officers are : J. Van Deventer, President and Assistant Treasurer; P. E. Hall, Vice Presi- dent and Auditor ; Geo. T. Crandell, Secretary ; D. P. Kimball, Treasurer and Register of Stock ; J. B. Calhoun, Land Commissioner ; Charles H. Clark, Register of Lands. The capital stock is $500,000; shares $50 each. BLKHORN LAND AND TOWN LOT COMPANY. This Company was organized to sell the lands granted by Congress to aid in building the railroad from Missouri Valley Junction, in Iowa, through Blair, Fremont, and thence northwest through the State of Nebraska. The road is finished to Wisner. The Company have laid out a number of towns along the road. The officers are : James Blair, President ; S. P. Wisner, Vice President ; Henry V. Ferguson, Secretary; L. D. Richards, Assistant Secretary; David P. Kimball, Treasurer ; J. Van Deventer, Assistant Treasurer ; P. E. Hall, Auditor; P. W. Penhallow, Jr., Register of Stock. The capital stocjc is $690,000, divided into shares of $50 each. BANKS. There are four banking houses in Cedar Rapids, at present, all having ample capital, and conducted by men of acknowledged financial standing and ability. The "hard times" that commenced with the panic of 1873, and which have prevailed with more or less severity ever since, wiped out of existence many of the moneyed institutions of the country. Some of the heaviest and best known houses of the large cities bowed before the financial storm, inflicting great loss upon the commercial interests of the country, and carrying ruin and desolation to hundreds and thousands of hearth-stones. During all this time our bankers have conducted their affairs with such prudence and foresight that no panic has occurred, and now, when the crisis has passed, the outlook for the future is brighter than it has been for several years. The First National Bank of Cedar Rapids was organized in 1864. The officers at that time were W. W. Walker, President, and John Weare, Cashier. The management of this bank has been eminently conservative, and it has a large line of deposits. It is looked upon by capitalists as one of the soundest banks in the State. The capital paid up is $100,000, and the circulation is $90,000. The present officers are: John Weare, President; John F. Dean, Cashier; and Ely E. Weare, Assistant Cashier. The bank owns its building corner of Eagle and Adams streets. The City National Bank was oYganized in 1864, with S. C. Bever as Presi- dent, and J. L. Bever, as Cashier. This bank was successor to S. C. Bever & Son, a private bank which commenced doing business in the year 1858, making twenty years of continuous business, a longer period than any other bank in city or county has existed. The bank enjoys the confidence of the community to a remarkable degree, and always carries large deposits. The capital is $100,000 ; circulation, $90,000. The bank building, corner of Commercial HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 521 street and Iowa avenue, is three stories high, with plenty of room for the trans- action of business, and is an e)egant structure. The officers remain the same as at the beginning. The Union Bank was organized in February, 1870, under the State laws, as "Union Savings Bank," but changed to the present name in 1875. Hon. George Greene has been the President since the first organization. C. B. Rowley was the first Cashier. At the end of the first year, Mr. H. B. Stibbs was elected Cashier, and yet retains the position. Five years ago, Mr. Peter Martel was appointed Assistant Cashier, and still holds the place. The bank owns its building at the corner of Washington street and Iowa avenue. It has a large paid-up capital, and has always transacted a large business. Mr. G. F. Van Vetchtin established a banking house in the city in 1876, and is at present located on Washington street, in post office block. He has ample banking capital, with a long experience in the business. It is under- stood that he intends to erect a banking house that will be an ornament to the city. This addition to the business interests is one of the most valuable that have located here for some time. The following banking firms did business in the city at one time, but are not now in existence. Some of the parties are connected with other institutions, and others have retired from business entirely. Greene & Weare, bankers, commenced business in 1855. The firm did a very large business, and at one time had a number of branch banks in other portions of the State. From 1854 to 1857 a phenomenal state of affairs existed in money matters in the West. Owing to a vicious system of legislation in many of the States, a large brood of irresponsible banks sprang into existence, and money, or at least what purported to be such, became very plenty. Many of these well-executed promises to pay had no intrinsic value beyond the implied indorsement of the local bankers who paid them out. Thus it came about that bills which passed , current in one part of the State, because they were received by the local bankers, were utterly worthless as currency in other parts of the State. Messrs. Greene & Weare, through their numerous branch banks in the State, floated a good deal of Nebraska money, but they protected it, and people suffered no loss, such as occurred in many parts of the West. The banking house of Carpenter, Stibbs & Co. commenced business in 1857, and continued until 1869. During the twelve years of its existence, it did a large business, retaining a large hold on the confidence of the public. Ward, Bryan & Co. did a banking and exchange business on Commercial street, from 1855 to 1857. Carpenter, Lehman & Co. did business for about a year, from 1856 to 1857. Dodge, Carr & Co. was a banking firm that flourished about the same time, from 1856 to 1857. Elihu Baker & Co. were successors to Carpenter, Lehman & Co., and conducted a banking business from 1858 to 1860. Mr. Baker became identified with the State Bank of Iowa after the establishment of that institution, being appointed by the State authorities, and the banking house was discontinued. BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS. There are two building and loan associations in Cedar Rapids. These organ- izations are of great benefit to stockholders in encouraging savings of small amounts monthly, which are easily paid, swelling in a few years to a handsome sum. The shareholders pay $1 a month for eight years, at the end of which 622 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. time the shares, it is expected, will be worth $200. The amount paid in being only $96 in that time, the profit is large, all arising from small payments at such intervals as cannot distress even the poorest person in the community: The Valley City Building and Loan Association was organized in June, 1876. The first Board of OflBcers was : S. C. Bever, President; C.J. Ives, Vice President ; George W. Bever, Treasurer; Charles E. Heath, Secretary; James Morton, G. W. Bettesworth, Auditors ; Blake & Hormell, Attorneys. All subscribed for in a single year constitute a separate series, which will be wound up and the profits divided in eight years. After eight years from the date of organization, there will be a series wound up and another one commenced each year. The oSicers remain as at the beginning, except that, A. H. Spangler is Secretary, vice C. E. Heath, resigned. G. W. Bettesworth has retired as one of the Auditors, which place is filled temporarily by George W. Bever; The organization is in good hands and cannot fail to be successful. Cedar Rapids Building and Loan Association. Organized and began business May 1, 1874. The first officers were: W. W. Walker, President; P. Mullaly, Vice President ; Peter Martel, Treasurer ; Charles E. Heath, Secretary. The association has been quite successful since the organization, with a large list of shareholders pretty equally divided between the two classes necessary to the prosperity of such associations, viz., borrowers and lenders. Many persons depending on their daily labor for support have been enabled by their connection with this association to secure a homestead for thnir families. The shareholders have made their fifty-first monthly payment. At the end of eight years from 1874, the assets will be divided pro rata among the share- holders. At that time it is expected that the shares will be worth $200, $96 only having been paid in per share. The funds have been well managed so far, and there is no reason to doubt the ultimate realization of the plans of the founders. The officers remain the same as at the beginning, except that E. F. Pomeroy was elected Secretary in 1876, and continues in that capacity. INSURANCE COMPANIES. There are two insurance companies in the city. The Farmers' Insurance Company is the oldest, and has been in operation since 1860. In insurance circles it is considered one of the safest and best managed companies in the State. The first officers of the company were : S. C. Bever, President ; L. Daniels, Vice President ; 0. V. Munn, Secretary ; A. C. Churchill, Treasurer. The Company has always paid its losses promptly without unnecessary delay in adjustments. It insures only farm property and detached dwellings, and hence is not liable to extraordinary losses through extensive conflagrations. The capital stock of the Company is $100,000. The present officers are : J. H. Smith, President ; Adam Perry, Vice Presi- dent ; J. B. Henderson, Secretary ; J. W. Henderson, Treasurer. The Cedar Eapids Insurance Company was organized May 18,1878. The Directors are : E. L. Mansfield, President; D. A. Bradley, Vice President ; W. D. Watrous, F. J. Upton, J. E. Kinney, George A. Lincoln and Anthony Sulek. A. H. Spangler is Treasurer ; J. A. Perkins, Secretary, and E. S. Hill, Gen- eral Agent. W. D. Watrous, C. W. Burton and G. A. Lincoln constitute the Executive Committee. The paid-up capital is $25,000. Farm property and detached dwellings only are insured. The Company is composed of thorough- going business men, representing a large aggregate capital. In such hands the success of the enterprise is assured. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 523 IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The first Annual Fair of the State Agricultural Society held in Cedar Kapids took place in September, 1871. The State Fairs have been held here annually ever since, with the exception of the years 1874 and 1875, and it will be held here again in September of this year. The grounds are located to the northeast of the city limits, and comprise sixty acres of land inclosed with a tight board fence eight feet high. The inclosure contains all the necessary buildings, which are large, convenient and well arranged tor the pur- poses intended. The grounds are tastily laid out with beautiful drives. A rich carpet of grass prevents the radiation of the sun's rays in the hot after- noons, while numerous native forest trees cast their grateful shadows and afford protection from the sunshine and storm. Ample provision is made for the many hundred domestic animals, of the highest and best breeds, which are annually on exhibition here. The race track is half a mile around, and is the hest one in the West, according to the testimony of horsemen. The amphi- theater will seat eight thousand people. The grounds as a whole are net exceeded anywhere in the West. It is not improbable that the fairs of the State Society will be held here for many years to come, as it is not probable that any other locality will be willing to prepare grounds and buildings which would compete with these for the accommodation of the State Society. A local society owns the buildings, being entitled to a certain percentage of the annual , receipts. When the State Society first decided to hold the fair there, it was in debt considerably. Three fairs were held here, at the end of which time the debt was cleared off, and a handsome sum graced the treasurer's box. After two years' trial elsewhere, the society came back to Cedar Rapids in 1876, with an empty treasury and in debt. Two fairs here have put the society on its feet again financially. These are strong reasons why the fair should be kept here for several years to come. ■WHOLESALE INTERESTS. Hardware. — The wholesale hardware house of Jones & Eaton is one of the largest in Iowa. The business was originally established in 1859. The present proprietors succeeded H. S. Camp & Sons in 1869. They are located in Merchants' Block, 48 Iowa avenue, occupying a large building of three stories. They do a gerjeral shelf and heavy hardware business, carriage and wagon stock, iron, nails and steel, in which their sales aggregate more than $100,000 annually. Their sales are west to the Missouri River, and north to the Minnesota line. E. K. Larimer established his hardware house in 1869, and is at present located on Commercial street, near Eagle. Mr. Larimer does a general whole- sale business in wagon and carriage material and blacksmiths' goods. His sales are in Iowa, Nebraska and Southern Minnesota. Wholesale Grocers. — The wholesale house of Cook & Frick was established in 1867. They are located at 92 and 94 Iowa avenue, adjoining the railroad depot, occupying three floors, and deal extensively in all kinds of grocers' stock. Their sales are principally in Iowa. Their business amounts to nearly $400,000 per annum. The wholesale house of A. C. Keyes was established in 1866. It is located on Commercial street. He does a general grocery business. Their sales are in Iowa. 524 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Wholesale Furniture. — The Chicago Furniture Company established itself in Cedar Rapids in July, 1877, and does a wholesale business in fumiturie and upholstering goods. The sales of the company are principally in Iowa. The company are located on Iowa avenue. Wholesale Clothing. — The wholesale clothing house of A. Levi & Son was established in 1873. They have been doing a retail business since 1868. Their manufactory is in Philadelphia. The sales of the house are in Iowa. They are located on No. 30 South Commercial street. Wholesale Notions. — Braum & Jones, successors to Bennett & Jones, dealers in wholesale notions, furnishing and fancy goods. The business was originally established in 1872. The present proprietors have carried on the business since 1875. Their sales are in Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska. They are located at 10, 12 and 14 Eagle street. Wholesale Hats and Caps. — The wholesale house of Lyon, Tomlinson & Co. was established in 1870. Was first located on Commercial street, under Brown's Hotel, and has since removed to 46 Iowa avenue, and are at present occupying 56 and 58 Iowa avenue. They do a wholesale business in hats, caps, gloves and mittens. The building which they now occupy was erected by Mr. Lyon. Their sales are in the States of Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, Kansas and Dakota Territory. They do a business of over $100,000 per annum. Wholesale Druggists. — The wholesale drug house of George flaman was established in 1854 or 1855, by J. P. Oonkey, but the business was purchased in 1858 by Mr. Haman, who deals in drugs, medicines, paints, oils, glass, etc., his sales extending throughout Iowa. He occupies two stories of a brick build- ing located on South Commercial street (No. 5), and is at present doing an extensive business. Wholesale Boots and Shoes. — The wholesale house of A. B. George & Go., located 37 and 39 Eagle street, consists of A. B. George and C. B. Weeks, of Cedar Rapids, and J. Durgan & Son, of Boston. An immense stock of goods of every description in the boot and shoe line is kept on hand. Their sales are in Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska and Dakotah Territory. Wholesale Leather, Etc. — B. F. Howland, wholesale dealer in leather, sad- dlery hardware, shoe findings, horse brushes, whips, lashes, plastering hair, etc.; also manufactures collars, saddles, leather fly nets, etc. Mr. Howland also deals in hides, furs and pelts. The business is located at No. 14 North Com- mercial street, and was established in 1862. Mr. Howland's goods are sold in Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska and Dakotah Territory, and* the sales amount to over $125,000. W. S. Bradley & Brother, wholesale dealers in leather and shoe findings, are doing business at No. 13 Union Block, occupying two stories and the basement. They are handling leather findings, belting, packing, hose and everything pertaining to the business. They are also doing a good business in hides and pelts. Their sales are in Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska and Dakotah Territory, the business exceeding $100,000 per annum. Wholesale Saddlery Hardware. — The wholesale house of John Thomas was established in 1866, and occupies a three-story brick building, owned by himself, at No. 49 Iowa avenue. The business consists of saddlery hardware, leather, saddles, horse collars, whips, nets, carriage trimmings, hides, furs and pelts. The sales are made in Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska and Dakotah Terri- tory, and amount to from $125,000 to $145,000 per annum. Wholesale Tinware. — Billings & Robyn, manufacturers of and 'Wholesale dealers in plain tinware, pressed and japanned ware and table glaaswafe', rags HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 525 and metals. The business was established a number of years ago by Mr. Bill- ings. William Robyn became a member of the firm March 14, 1878. The business was removed from the old quarters in October, 1877, to the present new and commodious rooms in the Watcrhouse Block, adjoining the Grand Hotel, on Iowa avenue. The gentlemen are also engaged extensively in the sale of " Charter Oak " cook and " Crown Jewel " heating stoves. Wholesale OrocTcery. — The wholesale crockery house of Thomas Z. Cook was established in 1861, by D. A. Bradley. Mr. Cook purchased the business July 1, 1864. A. S. Lawrence was admitted as a partner in March, 1878. They import China and crockery direct from England and France, and deal largely in table, glass ware, cutlery, silver and plated ware, lamps, chandeliers and house-furnishing goods generally. The sales extend to the Nebraska line on the west, into Minnesota on the north, and some distance south and east. Mr. Cook occupies the first floor and basement of No. 42 Iowa avenue, and keeps an immense stock on hand. MANUFACTURING INTERESTS. The natural advantages of Cedar Rapids are not excelled by any interior city of this State. Situated upon a stream whose capacity as a water-power is practically limitless, it affords opportunity for manufacturing establishments on the most gigantic scale. The rapids are the first encountered on ascending the river. The nature of the factories must be in consonance with the products of the region or the demands of the local or Western trade ; but these are require- ments incident to every profitable investment. The section within the natural area of supply — calling Cedar Rapids the center — is vast, and can be furnished with manufact^ired products more cheaply from this point than from a city more removed. So far, the money expended has been judiciously placed. Railroad connections are made with all localities, and shipping facilities are of the best character. Schools and churches are conducted on so liberal a plan as to afford every advantage in an educational and denominational sense. The country, for miles around, in every direction, is fertile, and is capable of producing vast quantities of such raw materials as are needed in successful manufacturing enterprises in a prairie country. The future of Cedar Rapids is solely measurable by the spirit of the citizens. T. M. Sinclair ^ Co., Pork Packers.-^The most important business inter- est in Cedar Rapids, and the largest interest of the kind west of Chicago, is the pork packing house of T. M. Sinclair & Co. It is acknowledged to be the fourth largest packing house in the world. The business was established in 1870 by John and T. M. Sinclair, the former residing in New York City. The establishment was removed to its present position in 1871. The main building, or curing house, is 132x250 feet, a portion of it three stories and a portion four stories high. By use of refrigerators, or, perhaps, more properly speaking, the conversion of the immense structure into an ice house, the curing process is conducted during the entire Summer months with the same facility as in Win- ter. Additions have been made yearly during the several years that the com- pany have occupied their present site, until it gives that locality the appearance of a village of no mean pretensions. Everything is most perfectly systematized. The buildings are all substantial structures, either of brick, stone or wood, and the machinery of the best and latest-improved kind. A Corliss engine is used. The boilers etc., were purchased from the Clinton Boiler Works, Clinton, Iowa. The institution covers an area of sixteen acres. Side tracks and switches of 526 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. two railroads are laid through the grounds. During the Summer season, 1,200 hogs are slaughtered daily, and during the Winter months, 2,500 are killed daily. From 300 to 450 men are employed in this institution. During a little over nine months in one season, the company paid for hogs the enormous sum of $1,436,533.27. A large cooper shop, in which fifty men are employed, is run in connection with the business. Star Wagon Company. — This company was organized in 1866, under the firm name of Upton, Chambers & Co. The buildings were destroyed by fire in 1871, but during that year and the following, new buildings were erected. The company was incorporated in 1871, The company have in use all the latest and most improved machinery, and nearly every part of the Star Wagon is made in the shop, under the direct supervision of the officers of the company. About sixty men are employed, and there are manufactured from 1,200 to 1,500 wagons a year. The present officers are : George Greene, President ; F. J, Upton, Vice President and Superintendent ; H. F. Camp, Treasurer ; B. F. Parker, Secretary. The Steam Cracker Manufactory.— ^This is the property of Shaver & Dow, and was established in 1866. It is as extensive as any west of Chicago to the Mississippi River. The manufactory is located on the corner of Com- mercial street and Franklin avenue. The main building being 40x80 feet in size, two stories high, built of brick, with a cooper shop and box manufactory connected — the firm making their own boxes and barrels. Their sales are priuT cipally through Iowa and adjacent States. H. Hubbard represents the firm abroad. From twenty to twenty-five barrels of flour are consumed daily. About twenty hands are employed. Brown's Mill.— ^This mill was established in 1842, and is now owned by N. B. Brown. The mill is 50x70 feet in size and is three stories high, with four run of buhrs. A turbine wheel of Mr. Brown's invention is used. The Mid- dlings Purifier is also employed to perfect the work. There are manufactured fifty barrels of flour per day, and 300 bushels of chopped feed, employing two men. The mills are located on Commercial street near Benton street bridge.. Cedar Rapids Mills were established in 1845, by Alexander Ely, and were operated by him until 1849, when John F. Ely took possession of them. Mr. Ely operated the mill until 185^, when Ely & Angle became the firm. These gentlemen worked together until 1861, when Mr. H. G. Angle became proprie- tor. He in turn sold to W. B. Leach & Co., in 1866, who sold it to its present owners, Watrcms & SnoufFer, in 1871. The mill is a three-story brick struct- ure. The old building is 86x50 feet in size ; the addition is 24x48 feet. The Chicago turbine wheel is used in operating four run of buhrs. Four men are employed, and there are manufactured 150 barrels of flour per day. The mill was rebuilt and remodeled in 1876-77. Their sales are principally in Cedar Rapids and vicinity. North Star Oat Meal il!fi7&.— Established in the Spring of 1873, by Robert Stewart. The original building was formerly used as an elevator, but was destroyed by fire in 1875. The present building was then erected, consisting of 3even stories and basement. It is constructed of brick. The building is 1 80x80 feet in size, and manufactures 600 barrels of oat meal per day. Twelve run of stone are used. The Cummings condensing engine is used in the mill. The engine is of 300 horse power. Fifty men are employed. From 7,000 to 7,500 bushels of oats are used daily in the manufacture of oat meal. The cost of the building was about $100,000., Their sales are in the United States and Great Britain. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 527 Union Mills. — The first mills belo-w the Benton street bridge are those of W. S. Cooper. The mills have been established about twenty years, and were built by A. G. Angle, but have been owned and operated by W. S. Cooper since 1862. In size, the mills are 50x60 feet, four stories high, and are supplied with new machinery and many modern improvements. The SefiFels wheel is used, running three sets of buhrs. The mills have a capacity of from 500 to 600 barrels per week. The Eagle Brewery, located in the northeastern part of the city, and near the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, was established in 1859, by C. Mag- nus. An addition was built in 186»1. The present structure is five stories high, 100x76 feet in size, and built of Anamosa stone. The brewery is now considered to be one of the best in Iowa. There are five cellars, capable of storing 2,000 barrels. The manufacture of ale as well as beer is largely entered into. Besides the main building, there are also connected with the brewery several large ice houses, containing about 2,300 tons of ice. A 15- horse-power engine is used, which was built in Cedar Rapids, by J. T. Sweet. Two direct acting steam pumps and one steam air pump are in use. The sales are in Iowa and adjoining States. The brewery has a capacity of manufactur- ing sixty barrels in twelve hours. The extensive brewery of George Williams & Co. was instituted in 1867, by Mr. Snyder, now deceased, and was purchased in 1874 by its present owners. The main building is four stories high ; is built of stone, and is 90x130 feet in size, with engine house. In addition there is a large barn, hop house and warehouse. There are six cellars under the building. The firm have two patent ice houses, and employ about twenty men. Carriage Manufactory of Soule & Miller was established in 1867, by Tis- dal & Miller. The works are located at 77, 79 and 81 South Commercial street. The building is of brick, 100x140 feet in size, two stories high, with a basement under the whole, occupied by blacksmith department. The business of the firm is the manufacture of carriages, spring wagons and sleighs, and the work of the manufactory is well and favorably known throughout a large sec- tion of country. Mr. Soule came into the firm May 19, 1876. Twenty men are employed. Paper Box Manufactory. — This industry was established at the foot of Eagle street, in 1871, by A. R. Wescott, the present proprietor. The estab- lishment employs a number of hands, and manufactures every description of paper boxes. Carriage Repository of Tibbets ^ Piper. — These gentlemen have recently come to Cedar Rapids, but intend making it a permanent location, and will, the coming year, begin an extensive manufacturing concern. They are interested in a large carriage manufactory in the East, and receive their goods directly from that point. They are selling the business wagons and the famous " Britain Buggy." The firm is at present located at 33 Iowa avenue. The Iowa Iron ^ Steel Fence Co. — This company was organized Septem- ber 15, 1873, under the name of the " Grain-Growers' Manufacturing Co.," which was changed to the above in October, 1877. The cotnpany is engaged in the manufacture of stalk-cutters, grain-seeders, hay-rakes, sleigh and sled- runners, columns, building fixtures of all kinds, bridge work, iron fence, der- ricks, mill, engine and i-ailroad repairs. The buildings are located on the cor- ner of Commercial and Linn streets, and are extensive. The machine and blacksmith shops are 60x140 feet in size, and the foundry occupies an entire lot, 40x180 feet. Between 35 and 45 workmen are constantly employed in the 528 HISTOBY OF LINN COUNTY. difiFerent departments. The machinery in use is all of the latest patterns: Large additions have been put in each year. The company own and manu- facture the Western Pride Wind Mill. In the Fall of 1877, they commenced the manufacture of the iron fence post and wire, the invention of G. B. St. John. The officers of the company are : G. B. St. John, President and Treasurer ; J. H. St. John, Vice President ; James Huff, Secretary. The Williams Harvester Co. — Established in June, 1878. The present location of the manufactory is on the site of the old planing mill. The com- pany is engaged in the manufacture of the Williams Mower and Reaper. When the works ai'e finished, the company anticipates turning out 10,000 reapers and mowers per year. This machine . has been manufactured, until recently, in Syracuse, N. Y. The officers of the company are : John Weare, President ; Dyer Williams, Superintendent ; W. W. Walker, Secretary ; Ely E. Weare, Treasurer. The Farmers' Manufacturing Co. — This company was incorporated in 1873, and has a paid-up capital of $100,000. The factory is situated at the west end of Benton street bridge, is built of stone and is 40x80 feet in size. The office and warerooms are on Linn street, between Washington and Adams, a two-story frame structure, 40x120 feet in size. Among the most notable farming implements is the five machines in one — a combined sulky plow, riding harrow, corn plow, hay rake, and stalk cutter. They manufacture from 3,000 to 6,000 of these machines annually. The company is also manufacturing harrows, hay rakes, stalk cutters, the Valley City corn plow, a cultivator and a sulky plow. The officers are : George Greene, President ; E. E. Leech, Secretary ; D. W. C. Rowley, Superintendent ; P. Martel, Treasurer ; A. L. Adams, Assist- ant Superintendent. Their sales extend throughout the West. The foundry and machine shops of Kennedy & Vosburg were established in June, 1876, by Kennedy & Larson. The proprietors are engaged in the man- ufacture of the combined anvil and vise, a portable bellows and forge, of their own invention, and do general jobbing work. They employ ten men. A large stone feed mill is in connection with the foundry, which is operated by the above-named gentlemen. The size of the foundry is 32x60 feet. The machinery is operated by water power, the Teffel turbine wheel being used. The foundry of A. S. Carpenter & Co. is situated in West Cedar Rapids, on Iowa avenue, and was established in March, 1878. They are at present engaged in general foundry work, and also in the manufacture of Langham's patent iron fence post. The machinery is operated by an upright steam engine of four-horse power. Four men are employed in the foundry. Cedar Rapids Foundry and Machine Shop. — Established in 1866 by J. F- Sweet, who subsequently sold to J. S. Brink. The works are situated on the corner of Commercial and Benton streets, and are supplied with all the machinery necessary to conduct the business properly. They are engaged in the manufacture of engines and mill work, do repairing and general jobbing. An engine of their own pattern is used in the shop, and is favorably known as the "Beam engine." Four men are employed. Cedar Rapids Steam Boiler Works. — Established in 1875 by M. J. Galli- gan. The works are situated on North Washington street. Mr. G. is engaged in the manufacture of steam boilers, all kinds of sheet-iron work, tanks, bank vaults, etc. Employs six men. The buildings are being enlarged and improved. 1 1 Excelsior Soap Works. — These works were established in 1874, on a small scale, by Pomeroy & Olmstead. The capacity of the works at present is HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 529 excelled by few in Iowa. A number of brands of soap are made, among them certain fancy toilet soaps. The works are situated in the lower part of the city, near the James street bridge, and are commodious and well arranged for the business, being supplied with all the modern machinery adapted to the- manu- facture of soap. Their sales are principally in the Northwest. The Times printing establishment furnished the Excelsior Works with half a million labels during the year 1875. The furniture manufactory of G. 0. Ohler, located on North Washington street, is complete in every particular. Established in 1854. The works are operated by steam power, and are supplied with every style of improved machinery for the manufacture of every description of furniture. A number of hands are employed, and the works are run to their full capacity all the time. Every description of furniture is made, and furnished to retail dealers either " in the rough " or in a finished condition. The salesrooms are located on North Commercial street. Cedar Rapids Vinegar Works. — The vinegar works owned by Mr. A. Brecht are located on Benton and Adams streets, and- were established in ISG^. The main building is 33x50 feet in size, the principal portion being two stories high, with a basement under the whole, which is used for the storage of stock. The works are supplied with machinery and facilities for the manufact- ure of vinegar on an extensive scale. Mr. Brecht puts up several thousand gallons of pickles annually. He has just completed a two-story brick struct- ure, 18x60 feet in size, which is to be used for the storage of pickles. His sales are principally in the Northwest. The broom manufactory of A. Hovey, established in September, 1876, on the West Side, was subsequently removed to its present location, on Iowa avenue, near Bever's Bank. Mr. Hovey employs five men, and manufactures 200 dozen brooms per month. He also does considerable wholesale trade in furnishing material to other dealers. He is now cultivating forty acres of broom corn. His brooms have taken the premium at two annual State fairs of Iowa. CONFLAGRATIONS. Probably the most destructive fire in Cedar Rapids was that which broke out at 7 P. M., September 12, 1874, and by 9 P. M. the same enemy had totally destroyed the Times ofiice and the building occupied by that paper, on Iowa avenue. The prevailing opinion in regard to the origin of the disaster is that some part of the dying embers of the fire in the engine had been thrown out, and found a lodgment in the wood work of the basement. The fire started in that part of the building, and when first discovered was bursting out of the back windows on the same fioor. The flames ran up the elevator extending from the basement to the third floor, sweeping like a besom of destruction throughout the building, destroying nearly everything before it. In the basement, the engine and fixtures, the large Taylor press, and all the machinery of the ofiice, were destroyed. The second floor contained the jobbing department, consisting of two Gordon presses, sev- eral large imposing stones, and numerous cabinets filled with choice type. Here, also, was a stock of card board, paper, stereotype plates, etc. The floor gave way, precipitating all into the basement, causing a total loss. The front half of the third floor was occupied by the bindery. This room was badly damaged by water and smoke: The rear portion of the room was used as a composing-room. The contents of this were entirely destroyed. Everything in the Times editorial rooms was damaged by fire and water. 530 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. The building was owned by T. G. Newman, of the Standard, and was su total loss. The adjoining buildings — -the Union Savings Bank, and Pope & Bellan's drug store — were in great danger, but were saved by the untiring efforts, of the firemen, who confined the flames to the Times building. Upon leaving the office in the evening, the editor neglected to put the books in th6 safe or lock the door, and upon his arrival at the scene he groped his way into the editorial room to secure the books, but was driven back by the smokel and heat. Finally, with the united efforts of many assistants, the books were gotten out and the safe locked, and thus the contents were saved. The Times office was again injured by fire May 26, 1875, in the then unfinished portion of the Post Office Block. The block belonged to Mrs. Dr. Ely and Mrs. S. L. Dow, and was one of the finest blocks in the city. The Times lost considerable in "pied" type and the delay of business. The paper took up temporary quarters in Taylor's liver^ stable. The post office was removed to the City Hall. The loss in this department was considerable. The firemen were soon on the ground and succeeded in keeping the flames from spreading, although some cinders were blown over on the roofs of the buildings on Iowa avenue, some landing on the Union Bank building, but were extin- guished before doing much damage. The alarm of fire was sounded on the morning of January 13, 1876, as fire was discovered in the Pullman House Block. The Pullman House was the property of Gabriel Carpenter. There were six store-rooms on the ground fioor, the two stories above being used and known as the famous Pullman House, Mr. Jeff. Phillips, proprietor. The alarm sounded between 5 and 6 A. M. Some of the guests were not awakened until the central and rear portions of the house were in flames, and had barely time to escape with their lives, leaving their property behind. There were many narrow escapes from death. One of the girls employed in the hotel leaped from the second-story window, but escaped unhurt. Nearly all the servants employed in and about the house lost everything they had. A subscription was taken up for their benefit, amounting to $135. The business men who suffered loss were A. Levi & Son, Noah Keller, E. K. Larimer and others. The Parsons Block was injured badly. SECRET SOCIETIES. Mt. Harmon Lodge, No. 263, A., F. & A. M., was organized July 3d, 1869, under a dispensation from John Scott, Grand Master of the State of Iowa. A charter was issued June 7, 1870, to the following-named charter members : J. H. Benjamin, W. C. Brooks, A. S. Belt, N. B. Brown, George Carpenter, T. Z. Cook, 0. C. Jones, W. D. Watrous, J. P. Coulter, C. W. Eaton, S. W. Fleek, J. G. Graves, George P. Greene, George M. Hewlett, J. H. Stibbs, I. N. Whillam, John Weare. The first officers under the dispensa- tion were : J. C. Adams, W. M. ; W. B. Leach, S. W. ; H. B. Stibbs, J. W. ; M. A. Higley, Treasurer ; A. V. Eastman, Secretary ; E. D. Pettibone,|S. D. ; C. B. Rowley, J. D. ; W. Stephens, S. S.; Edward Coulter, J. S. ; A. J. Rebur, Tiler. Present officers : George R. Skinner, W. M. ; Phileman Stone, S. W.; F. T. Eaton, J. W.; H. C. Waite, Treasurer; A. V. Eastman, Secretary; J. G. Graves, S. D. ; Fred Pierce, J. D. ; W. A. Robertson, S. S. ; George Noble, J. S. ; G. S. Pettit, Tiler. Membership, sixty-three. Meet in Masonic Hall. Tyrian Council, No. 17, was organized under a dispensation from M. P. G- M. Crabb, September 8, 1870. First membership, J. C. Adams, R. W. Ills.; J. L Peck, P. C. of W.; F. J. Upton, C. of G.; E. S. Hill, Sentinel; B. F. Howknd, Treasurer ; J. L. Enos, George L. Stearns, M. P. Mills, J. T. Hamilton, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 531 T. Z. Cook, J. C. Graves and A. J. Rebur. Charter granted November 22' 1870. Present officers : B. F. Howland, T. I. M. ; James Morton, R. I. M. ' John 0. Baxter, P. C. W. ; G. L. Stearns, Treasurer; J. G. Graves, Recorder"' F. J. Upton, C. of G. ; J. S. Bever, Steward ; A. J. Rebur, Sentinel. Mem" bership, sixteen. Apollo Commandery, No. 26, was instituted December 2, 1875, under a charter issued by 0. P. Waters, R. E. G. C. of the State of Iowa. Charter members, J. T. Hamilton, B. F. Howland, Frank J. Upton, James Morton, G. L. Stearns, J. 0. Baxter, William Flanigan, J. M. Terry, J. C. Adams, T. B. Emerson, G. S. Pettit, A. C. Atherton, E. F. Gage, James HuflF, A. G. Hancock, James Jensen, J. S. McClure and H. C. Farr. First officers: J. T. Hamilton, E. C. ; B. F. Howland, Gen.; Frank J. Upton, C. G.; James Morton, Prelate ; 0. W. Eaton, Treasurer ; George L. Stearns, Recorder ; J. 0. Baxter, S. W. ; William Flanigan, J. W. ; J. M.. Terry, S. B. ; J. C. Adams, Sword Bearer; T. B. Emerson, Warden; G. S. Pettit, Sentinel: Pres- ent officers: James Morton, E. C. ; B. F. Howland, Gen.; J. 0. Baxter, C. G.; G. R. Skinner, Prelate; G. W. Bever, Treasurer; George L. Stearns, Recorder; William Flanigan, S. W. ; C. W. Eaton, J. W.; W. H. Thompson, S. B.; T. B. Emerson, Sword Bearer; J. L. Billian, Warder; G. S. Pettit, Sentinel. Membership, forty-one. Trowel Chapter, No. 49, was organized March 16, 1869, under a dispensa- tion from Pitkin C. Wright, H. P. of the State of Iowa. The first officers were : J. L. Enos, H. P. ; C. P. Gilkinson, K. ; William Walker, Scribe. Present officers — J. T. Hamilton, H. P. ; G. S. Stearns, K. ; J. M. Olmstead, Scribe; George M. Bever, Treasurer, W. H. Smause, Secretary ; J. 0. Baxter, C. H. ; T. M. Gibberson, P. S. ; F. T. Eaton, if. A. C. ; William Elsom, M. 3d V. ; H. Bennett, M. 2d V. ; W. J. Crister, M. let V. ; G. S. Pettit, Guard. The writer was not enabled to secure the date of the charter, nor names of charter members. Cedar Rapids Lodge, No. 141, I. 0. 0. F., was organized May Id, 1866, under a dispensation from J. J. Edginton, G. M. sf the State of Iowa. First- officers — A. A. Lindley, N. G. ; C. Fordyce, V. G. ; J. M. Henderson, Secre- tary ; J. A. Harding, Treasurer ; H. Robinson, R. S. ; D. Denlinger, L. S. ; W. H. Thompson, I. G. ; A. Moody, Warden. Charter was granted the society in October of the same year, to the following petitioners : John Hard- ing, A. A. Lindley, Calwell Fordyce, Harrison Robinson, Alfred Moody, John W. Henderson, and David Denlinger. Present officers — Charles Weare, N. G. ; John Bryon, V. G. ; James M. Haines, Recording Secretary, C. Fordyce, Per- manent Secretary ; W. H. Thompson, Treasurer ; Charles McKee, R. S. ; John Krebbs, L. S. ; Dan Anderson, Conductor ; Willis Vance, Warden. Membership. 65. Mozart Lodge, No. 183, I. 0. 0. F., organized December 8, 1867. The Charter members were: B. Beyer, C. Magnus, S. Adelsheim, P. Seicts, J. Barthel, C. Barthel, L. A. Michaelson, F. Hirshetein and A. Brash. The charter was issued October 18, 1870. First officers — B. Beyer, N. G. ; C. Magnus, V. G. ; S. Adelsheim, Treasurer; P. Seicts, Secretary. Present officers : Mr. Bashaw, N. G. ; W. Oehlenan, V. G. ; J. Petsowitzki, Secre- taacy ; M. Ottmar, Treasurer. Membership, 26. Lone Star Lodge, No. 1, Royal Knights of the Mystic Circle, organized .August 7, 1872. Charter members — F. T. Eaton, Willis Vance, Frank Rams- dell, Walter Clark, J. M. Fellbaum, James Johnston, C. M. Ramsdell. First officers: F. T. Eaton, R. H. H. P.; Willis Vance, R. K.; F. R. Ramsdell, R. 532 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. P.; Walter Clark, Secretary; J. M. Fellbaum, Treasurer and Steward. Pres- ent officers : J. L. Enos, R. H. H. P.; Charles Greene, R. K.; Daniel Ander- son, R. P.; Dell Currier, Guard ; Moses Deering, Secretary. Membership, 81. Home Rebekha Lodge, No. 79, organized October 19, 1876. Charter mem- bers — E. K. Fassett,. Stephen Skinner, D. H. Richards, C. L. Stout, C. For- dyce, S. C. Pantland, N. D. Ingraham, S. Adelsheim, J. M. Patten, Maggie Patten, B. Adelsheim, Kate Fordyce, Mary A. Fassett, Mary C. Pentland, Lucy Ellen Sparks, Sarah T. Ipgraham, Annie Egermeyer, Mary Finke, Amanda Austin, Wensel Shyranch, James M. Haines, Jacob Egermeyer, Thoa. Bashan, R. A. Austin, Charles Finke, M. Ottmar, W. H. Thompson. First officers — S. Adelsheim, N. G.; M. C. Patten, V. G.; James Haines, Secretary ; D. H. Richards, Treasurer ; J. M. Patten, Warden ; S. Ingraham, I. G.; C. L. Stout, Conductor ; C. Fordyce and S. C. Pantland, Supporters. Present officers — Kate Fordyce, N. G.; Mrs. John Bryon, V. Gr.; Stephen Skinner, Secretary ; Louisa Sayles, Treasurer. Membership, 26. Linn Encampment was organized May 26, 1870. First officers — Calwell Fordyce, H. P.; C. R. Sternaman, S. W.; J. W. Smith, J. W.; John A. Hard- ing, Scribe ; Williapa Richmond, Treasurer ; S. P. Richmond, Guide ; B. Byer, First W.; John Richmer, Second W.; Philo Sherwood, Third W.; Phihp Seitz, I. G.; A. J. Rebur, F. G. of Tent ; T. A. Michaelson, S. G. of T. Charter was granted October 19, 1870. Charter members : Calwell Fordyce, S. R. Sternaman, A. J. Rebur, S. P. Richmond, S. Adelsheim, Philo Sher- wood, John Pichner, A. A. Lindley, C. Magnus, J. W. Smith, William Rich- mond and John A. Harking. Present officers : S. Skinner, C. P.; J. M. Haines, H. P.; John Wilber, Secretary; S. J. Knox, S. W.; C. Fordyce, Treasurer. % Crescent Lodge, No. 25, A., F. & A. Mj, was instituted June 3, 1851, as Cedar Rapids Lodge, No. 25. The first officers and charter members were : W. D. McCord, M. W. G. M. ; George Greene, W. M. ; John Vardee, S. W. ; Isaac Cook, J. W. At just what period the name of the Lodge was changed, the records do not show ; but the prevailing opinion among those who hav^ endeavored to get at the exact date, was that it was some time in 1861 or 1862. The present officers of the Lodge are as follows : J. 0. Baxter, W. M. ; James Huff, S. W.; T. L. Stearns, J. W. ; J. W. Henderson, Treasurer ; Henry Bennett, Secretary ; Samuel Kinggold, Chaplain ; C. L. Mullen, S. D. ; G. H. Beck, J. D.; R. T. Jones, S. 8. ; H. C. Morehead, J. S.; G. S. Pettit, Tiler. Linn Lodge, No. 121, A. 0. U. W., was instituted May 28, 1877. The charter members numbered twenty-three, and were as follows : B. E. Burtis, T. Listenwalter, P. L. Broeksmit, L. A. Jeffries, C. P. Emerson, S. S. Dor- wart, James Morton, J. 0. Baxter, A. K. Rettenburg, W. 0. McClain, G. W. Noble, W. Flanigan, B. P. Parker, A. J. Mallahan, M. 0. Cameron, J. B. Doudna, J. White, D. Carrell, W. D. Leach, M. Ottmar, J. M. Ristine, G. R- Skinner, 0. C. L. Jones. First officers— B. E. Burtis, P. M. W. ; G. R. Skinner, M. W. ; J. 0. Baxter, F. ; F. Listenwalter, 0. ; G. Noble, Recorder; C. P. Emerson, Financier; W. Flanigan, Receiver; S. S. Dorwart, Guide; W- 0. McClain, I. W. ; M. 0. Cameron, 0. W. Present officers— B. E. Burtis, P. M. W. ; F. Listenwalter, M. W.; E. 0. Soule, F. ; J. C. Fox, C; James Huff, Recorder; S. A. Bein, Financier; William Flanigan, Recorder; W. 0. McClain, Guide ; A. Irwin, I. W. ; G. M. Summons, 0. W. The society occupies a finely-furnished hall in "Weinnig & Schaeffer's Block, on Iowa avenue. At the time of its dedication. Mayor Young, of Marion, and Rev. Mr. Fawcett, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 533 of Cedar Rapids, delivered the addresses. A banquet was lield at the G-rand Hotel. The Marion Order came down and assisted in the dedication. Present membership, 55. UNION CLUB. This association was organized September 27, 1877. It is composed of the leading young men of the city, and has for its object the promotion of social and literary culture. The Club Rooms are located in Union Bank Block, corner Washington street and Iowa avenue, affording a commanding view of the city' and surroundings. The reading room is neatly carpeted and adorned with pictures, and upon its tables can be found the leading magazines and periodicals of the day. The billiard room is handsomely fitted up with one of Brunswick & Balke's best Monarch tables. Here the young men are afforded an opportunity to spend their leisure hours in reading the best literature of the day, and in engaging in social pastimes, freed from the evil tendencies surrounding public resorts. The object is com- mendable, and the Union Club supplies a want long felt by the young men of Cedar Rapids. The following are the oflScers : President, W. K. Taylor ; Vice President, H. Bennett ; Secretary, John P. Swisher ; Treasurer, E. A. Chorles. THE CITY. Socially, as well as commercially. Cedar Rapids is a desirable place of residence. Its streets are shaded with wide-spreading trees ; its homes, in many instances, are adorned with the beautiful and tasteful works of modern decorative art ; and its society is such as might naturally be expected to exist in the midst of wealth intelligently employed. Comfort is the prevailing im- pression imparted to a casual observer ; and refinement, even luxury, evidently is no foreign element in the life of the citizens of this delightful city. The churches are well sustained. Some of them are exceedingly fine in architectural design and appointment. The pulpits are supplied by men of more than ordinary ability and eloquence. The schools are maintained in liberal style, and afford ample facilities for the preparatory education of youth. Those who are seeking a place of resi- dence will find no better locality than this in which to settle, if they desire educational advantages. Of the business interests and possibilities, ample mention has already been made in this volumfe. The city is well governed, and presents a clean, tidy appearance, that is grateful to the eye. Its business streets are handsomely constructed, and filled with blocks of substantial edifices. Its hotels are more than ordinarily good. As a whole, the city of Cedar Rapids is desirable as a permanent home, in every sense by which a practical business man or an educated gentleman of leisure naturally judges of the qualities of a town. It is unquestionably destined to become a populous center of trade, but at the same time will never sacrifice its more enjoyable characteristics in the pursuit of wealth. A LEGEND OF CEDAR KAPIDS. The following pleasantly wrought legend, composed in its present form by a gentleman of Cedar Rapids, finds a proper lodgment in this volume : There's a legend from of old — Indian prophecy 'tia called— Whence it came or where 'twas told Age or race does not unfold. 534 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Borne upon the pregnant breeze, Growing in the blissful air, Breathed in every breath with ease, Mortals thus inhaled it there ; " In the fullness of time, with wings, shall come An angel race from' the rising sun ; , Myriad in numbers, like light in their thought ; Time shall not end till their destiny's wrought, And peace and prosperity with them shall reign." Thus sachems, chiefs and peoples taught. As yearly to this quiet ford. Each annual pilgrimage, they brought Their tribes to spend their festival. A joyous thought to every will ; To mark the spot, the link to hold, From the pure stream each took a shell, As on yon shore their mound will tell.* There is a city in the West, Sitting on a pleasant stream ; Rippling waters soothe its breast, Peaceful commerce is its theme. The Aztecs, on the landing of Cortez, thought he was an angel, come agreeable to an ancient prediction of their priests. A geologic work of repute refers to the collection of shells in mounds as the work of a former people in observance of their religious rites. ^ MARION. For six years after the Black Hawk war, there was not a human habitation within the boundaries of Marion Township. The virgin soil was yet unbroken, and the site of the city yet undisturbed by the hands of civilization. An oc- casional band of Musquakies, or Sauk and Fox Indians, encamped at the groves as they journeyed to and from trading points and hunting grounds. After peace with the Indians had been restored, the interrupted current of immigration was resumed, and began to fill up the valleys of Eastern Iowa, entering Linn County from the sputheast. Not until the Spring of 1838 did the white settlers come as far as Marion to plant claim-stakes and build rude log huts, with a view to residence. William K. Farnsworth took up a claim adjoining the town on the south, at Isbell's Grove, in 1838, and was probably the first actual settler, although other claims had been taken by persons living further east ; among these were those of James, Preston and Prior Scott, who claimed a large amount of land just east of the village site. Soon after the county seat was located, there came Luman M. Strong, who located north of the west part of the town ; James W. Bassitt, adjoining him on the west ; Rufus H. Lucore, two miles west ; John C. Berry, two and one-half miles north. Soon after, James W. Willis settled north of the east part of the town ; Hosea W. Grray, who settled about August 20, 1838, and moved to Marion in the Spring of 1839 ; George W. Gray settled adjoining on the south ; John Margrave, one-half mile northwest ; Aaron Moriarty, one mile up Indian Creek ; James and Henderson Smith settled on the Kemp place, three miles north; James H. Blackman, adjoining on the northeast; Samuel Ross, his mother and several brothers, adjoining the Willis place, now the E. A. Vaughn place ; Henry Thompson erected a mill three miles south. The *In Col. May's lot, on the west bank of Cedar River, Is the monnd of shells, now partially removed. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 535 southwest and west, being timber, was taken upf only in smaller parcels for tim- ber. Ephraim T. Lewis, one of the Second County Commissioners, and A. B. Mason settled between Marion and Cedar Rapids, and were the first settlers in that direction. All of these came in during 1839. In the Fall of 1839, the Brodies and Leverichs settled two miles northwest of the town. Among other early residents, were Norris Cone, who settled a few miles south, but now resides in town ; Norman, George and John Ives, three miles east, where the two former still live, while the latter now resides in Marion ; Ira Wilson, three miles east, with his sons, George W., now in town, Ira G., on the farm, and John S. near the old place ; W. L. Winter and wife settled on Dry Creek in 1842. Mr. Winter was a public-spirited man ; active in securing railroads and mills. The early days were times of great trial. At first, it was necessary to go to Rochester or Muscatine to trade and get mail. Prairie fires often swept away a house or stack. The creeks were not bridged, and the roads were few, yet'grain had to be hauled to Muscatine. Many oxen were used to open up the farms. As stated in the General History, Marion was located as the county seat by a special Board of Commissioners appointed by the Territorial Legislature in the Spring of 1839. The first official act of the County Commissioners, after perfecting their organization, September 9, 1839, was to name the county seat " Marion," in honor of Gen. Francis Marion. In November, ] 839, the Board appointed David A. Woodbridge to superin- tend laying out the town of Marion and the sale of its lots, and at the same time, Ross McCloud, County Surveyor, was ordered to proceed to lay out the town. The Commissioners' Clerk was instructed to advertise the sale of lots to take place on December 6, 1839. Accordingly, the survey of Marion was made December 2, 1839, by Ross McCloud, assisted by H. W. Gray and A. J. McKean, chain carriers, Blisha Kemp, stake driver, and Ira Wilson, flagman, under the direction of David A. Wooidbridge, Agent, on the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 6, Township 83 north. Range 6, and the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 1, Township 83, Range 7 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian, with Mocks 250 feet square, lots, 60x120 feet, alleys, 10 feet. The lots on which the court buildings now stand were reserved for public use. August 26, 1.'842, Gray & Greene's Addition \yas made on north side of town, being the space which the first surveyed north line varied from the proper section line, as afterward established by the general survey. The land on which the county seat was located belonged to the Government, ■though it was included in the claim of Luman M. Strong. It was entered by Ephraim T. Lewis, Bartimeas McGonigle and Oliver Day, County Commis- sioners, on February 20, 1840. The house of Mr. L. M. Strong, then without the town plat, but now included, was the first to be built. It was erected on the Center Point road, in 1839, and occupied by Mr. Strong as a tavern. It is now known as the old Martindale house. In the same year, Henry Thompson and David A. Woodbridge built the second house, a frame structure, then north of the town plat, near the site of the late residence of H. P. Elliott, subsequently removed, and now used as a blacksmith shop. About the same time, these men built the first store, a log shanty, in the rear of Mrs. W. L. Winter's residence. 536 HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. In relation to the first store, the Commissioners' Record says : Ordered, That Woodbridge & Thompson be allowed a license to vend and retail foreign mer- chandise, at their store in Marion, for one year from the 9th day of October, 1839. Wm. H., a brother of David Woodbridge, came with him. The latter built a small house in 1839, in the northern part of the town, which is now nearly opposite McKean's book store. In March, 1840, Addison Daniels came to Marion on horseback from Iowa City, seeking a location in the Western country. He found there a broad prairie covered with tall wild grass — not a house, not a tree within the " city limits." The outlook for merchandising was not very favorable, yet Mr. Dan- iels courageously set out for Muscatine, and thence to St. Louis, where he pur- chased a stock of goods and returned with them to Marion. On his arrival, he found the house which he had contracted for with Hosea W. Gray completed, and he immediately opened his small stock of goods therein. It is an unusual fact that Mr. Daniels has remained in business to the pres- ent time, thirty-eight years, having been associated with his brothers during a great portion of the time, and is now one of Marion's wealthy, substantial citizens. The old building in which Mr. Daniels first commenced business was twenty by twenty-two feet in size, and cost about $75. This log house, sided with sawed lumber, is still standing on the west side of Market street, near Main, and is occupied as the shoe shop of J G. Ross. - This was the fourth house in Marion, those previous being George Greene's house, built on Main, west of Market street ; Joseph W. Rigger's house, where Dr. Rardwell now lives ; and the first frame house in town, built by Joseph W. Rigger for L. D. Phillips as an hotel, and known as the American House, on the site of the Newhall House. Here within a year Mr. Phillips opened a 'Stock of groceries. After eight or ten years, Mr. Phillips moved to Mineral Point, Wis., where he has become a prominent citizen. In the same Spring, 0. S. Hall built, just north of Mr. Daniels' first store, a story and a half frame building, where he opened the Iowa House. He died in 1846, and the hotel was continued by his wife and son, 0. S. Hall, Jr., until 1871. The building in which they began the hotel business is now occupied by the bakery of C. Domer. In the same Spring the old log jail was built on the site of the Court House. The first prisoner was installed within it for horse stealing before the logs had been laid higher than his shoulders. The Court House was built at the same time. This building was purchased by 0. S. Hall, in 1845, for use as a Methodist Church, and is now occupied by the grocery and restaurant of 0. S. Hall, Jr. P J' g .y S. D. Thompson came in the Fall of 1840, and has been in Marion, more or less, to the present time. In that year, Woodbridge & Thompson moved their store down on to Main street. Porter W. Earl was the first painter in Marion, 1840. In the Spring of 1 840, Hiram Reales built and operated a saw-mill, proba- bly the first in the county, a half mile west of Marion. " Uncle Richard " Thomas, now living in Marion, soon became a partner. In 1840 came George Patterson, who yet remains a citizen of Marion. He built a house in that year, and was followed in the next year by his brother, Wm. J. Patterson, who built the frame store building now known as the " Regu- lator," in which Robert and Magnus Holmes opened a stock of goods. Seven HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 537 years later, Charles Nye became a partner of Robert Holmes ; afterward Henry _ Bistine purchased Mr. Nye's interest, and, successively, Charles Carter replaced Mr. Ristine. Mr. Carter died in 1856, and the firm ceased in 1857, Mr. Holmes becoming connected with the Marion Register. Erazilla Johnson, an original genius, established Marion's first saloon, in 1840, opposite the "Phillips House." His log cabin was so primitive that he was compelled to offer an occasional reward for goods which the boys stole at night by reaching through th« chinks between the logs. If gun caps were in- quired for, he would reply, " Just out, but have got some good flints." " Have you any salt ?" " No, but I'vfe got some excellent mackerel brine." Religious services were first held under a roof in the Court House. Out- door meetings were held as early as the Summer of '40. In 1841, the first school house was built by subscription, near the site of the Prairie Hotel, on Main stfeet. It then stood alone on the open prairie, and school was first taught there by Mr. Higby. Religious services were also con- ducted there by Rev. Mr. Emerson. A Methodist society was organized, and in the next year. Rev. Mr. Rankin, of the Presbyterian Church, held services there. The county ofiicers and other in-comers soon erected houses, and Marion began to assume the form and dignity of a village. The first post oflBce was established in 1839, at the house of Luman M. Strong. Soon after arrival, Mr. Daniels assumed the ofiice of Postmaster, and, in turn, transferred it to John Zunbro, who, with Mr. Hoops, established the next store after that of Robert Holmes, in 1841. In 1843, Harvey Gillett, of Muscatine, opened a store at Marion, under the management of 0. H. Lovett. About 1846, G. W. Gray engaged in a general merchandise business. The first brick building was built by Wm. H. Woodbridge (Ambrose Har- land, mason), as a residence, regardless of the town plat, on the northern part of Marion street, in 1842. It is now known as the Berry House. Here the land sales were held soon after it was built. In the following year, Wm. H. Woodbridge (known as " Democ," because of his strong Democratic sentiments) built a second brick building on Meridian street, south of Main, now owned by A. Daniels & Co. With similar disregard to streets, he began the founda- tion for this bouse diagonally to the lines of the block, but was persuaded to wheel into line with civilization. Among the physicians, Drs. S. H. Tryon, F. W. Tailor and James Cum- mins were first to settle at Marion; In 1841, they were followed by Drs. Leonard Bardwell, C. W. Phelps and Magnus Holmes. In 1842, came Dr. Henry Ristine, who has practiced in the county to the present time, and is now located at Cedar Rapids. Drs. Darkin, J. M. Fanning, Crummey Reynolds, T. S. Bardwell and many others entered into practice afterward. The first attorneys were George Greene, afterward of the Supreme Bench of Iowa, now of Cedar Rapids, who came to the county in 1839, and taught school at Ivanhoe ; and Julius E. Sanford, who died at Dubuque. They came to Mar- ion in the Spring of 1840, and were followed in the same year by John Huber, afterward of Cedar County, and A. L. Roach, afterward of the Supreme Bench of Indiana. Next came Reuben A. Riley and Col. I. M. Preston, who has been a practitioner of Marion since 1842, has filled many legal oflBces, and dis- charged the duties of State Representative and Senator with credit and honor; Judge Isbell, deceased, of the Supreme Bench, whose family still reside here ; Judge Smyth, who began practice in 1845 and continued until his death, acting as Member of Congress and in other ofiBcial capacities ; Maj. Wm. G. Thomp- 538 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. son opened his office in Marion in the Winter of 1853-4, and be also has been honored with many of the worthy positions within the gift of the Iowa people, including those of Representative and Senator ; J. C. Davis, a resident of Marion since 1863, and practitioner since 1863 ; J. B. Young, who has prac- ticed at the bar in Marion since 1853, having filled the positions of County Judge, Representative, Senator and United States Pension Agent. Among the members of the honored bar of Marion not yet mentioned are J. D. Giffen, Daniel Lothian, N. B. Allen, John Mitchell, Alex. Campbell, Henry Sutherland, T. Mentzer, Charles Woods and G. A. Gray. From 1845 to 1855, public attention having been attracted by the rich and fertile soil and other natural advantages of Iowa, and immigration consequently directed hither, the embryotic towns of the State became rapidly populated. Marion increased in size as fast as aiiy of her neighbors, save the Capital — Iowa City — and there was every prospect that it would be favored with a rail- road in 1854 ; but, to the disappointment of all, this railroad scheme failed. The hard times of 1857-8 set in, another railroad was completed to a neighboring town in the county, and the progress of Marion was arrested. In the Spring of 1855, the population was estimated to be from 1,400 to 1,500. In the Spring, another railroad project was started, under favorable au- spices. An immediate connection with Dubuque, and thence with Eastern markets, was oifered, and the energetic citizens worked successfully for the cul- mination of the scheme. Since that time, the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Railroad has made Marion it western terminus, and more recently, in the present year, it has consolidated with the Dubuque Southwestern Railroad. Marion had a rapid growth in 1860-61, and in March, 1861, had the fol- lowing business interests : Ten dry-goods, clothing, etc., firms ; three hardware stores, four groceries, seven boot and shoe shops, two book stores, three drug stores (two of them wholesale), four hotels — the American, Iowa, Wilson and Session Houses ; three banking houses, two newspapers, three tailor shops, two bakeries, two jewelers, three harness shops, four carriage and wagon shops, two cabinet shops, four millinery stores, three livery stables, one meat market, two fanning-mill manufactories, one steam flouring mill, two steam saw-mills, one water-power saw-mill, one foundry, one distillery, one brewery, one barber shop, six blacksmith shops, two marble workers, seven painters, one ambrotypist, two coopers, twenty- three carpenters and ten brick-masons ; nine religious societies twelve ministers, sixteen lawyers and five physicians. Such was the character of Marion in 1861, with 2,000 inhabitants. Marion Institute was established in 1860 by the Misses Isbell, who con- ducted it successfully for several years. The first term closed December 21, 1860. Then came the war, and every town in the nation was affected. Marion's progress was not, however, fully arrested ; but soon after there began the erection of new brick business blocks, elegant residences and general improvements. The city was incorporated in 1865. CITY GOVERNMENT. June 19, 1865, a petition, signed by 198 voters, was presented to Judge Johnson Elliott, praying for the incorporation of Marion. It was accordingly granted and organization was effected by the election of the following officers : Mayor, Thomas J. McKean ; Recorder, G. A. Gray ; Trustees, D. H. Mc- Donald, S. W. Rathbun, G. F. Woods, 0. C. Wyman, N. W. Owen. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 539 The first Council meeting was held November 27, 1865. Meetings were held on the first Monday of each month, but the time has since been changed tfl the second Monday. Tuesday, May 15, 1866, the Council met and adopted the following resolu- tion unanimously : Resolved, That the Mayor be and he is hereby authorized and empowered to issue the bonds of this town, to the amount of $2,000, in such sums as may be by him adopted. Said bonds to bear interest at the rate of 10 per cent, payable semi-annually, and not to be sold for less than 90 cents on the dollar ; and that the fund arising from the sale of said bonds be called the " im- provement fund ;" said bonds to be payable in three years from the date of their issue. May 7, 1870, f500 was voted by the City Council to assist in the survey of the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Railroad, via Marion. April 15, 1871, the following resolution was adopted unanimously : Resolved, By the Town Council of Marion, that said incorporated town of Marion, Linn Co., Iowa, borrow the sum of $2,000, and for the payment of said sum, issue therefor its bonds of $500 each, payable on or before eighteen months from the date of the same, with 10 per cent, interest thereon, payable semi-annually; which bonds shall not be disposed of at less than par value ; and the funds so raised shall i>e and constitute a fund to aid in the construction of a railroad to the town of Marion, subject to the disposal of the Council. April 25, 1871, by an order of the Council, the Mayor was authorized to issue said bonds to the principal ofiicers of the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Rail- road. ^ May 5, 1871, the City Council adopted the following resolution unani- mously : , Resolved, That the Town Council appropriate the sum of $2,500, or so much as may be necessary, to pay the expenses to defeat the removal of the county seat, and for that purpose that bonds be issued in the sum of $50 each, and that said bonds be disposed of at 100 cents on the dollar. August 3, 1872, a pair of six-ton scales were purchased as city scales, and located on the north side of the Park, at a cost of $876.05. At different times, a large number of lamp posts and lamps have been placed in the Park and on the principal streets of the town. August 15, 1872, it was ordered, by a unanimous vote, to issue a bond for $500 to pay for the city scales, etc. It was also ordered, by unanimous vote, to issue the bonds for |5,000 voted by the tax payers, at the special election held for that purpose, for repairs on Court House. Accordingly, bonds for |5,500 were issued on that day, payable five years from date, with interest at 10 per cent, per annum, payable semi-annually. August 27, 1872, bonds to the amount of $1,425.25 were issued to, obtain means for defraying necessary expenses to defeat the re-location of the county seat. September 15, 1853, a wind-mill, force pump and water tank were pur- chased and placed at the northeast corner of Park Square. January 16, 1874, an ordinance preparatory to the adoption of the provi- sions of the code of 1873, ranking Marion as a city of the second class, was adopted, whereby said city was divided into four wards, etc. The first election , under the new organization was held March 2, 1874. By order of the Council, a special vote was taken April 24, 1874, to deter- mine, through the expression of the legal voters of Marion, whether the sale of intoxicating liquors should be prohibited within the city boundaries. This election resulted in 106 votes for prohibition and 103 against prohibition. The Council then passed Ordinance No. 43, fixing the saloon license at $300, and placing saloon keepers under bonds for the faithful observance of all ordi- 640 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. nances regulating the sale of liquors, and requiring the view in saloons from the street to be unobstructed. July 1.0, 1874, bonds to the amount of $1,800, payable in three years from date, with ten percent, interest, for improvement of the fire department,were issued. March 29, 1875, the Council passed an ordinance prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, including wine and beer, under penalty of $100 fine or thirty days' imprisonment. After a few months this ordinance was revoked. In the Fall of 1875, active measures were taken to erect a two-story brick City Hall, just east of Granger & Howe's butcher shop, but this plan did not culminate. In May, 1876, a new cemetery ground was purchased, adjoining the south side of the old one. At present — July, 1878 — the bonded indebtedness of the city is $18,950. All the bills for the past year, and all interest to April, 1878, have been paid, while there is in the city treasury $1,454.73. This showing is encouraging, as, two years ago, bills to the amount of $700 were carried over, to be paid during the next year. The outgoing Council reduced the bonded indebtedness $3,000, besides losing $780 in the failure of Twogood & Elliott's bank. Interest has been paid to the amount of $2,000, ' and $1,600 has been expended on the city cemetery. The city made many improvements in the public park, water tank, wind- mill, street gradings, sidewalks, etc. The only city building at present is the engine house, where Council meet- ings are now held. A pound for shutting up stray animals has been established back of the engine house, and is under the charge of the Marshal. The following list embraces all the city officers : March, 1866 — Mayor, Daniel Lothian; Recorder, G-* A. Gray; Marshal, R. C. Shinn ; Treasurer, D. H. McDonald. Trustees — D. H. McDonald, H. W. Owen, S. W. Rathbun, G. F. Woods, Wm. Wise. March, 1867 — Mayor, D. Lothian ; Recorder, I. C. Whipple ; Marshal, M. B. Allen ; Treasurer, George W. Wilson. Trustees — George W. Wilson, Wm. Ledyard, Wm. Dunn, P. L. Hinckley, Wm. Wise. March, 1868 — Mayor, Thomas Corbett ; Recorder, J. K. Gibson ; Marshal, W. P. Crawley ; Treasurer, G. W. Wilson. Trustees — S. P. Yeomans, J. V. Dewitt, Ed. Bvershed, Geo. W. Wilson, W. J. Patterson. March, 1869 — Mayor, Thomas Corbett ; Recorder and Treasurer, J. K. Gibson ; Marshal, John G. Hayzlett. Trustees — B. F. Seaton, R. M. Jackson, George Cook, George Busby, Phileman Stone. March, 1870 — Mayor, David Carskadden ; Recorder and Treasurer, J. K. Gibson ; Marshal, P. Stone ; Marshal and Night Watch, John Cone. Trust- ees— P. Stone, B. H. Nott, M. H. Crosby, E. I. Bixby, N. Rathbun. March, 1871 — Mayor, J. C. Davis; Recorder and Treasurer, J. K. Gibson; Marshal, John Logan. Trustees — D. R. Wallace, N. W. Owen, J. N. Howe, M. L. Elliott, John Cone. March, 1872— Mayor, J. C. Davis ; Recorder, R. M. Jackson ; Treasurer, R. J. Thompson, afterward, J. C. Twogood. Trustees — D. R. Wallace, J. N. Howe, M. L. Elliott, John Cone, D. T. McAfee. March, 1873 — Mayor, J. C. Davis; Recorder, R. M. Jackson; Treasurer, J. C. Twogood. Trustees— J. N. Howe, M. L. Elliott, J. G. Hayzlett, A. G. Simpkins, P. Leach, R. M. JaCkson. (deceased) MARION .^ HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 541 March, 1874 (Marion having been organized as a city of the second-class and divided into four Wards) — Mayor, J. C. Davis ; Recorder, R. M. Jackson; Marshal, John Magee ; Treasurer, J. K. Gibson ; Aldermen — First Ward, J. G-.Hayzlett, S. A. Hoagland; Second Ward, H. P. Elliott, George W. Cone; Third Ward, M. Parmenter, A. B. Dumont ; Fourth Ward, J. D. Giffen, B. R. Hindman. (Those italicized received by lot the shorter term, one year, the others, two years). March, 1875 — Mayor, D. T. McAfee; City , Attorney, E. C. Preston; Treasurer, E. L. Samson ; Clerk, R. M. Young ; Surveyor, S. W. Durham. New Councilmen — First Ward, D. Carskadden; Second Ward, H. P. Elliott; Third Ward, D. R. Wallace ; Fourth Ward, Earl Granger. Salaries, per annum —Treasurer, $50 ; Clerk, $75. March, 1876 — Mayor, J. C. Davis; City Attorney, E. C. Preston; City Treasurer, R. M. Jackson; Clerk, R. M. Young; Marshal, C. M. Wing. Councilmen — First Ward, D. Carskadden, S. W. Rathbun ; Second Ward, H. P. Elliott, B. F. Seaton ; Third Ward, D. R. Wallace, J. S. Alexander ; Fourth ,Ward, Earl Granger, T. F. Mentzer. March, 1877— Mayor, W. G. White ; City Clerk, C. W. Braska ; Marshal, C. M. Wing ; Treasurer, A. J. McKean. New Councilmen — First Ward, A. Keyes ; Second Ward, A. Caldwell ; Third Ward, John Cone ; Fourth Ward, Earl Granger. March, 1878— Mayor, T. F. Mentzer; City Clerk, C. W. Braska; Treas- urer, R. D. Stephens ; Assessor, G. F. Woods ; Attorney, J. D. Giffen ; Mar- shal, C. M. Wing ; City Weigher, J. V. McClain. Councilmen — First Ward, S. W. Rathbun, A. Keyes; Second Ward, A. Caldwell, George Cone ; Third Ward, John Cone, J. I. Berryhill ; Fourth Ward, Earl Granger, George Busby. , FIRE DEPARTMENT. A meeting was held in May, 1874, in a room over Shed & Wallace's store, for the purpose of organizing a company of men to take charge of the fire en- gines that had been purchased by the city. A company was organized as the Phoenix Engine; and the Hook and Ladder Company, of the "J. C. Davis " .truck, was also perfected. The Chief Engineer was Mr. Latta. D. P. Thurber was elected Foreman of the Phoenix Company, and Arthur Keyes, of the " J. C. Davis " truck. After the organization had been perfected one year, D. P. Thurber was appointed Chief Engineer, and was subsequently elected two terms. The first organization consisted of eighty-three members. The engine is a large-sized Bab- cock Chemical Fire Extinguisher, supplied with two tanks, and was purchased for $2,500. The truck is a late pattern, and cost$800. The old Baptist church was transformed into an engine house, and the engines are kept there. The present ofiicers of the department are : A. B. Dumont, Chief Engineer ; T. M. Jones, Assistant Engineer ; Ben. K. Reichard, Secretary of the Depart- ment. The oflBcers of Phoenix Company are : M. J. Teeter, Captain ; D. R. Kin- ley, First Foreman ; J. S. Horn, Second Foreman ; M. Burns, Treasurer ; E. H. Ward, Secretary ; J. N. North, Engineer. The officers of Hook and Ladder Truck "J. C. Davis " are : S. A. Par- menter, Captain ; S. P. Owen, Foreman ; Jeff. Crawford, Assistant Foreman ; T. K. Parkhurst, Treasurer ; Ben. K. Reichard, Secretary. 542 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. SCHOOLS. The first schools taught in Marion were such as might be supposed to exist in any of the frontier settlements of that early day. Schools were either taught in private dwellings or cabins erected for " school purposes." If there was any one in the midst of the settlers who desired to teach school, he went about among the residents and solicited pupils from the heads of families, and opened a school at once. The major part of the students were children, though in the Winter the larger boys and girls attended. Such was the condition of the Mar^ ion schools until 1855. They were supported by a county tax, which was apportioned to the districts. If the tax failed to make up the requisite amount, private subscriptions supplied the deficit. In the Fall of 1854, tjie citizens began to discuss the question of the estab- lishment of a graded school system. Marion was at that time and until 186Q a sub-district, but in 1860 it became an independent district. A public meeting was called and held in the old Court House, at which meeting a committee was appointed, consisting of R. D. Stephens and others, to prepare a plan for the establishment and government of a graded school. The plan was drawn up and presented by Mr. Stephens, at a subsequent meeting, and adopted. A building was erected in the Fall of 1854 (but not completed until 1855), on the West Side, and is still used for school purposes. A man came on from Philadelphia, who claimed that he was competent to conduct a graded school properly, but upon being subjected to an examination by Mr. Stephens and Robert Holmes, he failed to convince these gentlemen that he was the proper man for the place. He was dismissed. Teachers were not so plentiful then as they are nojv, and it was difficult-to determine what course to pursue. Mr. Stephens, however, soon saw a way out of the dilemma, for the time being. He volunteered to conduct the school him- self, until a teacher could be procured, and under this arrangement the first graded school' in Marion was opened in November, 1855, with 200 pupils. R. D. Stephens, Principal, and Miss Crosby, now Mrs. Elrod, of Marion; Miss Hunter, now Mrs. Vosburg, of Missouri; and Miss Mary Boynington, now a married lady and a resident of Nevada, Iowa, composed the corps of teachers. Mr. Stephens conducted the school four weeks, for which he received the munificent sum of $40. At that time, a Mr. Linderman gave evidence of his ability to take charge of the school, and it was handed over to him. Since then, the graded school system has been carefully' fostered, and Marion, to-day, in point of thoroughness, is second to no city of its size in the State. There are four grades in this first school, and algebra, geometry and Latin are taught. In 1868, the present commodious structure was built, at a cost of $24,000. School was taught in the old building and two small ones that had been erected, until the people felt that a larger building was needed. The present school house is situated on Block 33, the entire block being occupied. The edifice is three stories, including basement, built of brick, and contains eight rooms. The average daily attendance is 500, there being 800 children of school age ip the city. The building is supplied with all the modern school comforts. A good library is maintained in connection with the school, and a fine lot of philosoph- ical apparatus. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 543 The officers of the Board are : R. M. Jackson, President; R. D. Stephens, Treasurer; J. D. Gifflen, Secretary; R. M. Jackson, N. G. Thompson, John M. Booth, M. L. Elliot, John A. Howe and H. M. Bailey, Directors. A small brick building was owned by the district, prior to 1854, where school was taught by any one who chose. CHUKCHES. Methodist Upiscopal Church. — The first Methodist service in the county was held at the house of Nathan Brown, in Linn Grove settlement, by Rev. Mr. Hodges, in the years 1839-40. The circuit then embraced parts of Cedar and Jones Counties and all of Linn. The conference included all of Iowa and Wisconsin and the northern part of Illinois. The first Presiding Elder was Rev. Mr. Reed. Mr. Hodges held meetings in 1840 in Marion. Mr. 0. S. Hall was an active Methodist, and led the first class in that town. This service was observed under a large white oak tree at the foot of Meridian street. There were present Mr. and Mrs. Hallj John Clark, William and Thomas Downing. John and James E. Brownell were members of the orginal society. Regular devotional' exercises were held in Mr. Hall's house. Rev. Mr. Ingham was the first loca- ted Pastor, in 1842. The second Pastor was Rev. Mr. Hayden. In 1845, the old Court House building was fitted up for a church. The ladies organized a benevolent and sewing society early in the '40's, and earned money for church purposes. Of this association, Mrs. Dr. Bardwell was President ; Mrs. 0. S. Hall, Vice President, and Mrs. Jacob Hare, Mrs. Rob- ert Holmes, Mrs. Dumont and Mrs. Dr. Crummey members. In this connec- tion, an amusing incident may be related. The ladies had saved sufficient money to warrant the repairing of the Court House, and it was proposed to paper the walls. Mr. A. Daniels and Mr. Smyth volunteered aid. The ladies managed to find enough paper of one kind to cover the sides and rear end of the room, and concluded to go ahead with the undertaking. Without examin- ing the hangings closely, they proceeded to place them in position and succeeded nicely in doing the work.-^ After the walls were adorned, the Pastor, Rev. Uriah Feree, was called in to inspect the edifice. To his astonishment and the good ladies' consternation, it was discovered that the figure stamped on the paper was nothing less than a cotillion party in full performance of a vigorous dance, with the fiddler seated in a prominent position above them ! What to do, was then the question, and it was answered by a determination to keep still. The plan was followed, and not one word of censure or ridicule ever reached the ears of the enterprising ladies. The meetings were held regularly, not only by the Methodists, but others, as well, and it was never discovered that the suggest- iveness of the wall-paper detracted from the grace and efficiency of the labors of the society. Sentiment has changed somewhat since those days, and dancing is not considered, by all denominations, as an unpardonable sin'; but even now it would be regarded as a gigantic joke to place such decorations on church walls. Presbyterian Church. — The Presbyterian Church of Marion was organized February 5, 1842, by the Rev. J. Stockel, and consisted of the following mem- bers : John Margrave, wife and daughter, Elizabeth, Mrs. Mary Blackman, Rufiis Dodd and wife, J. W. McKnight, wife, and daughter Hannah. J. W. Margrave and J. W. McKnight were elected Ruling Elders. From the time of its organization until its re-union, in 1870, this church belonged to what was known as the " old school." 544 ' HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. There have been two other Presbyterian organizations in Marion, but both were short-lived. One was called New School, afterward organized into the present Congregational Church ; and the other was called the Free Presbyterian Church. At the time of the organization of the present Presbyterian Church, and for some time afterward, services were held in the wooden building at the southwest corner of the park, now known as Stow's corner, but then used for a County Court House. After the present Court House was completed, the Presbyterians sometimes held their services in it, and sometimes in the building now known as the Old Brick School House. In the Autumn of 1851, the lot on which the Presbyterian Church now stands was purchased from Mr. Addison Daniels ; and during the Summer and Winter of 1852, a building was erected, but not completed until after the ar- rival of the present Pastor, in the Spring of 1856. The Rev. S. Cowles, State Missionary, preached to this church from two to ■four times a .year, until 1849, when the Rev. J. S. FuUerton was engaged to supply this church, in connection with the church at Linn Grove, giving one- half his time to each. In the Spring of 1855, Mr. Fullerton ceased to preach to this church, giv- ing all his time to the Linn Grove Church. During the Summer of 1855, the Rev. R. W. Morrow, of the Second Pres- byterian Church, Cedar Rapids, preached occasionally to this church ; and the following Winter it was supplied by the Rev. R. F. Wilson. The Rev. Alexander S. Marshall, the present Pastor, preached his first ser- mon to this church, then worshiping in what is now known as the Old Brick School House, April 20, 1856 ; and on the following day, at a meeting of the congregation, was unanimously invited to supply them for one year, which he accepted, and at once entered upon -the work. Six months after, at a meeting of the congregation, called for the purpose, the Rev. J. D. Mason, then of Davenport, presiding, a call for Mr. Marshall to become their Pastor was made, and on November 18, 1856, presented to the Presbytery of Cedar, then in session, at Iowa City; and on the 11th. of April, 1857, he was ordained and installed Pastor, a relation which has remained unbroken ever since, he being now the senior Pastor in his denomination in the State. 5^2-^* *^® beginning of the present pastorate, twenty-two and a half years ago, there were only twenty-five members in the church, fifty in the Sabbath school and only thirty-five in the entire congregation. Now, there are 180 members in the church, 200 in the Sabbath school and 350 in the congregation. Then, the church was in debt, and their house of worship unfinished. This building has since been enlarged and repaired, at a cost of $3,000, and the church is out of debt. They then promised to pay their Pastor $300 per annum. Now, $1,500. Then, the church gave nothing to missions. Now, the annual con- tribution to this cause is from $200 to $300. This church has a Women's Missionary Society, w^ich supports a native missionary Bible Reader, in Colisco, Africa; a Young People's Missionary Society, which works both for home and foreign missions, and a Children's Missionary Society, which pays the expense of educating a child in the Co- lisco Mission. Of those received to membership in this church, on examination, during the present pastorate, two have devoted themselves to the work of the minis- HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 545 try — Jacob K. Pierce and Ellis W. Lamb. Both are young men of great promise. The former, J. K. Pierce, had been raised a Quaker, and being a minor at the time of his conversion, and not in control of his' estate, as soon as he became of age he gave one-tenth of all he had to missions, the gift -amounting to $300 or $400. He died while a student of Princeton College. The latter, Ellis W. Lamb, after serving his country all through the war, graduating with distinction at the State Law School, had come to spend a few weeks at his uncle's, the Hon. Isaac Cook, near Marion, when he was converted, and soon after decided to study for the ministry. He graduated at Princeton Theological Seminary ; was licensed and ordained as an evan- gelist, by the Presbytery of Cedar Rapids, at Marion, and was under appoint- ment as a missionary to the Pacific Slope ; but before the time of his depart- ure to his field of labor arrived, his health was gone. He has ceased from his labors, and his works do follow him. His body rests in the Marion cem- etery. This church, during the present pastorate, has lost one Elder by removal to another field — George Justice, at present an Elder in the Presbyterian" Church of Mechanicsville — and two by death — J. H. Morrow, cut off suddenly, in the midst of his days and of his usefulness, and William Vaughn, in a good old age, like a shock of corn, cometh in in his season. It has lost four Deacons — one, J. 0. Wallace, by dismission to the Congre- gational Church ; Thomas McKee, by removal ; George W. Logan, by death, while in the army ; and Daniel Mitchell, by death. The Hon. Isaac Cook, Joseph S. Carson, Wm. M. Sample, John Stuck- slager, R. M. Jackson and Lysander Jones are the present Members of Ses- sion, and E. A. Vaughn, Allen Lutz and Wm. G. Erwin are the present Deacons. Baptist Qhurch. — The Baptist Church of Marion was organized in January, 1843, in the log cabin of Elihu Ives, five miles east of Marion, on the old Davenport road. Its coHstituent members were only six, viz. : Elihu Ives, Rachel Ives, Norman Ives, Tandy Brockman, Catherine Brockman and Ann Cone. Rev. W. B. Morey, of Iowa City, was present and preached on the occasion from 1 Pet. ii : 5. Many of the records of this early period are lost, but, so far as appears, the church, from the time of its organization till January, 1848, held its meetings in private houses, with only occasional preaching. At the last-named date, 0. K Gray and Norman Ives were appointed a committee to act in behalf of the church in the purchase of a brick house. In February of the same year, Chas. D. Gray was licensed to preach. / 'The first baptisms recorded occurred in March, 1849. The baptized were Sarah Berry, Omira M. Gray and Jerusha Jones. The name of the adminis- trator is not given. In January, 1849, the church resolved to hire the room over A. Daniels & Bro.'s for meeting purposes, for one year. The room was rented for one year for $25. On December 8th, the church met in the room over A. Daniels & Bro.s ,store for the first time. The first record of the settlement of a Pastor is as fol- lows: "March 9, 1850. Elder Williams being here as a Missionary of the American Baptist Home Mission Society, was invited to become Pastor of the church, with the promise of $100 a year, to be raised by the church toward his support." The invitation was accepted. August 3, 1850, Norman Ives, N. C. Gage and G. W. Lake were appointed Trustees and authorized to purchase a lot for a meeting house, and N. Cone, 546 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. Rev. Mr. Williams, Deacon Vineyard, J. "W. Gageby and John Ives were appointed a Building Committee. The lot on the corner south of A. Daniels & Bro.'s store was purchased ; price not recorded. The records do not show when the building of the church was begun, nor to whom the contracts were let, except the contract to put on the roof, which was taken by Moulin & Bwiest, July 12, 1851. October 11th, of the same year, $200 was borrowed at 6 per cent, to finish the house. - The church became a corporate body June 11, 1853. When Rev. Mr. Williams closed his labors with the church, the record doea not say ; but in the Summer of 1852, Rev. J. C. Ward became Pastor. Rev. J. V. DeWitt became Pastor May 1, 1854. In May, 1855, the church resolved to assume the support of their Pastor without help from the Home Mission Society. September 20, 1856, the church invited the Baptist Churches at Fairview, Kingston, Linn Grove, Shellsburg, Simmon's Creek, Jordan's Grove and Quasr queton to send delegates to meet in Marion Wednesday, November 19th, at 10 o'clock A. M., to consult in reference to organizing themselves into an associa- tion. Rev. Jonas Woodward, of Kingston, was invited to preach on the occa- sion, and Rev. A. Chapin, of Vinton, was invited to attend. The meeting was accordingly held, and resulted in the organization of what is still known as Linn Baptist Association. March 13, 1858, several members were, at their request, dismissed, to form a church at Center Point. August 7, 1858, the church sent a delegation to Lisbon to organize a branch of the Marion church. In June, 1874, the church exchanged its brick edifice on the corner below the Daniels' store for the Methodist house of worship across the street from the Presbyterian house. About one thousand dollars was expended in repairs. In 1871, the church reported 106 members and $902 raised in the year for all purposes. In 1877, the membership was reported at 178, and the sum raised for all purposes in the year, $1,367, and the value of church property $10,000.. Ohurch of Christ. — This society was established in the county at Dry Creek, May 6, 1843, by Elders Iram Wilson and James Berry. Among the original, members were Thomas Radsback and wife, William Brookey, Alpheus Brown and wife, Thomas Cowles and wife, Ira Wilson and others. Before the close of 1845, there were about sixty members. Elder McConnell was the first located Pastor. He came about 1848 and remained many years. Elder Lucius Ames is the present Pastor of the church. The whole number of members at present is about 135. The house of worship is pleasantly situated in Marion, and waa erected in 1856. Congregational Church. — On Wednesday, August 8, 1877, the Congrega- tional Society of Marion laid the corner-stone of a handsome edifice for the worship of God after their method. The building is located on the site of the original church, and is a fine piece of architecture. It is constructed of brick with interior decorations in modern style, and cost the comparatively small sum of $11,000. Many churches of much less pleasing effect have cost twice that amount. The present membership of the society is '240. On the occasion above referred to, Mr. R. D. Stephens, President of the First National Bank of Marion, delivered an address, which was prepared with great care, and is an epitome of the church history of Linn County as well as Marion, in the early tiiries. The address is reproduced entire, because it con- tains much data as to the progress of the country. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 547 The exercises attending the laying of the corner-stone were as follows : InTOcation, by Rev. J. N. Piatt, Pastor of the M. E Church. Reading of the Scriptures, by Rev. D. N. Mason, Pastor of the Baptist Church. Hymn, " Christ is our Corner-stone," by Rev. J. A. Wilson, Pastor of the Christian Church. The hymn was then sung by a choir from the various churches, in which the audience joined. Miss Cora Twogood at the organ. Then followed the historic address by R. D. Stephens, President of the First National Bank, ■which may be found in full below. Prayer by Rev. W. A. Waterman, Pastor of the church. Then followed the laying of the stone by Deacons A. P. Leach, H. Shedd, J. B. Scot(, John Wallace, and Trustees H. Foster and J. K. Hervey. After which. Rev. A. S. Marshall, Pastor of the Presbyterian Church, delivered a congratu- latory address, when the exercises closed with the doxology and benediction. MR. STEPHENS' ADDRESS. With the Lord a thousand years is as a day. The age of this church is but thirty years. How small a fraction of a day is that about which and the events thereof to write a history. History belongs to the past, and not the present. The greater number of you here to-day are older than this churnh. More than half of you hailed the morning of existence and joyfully set out on the journey of life before the birth of this church. Yes, many of you before that hour had advanced to the meridian of life. Yet this organization of the followers of the Master has a history. Dearer still, it has hallowed associations to some which can never be written, but which will perish when the heart that cherishes them ceases to beat. The first settlement of this town began in 1839. Can we realize that so short a time ago this was the frontier of civilization ? Great as has our progress been, scarcely has the grass grown over the blackened circle where burned the last fire of the Indian wick-ee-up ; scarcely has died away the muiBed dip of the oar that set the savage across our streams in his bark canoe, and scarcely has the rain washed out the tracks of the wild beasts which so lately grazed on this very spot ; but, measuring what has been done here and elsewhere in that short time, the wonder still grows that so much has been accomplished in so brief a period. As men came here to reap the harvests of these rich prairies, so came, at the same time, ministers of the gospel of peace to gather for the Kingdom not of this earth. For seven years, there was more' or less regular preaching here, to the diff'erent denominations, in the old Court Room then the only place of meeting, which was jointly used for dispensing justice, for working lodges of secret societies, for the worship of God by the followers of Jesus Christ, and for meet- ings of political conventions, which then, as now, periodically saved the country. That same old Court Room stands to-day, a wooden structure, now used for a bakery. In 1847, Rev. B. Roberts came to this town, and then found here a small organization known as the first Presbyterian Church of Marion, New School. That small band had then selected this site for a church, with a view to erecting thereon a house of God. For that pur- pose the lot was donated by George Greene, late Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, pow 4 resident of this county. Of that organization, I cannot find that there is any record in existence. The same was com- posed of persons who came here, Christians of different denominations, but all earnest in the desire to worship the living God. [ ffe discover from old records that the First Presbyterian €hurch was organized November 11, 1839, the officers being William Vaughn and Samuel Ross, Elders ; Samuel Ross, Thomas Vaughn and William J. Carson. Trustees. — Editor.] Under Mr. Roberts' administration, the organization unanimously voted to form a Congrega- tional Churohj and carried the vote into effect on the Saturday previous to the first Sabbath in April, 1818, by organizing the present church, the First Congregational Church of Marion, and *dopting a confession and articles of faith, to which twenty members subscribed their names. As a few are familiar with these names, I give them; Mr. and Mrs. Amory Keyes; Mr. and Mrs. Jothan Keyes ; Mr. and Mrs. John Sharp; Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Hare; Mr. and Mrs. Wm. M. Stewart; Cyrus Rose, 0. H. Lovitt, Thomas Downing, William Willis, Anna Willis, Naroissa Shinn, Catherine Ristine, Eliza Keyes (now Mrs. Robert Holmes), Miss Louisa F. Roberts, Mrs. Ermina A. Roberts (daughter and wife of the Pastor). Of these, there are but five now members of the ohurch. At the time Brother Roberts came here, he was connected with the Synod of the New School Presbyterian Church, and his field of labor was Marion, Cedar Rapids and Sugar Grove, the grove two and one-half miles west of Mt. Vernon, which place at that time was unknown. Dur- ing his ministry, which ended in 1852, he organized what is now the First Presbyterian Church at Cedar Rapids, in 1848. For his support at these three stations, there was promised him the princely salary of $350, and his case was not difi'erent from many others, when performance lags far behind promise. The records do not show when the old house, now torn down, was built, but the recollection of many present fixes the year 1849 as the year when the edifice was begun. The foundation was laid and the brick walls raised a few feet, when the limited resources failed, and it remained in this condition for a long time. Within its walls the sheep of the town sought shelter, so that it 648 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. passed by the name of the "sheep pen. ' Sacrilegious as the name may sound to our ears, there are many who can testify that it was a place where many have been gathered as sheep into the fold of the Master. So may the new structure be, down to the end of time. For building purposes, little money was contributed. This was a case where that which men had not could not be taken from them. The most of the contributions were in labor and material. Many worked on the building, George A. Patterson gaye the wood to burn the brick. Nat. Chapman burned the brick. That the Pastor might feel that his salary was earned, in addition to his spiritual work,, he quarried the rock, burned' the lime, mixed the mortar and tended the . masons, when the walls went up. Chas. Nye was Agent of the Church ; Charles Nye and Amory Keyes, Building Committee ; Charles Nye, H. Shedd, Henry Ristiue and W. J. Patterson, Committee to Determine the Size. For building purposes, 1851, seven members subscribed $72, the largest, $25. The walls were up and the roof on in 1852, the year that Brother Roberts' laljors ended here. He is still living- in Washington County, this State, now, by ordination, the oldest Congregational minister in the State. The tirst Deacons elected, as shown by the records, were James Wallace and A. Roberts, . chosen at the annual meeting in 1850. Notwithstanding the house was long in building, the church kept up regular worship, using the second floor of the old brick building opposite and north of the town well, and the second ' floor in the building now owned by Mr. A. Daniels,' east of the same. In the latter room, in January, 1850, the first revival of the church occurred. The Pastor was assisted by Rev. Mr. Woods, then of the American Tract Society. True to the instincts of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England, and fixed in the idea that all men are made in the image of God, we find this church, in 1852, discussing the slavery question, which then began to divide the politics of the country. It was then solemnly voted that no minister, the owner of slaves, should he allowed to preach in its pulpit. As in politics, so in church, this question would not be put down, and in 1863; after a long consideration of this ques- tion and consultation by letter with a distant minister of the faith (Rev. Holbrook, of Chicago) about it, so that there might be " love toward all and malice toward none," the church deter- mined not to admit to fellowship any one who was the owner of slaves. The Rev. J. A. Reed, of the A. M. Society, present. Thirty years ago, as now, boys and girls were born of the same parents, lodged v^der the same roof, ate at the same family table and alike married and were given in marriage. In th& light of this we cannot understand the motives of our predecessors in requiring the sexes to sit apart in church, except that it was a Puritanical requirement that had outlasted its time, or that partings might be frequent to induce sober reflections, and meetings often to multiply joys. If they called this a yoke, it would be hard now to convince us that it was easy. The Psalmist says " God setteth the solitary in families." At the wisdom of this there are few to cavil. The adoption of this rule in His worship here and hereafter would rob this church of half its usefulness and heaven of half its joys. ¥o entitle our church to hold property and perpetuate itself as a corporate body under the laws of the State, it was regularly incorporated in May, 1852, and articles placed on record. John Sharp, Chas. Nye and Amory Keyes were the first Trustees. By its own limitation, that organization expired in twenty years, and the same was again re- organized in 1877. In 1852, the church was first represented in the Minor Association, held at Davenport. Sam- uel Ross was the delegate. In July, the same year, all the outstanding bills against the church, on building, as tar as the same had then gone, were settled — amount, $248 — and so great was the joy that a grievous burden had been removed, that a day of thanksgiving and'prayer was appointed and observed. i With the church, 1852 was an eventful year. Having recovered from the sacrifices of build- ing for a few months, they undertook the job of plastering and putting in pulpit and temporary seats. The report of this work was submitted December 3, 1852, by Wells Stoddard, Chairman of the Committee. The cost was $176.69; amount paid, $44.82, and the balance, $181.87, ft debt on the church, which was not paid till April, 1854, when there was another day of thanks^ giving and prayer observed. In 1854 the church was seated. A short time after that the gal- lery was taken down . In 1858 or ' 59, the tower was built and the bell raised. Previous to this the bell was hung on a wooden frame at the southeast corner of the church, but a foot from the ground. When the seating came to be done, such an esthelical taste and spirit of emulation had crept into the church, that the work must be done according to the latest style. A resident mechanic (W. J. Patterson), whom you would all know, if I mentioned his name, started off on a tour of inspection. Arriving al^ Dubuque, he went to the Sunday morning services, secured a favorable seat, and while a practical sermon was being preached, he took in the Inspiration of the hour, and at the same time, with a paper and pencil, sketched the form and style of the pews, desk and internal finish, returned home and executed the plans. For twenty and more years thereafter, the church worshiped in a house with city style and decorations. As early as 1851, the church voted to call Rev. J. R. Mershon, and to pay him $350, and get $150 from the Home Missionary Society. But failing to raise the salary, he did not respond. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 549 Again the church, in July, 1852, called him, and voted to raise $150, and get $250 from the Home Missionary Society. Among the papers of the church, there is a subscription to raise the salary of Key. Mershon, containing fourteen names, amounting to $140, with amounts from $2 to $20 each, which, considering the names and the condition of the parties, may be regarded as a liberal subscription., Only five of those members are now among us. In May, 1854; Eev. Albert Manson, having just arrived here from Vermont, under commission from the Home Mis- sionary Society, was engaged as a minister, at a salary of $500, the church raising $283, and the Home Missionary Society paying $217. Bro. Manson continued his engagement with the church up to and during the year 1857, and for some time after that was connected with the church, and a citizen here. He now lives it Quasquetown, and Rev. Mershon at Newton, Iowa. In October, 1854, the joint meeting of the Minor Association of Dubuque and Davenport was held at this church, which was the first meeting of the Minor Association held here. Rev. J. H. Windsor, now of Grafton, Massachusetts was Moderator, and the venerable and much- beloved Dr. Robbins, for thirty-five years Pastor at Muscatine, administered ihe Lord's Supper. Mrs. Dr. Ristine and Mrs. Huldah James were the committee of entertainment. May, 1865, John Sharp was chosen delegate, and represented this church for the first time, in the State Association, held at Burlington. In 1853, occurred the first case of discipline, and, as the result of trials had during that and the following year, there were three excommunicated and two suspended. Also, in the same year, December 31, 1853, regular monthly prayer meetings were established, held on the first Monday in each month ; and on the same day it was voted to make the intermission betwee ■< the two Sunday services twenty instead of thirty minutes, which was the regular New England method. Miss Helen Keyes, now wife of J. D. Giifen, was the first case of infant baptism. The engagement with Bro. Manson, who had been a faithful minister, serving when the membership was small and Ihe society was weak, having expired, the church, in June, 1858, tolled D. S. Dickenson, then of Illinois, who remained for two years. The records do not show at what salary. Sunday, June 22, 1860, Rev. J. H. Windsor preached the morning service. A church meeting was immediately held, which resulted in calling him, the church agreeing to pay $400, and Telying for $100 on the Home Missionary Society. He remained,Berving faithfully for three years, at the same salary. One year, the second, the church paid it all, the first year of self- support, and the last gave him a donation visit of $50 and upward. As a memento of his stay here, the ashes of one child rest in our cem.etery, while the spirit is watching for his coming up to heaven. With him went the kind wishes of many, and around his memory cluster to-day many precious recollections. In September, 1864, the church called the Rev. John A. Ross, then of the State of Maine, at $700, for which he labored two years ; when, in 1860, a council was called — the first ecclesias- tical body called by the church — and' he was regularly installed the first Pastor of the church. In that capacity he did the minister's work faithfully, until July, 1873, when, by a similar council, his connection with the church was dissolved, making, in all, nine years labor in this field. After the second year, his salary was raised to $1,000. For the last two years he received $1,200 per year. During his pastorate, there occurred the most precious revival in the history of the church, and many sought and found membership, of which number was your speaker. VVithout making invidious comparison, it is safe to say that no minister left this church with more regrets in the hearts of his flock, and although he is now far away in Belfast, Maine, there is a strong chord of love here that reaches to him there. What he may perhaps have lacked in the social qualities he made full amends for in persistent study, high culture and finished scholarship. It was during his pastorate, in 1871, the State Association met at this place, for the first time, the pleasant recollections of which are still fresh to you all. Rev. Chas. H. Bissell, now of Traer, this State, was called in September, 1873, and labored in this field for eighteen months, at a salary of $1,200. Many remember still his earnest, zealous and emphatic sermons. After the close of his labors, for eight months the church had only an occasional supply, until December 1, 1875, under a call previously made and accepted, Rev. W. A. Waterman, then of Cameron, Mo , began his work for the church, at a salary of $1,600. la the following May, a council was called, at which he was installed the second Pastor of the church. Dr. Bingham, of Dubuque, preaching the sermon of the occasion. During the last Winter, the most wide-spread religious interest was awakened, and many were added to the roll of the faithful ; so that during his ministry thus far the membership has been more than doubled. But he is before you, and further speech of him delicacy forbids. The admissions for the last year were 107. ^' i,. I must not omit to say that Deacon Hubbard Shedd and wife became members ot this church in 1850, and from that to the present time, twenty-seven years, he has held an office in the church the only case of the kind on the record, much to the satisfaction of the members. The old church is gone. Still in our sight is much of the material to enter into the con- Btruotion of the new. But six weeks ago its walls were pulled down. How many of you know 550 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. its dimensions ? It took a committee of five to fix them, and shall they so soon be forgotten ? Its photograph should have gone under the corner-atone of the new,*but it was neglected. While the facts are fresh (for it is now a thing of the past), let us make the record. It was 54 feet north and south by 33, and 16 feet high, with quarter pitch roof, flat ceiling, and tower 10x10 in the middle of the south end, and contained fifty-four pews. The last service was the first' Sabbath in July. Among the many resources had to raise money, the Church in 1854 voted that the members should pay in proportion as they were assessed for taxation. Among the papers I found the list for that year, comprising twenty names, and aggregating a total valuation of $38,923, less than an average of $2,000. Compare that with the present and who will not say that unto those who sought first the Lord's kingdom he has not richly added thereunto all the other things. Con- sider well, too, those of you who can remember, the impoverished condition and scanty resources of the pioneers compared with the prosperity of the present. It is said we are building too large and at too great a cost. We have added forty-three feet in length and nineteen feet in width. Has not God in these thirty years added more than that length to your members, and more than that width to your numbers and substance? Can we even now say that we are com- ing as nobly and generously up to the help of the Lord as did those who built the first temple on this site ? The pianos and carriages of this congregation will alone build this new structure. Of these, the first builders had none, not one. Against these I would not utter reproach, but rather thank our Heavenly Father that we are able to have both. Whether we have planned wisely and will build well can better be told by those who shall a century hence, take down these walls and read the proceedings of this day, as deposited under this corner-stone. That they shall find in the record we mike for ourselves as much to commend and as little to condemn as in the record we make for our predecessors, is the devout and fervent prayer, I believei of you, as I know it is of myself. The Seventh-Day Adventists.—Thxa society was established about 1859 by Elder M. B. Cornell and others, who came to Marion with a tent in which to hold services, and continued for several weeks to preach there, resulting in the formation of a society with about sixty members. Meetings were held in a public hall until 1864, when a building was purchased, located on Market street, near the Baptist Church, and fitted for church purposes, during the Pastoratei , of Elder B. F. Snook. Elder W. H. Breckerhofi" preached from 1866 to 1868. , In 1865, the society was divided, upon the belief of one division that their prophetess, Mrs. B. G. White, had divine revelations, the newspaper being an instrument of the portion discarding the revelations, the latter denomination now being known as the Church of God. The society still calling themselves Seventh-Day Adventists erected a church edifice a few years later, and each now holds separate services. No regulSir preachers are sustained, as their Elders act in the capacity of evangelists or traveling missionaries. Services are held regularly every Saturday, and a Sabbath school is held before the services. Roman Catholie Ohureh. — In 1869, under the direction of Rev. Father Lowrey, of Cedar Rapids, a society was organized and a church edifice erected. Father Lowrey awakened a degree of interest in the work which was creditable to all concerned. The church building is 24x50 feet in size. The pulpit is supplied by Father Lowrey at the present time. The church was built in 1867. ^he committee to buy the lot and erect the building was J. C. Davis, B. Dougherty, F. Seminger and James Flinn, who acted until the building was dedicated. The first meeting ever held in Marion was in 1864, in the house of Dennis Colbert. The first Sunday school organization was in 1868, under the direction of Mrs. Mary Seminger. The amount for the erection of the church was raised by the members and citizens of Marion generally. Three thousand and four hundred dollars was secured, four hundred and twenty dollars of which was raised by J. C. Davis, who held a fair for that purpose. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 551 ASSOCIATIONS. Marion Lodge, No. 6, A., F. ^ A. M. — This society was organized March 18, 1844, under a dispensation. The first officers under the dispensation were: William Abbe, W. M.; Law- rence Hollenbeck, S. W.; John C. Berry, J. W.; David Stiles, S. D.; A. E. Skinner, J. D.; H. S. Camp, Tiler; Samuel Hunter, Treasurer; Joseph Mc- Kee, Secretary. A charter was granted the Lodge, January 8, 1845, by the Grand Lodge that convened in Iowa City, with Oliver Cock, W. M. The charter members were: William Abbe, W. M.; L. Hollenbeck, S. W.; J. C. Berry, J. W. Present officers— J. B. Scott, W. M.; J. S. Torrence, S. W.; G. A. Lilly, J. W.; W. L. Elliott, Treasurer ; J. K. Gibson, Secretarv ; E. I. Bixby, S. D.; W. L. Lilly, J. D.; N. E. Burris, Steward; James Beall, Steward ; S. B. Withers, Tiler. ' Membership, 99. The society first held its meetings in the old Court House, and has been removed several times since. Now meets in a large hall in Mentzer & Son's building. Marion Royal Arch Chapter, No. 10, organized September 25, 1855, under a dispensation from J. R. Hartsock, Grand H. P. State of Iowa, issued July 4, 1855. Date of charter. May 31, 1856. Charter members — Robert Holmes, Henry RJB<;ine, A. Manson, G. W. Miller, L. H. Cameron, G. W. Madden. First o$cers — ^G. R. Hartsock, H. P.; Robert Holmes, K.; Gabriel Carpenter, S. P. T!; Henry Ristine, C. H.; A. Manson, P. S.; G. W. Miller, R. A. Captain ; J. H. Cameron, G. M. 3d V.; Mowry Farman, G. M. 2d V.; S. W. Madden, G. M.lstV. Present officers— A. Grant, H. P.; M. L. Elliott, K.; John Hunter, S.: A. B. Dumont, Treas.; J. G. Reichard, Sec; H. T. Milliken, C. H.; T. J. McDaneld, P. S.; E. I. Bixby, R. A. C; G. P. Carman, M. 3d V.; a E. Shedd, M. 2d V.; A. Ammerman, M. 1st V.; G. B. Withers, Tiler. Membership, 92. Patmos Commandery, No. 27. — Organized under a charter October 19, 1875. Charter members — R. D. Stephens, A. B. Dumont, A. Grant, J. T. Harris, J. G. Reichard, J. G. Hayzlett, N. W. Owen, D. T. McAffee, 0. C. Wyman, Z. T. Mullen, M. Parmenter, S. N. Farker and John Lanning. First oiicers— R. D. Stephens, E. C. ; A. B. Dumont, G. ; A. Grant, C. G. ; J. G. Hayzlett, S. W. ; J. T. Harris, J. W. ; D. T. McAffee, S. B. ; N. W. Owen, Siyord Bearer; S. W. Parker, J. W. ; John Lanning, P.; M. Parmenter, Treasurer; J. G. Ricchard, Secretary. Present officers — R. D. Stephens, E. C. : S. T. Berry, G. ; A. Grant, C. G. ; A. B. Dumont, P. ; G. B. Owen, S. W.; George Gibson, J. W. ; D. T. McAffee, S. B.; N. W. Owen, Sword Bearer ; M. Parmenter, Treasurer ; J. G. Reichard, Secretary. The present membership , is 52. Meetings are held in the Masonic Hall. Be Malay Lodge, No. 384-, A., F. ^ A. M. — This society was organized under a dispensation January 19, 1878. Charter members : A. B. Dumont, W. M. ; H. G. Milligan, S. W. ; A. M. Goldsbury, J. W. , First officers— A. B. Dumont, W. M. ; H. G. Milligan, S. W. ; A. M. Goldsbury, J. W. ; C. E. Shedd, S. D. ; T. J. McDaneld, J. D. ; C. P. Car- man, S. S. ; S. T. Berry, J. S. ; George Gibson, Tiler ; M. Parmenter, Treas- urer ; J. L. Crawford, Secretary. Present officers — Same as above, with the exception of J. M. Booth, Tiler; A. Ammerman, J. S. ; J. S. Borgett, Chaplain ; and J. W. Bowdish, Secretary. The society numbers 24 members. 652 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Osceola Lodge, No. 18, I. 0. 0. F. — Instituted September 25, 1848. Charter members — I. M. Preston, S. J. Hess, H. H. Welch, M. S. Morris, Richard Cartright. First officers — I. M. Preston, N. G.; T. L. Ovington, V. G.; A. Daniels, Secretary; P. Daniels, Treasurer ; S. R. Crummey, Conductor; J. D. Thompson, I. G.; H. G. Thomas, R. S. S.; H. H. Welch, L. S. S. The records do not show the election of any other officers. A charter was given the Lodge, October 20, 1869, in lieu of the one issued August 30, 1868. Present officers: J. I. Berryhill, N. G.; J. H. Hazelton, V. G.; L. E. White, Secretary; J. Coenen, Treasurer. Linn Micampment, No. 91. — First meeting was held April 4, 1876. Charter members — I. M. Preston, E. C. Preston, J. J. Taylor, L. K. Parkhurst, John Cone, Stephen Parmenter, John Magee, J. M. Gray, By. Carl, D. R. Hindman, George Busby, A. Adams. First officers : J. M Preston, C. P.; J. J Taylor, H. P.; B. C. Preston, S. W.; John Cone, J. W.; S. K. Parkhurst, Scribe ; Stephen Parmenter, Treasurer ; J. M. Gray, Guide ; John Magee, Sentinel ; D. R. Hindman and George Busby, Guard of 1? ent. Present offi- cers— D. R. Hindman, C. P.; Wallace Burns, H. P.; J. M. Houlett, S. W.; H. I. Elliott, J. W.; Bert C. Busby, Scribe; L. K Parkhurst, Treasurer. Libra Lodge, No. 19, A. 0. U. TT.— Organized March 23, 1875. Charter members — George E. Fullerton, John M. Booth, D. P. Thurber, D.But-' terfield, S. Smoyer, E. L. Samson, D. R. Hindman, W. G. White, T. J. Mc- Danield, 0. S. Hall, I. D. McDanield, John Swan, J. G. Hayzlett^ J. L. Craw- ford, N. W. Yeark, J. C. Bixby, George N. Wilson, D. 0. Belden, G. D. Gillilan, John A. Howe, A. Hayzlett, D. T. McAffee. First officers— W. G. White, P. M. W.; J. G. Hayzlett, M. W.; D. R. Hindman, F.; J. L. Crawford, 0.; E. L. Sq-mson, Recorder ; J. E. Fullerton, Receiver ; J. M. Booth, Finan- cier ; D. P. Thurber, G.; T. J. McDanield, I. W.; I. D. McDanield, 0. W.; J. E. Fullerton, M. E. Present officers — J. B. Young, M. W.; N. E. Bur- roughs, F.; J. H. Hazelton, 0.; E. H. Ward, Recorder; John B. Graves; Receiver; William M. Williams, Financier; A. Rester, G.; Peter Russ, I. W.; William Harberson, 0. W.; Dr. D. R. Hindman, Medical Examiner. The Past Master Workmen of the society since its organization have been — W. G. White, D. R. Hindman, J. L. 'Crawford, G. E. Fullerton, J. M. Booth, E. L. Samson and D. P. Thurber. Membership, 85. Society meet in their large ■ finely furnished hall over Twogood & Downie's store. RAILROADS. The first railroad project through the county was the Dubuque & Keokuk Rail- road, designed to connect the two cities named. The route contemplated was from Dubuque through Cascade, Anamosa, Marion, Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, and thence either through Washington or Fairfield to Keokuk. Efforts were made to get an act through Congress donating alternate sections of the public lands to aid in its construction, but did not succeed. Gen. Thomas J. McKean, of Marion, made a preliminary survey of the line. The project received from its enemies the name of " Ram's Horn," a term of derision for its supposed devia- tion from a straight line. It was a feasible route, however, as is proven by the fact that there was constructed, years after the project was abandoned, a road nearly on the original line from Dubuque to Cedar Rapids, from which place connection has recently been made as far as Iowa City, so that trains are now being run daily over more than one-half the distance, and substantially on the same line originally contemplated by the early settlers in their efibrts to get an outlet for their surplus productions. The construction of a north and south HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 553 road was gradually abandoned as the railroads from Chicago were slowly- approaching the Mississippi River. It was readily seen that these roads would be continued westward through the State, and hence public attention was turned toward the East for the solution of the transportation problem. About the year 1852, a company was chartered by the Illinois Legislature for the construction of a railroad from St. Charles, in that State — to which town a branch of the Galena & Chicago (now North-Western) had been built — to the Mississippi River, at or near Savannah, 111. Of this company, S. S. Jones, of St. Charles, was President, and it started out with good prospects of an early completion of the line. In the Spring of 1853, a convention of many of the leading citizens of Clinton, Jackson, Jones, Linn and other counties farther west, was called, to meet at Maquoketa, at which time a company was organized, under the name of the "Iowa Central Air Line Railroad Company," to extend that road from the Mississippi River, at Sabula, in Jacjjson County, to the Missouri River, through the counties of Jackson, Jones and Linn, with a branch to Lyons. At a special election held on the second Monday in June, 1853, the voters of Linn County decided to issue county bonds to the amount of $200,000 to aid in the construction of the roads. In 1856, Congress made a grant of land to Iowa to aid in the construction of four roads across the State, including one on the line of this company. The Legislature of the State, at the extra session in July, 1856, conferred upon the Iowa Central Air Line Company the lands granted to the State, to build a road near or upon the forty-second degree of north latitude, from Sabula to the Missouri River. A contract was let to a company of New York capitalists to build the first eighty miles of the road to Marion ; but, for some reason, they made but little progress. The financial crisis of 1857 brought the work to a standstill, the contractors finding it impossible to proceed with the work. In the meantime, a rival company had organized to build a road from Clin- ton to Cedar Rapids, and thence to the Missouri River. By the Spring of 1858 they had built some thirty-five miles of road to Wheatland, west of the Wapsipinicon River. The rapid progress of this company disheartened the friends of the other enterprise, it being considered absurd to suppose that the two roads, if built, would ever find business enough to pay even running expenses. In a little over fifteen years thereafter, however, two other east and west roads were built in that section, between the Mississippi River and Linn County, and two north and south roads also penetrate it. In the year 1860, the State Legislature, finding that the Iowa Central Air Line Company was not prosecuting the work energetically, resumed the land grant and conferred it upon the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Com- pany, then 'constructing their road westward from Cedar Rapids. The " Dubuque Southwestern Railroad " was originally intended as a con- necting link between the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad and the Air Line Railroad at Anamosa. The city of Dubuque voted bonds to the amount of $250,000 to assist in building it. It was finished to Anamosa in 1859, and to Springville early in 1861. The breaking-out of the war put a stop to the work, and Springville remained the terminus until 1864, when track -laying was re- commenced, and the road was opened to Marion late in the Fall of that year. The citizens of Marion contributed liberally toward the extension of the road from Anamosa, paying, in all, at least $50,000. 554 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. A company under the name of the "Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Railroad," was formed in Marion, in the Winter of 1869, to build a road from Sabula, in Jackson County, westerly through Jackson, Jones and Linn Counties, to Marion, and thence through Benton, Tama and Grundy Counties to Ackley, on the Illinois Central Railroad. The Western Union Railroad, running from Racine to Rock Island, had been purchased by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Company, and it was understood that the company were anxious for an Iowa extension. A delegation of Marion citizens, with parties from several of the towns along the old Iowa Central route, visited Milwaukee, and, after con- sultation with the managers of the St. Paul road, returned home and organized the S., A. & D. R. R. Co., withR. D. Stephens, of Marion, as President; Geo. Wells, of Grundy County, as Vice President ; and S. W. Rathbun, of Marion, as Secretary. The contract between the companies was, that the S., A. & D. R. R. should do the grading and tying, and the Milwaukee company was to iron and operate the road. During the year 1870, twenty miles of the road were completed and put in operation, between Sabula and the town of Preston, in Jackson County, (named after Col. I. M. Preston, of Marion). In 1871, the road was further extended to Olin, in Jones County, and in December, 1872, the track was laid to Marion. In August, 1870, Marion township voted a tax of five per cent, in aid of this road. This tax produced a total revenue of about $60,000, in addi- tion to which there was about $25,000 of private subscription, making nearly $90,000 paid by Marion to secure this road. THE PRESS. This will be noticed more definitely in a special chapter on that important subject. The first paper of Marion was the Prairie Star, which was estab- lished in 1852, by Azor Hoyt. This was changed to the Linn County Regis- ter, then to the Linn County Patriot, then to the Marion Register. There has been also the Marion Herald changed to the Marion Democrat; also the Linn County Signal; then the Linn County Pilot, which was established by C. W. Kepler, September 1, 1871, at Mount Vernon. It was an eight-column folio, and supported Horace Greeley in 1872. Andrew Beatty became pro- prietor August 29, 1872, and for a month, in August, 1873, P. J. Fisher became his partner. It was moved to Marion March 5, 1874, where it has since been published by Beatty & Willits. The Hope of Israel was issued, in 1866, by the Adventist Society. It is still operated under the title oi Advent and Sabbath Advocate, by Jacob Brinkerhofi". Marion has three weekly newspapers and a job printing ofiice of good size conducted by Bardwell Brothers. BREWING INTERESTS. The brewery of Coenin & Schneider was established in 1867, by Coenen & Brother. The main building is a lg,rge three-story stone structure. A malt house was built in 1872. The building is situated at the base of a large emi- nence, and the cellars run back under the brow of the hill 120 feet. There are two large ice cellars containing 1,800 tons of ice. There is a large drying room in the second story, where the malt is dried. The machinery is operated by a sixteen horse power steam engine, manufactured by the Chicago Steam Engine Company. Thirty barrels of beer are manufactured daily. The build- ing is provided with new elevators, and a large fanning-mill of the " Big Giant " pattern is used in extracting all foreign matter from the barley. The proprier HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 555 tors purchased 12,000 tushels of barley last season, for which they paid forty- five cents per bushel. About 4,000 bushels of malt are on hand, which was manufactured during the Winter of 1877-8 ; about 120 bushels of malt are con- sumed daily. The arrangement for receiving the barley into the building is worthy of notice. The wagons loaded with the grain are hauled up on to the summit of the hill, on a level with the third story, are then unloaded into a car and thence into the third floor ; if the barley contains any impurities, it is run through the large fanning-mill before mentioned, and if not, it passes at once to the barley floor below. There are fourteen casks in the first cellar, each con- taining twenty-five barrels of beer ; in the second cellar there are thirty-two casks with a like capacity. There are twelve tubs -in the fermenting room, each having a capacity of thirty barrels of the liquid. There is a large cistern on the hill containing 150 barrels of water ; a large well on the low ground fur- nishes the water_^necessary for the manufacture of beer. The proprietors also have several large barns on the premises where cattle are fattened during the Winter season. INDIAN CREEK MILLS. A twO'Story frame building, erected about eight years ago by Messrs. Cromer & Carrer, and were first operated by them. They are at present the property of Giflbrd & Miller, and have been owned and operated by these gentlemen for three years. The mills are situated about one-half mile west of the business part of Marion, and are engaged principally in grinding grists for farmers. The Lefiels double turbine wheel is used in operating two run of stone. The owners have recently placed a new separator and " middlings purifier " in the mill, used in manufacturing the " Patent Process Flour." Richard Thomas and an old resident of Linn County, Hiram Beales, built the dam. BANKING. The First National Bank of Marion was organized June 12, 1863 ; the charter bearing date October 31, 1863. Business was begun January 1, 1864', with the following officers: Joseph Mentzer, President; R. D. Stephens, Cashier. September 26, 1864, Mr. R. D. Stephens became President, and has filled that office since. Present Cashier, J. W. Bowdish. The capital at organ- ization was $50,000, but a year later it was increased to $67,000, the surplus capital at present being $34,000. This was the first National Bank organized in Linn County, and the third organized in the State. It bears the number 117 in the United States Bureau of Currency. Before the organization of this bank several private bankers had operated in Marion. The first were R. & W. Smith, the former now of Mt. Vernon. They were superseded in 1856 by Smith, Twogood & Co., followed by Twogood & Elliott, until October 23, 1877, when they made an assignment under the State law and went into bankruptcy, February 5, 1878. This was a heavy blow upon a large number of creditors, there being about $130,000 unsecured indebtedness, and $35,000 secured. Nothing more than a nominal percentage will be realized. Greene, Weare & Graves, of Cedar Rapids, established a branch /house at Marion in 1856, and continued about four years. BUSINESS INTERESTS. , The early business of Marion has already been referred to, and the condi- tion in 1860 shown. Since that time, the trade has been favored with a grad- 556 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY ual increase, so that at present the business houses present a lively and prosperous aspect, notwithstanding several fires. The flouring-mill erected near the depot has twice been destroyed. A distillery and mill combined was the first to be swept away by fire in that locality. At the time of the last con- flagration, B. H. Sharp was proprietor of the mill. Its large stone walls still stand near the depot, and will probably be reconstructed. The city is provided with two excellent hotels, the "Park Place," by A. Caldwell, a three-story brick, of good dimensions ; the Newhall House, by P. B. Stinger, the oldest in the city ; and the Washington House, by Mr. Koslovsky. There are two wagon factories — by Mr. Winsor and Mr. Jaquith — of considera- ble prominence, employing a large number of workmen. There are also the following business interests : general merchandise, 3 ; dry goods, 4 ; grocers, 6 ; drugs, 3 ; bank, 1 ; printing offices, 4 ; hardware, 2 ; boots and shoes, 3 ; shoe shops, 3 ; book stores, 2 ; restaurants, 3 ; bakeries, 2 ; clothing, 2 ; milliners, 4 ; dressmakers, 3; agricultural implement dealers, 3; jewelers, 2; meat markets, 2 ; cigar factory and store, 1 ; harness shops, 2 ; tin shop, 1 ; saloons, 6 ; bill- iard hall, 1 ; dentists, 8 ; furniture, 2 ; art gallery, 1 ; tailors, 3 ; medical laboratory, 1 ; lumber, grain and stock dealers, 4 ; painters, 3 ; broker, 1 ; liv- ery stables, 2; undertakers, 2; cooper, 1; carpenter shops, 4", blacksmiths, 4. THE CITY. A very noticeable feature of Marion is its luxurious growth of shade trees. Every possible space is filled with large and graceful trees, of permanent value, which serve the two-fold purpose of protecting the residences from the sun's rays in Summer and the equally desirable protection from prairie winds in Winter. The town is appropriately named the " Grrove City." It lies in peace and quiet in the midst of a charming wood, and afibrds a most delightful place of residence. In the heart of the town, a whole block is given up from business interests for use as a park, and in this public ground are growing thrifty hard wood trees. A fountain in the center of the park, and ornamental urns and seats scattered here and there, add to the beauty of the place. Several of the streets which are devoted to residences are equal in beauty to those of any town in the State, of the size and wealth of Marion. The city is in a healthy locality, and is in every sense desirable as a home. It does not pretend to be an exten- sive business center, but it is amply supplied with retail establishments, which do a prosperous trade. The churches are well sustained, and show that a deep interest is taken in the moral progress of the community. The edifices are, in several denominar tions, more than ordinarily fine. The schools are sustained with generous hand, and are ably conducted. The streets are orderly, and the city is in the hands of a good government. The social character of Marion is refined and cultivated, and the citizens have an air of substantial success in worldly under- takings. Many of the older residents rate high in the reports. Even strangers who visit the city for a few weeks' recreation or for business purposes are im- pressed with the cordiality, of the people, which is manifested in true Western heartiness. THE COUNTY FARM. Between five and six miles northeast of Marion, in a most fertile region, Ues the County Poor Farm, consisting of two quarter sections. The buildings are good. One of the best barns in the county stands on this farm. It was super- HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. , 557 vised by Mr. R. D. Stephens, while a member of the Boardj and is large, con- venient and satisfactory in every respect. The percentage of paupers maintained by the county is lighter than in most counties of the size and age of Linn. The system preserved is admirable. The farm is productive in cereals and stock, and is carried on at a comparatively light expense. MOUNT VERNON. Without doubt, the first settler in this vicinity was Charles C. Haskins, who is believed to have settled one and a half miles east of the village site in the Summer of 1837. Mr. Haskins is now dead, and his friends have no means of knowing the exact date of his settlement. To him is accorded the second place in the list of original pioneers of the county. After a short time, he sold his originalclaim and took up another on the county line, east of Lisbon, where he lived for many years. The subject of his arrival is referred to in the General History. He died August 15, 1874. The inability to obtain full par- ticulars in his case illustrates the value of recorded dates as furnished in this work. In a few years more, it will be impossible tQ converse with the first settlers ; they will have passed away. Among those who came in 1838 and the Spring of 1839 were Michael Donahoe and sons, William, Peter, and others, 1838 ; John McAiferty and Silas Hammond, who then owned a claim adjoining that of Mr. McAfferty, 1888 ; Hiram Beales and Asher Edgerton, 1838, who sold |;o Thomas Craig (deceased) two and a half miles west ; Thomas Dill, with family, still living, two miles south ; Daniel Hahn, who came first in March, 1838, settled in Septem- ber, and who now lives near town ; William Hayzlett, who settled one-half mile east in the Fall of 1840, and who now resides in Mount Vernon ; Peter and Henry Kepler, 1839, with families, two miles northwest, who now reside in the vicinity ; William Abbe, with family (he died in California and his son now lives at Marion), settled in the Spring of 1838 on Abbe's Creek ; Oliver Clark, deceased, with family ; John Stewart, 1839, two miles southwest, where he now lives with his fa,mily ; Jerre Burge, two miles south, who also is still living there, and who came to the State in 1834 ; Reuben Ash adjoined the village site on the north, in 1840, and Elisha F. Williams settled near by. In April, 1840, Robert Smyth made his home near Mount Vernon, James and Jeremiah Smyth came in 1842, Allison I. Willits came in 1840, and Chauncey C. Blodgett settled soon after; his wife, now Mrs. Beatty, still lives in Mount Vernon. William Abbe, John McAiferty and C. C. Haskins were the three first Justices of the Peace in the vicinity. Robert. Smyth, assisted by E. D. Wain, was appointed by the " squatters " to bid ofi" the land for all at the land sales held in February, 1843. In 1841, Robert Smyth secured a post office at his house, under the name of Franklin. This was continued at various houses in the neigh- borhood until it was transferred to and called Mount Vernon. Peter McRoberts, one of the first County Commissioners, settled in 1838 two miles sout^iwest of Mount Vernon, and afterward removed to Tama County. Stephen Oiifcorn settled on the south side of Yankee Grove, now the Sargent place,, in 1838. Later came Harvey Jewett and Joseph Gourley, who have now removed ; Will- iam Albright and many others equally worthy of mention. Mount Vernon is located on a high and gracefully-curving ridge, running northwest and southeast, near the point of a beautiful grove, and with a grand view of the landscape from all directions, especially to the south, where three 558 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. miles distant can be seen the valley and bluffs of Cedar River, with the green, waving fields spread but between. September 20, 1847, Mount Vernon was laid off with a square and tape line, by Richard J. Harbert, carpenter, assisted by E. D. Wain, A. I. Willits, George Edgington, Ackley Parker and Robert Stinson, during the sickness of the County Surveyor. They began at the southwest corner of Main and Washington streets, on the west side of the old Military road from Dubuque to Iowa City, and running along Main street, stopped at the northwest corner of the lot on which . H. D. Albright resides. The extent of the survey was two lots deep on either side of Main street. The site had been purchased from George Edgington by the proprietors at that time — Allison I. Willits, Harvey Jewett and Joseph Gourley. This temporary survey was made permanent by the County Surveyor, Andrew D. Botdorff, in November, 1853. As early as 1842, Joseph Chapman is believed to have built a log cabin on the village site, on the south side of Main street. This house is still ' standing, though weatherboarded, as a portion of the dwelling of Luke Fish. His brother-in-law, Ackley Parker, soon built a cabin on the corner of the farm, adjoining town, now owned by Hon. E. D. Wain, in 1839 or 1840. The first house built after the survey was a log house, by R. J. Harbert, and occupied by him September 25, 1847. In this occurred the first birth, that of Hulda Harbert, and also the first death, that of Galena Harbert, daughters of Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Harbert. This cabin stood on the lot now owned and occupied by Dr. G. L. Carhart. The next building was a frame one, erected by A. I. Willits, on the lot now occupied by the drug store of J. V., Myers & Co. In the same Fall, that portion of the original town east of Washington street was laid out, and a small addition to George Edgington's log house (the house built by Joseph Chapman being the first on the village site) was built by Harvey Jewett, on the lot now occupied by H. Post's residence. In this room the first business of Mount Vernon, a saloon, was established by Mr. Jewett, who afterward transferred his trade to the more legitimate one of dry goods. The next store was established by Mr. Willits, in the frame building mentioned.- After a short time, Joseph Gourley became a partner. Later still, Harvey Jewett and Chauncey C. Blodgett purchased the remaining interest of Mr, Willits. About this time, these parties became part owners of the town plat. After several months, in 1848, they moved their store to the lot now occupied by the harness shop of Stewart Ellison, in a house which was built by Jewett & Blodgett. Previously, Dr. Thompson (1847) and others had built a few small dwellings. E. D. Wain, who settled three miles west, in September, 1841, came to the village in May, 1849, and began the sale of goods in the frame building erected by Mr. Willits, now owned and occupied by H. S. Hale as a residence. Nye & Holmes, of Marion, were partners in this business for a short time. In 1851, he built a two and a half story frame building, 40x40 feet in size, on the southwest cor- ner of Main and Washington streets, where he opened his store and estab- lished a hotel — then the Mount Vernon House, but generally known as Gil- lett's Hotel. This was burned down in February, 1868, while the property of Harvey Gillett. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 559 Dr. Thompson, already mentioned, was preceded by Dr. Evans, who was the first physician to locate in the neighborhood, though not in town, and by Dr. Reynolds, wh& lived near the present cemetery. In the Summer of 1848, the first blacksmith shop was started by Joseph Ripley, who had been carrying on the business on the hill east of town where the cemetery is now located. The next shop was by Stephen Cook, in the Fall of 1848. In the Spring of 1849, a man was left by his son at the house of H. D. Metcalf, sick, as was supposed, with cholera. The son went on, promising faithfully to return. This, of course, created considerable excitement, and that locality was generally avoided until the death of the man, whose name was Ser- vison. He was buried at night about the center of the present Jefferson street. In 1849, Asa Gr. Hampton established the first shoe shop in the old Gillett Hotel. He afterward worked in the little stone shop built by James Dill. Joshua B. Hess started the first harness shop in town, in the rear of the building now occupied by the shop of Stewart Ellison. J. J. Smith soon after opened a shop in the same building. The latter also established the firs; livery stable, with a stock of two " crow-bait " horses and an old rickety buggy. He thus began a horse trading career which led to more general trading, and eventually to his present wealth and surroundings. His stable was located near where Mr. Post's stable now stands. William Oglebay first began tailoring in Mount Vernon in the stone build- ing on the lot now owned by J. M. Ruff. He still carries on that business. In 1860, the First-Methodist Church was erected, and in the same year a building was constructed by Mr. Gourley, and stood near where Mr. Post's store house now is. In June, 1852, Lewis Turner established a dry goods store in the building of Mr. Ellison, and during the summer built the frame building which is now the blacksmith shop of George Johns, on the lot where now stands the brick building of W. G. Moore. In the same year the first school house in Mount Vernon was erected. In 1851, the cemetery was laid out, arid Mrs. Joseph Morford was the first there to be laid at rest, on April 26. In 1850, Mr. E. D. Wain secured the post ofiice and thus became the first Postmaster of the village, though an office called Franklin had been kept at the residence of Robert Smythe in 1841. The office was "passed around" to many settlers of the neighborhood. The first general election was held at Mr. Wain's store and hotel building, in 1853, having previously been held at St. Mary's. The first Justice of the Peace in the village was N. W. McKean, afterward Postmaster. At the foundation of the village, prohibition of the sale of intoxicating drinks became the corner-stone in its organization, and no person could purchase a lot at any price if it was known that a whisky shop was to be established thereon. The first building attempted for this purpose was that now occupied by T. J. Rice. The timbers were prepared and the time for its erection was appointed ; but the sturdy founders of the town were determined that it should not be raised. Mr. R. J. Harbert said to the prospective builder: "You had better not erect that building for the purpose of dealing out intoxicating bev- erages, or it will most assuredly be torn down." Although more or less intox- icating liquors have been sold in Mount Vernon, yet it has well sustained its reputation as a temperance town. 560 HISTORY 0.F LTNN COUNTY. In the Fall of 1854, Oliver Day purchased the store house and buildings where S. Little's store now stands, of Lewis Turner, who left at that time for Kingston, now West Cedar Rapids. Mr. Day had established a general store the year before, in the Ellison harness shop building, and had also purchased the lot where Mr. Post's residence now stands, and in 1857 or 1858, he erected the brick building now Mr. Post's store room. In the Fall of 1855, he sold the Turner building to F. L. & A. R. Knott. The first drug store was established in 1855, by a Mr. Pierce, in the frame building owned by Dr. Pease. After a short time, he sold to John Hindman, who remained in that business but a few months, and then in turn sold to L. A. Weeks and I. A- Hammer. , Soon after, about 1857, Dr. Safley built the brick store room now occupied as the post office, and the drug store was moved thereto by Weeks & Hammer, Dr. Safley becoming a partner for a short time. In 1854, Henry and Robert Tedford opened a clothing store in the same building occupied as the office of Drs. Gordon & McBride. In the same build- ing, also, was organized the Know- Nothing Lodge, in 1855. In 1856 or 1858, the first organization of the Sons of Temperance was effected', its meetings being held in the north room, up stairs, of E. D. Wain's brick building, then the Masonic Hall. In 1857, a Lodge of Good Templars was organized and held its meetings in the second story of the brick buildfng which was deitroyed by the fire of 1867, and then occupied as a store by Hayzlett & Clark. These organizations flourished for some time, but the Inde- pendent Order of Good Templars gained the ascendency and the Sons of Tem- perance disbanded, while two lodges of the former" were required. Then strife and dissension arose, and the lodges were dissolved. Many of the prominent citizens were the leaders in these efforts against intemperance. There were some years of village life ere it was favored with a regularly con- ducted meat market. . In 1857, Wm. Hayzlett and F. Sanders, two enterprising citizens, established a meat market in the basement of E. D. Wain's store. This continued prosperously for several years. Their slaughter yard, which was situated near the little run in Mr. Wain's pasture, was afterward burned. The railroad was completed to Mount Vernon in 1859, and in that year the first carload of hogs was shipped from that place, by F. Sanders, while he and Mr. E. D. Wain shipped the first carload of cattle. At different times after the organization of the village additions were made ; first were two, by Rev. G. B. Bowman; then Saxby's 1st and 2d ; Hall's 1st and 2d ; Cornell College addition,; McKean's, Bauman's, Waln'^ and Young's. When the railroad was constructed north of town. North Mount Vernon was laid off, April, 1859, under the proprietorship of the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad Co., by Milo Smith, oT Clinton, Agent, and P. F. Randall, Engineer. ^ March 10, 1859, the Mechanics' Union of Mount Vernon, was organized, embracing nearly all the mechanics at that time resident of the village. The following .were its officers and members: R. J. Harbert, President; J. E. In- gram, Vice President; E. H. Forrist, Secretary. Members — H. Hall, J. C. Wil- hoit, R. Kennedy, W. J. Persinger, J. G. White, P. D. O'Connor, C. Zimmer- man, W. Camp, H. F. Williams, Wm. T. Dagley, W. S. Wilson, A. C. Tracy, A. Forrist, L. Hyatt, J. M. Tedford, B. H. Forrist, C. S. Gordon, S. S. West- lake, W. P. Losey, and W. P. Warren. The society has long since disbanded and but one — J. E. Ingram — of its members now resides in Mount Vernon. But seven are dead, and they died as soldiers of the Union army. In 1860, the village numbered 760 inhabitants. HISTORV OF LINN COUNTY. 5(51 In furtherance of the principles of temperance, upon which the town was founded, several seizures of liquors have been made at various drug stores. The following document was extensively circulated and signed in May, 1860, which well illustrates the public sentiment at that time : We, the undersigned, citizens of Moiint Vernon, fully determined that Lager Beer and all intoxicating liquors shall never be introduced into this town to be sold or used as a beverage, mutually pledge ourselves that we will use our influence and means to suppress their introduc- tion and sale, peaceably if we can, forcibly if u-e mvsi; and we further pledge ourselves to mut- ually bear any expense that may be incurred in suppressing the fame. There have been but two billiard halls — one by G. Espe ; but as he engaged in the sale of beer and allowed betting, the location was made unpleasant for him, and he departed. The other billiard hall was by T.J. Rice; but similarly, to use his own words, " his game was also stoppod and the table moved to the farm of J. J. Smith. " CITY GOVERNMENT. Mount Vernon remained without a charter organization until in 1869. June 18, of that year, at a vote taken at the school house, 125 votes were cast for incorporation, and 18 against. Accordingly, the County Clerk issued an order for incorporation arid the election of oflScers, which was held August 14, 1869, with the following result : Mayor, L. L. Pease ; Trustees, W. H. Goudy, W. B. Armstrong, D. J. Doron, D. C. Sawyer, Isaac Wilcox ; Recorder, S. H. Bauman. The succeeding officers have been : March, 1870 — Mayor, J. D. Doran ; Trustees, H. H. Rood, Wm. Garard, W. B. Armstrong, M. Gutzler, C. Bren- eman ; Recorder, S. H. Bauman. March, 1871 — Mayor, H. A. Collin ; Trustees, W. B. Armstrong, Wm. Garard, S. H. Manley, James Carson, H. H. Rood; Recorder,. S.H. Bauman. March, 1872 — Mayor, H. A. Collin ; Trustees, W. B. Armstrong, W. H. Garard, James Carson, H. H. Rood, Ellison Hayzlett ; Recorder, S. H. Bau- man ; Street Commissioner, Samuel Gilliland; Treasurer, A. R. Knott; Mar- shal, W. W. Henry ; Assessor, E. D. Wain. March, 1873— Mayor, H. A. Collin ; Trustees, W. B. Armstrong, H. H. Rood, James Carson, J. T. Oldham, J. Doron ; Recorder, W. G. Power ; Street Commissioner, Samuel Gilliland; Treasurer, W. B. Vansant. March, 1874— Mayor, N. W. McKean; Trustees, H. H. Freer, F. W. Hart, W. H. Garard, E. T. Gough, L. L. Pease ; Recorder, W. G. Power ; Street Commissioner, John Herron ; Treasurer, W. B. Vansant. March," 1875 — Mayor, David Platner ; Trustees, J. Carson, W. H. Garard, S. K. Young, H. Boyd, W. J. Clugston ; Recorder, Myron K. Neff ; Treas- urer, W. B. Vansant ; Assessor, T. S. Brokaw ; Street Commissioner, John Herron. March, 1876 — Mayor, C. M. Sessions; Trustees, W. B. Armstrong, Hugh Boyd, Isaac Wilcox, Levi Armstron'g, Dewitt McLellan; Treasurer, H. A. Collin ; Recorder, M. K. Neff ; Street Commissioner, John Herron ; Assessor, T. S. Brokaw. March, 1877 — Mayor, D. L. Boyd; Trustees, J. C. Keedick, S. J. Smyth, D. W. Camp, G. A. Rundall, Dewitt McLellan; Recorder, William E. Platner; Assessor, T. S. Brokaw; Street Commissioner, W. F. Doron; Treasurer, J. Carson. March, 1878^ — Mayor, James Smyth; Trustees, J. Doron, W. J. Clugston, C. M. Sessions, J. C. Keedick, M. K. Neff; Recorder, J. V. Myer ; Assessor, C. W. Kepler; Treasurer, David Platner; Street Commissioner, H. S. Hale. 562 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. July 13, 1872, the city assumed the charge of the cemetery, which hitherto had been the property of the Methodist Church. A calaboose was completed in December, 1875, and the usual care to sidewalks, sewers, etc., has been given. The framing of the act of incorporation was somewhat defective, whereby it was impossible to identify and distinguish taxable persons. This caused a pro- tracted litigation, which was successfully engineered by Thomas Corbett, through several terms in the District and one in the Supreme Court. POST OFFICE. As stated, the first office in the vicinity was "Franklin," at the house ol Robert Smyth, in 1841. It had several changes up to the time when the vil- lage was established and the post office secured, in 1850, by E. D. Wain. Next fol- lowed Joshua B. Hess as Postmaster, under the administration of Franklin Pierce, with N. M. Day as Deputy, until F. L. & H. R. Knott, purchased the business of O. Day, when F. L. Knott assumed the duties of Deputy for a short time, but the remuneration being small (less than $50 per annum), he turned the office over to Mr. George Clement. Dr. Putnam next received the appoint- ment of the office. He was soon superseded by H. A. Collin, with C. R. Collin as Deputy. N. W. McKean was appointed by Lincoln, and held the office until John- son's term, when several persons held the office successively until Grant's elec- tion, when, in May, 1869, Mr. McKean was reappointed. He was succeeded in 187f} by Mr. S. H. Bauman, who has filled the office with general satisfaction to the present time. A Money Order Department is in connection with the office, and, probably on account of the presence of the college arid absence of a bank, does a large business. There have been 15,557 orders issued to the present time (July, 1878). The city expenses to 1874, were as follows : August, 1869, to March, 1870, $329.52; to 1871, $1,001.61 ; to 1872, $206.54; to 1873, $1,122.37; to 1874, $625.92; making a total of but $8,285.96, for four and a half years. LEGAL. Mount Vernon has never furnished much food for the legal fraternity. Since the organization of the town, there have been but four or five lawyers located there, after their admission to the bar, namely, B. Latham and J. C. Helsinger. The first was a young man of talent and energy, who soon removed to Marion ; the latter resides at Sabula, Iowa, and has become quite prominent in political and legal matters. N. L. Earner, of Lisbon, at one time transacted considerable legal business for the people of this vicinity. H. J. Smith, after- ward of Cedar Rapids, also had some business here. In October, 1861, J. T* Rice entered the bar, and has, from time to time, transacted more or less busi- ness in that department, but finds it an unsuitable locality to devote his entire attention thereto. More recently, C. W. Kepler and W, W. Henry have be- come attorneys of Mount Vernon, and are now engaged in that profession. THE PRESS. The life of the press of Mount Vernon has been a checkered one. Enter- prising young journalists sought this point, in view of the college location, long before the population was sufficient to support a newspaper, and after a few issues would be compelled to discontinue. ' The Mt. Vernon Index first appeared, by Will S. Hallock, editor and pub- lisher, in 1856. He was a student of the college at the time, and the office HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. 56S was furnished by the citizens. He was a young man of ability, a ready writer and pleasant speaker, but the paper proved unsuccessfifl, and was discontinued after the Fall election. The material passed to the hnnds of those who had advanced money for its purchase, who formed a stock company, and saying that " the town must have a paper," they furnished the office and room rent free to Mr. J. S. Jennison, who established the Weekly News. Though he acted as compositor, editor and " devil," and received all the emoluments of the office, it did not pay expenses, and Mr. Jennison became involved in debt. His goods were levied upon, and some sold at Sheriff's sale. For some time after the suspension of the Weekly News, the material of the office remained idle, except as James Coleman, a student of the college, used it occasionally for job work. A Mr. Hyde next attempted the publication of the Weekly News, but soon departed, leaving many unpaid debts. Thereafter, Mr. Jennison was induced to return to Mount Vernon, and resume the publication, the title of which he changed to the Mount Vernon News, and enlarged it from six to seven columns folio. At this time J. T. Rice became connected with the paper, which soon again discontinued publication. C. A. Page, of Dixon,- 111., then took possession of the office, and published the Mount Vernon News for some time, making it a stepping-stone for a posi- tion as Postal Route Agent on a Western railroad. Mr. Page was a young man of good abilities, and a will and determination rarely equaled. He passed into a Washington clerkship, then to a consulship in Europe, and finally, with his brothers, established the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, operating in Switzerland and England, on a scale which now demands a great capital, and which attracts the attention of all English people and many Americans. He has since died. Having secured the disposition of the Mount Vernon post office, he agreed to release such influence on the condition that the stockholders of the printing office would assign their interests to him or to whom he might des- ignate. The paper passed to the charge of Rev. S. P. Crawford and Prof. D. H. Wheeler, who published but one issue of The Advocate, and the press of Mount Vernon was again buried in silence. It was next resumed by Mr. S. D. Mather, then a student of Cornell Col- lege. After a few issues, he, like many of his predecessors, gave up the experiment, leaving notes and bills behind, and departing for that common bourn — "parts unknown." Next came Robert J. Ingram, a practical printer, who published the paper under the supervision of Rev. Mr. Crawford for a short time ; but, being oifered more profitable employment, he discontinued it, and is now engaged as salesman for a Chicago wholesale firm, at a large salary. But the Mount Vernon News was not doomed to extinction, and was again resumed under the charge of Mr. L. M. Holt, who contracted with Mr. Craw- ford for the office, and was to make payments of $25 per month. Mr. J. T. Rice was appointed Trustee, to conduct economically the finances of the insti- tution and make proper reports to each of the parties. Mr. Holt was a good printer and produced a creditabla paper,, but soon began to collect the office earnings without the advice or consent of the Trustee, which caused a rupture between himself and Mr. Crawford, resulting in J. T. Rice replacing Mr. Holt. The latter, though without means, might have purchased the paper as Mr. Rice afterward did ; but he had no idea of economy, and purchased a house, lota and other things on time. 664 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. J. T. Rice tlieii continued the paper as the Mount Vernon News- until November 1, 1862, when the title was changed to the Ftanhlin Record, which was continued until November 24, 1864, when the office was sold to A. J. Lucas and removed to Cedar Rapids for the publication of the Cedar Rapids Atlas. This, however, was but short-lived, and the office was moved west, where it was last heard of as that of the Adel (Iowa) Gazette, by L. M. Holt, formerly of Mount Vernon. After the sale of the Record office, the town was without a paper until October 21, 1865, when J. T. & J. S. Rice recommenced the publication of the Record until May, 1866, when the office and fixtures were sold to H. S. Brad- shaw, who again changed ihe name and published the Mount Vernon Citizen. Mr. Bradshaw sold to Ragsdale & Bundy, who moved the office to Mechanics- ville in 1868, where it now is used as the office of the Mechanicsville Press. Friday, January 29, 1869, Thomas J. Rice established another paper in Mount Vernon — the Linn County Hawkeye. In June; 1869, Mr. Rice sold the office to Mr. S. H. Bauman, who has since engaged in its publication as the Mount Vernon Hawkeye. Mr. Bauman is a talented man and genial gentleman, who has established himself among the first journalists of Iowa. His paper, a nine-column folio, besides containing the news of the world and a live local department, is filled with interesting matter relative to Cornell Col- lege, and is accordingly well supported by the friends of that institution. The Linn County Pilot was established at Mount Vernon by C. W. Kep- ler. Its first issue appeared September 1, 1871. It was an eight-column folio, with patent outside, and supported Horace Greeley for President in 1872. It was transferred to Andrew Beatty, August 29, 1872. P. J. Fisher became a partner in August, 1873, for one month. The paper was moved to Marion, March 5, 1874, where it has sin.ce been published by Beatty & Willits. RELIGIOUS. Methodist Episcopal Church. — Being the location of Cornell College, an institution of this denomination. Mount Vernon is composed chiefly of citizens supporting this church. Mount Vernon was first made a distinct station in 1849 or 1850, when Rev. G. B. Bowman became the preacher in charge. There were other ministers who preached in the neighborhood for several years previously, but no one of them resided in the village proper up to this time, except Rev. Mr. Bowman. The latter was a man of indomitable energy and perseverance, and he determined to have a church edifice built. There was no place of worship except the old frame school house which stood east of the Sill farm, then owned by A. J. McKean. Rev. Mr. Bowman made considerable effiart, and by earnest work procured subscriptions sufficient to build, and entered into a contract with Henry Amidon of Dubuque, to erect the church, which was accordingly built of brick in the Summer of 1850, on the grounds ■where the Public School House now stands. The Parsonage, now a private residence, was moved from the McKean farm and placed on its present location, where it was struck by lightning in the Fall of 1849, and wAs inclosed and refinished by R. J. Harbert and Wm. Falloon. The site was donated by Messrs. Willits, Gourley and others. The lumber used in construction of the church was brought from Dubuque^ The stone for the foundation was purchased at the quarry near town, except the door-sill stones, which were obtained from the "Jasper Nick" quarry, by Rev. G. B. Bowman, Robert Holman, R. J. Harbert and Josejih Gourley. to ok the stone with the permission of an employe there, during the HISTORY OF LINN COJJNTY. 565 absence of the proprietors, and afterward had considerable difficulty in settling therefor with the owners, who threatened the good men with prosecution for stealing. A portion of the brick used were burned on the farm of Jeremiah Burge, south of town, and the remainder on the farm of Michael McRoberts,, southwest of town. Mr. and Mrs. Harbert and Mrs. Phoebe Blodgett (who became Mrs. James- Holman,) were the first members to locate in Mount Vernon. The present Methodist church, a large brick edifice with basement for Sab- bath school use, was erected in 1864. The present Pastor is Rev. Rodney Parsons. Presbyterian Qhurch. — At a meeting of the Presbytery of Cedar, held at Tipton, March 14, 1854, a request was received for the organization of a church near Lisbon. Rev. Geo. Porter, of Tipton, Rev. Mr. Fullerton, of Marion, Rev. Alex. Boyd and Elder Wm. Goudy, of Linn Grove, were appointed a commit- tee to organize. They met about May 1, at the Bell school house, below Lisbon, and organized a church with the following members : James Shanklin and wife, Cunningham, Margaret, Anne and Hugh Torrence, William Cunningham and wife, Sarah Cunningham, John, Agnes and Mary Spies, Elizabeth Metland and Mrs. Young. James Shanklin was elected Elder ; one month later, John Anderson was elected Elder. The minister at this time was Rev. Alex. Boyd, of Solon, an Irishman. During 1855, the church gained much by immigra- tion. Among others who united were the Crawford and Cowan families. Mr. Boyd's labors discontinued in June. 1856, and after a. few months meetings were resumed in the old United Brethren Church of Lisbon, with Alex. S. Thome as minister. He was a licentiate who had been teaching at Marion, and preached for two years, increasing the membership to forty-one, with twelve- dismissions. Mr. Thorne went as missionary to the Indians. In the Spring of 1858, Robert Boag, an Irishman, took up this congrega- tion and continued until 1860, when the church remained vacant for one year, during which time the organization was moved to Mount Vernon, and the name qhanged accordingly. It then had thirty-two members. In March, 1861, Rev. E. L. Dodder appeared as stated supply, preaching in the Reformed Church, a neat fra-me building near the east end of Main street, now used as a livery stable. About this time, the church received additions from other churches, which disbanded in Mount Vernon. In 1862, worship was held, for, a short time, in the school house on the site- of Prof. Harlan's residence, but soon after (Jan., 1863) rented and fitted a hall,, where W. B. Armstrong's store is now. There they held services for about three years ; then, in the Autumn of 1865, the erection of their church edifice was begun, and it was ready for occupancy June 5, 1866. The lot cost $200,, and the building $2,800. Rev. Mr. Dodder remained here for seven years, closing his labors in the- Spring of 1868, at which time the membership was fifty-three. Succeeding Mr. Dodder was Rev. R. B. Farrar, who remained but a short time, and was followed by Rev. George M. Lodge, who labored very success- fully for two years, so that in 1871 the membership numbered 105. After this time the church was vacant for two years, except during the brief period when Rev. J. K. Black officiated. Rev. J. W. Hanna then took up the work in April, 1873, and continued four years. In 1874, an elegant parsonage was purchased for $1,500. 566 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. In 1877, Rev. J. H. Cooper, the present Pastor, came. The church is noyr in a very prospei'ous condition and has a full membership. ■ The New School Presbyterian Church. — Organized in 1843, by Rev. Will- iam Rankin, at the house of John Stewart, with ten members. Among the €arly preachers were Rev. John Boal and Rev. Tennent Roberts. In 1864, the church had but three members. Then Rev. William Jones began labor there, and moved the , congregation to the village. Then followed, as Pastors, . Revs. S. S. Howe, B. F. Fish and William Fithian. The society worshipedy in the Reformed Church until about 1860, when a good brick church was erected, but, not being paid for, it stood idle for many years and was sold for indebtedness. On the corner of Mrs. Jane White's residence may be seen the inscription : " First Presbyterian Church of Mount Vernon." The Assembly then united with the Old School Presbyterian Church. The Reformed Presbyterian denomination was first and chiefly represented here by the Smyth family, which, as one historian states, "was almost large «nough to form a church of themselves." From an early day, they had supplies. In the meantime, a society was organized, and, with great liberality, the mem- bers built the frame church building afterward used by the- United Presbyte-. rians. Finally, in 1874, the society disbanded ; Robert Smyth, their Eldei:, and most of the members uniting with the Presbyterian Church. A., F. & A. M. Mount Vernon Lodge, No. 112, was organized under dispensation in June, 1857. The first records are of a meeting held October 29, 1857, with the fol- lowing officers : Amos Witter, W. M.; Andrew F. Safley, S. W.; E. D. Wain, J. W.; Martin Floyd, Treasurer; Lucien B. Gere, Secretary; I. A. Hammer, S. D.; F. L. Knott, J. D.; A. B. Kendig,i Chaplain; C. S. Gordon, Tiler. ,,. June 2, 1858, the Lodge received its charter from the Grand Lodge of Iowa. The first meeting held under charter was o:i Juns 24, 1858, when the fol- lowing officers were elected : Amos Witler, W. M.; Isaac A. Hammer, S. W.; J. P. Gordon, J. W.; N. W. McKean, Treasurer; E.. D. Wain, Secretary; F. L. Knott, S. D.; J. G. Hayzlett, J. D.; A. R. Knott, Tiler. The Lodge then met in E. D. Wain's hall. For installation, the officers and other members met the members of Cedar Lodge, No. 11, at their Lodge Room in Tipton, for installation by the G. M., Hartsock, on Thursday, June 24, 1858. From that time, the Lodge has continued to work regularly and successfully to the present. In 1859, they moved to their present hall, in the third story ■of the brick building on the southeast corner of Washington and Main streets, which they have occupied since that time. The Lodge has a full complement of all the usual furniture and regalia, and a large, neat hall. The present officers are : Henry Sailor, W. M.; Alex. Torrance, S. W. ; Dr. J. Doran, J. W. ; H. A. Collin, Treasurer ; W. H. Goudy, Secretary ; E. J. Thomas, S. D.; D. D. Torrance, J. D.; E. T. Gough, S. S.; D. W. Camp, J. S.; M. Keyes, Tiler. SCHOOLS. To Mr. Daniel Hahn is due the honor of assisting in building several of the first school houses in the township. Mr. A. J. McKean was active in building the first school houses. The first was near the saw-mill, two miles southwest, called Stewart's School House. This was built in 1841, and was afterward burned down and rebuilt. The second was a frame building, between Mount Vernon and Lisbon. The HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 567 third was in Lisbon, and the next was in Mount Vernon. This was built in 1852, ^by Lindsley & Long, and was purchased by the Baptist Society for church use. This was a district school, and was first taught by L. H. Mason. School had previously been held by Miss Fidelia Sweetland, in the house of Rev. S. Y. Hammer, now the residence of T. J. Rice. About ten years ago, the present large two-story brick school building was erected, at a cost of about $9,000. For the past term the teachers were: J. C. Johnson, Principal ; Miss Jennie Alexander, Grammar Room ; Miss Belle Watts, Intermediate ; Miss C. M. W-ebster, Primary. MANUFACTUKING. Flouriny Mill. — Soon after the construction of the railroad, in 1859, a flouring mill was erected on the road near the depot. This was operated by steam, with moderate success, until it was burned down in the Winter of 1868-9. In the next year, Conrad, Knotts & Goudy built a merchant mill, in which S. J. W. Carley became a partner, and which was reconstructed in the Summer of 1870, by Conrad, Knott & Goudy, and burned October "27th of that year. Another mill was immediately built, but not completed, and has not been used for that purpose. It is owned by W. J. Young & Co., of Clinton. Woolen Mills. — The Mount Vernon Woolen Mills of James Smyth & Son. which were built by William Young, and refitted by James Smyth & Son in 1869, have gained a wide local reputation. The mill is a large two and a half story stone structure, situated in the valley between the depot and the business portion of town. Special attention is here given to the manufacture of woolen cloths, blankets, yarns, etc. They have a complete outfit of the necessary machinery, and have for the past ten years enjoyed a good custom. The carriage and wagon factories of Camp Brothers and M. Gutzler are firmly established by their well-known work, and represent an important feat- ure of the industry of Mount Vernon. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The trading department of Mount Vernon rests on a solid foundation, hav- ing both a rich agricultural region to supply, and also the necessary purchases to be made by all departments of Cornell College. A few of the early stores have been noted. They have now grown too numerous to admit even of separate mention. They embrace, however, the following : General merchandise, 5 ; grocers, 2 ; hardware, 1 ; drugs, 2 ; hotels, 2 ; furniture, 1 ; books, 1 ; bakeries, 2 ; tailors, 2 ; boots and shoes, 2 ; shoe shop, 1 ; restaurants, 2 ; jeweler, 1 ; milliners, 3 ; art galleries, 2 ; harness, 1 ; butchers, 2 ; cigar factory, 1 ; gunsmith, 1 ; blacksmitlis, 4 ; wagon shops, 2 ; nursery, 1 ; a marble shop and other interests. The business blocks are chiefly of brick, from two to three stories high, and are of neat and tasty appearance. Probably no city of equal size in Iowa con- tains so many brick buildings. A large number of elegant residences have been erected and new ones are now in course of erection ; while the numerous shade trees join to give Mount Vernon a plisasant and attractive appearance. The society is such as always clusters around an institution of learning — cultured and agreeable. 568 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. LISBON. Mount Vernon and Lisbon are separated by but one and a half miles. Con- sequently the same early settlers occupied that vicinity. 0. C. Haskins settled, first a half mile east of the town site, then on the county line. He being from New York, the woods received the name of Yankee Grove. Soon after, William Chamberlain settled near him. A. J. McKean settled near and southeast of Lisbon, in September, 1838. John J. Gibson and Robert Dean had already taken up claims there, including the site of Lisbon. The former died in Butler and the latter in Hardin County. James Barkley settled in the vicinity, though across the line in Cedar County, October 18, 1841. He moved to Linn County in January, 1844, where he entered land, including the east half of the town site ; the west half was claimed by James Kelsey. By 1847 a number of settlers had taken up the land in this vicinity ; among them were : Daniel Hahn, one mile southwest, now of Mount Verrion ; Joseph Morford, two miles south, now living in Mount Vernon ; Simon Archer, on a portion of the town site, now in Cedar Rapids ; Oliver Day, now in Cedar Rapids ; William Young, who operated a saw-mill on the site of the present "Golden Sheaf Mill," four miles south, and who afterward died in Cedar Rap- ids ; James McClelland, who still resides on his original farm, three miles south ; William McClelland (deceased), four miles south ; Christian Troup, who was the first preacher in the vicinity (United Brethren) ; Absalom McCoy, deceased, one mile northwest ; Nathan Petticord, one-half mile northwest, now living in Cedar Rapids ; James Huntington, on the farm now owned by James Isherwood, on the military road; Gabriel Barclay (deceased), one mile east; Stephen Osborn, two miles south, now living in Kansas ; J. B. Sargent, one- half mile west of Mount Vernon, now on the Osborn farm; James McAfferty; John Elliott, one-half mile east; Bijah Tuttle, adjoining town on the west; Joseph Lineback, two miles southeast ; John Donohue, one mile east ; and others. Those early days were filled with hardships and deprivations. During the Winter of 1843, the snow was twenty-one inches deep, and for two weeks the settlers were compelled to live on meat and potatoes alone, as it was impossible to get to mill for flour. Going to mill at that day meant going to Cascade, where the nearest mills were situated. It was within twenty-six miles of Du- buque, and forty-five miles from this settlement. The village of Lisbon is the result of a colony. In the Spring of 1847, Christian Hershey, with his sons, grandsons and their families, to the number of sixty-one persons in all (all of whom, excepting a few young men, were con- nected), colonized from Pennsylvania. Several of them were out the year be- fore and had selected that location. Mr. Christian Hershey paid the expenses of all. They went down the Ohio River and up the Mississippi to Bloomington, now Muscatine, thence directly to the site of Lisbon. Among the families were those of J. E. Kurtz, who bought the farm of Mr. Kelsey ; Michael Hoover, who bought the farm of Mr. Archer, and still resides in Lisbon ; Jacob Brene- man, who purchased the farm of A. J. McKean, and is now deceased ; Abra- ham Hershey, whose widow now lives in Lisbon ; J. H. Eby, now living, and Jacob S. Pfautz, now in Missouri. Messrs. Kelsey, Archer and Tuttle from whom lands were purchased, had already built houses, now within the village site. Probably the first was that of Simon Archer, a low house, with roof projecting over the porch, still stand- HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 569 ing opposite the residence of J. H. Eby, on the western part of Main street, on the north side. Next came that of Mr. Kelsey, also on the north side of Main street. Mr. Eby was the first of the colony to build on the town site, in 1848, where he still resides. Being a cabinet maker, he opened the first cabi- net shop in that part of the county. George Smith also lived within the village site, in 1847, in a cabin near the spring. Christian Hershey was a preacher of the United Brethren denomination, and early services were held by him in private houses, or, in pleasant weather, under a shady tree. Christian Troup assisted in holding these meetings, and was the first to preach regularly. The first United Brethren camp-meeting of Linn County was held there in the Fall of 1848. The first death among the colon v was Henry A., an infant son of J. H. Eby. Lisbon was laid out in May, 1851, by John E.-Kuttz, John H. Eby and Michael Hoover, on the southeast quarter of Section 11, Township 82 north, Range 51, by S. J. Dunham, Surveyor. The following additions were after- ward made : Neidig's 1st and 2d ; Ringer's 1st, 2d and 3d ; Eby's, Barkley's, Grauel's, Pfautz's, and when the railroad was built the addition north was made by Mr. Kurtz and the Iowa Land Co. The first business, a store, was established by David Dorwart, now of Cedar Rapids, who sold to John E. Kurtz, who, with his son, has continued in a gen- eral trade to the present time, excepting a few years. David and Daniel Dorwart soon went again into business. They sold to Hammer Stackhouse. Mr. D. Gr. Ziegenfus began work at blacksmithing, March 24, 1850, and continued in that business twenty-seven years, laying down the hammer in 1877. He now lives in Lisbon. The first wagon shop was that of Alex. Renfrew ; while Daniel Runkle first acted as Postmaster. Lisbon did not grow much during the first ten years. When the railroad was completed through (New Year's, 1859), just north of town, an addition was made extending to it, and the principal growth has been in that direction. In 1860, Lisbon had 583 inhabitants. INDUSTRIAL. More recently, Lisbon has developed considerable manufacturing interest. In 1870, the Lisbon Manufacturing Co., consisting of Messrs. Runkle, Kurtz, Weber, Eby and H. P. Kynett, began operations. They erected large, sub- stantial, two-story brick workshops, and began the manufacture of a cultivator patented by Mr. H. P. Kynett. The company was reorganized in 1874, with J. Bittinger, President ; W. G. Power, Secretary ; H. A. Collin, Treasurer ; H. P. Kynett, Superintendent, for the purpose of manufacturing various agri- cultural implements, including (Henry) Bagley's corn planter. March 27, 1875, at half past 3 o'clock in the morning, a fire broke out in the warerooms and blacksmith shops, a one-story frame building, ninety feet long, and consumed the building, including most of the implements within — 170 Kynett cultivators, 200 unfinished wheels, etc. The loss was about f 4,000, yet the company continued business. It is now operated by H. P. Kynett, and, though the business is not very active at present, it will be increased during the next season. Reeves & Kenderdine, also, have established plow works, near the other shop, where they are making 100 plows of the Reeves patent. 570 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. For many years, William Cook has operated a woolen mill, one mile south of town, on a small stream there, manufacturing woolen cloths, blankets, etc. Golden Sheaf Mill, four miles south, was erected by William Young, in 1857, on the site of his saw-mill. It was purchased by. J. F. Kurtz, and oper- ated by him for many years, being at present managed by his sons. It is a three-story frame building, with stone basement, on Clear Creek, having three runs of stone. SCHOOLS. The first school house was built west of town a quarter of a mile, about 1845, on the land of A. J. McKean. About 1855 or 1856, a brick one-story school house was built in the western part of the town, where' Dr. G. F. Wetherel and John Breneman taught the first term. After a few years, this became too small, and the old United Brethren church was rented for school purposes in 1859 and 1860. After that, a one-story frame building with two large rooms was erected in the southwestern part of the town. A few years later, it was found necessary to build a large, two-story frame school house of four rooms, immediately east of the former one, and both are now used. The present instructors are : RELIGIOUS. Reformed Congregation. — This congregation is under the control of the General Synod of the Reformed Church in the United States. It was organ- ized in January, 1871. For the first three months it had no settled Pastor, and the number of members was quite small. In April, 1871, Rev. Joshua Riale took charge of the congregation and continued to be its Pastor until the Spring of 1872 ; but he was sick during the greater part of the year, so that he was not able to attend to his Pastoral duties. Thus, during this year, the congregation made very little progress. In May, 1872, the Rev. D. S. Fonse moved from Central City, Iowa, to Lisbon, and became Pastor of the congre- gation, and has continued such ever since. Since that time the growth of the congregation has been steady. It now (July, 1878,) numbers eighty conBrmed and baptized members. It has connected with it a flourishing Sunday school, and a prayer meeting which is held every Wednesday evening. A new church building was erected by the congregation during the Summer and Fall of 1877. The building occupies a beautiful location on the southwest corner of Market and Jackson streets. The style of architecture is Gothic, and it is in every way a beautiful and substantial structure. The whole cost of grounds and building was |3,200. Methodist Episcopal Church. — Lisbon circuit was set apart from Mount Vernon at the Conference of 1857, having then but a small membership. Rev. Andrew Coleman was made first Pastor, and served for two years, being suc- ceeded by Rev. Harvey Taylor for two years. Then came Rev. Wesley R- Blake, who worked at a disadvantage, it being in the war time, and he being sick at times. Then came Rev. William N. Brown as Pastor for three years, during which time the church was quite prosperous, being assisted by Brother James B. Gray, a superannuate of the Northwest Indiana Conference, and also Brother Archibald K. Miller, a local preacher ; and thus the circuit began to grow in strength in the neighborhood of the Valley Chapel. The brethren erected a neat church building there, 28x40 feet in size, and had the entire HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 571 indebtedness paid off at the Conference of 1866. Rev. Samuel Y. Harmer was at thatNtime appointed to this circuit, and began at once to build up a class at Lisbon in the Lutheran Church, which was the place of worship for seven years, during which time the membership increased from twenty-eight to eighty. Immediately upon securing these good results, measures were taken for the erection of a brick church building, 34|x56|^ feet in size. J. M. Armstrong, Andrew Hawn, Archibald K. Miller, Christian H. Kurtz, Daniel Granel, George W. Signs and William L. West were appointed Trustees. Messrs. Armstrong, Granel, Hawn, Miller and Kurtz were the Building Committee, and in the month of September, 1867, the building was begun. It was dedica- ted July 5, 1868, by Rev. Charles G. Truesdell, of the Upper Iowa Conference. The church and lots cost $5,350. Rev. Mr. Harmer was superseded by Rev. Henry C. Brown in September, 1869, two years later followed by Rev. Rufus Ricker ; then Rev. William E. McCormac ; then Rev. C. F. McLean, followed in the Fall of 1876 by the present Pastor, Rev. J. B. Jones. Rev. Mr. Jones has two other stations — those of Linn Grove and Coon Cieek (Cedar County), there being in the circuit 228 members, of which num- ber 117 are of the Lisbon station The charge is now constructing a neat brick parsonage immediately north of the church, to cost about $1,300. A Sabbath school has been organized in connection with the church, of which Solomon Kettering is now Superintendent. United Brethren in Christ. — The firstpreacher in the county. Rev. Christian Troup, was of this denomination. He was a very energetic man, and preached frequently through the country. It is related that he occasionally preached at Ivanhoe, in the house of Mr. Briny, his being the largest in the neighborhood. But, unfortunately, a partition with a low doorway divided his log house into two apartments. The audience would fill both, but, as Rev. Mr. Troup was a very tall man, he was compelled to preach for a time standing in one room and then in the other, dividing the Word of God often in the middle by dodging his head down and straightening up in the other room. Such were among the hardships of those early days. Christian Hershey was a minister of this denomination, and from the time he came, in 1847, he preached first in his private house, but in 1849-50 he built at his own expense a brick church for the use of his people. When the present church building was erected, the old building was sold, and is now used, as the blacksmith shop of J. Hoover. Following is a list of the pastors who have officiated for this church : Revs. J. S. Brown, 1849 ; S. W. Kern, 1850-51 ; F. R. S. Byrd, 1852 ; Jacob Newman, 1853; D. Runkle, 1854; J. B. Wells, 1855; M. Bowman, 1856; George Miller, 1858; A. Shessler, 1859; John Goodin, 1860; J. Wynn, 1861 ; M. Bowman, 1862 ; J. Curts. 1863-4 ; J. Manning, 1865 ; J. Curts, 1866; T. Brashear, 1867; H..B. Potter, 1868-9; Wm. Davis, 1870-73; S. S. Sutton, 1874; Wm. Davis, 1875; T. D. Adams, 1876— the present Pastor. The dates given are those when the Pastor was appointed. I. 0. 0. F. Lisbon Lodge, No. 168, was instituted April 21, 1868, with the following charter members : T. J. Mason, J. C. Ringer, Henry Pomfret, P. G. ; Elias Gerbrich and Conrad Bowers. The first to be initiated were D. G. Ziegenfus, N. G. ; J. F. Paist, P. G. ; and R. Fetterman. The society has purchased a 572 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. two-story brick building on Main street, in the second story of which is their hall. The present officers of the Lodge are : Gr. F. Wink, N. G>. ; Samuel Easterly, Secretary.; George R. Han way, P. S.; George Isherwood, Treasurer. Mt. Horeh Encampment, No. 4-9, was instituted in 1869, and has at present twenty-eight members. Its officers are : A. Vedder, C. P. ; D. Ziegenfus, H. P. ; T. Kenderdine, S. W. ; S. Wink, J. W. ; S Easterly, S. ; Peter Leese, E. S. ; George Isherwood, Treasurer. THE PRESS. The Lisbon Sun was established Thursday, August 27, 1874, by J. Wes. Zeigenfus. It was a small five-column paper, with an occasional large eight- column issue interspersed when printed in Chicago. The paper proved unprof- itable, and March 4, 1875, C. J. Weafcherby became proprietor. He soon secured Lute L. Harvey as local editor, but sold to Mr. W. T. Baker, May 6, 1875. Mr. Baker was a fine writer, and presented a good paper ; but the office was not sufficient to support him, and for some unknown cause he com^aitted suicide Thursday morning, April 27, 1876. Mr. Baker was found lying on his face, in his office, dead. His forehead was pierced by a ball, probably from the revolver which he held in his right hand. Mrs. Baker was absent at the time, but returned, and the paper was conducted by Mr. W. L. Davis, in her name, until August, 1876, when it was transferred to Mr. Davis. Mr. W. L. Davis had previously been engaged in merchandising in Lisbon ; was Postmaster, and now devotes his entire attention to the office and news- paper, which he is making one of the >best village papers in the county. It is to be remarked that the Sun editorship seems to be a fated position. It has been operated but four years, during which time it broke up Mr. Zeigen- fus, who has since died ; Mr. Weatherby now languishes in the penitentiary for forgery ; Mr. Harvey has been sent to the Insane Asylum, and Mr. Bakei; com- mitted suicide. Judging, however, from the pleasant and genial manner in which the present editor, Mr. Davis, fills the position, we anticipate no further calamities. November 6, 1875, " Lute Levant " Harvey established Harvey's WeeUy Courier^ a six-column folio, with patent outside. He discontinued this August, . 1876, and afterward published a similar sheet at Solon, Johnson County. CITY GOVERNMENT. February 8, 1875, an election was held to vote upon the propriety of incor- porating Lisbon, with the result of 108 votes cast for and 16 against incorpora- tion. Accordingly a notice of incorporation was issued by the Clerk of t|ef, Circuit Court, February 10, 1875, and an election of officers occurred March 1, with the following result : Mayor, Warner Spurrier ; Trustees, G. Auracher, Dr. Edwin Bird, Dr. James M. Armstrong, D. T. Sill, Benj. Gauby ; Recorder, Solomon Kettering ; Assessor, Michael Hoover. Mr. Kettering has been com- plimented with the office of Recorder to the present time. One of the chief objects to be obtained by incorporation was the release of some ground on Main street, about ninety feet front by one hundred and twenty back, known as the Public Square. - It was desired by many that this might be released for building , purposes. Mr. Harrison Stuckslager, a banker, made a proposal to the City Council that if that body would vacate that land as a pub- lic square and sell it to him (for f 100), he would enter into bonds in guaranty that there should be built on said corner four two-story, fire proof, brick busi- ness buildings. He made the further stipulation, that if any one would choose HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 573 to relieve him of the contract, he would give such person $100 (or enough to buy the lots). These lots were accordingly Vacated, and Mr. Stuckslager's proposition ac- cepted. As a result, the corner is now occupied by an elegant business block of four rooms, with elevated basements and of neat architecture. The succeeding oflBcers were : March 6, 1876 — Mayor, John E. Kurtz ; Trustees, John Auracher, I. K. Stauffer, H. B. Hauser, J. S. Gauby, S. A. Clark ; Assessor, W. J. Wilson. For prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors, seventy-one votes were cast at this election, while ninety-three were silent. The license fee was then raised to $200; This board of officers were known as " the boys," all being young men. In the Fall of 1876, a calaboose was built at a cost of $225, in the rear of lot No. 37, of the original town. Officers elected March 5, 1877 : Mayor,. Peter Heller ; Trustees, Daniel Buck, Adam Runkle, D. S. Porter, G. Auracher and Daniel Grauel ; Assessor, , W. S. Goodhue ; Treasurer, G. F. Wink ; Street Commissioner, J. C. Ringer. For prohibition, 92 ; against, 48. THE CHEESE FACTORY. Prompted, doubtless, by some evil-disposed minds, a Mr. Manville came to Lisbon to look around with a view to the establishment of a cheese factory, as he stated. Desiring to promote the interests of their town, many of the prominent citizens showed Mr. Manville considerable attention and courtesy. He was recommended to purchase a tract north of the railroad belonging to Mr. John Ringer. For any other purpose, Mr. Ringer would not have parted with this notch out of his farm ; but for a cheese factory he was prevailed upon by friends to sell the land. Three acres were sold for $400, and as soon as the bargain was closed, John Keenan, of Marion, began the erection of a building, and the citizens were somewhat nonplused to learn that the "cheese factory " was to become a beer saloon — just outside of the corporate limits. In order to stop the saloon, it was necessary to hold a special election, November 19, 1877, whereat the city limits were extended so as to include the saloon. No beer is now sold there. The present city officers are : Mayor, Warner Spurrier ; Recorder, Solo- mon Kettering; Trustees, Daniel Buck, D. S. Porter, Daniel Grauel, G. Auracher and Adam Runkle ; Treasurer, H. C. Kurtz ; Assessor, M. Hoover ; Street Commissioner, Samuel Fetler. After making this extension of the corporate limits, it was found not to be in accordance with the law. The people consequently agitated the matter of forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquors within a stated distance from the town, and to them is due in a great measure the credit for the passing of the present State law prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors within two miles of any corporatioq. The Lisbon citizens formed a society and pledged to mutually defray all necessary expenses for that purpose. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The First National Bank of Lisbon was established in September, 1874, with $50,000 capital; President, Harrison Stuckslager; Cashier, G. Auracher. In 1875, this bank erected the corner brick building of Union Block, on the former public square. The next building was erected by D. & A. Runkle, for hardware. The next west is the store of J. Kurtz & Son, owned by Stuck- slager & Auracher ; and the fourth building is the furniture store of Abraham Runkle. 574 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. At the same time, Auracher & Wink built a two-story brick hardware and grocery store on the corner east of Union Block, and in 1876 Armstrong & Kettering adjoined it on the east with a similar building for a drug store, and Runkle Bros, built a store-room for boots and shoes. In 1877, Daniel Buck added another store-room on the east, forming Centennial Block. North of this, on the northeast corner of Washington and Main streets, a new block of -four, stories is now being erected by (first) Jacob Bittinger to be occu- pied by Littlefield & Runkle ; (second) Fletcher k Runkle, drugs ; (third) Jonas S. Gauby, furniture; (fourth) D. T. Sill, to be occupied by Smith & Runkle, confectioners. By these many recent improvements, Lisbon has doubled her business capacity, and at present is probably making more rapid advancement than any other neighboring village. A large number of elegant residences have been recently constructed, and among them are those of Solomon Kettering, 1875 ; Harrison Stuckslager, W. L. Davis, Edward. D. Buck, 1876; Amos Runkle, Dr. Fletcher, 1877; John Myers, 1878 ; J. R. Wetherel, Thomas McClelland and others. The Reformed Church was erected in 1877. The present business interests embrace four general stores, two furniture, two hardware, two boots and shoes, two millinery, two meat markets, two drug stores, two hotels, two confectionery shops, two harness shops, three black- smiths, two agricultural implement factories, two brick yards, a lumber dealer, dentist, grain dealer, stock dealer, bank, barber, wagon shop, livery stable, marble shop, printing office and billiard hall. There is one lawyer, P. J. Fisher ; three physicians — Drs. Armstrong, Bird and Fletcher. There is one woolen mill, and there are three flouring mills on the creek, south of town. CENTER POINT. This locality is one of the oldest settlements in the county. In early days, the immigrants did not settle on the prairies, but clung to the edges of the woods, for protection against the strong winds, and also for the association and company which the timber affords. Consequently, the first civilized inhabitants of the northwestern portion of the county settled along the timber of Cedar River. In 1839, Bartimeas McGonigle settled on the site of Center Point, at a section of the grove there projecting out on the prairie, and then known as "McGonigle's Point." Other settlers filled in along the edges of the grove. Among them were the following, together with the approximate dates of their settlement : Alexan- der Nevin, now of California, with family, settled seven miles southeast, in 1840. Andrew Cummings, now in California, and Andrew Motes, now in Northern Iowa, settled four miles southeast, in 1839. Perry Oliphant settled near them, in the same year, where he still lives ; and William, Cress, deceased, settled near them in 1840, where his family now reside. Milton Squires, Mar- tin Squires, deceased, James Lane and David McConnell improved farms from three to four miles southeast, in 1840. Jacob Thomas, who now resides on the same farm, located two miles south, about 1842. David S. Way, who iiow resides in town, with his father and brother, settled three miles west, in 1839 ; and Jonathan Dennison located on his present farm, near there, about 1840. Robert Osborn, one of the first settlers in the county, settled a half mile south- east, in 1838. Alexander Thomas settled two miles west, where he now lives, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 575 in 1839. James Chambers, who was afterward killed by Indians, at Denver, Colo., settled one and one-half miles northwest, in 1839. Among the families in the immediate vicinity were: Thomas Fee and family, who settled in 1844, and are still living near town ; David and George Fitz- gerald, Isaac Perry, Levi Martin and family, Thomas Gr. Lockhart, who settled one mile west, about 1840 ; J. L. Benham and S. M. Brice; the latter came in 1840, and was intimately connected with the establishment of the village. All the above came before 1850, and settled within a mile of the village site. Bartimeas McGonigle left about 1850, selling his farm to Hiram Campbell, who, in turn, sold to Jesse Grubbs, two years later. Previously (March 28, 1848), James Allensworth and George W. Brite, Trustees of Washington Township, ordered a village plat to be laid off on the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 16, Township 85 norti^. Range 8, which was accordingly made in June, 1848, by Andrew D. Botdorff, ■ County Surveyor. ' However, this survey was not used, but a re-survey was made January 20, 1854, by John McArthur, under the proprietorship of Samuel M. Brice and Jesse B. Grubbs. At the time of the survey, Hiram Campbell and Dr. S. M. Brice were the only residents on the town plat. The latter was a practicing physician and sold some goods. The first house on that plat was, of course, that of Mr. McGonigle. The second was that of Mr. Campbell, afterward occupied by Mr. Grubbs. The next house was a hotel, the "Washington House — now the Central House — built in the same year the town was laid off, by Mr. Grubbs. Lawrence Hol- lenbeck next erected a building and opened the first store proper, in the same year, on the southeast corner of Main and Washington streets. Mr. Hollenbeck settled at Marion in 1842, and at Center Point in 1854, where he built the first house after the village was laid out. He was obliged to grub out thick brush from the site of his house, 16x20, just southeast of the Central House. He still lives in the village. Then followed stores by John Milner (who came to the vicinity about 1844, and now resides in Center Point, aged 97 years), and by Nicholas, for a short time. In 1855, A. A. Adams succeeded Dr. Brice a's proprietor of the store on the site of Mr. Bliss'- present store. In 1855, Dr. J. F. Wilson came, and soon after opened the first drug store, which, with his sons, he has continued to the present time. Cabin & Benham soon after opened a general stock of goods. About the same time, 1855, a Mr. Brain came to the village with a view to the establishment of a flouring mill. He secured a gift of about $2,000 from the residents of the vicinity for that purpose, and erected a two and a half story frame building on Water" street, in the southeastern part of town. He fur- nished it with machinery which he procured on credit ; then ran away, leaving the people without remuneration for their inYested capital. The mill burned down in 1864. John Can- established a store in 1855, between State and Olive streets, and was succeeded by Nathan Johnson, in 1856. J. M. Bartleson, a son-in-law of Mr. Carr, has been connected with the mercantile business there for twenty years. Mr. W. S. Bliss settled in the village in 1855, as a carpenter, and has con- tinued his residen e there to the present time, having conducted the cabinet business for the past fifteen years. 576 HlrfTORY OF LINN COUNTY. W. I. Langsdale settled in the county in 1849, and in the village in 1856, where he engaged in general merchandise business. He is still in business there, though having met with great misfortunes by fire. In 1857, William Nevin, who resides in the. village, and H. D. Medcalf opened a general store. Philip Kewley established in business about 1861, and sold in 1877 to. Wayne Bros. The Washington House is now the Central House, by W. S. Glinn ; George Mitchell opened the second hotel about the time the town was surveyed, in a house built by Mr. Whitney. He still manages the hotel as the Montana House. Since the railroad has been built, the Brooklyn House has been erected in Grubb's addition, on Broad street, and is now operated by W. W. Hollenheck. S. M. Brice was the first Postmaster. That oflBce is now filled by Miss S. A. Rogers. The first brick building was the one story structure, built by A. Manahan in 1858, on the corner of State and Main streets, now owned by Wm. Nevin. EAILKOAD. For the purpose of securing the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, an appropriation of $16,000 was mside by the township. To raise this amount a five per cent, tax was levied, which amounted to $18,300. The surplus money over $16,000 was used for securing the right-of-way through Washington and Grant Townships. The railroad was completed to Center Point in the Fall of 1873, and was continued the following Spring. Additions had been made to the town by Messrs. Leverich and Grubbs. After the railroad was projected, other additions were made by Messrs. Grubbs and Brice, and East Center Point was also laid ofi", November 11, 1873, by A. F. Elder, Surveyor. SCHOOLS. The first school in the vicinity was a log district school, built before the town was formed, just northwest of town. This is still standing, remodeled as the residence of Mrs. Burket. School was taught here in the Winter of 1856, by a Mr. Wilox, who was followed by Thomas S. Johnson. Afterward a log house in town was used for school purposes, and a school house was built in 1858, in which school was first taught by J. H. Hammond, succeeded by G. V.' Dunbar. An addition of equal size was made to the school house in 1875, so that there are now four good-sized school rooms. These are taught by 0. F. Fisher, Principal, assisted by Mrs. Leonard, Miss Clarinda Wilson and Mrs. Louisa Sweeney. RELIGIOUS. The Methodist Society was organized at Marysville, six miles west, in Ben- ton County, whence it was transferred to Center Point. The first records of the church could not be found. Rev. Mr. Wilkinson acted as the Pastor in 1862, followed by Rev. Mr. Pilbeam, in 1864, and he by W. 0. Glesner, under whose charge the church was erected in 1855. It is a neat frame edifice, in the southwestern part of town, on Summit street, costing $2,200. The succeed- ing Pastors were Revs. J. F. Baker, W. 0. Dove, John Haywood, Shimer, Jacob Hurrel, Reeves, Wolf, and the present Pastor, Rev. L. S. Keagle. The class in in a prosperous condition, having about sixty-five members. A Sabbath school was organized in 1864, by Solomon Sharcett. Abraham Snyder is the present Superintendent. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 577 The Congregational Society was organized by Rev. Charles Dame, in 1873, at the Methodist Church, with nineteen members. Lepnidas McCurdy was a prime mover in the organization. One year later, they erected a large and tasteful frame church, 30x44 feet in size,, with two spires, at a cost of about three thousand dollars, at the corner of Franklin and Washington streets. It was dedicated January 17, 1875, by Rev. Stephen Phelps, of Vinton. Rev. G. C. Lockridge succeeded Rev. Mr. Dame in 1877. The society numters about fifty at present. A Sabbath school was organized soon after the society was formed, with Leonidas McCurdy as first and present Superintendent. The Baptist organization was effected in 1858, by the efforts of Elder Daniel Rowley, of Jordan's Grove, who preached here occasionally for a long period. Among the original members were George McNeil and wife. Elder Perkins succeeded as the next minister, and was followed successively by Elders J. L. Coppoe, Charles Brooks and L. H. Thompson, the present minister. Services have been held in the Congregational Church during the past six months. The present number of members is twenty -three. A., r. & A, M. • Vienna Lodge, No. 142, was instituted at Marysville, June 8, 1859. Many members of this lodge being from the vicinity of Center Point, and the latter place outgrowing its neighbor, permission was obtained from the Grand Lodge, June 3, 1863, to move the lodge to Center Point, which was accordingly done. The first officers after the change were : Lawrence Hollenbeck, W. M. ; Wm. Hunt, S. W. ; John Lanning, J. W. ; Wm. Ward, Treasurer ; D. S. Fay, Secretary; George Newland, S. D.; Alfred Thomas, J. D. ; T. J. Speaks, Tiler ; T. G. Lockhart and P. Kewley, Stewards. Meetings were held in Newland's Hall until 1869, when they were trans- ferred to Spooner's Hall, where their hall is now located, though from 1875 to September, 1877, the Odd Fellows Hall was used jointly. The present officers are: A. Moyer, W. M. ; R. E. Tripp, S. W.; W. Wilsey, J. W. ; A. Manahan, Treasurer; Wm. Nevin, Secretary; Wm. Abbott, S. D. ; George Fitzgerald, J. D. ; A. Kubias, Tiler. I. 0. 0. F. Center Point Lodge, No. 185, was organized by C. Fordyee, D. D. G. M., of Cedar Rapids, with fifteen members. Their charter was granted October 20, 1870. Among the charter members were : J. C. Spooner, N. G. ; B. M. Hilliard, V. G. ; T. G. Metcalf, R. S. ; A. Manahan, Treasurer ; H. R. Norris, W. N. Bates, J. M. Bartleson, D. G. Manahan, T. Albone, J. H. Laker, and others. Meetings were first held in the red hall where the Masons now meet. October 20, 1875, they took possession of a new hall, which they erected, being the second story of D. Serveson's building. It forms a good hall, and is well furnished. The present officers are : John Cochrane, N. G. ; Fred. Stofer, V. G. ; B. M. Hilliard, P. S. ; W. N. Bates, Recording Secretary ; A. Manahan, Treasurer. There are twenty-four members, and their property is valued at $1,500. A. 0. U. W. A Lodge of this order was instituted in Center Point June 22, 1877, by District Deputy Haywood, of Lyons, Iowa. The first officers were : J. B. Wayne, P. M. W. ; Wm. Nevin, M. W. ; H. D. Newland, G. Y. ; C. 0. Fisher, 678 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. Overseer; L. L. Wilson, Guide; G. C. Bliss, Recorder; George W. Kuck, Receiver ; P. Kennedy, Financier ; D. A. McLinn, I. W. ; A. HoUenbeck, H. W. ; W. W. Porter, George Ward and H. N. Wayne, Trustees. There are at present fourteen members — all ofiBcers. No losses have been sustained. The present officers are : C. 0. Fisher, M. W. ; Wm. Nevin, P. M. W. ; J. B. Wayne, G. F. ; A. HoUenbeck, 0. ; L. L. Wilson, G. , G. C. Bliss, Recorder; G. W. Kuck, Receiver ; P. Kewley, F. ; W. W. Porter, I. W. ; D. A. McLinn, 0. W. ; Joseph B. Wayne, Representative to Grand Lodge; George Ward, Hiram Wayne, James M. Bennett, Trustees. THE PRESS. The Center Point News was the first newspaper published in the village. Volume 1, Number 1, a diminutive four-column folio, containing none but Orford (Tama County) matter and advertisements, appeared January 12, 1869, published by W. M. Patrick — then publishing a paper at Orford. The paper states that this is a " sample " with which to take orders. Again, May 28, 1869, Volume 1, Number 1 appeared, of the same size. Number 2 appeared June 4th, and contained the valedictory of Mr. Patrick and the introductory of T. J. Metcalf, who continued the publication of this small but bold little sheet fpr one year, when he moved it to Laporte. , The Center Point Lotus was established by Dr. J. F. Wilson & Co., who, for advertising and other purposes, bought a new printing office and issued the first number of the Lotus a seven column paper. May 15, 1873. T. J. Met- calf acted as editor until August 20, 1874, when W. T. Baker, who afterward cpmmitted suicide at Lisbon, became editor until November 5, 1874, when the office and paper were sold to H. A. Cook, of Cedar Rapids. T. J. Metcalf and S. M. Dunlap purchased the ofiice in 1876, and issued the first number of the Center Point Mirror, November 18, 1876. Mr. Dunlap has since purchased the remaining half interest, and now conducts the paper. Mr. Dunlap has been con- nected with the ofiice for several years, and is a practical printer. His is the only office in the north half of the county and, the job patronage is consequently good. FIRE. About one o'clock, A. M., April 16, 1875, the alarm of fire resounded through the quiet village. An old store building of W. I. Langsdale, on North Main street, had caught fire and rapidly ignited the adjoining buildings. On the north was Irvin Hall, owned by Mr. Langsdale, and occupied by Mosman & Taylor as a general store ; on the south was owned by D. Meneer, and occupied by C. H. Kurtz, with dry-goods and clothing ; next to this on the south corner was the building of C. LL Hubbard, having a dry-goods store in front, with living rooms in the rear. The building where the fire originated contained below the store of Mr. Langsdale, and his dwelling-rooms above. The origin of of the fire is unknown. A strong wind was blowing frpm the northeast, and, as the buildings were of wood, the work of destruction was soon complete. The losses were about as follows : C. H. Kurtz, stock , |7,000, insurance, $5,000 ; W. L Langsdale, stock and buildings, $5,500 ; C. Hubbard, stock and building, $3,500, insurance, $400 ; Mosman & Taylor, $2,500. Among other losses were those of D. Meneer, building, ^,000 ; Mr. Metcalf, Justice of the Peace, lost his office, books and furniture ; and several other buildings caught fire and were saved only by the energetic labors of the citizens. This sudden loss, amounting to nearly $20,000, was a severe misfortune both to the individual owners and to the village. Mr. Langsdale soon rebuilt^ HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 579 and, during the present year, the fine two-story brick building of G. C. Bliss has been erected on the corner. SUICIDES. January 5, 1877, the people of Center Point heard the horrible report that Miss Flora Hunt, a young lady of sixteen, the highly esteemed daughter of William Hunt, an old resident living three miles west, had committed suicide. She had been troubled by an unfortunate love affair, and as her parents were not willing for her to marry the object of her affections, she sought the stream of oblivion by taking strychnine, at 5 o'clock P. M., then entering the room where her parents were sitting, she threw the empty bottle at their feet and expired. Wednesday, January 31, 1877, James Bartlett Osborn added to the tragedy by shooting himself through the heart. He- left voluminous letters to all his friends, of a surprisingly cool and calm nature, stating the cause of the rash action to be the death of Miss Hunt, to whom he was devotedly attached. He was a young man of twenty years, of good family, and was well respected. He, according to request, was buried beside Miss Hunt. Thus two young and hopeful lives were, by a condition of mind which amounted to insanity, suddenly , lifted from time into eternity. CITY GOVERNMENT. February 6, 1875, an election was held, according to notice given by L. L. Wilson, William I^evin, A. Snyder and P. P. Falkins, Commissioners appointed for that purpose, to decide upon the propriety of incorporating Center Point. This resulted favorably, and a notice of incorporation was issued by J. L. Craw- ford, County Clerk. March 20, an election of officers was held at the Central House, resulting as follows : William Nevin, Mayor ; T. J. Speakman, Recorder ; C. 0. Fisher, J^ssessor; J. S. Winans, L. L. Wilson, N. Nevin, G. W. Kuck and D. Serve- son, Trustees; C. 0. Fisher, Marshal. Mr. G. W. Kuck has filled the office of Treasurer to the present time. In March, 1876, the following officers were elected : Mayor, T. J. Speak- man ; Recorder, Henry A. Cook ; Assessor, David S. Cramer ; Trustees, F. M. Yost, A. A. Newland, T. S. Herring, J. S. Winans; Marshal, John Cochran. March, 1877 — Mayor, Wm. Nevin ; Recorder, T. J. Metcalf (afterward, B. M. Hilliard); Assessor, D. F. Cramer; Trustees, F. M. Yost, A. Manahan, William H. Glinn, Joseph B. Wayne, W. W. Hollenbeck ; Marshal, John Cochran. March, 1878 — Mayor, Wm. Nevin ; Recorder, B. M. Hilliard ; Assessor, D. F. Cramer ; Trustees, F. M. Yost, A. Manahan, J. B. Wayne, Thomas Herring, D. S. Way ; Marshal, John Cochran. A iock-up was built in 1875, between Olive and Water streets. The town has now an indebtedness of $300. No bonds have been issued. A cornet band is maintained for the enjoyment of the citizens, consisting of nine instruments, under the charge of Prof. L. D. Porter. BUSINESS INTERESTS. In 1875, a double two-story brick business block, known as Union Hall, was erected — one-half by H. D. Newland, the remainder by a joint-stock com- pany. There are two excellent business rooms below and a large public hall above. In 1878, Jacob Thomas built a two-story brick building on the south- HISTOKY OF LINN COUNTY. 581 Mr. Perry donated forty acres, and .the remainder of Mr. Wherry's farm is now owned by H. A. Billing. Mr. Wherry erected the first house on the town site in 1856, which now forms a portion of Mr. D. White's residence. Among the first buildings were those of Anson Ingham, now the residence of Stephen Workman ; President Weaver's house, then a slab house, by Comstock ; next a house by Mr. Bollenbaugh ; then that of Mrs. Steward", then another house by W. A. Wherry, then a house by David Silvers, and a house on the site of the Western Hotel, by Alexander Stewart. Mr. Bollenbaugh located there in April, 1856, and established a shoe shop and a small grocery. He began the hotel business in 1860 in the Stewart House, and has con- tinued as proprietor of the only hotel to the present time. He secured the first Post Office in 1857, under the name of Western College, and by which it is still called. After four years, Frederick Hill took charge of the office, then Mr. Nausdale, succeeded by W. H. Shuey, until his death, when the office was continued by Frederick Shuey, the present Postmaster. Wyatt A. Wherry was the first Justice of the Peace. Western was laid out July 3, 1856, on the south county line, being on the ■ southeast quarter and east half of the east half of the southwest quarter of Sec- tion 34, Township 82, Range 7, by Solomon Weaver, Martin G. Miller, Wm. H. Shuey, Daniel Runkle and Jonathan Neidig, Trustees of Western College, ^ by Adam Perry, Surveyor. An addition was made on the west, by W. A. Wherry. The history of Western College embraces much of interest regarding the village. It will be found in another portion of this work. In 1856, William Weed built the store room now occupied by the hardware store of J. G. Brown, and established there the first general store. President Weaver soon became a partner in the business. In 1857, John Henderson, now of the Farmer's Life Insurance Co., of Cedar Bapids, established a second store in Western. He sold to James Perry. John Todd located there the first blacksmith shop. Joseph Wickard purchased Mr. Weed's store, then Perry & Shrader suc- ceeded him. William H. Shuey operated the first regular grocery. He sold to David White, who has recently sold to J. W. Bumgardner. The first physician was Dr. Grouse, followed by Dr. W. B. Wagner, now of Blairstown. Dr. Miller was also among the early physicians. Prof. J. C. Shrader, now Professor in the Medical Department of the University at Iowa City, first began practice at Western. The present physicians are Dr. J. C. Stansbury, who has practiced there for about fifteen years, and Dr. Favour, who located in 1877. School was first held as a primary department of the College, at which there was an attendance of twenty during the first year. A district school was then organized and held in a small dwelling now standing vacant in the western part of town. School was held there until 1861, when the present two-story brick building, about 24x40 feet in size, was constructed west of the business part of town. There are two rooms, now taught by Stephen I. Harrison and Miss Sadie Bowman. In 1873 and 1874 a plan culminated for the erection of a steam fiour- ing mill by a joint-stock company. Mr. P. D. Smith came to Western, and by his efforts, principally, a three and one half story solidly built frame mill was constructed, having three runs of stone and costing about $14,000. Mr. P. 582 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. D. Smith and son J. C. Smith became the millers until the Fall of 1877, •when the former died and the latter continued as miller. Adam, Perry and James Speck have recently purchased the mill and are operating it. The religious views of the United Brethren in Christ denomination are entertained by a majority of the citizens, since the College is an institution of that sect. As soon as the College was organized, a United Brethren Society was formed and preaching held in the College chapel by the various Presideftts and other ministers. As the chapel answers all required purposes, a church building has never been erected, though a new and commodious chapel will soon be erected in corinection with the College. Rev. M. S. Drury, who has been a liberal patron of the College, is the present regular pastor, though there are twelve pastors of that denomination living in Western. About 1864, a Methodist Episcopal society was organized by the energetic efforts of D. W. Henderson and others. A frame church building was soon after built on Main street, and occupied regularly by that denomination for sev- eral years ; but more recently a portion of its members have removed, and the ■congregation has become unable to support a pastor. The church is not used except occasionally by pastors of various denominations. THE PRESS. Rev. S. Weaver and W. H. Shuey, as editors and proprietors, issued the Western College Advocate, a monthly magazine, in July, 1856. After one year its publication was continued by the Board of Trustees until 1859, when a press was purchased and the semi-monthly Western College Reporter ap- peared in quarto form ; with several changes of form and frequency of issue, it continued until 1874, when it was discontinued. In the following year, W. I. Beatty, a young man at that time a student of the college, became interested in the subject, and, with Mr. Ralph Shatto as publisher, and Mr. Beatty as editor, the Western Grazette was issued. In less than a year the paper passed to the entire control of Mr. Shatto, and has been continued by him as the Western Light. It is a seven-column weekly folio. BUSINESS INTERESTS. The early business of Western has been referred to. At present, there two general stores, one hardware, one drug store, one blacksmith and one wagon shop, two groceries, one clothing and dry goods, one hotel, one mill, two shoe shops, one printing office, one carpenter shop and one barber. MUNICIPAL. June 1, 1867, a petition was circulated praying for an election to decide upon the propriety of incorporating Western, and received thirty-two signers. Accordingly, an election was held, and October 28, 1867, their petition was granted. Officers were elected. The first recorded meeting of the Council was held February 12, 1868 : Mayor, W. B. Wagner ; Recorder, Wm. Lang- ham ; Trustees, D. D. Weiner, A. C. Gilmore, J. E. Rider, R. Davis and D. Manning ; Treasurer, A. C. Gilmore ; Marshal, D. F. Palmer. No buildings have been erected by the incorporated town, but careful atten- tion has been given to the sidewalks and other improvements. No bonds have been issued, and no debt overhangs the city. The present officers are: Mayor, J. G. Brown; Recorder, R. Shatto; Trustees, A. Perry, Lewis Bookwalter, T. Harrison, J. G. Snyder, S. Ander- son; Treasurer, J. G. Snyder; Marshal, Joseph Kaufman. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. ' 583 BEETRAM. {Bertram Township.) Among the earliest settlers in this vicinity now residing -there, are James and John Huater, 1838 ; Perry and Everett Oxley, Thomas W. Campbell, 1838 ; Jacob Lebo, 1838 ; Albert, Henry and Israel Mitchell, at Westport ; Peter D. Harmon came soon after. The village was an outgrowth of the railroad. When the railroad was pro- spected through that locality, in 1856, the site of Bertram was a wheat field, with but one house on the site — an old log one, which is still standing at the corner of Third and Angle streets, and which was built by Mailier, but was then empty. Angle k Ely operated a saw-mill one-half mile northeast, and in the Fall of 1856 they purchased the 150 acres of Mr. Manier, and in January sold one- fourth of this to Hon. George Greene and John Weare and one-half to the Iowa & Nebraska Land Company. April 1,1857, R. W. Knowles came to the site of Bertram as the agent of the proprietors of the town. Ashbel Hale built a storehouse, in September, 1857, near the southwest corner of Bertram and Ely streets ; but as he died, no store was opened there until the next Spring, when C. B. Cook and Nelson Reed opened a store. The proprietors of the town furnished lumber and lots on time. April 19, 1858, Bertram was laid out on the southeast quarter of Section 34, Township 83 north, Range 6, with depot grounds 912x250 feet in size. In the Fall of 1857* Hubbard Randall built the house standing on Second, between Angle and Ely streets, 24x24 feet in size, for a hotel. Mr. H. A. Berry now operates the only hotel that has since been in Bertram. Soon after, houses were erected by Dr. Patterson, the first physician, on Bertram street, between Bever and Ely ; by James Berry, which is still standing at the corner of Bertram and Bever streets ; by S. P. Lyons, opposite ; by James Hunter, 1858 ; a blacksmith shop, by James E. Knapp. The railroad was completed in June, 1859 ; and the blacksmith shop moved for a depot by the agent, R. W. Knowles, who was also appointed Postmaster in 1860. Mr. Knowles still resides in Bertram, as its Postmaster. In 1859, James E. White & Sons (John R. and William) built the fiouring- mill near the site of the saw-mill, a three-story frame building, which was pur- chased before it was completed by Jeremiah Daniels, who fitted it with good machinery, and has operated it to the present time. He has experienced con- siderable difiicttlty by the dam washing out. A depot was built in 1860, which burned down about 1872, and was re- placed by the present one. Samuel Daniels, now County Auditor, succeeded as Station Agent ; and, after various changes, Mr. John W. Robinson has now had charge for many years. The next store was by S. W. Campbell, about 1863. Franklin Allen suc- ceeded him. H. A. Berry succeeded Cook & Reed. Then came Fetter & Mann with a store, now George W. Fetter, with a saloon. A blacksmith shop, afterward a grocery, was kept by Joseph Cox;, then William Clymer. Then the saloon of Jake Camean, which is now in existence. A brick district school house was built in 1856, three-quarters of a mile northwest, which was used by the town pupils until about 1868, when a frame 684 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. school house was built in town. This is now taught by Miss Kate Wilson, of Mount Vernon, with about forty pupils. Spear T. Harmon succeeded in the store of H. A. Berry for three years. The second blacksmith was William Davidson, then William Thorp, now Otto Nack. The first religious services were held by Hubbard Randall, of the Free Will Baptist denomination, which has since had occasional Pastors. The society was organized about 1873, by Elder Amos Davis, followed by Dr. Walter Crew. Services are held in the Independent Methodist Church. The Methodist society have an independent ^organization at Bertram. It was first organized under the Marion circuit. They have a good church build- ing and an interesting society. ELY. [Putnam Township.) The village of Ely is a new one, which sprung up at the old settlement at Hoosier Grove on the occasion of the advent of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad. This is one of the earliest settled points in the county. Six or more per- sons are believed to have located in the vicinity in 1838. Elisha Cox and Isham Holler settled on the Bassitt farm — the former where the farm house now stands, and the latter on the creek. John Holler located on the town site, and lived where Andrew Fahrmeister now resides. One mile west, Isaac Cox, and one and a half miles west, Joseph Cox, settled. Abner Cox located on the Frank Lawrence farm. Albert Blaylock settled near there soon after. Octo- ber 4, 1843, Christopher V. Fahrmeister, now deceased, with his sons, settled one and a half miles south, in Johnson County. Some of the sons have occu- pied the original farm to the present time. John Holler, who was killed by his son, sold the town site to Alexander Gilmore, who transferred it to William Harris, a Quaker, from whom it was purchased, in 1867, by Andrew Fahrmeister. The latter sold sixty acres to the railroad company. Ely was laid out June 5, 1872, by T. M. Johnson, .Surveyor, on parts of Sections 30 and 31 , Township 82 north. Range 6, under the proprietorship of John F. Ely. The first building was erected before the town was laid off, and before the railroad had been completed, by William S. Cooper, on the southwest corner of Dows and Main streets. Here Mr. Cooper opened a general store, which was sold to John Hoffman, and afterward to Joseph Woitishek, the present propri- etor. The next buildings were, the depot, a warehouse by Andrew Fahrmeister, then a store building by Jerry Smith, occupied by the store of Smith & Healy. Next, a saloon was opened by J. C. Dolezal; then a drug and hardware store by Thomas Bassitt, occupied by J. L. Hurd. A number of good dwellings followed, and gave Ely the appearance of an active village. James G. Smith next established a grocery store. The drug and hardware stock was divided, James Moorhead taking the former, and adding to it groceries, while John Lorene continues the hardware business. The first shoe-shop was that of Joseph Jonas. Frank Naibert has since established in that business. The first and only harness shop is that of Wes- ley Swacha. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 585 A lumber yard was established by Fahrmeister & Woitishek, sold to J. W. Emerson, thence to John Janko. An agricultural implement store was first operated by J. G. Smith, who sold to J. E. Dolezal. The first and only livery stable is that of L. M. Healy, who also established the first hotel about 1873. The first blacksmith shop was established by Anton Horak. More recently, Joseph Stepanek has engaged in that trade.. The first and only cabinet shop of the village is that of Hanus & Sojis. B. H. Brumbaugh first located as a physician. He was followed by N. F. Terry, who has given place to the present physician, Dr. G. W. Stansberry. The first Station Agent was J. L. Devault, who was succeeded by the present agent, W. J. Henry. The post office has passed successively through the charge of S. A. Stream, N. Brumbaugh, G. W. Davault and James Moorman, the present ofiicer. A second grain warehouse was erected by an Eastern company ; was operated by B. Orcutt, J. W. Emerson, and then purchased^ by Farhmeister & Woitishek. There are four saloons. The town has been settled by Bohe- tnians to the extent of more than one-half the population, which is about two hundred and fifty. The first school house in this vicinity was erected in 1850. It was a little cabin, made of lynn poles, and school was first taught there by Israel CJark. Another, one-quarter of a mile east of town, afterward known as the Ely schoQl house, was built in the Fall of 1854, and first taught by R. Rowe. This was moved nearer to the town plat when the latter was laid off. A new frame school house of one room was built in Ely in the Fall of 1876, where school was first taught by Isaac Heller, who was afterward drowned in the Cedar River. Al. Weaver taught the next Winter. Israel Clark was probably the first one to preach in this neighborhood. No religious society was organized until after the town was laid out. In the Win- ter of 1871-2, a Methodist class was formed, and a church building, 28x36 feet in size, moved into town from three miles east, where it was erected in 1859. The Pastors, successively, were Revs. W. T. Moore, J. H. Hoskyn, S. A. (Joodsell, and the present Pastor, Rev. W. H. Miller. The church has a mem- bership of about fifty, and a Sabbath school is regularly held at the church. A Presbyterian organization was effected two or three years since, though they have as yet had a regular Pastor — Rev. Mr. King, of Vinton — only during one year, 1877. They occupy the Methodist Church. There is a Bohemian church two miles west. PALO. {Fayette Township.) To Joseph Strawn is due the honor of first crossing Cedar River to locate in Fayette Township. He located three and one-half miles northwest of the site of Palo, in March, 1839, and was joined on the following day by Thomas Lewis, who settled five miles north of the same site. Mr. Strawn still resides on the old farm. Dyer, Hiram and Henry Usher, with their father, settled soon after, two miles southeast. John Hollenbeck was the first settler in the immediate vicinity of the village site. The exact date of his location could not be ascertained. He 686 HISTOKY OF. LINN COUNTY. was a prominent man of that locality until his death, in 1877. He lived adjoining the town on the east, and made an addition to the town plat on the north. John Cue, now living one mile north of town, settled there soon after Mr. Hollenbeck came, and is probably the oldest settler in the vicinity. George C. McKorkle came in 1845, then a young man, and lived with his stepfather, Mr. Hollenbeck. His brother, B. McKorkle, came about the same time, and both still reside near town. P. B. Yates and family located in March, 1 846, three miles southeast, on the opposite side of Cedar River. He came over in 1850, and settled adjoin- ing the village site on the southeast. Mrs. Yates and her sons now live in the village. Among other early settlers in the vicinity were John Mills, one-half mile south- west, who died about 1870 ; Peter McVey, one mile northwest, who died within a few years ; William Wheeler adjoined him on the east, but afterward moved further West ; Samuel and W. J. Whiting, three-quarters of a mile south ; Na- thaniel Chipman settled one and a quarter miles west about 1848, where he has since died ; James McArthur and Joseph McNannis, who still reside on their farms, about one mile south; Stephen Morris bought land of Andrew Hol- lenbeck, in the Fall of 1854, adjoining Mr. Cue's farm on the south, where he died two years later. These are but a few of those who had settled in the vicin- ity before the town was laid oflF. Some time before that event, John Hollenbeck had kept a tavern and post office in his house, now known as the old tavern stand ; and his son Andrew had established a store opposite the town, which was operated by his brother , David. John G. Cole lived in Cedar Rapids about ten years; then, in 1854, went to Mr. HoUenbeck's neighborhood, purchased a farm of Mr. Pierce, and lived south of the creek. June 10, 1854, Mr. Cole had the village site surveyed by John McArthur, on the northeast quarter of Section 29, Township 84 north'. Range 8. Mr. Hollenbeck made an addition in December, 1857, on the north. The first building was a shanty, erected in 1854, by Charles Perry, but was soon torn down. In the following Spring, John McCray erected the first log cabin, on the site of the saw-mill, where he lived for one and a half years, when he was killed by the caving of a well which he was digging. The cabin was afterward torn down. In the same Spring, and about the same time, John Stratford built the second log house, on Lot 1, Block 8, which is still standing as a wagon shop. Mr. Stratford established a boot and shoe business, which he continued for twenty years, having given up the bench for the past three years. The store building of Andrew HoU-enbeck passed into the ownership of William Greene in 1855, and the business was discontinued for a brief period, being re-established by Fleek & McAfee, in 1856, who sold to N. F. Miller. The first blacksmith shop was operated by P. B. Yates, east of town, who was succeeded by his son Ezekiel, in 1851. Thomas J. MpConaly established the next blacksmith shop, soon after the town was formed, and has continued hammering to the present time. Another shop has been established by James Lawson. Norman Root has made boots and shoes there for the past twenty years. A. Roider's shop is more recent. David Johnson has done carpenter work there since 1856. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 587 After two years' business, Fleek & McAfee sold to Rev. Solomon R. Weaver, afterward President of Western College, who moved the store to the third build- ing from Yates' store, on Vinton street, which was built by James Hays, sold to John Hollenbeck, and rented. Lucian, a son of Solomon Weaver, operated the store. The village store then passed successively into the charge of Joseph Morris, W. W. Murray, Mr. Wilkinson, C. W. Yates and P. A. Yates & Bro., who are now its proprietors. Until 1876, this was the only general store of the village. At that time another was established by Oyer & Nelson, who sold out and were followed by J. Y. Stier, in 1876, who has also closed his store. Though there have been several pettifoggers, Allen S. Hurtt opened the first regular law office in 1877. That highly esteemed citizen, John Hollenbeck, during his life, filled the position of Postmaster from its establishment until his death in 1877, with the exception of a few years, when N. F. Miller kept the office in his store. During the later years the office was deputized, and the present Postmaster, Joseph Barnhill, has attended to it for four years, in connection with the grocery business. The first drug store was that of Dr. J. Strickleppe. It is now operated by John Holman. The railroad was built just southwest of the village, in 1869-70, and James Spaulding made first station agent, followed by V. C. Hemmenway, S. W. Fuller, and the present agent, Thomas Cliiford, who has also the express office. The first school was held in the Winter of 1854-5, three-quarters of a mile south, at Joseph McManus' house, by Ellison D. Marsh. The first school in town was by J. F. Wishard, in 1856, in the house built by Charles Morris and afterward burned down. The next school was in H. M. Campbell's house, by Mr. Crew, then by Mr. Miller; and in 1858, a one-story brick building, 28x30 feet in size, was erected. This was used until a new school house was erected, since when it has been used as a dwelling. The present school house, a two- story frame building, with two rooms, was erected in 1871. John S. Willard first taught in it, while Miss Rosetta Sargent is the present teacher. Two teachers are employed in Winter. Joel Sargent rented the tavern of Mr. Hollenbeck, in 1858. The next hotel was that of T. J. McConaly, in the present residence of Mrs. Grardner. The present hotels are the Palo House, by Samuel Wells, and the Iowa House, by D. G. Cain. Many years ago a saw-mill operated by steam was constructed in the south- western part of town and operated successfully for some time. A planing machine was afterward added ; but as the patronage has gradually declined, neither is now in operation. RELIGIOUS. John Hollenbeck and P. B. Yates were of the Protestant Methodist denomi- nation, the former a preacher ; consequently the first religious society was formed by them in 1846 or 1847. Mr. Yates soon died, and as that congregation be- came few in numbers, Mr. Hollenbeck united with the Methodist Episcopal class, which was formed before the town was laid off'. Services were continued in private houses and the school house until 1870, when the society erected a neat frame chur jh building, 30x40 feet in size, at a cost of about $2,000. There are now about twenty-five members and Rev. Rufus Ricker, an old and honored worker, officiates as the present Pastor. He resides in Shellsburg. 588 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. In 1856, the United Brethren and Baptist denominations established socie- ties at Palo, and continued actively for some years,, but are not now strong enough to maintain an organization. An organization of the Evangelical Association was effected in 1875, by Rev. Manwell, now of Lisbon, followed by John Wagner, who was sent there by the next conference, and is now their Pastor. There is a membership of twenty-two, and services are held in the Methodist church. FAIRFAX. {Fairfax Township). This village, located near the center of the southwestern township in the county, is one of comparatively recent establishment. Probably the earliest settlers in the neighborhood were Walter Ure, with his family, including sons James and William, Scotchmen, who located two and one-half miles northwest of the village site, about 1839. In 1840, David McKennen located two miles east, and Hiram Bales adjoined his farm on the south in 1853. In 1855, John Flyharty lived two and one-half miles southwest, where his sons yet reside. In May of that year. B. E. Vanderbilt located on his present farm, including the village site. Henry Dietrich and Walter Brockman located three miles southeast in 1856. Those comprised all the settlers within a radius of three miles at that time. No attempt at the establishment of a village was made until the railroad was built, when. May 22, 1863, Vanderbilt _w as laid out by S. W Durham, County Surveyor, on the land of George W. Vanderbilt, being the northeast quarter of Section 16, Township 82 north. Range 8. The name of the village was afterward changed to Fairfax. Mr. B. E. Vanderbilt was made station agent and Postmaster ; he built the first depot. His brother, H. E. Vanderbilt, came in that year; also C. P. Osborn, a carpenter and joiner, in May, 1863. The latter was the first to locate on the town site and to build a dwelling on Vanderbilt street, still occupied as his residence. The next resident was H. F. Kirigsberry, who built the store room on the west side of Vanderbilt street, near the depot, and opened a general store. In 1864, S. P. Wordsworth built a hotel on Railroad street, now a dwelling. The next building was the First Congregational Church, a small frame building on the north side of Main street. In 1865, Henry Tarr opened a blacksmith shop. Various dwellings were intermingled with them, and Fairfax began to assume the form of a village. Phipps Bros, soon after opened a lumber yard and built a grain warehouse. Dr. U. C. Roe then located, established a medical practice and kept a few drugs. The store gradually became a grocery. It was kept in the small frame building opposite J. W. Firkins' store. John Dick bought the stock of Mr. Kingsberry and continued the business for some time, then sold to Thomas Carr, who moved away. B. F. Homans & Sons then built the large two-and-a-half story frame building on the northwest corner of Main and Vanderbilt streets, where they established a general store, now operated by P. C. Peet. The present* hotel was built as a residence, by A. G. Hancock, and opened as a hotel by Thomas Gaskill. It is now operated by Andrew Wells. Dr. J. W. Firkins is the present physician, druggist and Postmaster. JV- ^J^Ay"- BROWN TOWNSHIP HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 591 David Junk has more recently opened a general store. Mr. Tarr sold his Wacksmith shop to D. Henry Hector, who now operates it. The first wagon shop was that of Jonn Dubbs, then A. F. Sargent, followed by John Pritchard, the present workman. John C. Hedges has several grain warehouses along the railroad, and oper- ates in grain and stock. The first saloon was that of John Flyharty. There are now two. The first and only meat market is that of Donald Mclntire. The first harness shop was established by James Dodwell. The present operator is Jacob Egemyer. Frank Devork has the only boot and shoe shop. In 1865, Mrs. Hester Fuller taught the first school in Fairfax, in the Con- gregational Church. School was continued there for two or three years by R. W. Gunnison, Anna McLaughlin, and others ; then a one-story frame school house was erected. A good two-story frame school building has since been erected, where Miss Mary K. Hedges now teaches. Two teachers are em- ployed in Winter. RELIGIOUS. The Congregational society was organized June 30, 1863, by Rev. Orzo French, who remained one ,and a half years. The original members of the society were C. P. Osborn, Mrs. H. N. Osborn, Mrs. S. Wordsworth, W. B. Reynolds, Jr., and Mrs. L. Reynolds. The first church was erected in 1864. In 1868, a permanent frame church building yas erected on the north- west corner of Vanderbilt and Church streets, at a cost of $3,000. Rev. Orzo French was followed by Rev. B. P. Kimball, for one year; then Rev. Hiram Freeman, for nine months ; then Rev. D. J. Jones, for three years ; then Rev. Harvey Adams, for four years ; then Rev. Charles H. Rogers, for four months ; hen Rev. Daniel D. Frost, the present Pastor. ' A Methodist class was formed in 1867, in the Congregational Church. They erected their present frame church edifice in the following year. Their Pastors have been, Revs. Byers, Burroughs, Bowles, See, Haymond, and the present Pastor, Rev Bargelt. The Catholic society erected a neat structure 30 x 50 feet in size, in 1875. Their Priests have been Rev. Fathers Lowrey, John Zlipzie, Edward Farrell and McCafiiBry. The Presbyterian denomination organized a society in the Winter of 1867-, 78, in the Congregational Church, and held services in the school house. Their Pastors have been Revs. Wilson, G. F. Lodge, Donahue, and King, who has preached occasionally. During the past Winter, services have been held chiefly at Sicily Grove. A., F. & A. M. Fidelity Lodge, No. 364, was organized under dispensation November 12, 1875, with the following officers: John M. Terry, W. M.; J. S. McClure, S. W,; H. C. Tarr, J. W. Their charter was granted June 7, 1876. The present officers are : J. M. Terry, W. M. ; J. J. Geesler. S. W. ; James Brock, J.W.; W. H. Hector, Secretary; William Whitney, Treasurer; D. B. How, S. D. ; H. C. Tarr, J. D. The society have arranged a hall in the building of W. H. Hector, where meetings have always been held. 592 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. CENTRAL CITY. , , {Buffalo Township.) Central City, named from being located in the center of a farming area of fifteen to twenty-two miles to railroads in various directions, lies on the Wapsi- pinicon River, in the northwest corner of Buffalo Township. Among the early settlers of this vicinity were Ormus Clark, with family, including sons Joseph and Warren, who still reside there, settled about 1840, one-half mile southwest, across the river in Maine Township ; Joseph Heaton settled one mile southwest in 1842 ; of his family, Mrs. Clark (now Mrs. Bar- ber), is the earliest resident now living in Central City ; James Sawyer, with family, settled two miles east ; Harvey Powell, with family, two miles west ; his eldest son, Chester, was the first white child born in Jackson Township; Richard Barber, with family, settled one-half mile north in 1848 ; James J, Crookshank, with family, settled two and a half miles northeast in 1851 ; J. R. Finson settled one mile south about the same time ; Isaac Ford settled two miles north in 1850 ; John Cutler, three miles north, before 1850 ; W. P. Crowley one and a half miles south ; Daniel Pond and George Hugunin were later settlers, but were interested in the formation of the village. W. P. Crow- ley still resides on the old homestead. June 23, 1856, Victory Haight, Surveyor, laid out the village on the land of Richard Barber, the north side of Section 3, Township 85, Range 6 west, and named it Clarksford. No further active measures were taken, however, until in 1857, when, September 9th, the village was re-located on the lands of Richard Barber and W. P. Crowley, Charles Palmer, Surveyor. George Rice erected the first house, a frame structure, now in the yard of Isaac Ford as a barn. The lot on which the house was built was given to Mr. Rice for the consideration that he should build upon it. The lumber for it was sawed at a steam saw-mill, built three miles northwest, by Enos Ford, Asa Swan, Mailon Mills and Squire Johnson, which was operated there for about six years. Hiram Reed erected the second house, near the site of the Methodist Church. W. P. Crowley built the third house, on Main street. The next house was put up by George Hugunin. Joseph Smith built the fourth house soon after the town was laid out. This house stands directly north of the City Hotel and is owned by James Smith. The first store was established by Cornelius Parsons, near the center of town, and transferred to William St. John, and successively to Miles Crook- shank, the present proprietor, who is also Postmaster, in 1861. The dam across the river at that point was built by John Peet in 1856,. who- also erected the saw-mill on the south side of the river in 1857. The fol- lowing year, William St. John erected the large grist-mill on the north side at a cost of $7,000, and the two persons formed a copartnership and afterward sold to the present proprietor, Richard E. Burns. The second store was established by C. H. & James L. Clark, about 1865, east of the City Hotel. Next followed that of H. S. Welch, about 1870. Dr. Mitchell followed with a drug store, which was discontinued at his death in 1872. _ I Abel French established the first saloon, which, after many changes, is now the drug store of James Outing. Next Xavier Sawyer built the stone structuH on Main street where he opened a general store. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 593 The first' blacksmith shop was established about 1858, by Ephraim Sawyer ; was sold to Hiram Davis and discontinued. Two other shops were opened by E. Crane (discontinued) and Willard Butters. Vinal Baker -established' the first and only wagon shop, which has been in operation about twenty years. J. R. Finson has since established a general store, and W. B. Kerr a harness shop. Though W. P. Crowley kept a public house at one time, the first regular hotel was built by Samuel Heaton in 1868, and is now operated by Samuel ■ Church, as the Empire House. Soon after, the City Hotel was built by Kich- ard Barber, and is now owned and carried on by Isaac Ford. The present iron bridge over the river at Central City, was erected in 1876 , at a cost of $5,960. It is a substantial structure of two piers, built by the Iron Bridge Company, of Canton, Ohio. A creamery has been established recently by Xavier B. Sawyer, near Main street, where 13,000 of milk are already received daily, and that amount will soon be doubled. In the proper season, Mr. Perry L. Holden operates a sorghum molasses manufactory. The village does not support a saloon. There are several good stone buildings in town, made from excellent stone quarried in the immediate vicinity. SCHOOLS. ^ The first school of which trace can be obtained was held by Joseph Smith in his house during 1859.. A school house was built in the grove on the west side of the river in 1871, to which an addition was made during the last year. The present teachers are Miss Carrie McLeod, Principal, and Miss Lillian Baker. RELIGIOUS. Congregational. — The first religious services were held by Rev. A. Manson, at the house of W. P. Crowley, in 1858, at which time a Congregational soci- ety was organized with ten members. A year after Joseph Smith's house was built, it was rented to Messrs. Crowley and Hugunin for religious use. The following ministers have ofiiciated: Revs. A. Manson, 0. E. Littlefield, E. C. Downs, Wm. Spell, E. P. Kimball, E. E. Webber and the present minister. Rev. James Alderson. The following have filled the oflSce of Deacon : Joseph Blodgett, George Hugunin, William Henderson, Simeon Blodget and C. H. Caryl. Services are held at the Methodist church every alternate Sabbath. The society have erected a good parsonage. Methodist. — The first services of this denomination were held at the house of Seymour Clark, on the southwest side of the river, in 1854, by Rev. Ing- ham, of Marion. A class was organized and services continued regularly Among the pastors who have officiated are : Revs. Worthington, Taylor, Burch, Randall, King, Black, Fawcett, Wade, Hurl, Genison, Burley, Allbrook, Ru- fus Ricker and J. H. Hoskins, the present minister. During the pastorate of Rev. Allbrook, a parsonage was begun on the west end of Commercial street, but was completed as a church in 1860. A parson- age has since been erected (1871). The present Trustees are : D. D. Jaynes (Clerk), N. C. Gillilan, C. H. Clark, George H. Andrews and others. 594 .SiTOR OF LINN COUNTY. A Union Sabbath school has been established for many years, and has now an attendance of about 100. Daniel Pond and C. E. Rollins were among the first Superintendents. The latter now fills that ofiice. The Baptist Ohuroh — a commodious, frame structure, with bell cupola — was erected in 1873. 0. B. Aldrich, John Decker and C. Bachelor (the present Pastor) have filled the pulpit there recently. A promised sketch of this church has not been received. A., F. & A. M. Level Lodge, No. 284, was founded March 23, 1870, with the following offi- cers and charter members: W. P. Crowley, W. M.; M. M. Crookshank, 8. W.; J. L. Crawford, J. W.; H. G. Ristine, Sec; M. C. Jordan, Treas.; S. T. Berry, S. D.; D. P. Long, J. D.; L. H. Powell, Tiler. Mr. Crowley has held the office of Worthy Master to the present time. Meetings were held for two years in the Smith House, and since over Mr. Crookshank's store. They have a good lodge-room and full regalia. The ofiicers at present are: W. P. Crowley, W. M.; M. M. Crookshank, S. W.; J. M. Walker, J. W. ; J. H. Davis, Sec; M. C. Jordan, Treas,; Buel Evans, S. D.; D. P. Long, J. D.; C. R. Read, Tiler. WAUBECK. {Maine Township.) George W. Wiggin first went to the site of Waubeck, in May, 1855. There was then but one building, the log house of Ezra Nuckolls, which had been erected two or three years. Mr. Nuckolls afterward returned to Indiana, and the house is now used as a barn by Mr. Henry Hedges. The mill site had been entered, and together with the land in the vicinity was then owned by George Paddington. PADDINGTON. September 20, 1855, J. S. Wynans, Surveyor, laid out this village under the proprietorship of Ezra Nuckolls and George Paddington. In that year, 1855, the dam and saw-mill were constructed by Haywood East and John Ellison, Mr. Wiggin doing the carpenter work. In 1856, Mr. Wiggin built his own house, which still forms a portion of his present residence. Though a wagon maker, he was then forced to do car- penter work, in the absence of a workman of that trade. He built the two first school houses in the township, but has followed his proper avocation since that time. In 1855, John Q. Denny lived one mile west ; his father, one and a half miles southwest, and Morgan Leonard, three-fourths of a mile west. It was necessary to go to Marion for mail, and the scattered settlers took turns in getting it once a week. The almost inexhaustible stone quarry which rises perpendicularly in front of the west end of the bridge was then already opened and operated. The next building erected was by George Paddington in 1857, now George Wright's drug store this was rented to Waters & Rowley, who established the first store — a grocery — in the village. This was controlled successively by George Busby, Busby & Hedges, and Lawrence Bros. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 595 The next building was the hotel by Marsh, Buckton & Peaslee. This firm had purchased the mill property, and in 1859 built the present flouring-mill. a large, four-story stone structure built on a solid base of rock, and costing at least $15,000. A remarkable accident occurred during the erection of this mill. A man named Hutchins fell from the northeast corner of the building — a distance of at least seventy-five feet — alighting among a pile of stones accumulated during the construction, and, although one leg was broken five and the other three times, the fall did not prove fatal nor even render him insensible. Mr. Hutchins recovered and now resides in the vicinity of Waubeck. The mill passed into the hands of various proprietors, among them A. G. Angle, who, about 1865, built on the north side a stone addition, in which he established a woolen-factory. This was operated until, in 1876, work was tem- porarily suspended, but will probably be resumed within a few months. In the Fall of 1867, Frederick Braun purchased the mill property and sold a half interest the following Spring to Ignatius Beek. In 1868, this firm made great improvements in the village, building up a property which would well grace a city. They erected a large, elegant stone building on a solid stone foundation, with store rooms on the ground floor and living rooms in the two upper stories, at a cost of $10,500. Contemplating the establishment of a stock farm, they erected a fine stone stable seventy-five feet in length, and a similar frame building one hundred and five feet in length. The speculation proved a failure, and the property was sold at a great loss in August, 1872, to Isham & Weed, thence to Pope & Bates, thence Bates & Parr, the latter of whom now operates the mill. Though the woolen -factory and saw-mill are not now in operation, the flouring mills are actively engaged in production of first- class flour. The village of Waubeck was laid out north and northwest of Paddington October 28, 1859, by E. A. Warner, Surveyor, under the proprietorship of Benneville Wertman, H. W. Pettil. Samue_L T. Buckston, George Busby, Thomas Warner, Ezra Nuckolls and Camfina J. Marsh. Though adjoining Paddington, this was for some cause not made an addition, but as a distinct village, and they were for many years separately recognized, but are now both known as Waubeck. Additions have since been made by Braun & Co. and James Hedges. ' The next store in the village was by Huston & Lichtenberg. Charles A. Huston still operates this store. The first blacksmith shop was that of Martin Rinchternecht, and is now continued by Charles Busby ; while two other shops have been established by A. Dixon and Mr. T.ittle. The first shoe shop was by James Walker, now by David N. Clark. The first meat market was by Mr. Pettycord, now by George Jordan. The first saloon was by Mr. Glover, now by James Van Horn and James Agison. Charles A. Huston has established and is now operating a creamery. The first hotel was that of Carlos Bowen, in the north part of the town. The only hotel at present is that of James Van Horn. Waubeck is an Indian name, given to the village by Samuel Buckston. DrTHenry Sigworth, now of Apamosa, was the first physician to locate at Waubeck. There are now Dr. George Crawford and Dr. Grimm. The first means of crossing the river at this point was by a ferry-boat, built by general subscription, and which was used by all who desired to cross, free of 596 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. charge. Two wooden bridges were afterward built, but as they rapidly rotted, a substantial iron structure was erected by the Canton (Ohio) Bridge Company in 1873. It is 153 feet in length, with a strong, double-corded, curved iron beam, and wooden approaches to this, making the entire length of the bridge 480 feet. The first school was a small stone building, built by the district in 1859, and first taught by Jacob Shankling. The building is now standing, vacant, near the south end of the old town. About 1868, a new two-story brick school house was built at a cost of $2,600, and since that time Waubeck has been formed into an independent school district. The two school rooms are taught by Miss Mary Cutler, Principal, and Miss Kennedy, Assistant. In 1872, the neat frame church was erected, and has been occupied alter- nately by three denominations — the Methodist Episcopal, Free- Will Baptist and Regular Baptist societies, with the following respective Pastors : Rev. J. H. Hoskins, Rev. Mr. Blackman and Elder Samuel H. Thompson. The Baptist society was organized in'1856. A Union Sabbath school has long been in oper- ation, with Dr. George Crawford as Superintendent for the past twelve years. PARIS. {Jackson Township.) This village lies in Jackson Township, in a bend of the Wapsipinicon River, and has a good situation' in a fine farming vicinity. Its first settler, Samuel W. Justin, still resides in the village. He settled adjoining the village site on the southwest in September, 1845, and built the first house in the vicinity. At that time, there were in the neighborhood but two families — those of James K. Lytle, who settled in 1841—2, three miles east, and David Sutton, who settled one mile northft'est, in the Winter of 1842-3. Mrs. Miner Justin, now living in Paris, is a daughter of Mr. Sutton. The next settler was William Potter, an Englishman, who came about 1848. After- ward came Amos Bond and Daniel McCrellis, who purchased land,' including the village site, and had it laid out on Sections 19, 20 and 80, Township 86 north. Range 6, April 14, 1855, by Thomas J. Stone, County Surveyor. Previously, Samuel Chamberlin had opened a little store at this point, called, sometimes, " Dover," in a log hou^e built by Miner and Samuel Justin as a dwelling and moved to that place as a grain house. When Paris was laid out, Henry Landers received a lot for the consideration that he should build upon it, and opened the first blacksmith shop. He was follow;ed by John Jacobs, Henry Winsor and others, who were succeeded by Alex. MpDonald and Andrew Johnson, who now have shops there. Soon after Mr. Chamberlin, Robert C. Powell moved to town from his farm, southwest, and built a two-story frame building — the first frame house in town — now standing on the east side of the road,, nearly opposite Mrs. Justin's resi- dence. Here Mr. Powell opened a store and obtained a post oflSce named "Paris." Robert C. and Robert H. Powell had South Paris laid off June 12, 1857, by Jus. C. Thrawls, where they made an unsuccessful attempt to found a village. John Turner Evans bought Mr. Powell's store, and in turn sold to landsey Kee. In 1870, Mr. Key built a good two-story store room on the east side of the road, where he continued business until 1876, when he sold to Andrew Gillilan, HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 597 who closed the store. About 1855, Henry Parkhurst and Miner Justin opened a store, which, after many changes, was purchased, March, 1867, by the present proprietor, J. C. Davis. Probably the first school was taught in 1854, by Miss Wickham. In 1855, J. C. Davis taught over Mr. Powell's store. The present school house was built south of the town in 1856. The present teachers are Miss Ida Burtis in Sum- mer and Mr. Buel Evans in Winter, having an attendance of from thirty to fifty, according to season. RELIGIOUS. / The first religious services were held about 1848, at Mr. Justin's house, by Rev. Mr. Little, followed by Rev. Nelson A. McConnell, who interested the people in a revival. Methodist Church. — This society has been organized for many years, but held their meetings in private houses and the school house until 1874, when their large and well-made church was erected. It was dedicated December 3. The Congregational denomination also have an organization, and services are held every two weeks in the Methodist Church by Rev. Litz, of Central City. MISCELLANEOUS. Mr. J. C. Davis has acted as Postmaster since 1868, receiving the office from John Long. In 1870, a wooden'bridge was erected over the river north and west of the town, there being no foundation directly north on the section line ; but, as this, bridge has become worn and rocten, a new one will probably soon replace it. Paris has not been favored with a large population, though it contains about tTfenty good houses ; but, being surrounded by a good circle of farms, it will maintain its present capacity as a trading point, and probably grow with time. A militia, company was organized at Paris in February, 1877, under Capt. Thompson and Lieuts. John Stevens and J. H. Davis, with forty members. Mills & Johnson put up the first saw-mill in the township of Jackson, in 1855. They sold it to Mr. Clark. It was finally sold and removed to Cedar Rapids. In 1855, Josiah Plank built a saw-mill at Paris. It was washed away in 1860. A stone grist-mill was erected on the Buffalo, on the present site of Green's mills, by William Bruce, in 1858. PRAIRIEBURG. [Bowlder Township.) This is comparatively a village of recent growth. A market place was required on the northeastern side of Buffalo Creek, and the village of Prairie- burg has resulted. ^ The earliest settler now living there is William Wagner, who settled one wile southwest, in 1851. Silas Edgington, one mile west, was the next settler. He soon sold to William McQueen the farm now owned by James McQueen. Henry Ward settled one mile east, in 1856. At that time, B. Harrison h'ved one mile east ; H. B. Brown, now at the mills, lived one-half mile north ; 598 HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. Frank Cooley, one-half mile southeast ; John Wagner, J. Earnhardt, Col. J. ■ Q. Wilds, in the vicinity of the town site. The latter sold to F. Crouch, in 1863. The first house in town was built by Joseph Earnhardt, about 1853, now the log barn of Henry Klein. The second house was that of Neeley Parsons, which afterward burned down. The third building was the store room of Henry Wayne, now deceased, who opened a store there in' 1856. This is now contin- ued by Reuben Welch, on the south side of the road. In 1856, William Wagner moved to the village site and built a house, the fourth, where he began boot and shoemaking. He was also Justice of the Peace, and still continues to dispense justice and boots alternately. The frame grist-mill on Buffalo Creek, one and a half miles southwest, was erected in 1853-4, by John McQueen. R. E. Burns, of the Central City Mills, soon became associated with Mr. McQueen ; then N. Parsons and Joseph Whitney became proprietors, followed by J. W. Gift and the present proprie- tors, William Hill & Bro. They have ample facilities for turning out the best class of work. * The formation of a town at the settlement was definitely proposed in 1865, and, accordingly, Henry Ward moved to the site of the present store and built a store room and house. He had kept the post office at his house since 1861, and then moved it to town, and opened a stock of notions and drugs in connec- tion therewith. The office had been named by him Prairieburg, and hence the town received its name. ^ ' The village was laid out July 30, 1867, by G. A. Gray, Surveyor, on part of Sections 21, 27 and 28, Township 86, Range 5, belonging to Neeley Par- sons, Mary Parsons, D. G. W. Stickney, Allen H. Savage, D. B. Long, E. L. Long, George Ferguson, William Wagner, D. L. Brisbine and R. McNary. DeWolf Addition has since been made. At that time Henry Wagner had died, and there was but the store of Henry Ward. Menzo Burnside succeeded him as Postmaster, and was followed by the present Postmaster, Neeley Parsons. W. W. Crouch established the next store ; and about 1867, A. H. Savage opened another. The first blacksmith shop was by H. J. Stickney^ and was succeeded by the present ones by Johns & Abbey and by Trepz Brothers (who also do wagon work). , Mr. Crouch sold to R. M. Welch, and H. Kline established another store. Another shoe shop has been opened by D. Bailey. Flora Ford has the only millinery store. The first and only harness shop is that of M. C. Walker. B. F. Ward & Brother built the " Eagle House," in 1869. It is now operated as the Bowlder House, by Warren Appleby. Mrs. Percy has since established the Farmers' Home. The village has two physicians. Dr. Charles Challand and Mrs. Dr. Percy. Within the past four years there have been four fires — Swengler's and Holub's saloons, a saloon barn and the City Hall, built by D. G. W. Stickney. There is now left but one saloon, the " Stone Jug " of Anton Howard. Huston & McLeod have recently established a creamery. SCHOOLS. The first school house was situated one mile east and a half mile north. Later a school was established one mile east until 1872, when the present two- HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 599 stery frame building was erected at a co8t of about $2,000, in which Prof. Edward Ford first taught for two Winters, then Miss Thompson, L. C. Brown and others ; Warren Whitney and Miss Effie Fields taught last Winter, while Mary B. Hudson now teaches. There are about sixty pupils. RELIGIOUS. I The Methodists organized a class in 1857, under the charge of Rev. John Bell, at the school house one mile west. The first class consisted of Wm. Mc- Queen and wife, Mrs. Mariah Mayley, Henry Ward and others. Services were held for some time in the school houses until the Baptist Church was erected, since when this church has been used on alternate Sabbaths. Among the oflSciating pastors have been Revs. Burch, King, Black, Brown, Bargildt, Wells, Sanford, Bentley, Ricker, A. King and Beardsley ; the two last-named being now there. The Baptist Church was organized by Elder D. Rowley, December 9, 1867, at the school house, one mile east of Prairieburg. The church was erected in 1868 at a cost of $1,800. It is a large frame edifice with bell cupola, and was dedicated January 24, 1869, bv Elder John Fulton, assisted by Elder J. F. Childs. Elders Rowley, Cay and Zimmerman had held services there before organ- ization, and Elder Rowley preached for two years after that time. Then fol- lowed Elders Abbott, two years. West, Rowley, John Thompson and Rev. L. H. Thompson, who has officiated since 1875. A Union Sabbath school has been sustained with good membership since the church was built. S. D. Barker is at present Superintendent. Mr. Flavel Crouch has been prominent in Sabbath school and temperance work. Reformed Congregation of Bowlder. — This congregation is situated in the ,^ northeastern portion of the county. The original members came from Fairfield and Pickaway Counties, Ohio. These were visited by the Rev. P. C. Bauman, of Dubuque County, as early as 1857. In 1858, after preaching for them a number of times, he organized them into a congregation in August of that year, twelve persons entering the organization. In 1859, Rev. J. Riale took charge of the congregation as the first regular Pastor. Since then. Revs. Geo. Weber, D. S. Fouse, D. P. Lefevre and J. A. Smith have been Pastors successively. Rev. J. A. Smith is the present Pastor. The members are generally an honest and upright people, and have been blessed with a good share of this world's goods. The congregation now numbers about one hundred and twenty bap- tized and confirmed members. Connected with the congregation is a prayer meeting and a Sunday school. In 1860, the congregation erected a house of worship. It is a neat and substantial frame structure, and cost at that time about $1,500. Upon the whole, the congregation is in a flourishing condition. I. 0. G. T. Prairieburg Lodge, No. 43, was organized September 7, 1875, and is non^ in active operation for the improvement and elevation of society, with the fol- lowing officers: A. C. Welch, Lodge Deputy; Sylvester Ary, W. C. T.; Annie Challand. W. V. T.; May Field, W. Sec; Kate Batie, W. F. S.; J. W. Long, W. T.; Emerson Dalrymple, W. M.; Albert Johnes, W- Sent.; Libbie Reed, W. I. G.; Samantha Long, W. C. 600 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. WALKER. [G-rant Township.) This prosperous little village is an outgrowth of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad. A dozen years ago it was a wild prairie with no house in sight. Eleven years ago, three houses might be seen. Walker Pur- viance lived one-half mile south ; James North lived one-half mile north ; Will- iam Moses lived one and a half miles west. It is a distance of five miles east to the Wapsipinicon timber, and six miles southwest to the Cedar timber. Walker was laid off on Section 4, Township 86 north. Range 8, by C. G. Johnson, Surveyor, July 8, 1873, on the land of the B., C. R. & M. R. R. (by George Green), Edward Latham and George W. Wilson and named in honor of W. W. Walker, then Chief Engineer, afterward Superintendent and Receiver of the railroad. The present depot was the first building to be erected. B. C. Fahr was the first and present Station Agent. The second building was a two-story frame house and store on Green street, built in June, 1863, by J. K. Hotchkin, who soon ■opened a store, and received the appointment of Postmaster, which he still retains. The next building was a two-story frame grocery store erected by Theo. Hamlin, on Rowley, near Green street. This was followed by the store of Fred. Hoffman in 1874, on Rowley street, which has been occupied by Spen- der & Gitchell to the present time. Next, A: W. Manchester built and opened the first drug store, which is now occupied by J. Cleghorn, with a general stock, while 0. Barnes continues the drug bu.siness. Michael Klietsch operated the first saloon. R. T. Hamilton operated the first blacksmith shop, while the next was the large wagon and blacksmith shop of H. C. Winsor. J. C. Mc- Queen's wagon shop has since been established. Hight & Edwards are the first and only carpenters. The next business house was the agricultural imple- ment depot of J. H. Nietert, with the Town Hall in the second story.. Then the Continental Hotel was built in 1876 by W. S. Graves and is now operated by N. S. Gardner. Next was the American House, by P. Hoy, and then the Farmer's Home. Then the hardware store of Theo. Hamlin and cabinet shop of H. C. Toley were established. John Snow was the first shoemaker of Walker, while H. Schroeder followed in that line. The harness shop of Potter & Barry, now operated by Mr. Barry alone, is the only one which has been opened in the village; while the following firms are the only ones of their kind : Meat shop, by E. Ary ; millinery, by Mrs. Hunt ; lawyer and banker, J. S. Sniffin; jeweler, Mr. Chase; physicians, Drs. A. W. Manchester and W. W. Nutting. P. D. Potter opened the livery stable now operated by A. L. Hutchins. Grain store houses have been erected by Gitchell & Hoffman and by the Patrons' Joint-Stock Company (now owned by Gilchrist & Co.) There are two stock buyers, two lumber dealers and two grain dealers. The Walker Creamery Company have recently established a creamery in the eastern part of town, with new and convenient rooms, containing a steam engine, six vats, churns, etc., under the management of J. G. Cherry. Seven thousand pounds of milk are received there per day, and three thousand pounds at a branch ci"eamery at Spencer's Grove. The ofiicers of the company are : President, Charles Gitchell ; Vice President, John Gitchell ; Secretary, N. A. Bushnell ; Treasurer, John S. Sniflin. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 601 RELIGIOUS. A Methodist Episcopal class was organized in the Spring of 1876, by Rev. L. S. Keagle, who was followed as Pastor by Rev. Wm. Cummings. There are twenty-two members and services are held every other Sabbath in the Town Hall. The Wesleyan Methodist Society was organized in 1876, by Rev. F. C. Balch. In the Fall of'that year they erected a frame church edifice 30x40 feet in size, at a cost of $1,100. Their Pastor during 1877 was Rev. Wm. Cum- mings, now of the M. E. Church, while their present Pastor is Rev. Preston. The Free Methodist society was organized in the Fall of 1877, by Rev. V. Dick, their present Pastor. Services are held in the Wesleyan Methodist Church, alternately with that society. A Union Sabbath school is held regularly, with Mr. H. Booth as Super- intendent. TROY MILLS. {Spring Grrove Township'.) Among the early settlers of this vicinity are J. H. Walton, Thomas Ward, I David Fay, J. C. Dudley, J. S. Long, Jacob Eastman, H. H. Fay, Dr. Wil- son, A. V. Dix, Charles Hoover and Mr. Buckingham. Though an old settlement, it is of recent formation as a village. The flouring-mill, which was built many years ago by William Bruce, and known as the Hoosier Mills, is a good three-story frame building, with saw-mill attached, having three runs of stone, operated by water power from the Wap- sipinicon River. Mr. Bruce sold to George Stowell ; he to Ward & Fairchild. The latter sold his interest to J. M. Carson, and Fredeiick Dubbs afterward purchased that interest. Mr. T. R. Ward is now the sole proprietor. Being situated in the midst of a rich farming section, the mills are prosperously .conducted. When a mail route was secured through this locality, the name was changed to Troy Mills. The stage line runs from Marion, through LaFayette and West Prairie, and from Troy north to Quasqueton. Goods were first sold by Mr. Bruce. Though a village was not contemplated until 1869, a store was established there by J. S. Long, about 1865. He still continues business in partnership with his son. This store was followed by that of John E. Atwood and Isaac Holdman, which was transferred successively to P. K. Diltz, J. Booth & Son, Joseph Barnhill, and after several other changes, is now operated by Long & Brothers. The next store was established by J. G. Cherry, who sold it in 1878 to Keyes & Parkhurst, of Marion, who now conduct it as a branch store. Troy Mills was laid off in the Spring of 1870 by T. R. Ward. The first hotel was by J. G. Cherry, in 1871; the Troy House, now the Eagle House, by Snyder Dubbs, and the National Hotel, by Reuben Church, are conducted there. Mr. Cherry also opened the first saloon, followed by James Ringer. Mr. Cherry was also first to begin shoemaking there, in 1869, being followed by Lewis Shulme and Ed. McCool. Until the Fall of 1871, the nearest school was one mile south. In that year a framfe building, 24x30 feet in size, was erected in the village, and first taught by Isaac Booth. The present teacher is Mary Allen. The first drug store was opened by Dicks & Downs, in 1872, followed by Salmon & Beach, the present druggists. 602 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. A hardware store has been established by H. H. Fay, who is now Postmaster. A livery stable is operated by Henry Long ; a millinery shop by Mrs. E. J. Salmon ; attorney at law, E. J. Salmon ,; harness shop, by John Stevens, 1878. Mr. E. D. Wilson was the first physician, in 1868, followed by Dr. J . A. Dix, 1872. There are now three blacksmith shops, by Jacob Eastman, William Buckingham and John E. Atwood ; a wagon shop by M- Payton ; two carpenter shops, by Philo Chester and D. S. Eay. Methodist preaching had been held in the vicinity for many years before the organization of the village. Since that time the Pastors have been Rev. Mr. Beltj 1869, Rev. Mr. Young, Rev. Mr. Kirkpatrick, Rev. James SchuU, and at present Rev. Mr. Belt ofiiciates. Services are held in the Congrega- tional church. The Congregational Society was organized about two years before the village was laid out, by Rev. Mr. Spell, who was succeeded as Pastor by Rev. E. C. Downs, then Rev. Mr. Frye, then Rev. Mr. Lockridge, the latter of Center Point, while the former Pastors lived at Paris. A Union Sabbath school is held in the church. The Christian denomination have one of the oldest societies in the vicinity. They, however, have never erected a church, but hold services in the Congre- gational church. An Odd-Fellows Lodge was organized there in the Fall of 1876. LA FAYETTE. {Otter Creek Township.) The original claimant to the site of this hamlet, which is located in Section 28, in Otter Creek Township, was John Nevins, who built a saw-mill 'on the stream, above the present mill-site, in 1846. In 1849, John H. Yambert purchased the mill and about thirty acres of land, of Nevins, and 200 acres of the Government. He moved the mill to where it now stands. In 1875, Frederick Notbohm built a grist-mill on the power, and is still operating it. The first store was opened in 1853, by Harrison Metcalf ; the second, in 1868, by Richard Lanning ; the third, by G . W. Fry. In 1867, the Church of Christ was established by Rev. N. A. McConnell. The leading men of the society were James, William and John Fleming, George Cochrane, J. B. Greene, George 0. Smith, James Hasty, Henry Harris, and others. A Farmers' Club Hall was built in 1866, with L. F. Dance, James H. Mason, John Lanning, Charles Weeks, A. F. Yambert, Amos Brenamen and others as influential members of the society. The hall is 26x40 feet in size, and is used for public meetings. \ The post ofiice was located at the village in 1851, with Richard Lanning, Postmaster. The office called La Fayette was opened at a much earlier day, at Brown's mill, but, after several removals, it was settled permanently in the vil' lage. The Postmaster is one of the oldest officers, if not the oldest, in term of service in the county. ' The first school house was erected in 1856, and John Russell chosen teacher. The present building was put up in 1874, and is a credit to the place. Samuel Armstrong was the last teacher. HISTORY OP LINN COUNTY. 603 A. nursery and fruit farm is maintained by William Kolb & Sons, who do a good business and supply the entire neighborhood with fruit trees, shrubs, etc. The leading industry of the place is the "Twin Brothers' Creamery," the third of the chain of Crawford Bros, dairies. It is now making about 1,000 pounds of cheese and 200 pounds of butter daily, with a capacity of using 26,000 pounds of milk. The business is but just established, and has already secured more milk than was pledged before the works were erected. The Craw- ford Bros, have two other creameries, one at Waubeck and one at Central City. Dr. Stevens is the resident physician. To the northeast of La Fayette, about five miles distant, lies the little post- yillage of Flemingville ; while south of the former, on the creek, is situated a grist-mill belonging to A. Habitzel. This section of country is destined to become a rich dairying and hog- growing region. It is well watered, well shaded in convenient localities, and has a rich soil. SPRINGVILLE. {Brown Township.) Natban Brown, after whom Brown Township, received its name, was an old Revolutioner, who came West and settled one mile southwest of the village site in 1839, where he lived until his death. His son, Horace N. Brown, still resides on the old homestead. In 1840, Isaac Butler, generally known as " Col. Butler," with his family, including sons A. M. S. Butler, now in Missouri, Joseph S. Butler, and step- son, Calvin Newman, settled near the village site. Joseph Butler now resides adjoining town on the south, while the farm of Mr. Newman bounds it on the north. In 1842, the first post office was established in the township, by Col. Butler, being the third office in the county^ under the name Spr ingville, f rom the large, sparkling springs which are peculiar to this locality] Mail was received on nor-seback weekly. Many settlers soon filled up the fertile prairies in the vicinity. Among them were J. M. Oxley, 1844, now living west of the village ; Hosea White, Moses P. Wynans and J. P. Hofiman. The three latter, together with Joseph S. Butler, had the village laid off", March 22, 1856, by Samuel W. Durham, surveyor, on the west half of the ssuthwest quarter of Section 28, and the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 29, Township 84, Range 5, on the south side of the creek. Col. Butler acted as Justice of the Peace, and kept a small store in an addi- tion to his house, from about 184-5. He moved to Tama County in 1854. In that year, A. P. Risley opened a store at Springville, before the village had been laid out, and became Postmaster. In 1855, Horace Medcalf of Anamosa, with William Sterling as manager, followed Mr. Risley in the store room which had been built by him. This build- ing was purchased by J. S. Butler when the town was laid out, and is now standing unoccupied on the south side of town and east side of Main street. New Linden. — In the mean time, Mr. Risley opened a store one mile east, where, April 6, 1855, he and A. E. Simpson had a village named New Linden laid out on the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 28, and 604 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. the southeast quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 27, Township 84, Range 5, by P. S. Embree, Surveyor. A post office was established and New Linden began to assume the proportions of a village. A blacksmith shop was opened by Jacob Shadle, and a' hotel by Isaac Pherrin, but the village was "killed by the railroad " — a verdict which must be rendered of many towns — as the road was secured by Springville, and New Linden gradually yielded up the ghost, like Goldsmith's Deserted Village — But now the sounds of population fail, No busy murmurs fluctuate the gale, No busy steps the grass-grown footway tread, But all the blooming flush of life is fled. * * * * One only master grasps the whole domain, And half a tillage stints the smiling plain. Mr. Sterling succeeded Mr. Risley as Postmaster at Springville. The second building was built by J. S. Butler, as a residence, and is now occupied by George W. Wilson. John Hoffman succeeded Mr. Sterling as storekeeper. Postmaster and Jus- tice of the Peace. About the time the village was laid off, Harvey Bruce built the Bruce Hotel, and has continued to operate it successfully to the present time. In the same year, Edwin Branch put up a residence and John W. Tailor established the blacksmith shop which is now operated by Bishop & Wilson. The next store was operated by Joseph Hunt, who died two years later and was succeeded by Huff & Henry. In the mean time, James Freeman opened a store, and in 1862 John Christman first began business at Springville, under the firm name of P. & A. Christman. Springdale had 101 inhabitants in I860. SCHOOLS. The first school house was a small log building built in 1842. This was used until 1855, when a one-story frame house was built on High street, in which Miss Rhoda Thompson first taught. This building is now used as a dwelling. Soon after New Linden was established, the Springville school house was moved three-quarters of a mile west by action of the school district, and a new school site was located at New Linden, leaving Springville without educational facilities. In 1865 the present two-story brick school house was erected on the east side, at a cost of $1,200. NORTH SPRINGVILLE. In 1862, the Dubuque, Marion & Western Railroad was projected through Brown Township, and considerable controversy arose as to the question of its location through New Linden or Springville. By the energetic efforts of some prominent residents of the latter place, $6,500 was pledged, and the railroad thereby secured. Its route, however, passed on the north side of the creek and a quarter of a mile from the original village. Accordingly, " Jones k Co. a addition to the town of Springville " was made by Anson Jones, Joseph S. But- ler and Peter Christman, June 13, 1886, being surveyed by P. Embree. Upon this portion of the town plat the great growth has occurred. A good depot was built, with William Plouse as agent, followed by John Smead and the present station agent, Morton, who is also telegraph operator and express agent. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 605- Springville was the -western terminus of the railroad for four years, during which time "the village enjoyed a rapid growth. A wooden bridge connected the two divisions of the village until 1877, when a fine iron structure was^ erected. BUSINESS INTERESTS. One mile west of the village, a large frame flouring-mill, with stone base- ment, having two runs of stone, moved by water-power from Big Creek, ha» been in successful operation for the past eighteen years. Its proprietor is Mr. Zephney Stone. A steam saw-milll was built two miles south of the village by Mark Reeves,, and is now operated by Mr. Waters. Six months since, the Steam Bracket Works were established in the village. Messrs. Willard, Carlisle & Perkins manufacture a general assortment of agents' supply goods in their department, and sell only through agents. They have a planing-mill, jig saws and all necessary machinery for rapid and first-class work. The Springville Butter and Cheese Factory is the most important industrial element of the town. Three years ago, William Hill & Son, of New York, established this enterprise at Springville, and erected a large building near the creek, that the water from the spring might be utilized. The building is at least one hundred feet in length, having commodious rooms for vats, propelling engine, all necessary machinery, and a well-ventilated second story for storing the green cheese. It is estimated that there^are 50,000 pounds now in stock. The price paid to the farmers for milk, during the month of June, 1878, aver- ages about 70 cents per 100 pounds. In 1878, this firm have erected two additional factories, one on Crab Apple Creek, three miles west, and another at Viola, five miles northeast. In connection with the main factory at Springville is the churn department, operated by steam power. Cream is here churned from all jthree factories, and large quantities of butter are daily prepared for market. These gentlemen have placed a large amount of capital in this business, and deserve the patronage of the entire vicinity. John Christman, one of the oldest business men of Springville, has been active in its interests. In 1870, he built an elevator of 25,000 bushels capacity and a large warehouse near it in the Fall of the same year. He has recently : completed an elegant residence. The business of the village at present embraces the following firms : General Merchants — James Freeman, John Christman, Wilber & Durno (1873), John Hambleton. Druggists — W. M. Hopper, J. Erion (also book- store). Harness makers — J. R. Campbell (1869), J. M. Long. Blacksmitha and wagon makers — Wilson & Bishop, E. L. Gregg. Shoemakers — W. P. Jackson, T. Hayes. Hardware, tinshop and agricultural implements — Corwin Stickney. Meat markets, Wm. Mentzer, Keenan & Jordan. Lumber and grain — John Christman. Grain dealer and broker — Joseph S. Butler. Milli- ners—Mrs. Vernon, Mrs. F. Calkins. Dentist — Gust. North, D. D. S. Phy- sicians Dr. B. S. Watson, Dr. J. S. Love, a successful practitioner of many vears' residence there. Bruce Hotel — Harvey Bruce. Postmaster — G. L. Durno. Justices of the Peace — E. D. Jones, Robert Hodgin. Constable — David Wynans. RELIGIOUS. ■Methodist Ohuroh. — The first regular Pastor stationed at Springville was Rev. Asa Critchfield, who came in the Fall of 1855, and remained, preaching 606 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. in the school house, for two years. He was succeeded by Rev. I. K. Fuller, who continued services in the school house for one year, during which time the greatest religious revival occurred in the history of this class. In the Fall of 1858, F. C. Wolfe became the minister for two years, during which time an action was made toward the erection of a church building. In the Fall of 1860, Rev. H. W. Beach succeeded to the pastorate for one year, during which time the church was building. Rev. W. N. Brown next filled the pulpit for two years, being followed by Rev. Asa Critchfield for the same period. In the Fall of 1865, Rev. W. E. McCormac became Pastor, and remained three years, during which time the church building was completed and dedicated. Then followed Rev. D. C. Werts, for two years ; Rev. I. K. Fuller, for two years ; Rev. B. 0. Barnes, for two years ; Rev. J. M. Rankin, for three years, and Rev. W. F. Dove, the present Pastor. The church building is of brick, about 30x50 feet in size The Ladies' Social of this church purchased recently a bell costing $200, and had a suitable tower erected. The Church is comparatively out of debt and in a flourishing condition. The records are incomplete and fail to show the date of organization. Presbyterian Church. — At the regular Spring meeting of the Presbytery of Cedar, held at Marion, in April, 1857, a petition was presented to that body by that portion of the Church of Linn Grove living in the vicinity of Linden, for a separate organization at" that place, whereupon Rev. Messrs. McKee, Marshall and Fullerton, and Elders William Goudy and William Vaughn, were appointed to meet at Linden, May 28, 1857, to effect such organization, if, in their judgment, it should be advisable. At the appointed meeting. Rev. A. S. Marshall preached, and the church was established, with the following members : John C. Pherrin (Elder) and Experience Pherrin, Isaac T. Pherrin and Harriet N. Pherrin, Thomas GiflBn (Elder) and Margaret Giffin, Daniel and Eunice Carmichael and son Addison, John Dunlap and Ann E. Dunlap. The first regular Pastor was Rev. J. S. Fullerton, who was followed by Rev. Alex. S. Marshall, as supply, in 1862-3, Rev. E. L. Dodder, Rev. R. L. Adams, stated supply. Rev. Austin M. Farmer and Rev. J. L. Wilson, who officiated from 1873 to April, 1878. Rev. Thomas S. Shaffer will soon take charge of this and Linn Grove stations. The place of meeting was transferred to Springville from New Linden during the term of Rev. E. L. Dodder, 1861, where meetings were first held in the school house ; but now, through the hospitality of the Methodist denom- ination, services are held in their church. The society has a present membership of twenty-five, including some of its first members. The Society of Friends have regular meetings at Springville, though their society is not sufficiently strong to build a meeting house. John F. Gritman is prominent in the organization. The Wilbur Friends have also a society in this vicinity, of which Mr.. Caleb Gregg is an active member. They have a good frame meeting house three miles north of the village. A Baptist organization was effected in 1868, and had twenty-four members in 1874, but is not now in active operation. A . F. A A. M. About twenty years ago, the Masons organized a Lodge at Springville, in a room in Mr. Butler's residence, which was fitted up as a hall. Samuel Smith BUFFALO TOWNSHIP XC^ HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 609 was elected W. M. Messrs. J. P. Dutton, J; Nicholson, Joseph Butler, E. M. S. Butler, Charles White and J. T. Berrjhill were leading members. The organization is still sustained. I. 0. 0. F. Springville Lodge, No. 227, was organized September 8, 1871, with the following charter members: John Christman, N. G.; Robert Patton, V. G.; J. R. Campbell, Ree. Sec; Wm. Byres, P. S.; E. D. Jones, Treas.: M. Y. Hostler, Murray Patton and C. G. Smith. Meetings were held in the hall over John Christman's store until 1874, when the Lodge erected the second story over J. R. Campbell's harness shop, where they have a nicely furnished hall, with carpet and complete regalia. The Lodge is out of debt and has money at interest. The present officers are : William Mentzer, N. G.; James Cornell, V. G.; E. D. Jones, R. S.; E. P. Cole, P. S.; John Christman, Treas. Their hall is also occupied by the A. 0. u. w. Burns Lodge, No. 118, was organized June 17. 1877, with the following charter members : E. F. Cole, P. M. W.; S. Morton, M. W.; G. L. Wilson, T. W.; James Cornell, 6.; Gr. L. Durno, R.; E. B. Wilber, H. Wynans, Wm. G-iffin, C. A. Giffin, Daniel Doan, E. Johns, William Mentzer, Mr. Amidon, John Bardue, W. N. Dunlap and Jacob Bishop. The two last named have withdrawn, and no additional members have been received. The society meets every two weeks, although no work has yet been accomplished. The Sons of Temperance and Reform Club have organizations at Springville, and it may be said to its credit that no saloon has been brought within its limits. VIOLA. {Brown Township.) Among the pioneer settlers in this vicinity was E. M. Crow, the first settler in Linn County, who located a half mile southeast of the village site, in July, 1837. He now resides five miles northeast. One of the oldest roads in the county, called the "Big Woods road," passes through Viola from northwest to southeast. On this, at distances of about one- half mile apart, there settled the following men, before 1844 : John Moore- house (since deceased), one and a half miles northwest ; John Peet (deceased), and son, R. Peet, who still resides at Viola, one mile northwest (1843) ; Samuel Kelley, who has moved West, one-half mile northwest ; John Rundall, at the village site ; E. M. Crow, one-half mile southeast ; Charles Hazelrigg (1842), three-quarters of a mile southwest. There were also, oif the road: Margaret Hardin, two and a half miles north, now one of the old settlers of the village ; William Gillilan, Sr. (now 4epeafled), and family, one mile west (1843) ; Thoroughman, who died in Benton County, one mile west of north (1844). In 1846, Carmi Marshall settled one-half mile southeast. S. H. Marshall purchased land at that time, but did not move to it until 1854. Both now reside in the village. To the former is due the honor of raising the first fruit trees in that vicinity. From that time the country filled up more rapidly, and space forbids the laention of the many old settlers since that time. 610 HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. The Rundall farm was sold to Gabriel Barklev, then to Joseph Leonard, in 1851. At the time of the projection of the Dubuque, Marion & Western Rail- road, in 1861, this vicinity had become thickly settled by an excellent farming community, to supply the demands of which the founding of a village was accomplished. The first freight train which ran over • this road was ditched near Viola, then called "Leonard's Station," May 9, 1861, killing Conductor Cummings and Engineer Smith. Viola was laid out June 21, 1861, by P. Keeffe, Surveyor, on the land of Joseph Leonard and the Dubuque, Marion & Western Railroad (Edward Stin- son, President), and was named by Mr. Leonard, after his daughter. Miss Viola Leonard. An addition has been made by W. R. Brown. The village was first called "Crow Creek Station," from the creek which passes through it, but when the post office was being obtained, the Post Office Department requested that another name be assumed. S. H. Marshall was ap- pointed Postmaster, and has held the office to the present time ; first at his farm, then J. L. Ingram arid others were deputized, until Mr. Marshall moved to the village, ten years since. The only building on the village site in 1861 was the district school house. In 1843, a log school house was built on the site. of the present building, and was taught by Miss Malvina Wilcox, Romelia Peet, William Gillilan, Jr., and A. Warrington. After that term the building was moved one-half mile north- west, where school was held for four years longer by E. Barkley, J. Porter, William Carbee and Mrs. C. Sherwood. In 1854, a new frame school house of one story was built at the old site, when S. H. Marshall was the first teacher. That building was afterward burned down, and the present two-story frame school house was erected- The present teachers are Miss Viola Leonard and Cenie Nuckolls. In February, 1863, Lewis Ingram built the first store-room and second building in Viola, where he opened a general store. This building is on the east side of the railroad, and is now vacant. About two years later, Ulysses Doan, Jacob Balderson, Samuel Hampton and others built houses, and the latter built a store-room in connection with his residence. Milton Moore built a blacksmith shop on the east side, and another was built by Matthew Bingham, who still operates it. The greater portion of the village was built at that time (1865). A building was afterward erected by Henry Lonsberry, where he established a grocery, afterward a general store. This was continued by A. W. Chaffey, after about seven years, who moved to his present location ; while in the old store room a saloon was opened, which is now operated by Michael Smith. The depot was built in 1861, and Mr. Leonard was first Station Agent, fol- lowed by J. L. Ingram, the first business man of Viola, who also built a grain store room. In 1868, S. Marshall became associated in business with Mr. In- gram, and the firm of Ingram & Marshall do a general merchandising business. Mr. Ingram is agent of the American Express Company. Besides these stores, there are now a wagon shop by L. V. Anderson, black- smith shop by M. Bingham. Joseph Leonard is Justice of the Peace, and J. B. Sherwood, Constable. The first public house was that of Joseph Leonard, and the first hotel was opened by George W. Header. This is now continued by his widow as the Cottage Hotel. Stephen Brown has a boarding house, at present. HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY. 611 ' CHEESE FACTORY. William Hill & Son, of New York, have operated a cheese factory at Spring- ville for the past three years. During the present year they have built at Viola a substantial and commodious factory, which began operations on May 26, 1878, under the charge of E. Ball and Frank Beaver. They have two large vats of 600 gallons capacity each, and turn out about 550 pounds of cheese per day. The cream is shipped to Springville, where it is churned. The enterprise is well supported by the farming community, and yields them about seventy cents per 100 pounds for their milk. ,, ' SAW-MILL. In 1866, Joseph Leonard, the father of the village, built a saw-mill on Crow Creek, in town, which he operated until 1876, when it was taken down and moved west. RELIGIOUS. Meetings were held in 1842, by Rev. Mr. Bennett, in a little cabin in the ^dge. of Jones County. These were moved to the house of Mr. Hazelrigg, in the same year, and were continued there and at other private residences until the school house was built. The first Sabbath school was organized in 1843, by Miss Malinia Wilcox. The Methodist Episcopal denomination have had a society there since the village was organized. It is now in a prosperous condition. The Baptist Church was organized in 1867, but as the number of members was reduced to twelve, in 1874, the society is not now active. TODDVILLE. '] (Monroe Township.) ' This little place is located on the Postville Division of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, ten miles northwest of the city of Cedar Rapids. Jacsb_Tadd purchased the mill property owned by J. B. Green, a mill established in 1850 by Lewis & Cramer. John F. Chamberlain, who came to Cedar Rapids in 1844, was appointed Postmaster four years ago, and is the "oldest settler." He keeps a small stock of miscellaneous goods. W. H. Morris, dry goods, and J- M. Newman, groceries, constitute the mercantile interests of the place. There is a jeweler and barber in the place. Although living about two miles from the station, Charles Weeks, the suc- cessful hog-breeder, should be mentioned in connection with this place, since this is his post oflBce address. Mr. Weeks resides on the William Chamberlain farm, on Section 5, Monroe Township. His swine-yards are called " The Otter Creek Swine Farm," because of the stream which flows through the place. Mr. Weeks began business in 1875 with a herd of twelve hogs. In 1876, he-sold 112 head ; in 1877, 172 head ; this year he will dispose of 300 head, and by 1880, he hopes to reach 1,000. Instead of filling the market too full, he cannot begin to meet the demand. His system of work is practical, and he has become master of the situation. He deals in Poland-China and Berkshire breeds exclusively. His sheds are the perfection of neatness, and his stock is the most vigorous ever seen in the county. He sells solely by auction, in the month of September of aach year, and has established a reputation for honesty which is a guarantee of prosperity. The work Mr. Weeks is doing for the farmers of Linn, in the improvement of the great staple, hogs, is a lasting and beneficial one. There is a good school house in this place. The first teacher was B. J. Roy. The last was Miss Ophelia Harrison. 612 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY. TOO LATES. BURD, EDWIN, physician and sur- geon, Lisbon ; born in New Jersey in 1846 ^ has practiced medicine nine years ; graduated at the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1871 ; attended the Practice of the Physicians and Surgeons of the Pennsylvania Hospi- tal, Philadelphia, two sessions, in 1869-70 and 1871; Physician at Philadelphia Ly- ing-in Charity, 1870-71 ; settled at Lis- bon, Iowa, in 1871 ; member of the Iowa Union Medical Society, and of the Iowa State Medical Society ; is Assistant Sur- geon of the 1st Regiment, I. N. G. He married Miss Mary H. Baoher, in 1871 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has two children — Edith May and George Ray- mond. GARVEB, JOSEPH, P. 0. Polo; born in Helena Co., Ohio, in 1817 ; re- removed to Linn Oo., in 1874 ; has 20 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Married Ann Welty in 1839 ; she was born in Helena Co., Ohio, in 1815 ; they have six children — John, Catharine, Jacob, Mary, David C. and Sarah A. Democrat ; member of the United Brethren Church. PEET, .JOmV, deceased; he was born in Cortland Co., N. Y., Oct. 7, 1 804 ; was son of Gideon and Abigail Wildman Peet, natives of Connecticut ; Gideon was born July 29, 1776 ; Abi- gail, July 29, 1783 ; they came to Fair- view, Jones Co., about 1841 ; opened a farm there ; Gideon died about ' 843 ; Abigail in 1846 ; they were married Feb. 22, 1801. John, married Nov. 13, 1828, in Solon, Cortland Co., by Rev. B. W. Capron, Baptist, to Julia A. Wil- cox, born Nov. 23, 1806, in Cortland- ville, N. Y., daughter of Eben and Rachel Merrill Wilcox, natives of Con- necticut.. They came to Iowa about 1846 with team, making three times they had come from New York with a team ; father died Jan. -25, 1864, born Jan. 29, •1780 ; mother died March 8, 1870, born Nov. 9, 1785 ; both died in this vicinity. John and Abigail have had six children — Romelia, b. Sept. 19, 1829 ; Phe- dorah, b. July 6, 1831 ; Theresa, b. Sept. 8, 1833, died March 6, 1834; Rudolphus, b. July 2, 1837 ; Irwin and Irvin, twins, b. Aug. 28, 1844. Family left New York in June, 1838, went to Warren Co., 111. ; there until Spring of 1839 ; then to Hendersonville, Knox Co., 111. ; there until July, 1844 ; then to Fairview, Jones Co., Iowa; in October to Sec. 11, Brown Tp. Mr. P. was En- sign of the 124th N. Y. V. I.; commis- sion signed by Nathaniel Pitcher, Lieut. Governor, and N. F. Beck, AdjutantGen- eral, Aug. 11, 1828 ; rank to dale from July 9, 1827 ; promoted to Lieutenant of the same regiment, Aug. 22, 1828 ; commissioned Oct. 8, 1829, by Enos T. Throop, Lieut. Governor, and N. F. Beck, Adjutant General ; afterward pro- moted to Captain and Major, and finally to Lieut. Colonelcy of 'the regiment, March 15, 1837 ; commission signed by W. L. Marcy, Governor, and Alkn Mac- donald. Adjutant General, May 22, 1837. Mr. Peet worked at Fisher's Mills, on Buffalo Creek, until 1852, when he moved to Pioneer Tp., Cedar Co., and built Peet's Mills, on Clear Creek ; he died there Jan. 10, 1867, and was buried in Wilcox Cemetery, Fair- view Tp. He lived and died strong in the faith of the final well-being of the universal family of man. His widow is now living on Sec. 11, Brown Tp., with P. 0. Viola. ERRATA. In Otter Creek Tp., page 779, H. S. Reynolds should be H. L. Reynolds. BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY ^BBEE^Sri-A-TIONS. agt agent carp....; carpenter elk ■*• clerk Co company or county dlr i .dealer far farmer gro grocer r V. A Iowa Volunteer Artillery I. v. C .....lowa Volunteer Cavalry I. T. I Iowa Volunteer Infanti-y lab laborer mach .machinist mech mechanic mer merchant mfr mflnufacturer mkr J.. ..maker P. Post Office ^ prop proprietor S. or Sec Section Bt street supt ^. superintendent Tresis Treasurer MARION CITY. AMMERMAN, ADOLPHUS, marble ALDfiRlfflAiy, E. B., dealer in farm machinery and seeds, Marion ; bom in West Springfield, Mass., April 5, 1826 ; removed to Chenango, Broomo Co., N. . y., with his parents, in 1828 ; in 1843, went to SuflSeld, Hartford Co., Conn. ; lived there until 1848, and then re- turned to Chenango, N. Y. ; remained there until 1850, when he came to Brown Tp., Linn Co., Iowa, and located . land in that township ; lived in Ariamosa until the Spring of 1851, when he went ■ on his farm in Brown Tp., and resided there until February, 1856; then went East and spent a few months, and re- turned to Iowa and located near Anamosa, in Jones Co. ; engaged in farming there iintil the Spring of 1860, when he com- menced mercantile business at Anamosa. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. E, 31st I. V. I. ; he raised that company of 106 men in three days, and was com- missioned Captain of the company, when it was first organized ; on accouut of ill health, he resigned Feb. 13, 1863. Re- turned to Anamosa, where his partner had continued their mercantile business during his absence; although broken down in health for several years, be con- tinued his business, and in 1869 he en- gaged in farm machinery trade exclu- sively ; carried on that business at Ana- mosa until 1875 ; was engaged in the lumber business in 1876 ; Jan. 1, 1877, he engaged in his present business at Marion. Married Lydia A. Osborn in January, 1848 ; she was born in West- field, Mass., April 25, 1826 ; they have had eight children — Louis E., died aged 2 years 4 months and 8 days ; Amaret L., died aged, 19 years ; the liv- ing are Mary Imogene, Fannie E., Ada M., Edwin Gr., Ettie and Jennie V. Mr. and Mrs. Alderman and their four oldest children are members of the Baptist Church. AliEXANDER, J. S., dealer in lumber, sash, doors, Winds, etc., Marion ; born in Franklin Tp., Linn Co., Iowa, May 21, 1842 ; engaged in farming un- til Aug. 16, 1862, when he enlisted as a private in Co. A, 31st I. V. I. ; promoted to Second Lieutenant March 19, 1863 ; promoted to Captaincy of the same com- pany July 29, 1864 ; he was in all the engagements the regiment participated in, and was mustered out June 27, 1865. Came to Marion, Iowa, and en- gaged in the lumber business Aug. 23, 1866. He was City Councilman in 1876 and 1877. Married Anna C. Giffin in.January, 1875; she was born 614 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: in Northumberland Co., Penn., ii) June, 1852 ; they have two children — Jay Giffen, born Nov. 1, 1875, and Jere- miah S., born March 28, 1877. Mr, and Mrs. Alexander are members of the Presbyterian Church. AliliEJT, 31. B., attorney at law and general collection agency, Marion ; born at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Aug. 26, 1813 ; moved'to Addison, Addison Co., Vt., in 1817; when 10 years of age, went to Weybridge, Vt. ; lived there one year, then went to Sudbury, Vt. ; was there only a few months, then moved to Westport, Essex Co., N. Y. ; when 11 years of age, went as cabin boy on a boat on Lake Champl'ain; run on the lake until he was 15 years old, then he returned to his native place, Saratoga Springs, and served apprenticeship at blacksmith and carriage maker's trades ; in 1833, he went to Albany, N. Y. ; re- mained there a few months, then he found employment in Simmons' Edge Tool Factory, at Cohoes Falls, where he worked seven months ; worked a short time in Fairbanks' scale factory, at St. Johnsbury, Vt. ; worked at Orwell, Rut- land Co., Vt., during the Fall and Win- ter of 1836, and ran an emigrant boat between Whitehall and Buffalo during the Summer of 1837. Jan. 1, 1838, he married Priscilla E. Curtis ; lived at Or- well and Whiting, Addison Co., Vt., until 1840, when he moved to Mt. Ver- non, Ohio ; in 1856, he came to Marion. Served as Deputy Sheriif and Constable about two years; was Justice of the Peace over four years, between 1863 and 1871. Admitted to the bar in January, 1870. Mr. Allen lost one son— Charles H. — in the army ; he was a member of Co. A, 18th I. V. I. ; he died at Spring- field, Mo., Feb. 9, 1863, aged 21 years. One daughter now living ; her najne is Eliza Jane. Ammerman, M., marble dealer, Marion. "DACHNER, JOHN, stone mason. Bailey, H. M., farmer. BA^RDWEIifVBROS., job print- ers, Marion ; L. P. Bardwell was born in Marion Oct. 7, 1842 ; he was engaged in the agricultural implement business from 1865 to 1872; engaged in his present business in 1872. Married Miss F. E. Jewett in December, 1870 ; they have three children — Jennie A., Lizzie H. and Lucy M. Mrs. Bardwell is a member of the M. E. Church. Leonard W. Bardwell was born in Marion Nov. 15, 1846.; commenced working at print- ers' trade in 1858. Enlisted, in 1863, in Co. F, 20th I. V. I. ; mustered out with the 29th I. V. I. in July, 1865. BARDWEIili, THOMAS S., physician and surgeon, Marion ; born in Pendleton, Madison Co., N. Y., May 20, 1 827 ; in 1837, he came with his parents to Rock Island, 111. His father, Leon- ard Bardwellj was a physician, and was appointed Contract Surgeon at Rock Island, for the U. S. Government, in 1838; served in that position about a year, then removed to Davenport, Iowa ; resided in that vicinity until 1841, then they came to Marion, Thomas S. having commenced the removal of their house- hold goods to this place the year previ- ous. In 1841, Leonard Bardwell pur- chased for $50 in gold a squatter's claim to Round Grove, situated ten miles north of Marion, in what is now Otter Creek Tp. ; he was one of the first physicians of this place. Thomas S. Bardwell commenced making a, farm at Round Grove in 1841, and from that time un- til 1849, he followed farming pursuits, and was prosecuting the study of medi- cine during the same period, under his father's tuition ; he graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Missouri, at St. Louis, class of 1849 and 1850 ; in 1850, he commenced prac- tice at Marion. In 1863, he entered the U. S. service as Surgeon of the 9th I. V. C. •; served in that capacity until the close of the rebellion, then returned to Marion, and has been in practice here ever since. Soon after he left the army he was appointed Postmaster at Marion, and served about three years. The Doc- tor was editor of the Marion and Linn Co. Democrat several years. The doc- tor's father was born at Belchertown, Mass., in 1802 ; he died in 1847. BEATY & WIIililTS, editors and publishers of the Linn County Pilot, Marion. Bube, H. T. Bube, Irvin A., grocer. Beck, John, brick maker. MARION CITY. 615 Benedict, E., retired. Berry, S. T., County Treasurer. BEBRYHIIili, J. I., fire and life insurance agent and proprietor intelli- gence office, also Agent and Receiver of the Marion Opera House ; he was born in Marion, Aug. 17, 1845 ; in February, 1863, he enlisted in Co. H, 24th I. V. I.; served until 1865, and was in the following battles: Mansfield, La., April 8, 1864; Winchester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864 ; Fisherhill, Va., Sept. 22, 1864; Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864, and several other engagements ; after leaving the United States servii'c he returned to Marion, and was engaged in farming until 1866 ; then he commenced work as carpenter, which occupation he followed until 1875, when he engaged in his jiresent business. He married Katie Mitchell April 24, 1866 ; she was born in Glasgow, Scotland, Aug. 2, 1849 ; they have two children — John M., born March 22, 1867, and Archie R., born Nov. 28, 1870. Mr. and Mrs. Berryhill aremembexs of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. B. is a member of the City Council ; he owns eighty acres of land in Sec. 3, in this township, valued at 82,000. BIXBY^ EMORY I., tinsmith, ■ Marion : born near Lockport, Niagara Co., N. Y., May 7, 1836 ; moved with his parents to Knox Co., Ohio ; lived there three or four years, then moved to Belleville, Bichland Co., Ohio ; resided there until he came to Marion, Jan. 1^, 1857. Mr. Bixby enlisted in Co. A, 6th I. V. I ; was mustered in, July 17, 1861 ; served as a bugler one year and eight months ; was then discharged on account of disability. Married Lydia R; Bardwell March 17, 1864 ; she was born in Rockingham, Scott Co., Iowa, Sept. 2, 1840 ; they have three children —Thomas McA., born March 1 0, 1865 ; Nahum E., born Nov. 20, 1866, and William W., born June 30, 1872. Mr. and Mrs. Bixby are members of the M. E. Church ; he has been a member of the City Council, Township Clerk, member of the School Board, etc. Bixby, J. C, printer, foreman Register office. Bixby, Simeon, chair maker. BILLIWOTOX, THOMAS E., bookseller and stationer, Marion ; born on a whale ship in South Pacific Ocean, Oct. 19, 1810; from 1811 to 1832 he lived in Providence, R. I. ; he then went with the Hudson Bay Fur Co., and was with them until 1835 ; returned to Rhode Island, in 1837; in 1848, he started for California, arriving there in the Spring of 1849 ; was there until 1852 ; from 1853 to 1855 he was in Europe; practiced medicine in Kentucky, from 1856 to 1858; then went to Europe again for the benefit of his health ; was in the army as a soldier and connected with U. S. Secret Service Dept. during the late rebellion ; came to Marion in 1875. Blackmar, Augustus, carpenter. Booth, J. M., dentist. Bowdish, Jackson W., Cashier. First Na- tional Bank. Breneman, A., carpenter. Brickley, E. J., cook. BrinkerhofF, J., Editor Hope of Israel. BROWW, JOHX B., drayman; born in Ross Co., Ohio, Sept. 24, 1839 ; came to Linn Co. in 1852 ; occupation since, farming and teaming. His wife's maiden name was Rebecca C. Rich- ards; born in Pennsylvania July 21, 1847 ; married Nov. 22, 1865 ; children are Margaret, Leo F., Samuel M., Anna Mary, Fannv R. BBYASrx; JAMES, of the firm of Bryant Bros., proprietors of livery stable, Marion; born in Seneca Co., N. Y., Aug. 11, 1847 ; came to Mechanics- ville, Iowa, in 1872; came to Marion in 1876; the Bryant Bros, are owners of the famous stallions, Starlight, Gold- dust and Trumpeter, Goldust ; they also own some fine trotting stock, among which may be mentioned "Regent," a horse with a record of 2:40. Bryant, W. C, livery stable proprietor. Buckman, Harrison, restaurant. Bullock, J., painter. Burnight, L. H., hotel porter. Burns, James. Burns, James, teacher. Burroughs, N. E., real estate, BUSBY, GEORGE, dealer in lum- ber, sash, doors, blinds, paints, building paper, coal, etc., Marion; born in En- gland, Nov. 25, 1832 ; came to North Adams, Massachusetts, with his parents, when he was about 4 years of age ; lived there until April, 1854, when he came 616 DIRKGTORY OF LINN COUNTY : to Marion, Linn Co., Iowa ; engaged in fanning, dairying, etc., until 1857 ; then went to Waubeck, where he engaged in stock, produce and mercantile business ; remained at Waubeck until 1865, then came to Marion ; engaged in stock, grain and produce business here until 18Y3 ; in that year he added lumber dealing to his other business ; in Aug. 1875j he went into the lumber business exclusively. He is now a member of the City Council. He married Lydia J. Williams in December, 1851 ; she was born in Burlington, Vt.; they have five children — Eva D., Bert C, Nettie A., Irving E. and Roy. Butcher, A. P. CALDWELL, JOSEPH J., hotel clsrlc CAIiDWEIili, AXGUS, proprie- tor of the Park Place Hotel and Livery 8table,Marion ; born inGreensburg, Deca- tur Co., Ind., April 17, 1827 ; came to Jefferson Co., Iowa, in 1840 ; lived there five years, then returned to Indiana ; came to Springfield, Illinois, in 1846 ; went to California in 1852; engaged in freighting, &c., there for six years in the employ of the Union Pacific Ry. Co., a portion of 1868-9; came to Marion, Iowa, in 1869. He has been engaged in the livery business here since 1870; proprietor of the Park Place Hotel since October, 1877. Mr. Cald- well is a member of the City Council. He married Mrs. Barbara J. Van Dyke, May 19, 1870 ; she was born near In- dianapolis, Ind. They have one child — Sadie, born June 5, 1873 . Mrs. Cald- well's father, John Miller, is an early settler of Linn Co. Mrs. Caldwell is a member of the Christian Church. CAMPBEIili, ALEXANDER, Attorney and Counselor at Law, Marion ; born at Bridge of Earn, Perth- shire, Scotland, June 8, 1842 ; came with his parents in 1 845 to South Ely, Shefford Co., Canada East ; was educa- ted at St. Francis College, Richmond, Province of Quebec ; came to Marion, Iowa, Sept. 9, 1869 ; was admitted to the bar in Linn Co., Iowa, in July, 1870. CARMAN, GEO. P., CAPT., meichant tailor, Marion ; born at Ty- rone Forge, Blair Co., Iowa, June 1, 1832 ; moved to Marengo, Iowa, in March, 1869; to Davenport in 1872 ; to DeWitt in 1873, and came to Marion in 1875. He enlisted in Co. K, 51st Penn. V. I., Aug. 28. 1861 (having been in three months service previously), he was prompted to Second Lieuteuant Dec. 25, 1861 ; to First Lieutenant July 25, 1862, and to the Captaincy of •his Co. on the battle field of Second Bull Run, Aug> 29, 1862 ; mustered out July 3, 1865. He married Rachel E. Lyon, May 10, 1853 ; she was born at Williamsport, Lycoming Co., Penn,, Dec. 24, 1835; they have had three children ; one son — Orlando Chester, died in April, 1859, aged 3 years and 8 months ; the living are Lillie D. and Rachel B. The Captain and family are members of the Baptist Church. CARSK ADDON, DAVID, COIi., Sheriff of Linn Co., Marion ; born in Hamilton, Butler Co., Ohio, July 8, 1 825 ; when he was a small boy he went with his parents to Covington, Fountain Co., Ind.; lived there until he was 10 years of age ; then they moved to St. Joseph Co., Ind., near South Bend ; lived there until the Fall of 1854, when he came to Marion, Iowa; •engaged for several years in the livery business, dealing in stock, etc., Septem- ber, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Co. K, 9th I. V. I.; September, 1861, he was elected Captain of the Company-, and Dec. 3, 1862, he was elected Colonel of the 9th RegiDdent ; although he was the ■ Junior Captain of the regiment, he was so popular among the men that he was chosen by them as Colonel in preference to those higher in rank ; he was in all the engagements (twenty-seven or twen- ty-eight) which the regiment participa- ted in ; July 28, 1864 he was wounded at Atlanta ; his regiment lost during the term of service thirty-seven officers, ■ which was the largest number killed in any Iowa regiment ; there was but one other regiment from this State that lost more men ; the Colonel was mustered out Jan. 14, 1865. Since his return to Marion he has been engaged in the furniture business and dealing in stock until he was elected Sheriff in 1877 ; he has held various minor offices in this town. Married Sarah Bates, May 16, MARION CITY. 617 1852 ; she was born in Clark Co., Ohio, Dec. 23, 1830 ; they have now two chil- dren — Alva, born in La Porte Co., Ind., April 11, 1853, and Harmony, (now Mrs. W. S. Twogood), born in Cedar Co., Iowa, Jan. 11. 1855. Carson, J. S., carpenter. Chamberlain, L., druggist. CHATELAIW, AB9EAXD, pro prietor saloon and restaurant, Marion ; born in Switzerland, Jan 22, 1842 ; came to St. Louis in 186Y ; stayed there three months, then went to Elgin, 111., and worked for the Elgin National Watch Co. two and a half years ; then went to Chicago, where he remained one year; came to Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa, in the Pall of 18Y0; engaged in jewelry business there until Feb., 1873, when he came to Marion ; engaged in the same business here until he was obliged to relinquish it on account of ill health. Mr. C. married Lisa Chopard July 14, 1866 ; she was bora in Switzerland, Jan. 26, 1841 ; they have had five children, the living are Paul, born Jan. 11, 1868; Mary, May 20, 1869; Armand, Jr., Jan. 4, 1873, and Arthur, March 13, 1878 ; lost one daughter — Bertha ; she was born Feb. 19, 1876, and died Deo. 29, 1877. Mrs. Chatlain is a member of the Presbyterian Church. CHEADIiE, DEAX, of the firm of Cheadle & Keyes, dealers in clothing, gents' furnishing goods, etc., Marion; . born in Windsor Tp., Morgan Ca, Ohio, Oct. 30, 1821. Came to Marion in 1842 ; he has been engaged in tailoring and mercantile business ever since he came here. In Ojt., 1 862,' he enlisted in Co. K., 6th Iowa V. C; was Orderly Ser- geant of the company from the com- mencement of service until he was mus- tered outj Oct. 17, 1865 ; was in all the engagements his regiment participated in. Mr. Cheadle's first wife was Ruth Ives; she died Dec. 1, 1860 ; two Chil- dren by this marriage now living — Charles R. and Sarah Emma ; lost three, who died quite young. Present wife was Marion L. Sartwell ; married Feb. 24, 1870 ; she was born in McKean Co., Ohio; they have two children — Sylvia M. and Dean S. CLOCJSTOX, T. P., bridge builder and house mover; born April 16, 1834, in Waterford, Washington Co., Ohio ; came to Linn Co. in June, 1869 ; has been in the bridge-building and houser moving business since. His wife's, maiden name was Anna Nickerson; married Feb. 20, 1856 ; she was born in Morgan (Co., Ohio, Dec. 11, 1837; children's names are Mary A., born Dec. 21, 1857 ; Ada M., born Feb. 23, 1861 ; Joseph A., born May 29, 1864 ; Ora F., born Aug. 25, 1866, land' Anna B., born April 9, 1876. COENEW, JOHIV, of the firm of Coenen & Schneider, proprietors of Co- enen's Brewery, Marion ; born in Prussia, Oct. 4, 1829 ; came to Buffalo, N. Y., in 1853 ; remained there three months, then went to Aurora, N. Y., where he was on a farm about seven months ; in the Fall of 1854, he came to Chicago ; worked in a planing-mill there two years ; came to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1857 ; assisted in starting the first brewery there ; in 1858, came to Marion ; was in saloon business here from 1858 to 1866 ; in 1866, he built the brewery which he now carries on. He married Mary Webber Sept. 16, 1858 ; she was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, July, 1836 ; they have three children — Katie (now Mrs. Charles Schneider), born July 9, 1859 ; Mollie, in Oct., 1860, and Mag- gie, Dec, 1862. COEIVEN, JOSEPH, proprietor of billiard hall and saloon, Marion; born in Prussia, April 2, 1835 ; came to Chicago in 1856 ; lived there about one year and a half, then came to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where he resided till Ang., 1862, when he enlisted in Co. K, 9 th Iowa V. I.; served until July 25, 1865, when he was mustered out ; he then returned to Cedar Rapids, where he remained until Aug. 4, 1866, then came to Marion ; for five years he was connected with Coenen's Brewery ; since then he has been in present business. Married Sophia Bowernecker Aug. 4, 1865 ; she was born in Saxony, Germany ; they have six children— Mary, Frances, Sophia, Joseph, Jr., Willie and Eddie, Colbert, Dennis, laborer. Cone, Byron, lather. COIVE, GEO. W., house, sigQ and ornamental painter, Marion ; born in Ber- tram Tp., Linn Co., Iowa, April 12,1839 ; 1 618 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : he is a son of Morris and Ann Cone, and was the first white child born in Linn Co.; Linn Co. has always been his home. He married Sarah E. Vosburg in Nov., 1862 ; she was born in Coxsackie, N. Y., April 25, 1844 ; they have had two children — one daughter, Estella May, died Nov. 2, 187Y, aged 8 years ; one son, now living, John Sigel, born Jan. 1, 1863. Mr. Cone is a member of the City Council, representing the Second Ward. Mr. and Mrs. Cone are members of the M. E. Church. COIVE, JOHW, house, sign and orna- mental painter, Marion ; born in this county,Nov. 2, 1841 ; engaged in present business twenty years ; enlisted in Co. K, 9th Iowa V. I.; mustered in Sept. 14, 1861 ; he was in all general engagements his regiment participated in, and was mustered out in July, 1865. Married Caroline Mitchell, March 2, 1864; she is a daughter of Matthew Mitchell, de- ceased ; she was born in Marion, Nov. 9, 1844 ; they have two children — Maud L., born April 9, 1866, and Lucia M., Aug. 26, 1872. Mr. Cone is a member of the City Council, serving his third term in that position. Mr. and Mrs. Cone are members of the Congregational Church. COXE, NORKIS, painter, Marion ; born in Guilford, New Haven Co., Conn., Dec. 22, 1808; moved to Wal- lingford when he was a youth, and lived there until 1837, when he came to Bloomington, 111. ; came to Bertram, Linn Co., Iowa, in February, 1839 ; lived there ten years ; then came to Marion ; he lived one year here, then went to farming again in this vicinity, which he continued until 1854; in 1854 he returned to village of Marion again, and has resided here ever since ; he has been engaged in the business of carpenter and joiner and painter since he has lived in town. He married Ann Blakeslee Sept. 14, 1831 ; she was born in Wallingford, Conn., Sept. 24, 1810; they have had seven children ; one son, Lucius L., was born April 19, 1848 ; he died Jan. 10, 1871 ; those living are Byron, born Dec. 6, 1832 ; Oliver B., born Nov. 30, 1835 ; John, born Nov. 2, 1841; George N., born April 12, 1839 ; Laura A. (now Mrs. Joseph A. Starbuck), born May 15, 1846; Norris R., born Feb. 12, 1850. _ Mr. and Mrs. Cone are members of the Baptist Church ; Mr. C. has been a member of the Board of Supervisors of this county. COXE, OlilVER B., tinner, Marion; born in Wallingford, New Haven Co., Conn., Nov. 30, 1835; came to Marion in February, 1839, with his parents. Enlisted in Aug. 1861, in Co. K, 9th L V. I.; was Cor- poral ; wounded at the battle of Pea Ridge, March 7, 1862, and, on account of disability from these wounds, waa discharged in September, 1862. Mr. Cone married Mary A. Smith Nov. 12, 1856; she was born in Elmira, N. Y., July 4, 1834 ; they have three children living — Harry D., born March 12, 1860; Laura B„ born Oct. 1866, and Lucius L., born Nov. 2, 1873 ; lost one child that died in infancy. They are members of the M. E. Church. Cook, G., furniture mnfr. and dealer. Cook, Jesse, laborer. -COOPER, liORElV, wagon and carriage manufacturer, Marion; born in Morgan Co., Ohio, Nov. 2, 1851 ; came to Marion in 1860 ; he has worked at present business twelve years. Mr. Cooper married Mary C. Snyder Nov. 2, 1871 ; she was born in Pennsylvania, in 1853 ; they have two children — Alonzo Grant, born July 3, 1 872, and Ettie May, born June 15, 1874. CORXWEIiLi, L,. J., MRS.. Marion, formerly Miss L. J. Bemis ; was born in New York, in 1830 ; she married Amos C. Cornwell in Nov. 1849; he was born in Connecticut, in 1802, and died in Nov., 1873; they have four children— Alfred H., Frank W.', Han- nah Lovina, and Ellen Lucy; Ellen Lucy married John Cederberg Sept. 28, 1875 ; he was born in Sweden, March 12, 1842, and came to America in 1868 ; learned his trade in Sweden ; lived in Princeton, 111., two and a half years, and in Chicago two and a half years, and in Cedar Rapids three years, and went to Marshalltown, in 1877, where he carries on the business of mer- chant tailor. CRAWFORD, JOHX L., Clerk of the Courts, Marion; born in Pleasant Tp., near Mt. Vernon, Ohio, May 29, MARION CITY. 619 1830 ; lived in Ohio until 1854, when he came to Maine Tp., this county ; engaged in farming until he was elected Clerk of the Courts in 1872 ; re-elected in 1874 and 1876; during his residence in Maine Tp. he held oflSces of Assessor, Township Clerk, and various other town and district positions; he lived on Sec. 26. Married N. Ann Graham Nov. 24, 1852 ; she was born in Washington Co., Penn. ; they have five children living — H. Howard, Jeff G., Salome F., Alice M. and Jennings R. Mr. and Mrs. Crawford, with their four eldest children, are members of the Free Will Baptist Church. CRAWFORD, JEFFERSOX, of the firm of J. L. Crawford & Son^ merchant tailors, and dealers in gents' furnishing goods, Marion ; born in Maine Tp., Linn Co., Iowa, Sept. 17, 1855 ; came to Marion, Jan. 2, 1873 ; he has been engaged in present business one year; previously, was employed about a year and a half in the office of his father, J. L. Crawford, Clerk of the Courts ; one year he clerked for a grocery firm here. Crosby, L., laborer. DAVIS, A. K., dealer in agricultural implements. DANIELrS, ADDISOX, mer- chant, Marion ; ' born in Medway, Mass., Nov. 13, 1813; came to Marion in 1840; he has been engaged in mercantile business ever since he came here, although largely interested in real estate, and, at different times, having large milling" interests; when Mr. Daniels came here, there was not a house where the town of Marion is now located, although it had been selected as the site for the county seat in 1839, and that fact induced Mr Daniels to locate here. He was the first Postmaster at this point, also first Re- corder. DANIEIiS, FRESTOM, mer- chant, Marion ; born in North Brook- field, Mass., Dec. 16, 1819 ; came to Marion in 1846; engaged in mercantile business ever since he came here. He married Mary A. Keyes ; she was born in Ohio ; they have three children — Addison L., Caroline M. (now Mrs. Benj. P. Metzer) and Adaliza. DA5f_IEIiS,_ SAMIJEL,, County Auditor, Marion ; born near New Alex- ander, Ohio, May 15, 1839; lived in Ohio until the Spring of 1846, when he came with his parents to Linn Co., Iowa; first located on Indian Creek, near what is now called Bertram ; his father, Jeremiah Daniels, is now en- gaged in the milling business at Ber- tram. Samuel Daniels enlisted May 5, 1861, as a private, in Co. K, 1st I. V. I. ; received wounds which resulted in the loss of his right leg, at the battle of Wilson Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. He then returned to this county, and for three years was agent for the C., N. & N. W. R'y Co., at Bertram ; also Post- master at the same place for the same period ; came to Marion in the Spring of 1865. He held the position of Deputy Recorder for eleven years ; was elected County Auditor in 1875, and assumed the duties of that office in January, 1876; lie was also Deputy U. S. Rev- enue Collector for this district for two or three years — from July 19, 1869, until the position was abolished. He married Mary E. HayzlettNov. 27, 1873 ; she is a daughter of John G. Hayzlett, who is one of the early settlers and prominent citizens of this county ; they have two sons — Charles E., born Jan. 19, 1875, and one infant. Davis, J. C, attorney. Deal, John, gardener. DOWJdE, WM. M., of the firm of Twogood & Downie, merchants, Marion ; born in Middleton, Mass., Feb. 27, 1850 ; lived in Portsmouth, N. H.,from 1855 to 1864 ; resided in Boston, Mass., from 1864 to 1866 ; in 1866, he came to Marion, Iowa ; clerked for Silas Merriam seven years ; one year a clerk for J. F. Hervey, and partner with Mr. Hervey one year ; organized the firm of Twogood & Downie in 1875. Draper, Eli, retired. Dunn, Myron, farmer. DUjflLOJfT, A. B., manufacturer and dealer in furniture, Marion ; born in Catskill, Gre,ene Co., N. Y., July 19, 1824; lived in Cayuga Co. and in On- ondaga Co., N. Y., several years ; came to Marion in the Fall of 1846 ; was en- gaged at the carpenter trade until 1858 ; from 1858 to 1866, in the offices of 620 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY ■- County Recorder and County Treasurer ; also, Justice of the Peace from 1858 to 1864 ; served two years as Councilman ; on School Board, Secretary of the Board, several years ; has always taken an active interest in educational matters. In April, 1849. Mr. Dumont started for Califor- nia ; stopped about six months in Ore- gon, and worked as a wheelwright ; then went to California, arriving there about the middle of June, 1850 ; engaged in mining there until June, 1851, when he left for home by steamer, via the Isth- mus of Panama and New York. Mr. D. married Julia A. Leffingwell Oct. 13, 1844 ; she was born in Vermont^; they have had five children ; one daughter died in infancy, and Lizzie, died in 1868, aged 21 years ; the living are James W., born in May, 1849, and John E., born in November, 1852. Dumont, J. W., wagon maker. Durham, S. W., surveyor. DUTTOX, J. Q. A., blacksmith, Marion'; born in Lancaster, Ohio, Aug. 13, 1833; came to Marion, by wagon, in 1852. He married Louisa L. Mc- Knight; they have had five children; one daughter died in infancy ; the living are Ellis Ray, Hattie May, Ida E. and Lulu Belle. Mr. and Mrs. Dutton are members of the Presbyterian Church. EIDAMILLER, FREDERICK, mer- chant. Elithorp, E., cooper. EliMOTT, H. I., photographer and dealer in picture frames and nearly every description of pictures; first-class work a specialty ; the firm of Jones & Elliott was formed in 1871, and they carried on the photographic busioess at Davenport until 1875, when they came here; the firm was dissolved April 1, 1878 ; Mr. Elliott is now sole proprietor of the gal- lery; he was born in Fairfield, West- moreland Co., Penn., Dec. 30, 1850; came to Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa, with his parents, in 1855 ; lived there until he went to Davenport, in 1871. Elliott, J., Sr., retired. ElililOTT, J., Jr., of the firm of Elliott Bros., grocers ; born in Mt. Ver- non, Knox Co., Ohio, Feb. 21, 1842. Came to Marion in the Spring of 1856 ; engaged in mercantile business since Aug., 1865. He married Esther Prim- rose, March 21, 1866 ; she was born in ' West Dryden, Tompkins Co., N. Y.; they have three children — Nellie, born May 2, 1868 ; Laverne, Nov. 1, 1871, and George J., Nov. 21, 1875. Mrs. Elliott is a member of the Congrega- tional Church. Elliott, M. L., grocer. Elrod. Jonathan, shoemaker. Bmberson, Andrew, carpenter. Emberson, John, carpenter. XpLYNN, JAMES, farmer. FAY. W. A., of the firm of C. F. Fay & Co.; dealers in lumber, sash, doors, blinds, etc., Marion ; born in Grafton, Worcester Co., Mass., Dec. 13, 1845 ; came to Fond du Lac Co., Wis., in Sept., 1850; lived there until 1858, then went to Marquette Co., Wis.; made that county his home until 1872. Heenlistedin Co.G,32dW. V. I., Dec. 16, 1863; served until May 10, 1865 ; in 1867, engaged in the lum- ber business in Northern Wisconsin ; came to Oxford, Jones Co., Iowa, in 1872; in 1874," he came to Marion; engaged in the lumber business all the time since he came to Iowa. He mar- ried Alice Meirill, Jan. 11, 1876, in Chicago ; she wag born in New York City, in 1849 ; they have one child — Maud, born July 10, 1877. Mrs. Fay is a member of the' Baptist Church. Floyd, Geo. W., laborer. Foster, Heman, money^ leaner. Frager, Jacob, laborer. r^ AGEBY, J. A., cabinet maker. GARRETT, PETER C, fumi ture dealer,Marion ; born in Canada West Sept. 14, 1828 ; removed with parents to Erie Co., N. Y.,when he was about4years of age ; lived there till he was 22 years of age, and in 1852, went to California, where he remained two years and a half; he then returned and located in Genesee Co., N. Y., and lived there untU 1859, when he went to California again, liifed two and a half years, then came back to Genesee Co., where he lived until he came to Cedar Rapids, in 1868; came to Marion in 1873. His first wife was Frances A. Witwer ; she died Oct. 8, 1870; they had five children, all now living ; their names are Lina M. (now Mrs. Joseph Griswold), Estella A., MARION CITY. 621 Charles E., John W. and Prances. Mr. Garrett's present wife was Sarah Ment- zer; they were married May 21, 1874 ; she was born in Pennsylvania. Mr. G. is a member of the Christian Church ; his wife is a member of the M. E. Church. GIBi^OX, J. K., of the firm of Gib- son & White, manufacturers and dealers in boots and shoes, opposite Park Place Hotel, Marion ; born in Philadelphia, Sept. 29, 1832 ; lived in Pennsylvania until April, 1826, when he came to Marion. Mr. Gibson was Deputy Clerk of the Courts from 1857 tol873 ; he was afterward in the book and sta- tionery business with A. J. McKean two years ; engaged in present business in 1877. He married Maria L. Smith April 26, 1864 ; she was born in Bradford Co., Penn., April 28, 1846 ; they have two children — Clarence E., born Sept. 14, 1867, and Ida May, May 11, 1869. Mrs. Gibson is a member of the Congregational » Church ; she has been engaged in the millinery and ladies' furnishing goods business since 1864; she has an elegant store under the Park Place Hotel. ttlFFEN, JAMES D., attorney and counselor at law, Marion ; oflSce over First National Bank ; Mr. G. was born in Northumberland Co., Penn., Oct. 2, 1839 ; lived in that county, Danville, Penn., Muncy and Bellefonte until he came to Brown Tp., this county, April 12, 1856 ; engaged in farming there several years ; he was admitted to the bar in 1867, and has been engaged in the practice of law in Marion since then. ^ He has been Secretary of the School Board eight or ten years, Councilman two years and is City Attorney. He married Helen Keyes, April 17, 1867 ; she was born in Marion ; they have two children living — Josephine C. and Louisa ; lost one child, that died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. GiflFen are members of the Congre- , gational Church. GIFFEX, THOMAS M., retired farmer, Marion ; born in Chillisquaque Tp., Northumberland Co., Penn., Nov. 17 1812 ; removed to Lycoming Co., Penn., in 1840 ; to Center Co., same State, in 1848; in 1856, he came to Brown Tp., Linn Co., Iowa ; resided there until December, 1869, when he came to Marion ; during his residence in Brown Tp. he was School Director several years, Secretary of School Board for a number of years, and member of the Board of Supervisors of this county two years. He married Margaret M. Durham in Milton, Northumberland Co., Penn., Jan. 19, 1837; she was born in the same township as Mr. Giffen (Chillis- quaque), Feb. 16, 1815 ; they had seven children ; the living are Wm. M., born Nov. 1, 1837 ; James D., 0;t. 2, 1839; Charlotte Anna (now Mrs. J. S. Alexan- der, of Marion), June 5, 1850; and Mary Agnes (now Mrs. Wm. Durham, of Northumberland Co., Penn.), March 12, 1852 ; the deceased children are Sarah E., born Sept. 25, 1841, died Sept. 1, 1843 ; Clara, born July 21, 1844, died June 18, 1851 ; and Robert A., born June 29, 1847, died June 19, 1851. Mr. and Mrs. GiiFen are mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church. GIIiLIIiAW, GEORGE D., dry goods merchant, Marion ; born in Mason Co., West Virginia Feb. 11, 1836; came to Brown Tp. in Lion Co., Iowa, in 1849 ; engaged in farming pursuits Aug. 11, 1862. He then enlisted as a private in Co. F, 20th I. V. I. ; served most of the time as Sergeant of his company, and was mustered out in 1865. Returned to Iowa and engaged in the lumber business at Viola, in the Spring of 1866 ; was in that business about nine months ; he then engaged in the mercantile business in the same town, and carried that on about one year ; after- ward resumed business there and con- tinued about two years, then sold out and was engaged in farming principally until 1873; he was then elected Sheriff of Linn Co., re-elected in 1875, and served until January, 1878. He mar- ried Ordelia A. Barret Jan. 12, 1860; she was born in Erie Co., N. Y., Feb. 22, 1839 ; they had six children, four died in infancy ; the living are Prank D., born Oct. 22, 1868, and Floy, born March 24, 1873. Mrs. Gililan is a member of the Congregational Church. Glover, W. C., teamster. GOODHUE & WOODS, real es- tate agents, Marion ; loans negotiated and collections made ; complete abstracts 622 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: of titles in Linn Co. Samuel N. Good- hue was born in Paris, Jennings Co., Ind., July 23, 1836 ; came to Floyd Co., Iowa, in July, 1855 ; liYed there until the Spring of 1857 ; then went to Clarksville, Butler Co., Iowa, where he resided until 1862. Enlisted in Co. G-, 32d I. V. I., Aug. 11, 1862, discharged in December, 1863, on account of disa- bility ; he served most of the time as Hospital Steward in the general hospi- tal at Cape Girardeau, Mo. ; in Febru- ary, 1 864, he returned to Cape Girar- deau and took a position as Clerk in the Quartermaster's department, which position he held until January, 1865 j . he then went into the commissary de- partment at the same point ; in June, 1865, went to Denver, Col., still con- tinuing in the commissary depart- ment ; in October, 1865, came to Marion ; was in the mercantile business for a short time, in grain and produce business from 1866 to 1869; was em- ployed in the county ijflBoe here from January, 1869 to 1877 ; Deputy Re- corder in 1876 and 1877 ; in January, 1878, organized the present firm of Goodhue & Woods. Mr. ' G. married Margaret McKoberts, of Canada ; ihey have one child — Walter 8. Mr. and Mrs. G. are members of the Presbyterian Church. Chas. C. Woods is an attorney at law, and was born in Lowell, Mass., Nov. 12, 1850 ; came to Marion in 1857; admitted to the bar in March, 1877. Goudy, Wm. M., junk dealer. GBAXGEK, BARE, of the firm of Granger & Howe, proprietors of meat market, Marion ; born in Bethel, Windsor Co., Vt., Nov. 7, 1836 ; came to Marion in October, 1856 ; engaged in farming two years ; engaged in butchering since 1861 ; he is a member of the City Council ; has served in that position several years. He married Clara Lockhart June 22, 1869 ; she died June 24, 1870. His present wife was Eldora Krouse Feb. 28,1872 ; she was born in Germany ; they have three children — Mabel A., born Jan. 1, 1873; Earl W., Feb. l6, 1875, and Dora Louisa, Oct. 22, 1877. Mrs. Granger is a member of the M. E. Church. Grandy, J. B., laborer. Grant, Andrew, grain buyer. GRAY, GEO. A., CAPT., attor- ney, surveyor, and farmer, Marion ; born in Sullivan Township, Tioga Co., Penn., June 15, 1826 ; moved to Ohio with his father in 1837 ; lived there a year and a half; then went to Henderson- ville, Henderson Co., 111., where they lived one year, and in 1840 came to Cedar Co., Iowa ; came to Marion in the Spring of 1842. The Captain served one year in the 15th U. S. Inf during the Mexican war in 1846 and 1847; April 26, 1861, he enlisted as private in Co. A, 6th I. V. I. ; discharged March 1, 1862, at Syracuse, Mo.; re- enlisted July 25, 1862, and was mus- tered in as First Sergeant Aug. 25, 1862 ; promoted to Sergeant Major Oct. 20, 1862 ; was commissioned Captain Dec. 20, 1862 ; mustered out at Mobile, Alabama, July 8, 1865. The Captain taught school in this county several years ; was Principal of the Marion High School four years ; be served fifteen years as Qounty Surveyor. GRAY, JAMES M., of the firm of Gray & Beebe, grocers; born in Bradford Co., Penn., Dec. 14, 1834; lived in that county until he came to Marion in 1844 ; engaged in farming in this vicinity until 1854, then com- menced clerking in Marion ; was em- ployed as a clerk until 1872, when he commenced business for himself. He married Saiah M. Davis July 3, 1859 ; she was born in Indiana, but came to Marion with her parents when she was quite young, in 1845 ; have one child — Corie L., born April 22, 1860. Greer, John, farmer. Graves, J. B., clerk. GRIER, J WO. M., attorney, farmer and teacher, Marion ; born at Zanes- ville, Ohio, March 12, 1839. He has taught in the public schools of Linn Co. several terms ; was appointed County Surveyor in 1863. also elected and served in 1864 and 1865 ; he wasTown- , ship Clerk two terms ; read law with Isbell, Hubbard & Stephens, and was admitted to the bar April 2, 1859 ; he came to Marion with his parents Jan. 17, 1842 ; Mr. Grier owns eighty acres of land in See. 18, and thirty-two acres in Sees. 19 and 20, Marion Tp., and forty acres in Sec. 12, Rapids Tp. MARION CITY. 623 G-uzzle, Daniel, laborer. TTAUSELL, J. A., carpenter. HAIili, OlilVER S,, proprietor of bakery and restaurant, and dealer in staple and fancy groceries ; born in Marion July 15, 1843; Mr. Hall en- gaged in the ice business here in 1871 ; he has since disposed of that, and is devoted exclusively to his other busi- ness. He married Lina Ervin Dec. 12, 1868; she died Sept. 18, 1875; have one child now living — Sadie L.,-born July 12, 1871. Mr. Hall's father, 0. S. Hall, Sr., was born in Vermmt ; was among the early settlers of Marion ; came here when they had to live in their wagons until they could erect a^ house to live in; he kept the Iowa House from 1842 to the time of his death in 1846;. the house was kept by his widow, Sarah A. Hill, and his son, Oliver S., until 1871 ; she now resides with her son. They are both members of the M. E. Church. HABBEISOIV, WM. M., farmer; born June 24, 1838, in Armstrong Co., Penn. ; came to Linn Co. April 15, 1856. Maiden name of wife, Julia Stow; married, Feb. 7, 1870; wife born in Newbury port, Mass., Aug. 28, 1848; one child, Ina M., born Dec. 14, 1871. Mr. Harberson is not a .;. member of any church; his wife be- longs to the M. E. Church. He has held the office of City Marshal. Hausell, M., retired farmer. Harris, J. T., grain buyer. Harvey, E., clerk. HAZLETOX, JOHBT H., Deputy Clerk of the Courts ; born in Covington, 'Tioga Co., Penn.; Dec. 5, 1834; lived in Bradford, Penn., from 1847 to the time of coming to Lansing, Iowa, in 1868; from 1868 to 1870, he was Su- perintendent of Schools at Lansing ; in 1870, he returned to Pennsylvania, and remained there until he came to Marion, in August, 1872. Mr. Hazleton has been in the office of the Clerk of the Courts since 1873. He served in the 106th Perm. V. I. during the late re- bellion, from August, 1861, to Novem- ber, 1862 ; he was Orderly Sergeant of Co. D. His first wife was Julia B. Taylor; she died in May, 1871 ; they had six children, only three now living — Charles Allen, Emma Bell and Wil- lie Grant ; the last-named lives with an uncle, by whom he was adopted when an infant. Mr. Hazleton's present wife was Emma A. Beach ; they have one child, Delia Louise. Mr. and Mrs. Haileton are members of the Christian Church. Herron, Tim., teamster. Hervey, P. 6., retired merchant. HEBVEY, JAS. K., retired mer- chant, Marion ; born in Bridgewater, Plymouth Co., Mass., April 25, 1804; lived there until 1818, when he moved to New Braintree, Worcester Co., Mass. ; resided there until 1831, then removed to Oakham, in the same county ; lived there until 1851, then went to Boston, where he remained three years ; in 1854, came to Marion ; engaged in mercantile pursuits many years. Mar- ried Mary Woods June 30, 1831 ; she was born in New Braintree, Mass., Jan. 28, 1810 ; they have had six children ; two died in infancy ; the living are Kate W., now the wife of Judge Hubbard, of Cedar Rapids ; James P. is at present a resident of Chicago ; Prank G. and George W. Mr. and Mrs. Hervey are members of the Congregational Church. Hickey, John, laborer. HINDMAN, D. B., Homoeopathic physician and surgeon, Marion ; born in Chester Co., Penn., June 4, 1832 ; the Doctor graduated from the Homoeo- pathic Medical College of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia, in 1857 ; he then en- gaged in practice in Chester Co., Penn., and continued there until 1864, when he ' came to Marion. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, also of the Society of Homoeopathic Physicians of Iowa and of the Linn Co. Homoeopathic Medical Society ; he has been President of the last named society since its organization. The Doctor has been a member of the City Council. He married Maggie J. Jackson, Jan. 3, 1861 ; she was born in Chester Co., Penn., March 31, 1835 ; they have had six children, one died in infancy ; the living are Mary E., Clara E., Minnette J., Carlos J. and Samuel P. The Doc- tor, his wife and three oldest children are members of the Presbyterian Church. 624 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: HOAGIiAND, SIDJTBY A., carpenter, contractor and builder, Mar- ion ; born in Bradford Co., Penn., July 23, 1834 ; came to Marion in May, 1867. Mr. H. enlisted in Co. L, 7th Penn. V. C. in February, 1864:; mus- tered out Aug. 23, 1865. Married Augusta Gillett Jan. 20, 1860 ; she was born in Tioga Co., Penn.; she died April 1, 1874; two children by this marriage, both now living ; their names are Nettie Adelle, born Dec. 20, 1864, and Purly L., born Feb. 25, 1874. Mr. Hoagland's present wife was Ella J. Howland ; they were married Nov. 5, 1877 ; she was born in Covington Tp., Tioga Co., Penn. Mr. and Mrs. H. are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. H. was City Councilman in 1874 and 1875. He has worked at present business twenty years. HOIililS, CHARLES M., at- torney and counselor at law, real estate and loan broker and abstracter of land titles, Marion; born in Ran- dolph, Norfolk Co., Mass., Aug. 1,1837; came to Cedar Rapids in April, 1861 ; resided there until 1866, being publisher and editor of the Cedar Rapids Times during that period; Mr. H. has been engaged in present business since he came to Marion in 1866. Mrs. HoUis is a daughter of Rev. J. V. DeWitt; she was born in New York State. Mr. and Mrs. Hollis are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. H. is a graduate of Middlebury College at Middlebury, Vt., class of 1860 ; he read law in Essex Co., N. Y., and at Cedar Rapids. He has held various township offices here. Holman, John, farmer. HOWE, JOHIV A., of the firm of Granger & Howe, proprietors of City Meat Market, Marion ; born in Scioto Tp., Pickaway Co., Ohio, June 29, 1833; came to Marion in June, 1848 ; engaged in present business for twelve years. Mr. Howe has been member of the School Board twelve years. He married Nancy Elizabeth Potter, Jan. 23, 1856; she was born in Clarendon Tp., Orleans Co., N. Y., July 7, 1837 ; she came to Mar- ion Jan. 23, 1855. They were mar- ried in Monroe Tp., Linn Co,, AL.Ii, W. J., dealer in hard- ware, stoves, tinware, etc., Marion ; born in Marion May 19, 1851 ; engaged in present business since 1869. Married Emma K. Braucht Dec. 25, 1873, at Oak Ridge, Ohio ; they have one child —Sarah A., born July 25, 1877. Mr. and Mrs. Kendall are members of the Congregational Church. Mr. K.'s father, Albert Kendall, was one of the early : settlers of this place ; he was born at W.est Granby, Conn., July 3, 1815; | came to Marion in 1 844, and died here Jan. 19, 1877 ; his widow, Sarah C. Kendall, survives him,>and resides with her son, W. J. ; she was born in Wast Granby, Conn.; one son — W. A. — was a resident of this county about twenty- four years ; he is now agent of the B., C. E. & N. E'y Co., at Burlington, Iowa. KEYES, AMORY, retired mer- chant, Marion ; born in Worthington, Mass., May 17, 1801 ; moved, with his parents, to Maine, when about 6 years of age; in 1821, went to Marietta, Ohio ; buUt a flat-lsoat and went to New .Orleans with freight ; returned to Ohio and was engaged in farming, which he continued until i825 or 1826, when he engaged in tannery business, which he continued until 1843, when he came to Marion, Iowa ; engaged in mercantile business here for many years. Married Louisa Cheadle Aug. 5, 1823 ; she was born in Windsor, Ohio, May 12, 1806 ; they have had nine children ; the living are Eliza (now Mrs. Eobert Holmes), born Feb. 16, 1829 ; Mary Ann (now Mrs. Preston Daniels), born Aug. 14, 1831 ; Harriet Josephine (now Mrs. Lemuel K. Parkhurst), born Sept. 20, 1841; Helen F. (now Mrs. J. D. Giffen), born June 20, 1844, and Arthur J., born Jan. 20, 1847 ; four children de- ceased — Laura, born June 16, 1836, and died April 15, 1837 ; Sarah, born Feb. 28, 1838, died May 29, 1839 ; Caroline, born Feb. 22, 1826, died March 4, 1846 ; and Everett E., born March 12, 1833; he died Sept. 2,0, 1856. Mr. and Mrs. Keyes are mem bers of the Congregational Church. KEYES, A. J., of the firm of Keyes & Parkhurst, grocers, Marion ; born in Marion Jan. 20, 1847 ; he has always resided in this place ; engaged in mer- cantile business ever since he was 16 years of age. Married Stella L. Chapin, of Eockford, III., Sept. 5, 1876 ; they have one child — Sarah Louisa, born Nov. 4, 1877. Mrs. Keyes is a mem- ber of the Congregational Church. Mr. K. is a member of the Town Council. Kerle, Jos., retired. Koslosky, Jos., prop. Farmers' Home. Kramer, A., carpenter and cabinet maker. Kuhne, John, saloon. 626 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: T" AKE, B. W., physician. liA ORANGE, JOHIir W., physi- cian and surgeon, Marion ; born in Franklin, Johnson Co., Ind., April 29, 1849 ; came to Vinton, Iowa, in 1866 ; the doctor received his classical education at the Hanover Presbyterian Collegiate Institute ; in 1876, he graduated from Rush Medical College, at Chicago, 111. ; engaged in practice since then at Vin- ton, Iowa ; came to Marion May 1, 1878. He married Carrie V. Alexan- der Sept. 14, 1876 ; she was born in Franklin, Johnson Co , Ind., May 30, 1849. The doctor and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. Lamson, S. C., retired harness maker. JLAMSOIV, WM. H., harness maker, Marion ; born in Clintonville, Clinton Co., N. Y., Jan. 5, 1850 ; came to Ce- dar Rapids in 1855; engaged in present business about twelve years. He mar- ried Eva May Davis June 5, 1873 ; she was born in Marion Nov. 28, 1853 ; they have had two children — Samuel Henry, died April 30, 1878, aged 5 months; one son now living; his name is Ernest Klaud, born April 5, 1874. LAMSOX, SABIUJEL, retired har- ness maker ; born in Plainfield, Vt., Oct. 25, 1826 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1855. Married Hannah Clark Nov. 25, 1848 ; she was born in Augusta, Me., Dec. 9, 1827 ; they have six chil- dren — William H., Alice A , Charles W., Lillie A., Lucy M. and Dyer M. ; loist two sons — Albert H. and Henry. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. L. was one of the first horse collar manufacturers in this State' he being the manufacturer of the cele- brated "Lamson Collar." Lanning, Ed., laborer. IiARY, 1. A., carriage maker (car- riage trimming a specialty), Marion; born in Lower Sandusky, (now Fre- mont), Ohio, July 16, 1840 ; came to Marion, in July, 1873 ; lie has been engaged in present business about fifteen years. Mr. Lary was Commissary in Quartermaster's Department of the Army of the Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, four years, at Nashville three years four months with General Buell, and balance of time at Pulaski, Tenn. He married Harriet Cooper March 7, 1867 ; she was born in Oswego, N. Y., April 18, 1849; they have four children — John H., born Nov. 27, 1868; Albert J., born July 27, 1871 ; Robert C, born Sept. 26, 1874; Lulu Josephine, born Deo. 22, 1877. Are members of the M. E. Church. Latham, E., attorney at law. Leach, A. P., plasterer. Lillie, C. D., grocer. Lillie, George A., grocer. Lillis, W. B., physician. Lothian, D., attorney and real estate dealer. MADDOCK, THOS., sexton Cons. Church. ^ McAFEE, D. T., general merchant, Marion ; born in Perry Co., Penn., Dec. 12, 1833; came to Marion, May 14, 1853; engaged in mercantile business and dealer in stock and grain ever since he came here ; he has two grain elevators here and is doing an extensive business. He has been Mayor, Councilman, and has held other public offices. He mar- ried Florence Harris; she was born in Marion. McCtAIW, JAMES v., City Weighmaster, Marion ; born in Kush- ville. Rush Co., Ind., Feb. 14, 1836; moved to Knox Co., 111. with his parents when only 4 years of age; lived there twelve years ; then moved to Rock Island Co., near Milan, where he lived until 1 862, when he came to this town- ship ; engaged in farming until 1871 ; he was then appointed Deputy Sheriff and served in that capacity about five years and a half; then engaged in farming again for one year ; serving . second year as City Weighmaster. , He married Mary C. Halley May 10, 1860 ; she was born in Crawfordsville, Ind., Oct. 27, 1838 ; they have two children — AUie A., born Feb. 27, 1861, and George H., born Nov, 24, 1862. McCIiELLAN, J. W., PROF., Superintendent of the City Schools, Marion ; born at Coatesville, Chester Co., Penn., Deo. 27, 1841 ; his prepar- atory education was received at Cooh- ranville and Coatesville, in Chester Co. ; he then entered the Tuscarora Collegiate Institute, from which he graduated in 1866 ; during the time that he was at the Institute he was Tutor of Languages, MARION CITY. 627 and was Principal of the Preparatory Department one year; afterward, Prin- cipal of the Pennington Academy, in Chester County, for three years; he then sold out and came to Marion, in 1869, and took charge of the Marion schools ; the Professor spent a portion of five years teaching in the Public Schools of Chester Co., Penn., in his early life ; he taught during that period Spring and Fall terms, and attended school Sum- mer and Winter. He married H. Lizzie Johnson December, 1869 ; she was born at Cochranville, Chester Co., Penn. ; she was educated in the Public Schools of Cochranville and at Cochranville Seminary ; she taught in the Public Schools of Chester Co. six years, and has been Principal of the Marion High School since 1870. They are members of the Presbyterian Church. There is but one Superintendent in the State who has served in one place longer than Prof. McClellan. McDAlSrEIiD, A. T., saddlery; born in Ohio Dec. 8, 1811; came to Linn Co. in 1840; occupation since, saddlery. His wife's maiden name was Sarah Swan ; married in Indiana ; she was born in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 1, 1810 ; their children are John, born May 8, 1832 ; Asa, born April 4, 1835 ; Elizabeth, born Nov. 9, 1836 ; Sarah, born April 26, 1839 ; Daniel, born Dae. 8, 1840 ; Eliza, born July 5, 1842 ; Mary; Alfred, born Jan. 2, 1846; Thomas, born Nov. 4, 1848; Isaac, born June 7, 1852. He is a member of the Christian Church. Held office i of Supervisor and School Director. McDANEJLD, THOMAS J., harness maker and dealer in harness, saddlery, etc , Marion ; born near Jef- fersonville, Clark Co., Ind., Nov. 4, 1848; came to Marion with his parents in the Spring of 1849. Married Han- nah 0. Peck, Oct. 22, 1872. He en- listed in Co. E, 46th I. V. I. (three- months regiment). May 14, 1864; ' served until Sept. 27, 1864; he owns a farm in Sec. 19, T. 84, E. 6 west. McElhennv, J. W.; farmer. McKEAW, AIUfDREW J., book- seller and stationer, Marion ; born in Burlington Tp., Bradford Co., Penn., Oct. ''3, 1816; came to what is now Franklin Tp., Linn Co., Iowa, in Sept. 1838; engaged in farming thereuntil 1854, when he was elected Clerk of the Courts ; re-elected and served eighteen years continuously in that position, nine terms in all ; he served as City Treasurer from 1877 to 1878. His first wife was Abiah Day, of Ohio ; they were married in 1842; she died in 1861; they had nine children ; only four now living — Electa, (now Mrs. Augustus Burke), Allen B., George and Lillie B. Mr. Mc- Kean's present wife is Phoebe L. Hickok ; they were married Dec. 25, 1863 ; she was born in Granville, Bradford Co., Penn. Mrs. McKean is a member of the Christian Church. McKEAW, THOI§. J., BRIG. GrEHr. (deceased). This distinguished officer of the old army, was born Aug. 3, 1810, in Bradford Co., Penn., after his father's death ; at the age of 17, through the influence of his uncle. Gov. Samuel McKean, he was appointed a cadet at West Point, and entered the Military Academy July 4, 1827, gradu- ating June 3, 1831 ; he entered the army immediately after, but resigned March 31, 1834; he became a civil engineer, and followed that profession until 1837, when he became First Lieu- tenant and Adjutant of , the 1st Penn- sylvania Volunteers, and served through the Florida war ; he was elected Major, but the regiment was disbanded before he received his commission, in May, 1838 ; he then became chief engineer 01 the New Orleans Railway and Canal Co. ; he removed to Marion in 1840, and engaged in Government surveying ; in 1844, was a member of the Convention to form the first Constitution of Iowa. Early in th ! Winter of 1846-7, com- menced raising and drilling volunteers, with expectation of being one of the field officers of the regiment ; but the ten United States regiments being substitu- ted for State volunteers, these volunteer organizations were discontinued, and the appointment of officers thrown nomi- nally into the hands of the President, but roally into the hands of the Congres- sional delegations (instead of being left to an election by the men) ; being of the wrong politics to expect a commis- sion under such circumstances in the 628 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : state of party feeling tVieu existing in Iowa, but determined to serve in the war thenbeingwagedagainstaforeign na- tion, in April, 1849, he entered the ranks as a private soldier in Co. K, 15th In- fantry, one of the during war regiments — Geo. W. Morgan, Colonel ; May 15, 1848 — appointed Sergeant Major of the regiment, and was in the battles, Aug. 19 and 20, 1847, of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey,and Chapultepec, and re- mained in service until after peace was con- cluded and the regiment disbanded, Aug. 7, 1848 — having in the mean time re- ceived an appointment as Lieutenant in the 2d regiment U. S. Dragoons, for meritorious conduct in the battles around the City of Mexico, which appointment was promptly declined. Returned to Marion in 1847, and was united in mar- riage to Miss Sarah P. Gray. From 1848, Chief Engineer of Dubuque & Keokuk R. R., to 1851 ; from 1851 to 1853, D. S. Deputy Surveyor General and Assistant Surveyor General of Iowa and Wisconsin ; in 1855, Commissioner to locate the Seat of Government of Iowa ; in 1859, Sheriff Linn Co. ; Civil Engineer until 1861 (June 1st), when he entered upon duty at Washington as Additional Paymaster, and Nov. 21, was appointed Brigadier General. His first command was at Jefferson City, Mo. ; reported to General Grant at Pittsburg Landing, April 8, 1862, and was given command of General Pren- tiss' division ; July 16, took command at Benton Barracks, Mo. ; Sept. 11, transferred to the Army of the Tennes- see, and resumed command of the 6th Division, Sept., 27, which he directed during the battle of Corinth ; Nov. 17, took command of the 4th Division, and took part in the Grenada Expedition ; commanded the districts of Nebraska and South Kansas; in 1864, reported to General Banks at New Orleans, and Sept. 18, became Chief of Cavalry of the Department of the Gulf; served as President of Court Martial, and given command of District of West Florida, and subsequently of Southwest Missouri; honorably discharged Aug. 24, 1865, as Brevet Major General. In June, 1868, he was stricken with paralysis ; a second in July, 1869; and April 18, 1870, a third, from the effects of which he died on the following day. Magee, John, laborer. Magee, Robert, laborer. Marshall, A. S., Pastor Presbyterian Church. Mathias, Nicholas, teamster. Mentzer, B. F., grocer. MEXtZER, THEODORE F., attorney and counselor at law, Marion ; born in Marion, Oct. 13, 1849 ; graduated from Cornell College, at Mt. Vernon, 111., in 1 874 ; read law with Hon. J. B. Young, of Marion, and was admitted to the bar in March, 1877 ; has been Alderman of the Fourth Ward ; is now Mayor of the city; elected in 1878. Miller, Ottmar. Mitchell, J. S., commercial traveler. MURRAY, CrEO. S., carpenter, con- tractor and.builder, Marion; bom in Meigs- ville, Morgan Co., Ohio, Sept. 11,1834; came to lowaville, Van Buren Co., Iowa, in 1862 ; lived there two years ; came to Marion in 1864. He married Lorina C. Vaughn, April 19, 1855 ; she was born in Washington Co., Penri., Oct. 17, 1835 ; they have two children — Fer- nando S., born March 11', 1857, and Margaret Belle (now Mrs. Jason N. North), born Dec. 15, 1858. Myers, C. C, ice dealer. "VTEAL, H. C, harness maker. .JLi Newell, Geo. S., retired farmer. Nicodemus, Jos., blacksmith. Northrop, Frank, restaurant. NOTT, BENJAMIN H., druggist and dealer in paints, oils, glass, etc.; born in McConnelsville, Ohio, May 5, 1837 ; came to Marion in 1852 ; engaged in the drug business in I860 ; sold out in 1862, and went to Cedar Rapids, where he remained from 1862 until 1864; from 1864 to 1868, he was traveling for a Chicago wholesale drug house; in 1868, he returned to Marion and en- gaged in the drug business again. Mr. Nott lias been City Councilman. He married Julia E. Furguson, June 13, 1864; she was born in Dryden, Tomp- kins Co., N. Y.; they have one son- Isaac H., born May 26, 1866. Mrs. Nott is a member of the Congregational Church of Marion. Nott, R. N., retired carpenter. ' /^ AKLEY, D. G., ex-butcher. MARION CITY. 629 OAKIiE Y, M. M., manufacturer and dealer in cigars, tobacco, smokers' arti- cles, etc., Marion ; born in Schroon, Essex Co., N. Y., March 30, 1827 ; moved to ■ Tioga Co., Penn., in the Spring of 1848 ; lived there until he came to Marion, May 16, 1855 ; engaged in the lumber business here until he enlisted in Co. K, 6th Iowa V. C, in Sept., 1862 ; was with the regiment until it was mustered out in 1865. He married Susan Morgan ; she 'was born in Bradford Co., Penn.; they have two children — Mary Alice (now Mrs. J. C. Bixby), and George N. Mr. and Mrs. Oakley are members of the M. E. Church. OAKLEY, G-EO. N., cigar manu- facturer, dealer in domestic and Havana cigars, etc., Marion; born in Tioga, Tioga .Co., Penn., July 22, 1854; came to Marion with his parents May 16, 1855. Ottmar, Meiller, miller. Ovington, T. C, merchant. Ovington, T. S., merchant. Owen, N. W., physician and druggist. OXLEY, J. TAYIiOR, Deputy Sheriif and Township Assessor. Mr. Oxley was born in Marion Tp., Linn Co., Iowa, Oct. 20, 1850 ; he has been en- gaged in farming and stock dealing pre- vious to January, 1878. He owns a farm of 170 acres in Sec. 30, Brown Tp., in this county. PARMENTBB,, M., teamster. Parsons, Chester, retired. PATTERSON, C}EOR€}E A., retired farmer ; born in Fayette Co., Penn., Feb. 4, 1814; moved with par- ents to Knox Co., Ohio, in 1825 ; re- sided there until he came to Moscow, Muscatine Co., Iowa, May 10, 1837; engaged in farming there until the Spring of 1840, when he came to Marion ; was Deputy Sheriif here in. 1841 and 1842; worked at carpenter's trade about five years, then engaged in farming,^ near Marion (Sees. 31, 32 and 33), about thirty years ; came to the city of Marion to reside about four years ago. He has held various district offices, etc. Pence, E. W., Constable. PfeiiFer, Chris, retired farmer. Phillips, Albert, retired. PRESTON, HARRISON C, Deputy County Kecorder, Marion; born / in Genesee Co., N. Y., March 24, 1852 ; removed to Marshall, Mich., in 1869 ; , lived there three years, then came to Rockford, Floyd Co., Iowa ; resided there until he came to Marion in 1875 ; read law with Col. I. M. Preston, and was admitted to the bar in 1875. He has held the position of Deputy Re- corder since the Fall of 1875. Mr. Preston married Eva E. Burroughs, NoV. 18, 1875 ; she was born in Marion, Iowa, May 13, 1854; they have one child — Mary E., born in August, 1876. Mrs. Preston is a member of the Pres- byterian Church. PRESTON & SON, I. M., attorneys and counselors at law, Mar- ion ; Edmund C. Preston was born in Dayton, Montgomery Co., Ohio, June 5, 1841 ; when one year and a half old, he came with his parents to Iowa City ; they soon after came to Marion ; grad- uated from Western Union Law College at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1861 ; was for a short time in mercantile business after he was admitted to the bar; he has been a member of the lawfirm of I. M. Preston & Son about ten years ; he was the first City Solicitor for the city of Marion. Married Deborah E. Two- good, March 31, 1863; she was born in Dryden, Tompkins Co., N. Y.; they have one child — Isaac M., born June 8 1873 PRESTON, ISAAC M., HON., attorney and counselor at law ; born in Cambridge Tp., Washington Co., N. Y., April 25, 1813; while he was an in- fant, his parents removed to Elbridge, Onondaga Co., N. Y., where he lived until he was 22 years of age ; he then went to Seneca Falls to reside, where he married Mary Jane Facer April 3d, 1837 ; she was born in New York City Aug. 9, 1815 ; in 1838, they removed to Dayton, Ohio ; resided there until Sept., 1840 ; he then came to Iowa City, where he read law, and Oct. 26, 1842, he was admitted to the bar at Marion, Linn Co. ; in November, 1842, he re- moved to Marion ; the first bill in equity was filed in this county by him; he was elected Judge of Pro- bate for this county in October, 1843, and re-elected Aug. 3, 1846 ; he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the 18th Judicial District, oompris- 630 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY: ing Lint), Benton and Tama counties, Dec. 19, 1845 ; served in that capacity two years. Feb. 17, 1846, he was commissioned Colonel of the Third Regiment, Second Brigade, Second Division of Militia of the Territory of Iowa; March 3, 1847, he was commissioned by President James K. Polk United States District At- torney ; this was the first appoint- ment to that position made in the State ; he continued in this position until the close of Polk's administration ; in 1848, he was elected to the Iowa State Legis- lature, and in 1850 he was elected member of the State Senate ; the Colonel has taken an active part in pub- lic affairs of the State, and is one of the representative men of Iowa; in the practice of his profession he has been eminently successful, and he is regarded as one of the leading members of the bar of our country. He has two sons, both of them able attorneys — Joseph Hamilton, born July 9, 1838; he is engaged in practice at Waterloo, Iowa ; Edmund C. is associated with his father in business; he was born June 5, 1841. PUTSTAM, C H A R I> E S E., County Recorder, Marion ; born in Nashua, N. H., July 10, 1839 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1854 Enlisted in Co. G, 13th Iowa I. v., in September, 1861 ; was commissioned Second Lieu- tenant immediately after the organiza- tion of the Company, April 19, 1862; soon after the battle of Shiloh he was promoted to Second Lieut., and in March, 1863, promoted to Captain; after being commissioned Captain he was on detached service mqst of the time, doing staff duty on staff of Gen. McPherson and Gen. Giles A. Smith ; he was mustered out as Captain in Nov., 1864 ; came to Mt. Vernon in, this county, and en- gaged in mercantile business there until 1872, when he was elected County Recorder ; re-elected in 1874 and 1876. He married MaryE. Pawcett ; she was born in Belmont Co., Ohio ; they have two children — Frank H. and Carrie E. Mrs. Putnam is a member of the Con- gregational Church. T3 AHN, B. G., livery stable. Rathbun, N., retired clergyman. BATHBUX, S. W., editor and pub- lisher 01 the Marion Weekly Register; also Postmaster, Marion. Reichard, B. R., teacher. Reichard, J. G., teacher. Richmond, 0. T., retired real estate dealer. Raiter, A., janitor pub. school building. Reynolds, Nathan, retired farmer. ROBIXSOX, ALFRED C„ pro- prietor of meat market, Marion ; born in Ft. Wayne, Ind., Oct. 8, 1833; removed with his parents to J/asper Co., Ind., in the Spring of 1838 ; lived there until he came to Marion, in 1868 ; he was en- gaged in farming and mercantile busi- ness in Indiana ; since he came here he has been engaged in grocery; produce and butchering business, principally. He married Lucinda Goldsberry May 7, 1855 ; she was born in Boone Co., Ind.; they have three children — Wesley P., George C. and Flora E. Mr. Robinson and family are members of the M. E. Church. ROSS, JAMES G., boot and shoe maker ; born in Ireland, Jan. 23, 1 823 ; came to Ohio in September, 1847; re- sided there until he came to Marion, in 1855 ; he has worked at his present business since he was 18 years of age. He married Ann Jane Moles March 7, 1846 ; she was born in Ireland Feb. 25, 1825 ; they have had ten children ; one son and one daughter died in infancy ; the living are Lizzie S., James G., John M., Margaret, Mary, Frank S., Ida B. and William L. Mr. and Mrs. Ross are members of the M. E. Church. ROWE, JESSE D., carpenter, con- tractor and builder, Marion ; born in Elizabethtown, Essex Co., N. Y., Nov. 15, 1831 ; came to Marion in 1869 ; Mr. R. has been engaged in his present business thirty-one years. H e married Mary Anna StoiTS Dec. 27, 1854, in Elizabethtown; she was born in Westport, Essex Co., N. Y., June 13, 1828 ; they have had three children — Ida May, born Sept. 27, 1855, died Nov. 5, 1870 ; the living are Fred A., born Dec. 16, 1859, and Frank E., born March 9, 1862. Ryan, Thomas, laborer. O AMPLE, WM., retired. SAMSOIV, EDWARD L., watch maker and manufacturing jeweler ; born MARION CITY. 631 in Leroy, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1832 ; came to Peoria, 111., in 1838 ; lived there one year, then removed to Michigan, where he lived until he was 13 years of age ; he then returned to Leroy, N. Y., where he remained four years and learned the jewelers' trade ; then returned to Michi- gan, where he resided four or five years ; came to Marion, Iowa, Oct. 4, 1854 ; has resided here ever since, excepting eighteen months that he spent in New York City, in 1860 and 18G1. He has been City Treasurer, etc. Married Mrs. Catherine M. Carter, in Rock Island, 111., May 26, 1859 ; her maiden name was Kate M. Briggs ; she was married to Charles C. Carter Nov. 6, 1854, and came to Marion that year. Mr. Sam- son's children are Bertha Alice, born July 16, 1866; Laura L.. July 19, 1868, and Roy E., Feb. 3, 1873; they have lost two — Charles E., born March 26, 1861, died Dec. 22, 1866, and Jose- phine, born Sept. 11, 1864, and died Oct. 16, 1864. Mrs. Samson is a mem- ber of the Congregational Church. Seaton, B. F., dealer in farm machinery. SHEDD, CHAS. E., tinner, Mar- ion ; born in North Brookfield, Mass., Jan. 30, 1846 ; came to Marion, with his parents, in 1850. Enlisted in Co. K, 8th I. V. C, in September, 1863 ; mustered out, as Corporal, Aug. 5, 1865. Mr. Shedd married Kate Murphy May 1, 1870 ; she was born in Madora, Jack- son Co., Ind., April 20, 1847; they have one adopted child, Daisy L., born May 3, 1875. Shedd, H., retired merchant. Shireman. D. T., plasterer. Shireman, H. B., plasterer. Simkins, A. G., undertaker. SI9IKI1VS, JAMES T., Deputy County Auditor ; born in Fairfield, Co- lumbiana Co., Ohio, March 24, 1854 ; came to Marion, Linn Co., Iowa, in Jan- uary, 1857 ; he was editor of the Le Grand Herald, of Le Grand, Marshall Co., Iowa, in 1872 ; from October, 1873, to August, 1874, he edited the Linn Co. Liberal, of Marion ; August, 1874, he sold the latter paper to T. G. Newman, who removed it to Cedar Rapids; the name of the paper was changed to The Standard, and is now conducted by Millar Bros., Cedar Rap- ids. Mr. Simkins was clerk in the oifice of the Clerk of the Courts from August, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1878; since then he has held the position of Deputy Auditor. • Simmons, G. D., clergyman. Slater, G. W., laborer. SmiTH, ElilAS M., physician and surgeon, Marion ; born in Whiting, Ad- dison Co., Vt., June 27, 1827 ; he was educated at the Brandon Institute and at Middlebury College, in Vermont ; hq is also a graduate of Rush Medical Col- lege, Chicago ; the doctor was a resident of Blackberry, Kane £^., Illinois, for a short time ; he came tOIarion in 1860. He is Insane Commissioner for this coun- ty, honorary member of the Society of Natural History of Ames College ; member of Iowa State Medical Society, and of Iowa Union Medical Society. His first wife was Ruth L. Powers, of Brandon, Vt. ; they were married in 1852; she died in 1855. Present wife is Alma M. Sanborn ; they were married April 26, 1858 ; she was born in Wash- ington, Orange Co., Vt. ; they have one child— Henry' W., born March 22, 1859. The doctor and his wife are members of the Baptist Church. SMITH, GEO. W., dealer in pianos and organs, Marion; born in Sunbury, Northumberland Co., Penn., Nov. 23, 1822 ; moved to Wayne Tp., Knox Co., Ohio, with his parents when he was an infant ; he learned ihe harness and sad- dler's trade at Owensville, Bath Co., Ky., where he lived four years ; came to Marion in 1856 ; carried on harness and saddlery business here until 1874 ; since then he has been engaged in the sale of Horace Waters & Sons' cele- brated pianos and organs. He was mar- ried by Rev. John W. Farris to Mary Jane Curtis Oct. 15, 1846; she was born in Charlotte, Chittenden Co., Vt., July 4, 1825 ; they have had four chil- dren, two living — Frank W. and Eva May; lost two sons. Mr. Smith en- listed in Co. K, 6th I. V._ C; he served six months, and was discharged on account of sickness. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are members of the Christian Church. SMYTH, ROBERT, of the firm of Wallace & Smyth, dealers in hard- 632 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY ware, stoves, etc., Marion ; born in Marion Feb. 12, 1855. He married Anna Toms Feb. 12, 18Y8; she was born Dec. 30, 1858. Mr. Smyth is a son of William Smyth, deceased, who was Colonel of the 31st I. V. I. during the war of the rebellion, and afterward Member of Congress from this district ; he was one of the leading members of the bar of this State. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Smyth are members of the Con- gregational Church. SMYTH, WII.LIAM, HON. (deceased) ; the subject of this sketch was born Jan. 24, 1824, in County Ty- rone, Ireland ; when 14 years old, his parents emigrated to Bradford Co., Penn., and for the next six years they lived here and in Huntingdon Co. ; in 1845, William settled in Franklin Tp., but soon after went to Iowa City, where he studied law under Judge James P. Carleton for two years; June 1, 1847, William was admitted to the bar at the first term of court ever held in Benton Co., the committee and candidate sitting on a log near Thomas Ways' cabin, two miles from Vinton, while they examined him ; he began practice at Marion, where he resided till his death. Mr. Smyth was married to Mary Brier at La Fayette, Ind., Nov. 12, 1850, by whom he had six children — William, Jay J., Robert, David B., John, Stephen and Louisa, the latter deceased. In 1848, Mr. Smyth became Prosecuting Attorney of Linn Co., which he held till 1853, when he became Judge of the Fourth District ; he resigned in 1857, and resumed the practice of law ; in 1858, he was made one of the commission that prepared the code of 1860 ; in 1861, he was chosen as one of four to assist the Governor in the management and direction of the war and defense bonds of the State. He entered the army in the Fall of 1862, as Colonel of the 31st Infantry, and served wilh distinction and honor till Dec. 15, 1864, when he resigned and resumed his law practice till he was elected to Congress in the Fall of 1868. He died at his home in Marion, Sept. 30,1870. Of his services in Congress, when the motion was made by Mr. Al- lison that the House adopt the usual badge of mourning, Mr. Julian, of In- diana, said : "Mr. Speaker, I only de- sire to add a word to what has been so well said by the colleagues of the deceased. I know little personally of the facts which make up his biography, and which are so honorable to his ca- reer as a man and a public character, but it affords me a real pleasure to be able to bear witness to his uncommon per- sonal worth and integrity. Prom the beginning of the present Congress to the close of the last session, my relations with him were most intimate and friend- ly. He served with me on the same committee, and during his brief service here was called upon to face some of the chief temptations which make public life a constant moral danger. His in- tegrity was never found wanting, and he discharged all his duties with a fidelity and conscientiousness which did him the highest honor. He proved by acts, speaking louder than any words, how possible it is for an honest man to be a politician, and thus to rebuke the too prevalent popular skepticism in the virtue of public men. The example of Mr. Smyth is worthy of all honor, and does more than all else to reconcile his family and friends to his untimely death in the midst of a most honorable and useful career." The death of Mrs. Smyth occured Jan. 29, 1861. Souders, R., laborer. Souder, S. B., laborer. STARBUCK, JOSEPH A., house, sign and ornamental painter, Marion ; born in Logan Co., Ohio, Dec. 8, 1842 ; came to Marion in the Spring of 1866. Enlisted in Co. G, 2d Ind. V. C, Oct. 28, 1861 ; mustered out July 27, 1865. Mr. Starbuck has been engaged in his present business twenty years. He married Laura A. Cbue Dec. 23, 1868; she was born in this county May 15, 1845 ; they have three children — Albert L., born March 21, 1869 ; Morris M., born Oct. 2, 1872, and Frank L., born Jan. 2, 1876. Mr. Starbuck resided three years at Duluth, Minn. Mrs. Starbuck is a member of the Baptist Church. Stepauek, W,. J. STEPHENS, REDMAN »., of Marion, is one of the most promi- nent men of that city ; the family from MARION CITY. 633 which he sprang is traced back in an unbroken chain to the year 1630, and a brief abstract of the genealogical record will be found interesting, introducing, as it does, so many historical characters. On the twelfth day of June, 1630, John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay, landed at Salem with a company of 900. Among the number was "Capt. John Gallup, who settled in Boston, and there became the father of a family consisting of several children. John, Jr., married a relative of Governor Winthrop, afterward be- came a Captain and moved to Pequot, Conn., where he raised a family of four boys and five girls. Capt. Gallup was killed Dec. 25, 1675, in the swamp fight in northern Rhode Island with the Narragansett Indians, under King Phil- ip. His seventh child, Elizabeth, mar- ried Henry Stephens, who settled in Stovington, Conn ; their children were Thomas, born Dec. 14, 1678, and bap- ' tized Feb. 18, 1693; Richard, Henry, Elizabeth and Lucy. It is a family tradition that Henry Stephens was the oldest son of Nicholas Stephens, an o£Bcer in Oliver Cromwell's army, who fled from England to escape the persecutions of the Royalists after the death' of Cromwell; but that record rests only on a letter from one member to another in that generation ; this letter is still extant, and is in the possession of Mrs. Updyke, of New York City, a descendant. In 1668, a census was taken of Stonington, Conn., and of the forty-three inhabitants, Henry Stephens and wife were two. They became mem- bers of the Congregational Church, organized there June 3, 1674. Thomas, a son of Henry, married Mary Hall May 26, 1702 ; their children' were Thomas, Phineas, Uriah, born Jan. 21, 1708: Andrew, Benjamin, Samuel and Zebulon ; by a second wife had Jessie, who died in infancy; these children were born at Plainfield, Conn. The father died at Canaan, aged 72 years, in 1750. Uriah married his cousin, Sarah Stephens, -born May 4, 1708 (daughter 'of Richard) ; their children were Uriah, Jr., born Aug. 27, 1730 ; Mary, Sarah Lucy and Phineas, all born at Canaan, Conn., and admitted to the church there. Uriah held a Captain's commission in the French war ; was a member of the Susquehanna Company, and one of the Commissioners to purchase the Connect- icut claim from the Indians ; died in October, 1764, at Canaan. Uriah, Jr., married Martha Rathbun, and raised Sarah, Benjamin, who died in the Revo- lutionary army; Polly, Uriah, also in the army; Martha, John, born April 10, 1766; Phineas, Elijah, Charles, William and a twin sister, and Benja- min, born after the death of the first of that name. At Canaan a colony of eighty-four persons, of whom nine were of the Stephens family, was formed and settled at Stillwater, N. Y. ; Uriah was of this party ; was also a member of the Susquehanna Company, and moved to Wilkesbarre in 1773 ; was a town officer at the first election at fhat place, then called Westmoreland. The Con-, necticut settlers were all driven from the valley along the Susquehanna. Uriah settled at Comestock, N. Y., Dec. 25, 1789, and there died in 1800. John Stephens married Olive, daughter of Russell Franklin, and niece of Capt. John Franklin, the hero of Wyoming, Nov. 24, 1785; their children were Cynthia, Franklin, Uriah F., Phineas, Elias, John H., Alexander H., born Sept. 8, 1801 ; Frederick, Daniel Mc- Henry and Pamelia. Alexander H. married Mary M. Davis ; their children were Redman D., born Nov. 2, 1829 ; Mary Charlotte, Merritt and Sabrey. Redman D. came to Marion March 31, 1855, after completing his education for the legal profession at Alfred College and the Albany Law School, and being admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y.; he practiced law in Marion, and was the first teacher of a graded school at that place, volunteering until a regular teacher came. Was married to Miss Louisa Brier, who came to Marion in 1851, Oct. 7, 1857 ; Mrs. Stephens was bom in Fountain Co., Indiana, Jan. 24, 1834. Mr. Stephens obtained the third charter ever issued for a National bank in this State, and instituted the First National Bank of Marion in 1863 ; since that time, he has given up law practice, and devoted his entire time to banking. The children of this union 634 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY : are Mary, born April 7, 1868; Louisa, born March 31, 1871, and Kedman D., Jr., born May 30, 1874. Mr. Ste- phens, like the members of his family for all generations, is a Congregational- ist in faith, and was largely instrumental in placing that society in its present elevated position in Marion; he has accumulated a large fortune, and is one of the respected and influential citizens of the city in which he resides. He has never held political office, except that of Supervisor, at which time his counsel in the Board was very valuable, and several of his suggestions are still heeded in public matters ; he is an active Republican in politics, and a typical Western man in his successful business enterprises. He is still in the prime of life, with every reasonable prospect of enjoying the fruits of a careful, judicious and honorable career. STIWOER, F. B., proprietor of the Newhall House; transient rates only $1.00 per day ; house pleasantly situ- ated, well furnished, etc. Mr. Stinger was born in Fayette Co., Penn., in Nov., 1844 ; came to Marion in 1874. Mar- ried Harriet Rundall ; she was born in Ohio, March 17, 1847 ; they have two children — Frederick J., born June 2, 1868, and Effie E., Nov. 25, 1874. ISTORRIS, ?f ORMAW E., dealer in flour and feed, Marion; born in Westport, Essex Co., N. Y., March 11,1834 ; moved to Clinton Co., N. Y., in 1859 ; came to Marion in 1868. Married Jane M. ' Finney, Jan. 10, 1855 ; she was born in Clinton Co.,N. Y., May 6, 1831; they have had three children ; one daughter — Hattie L., died Aug. 19, 1868, aged 12 years and one month ; the living are Clara H., born in Clinton Co., N. Y,. Nov. 10, 1864, and Libbie Jane, born in Marion, July 19, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. Storrs are members of the Baptist Church. Stowe, Leonard, peddler. SUTHERLAND, HEl^RY A., attorney at law ; born in Toronto, Can- ada, Nov. 19, 1848 ; removed with his parents to Adams Tp., Delaware Co., Iowa, Dec. 15, 1857 ; in the Spring of 1869, he commenced attending school at Cornell College, at Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa ; in June, 1874, he graduated from that institution ; he has taught in the Marion High School since Sept., 1875 ; read law with Thompson & Davis and Alexander Campbell, and was ad- mitted to the bar in March, 1876. Sutzen, H., retired. T I "BAYLOR, F. L., Sfwing machine agent. Taylor, J. J., farmer. THOMPSON, GEO. W., Marion, dealer in choice hardyfruit trees and gen- eral nursery stock, from Whitewater,Wi8., grown by a reliable nurseryman in the North. Mr. Thompson was born in Hampton, Orange Co., N. Y., Feb. 15, 1824 ; in the Spring of 1850, he removed to Waukesha Co., Wis.; lived in Wis- consin six years, and came to Marion in the Spring of 1856 ; engaged in manu- facturing and dealing in fanning mills until 1862 ; he has been engaged in present business for eleven years ; he has been Township Constable, etc. Mar- ried Augusta A. Russell, Feb. 9, 1854; she was born in Geauga Co., Ohio, Oct. 13, 1833 ; they have two children — Chester R., born Sept. 7, 1855, and Arthur M., July 24, 1861 ; Chester re- sides in Racine Co., Wis., and Arthur in Marion. Mrs. Thompson is a Seventh Day Adventist. THOMPSON, WM. G., attorney and counselor at law, Marion ; born in Butler Co.,Penn., Jan. 17,1S31; came to Marion in Dec. 1853 ; he was prosecuting at- torney for Linn Co. from 1854 to 1'856 ; was State Senator from this district from 1856 to 1859. Mr. Thompson enlisted in the 20th Iowa V. I., Aug. 25J862 ; was commissioned Major at the time of the organization of the regiment; had command of the regiment two years; was wounded at the battle of Prairie Grove, disabled for about thirty days; was in all engagements his regiment par- ticipated in, except the battle of Blakely ; was mustered out as Major in.4.ug., 1864 ; he was Presidential Elector in 1864,. and served as District Attorney for the 8th Judicial District from 1867 to 1874. Toms, G. W., druggist. • Trott, David. Twogood, J. C, clerk. T WOOOOD, WM. S., of the firm of Twogood & Downie, merchants, Marion; MARION CITY. 035 born in Rockford, Winnebago Co., 111., April 23, 1847 ; came to Marion in 1864 ; Engaged in mercantile business since he came here. He married Har- mie Carskaddon Aug. 9, 1876 ; she was born in Marion, Jan. 12, 1855. They are members of the Congregational Church. Tvler, Oliver, retired. TVT ATKINS, JOSEPH. WAIiliACE, DAVID, hardware merchant ; born in Buckskin Tp., Ross Co., Ohio, in 1833 ; came to Marion in Oct. 1848 ; engaged in farming pursuits until 1853, when he engaged in present business ; he was Town Councilman several years. Married Elsie Hayzlett in November, 1877 ; she was born in Mt. Vernon, this county. They are members of the Presbyterian Church. Ward. Edward, laborer. Weichman, A., saloon. Whipple, C. A., retired. WHITE, CRAWFORD, of the firm of Gibson & White, manufacturers and dealers in boots and shoes, Marion ; born in Bea ver, Co., Penn., March 31, 1831 ; went to Trumbull Co., Ohio, in his youth, with his parents ; when 1 8 years of age moved to Mercer Co., Penn. ; came to Marion, Iowa, in 1857; en- gaged in farming tw.o or three years, balance of the time working at his trade of shoemaker. He married Susan Glover ; she was born in Ohio ; they have had four children ; one daughter, Hattie, died at the age of eight years; the living are Mary Ellen, Addie and John. WHITE, liliOYD E., carpenter, contractor and builder, Marion ; born in Rehoboth, Bristol Co.,' Mass., Dec. 21, 1841 ; came to Olive Tp., Clinton Co., Iowa, with his parents, in the Spring of 1855 ; engaged in farming six years, then returned to Massachusetts, and learned carpenter and joiner's trade at Taunton ; was there four years ; re- i, turned to Iowa in 1865; came to, Marion in 1866, and has resided here since that time. He married Editha E. Harkness Oct. 18, 1866; they were married at the residence of her father, Alex Harkness, in Linn Tp., this Co. ; she was born in Findlay, Hancock Co., Ohio, Sept. 27, 1847; they have six children — Cynthia M., born April 11, 1868; Evelyn May, born Sept. 19, 1869 ; Serena E., born Sept. 13, 1871 ; Winnifted J., born Jan. 3, 1874;^ Cheney L., born April 16, 1877, and Edith Emerson, born June 1, 1878. They are members of the M. E. Church. White, W. 6., Justice of the Peace and insurance agent. Whitcomb, J. S., retired. Willits, G. F., editor Linn Co. Pilot. ' Wilson, John M., boarding house. Wilson, Geo. W., attorney. Wing, C. M., City Marshal. WIXSOR, FRAlHrCIS E., wagon manufacturer, Marion; born in Devon- shire Co., England, April 7, 1832; came with his parents to Toronto, Canada, when he was 2i years" of age ; lived there, until 1848, when they came to Kane Co., near Elgin, in Illinois ; in 1852, he went to Texas; in 1853, went to California, near San Francisco; lived there until he came to Marion, in 1855 ; Mr, W. has worked at the trade of wagon and carriage maker since he was 1 6 years of age ; was for four years member of the School Board here. Married Almira Hewitt Nov. 4, 1856 ; she was born in New York State ; they have had six children ; lost one daughter, Hattie, who died Aug. 14, 1864, aged 2J years ; the living are Ella A., now Mrs. John Dawson, born Nov. 20, 1857 ; Edward C, born May 26, 1861 ; Frank V., born Dec. 25, 1869, and Bertie V.,born Feb. 14, 1875; Maggie M., born June 8, 1878. They are members of the M. E. Church. Withers, Geo. B., blacksmith. Woods, G. F., retired lumber dealer. Wood, L. S., stone mason. "OUNG, R. M., clerk. Y' YOUSTG, HON. JOSEPH B., attorney and counselor at law, Marion ; born in Venango Tp., Erie Co., Penn., Feb. 18, 1832 ; read law with Judge Carlton, of Iowa City; came to Marion in 1853 ; admitted to the bar at about the time he came here ; was Prosecuting Attorney for this county one term, member of the Iowa House of Represent- atives in 1861, 9th General Assembly; member of the State Senate, 10th Gen- 636 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : eral Assembly ; appointed Paymaster XJ. S. Army in June, 1864, Department of the Gulf, headquarters New Orleans ; August, 1865, resigned, and returned to Marion; re-elected in 1866 to State Senate, to fill vacancy in 11th General "Assembly; in 1868, he was one of the Presidential Electors at Large on the Republican ticket; in the Summer of 1869, he was appointed U. .8. Pension Agent for this district, which office he held until January, 1874. MARION TOWNSHIP. (P. 0. MABION.) For Marion City, See Page 613. A BBB, A. W., farmer. Sec. 26. Abbott, C. B., farmer. Sec. 25. Adams, Charles, far., S. 15, T. 84, R. 7. ADAMS, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 15, T. 84, R. 7 ; born October, 1812, near Perth, Scotland, in 1853, came to St. Charles, 111. ; in 1854, came to Kane Co., Illinois ; in 1864, removed to his present farm ; owns 105 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Ann Miller in 1833 ; she was born in 1807, in Scotland ; had five children ; three living — John, Elizabeth and Charles. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. ADAMS, JOHN, farmer. See. 25, T. 84, R. 7 ; born June 26, 1836, in Scot- land ; in 1853, came to Kane Co , 111. ; in 1864, came to Marion Tp. ; in 1868, came to his present farm ; owns eighty acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Married Mira J. Gray Nov. 28, 1865 ; she was born December, 1846, in Marion Tp. ; have four children — Anna R., Lonnie, Charles L., and Mabel E. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. Aikin, Geo., farmer. Sec. 24. . AliSOP, DANIEL,, farmer, Sec. - 3, T. 83, R. 7 ; born May, 1843, in England; in 1850, came to Waterloo, N. Y. ; in 1868, came to his present farm ; owns 150 stores of land, valued at $50 per acre. Married Anna MoCurdy March 3, 1869 ; she was born Feb. 22, 1850, died Feb. 21, 1877 ; have three children — Jessie, George and Bertie. Are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. Andrews, H., farmer, Sec. 26. Atwater, Royal, farmer, Sec. 10. ArSTIN, W. A., farmer. Sec. 6, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Aug. 20, 1836, in Knox Co., Ohio; in 1852, came to Muscatine Co., Iowa ; in 1853, renloved to Marion Tp. ; owns 170 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Married Julalia Lucore in 1863 ; she was born in 1843, in Marion Tp. ; had eight children, seven living — Mattie, Maggie, Katie, William, Sadie, Ina May, Edward. En- listed in Co. K, 9th I. V. I. ; served about fourteen months ; was wounded at Pea Ridge, Ark., and was diseharged^ "D ACK, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 7. Bailey, James, farmer. Sec. 3. BARBER, D. H., farmer, Sec. 24, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Sept. 18, 1821, in Onondaga Co., N. Y. ; in 1841, came to Coldwater, Mich. ; in 1844, removed to Hillsdale Co., Mich., in 1869, came to his jiresent farm ; owns 87i acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Married Hannah D. Smith in 1840; she was born April 30,'1818, in Auburn, N. Y. ; had twelve children, nine living — Susan, Eunice, R. D., Rosa, M. L., Libbie, Arthur F., Geo. H., Sarah M. ; has been Town Trustee and Assessor. Are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. BARROW, R. E., MRS., widow of Samuel Barrow, Sec. 27, T. 84, R. 6 ; he was born July 17, 1822, in Frederick Co., Va.; died Jan. 28, 1874; she was born April 6, 1823, in Frederick Co., Va. ; in 1856, came to Marion; in 1868, came to their present farm; she owns 125 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Have seven children — Sarah C, MARION TOWNSHIP. 637 Martha E., Mazy J., Eliza A., Mary V., Alice A., and George W. Bassett, W. H., far., Sec. 33. Bassett, Wm. H., far., Sec. 33. Beach, L. M., far.. Sec. 14. Beall, Jas., fer.. Sec. 5. BEAIiLi, JEREMIAH, farmer, Sec. 33, T. 84, R. 7; born Oct. 20, 1818, in Ross Co., Ohio ; in 1841, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1854, icame to his present farm ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at |40 per acre. Married Elizabeth Whiteley in 1848 ; have twelve children — Ellen A., Julia, Isora M., James H., Albert, Leman, Mary D., Frederick, William, Samuel V,, Clarance and Clara. Is a Republican. Beall, J. M., far.. Sec. 5. Reall, W. E., far.. Sec. 4. BEIili, JAIHEIS A., farmer. Sec. 23, T. 84, R 6 ; born Sept. 29, 1839, in Canada ; in 1850, he came to Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1856, came to Lyons, Iowa ; in 1857, came to Jackson Co., Iowa; in 1860, came to Clinton Co., Iowa; in 1866, moved to his present farm; owns 215 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. He married Mrs. Armstrong ; her maiden name was Harriet Murray; they were married in 1 857 ; she was born Feb. 19, 1831, in Mahoning Co., Ohio ; had seven children, five living — William E., Roxey E., Lucy E., Nellie E., Hattie M. Mrs. Bell, by a former marriage, had one son, Henry M. Arm- strong. They are members of the M. E. Church. BEEIiEB, FBED'K, farmer, Sec. 15, T. 84, R.7; born Feb. 28, 1814, in Virginia; in 1823, came to Marion Co., Ind. ; in 1840, came to Iowa ; re- mained about one year on the Missis- sippi River, then removed to his present farm ; owns 860 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Married Nancy Dol- larhide in 1839 ; she was bora in 1821, in Indiana ; have fifteen children — Sarah Ann, Melissa, Fred, John S., Lewis, Mary, Ellen, Nellie, Jones B., George M., Emily. Ada, Stephen A. D., Charlps and William. Members of the M. E. Church. Heller, Jonah, far.. See. 11. Berger, Abram, far., Sec. 26. Berger, John, far.. Sec. 26. Berry, J. H., far.. Sec. 2. Bigger, J. H., far.. Sec. 8. BIGGER, JOSEPH O., farmer. Sec. 9, T. 83, R. 6 ; born Aug. 18, 1851, in Linn Co., Iowa; his father, J. W. Bigger, was born April 24, 1811, in Ireland, and died Aug. 6, 1875 ; his mother is the daughter of Benjamin Akers, now Mrs. Francis Bigger ; she was born Sept. 13, 1823, in Fayette ' Co., Penn. ; was married Nov. 19, 1847 ; they had nine children, seven living — Mary L., Elizabeth T., John H., Joseph 0., Julia A., Sarah A. and James E. William T. enlisted in 1862 in the 9th I. V. I. ; served about six months, and was discharged on account of sickjiess ; he died March 7, 1874. They own 123 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Are members of the M. E. Church. Biggs, Charles, far.. Sec. 8. Bittle, Thos., far.. Sec. 10. BliACK, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 34, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Nov. 15, 1814, in Ross Co., Ohio; in 1845, came to Linn Co., Iowa, and, one year later, removed to his present farm; owns 61 J acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. Black, Newton, far.. Sec. 11. BOWMAN, BEX J AMIX, farmer, Sec. 35, T. 84, R. 7 ;bornFeb. 2,1830, in Lancaster Co., Penn.; in 1850, came to Ohio ; in the Winter of 1855-6, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1860, removed to his present farm ;, owns 415 acres, val- ued at $50 per acre. Married Eliza Wilson in 1856 ; she was born June 15, 1832, in Licking Co., Ohio ; had seven children, five living — 4- W., J. W., Mary L., Nettie L. and Myrtie E. Members of Presbyterian Church. BOWMAW, ABRAHAM, far.. Sec. 35,T. 84, R.6 ; born March 28,1 837, in Lancaster Co., Penn.; in 1860, came to Marion ; in 1865 came to his present farm; owns 160 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Pauline Beckrier in 1865 ; she was born in 1840, in Ohio; have five children — Kittie, John D.,Ben- jamin F., David C. and Harmie E. En- listed in 1861 in Co.K,9th I.V.I.; served to the close of the war. Mtmber of the "M. E. Church. BBACOiriER, J. B., farmer, S. 6, T.84, R.6 ; born May 16, 1839, in Bel- gium ; in 1853, came to Dubuque, Iowa ; 638 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : in 1856, removed to Kansas; in 1869, came to Marion Tp.; owns seventy acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Mar- ried Adaline Causley in 1869; she vras born June 15, 1845, in Dubuque, Iowa; had five children, four living — Mary, born March 25, 1860; Benjamin, born Nov. 23, 18Y3; Sophia, Jan. 30, 1876, and Malda, March 7, 1878. Are members of the Roman Catholic Church. Bren, F., far., Sec. 17. BROMWEIili, JAMES E., . farmer,- S. 5, T. 83, R. 6 ; born April 30, 1818, in Talbot Co., Md.; May 9, 1838, left for Quincy, 111.; in 1839, came to Iowa; in 1843, settled on his present farm; owns 150 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Married Catharine Gray in 1841 ; she was born in 1825 in Ken- tucky ; died in 1853 ; had four chil- dren — W. H., Caroline, L. H. and Or. T. Second marriage to Mary Bunnell in 1854; she was born in 1831, in Pennsylvania ; have two children — J. B. and AdaB. W. H. enlisted in 1861, in Co. K, 9th I. V. I.; served to the close of the war. Member of tho M. E. Church. BROWJf , SAMUEL,, farmer, S. 14, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Dec. 11, 1821, in Har- rison Co., Ohio ; in 1839 came to Shelby Co., 111.; in 1850, came to Dubuque Co., Iowa ; in 1865 came to Jones Co., Iowa ; in 1870, came to his present farm; owns 420 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Mar- ried E. J. Ogdenin 1846 ; she was born Feb. 1825, in Virginia ; have three children— W. J., L. C. and C. M. Are members of the M. E. Church. BROWIV, T. C, farmer. Sec. 4, T. 83, R. 6 ; born July 12, 1837, in Ross Co., Ohio; in 1852, came to Marion Tp.; in 1875, came' to his present farm ; owns 180 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Mar- ried E. J. 'Johnson, April 3, 1861 ; she was born September, 1838, in New York ; have three children — Charles, Mary M. and Sarah E. Enlisted in 1862, Co. ',H, 24tli I. V. I.; served to the close of the war. Are members of the M. E. Church. Bundy, Samuel, far.. Sec. 1. BrUTTIWC;}, Elil, farmer, Sec. 13, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Nov. 23, 1832, in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio; in 1852, came to Du- buque Co., Iowa; in 1856, came to Marion Tp.; owns 135 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Roslinda P. Cline, April 5, 1864 ; she was born in 1840, in McLean Co., 111.; she came to ■ Jones Co., Iowa, in 1838 ; have three children — Mary, Rebecca, John Phillips and Carrie 0. BUNTIXG, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 13, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Jan. 29, 1804, in Cull- pepper Co., Va.; in 1811, came to Bel- mont Co., Ohio ; in 1816, came to Mus- kingum Co., Ohio ; in 1856, came to his present farm ; owns 1 85 acres, val- ued at $40 per acre. Married Mary Edwards in 1831 ; she was born May 11, 1808, near Baltimore, Md.; had ten children, nine living — Eli, Amelia, Ann, Mary E., Sophia, Mordecai, John W., Maggie, Sarah P. and Cornelius. James H. enlisted in 1862, Co. A, 31st I. Y. I.; was nine months in the service, and died of a disease contracted in the army. Mrs. B. is a member of the Baptist Church. BrWTIlSG, J. W., farmer, Sec. 12, T. 84, R.7 : born Feb. 27, 1843, in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio ; in 1856, came to Marion Tp.; in 1872, came to his present farm ; owns eighty-five acres, valued at $3,000. Married Catherine Cottrell, Dec. 25, 1871,; she was born Oct. 28, 1845, in Ohio; had two children, one living — Lovett, M. J. Are members of the Baptist Church. BtJlVTIXG, M. E., farmer. Sec. 11, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Feb. 10, 1840, in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio; in 1856, came to Linn Co., Iowa; located two miles west of Marion ; in Nov., 1867, moved to his present farm ; owns 170 acres, valtied at $35 per acre. Married Lucy A. Ives N(.v. 30, 1865 ; she was born Aug. 14, 1844, in Linn Co., Iowa; have four children — Effie M., Halliel., Laura A. and William. Are members of the First Baptist Church Marion. BURCHEEIi, SARAH, MBS., daughter of J. North, widow of Francis Burchell ; he was born in Nov., 1824, in Pennsylvania, and died July 4, 1876 ; she was born in Oct., 1839, in Colum- biana Co., Ohio; was married in Nov., 1860. She owns 160 acres in Sec. 14, valued at $40 per acre. She came to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1855 ; have three children— Anna E., Elizabeth N. and MARION TOWNSHIP. 639 Francis P. She is a nlember of the So- ciety of Friends. Burns, Sol., farmer, Sec. 19. /■^ARVEK, H. E., far.. Sec. 2; P. 0. ' \y Springdale. CARPJENTER, A. M., far.. Sec. 10, T. 84, R. 6 ; born March 11, 1853, in Delhi, N. Y.; came with his parents to New York City in 1864 ; came to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1869, and in 1877 came to his present farm ; owns eighty acres, valued at |25 per acre. Married Alice Simpson Feb. 11, 1876 ; she was born April 8, 1859, in Linn Co., Iowa,; have one child — Lillie B., born Feb. 26, 1878. Members of M. E. Church. CARPEJVTER, W.B., farmer, Sec. ' 9, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Oct. 24, 1830, in Delaware Co., New York ; in 1851, came to New York City ; in 1864, came to Linn Co.; in 1869, came to his present farm ; owns 710 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Frances A. Mason in 1852 ; she was born in Aug., 1832, in Delaware Co., N. Y.; have three chil- dren — Alfred M., Claud C. and Cora. She is a member of the M. E. Church. CARSXER, M., farmer. Sec. 12, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Nov. 12, 1816, in Pick/ away Co., Ohio ; in 1840, came to Hancock Co., Ohio ; in 1854, removed to Marion ; in 1866, came to his present farm ; owns 1 20 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Minerva Groves in 1843 ; she was born in Aug., 1823, in Pickaway Co., Ohio ; had nine children, six living — D. B., Lizzie, Miles, Lewis, iClara and Charles. Are members of the Christian Church. € ARISJVER, JBLIIiES, stock breeder ; was born in Hancock Co., Ohio, Jan. 29, 1851 ; came to this county with his par- ents, who settled in Marion in 1854. Married Miss Dora Andrews Sept. 21, 1877 ; she is a native of this county. CASE, JQNN M., farmer. Sea 27, T. 84, R. 6; born Jan. 13, 1808, in Cayuga Co., N. Y.; in 1850, came to Medina Co., Ohio; in 1854, came to Linn Co., Iowa; owns eighty acres, valued at 135 per acre. Married Cor- nelia E. Sharp in 1836 ; she was born in 1821 in Cayuga Co., N. Y.; had five children, three living — Lovina J., Han- nah and William Austin ; Charles E. enlisted in 1862 in the 24th Iowa V. I., and died of a disease contracted in the army March 18, 1863, in Arkansas. Case, William A., far., Sec. 27. Certain, Wilson, far.. Sec. 25. Clark, Edwin, far., See. 1. CORY, WIIililAM, farmer. Sec. 12, T. 83, R. 6 ; born Nov. 5, 1812, in England; in 1853, came to America; in 1860, came to Marion Tp. Owns 290 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Mar- ried Elizabeth Marshall, Jan. 1, 1835 ; she was born in Jan., 1810, in England ; have six children — William H., Samuel E., Daniel M., A. L., Sarah H. and Elizabeth A. Members of the M. E. Church. COFFEY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 5, T. 84, R. 6 ; P. 0. Rural ; born Oct. 6, 1832, in Clark Co., Ohio; in 1866, came to their present farm ; they own 175 acres, valued at $25 per acre. Mar- ried Cyrena Dawson, May 4, 1854; she was born May 4, 1835, in Clark Co., Ohio ; had nine children, six living — Anna E., George D., Jerry C., William T., Mary E. and Euphemia V. COFFITS, ALEXANDER, farmer. Sec. 2, T. 84, R. 7; born Dec. 19, 1847, in Buifalo Tp., Iowa ; owns 130 acres, valued at $40 per acre ; in 1 873, came to his present farm. Mar- ried Amelia Frisinger Oct. 15, 1871 ; she was born Oct. 14, 1853, in Catskill, N. Y. ; have three children — Alva, born Aug. 25, 1872 ; Nellie, Oct. 12, 1873 ; John, May 29, 1876. Are members of the German Reformed Church. COOMBS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 5, T. 84, R. 5 ; born Jan. 26, 1809, in Clark Co., Ind. ; in 1843, came to Mar- ion Tp. ; owns 137 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Rachel Hougland in July, 1835 ; she was born in 1815, in Scott Co., Ind. ; had six children, four living — Martha J., James M., John W. and Lizzie M. She is a member of the Christian Church. Combs, J. W., far., Sec. 6. Cook, Isaac, far., Sec. 7. Cook, Wm., far.. Sec. 7. Cooper, Albert, far.. Sec. 13. COOPER, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 25, T. 84, R. 7 ; born May 22, 1823, in Tick Hill, Washington Co., 0. ; in May, 1845, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1847, settled in Marion Tp. ; owns 342 acres. 640 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : valued at $35 per acre. Married Polly P. Smith in January, 184:3 ; she was born in 1824, in Morgan Co., Ohio ; had five children, four living — Mary J., Oscar D., Emeline B. and Joseph A. Mrs. C. is a member of the Advent- ists. Cooper, Oscar D., far.. Sec. 25. Cooper, S. S., far.. Sec. 27. Cooper, S. S., far,, Sec. 27. Corey, Daniel M., far., Sec. 28. Corey, Wm. H., Sr., far., Sec. 13. Corey, Wm. H., Jr:, far., Sec. 13. COURTNEY, J. M., farmer. Sec. 25, T. 84, R. 5 ; born June 6, 1830, in Harrison Co., Ky. ; in 1834, came to Montgomery Co., Ind. ; in 1841, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1852, came to his present farm ; owns 160 acres, 120 acres of which he bought from the Govern- ment, valued at $40 per acre. Married Mary A. Keenan in 1851 ; she was born in 1828, in Pennsylvania; have seven children — Emma E., Celora A., Mary A., Elizabeth A., Dora B., Wellington J. and Wilbur M. Members of the M. E. Churct. Courtney, Silas, far.. Sec. 36. CREW, J. B., farmer, Sec. 10, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Aug. 29, 1842, in Washing- ton Co., Ohio ; in 1864, came to Keo- kuk Co. ; in 1865, came to Tama Co. ; in 1867, came to Benton Co. ; in 1876, came to his present farm; owns 126 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Married Rebecca Whinery Nov. 5, 1868; she ■was born July, 1843, in Columbiana Co., Ohio ; have three children — Walter E., William H. and Joseph E. Are members of the M. B. Church. "pvELANCEY, LAWSON, far., S. 16. DEACOW, WM., farmer. Sec. 14, T. 84, R. 6 ; born April 25, 1815, in Bur- lington Co., N. J. ; in 1853, came to Indiana ; in 1863, removed to his present farm ; owns 130 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Eliza Mason in 1838; she was born in 1816, in Philadelphia; had nine children, seven living — William H., Sarah G., Hannah, Charles, G-eorgfe, Mary and Edwin ; William H. and Sol- omon enlisted in 1862, in Co. K, 87th Ind. V. I. ; William H. served to the close of the war ; Solomon was killed at the battle of Mission Ridge, Tenn., Nov. 25, 1863. Are members of the M. E. Church. Delancey, Stephen, far., Sec. 16. DevUn, H. A., far.. Sec. 32. DYE, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec, 20, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Feb. 1, 1808, in West- moreland Co., Penn. ; the same year came with his parents to Morgan Co., Ohio; in 1851, came to Muskingum Co., Ohio; in 1855, came to Cedar Co., Iowa ; in 1867, came to his present farm ; owns 242 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Miranda Ross in May, 1864 ; she was born in 1829, in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio; had four children by a former marriage, two living — Mary and Lucinda ; have two children by present marriage — Charles and Prank. • TJ^GGLESTON, E., far., Sec. 36. EDDY, C. J., farmer. Sec. 28, T. 84, R. 6 ; born May 8, 1848, in Kane Co., 111.; in 1871, came to Buchanan Co., Iowa ; in 1875, went to California ; in 1876, came to his present farm ; owns 170 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Mar- ried Lizzie Cooper in September, 1873; she was born February, 1853, In Linn Co., Iowa ; have one child — Otho, bom Feb. 9, 1878. Emmons, M., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Springville. ERWIW, W. G-., farmer. Sec. 32, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Oct. 18, 1832, in Wayne Co., Ohio ; in 1860, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1863, came to his present farm ; owns 280 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Martha E. Wallace Nov. 14, 1861 ; she was born in 1836, in Ross Co., Ohio ; have three children — Harley W., Jennie E. and Lulu M. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. ?:vans, E. B., far.. Sec. 3. Evans, E. H., far., Sec. 3. TpERNOW, JOSEPH, far.. Sec. 4. FAIRLEY, SMITH, farmer, Sec. 9, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Aug. 21, 1826, in Lawrence Co., Ind. ; in 1853, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in September, 1865, came to his present farm ; owns eighty acres, valued at $30 per acre. Married Prudence Brown Dec. 20, 1855; she was born in 1823, in Stark Co., Ohio ; have five children — Mary E., Sarah I., James A., Catherine 0. and . John MARION TOWNSHIP. 641 S. Are members of the Christian Church. FERNOW, JiTAWCY E., MBS., daughter of Thos. Clark and widow of James Fernow, Sec. 34, T. 84, K. 6 ; he was born Feb. 29, 1824, and died July 12, 1871 ; she was born Oct. 5, 1822, in Ross Co., Ohio ; in the Fall of 1850, came to Marion Tp. ; she owns 20*7 acres, valued at |40 per acre. They were married Nov. 16, 1848 ; have two children — George C, born Oct. 6, 1851, and Owen S., born July 4, 1864. She is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Fernow, Samuel, far.. Sec. 4. Fishell, P. H., far., Sec. 26. Fisher, J. B., far.. Sec. 31. FORD, BEIVJ. S., farmer. Sec. 12, T. 83, E. 6 ; born March 16, 1829, in Columbiana Co., N. Y.; in 1835, came to Albany, N. Y.; in 1842, came to gcheneetady Co., N. Y.; in 1854, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1864, came to his present farm ; owns 220 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Married Margaret J. Crounse Feb. 10, 1849 ; she was born April 27, 1828, in Albany Co., N. Y.; had seven children, six living^Ann A., now Mrs. Paul, Mary E., Blias, Fred- erick; Jennie and Addie were twins; Addie died in 1866, aged ii months, and Harriet. Mrs. F. is a member of the M. E. Church. FRAGER, MRS. SARAH, daughter of Adam Wolf, Sec. 32, T. 84, R. 7 ; Christian Frager was born Sept. 16, 1799, in Baltimore, Md., died Jan. 14, 1875; she was born Dec. 6, 1803, in Louden, Penn.; in 1850, .came to Linn Co.; owns 120 acres, valued at $60 per acre ; had twelve children, eight living — Jacob. William, Sophia, Mafy, Susan, Alexander, Henry and Ange- nett; Milo enlisted in 1861 in the 100th Ind. V. I., served two years, and died at Memphis, Tenn., in 1863 ; Jacob en- listed in 1861, from Marion, and served to the close of the war. Are members of the Dunkards' Church. Frasinger, D., far.. Sec. 2. Fry, Adam, far., Sec. 1. p TBSON, A. J., farmer. Sec. 31. GIBSON, BEXJ.W., farmer. Sec. 35; T. 83, R. 6; born Nov. 19, 1839, in Medina Co., Ohio ; in 1856 came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1863 came to his present farm ; owns 120 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Mary C. Court- ney March 7, 1861 ; she' was born in 1845, in Marion Tp.; had four children, three living — Charles B., William H., and Maud. Enlisted in 1862 in Co. H, 24th Iowa V. I.; served about six months and was honorably discharged. GIBSON, D. D., farmer, Sec. 24, T. 84, B. 6 ; P. 0. Springville; born Dec. 21, 1815, in Chester Co., Penn.; in 1838, came to Columbiana Co., Ohio ;. April 23, 1856, lefl for Linn Co., lowa^ arrived at Springville, Iowa, May 27, 1856, and came to his present farm ; owns 124 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Tacee Stanley March 4, 1841 ; she was born Feb. 1, 1823, in Colum- biana Co., Ohio; had four children, three living — Mary J., Jessie J. and Virgil J.; Thomas J. enlisted in 1862 in Co. H, 24th Iowa V. I., and died near Vicksburg May 26, 1863, of a disease contracted in the army. Are members- of the Wesleyan Church. Gibson, Lewis, far., Sec. 36. Gibson, S. S., far.. Sec. 36. GIBSON, WM. B., farmer, Sec. 35, T. 83, R. 6 ; born Feb. 5, 1805, in Chester Co., Penn.; April 6, 1834, came to Medina Co., Ohio ; in 1856, came to Marion Tp.; owns 135 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Martha Willard Deo. 25, 1 828 ; she was born Sept. 20, 1810, in Chester Co., Penn.; had seven children, four living — Benjamin W., Sarah J., James W. and Lydia Ann ; Benjamin W. enlisted in 1863 in Co. F, 24th Iowa V. I.; served eight months ; James W. enlisted in 1862 in the 6th Iowa V^. I.; served to the close of the war. Are members of the Wesleyaa Church. Gillen, Samuel, far., Sec. 11. Gilmore, David, far.. Sec. 11. Gilmore, Jackson, far.. Sec. 11. Goldsberry, F. M., far., Sec. 27. Goldsberry, W. N., far., Sec. 27. Goudy, John, far.. Sec. 9. Grandle, H., far., Sec. 26. Granger, Joseph, far., Sec. 31. GRANGER, SAMUEIi T., far.. Sec. 31 , T. 84, R. 6 ; born July 25, 1809. in Windsor Co., Vt. ; in 1860, came to his present farm ; owns 500 acres of 642 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: land, valued at $60 per acre. Married Martha J. Mcintosh in 1832 ; she was born in 1811, in Windsor Co., Vt., and died in 1859 ; had six children, four living — Ann, Earl, Joseph and Edna ; Ellen died in August, 1865, aged 31 years; Eush died in May, 1876, aged 24 years. Second marriage, to Abbie W. Hosmer in 1860 ; she was born in 1819, in Windsor Co., Vt., and died in 1874, aged 55 years. Third marriage to Amelia Bunnell, in January, 1875; she was born in 1&19, in Pennsylvania. He enlisted in Co. K, 6th I. V. Cav., in 1863 ; served about two years, and was honorably discharged. Are mem- bers of the M. E. Church. •ORAY, JOHX W., farmer. Sec. 2, T. 83, K. 6 ; born Feb. 17, 1832, in Ken- tucky; in 1834,came to Montgomery Co., Ind. ; in 1840. came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1870, came to his present farm ; owns ninety acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. He married Emeline Oxley April 21, 1853 ; she was born Dec. 13, 1835, in Montgomery Co., Ind.; have one child — -Frank T., born June 2, 1869. Enlisted in 1861 in Co. K, 9th 1. V. I. ; was discharged in July, 1862, on account of physical disability. Are members of the M. E. Church. Oray, R. B., far , Sec. 31. "GRAY, RICHARD, farmer, Sec. 2, T. 83, R. 6 ; born Nov. 20, 1827, in Boyle Co., Ky. ; in 1834, came to Mercer Co., Ind.; in 1840, came to Marion Tp. ; owns 238 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Married Mar- tha J. Scott Sept. 9, 1849 ; she was born in February, 1827, in Kentucky ; had eight children, seven living— Charles T., Mary E., Elnora J., Henry T., Richard H., William H. and Catharine B. His family are members of the M. E. Church. €}RAY, WM. W., farmer. Sec. 34, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Dec. 23, 1830, in Bradford Co., Penn. ; left there with his parents in 1838 for Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1862, came to his present farm ; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Married Sophronia Hardin in 1860; .-he was born in 1837 in Ohio; had seven children, four living — George B., Angelina, Jane and Wallace. Are members of the M. B. Church. Gray, V. M., far., Sec. 31. G-ROIili, GEO. F., farmer. See. 14, T. 83, R. 6 ; born Nov. 14, 1825, in Ger- many ; in 1849, came to Salem Co., N. J.; in 1854, came to Marion Tp.; in 1858, came to his present farm ; owns 202 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Married Mary A. Davis in 1855 ; she was born in April, 1825, in Ger- many ; had six children, five living — James H., Charles F., John D., Jack- son C. and Frank G. Has been suhool Director. AMMOND, GEO., farmer. Sec. 13. H^ HALiIiE Y. W. H., farmer, Sec.26, T, 84, R. 6 ; born Sept. 14, 1850, jn Mont- gomery Co., Ind ; in 1857, came to Illinois; in 1875, came to his present farm. Married LaVonia Camblin March 5, 1873 ; she was born June 5, 1854, in Mercer Co., 111. ; have two children^ Unice and Alva. He is a member of the United Brethren. Hampton, R. W., farmer. Sec. 1. P. 0. Springville. Hare, Thos., far.. Sec. 2. Harris, William H., farmer. Sec. 15. Hatch, D., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Springville. Hawley, W. H., farmer, Sec. 26. Higby, Jos., far.. Sec. 34. Hildebrand, J. C, farmer, Sec. 4. HINDMAW, T. B., farmer, Sec. 15, T. 84, R. 6 ; born ' Jan. 11, 1834, in Chester Co., Penn. ; in 1867, he came to his present farm ; owns 120 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Married Mary Wisemantle Dec, 1871 ; she was born in 1844, in Pennsylvania; have three children — John H., William G., and Elizabeth C. ; enlisted in 1863, Co. I, I75th Penn. V. I. served one year and was honorably discharged. She is a member of the M. E. Church. Hoagland, James H., farmer. Sec. 5. Holsenger, D., farmer, Sec. 27. Holsenger, J. B., farmer, Sec. 27. Honaker, H. A., farmer. Sec. 21. Hoover, L. S., farmer, Sec. 27. Howard, Enoch, farmer. Sec. 11. Hoyle, W. G., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Springville. Huifman, J. M., farmer. Sec. 11. HririPHRE YS, DAVID, farmer, Sec. 8, T. 84, R. 6 ; born April 28, 1816, in Wales; in 1855, came to Oneida Co., N. Y. ; in 1857, came to Wisconsin; MARION TOWNSHIP. t)43 in 1859, removed to Rockford, 111. ; in 186Y, came to his present farm ; owns^200 acres, valued at $25 per acre. Married Jane Jones in 1842; she was born in 1814, in Wales; had seven children, six living — Ellen, Hugh, Mary Jane, Elizabeth, Emma, Ida A. Are members of the M. E. Church. Hunter, H., farmer. Sec. 34. Hunter, J. M., farmer, Sec. 6. Hunter, John, farmer. Sec. 1. HUTCHINSOX, WIIililAM, farmer. Sec. 28, T. 84, R. 6; born March 4, 1820, in Maine; in 1851, came to Madison, Wis. ; in 1868, came to his present farm ; owns 250 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Or- relia'Hutchinson in 1849 ; she was born in 1818, in Maine; have six children — Sophronia, Frances, Elizabeth, Abbie, Orrelia and Albert. Hyde, John, farmer. Sec. 36. 1 VES, ELIHU, farmer, Sec. 11. IBELAXD, TH01IA!S$, farmer. Sec. 9, T. 83, B. 6; born March 13, 1821, in Westmoreland Co., Penn. ; in 1827, came to Greensburg, Ind. ; in 1853, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1874, came to his present farm ; owns 119 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Married Martha Spear Oct. 8, 1858 ; she was born Feb. 22, 1838, in Ripley Co., Ind. ; had six children, four living — Sarah M., John, George B. and Iva. IRISH, JOS:Lr S., farmer, Sec. 13, T 84, R. 6 ; P. 0. Springville ; born May 15, 1825, in Clinton Co., N. Y.; in 1833 came to Ohio; in 1855 came to his present farm ; owns 240 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Mary ^A. Brockman, May 3, 1855 ; she was born in 1827, in Indiana; had eight chil- dren ; f lur living — Mason, Ellen, Liddy A. and John W. Ives, Elihu, far., S. 11. rVES, irORlIASr, farmer. Sec. 11, T.83, R.6 ; born July 3,1819,in Connect- icut: in 1836, came to McLean Co., 111., in 1838, came to Marion Tp.; owns 348 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Hannah Gray in 1844 ; she was born in 1823 in Kentucky; had seven children, six living — Lucy, Rachel, Mary, Elihu, John and Iza. Are members of the Baptist Church. yOHNSON, JAMES, far., Sec. 3. JACKSOX, SAMUEL,, farmer, S. 5,T. 84, R. 5 ; born May 21, 1797, in Lancaster Co., Penn ; owns 110 acres, val- ued at $35 per acre. Married Mary Ann Moore, Jan. 17, 1828 ; she was born May 25, 1807, in Ireland ; have nine children — Robert M., James R., William W., Margaret J., Anna A., Samuel M., Spencer B., David A., Mary L., Robert M., Samuel Spencer and William ; served in the war of the re- bellion. Are members of the Presby- terian Church. JEWETT, C, farmer, Sec. 22, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Sept. 23, 1823, in Somerset Co., Me.; in 1846, came to MadisonWis.; in 1866, came to his present farm ; owns 200 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Viola Richardson Oct. 23, 1862 ; she was born in April, 1833, in New York ; have four children — Nellie L., William D., Ervin D. and Nerva V.; has been Town Trustee and member of the Baptist Church. JOHNSON, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 3, T. 84, R. 6 ; P. 0. Rural ; born July 23, 1825, in Madison Co., Ky.; in 1829 came to Hendricks Co., Ind.; in 1850 came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1871 came to his present farm; owns 168 acres, valued at $25 per acre. Married Sylvia Bliss in 1852; she was born in 1831, in Penn.; had thirteen children, twelve living — Sarah A., Samuel W., P. L., T. J., James C, Orren 0., George E., Mary E., Oliver; Jay B., Charles, Sylvia R. Are members of the M. B. Church. JONES, J. E., farmer, Sec. 3, T. 83, R. 7 ; born Aug. 10, 1854, in Marion Tp.; owns 155 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; his father, John H., was born Oct. 12, 1820, in Ross Co., Ohio, died in August, 1870 ; in 1845, he came to Des Moines Co., Iowa ; the following year removed to Linn Co., Iowa. Mar- ried Mary Carmine, Sept. 29, 1842; she was born-Peb. 22, 1822, in Ross Co., Ohio; they had seven children — Will- iam A., born July 6, 1843; Merritt, Dec. 8, 1844, died March 11, 1864 ; Jennie, Sept. 4, 1846 ; Louisa, Sept. 16, 1848 ; Addison, Dec. 9,1850 ; Adelaide, Oct. 2, 1852 and J. E. Aug. 10, 1854. Are members of the M. E. Church. 644 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : JOKES, L., farmer, Sec. 3, T. 83, R. 7 ; born May 29, 1831, in Delaware Co., Ohio ; iu^l835, came to Ross Co., Ohio ; in 1845, removed to Linn Co., Iowa; owns 204 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Married Mary Straley, March 10, 1852, in Cedar Rapids, by the Eev. W. Jones ; she was born March 9, 1829, in Ross Co., Ohio; had six children, four living — Robert E., Arthur W., Emma M. and George M. Are members of the Pres- byterian Church. Jones, Wm. A., far., Sec. 34. JONES, WIIililAM S., farmer. Sec. 25, T. 84, R. 6 ; P. 0. Springville; born June 28,1825, near Elmira, N. Y.; April 1, 1854, came to Marion Tp.; owns 139 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Lydia E. Gibson, March 29, 1859; she was horn Sept. 26, 1838, in Chester Co., Penn.; have five children — Wisner R., born June 7, 1860 ; Harry F,, June 3, 1862; Eddie G., July 4, 1864 ; Lewis E., March 7, 1869 ; Lottie B., Oct. 7, 1873. Is District Town Trustee ; has been President of the School Board. JORDABT, GEO. E., farmer, Sec. 14, T. 84, R. 6; born June 29, 1852, in Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1870, settled on his present farm ; owns 280 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Alice A. Cris- man Jan. 20, 1875 ; she w^s born Sept. 14, 1854, in Ohio; have one child — Charles E., born Dec. 5, 1876. JORDAllir, JAMES D., farmer, Sec. 34, T. 84, R. 6; born Nov. 6, 1839, in Penobscot Co., Me. ; in 1854, went to California; in 1860, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1867, came to his present farm ; owns 180 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Eliza Finson in October, 1862 ; she was born Sept. 1, 1845, in Penobscot Co., M . ; had seven children, five living — Guy E., Mary E., Harry L., Olive L. and ]ljizzie. Are members of the Baptist Church. TT'EENAN, JAS., far., Sec. 35. Keller, John, far., Sec. 34. KEMP, ElilSHA, farmer. Sec. 18, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Aug. 17, 1815, in Berkshire Co., Mass. ; in 1836, came to . Kalamazoo, Mich. ; in 1837, came to Iowa; in theSpring of 1838, came to Linn Co., Iowa; settled on his present farm in 1839, and in the Winter of .1842-43 bought his land from the Government owns 496 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Louisa B. Ford Sept. 9, 1841 she was born in Bennington Co., Vt. have four children — H. N., born May 5, 1843; MinaV., April 24, 1847; Ida L., March 22, 1856 ; Emmett L, Feb. 25, 1858. H. N. enlisted in 1864, in Co. C, 44th I. V. I.'; served 100 days and was honorably discharged. Are members of the Christian Church. Kemp, N., far.. Sec. 18. Kepler, J. H., far.. Sec. 15. Kramer, I. N., far., Sec. 1. Kramer, L. A., far.. Sec. 13. Kramer. Samuel, far.. Sec. 6. King, Alva, far.| Sec. 35. King, D. W., far.. Sec. 12. King, J. B., far.. Sec. 35. Kinkead, A. B., far., Sec. 11. Kinkead, G., far., S. 12; P. 0. Springville. Kinkead, Jas., far.,Sec. 11. Knight, Geo., far., Sec. 13. Knight, Geo., Sr., far., Sec. 13. Knopp, Henry, far., Sec. 19. KlIifOWIiTOlV, EDWARD, farmer. Sec. 17, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Feb. 25, 1815, in Berkshirte Co., Mass. ; in 1853, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; owns 200 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Mar- ried Abigail Williams in 1 846 ; she was born in 1824, in Hampshire Co., Mass. ; have two children — Lucy Ella and Fred A. Are members of the Baptist Church. Knowlton, Fred, far, Sec. 17. L ACOCK, Wm. A., far.. See. 17. Lala, Albert, far., Sec. 1. Laugh'ery, D., far., S. H ; P. 0. Springvile. Laughery, J., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Springville. L.ATHROP, V. A., farmer. Sec. 6, T. 83, R. 6 ; born July 1 6, 1837, in Rip- ley Co., Ind. ; in 1853, came to Iowa; in 1865, came to his present farm; owns 165 acres of land, valued at $65 per acre. Married Mary B. Gageby in August, 1858.; she was born May 8, 1837, in Decatur Co., Ind. ; have six children — James A., David G., Elmer E., Harry V., Minnie A. and Will C. Are members of the Baptist Church. Levasseur, A., far., Sec. 6. Lupton, Thos. Lutz, Allen, far., Sec. 29. McC ALLEY, MARSHALL, farmer, Sec. 13. MARION TOWNSHIP. 645 McCAIiLEY, G. W., farmer. Sec. 7,T. 84, K.7; born March 19, 1842, in 'Sangamon Co., Ill; in 1855, came to his present farm ; owns 126 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Married Alice Templeman in 1867 ; she was born in * 1846, in Ohio; have three children — Eva R., Olive and Harlie. Enlisted in 1862, in Co. A, 18th I. V. I. ; served until the close of the war. Are members of the Christian Church. . McClain, Jas. V., far., Sec. 30. McCleery, H., far., Sec. 1. McDonald, Jno., far., Sec. 19. HcMUBPHY, J. C, farmer, Sec. 35, T. 84) R. 6; born Oct. 29, 1817, in New Castle Co., Del; in 1855, came to Pierce Co., Wis; in 1867, came to Marion Tp. ; owns 100 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Married Pris- cilla Hart in May, 1841 ; she was born Sept. 30, 1817, in New Castle Co., Del., and died in February, 1853 ; had six children, two living — Annie and Frances E. Second marriage to Lucinda Lyons in -February, 1855 ; she was born in 1825, in New Castle Co., Del.; had three children, one living— William E., born June 23, 1862. Are members of the M. E. Church. MAlHrSON, CHAS. W., farmer. Sec. 1, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Feb. 9, 1818, in Kittery, Me. ; in 1834, came to Portsmouth, N. H.; the following year, removed to Bangor, Me. ; in 1841, came to Arkansas ; worked at Ft. Smith until 1842 ; then he removed to Quincy, 111., in 1843 ; in 1858, came to Marion Tp. ; owns twenty-nine acres of land, valued at $3,000. Married Mary Chater July 3, 1842 ; she was born in March, 1810, in New Jersey; had four chil- dren — Mary J., born Aug. 7, 1843, died April 23, 1866 ; Charles W., born Aug. 17, 1845, died Aug. 4, 1846; Sarah B., born Nov. 6, 1847, died July 2, 1848 ; James B., born June 4, 1849, died Sept. 23, 1849. Second marriage to Mrs. Elizabeth Epley, Nov. 22, 1863 ; she was born Aug. 20, 1834, died Dec. 27, 1869 ; have two children -Charles W., born Dec. 29, 1864; Ann E., born Dec. 19, 1867. Third marriage to Mrs. Martin, Oct. 23, 1870 ; she was born March 23, 1830, in Ire- land ; have one child — Albert E.. born Aug. 11, 1874. Marble, Oscar J., far., Sec. 34. Markley, Geo., far.. Sec. 23. MARTIN, D. W., far., Sec. 10, T. 84, R. 7; born March 17, 1846, in Wayne Co., Ind ; the same year, came vith his parents to Linn Co., Iowa; rents 200 acres of land. Married Re- becca E. Brown Sept. 13, 1873; she was born April 15, 1856, in Madison Co., Iowa; had ' two children; lost Jacob in 1876, aged 8 months; Lydia; his brother, Benjamin L., Jr., was born Jan. 18, 1855, in Marion Tp. ; their father died in Anderson Co., Kan., in 1858, aged about 35 years ; their mother lives in Marion ; she was born about 1827, in Wayne Co., Ind. MARTIN, I. Hi., farmer. Sec. 22, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Oct. 21, 1814, in Ches- ter Co., Penn.; in 1837, came to Wayne Co., Ind.; in 1855, came to his present farm ; owns 200 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married EUzabeth Reed July 4, 1839 ; she was born in 1819, in Wayne Co., Ind.; had eight children, four living — ElminaB. (nowMrs. Stinson); Thos. C, B. L., Edwin and W. R. Are mem- bers of the M. E.' Church. MARTIN, N. W., farmer. Sec. 23, T. 84, R. 7 ; boru Jan. 6, 1812, in Chester Co., Penn.; in 1836 came to Wayne Co., Ind.; in 1841 came to Iowa; in the Fall returned to Indiana ; in 1844, came to Linn Co., Iowa, and entered his present land from the government ; owns 120 acres, valued at $40 per acre. His parents came from Pennsylvania, and died here, aged about 92 years. Martin, P. B., far.. Sec. 7. Martin, T. C, far.. Sec. 23. MASON, EDWIN R., farmer. Sec. 9, R. 84, T. 6 ; born April 7, 1837, in Bradford Co., Penn.; in 1851, came to Waushara Co., Wis.; in 1852, removed to Black Hawk Co.; the same year, came to Buchanan Co.; on Jaly 4, 1854, came to Mt. Vernon, Iowa ; he bought his present farm in 1859 ; owns 335 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Mary E. Randall Feb. 20, 1857 ; she was born Aug. 6,' 1837, in Broome Co., N. Y. Enlisted September 12, 1861, in Co. A, 13th Iowa V. I., and served to the close of the war ; was in the bat- 646 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: ties of Shiloh, Vicksburg, Cbrinth and others. Mathes, Benj., far., Sec. 24. MEEKEIR, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 27, T. 84, K. 6; born June 6, 1832, in Warren Co., Ohio ; in 1837, came to La Porte, Ind.; in 1855, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1870, came to his present farm ; owns eighty acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Roenna E. Stow in 1858 ; she was born Nov. 12, 1838, in Meggs Co., Ohio ; have two children — Marlow and Delia. Are members of the Christian Church. Meeker, H. R., far.. Sec. 1. Mentzler, John, far.. Sec. 6. Mentzer, S. W.,far., Sec. 22. . Mentzer, Jos., far., Sec. 35. Mentzer, S. W., far., Sec. 22. Metcalf, H. 0., far.. Sec. 23. Metcalf, Thomas, far.. Sec. 23. Miles, George, far.. Sec. 14. Miller, J. N., far., Sec. 21. Mitchell, D., far.. Sec. 12. Munier, Theo., far., Sec. 12. ^VTEWELL, P. A., far.. Sec. 14. /~\XLEY, ALBERT, farmer, Sec. 8. OlilVER, H., farmer. Sec. 9, T. 83, R. 6; born Nov. 12, 1812, in Ireland; in 1833, came to Philadelphia; in 1842, came to Linn Co., Iowa; owns 130 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Elizabeth Bigger in 1844 ; she was born in 1812, in Ireland ; have four chil- dren — Ellen J., Margaret E., Arthur B. and Sarah F. John H. enlisted in 1861, Co. K, 9th L V. L; died March 22, 1863, in Memphis, Tenn., of a disease contracted in the army. Are members of the M. E. Church. OWESr, 4,^EO. B., capitalist. Sec. 6, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Dec. 26, 1836, in Windsor Co., Vt. ; in 1875, came to his present farm ; owns forty acres, valued at $250 per acre.. Married Carrie Clark in January, 1856 ; she was born in 1834, and died in 1872 ;' have four children — Frank, Wilbur, Eddie and Nellie. Second marriage to Belle Allen Sept. 9, 1875; she w*s born Feb. 4, 1841, in Woodstock, Vt. Mrs. 0. is a member of the M. E. Church. OXIiEY.IlEXRYC, farmer, Sec. 2, T. 83, R. 6 ; born Sept. 8, 1848, in Linn Co., Iowa; in 1873, came to his present farm ; owns 142 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Alice A. Ives Jan. 1, 1873; she was born Jan. 15, 1853, in Linn Co., Iowa. Are members of the Baptist Church. OXIiEY, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 3, T. 83, R. 6; born April 29, 1838, in Montgomery Co., Ind. ; in 1841, came to Marion Tp. ; in 1860, came to his present, farm ; owns 210 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Frances Tryon in 1859 ; she was born in 1840, in Ver- mont ; have one child — Luella. Second marriage to Hannah Deacon in October, 1868; she was born in 1848,. in Ind.; have two children — Herbert and Harry ; enlisted in 1862, in Co. H, 24th I. V. I., and served to the end of the war ; was once wounded, and twice taken prisoner. Oxley, J. M., farmer. Sec. 3. Oxley, John T., farmer, Sec. 2. Oxley, J. S., farmer. Sec. 12. OXI.EY, MARSHALL, firmer, Sec. 1, T. 83, R. 6; born ,Feb, 18, 1853, in Marion Tp. ; he owns 120 acres, valued at $40 per acre'. Oxley, M. J., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Springville. TDALMER, E. B., farmer, Sec. 4. PALMER, C. A., farmer, Sec. 4, T. 84, K. 6; born Nov. 5, 1841, in Am- sterdam, N. Y. ; in 1843, came to Kane Co., 111.; in 1862, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in March, 1869, came to his present farm ; owns ninety-five acres, valued at $30 per acre. Marriecl Cath- erine A. Baldwin in 1863; she was born July 17,, 1842, in New York; had three children, — two living — Cb9rle.s W. and George B. Are members of the M. E. Church. Palmer, H. G., farmer. Sec. 21. PALMER, MARTHA, MRS., daughter of John Clark, widow of Syl- vanus W. Palmer, Sec. 1, T. 83, E. 6; he was born Oct. 9, 1815, in Mont- gomery Co., N. Y., and died Jan. 2, 1875 ; she was born March 18, 1818, in Montgomery Co., N. Y.; in June, 1863, they came to Linn Co., Iowa. They were married April 2, 1836; she owns eighty-five acres, valued at 840 per acre ; they had seven children, — four living — Harry F., Charles A., Will- MARION TOWNSHIP. 64T iam A., Edwin E. Mr. P. was a class leader in the M. E. Church, of which he was a member ; was also Superintendent of the Sabbath School ; was Trustee of the parsonage at Marion. PALMER, WJI. A., farmer, Sec. 1, T. 83, R. 6; born Oct. 4, 1845, in Kane Co., 111. ; in 1863, came to his present farm ; owns eighty-six acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Mary E. Burkett Dec. 29, 1870; she was born Sept. 30, 1845, in Franklin Co., Penn. ; have two children — B. C, born July 30, 1873, and S. W., born Oct. 10, 1876. PARKER, S. W., Superintendent of Poor Farm ; Sec. 16,^ T. 84, R. 6 ; P. 0. Marion ; born Dec. 8, 1821, in Bel- mont Co., Ohio ; in 1833 came to Knox Co., Ohio, there served as an apprentice at the blacksmith trade ; in 1841, came to Morrow Co., Ohio; in 1851, came to Huron Co., Ohio ; in 1851, came to Marion Tp. ; owns 200 acres in Marion Tp. ; was appointed to his present posi- tion in 1874. Married Nancy A. Rath- bun, Nov. 18, 1842 ; she was born in 1827, in Cayuga Co., N. Y. ; have five children — J. 0., Martha A., Mary L., Viola J. and Delmer V. J. 0. enlisted in 1862 in Co. F, 20th I. V. I. ; was wounded Dec. 7, 1862, at the battle of Prairie Grove; was Justiee of the Peace in 1848. She is a member of the M. E, Church. PATTERSON, KEZIA,I[RS., daugTttter of Robert Jones, Sec. 31, T. 84, R. 7 ; P. 0. Marion ; born Sept. 5, 1826, in Ross Co., Ohio; in 1846, came to Marion Tp. ; in 1848 came to her present farm; owns 150 acres, valued at $70 per acre. Was married Jan. 19, 1848 ; have seven children — Laura L., Robt. E., Jennie, Ada, Chas. A., Henry S. and Jno. F. Members of the IRresbyterian Church. Patterson, J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Springville. Patterson, F., far., S. 13. PAUL, ALEX, farmer, Section 26, T. 84, R. 6; born June 15, 1823, in Green Co., Penn; in 1844, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1853, came .to his present farm; owns 350 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Justin Taylor in November, 1855; she was born in December, 1832, in North Carolina, died in May, 1876 ; have eight children — Goodwin T., Wm. T., Irvin W., Naomia J., Oscar, Frank, Charlie, and Bert H. Are members of the M. E. Church. Pearson, Oscar J., far., S. 10. Pearson, 0. J., far., S. 10. Peckham, Fred. A., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Springville. Philbrick, N. far., S. 15. Plummer, A., far., S. 2. Putnam H. B., far., S. 8. T3AILSBACK, H. E., far., S. 1. Reeser, J,, far., S. 11. Reinhammer, J., far.^ S. 2. Reinhammer, V.,far., S.4. Reynolds, H. S., far., S. 20. RORIIIfSOIir, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 25, T. 84, R. 7 ; born August 15, 1824, in Scotland; in 1839, came to Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; in 1858, came to his present farm; owns 188i acres, valued at $50 per acre. Married Ellen S. Adams, June 16, 1857 ; she was born in 1837, in Scotland, and died Oct. 31, 1862 ; had three children, two living — James D., and Ellen S. ; second marriage to Elizabeth Adams in 1866 ; she was born in January, 1841, in Scot- land ; have two children — Mary and Henrietta. Collin J. died in 1861, aged 16 months. Members of the Presby- terian Church. Robins, J, D., far., S. 27. RORINS, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 27, T. 84, R. 7; born Aug. 6, 1810, in Ross Co., Ohio ; in 1842, came to Marion Tp. ; owns 200 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Ann Mathur Nov. 10, 1836 ; she was born March 3, 1817, in Ross Co., Ohio; have five children — John, Daniel, Allen, Sarah Jane and Joseph Duncan. Daniel en- listed in 1862, in Co. A, 20th I. V. I.; was killed at the battle of Prairie Grove Dec. 7, 1862. Are members of the M. E. Church. John enlisted in the 31st Iowa and served about two years. Roy, Frederick, far., Sec. 12. RUSSELL, ALBERT, farmer, Sec. 35, T. 83, R. 6; born Jan. 16, 1813, in Bradford Co., Penn.; in 1848, came to Ottawa, 111.; in 1851, came to Marion ; in 1868, removed to his present farm; owns 127 acres, valued at $40 per 648 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: acre. Married Amanda Palmer in 1 838 ; she was born in 1815 in Bradford Co., Penn., and died in 'i841. Second mar- riage to Margaret Diven in 1844 ; she was born in 1815, in Pennsylvania, and died in 1849 ; have one child by this marriage — Ellen I. Third marriage to Chmena Ida Gray in March, 1850 ; she was born Oct. 20, 1829, in Bradford •Co., Penn.; had eleven children, seven living — Anna, Albert A., William W., Etta, Elsie, Martha and Charles. Are members of the M. E. Church. Her father, Geo. W. Gray, was one of the first, settlers in Marion Tp. Tlussell, D. W., far., Sec. 5. SHROLL, JACOB, far., Sec. 10. Schultz, Chas., far.. Sec. 33. Schultz, Henry, far., Sec. 7. Scott. James A., far.. Sec 20. SCOTT, J. B., farmer, Sec. 8, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Aug. 12, 1825, in Knox Co., Ohio.; in 1852, came to Muscatine, Iowa; in 1853, came to Marion; in 1859, came to his present farm ; owns 450 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Mar- ried Mary E. Risler in 1853 ; she was born in 1835, in Fayette Co., Penn.; had five children, four living — Henry A., Edward, Lucy'E. and John B. Scott, Thos.. far., Sec. Y. Secrist, D. W., far., Sec. 12. SECRIST, liUTHEB, farmer, Sec. 23, T. 84, R. 6; born Nov. 26, 1850, in Franklin Co., Penn.; in 1852, came with his parents to Virginia ; in 1857, returned to Pennsylvania ; in 1859, came to Marion Tp.; owns 167 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Alice Bigger in Sept., 1876 ; she was born in June, 1854, in Marion Tp. Are members of the M. E. Chuach. Serveson, Benj., far., Sec. 3. Shadle, David, far., Sec. 1. Shadle, Jacob, far., Sec. 12. Sharp, Thompson, far.. Sec. 23. SHEIiHAMER, D. W., farmer; Sec. 13, T. 84, R. 6 ; P. O. Springville, born Aug. 7, 1835, in Luzerne Co., Penn.; May 16, 1868, came to his pres- ent farm ; owns 100 apres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Jane Vernor April 6, 1871 ; she was born in March, 1845, in Ohio; have three children — Elizabeth Ann, Williami H. and Rachel 0. Are members of the M. E. Church. Simson, P., far.. Sec. 3. Simson, Samuel, far., Sec. 3. Simson, 8. S., far., Sec. 3. ISMITH, D. li., farmer. Sec. 22, T. 84, R. 6 ; born Aug. 11, 1838, in Cuy- ahoga Co., Ohio ; in 1853, came to Ma- 'rion ; in 1869, came to his present farm; owns 120 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Caroline Blackurn May 25, 1864 ; she was born in 1842 in Cincin- nati, Ohio. In 1860, he went to Den- ver, Col., and returned in Sept., 1863. They have four children — Mary F., Charles, Louisa and L. Smith, L. K., far. Sec. 25. Snyder, David, far.; Sec. 27. Snyder, Samuel, far.. Sec. 22. Stambaugh, S. B., far.. Sec. 19. Stanley, Morris, far.. Sec. 2. Stoigman, John, far.. Sec. 9. STINSON, ROBERT, farmer, Sees. 34 and 35, T. 84, R. 7 ; bom Jan. 20, 1838, in Williams Co., Ohio ; in 1845, came to Marion Tp. with his parents ; owns 170 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Amelia B. Martin, Dec. 25, 1866 ; she was born Af»20, 1847 ; have six children — Stella/,' Lula M., Anna Lowell, Elizabeth and Emma. Enlisted in 1861, in Co. K, 1st I. V. I.; served about five months ; in 1862, as- sisted in recruiting Co. A, 31st I. V, I., and was Captain of this company ; served about one year and eight months'; par- ticipated in the battle of Wilson's Creek, Chickasaw and others. STINSON, SETH, farmer. Sec. 26, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Dec. 22, 1809, in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.; in 1819, came to Sandusky Co., Ohio ; in 1839, came to Tecumseh, Mich.; in 1844,' came to his present farm ; owns 400 acres, valued at $65 per acre. Married Elizabeth Stall in 1833; she was born in 1810, in Erie Co., Penn. ; have eight children- Ralph, Robert,George, Franklin, Marion, Mary Jane, Sarah and Laura; Robert en- listed in 1861 in Co. K, 1st I. V. I.; was afterward promoted to Captain ; George enlisted as Lieutenant of same re^ment ; Franklin and Robert also served in the war. Stokes, S. J., far.. Sec. 7. Stokes, Stephen, far., Sec. 7. Stookey, Levi J., far.. Sec. 27. Strahan, F. A., far., Sec. 13. MARION TOWNSHIP. 649 rpAMIESIE, J. B., far., Sec. 6. TATHWELIi, J, S., farmer, Sec. 1, T. 84, E. 6 ; P. 0. Rural ; born Dec. 5, 1849, in New Jersey ; in 1857, came to Knox Co., Ohio ; in 1864, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1878, came to his present farm ; owns eighty-three acres, valued at $2,500. Married Emma Goudy Nov. 21, 1872 ; she was born Nov. 8, 1851 ; have two children — Fred H. and Ralph S. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. Taylor, C. R., far.. Sec. 32. Taylor, Ephraim,far., Sec. 22. TAYLOR, WIIililAM, farmer. Sec. 21, T. 84, R. 6; born July 12, 1840, in Lawrence Co., Penn.; in 1856, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1865, came to his present farm; owns 195 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Lucy Chamberlin in 1861 ; she was born March 27, 1845, in Linn Co.; had five children, four living— Almon S., Judd H., Ephraim E. and Lowell C. Are members of the Christian Church. TElIPIiElIA]V,EL,I,E]!ir,lIRS., widow of Spilman T. Tcmpleman fher maiden name was Travis); Sec. 18, T. 84, R. 7 ; he was born Aug. 25, 1812, in Virginia; in 1833, he came to , Ohio ; in 1852, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1853, he entered their present farm from the Government ; he died May 18, 1868 ; she was born Feb. 16, 1816, in Franklin Co., Ohio. Was married May 30, 1841 ; had eight children — Mary E., born March 5, 1842 ; Ulysses F., June 1, 1843 ; Alice V., March 21, 1846 ; (Nannie E. and Hattie E. are twins), born July 8, 1848 ; Hattie E. died Dec. 4, 1870; Nannie E. died Feb. 24, 1873 ; Alfred B. born June 21,1851, died Oct. 31,1858; Robert W., born Feb. 18, 1853; Harry C, Sept. 28, 1858 ; Ulysses F. enlisted in 1862 in Co. H, 20th I. V. I., served nine months, and was honorably dis- ■ charged on account of sickness ; Hattie and Nannie were school teachers. Are members of the M. E. Church. THOMAS, RICHARD, farmer, Sec. 36, T. 83, R. 6; born about 1791, in Baltimore, Md. ; in 1819, came to Wayne Co., Ohio ; in 1824, removed to Richland Co., Ohio ; in 1837, came to Iowa ; in 1840, came to his present farm, which adjoins the city ; owns sixty- three acres, valued at $250 per acre. Married Julia E. Jones in February, 1865 ; she was born Jan^ 6, 1843, in New York ; have one child Mary M., born in July, 1866 ; was in the war of 1812 he is one of the first settlers in this township. Torrence, J. S., far., S. 4. TREAT, GARRY, farmer, Sec. 9, T. 83, R. .6; born December 17, 1831, in Monroe Co., N. Y. ; in 1852, came to Ohio ; in 1854, came to Illinois ; in 1856, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1861, came to his present farm ; owns 300 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Married Delia J. Lathrop Oct. 2, 1861 ; she was born June 20, 1832, in Ripley Co., Ind. ; have one child— Mary A., born Aug. 27, 1863 ; has been Township Trustee two terms. Are members of the Baptist Church. Twogood, A. J., far., S. 1. Twogood, F., far., Sec. 1 . UPTOW, MARY A., MRS., daughter of George Hill, Sec. 4, T. 83, R. 6. Elijah Uptou was born Oct. 15, 1820, in Bow, N. Y., died Sept. 26, 1876 ; she was born April 28, 1825, in Penobscot Co., Me. ; in 1856, came to their present farm ; she owns 125 acres, valued at $40 per acre ; have two children — Delia M. and Geo. H. Mr. U. was Captain in the militia in New Haven in 1848; he also enlisted in 1862, in Co. G., 24th I. V. I., and served to the close of the war. "TTAN DYKE, THBO., far., Sec. 23. Van Kirk, M., far., S. 2. VAIJGHW, E. A., farmer. Sec. 30, T. 84, R. 6; born June 1, 1829, in Mercer Co., Penn. ; in 1838, came to Jackson Co., Ohio ; in 1841, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1865, came to his present farm ; owns 260 acres, valued at $65 per acre. Married Lizzie Pierce in March, 1858; she was born in March, 1838, in Chester Co., Penn. ; had five children, four living — Lura I., Etta R., Wm. W. and Arthur E. Are memTiers of the Presbyterian Church. Has been County Commissioner. His father was born Dec. 16, 1791 ; died Feb. 18, 1878. 2 650 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: VAUGHN, J. C, farmer, Sec. 31 , T. 84, K. 6 ; born December 14, 1835; in Mercer Co., Penn; in 1838, came to Jackson Co., Ohio; in 1841, came to Linn Co., Iowa ; in 1868, came to his present farm ; owns 100 acres, valued at $6,000. Married Mary E. Jackson Nov. 20, 1866 ; she was born in August, 1846, in Chester Co., Penn.; had five children, four living — Mary B.. Clifford W., Harold H. and Pearl S. Enlisted in 1862, in Co. G, 24th I. V. I. ; served to the close of the war. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. Voss, C, far., S. 10. WALLACE, JAS., farmer. Sec. 25. Wallace, J. C, far., S. 25. WAIiSER, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 23, T. 84, R. 7 ; born in Janu- ary, 1832, near Lancaster, Penn. ; in 1837, came to Columbiana Co., Ohio, then removed to Wayne Co., Ohio ; in 1852, came to his present farm ; owns 325 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Hannah Metcalf in 1852 ; she was born in 1837, in Ashland Co., Ohio ; have five children — Sylvester, Franklin, Emma A., Alice, Myrtie. Has been Town Trustee. Wamsley, Geo., far.. Sec. 33. Webb, Jno. W., far.. Sec. 10. Weisbrodt, Jno., far., Sec. 28. White, Addison, far.. Sec. 10. WHITE, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 5, T. 84, R. 7 ; born July 4, 1804, in Washington Co., Ohio ; in 1865, came to Linn Co., Iowa; in 1867, came to his present farm ; owns 140 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Married Nancy Miller April 18, 1833 ; she was born in October, 1808, in Virginia ; had eight children, five living — J. L., Eras- tus H., i). R., C. C. and Emma J. William and J. L. enlisted in 1861 in the 75th Ohio V. I. ; William died in Jacksonville, Fla., in 1863 ; J. L. served to the close of the war ; S. P. and E. H. enlisted in 1862 in the 116th Ohio V. I. ; served to the close of the war ; H. L. enlisted in 1861 in the 39th Ohio V. I. ; served through the war, and died in 1867. Mrs White had ten children by a former marriage, four living— A. E. White, David White, Newell J. and Martha J. C. K. en- listed in 1863, and died in 1864; Charles C. enlisted in 1862, and died in January, 1864 ; Newell J. also served in the war. White. Emery, far.. Sec. 18. WHITE, N. J., farmer. Sec. 2, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Sept. 13, 1843, in Mor- .gan Co., Ohio ; in 1853, came to Linn Co., Iowa, with his parents ; in 1869, removed to his present farm ; owns 180 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Married Fannie Bunting Nov. 13, 1866; she was born in 1848 in Muskingum Co., Ohio ; have three children — Nettie J., Minnie L. and Mary E. He en- listed Aug. 6, 1862, in Co. A, 31st 1. V. I. ; served to the close of the war; was in the battles of Vicksburg, Ar- kansas Post ; was with Sherman dur- ing his last campaign. Wightman, F. D., far.. Sec. 20. Wightman, M. A., far.. Sec. 31. Wilgold, Jno., far.. Sec. 1. WIIililAMS, HEKMAUr, farmer, Sec. 12, T. 83, R. 6 ; bom Feb. 16, 1814, in Rutland Co.. Vt; in 1855, came to Jones Co., Iowa; in 1865, came to their present farm; they own 212 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Married Prudence Rush in 1837; she was born Dee. 26, 1816, in Vermont ; have four children — Plynn, John C, Emily S. and Geo. H. WILLrlAMS, M. D., farmer. Sec. 2, T. 84, R. 7 ; born Feb. 15, 1833, in Schoharie Co., N. Y. ; in November, 1846, came to Davenport, Iowa ; in 1869, came to his present farm ; owns ninety acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Married Mary J. Konklin Jan. 4, 1866 ; she was born Oct. 16, 1846, in Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; have three chil- dren — Isban Q., David W. and Nina L Williams, P. E., far.. Sec. 12. Williams, W. M., far., Sec. 31. WHiSON, IRA G., far.-. Sec. 10, T. 83, R. 6 ; born Dec. 7, 1821, in Bradford Co., Penn ; in 1839, came to Peoria Co., Ill ; in 1840, came to Cedar Co., Iowa ; in 1841, came to his present farm ; owns 100 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Married Eva Mont- gomery in September, 1850 ; she was born May 17, 1833, in Indiana; have four children — Jennie, Irad, George and Anna. Are members of the Chris- tian Church. CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 651 Wilson, Jno., far., Sec. 2. Winter, S., far.. Sec. 28. Withers, F. B., far.. Sec. 25. Withers, Frank, far., Sec. 25. Worrall, Isaac, far.. Sec. 24. ^APPLES, J. C, far.. Sec. 26. ZACHARY, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 12, T. 84, R. 7; born Feb. 6, 1822, in Belgium; in 1854, came to Dubuque, Iowa; in 1865, came to his present farm; owns eighty acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Married Mary T. Goffett in 1848 ; she was born July 1*7, 1825, in Belgium; have six children — Joseph, Mary C, Mary P., Mary G., Mary F. and Albert. Are members of the Roman Catholic Church. CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. A CHTOR, WILLIAM F., machinist. Adams, A. L., Asst. Supt. Farmers Mnfg. Co. Adams, J. C, mason. Adams, Milo, dealer in lightning rods. Adelsheim, Simon, clothing dealer. AKEBS, JOHN W., Supt. of Cedar Rapids City Schools ; born at Athens, Ohio, Nov. 15, 1841 ; came with his parents to MiUersburg, Iowa, in 1848; lived there until July, 1861, when he enlisted in Co. G. Yth I. V. I. ; soon after entering the service he was ap- - pointed Chief Musician of his regiment; ' he retained that position until he was mustered out with his regiment ; he was in all the engagements (except Belmont) which his regiment participated in ; soon after he left the U. S. service he entered Cornell College, at Mt. Vernon, Iowa, and remained there until he graduated in 18Y0 ; he was Superintend- ent of Schools at Vinton, in 1871 ; from 1872 to 1876 he was Superintend- ent at Waterloo, and from 1876 to date he has held his present position. He married Mary E. Platner July 11, .1870 ; she was born in Cedar Co., Iowa, Feb. 8, 1846 ; she is a graduate of Cornell College, class of 1869. They have four sons — Louis H., born at Vinton, July 1, 1871 ; Loran P., born March 26, 1873 ; William H., Feb. 28, 1875; and John R., March 21, 1877. Mr. Akers is a member of St. Paul's M. E. Church, also Superintendent of Sab- bath school of same Church. Albright, James, clerk. Albright, James M., clerk. Albright, J. W., bookseller. AHIDOIV, JOHX K., of the firm of Hamilton & Amidon, dealers in agri- cultural implements, seeds, coal, etc., 50 Iowa avenue ; resides at 144 Park av. ; bom in St. Joseph Co., Mich., May 29, 1840 ; removed with his parents to Du- buque, Iowa; returned to Michigan, in 1851 ; and, in 1853, went to ShuUsburg, Wis., where he remained until April 19, 1861, when he enlisted as a private in Co. I, 3d Wis. V. I. ; was promoted Quartermaster Sergeant Oct. 29, 1864, and Second Lieutenant June 2, 1865 ; mustered out as Second Lieutenant July 18, 1865. In the Fall of 1865 he went to Minneapolis, Minn. ; remained there until May, 1866, then Michigan ; was there until the Spring of 1867, then returned to ShuUsburg, only re- maining there two months ; went to Galena, 111., where he was in the employ of William and John Fiddick until Sept. 1869; he then went to Blairstown, Iowa, and engaged in banking business,, which he continued until he came here in December, 1 873 ; has been engaged in present business since he first came to Cedar Rapids. He married Nancy Potwiii Feb. 15, 1872; they have two children — Mary Irene, born Dec. 1, 1874, and Kittie, born April 11, 1877. Anderson, Daniel F., mason. Anderson, J. S., Justice of the Peace and insurance agent. Angell, Harvey, teamster. J Angell, Thomas B., teamster. Anthony, Frank A. Anthony, James'R., mason. Antles, Richard, laborer. 652 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Archer, Albert, laborer. Aussiker, Deitricli, cigar dealer. Austin, W. L., laborer. AVE RILIi, ARTHUR T., Pres- ident of the Cedar Eapids Gas Light Co., office. No. 9 S. Commercial St.; resi- dence 106 Greene st. Mr. A. was born at Highgate Springs, Franklin Co., Vt., Sept. 14, 1843 ; came with his parents to Lee Co., 111., in 1852 ; lived there un- til 1854, when they moved to Whiteside Co., 111.; lived there until he came here in March. 1865 ; was Superintendent of the Mcdormick Mower and Reaper agencies for several years ; in 1869, es- tablished the firm of Averill & Hamil- ton, dealers in agricultural implements, seeds, coal, etc.; continued that firm for five years ; Averill & Amidon conducted the same business for two years, then Mr. Averill carried on the business for two years alone; from 1870 to 1874, he was also a member of the firm of Averill & Verharen, at Vinton, Iowa. Mr. A. has been President of the Gas Co. for three years ; he was Alderman of the Second Ward in 1875. He married AUie R. Doolittle Oct. 22, 1867 ; she was born in New York State ; they have had three children, two living — Glennie M., born July 15, 1868, and Jennie M., born Dec. 9, 1876 ; lost one son — Ar- thur, who died in infancy. Ayres, L. M., Business Manager Cedar Rapids Times. "►ACKUS, EBEN, grocer B' Bailey, N. P., druggist. Baker, Wm., runner Northwestern Hotel. BACKUS, EBEN, dealer in gro- ceries, flour, provisions, crockery, etc., 44 S. Washington St.; residence Eagle St.; born in Pomfret, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., April 7, 1836: parents removed to In- diana when he was a youth ; lived there one year, then went to Wisconsin ; after residing there one year, they removed to De Kalb Co., 111. ' Mr. Backus enlisted in Co. K, 75th 111. V. L, in 1863 ; was in the United States service about nine months, when he was discharged on ac- count of disability caused by wounds received at the battle of Stone River ; after his discharge, he returned to Illi- nois and lived thereuntil 1870, when he went to Wisconsin and spent ten months, and in 1871 came to Cedar Rapids. Married Arvilla Spencer in 1863 ; she was born in Illinois ; they have had five children ; lost one ; the living are Ella; Lottie M., Abraham and Bertha. Mrs. Backus and eldest daughter are members of the Baptist Church. Barger, Wm. G., dairyman. Barrett, James. Bata, John, stoves and hardware. BAXTER, JOHN O., boards at 195 S. Washington st. He was born in Wales March 22, 1843 ; removed to Berlin, Wis., in 1857 ; made his home in Wisconsin until 1872, when became to Cedar Rapids ; he commenced work- ing at present business in 1859. Mr. Baxter enlisted Aug. 12, 1862, in Co. C, 21s£ W. V. I.; served until June 14, 1865 ; was in nearly all engagements his regiment participated in. Bear, John, carpenter. Beatty, Hugh, laborer. Beck, Geo. H., Cutter. Bececka, Wenzel, laborer. Bedna, Chas., laborer. Bedna, Frank, insurance agent. Bell, James, boarding house. Bell, James M., teamster. BELIi, liESIilE, of the firm of Hamilton & Bell, grocers, 28 S. Wash- ington street ; residence, Park av., four doors east of Harrison ; born in Scot- land March 25, 1838; came to Lisbon, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in 1857; lived there three years, then went to Canada West ; after residing there eighteen months he returned to St. Lawrence Co. and resided in Gov- erneur four years ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1865 ; engaged in farming in this vicinity ten years ; owns a farm of eighty-seven acres in Clinton Tp. He was a member of the School Board while living on his farm ; he has been engaged in his present business since December, 1875. Married Mary Berry Feb. 23, 1862; she was born in Soot- land ; they have four children — Isabella, Margaret, David L. and Joseph W. Mr. and Mrs. Bell are members- of the United Brethren Church. Bell, Malcolm T., traveler. Belmer, Henry, laborer. Bennett, C. S., insurance agent. Bennett, John F., teamster. CEDAR RAPIDS CITY, 653 Bennett, Saml., Koad Master, B., C. R. & N. R. R. Benish, Joseph. Benish, Wenzel, blacksmith. Berthel, Conrad, hotel and saloon keeper. Berfhel, Julius, hotel and saloon keeper. Berry, David L., proprietor of " Sultana Cigar Store." Besek, Michael, mason. Bettesworth, Geo. W., clerk in Iowa Land Co.'s Office. BEVER,GEO. W., Vice President of the City National Bank, corner Com- mercial Street and Iowa avenue ; resi- dence, 101 Eagle street. Bever, James L., Cash. City National Bank. Bever ,John B., Teller City National Bank. BEVER, SAMPSON C, was born in Columbiana Co., Ohio, in the . year 1808 ; his paternal grsindfather was a native of G-ermany, but emigrated to this country in the year 1777, joined the Revolutionary army as a private at Mor- ristown, New Jersey, under Gen. Wash- ington ; his maternal grandfather was a native of Scotland and emigrated to . America during the Revolutionary War, locating in Washington Co., Penn.; his father, James Bever, was a small farmer on the banks of the Ohio River, at the time of Sampson's birth, but in 1809 he moved West to the " New Purchase," in what is now known as Holmes Co., Ohio, where he died in 1811. Samp- son never saw the inside of a school house until he was nine years of age ; when fifteen years of age he left home and went to Brownsville, Penn., going the entire distance, 150 miles, on foot, where he engaged in a store for five years ; at the expiration of this time he engaged to take charge of the glass- works of Bownaan, Sweetzer & B wo- man, one mile from Brownsville ; he shortly afterward bought out the firm's interest, they giving all the time he wanted to pay them ; he, however, by hard work, perseverance and energy, at the end of two years, paid ofi' all his in- debtedness to them, and had a good profit. On the 8th day of August, 1833, Mr. Bever was married to Miss Mary Blythe, daughter of John Blythe, Esq., a farmer near Cookstown, Penn. At this time, being convinced that the war carried on between Andrew Jackson and the United States Bank must bring about a financial crisis, sold out his glass works ; in the Fall of 1836, he formed a copartnership with G. H. Bowman, one of his old employers, and engaged in merchandising in Coshocton, Ohio, where he remained for ten years ; clos- ing up the partnership business, he re- moved to Millersburg, where he again engaged, in merchandise successfully for six years ; having sold out all his pos- I sessions there, on April 1, 1851, he started in his own private conveyance in search of a new home in the West; after wandering over several Western States he selected Cedar Rapids, Linn Co., Iowa, as his resting place; here he bought several large tracts of land in the vicinity of the town, and returning to Ohio, removed with his family on the 1st of March, 1852, to his new posses- sions ; in the Fall of the same year, he again embarked in the mercantile business in Cedar Rapids, in which he continued for seven years. During this time he became identified with the con- struction of the Chicago, Iowa & Ne- braska Railroad, the first successful rail- road enterprise in Iowa, and with which he is still identified as a Director. In 1859 he disposed of his merchandise and engaged in private banking with his oldest son, James L. Bever, under the firm name of S. C. Bever & Son. On the passage of the National Banking Law the bank of S. C. Bever & Son was merged into the City National Bank of Cedar Rapids. Mr. Bever h as made many valuable contributions to the permanent growth and prosperity of Cedar Rapids, and is now enjoying the fruits of a long life of business activity and solid pros- perity, blessed with a green old age, the companionship of the wife of his youth, and surrounded by his sons, daughters and grandchildren. His life has been a busy but successful one. Beyer, Berthold, cabinet maker. Beyer, Wm., cabinet maker. Biesler, Henry, carpenter and joiner. BILL, Ar, J., LOnS, was bom in Fremont, Sandusky Co., Ohio ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1870 ; he has been in the drug business ever since, first as a clerk, but for the past four years he has been a partner with Mr. Pope. 654 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : Binko, John, laborer. Bird, James, machinist. Bishop, Frank, Sr , laborer. Bishop, Prank, Jr., laborer. Bischop, John, laborer. Black, Charles. BliACHLEY, OLIVER B. & SOIV, dealers in jewelry, watches, clocks, pianos, organs, and all kinds of musical merchandise, 75 Iowa avenue. Oliver B. Blachley resides on Daniels street; he was born in Washington Co., Penn., Sept. 21, 1821 ; in 1864, he re- moved to Fredericktown, Knox Co., Ohio ; lived there until he came to Cedar Rapids in 1872. Married Eleanor J. Creacraft April 20, 1842 ; she wasborn in Washington Co., Penn. ; they have five children — Byron C, Henry W., Oliver B., Jr., Mary L. and Howard L. Mr. and Mrs. Blachley are members of the M. E. Church. BliACHLEY, BYRON C, of the firm of 0. B. Blachley & Son, resides at 301 Iowa avenue; he was born in Washington Co., Penn, Feb. 19, 1847; came to Cedar Rapids io 1872. Married Lena Durbin June 5, 1872 ; she was born in Fredericktown, Ohio ; they have one child — Helen D. Mr. and Mrs. B. are members of the M. B. Church. BLAKE, U.C, of the firm of Blake & Hormel, attorneys ; oflBce in City Na- tional Bank Building ; resides at north- west corner of Franklin avenue and Monroe street. Mr. Blake was born at Mt. Vernun, Knox Co., Ohio, Sept. 2, 1845 ; he is a graduate of Kenyon College, Gambler, Ohio, class of 1865 ; read law in the oflBce of George A. Meech, Chica<;o ; admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1869; engaged in practice of his profession Sept. 6, 1870 ; he is Alderman of the Second Ward ; has served in that position since 1875. Blakely, David, foreman of packing house. Bliss, Ethan, druggist. Blochki, Antony, blacksmith. Bolander, J. 0., blacksmith. Bolender, Jonathan, wagon maker. Bolt, Orvin, teamster. Bomgardner, John, butcher. Bourne, Nathaniel, lumber dealer. Bowen, John, laborer. Bowlin, Jos. H., barber. Boylan, Chas., fruit dealer. Bradford, E. R. Bradley, D. A., real estate and ins. agent. BRADLEY, GEORGE H., re- sides at 213 S. Washington street ; he was born in Lee, Mass., Oct. 22, 1"831 ; came to Cedar Rapids in February, 1874 ; engaged with his brother, W. S., in the leather business ever since he came here. Married Harriet Hale, of Phoenix, N. Y. ; they have seven chil- dren — Leroy, Frances, Georgia, Chas. Hale, Mattie, William and Bessie. Bradley, L. A., stock dealer. BRADLEY, W. S. & BRO., jobbers of leather, shoe findings, belting, packing hose, etc., and dealers in hides, furs, etc., 13 Union Bank Block. W. S. Bradley was born in Lee, Mass., March 11, 1834; came to. Cedar Rapids to reside in February, 1866; engaged in present business ever since. He married Helen M. Brooks, of Phoenix, N. Y. ; they have four chil- dren — Willis C, Herbert S., Alzina C. and Hubbard N. Mr. and Mrs. Bradley are members of the First Presbyterian Church. Mr. B. en- listed in August, 1862, in Co. D, 110th New York Vol. Inf ; was commissioned Second Lieutenant when the company was organized, promoted to First Lieutenant, then to Captain ; commanded the company from the time he became First Lieutenant ; mustered out as Captain in September, 1865. He was a member of the School Board sev- eral years. Alderman for five or six years, and Mayor of Cedar Rapids, W. S. Bradley resides on southwest cor- ner of Washington and Carpenter streets. Bradshower, Jacob, bill poster. BRA UN, FREDERICK, of the firm of Braun & Jones, wholesale and retail dealers in notions and iurnishing goods, 10, 12 and 14 Eagle st. Mr. Braun resides on the corner of Webster and Second sts ; he was born in Prus- sia, Feb. 17, 1839 ; came to Waubeok, Linn Co., Iowa, in 1867 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1874; from 1867 to 1874 he was engaged in milling business at Wau- beck ; in present business since 1874. Breen, Lawrence, blacksmith. BRECHT, A., manufacturer of vine- gar, 67, 69 and 71 Benton St.; bob in CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 655 Baden, Germany, Feb. 27, 1826 ; came to America in 1847 ; lived in New York Oity five months, then went to Buffalo, N. Y., and remained nine years in the grocery business; went to Waukegan, 111., and engaged in the general mercan- tile business thirteen . years ; came to €edar Kapids in 1869 and engaged in present business. Married April 28, 1851, to Eutropia Mackert, of Buffalo, N. Y.; have five children — Louisa, Eutropia 0., Henry Gr., George A. and Edward. B.ink, J. S., man'gr. C. K. P. & M. shops. Brittan, H. P., painter. BBOEKSMIT. JOHN C, Audi- orofthe B. C. K. & N By. Co., residence 240 Eagle St.; born in Holland, Jan. 25, 1825; came to New York City in 1847 ; resided in New York and Boston until 1852, when he went to New Or- leans, connected with the New Or- leans, Jackson and Great Northern Ky. Co.; in 1861 he left New Orleans and returned to Europe, where he remained until 1868 ; then came to New York again; from there he went to Grand Bapids, Michigan, afterward became connected with the Bockford, Bock Island & St. Louis By. Co., then with the Davenport & 8t. Paul Co.; for the last eight years, he has been with the ,B., C. R. & N. By. Co.; he is Secretary ; of the Cedar Bapids Water Co.,also one of the directors of the same Company ; he is an officer of the Cedar Bapids Build- ing and Loan Association, Treasurer of the Coe Collegiate Institute and Presi- dent of the Young Men's Christian Association. He is a member of the Second Presbyterian Church. BROCK, ROBERT G., whole- sale and retail dealer in coal, wood and lime, corner Linn and Washington sts., residence s. s. of Eagle St., three doors east of Polk St.; Mr. Brock was born in Newbury, Orange Co., Vt.; lived in Lowell, Mass., Manchester, N. H. and New York City until he came to Cedar Bapids in June, 1856 ; from 1861 to 1866 he resided at Emerald Grove, Bock Co., Wis.; afterward lived in Mexico, €o. and in Marshall Co., Iowa, and en- gaged in running a railroad store when the B., C. B. & N. By. Co. was building its Postville branch; came to Cedar Bapids again in September, 1872, and engaged in present business ; established the first coal and wood yard in Cedar Bapids. Mr. Brock married Prances E. Doe, March 14, 1865 ; she was bom in Newbury, Orange Co., Vt.; they have one child — William Wallace, born Jan. 24, 1874. Brown, D. T., physician. BROWN, NICHOIiAS B., real estate, office No. 12 N. Commercial St., residence (block 38), between Linn and Benton and Madison and Monroe sts.; Mr. B. was born in Sanderson, Sussex Co., New Jersey, July 10, 1814; in 1837 removed to Henderson, Hender- son Co., Ky.; visited Linn Co. in June, 1840; after visiting different parts of the Western country, he returned to this county in Oct., 1840 ; in 1840-41 he built a saw mill at Bertram for a Mr. Doty; in the Fall of 1840, Mr. Brown purchased property where Cedar Bapids is now located, and in 1841 he com- menced the first dam across the Cedar Biver at this point, completing the dam in 1842 ; he was also engaged in the construction of a saw and grist mill at the same time he has carried on millinii^ business extensively here and elsewhere in the county, continually from 1842 to 1877; he built a woolen factory here in 1846-47 ; carried that on until hecon- vertedit into a knitting factory in 1873; he had a grist mill and distillery in Bapids Tp., one and a half miles north of the city, which was destroyed by fire in 1861 ; he had a mill on Indian Creek at Bertram, also another on the west side of river, Cedar Bapids, which he carried on for several years. Mr. Brown has been one of the most enterprising men of this State ; he has been an ex- tensive operator in real estate, largely engaged in building and making public improvements ; he has built several large and elegant blocks of buildings in this city ; in 1870 and 1871 he built a block known as Brown's Hotel, and six stores on N. Commercial st., near the Hotel Block, also other buUdings on the opposite side of the street, in one of which he carried on mercantile business for many years ; he did a general mer- cantile trade here from 1850 to 1873. He was one of the first Mayors of this 656 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: place. His first wife was Catharine Craig ; present wife's maiden name was Susan Emery. They have had five children, lost three — James P., Ella and Susan ; the living are — Nathan Emery, born April, 1852, and Harry T., born Sept. 18, 1857. Brown, Thomas, miller. Bryan, James, granary. Bryan, John, carpenter. BUCHAJfAJT, JXO., bookkeeper for P. J. Upton & Co., residence on Front street, between Iowa av. and Eagle St. ; born in Cedar Rapids Aug. 22, 1852. Married Josephine Hall Nov, 22, 1876 ; she was born in Wisconsin. Mr. Buchanan was bookkeeper for G. L. Henderson & Co., bankers, at Leroy, Minn., three years prior to com- ing here, in March, 1877. BUCHAiyAW, WM., bookkeeper First National Bapk ; born in Stirling- shire, Scotland, Jan. 29, 1831 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1859 ; Mr. Buchanan was for several years Auditor and Pay- master of the Sioux City & Pacific R. R. Co., and held various offices in connection with the companies which control the railroads from Cedar Rapids to the Missouri River ; he was Secretary of the St. Louis, Hannibal & Keokuk R. R. Co. from 1872 to 1876; since 1876 he has been connected with the First National Bank of Cedar Rapids ; in 1877 and 1878, he served six months as Alderman ; he is one of the partners in the Carbonized Stone Pipe Works here. Mr. Buchanan laid out an addi- tion to Cedar Rapids (on west side of the river) in 1871, and another, on same side of the river, in 1874, in con- nection with Dr. McClenehan. He married Jennie E. Thompson, in Au- gust, 1876 ; she was born in Pennsyl- vania. Mrs. Buchanan is a member of the United Pretbyterian Church. Bull, J. R., carpenter. BULL, JOSEPH W., attorney at law and dealer in real estate; residence 111 Eagle St. ; born near Reading, Penn., Feb. 22, 1841 ; in 1843, went with his parents to Pike Co., Penn. ; lived in that county until he was 22 years of age ; came to Tipton, Iowa, in 1864 ; engaged in the practice of law, and doing real estate business there until he came to Cedar Rapids in Feb- ruary, 1872 ; Mr. Bull was educated at Ft. Edward Institute, New York, and University of Albany, N . Y. ; gradu- ated from the Law Department of the latter institution in June, 1863. He married Hattie A. Boynton Aug. 8, 1866 ; she was born in Dudley, Hardin Co., Ohio, June 17, 1842; they have three children — Bertha M , born May 5, 1869; Emerson K., born Feb. 1, 1874, and one infant daughter, born June 8, 1877. Mrs. Bull's father, Benjamin L. Boynton, came to Tipton, Iowa, in 1855. Mr. and Mrs. Bull are members of the M. E. Church. Bunger, Jacob, carpenter. BUBB, ISAAC P., grocer, 8. Wash- ington St.; born in Haddam, Conn., Jan. 2, 1837; removed to. Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y., in 1839 with his parents; lived there five years ; then went to Port- age, Livingston Co., N. Y.; remained there four years ; then moved to Nunda, where they lived one year ; then went to West Sparta, in the same county, and lived there about twelve years ; then he went to Rochester, N. Y., and re- sided two years ; from Rochester he went to Syracuse ; after eight years res- idence in the latter city, he removed to Clyde, Wayne Co., N. Y., and made that his home for about a year ; then re- moved to Jordan, Onondaga Co., N. Y.;. resided there two years, and in 1874 he came to Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa ; resided there until he came to Cedar Rapids, in May, 1877. Married Ella Fritcher Dec. 29, 1868 ; she was born in Athens, Penn.; they have had one child — William F.; he died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Burr are members of the Sec- ond Presbyterian Church. Bunenek, Frank, laborer. Bures, John, laborer. Buryonick, Vaolaw, blacksmith. Burt, Lorenzo, drayman. Burtis, Benj. E. Burton, C. W., insurance agent. BUSEB & BIFENBIJBG, pho- tographers and dealers in frames, pict- ures of all kinds, etc., 53 S. Commer- cial St.; H. R. Bi.ser, 51 S. Commercial St.; he was born in Williamsport, Ly- coming Co., Penn., April 3, 1840; en- gaged in present business fifteen years ; CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 65T came to Cedar Rapids in 1870. Mar- ried Elizabeth Gann Feb. 7, 1868 ; she was born in Lycoming Co., Penn.; they have one son living — Edgar, born June 30,1872; lost one son — Louis; he died at the age of 2 years. Mr. Buser en- listed in Aug., 1862, in Co. K, 96th 111. V. I.; was mustered out in July, 1865. Bushnell, C. C, carpenter. Bushnell, E. K., carpenter. Bushnell, Geo. 8., cooper. Butler, Green, drayman. Buttolph, Edwin, printer. /BALDER, JOHM, teamster. CALDER, €HAS. E., of the firm of Calder & Garrison, proprietors of meat market, corner S. Washington and Eagle sts.; residence 195 S. Washing- ton St.; bom in Cherry Valley, Otsego Co. N. Y., July 5, 1840 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1861 ; engaged in the butch- ering business here since 1863. Mar- ried Alcinda A. Roberts in Oct., 1862 ; she was' born in Cumberland, Md., in 1841 ; they have six children — Mary E., Edith M., Charles A., Ada E., Louis B. and Cornelia B. Mrs. Calder is a mem- ber of the Lutheran Church. Calder, Jos. I., butcher. Callaghan, Samuel, laborer. Camp, Henry S., Treasurer Star Wagon Co. CAlVFIEIiD, J. M., proprietor of the Cedar Rapids Steam Dye Works, 50 S. Commercial st.; residence on W. S. River st., third door South of Pearl St.; born in Charlton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., July 22, 1834 ; came to Van Buren Co., Iowa, in the Pall of 1853 ; came to Ce- dar Rapids in 1864 ; he was for several years Superintendent of the Woolen Factory here ; established his dye works in 1869. Married Miss Mollie Mills April 30, 1863; she was born in Indi- ana ; they have five children living — William P., John M., Katie, Stacy P. and one infant son. Mr. and Mrs. C. are members of the Baptist Church. Cantelo, James, railroad man. Carmach, John, laborer. Carnicle, Isaac, carpenter. € AR P E N T E R, G ABRIEI., capitalist. Sec. 27 (adjoining city limits) ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; born in Earl Tp., Lancaster Co., Penn., Sept. 11, 1801; removed with his parents to Bern Tp., Fairfield Co., Ohio, in May, 1802 ; lived in Fairfield Co. until he came to Cedar Rapids, April 16, 1852; engaged in farming and dealing in real estate ever since he came here; he now resides where he first located, in 1852 ; he built a brick block (known as Carpenter's block), corner of S. Commercial and Eagle sts., in 1855; Jan. 12, 1876, it was destroyed by fire ; he rebuilt in 1876 ; Mr. Carpenter has been a Director of the First National Bank of Cedar Rapids since its organization ; he is a stock- holder in the Cedar Rapids Water Co. and is President of the Marshalltown Gas Light Co. His first wife was Cath- erine Pierce, of Pennsylvania; they were married at Lancaster, Ohio, Feb. 8, 1822 ; she died in July, 1849 ; they had eight children ; one died at the age of 3 years and two died in infancy ; the living are Seymour David (now a resi- dent of Ottumwa, Iowa), Rebecca, Mary S. (now Mrs. George Weare, of Sioux City), Emanuel Brufi' (now living in Kansas) and Susan. Mr. Carpenter's present wife was Maria Clifton ; married in Oct., 1853 ; she was born in Ross Co., Ohio ; they have had five children ; one died at the age of 2 years ; the liv- ing are Delia Diana, John Fremont, Taylor and George Pierce. Mrs. Car- penter's children by former marriage are Anna Wiley and Harriet (now Mrs. Ju- lius Henry Reed of Boone, Iowa). Mr. and Mrs. Carpenter are members of the Episcopal Church. Carpenter, Geo. P., physician. Carpenter, John, salesman. Carpenter, 0. C, salesman. Carroll, I. W., firm of Charles & Carroll. Ceyk, Wenzel, laborer. Cernin, John, capitalist. Chadina, Mathias, cooper. Chaka, Frank, mason. Chaka, John, 1st, stone mason. Chaka, John, 2d, mason. Chandler, D. D., farmer. Chanpar, Michael, farmer. Charipi, Wencel, laborer. Charles, James F., merchant. Cherney, Mathias, farmer. Chickering, Edwin, mason. Child, Jos. J., lawyer. CHRISLiER, WM. J., dealer in agricultural implements, seeds, etc., 27, 658 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY: 29, and 31 N. Commercial street; residence 40 Linn street ; born in Schenectady, N. Y., July 11, 1842; came to Preeport, 111., in 1864 ; engaged in farming near there until 1869, when he came to Cedar Rapids ; he has been engaged in the present business ever since he came here. Mr. C. enlisted in 1862 in Co. A, 18th Indiana Vol. Inf.; he raised the company and went out as First Lieutenant ; the company was aft- erward consolidated and he was made Or- derly Sergeant ; mustered out in 1863. Ae has been connected with the fire de- partment at Cedar Rapids ever since he located here ; he is now Second Assist- ant (!)hief Engineer of the department. He married S. Ada Tisdel in October, 1864; she was born in Harlem Tp., Stephenson Co., 111. ; they had seven children, one son died in infancy ; the living are Peres S., Frederick P., William, Nora Pearl, Edith G. and Georgie. ■Christie, Frank, laborer. •Christie, Jos., Sr., dealer in lime and stone. Christie, Jos., Jr., lime and wood. CHURCHIIili, A. C, of the firm of A. C. Churchill & Son, dealers in hardware, stoves and tinware, 25 S. Commercial street, residence, 40 Eagle street ; was born in Broadalbin, Ful- ton Co., N. Y., July 3. 1813 ; came to Freeport, 111., in 1856 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1860. Married Lucy A. Cornwall ; she was born in Broadal- bin, N. Y. ; they have three children — Julia A., (now Mrs. John C. Holton, of Omaha, Neb.) ; Henry N., associated with his father in business, and Emma F. Mr. C. was Alderman of the First Ward several years, also President and Treasurer of the School Board. He and his family are members of the Baptist Church. •Churchill, Henry N., hardware. CLARK & LYNCH, attorneys, 8 and 9 Carpenter's Block, corner Com- mercial and Eagle streets. Prank, G. Clark was born in Roxbury, Washington Co., Vt., April 17, 1838 ; educated at Middlebury College, Vermont. He en- listed in Co. G, 16th Vermont Vol. Inf , in August, 1862; was commissioned Second Lieutenant when the company was organized ; promoted to First Lieu- tenant of Co. I, same regiment, April 1, 1863 ; served one year ; re-enlisted in the 26th New York Vol. Inf., Jan. 1, 1865 ; was mustered out as First Lieu- tenant in June, 1865. Mr. Clark re- sided in Vermont until 1867, when he came to Belle Plaine, Benton Co., Iowa; practiced law there until he came here in November, 1876 -, he was a member of the 14th General Assembly (1872 and 1873), from Benton Co. Distriefc Mr. C. resides on Daniels street, between Washington and Adams. Clark, Ghas. H., Register Iowa Railroad Land Company. Clark, Warren, carpenter. Coe, 0. B., dealer in cigars and tobaccos. Cogswell, Geo. E., homoeopathic physician^ COLLIIiB, A. D., attorney at law, Mansfield Block, corner S. Washington and Eagle streets ; residence northeast corner Third and Pearl streets ; born in Wyoming, Muscatine Co., Iowa. Mr. C. enlisted April 19, 1861, in Co. K, 1st I. V. I. ; re-enlisted in Co. D,,44th I. V. I., in the Spring of 1864 ; mus- tered out in September, 1864; he was engaged in the recruiting service in Linn and Johnson Counties most of the time during the war, except when he was out with his regiments mentioned above. He commenced reading law in 1866; admitted to the bar in' 1867; practiced law and attended College at Western from 1867 to 1871, when he graduated ; first attended College at Western previous to entering the U. S. service ; after he graduated he came to Cedar Rapids, and has been engaged in the practice of law here ever since; was City Attorney in 1874, and has been U. S. Commissioner since Dec. 29, 1874. Married Jennie H. Pen-y ; she was born in Stark Co., III. ; they have four chil- dren — Katie J., Libbie A., Wm. S. and Alfred D., Jr CoUman, John, gunsmith. Colton, F. B., dealer in pianos and organs. Connatty, Jas. B., railroad engineer. Conner, Patrick, laborer. Consigney, Geo. J., boots and shoes. Cook, Herman L., Conductor. COOK, J. S., of the firm of J. S. Cook & Frick, wholesale grocers, 92 and 94 Iowa av., residence 100 Iowa av. Mr. Cook was born in Argyle, Washington CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 659 Co., N. Y., April 9, 1828; came to Cedar Rapids in July, 1857 ; com- menced wholesale grocery business in Aug. 1857. He married Vealssa L. Burnell, daughter of Madison Burnell, of Jamestown, N. Y.; they have four daughters — Isabel A., Ella, Maggie B. and Sarah. Mr. Cook is a member of the First Presbyterian Church. Cook, James V., policeman. Cook, Thomas, cooper. Cook, Thomas Z., crockery. COOK, WIJLIilAM, Taxpaying Agent for Iowa Railroad Land Co., Iowa Falls and Sioux City Ry. Co., Missouri Valley Land Co., Blairstown Lot and Land Co., Sioux City and Iowa Falls ,• Lot and Land Co., Sioux City and Pacific Ry. Co., MoingonaCoal Co., etc.; office in residence on Sec. 7, Marion Tp„ where he owns 144 acres. Mr. Cook was born in Chester Co., Penn., May 23, 1824; removed to Jasper Co., Iowa, in 1851 ; resided there about eighteen months, then came to Marion ; resided in Marion village and township ever since ; in 1853 and 1854, he was Deputy County Recorder and Treasurer ; in 1859 ^e was elected Recorder and Treasurer of Linn Co. and served in that capacity from Jan. 1, 1860, to Jan. 1,1864; from Jan. 1, 1864, to April, 1870, he was engaged in farming ; he has held his present position since April, 1870. Married Mary C. Swayne, Feb. 17, 1848; she was born Feb. 5, 1828 ; they have had six children, two died in in- fancy ; the living are Mary Elizabeth, Eva, Emma and Charles Henry. Mrs. Cook is a member of the Society of Friends. Cooper, Samuel, merchant. Cooper, W. S., miller. Coulter, J. P., physician. Coulter, Nathaniel, laborer. Crafts, Enoch, lawyer. Craft, Gr. D., (firm of Craft & Bowman). Croghan, Thomas, policeman. Cumer, Delano, carpenter. Cm'less, John M., laborer. DALE, GEORGE, mason. Dale, John, mason. DANIEIilS, liAWSOX, dealer in dry goods and notions. No. 2 N. Com- ' mercial St., corner Iowa av., residence southeast corner Eagle and Monroe sts.; born in N.Brookfield, Mass.,Oct. 4,1828 ; removed to Oakham, Mass., in 1837; resided there four years, then went to Springfield, Mass., where he attended school, and for a short time clerked for the publishers of Webster's Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam ; was in Springfield about two years, then returned to North Brookfield, and remained until the Fall of 1848, when he came to Cedar Rapids and engaged in mercantile business ; continued in same business ever since. Mr. Daniels was Secretary of Cedar Rapids Bridge Co. and Secretary of Cedar Rapids Transportation Co. during its existence; from 1849 to 1853 he was Postmaster of Cedar Rapids ; he is now a director and also Secretary and Treas- urer of the Oak Hill Cemetery Co. Davidson, Wm., blacksmith. Dawley, Darius, compositor. Dawson, L. B., grain merchant. DAWSOX, li. li., grain dealer ; ele- vator and office on C. & N. W. Ry. track, corner Benton St.; residence 135 Greene st.; born in Manchester, Ontario Co., N. Y., Dec. 30, 1837 ; came to Ce- dar Rapids Aug. 31, 1865 ; engaged in present business ever since he came here. He married Eliza A. Stone Nov. 5, 1862 ; she was born in Monroe Co., N. Y.; they have had five children ; one died in infancy ; the living are May, Frederick S., Jessie and Adah. Deacon, Chas. J., attorney. Dean, Geo. W., mechanic. DEAJir, JOHIV F., cashier of the First National Bank ; residence N. E. corner King and Second sts.; born in Raynham, Bristol Co., Mass., June 24, 1817 ; removed to Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y., in 1832 ; lived there twenty- two years, and in July, 1854, came to Cedar Rapids. Mr. Dean has been con- nected with the First National Bank of Cedar Rapi4g since its organization in 1864. He married Charlotte Tay Sept. 8, 1859 ; she was born in Salem, Mass., in Nov., 1833 ; they have one son — Frank P., born Feb. 18, 1862. Mr. and Mrs. Dean are members of the First Presbyterian Church. De Geare, D. H., engineer. Delhi, Amos, teamster. Delhi, Hamilton, mechanic. Denlinger, David, retired. 660 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : Dennis, A. B., surgeon dentist. Derby, E. R., dealer in books, stationery,etc. DEVEWDORF& MASOr, dealers in dry goods, carpets, etc., 29 S. Com- mercial St. Thos. Devendorf was born in Frankfort, Herkimer Co., N. Y., Aug. 25, 1837 ; came to Cedar Eapids in the Pall of 1867 ; he has been a member of the Board of Education five years ; en- gaged in mercantile business ever since he came to this place. He married Re- becca Crosby, of Frankfort, N. Y., May 14, 1861 ; they have two children — Ella and Nella. Mr. Devendorf s resi- dencij is at 140 Franklin avenue. Dilchman, John. Dobrosky, Wenzel, laborer. Donahue, Michael, laborer. DOUGIiAS. GEORGE,of the firm of Stuart & Douglas, proprietors of the North Star Oat Meal Mills, corner John- son and Adams sts.; Mr. D. was bora in the County of Caithness, Scotland, April 17, 1817 ; came to Rochester, N. Y., in 1848 ; from 1848 to 1852, he was actively engaged in the construc- tion of railroads, canals, etc., in Monroe, Livingston, Wyoming and Cattaraugus Cos., N. Y.; in 1852, he came to Chi- cago ; the same year he took a contract for doing stone and mason work for the Illinois Central Railroad Co. at Dixon and in that vicinity ; continued there until 1855 ; he then took contract on the Dubuque & Pacific road, which he completed in about one year ; in Jan., 1857, he took a contract for bridging and grading the Dubuque & Sioux City road at and near Waterloo, Iowa ; went to Austin, Minn., in the Fall of 1858, and took a contract for grading and masonry work of a portion of what was known as the Cedar Valley & Indian- apolis Road ; other contracts for building railroads, etc., by him are as follows : In 1859, masonry work on, part of W. U. Ry. in the vicinity of Davis Station, 111.; some work at Coifin's Grove, same year; in 1860, engaged in doing a por- tion of the work on the Webster County court house, at Ft. Dodge ; grading and masonry work on the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Hy., ten miles, in 1861 ; in 1862 and 1863, engaged in building road from Cedar Rapids to Marion and from Marshalltown to State Center ; grading, ironing, etc., Nevada & Des Moines River road in 1864 and 1865 ; in 1866, he did the grading and masonry work from Des Moines River to Mis- souri River, a distance of 153 miles; did the same work on 103 miles of the Sioux City & Pacific Ry. in 1867 and 1868 ; also built fifty miles from Iowa Falls to Ft. Dodge in 1868 ; 130 miles of work from Ft. Dodtre to Sioux City in 1869 and part of 1870; fifty miles of the Elkhorn Valley Road in 1870 ; went to Texas in Dec, 1870, and was engaged in building 155 miles of road for the International Ry.; built the road, laid the rails, built depots, etc., the entire distance ; after finishing this work, he returned to Cedar Rapids and for one year was not engaged in active business ; in 1874, he engaged in present business ; he is a Director of the Oak Hill Ceme- tery Association. He married Margaret Boyd Nov. 6, 1855 ; she was born in the North of Ireland ; they have three children — George Bruce, born Sept. 21, 1857 ; Walter D., born April 21, 1861, and William Wallace, born in Aug., 1864. Mrs. Douglas is a member of ihe First Presbyterian Church. Dorwart, David, insurance agent. Dorwart, Samuel S., clerk. Dostol, Michael, laborer. Dow, Alphonso, carpenter. Dowd, Peter, laborer. Dows, Stephen L., railroad contractor and real estate dealer. DRAPER, EDWARD C, manu- facturer and dealer in organs, and dealer in pianos of popular manufacturers, 21 S. Commercial street ; residence 97 Dan- iels street. Dudeycha, John, grocer. Dudley, Thomas J., Jr., lawyer. Dusill, Joseph, wagon maker. DVORAK, FRANK, manufac- turer and dealer in boots and shoes, 45 S. Commercial street ; residence on Car- penter street, between Adams and Wash- ington ; born in Bohemia July 28, 1838 ; came to Racine, Wis., in 1854 ; lived there until 1 860, when he came to Cedar Rapids. Married Rosa Kuoera in December, 1 862 ; she was born in Bohemia ; they have three children — Frank, Jr., Annie and Charles. Dvorak, Philip, Sr., harness maker. CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 661 TpAKL, 0. F., carpenter. Earl, E. K., carpenter. Eastlach, John, capitalist. Eastman, A. V., lawyer and insurance agt. EATON, CYRUS W., of the firm of Jones & Eaton, wholesale and retail hard- ware dealers, 48 Iowa avenue ; residence 222 Iowa avenue ; born in Brownington, Orleans Co., Vt., Sept. 21, 1837 ; went to St. Paul, Minn., in 1856 ; lived there until 1858, when he went to Canada; located near Ottawa, and was for five years Superintendent of the Buckingham Lumber Mills ; at the expiration of that time, he returned to Vermont and sgent a few months ; he then went to Colum- bus, Ohio, and was for five years em- ployed as traveling salesman for a whole- sale grocery house of Columbus ; in Feb- ruary, 1869, he came to Cedar Rapids, and has been engaged in the hardware business ever since ; he has been Super- intendent of the Fire Department for the last two years. He married Lydia Taylor, of Marysville, Union Co., Ohio ; they have had one son, Cyrus P., who died in September, 1869, aged about 1 year. Eaton, F. T., foreman Premium Marble Works. Eaton, Mortimer 0., teamster. EDES, J. W., M. D., No. 19 North Washington st. ; born July 17, 1815, in Peterboro, N. H. ; received his early education at Hillsboro, N. H. ; clerked in Boston, Mass., from 1830 to 1833, when he went to Andover, Mass., attending school at the Andover Acade- my three years; in 1836, went to Rich- mond, Va., and entered Richmond Col- lege, remaining two years ; in 1839, went to Fredericksburg, Va., and studied medicine with Wm. F. Browne ; took first course of lectures at Yale College, New Haven, Conn., in 1843, and second course in Hampden, Sidney Co., Va. ; in 1844, he went to Western, Piatt Co., Mo., practicing medicine eleven years ; he came to Cedar Rapids in 1856, since which time he has been actively engaged in his profession. He married Mrs. Ann Cunuipgham in Fredericksburg, Va., in 1840 ; had two children — Ann E. and Edward W. In 1856, married Mrs. Agnes. P. Wood, of Indianapolis, Ind. ; one child — William J. ; married Fannie L. Black, of Blairstown, Iowa, Jan. 11, 1877 ; one child— Edward B. Egermayer, J. J., harness and saddlery. ELY, JOIOir F., DR., Vice Presi- dent of the Union Bank, residence 153 Eagle St. ; born in Rochester, N. Y., June 25, 1821 ; removed to Stock- bridge, Mass., in 18^^3 ; resided there three years, then went to Michigan, where he lived five years ; returned to Rochester, N. Y., and remained three years ; came to Michigan asrain, and lived there two or three years ; came to Cedar Rapids and engaged in the prac- tice of medicine here until he entered the United States service as Surgeon of the 24th I. V. I. ; he was Medical Director of Piske's Division, also Act- ing Director of Hovey's Division. The Doctor is one of the Directors of the Union Bank and of the First National Bank of Cedar Rapids; he was for several years Treasurer of the B., C. R. & N. R. R. Co. ; for a long time he was one of the Directors of the C, R. & Mo. River R. R. Co., and has always taken an active interest in the railroad and other enterprises which had a tend- ency to benefit Cedar Rapids, being a stockholder in nearly every company that hsis been organized which would be likely to advance the public interests here. He married Mary A. Ely in January, 1853; she was born in Ver- mont ; they have two children — John S. and Mary D. The Doctor, his wife and daughter are members of the First Presbyterian Church. Emerson, C. P., bookkeeper. EMERSOST, J. WEBSTER, dealer in agricultural implements, seeds, etc.. No. 27 North Commercial st. ; boards on Iowa av. at H. L. Palmer's; born in Youngstown, Niagara Co., N. Y., Dec. 4, 1841 ; removed to Wy- oming Co., N. Y., in 1852 ; lived there until 1859, then went to Allegany Co., N. Y., where he remained until 1866, when he came to Mitchell, Mitchell Co., Iowa; in 1873, he went to Ely, Iowa, and was engaged in the lumber business at that point until January, 1877 ; he then came here and engaged in his present business. He married Mary A. Beam; she died Feb. 1, 1878 ; one 662 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: child now living — Jennie E., born Aug. 31, 18*76. Mr. Emerson is a member of the Congregational Church. Emory, 0. P., retired. Engleman, George H., grocer. Epley, Henry V., contractor, builder and brick maker. Eperson, Wm. W., teamster. Ernst, August, butcher. Eskra, Jos., Sr., laborer. Eskra, Joseph, Jr., laborer. Everett, A. B., salesman. Tj^AIR, JAMES, wood turner. Fassett, E. K., school teacher. Fawcett, Jonas, mason. Ferguson, Cyrus E., painter. Ferguson, H. V., Sec'y Moingona Coal Co. Field, Jonas, painter. Fienke, Charles, blacksmith. Fischer, Henry, laborer. Fitz, Wiley, retired. FliANAGAlV, WIIiL-IAM, bag- gage agent at Cedar Rapids for the C. & N. W. Ry. Co. ; residence 156 Iowa avenue ; born in Bedford Co., Penn., June 23, 1830; removed with his parents to Ohio, in 1834 ; lived in Ohio until 1861, when he came to Clarence, Cedar Co., Iowa ; residence there until he came to Cedar Rapids, in 1871 ; he has been connected with the C. & N. W. Ry. Co. since he came here. Married Lydia A. Korn Sept. 2, 1852 ; she was born in Holmes Co., Ohio ; they have had four children, lost two ; the living are Frank E. and Cora B. He is a prominent member of the Masonic societies here ; charter member of Apollo Commandery, No. 26 ; he is also Re- ceiver of Linn Lodge, No. 121, A. 0. of U. W. Fluke, Philip, carpenter. Flynn, Peter, landlord. Foley, J. W., mason. FOOTE, AliBERT B., local agent of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railway Co.; residence corner Daniels and Martha sts.; born in Mad- rid, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., May 16, 1833; lived in that county until 1869. Mr. Foote was connected with the Og- densburg & Lake Champlain Railway Co., and the Rome, Watertown & Ogdens- burg Railway Co. from 1855 to the Fall of 1867 ; in 1869, he removed to Austin, Minn. ; resided there until April 12, 1873; then came to Cedar Rapids ; while in Minnesota he was con- nected with the Minnesota & St. Paul Railway Co.; he also represented the B., C. R. & N. Co., after its road was com- pleted to Austin ; he has held present position since he came to Cedar Rapids; he is at the present time Alderman of the Fifth Ward. Married Amanda L. Ricksicker Dec. 16, 1870 ; she was born at Bethlehem., Penn. Mr. and, Mrs. Foote are members of the Second Pres- byterian Church. ForHyce, Caldwell, manufacturer of office ^esks and show cases. Fort, Hiram P., bookkeeper. Forsythe, Henry M., machinist. Fosdick, Gr. W., boarding house. Fox, Jacob, carpenter. Foy, James G., millwright. Francis, P. H., Constable. Frazee, John D., carpenter. Frees, William, boarding house. FRICK, P. C, of the firm of J. S. Cook & Frick, wholesale gi'ocers, 92 and 94 Iowa avenue ; residence 234 Eagle street ; he was born in Williamsville , Erie Co., N. Y., Sept. 19, 1837 ; vent to California in 1859 ; remained there until 1866, then came to Cedar Rapids. The firm of J. S. Cook & Frick was organized in 1871. He married Kate Dewey, of Sylvania, Ohio ; they have two daughters — Ada E. and May. Frisk, John, laborer. Frost, Geo. A., carpenter. FRY, JOHN M., proprietor of meat market, 67 Iowa avenue, opposite Grand Hotel ; residence, Iowa avenue born in Virginia March 21, 1835 removed to Ottawa, 111., in 1856 lived there until 1863, then went to Oshkosh, Wis., where he resided until 1865, then came to Clinton, Iowa, where he remained until he came to Cedar Rapids in 1876. Married Mary B. Wagner ; she was born in Aurora, 111. ; they have two children — Eugene L. and Jessie B. FUI.IiENWIDER,W. H., was born in Montgomery Co., Ind., in 1848 ; when he was 8 years of age he moved with his father to Benton Co., this State. He married Miss M. C. Labo, in this county, in 1876 ; she CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 663 was born in this county near Cedar Rapids in 1852 ; her grandfather, Jacob Labo, was a native of Kentucky ; he settled in this county in 1838 ; he was the first settler west of Big Creek in this county. Furman, Geo. A., laborer. r^ ABLER, CHRISTIAN, grocer. C}AIK£R, THOU AS, retired; residence on First street ; born Nov. 5, 1807, in Westmoreland Co., Penn. ; in Feb., 1837, came to St. Joseph Co., Mich. ; on June 18, 1839, came to Cedar Rapids; he owns twenty-nine acres of land at his old homestead ; also sixty acres of timber land ; there were but two log cabins in the Rapids when he first came here. Married Rosanna Johnson in 1837 in Westmoreland Co., Penn., and died in 1840 ; they had the first white child born in the Rapids. Second marriage to Catharine Lewis in 1843 ; she was born Feb. 21, 1804, in Greene Co., Penn. Pleasant P. Harris enlisted in the late war. Gallagher, Henry, laborer. Gammon, George, salesman. Garlow, Thomas, mason. Garrison, R. M., butcher. Gates, John, boots and shoes. George, A. B., wholesale dealer in boots and shoes. Giddigs, T. J., druggist. Gillett, D. L. Gilmore, R. H., attorney. Goodrich, J. E., prop. Valley City House. Gonden, Louis N., traveler. Gordon, Patrick, laborer. Glennon, Richard, helper. Glover, Chas. R., teamster. Glyn, Michael, car repairer. CrRAVES, J. (w., bookseller and sta- tioner, 29 Iowa av. ; residence 172 Eagle street ; born in Westford Tp., Ot- sego Co., N. Y., March 27, 1832; ci.me to Warren, Jo Daviess Co., 111., in the Spring of 1854 ; remained there until the Pall of 1862, then came to. Cedar Rapids ; remained here until the Spring of 1863, tlien went to Waterloo, Black Hawk Co., Iowa ; lived there two years, then removed to Mechanicsville, where he remained two years and three months, then came to Cedar Rapids, and has been engaged in his present business ever since. Mr. Graves mamed Sarah Coltrin ; she was born in Ohio. They are members of the M. E. Church. Green, Alfred, tinner. Greene, E. M., lumber merchant. GREEXE, GEORGE, HOX^ banker. Cedar Rapids ; was born at Alton, Staffordshire, Eng., April 15, 1817 ; his father, Robert Greene, emi- grated to America with his family in 1819 ; they settled in Western New York. Robert Greene died there when the subject of this sketch was but 8 years- of age ; although being dependent on his own resources to procure the means to de- fray the expense of an education, he was not satisfied with the knowledge to be ac- quired in the common schools of his State, but by dint of extraordinary exertions, he was enabled to pursue a more extended course of study ; he spent one year at the Carysville, Collegiate Seminary in Genesee Co.; one year at the Aurora Academy, Erie Co., and two years at French's Collegiate Institute at Gen- eva, N. Y. He read law with Hon. George P. Baker, in Buffalo, ard in 1838, came to Davenport, Iowa ; spent six months with David J. Owen in making geological surveys: he then came to Ivanhoe,Linn Co. ; taught school there in the Winter ; in 1840, he was ad- mitted to the bar; soon afterward, he went to Marion and was engaged in practice there five years ; during that period, he was member of the Territorial Council two sessions; in 1845, he re- moved to Dubuque, formed a law part- nership with J. J. Dyer, the firm name being Greene & Dyer. Mr. Greene also edited and published the Miners' Express, at Dubuque, for two years. He served eight years as Judge of the Su- preme Court of the State ; in 1 851 , he re- moved to Cedar Rapids. (Some ten years previously, hehad, with other parties, be- come interested in the site of the town, having purchased claims and made some improvements.) Since he came to Ce- dar Rapids his energies have been de- voted to business interests principally ; he has been foremost in all enterprises having a tendency to advance the inter- ests of Cedar Rapids ; banking, manu- facturing and railway interests have re- ceived special attention from him, al- 664 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY: though the educational interests have not been neglected ; his liberality has been displayed in that direction to a large degree ; for ability, large hearted- ness and enterprise, no man can be found who is superior to Judge Greene. His first wife was Harriet Merrit, daughter of Dr. Jesse Merrit, of Buf- falo, N. Y.; they were married May 30, 1838 ; she died in Dubuque April 25, 1850, leaving two surviving chil- dren, one son and a daughter. In Feb., 1855, Judge Greene married his pres- ent wife — Miss Frances R. Graves, daughter of Calvin Graves, of Coopers- town, N. Y.; they have seven children. Greene, Wm., silver miner. Gregor, Chas., tailor Gregor, Wenzel, carpet weaver. Groiek, Jos., laborer. Groundwater, Wm., laborer. Grumm, John, laborer. TTAINES, JAS. M., painter. Hayney, Frank, carpenter. Hayney, Frank, Jr., carpenter. Hayney, John, blacksmith. Hajek, Joseph, dealer in lime stone and brick. Hall, Marcus M., carpenter. Hall, P. E'., Vice President and Auditor of Iowa Railroad Land Co. Hall, Eobt. C, blacksmith. Hall, Wm., teamster. Haman, Geo. C. wholesale druggist. HAMIIiTON, JOHX T., Mayor, and member of the firm of Hamilton & Amidon, dealers in agricultural imple- ments, seeds, coal, etc. ; warehouse and office No. 50 Iowa av. ; resides northwest corner ot Monroe and Greene street. Mr. H. was born in Geneseo, Henry Co., 111., Oct. 16, 1843 ; came to Cedar Rapids Feb. 2, 1868 ; he has been en- gaged in present business ever since he came here. Married Sarah A. Jones Oct. 16, 1873, in Argentuyle, Canada ; they have two children — James E. and Phoebe F. Hamilton, W., grocer. Hammil, John H , drayman. Hampton, Wm. S., mechanic. Hancock, A. G., tailor. Hansen, Jesse, laborer. Harman, Warren, insurance agent. Hamer, Adam, contractor and builder. Hams, Daniel A., yardman. HART, CASPER J., of the firm of Hart Bros., lumber dealers; resi- dence corner Brown and Washington streets; born in Frederick City, Md., Feb. 4, 1839 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1855 ; engaged in his present business since 1868. In July, 1862, Mr. Hart enlisted in Co. I., 20th I. V. I., and served until the regiment was mustered out at Mobile, Alabama, in July, 1865 ; he was in every engagement that his regiment participated in ; during his term of service he never was in the hospital and never had a furlough. He married Olive P. Emery, Dec. 18, 1873; she was born in Pike Co., Penn. ; they have two children — Oliver Casper and Jacob Adam. HART, JACOB A., of the firm of Hart Bros., dealers in lumber, sash, doors, blinds, etc., yards corner Wash- ington and Johnson sts., and corner Commercial st. and Park av.; residence corner Greene and Washington streets. Mr. Hart was born in Frederick City, Md., Nov. 18, 1831 ; came to Cedar Rapids in April, 1855; engaged in lum- ber business for the last twenty years. He is foreman of Independent Hose Co. of this city. He married Eleanor L. Haller October, 1855 ; she was born in Frederick City, Md.; they have had four children; one son died in infancy; the living are Mary M. (now Mrs. Wm. B.) Watts of this place. Eleanor L. and Fannie B. Mr. Hart and his familyare all members of the Lutheran Church. Hartley, George. Hartley, Solomon H., landlord. Hasek, Andrew, cabinet maker. Hasek, Frank, tailor. Hauser, Louis, laborer. HAWKINS, C. W., blacksmith, 71 S. Commercial St.; born in Forestville, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., June 8, 1824; removed to Crystal Lake, III, in 1859 ; lived there seven years, then went to Pocahontas Co., Iowa ; lived there three years, then went to Dubuque, Iowa; came to Cedar Rapids in Jan., 1878. Married Maria Heaton, in 1845; she was born at Silver Creek, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.,in 1826; they have four children — Mary A. (now Mrs. M. B. Brink), Francis (now Mrs. A. A. CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 665 Thomas), Clara, (now Mrs. M. D. Skinner, and Grace. Mrs. Hawkins is a member of the Christian Church. Hawthorne,*.Sampson, miller. Hemmenway, G. H., carpenter. HEXDERISOX, JOHIV B., Sec retary of Farmers' Insurance Co.; oflftce in P. 0. Block ; residence 254 Iowa av.; born in College Township, Linn Co., Iowa, March 31, 1854. Mr. Henderson has been connected with the Farmers' Insurance Co. about eight years ; he has been Secretary of the Company since October, 1875. He married Helen Emery Oct. 7, 1875 ; she was born in Pennsylvania; they have one child — Edward P., born July 18, 1876. Mrs. Henderson is a member of the Episcopal Church. HENDERSO^r, JOH9f W., Treasurer of the Farmers' Insurance Co.; office in P. 0. Block, corner Eagle and Washington sts.; resides at 180 Linn St. Mr. H. was born in Dover, Stewart Co., Tenn., July 26, 1819 ; removed to Putnam Co., 111., in 1836 ; came to College Township, Linn Co., Iowa, in 1853 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1865 ; he has been engaged in farming and mercantile business since he came to the county ; was member of the Board of Supervisors while a resident of College Tp.; he has been connected with the Farmers' Insurance Co. since 1867. Hennigan, J. B., confectioner. Herkner, Anton, Jr., baker. Hergeshamer, S.; mason. Heme, Fred., carpenter. Hesse, John, wagon manufacturer. Higley, Edward. HIGIiE Y, HARVEY GRAXT, was born at Granby, Hartford Co., Conn., Sept. 1, 1824; in 1841, he removed to Bloomington, 111., but did not remain long in that place ; the following year, 1842, he became satisfied that the re- ports circulated respecting Linn Co. were not exaggerated, and joined the throng of men bound westward ; he first located at Marion, for Cedar Bapids was then but an 'imaginative city ; he arrived at that village on the 10th day of April, of the above year, and there engaged in the manufacture of fanning mills, asso- ciating with his elder brother, Henry, in that business ; the newness of the coun- try rendered it impossible to secure a very extended trade in the business he had chosen, for in those days one might travel a whole day without encountering a white man, if the regular line of im- migration was departed from ; in 1845, Mr. Higley removed to Cedar Eapids ; in all matters of trade and speculation the two brothers were closely identified up to the time of Henry's death, which occurred in 1866 ; they bought the line of stages from Dubuque to Iowa City in the late '40's, and also owned a livery stable at Cedar Rapids ; Henry went to California in 1849, but upon his re- turn, after an absence of some ten years, both united the result of their business ventures ; in 1850, Mr. H. engaged in the grocery trade, and ultimately in- creased the scope of his business. Nov. 7, 1849, Mr. Higley was married to Miss Annah Bishop, daughter of Homer and Martha Smith Bishop, formerly of Bristol, Conn., who moved to Muscatine in 1840, and to Cedar Rapids in 1847 ; Mr. Bishop was for eight years Post- master of the latter ciiy ; Mrs. Higley's mother died in Jan., 1849.. The wedding ceremony of Mr. Higley and Miss Bishop was performed by Rev. R. Roberts, the original Presbyterian clergyman of Ce- dar Rapids ; the union of these persons was blessed by nine children, i'our of ■ whom died in infancy ; those still living are Henry G., born Feb. 16, 1851 ; El- mer A., born Nov. 19, 1856; Mort J., born Oct. 25, 1861 ; Louis K., born May 8, 1866, and Albert H., born Sept. 28,1871. Mr. Higley was a prominent man in all matters afiiecting the interests of the city and was highly respected ; he died suddenly, in 1878. HIGLEY, HEUTRY E. (deceased) ; was born July, 1818, at West Granby, Conn. ; his ancestors settled in that neighborhood about the year 1636 ; he came to Linn Co., in 1842 ; moved to Cedar Rapids, in 1844. He was married twice ; first wife was Mary, daughter of Dr. Morgan, of Hartford Co., Conn. ; she died in Marion, in 1847 ; second wife -was Hannah E., daughter of Nathan Emery, of Pike Co., Penn; after the death of his first wife, he went to California ; returning in a year or so, he embarked in business in which he 2i 666 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: actively continued until the time of .his death, Aug. 6, 1868; was buried with Masonic honors ; his funeral was largely attended by all .classes, who joined in lamenting his death. He was the father of three children ; a son by the first wife, and a son and daughter by his second wife ; but one, the second son, survives him. HlGIiEY, HENRY €}., general commission merchant, 55 S. Washington street ; residence 40 Benton street ; born in Cedar Rapids, Feb. 16, 1851 ; he was educated at Yale College, and was admitted to the bar of this State in 1876. He married Ella M. Nye Sept. 28, 1874 ; she was born in Boston, Mass. ; they have two children — Arthur R. and. Mabel M. Mrs. Higley is a member of the Episcopal Church. HIGLEY, M. A., of the firm of Higley & Bro., 9 and US. Commercial street ; residence southwest cor. Adams street and Franklin avenue ; he was born in Hartford, Conn., April 10, 1838; came with his parents to Bloom- ington. 111., in 1841 ; in 1842, removed to Marion, Linn Co., Iowa ; resided there until 1848, when he came to Cedar Rapids, in 1855; from 1855 to 1857 he resided at Waverly, Iowa ; in Woodson Co., Kansas, from 1857 to 1858 ; then returned to Cedar Rapids. He enlisted in Co. A, 15th I. V. I., Sept. 17, 1861 ; commissioned First Lieutenant of the company, October 28, 1861 ; in February, 1862, he was pro- moted Quartermaster of the 15th Regi- ment ; in October, 1862, he was assigned to the staff of Gen. McKean, Quarter- master of the Sixth Division, Army of the Tennessee ; assigned to staff of Gen. Ord, as Acting Commissary of Sub- sistence, October, 1862 ; assigned to duty as Acting Commissary of the Left Wing of the Army of the Tennessee, on staff of Geli. McPherson, Nov. 26, 1862 ; promoted to Commissary of Sub- sistence, rank of Captain, on staff of Gen. McPherson, and Chief Commis, sary of the 17 th Army Corps, January- 1863 ; ordered to Cairo, 111., to take position of Depot Commissary ; remained thel-e until April, 1863, when he was ordered to report to Gen. Washburn, at Memphis, Tenn. ; he was assigned to the duty of Depot Commissary, at Memphis; he was mustered out in May, 1863; he was reappointed as Captain, Commissary of Subsistence, in the Spring of 1864, but declined to serve ; although in the Quartermaster's Department, he was in the field during his service, and received from the generals under whom he served flatter- ing mention for meritorious conduct. Mr. H. engaged in the hardware busi- ness in February, 1864, with P. W. Zeigler ; in 1865, he became a member of the firm ; butin 1866,bothMr. Zeigler and H. E. Higley retired from the firm, and the firm of Higley & Bro. (com- posed of W. W. & M. A. Higley) was organized, and they have conducted the hardware business since that time. He has been a member of the Board of Education since 1875. He married Lucy L. Sheets Feb. 19, 1863, at Blackberry, Kane Co., 111. ; she was born in Wattsburg, Erie Co., Penn., Aug. 20, 1844; they have three daughters — Mary L., Carrie J. and Flora B. Mrs. Higley is a member of the Second Presbyterian Church. HIGIiEY, W. W., of the firm of Higley & Bro., dealers in hardwarSf stoves, etc., 9 and US. Commercial street ; residence Eagle street ; born in West Granby, Conn., July 14, 1831 ; came to Bloomington, III., in July, 1841 ; removed to Marion, Linn Co., Iowa, in April, 1842 ; came to Cedar Rapids, in 1844 ; clerked for Greene & Bro., from 1849 to 1856; he then engaged in the lumber business, which he carried on until 1857 ; from 1858 to 1860, he was in the livery business with 0. McClelland ; in same business with his brother, H. G. Higley, from 1860 to 1866; they also engaged m general merchandise during the same period ; since 1866, he has been asso- ciated with his brother, M. A. Higley, in the hardware trade. He married Jane E. Farnum April 8,. 1858; she was born in Graflon, Worcester Co., Mass ; they have three children — Jessie E., born Sept. 17, 1861 ; Charles W., born March 18, 1866, and William M., born July 24, 1874. They are mem- bers of the Second Presbyterian Church. Hildebrand, Jacob, lumber dealer. CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 667 Hill, Bphraim S., attorney. Hines, Michael, wiper B., C. K. & N. Ry. Hinkley, I. B., merchant. . Hinkley, J. H., laborer. Hodge, Henry, mason. Hodges, James, carpenter. Hoffer, Louis, engineer. Holcomb, Wm., contractor and builder. Hell an, George, laborer. HoUan, Joseph, landlord. Higus, Andrew, engineer. Hollan, Samuel, drayman. HALIiGNBECK, PETER, Agt. of the C. & N. W. Ky. Co., resi- dence No. 222 Iowa av. ; born in Shar- on, Schoharie Co., N. Y., July 7, 1834; came to Chicago in September, 1855 ; became connected with the C. & N. W. Ry. Co. at that time, and has been in the employ of the same company ever since ; came t'> Maquoketa, Iowa, in 1870 ; in 1871, went to Anamosa, where he remained until the Spring of 1874, when he came to Cedar Rapids. Mr. HoUenbeck's present wife was Miss Edna Diggins ; they were married in April, 1863 ; she was born near Har- vard, McHenry Co., 111. ; they have had two children, both deceased — Alice died in August, 1873, aged 6 years ; the other died in infancy. Mr. Hollen- beok was first married to Samanda R. Lawrence, of Booneville, Oneida Co., N. Y., March 7, 1857 ; she died April 10, 1860 ; one son by this marriage — Edward L., born in March, 1860; he is still living. Holmes, Robert, ex-editor. Hooper, Elias T., ice dealer. HOOVER, CYRUS W., Cy's Store,. 17 South Commercial st. ; born in Wayne Co., Ohio, July 19, 1833 ; came to Iowa in 1855, and resided at Muscatine twelve years, at Marengo two years,' Iowa City nine years, and came to Cedar Rapids in 1877, where he engaged in his present business. He married Elmira Dunham, of Muscatine, Iowa, in the Autumn of 1 865 ; has two children — Clara and Frank. Horak, Frank, Sr., laborer. Horak, Frank, Jr., grocery and saloon. Horak, Rudolph, laborer. Horsky, Hynek, tailor. Horsner, Frank, laborer. HOWEIili, E. W., of the firm of B. W. Howell & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in millinery and fancy goods, notions, etc., 56, 58 and 60 Iowa av., residence on Eagle st. ; born in Bellville, Ontario, Sept. 18, 1846 ; re- moved to Chillicothe, 111., in 1862; lived there two years, then went to Aurora, 111., where he resided four years ; engaged in the mercantile business ; in 1869, came to Cedar Rapids; engaged in dry goods trade here until ] 873, when he embarked in his present business. He married Annie B. Martin Oct. 15, 1874: she was born in Newburg, N. Y. Mrs. Howell is a member of the Pres- byterian Church. Howland, B. F., leather and saddlery hard- ware. HOWLiBTT, G. M., 234 Park av., with T. M. Wilcox, loan agent ; was born Sept. 5, 1831, in Onondaga Co., N. Y.; in 1838, went to Lee Co., 111., where he lived till 1855, when he came to Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; followed book- keeping for H. Gr. Angle & Co., millers, from 1855 to 1864 ; was Postmaster from then till 1871 ; from Sept., 1871, till Feb., 1872, sold goods for I. N. Isham ; July 1, 1872, commenced with T. A. Wilcox, as assistant, where he has remained till the present. Hubbard, N. M., attorney. HUFF, JAMES, of the firm of Hufi' & St. John, manufacturers of S. H. St. John's Patent Barb Wire ; man- ufactory on Linn St., between Commer- cial and Washington ; residence corner Brown and Jefferson sts.; born in Sulli- van Co., Ind., Oct. 14, 1827 ; removed to Inland Tp., Cedar Co., Iowa, about the year 1850 ; engaged in farming there for five years ; he then moved to Tipton, in the same county ; he was engaged in mercantile business there and was Jus- tice of the Peace, etc.; he rpsided" in Tipton until 1861, when he moved to Clarence, same county ; engaged in mer- cantile and grain business at Clarence for several years. Mr. Hufi' was station agent of the C. & N. W. Ry. Co. at Ce- dar Rapids for four years ; also agent of the B., C. R. & N. Ry. Co. at Traer and Independence four years. He married Maria Clark May 3, 1849 ; she was born in Vigo Co., Ind.; they have six chil- DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : dren — Sarah (now Mrs. 0. P. Fassett, of California), Nellie M. (now Mrs. H. J. St. John, of Cedar Rapids), Charles, Maggie, Emma and Mabel. Mr. and Mrs. Huff are members of the First Presbyterian Church. Mr. Huff insti- tuted the following A., F. & A. M. lodges : Euclid Lodge, No. 177, at Clarence, Iowa, and Hesperia Lodge, No. 340, at Traer, Iowa ; he is also one of the char- ter members of the Apollo Commandery at Cedar Rapids. HULIi, O. N., real estate, 26 S. Com- mercial St.; residence 48 Jefferson St.; born in Queensburg, Warren Co., N. Y., July 10, 1833 ; removed to St. Lawrence Co.; N. Y., in 1858 ; resided there until he came to Cedar Rapids in 1873 ; he has been engaged in mercantile business and dealing in real estate and extensively en- gaged in building since he came here ; in 1873, he built four houses here; in 1874, he erected nine; in 1875, forty; in 1876, thirty-seven and in 1877, thirty- five, making a total of 125 buildings put up by him in the last five years. Hutchins, Geo. R., carpenter. Hunter, Jesse, real estate. Hunting, H. F., lumber dealer. NDRA, JOHN, railroad employe. r Isham, I. N., merchant. "T ACKSON, ANDREW, tailor. Jackson, Geo. W., carpenter. Jackson, Spencer, Street Commissioner. Jacobs, A. A., traveler. Janda, John, cigar manufacturer. Janda, Wenzel, painter. Jenkins, L. E., mechanic. Johnsen, Isaac, shoemaker. Johnsen, Orwer, blacksmith. Johnsen, Oloff, baker. Jones, Charles J., bookkeeper. Jones, David M., merchant. Jones, F. P., laborer. Jones, 0. C. L., wholesale hardware mer- chant, firm of Jones & Eaton. Jones, William, cook. Jones, William, laborer. Jordan, W. E., laborer. TT" ARLEH, THOMAS, shoemaker. Kaspar, Anton, laborer. Kasson, W.O ., stair builder. Keeoh, Philo, grocer. Kennedy, Charles B., mason. Kennedy, James, brick-layer. Kennedy, Patrick, laborer. KEYEIS, AL.VIN C, wholesale dealer in groceries, etc., 23 S. Commer- cial St., residence , Iowa av. Mr. K. was born in Conneaut, Ashta- bula Co., Ohio, Oct. 25, 1822 ; came to Cedar Rapids in the Spring of 1856 ; he has been engaged in the grocery busi- ness ever since he came here. Married M. A. Rupp June 2, 1863 ; she was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio; they have seven children— Alvin S., Samuel Clif- ford, Harry H., Edith R., Prank W., George C. and Stephen L. Mr. and Mrs. Keyes are members of the Episco- pal Church. Kiggen, Jacob T., canvasser. KIIiBOR]^, W. F., photographer, 1 and 3 S. Commercial st., corner Iowa av., residence 153 Washington St.; born in Ontario Feb. 28, 1834; came to Cedar Rapids, June 15, 1864. Mr. Kilborn has been engaged in taking pictures since 1853. He married Buger nia M. Sherwood ; she was born in Pennsylvania, ; they have two children living — William and Julia. Mrs. K. is a member of the Baptist Church. King, George S., laborer. King, William, machinist. Kimbrough, James W., laborer. KIWITEY, J. B., physician and surgeon. No. 9, N. Adams st., opposite the Grand Hotel, residence 104 Eagle St.; born in Littleton, N. H., Nov.. 30, 1834 ; removed with parents to Vienna, Ontario Co., N. Y., in 1835. The Doc- tor graduated from Union College, Class of 1862 ; he then took a Laboratory Course at the same institution ; went to California and was for six months, in 1864, Professor of Chemistry in the College of California at Oakland ; from . 1864 to 1869 he was the Analytical Chemist for the Sugar Refiners of San Francisco, also acting for two Honolulu Guano Companies, as chemist, from 1869 to 1870. In 1870 he went to New York City, and after attending a full three-years course at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, he graduated in the Class of 1872 and 1873, being the vale- dictorian of the class ; he then went to Europe and spent a year in the hospi- CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 669 tals at Wurzburg; he took a regular course of hospital work, giving attention to female diseases, surgery and the treat- ment of diseases of the ear. He then went to Vienna, where he was con- nected with the General Hospital of the University of Vienna ; engaged in treat- ment of lungs, eye and ear. The Doctor came to Cedar Eapids in August, 1874 ; he is surgeon for the B., C. R. & N. Ry. Co., and examining surgeon for several Life Ins. Cos. He married Sarah C. DimondDec. 13, 1866; she was born at Honolulu, Sandwich Islands; they have had seven children ; one son died in infancy ; the living are Edward H., Millie S., Helen J., Anna, Francis Gr. and Jesse. The Doctor and his wife are members of the First Presbyterian Church. Kinent, Joseph, laborer. Kirk wood, Robert W., carpenter. Klobek, Anton, laborer. Klobek, Frank, laborer. Klobak, John, laborer. Knicek, Joseph, laborer. Knowles, A. D., trader. KIVOX, SAMUEL, G., with T. M. Sinclair, pork packer ; born at ■ Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 9, 1843; re- moved to Kansas in 1870 ; was connected with the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Ry. Co. three years, and came to Cedar Rapids in 1873 ; he has been con- ' nected with the packing house of T. M. Sinclair ever since he came here. Mar- ried Vena C. Young Feb. 23, 1875 ; she was born in Fredericksburg, Va.; they have two children — Sinclair, born Dec. 17, 1875, and Charles Stuart, born May 21, 1877. Mr. and Mrs. Knox are members of the Episcopal Church. Kocourek, Wenzel, tailor. Koffman, Joseph. Koffran, Frank. Koffron, Wenzel, laborer. Konicek, Frank, tailor. KoUer, G-corge, physician Kooser, John J., teamster. Kopecky, F. J., counselor. Kopfecky, Ignatz, tinner. Kopetsky, John, tailor. KOZLOVSKY, JOSEPH H., saloon, Iowa av.: born in Kossuth, Manitowoc Co., Wis., Oct. 14, 1858; came to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1865, and to Cedar Rapids in 1869 ; his father came to this country from Bohemia in 1845; keeps hotel corner of Washington and Linn sts. Koslosky, W. J., pro. Cedar Rapids House. Kouba, Wenael, shoemaker. Koutney, Joseph, carpenter. Kracek, Frank, laborer. Kracer, Joseph, laborer. Krecmar, Frank, cabinet maker. Krecmar, Joseph, cigar maker. Krecmar, Wenzel. Krajsa, Ignatz, laborer. Krenek, Jos , laborer. Krolek, Joseph, laborer. Kuba, Wit, laborer. Kubat, Wenzel, carpenter. Kubias, Frank, laborer. Kubiceh, Frank, saloon keeper. Kucera, Daniel, retired. Kuderna, Wenzel, laborer. Kurka, Frank, carpenter. T ANGEN, JOHN. Langhan, Wm., school teacher. Lapham, H. M., prop. St. James Hotel. JLARIHEB, EDWIN K., whole- sale and retail dealer in heavy hardware, carriage and wagon material, 24 S. Com- mercial St.; residence 134 Park av., op- posite First Presbyterian Church. Mr. L. was born in Pittsburgh, Penn., Sept. 19, 1842 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1869. Married Mary E. Dunlap, of Ripley, Ohio ; they have three children — Edwin J., Joseph A. and Mary B. Mr. and Mrs. Larimer are members of the Second Presbyterian Church. Mr. L. was Alderman of the Second Ward in 1876 and 1877. Lawrence, Alexander, Coroner. Lawrence, A. S., bookkeeper. Lawrence, Geo. A., clerk. Leach, E. E., Supt. Farmers' Mfg. Co. Leach, Wm. B., Judge Superior Court. Leusch, Wm., grocer. Leonard A. D., carpenter. Lessinger, Frank, shoemaker. Lessinger, George, carpenter. Leverich, Sylvester, traveler. Lewis, Thos J , mason. LIDDIiE, JOHN T., dealer in dry goods, clothing, boots, shoes, etc., 26 South Commercial street ; born in Salem, Washington Co., N. Y., Oct. 29, 1842 ; removed to Marshalltown, Iowa, in 1867, 670 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: engaged in business there for two years, then went to Nevada, Iowa, where he re- mained five years ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1873 ; Mr. L. has been engaged in mercantile pursuits eighteen years, eleven years in business for himself He mar- ried Emma J. Goodwin, Dec. 24, 1872 ; she was born at Batavia, Kane Co., 111. She is a member of the First Presbyte- rian Church. Lightner, Jos., carpenter. Lighty, David, millwright. Lilly, Charles E., teamster.. Lilly, Samuel A., laborer. Lincoln, Greo. A., retired merchant. Lipawsky, Frank, laborer. Listenbarger, E. P., cabinet maker. LivingstOD, Hezekiah, mason. Lobenstein, L., c'othier. Loomis, John F., policeman. Lovejoy, P]. B., shipping clerk. Lovell, Richard. Lowery, Clement J. G., Pastor Roman Catholic Church. Lucore, Bassett J., bookkeeper. Lucore, George, drayman. liYMAN, JAMES E., County Sur- veyor and City Engineor ; oflGices in the City Hall, Cedar Rapids, and Court House, Marion ; residence on north side of Eagle street, first house east of Polk street ; Mr. Lyman was born in Northfield, Franklin Co., Mass., Feb. 14, 1848 ; removed to Iowa in 1868 ; he was connected with the Burling- ton, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Rail- way Co., as civil engineer about five years. He has been City Engineer of Cedar Rapids four years, and is now serv- ing second term as County Surveyor. He married Martha E. Day, Feb. 27, 1872 ; she was born in Royalston, Wor- cester Co., Mass. ; they have one child —Harry W., born March 10, 1873. Mr. and Mrs. Lyman are members of the First Presbyterian Church. Lynch, James, laborer. liYNCH, JEREMIAH, resides at 236 Iowa avenue ; he was admitted to the bar in March, 1867 ; commenced prac- ticing in Blairstown the same month ; continued there until March, 1877, when he came to Cedar Rapids. He married Carrie Kirby, in Cedar Rapids, Oct. 15, 186;i. Lynch, T. T., conductor C. & N. W. R. R. Lyon G. W., wholesale milliner. L.YON, HIRAM A., of the firm of Lyon, Tomlinson & Co., wholesale dealers in hats, caps, furs, straw goods, gents' furnishing goods, etc., 56 and 58 Iowa ave. ; residence southeast cor. Jef- ferson street and Franklin avenue ; bOrn in Williamsport, Penn., in 1843; when he was about 12 years of age he moved with his parents to Ohio, and to Rochester, Ind., in 1856 ; lived there until he came to Cedar Rapids, in 1870 ; he has been engaged in present business ever since he came here. He married Charlotte J. S. Shaifer, of Rochester, Ind. ; they have two children — MoUie and Benjamin G. They are members of the M. E. Church. IV /TcBURiSrEY, WILLIAM, gardener. McCall, Henry, laborer. McCIiAIlV, W. O., dealer in staple and fancy groceries, 12 S. Washington street ; residence Eagle street, near Har- rison ; born in Galesburg, 111., June 29) 1849 ; removed to Milan, 111., with his parents when he was about 9 years of age; came to Marion, in 1865; lived there until 1867, when he went to Maquoketa, where he was engaged in mercantile business five years ; he then came to Cedar Rapids, and has been in the grocery business ever since. He married Ella E. Knittle Feb. 20, 1869 ; they have one child, Frank 0. ; born Jan. 22, 1872. McClelland, A. C., agent cigars, etc. McCIiEIiliAND, DR. F., was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., on the banks of the Layalhannah, Nov. 28, 1830 ; his father, who was a miller by occupation, died when the subject of this sketch was but three years old, and his mother when he was fourteen ; left an orphan at this early age, and cast upon his own resources for a livelihood, his boyhood days were a continuous struggle ; he found employment for a time with farmers ; at the age of 15, he went into a store, in the village of Maiiison, where he remained two years, gaining considerable busi- ness knowl'dge, and acquiring a prac- tical knowledge of the German lan- guage from his intercourse with the many Germans who came to the store CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 671 to trade. At the age of 17 he went to Peru, Ind., where he found employment"" in a store of general merchandise; his education being limited to that obtained in a country school, attended at irregular intervals, he set himself diligently to work to improve his mind, occupying such time as he could catch from busi- ness hours, the time usually being from ten o'clock, after the store was closed, luntil twelve o'clock at night, and from five to seven o'clock in the morning, his i employer prohibiting any books about the store during business hours ; one jear was spent in this way, at the close of which he left the store to take pri- vate instruction under his brother, Rev. A. Craig McClelland, Pastor of the Pres- hyterian Church of Peru ; here he re- mained for about six months, studying hard and making some progress in Latin and other branches ; at the end of six months, the little money he had saved while in the store being exhausted, he returned to the same store, where he re- mained another year, saving all his earn- ings and studying as before ; at the end of the year he returned to Kittanning, Penn., where he lived with his brother William, and for a time received private instruction from the 'Rev. J. N. Dick, Pastor of the U. P. Church of that city ; he also attended two sessions at the Kittanning Academy ; in 1 852, he com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. Walter A. Burleigh, in Kittanning, and graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in the Spring of 1855 ; after practicing for a time in partnership ■with his preceptor, he returned to Peru, Ind., where he engaged in the practice of his profession, in which he was very successful ; his health being much im- paired by frequent attacks of ague, and being moved by a spirit of adventure, as well as a hope of bettering both his health and fortune, he, in company with two friends, with a four-horse team and .six months' provisions, joined the army of " pilgrims " for the then fabled re- gions of Pike's Peak ; arriving at Den- ver July 4, he remained in the vicinity until Octber, 1860, when he returned to the States and settled down in the prac- tice of his profession in Cedar Rapids, in April ISBl. In August, 1864, he was commissioned Assistant Surgeon of the 16th lowaV. I., by Gov. Kirkwood, and joined the regiment near Black River Bridge, Miss.; he remained with his reg- iment one year, being with Sherman in his march to the sea as far as Atlanta, Ga., where failing health compelled him to resign and return home. During the time he was in the army he corresponded for the Cedar Valley Times, writing a series of racy letters descriptive of every- day army life. Owing to physical pros- tration contracted in the army, he was unable to successfully follow his profes- sion, and the office of the Cedar Valley Times having been purchased by Ayers Bros. & Dawley, practical printers, he accepted the position of editor for a year, with the hope that at the end of that time his health would be so good as to warrant his again following his profes- sion ; there being but little change in this respect at the end of the year, and his year's experience creating a desire to continue in the newspaper business, he added to his duties as editor those of financial manager, which position he has continued to fill ever since. Various changes in proprietorship have taken place since the subject of this sketch be- came connected with the paper, his first proprietary interest being one-third, un- der the firm name of Ayers Bros. & Co., and finally a half interest with L. M. Ayers, under the firm name of Ayers & McClelland. The name of the paper was changed from the Cedar Valley Times to the Cedar Rapids Times in the year 1868. The career of the Times under the editorial management of Dr. McClelland has been eminently prosper- ous ; it has become one of the leading and strongest political weekly papers of the State ; the Doctor being a man of strong convictions of right, with a plain, practical, pungent way of putting his ideas before the public, he has gained for himself and the Times a wide and important influence ; strictly conscien- tious in all that pertains to his influence with the public, he has, during his edi- torial career, built up a reputation for political honesty and moral integrity which gives his opinions and teachings a value possessed by too few journalists pf the day. The life of the subject of 672 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : this sketch has not been marked by any grand achievements or startling episodes ; on the contrary, it has passed along quietly and unostentatiously; and what- ever of success may have attended his labors as a journalist or in a financial point of view, is due more to hard work, constant care and untiring application than to natural genius or the so-called favors of fortune. McCuUy, James, laborer. McDaniel, David E., grocer. McDaniel, James, retired. McDaniel, J. S., retired. McDonald, Wm., blacksmith. McGrowan, Wm., labbrer. McKee, Wm. P., teamster. McMahon, Dennis, shoemaker. MoNally, John, laborer. McVan, John, switchman. Machemer, Jerry, laborer. Mack, Walter B., grocer. Magnus, Christian, brewer. Mallahan, A. J., Superintendent of Daily Republican. Mallory, George, teamster. Malone, Thomas, laborer. Manchester, John, laborer. MANN, AMASA, resides at 228 Eagle St. ; he was born in Frankfort, N. Y., in 1839 ; came to Cedar Eapids in 1867. Married Emily Devendoif in June, 1867 ; she was born in Frankfort, N. Y. ; they have four children — Frank, Alma. Maggie and Everett. Mr. and Mrs. Mann are members of the Univers- alist Church. Mr. Mann has been associated with Mr. Devendorf in the mercantile business ever since they came here in 1867. MANSFIELD, EBER L., phy- sician and surgeon ; oifice No. 18 South Washington street ; residence on King St., southeast corner of Second st. The Doctor was born in Canaan, Athens Co., Ohio, Jan. 26, 1821 ; he received a classical education at the Ohio Universi- ty ; medical education acquired at the Western Reserve Medical College, Cin- cinnati, Ohio; commenced practice of his profession in Harrisonville,- Meigs Co., Ohio, in 1845 ; in 1847 he came to Cedar Rapids, where he has remained ever since ; he was the first regular practicing physician who located in this place. The Doctor has been Alderman of the Fourth Ward several terms ; he holds that position at the present time ; he was one of the founders of the Coe Collegiate Institute of this city, and has been a Trustee of that institution since its organization ; he was one of the original Directors of the City National Bank of Cedar Rapids ; has held the , office of Director in that bank ever since its start ; he w'as also President of the Farmers' Insurance Co. two years. His first wife was Lucy A. Warriner, of Greensburg, Ind. ; married April 6, 1852 ; she died Aug. 26, 1868 ; they have three children, all living now ; their names are Sylvia (now Mrs. Chas. J. Deacon) ; Lura (now Mrs. Fred 01m- stead), and Lewis W. The Doctor's present wife's maiden name was Mary E. Warriner ; she was born in Jeiferson Co., Ind ; they were married July 26, 1870. Mrs. Mansfield is a member of the First Presbyterian Church. Marhert, F. W., clerk. Marhert, Julius, shoemaker. Martel Peter, broom maker. Martin, James, painter. Martinah, Wenzel, laborer. Marvin, C. F., salesman. MARVIN, J. C, dealer in flour and feed, 37 Park avenue; residence next door east ; born in Havana, Chemung (now Schuylkill) Co., N. Y., June 11, 1827 ; lived in Pennsylvania two years, then re- turned to New York State, and lived in Elmira three years, then went to Colum- bia Co., Wisconsin, where he resided nine years, then removed to Rochester, Minn., where he remained six years, and came to Cedar Rapids in 1874. He married Margaret Kelsey, Feb. 26, 1852 ; she was born near Penn-Yan, Yates Co., N. Y. ; they have had five children, one died in infancy ; the living are Charles F., Flora J., Hattie A. and Wm. H. B. Mr. and Mrs. Marvin are members of the Baptist Church. Masuner, Edward, merchant. Matosh, Andrew, laborer. Matyk, Peter, laborer. MAY, J. M.jCOIi., attorney and deal- er in real estate ; office and residence May Island ; born in Easton, Washington Co., N. Y., Nov. 14, 1814 ; went to Belmont, Allegany Co., N. Y., when he "was about 19 years of age ; remained there CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 673 about ten years ; moved to Janesville, Wis., in 1844 ; he was engaged in the practice of law and real estate dealing, and was interested in the manufacture of plows ; he was also publisher and ed- itor of the Northwestern Advance, a lit- erary and family paper ; he conducted that paper from 1866 until the Winter of 1868-69, when he sold it to parties in Mil- waukee ; twenty-five years ago. Col. May ' came to Cedar Kapids and purchased property, but did not locate here per- manently until 1871 ; he is largely interested in property in Cedar Bluffs and Cedar Rapids and vicinity ; he was also at one time largely interested at Cascade, but he has disposed of that property ; he has given a great deal of attention to patents relating to quartz mining machinery, plows and other val- uable inventions. Meehan, John, wagon maker 'and black- smith. Mefford, Andrew, teamster. Melin, Frank, merchant. Melzer, John, laborer. Menz, Michael, saJoon keeper. Merrill, J. A., laborer. Merriman, George, janitor. Messer, J. P., conductor. Metcalf, C. P., carpenter. MetcaJf, Cyrus, gardener. Micicka, Wenzel, laborer. Michelson, S. A., saloon keeper. MILIiER, D. li., of Miller Bros., liv- ery, one door south of Central Hotel ; born in Hagerstown, Washington Co., Md., April 30, 1847; lived there until ISyears ofage, when he went to Polo, 111., where he remained ten years, farming ; went to Belle Plaine, Iowa, in 1875, and engaged in the livery business ; came to Cedar Ilapids in the Spring of 1878, and engaged in same business. Married Jennie M. Keefer, of Chambersburg, Penn., in Sterling, 111., in 1875. MILIiEB BROIS., proprietors of livery, feed and sale stable, Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; first class riggings and nice turn- outs furnished at fair prices ; passen- i, gers and runners carried to all parts of the country and adjoining towns ; horses left in their care will receive the best attention. Satisfaction guaranteed. The Miller Bros, were born in Wash- ington Co., Md.; they moved to Ogle Co., Ills., in 1866, where they remained until-1875 ; they then moved to Belle Plaine, Iowa, and there engaged in the livery business at that place, until the present year (1878), when they moved to this city and commenced keeping a first class livery, feed and sale stable. Miller, G. F., stock raiser. miiLiEB, MBS. M. E., millinery, 43 Iowa av.; born in Linn Co., Iowa, Nov. 25, 1841 ; was educated in Cedar Rapids. Married S. B. Miller, of Linn Co., Iowa, Sept. 27, 1861. Mr. Miller served in the 24th I. V. I. from Aug. 9, 1862, till March, 1865 ; he died May 1, 1865, of disease contracted in the army, Mrs. Miller engaged in present business Feb. 14, 1873. Has had two children — P. AUie living, and Eliza B. deceased. Miller, Nelson P., carriage manufacturer. Miller, Samuel. Mills, Mason P., lawyer. MlliliS & CO., T. K., publishers of popular subscription books, rooms 1 and 2, 40 Iowa av.; T. K. Mills resides on Benton St., between Monroe and Jackson; born in Bridgeport, Fayette Co., Penn., May 12, 1841 ; removed U> Putnam Co., 111., in 1843; made that county his home until 1873, then re- moved to Lincoln, Logan Co., 111., where he resided until he came to Cedar Rapids, in June, 1877 ; Aug. 13, 1862, he enlisted in Co. C, 124th 111. V. I.; discharged on account of disability in June, 1863. Married Amanda E. Bell ; she was born in Bel- mont Co., Ohio ; they have four chil- dren — Lillian E., Minnie B., Charles E. and HoUis B. Mr. and Mrs. Mills are members of the Presbyterian Church. Minor, A. K., physician. Mitwalsky, Frank, butcher. mOJLI., JOSEPH, jeweler and watchmaker, 24 North Commercial St., resides at same number; born in Germany Nov. 16, 1846 ; came to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1863 ; lived there about two years and a half ; came here in 1 866. Mr. Moll has been engaged in watchmaking business fifteen years. Mooney, Edward, wagon-maker. Moor, P., Homoeopathic physician. Moore, James, bookkeeper. Moore, J. B., bookkeeper. 674 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : Moore, Martin, carpenter. Moorehead, Charles, tinner. MOREHEAD, HOIIER C, City Marshal ; office in Court House ; residence 175 8. Washington street; born in Pittsburgh, Penn., Nov. 19, 1836 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1856 ; he was in the stove and tinware trade until 1872 ; he then engaged in the pump business, which he continued until 1877, when he was appointed Deputy City Marshal ; in March, 1878, he was elected City Marshal. He en- listed in Co. D, 12th I. V. I., in Sep- tember, 1861, served until Jan. 25, 1866. Married Ann M. Forsyth April 25, 1867 ; she was born in Ohio; they have one child, Harry Wilson; born Oct. 10, 1870. Mrs. Morehead is a member of the First Presbyterian Church. Morehead, Richard. Moi^an, John, engineer. Morrison, James B., carpenter. Morrison, J. E., boots and shoes. Morse, 0. B., merchant. MORTON, JAMESi, ticket agent of the C. & N. W. and B., C. B. & N. Ry. Cos. ; residence :i24 Iowa avenue ; born in Elba, Genesee Co., N. Y., March 7, 1843 ; in 1850, removed to Avon Springs, Livingston Co., N. Y., with his parents ; lived there until the Fall of 1861, when he enlisted in the 4th N. Y. Artillery, and served three years ; in 1866, he located at Des Moines, Iowa ; lived there until 1871 ; then went to Watertown, Wis. ; was in the employ of the C. &. N. W. Ry. Co. at that point about six months ; then, in 1872, he camo here and assumed his present position with the same company. He is now serving as Alderman of the Fifth Ward, of this city. He married Martha E. Lomax May 10, 1870; she was born in Indiana ; they have one child, Mary E., born April 24, 1872. They are members of the Epis- copal Church. MuUally, Patrick, builder. Mullen, Charles E., laborer. Murphy, Bartholomew, engineer. Murphy, Michael, oiler. Murray, John E., bridge builder. Myers, John, carpenter. Myers, 8imon P., wagonmaker. "VTECHWELLE, Michael, carpenter. Neidig, Sam, traveler. Nemecek, Frank, grocer. Nemecek, Joseph, shoemaker. Nemecek, Wenzel, cigar maker. Nemic, John, shoemaker. Nepras, Joseph, laborer. Newcomb, Philip, dry goods. 'Newland, J. W. Noatney, Anton, laborer. Noatney, Joseph, laborer. NUIili, «F. M., carpenter, contractor and builder ; shop corner Benton and N. Washington sts. ; residence, 168 Eagle St. ; born in Frederick Co., Md,, Jan. 1, 1828 ; removed to Allegany Co., Md., in 1848; lived there until May, 1856, then came to Cedar Rapids. Mr. Null has been engaged in present business since he was 18 years of age. Married Ellen A. Gephart Deo. 18, 1849 ; she was born in Cumberland, Md. ; they have had nine children ; the living are Kate W. (now Mrs. Scott Otto), Lucy E., Charles P., John W. and Lizzie A. Mrs. Null is a member of the Second Presbyterian Church. O'HARA, CHAS., bridge contractor and builder. O'Hara, E. R.,~ bridge contractor and builder. O'Hara, John, contractor. Ohler, Geo. A., furniture manufacturer. Oliver, Geo., restaurant. Olmsted, Geo. M., soap manufacturer. Olmsted, W. J., physician. Otterbeiii, Philip, grocer. OTTMAR, M., boots and shoes, 13 Iowa av. ; born in Wurtemberg, Ger- many, Feb. 25, 1840 ; came to Ameri- ca when 16 years of age, stopping a short time in Detroit, Mich., thence to Li Fayette, Ind., where he was engaged in the boot and shoe business ten years ; came from there to Cedar Rapids in 1869, where he has continued in busi- ness till the present time. He married Mary E. Moore, of Cedar Rapids, April 27, 1875 ; have two children — Eliza A. and Fred M. Otto,E. W. S., clothing. OTTO, J. H. R., of the firm of Otto Bros., dealers in clothing, hats, caps, and gent's furnishing goods, 20 Eagle St., residence on Franklin av. ; born in CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 675 Frederick Co., Md.,Feb. 7, 1833; came to Cedar Rapids in September, 1866 ; engaged in present business ever since be came here. Married Anna E. Flowers; she died in October, 1862; one child by that marriage, a daughter now living — Jessemine F., born Aug. 24, 1861. Mr. Otto's present wife was Rachel Archer, married Aug. 17, 1868; she was born in Ohio, Mr. and Mrs. Otto are members of the M E. Church. "pALMER, J. H., produce dealer. Pardubsky, li'rank, laborer. Parker, B. F., with Star Wagon Co. Parker, George, plasterer. Parkhurst, N. D., attorney at law. Parks, B. F., contractor. Parks, James, carpenter. PABSONi^, CHARLES F., of the firm of Shafer & Parsons, proprietors of livery stable, Washington street be- tween Iowa avenue and Eagle street, near the Post Office ; residence corner of Washington street and Franklin avenue ; born in Smithfield, Jefferson Co., Ohio, Nov. 28, 1830 ; came to Tipton, Iowa, in 1853 ; removed to Cedar Rapids, in 1859 ; he carried on the hardware busi- ness here for a while ; engaged in present business since 1866. He married Eliz- abeth Rudolph Dec. 31, 1860 ; she was bom in Ohio ; they have four children — Susie, Nellie, Louie and Libbie. Patten, James M., blacksmith. Patterson, J. A., salesman. Pavlat, John, saloonist. Peak, James L., saloonkeeper. Pentz, WiUiam J,, fireman, Peremsky, Frank, laborer, Petranck, Frank, wiper, Petranck, John, Jr,, mechanic, Petranck, John, mechanic. 'Petrowitsky, John, butcher. Pettinger, Theodore, dealer in building ma- terial. Pbares, Jos. E., hackman. Phelps, A. G., retired merchant. Pichner, John, clerk. PIBKEIi, F. J., Pirkel's String Or- chestra, 12 North Commercial street; born in Bohemia, Austria, May 19, 1842; came to America in 1869. He was married the same year to Josephine Strebel of Iowa City. In 1870, he went to Cleveland, Ohio, remaining two years. and then one year in Buffalo, N. Y.; came to Cedar Rapids in 1873 ; engaged in music dealing and teaching. Has four children — ^Prank E., Erhard H., Charles J. and Joseph W. PIPER, W. F., (Tibbets & Piper,) Carriages, 53 Iowa avenue ; born in Great Falls, N. H., Sept. 15, 1857 ; came to Cedar Rapids in March, 1878, and engaged in his present business. Puvanka, Joseph, mason. Pizinger, Albert, tailor. Pfletcher, Amos, switchman. PliUMB, ALBERT G., City Treasurer and Collector ; office in City Hall ; residence Iowa av., nearly opposite Coe Collegiate Institute ; born in Halifax, Windham Co., Vt., Feb. 13, 1827 ; re- moved to North Adams, Mass., in the Spring of 1849 ; lived there and in that vicinity seventeen years ; came to Cedar Rapids May 1, 1866 ; engaged in mercan- tile business here for two or three years ; City Recorder and Assessor for city and State purposes for throe years (irevious to holding present position. He married Louisa M. Chandler Sept. 18, 1849 ; she was born in Colerain, Mass.; they have three children — James A., Susan E., and Frank C. Mrs. Plumb is a member of the Universalist Church. Podhusky, Frank. Phillips, Jeff., Chief Clerk Grand Hotel. Podhasky, Jos., saloon keeper. Polah, Jacob, stone quarrjman. Pollans, Geo. H., painter. Polansky, Chas., blacksmith. Pomeroy, E. F., Excelsior Soap Mfg. POPE & BILLAr, wholesale and retail druggists, 22 Iowa avenue. N. D. Pope resides on S. s. of Linn st., two doors east of Monroe st,; he was born in Erie Co,, Ohio; came to Vinton, Benton Co,, Iowa, in 1869 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1873; Mr, Pope has been in the drug business since 1862, He mar- ried Susan C, Rock ; she was born in Pennsylvania, • Mr, and Mrs. Pope are members of the Episcopal Church. Pope, Thos. L., refired farmer. Pospischil, Jos., grocer. Powell, J. J., attorney at law. Powers, James, laborer. Pratt, E. F., blacksmith. PBATT, FRAINKLIN M., pro prietor of bakery and dealer in flour, 676 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : confectionery, fruit, etc., S. Washington St.; residence corner Third and Pleasant sts.; born in Lee Co., 111., Jan. 13, 1845 ; in 1866, he removed to Fremont Tp., Benton Co., Iowa; engaged in farming there about four years ; then removed to Vinton, same county ; engaged in carry- ing on bakery business in Vinton until 1874, when he ca'me to Cedar Rapids and established his present business. Mr. Pratt married Sarah L. Pullenwider March 12, 1867 ; she was born in In- diana ; they have had five children ; one died in infancy ; the living are Ella L., born Jan. 13, 1869 ; Eddie R., born Dec. 12, 1870 ; Le Roy E., born Jan. 24, 1874, and an infant son, born March 23, 1878. Presak, Joseph, soap maker. Price, Erasmus Gr. Price, T. J., far., Sec. 13; P. 0. Fairfax. Prohasky, Joseph, laborer. Prohasky, Wenzel, laborer. Prohobratsky, Jos., laborer. Prusak, Thomas, mason. /~\UAPEL, John, laborer. "DADAMBNSKY, JOHN, laborer. Ramsdell, D. B., carpenter. Randall, B. F., surveyor. Rank, Albert, brakeman. Rebec, VVenzel, Jr., laborer. Reed, Ephraim, dealer in wood. Reed, James S., mechanic. R£EDER, CHARIiES. REEDER, PERRY W., resi dence, 90 S. Adams ; born in Bellefonte, Center Co., Penn., July 25, 1825; when he was 18 years of age, he removed to Strattonville, Clarion Co., Pern.;' spent three years there working at chair- making and house painting ; he then entered Allegheny College, at Meadville, and devoted four years to study there ; in 1849, he went to California, where he remained three years, then returned to his native State; in 1853, he located in Cass Co., Ind.; taught in the public schools of Logan Co., Ohio, in 1854. He came to Cedar Rapids in 1855; since he came here, he has been engaged principally in the business of carpenter, contractor and builder, except during the Winter season, when he has taught in the public schools of the county ; he was County Superintendent of Schools in 1866 and 1867. Mr. Reeder married Sophia Kingsbury at Wadsworth, Me- dina Co., Ohio, April 4, 1855 ; she was born in Wadsworth Sept. 4, 1828 ; they have three sons — G-eorge K., Charley and Herman E. Mrs. Reeder is a mem- ber of the M. E. Church. Rehah, Wenzel, laborer. Renchio, Jos., insurance agent. REPrRIilCAN CO. Rhodes. George, hackman. Rhodes, John. Richard, Charles, mechanic. Richards, D. H., boots and shoes. Richardson, Prank, printer. RIFENBURG, A. G., 26 Daniel street; he was born in Auburn, N. Y., March 4, 1847 ; came to Bureau Co., 111., in 1851 ; came to Cedar Rapids, in 1874 ; engaged in present business twenty years. He married MoUie Mil- ler Jan. 22, 1874 ; she was born in Cincinnati, Ohio ; they have one child living — Mollie, born Nov. 4, 1874;'loBt one son, who died in infancy. RISTINE, HENRY, physician and surgeon, ofiice on Adams street, between Iowa avenue and Eagle street ; residence 80 Eagle street ; born in Madison, Jefferson Co., Ind., Sept. 21, 1818; lived in Indiana until 1842, when he came to Marion, Linn Co., Iowa ; his classical education was re- ceived at the public schools of Indiana and at Wabash College; he is a graduate of the Ohio Medical College, at Cincin- nati, and he has in later years attended several courses of lectures at the leading medical colleges of New York and the West; he was for thirty-two years engaged in practice at Marion ; also car- ried on the drug business there from 1847 to 1866 ; during that time he held the office of Postmaster several years ; he was appointed Surgeon of the 20th I. V. I., in August, 1862 ; served about one year, then resigned on account of disability. The Doctor has been U. S. Pension Surgeon for this county since 1864; he was President of the State Medical Society in 1877 ; he is a member of the American Medical Society and of the Iowa Union Medical Society. He married Catherine M. MoMasters Nov. 1844; she was born in Ohio, in CEDAE RAPIDS CITY. 677 1825; they have four children — John M., Nellie M. (now Mrs. Z. T. Mullen, of Minneapolis, Minn.), Mary C. and Bella M. They are members of the Congregational Church. Robertson, John P., mason. Robins, Oliver, carpenter. Robins, W. D. Robinson, Christopher H., restaurant. Robinson, Henry, restaurant. ROBINSON, JOHN P., brick- layer and contractor, residence northeast corner Jefferson and Sandford sts.; born in Philadelphia, Penn., June 24, 1834 ; removed to Dixon, 111., about the year 1856 ; lived there until he came to Cedar Rapids in May, 1873. Mr. R. commenced work as a bricklayer when he 'was 13 years of age. He married Mary E. Peasley ; she was bom in Can- ada ; they have had nine children; only six now living ; their names are Sarah A., WilUam, John P., Andrew, Mary J. and Prank P. Mr. and Mrs. Robin- son are members of the Catholic Church. Robinson, W. Or., teamster. Rocarek, Albert, tailor. Rocarek, Wenzel, mechanic. Roch, Reuben C, bookkeeper. Rochester, Wm. B., carpenter. Rookingfield. Henry, laborer. Roddy, Edward, laborer. Rollins, J. P., pattern-maker. Ross, James, book -dealer. Rowley, D, W. C, Sec. Coe Collegiate In- stitute. Rumil, Wenzel, laborer. SADILEK, MATHIAS, tailor. Safronek, John. Safronek, Joseph, laborer. Sanford, Kdward, mason. Sankup, Frank, carpenter. Sankup, Joseph, shoemaker. Sankup, Wenzel, carpenter. Saunders, Wm. 0., tinner. Sawyer, James L., house painter. Schleagel, Chris., laborer. Schmidt, H., capitalist. Schneider, Conrad, stone cutter. Scott, Geo., blacksmith. Scott, Jacob C, foreman painter Star Wa- gon Works. Scott, Wm. H., drayman. Seabury, Nath., retired. SEABI.es & BAXTEB, pro- prietors of marble works, 76 8. Commer- cial St. James M. Searles resides on south side of King st., three doors west of Third St.; he was born in Johnson Co., Iowa, June 5, 1844; in 1846, moved with his parents to New Diggings, Wis.; he lived in Wisconsin until Aug. 13, 1862, when he enlisted and was mustered into the United States service in Co. C, 21st Wis. V. I.; in Feb., 1864, he was promoted to Second Lieutenant of Co. A, 38th Wis. regiment ; afterward pro- moted to First Lieutenant and Captaincy of the company ; mustered out as Cap- tain Aug. 13, 1865 ; commenced marble cutting work in 1858; in 1867, he en- gaged in the business which he now car- ries on. Married Nettie E. Rhodes Nov. 17, 1865 ; she was born at Naper- ville, 111.; they have three children — Maud A., born Nov. 14, 1866 ; Nettie May, born May 31, 1870, and Charles, born May 26, 1878. Mr. Searles' father was a M. E. clergyman, who came to Iowa in 1843, and it is claimed that he preached the first sermon in Cedar Rapids ; it wae addressed to a boat-load of Mormons in 1843 ; he died at Bran- don, Wis., in 1870 ; bis name was Isaac Searles. Searles, W. A., spring bed manufacturer. Searles, W. W., foreman Star Wagon Wks. Seblacek, Chas., laborer. Secora, Jacob, tailor. Seeley, Chas. E., plasterer. Seely, S. F., salesman. Seitz, Philip, saloon keeper. Semans, Wm., capitalist. Shaeffer, Casper, butcher. Shaffer, Jacob, gas maker. Shaeffer, Samuel B. Shafer, Samuel, engineer. Shattuok, S. A., pump dealer. Sharon, Frank, laborer. Sharer, I. H., prop. C. R. Steam Bakery. Shefler, F. J., carpenter. Shinanek, Jos., laborer. Shufeldt, Noxon, Constable. Shuster, J. B., teacher in Bohemian ""cliool. Simon, John, saloon keeper. Simon, Joseph, tobacco store. Simonds, Henry, barber. SINCIi AIB, THOMAS M., of the firm of T. M. Sinclair & Co., pork pack- ers ; residence Brown street, between Madison and Monroe ; Mr. S. was born in Ireland ; he came to New York City, 678 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : where he was engaged in the packing business for nine years, having previously been engaged in the same business in Belfast, Ireland ; came to Cedar Bapids in 1871, and established his present es- tablishment, which now stands among the largest in this country for pork pack- ing ; ranks eighth among the cities of the United States, and Mr. S. is the the only packer here. Sise, Frank, laborer. SKINXER, GEORGE R., phy- sician and surgeon, office, 41 Iowa ave- nue ; residence, 126 Park Avenue ; born in Parma, Monroe Co., N. Y., May 19, 1836 ; removed to Polo, Ogle Co., 111., in 1854; engaged in the drug business there from 1857 to 1861. He enlisted in Co. D, 92d 111. Mounted Infantry, July 22, 1862 ; was immediately com- missioned First Lieutenant ; made Brev- et Major, in June, 1865 ; a considerable portion of the time he was in the serv- ice, he was Inspector of Cavalry ; mus- tered out July 8, 1865. The Doctor is a graduate of Bellevue Hospital Med- ical College, New York ; he was engaged in practice in Polo, 111., until 1871, when he came to Cedar Rapids ; in 1876, he was President of the Iowa Union Med- ical Society, and. Secretary of the same society from 1872 to 1876 ; he is now Treasurer of the Iowa State Medical So- ciety, elected in May, 1877 ; and also a member of the American Medical Asso- ciation. He married Miss Anna P. Coleman, in Bochester, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1867 ; she was born in Rochester ; they have had five children ; two died in in- infancy ; the living are George C., Alice M., and Frank S. The Doctor and his wife are Presbyterians. Skinner, Stephen, retired. Skror, John, saloon keeper. Sladma, Thomas, laborer. Slocum, M. C, carriage painter. Smith, A. G., engineer. Smith, Almon S., gunsmith. Smith, Almon S., Jr., gunsmith. SMITH, A. St. CliAIR, attorney at law, office corner Iowa avenue and Commercial street. Smith, Benjamin, laborer. Smith, Benton W., teamster. Smith, Clark, cooper. Smith, Frank A., laborer. Smith, Jeremiah, flour and feed store. SMITH, JESSE H., DR., Pres- ident of the Farmers'Insurance Co., cor- ner Washington and Eagle streets ; res- idence 166 Linn street ; was born in Elkhart Co., Ind., Aug. 27, 1837 ;■ came to College Tp., Linn Co., July 27, 1853 ; came to Cedar Bapids in 1858 ; he en- gaged in farming when he first came to ■ the county, and has carried on farming ever since ; he is a graduate of Rush Medical College ; commenced the prac- tice of his profession in 1860. He has been Alderman of the First Ward ; was Mayor from March, 1875, to March, 1877 ; he has been President of the Farmers' Insurance Co. since 1869. The Doctor's first wife was Lucy Hen- derson, daughter of John W. Hender- son ; she died Oct. 20, 1863 ; one child by this marriage — Edward H , born March 20, 1863 ; his present wife was Mary E. Ward ; she was born in Illi- nois ; they have one child — Isaac B., born Jan. 20, 1868. Dr. S. and his wife are members of the Episcopal Church. Smouse, Jonathan, teamster. QMITH, J. Wilson, carpenter. Smith, John, laborer. Smith, Jos., cigar dealer. SMITH, W. W., wholesale and re- tail dealer in groceries, crockery, glass- ware, etc., 20 S. Commercial St. ; res., 130 Park avenue; born in Nova Scotia April 17, 1820 ; removed to Pembroke, Maine, in 1827 ; to Calais, Maine, in 1833 ; came to Cedar Bapids May 5, 1850 ; he was engaged in con- tracting and building here until 1860 ; he was then appointed Sheriff of Linn ; was afterward elected Sheriif and served in that capacity until 1862, when he resigned and raised a company, which was organized as Co. G, 24th I. V. L ; he was immediately commissioned First Lieutenant Sept. 18, 1862 ; in October, 1862, he was promoted to Captaincy; was mustered out as Captain in August, 1865. In September, 1865, he estab- lished his present business ; he has been a member of the Board of Education ; served ten or twelve years ; he now rep- resents the Second Ward of this city as Alderman ; he was Mayor and Council- CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. 679 man under the old charter of this place. He married Anna T. Wadsworth, of Calais, Maine, Jan. 1, 1845. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are members of the M. B. Church. Smith, Wenzel, tinner. Smith, Wm. B., drayman. Smouse, Wm. H., bookkeeper. Snook, Thos. B., drayman. Snoufffr, J. J., miller. Snouffer, J. T., salesman. Snyder, Jas. P., teamster. Soukal, Frank, shoemaker. SOIJiiE, B. M., of the firm of Soule & Miller, manufacturers of carriages, spring wagons, sleighs, etc., 77, 79 and 81 S. Commercial st. ; residence, 272 Eagle St. Mr. S. was born in Fairfax, Franklin Co., Vt., Dec. 13,1840 ; came to Cedar Eapids in 1870; he was en- gaged in the furniture business here for one year ; carried on a fruit farm for two years, and in 1873 engaged in his present business ; twenty years of his life he has been engaged in wagon manu- facturing in its various departments. He married Maria L. Hawley for his first wife ; she was born Feb. 24, 1840, and died Nov. 16, 1873 ; two children by first marriage ; their names are Fred H., born Feb. 9, 1868; and Alice, Dec. 31, 1869. Present wife was Arabella C. Olds, married in August, 1875 ; they . have one child — Josie May, born July 6, 1876. Mr. and Mrs. S. are members of the Second Presby- terian Church. In 1861 Mr. S. enlisted m the U. S. service as musician in the 5th Vermont Regimental Band ; re-en- listed in 1862, and was musician in the First Brigade Band, 6th Army Corps ; served two years. Soule, David, mason. Soutter, H. B., Cashier F. M. Sinclair & Co. Sosel, Joseph, lawyer. Spalding, 8. S., carpenter. Spangler, A. H., firm of Leech & Span- gler, lawyers. Spangler, Jacob, molder. Speakman, Griffith, blacksmith. Springer, Bernard, saloon keeper. Stark, Lawrence, expressman. Stannan, Frank, blacksmith. Starman, John, laborer. Stary, George, saloon. Stary, John, grocer. Staves, Anthony, laborer. STEARNS, GEOBOE L., re tired ; residence 1 58 Iowa av.; born in Phelps, Ontario Co., N. Y., Sept. 10, 1825 ; removed to Albany, N. Y., in 1849 ; in employment of Wells & Co.'s Express Co.; afterward, in 1853, agent of National Express Co. at Saratoga Springs ; in 1858, went to Rochester, N. Y., was in the freight department of the N. Y. C. Ry. Co. there; came to Cedar Palls, Iowa, in 1861. Aug., 1862, he enlisted in Co. B, 31st Iowa V. I.; .mustered out in July, 1865. Messenger for American Express Co. between Boone and Sioux City from April, 1866, until 1867, when he came to Cedar Rapids ;. was agent of the American and United States Express Cos. from that time until April, 1877 ; he has been Street Com- ,missioner here for the last year. Mar- ried Helen A. Streeter Nov. 7, 1849 ;. she was born in Phelps, Ontario Co., N. Y.; they have four children — Charles G., Helen A., Henry A. and Theodore A. Mr. and Mrs. S. are members of the Episcopal Church. Stefan, Frank, laborer. Stefan, John, Sr., laborer. Stefan, John, Jr., laborer. Sternad, Anton, laborer. STEBN EMASr, C. B., dentist, 8 S. Commercial st.; born in Lancaster Co., Penn., where he received his early edu- cation ; in 1850, he went to Gallipolis, Ohio ; attended Ohio Dental College in Cincinnati in 1853 and 1854, then re- turned to Gallipolis and practiced until 1865, when he came to Cedar Rapids, where he has since continued in the prac- tice of his profession. Married Sarah Stamm, of Lancaster Co., Penn., 1843 j have had six children — Mary Ann Eliza- beth (deceased), Dr. Casper H., Ellen R., David S., Arizona and Fred S. ST. JOHN, G. B., President of the Iowa Iron and Steel Fence Co., Linn St., between Commercial and Washing- ton St.; residence, 201 S. Washington sts.; born in Jackson Co., Mich., March 10, 1842 ; was with Lawrence & Cha- pin, manufacturers of , agricultural im- plements, etc., from 1865 to 1873, when he came to Cedar Rapids ; was with the Farmers' Manufacturing Co. one season, 680 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : then organized the company which he is now connected with ; this company does the work of casting for the B., C. E. & N. Ry. Co., manufacture wind mills,, etc., and general foundry and machine work. Mr. St. John enlisted in the Pall of 1861 in the 1st Michigan Regiment of Engineers and Mechanics; served in the army of the Cumberland ; was with Buell, Mitchell and Sherman. •Stepanek, Wenzel, cabinet nlaker. Stephens, Wesley, traveler. Stephenson, W. B., drayman. Stretesky, Frank, wagon maker. Stewart, William, fanner. STIBBS, HEJfBY B., Cashier of the Union Bank, cor. Iowa avenue and Washington street ; residence 146 Eagle street ; born in Wooster, Wayne Co., Ohio, Jan. 20, 1838; came to Cedar Rapids, January, 1856; he has been engaged in the banking business since he came here ; has been Cashier of the Union Bank since 1870. Stickney, Theo., clerk. Stiles, P. B., carriage maker. Stoddard, Eleakim, teamster. Stoddard, J. C, foreman Times bindery. Stoddard, W., drayman. rStolba, John, laborer. Stolba, Wenzel, tailor. Striak, Wenzol, laborer. STUART, ROBERT, of the firm of Stuart & Douglas, proprietors of the North Star Oat Meal Mills, cor. Johnson and Adams streets ; residence 71 Park avenue ; he was born in Oxford Co., Ontario, Nov. 22, 1856 ; came to Cedar Rapids in the Spring of 1873 ; engaged in present business ever since he came hero ; his firm gives employment to about seventy-five men ; the capacity of the mills is 8,000 bushels per day ; their shipments are very great to Liverpool, London, Glasgow, and other European points. Stussak, Frank, laborer. Stussak, John, laborer. Swab, John, laborer. SWAB, JOSEPH, dealer in hard- ware, stoves, tinware, etc., 6 8. Com- mercial street; born in Bohemia, Jan. 9, 1851 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1854 ; engaged in present business ten years, including four years learning his trade ; for the last six years he has been engaged in business for himself Mr. Swab married Mary Biscup October, 1872 ; she was born in Bohemia ; they have three children — Alloigus, Henry and Wilhelmina. Swab, William, butcher. Sweeny, Daniel. Sweeny, Johuj laborer. Sweet, A. A., expressman. Sweet, M. W., teamster. Swem, E. L., constable. lAFT, Ira B., carpenter. rvM Taylor, A. C, jeweler. Taylor, A. H., physician. TAYIiOB, EDWIN H., pro- prietor of livery stable. Eagle street, between Washington- and Commercial; residence on his farm. Sec. 26, in this township ; he owns eighty acres ; he was born in Johnson, Vt., April 12, 1^30 ; when he was about 2 years of age his parents removed with family to Sherbrooke, Canada East ; lived there ten years, then went to Stanstead, Canada East ; remained there eight years; in 1852, he went to California; engaged in mining there two years; then returned to Stanstead, Canada East ; remained there one year ; then he went to California again, and was there three years longer ; he then went to Coventry, Vt., and there married Abby H. Kidder ; she was born at Irasburg, Vt., now deceased; they had two children ; one daughter, Florence, died at the age of 3 years ; Jennie is now living. Mr. Taylor's present wife was Angie Nelson ; she was born in Iowa ; they have had four children ; lost one daughter, Jessie ; she died aged 2 years ; the living are Cora, Gertie and Edwin. THE STANDARD. Thieman, Jacob, laborer. Thomas, Edwin C, laborer. THOMAS, JOHN, wholesale dealer in leather and saddlery hardware, 49 Iowa avenue ; residence 108 Greene street; born in Bethany, New Haven Co., Conn., Jan. 16, 1833 ; came to Linn Co. in March, 1866 ; engaged in present business ever since. Thomas, 0. Z., jeweler. Thompson, Allen, carpenter. Thompson, A. W., mason. CEDAR RAPIDS CITY, Thompson, Edward, wagon maker. Thompson, J. G., mechanic. Thompson, Robert J., traveler. Thompson, W. H., jeweler. TIBBETS, W.. S. (TibbetS & Piper), carriages, 53 Iowa avenue; born in Great Falls, N. H., March 2, 1854 ; came to Cedar Rapids in March, 1878, and engaged in present business. Tisdale, Daniel. Tishcher, Abraham, laborer. Tobey, E. F., physician. Tomasek, Jos., shoemaker. Tomasek, Wenzel, shoemaker. TOMIilNSON, RICHARD B., merchant tailor, dealer in clothing, hats, caps and genes' furnishing goods, 44 Iowa av.; also member of the firm of Lyon, Tomlinson & Co., wholesale deal- ers in hats, caps, furs, gents' furnishing goods, etc., 56 and 58 Iowa av. Mr. T. resides at 180 Eagle St.; he was born in \,Champlain, Clinton Co., N. Y., May 4, 1835 ; removed to Ripon, Wis., in 1856 ; lived there one year, when he returned to New York and remained one year,then went to McGregor, Iowa, where he was for several months Principal of the Mc- Gregor Select School ; in the Spring of 1859, he started for California ; from the Fall of 1859 unlil March, 1860, he was engaged in teaching in California ; in March, he went to the Washoe mines, Nevada, but in the Fall of 1860, re- turned to San Francisco and engaged in Stock speculations until the Spring of 1861, when he went to Silver City, Ne- vada ; he was largely engaged in mer- cantile business there until 1867 ; he also owned large blacksmith and wheel- wright shops there, which he conducted, from 1864 to 1867 ; dealt extensively in grain and wood ; he also had a store at American City, Story Co., Nevada, which he carried on from 1864 to 1867 ; in the Spring of 1862, he came overland to York, Delaware Co., Iowa, where he was married April 5, 1862, to Miss Amanda Ames ; returned to Nevada with his wife by the Pacific Mail Steamship route, having made a trip of 11,000 miles to secure a wife ; Mrs. T. was born in Clintonville, N. Y., June 15, 1834; they have one son — Richard Burton,born at Silver City, Nevada, Dec. 17, 1863. Mr. and Mrs. Tomlinson are members of the M. E. Church. They came to Ce- dar Rapids in the Fall, of 1867. Mr. Tomlinson was member of the Board of Education of Cedar Rapids from 1869 to 1877. Tonsch, John, cooper. Toole, Lawrence, laborer. Trair, J. W. Trotter, H. L., carpenter. Tructa, John, laborer. Tucker, Galusha, mason. Turak, John, laborer. Turak, Thos., laborer. Tyre, James H., baker. XTRBAN, J., cigar dealer. UPTON, F. J. & CO., dealers in agricultural implements. North Commer- cial street. lIPTOJf, C. C, residence 182 Linn St.; born in Concord, N. H., March 2, 1841 ; came to Cedar Rapids in 1863 ; he has been engaged in the present busi- ness ever since he came here ; he is a stockholder in the Star Wagon Co. Married Luthera A. Clough Feb. 16, 1866 ; she was born in Concord, N. H. Mr. and Mrs. Upton are members of the M. E. Church. UPTOX, F. J., Vice President and General Manager of the Star Wagon Co.; residence 151 Iowa av.; born near Concord, Merrimack Co., N. H., June 30, 1828. Mr. Upton bought a farm in Marion Tp., Linn Co., Iowa, in 1855; he was engaged in railroading in Ohio, however, most of the time until 1859, when he came to Cedar Rapids ; the first freight train which arrived, at Cedar Rapids brought a car load of agricult- ural implements for Mr. Upton ; he has been engaged in the sale of agricultural implements, etc., ever since he came hero ; in 1866, the firm of Upton, Cham- bers & Co. commenced the manufacture of wagons here ; they continued until . the incorporation of the Star Wagon Co., June 1, 1870. Mr. Upton was for a great many years connected with the construction of railroads in New York, Ohio and Illinois ; he had charge of the track layers on the old Hudson River road, and made the connection of the road complete for the first train to pass between New York, and Albany. He has been Alderman of the First Ward 25 (otO'h DIKECTORY OF LINN^ COUNTY: several years, and is a Director of the City Natioual Bank. "TTANCE, WILLIS, bricklayer. VAX AliSTYWE, I. C, proprie- tor of Steam Laundry, UN. Washing- ton St.; residence 15 N. Washington St.; born in Danube, Herkimer Co., N. Y., April 20, 1843 ; parents removed to Wheatland Tp., Wis., when he was six or seven, years of age ; lived there three years, then went to Wauconda, Lake Co., 111.; lived there and in that vicinity about seven years, then removed to Kane Co., 111.; made that his home un- til he came to Cedar Rapids in May, 1871 ; for four years he was connected with the B., C. R. & N. By. Co.; in present business for the last two years. VANCE, JOHIV, dealer in groceries, flour, provisions, etc., and proprietor of restaurant, 52 S. Washington st., resides at same number; born in Ireland, Aug. 21, 1832 ; came to Bock Co., Wis., in 1845 ; lived there about nine years, then went to California, where he remained until 1861 ; then he returned and located at Hopkinton, Delaware Co., Iowa ; lived there until he came to Cedar Bapids in 1869 ; engaged in present business ever since he came to this city. Married Nancy R. McCon- nell, Dec. 16, 1852 ; she was born in Ireland, but her parents removed to Orange Co., N. Y. when she was an infant. Mr. and Mrs. Vance are mem- bers of the Second United Presbyterian Church ; he is an Elder of the Church. They have had three children ; none now living; Wm. J. was born March 4, 1853, he died Deo. 31, 1877 ; Marga- ret was born June 22, 1865, she died Sept. 10, 1867 ; and one son — Eobert, died in infancy. Vance, William J., salesman. Van Pelt, J. R., gents' furnishing goods. Vosnek, John, tailor. Vratna, Michael, laborer. TTTAGNER, N. J., traveling agent. WAITE, HEJTRY C, dealer in pianos, organs and sewing machines, 52 Iowa av.; born in Willoughby, Lake Co., Ohio, Nov. 13, 1848; traveling in wholesale business in Iowa in 1861 ; in the Fall of 1862, he moved to Flora, Clay Co., 111., where he was engaged in farming for three years; he then re- turned to Ohio and remained a short time ; in 1866, he came to Bloomington, 111., and was engaged in sewing machine business for other parties for three years; in 1869, he came to Cedar Rapids ; for eight years he was agent for the Singer Sewing Machine Co.; now he deals in all kinds of machines, although he makes a specialty of the White Shuttle and the Kayser Imperial, the latter machine being of German man;iifactlire ; in mu- sical instruments he deals principally in Hallet & Davis and Emerson Pianos, and Kimball, Smith's American, and "• Estey Organs. Mr. Waite's first wife WasMattie M. Miller, of Indiana; they were married in 1861 ; she died ; they had two children, one died in infaney ; Alvin Henry is now living. Mr. W.'s present wife was Cornelia Shugert; they have two children, one deceased ; one son now living — Claire Luther, born Sept. 19, 1873. Mr. and Mrs. Waite . are members of the Christian Church. Wallace, Leroy, carpenter. Walker, Charles E. WAIiKER, WIIililAM, proprie- etor of livery stable, S. Commercial St.; born in Greene, Chenango Co., N. Y., Jan. 9, 1827; came to Elk- horn, Wis., in 1853; lived there un- til 1865, when he came to Cedar Bapids; engaged in' dealing in live stock and present business since he came here ; he is a member of the firm of Walker & Passmore, proprietors of a large wholesale fruit house near the Union Depot ; he is also an/ officer and stockholder in Cedar Bapids Driving Park Association. Mr. Walker married Eliza Davis in Aug. 1865 ; she was born in Chatham, Canada ; they have two children — Nellie Jane and Mamy. Mr. Walker has one daughter by former marriage — Lillia Ida. WALKER, WIIililAM W., Vice President of the First National Bank of Cedar Rapids ; was born in Middlefield, Otsego Co., N. Y., Aug. 8, 1834; he was educated at Cortland Academy, Homer, N. Y., f)herry Valley Academy, N. Y., Brown University, Providence, R. I. and at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y.; he 6^(?C CEDAR RAPIDS CITY. graduated from the last named institu- tion in 1856 ; he was valedictorian of his class, and received the degree of C. E.; immediately after graduating, he came to Clinton, Iowa ; he there pro- cured a situation as rodman with a Con- nstruction Co. on the Chicago, Iowa & Nehraska Ky.; remained with this com- pany until the grading of his division was completed. In September, 1857, he became editor of the Cedar Valhy Times; in 1859, he. in connection with a few other parties, formed a plan for the extension of the railway west from Cedar Eapids to the Missouri Eiver; the Missouri Eiver R. R. Co. was afterward organized, and Mr. Walker became -Secretary of the Com- pany ; he held this position until 271 miles of road were built, completing it to Council Bluffs ; for a number of years, until 1871, he was Vice President, Chief Engineer, Secretary, Assistant Treasurer and Land Commissioner of this Com- pany ; he also aided in the construction of the Sioux City & Pacific Ry. from 1867 to 1869; from 1869 to 1871, he was Chief Engineer of the Iowa Falls & Sioux City Ry. Co. during the same time, he was Chief Engineer of the Fremont & Elkhorn Valley Ry. Co.; 1874 and 1875, he was Superintendent of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Ry Co. He was one of the organizers of the First National Bank of Cedar Rapids, in 1864, and has been connected with it ever since. He iS also prominently connected with other corporations of Cedar Rapids, and is looked upon as one of the most enter- prising citizens of this place. His first wife was Mary A. Hitchcock, of Homer, N. Y.; they were married Oct. 15, 1857 ; she died in April, 1862 ; Sept. 7, 1864, Mr. Walker married his pres- ent wife Miss Laura Weare, daughter of John Weare, of Cedar Rapids. Walradt, A. M., laborer. Walters, J. W., laborer. Wanons, Jacob, laborer. Wanons, John, laborer. Wanons, Joseph, laborer. Ward, James A., bookkeeper. Warren, H., physician and druggist. Waskon, Joseph, tailor. Waterbury, C. W., traveler. WATERHOUSE, WM., of the firm of W. Waterhouse & Co., proprie- tors of the Chicago Furniture Co., whole- sale and retail dealers in all kinds of fur- niture, 34 Iowa av. ; Mr. W. was born in Sandwich Islands Aug. 21, 1852 ; came to Cedar Rapids in April, 1876. He mar- ried Melissa Philena Smith in the Sand- wich Islands Feb. 24, 1 876 ; they have one son — Alfred Herbert, who was born Aug. 12, 1877. Mrs. W's. father is Rev. Dr. J. W. Smith, a missionary in the Sandwich Islands. Mr. W's. father, John T. Waterhouse, is a resident of - the Sandwich Islands, although he is the owner of some of the finest blocks and most desirable property in and around Cedar Rapids, such as the " Waterhouse Block," " Grand Hotel ; " considerable residence property in the city, and residence with thirty-five acres northwest of city limits, etc. Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Waterhouse are members of the First Presbyterian Church. Watrobek, Wenzel. Watrous, W. D., flouring-mill. Watt, John R., boiler maker. WATTS, WM. E., bookkeeper for Hart Bros, lumber dealers, corner N. Washington and Johnson sts. ; resi- dence on (jrreen St., near Washington ; born in Jersey City, N. J., May 22, 1856. Married Mary M. Hart July 25, 1877 : she was bornin Cedar Rapids; they have one child — Eleanor H. Mr. and Mrs. Watts are members of ihe Lutheran Church. Wavra, John, laborer. Wavra, Wenzel, laborer. Way, C. R., painter. Way, Philip. WEAJRE, CHABIiES, Postmaster and President of the Republican Co. ; born in Derby Line, Orleans Co., Vt., Jan. 29, 1828; removed to Allegan, Mioh , in August, 1835 ; resided in Michigan until he came to Cedar Rapids in May, 1848; in lumber busi- ness here four years; engaged in the construction of the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad, Sioux City & Pacific and Iowa Falls and Sioux City Roads. In April, 1871, he was ap- pointed Postmaster ; he represented this district in the 10th General Assembly ; served three years as County Super- t ^0^^ HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY : visor ; was the first City Marshal of Cedar Rapids ; has been Mayor and Alderman ; was Vice President of the Republican Printing Co. ; the company was re-organized in May, 1877, as the Republican Co. ; he was elected Presi- dent, which position he still holds. He has been a Director of the First Nation- al Bank since its organization ; he is also one of the Directors of the Cedar Rapids Water Co., and Cedar Rapids Building & Loan Association. Mr. Weare married Catharine L. Carroll March 24, 1857 ; she was born near Beachville, Ontario, in 1828 ; her parents, Isaac and Lovina (Skeels) Carroll came to this county with their family in 1839 and settled one mile and a half northeast of Cedar Rapids. Mr. and Mrs. Carroll both died here. Mr. Weare's parents were natives of New Hampshire. John Weare, Sr., was born in Andover, N. H., March 28, 1791 ; he died in April, 1856. Cynthia (Ash- ley) Weare was born in Claremont in August, 1791 ; she died Jan. 14, 1842. Weare, Ely, Assistant Cashier First Na- tional Bank. WEARE, JOHIV, President First National Bank of Cedar Rapids ; was born in Stanstead, Lower Canada, Oct. 8, 1816; his parents were John and Cynthia Ashley Weare. While the sub- ject of our sketch was but an infant, his father moved with his family into Or- leans Co., Vt., where they resided until John, Jr., was 15 years of age, then came to Allegan, Michigan. Mr. Weare settled in Cedar Rapids in the Spring of 1845, having previously spent several years in the State prospecting and working in dififerent kinds of employ- ment ; since he came here, he has been largely interested in banking, being one of the shrewdest financiers in Towa ; he has also been prominently connected with the railroad and other public in- terests of the State, and particularly those likely to benefit Cedar Rapids. His firstwife was Miss Martha Parkhurst, of Allegan, Mich.; they were married in March, 1840 ; she died in 18587 In December, 1862, he mamed his present wife — Miss Martha Rogers, of Clinton, Iowa, formerly of Bufialo, N. Y. Weaver, H. C, nurseryman. Webb, John B., quarry man. Weber, Charles, wagon maker. WEEKS, CHAKLES B., with T. M. Sinclair, pork packer; residence on Eagle st., second house east of Polk St. ; born in Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, Feb. 24, 1848 ; removed to Des- Moines, Iowa, in 1862 ; lived there two years ; after spending one or two years in different parts of the country, he came to Cedar Rapids in January, 1866 ; he has been engaged in the butcherfng business ever since he came here. He married Angelia Fuller Dec. 20, 1871 ; she was born in the State of New York ; they have one child — Maud C, born Feb. 18, 1873. Mrs. Weeks is a member of the M. E. Church. Weeks, Wm. H., traveling salesman. Weir, Samuel T. Weingarth, Frank, saloon keeper. Welch, Geo. E., teamster. Weldon, James, gardener. Weller, J. H., druggist. Weller, W. L., druggist. Wells, Enoch, clerk. Wescott, A. R., manufacturer paper boxes. Wessele, Joseph, laborer. West, A. R., attorney 'and insurance agent. Wetherby, F. C, cabiniet maker. Wetonsek, Frank, merchant. Wetzel, Jacob, laborer. WEYAWD, J. W., attorney at law, No. 40 Iowa av. ; residence No. 210 Eagle St. ; borSi in Walnut Tp., Jeffer- son Co., Iowa, Oct. 22, 1853 ; he grad- uated from Howe's Academy at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, in 1872; came to Cedar Rapids Dec. U, 1873; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1876 ; been engaged ill practice here ever since. He married Carrie L. Enos April 24, 1878 ; she was born in Cedar Rapids. Mr. Wey- and is a member of the First Presby- terian Church. His father, George Weyand, resides at Brighton, Washing- ton Co., Iowa ; he came from Somerset Co., Penn., to Jefferson Co., Iowa, in 1838; he was one of the organizers of the State ; was member of the Legislar ture eight years. Wheaton, M. S., carpenter. White, Theodore D., drayman. WHITTAM, ISAAC W., attorney, office in Higley's Block, corner Iowa av. and Washington st. ; residence No. 62 RAPIDS TOWNSHIP. Franklin av. ; Mr. Whittam was born in Bolton, Eng. ; came to Philadelphia in 1842 ; moved to Steuben Co., N. Y., in 1844 ; in 1847, came to Aurora, 111. ; resided there until 1849, when he came to Cedar Eapids; he has been engaged in the practice of law here since 1853. Was the first Mayor of Cedar Rapids ; served in that position in 1856 and 1857 ; was Police Judge in 1875 and 1876; has been United States Commissioner about fifteen years, and City Attorney ten or twelve years ; is holding, both positions now. * Wider, Ferdinand, upholsterer. Wilcox, T. A., United States Pension agent and loan agent. Wilda, John, laborer. Wiley, Wm., laborer. WIIiLIAnS, COIVBAD T., manager of branch office of the Singer Manufabtuiing Co. ; store and ofiice No. 14 Iowa av. ; residence. No. 104 Green St. ; born in Norway Oct. 1, 1850 ; came to Austin, Minn., and located in 1868 ; resided there two years ; re- moved, to Kochester, Minn., and lived there one year, and then came to Cedar Rapids ; he has been in the sewing machine business six years. Married Ella C. Wheeler May 23, 1878 ; she was born in Wisconsin. She is a mem- ber of the First Presbyterian Church. Williams, George, brewer. Williams, Nicholas, mason. Williams, R., Secretary for C. J. Ives. Wilson, E. S., hat bleacher. Wilson, Jas. C., carpenter. Wilson, John, laborer. Wilson, Samuel, oiler. Winter, S. D. K., traveler. Winterstein, N., capitalist. Wisner, Samuel P. , Vice-President of the Elkhorn Land & Town Lot Co. Winslow, E. P., General Vice President and General Manager B., C. R. & N. WITWER, H. E., wholesale and retail grocer. No. 10 S. Commercial St., residence, No. 254 Park av. ; born in Amherst, Erie Co., N. Y., Sept. 4, 1844 ; came to Rockford, 111., in 1858 ;, was engaged in farming in that viciaity until 1866. From June, 1863, to Sep- tember of same year, he was in the United States army, 67th 111. V. I., three months' service. Came to Cedar Rapids in 1866. Married Hattie E. Baker June 18, 1875 ; she was born in Amherst, N. Y. ; they have had two children ; one died in infancy ; they have one son living — Benjamin H. Mr. and Mrs. Witwer are members of the Christian Church. Wynn, Cyrus, laborer. Wynn, Geo. W., Treasurer Coe Collegiate Institute. ^VTANIC, EDWARD, saloon keeper. Yarnell, Wm., physician. Yanyek, Joseph, laborer, Yasson, Anton, shoemaker. York, Henry, laborer. Young, James, grocer. rVALONSKY, JOS., laborer, Zalonsky, Wenzel, laborer. Zarruba, Albert, laborer. Zedek, Frank, shoe maker. Zerzan, Joseph, tailor. Ziha, Joseph, carpenter. Zorger, George, speculator. Zwacek, Anton, saloon. RAPIDS TOWNSHIP. (P. 0. CEDAR BAPIDS.) A LLEN, JOHN L., farmer. Sec. 12. Andrews, John A., far., Sec. 11. ID ARROWS, B. W., farmer. Sec. 31. BAKER, VINCENT ffl., farmer. Sec. 31; born March 16, 1822, in Painted Post, N. Y.; in 1861, came tO' Minnesota; in 1873 removed to his present farm ; owns 140 acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married Miss Ann L. Davenport Aug. 22, 1853 ; she wa» born Sept. 5, 1831, in Elkland, Penn. ^ have two children — Mary L., born fego-f HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Aug. 1, 1855 ; Clarence Davenport, Sept. 12, 1860. Are members of the M. E. Church. BAUlf ACKER, MEIiCHIOR, farmer, Sec. 17 ; born March 19, 1814, in Germany ; in 1851, came to his present farm ; owrts sixty acres, valued at $100 per acre. Married Eva Smith in 1842; she was born in 1813, in Q-ermany ; had three children, two living — Herman and Sophia (now Mrs. Coanan). Bear, Christian, farmer, S. 34. Bird, Addison, farmer. Bird, Geo. W., farmer. BliEE DIVER, HERMAN, farm- er. Sec. 5 ; born Nov. 22, 1832, in Germany; in 1852, came to Baltimore, Md. ; in 1854, came to Rapids Tp. ; owns eighty-nine acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Priscilla Gephart Feb. 12, 1858 ; she was born Sept. 30, 1836, in Adams Co., Ind. ; have three children — Henry N., born Oct. 13, 1858; Clara E, Aug. 18, 1869; Reynold W., Sept. 1, 1877. Mr. B. unlisted in 1862, Co. G, 24th I. V. I. ; served three years to the close of the war ; was in the battles of Port Gibson May 1, 1863 ; Champion Hill, Miss., May 16, 1863; Vicksburg, July 4, 1863; Jackson, Miss., July 12, 1863; Mansfield, La., April 8, 1864; Man- chester, Va., Sept. 19, 1864 ; Fisher's Hill, Va., Sept. 22, 1864 ; Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864; was wounded at the battle of Mansfield, La., April 8, 1864. Are members of the Evangeli- cal Church ; Republican. Bokorney. Fred., stone cutter, Sec. 20. BOIU^ARDNER, OEO., farm er, Sec. 36 ; born May 18,1852, in Som- erset Co., Penn. ; in 1854, removed to Linn Co. ; in 1877, came to his present farm; owns forty acres, valued at $25 per acre. Married Nancy C. Listevar- ger Oct. 14, 1874; she was born Aug. 26, 1856, in Linn Co., Iowa ; have two children — Louis and Ida May. Mem- bers of the United Brethren. Is a Re- publican. BOWER, LEWIS, farmer. Sec. 36; born Jan. 24, 1831, in Germany; in 1854, came to Herkimer Co., N, Y. ; in 18^0, removed to his present farm ; owns 76 J acres, valued' at $35 per acre. Married Eliza Linn in 1859 ; she was born Dec. 20, 1831, in Germany; had seven children, five living — Wm. G., Eliza, Mary, Sarah, and infant. , BOWER, SAMUEL,, Cedar Rapids Nursery, Sec. 14 ; born Aug. 31, 1823, in Yorkshire, Eng, ; in 1850, came to New York City; the same year removed to Bureau Co., 111. ; in March, 1854, removed to Benton Co., Iowa ; in 1869, eame to his present home ; owns 124 acres, valued at $15,000. Married Sarah Moon Nov. 9, 1848 ; she was born June 29, 1827, in Yorkshire, Eng. ; had two children ; lost J., who died in 1850, age about one year ; Wm. J. was born Nov. 3, 1851. Independ- ent; are members of the Episcopal Church. BOWLUVO, D. L., farmer. Sec. 32; born Sept. 27, 1830, in West- moreland Co., Penn.; in 1853, came to Linn Co. ; in 1872, came to his present farm ; owns sixty acres, valued at $100 per acre. Married Martha E. Crogan Sept. 4, 1856; she was born Jan. 3, 1839, in Canada; had seven children — three living — Homer F., Hager Elizabeth, and Jay Clifi'ord. Mrs. B. is a member of the Baptist Church. He is a Republica,n. Bowling, 0. S., farmer. Sec. 33. Brewer, Wm. S., farjner. Sec. 13. Bumgardner, Peter, farmer. Sec. 35. Burgess, John, farmer. Burgess, Marcus, farmer. Sec. 6. /~^AMBURN, J. H.; farmer. Sec. 22. Carlos, Wm., farmer. Sec. 3. Carpenter, Gabriel, far.. Sec. '17. CLARK, THOMAS B., farmer, Sec. 25; born Dec. 21, 1829, in Wash- ington Co., Me.; in 1863, came to Marion, Iowa ; in 1865, came to Rapids Tp. ; in 1867, removed to Johnson Co.; in 1876, returned to Rapids Tp. ; own? thirty acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Married Eliza Porter in 1855 ; she was born in 1833, in Washington Co., Me., and died in 18.") 9 ; had three children — one living — Eva I.; second marriage to Sophia S. Stanchfield in 1862; she was born in 1839, in Wash- ington Co., Me. ; have six children — Abby, Charles H., Thomas B., Fred- erick, Eliza, Guy W. Enlisted in April, RAPIDS TOWNSHIP. (o%0 t 1861, in Co. C, 6th Me. Infantry ; served about nine months, and was honorahly discharged. He is a Eepublican. COLEMAN, NATHAJTIEIi, farmer, Sec. 6 ; born Feb. 22, 1816, in Richland Co., Ohio ; in 1852, came to Linn Co. ; the following year removed to his present farm ; owns 400 acres of land, valued at 840 an acre. Married Mary Brooks in 1835 ; she was born in 1814, in Pennsylvania, and died in 1865; have, eight children — Samuel, Michael, Lucy Ann E., Peter, George W., Margaret, Nathaniel R., Allen B. ; second marriage to Mrs. Cynthia Warner in 186Y; she was born in 1840, in Ohio, have five children — -Ida B., Ada, Asa R., Viola and Anthony. Are members of the Evangelical Church. Peter and Michael enlisted in the late war.' Cooper, Charles, farmer, Sec. 4. Cooper, Lorenzo, farmer, Sec. 4. Cooper, Wm., farmer, Sec. 4. DAVIS, GEO. W., farmer, Sec. 25. Deitz, John, farmer. Sec. 4. Dodge, Loring S., farmer, Sec. 10. Dvorak, Frank, former, Sec. 12. TnVANS, ABEL, farmer, Sec. .33. ELIilS, ROBERT, farmer,.Seo. 17 ; born Jan. 20, 1817, in Westmoreland Co.,'Penn. ; in 1837, came to Ohio and Michigan; in 1838, removed to Linn Co., Iowa, and made a claim where he now resides; owns 250 acres of land, valued at $75 per acre. Married Martha L. King, July, 1857 ; she was born Jan. 11, 1834, in Westmoreland Co., Penn. ; had nine children, eight living — King W., Elizabeth, Sherman, Charles, Amanda, Ralph, Wirth, and George W. He is a Republican. Evans, W. P., Sec. 33. Evans, Manville S., far., Sec. 4. TpITZGERALD, J. B., farmer. Sec. 5. FERGUSON, J. E., farmer. Sec. 14; his father, James Ferguson, was born in Octobe?, 1799, in Beaver Co., Penn. ; in 1847, came to Musca- tine, Iowa; in 1849, he removed to their present farm ; they own eighty acres of land. His father was married to Marga- ret McGrew Nov. 13, 1821 ; she was born May 4, 1801, in Columbiana Co., Ohio; his father died April 27, 1859; they had ten children, five living — George C, Marcia W. (now Mrs. J. C. Traer), Cyrus E., R. C. and J. E. Are members of the Presbyterian Church. Their son,* A. W., enlisted ia Co. A, 15th I. V. I.; served about nine months ; was taken prisoner at Atlanta, and taken to Andersonville and confined in prison, and died there Feb. 14, 1865 ; he is supposed to have been starved to death. r^ AINOR, THOMAS. GrARD, B. G., farmer. Sec. 31 ; born Jan. 11, 1845, in Preble Co., Ohio; in 1847, came to Delaware Co., Ind. ; in 1857, came to Muscatine Co., Iowa ; in 1868, came to Linn Co. He married Ida M. Baxter Feb. 28, 1878 ; she was born in 1860, in Muscatine Co., Iowa> He has two children by a former marriage — Elsie and Herbert H. Mr. Gard owns eighty acres of land, valued at $60 per aere. He enlisted in Co. H, 15th I. V. I. ; served about ten months. Garlow, Joseph, far.. Sec. 23. Gillett, A. A., far.. Sec. 33. Glass, Jasper D., far.. Sec. 9. GLASS, J. P., farmer, Sec. 9 ; born May 17, 1817, in Pittsburgh, Penn. ;. in 1839, he left for Texas ; on his pass- age ,on the Ohio River, the boat sank at Henderson, Ky. ; he then remained there for nine months, and returned ta Pittsburgh in 1841 ; came to Washing- ton Co., Ohio, in 1842; left for Iowa by team, and arrived at Muscatine Nov. 20, 1842; passed the Winter of 1842 and 1843 in Iowa City; in 1843, came to St. Louis ; in 1^45, removed to Linn Co., and to his present farm ; he built the first steam mill in this State, and run . it for about thirty years ; he owns 500 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Married EUza A. ifodge in May, 1842; she was born July 4, 1817, in Beverley, Ohio; had twelve children, ten living — Anna E., Mary, Selina, Jasper D., Harriett M., Israel 0., Sarah Alice, Lista E., Emanda E. and Eunice A. Goodrowe, Cyiill, far.. Sec. 31. Graves, John B., far., Sec. 23. Greene, George, far., Sec. 15. GROTES, ENOS, farmer, Sec. 23 ; born Jan. 31, 1837, in Seneca Co., HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Ohio; in 1855, came to Cedar Bapids; followed the milling business for about eleven years, then engaged in farming and raising vegetables, and in 1875 removed to his present farm ; owns twenty acres of land, valued at S60 per acre. Married Elizabeth Perry Oct. 4, 1858; she was born Oct. 11, 1841, and died Jan 25, 1874 ; second marriage to Harriet M. Gower, Dec. 16, 1876 ; she was born in 1850 ; had five children by first marriage, three living — Benja- min F., Susie and Mary E. ; have one child by present marriage — Maud M. 4JIJ]VI]!irG, JOHIV T., far., Sec. 6 ; born Dec. 12, 1828, in Smithport, Mc- Kean Co., Penn.; in 1844, came to Linn Co.; in 1851, came to his present farm ; owns about thirty-five acres, valued at $20 per acre. Married Cath- erine Klumph in 1876 ; she was born in 1838 ; have two children by a former marriage — Clara E. and John B. His mother lives with him ; she was born May 13, 1811 ; his father was born March 14, 1801, and died March 27, 1875. Enlisted in 1863 in Co. A, 16th Iowa V. I.; served to the close of the war. "ALL, JAMES D., far.. Sec. 18. H' HAIiE, AMAWDA, MRS., widow of Geo. W. Hale, Seq. 31 ; he was born Dec. 5, 1838, in Orleans Co., Vt.; died Aug. 26, 1874; in 1856, he came with his parents to Linn Co.; in 1865, he set- tled on his present farm ; she owns fifty acres, valued at $3,000 ; also house and lot in the city, valued at $1,200 ; they were married April 4, 1865 ; she was born Nov. 5, 1842, in Westmoreland Co., Penn.; her maiden name was Mc- Dowell ; had three children, two living — Carrie E., born Jan. 6, 1866; lost Ma- mie in 1S72, aged 14 months ; Adella May, born Feb. 20, 1873. He was Secretary of the West Side Mutual In- surance Co.; also Secretary of the Pa- trons of Husbandry. Members of the Baptist Church. Hayden, Morris, far.. Sec. 27. Haynes, Henry M., far.. Sec. 24. Haynes, James W., far.. Sec. 24. Henze, Frederick W., far.. Sec. 4. Hough, Joseph, far., See. 13. Hunter, Jackson G., far., Sec. 4. HUNTER, WILIilAM, farmer, Sec. 4; born Sept. 17, 1817, in Ireland; in Jan., 1842, came to LinjQ Co..; owns 250 acres, valued at $50 per acre. Mar- ried Mary J. Howe Dec. 26, 1839 ; she was born Feb. 11, 1819, in Pickaway Co., Ohio ; had twelve children, eight living — Catherine M., Jackson G., Ma- tilda, Samuel, Henry M., Jane, William H. and Lizzie. He built his first house in Marion Tp. in 1842 ; removed to Rapids Tp. in 1844. Jackson G. en- listed in Co. I, 16th Iowa V. I.; served six months and was discharged on ac- count of physical disability. Is a Dem- ocrat. Hunter, William, far.. Sec. 4. Hynds, Ephraim, far.. Sec. 20. T0HN80N, S. S., farmer. Sec. 27. JOHN NOW, MARGARET, MRS., widow of Robert Johnson, Sec. 30; he was born July 20, 1809, in Westmoreland Co., Penn.; died Jan. 28, 1865 ; in ] 848, they came to their pres- ent farm ; they own about 160 acres. They were married in 1831 ; her maiden name was Bowling ; she was born Aug. 3, 1816, in Westmoreland Co., Penn.; had four children, three living— Kate (now Mrs. Stevens), Mary and Austin. Are members of the Baptist Church. TT'EYES, C. C.,far., S. 24. KEITH, E. J., farmer. Sec. 24 ; bom Dec. 7, 1833, in Bristol Co., Mass.; in 1844, came to Wyoming Co., N. Y.; in 1854, went to California; in 1856, re- moved to his present farm ; owns 640 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married Fronia R. Peddycoast April 10, 1868 ; she was Iporn in 1851, in Linn Co., Iowa ; have three children — Jennie F., Edward O. and Lucy J. Is a Democrat. Are members of the United Brethren. King, David W., far., S. 28. Klopp, Daniel, far.. Sec. 35. Klumph. Henry A., far., Sec. 6. KORTSON, FRADTK, far.. Sec. 6 ; born April 15, 1817, in Prussia, Germany ; in 1850, came to Ross Co., Ohio; in 1858, came to his present farm ; owns 240 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Married Mary Fernow in 1856 ; she was born in 1823, in Eoss Co., Ohio, died Feb. 22, 1878 ; have RAPIDS TOWNSHIP. five children — John W., David P., Car- line, Dora and Ella; are members of the Evangelical Church. Is a Republican. KREjBS, T. €r., cabinet maker, Sec. 31 ; born April 17, 1815, in Switzer- land ; in 1850, came to Tuscarawas Co., Ohio ; in 1855, came to Madison, Wis.; in 1869, removed to Linn Co.; owns twenty acres, valued at 83,500. Mar- ried Susan Dahler in 1841 ; she was born Aug. 2, 1821, in Switzerland ; had thirteen children, eight living — Robert, William Emma, John, Dillie, Charles, Arthur and Carrie. Are members of the Baptist Church. Krebs, Wm. M., furniture, Sec. 31. T APHAM, J. E., dairy, Sec. 20. Lammer, Alexander, far.. Sec. 18. Lewis, James, far., Sec. 19. Lichtebarger, J. H., far.. Sec. 19. Livermore, S. G., stock raiser. Sec. 29. Loomis, Elijah, far., Sec. 35. Lutz, Barnet, far., Sec. 4. Lutz, "artin, far., Sec. 4. Lutz, Wm. B.. far., Sec. 16. "ly/TcCRBARY, DAVID G. McDougal, D., far.. Sec. 31. McGREW, W. T., far.. Sec. 11; born Jan. 13, 1841, in Portage Co., Ohio; in 1874, removed to Rapids Tp.; owns seventy acres, valued at flOO per acre. Married Ann E. Peck, Dec. 25, 1865 ; she was born Feb. 22, 1840, in Washington Co.; have one child, Flor- ence D., born Oct. 4, 1866. Enlisted in 1st Ohio Regt. Light Art., served about three years. Are members of the M. E. Church. McKee, Charles, far.. Sec. 14. McKee, J. S., far., Sec. 14. McKee, Joseph, far.. Sec. 14. Malum, John, far.. Sec. 9. Mauc^ley, J. 8., far., Sec. 10. MARTIiy, JOSEPH, farmer, S. 29; born Oct. 10, 1816, in Canada; in 1833, removed to Vermont; in 1836, came to Albany, N. Y.; in 1838, came to Virginia; in 1840, returned to Al- bany, N. Y.; in 1841, came to Boston; in 1843, came to New Jersey ; in 1851, removed to Cedar Rapids; owns 126 acres in Clinton Tp. and five acres with his present home. Married Lucinda Parelow, Nov. 4, 1848 ; she was born Feb. 14, 1818, in Greene Co., N. Y. ; had five children, one living — Mary L., now Mrs. P. Newcomb. A.re members of the Baptist Church. Matthews, Geo. A., far.. Sec. 18. MATHEWS, ROSAIOf A, flirs. widow of Wm. Mathews, Sec. 30 ; he was born in 1819, in Westmoreland Co., Penn., died April 20, 1855 ; in 1840, they came to Rapids Tp.; her maiden name was Ross ; they were married Nov. 25, 1841 ; she was born April 11, 1816, in Westmoreland Co., Penn.; they own 120 acras, valued at $100 per acre; have five children — Mary,(now Mrs. Stream ;) James A. , Robert, George A. and John R. Members of the United Presby- terian Church. James A. enlisted in the 24th I. V. I. and served about three years. Maudsley, John W., far., Sec. 10. Metcalf, Anderson, far., Sec. 5. Millburn, Hosea, far.. Sec. 6. Miller, David E., far.. Sec. 24. Mock Adam, far., Sec. 36. Murray, A. K., far., Sec. 28. "VTECHWELL, WENCEL, farmer, !.> Sec. 13. Nowak, Frank, far.. Sec. 13. PADDINGTON, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 14. Parkhurst, William, far., Sec. 19. Peddycourt, A. A., Sec. 24, brickyard. Peddycourt, John L., far., Sec. 24. Peddycourt, Nathan, farmer. Sec. 24. Pierce, James, far.. Sec. 25. PrXXAM, C^EORGE C, car- penter and joiner, Sec. 29 ; born Aug. 15, 1831, in Livingston Co., N. Y.; in 1851 came to McKean Co., Penn.; in 1856, came to Cedar Rapids ; owns home and five acres, valued at $3,000. Married Adelia 0. Medbery in 1854; she was born in 1837, in McKean Co., Penn.; had nine children, seven living — Carrie L., (now Mrs. Debe,) Mary E., John B., Emma J., George N., Jay D. and James L. Are members of the Baptist Church ; Republican. "DAPP, Wm. D., far.. Sec. 16. Raymond, A. W.,far., Sec. 10. Reed, James, far.. Sec. 8. Reed, Smith, far., Sec. 19. Richard, W. S., far.. Sec. 33. Rissler, Levi, far.. Sec. 12. t,PK 'TTEKUBY, JOHN, far., Sec. 23. TTTADDINGTON, JOHNSON, far., VV Sec. 30. Wavrina, Joseph, far., Sec. 36. Weare, John, far., Sec. 8. Wenig, Geo. K., butcher, Sec. 33. West, Frederick, far., Sec. 4. Williams, James, far.. Sec. 23. Williams, John L., far., Sec. 30. WnLIilAMS, JOHNSOX, farm- er. Sec. 30 ; born July 8, 1816, in West- moreland Co., Penn. ; in 1848, came to Cedar Rapids ; in the Spring of 1850, removed to his present farm; owns 107 acres, valued at $100 per acre. Married Elizabeth Felger Sept. 9, 1841 ; she was born Aug. 20, 1820, in Westmoreland Co., Pa. ; had eight children, seven' living — Mary J., Lucinda (now Mrs. Vanote), Jacob, Rosanna (now Mrs. Orapo), Jno. L., Lottie T. and Edwin M. Noah enlisted in Co. E, 11th I. V. I. ; served about one year and died in August, 1863, in Tennessee. Members . of the Old School Presbyterian Church. WrLIilAMS, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 23 ; born in February, 1817, in Westmoreland Co., Penn. ; in 1887, came to Wayne Co., Ohio; in 1838, came to Hamilton Co., Ind. ; in 1840, removed to Iowa ; first settled in Cedar Rapids, and in 1862 removed to his present farm ; owns 320 acres, valued at $60 per acre. Married Mary M. Lucore in 1843 ; she was born in 1828, in Pennsylvania; had eight children, seven living — Westfield, Ansel, Richard, Joseph, William, Jennie and Frank. Are members of the M. E. Church. Williams, W. Y., farmer. Sec. 25. Winter, John, farmer, Sec. 5. Wise, Grotleib farmer, Sec. 14. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 681 JACKSON TOWNSHIP. ADAMS, J. W. S., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Paris. Akers, W. M., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. ANDREWS, GEO. H., farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns 220 acres, worth $5,500 ; was born in Pike Co., 111., March 8, 1828 ; came to this county in 1851, settling where he now lives. Married Caroline Sherwood May 20, 1855 ; she ^was born in North Carolina Jan. 15, 1829 ; their children are George W., Sarah J. and Aley E. Is a Republican, and member of the M. E. Church. Mr. A. is the son of Ira and Sarah Andrews, who were married in Morgan Co., 111., in June, 1824 ; the former died in April, 1843, in his 43d year ; the latter came to this county with her son, and in August, 1866, married Wm. Ramsey, who died Dec. 11, 1877, in his 80th year ; Mrp. Ramsey now re- sides with her son, enjoying the best of health, in her 75th year. BAILEY, EUGENE, far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Central City. Bailey, U., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Barber, A., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Central City. Barber, 0., retd., S. 34 ; P.O. Central City. Barnes, G., far., S. 26; P. 0. Central City. Berry. S., far., S. 26 ; P. Central City. Bishop, S , far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Central City. Blakely,D.,far., S. 14; P. 0. Central City. Blanch, John S., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Nu- gent's Grove. Blodgett, A., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Central City. BLODGETT, AUSTISf, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Central City; owns 100 acres of land, worth $3,0,00 ; was born in Du Page Co., 111., Jan. 12, 1840 ; came to Jones Co., Iowa, in 1853, and to this county in 1854, with his parents, they settling where he now lives. Mar- ried Miss E. A. Tucker Sept. 22, 1862. The same day, enlisted in the 9th I. V. I.; was engaged in the battles of Pea Ridge^ Vicksburg, Chattanooga and many oth- ers ; w^s honorably discharged Sept. 22, 1865. Has one daughter— Mertie, and two boys that he has raised from infancy ; their names are Charles S. and William S. Is a Republican, and a Congrega- tionalist. BLrODGETT, SHIEOX, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Central City ; owns 186 acres, worth $4,800 ; born in Susque- hanna Co., Penn., April 10, 1833 ; came to Dubuque Co. in 1853, and to his present farm in 1855. Married Maria L. Tucker March 12, 1857 ; she is a na- tive of Ohio. Was mustered into the 15th I. V. I., Co C, Oct. 18, 1864; participated in several engagements and was honorably discharged in June, 1865. Their children are Hannah P., Olive A.; Addie, died Nov. 10, 1877, aged 10 years ; Joseph E., Esther L. and Corydon L. Is a Republican and Congregation- alist. Bliss, R., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. Bradshaw, M. F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. BROWN, W. li., farmer. See. 16; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns eighty acres, worth $2,000 ; was born in Perry Co., Ind., Oct. 26, 1841 ; went with his parents to Madrid Co., Mo., when about 3 years of age, but his father being an Abolitionist,the place proved dis- tasteful to him, and he moved, after two years' stay, to Ogle Co., 111., where he remained three years, and moved to Jones Co., Iowa, in 1849 ; he remained there a short time and moved to Hop- kinton, Delaware Co., and to this county in 1854, settling first in Maine Tp. ; his father died the next year after coming to this county. He enlisted Sept. 14, 1861, in the 9th I. V. I., Co. K ; par- ticipated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Vicksburg, Arkansas Post, Atlanta and others ; was with Sherman on his march to the sea ; returned and passed the great review at Washington in the Spring of 1865, and was discharged at Louisville, Ky., in July, 1865 ; returned home and taught school one term ; then went to Iowa City, and took a Normal course. Married Miss Caroline L. Willis Sept. 8, 1867 ; she is a native of Massa- ehusfit.t.s ; they have two children — Esther I. and Louie F. Mr. Brown 682 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: has filled the office of Secretary of the School Board, and has been Town Clerk ten years. Is a Republican and mem- ber of the Christian Church. BURTIIS, Wll. A., farmer, See. 32 ; P. 0. Paris ; owns forty acres of land ; born near Elizabeth, N. J., March 10, 1829 ; came to Adams Co., 111., in 1844, where he remained until 1855, and then moved to this county, settling where he now resides ; his mother, Mrs. Phebe Hayes, owns 160 acres of land, worth $4,000 ; she resides with her son. Mr. Burtis married Elizabeth Kee March 29, 1855 ; she was born in Mononga- lia Co., Va., Oct. 16, 1835; their children are Mary, now Mrs. Taylor ; Ida, CorneUa, James and Edith. Is a Democrat and member of the M. E. Church. Bowser, N., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Central City. CASTLE, D. L., farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. CARYL,, C. H., farmer, Sec. 21.; P. 0. Central City ; owns 135i acres of land, worth $3,500 ; was born in New York City Aug. 5, 1833 ; came to this county in 1857, settling in Buffalo Tp., where he lived with the exception of one year in this township, until 1861, when he moved to this township, where he has since resided. Married Lucinda Hutchinson March 21, 1859 ; she was born in Geauga Co., Ohio ; their chil- dren are William H., George I., Sarah A., Emily E., Leonard, Charles H. (de- ceased), Lucy A., Nellie B. and Isaac B. Enlisted in Sept., 1864, in the 15ih 1. V. I., Co. C, and was honprably dis- charged in June, 1865. Chismore, C. B.,far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Central City. Church, D., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Central City. Church, H,, far.. S. 7 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. Clark, J. F., far.. S. 36 ; P. 0. Central City. Clark, R., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Central City. Clawson, A.W,, far., S. 3 ; Nugent's Grove. Coquillett, M. T. M., druggist. Sec. 10 ; Nugent's Grove. COQUlLLETTE,W. E.,physician and surgeon, Nugent's Grove; was born in Rockland Co., N. Y., May 27, 1837 ; while young, he went to Montrral, Can- ada, where he studied medicine three years ; then attended a course of medi- cal lectures at the " University of Bishop's College" in Montreal ; also attended a course at Rush Medical College, Chica- go, and commenced the practice of med- icine in Franklinville, McHenry Co., 111., in 1873; he soon after joined the Conference of the Free Methodist Church, and preached for them two years and five months; on account of ill health, he resigned his charge and moved to this place in 1877. Married Prances Lilley Sept. 2, 1856 ; she is a native of Canada ; their children are William B., Lilly M., John G. and Emma B. Is a Republican and ^ member of the Free Methodist Church. Crookshank, R., farmer. Sec. 26; P. 0. Central City. Crookshank, James, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Central City. Crookshank, Wm., far., Sec. 26; P. 0. Central City. Cutler, J. B., farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Cummings, R. F., farmer, Sec. 3; P. Nugent's Grove. Cunningham, Wm. H., farmer, Sec. 32: P. 0. Central City. DENNIS, DAVID M., carpenter, Paris. DAVIS, GEO. A., & SON, mer- chants, Paris ; the former was born in Manchester, Eng., in November, 1823 ; came to America in 1846, and spent some time in Wisconsin, but returned to England the same year, where he married Miss Susanna Chislet, also a native of Manchester, Oct. 29, 1848; she was born Jan. 15, 1826. Came again to America in 1853, settling in Denmark, Lee Co., Iowa, where he remained until 1854, when he removed to this township, and remained until 1863, when he moved to Marion and lived four years, theft returned to Paris in 1867, and started the store now oc- cupied by himself and son. Mr. Davis is also Pcstmaster, which position he has held for a number of years. The latter, James H. Davis, was born. in Manchester, Eng., Aug. 7, 1849; came to America with his parents in 1853 ; became a partner with his father in 1872. Married Attula E. Fleming Deo. 25, 1877 ; she was born in Otter Creek Tp., this county, in June, 1857. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 683- The children of Geo. A. Davis are James H., Amelia, George A., Laura M. and Albert C. James H. is Notary Public. , Dennis, E. G., carpenter, Paris. Doolittle, E. E., farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Central City. Domer, Jacob, far., Sec. 30; P. 0. Paris. Dresser, A., farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. Drexler, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 36, P. 0. Central City. EASTMAN, OLIVEE, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Spring Orove. EDGERIiY, GEO. C, farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. Central City; owns 360 acres of land, worth $10,000 ; was born in Lamoille Co., Vt., April 9, 1833; came to this county in 1854, first set- tling in Jordon's Grove ; moved to his present farm in 1859, which is one of the finest in the township ; has raised from it 4,800 bushels of wheat in one yejr. Mrs. Edgerly's maiden name was Gilchrist ; his children are Ray- mond, Brainard, Frank and Clara. Ellis, Albert E., far., S. 18; P. 0. Paris. Ellis, J. L., far., S. 5 ; P.O. Nugent's Grove. Evans, Buel,. carpenter, Paris. Evans, James, far., Sec. 30; P. O. Paris. Evans, Turner, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Paris. IT'INNEY, THOMAS, far., Sec. 31 ; ; P. O. Paris. FAY, MARY, MRS., Sec. 18; P. 0. Spring Grove ; widow of the late J. P. Fay; was born in Champaign Co., Ohio,Dec. 17,1818; her maiden name was Ward. She married Mr. Pay Feb. 22, 1838; he was born in Chittenden Co., .Vt,, in Sept., 1805, and died Feb. 5, 1877. He came to this county in 1854, and was a leading man in the community till his death ; he held the office of School District Treasurer for nine years, also. School Director, and was one of the first Township Trustees. Their children are Joseph E., Horace H., Azubah C. and Eliza C. Mr. Fay's living children by a former marriage are David S. and Ellen J.; their daughter, Eliza C, mar- ried M. F. Bradshaw Nov. 16, 1875, " who was born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, July 27, 1850 ; she was born in this township July 6, 1855 ; they have one daughter — ^Samantha C, born Oct. 30, 1877. Fleming, L., farmer, S. 27 ; P. 0. Centra City. Ford, A. R.., far., S. 28 ; P.O. Central City. Ford, E. F., far., S. 27 ; P.O. Central City. FORD, EROS P., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Central City ; owns 200 acres, worth $6,000 ; was born in Bennington Co., Vt., March 31, 1831, came to this county in Oct., 1849, settling in this township, worked at the trade of carpen- ter and joiner till 1859, since which time he has been engaged at farming. Married Mary A. Halstead Nov. 8, 1857 ; she died April .9, 1870, in her 31st year. Married again Cassa Bowser Nov. 30, 1873; who died Nov. 10, 1 876 ; she was a native of Jeddore, Nova Scotia ; his children are Oscar P., Ransom M., Celer W., Irvin E., George W., and Orrin N.; Warren died in infancy. FORD, MARY A., MRS., farm- ing. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Central City; owns 330 acres, worth $9,500 ; was born in Clark Co., Aug. 6 ; 1833 ; came to this county in 1852, and married Elson A. Ford, Nov. 8, 1854 ; he came to this county in 1848, and entered the land on which Mrs. Ford now lives; he died May 3, 1876, in his 50th year; she has four children Kving — Frank A., Flora F., William W. and Allie M.,and three deceased ; Sarah died Oct. 20,1859, aged 1 month ; George died June 9, 1862, aged 2 years and 10 months, and Manly died Oct. 26, 1870, aged 4 years. Mrs. Ford is a Republican and Free- will Baptist. French, S., bl'ksmith, S. 3 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. GILCHRIST, DANIEL, far., Seo.26 ; P. 0. Central City. GARDSfER, CYRUS S., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Paris ; owns 148 acres, worth $3,700 ; born in Elk Co., Penn., Aug. 11, 1842 ; came to this county in March 1868, settling where he now lives. Married Rosetta Murry in Elk Co., Penn., May 1, 1864; she was born in Warren Co., Penn., March 5,1848; they have three children living and two deceased ; Thomas L. died Aug. 21. 1868, in his 4th year; Sarah E. died June 6,1870, also in her 4th year ; those living are William R., John W. and Nancy E. Is in politics a Republican. 684 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Goldsberry, E. A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Goldsberry, Frank, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Goldabeny, J. W., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Green, A. F., miller, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Nu- gent's Grove. Green, A. H., miller, S. 3 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. TTALL, B. F., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Paris. Hall, Isaac, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Paris. Hall, G. W.. far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Paris. Hall, Norman, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Paris. Hall, Wm., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Paris. Harnish, J., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Central City. Hecox, J., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Central City. HEXDERSOW, HENRY, farm er. Sec. 10; P. 0. Nugent's Grove; owns 260 acres, worth S6,500 ; was born in Canada June 24, 1848 ; came to this county, with parents, 1854. Married Hannah Blodgett Feb. 2, 1876 ; she was born in this county Dec. 17,1857 ; they , have one son — Charles. Is a Republi- can and Congregationalist. Henderson, P. G., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Henderson, R., far., 8. 18; P. 0. Paris. Henderson, T., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Central City. HEXDERMm, WIIililAM, farmer and broker. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Nu- gent's Grove ; owns ninety-five acres, worth 12,000 ; was born in Scotland July 22, 1808 ; came to America 1821, settling near Montreal, Canada ; came to this county 1854, settling on Sec. 10, this township. Married Aley Bursell February, 1837, who died 1874, in her 63d year ; his children by this marriage are William, James, Peter G., Robert, Henry and Hannah J. Married again. Miss Sarah Willis, who is a native of Franklin Co.,, Mass., Dec. 25, 1876. Mr. Henderson has $10,000 to loan on good security. Hiscock, M., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Hunt, Wesley, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Paris. TOHNSON, A. H., blacksmith, Paris. Joslin, Geo., far.. Sec. 9; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Joslin, S.,far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. KEB, JAMES, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Paris. Keithley, Joseph, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Knox, C, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Kratzer, S. N., far., .S. 24; P. 0. Central City. Kratzer, 8-, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Central City. LONG, D. P., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Paris. Long, John C, far.; P. 0. Paris. Long, Wm., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Central City. McCURDY, S. C, far., 8. 22 ; P. 0. Central City. McDonald, Alex., blacksmith, Paris. McWIIiLIAMIS, GEORGE, farmer. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns 170 acres, worth $4,250 ; born in Mercer Co.,Penn.,March25,1829; came to Marshall Co., 111., 1850 ; went to California in 1853, where he remained till 1864; then traveled through Idaho and Montana and returned to this county in 1866, and settled where he now lives. Married Nancy J. Thompson Nov. 1, 1866, who was born in Jackson Co., Iowa, Aug. 31, 1844 ; their children are James U., Gecrge A., Mary E., Charles C. and Jennie L. Is a Republi- can and Presbyterian. Madara, Martyn, far., 8. 11 ; P. 0. Nu- gent's Grove. MAIN, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns 160 acres, worth $3,200 ; was born in Washington Co., N. Y., Nov. 22, 1845 ; came to this county March, 1869, and settled where he now lives. Married Ellen W. Cum- mings Feb. 18, 1869 ; she was born in same county Dec. 2, 1845 ; their chil- dren are Margaret M., born June 18, 1870 ; George T., Oct. 19, 1872, and Thomas L., Jan. 1, 1876. Is a Republi- can and 'Presbyterian. Manners, H. W., carpenter, Paris. Marshall, W. 8., far., S. 24; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Millard, Thos., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Paris. Miller, C. E., far., See. 35 ; P. 0. Central City. MHiES, MAHIiON, farmer, S. 28 ; P. 0. Central City; owns 215 acres, worth $4,0(10 ; was born in Hartford Co., Conn., Jan. 12, 1832 ; came to this county in 1852, first settling in Marion, and moved to this township in 1853, JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 685 where he has since resided ; is the son of Albin D. and Dorathy Mills; the for- mer died Sept. 10, 1856, in his 60th year ; the latter still survives, is in her TSth year and resides with her daughter, Mrs. Henderson. Soon after Mr. Mills came here, he, with one or two others, framed a petition for a new post office, which was eventually established and known as the Valley Farm P. 0., but now discontinued ; built a steam saw-mill in 1855, the first in the town- ship ; also burnt the first lime kiln in the township, but parted with the pro- prietorship of both in a short time. . Married Miss Fanny Joslin April 20, 1867 ; she is a native of New York State ; his children are Mary L., Albin D., Jay, Frank and Charles. Mills, Wallace, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Central City. MOIiEili, ROBERT M., farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0,. Paris ; owns 280 acres, ■ worth $7,000 ; was born in Ireland, May 7, 1829; came to America in 1849, settling in Carroll Co., Ohio, wherfe he remained till 1854, and moved to this county, settling near Marion, where he lived till 1865, and moved to his present farm, the principal products of which are corn, oats and wheat, with consider- able stock and dairying. Married Eliza J., Dawson, a native of the same place, June 19, 1854 ; she was born Feb. 12, 1831 ; their children are Anna M., John D., Mary E., Ellen, James I. and Alice M. Is a Republioan, and member of the M. E. Church. Morehouse, James, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Central City. NELSON, JAMES, farmer; P. 0. Paris. XrGEWT, J. J., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Nugent's Grove; owns 660 acres, worth $16,000 ; was born in Clark Co., Ind., JiuielG, 1820 ; came to this county in 1849J settling where he now lives; there are only two m en now living in Jack- son Tp. who were here at the time of his coming. Was Postmaster from 1855 to 1868. Married Miss R. E. Ford, May 4, 1851, who was born in Bennington Co., Vt., Feb. 3, 1824 ; she taught the first school in Jackson Tp. in the Sum- mer of 1850, in a vacated dwelling near where the school house on Sec. 27 now stands ; their children are Otis J., Oril May, Eva E. and Adin E. ; the eldest, Mary Etta, died July 28, 1863, aged 10 years. Nietert, C, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Paris. OAKLEY, G. D., farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Central City. O'Hara, Michael, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Olmsted, D. S., farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Central City. PAGE, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. Central City. Perry, Malachi, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Central City. PHILLIPS, FLOWER M., far- mer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns 440 acres, worth $10,000; was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., March 13, 1832, and came to this county in 1857, settling where he now resides ; principal product of farm is corn and oats, and, to some extent, stock and dairying. Mar- ried Mary E. Hutchinson Dec, 23, 1858 ; she was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., Sept. 14, 1836, and is the daughter of Alva and Margaret Hutch- inson ; the former was born in Connect- icut, and died Sept. 13, 1857, in his 58th year ; the latter was born in New York, and still lives with her daughter. Mr. P. is the son of Moses 8. and Charlotte Phillips, who were both natives of Bennington Co., Vt. ; his ■father died Oct. 22, 1848, aged 48 years ; his mother married again, and died a number of years since in Illinois. Mr. P.'s children are Holmes H., who died April 4, 1863, aged two years and nine days ; Margaret Mary, Carrie and Flower S. Is a Republican and Prot- estant. Phyfe, A., farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0, Paris, Pickett, J. H., wagon maker, P. 0. Nu- gent's Grove. Powell, Dewitt, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Central City. Pugh, J,, far,, S, 6 ; P. 0. Nujrent's Grove, REED, D,, far,, S. 35 ; P. 0. Central City. Reed, J. D., farmer, S. 33 ; P. 0. Central City, Robinson, A, B,, far,, S, 3 ; P, 0, Nugent's Grove, Rollins, C. E,, far., S, 25 ; P. 0. Centrel City, 686 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : EoUins, P. P., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Central City. Eeynolds, J. J., far., S. 12; P. 0. Nu- gent's Grove. SAWYER, CHAS. H., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Central City. Scales, John, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Central City. Shakespear, A. B., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Sheldon, N., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Smith, A. B., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Spaulding, S., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Paris. Stone, John, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Central City. THOMAS, NEWMAN, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Thompson, E. B., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Paris. Thorp, H., farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. YINTON, GEORGE, far., S. 8; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. VIXTON, H. E., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns 130 acres, worth $3,250 ; was born in Wales March 24, 1839 ; came to America the same year with parents, they settling in Pennsylvania, where they lived eight years, then moved to Fond du Lac Co., Wis., and, in 1870, Mr. V. moved to this county, settling where he now re- sides. Married Miss Elizabeth Meikle- john May 25, 1864 ; she was born in Washington Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 1847. Their children are Cora M., Mary, Jen- nie J., John H. and Margaret L. Is a Democrat and Congregationalist. VINTON, JOHX, farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns 240 acres, worth $6,000 ; was born in Wales Deo. 25, 1819; came to America in 1837, settling in Pennsylvania, where he lived nine years, then moved to Fond da Lao Co., Wis., where he remained till 1874, and moved to this county, settling where he now lives. Married Harriet Coller Nov. 25, 1854 ; she is a native of Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; their children are George D., Mary A., Adelbert J., Frederick H., Harriet, Carrie B., Will- iam T. and Eva V. Is a Republican and Methodist. WARE, E. L., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. WARE, A. J., farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns 240 acres, worth $6,000 ; born in Lake Co., Ohio, Oct. 28, 1829 ; came to this county in 1855, settling at Valley Farm, in this township, and moved to his present farm in 1858. Married Miss Mary Castle Nov. 24, 1869 ; she was born in Ontario Co., N. Y., Feb. 28, 1850. Mr. W. is the son of Harris and Mary Ware ; the former is in his 74th and the latter in her 76th year ; they are both natives of New York, and reside with their son. WARNOCK, THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove ; owns 120 acres, worth $3,000 ; was born in Ireland Jan. 6, 1813 ; came to America July, 1844, first settling in Trumbull Co., Ohio ; moved to this county in March, 1867, settling where he now re- sides. Married Catharine Robinson Oct. 23, 1850 ; she was born in Ireland Aug. 12, 1820 ; their children are Alexandi'r, Robert Q., Henry, Margaret J., Sarah A. and Thomas, who died March 18, 1861, aged 4 months. Is a Republican and Presbyterian. Waterhouse, G., fur., S. 17 ; P. 0. Paris. Waterhouse, H. S., far., S. 16; P. 0. Central City. Weeks, Wm., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Weeks, W. H., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. WIL1.IS, A. L,., farmer. Sec. 9; P. 0. Nugent's Grove; owns 170 acres, worth $3,500 ; was born in Franklin Co., Mass., Sept. 17, 1830; came to this county in 1855, first settling in Franklin Tp. ; came to this township in 1860, settling near where he now lives. Has held the office of Justice of the Peace, Township Trustee and Assessor. Married Laura P. White March 4, 1853; she was born in Berkshire Co., Mass., Oct. 25, 1831; their children are Frank R., Minnie E., Alice M., Fred E. and Jessie L. Is a Repub- lican. Yazel, Wm., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Paris. MAINE TOWNSHIP. 68T MAINE TOWNSHIP. ADAMS, H. C, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Marion. Adams, K., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Marion. Akers, W. H., stone mnson, Sec. 3 ; . P. 0. Central City. Alston, R., far., S. 16; P.O. Central City. Andrews, L. A., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Central City. AlfDBEWS, liEVI B., farmer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Waubeck; owns 323 acres of land, worth f 7,000 ; was born in Warren Co., N. Y., Feb. 24, 1818. En- listed in the 16th N. Y. Heavy Artillery, Co. F, in Feb., 1864 ; was in the battles in front of Petersburg and Richmond, and also Port Fisher; was honorably dis- charged in Sept., 1865, and immediately came to this county, where he has since resided. Married Laura A. Stickney, Oct. 26, 1842 ; she was born in Bolton, Warren Co., N. Y., March 22, 1823, and is the daughter of Moses and Han- nah Stickney ; the former was born in Massachusetts Feb. 23, 1788, and the ' latter in New York, Oct. 9, 1796 ; this aged couple reside with their daughter, Mrs. Andrews, in the full enjoyment of their faculties, and apparently happy as they together tread the last rounds of life's uncertain ladder. Mr. and Mrs. Andrews have one living son — Luther A., born May 5, 1845, and Orville E. (deceased), born Oct. 31, 1855, and died Dec. .3, 1874. In recording the death of this estimable young man, we cannot pass without paying, with very many , others, a tribute of respect to his mem- ory. While earnestly fitting himself for his chosen profession, that of a physician, he was suddenly stricken down with typhoid fever, which terminated his useful life in a few short weeks ; he was a consistent member of the M. E. Church and Good , Templars' Lodge, a very zealous advocate of temperance from his youth up, and a wise counselor beyond his years ; he was beloved and respected by all who knew him, and almost idolized by his fond mother, who still sheds bitter tears for her darling boy ; in his sickness, his only care seemed to be for her, and her anxiety for his welfare ; his last words were "tell ma I'm all right," and fell asleep to wake in glory. ATHEAM, E. S., physician and sur- geon, Central City ; was born in Foun- tain Co., Ind., March 20, 1835 ; came to Des Moines Co., Iowa, with his parents, in 1842, where they jemained over Winter and moved to Washington Co. in 1843 ; then to Keokuk Co., on the New Purchase, in the Sprin? of 1 844, where his parents died in 1852 ; then went to Mt. Pleasant, Henry Co., where he attended school until 1856. Mar- ried in Mahaska Co. to Miss Lucy A. Fisher, on Sept. 16, 1857 ; she was born in Columbiana Co., Ohio, Oct. 7, 1835, and died June 4, 1867 ; was en- gaged in teaching school in Mahaska and adjoining counties, and at the same time studying medicine, until the Pall of 1864 ; he then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk, where he attended two consecutive courses, and graduated May 30, 1865 ; immediately moved to Dresden, Powe- shiek Co., where he practiced medicine one year ; then moved to Montezuma in same county, where he practiced in part- nership with J. W. H. Best, until the Fall of 1866, when he removed to Millersburg, Iowa Co., where he prac- ticed two years in partnership with Dr. J. S. Watts, then dissolved partnership, bufremained in that town until 1872, when he moved to Marengo, county seat of same county, and remained until 1874, when he came to Nugent's Grove, Linn Co., and in the Fall of the same year, moved to Central City, where he has since resided. Married Miss Susan E. Longstreth Nov. 19, 1867; she was born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, May 4, 1846; his children are Judith A., Mary A., Alice M., Charles F., William M., Elisha A., Walter S., Jennie and Mennie. Is a Republican and a mem- ber of the Church of Christ. BAESTER, M., far., S. 31; P. O. Waubeck. Balderson, E. K., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Balderson, J. K., far., S. 19; P. 0. Marion. 688 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Barber, Alva, Central City. Barkley, E., retired, Waubeek. Barnes, S., ret., S. 3 ; P. 0. Central City. Barret, G., Sr., far.,S. 27 ; P. 0. Waubeek. Barrett, J., far., S., IT; P. 0. Central City. Barret, M., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. Waubeek. BARRET, PHIIilP, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Waubeek; owns 120 acres, worth $3,000 ; born in Erie Co., N. Y., May 28, 1831 ; came to this county in 1857 ; principal product of farm is wheat, oats and hay. Is in politics a Democrat. His father, Geo. Barret, re- siding at the same place, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Jan. 6, 1806 ; came to this county in 1857, and settled where he now lives. Married Mary Ferrin in 1833; she is a native of New Hamp- shire ; they have six children — Philip, Enos, Manly, Jane, Ordelia and Sophia. Is a Democrat and Universalist. Barret, W., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Waubeek. Barnett, T. M., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Batcheler, F. A., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Batcheler, J. W., far., 8. 28 ; P. 0. Central City. Batcheler, M. C, far., Sec. 28 ; P.O. Cen- tral City. Batcheler, T. H., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Beatenbender, C, far.. Sec. 35; P. 0. Springville. Beatenbender, John, far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Waubeek. Bedell, M., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Marion. Bell, J. A., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Central City. Benest, J., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Central City. Bennett, Jos., far., 8. 29 ; P. 0. Waubeek. Bennett, J., far., S. 13; P. 0. Waubeek. Benton, A. W., far., S. 32 ; P.O. Waubeek. Birk, G., far, S. 1; P. 0. Central City. Bishop, H. 0.,far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Waubeek. Bond, T., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Central City. BOWDISH, IRVIK P. & CrEO. W., farmers and stock dealers, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Waubeek ; own, with brothers, 1,010 acres, worth $25,000; sons of Bailey and Sarah Ann Bowdish, natives of Dutchess Co., N. Y. ; the for- mer was born Nov. 24, 1799. Mar- ried Sarah A. Paine Oct. 16, 1837; she was bom Jan. 10, 1812 ; they resided in Dutchess Co. till 1848, when they moved to Litchfield Co., Conn., and re- mained there three years, and returned to Dutchess Co., and in 1856 moved to. Iowa and settled where the family now reside ; Mr. Bowdish died Oct. 22, 1877, in his 78th year ; Mrs. B. still resides- with her sons ; their children are Irvin P., born Nov. 19, 1838 ; George W.,. born Aug. 9, 1840; Samuel L., born March 3, 1844, and Jackson W., June 6, 1849. Irvin P. married Sarah F. Harrison April 19, 1858 ; she was born! in Washington Co., Iowa, Jan. 24, 1844 ; they have three children — Ed- ward W., George P. and John S. He was elected a member of the 17th Gen- eral Assembly by a flattering majority. George W. is unmarried, and resides- with his brother on the old homestead. Samuel L. is also married, and resides a short distance from his brothers; a Sketch of his family appears elsewhere., Jackson W. is cashier of the First Na- tional Bank in Marion. BOWDIISH, SAMUEI. L., far- mer. Sec. 30; P. 0. Waubeek; owns,, with his brothers, 1,010 acres, worth $25,000 ; was born in Dutchess Co., N.. Y., March 3, 1844 ; came to this county with parents in April, 1856. Married Laura E. Jones, Jan. 8, 1878 ; she was born in Broome Co., N. Y., Aug. 20, 1854 ; is a Democrat, and member of the Regular Baptist Church. BRIGGIS, WM. E., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. Central City; owns 400 acres; was born in Kennebec Co., Me., Sept.. 28, 1837 ; came to Clinton Co., Iowa, in the Fall of 1862, where he followed farming till 1870, and then moved to Winthrop, Me., and engaged as foreman in the Bailey Oil Cloth Carpet Manu- factory, where he remained till 1877, and returned to Iowa, settling where he now lives. Married Olive A. Jordan, who is a native of Androscoggin Co., Me.; they have one daughter — Lillian, born April 15, 1875. Brewer, G., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Central City.. Brown, Wm. L., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Marion- Bruner, A., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Central City. Bruner, Elias, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Central City. Bruner, G. A., farmer, S. 1 ; P. 0. Central City. Bmnner, Peter, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0- Central City. Bnndy, S., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Marion. MAINE TOWNSHIP. 689 Bunger, G. B., farmer. Sec, 28; P. 0. Central City. BURIVS, R. E., proprietor of Central City Mills, was born in Bedford Co., Penn., Dec, 25, 1822 ; came to this Co. in 1853, and engaged in millingfor J. H. Fisher & Son, of Anamosa ; he soon pur- chased a farm in Jackson Township, and moved on it in 1858, and in 1860, pur- chased the mill property which he n.ow owns and operates, and moved to this vill- age. Married Abigail Williams Aug. 26, 1860 ; she is a native of Ohio ; their children are William, Mary, George, Emily, Kichard, Charles, Ethel and Edith (twins). Is a Free- Will Baptist. Butler, C. J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Central City. BUTTERS, WII.I.ARD, general blacksmithing and repairing, Central City ; was born in Middlesex Co., Mass., Feb. 2, 1835 ; came to this county in 1857, but returned to Massachusetts in 1861, and enlisted in August, of the same year, in the 1st Mass. Cav., Co. A, and went directly to Port Eoyal and operated in that vicinity for a time, but was shortly after ordered up the river to Virginia, arriving about the time of McClellan's evacuation of Har- risburg; joined the Army of the Potomac and shared its vicissitudes till Nov. 7, 1864, when he was honorably discharged. Married Miss L. A. Davis May 1, 1866 ; she was born in Catta- raugus Co., N. Y. ; their children are Laura E., Millie L., and Harriet. Inde- pendent in politics, and a Free-Will Baptist. CAKTEK BROS., farmers. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Champion, J. A., farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Waubeck. CHURCH, S. H., proprrietor Empire House, Central City ; was born in Allen Co., Ohio, June 18, 1842 ; came to this county with parents, in 1852 ; is the son of David and Mary Church ; the former resides in Jackson township, where he owns 200 acres of land, worth $5,000 ; he is a native of Vermont ; he married Mary Laxton, in 1 832 ; she died May 3, 1875, in her 60th year ; their children are James R., Reuben P., Samuel H., Henry S., Mary J., Lucinda A., and Eliza M. S. H. Church enlisted Aug., 9, 1862, in the 20th I. V. I., Co. F, participated in the battles of Prairie Grove, siege of Vicksburg, Atcliafalaya River, Fort Morgan and Blakely ; was raised to the rank of Corporal, which position he held at the time of discharge, July 8, 1865. Married Mary C. Den- nis June 24, 1868; she was born in Logan Co., Ohio, Jan. 1, 1844. CUARK, CYRIL, H., carpenter, Central City; born in Dubuque April 28, 1841 ; came to this county io 1842, with his parents. Married Francelia Crane in July, 1867, who died i" Oct., 1868 ; had by this marriage one daugh- ter—Ella F., born July HO, 1868. Mar- ried again, Annie M. Sawyer, Nov. 9, 1871; has by this marriage one son — Burley H., born April 2, 1874. Is a Republican and Methodist. His mother, Mrs. Orpha Barber, was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., and came to Du- buque in 1839, where she married Sey- mour Clark in May, 1840, who died in October, 1843 ; her children by this marriage are Cyril H. and James. Mar- ried Richard Barber in May, 1847, who died Nov. 6, 1872 ; her children by this marriage are — Susie, Alvah. Alice and Oscar; shs has also two children de- ceased — Martin L., died in 1858, aged 1 year and 7 months, and Mary Ann, who died in March, 1861, aged 1 year and 7 months. Clark, David, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Marion. Clark, J. L., far.,S. 3; P. 0. Central City. CliARK, ORMUS, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Central City; owns 205 acres, worth $8,000; born in Wayne Co.,Ind., Oct. 1, 1822; moved to Wayne Co., N. Y., with parents, in 1824 ; to Wayne Co., Mich., in 1833, and to this county in 1839, and was the second actual set- tler in Maine Tp., his nearest neighbor at that time being fifteen miles distant ; at that time there were no mills near enough to be available, therefore they were compelled to resort to band-mills for the meal they used for bread. Mar- ried Mrs. Sabra Jordan Dec. 23. 1859 ; his children are Edith A. and Perley O. ; his parents were Joseph and Abigail Clark, the former died Jan. 24, 1874, aged 88 years, and the latter Oct. 20, 1857, aged 60 years. Mrs. Clark's first husband, Ebenezer Jordan, died Oct. 24, 1858 ; her children by this marriage €90 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY; are Manson E., Clara E., Crosby E., Helen V., Addie E. and Sumner S. When Mr. Clark first settled here, the Fox Indians were very numerous, and he soon learned to speak their language, which knowledge he still retains; he represents them as very honest, always paying for everything they purchased, and returning every- thing they borrowed. Clark, W. F., far., S. 16; P. 0. Central City. Clegg, John C, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Comp, Daniel, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Cook, P. C, Waubeck. Crafc, John W., far., S- 34 ; P. 0. Marion. Crane, Edward, carpenter. Central City. Crane, F. 0., farmer, Central City. Crawford, Geo., physician, Waubeck. Crawford, J., retired, 8.26; P. 0. Waubeck. CRAWFORD, A. JUDSON AND J. PRICE, constituting the firm of Crawford Bros., proprietors of Twin Brothers Cheese Factories and Creameries ; Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Waubeck ; own with their father, 280 acres, worth $10,000 ; they were born in this county Aug. 27, 1855; their father, Hon. Jennings Crawford, was born in Greene County, Penn., September 14, 1805. Married Sarah Evans in 1826, and in 1829 mov«d to Knox Co., Ohio, where Mrs. C. died in July, 1845, in her 40th year ; his children by this marriage are Ann, who died in 1854, aged 26 years ; John L., Salome, who died in 1855, aged 23 years ; Lydia, now Mrs. William D. Litzenburg ; Phebe, now Mrs. Charles W. Coe. Mar- ried Miss Sarah Price in February, 1847; she was born in Westmoreland, Penn., Jan. 26, 1814 ; their children are George E. and A. Judson and J. Price (twins). Mr. Crawford was elected, in the Fall of 1859, Kepresentative to the Eighth Gen- eral Assembly of Iowa, by a flattering majority ; was therefore a member of the extra session called by Gov. Kirk- wood to put the State upon a war foot- ing ; was President of the School Board in 1858, when the present Township District School Law came into existence ; has always been a strong supporter and zealous advocate of common schools and universal education, and now, in his 73d year, looks with pride at the results of his efforts in that direction, and his en- terprising sons and daughters are living witnesses of the value of intelligent and educated parents. CRAWIiEY, W. P., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Central City; owns 120 acres of land, worth $4,000 ; was born in Norwich, Conn., March 14, 1817; moved to Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1835 ; from there to Oswego Co. in 1840; to Manitowoc Co., Wis., in 1856, and to this county in 1857, purchasing part of the land on which the village of Cen- tral City now stands; in 1858, he, with R. Barber, platted the village, and a number of houses were built the same year ; about this time, he and George Hugenan hired a house and engaged a minister to preach, which was the first regular preaching in the village. Mar- ried Jane Darling, who was a native of Oneida Co., N. Y., Sept. 7, 1837; she died in December, 1869 ; married again, Mrs. Lydia A. Jordon, relict of Wentworth Jordan, in August, 1871 ; she is a native of Maine. Is a Democrat. Crew, J. C, far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Marion. Crew, T., far., Sec. 19 ; P.O. Central City. Crookshank, M. M., mer., Central City. Crosby, A. T., far.. Sec. 16 i P. 0. Cen- tral City. DAHMS, JOHN, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Dahms, W.; far., S. 16 ; P.O. Central City. Daniels, J. D., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Marion. Davis, Edwin, farmer, P. 0. Central , City. Davis, Prank, farmer ; P. O. Central City. Davis, H. E., farmer; P. 0. Central City. Davis, Hiram, farmer, P. 0. Central City. Davidson, J. D., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Central City. Delanov, D., for., S. 3 ; P. 0. Central City. DENNY, JOHN Q., farmer, Sec. . 19 ; P. O. Waubeck ; owns 250 acres of land, worth $6,000 ; was born in Wilkes Co., N. C, March 10, 1826; moved with his parents, when quite young, to Henry Co., Ind., and in 1833 moved (o Hancock Co., Ind., where he married Mary el. Leonard, in Septem- ber, 1848, and moved to Hamilton Co. the same year, and to this county in October, 1852, settling where he now resides. Mrs. Denny was born in Rockingham Co., Va., Nov. 7, 1827;. they have nine children — Luoinda, now MAINE TOWNSHIP. 691 the wife of the Kev. Drury, of Toledo, Iowa ; Thomas S., Sarah A., Francis M., Alice M.. Cora L., Ada B., Ella and Stella, twins. Mr. Denny is a mem- ber of the Free-Will Baptist Church ; in politics, is not a strict party man, but often voting in favor of Democracy. Denny, S., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Central City. "Dixon, Orlando G., P. 0. Waubeck. DOE, FKAWK, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. Waubeck ; was born in this town- ship May 10, 185Y ; is proprietor of the " Paris Boy," a beautiful stallion of the celebrated Norman stock ; he is a dapple ^ray ; weight, 1,300 lbs. Dunlap, Ellison, far., S. 30; P. 0. Marion. EDGEKLY, CHAS., farmer; P. 0. Central City. ELLIS, CHARLES, physician and surgeon, Central City ; born in Jeffer- son Co., N. Y., in November, 1830 ; came to Ogle Co., 111., in 1849, where he remained until 1849, when he attended a course of medical lectures in Cincinnati ; returned to Linden, Whiteside Co., 111., and practiced medi- cine for two years, then attended two courses of lectures, and graduated Feb., 27, 1857 ; then went to Kalamazoo, Mich., where he married Cynthia Morse in June, 1857 ; she was born in Jef- ferson Co., N. Y., April 2, 1840 ; their children are Ada, Lincoln and Henry A. Is a Republican and Universalist. Ellis, E., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Central City. ELLIS, FRANKLIJf , farmer, Sec. 28 ; . P. 0. Waubeck ; was born in Tama Co., Iowa, Feb. 4, 1854; he is the son of Levi Ellis, a well-to-do farmer, residing also on Sec. 28 ; owns 305 acres, Wi rth $8,000 ; was born in Morgan Co., Ohio, April 13, 1833; came to this State in 1853, first settling in Cedar Co., where he remained about six months and moved to Tama Co., and, in 1855, moved to this county, first settling in Buffalo Tp., but the next year moved to this farm. Married '; Mfiry J. Pearson March 3, 1853; she was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, May 13, 1829; their children are Franklin, Alvin, Jesse, Lucy A., Cynthia E., Pearley and Lucinda L. Ellwood, J. C, far., S. 32; P. 0. Marion. Elston, S., far., S. 24; P. 0. Central City. Elwood, G., far., S. 28; P. 0. Central City. FELLOWS, JOHN, far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Central City. FALCOX, WILLIAM, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 0. Waubeck; owns 283 acres, worth $12,000 ; was born in Ba- varia, Germany, May 28, 1832 ; came to America in 1853, and settled in Franklin Co., Mass., where he remained till the Spring of 1858, when he came to Iowa and settled where he now lives ; purchased this farm of a man named Foster, who entered the land. Mr. Falcon's improvements are among the finest in the township, having, within the last few years, erected a new house and barn, at a cost of several thousand dollars. The barn is 40x86 feet, and 20 feet post, with a cellar stable under the whole of it. His farm is principally devoted to stock and dairying. Married Gerdrut Leininger in Franklin Co., Mass., Oct. 27, 1857 ; she was born in Bavaria Jan. 27, 1835, and came to America in 1 856 ; their children are Frederick, Annie, Clement, Frank, Rose (deceased), Rosette, Karl, Anton and Herman. Fellows, S. B., far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City Fenstemaher, Noah, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Central City. FIXSON, EDWARD K., farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Central City ; owns eighty acres, worth $2,000 ; was born in Penobscot Co., Maine, in July, 1837 ; came to this county in 1857, and settled in this township. Married Melissa J. Wiggin in March, 1 867 ; their children are Lena and Netta. Is in politics a Republican. FINSON, JONATHAN R. & SiyS,- general merchandise. Central City ; the former was born in Cumber- land Co., Maine, Jan. 14, 1811 ; went to Bangor with parents when about 14 years of age, where he remained till 1855, when he came to this county and settled on Sec. 10, in this township, where he remained till May, 1877, then moved to this village, and in the Spring of 1878, engaged in the mercantile busi- ness. There were but four houses (log) in a radius of three miles when he first settled here. Has acted as agent for the sale of a majority of the village lots of Central City, and is still offering for 692 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY : sale some very fine lots. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for six years, and was the first Justice of the Peace in the town who kept a docket. Is a Republican and Free- Will Baptist. Finson, Thos. G., far., Sec. 10; P- O. Central City. Finson, T. M., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Central City. FISHER, CYRUS, physician and surgeon, and dealer in drugs and notions, Central City ; was born in Mahaska Co., Iowa, Oct. 2, 1853 ; came to this county in 1875. Married Georgiana A. Outing Nov. 9, 1876 ; she is a native of this county ; they have one son — Leo Z. Mr. F. has been engaged in the drug business since Feb. 1, 1877. Is a Re- publican. Fordyce, Abraham. French, Abel, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Central City. GARY, LOVED, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Marion. Gillilan. A., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Central City. Gillilan, Al., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Springville. Gillilan, Absalom, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Spring ville. Gillilan, C. H., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Central City. Gillilan, G. W., far., S. 34, P. O. Spring- ville. GIIililliAIV, Bf. C, farmer, S. 4; P. 0. Central City; owns 192 acres of land, worth $4,500 ; born in Mercer Co., Va., Oct. 5, 1827; his mother (lied when he was quite young, and his father moved to Champaign Co., Ohio, in 1832, and to this county in 1842, where the subject of this sketch has since resided ; they first settled where the , village of Viola now stands, but in 1848 Mr. G. moved to this township. Married Mary L. Heaton July 13, 1851, who was born in New York State March 3, 1833; their children are Charles H., Lydia A. (now Mrs. WoodruiF), Augustus A., Or- pha A., Marcus M., Willie N. C, Sher- man and Sheridan (twins), Lawrence J., Mary A. and Oscar. He is a Repub- oan and a member of the M. E: Church. Gillilan, S. H., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Central City. GOODIiOVE, W. H., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Marion; owns 110 acres of land, worth $4,000 ; was born in Clark Co., Ohio, Oct. 22, 1836; came to this State in 1 854 ; first settling in Fayette Co., but in 1855, moved to this county and settled at Wild Cat Grove ; moved to where he now lives in 1870. Married Sarah Pyle, who is also a native of Clark Co., Ohio ; their children are Nettie, Willis, Oscar and Cora. HASS, B., far., S. 17 ; P. .0. Central City. Hass, C, far., S. 9 ; P. O. Central City; Hagin, Amos, far., S. 30; P. 0. Marion. Hale, T. B., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Central City. Hall, C. F., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Marion. Hampton, , far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Hann, J. D., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Marion. Hartzell, J. K., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Wau- Hartzeil, W. H., Sr., far. S. 20 ; P. 0. Waubeok. Hartzell, Wm , Jr., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. W 3.11 h p o Ic Haskell, S., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Central City. Hass, W. H., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Central City. Hatch, A. L., far., Central City. Hatch, E. K., merchant, Central City. Hayes, L., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Central City. Heaton, Wm., far.. Central City. Hedges, Henry, far., Waubeck. Hense, Philip, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Waubeck. HO AG, THOIIAS R., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Springville ; owns 1 75 acres, worth $5,000 ; was born in Chittenden Co., Vt.. Feb. 12, 1816 ; came, to this county in 1865, settling where he now lives. Married Hulda A. Case Sept. 18, 1843; she is a native of Dutchess Co., N. Y.; their children are Eliza, Ruth- anna, Gertrude, Rachel, Nathan C. and Lydia (who are twins) and Abigail. Is a Republican and member of the Society of Friends. Hodgins. H. L., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Hoiden, P. L., far.. Central City. Hood, J. B., far.. 8. 32 ; P. 0. Waubeck. HOSKYIir, JOSEPH H., Pastor of the M. E. Church, Central City;, was born in Hungerford, Berkshire Co., England, April 12, 1845 ; came to America, with parents, in 1851, they settling in Milwaukee, Wis., where they remained till 1866, when they moved to MAINE TOWNSHIP: 693 Lodi, Columbia Co., Wis., where he at- tended the High School for a number of years ; then attended the State Univer- sity at Madison two years and a half ; he then accepted a charge at Albany, Greene Co., Wis., where he labored one year, and, in 1871, joined the Upper Iowa Conference ; was first appointed to the West Irving Church, where he re- mained two years ; then to the Solon Church two years, to Bradford, Chicka- saw Co., one year, and to his present charge in the Fall of 1876. Married Mary E. Holman June 30, 1875 ; she was born in Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1846, and is the daughter of W. T. and Mary Holman ; her father died May 20, 1876, aged 53 years ; her mother now lives' in Fredericksburg. Chickasaw Co., Iowa ; they have one son — William Mc- Kendree, born April 18, 1878. Hugenan, Gr.,far., Central City. Hutchins, Colby, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Central City. Hutchins, Rufus, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Central City. Hutchins, Warren, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. HUSTOJf, C. A., Waubeck ; born in Washington County, Ind., Feb. 3, 1844 ; moved to Iowa, with his parents, in 1853. Enlisted in Co. A of the 6th Iowa Infantry, July 17, 1861, at the age of 16 years, being one of the first to enter the army for the suppression of the rebellion from Maine Tp.; was en- gaged with his regiment in the battle of Shiloh, the" investment and capture of Vicksburg, the second battle of Jackson, Miss., the battle of Mission Ridge, where he was wounded in the left shoul- der, and in the battle of Resaca, Ga., where he received a second wound in the left thigh. Commenced business in Waubeck Iowa, in 1868; was appoint- ed P. M. in 1869, and appointed U. S. Marshal in 1870. Was married in Aug., 1873, to Miss Abbie J. Wiggin. Erect- ed the first creamery in the county, by which is now manufactured 250 lbs. of butter per day, and which, for uniform- * ity and quality, is second to none in the Huston, J. M., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Huston, J. P., farmer, S. 25 ; P. 0. Wau- beck. TAYNE, A. M.. farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Central City. Jayne, D. D., far., S. 9 ; P. O. Central City. Johnson, I., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Marion. Johnson, J., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Marion. Jones, Jonathan, far., S. 31; P. 0. Waubeck. Jordan, A., farmer, S. 17 ; P. 0. Wau- JORDAX, CHAXDL,ER, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Waubeck; owns 600 acres of land, worth $24,000 ; was born in Danville, Cumberland Co., Maine, March 2, 1820; wentto Boston, Mass., in 1842, and engaged in the provision basi- ness until the Fall of 1844, when he came to this county and settled on his present farm ; principal product is corn, oats and wheat lie makes a specialty of breeding fine stock, and, to some extent, dairying; he is the son of Ebenezer and Sarah Jordan, both deceased. Married Sarah D. Waterhouse June 2, 1847 ; she was born in Danville June 27, 1826, and is the daughter of Zebulon and Anna Waterhouse ; the former is still living, in his 84th yesir ; the latter died Oct. 15, ISaS, in her 36th year ; Mr. Jor- dan's children, living, are Emma E. (now Mrs. Woodbridge), Lydia B. and Josie; those deceased are Ann.i, who died March 13, 1854, in her 4th year; Warren, died Dec. 18, 1858, aged 8 months and 11 days; Lizzie, died Feb. 4 1867, in her 5th year. Their aunt, Mrs Betsey Waterhouse, resides with them she is the relict of Benj. Waterhouse who died Oct. 20, 1873, in his 78th year ; she is in her 78th year. Mr. Jordan is a Democrat and Baptist. ■ Jordan, G. L., farmer; P. O. Waubeck. Jordan, H., far. S. 27 ; P. 0. Waubeck. JORDAX, L. D., farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Waubeck ; owns 824 acres of land; was born in Danville, Cumber- lane Co., Maine, July 9, 1813 ; came to this county in May, 1840, settling where he now lives ; principal products of his farm are corn, wheat and oats ; he also deals quite extensively in cattle and horses. Married Nancy McKinney Aug. 17, 1843 ; she was born in the same town Jan. 19, 1825; their children are Sarah, now Mrs. Rice ; George,Octa- via, now Mrs. Barrett; Mary, now Mrs. Benest ; Walter, Clarence and Lee. Is a Democrat. 694 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY : JORDAIV, jfl. C, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Central City ; owns 326 acres of land, worth $8,000 ; was born in Somer- set Co., Maine, April 30, 1822 ; parents moved to Penobscot Co. when he was about 16 years of age ; in the Spring of ] 848, he came to this county and pur- chased the land on which he now lives ; after remaining a year, he returned to Penobscot County and married MissLove Towle, Aug. 30, 1849 ; she was born in Exeter, Penobscot Co., Feb. 8, 1831 ; shortly after marriage, they moved to their new home in the West, where they have since resided ; during the war, he was appointed by the Provost Marshal, to enroll six townships in this county, and was also appointed to notify those drafted ; has sat as juryman in the U. S. District Court, at Des Moines, three times, and once in U. S. Circuit Court at same place ; was elected a member of the Sixteenth General As- sembly in 1875 ; has been a delegate to every county political convention except one, since he came to the county. Their children are Loann, died Nov. 19, 1866, aged 16 years ; William W., Florence N., Cora, Fred B., John M. and A. Belle. Is a Republican and Free- Will Baptist. M. C. Jordan kept the Wapsie Post Office at his own house, from 1852 to 1864 ; it was the first Post Office this side of Marion. Judd, G. H., far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Central City. K EARNS, T. J., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Marion. Kent, R. A., far.. Central City. Kridler, D.,far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Waubeck. LACy, MOSES, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Lake, Rob't., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Lawrence, F. H., merchant, Waubeck.' Leaf, Jas., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Central City. Leslie, A. H.,far., S. 9; P. 0. Central City. lilTTS, PAIiMER, REV., Pastor of the Congregational Church, Central City ; was born in Oneida Co.^ N. Y., March 16, 1835 ; came to Winnebago Co., 111., in 1855; attended the Beloit College, Wis., in 1858, and from there to Oberlin College, where he remained till 1862, when he went to Virginia and preached to the freedmen for nine months ; then returned to Oberlin Col- lege, where he remained, pursuing; his studies, till 1864. In Jan., 1864, mar- ried Louisa C. Perry, who is a native of St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., and the daugh- ter of Sullivan and Janette Perry ; she is agraduate of Monmouth College, Mon- mouth, 111. In Feb., 1864, he again went South, and became connected with the Freedmen's Bureau ; was Superin- tendent of the colored schools at Natchez, Miss., till the Summer of 1866, when he came North, and located at Elgin, Minn., at which place he was the first Pastor ; he, with his wife, were passen- gers on the ill-fated steamer City of Memphis, which blew up in the Summer of 1866, thirty-five miles below Mem- phis, with about 125 passengers, eighty of whom perished ; Mr. Litts and his wife were almost miraculously thrown near each other in the water, and man- aged to get a floating door, on which they supported themselves till help ar- rived, in about three-quarters of an hour; Mr. L. remained at Elgin three years, then weiit to Spring Valley, Minn., two years, to Monona, Clayton Co., Iowa, two and a half years, to Lansing, Iowa, two and a half years and to this place in 1877 ; their children are Louisa J., Bernis E., Clarence P. and Florence E. Loche, John, far., S. 14; P. 0. Waubeck. McATEE, PRANK, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Waubeck. McFarlane, J. G., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Springville. McGlumphy, David, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Waubeck. McKinney, M. E., far., Waubeck. McLeod, A., far., S. 4; P. 0. Central City. McLeod, Fred., merchant. Central City. McLeod, F., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Central City. McLeod, H., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Central City. McLeod, J. T., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Central City. Masters, Henry, retired. Central City. Mathewson, Albert W., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Mathewson, Dearborn, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Waubeck. MEEKER, H. R., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Central City ; owns eighty acres worth $2,000 ; born in La ""Porte Co., Ind., Aug. 3, 1837 ; came to this county and settled near Springville, in 1858, and in 1877 moved to his present farm. Mar- MAINE TOWNSHIP. 695 ried Mr6. Margaret Courtney, whose maiden name was Keenan, Aug. 24, 1861 ; she was born in Green Co., Penn., Jan. 5, J 836 ; they have one daughter — Ida, aged 16 years ; Mrs. Meeker has one son by her former marriage — J. W. Courtney, aged 24 years. Mr. M. is a Democrat and member of the M. E. Church. Merrit, Gilbert, far., S.33 ; P.O.Waubeck. Merritt, W.W., far., S. 33 ; P.O. Waubeck. Merwin, Charles, Waubeck. Milligan, W., far., S. 19 ; P.O. Central City. Minehart, P., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Central City. Moreland, J., 8r., far., 8. 4 ; P. 0. Central City. Moreland, J., Jr., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Central City. MOBRISOIir, B. F., farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Central City ; owns 2:i8J acres, worth 111,000 ; born in Cheshire Co., N. H., June 29, 1813 ; his great-grand- father was one of the first settlers in the iv colony of Londonderry, N. H., in 1719 ; the Governor of Massachusetts, in a few years, undertook to destroy the colony ; the soldiers arrived on Sunday, just as they were assembling for worship, and on being told their errand, the Colonists , replied that if they would wait till after church they would fight them, and invited them to join in their devotions, which they did, and at the close of the meeting thtre was no more fighting talked of, and the soldiers returned to Boston and reported a failure ; he is a relative of the famous Coi. Miller, of the War of 1812 ; Mr. M. was engaged as Stage driver in the Eastern States in an early day, and after the introduction of railroads cariied on the express business for a number of years ; then came West to Du Page Co., 111., where he married ■ Mrs. Laura K. Hatch,March 31, 1856 ; she is a native of New Hampshire, and was born Sept. 5, 1817. Mr. M. came to this town in 1862, and settled where he now lives, the , site being that of an old Indian camping ground, near a beautiful pond of about five acres, which now abounds with fish, being placed t there by Mr. M. a few years since ; on his farm and around his building, may [ be seen many modern improvements, the : result of his ingenuity and inventive I skill; his apple trees are all grafted on I the " wild crab" and bear a variety of fruit, the name of which is unknown to horticulturists. Has one son — James H. residing in New Hampshire. Is in politics a Democrat. Myers, H. C, far , S. 29 ; P. 0. Marion. "VTIGHTINGALE, MERRIN, farmer, 1>I Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Central City. IVEAIi, IRA, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Marion ; owns seventy-five acres, worth 62,500 ; was born in Erie Co., N. Y., May 16, 1831 ; came to this county in 1850, settling in Franklin Tp., where he remained till 1857, and moved to this township; after moving several times, he, in 1864, purchased and inoved to the farm on which he now resides. Married Mary Fink, Oct. 5, 1864; she was born in Ohio, Nov. 18, 1835; their children are Celia E., Ida M., Winslow L. and Eva A. Is in politics a Democrat. Nightingale, T., far., S. 17; P. 0. Central City. Noah, A. W., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Nye, B. M., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Central City. OUTING, JAMES, painter. Central City. PAGE, G.W., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Central City. Page, James, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Central City. Palmer, Ashley, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Central City. Palmer, H., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Pattan, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 0. Central City. Pattan, Richard, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 0. Central City. Patterson, Francis, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Patton, Wm., farmer. Sec. 20; P. 0. Central City. Payne, N. G., farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Central City. Pefley, John H., farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Pefley, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. Penly, James, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Waubeck. PElUfliY, JOHN, farmer; Sec. 18; P. 0. Waubeck; owns 253 J acres, worth $7,500 ; was born in Androscog- gip Co., Me., Oct. 8,1839; came to this county in 1854, settling at Jordan Grove, where he remained till 1864, and moved to the " Bowdish farm," near 696 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : Waubeck, and remained till 1870, when he moved to his present fanu, the prin- cipal product of which is corn, oats and wheat, and to some extent, dairying — now milking twenty-two cows. Married Josephine A. Bowdish, Sept. 14, 1864; she was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., Nov. 30, 1844; their children are Edgar W., born July 19, 1869, and Mary J., born Oct. 31, 1873. Mr. P. is the son of John and Mary Penly, whose maiden name was Jordan ; both parents natives of Maine — now deceased. Is a Democrat, and member of the Baptist Church. Plumly, C. 0., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Central City. Porter. T. D., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Central City. POWELL., li. H., farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Central City ; owns 250 acres, worth $6,500 ; was born in Bourbon Co., Ky., March 15, 1814; came to Perry Co., Mo., with parents, when about 10 years old, but they dying shortly after their arrival, the family scattered, most of them returning to their old home in Kentucky, but Mr. P. took to the river, where he spent Ms boyhood days among the rough boatmen of the Mississippi; when about 18 years of age, he enlisted to serve in the Black Hawk War, but owing to that chieftain's early defeat at the battle of "Bad Axe," he was not called upon to take an active part ; in 1837, he came to Dubuque, then nothing but a city of willow cabins, there being only two brick houses in the city ; at that time the Winnebago Indians were hostile, and it was as much asia man's life was worth to come to the Wapsipinnicon River, yet Mr. P., hearing of Cedar Rapids, ventured near enough to look down upon an immense Indian village, where no white man dared show his face. Married July 12, 1841, Miss Evaline Clark; she was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., Dec. 4, 1825. He made his home near Dubuque, for a number of years, but in 1844, came to this county, and settled on Sec. 33, Jackson Tp. ; after he had been here a short time, he was summoned to attend, as witness, at a law suit in St. Louis ; he left his wife and two children in the care of the Misquaka Indians, who were encamped near, and was gone twenty-nine days, and returned to find them all safe ; Mrs. P. remarks that she felt safer under the protection of that noble tribe than she would now, were she left alone for so long ; she says that white men were more to be feared in those days than Indians of a friendly tribe. Their children are Chester, Her- bert, Loyd, Dewitt, Ann, Zenno, Mary, Francelia, Marcia, Jessie, George and Alva. Is a Republican. Pratt, Jason, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Preston, G. A., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Marion. EAWLINS, SAMUEL, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Read, H. A., tar., S. 17 ; P. 0. Central City. Reid, C. R., carpenter, Central City. Rice, A., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Central City. Rice, G., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Central City. Richardson, H., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Central ROWLEY, D. & W. M.; P. Central City ; the former a retired cler- gyman ; was born in Franklin Co., Vt., Oct. 10, 1810 ; when a youth, attended school at Brandon Seminary, Brandon, Vt., then studied with Elder C. W. Hodges at Westport, N. Y., where he married, on Sept. 3, 1840, Miss Susan G. Olds; she was born in Warren Co., N. Y., April 18, 1822 ; in 1841, they went to Lunenburg, Essex Co., Vt., where he commenced preaching; in 1843, went to Jefferson, Coos Co., N. H. ; to Boston Corners, Erie Co., N. Y., in 1848 ; to Griffin Mills in 1850 ; to Whiteside Co., 111., in 1852, where they remained but a short time and moved to Cordova, near Port Byron, and re- mained till 1853, when they moved to Comanche, Clinton Co., Iowa; here' they remained .till 1855, and moved to Quasqueton, Buchanan Co., and, in 1857, came to this county, where he has since resided ; was soon commissioned by the Iowa Baptist State Convention as Missionary in the Association, which duty he discharged faithfully for a num- ber of years ; was mainly instrumental in the organization of the churches at Center Point, Prairieburg, Anamosa and Jordan's Grove, and has assisted in the organization of nearly every other church in the Association. Owns 126i acres, worth $3,500 ; resides on Sec. 10 ; MAINE TOWNSHIP. 697 P. 0. Central City. His children are Harriet A., William M., Laura 0., Mary L., Sarah E., Elmer W., Phebe E. (deceased'), and Joseph M. W. M. ■ . Rowley was born in Coos Co., N. H., Jan. 15, 1848. Married Hester G. Lightfoot Jan. 3, 1868 ; she is a native of Linn Co. ; their children are Carrie E. and Claiborn 0. Is a Kepublican and Baptist. SAWYER, JAMES, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Central City. SAWYER, H. B., farmer and mer- chant, Central City ; born in Somerset Co., Me., May 1, 1825; came to this county Iq 1844, and settled on Sec. 2 in this township, where he remained en- gaged in farming till 1866, when he moved to this village ; has been en- gaged in the mercantile business since 1872. Married Miss P. M. Andrews .Nov. 1, 1853; she was born in Pike Co., 111., Jan. 11, 1832; their children are Pliny W., born Aug. 31, 1854; Reuel L., born Jan. 14, 1856, and Edwin M., born Dec. 17, 1858. Is a Democrat and Pree-Will Baptist. Sawyer, M. H., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. O. Cen- tral City. SCOTT, G. WABREX, farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Waubeck ; born in Clermont Co., Ohio, Sept. 15, 1844; came to Jones Co., Iowa, with parents, in 1863 (with whom he still resides), and to this county in 1870. Married ' Loua Atkinson March 15, 1876; she was born in Anamosa, Jones Co. Is a : Republican and Free Will Baptist. Sexton, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Central City. Sherburne, A. D., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Shanklin,A.T.,fai-., S. 28; P. 0. Waubeck. Shanklin, J., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Smith, H., f^., S. 2 ; P. 0. Central City. Smith, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Stark, L. B., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Central City. Stebbens, C. J. far., S. 18.; P. 0. Central . City. vStephens, S., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Marion. Stickney, D. W., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. STICKHnBY, FBAJfKIilX, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Central City ; owns 327 acres of land, worth $10,000 ; was born in Warren Co., N. Y., Dec. 27 ; 1827 ; came to this connty in 1865, and settled in Waubeck, where he remained one year and a half, and then moved to his present, farm the principal product of which has been corn and oats, but the last few years he has devoted considera- ble attention to stock raising and dairy- ing, and now milks upward of thirty cows ; has one of the best improved farms of the county ; his blacksmith and carpenter shop, hog house and yard, stable and outbuildings, etc., being pat- terns of order and neatness. Married Lydia A. Pratt in Warren Co., N. Y., in July 1852; she is a native of Dres- den, Washington Co., N. Y. ; their chil- dren are Milford, Ida, Marshall and Martha (twins), and Angeletta. He is a Republican and Methodist. TAYLOR, A. C, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Central City. Taylor, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Central City. Taylor, J. C, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Central City. Turner, J. G., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Central City. ^TANHORN, J. H., hotel, Waubeck. WAGER, J. A., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Waubeck. Walker, J. M., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Central City. Warner, E. A., carpenter, Waubeck. Warner, T., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Central City. Waterhouse, R., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Wau- beck. WATEBHOtJSE, ZEBUIiOlV^ retired farmer, S. 24; P. 0. Waubeck; oWns 240 acres of land, worth $6,000 ; was born in Cumberland Co., Me., Sept. 14, 1794 ; came to this county in 1854. Married Matilda Goss in 1837 ; she was born in Danville, Me., Feb. 21, 1808 ; he has three children living and two de- ceased — Sarah D. (now Mrs. Chandler), Jordan, Charles and Roscoe G. ; the latter resides with his parents ; Harriet B., died Sept. 18, 1861, aged 23 years, and Lydia F., died July 15, 1868, aged 29 years ; Roscoe G. was born in Dan- ville, Me., March 10, 1850 ; married Kate E. Huston, July 12, 1876 ; she was born in Scotland Co., Mo., Feb. 22, 1857 ; they have one son — Floyd, born Aug. 12, 1877. Mr. Waterhouse was a soldier in the war of 1812 ; was in Col. Joseph E. Foxoroft's regiment and i 698 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : Capt Samuel Fessenden's company ; was honorably discharged at Portland, Me., Sept. 14, 1814. Westman, Beneville, Waubeck. Wheeler, A. M., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Wau- WHITCOMB, CAIiVIX H., farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Marion ; owns 249 acres of land, worth $7,000 ; was born in Berkshire Co., Mass., March 8, 1828, came to this county in 1856 ; first settled iu Marion Tp., renting a farm of Rufus Luoore, now owned by James Scott ; but in 1858 purchased and moved to a farm in the west part of the township, residence nn Sec. 15, where he remained until 1869, and moved to his present farm. Married Ann Busby in 1851 ; she died Nov. 22, 1864 ; his children by this marriage are Ada A., George C. and Clarence L. Married again to Mary E. Bunting, May 17, 1866; she was born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, Jan. 17, 1 838 ; they have five children — Minnie E., Walter 0., Albert E., Mertie C. and Mary. Wiggin, George, carpenter, Waubeck. WIGGIIV, J. M., farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Waubeck ; owns eighty-one acres of land, worth $2,500; born in Straf- ford County, N. H., March 29, 1815 ; moved to SuiFolk County, Mass., in 1826, and to Kennebec Co., Me., in 1836, where he married Jane Russell in 1839, who died March 17, 1849, aged 33 years ; his children by this- marriage were Mary L., Lafayette W., James H. (deceased), Melissa J. (de- ceased) and Melissa. Married Mary P. Russell July 7, 1850 ; she was born in Lincoln Co., Me., Sept. 22, 1820; their children are Georgiana H., Edward P. (deceased), Viola I. and William T. S. Mrs. Wiggin is a member of the Free- will Baptist Church. Wiley, H. G., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Marion. Wilkinson, Thos., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Waubeck. Willis, Jacob M., farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Central City. Wood, B. F., farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Cen- tral City. Wood, H., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Waubeck. Wood, S., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Waubeck. WOOBBRIDGE, WARD, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Waubeck ; owns eighty acres of land, worth $2,500; was born in McDonough Co., 111., Dec. 23, 1848 ; came to this county in 1867, settling on Sec. 28, this township, and moved to his present farm in 1873. Married Emma E. Jordon March 13, 1872; she was born in this township March 13, 1852; their children are Grace, Chandler and Edward. Is a Republican and Baptist. Wolverton, P., Waubeck. Wright, G. J., Waubeck, BOWLDER TOWNSHIP. A BBEY, A. T., far., Prairieburg. APPLEBY, WAKREW, proprie- tor of the Bowlder House, Prairieburg ; best of accommodations for travelers, and good stabling, with attentive host- lers. Mr. A. was born in Orleans Co., N. Y., Aug. 17, 1826 ; when 4 years old, moved, with parents, to Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y., and when about 16 moved to Cattaraugus Co., N^ Y., where he followed lumbering on the Al- legany River till 1855, then moved to Winnebago Co., 111., where he lived till 1864, then moved to this county and settled on Sec. 8, in this township, where he carried on farming till 1876, when he purchased the hotel property which he now occupies, and immediately took possession. Married Sophronia Bloss Jan. 10, 1849 ; she was born in Gene- see Co., N. Y., May 11, 1827; they have one daughter — Helen M., now Mrs. TiltoD, who resides in this town. Ary, Eber, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Ary, N., far., S. 5 ; P. O. Prairieburg. Ary, R., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Ary, S., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Ary, S., far., S. 20; P. 0. Prairieburg. Atkins, A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. BARKER, SEYMOUR D., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. BOWLDER TOWNSHIP. 699 Blanch, G. G., far., S. 7 ; P. O. Nugent's Grove. BOYD, WILiIilAlI, farmer and physician, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns eighty acres, worth $2,000 ; born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., Sept. 11, 1825 ; came to Noble Co., Ohio, in March, 1852, where he remained till 1873, when he moved to this county. Married Kachel Delancey Sept. 7, 1861 ; she was bom in Noble Co., Ohio, Sept. 12, 1836 ; their children are Eberle N., born Sept. 7, 1862 ; Lenora A., born Dec. 14, 1866; Endora M., born May 13, 186", and Rebecca E., born May 4, 1870. Is a Republican. Brazelton, A., far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg. Brazelton, J. W., far., 8. 18; P. O. Prai- rieburg. Britt, John T., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Brown, G., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Brown, H. B., merchant. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. BROWN, H. B., & SOIU, dealers in dry goods, groceries, ready-made cloth- ing, boots and shoes, and a fiill line of goods usually kept in a country store, located on Sec. 29, near Hill's Mills ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; the former was born in Madison Co., N. Y., in 1815; came to this county in 1854, and settled on Sec. 22, on ■ the farm now owned by J. Byerly, where he remained till 1877, when he sold his farm, and, with his son, opened their present store, in which they do a thriving business. His chil- dren are Henry, Alvin, Lois, now Mrs. Argabright; Catherine, now Mrs. McQueen ; Perry 0., Freeman and Lewis. Perry 0., who is now engaged in business with his father, was born February 14, 1849, and married Miss A. E. Belknap Dec. 25, 1873 ; she died Nov. 29, 1874, leaving a son — Guy, born Nov. 19, 1874. BROW]V, _ JOHW, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 155 acres, worth $6,000 ; born in Germany, July 19,1815; came to America in 1837, ' settling in Fairfield Co., Ohio, where he remained twelve years and came to this county in 1850 ; there was but one cabin in what is now Boulder Tp., at that time. Married Mrs. Mary E. Fensteimaker. whose maiden name was Minehart, Feb. 14, 1847 ; she was born in Fairfield, Co., Ohio, Sept 6, 1820 ; their children are George Ward and William H. (twins), Lydia N., Sarah, Carrie and Kate ; Mrs. Brown's children by a former marriage to Mr. Fenster- maker are Noah and Ma ry Jane BROWX, I.EWIS, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns eighty acres of land worth $2,000; born in Madison Co., N. Y., Feb. 22, 1852 ; came to this county iu 1854. Married Emily Ary, Oct 30, 1875 ; she was born in Bureau Co., Ill, Feb. 6, 1854 ; they have one child — Aurilla, born April 9, 1877. Is aRepublican and Universalist. Burke, M., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Burlingham, G., far., S. 33; P. 0. Prairie- burg. Burnside, G. W., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Prai- rieburg. Byerly, J., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. /Caldwell, robert, farmer, Sec VJ 16 ; p. 0. Prairieburg. CAME, HEXRY & HENRY P. farmers. Sees. 9 and 10 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg; own 320 acres of land, worth $8,000 ; the former was born in Carroll County, N. H.,in 1811 ; came to Jack- son county, Iowa, in 1854, and to this county in 1862. Married Ann M. Senter in August, 1834; she was born in Carroll county, N. H., May 6, 1808 ; their children are Brooks R., born Dec. 5, 1835 ; Henry F., born Jan. 5, 1838 ; Fernando C, born Aug. 3, 1840 ; Samuel, born Feb. 5, 1842; enlisted in the 6th Iowa Cavalry, Co. K, and died at Iowa City, Iowa, April 1, 1862; Annette W., born Aug. 18, 1844, and Sarah S., born Jan. 13, 1850; a niece, Jennie Chapman, resides with them, who was born Nov. 1, 1862. Their son, Hen- ry F., married Ann C. Parsons, in Sept., 1867, who died Feb. 18, 1875; has by this marriage two children — Ray D. and Mertie A. ; married again to Sarah Chase, in Oct., 1877, she is a native of New York State. " Father and son are Democrats. Camp, M., farmer, 8. 13 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg. Carr, D., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Cashman, T., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Grove Creek. 700 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : CHAIiliAWD, CHARIiEi^, phy- sician and surgeon, Prairieburg ; was born in Nottinghamshire, Eng., Feb. 11, 1845; came to America with his parents in the Spring of 1850 ; first set- tling in Genesee Co., N. Y., where they remained but a short time, moving to Aurora, Kane, Co., 111., and from there to Shabbona Grove, De Kalb Co., in the Summer of 1851. Enlisted Aug. 9, 1862, in the 105th I. V. I., Co. E, and participated in the battles of Resaoca, Lookout Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Cbickamauga, Atlanta and many others ; was honorably discharged, June 7, 1865 ; when he returned to his home at Shabbona Grove ; he soon after at- tended school at Paw Paw Seminary, Paw Paw, and also at Clark Seminary, Aurora, and from there went to Rush Medical College, Chicago, from which he graduated in 1870, and immediately com- menced practice at Sterling, Jackson Co., Iowa, but soon changed his location for Charlotte, Clinton Co., where he re- mained four years and removed to his present residence in 1875. Married Anna B. Markham March 10, 1873 ; she was born in Susquehanna Co., Penn., Jan. 14, 1855 ; they have one son — Charles F., born May 1, 1876. CliARK, CAIiEB, farmer, S. 26 ; P. 0. Prairieburg; owns 160 acres of land, worth $4,800 ; born Jan. 17, 1821 in Mercer Co., Penn. ; came to Lee Co., 111., in 185^^, where he remained until 1858, when he moved to this county, and settled on his present farm. Married Mary Atkins in Dec, 1841 ; she was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, April 12, 1824 ; their living children are William H., born June 28, 1852 ; Mar- garet L., born Sept. 7, 1857, and Sarah E., May 7, 1860 ; their children de- ceased are Samuel D., who was a mem- ber of the 24th L V. L, Co. G, and died at Helena Ark., Feb. 23, 1863, aged 18 years ; Mary L., died Dec. 22, 1863, aged 16 years ; James P. died April 15, 1851, aged 14 months, and an infant not named. Mr. Clark is a Re- publican and member of the United Brethren Church. Clark, H. W., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg. Conklin, C, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Conklin, S., far., S. 21 ; P. O. Prairieburg. Conley, T., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Cornwell, R.,far., S. 17; P. 0. Prairieburg. Coquillett, Abraham C, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Coquillett, J., far. S. 1 9 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Cross, G. W-,far., Sec. 7; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Crouch, D.,far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. CROUCH, W. W., dealer in dry goods, groceries, hardware, queensware, boots and shoes, hats and caps, ready made clothing, drugs, medicines, paints, oils, school books, stationery, etc., Prai- rieburg ; was born in Bolton, Warren Co., N. y., Jan. 26, 1830 ; is the son of Flavel and Eliza Crouch ; the former died May 25, 1868, aged 65 years, and the latter Oct. 8, 1871, aged 66 years. Mr. C. came to this county in 1855, first settling on Sec. 26 ; carried on farming till 1870, when he moved to Prairieburg, and has since been engaged in the mer- cantile business ; built the store which he now occupies in 1875. Married Jane Coon March 30, 1851 ; she was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., May 15, 1826, and is the daughter of Thomas and Sabrina Coon, who reside in Washington Tp., this county ; her father is in his 77th year and her mother in her 74th year. Mr. E. W. Phillips, who is engaged in business with Mr. Crouch, was born in Hague, Warren Co., N. Y., March 16, 1845; moved to Bolton in 1866, where he was engaged in mercantile operations till 1870 ; then leased a half interest in the Bolton House at Lake George, in which he was engaged till 1874, during which time he filled several town and county offices ; came to Carroll Co., 111., in 1875, where he remained but a short time, coming to this town the same year, where he has since resided. Crowley, J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Grove Creek. Crowley, W., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Grove Creek. Crusinberry, Jas., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Prai- rieburg. "pvALRYMPLE, L.S.,far., Prairieburg. Day, D., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Delancey, A., far., S. 23; P. 0. Prairieburg. Delancey, J., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Delancey, Wm. D., S. 16 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg. DeWolf, Ezra, far.; P. 0. Prairieburg. BOWLDER TOWNSHIP. 701 Dice, I. J., far., S. 5; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Dolan, T., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Grove Creek. Donovan, Michael, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Grove Creek. Drexler, J., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Prairiebura;. FERGUSON, WM. A., far., S. 3 ; P. O. Prairieburg. Field, Hiram, carpenter, Prairieburg. Fielding, D. C, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg. Fleming, Jame«, Sr., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Grove Creek. Fleming, M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Flint, S. W., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. Forbes, P., former ; Prairieburg. FORD, EDWARD, farmer and breeder of thorough-bred stock. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Prairieburg; owns 200 acres of land, worth $6,000 ; was born in Berk- shire Co., Mass., Jan. 20, 1829 ; attend- ed school at Sheffield Academy, Shef- field, and Williams Academy, Stock- bridge, in that State ; afterward spent two years teaching in Massachusetts and about the same time in New York ; came West in 1854, and settled in Belle- Vue, where he was Principal of the Public Schools for a number of years ; then went to Minnesota, where he was engaged for two years as teacher in the Public School at Rochester; came to this county in 1868, and settled where he now lives. Married Sarah L. Wyn- koop in June, 1860 ; she died July 16, 1865 ; has had two children, now de- ceased. Is Independent in politics. Poy, P., far., S. 26; P. 0. Prairieburg. Franklin, J., far., S. 14; P. 0. Prairieburg. n\ ATER, W., farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. vJJT Nugent's Grove. Gehringer, L., far., S. 2 ; P.O. Prairieburg. Gift, A. H., far. S. 17 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Goldsworthy, W. D., far. S. 5 ; P. 0. Nu- gent's Grove. GREEIV, HEIVRY J., farmer. Sec. 18 : P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 160 acres of land, worth $4,000 ; was born in Dubuque Co., Iowa, Nov. 28, 1847; came to this county in 1875, settling in Jackson Tp. ; moved on his present farm in 1875. Married Mary L. Coquillett March 2, 1868 ; she was born in New York, Oct, 31, 1847 ; their children are Wilfred, Lula and Frank. Is a Demo- crat and member of the Christian Church. Grey, H., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. HALL, S. J., farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Prairieburg. HANNA, ISAAC S., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Nugent's Grove ; owns 118 acres of land, worth $3,000 ; born in Fayette Co., Penn., Sept. 14, 1845; moved with his parents to Mahoning Co., Ohio, where they remained until 1853, when they came to Jackson Co., Iowa, and in 1860, to Clayton Co. Mr. Hanna en- listed Aug. 15, 1862, in the 27th I. V. I., Co. B ; participated in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Nashville, Blakely and many others ; was honorably discharged Aug. 8, 1865. Married Maria Green, Dec. 12, 1868; she was born in Du- buque Co., Iowa, July 29, 1845 ; their children are Stella M. and Jessie L. Is a Republican and a member of the Church of Christ. Hennessee, D., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Grove Creek. Hennessee, M., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Grove Creek. Hennessee, T., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Prairie, burg. HILIi, WM. JL. & BRO., proprie tors of Hills' Mills, Sec. 29; P. 0. Prairieburg; the former was born in England April 25, 1835; came to America in 1857; he settled in Canada, where he remained five years ; then he came to Bufialo, N. Y., and remained about two years ; thence to Indianapolis, Ind., where he lived three years ; thence to Marshall Co., Iowa, where he re- mained' a short time, and moved to this county in 1868. Married Catherine Wilkinson, Oct. 8, 1873 ; she was born in England, April 28, 1 836 ; their chil- dren are Alice and William ; the latter, Thomas Hill, was born in England, Sept. 10, 1845 ; came to America in 1862, and first settled in Canada, and then moved to this county in 1868. Married Sarah Brown (who was born in this township), in May, 1870; their children are Roland, Mary E. and John. Holub, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Holub, W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Howard, A., far. ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Huyck, A., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. JOHWS, A. K., & SO?f, general t) blacksmithing and repairing, Prairie- burg; the former was born in Brown 702 DIEECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: County, Ohio, August 19, 1830 ; came to this county in 1868, settling in Otter Creek Tp., where he remained till Sep- tember, 1876, when he moved to this village. Married Sarah Thompson July 8, 1855, who was born in Ohio Co., Ind. ; their children are Charles E., born May 14, 1856, and Albert K., born Dec. 25, 1859. JIJDD. AMOS, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 130 acres, worth $3,500 ; principal product of farm is hogs ; was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., March 14, 1844 ; came to Winne- bago Co., III., in 1865 ; remained in that county one year, then went to Colorado, where he remained two years, then came to this county and settled on his present farm in 1869. Married Mary McArthur Dec. 24, 1869 ; she was born in Dela- ware Co., N. Y., Sept. 12, 1845 ; they have one daughter — Blanche, born Nov. 2, 1870. Is a Republican in politics. KEYES, THOMAS, SR., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. KElfES, THOMAS, JR., farm- er, Sec. 15; P. 0. Prairieburg; owns 160 acres, worth $4,000; born in Clay- ton Co., Iowa, April 5, 1850 ; his father, Thomas Keyes, Sr., was born in Ireland Dec. 31, 1816; came to America in 1840, to Clayton Co., Iowa, in 1849, to this county in 1868. Married Jane Joseph Feb. 17, 1846 ; their children are Ann (deed.), Laurie (deed.), Thomas, William (deed.), Martha, William and John. Principal product of farm is wheat, oats and coin. KLEOf, HEIVRY, Postmaster and dealer in dry goods and clothing, grocer- ies, hardware, boots and shoes, crockery ware, school books, drugs, medicines, &c., Prairieburg ; was born in Germany April 23, 1832; came to America in 1857 ; remained in New York one year, then came to Dubuque, where he lived till 1873, when he came to this town, where he has since been engaged in the mer- cantile business. Married Mary Schleigh- er Dec. 12, 1862 ; she was born in Grer- many Dec. 16, 1842 ; their children are Annie D., Martin J., Mary C, Katie, Lizzie, Henry J. and Emma C. Kula, J., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. LAWRENCE, ANDREW, far., Sec. ■ 36 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Lawrence, J., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg. Lawrence, Jos., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg. liECIiERE, CHARL.es, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 390 acres, worth $10,000 ; born in Oswego Co., N Y., May 19, 1842 ; came to this county in March, 1''74. Married Teresa Kimbling in 1865 ; she is a na- tive of Germany ; their children are Henry, George, William, Frank, Alex- ander and Edward. Leonard, H., far., S. 23 ; P. Prairieburg. Livingood, Josiah, far., S. 23; P. 0. Prai- rieburg. McALEAR, PATRICK, far., S. 13; P. 0. Prairieburg. McAvoy, L., far., S. 4; P. 0. Prairieburg. McBETH, DAI^flEL, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 0. Prairieburg; owns 120 acres, worth $3,500; born in British North America, June 12, 1836, to which place his grandfather, with many others, was sent by Lord Selkirk many years ago ; at the age of 14 years, he com- menced carrying merchandise by team from St. Paul to the Selkirk settlement, and remained in that business for four years ; he then, being familiar with the customs and language of the Indians, spent four years trading with them at Fort Garry ; then came to Jones Co., Iowa, where he married Susan J. Cam- eron, a native of Carroll Co., Ill , in June, 1859; she died April 11, 1867, aged 25 . years ; has two children by this marriage — Roderick R. and Nellie ; . married again, Maria Shields, a native of Indiana, in Feb., 1869 ; has by this marriage — Nettie M., Sarah E., Alexander M., Henry 0. and Mary. Enlisted in 1863, in the 15th I. V. [., Co. D ; was engaged most of the time in destroying railroads and skirmishing, and honorably discharged in Aug., 1865. McDonald, Alexander, farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. McQUEEW, J. C, farmer. Sec. 29, P. 0. Prairieburg; owns 185 acres, worth $4,500; was born in Randolph Co., Ind., April 16, 1842; came to this county with parents in 1852 ; his father, William McQueen, who was one of the pioneers of this township, died in 1863, aged 71 years. Mr. McQueen enlisted in BOWLDER TOWNSHIP. 703 Oct., 1861, in the 14th I. V. I., Co. H. ; participated in the battles of Port Don- dson, Shiloh, Pleasant Hill, Kane River, Yellow Bayou and others; was taken prisoner at the battle of Shiloh, endured Southern prison four months, when he was exchanged; was honorably dis- charged in , Dec, 1864; had four brothers in the army — three of whom never returned. Married lona Paine, March 28, 1870 ; she was born in New York, Oc*. 30, 1849 ; their children are Aola E., Edith and Edna G. Is a Republican. Mezak, Michael, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Frairieburg. MINEHART, JOHIV, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 0. Central City; owns 240 acres, worth 16,000; born in Fairfield Co., Ohio, Sept. 11, 1833 ; came to this county in 1850, March 27, settling on Sec. 5, Buffalo Tp. ; moved to his present residence in 1869. Married , Rachel Slife, Deo. 6, 1853; she was born in Ohio, Feb. 7, 1834; their children are Arlando L., Alvin T., Lucius E., Blmina L., Mary A., Irvin U. and Roy D. OAKLEY, Sanford U-., carpenter and joiner, Prairieburg. O'BRIESr, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 240 acres, worth $6,000 ; was born in Ire- land in Dec, 1805 ; came to America in 1834, settling in Westchester Co., N. Y., where he remained till 1848, then moved to Pennsylvania, and, in 1852, came to this county, settling on Sec. 3, Buffalo Tp., and moved to this town- ship in 1868, settling where he now lives. Married Rosanna O'Brien, a native of Carbon Co., Penn., April 1, 1846 ; their children are James, John, Margaret, Maria (died), Thomas, Peter (died), Ellen and Peter; their son, John, was a soldier in the regular army, and was with Gen. Custer on that fatal day at the Little Big Horn, but is now believed by many to be a captive in Sitting Bull's camp, over the Canadian border. PALMER, GEORGE, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. PARSOXS, XBEIiY, Prairieburg ; was born in Monroe Co., Ind., June 3, 1821, came to Jones Co., Iowa, within a mile of Linn Co. line, Nov. 17, 1839 ; moved to Centre City, Linn Co.[ in 1857, and to Boulder Tp. in 1858, purfhasing a half interest in McQueen's mill, which he retained till 1860; he then traded his interest for a mill in Dubuque Co., which mill he again traded for a farm near Prairieburg. Married Mary Hazelrigg March 5, 1848, who died Jan. 9, 1878 ; she was born in Fountain Co., Ind., Sept. 4, 1828, and came to Iowa with parents in 1842 ; his children are Ella J., now Mrs. Ary ; Marvin W., Sarah W., Truman E. and Henry R. Paul, Lamartin, far., Prairieburg. Perviance, I. B., farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Petit, C, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Pilliard, P., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. REED, P. W., farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Richards, George, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Ritz, Adolphus, farmer, P. 0. Prairieburg. Rogers, E., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. ROGERS, JOHX, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 400 acres of land, worth $10,000 ; born in England Sept. 1, 1811 ; came to America in 1849, and settled in Dubuque Co., Iowa, where he remained seventeen years ; then removed to Pocahontas Co., where he lived until his removal to this county in 1871. Married Harriet Hay- man March 2, 1841 ; she was born in England Sept. 24, 1813 ; their children are Hester, born Aug. 3, 1843 ; Sarah, born May 19, 1845 ; Edwin, born Aug. 16, 1846; Thomas, born May 27, 1852, and Oliver, born June 17, 1854. Oliver owns eighty acres of land on Sec. 9, worth $2,000. Rogers, 0., far., S. 22; P. 0. Prairieburg. Rogers, T., far., S. 35; P. 0. Prairieburg. Rourke, W., far., S. 2; P. 0. Grove Creek, Delaware Co. Rundall, R., far., S. 16; P. 0. Prairieburg. SMITH, DAVID, farmer, Sec 2 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. SHERMAX, L ATHAIR, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; was born in La Salle Co., 111., Jan. 17, 1854; came to this county in March, 1864, with his prrents. Married Margaret L. Clark Aug. 27, 1876 ; she was born in 704 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY ■ Lee Co., Ill, Sept. 7, 1857 ; they have one child, an infant, not named. Is a Kepublican. SHERMA^f, OREN W., farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 177 acres of land, worth |4,500 ; was born in Windham Co., Conn., Oct. 10, 1802 ; came to this county in 1864. Married Catherine Waits in La Salle Co., 111., May 1, 1848; she was a native of Brown Co., Ohio ; their children are Lothair, Helen B., Sarah A., Brwin J., Oscar and Hattie. Principal product of the farm is wheat, oats and corn. Stambaugh, B. K., farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Prairieburg. Stewart, I. C, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 0. Nugent's Grove. TURNER, EDWARD, far.. Sec. 11; P. 0.' Prairieburg. TREFZ, WM. AND HENRY, manufacturers of buggies, wagons, plows, harrows, all kinds of light and heavy work, general blacksmithing and repair- ing, Prairieburg ; William was born in Galena, 111., Aug. 5, 1852 ; came to Dubuque Jan. 7, 1873, where he mar- ried Mary Spoerl, Oct. 14, 1874, and moved to this county in 1876; Mrs. Trefz was born in Dubuque Co., Aug. 22, 1853; they have one son — William, born Feb. ^8, 1876. Henry was born- in Galena April 4, 1857, and came to this county with his brother in 1876. Turner, E., far., 8. 11 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Turner, J., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. VESPER, L. W., farmer. See. 18; P. 0. Prairieburg. Vallanta, P., far., S. 27 ; P.O. Prairieburg. WAGNER, B. K., farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Prairieburg. Wagner, J., far., 8. 28; P. 0. Prairieburg. Walker, W., far , S. 28; P.O. Prairieburg. WAGNER, WILiI^IAM, boot and shoemaker, also Justice of the Peace and Notary Public, Prairieburg; was born in York Co., Penn., Dec. 20, 1814 ; came to Stephenson Co., 111., in 1844, where he remained till 1849, when he removed to Anamosa, Jones Co., Iowa, and in the Spring of 1850 came to what is now Bowlder Township ; by order of County Judge Lothian, called the election Oct. 12, 1858, the result of which was the organization of Bowlder Tp., and the election of a full set of township oflScers ; has filled various offices of trust in his township, and has done his part in making Bowlder and Prairieburg what they are to-day. Married Mary J. Keiser, Oct. 22, 1837, who was btrn in Lancaster Co., Penn., Dec. 4, 1818; their children are Cyrus H., deceased ;. John A., Mary J.., William A., Harriet R., Elizabeth A., George A. (deceased), Alonzo H., Lorenzo D. (deceased), ^ames W., and Nellie L. Mr. W. is the oldest living settler in Bowlder Tp. Ward, B. F., far., S- 28 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. Ward, W. H., retired, Prairieburg. Weanchur, L., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Prairie- burg. WELCH & SON, R. M._, dealers in dry goods, ready-made clothing, boots and shoes, groceries, &c., Prairieburg; the former was born in Cortland Co., N. Y., Sept. 12, 1831 ; came with parents to Walworth Co., Wis., when about 14 years of age, and in 1859 came to this county and carried on farming till 1872^ when he moved to this village, where he has since been engaged in the mercan tile business. Married Laura Barker, March 27, 1853 ; she was born in Jef- ferson Co.. N. Y. They are members of the Baptist Church ; the latter, Albert Welch, was born in Wisconsin, April 6, 1854, and came to this county with parents. Married Sarah J. Coquillett,. Dec. 20, 1874 ; she is a native of N. Y. City ; their children are Edna N. and Edith N. White, H., far., S. 34 ;P. 0. Prairieburg. Whitted, John, Jr., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. WHITNEY, JOSEPH, farmer, S. 29 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 500 acres, worth $10,000 ; born in Warren Co., Ohio, Dec. 14, 1825 ; came to Le& , Co., 111., in 1841 , and to this county in 1854, and first settled on Sec. 23. Mar- ried Dorothy A. Peterson in December, 1852 ; she was a native of New York State; their children are Joseph W., George P., Martha L., Amelia I., Carrie and Edwin E. Mr. W. enlisted Aug. 14,1862, in the 24th L V. I., Co. G; participated in the battles of Port Gib- son, Champion Hills, siege of Vicks- burg and others ; was honorably dis- charged July 20, 1865, and immediately returned to his home, where he has FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 705 always been among the foremost in every enterprise tending toward the elevation of public morals, or for the good of the communitv. WHITTED, J. S., farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Prairieburg ; owns 160 acres, worth $3,200 ; was born in Murray Co., Tenn., Sept. 4, 1820; came to Vermil- ion Co., Ind., in 1837, where he mar- ried Martha Ann Scott, Aug. 31, 1845 ; she born in Bourbon Co., Ky., July 4, 1824. Soon after marriage he started north on foot, Mrs. W. traveling in a mover's wagon; arriving in Carroll Co., 111., the Fall of the same year, where they remained till 1848, when they moved to Buchanan Co., Iowa; lived there till 1851, and moved to Jones Co., and from there to this county in 1859, where they have since resided ; when he arrived in Mt. Carroll, 111., in 1845, he was without funds, and to this day re- members with gratitude the kindness of Mr. Reuben Brush of that place, who sold him an axe on credit, with which he commenced to hew his way to indepen- dence ; since coming to Iowa, he has drawn oats from Buchanan Co. to Du- buque and sold them for 15 cents a bushel, and pork for 75c. per cwt.,and as he says, " Had to take his pay in spotted calico." Their children are John L., born April 6, 1849 ; William P., Nov. 11, 1856 ; Delpha E., March 13, 1858 ; Jemima, June 9, 1860 ; Debby, May 9, 1862. Williams, B., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. WILIilAMS, NATHANIEL, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Prairieburg-, owns 185 acres, worth $4,500 ; was born April 5, 1794 ; was in the war of 1812 ; he purchased his own gun, suit, &o., but never received any pay except three shillings, which was paid to each soldier when discharged to defray their expenses home ; some time after, when the pay for the soldiers came, Mr. Will- iams was absent, and some rogue ap- plied for the money, said his name was Williams, and it was paid to him ; when Mr.W. returned, he could get no money for his services. Married Mrs. Cynthia Sawyer, March 18, 1867; her maiden name was Whitten ; she married Ephraim Sawyer in February, 1841, who died in February, 1861 ; her children are Charles H., Elizabeth, George L. and Edwin. Mr. Williams' children are Holland, WiUiam, Byron, Adeline, Abigail and Emily. Is a Republican and Free-Will Baptist. YOUNG ALFRED, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Prairieburg. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. ACHINBACH, W. M., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Lisbon. ADAMS, T. D., Pastor of the United Brethren Church, Lisbon ; was born in Ohio in 1844 ; came to this State in 1859, and to this county in 1876 ; has been engaged in the ministry twelve years. He married Miss Leah Brown in 1871 ; she was born in Ohio. Alexander, R. J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Alexander, Robt., ret. far., S. 8 ; P. Mt Vernon. ARMENTROUT, A., carpenter and builder, Lisbon ; born in Virginia m 1823; came to this county May 4, 1868. He married Miss Ann Shoup in 1829 ; she was born in Maryland ; has five children — Catherine C., Frank, Alice, Harry and Lizzie. ARMSTRONG, J. M., physician and surgeon, Lisbon ; born in Ohio in 1812 ; came to this county in 1856 ; has practiced medicine thirty-six years ; he is also associated with S. Kettering in the drug business under the firm name of Armstrong & Kettering. He mar- ried Mrs. Caroline A. Coe in 1866 ; she was born in New Jersey ; has six chil- dren by former marriage — Harriet, Frances, Thomas, Sarah, Levi and Anna. Mrs. Armstrong has five children by former marriage — Augusta, Adaline, Mary, Frank, Clarence Coe. 706 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : Armstrong, T. J., works at quarry, Mt. Vernon. ARMSTROSfG, W. B., dealer in dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, hats and caps, Lisbon ; was born in Ohio in 1825 ; he came first to this county in 1847, and came here to reside permanently in 1854. He has served as member of the City Council, also of the School Board, and for many years was its President. He has been established in business longer than any other house in the city. He married Miss Phebe A. Hough in 1850 ; she was bom in Pennsylvania ; has three children — Frank H., William and Mary E. ASH, BElIBESr, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon; born in Kentucky in 1812 ; he came to this county in May, 1840, and has lived on the same place since that time ; he owns 360 acres of land. He married Miss Han- nah Day in 1844; she was born in Ohio ; has six children — Harriet M., Elma J., Levi H., Augustus T., Isaac N., and Olive. Apt, J., railroad carpenter, Lisbon. Auracher, Gr., Cashier First National Bank, Lisbon. AIJRACHEB, J., lumber dealer, Lisbon; born in Pennsylvania in 1854; came to this county in 1867. Has served as member of the City Council. He married Miss Alice J. Sieders Oct. 4, 1877 ; she was born in Reading, Penn. BAHR, EDWARD, farmer, Mt. Ver- non. BARKLrEY, JAMES, farmer, P. 0. Lisbon ; born in West Virginia, Sept. 14, 1801 ; he emigrated with his parents to Kentucky, in 1809, and in 1828 they removed to Montgomery Co., Ind., and came to this State in 1841, settling in Cedar Co., within three miles of where he now resides. He married Miss Polly Munns, May 13, 1824 ; she was born in Clark Co., Ky., and died Dec. 12, 1847. In 1848, he married Amelia Drum, who was born in Kentucky ; she died June 24, 1873. He afterward married Lavina Durbin, in 1873 ; she was born in West Virginia ; he has twelve children living ; nine by his first marriage ; their names are James R., John, Lazarus Gr., Minerva J., William W., Elizabeth A., Elijah K., George M. and Simon T. ; three by his second marriage — Dora E., Sanford T. and Eliza E. ; lost five. Barnes, F. M., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Barnes, I. A., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Lisbon. BARDTES, M. C, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Canada in 1817 ; came to this county in 1843 ; owns 107 acres of land. He has held offices of Constable and School Director. He married Miss Mary Wilcox, in 1839 ; was born in New York ; has seven chil- dren, namely — Jannette, Frank, Almira, Rosina A., Ira, Mary E. and Carrie. Bauman, C. C, carpenter, Lisbon. BAmAW, S. H., Editor of the Mt. Vernon Hawk Eye, Mt. Vernon ; born in Ohio, in 1842 ; came to this State in 1854. He married Miss Libbie J. Ayers, in 1864 ; she was born in New York ; have three children — Augustus, Mary and Frederick. BEATY, AJfDREW, farmer and editor ; Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Cumberland Co.. Eng.,in 1825 ; came to America in 1848, and to this county in 1856 ; owns 114 acres of land. He is half owner of the Pilot, published at Marion. He married Mrs. Elizabeth Willitts, in 1859 ; she is a sister of the Hon. Geo. W. Julien, and was born in Indiana ; she has one son and one daughter by a previous marriage. Beemer, H., Lisbon. Belk, W., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. BEL/Ii, S., retired ; Lisbon ; was born in Berks Co., Penn., in 1808; came to this State in 1854, and to this county in 1870. He married Miss Mary Reber, in 1830 ; she was born in Pennsylvania and died in Aug. 1 866. He afterward married Mrs. M. Grant in Aug., 1867 ; she was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y. Mrs. Grant was the widow of Thomas J. Grant, whom she married in 1842 ; he died in 1866, and left three children — George W., Thomas J. and William W. Mr. Bell has seven children by his first marriage — Mary, William, David, Sarah, John, Ellen and Samuel. Bittinger, J., retired ; Lisbon. Blessing, J., farmer, S. 35 ; P. 0. Mt. Ver- non. Blinks, T.,far., S. 34; P. O. Mt. Vernon. Blodgett, A. C, laborer; Mt. Vernon. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 707 BLOOm, FKAJTK M., dentist; Lisbon ; born in Wisconsin, in 1857 ; came to this State in 1 870, and to this county in Aug., 1877. Has been en- gaged in his profession since 1871. BOCKSTAIiI.ER, J. J., boot and shoe dealer, Mt. Vernon ; born in Germany in 1828 ; came to this county April 13, 1856. He married Miss Mary Eckerlin in 1853 ; she was born in Ger- many ; have four children — Mary A., Emma, John P., Clara A. Border, Geo., canvasser, Mt. Vernon. Border, T. T., teamster, Mt. Verncn. Bovey, Samuel, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Bowman, John, laborer, Lisbon. BOYD, D. li., lumber, grain and stock dealer, Mt. Vernon ; born in County Antrim, Ireland, Dec. 5, 1841 ; came to this county in 1868. Has held office of Mayor of the city. He married Miss Maggie Craig in 1871 ; she was born in this county. Has two children — Jay C. and William Walter. Boyd, Hugh, Professor Cornell College, Mt. Vernon. BO YE, H., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon; born in Denmark June 25, 1819; came to America 1826, and to this county 1839; owns 350 acres. He married Isabel Grafton 1848; she was born in Pennsylvania. Has two children — Julius and Katie ; lost three. BRACKETT, WILMAM, car- penter and builder, Mt. Vernon ; born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., in 1825 ; came to his country in 1856. Has worked at his trade thirty-two years. Has held office of School Director. He married Miss Elizabeth A. Sherman in 1846 ; she was born in Saratoga Co., N. Y; has' three children — Ann Eliza, wife of M. K. Neff; Edgar T. and Clara A. Brainard, M. far., Mt. Vernon. Brenizer. Levi, far., Mt. Vernon. Briney, I). S., far., S.18 ; ^P.O. Mt. Vernon. Briney,G.W., far., 8.18; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Briney, J., far.,S. 18; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Brockman, H., restaurant, Lisbon. Bruch. David, butcher, Lisbon. BITCHER, HEWRY, _ contractor and builder, Lisbon ; born in Ohio in 1848 ; came to this State in 1875. Has worked at his trade for eleven years. BUCK, DANIEIi, dealer in dry goods, groceries, crockery and clothing, Lisbon ; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1820; cameto this county in 1856. Has held office of Town Trustee and School Director. He married Miss Jane Runkle, who was born in Pennsylvania; has two children — Daniel E. and Alice R.; one son, John A., enlisted in the 13th Iowa Inf., and was killed before Atlanta. Daniel E. Buck was born in Pennsylva- nia, and came to this county in 1856 ; he married Miss C. C. Armentrout in 1871 ; she was born in Ohio ; has one child, Willie, by former marriage, and one daughter, Katie, by present marriage. Bullychek, Jos., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. BURD, EDWIN, physician and sur- geon, Lisbon; born in New Jersey in 1846 ; came to this county in 1871 ; has practiced medicine nine years ; was edu- cated at the University of Penn- sylvania. He married Miss Mary H. Bacher in 1871 ; she was born in Penn- sylvania ; has two children — Edith May and George Raymond. BURGE, JAMEIS M., farmer. Sec. 16 ; born in Pennsylvania July 5, 1822 ; came to this State in 1837, and to this county April 15, 1839 ; he owns about 200 acres of laud Has held the office of School Director. He married Miss Sarah E. McRoberts in 1845 ; she was born in Indiana; has eleven children living — Francis J., Mary E., John W., Martha E., Elzina E., James R., La- vina, Ulysses E., Ethea E., Anson S. and George H. ; one son — Jeremiah, was killed in the tornado that passed through this section June 3, 1860. Mr. Burge's house, barn, granary, orchard and a large amount of stock were entire- ly destroyed, and the damage was not less than $5,000. Burge, J., ret. far. ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Burge, J. W., far., S. 21; P.O. Mt. Vernon. Burge, W., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Burr, Isaac, Sr., retired, Mt. Vernon. Butler, Tobias, laborer, Lisbon. CAMP, D. W., wagon maker, Mt. Vernon. Camp, Geo. D., music teacher, Mt. Vernon. Camp, Jas. M., Sr., retired, Mt. Vernon. Carhart, Geo. L., physician and dentist, Mt. Vernon. Carley, G. J. W., grocer, Mt. Vernon. 708 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY ; CARSOW, JAMES, physician and surgeon and dealer in drugs, medicines, paints, oils, window glass and paper hangings, Mt. Vernon ; born in Han- cock, Co., W. Va., 1830 ; came to this State 1856, and to this county 1849 ; has practiced his profession twenty-two years ; has served as a member of the School Board for ten years. He married Miss Isabel Carson 1 853 ; she was born in County Antrim, Ireland ; has two children — John W. and George A. Carson, J. W., med. student, Mt. Vernon. Carson, Samuel, retired, Mt. Vernon. Chubbuck, D. 0., bdg. house, Mt. Vernon. Clark, L., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Vernon. Clark, S. A., station agt., Lisbon. CLARKE, THOMAS, Mt. Ver- non ; born in Baltimore, Md., May 13, 1835 ; came to this county in 1860 ; has been engaged in the hardware business for several years for himself and as sales- man for others. He married Miss Car- rie Brenizer in 1861 ; has two children — Capitola and Claude. Clugston, J. W., merchant, Mt. Vernon. Collin, Abraham, farmer. Collin, Alonzo, Prof Cornell College, Mt. Vernon. Collin, H. A., Justice of the Peace, Mt. Vernon. Conklin, Wm., stone quarry, Mt. Vernon. Cory, J. F., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Cowan, A. T. far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Mt. Lisbon. DAVIS, C. H., carpenter and joiner, Mt. Vernon. DAVIS, W. Id., editor and proprietor Lisbon Sun; born in Indiana in 1843; came to this county in 1868. Has held the office of Postmaster at this place since the Spring of 1869. He married Miss Mary J; Cowden in June, 1867 ; she was born in Lancaster Co., Penn. ; they have four children — Carrie M., Lula B., Arthur W. and Ira J. Dawson, I. P., brickyard, Lisbon. Detich, Jos, Dickey, C. H.,far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Dill, A. T., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Dill C. M., far., S. 20 ; P. O. Mt. Vernon. Dill, T., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Dingman, J. S., laborer, Mt. Vernon. Duiin, C. H., shoemaker, Mt. Vernon. DORAIV, J., physician and surgeon, Mt. Vernon; born in Payette Co., Penn., in 1819 ; came to this State in 1846, and to this county May 7, 1862. He held the offic eof Mayor and served as a member of the City Council and School Director. He married Miss M. James in 1844 ; she was born in Ohio ; has four children — Huldah J., Winfield Scott, Walter A. and Carl ; lost one. Doran, W. A., teacher, Mt. Vernon. Doty, Ephraim, teamster, Mt. Vernon. Drake, J. H., physician, Mt. Vernon. Durbin, J. W., blacksmith, Lisbon. Durbin, Lewis, carpenter, Lisbon. Dwarsak, A., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. EASTERLY, GEO. H., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. EASTERLY, JACOB IV., fanner, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Richland Co., Ohio, in 1844 ; came to this county in 1856. He enlisted in the 13th I. V. I., and served nearly four years, and was in all of the battles in which the regiment was engaged, and now draws a pension on eight different wounds. He married Miss Caroline E. Clark, in 1865 ; she was born in the place in which they now reside ; have two children — Addie and Willie J. Easterly, L., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Easterly, W., carpenter, Lisbon. Eberhart, M. H., photo, artist, Mt. Vernon. EBY, JOHX H., carpenter, Lisbon; born in Pennsylvania in 1823, and came to this county in 1847, in company with J. E. Kurtz, Michael Hoover and others. He married Miss Elizabeth A. Reed, in 1847 ; she was born in Pennsylvania; have two ■ children — Samuel J. and Mary A. Ellison, S., harness maker, Mt. Vernon. Everheart, P., laborer, Mt. Vernon. I FAIRBANKS, IRA G., school teach- ' er, Mt. Vernon. Fetter, S., Road Supervisor, Lisbon. Fetterman, R., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Fink, John, retired, Lisbon. Fish, Luke, watchmaker, Mt. Vernon. Fisher, P. J., attorney, Lisbon. FLETCHER, GEORGE, phy sician and surgeon, Lisbon ; born in Maine in 1829 ; came to this county in Nov., 1876. He is associated with W. H. Runkle, under the firm name of Fletcher & Runkle, and are dealers in drugs, medicines, paints, oils, glass and stationery. He married Miss Sarah Salloway in 1855 ; she was born in FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 709 Ohio ; have three children — Mary B., Susie F. and Harry G. . lost two — Frank W. and Gracie. He also has a nephew and niece living with him — - Frank E. and Jessie Brjson. Flint, J. F., student, Mt. Vernon. Floyd, M., boot and shoe dealer, Lisbon. Ford, J. H., retij:ed farmer, Lisbon. Foster, A F., plasterer, Mt. Vernon. Fouse, D. S., Pastor Keformed Church, Lisbon. f^ AMBLE, WM., farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. \jr 0. Mt. Vernon. Oauby, Benj., stone mason, Lisbon. Gauby, Jonas, carp, and builder, Lisbon. Gates, F. P., retired, Mt. Vernon. Gerard, W. H., carp, andjoiuer, Mt. Vernon. Gibboney, Jas., plasterer, Lisbon. Gillett, Chas., printer, Mt. Vernon. Gilliland, S., retired, Mt. Vernon. Goodue, H. C, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Goodman, H., bricklayer, Lisbon. Gormley, W.,far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Goudy, W. H., salesman, Mt. Vernon. OOlJGrll, E. T., dealer in groceries, crockery and general produce, Mt. Ver- non ; born in Orange Co., N. Y., in 1847; came to this county in 1871. Has served as member of the City Council. He married Miss Frances Walton in 1873; she was born in Essex Co., N. Y. ; has two children — Mabel and Frank. Gould, K., ret. clergyman, Mt. Vernon. Graver, F., far., S. 28; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. GBAUIi, DAVID, retired farmer, Lisbon ; born in Fairfield Co., Ohio, in 1818 ; came to this county in 1853 ; owns 125 acres of land. Has been a member of the City Council and School Director. He married Miss Elizabeth Alspaugh in 1841 ; she was born in Ohio ; has three children — Jefierson G., Sarah R. and Seymour W. ; lost two. Grauel, John, Lisbon. Graham, John, retired, Mt. Vernon. Guild, E. L., hotel keeper, Mt. Vernon. Gutzler, M., wagon maker, Mt. Vernon. HAHN, AMOS, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. HAHN, DAXIEIi, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Illinois in 1837; came to this county in 1838. He married Miss Eliza Tyson in 1862; , she was born in Indiana; has three I children— Eulerta, Maud and Claude; lost three — Oscar A., Estella, Arthur. Hahn, Elias, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. HAHIV, JOHN F., farmer and stone dealer, Mt. Veruon ; born in this county in 1849, his father bring one of the earliest settlers in the county. He married Miss Lizzie Kurtz in 1873 ; she was born in Franklin Tp. : has two children — Frank K. and Guy S. Hale, H. S., carpenter, Mt. Vernon. Halderman, Levi, carpenter, Lisbon. Han, Henry C, R. R. hand, Lisbon. Hanway, Geo., carpenter, Lisbon. Harbert, R. J., carpenter, Mt. Vernon. Harlan, J. E., Prof Cornell College, Mt. Vernon Harvey, G. W., farmer and nurseryman, Sec, 19 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Harvey, J. B., molasses mfr., Lisbon. HASKIN, J. P,,boot and shoe dealer, Mt. Vernon ; born in this county in 1848. Hart, F. W., nurseryman, Mt. Vernon. Hawn, Reuben, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Hayden, N. P. HAYZIiETT, WIIililAM, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in West Virginia in 1813; lived in Indiana four years, and came to this county in July, 1840. Has held offices of School Director and Supervisor. He married Miss Annie Sample in 1836 ; she was born in Virginia and died in 1839. He afterward married Elizabeth Williams in 1840 ; she was born in Indi- ana. Has three children living ; names, Ellison, Mary A. and Elsie ; lost three — Joseph, Edward and Richard. Joseph enlisted in the 36th Ind. V. I., and was wounded at Corinth and died from effects of wounds. Edward enlisted in the 13th Iowa V. I., and was killed before Atlanta, and Richard enlisted in the 1st Iowa V. I., and was wounded at Wilson's Creek and died from wounds and disease contracted in the army. Heller, Peter, tinman, Lisbon. Henderson, W., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Henry, J. E., far.; P. 0. Lisbon. Henry, W. W., Dep. SheriflF, Mt. Vernon. Herman David, retired, Mt. Vernon. Herren, John, City Marshal, Mt. Vernon. HEBRON, J. P., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in New York, Sept., 1844 ; came to this county in 710 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: 1868. He married Mrs. E. Webber in 1869 ; she was born in Ohio. Has three children — Lucy L., Edward L. and Mattie P. Mrs. Herron (whose maiden name was Sill) was previously married to John Webber, Sept. 27, 1 861 ; he was born in Ohio and died Nov. 9, 186)7 ; has two children by first mar- riage — Lena M. and Helen A. Webber. HERSHEY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Lisbon; born in Pennsyl- vania in 1836 ; came to this county in 1847 ; owns, with his brother-in-law, James M. North, 222 acres of land. Has held the office of School Director. He enlisted in the 24th I. V. 1., in the late war, and was at the battles of Sa- bine Cross Roads, Cedar Creek and others ; was taken prisoner and con- fined four months and a half, the greater part of the time at Salisbury, N. C. Married Miss Mary Sweet in 1861 ; she was born in Illinois ; has two chil- dren — Samuel and Jennie. Hess, Wm., retired, Lisbon. HOFFMAN, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Pennsyl- vania in January, 1815; came to this county in 1844; owns 367 acres of land. Has held the offices of Super- visor and School Director. He married Miss Mary Coleman in 1844; she was born in Ohio; has one daughter by former marriage, named Susan A., and seven by second marriage ; names — Mattie J., Lizzie A., John H., James W., Milton Calvin, Mary A. and Abra- ham Lincoln. One son, George W., was killed at the battle of Atlanta ; one son, Jocabed, was accidentally shot Oct. 25, 1876, in the 21st year of his age. HolUnger, I. V., merchant, Mt. Vernon. Hoover, Geo. S., farmer, S. 24 ; P. 0. Lis- bon. HOOVER, JONATHAN, black smith, Lisbon; born Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1833 ; came to this county in 1847 ; commenced working at his trade in 1852, and has worked since that time in this city. He married Miss Mary Blessing in 1855; she was born in Dauphin Co., Penn. ; has seven chil- dren — Lizzie A., Nancy E., John F., Samuel A., Benjamin P., William H. and Clyde' 0. ; lost one son — Henry M. HOOVER, MICHAEI., retired, Lisbon ; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., July 4, 1803 ; came to this county in 1847. Has held the office of Town Trustee and Assessor. He married Miss Mary Hershey in 18:i6 ; she was ! born in Pennsylvania ; in 1876, they celebrated their golden wedding, at which all their children were present. Mrs. Hoover died May 15, 1877; has eight children — Benjamin, Jonathan, Nancy, Henry, Elizabeth, Michael, Christian and Mary; Horn, G. L., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. HORN, SAMUEL, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in England in 1810; came to this county in 1857;. owns 275 acres of land. He married Miss Mary Marshall in 1838; sEe was- born in England ; has seven children — George, John, Elizabeth, Sarah, Mel- vina, Rose and Welthew. Houser, Geo., farmer, Lisbon. Houser, H. B., merchant, Lisbon. Houser, Peter, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Houser, Richd., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. HrJshka. E., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. IGLEHART, ALBERT, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. O. Mt. Vernon. INK, M. li., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 0. Mt. Vernon; born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., in 1825 ; came to this State in 1855, and brought with him a stock of goods and a saw-mill ; he set the mill up in Johnson Co. and brought the goods to Mt. Vernon, where he engaged, in business ; he owns 350 acres of land. Has served as School Director for ten years. He married Miss Lucretia A. Johnston in 1853; she was born in Ohio; has three children — Albert.W., Clinton M. and Raymond P. ISH, M. H., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in La Salle Co., 111., in 1850; came to this county in 1875; owns seventy-six acres of land. He mar- ried Miss Alice E. Stevens in 1872: she was born in Ohio. His father, Alexander Ish, was born in Fort Clark, Peoria, in 1820 ; his father at that time being in command of the Fort. His grandfather came to this county with a French trading company, at an early day. Isherwood, G. C, retired, Lisbon. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 711 ISHERWOOD, THOMAS G., farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Lancaster, Penn., Nov. 6, 1816 ; came to this county in 1850 ; owns 420 acres of land. Has served as Treasurer of the Mt. Vernon Independent School District. He married Miss Herpalice Lowry May 1, 1849 ; she was born in . Pennsylvania ; have four children — Hortensous L., Alonzo Be Villa, Sam- uel A. and Thomas Gr. JOHNSON, J. v., farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Johnston, Nathaniel, farmer; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Jones, J. B., Pastor M. B. Church, Lisbon. KEEDICK, J .W., stock dealer, Mt. Vernon. Keedick, J., stock dealer, Mt. Vernon. Keith, F. L., gardener, Mt. Vernon. Kemp, E., well driller, Mt. Vernon. Kendordine, T., blacksmith, Lisbon. Kepler, C. H., far., S. 4 ; P.O. Mt. Vernon. Kepler, C. W., attorney, Mt. Vernon. KEPLER, HEIlirKY, retired farm- er, Mt. Vernon ; born in Frederick Co., Maryland, in 1813; came to this county in 1839 ; owns sixty five acres of land. Has held offices of County Superinten- dent and School Director. He married . Miss Emaline 'Willitts in 1837 ; she was born in Ohio ; have nine children — ■ L. Monroe, Murray VV., Viola J., Ira M., Mary E., James P., John W., Henry A. and Jennie E. Kepler, J. W., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. KEPLER, MrRRAY W., farm- er. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Linn Co., on the faim on which he now regides, in 1842 ; his parents being alDongthe oldest residents of the county. He married Miss Carrie Bromwell in 1866; she was born in this county; have three children — Maud, Evaline and Jessie. KEPLER, P. H. H., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. Mt. Vernon; born in Mary- land in 1836 ; came to this county in 1 843 ; owns fifty acres of land. Has held office of School Director. He mar- ried Miss Elizabeth Doty in 1861 ; she was born in Ohio ; have three children — Frank H., Esther A. and Addie E. Kepler, T. S., physician, Mt. Vernon. KETTEROfG, SOLOMOX, druggist, Lisbon ; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1847 ; came to this county in 1850. He has been engaged in busi- ness six years, and is associated with J. M. Armstrong, M. D. He married Miss Mary Coe in 1871 ; she was born in New York ; have three children — Lewis^ Ella and Kalph. Keyes, M., carpenter, Mt. Vernon. King, W. F., D. D., Pres. Cornell College. Kinney, Eugene, laborer, Lisbon. KIRKPATRICK, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Mt. Vernon; born in Franklin Co., Penn., in 1826 ; came to this county in 1857 ; owns 280 acres of land. Has held the offices of School Director and Town Treasurer. He married Miss Sarah Henderson in 1851 ; she was born in Ohio, and died in 1852; he afterward married Miss Susan Cowan, in 1858 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has one child — Ralph, by first marriage, and six by second ; names — Cowan, John, Mary, Emma, Robert and Lizzie. KIRKPATRICK, RALPH, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Medina Co., Ohio, in 1853; came to this county in 1857 ; owns sixty acres. He married Miss Ann M. Crawford in ] 875 ; she was born in Franklin Co., Penn. ; they had one child — Frank Crawford. Kleineck, Charles, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. KLEINECK, GEORGE, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Germany in 1839, and came to this State in 1845; owns 120 acres. He married Miss Laura Wolf in 1860 ; she was born in Iowa ; has seven children — George William, Daniel D., Lee, Isie, Viola, Abraham L. and baby. Koch, William, saloon. Sec. 13; P. 0. Lisbon. KOHL, D. F., farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Pennsylvania, in 1843 ; came to this State in 1856, and to this county in 1871 ; owns 198 acres. He enlisted in the 13th Iowa Infantry; served nearly four years, and was in nearly all the engagements in which the regiment took part. He married Miss Elizabeth Smith in 1866; she was born in Pennsylvania; have five children — Eliza, Nora, Gertie, Addie and Edward. 712 DIKECTORY OF LINN COUNI Koub, Valentine, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon, Kopf, Jacob, laborer, Lisbon. Kopetska, Frank, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. KRAMER, C, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Pennsylvania in 1819; came to this county July 21, 1869 ; owns 100 acres. He married Lydia Green wait in 1842 ; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died in 1844. He afterward married Annie S. Tobin, in 1858; she was from New York, and died in April, 1875 ; had one child by first marriage, named Francis, and eleven by second marriage ; names — Clara A., Lydia A., Emma R., Sarah J., Charles H., Annetta, George, Willie, Robert N. Jesse A. and Mary C. ; lost one. KURTZ, A. E.,_ miller, Sec. 36; P. 0. Lisbon; born in Pennsylvania in ' 1846 ; came to this county in 1847 ; has been engaged in milling eleven years ; the past eight years he has been asso- ciated with his brother, D. K. Kurtz. He enlisted in the 24th Iowa Infantry, in the late war, and was at the battles of Shenandoah Valley, Cedar Creek, Win- chester ond others. He married Miss Kate M. Dowart in 1868 ; she was born in St. Louis, Mo. ; has one child — Flora G. Kurtz, C. H., traveling salesman ; P. 0. Lisbon. KURTZ, D. H., miller. Sec. 36; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Lisbon in 1848 ; has been associated with his brother, A. E. Kurtz, eight years in running the Golden Sheaf Mills. He married Miss Hattie C. Kramer in 1870 ; she was born in Anamosa, Jones Co., Iowa; has one child — Mabel C. Kurtz, H. C, merchant, Lisbon. KURTZ, JOHX E,, merchant, Lisbon ; born in Lancaster Co., Penn., in 1817. He came to this county in the Spring of 1847. He laid out the original town of Lisbon, and, in com- pany with D. Runkle, opened the first business house in the town. He has ever taken a great interest in the welfare of the city, and is one of its most pub- lic-spirited citizens. Ho built what is now known as the Middle Mill in Cedar Co., and his customers came from a dis- tance of 100 miles. He at present owns the Golden Sheaf Mills, some- times distinguished as the Lower Mills. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1850, and was appointed a Notary Pub- lic by Gov. Hempstead, it being the first appointment in Linn Co. ; ho was also a member of the Seventh Iowa General Assembly, and was the last ses- sion held in Iowa City. He married Miss Esther Hershey in 1838 ; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died Feb. 14, 1876, In September, 1877, he married Mrs. C. Taft, who was born in Vermont; has seven children — Christian H., Bar- bara, Henry C, Abraham E., Daniel H., Lizzie and Samuel A. Christian H., Henry C. and Abraham E. enlisted in the 24th I. V. I., and were at the battles of Fort Gibson, Champion Hills, Jackson, Vicksburg, Saline Cross Roads, and others. KURTZ, S. A., Lisbon, merchant; born in Linn Co. Dec. 15, 1854. He married Miss Ella M. Auracher in 1878 ; she was born in Pennsylvania. KYNETT, H. P., manufacturer of agricultural implements, Lisbon ; born in Pennsylvania in 1817 ; came to this State in 1841, and to this county in 1863. He has invented and taken out three patents on a combined riding and walking cultivator, which is fast growing in popular favor. He married Miss Rachel Bergaman in 1839; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has ten children — John, William, Florence, Addie, Nora, Ella, James, Gertrude, Hattie and Emma. John and William en- listed in the 39th I. V. I. in the late war. LEBERMAN, A., cigar manutacturer, Mt. Vernon. Lees, Daniel, brickmaker, Lisbon. Lees, Peter, brickmaker, Lisbon. Levy, Jos., peddler, Lisbon. Leyh, Wm., blacksmith, Lisbon. Lineback, Jos., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Lisbon. Lineweaver, Peter, Lisbon. Livengood, Thos., retired farmer, Lisbon. Livingston, W., retired, Mt. Vernon. Littlefield, Ray, merchant, Lisbon. Littlefield, Wm., retired, Lisbon. Lyle, T. P., hotel keeper, Mt. "^'ernon. McCartney, J. H., carpenter, Mt. Vernon. ^^%-^>^ h ^Xyu/i//, LISBON FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 715 McCIiEIiliAND, CHAS. V., farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in this county and on the section on which he now resides in 1858 ; his father, John McClelland, was among the earliest settlers of this county ; he was born in Ireland in 1825, and married Miss Martha McClaskey in 1855 ; she was born in Indiana, and died Aug. 27, 1875; Mr. McClelland died April 4, 1877, leaving t hree children — Charles v., Ella and David E. ; and an estate of 240 acres of land. McCL-ELiL, AND, JAS., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Ireland in 1817 ; came to this country in 1818, and to this county in 1839; owns 300 acres of land. Has held the offices of Justice of the Peace'^ and School Director. He married Miss Emeline Stine in 1844; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died in March, 1873 ; he afterward married Mrs. Mary Albin (whose maiden name was Green), in Nov., 1874; she was born in Ohio; has seven children by first marriage ; names — Thomas H., John W., George S., Osa Irene, Mary E., Sarah 0. and Lon E. ; lost seven. McClellan, T. H., clerk, Lisbon. McCune, H. E., dairyman, S. 15 ; P. O. Mt. Vernon. McElhinny, Robt., agricultural implements. McFARIiAlHf, JOHN J., farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Provi- dence, R. I., in 1816 ; came to this county April 18, 1856 ; owns 195 acres of land. Has held the offices of School Director and Town Triistee. He mar- ried Elizabeth E. McParlan, who was born in Ohio Co., Va., and died Jan. 25, 1877 ; has five children — Eliza J., Edgar W., Maggie B., Robert H. and Ralph H. ; lost four. McHVGH, JOHN, farmer, S. 25 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Ireland in 1826 ; came to this country in 1846, and to this county in 1855 ; owns 140 acres of land. He married Miss A. Kilkenny in 1855 ; she was born in Ireland ; they have three children — Margaret, Mary A. and Kate. McKean, N. W., Notary Public, Mt. Ver- non. McLaughlin, H., farmer, Lisbon. McLaughlin, J. H., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. McRoberts, J. D., farm hand, S. 16 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. McWilliams, Jas., retired, Mt. Vernon. Mann, S. B., mechanic, Mt. Vernon. Mason, G. A., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Mt. Ver- non. Mathias, J. J., laborer, Lisbon. Mauck, Mathias, laborer, Lisbon. Maybauer, John G., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Meakin, Geo., brick maker. Sec. 13 ; P. O. Lisbon. MEYERS, W. H.., blacksmith, Lis- bon ; was born in Montgomery Co., Ohio, July 26, 1853 ; came to this county in 1853. Is a member of the order of Good Templars and has represented the Lodge of which he is a member in Gen- eral Convention at Fort Dodge. He married Miss Rebecca Short Dec. 23, 1877 ; she was born in Pennsylvania. Mr. Meyers is agent at this place of the State Insurance Co., of Des Moines. Miller, John, laborer, Lisbon. MilhoUin, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Moore, Edgar far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Morford, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. MORFOBD, JOSEPH, retired farmer, Mt. Vernon ; born in Greene Co., Penn., 1815 ; came to this State 1838 and to this county 1839. He has held the office of Constable, School Director and Town Trustee. He married Miss Mary Stewart 1838 ; she was born in Ohio, and died April 25, 1851. He afterward married Mrs. Barbara Wels- heimer 1853 ; she was born in Ohio. Has two children — James T. and John T., by first marriage, and four by second marriage; names — Sarah A., George W., Robert E. and Joseph E.; lost four children. James T. enlisted in the 24th Iowa V. I, and was taken prisoner at Cedar Creek, Va., and confined a long time at Salisbury, N. C. mOOBE, W. €r., retired clergyman, Mt. Vernon ; born in Virginia in 1818 ; lived in Illinois twenty years ; was actively engaged in the ministry twenty- three years ; came to this county in 1871. He married Miss Elizabeth Han- nah in 1842 ; she was born in Ohio ; has two children — Lizzie and Charles E.; lost four. Morton D. G., billiard hall, Lisbon. Moses, I., laborer, Lisbon. 5 716 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Mullican, Wm. J., laborer, Lisbon. Myers, David, retired, Mt. Vernon. Myers, Henry, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Myers, H. C.,lDrick layer, Lisbon. Myers. J. V., druggist, Mt. Vernon. "VrSlFF, M. K., carpenter and joiner, _L\I Mt. Vernon. Neff, Z., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. IVEIDIG, C. H., farmer, Sec. 5; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Pennsylvania in 1829 ; came to this county in 1849 ; owns 220 acres. Has held office of Town Trustee and President, of the School Board ; also member of the Board of Trustees of Western College. He mar- ried Miss Nancy Hoover in 1850 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has four children — Alpheus J., Henry B., Lizzie E. and Mary A.; lost two — Hester E. and Mary B. Newburn, D., gunsmith, Mt. Vernon. ' kGLEBY, WM., tailor, Mt. Vernon. o* Oldham, J. D., furniture dealer, Mt. Vernon. OliDHAlI, J. T., manufacturer and dealer in furniture and undertaking, Mt. Vernon ; born in Indiana in 1841 ; came to this county in 1855. He mar- ried Miss SalHe West in 1869 ; she was born in Ohio; have two children — Su- etta and Alice. He has served as mem- ber of the City Council. He enlisted in the 13th I. V. I., in 1861, and served until the close of the war, and was in every battle in which the regiment was engaged, and was in Sherman's march to the sea. Olives, W., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. >AIST, D. B., retired, Lisbon. P^ Paist, J. P., teamster, Lisbon. Paulus, A. R,, wagon maker, Lisbon. Palmer, T. R., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon Parcel, S. A., grocer, Mt. V( rnon. Peak, G,, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Pease, L. L., Justice of the Peace, Mt. Vernon. Peddycourt, J., mason, Mt. Vernon. Pettich, A., far., 8. 31 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Phillips, T. T., shoemaker, Mt. Vernon. Pierce, T. L., far., S. 18; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Pisul, A. W.,far.,S.34; P.O.Lisbon. Platner, D., retired farmer, Mt. Vernon. Plattenberger, A., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Porter, D. S., hotel keeper, Lisbon. Post, Harlow, grocer, Mt. Vernon. Power, W. G., postal clerk, Mt. Vernon. Pozorauk,P.,far.,S.31 ; P.O.Mt. Vernon. Prohaska, A., far., 8. 31; P.O. Mt. Vernon. Purvis, R. R., carpenter, Mt. Vernon. "DANDALL, H., tea agt., Mt. Vernon. Rice, J. T., lawyer, Mt. Vernon. Riddle, S., far., 8. 15 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Riley, G. W., far.. 8. 4 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. RINGER, JOllX, retired farmer, Lisbon ; born in Pennsylvania in 1798 ; came to this county in 1852 ; owns 185 acres. He married Miss Mary Faust in 1823; she was born in Pennsylvania, has seven children — Reuben. Mary, Catharine, Eliza, George, Joel C, Cor- nelia; lost three — Elizabeth, Bphraim and Sarah. RIXC^ER; JOEIi C, farmer, Lis- bon ; born in Indiana in 1831 ; came to this county in 1852. He married Miss Barbara Kurtz in 1859; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has six children ; names — Fannie E., Nettie M., Bertie B., Hattie M., Jessie L. and Lula B. Robinson, G. W., lime dealer, Mt. Veruou. ROOD, H. H., clothing dealer, Mt. Vernon; born in Washington Co., N. Y., in 1841 ; came to this State in 1856, and to this county in 1860. Has served as member of the City Council and President of the School Board. He enlisted in the 13th I. V. I. in the late war, and served three years, and never missed a skirmish or battle in which the regiment was engaged. He married Miss Frances E. Armstrong in 1863 ; she was born in Ohio ; has three children ; names — Henry A., Luella and James E.; lost two — Charles and Eddie. ROSE, R. P., farmer, See. 23; P.O. Mt. Vernon ; born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1828 ; came to this State in 1851 ; owns eighty acres. He has held the offices of Assessor, School Director and County Supervisor. He married Miss Margaret C. McClaskey in 1871 ; she was born in Indiana ; has three children — Mary T., Margaret J. and Robert W. RuflF, J. M., restaurant, Mt. Vernon. RUNDELiL, E., meat market, Mt. Vernon; born in New York in 1826; came to thin county in 1865; owns eighty acres of land. He married Mrs. Martha Turnpr in 1869; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has four children by FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 717 previous marriage — Gilbert, Charles, Ira and Lillie, and three' by second marriage — Jeremiah, Lucy M., Martha. Bundall, G. A., meat market, Mt, Vernon. RrSTKIiE, ADAM, merchant, Lis- bon; born in Lebanon Co., Penn., in 1836 ; came to this county in 1856. He is associated in business with D. Runkle, and are dealers in hardware, stoves, ajrieultural implements and manufac- turers of tinware. He is a member of the City Council and President of the School Board. He married Miss M. B. Shirk in 1861 ; she was born in Penn- sylvania ; has five children — Elmer, Edwin, Mihon, Hermann and Carrie; lost one daughter — Clara. KLlKfKIiE, AMOS K., shoe dealer, Lisbon; born in Pennsylvania in 1850 ; came to this county in 1871. He married Miss Lizzie S. Fer- guson in 1876; she was born in Cedar County. BrNKIiE, DANIEIi, dealer in hardware, stoves, agricultural implements and manufacturer of tinware, Lisbon ; was born in Lebanon Co., Penn., in 1820 ; he was one of a company of eighty-four that chartered a canal boat from Harris- burg to Pittsburgh, and there took pas- sage on board the steamer " Belle of the West," and came'down the Ohio River ; the first night after leaving Cincinnati, the boat was burned, and fourteen of the company lost their lives ; he arrived in Linn Co. in 1850, and in company with J. Kurtz, engaged in merchandising for nearly four years, when he sold out and in 1866 he formed a copartnership with A. Runkle in his present business ; he owns 108 acres of land. He was the first Postmaster at Lisbon. He married Miss E. Neidig in 1848; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has seven children — Alfred W., Urias D., Lizzie A., George 0., Jessie A., Oliver 0. and Addie M. RVNKIiE, JEREMIAH, shoe dealer, Lisbon ; is associated with his brother under the firm name of Runkle Brothers ; he was born in Pennsylvania in 1845, and came to this county in 1868. He married Miss Catherine A. Wehmer in 1867 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; have five children — William A., Harry E.,Hattie M., Laura and Sherman I. Mr. Runkle served three years in the regular army in the 16th U. S. Infantry. RVXKL.E, THOMAS, tailor, Lis- bon ; born in Lebanon Co., Penn., in 18l7 ; came to this county April 13, 1855. He married Miss Elizabeth H. Shafer in 1845 ; she was born in Penn- sylvania, and died in 1863 ; he after- ward married Mrs. Caroline Henry in 1865 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; have two children by his first marriage — Alfred and Rebecca J. Mrs. Runkle is engaged in the millinery business ; she has one son by her former marriage — John Edwin Henry. RlJNKIiE, WM. H., druggist, Lis- bon; born in Pennsylvania in 1853; came to this county in June, 1876 ; he is associated in business with Dr. Geo. Fletcher, under the firm name of Fletcher & Runkle, and deals in drugs, medi.ines, paints, oils, glass, books, sta- tionery and paper hangings. Russell, Edward, lime kiln. RUPERT, GEO., butcher, Lisbon; born in Cumberland Co., Penn., in 1814; came to this county May 4, 1850. He married Miss Martha Hoover in 1841 ; she was born in Dauphin Co., Penn. ; have nine children — Jacob, Sarah, John, Annie, George, Ellen, David, Samuel and Frances. Rupert, J. A., butcher, Lisbon. SARGENT, E. D., bookseller and notions, Mt. Vernon. SAIIiOR, HEIVRY, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. Lisbon; born in Berks Co., Penn., in 1830 ; came to this county Feb. 17, 1866; owns 105 acres of land. He enlisted in a Pennsylvania regiment for three months in the late war, and at the expiration of time, he re-enlisted in the artillery service, and served nearly four years, and was at the battle of An- tietam, two Bull Runs, Frederickburg, siege of Vicksburg and siege of Peters- burg ; he was mustered out as First Lieu- tenant after serving four years. He has held the oflBce School Director. He married Miss Mary Meyers in 1866 ; she was born in Ohio ; have five chil- dren — Annie Laurie, George D., Edwin A., Charles H., Maggie A. ; lost one. SARGEANT, J. B., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Pennsylvania in 1822 ; came to this county in 1838 ; 718 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : owns 220 acres of land. He has held the office of Town Trustee and Treasurer of School Fund for this district. He married Lucy McLaughlin in 1846 ; their children are William, Myron, Eliza, Charles and Siegel. William enlisted in the 24th I. V. I., and was taken prisoner at Atlanta and confined in Andersonville nine and a half months. Schantz, G. W., teamster, Lisbon. Schug, W. C, laborer, Lisbon. Scott, D. D., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Scott, Jas. K. P., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Scott, P. B., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Sessions, C. M., hardware and groceries, Mt. Vernon. Shaler, Henry, hotel keeper, Lisbon. Shaler, M., retired, Lisbon. SHANTZ, M. li., blacksmith, Mt. Vernon ; born in Montgomery Co., Penn., in 1844 ; came to this county in 1857 ; has work;ed at his trade thirteen years. He married Miss Mary J. Yount June 27, 1867 ; she was born in Indiana ; has two daughters — Genevia A. and Nellie A. ; lost one son — Adel- bert R. ; born Oct. 7, 1869, and died March 15, 1870. SlliXi, D. T., retired, Lisbon; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1811 ; after leaving New York, he lived some years in Ohio, and in 1839 removed to Ill- inois, where he lived twenty- six years, coming to this county in 1865. He married Miss P. A. Messenger in 1832 ; she was born in Vermont; has seven children — Elizabeth, Ann Eliza, Olivia L., John D., Marietta, Harriet N., Car- rie B. ; lost two. Simonds, J. L., pump mfr., Mt. Vernon. Smith, A. J., confectioner, Lisbon. JSmiTH, JAMES, dealer in dry goods, notions, etc., Mt. Vernon ; born in Belmont Co., Ohio, in 1826 ; came to this county in 1874. Holds the office of Mayor of the city. He mar- ried Miss Mary R. King in 1847 ; she was born in Morgan Co., Ohio ; has three children — William King, Caroline N. and Charles T. Smith, James J., speculator, Mt. Vernon. Smith, H. H., carpenter, Mt. Vernon. SMITH, ROBERT, far.. Sec. 9 ; Mt. Vernon ; born in Ohio in 1831 ; came to this county in 1858 ; owns 369 acres of land. Has held office of School Director eight ' years. Married Miss M. L. Hamilton in 1855 ; she was bom in Indiana ; has five children — Alice C, Mary E., William H., Nellie M. and James R. Smith, William M., merchant, Mt. Vernon. SMYTH, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Tyrone Co., Ireland, in 1812 ; came to this county in 1842 ; owns 288 acres of land. Has served as School Director. He married Elizabeth Gormly in 1849 ; she was born in Ireland ; has five children — Samuel J., Jeremiah G., Mathew A. Maggie A. and Mattie. SMYTH, R., farmer. Sec. 8; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Tyrone Co., Ire- land, in 1814 ; he left Ireland April 24, 1834, and came to America, settling in Pennsylvania, where he remained until his removal to this county in 1840; owns 390 acres of land. Has held the offices of Postmaster, Town Clerk, Town Trustee, and was elected to the Terri- torial Legislature of 1843^; he was also elected to the first General Assembly of the State of Iowa in 1846, and in 1667 was elected to the State Senate and served four years ; he was appointed a Paymaster in the U. S. service in 1861, and remained in the service until July, 1866. He married Miss Marga- ret Moffit in 1846 ; she was born in Ireland; has four children — Lizzie, Anna, William and John ; lost four. Spadt, D. R., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Spadt, Israel, far., S. 1 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Spadt, Peter, far., See. 1 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Spangler, John, retired, Mt. Vernon. SPARRIE, WARMER, retired, Lisbon ; born in Maryland in 1807 ; came to Johnson Co., Iowa, in 1839, and to this county in 1869 ; previous to his removal to Iowa, he lived twenty- eight years in Ohio. Holds the office of Mayor of the city, and has held the office of President of the School Board four years. He married Miss Mary Hoops in 1828 ; she was born in Ohio, and died May 28, 1832. He married Harriet Ballow March 27, 1838; has two children by first marriage — Ase- nath, born Aug. 28, 1828 ; Samuel, born March 28, 1831 ; five by second mar- riage—Mary, born Feb. 4, 1839 ; Ma- FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 719 tilda E., Jan. 16, 1841 ; Henry E., Feb. 10, 1843 ; William M., April 2, 1847 ; Wilmot H., May 7, 1849. St. Clair, Wm. A., far.; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Strauffer, I. K., clerk, Lisbon. Steinborger, G., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Stahl, Daniel, plasterer, Lisbon. Stevens, Charles A., far., S. 15; P.O. Mt. Vernon. STEWABT, ROBERT B., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1832; came to this county in 1838 ; owns eighty acres of land. Has held the office of School Director, and served as Secretary of the Board. He enlisted in the 24th I. V. I., and served three years and four months ; was at the battles of Port Gib- son, Champion Hills, Fisher's Hill, Ce- dar Creek, and others, and was wounded twice. He married Miss Nellie Ellison in 1868 ; she was born in Gonoecticut; has four children — William, John K.., Catharine and Mattie. Stewart, J. W., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. STEWART, JOHW, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Adams Co., Ohio, in 1807, and came to this State in September, 1838, and located where he no\^ resides ; he owns 320 acres of land. Has held the office of Justice of the Peace. He married Miss Catharine Boyd in 1829 ; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died in 1870. He afterward married Elizabeth Smith in 1872 ; she was born in Massachusetts ; has nine children by first marriage — Kobert B., Sarah, Mary A., Margaret, Eliza, Agnes, Mirilah, William John and James ; lost two — Mary A. and Catharine. Stewart, R. B., far. ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Stuckslager, H., banker, Lisbon. Sramek, W., far., S. 31 ; P.O. Mt. Vernon. Sullivan, P., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. rpHOMAS, E. J., Franklin Nursery, i. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Thompson, G., far., S. 5 ; P.O. Mt. Vernon. Thomas, Ira B., Franklin Nursery, Sec. 14; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Thomas, Jerry, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Pleasant. THOMAS, JOHW C, grain dealer, , Lisbon ; born in Northampton Co., Penn., in 1844; came to this county in 1877. He married Miss Sarah E. Lockard, in 1863; she was born in Northampton Co., Penn. ; has one child — AsherK.; lost two. Torrance, Hugh, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Torrance, James, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Torrance, W. S., farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. TURIVER, JOS., stock dealer, Lis- bon; born in Montgomery Co., Penn., in 1833; came to this State, in 1855; he enlisted in the 24th Iowa Infantry, in the late war, and served four years. Married Miss Emma Clark, in 1873 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has one child, named Emma. LM, JOSIAH, retired, Lisbon. U' YAN8ANT, W. B., retired, Mt. Ver- non. Vansant, Wm., carpenter ; Mt. Vernon. TTTALN, A. T., painter, Mt. Vernon. WAIilf, E. B., farmer, Mt. Vernon ; born in Virginia, Dec. 29, 1814, where he resided until 1830, when he emi- grated to Ohio, where he lived eleven years, coming to this county in 1841. He has held offices of Assessor, Justice of the Peace, and has represented the county in the State Legislature. He married Miss Mary J. Adams, in 1837 ; she was born in Highland Co., Ohio ; has living nine children — Alonzo T., Melissa J., Ann Eliza, Cinderella M., Josephine R., Sarah A., George E., Minnie S., Edith ; lost two — Mary and Charles. Wain, S J., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Walters B. P., drayman ; Lisbon. Warner, David, laborer ; Lisbon. Webber, B. R., stone mason ; Lisbon. Wenger, A. L., stock buyer ; Lisbon. West, Isaac N., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. West, T. T., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. WEST, WESLEY, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Ken- tucky in 1808 ; at an early age, he emigrated, with his parents, to Ohio, where he remained until his removal to this county in 1859. He owns about 600 acres of land. He married Miss MoUie McKay in 1839 ; she was born 720 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: in Ohio ; has ten children — Sarah, Margaret J., Isaac N., Thomas T., Har- riet B., Elijah A., Ely, David C, Flor- ence E. and Mary ; lost three. WETTSTEIW, GEO. W., watch- maker,Lisbon ; born in Milwaukee, Wis., in 1850 ; came to this county in 1860 ; has worked at his present occupation sixteen years. He married Miss Laura S. HoUenback in 1871 ; she was born in Linn Co ; has one child — Charlie T. WETHBREIili, JOHN R., con- tractor and builder, Lisboa ; born in Lis- bon, Conn., in 1823 ; came to this coun- ty in 1855. Has held offices of Town Clerk, Assessor and School Director. He married Miss Matilda Butler in 1848 ; she was born in Connecticut ; has two children — Eva, wife of Thomas McClelland, and Edward. Wetzel, Jacob, grain dealer, Lisbon. White, John, far.. Sec. 7, Mt. Vernon. WHITMAN, HE?rRY,farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1823 ; came to this county in 1856 ; owns ninety-five acres. Married Miss Catharine Stocker in 1858 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has five children — Mary Ann, Catha- rine, Lucinda, Melinda, Henry I. Wilcox, Isaac, retired, Mt. Vernon. Williams, A. C, far.; P. 0. Lisbon. WILiLIAMS, B. F., farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in New York 1818 ; came to this county 1840 ; owns 1S5 acres. Has held offices of Constable, Assessor, School Director and Juhtice of the Peace. He married Miss Julia Clark 1841 ; she was born in Ohio ; has four children — Cynthia, Albert, Mary and Oscar ; lost seven. Williamson, Levi, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Wilson, W. W., printer, Lisbon. Wink, G. F., merchant, Lisbon. Wink, Samuel, merchant, Lisbon. Witter, F. E., far., S. 4; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. WOL.FE, D. D. & S., farmers. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. The former was born in Ohio in 1838, and came to this State in 1840. He married Miss E. E. Dill in 1861 ; she was born in Knox Co., 111.; has four children — John D., Isie I., Thomas L. and Grade. The latter was born in Iowa in 1850. They own 465 acres of land. Woodcox, A., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Woods, Lewis, mason, Lisbon. Worley, B. L..far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Mt. Ver- non. Worley, J. B., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Mt. Ver- non. Wyamt, G. R., wagon maker, Lisbon. YEISIiEY, H. S., farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Lisbon ; born in Mdht , roe Co., Penn., 1846 ; came to this county in 1870 ; owns 180 acres. He married Miss Josephine Shaler in 1 872 ; she was born in Pennsylvania; has three children— Willard E., Edgar S. and Hattie L. YOUNG, S. K., retired, Mt. Vernon ; born in Pennsylvania in 1812, and came to this county in 1851. He married Miss AmeUa Warner in 1842 ; she was born in Dayton, Ohio ; has two chil- dren — Regina, wife of J. N. Brown, of Des Moines, and George W., of the firm of Rood & Young, this city. ZIEGENFUS,D. G., blacksmith, Lisbon ; born in, Pennsylvania in 1811; came to this county in 1850; has worked at his trade over forty-eight years. He married Miss Rebecca Wis- sor in 1837 ; she was born in Pennsyl- vania and died in 1858. He afterward married Mrs. Nancy E. Easterly, in 1860 ; she was born in Pennsylvania and died in 1870. Has one child by first marriage — Lewis E.; lost four — Susan, David H., Mary, J. Wesley. J. Wesley enlisted in the army during the rebellion, and served nearly four years. Lewis E. enlisted first in the three months service and afterward in the 13th Iowa and served three years. BROWN TOWNSHIP. 72i BROWN TOWNSHIP. ANDERSON, L. V., wagon maker, Viola. Askew, B., far., S. 8; P. O. Springville. BACHTEL, D. L., tinsmith, Spring- ville. Baggs, Perry, foreman cheese factory, Springville. Bailey, A., harness maker, Springville. Bailey, J., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. O. Springville. Bailey, L., far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Viola. Bailey, R., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Springville. Bailey, S. C, far., S. 14; P. O. Viola. Balderston, A. K., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Viola. Balderston, Jos., fair., S. 15 ; P. O. Spring- ville. Barnard, Asher, far. ; P. O. Springville. Barnard, C, railroad man, Springville. Bardue, Jno., book agent, Springville. Battey, Jos., far., S. 24; P, 0. Viola. Battey, T. C, far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. Viola. Bedell, S., far., S. Y ; P. 0. Springville. Bever, P. N., laborer, Viola. Bingham, M., blacksmith, Viola. BISHOP, JACOB v., blacksmith, Springyille ; born Nov. 20, 1837, in Wayne Co., Ind. ; son of Samuel and Eunice Votaw- Bishop ; father died Jan. 3. 1838 ; mother living in Nebraska ; she brought the family to Lee Co., Iowa, in 1842 ; Jacob came here Feb. 28, 1863. He married, Sept. 15, 1857, Eliza Jane Cook, born Sept. 12, 1841, in Henry Co., Iowa, daughter of Jona- than and Susan B. Cook ;' she died May 18, 1873 ; had seven children — Jona- flian C, Alvah E., Lena M.,CorwinS., Mattie (deceased), Frank 0., Norris G. Mr. B. was remarried May 21, 1876, to Miss Eolin Stone, who was born Feb. 11. 1852, near Springville; she has one child— Orville R., born March 10, 1877. Jacob enlisted from Lee Co., Iowa, in Co. D, 14th I. V. I., and served about ten months ; was then discharged for disabilities contracted in serving his country. They are members of the M. B. Church. He is a Republican. BOLTON, ABBAM, stock feeder, farmer, &c., Sec. 33; P. 0. Paralta ; owns 625 acres of land, worth $22,000 ; he was born in Rockingham Co., Va., June 11, 1814 ; son of Abram and Ro- sanna Miller-Bolton; father of English origin ; mother's father came from G-er- many. His father was in the war of 1812 ; discharged Dec 16, 1814 ; about two years after, went to Harrison Co., Va., and died there in the Summer of 1847, aged 63 ; mother died there in 1869, in her 85th year. He married Feb. 20, 1837, to Nancy Campbell, born in Geneva, Fayette Co., Penn., in 1817 ; she died Feb. 9, 1857, having had eight children — Sarah Ann, b. April 21, 1838 ; Noah, b. Oct. 22, 1839, died Feb. 13, 1857, in Iowa ; Maria Jane, b. Oct. 22, 1841, died April 5, 1875, in Kansas ; William Thomas, b. March 16 1844, died February, 1873, in Missouri John Blackburn, b. Dec. 23, 1845 Andrewville Elbert, b. Oct. 13, 1847 Mary Margaret, b. May 20, 1851, in Louisiana ; Henry Allen, b. April 23, 1855, in Louisiana. Abram married again March 20, 1857, to Nancy Lind- ville, born in Harrison Co., Va., Dec. 19, 1829 ; she died April 19, 1863 ; left three children — Rosanna, b. Feb. 20, 1860 ; Noah (2d),b. May 27, 1861 ; George McClellan, b. Oct. 20, 1862. Abram married his third wife, Mrs. Su- sanna Kearus-Stewart, Dec. 3, 1870 ; she was born Jan. 17, 1831, in Wayne Co., Ohio ; she has had one child^ — Ida May, b. May 22, 1872. Mr. Bolton went to Indiana in the Spring of 1837 ; followed farming and teaching singing schools there nearly thirteen years ; in the Fall of 1849, came to this county ; entered 200 acres where he now lives, at a cost of ninety-five cents per acre ; in 1871, he built a very commodious house — one of the best in this part of Linn Co. He is a Baptist and a Republican. Mrs. B. is a Methodist. Branch, Edwin, carpenter, Springville. Brockman, J. A., farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Springville. Brockman. J. L., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Springville. BBOWX, HOBACE N., farmer, stock dealer and feeder, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Springville ; was born in Fairview, Erie Co., Penn., April 6, 1821 ; his father 722 ■DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY: was Nathan Brown, born in Salem, in what is now Westchester Co., N. Y., and within the present limits of New York city, July 22, 1761 ; his mother was Miss Tamer Lyon, his father's second wife ; Nathan took an active part in the Revolutionary war, after which he settled in South Hollow, On- ondaga Co., N. Y., where he lost his first Avife, and married his second ; by the first union there was one child — John C. Brown, who married a daughter of Dr. Baldwin, of Baldwinsville, and had four children — two boys and two girls ; John C. died in South Hollow, where he spent all his life, about 1863, leaving an estate worth $200,000 ; a few years after his second marriage, Nathan moved to Buf- falo, N. Y., lived there a short time, then settled three miles from Erie, Penn., then at Eairview, Erie Co., Penn. ; Horace was youngest of five children ; had four sisters ; family left Fairview, April 1, 1838, went to Geneva, Kane Co., 111., where two married sisters had previously settled ; from there came here May 17, 1839, settling on Sec. 32, near where Robert Wright now lives ; at that date, two families, those of John Crow and Samuel Kelley, and five single men, were all that were living in what is now Brown Tp. ; the young men were Solomon Peckham, Charles Pinckney, James GrillUan, Garrison and Edward Crow; these came in 1838, and were living on claims; Nathan Brown died where he first settled, Nov. 25, 1842; Mrs. Brown died at Horace's present residence, March 11, 1868; she was born in Aug., 1877 ; she was a Meth- odist; Mr. B. was a Presbyterian. Horace entered, improved and sold several tracts of land near here ; he started for California, April 29, 1850, and returned June 18, 1852. He married Julia A. Chapman, Dec. 27, 1853 ; she was born June 15, 1826, in Wayne Co., now Ashland Co., Ohio; daughter of Lemuel and Ruth Chapman ; Mr. C. died there about 1840, aged 46 years; Mrs. C. died in Indiana, Nov., 1872 ; was born in 1804. Horace owns about 600 acres of land, keeps about eighty cows, sells eighty head or more of fat cattle, and 300 to 400 hogs of his own raising, each year ; he was the third County Treasurer of Linn Co., Justice of the Peace when 21 years, and for several years after ; his real estate is worth $25,000. He is a member of the M. E. Church, and a Democrat. Brown, J. A., farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. Springville. BROWN, SAMIJEL, (deceased); was born in Rockingham Co., Va., March 10, 1811 ; he went to Ross Co., Ohio,. about 1831, and married Margaret Clark on Oct. 1'7, 1832; she was born May 9, 1811, in Ross Co., Ohio; her parents werefrom Pennsylvania ; Samuel bought timbered land, cleared it and made a farm, living there until Sept., 1852, when he came to Marion, la., re- mained there until Spring, 1853, then bought and moved on a farm six miles northwest of Marion; sold out Nov., 1853, and bought 320 acres— 160 in Sec. 20, and 160 in Sec. 29; on the last named tract he made his home and lived there until his death, which occurred Sept. 20, 1875 ; Mrs. B. had died April 14, 1856. They had seven children — Mary Prances, born Oct. 10, 1834, died July 2, 1858; Thomas Clark, b. July 12, 1837 ; John Benjamin, b. Sept. 24, 1839 ; William Hugh, b. July 12, 1842;. James Allen, b. Sept. 28, 1 845 ; Samuel Milton, b. Aug. 5, 1848, died June 8, 1862; Susanna Catherine, b. June 15, 1851 ; Thomas C. is a farmer, lives in Marion Tp., John in Marion, William H. in O'Brien Co., la., and James and Catherine on the old homestead. Mr. B. joined the M. E. Church when about 13, and T^as a member most of the time until, about three years before his deaih, he united with the Presbyterian Church, of which his wife, Margaret, was long a member. Mary was a Methodist, as are Thomas C, J. B. and Catharine. Mr. B. was a Republican, as are all his sons.. Brown, W. R., farmer and trader, Viola. Bruce, G. H., liveryman ; Springville. Bruce, Harvey, hotel keeper ; Springville. Bundy, T. E., far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Viola. BrtliER, JOSEPHS., capitalist, note and loan broker, grain dealer, etc.,. Springville; was born Sept. 29, 1821, in Gallipolis, 0., son of Isaac and Clarissa Sargent Butler ; mother is still living in Gentry Co., Mo. ; father moved to Cass Co., Mich., in 1830, and to Racine, Wis., BROWN TOWNSHIP. 723 in 1835 ; in 1840, he came here, and died in Tama Co., la., Feb. 20, 1870. Joseph was married here July 4, 1854, to Maria Eeneau, who was boTn Feb. 8, 1832, at Bloomington, Ind., daughter of Jesse and Elizabeth Eeneau ; her father is still living here ; have three children— Alvah J.„b. Sept. 28, 1856, died Jan. 1, 1876; Charles F., b. Feb. 8, 1858, and Lorum, b. April 20, 1863, died July 22, 1863 ; was engaged in farming until 1848, then was in the employ of C. W. Troy & Co., fanning; mill manufacturers, of Albany, 111., until 1850, when he engaged in the manu- facture of fanning mills and cultivators at Anamosa, la. ; in 1854, Mr. Butler settled on the farm where he now resides, just south of the village, and made fa;ming a specialty until 1862, when he went into the grain, stock and dressed hog trade, continuing in that business until 1875; since then has been in the note, mortgage and loan ■ brokerage business, and also in the grain trade; on the ::9th of August, 1877, at Cleveland, 0., while attending the Triennial Encampment of Sir Knights, he met with a serious accident by having a foot and leg crushed between two cars, which necessitated the amputation of the limb just below the knee, on the 12th of September following. He is a Pres- byterian, and in politics a Democrat; owns 453 acres of land, valued at $25,- 000, CALVEET, A., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Calvert, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Campbell, J. E., harness-makr., Springville. CARBE£, JOHIV P., HOX., farmer, resides at the southeast cor. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Springville ; owns 340 acres of land, worth $14,000 ; he was born in Bath, Grafton Co., N. H., May 3, 1823 ; son of John H. and Anna Powers Car- bee ; his mother is still living in New Hampshire; father died there June 25, 1877, aged 86 years and 25 days; mother is 83 ; came on this farm in 1850, from New Hampshire. Married Miss Sarah Hampton, June 12, 1853; she was born May 18, 1832, in Morgan Co., Ohio ; daughter of Zachariah and Sarah Griffith Hampton ; her father died here April 18,1861, aged 64 years; mother was born Feb. 8, 1803, and is now living here ; have had six children —Eva, born May 18, 1855 ; died same day; Anna, born Deo. 8, 1856; Ida, borti Aug. 8, 1859 ; Hattie, born July 7, 1865 ; John W.,born June 12, 1868, and Henry C, born Oct. 5, 1873 ; Anna was married Dec. 23, 1875, to Eobert H. Bailey, and they are now living on Sec. 5. Mr. Carbee was Eepresenta- tive from this county for four years, from 1864 to 1867, being two terms ; his first colleague was Hon. Charles Weare ; the second ; Hon. A. Sydney Belt ; he was Justice of the Peace and Town Trustee for several years. He was brought up a Congregationali'st, but is liberal in. re- ligious views, not being a member of any church at the present time. Mrs. Carbee was raised among the Friends ; was a member of the Society when mar- ried, but has not been since. In politics Mr. C. is Eepublican. Carlile, Wm., laborer, Springville. Carter, A., retired, Springville. Casey, M., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Martelle. Catano, A., saloon ketper, Springville. Chaflfee, A. W., merchant, Viola. Chapman, D., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Springville. CHRISTIIAW,^ JOHN, general dealer in merchandise, lumber, stock and grain, near the depot, Springville ; was born near the town of Chinon, Province of the Loire, France, Jan. 23, 1826 ; his parents were Peter and Margaret Detz Christman ; his father was a native of Germany ; his mother of Chinon ; the family came to the United States in 1831, stopping at New Jersey at first, then for five years in Pennsylvania, and in 1837 settled on a farm near Dubuque, Iowa, where the father died about 1860; his mother is still living in Dubuque, he helped to carry on the farm until about 21 ; then went into a store in Du- buque as clerk, finally had an interest in an extensive wholesale business in which he was very successful for a time, but his fine business prospects were entirely ruined by the great financial crisis of 1857-58, which carried so many down; but such a man is not allowed to be idle, and Mr. Christman had a plenty of offers to go into business ; he accepted a position as clerk for a while, and in 1863 came to Springville, and took an 724 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : interest in the business he now follows, with his brothers, Peter and Augustus, and they were together about five years, when Augustus retired, and in about five years more, Peter retired, since when John has carried on the business alone ; he has a large and increasing trade, and has amassed a handsome for- tune by fair dealing and close attention to business. He married Aug. 8, 1862, Elizabeth Burg, a native of Germany ; her parents came to America when she was young, settling in Pennsylvania, and are now both deceased ; John and Elizabeth have nine children — Augustus John, born May 5, 1853, died July 21, 1856 ; Leonard Burg, born Feb. 16, 1856; Henry Augustus, born June 19, 1858, died Feb* 11, 1861 ; Mary Margaret, born Deo. 2, 1860; Elizabeth CeceUa, Nov. 6, 1862 ; Frank Mangold, born Aug. 12, 1865 ; Fannie Louisa, born Oct. 28, 1869 ; Jacob, born Oct. 20, 1873; Annie, born March 10, 1877. Mr. Christman and wife visited Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876, and were there on July 4th of that year. His religious creed is the Golden Rule ; in politics is a Repub- lican. Christman, L. B., merchant, Springville. Church, C. J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Church, S. J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Springville. Clendennan, C. H., far., S. 13 ; P. O.Viola. Collar, H.H.,far., S. 36; P.O. Springville, Copeland, L. P., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Cornell, J. D., carpenter, Springville. Crew, A., far., 8. 18 ; P. 0. Springville. Crew, 0. K., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Viola. Croughan, P., railroad man, Springville. DANKER, H., farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Springville. Davis, Fred. C, carpenter, Springville. Deweese, W. P., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Dickinson, J., far., S. 23 ; P.O. Springville. Doan, D., farmer and stock-dealer, P. 0. Springville. Doudna, J., far., 8. 24; P. 0. Viola. Dovt!, Rev. W. F., Methodist clergyman, Springville. Dunbar, J. R.,far. S. 28 ; P. 0. Springville. Dunlap, A. T., far., 8. 34 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. DrWIiAP. JOim, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Springville ; born May 12, 1817, in Eutrim Co., Ireland ; his father and mother, John and Mary Ann Bell Dun- lap, were natives of the north of Ireland ; his grandfather, John Dunlap, emigrated from Scotland; his father died in Ire- land; his mothei; died in Allegheny Co., Penn., Feb. 9, 1876, at the age of 93; he came to America in 1832, settling first in New Jersey ; in 1835, he went to Pittsburgh, Penn. ; in 1841, he went to Harrison Co., Ohio ; in Oct., 1843, he went to Athens Co., Ohio ; cleared up a farm there in the Spring of 1851 ; came here and entered the land he now lives on with a Mexican war land war- rant; he now owns 315 acres of land well improved. He married in Phila- delphia in 1837, to Ann Eliza Johnson ; born in the town of Eutrim, Eutrim Co., Ireland, Sept. 29, 1817, a daughtenof John and Esther Maggie Lees Johnson, whose parents were natives of Scotland ; her parents came to Philadelphia in 1833, and died there ; they have nine children now living — John, born March 16, 1839 ; Elizabeth, born March 19, 1 841 ; Eleanor, born April 26, 1843 ; Mary Ann, born Feb. 5, 1845 ; Rebecca, born June 8, 1847 ; Alexander Thomas, born March Ij 1849 ; Margaret, born March 28, 1851 ; William, born March 3, 1853 ; Hugh, born March 4, 1856 ; James PuUerton, born March 2, 1859 ; died June 28, 1862 ; those living are all married ; four living near here, and four in Nebraska ; one, Eleanor, in Montour Co., Penn. ; John and Alexander jThomas served in Co. I, 16th I. V. I., and were with Sherman in his march to the sea. Parents are members of Linn Grove Presbyterian Church. Mr. Dunlap is a Democrat. Dunn, W., far., 8. 21 ; P. 0. Springville. Durno, G. L., merchant, Springville. Dutcher, W., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Springville. Dutton, H. R,., ins. agent, Springville. Dutton, R. H., farmer, Springville. ELDRED, A., farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Martelle. ELLIS, MYBOEf M., farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Viola ; owns 107^ acres of land, worth about $5,000 ; born in Franklin Co., N. Y., Aug. 28, 1833 ; he lived with his parents, Salem and BROWN TOWNSHIP. 725 Elizi Ellis, until the age of 16, from which time he was engaged in railroad- ing in the various positions of fireman, engineer, conductor and master mechanic, until about two years since, when he purchased his property here and began farming, Oct. 9, 1871. Mr. Ellis mar- ried Jane L., daughter of G.W. Madei, of Viola; she died May 19, 1877. In politics Mr. Ellis is a Democrat. ■ Ely, David, stone mason, Springville. Bmbree, D., far. S. 23 ; P. 0. Springville. Embree, E., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Springville. Embree, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Springville. Engle, C. T., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Springville. EBIOW, JACOB, druggist and book dealer, Springville ; was born Aug. 29, 1842, in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio; his parents were Philip and Matilda Latham Erion, and came from Ohio to Linn Tp., in this county, in September, 1864, where they now reside. Jacob married Dec. 31, 1863, Mary Leonard ; who was born in Logan Co., Ohio, Nov. 23, 1845; she was a daughter of John and Lncinda Rush Leonard, now living in Knox Co., Ohio; Col. Job Rush, one of the first settlers in Knox Co., Ohio, was a brother of Mrs. Leonard. Jacob was engaged in farming until Sept. 1, 1875, then went to Bates Co., Mo., then to Appleton City, Mo. ; engaged there in saddlery and harness business two years, then came here and entered into the drug and book trade, and also keeps a circulating library. They have six children — Jennie M., born Jan. 21, 1865; Louella M., born Feb. 16, 1869 ; Alice L., born March 31, 1871 ; Francis L., born June 21, 1874 ; Esther P., born Jan. 18, 1876 ; an infant (boy), born May 19, 1878. Mr. and Mrs. E. and daughter Jennie are Methodists. He is a Republican. Evans, J. C. W., far., S. 21; P. 0. Springville. "FIELDS, J. M., far. ; P. 0. Springville. F Freeman, J. W., merchant, Springville. GARRETSON, RICHARD, farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Springville. Gibson, J., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Springville. Gibson, Jesse, wagon maker, Springville. Giffen, W. M., far., 8. 22 ; P. 0. SpringviUe. Gifford, C. A., trav. salesman, Springville. Gordon, C. S.,far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Springville. Gregg, A., far., S. 17; P. 0. Springville. Gregg, C, ret. far., Springville. Gregg, E., farmer, Springville. Gregg, E. L., wagon maker, Springville. Gregg, H., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Springville. Green, P. M., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Springville. Gritman, D., far., S. 16; P. 0. Springville. Gritman, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Springvillei Gritman, J. T., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Springville, Gritman, J. P., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Springville. Gritman, S. J., farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Springville. HAMMON, SETH, teamster, Spring- ville. Hampton, J., far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. Viola. Hampton, Wm., far., S. 13; P. O. Viola. Hart, Geo. B., farmer, P. 0. Viola. Hassler, Willis, laborer, Springville. Hayes, Thos., shoemaker, Springville. Hazelrigg, R., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Viola. Hess, Jonathan, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Viola. Hess, RoUey, far., P. 0. Springville. HICKHAIV, WIIililAH H., dairyman and farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Springville ; owns a fine farm of 200 acres ; he was born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, near Zanesville, Oct. 1, 1834; son of Joseph and Mary Bunting Hick- man, natives of Culpepper and Fau- quier counties, Va. ; they went to Ohio about 1820, and to Jones Co., Iowa, in 1852, where they now reside. William married Miss Abigail Ross Nov. 17, 1857 ; she was born Jan. 22, 1838, in Litchfield, Herkimer Co., N. Y ; her parents were J. B. and Elizabeth Ann Kinney Ross, natives of Herkimer Co. ; they were married March 18, 1837 ; mother died in Jones Co., Iowa, July 25, 1864 ; father still lives there ; they came to Iowa June 15, 1854. William and Abigail have seven children — Min- nie, born Sept. 1, 1858; Eva Hortense, born April 9, 1862 ; Joseph H., born July 22, 1865 ; Mary A., born Aug. 3, 1867; Ella, born Feb. 25, 1869; Eugene B., born March 1, 1871 ; Ab- bie, born Oct. 8, 1873. Mr. Hickman settled on this farm in October, 1869, and has followed general farming, but has built a cheese factory on his farm, ■and will make more of a specialty of dairy farming. His father was born in 1812; hismother, ill 1813; of English origin. Mr. and Mrs. Hickman are 726 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: liberal in religious thought and belief; he is a Democrat. Higgins, M. F., farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Springville. Hill, Adelbert, cheese factory, Springville. Hill, Wm., cheese factory, Springville. Hodgin, Eli, Sr., S. 7 ; P. 0. Springville. Hodgin, Elias, music dealer, Viola. Hodgin, H. £. Hodgin, J. E., far., S. 18; P. 0. Spring- ville. Hodgin, S., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Springville. HOD G IX, ROBERT, retired, Springville; was born Nov. 11, 1824, in Warren, Belmont Co., Ohio ; son of William and Harriet Moore Hodgin; when 11 years old, family moved to Morgan Co., Ohio, and in the Fall of 1839, to Washington Co. Kobert mar- ried, Jan. 2,;i848, Miss Martha Khodes, daughter of Harmon and Elizabeth Brown Rhodes ; she was born July 29, 1828, in Harrisville, Harrison Co., Ohio ; family moved to Washington Co. about 1836. Robert moved to Morgan Co., in 1859, coming here in April, 1867 ; he carried on the tanning busi- ness about twelve years, and kept a hotel five years, before coming here ; was engaged in farming nearly ten years here. Is a Justice of the Peace, and has held the office four or five years. Have three children — Harmon L., born Oct. 28, 1848 ; Hattie E., born March 17, 1856 (both born in Washington Co., Ohio), and Mary Emma, born March 12, 1865, in Morgan Co. ; Har- mon is married and living in Maine Tp. ; Hattie married O. K. Crew, who resides in this township. Mr. Hodgin gave aid to the cause of his country in the late rebellion, both by sympathy and assistance to those who went to the war. He and Mrs. Hodgin were brought up in the Society of Friends, but are inde- pendent in religious belief. He is a Republican. Hodgin, Wm. C, miller, Viola. Hoffman, J. L., stone cutter, Viola. HoUoway, Wm., preacher, Springville. Hossler, M. V., carpenter, Springville. Hopper, B. M., druggist, Springville. Hoyle, J. L., farmer, S. 16; P. 0. Spring- ville. Hoyle, T., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Springville. Hunt, D., far., S. 24; P. 0. Viola. IXGRAM, J. li., merchant, Viola ; he was born in Fleming Co., Ky., Oct. 26, 1829 ; his parents, Joseph and EUender Ingram, moved from Kentucky to Jones Co., Iowa, 1844; he lived with them until 1851, helping on the farm and going to school. In 1851, he mar- ried Susan Romine, of Jones Co., and worked a farm he had previously bought ; his wife died in 1855, when he aban- doned farming and engaged as a clerk in a store at Marion, remaining there one year ; then returned to Jones Co. and went into business with his father ; at the end of the year, a third party bought his father's interest, and the new firm went to Fairview, Iowa, and continued in trade one year ; he then sold out and engaged in farming until 1863, when he moved to Viola and engaged in trade, and in the grain and stock business. In 1859, he married a daughter of Joseph Leonard ; she died Feb. 12, 1869. July, 1870, he married Mrs. Romelia Pierce ; he has had seven children, four only living — Emogene, aged 25 ; Fanny, aged 14 ; John L., 8, and Vinnie, 5. Has been School Director several years. Is a member of the Christian Chxiroh, and a Republican. JOHNSON, JOS., far.. Sec. 6; P.O. Springville. JACK SOX, WILLIAM J., blacksmith, Springville ; born in Keene, N. H., Sept. 22, 1832 ; son of Daniel and Laura A. Balch-Jackson ; mother is dead ; father now living in Massachu- setts ; came to Central City, this county, in 1854 ; to Springville in June, 1866. Married Feb. 12, 1859, to Harriet Has- kell, who was born Nov. 11, 1833, in Marlboro, N. H.; daughter of Joseph and Ruth White-Haskell ; latter now living in Troy, N. Y. ; have five chil- dren—Warren, b. Oct. 20, 1860 ; Julia Ann, b. April 7, 1864 ; Walter, b. Sept. 4, 1866 ; Mary Jane, b. Sept. 28, 1871 ; Ella, b. Oct. 7, 1873. Independent in religion ; in politics a Democrat. Jones, C. B., laborer, Springville. Jones, E. D., J. P., Springville. Jones, Luther, laborer, Springville. Jones, P. M., teamster, Springville. KILAN, PAT., laborer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Springville. Kimball, H., far,, S. 5 ; P. 0. Springville. BROWN TOWNSHIP. 727 LEAPER, FREDERIC, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Martelle. LEOB^ABD, JOSEPH, Justice of the Peace and farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. Viola ; owns fourteen acres, two lots im- proved, nineteen unimproved, total val- ued at $3,885 ; born in Rockingham Co., Va., April 4, 1813 ; his father died in 1820 ; mother moved to Ohio about 1827 ; there two years, then went to Wayne Co., Ind., where she died July 9, 1839 ; in 1835, Mr. L. went to New Boston, 111. ; worked there at the car- penter trade about three years. Jan. 4, 1838, married Miss Sarah, daughter of Michael and Lavina Donahoo, formerly of Virginia; bought a f^rm and im- proved it ; in 1 85 1 , came here ; Mrs. L. was born in Lawrence, Ind., Oct. 6, 1820 ; they have had eight children, five now living — Marcellus, b. Jan. 5, 1839 ; Benton, b. Sept. 7, 1842 ; Jen- nie, b. Jan. 5, 1845 ; Walter, b. Oct. 2, 1847 , Viol a, July 29, 1854 ; those de- ceased were Josephine, K Nov. 13, 1840, d. Feb. 12, 1869 ; Sarah B., b. April 27, 1852, d. May 7, 1852 ; Fred- die, b. Sept. 15, 1865, d. July 5, 1866. Mr. L. has been Justice of the Peace about twenty-three years. Mr. and Mrs. Leonard's religious preferences are for the Disciples of Christ. He is a Repub- lican. Long, J. M., harness maker, Springville. Loomis, H., far., S. 34 ; Springville. Loomis, L., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. LOVE, JOHN S., A. M., M. D., physician and surgeon, Springville ; was born May 19, 1831, in Huntingdon Co., Penn. ; son of John and Priscilla Smith Love ; he took his preparatory educa- tion! course at Tuscarora Academy in Juniata Co., Penn., and full collegiate course at Jefferson College, Cannons- burg, Penn., where he received the de- gree of A. B. in 1850, and that of A. M. in 1853 ; in 1856, he received the de- gree of M. D. from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and in Dec, 1858, settled in Springville, . and has success- fiiUy practised his profession here ever since. In Sept., 1865, he married Alice C.,daughter of J. D. Stone, Esq., of Linn Co. ; she died June 22, 1872. The Doctor is a member of several medical societies, including the American Medi- cal Association ; he is also an esteemed member of the Masonic order, being a Knight Templar. He owns a farm of 160 acres, three miles out, and fifty-one acres of timber land, also a pleasant prop- erty in town ; in all valued at $15,000. Lupton, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Springville. Lyon, H. N., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. MCDONALD, D., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Martelle. McDonald, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Martelle. Mclntvre, attorney, Springville. McShane, A., far.,S. 19 ; P. 0. Springville. McShane, B., far., S. 31 ; P. O. Springville. McShane, P., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Springville. McShane, G., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Springville. McSHAlVE, JOHX, farmer, S. 19 ; P. 0. Springville ; he was born in Spring Hill, Fayette Co., Penn., April 13, 1811 ; son of Daniel and Jane McDonnel McShane ; natives of New Jersey ; father's father was from the north of Ireland ; mother's from Scotland. John married May 4, 1843, to Frances, daughter of George and Margaret Mc- Laughlin; born April 8, 1824, in Payette Co., Penn. John and family shipped at Brownville, Penn., April 6, 1846, via Pittsburgh and Ohio and Mississippi Riv- ers, to Muscatine, Iowa; by teams from there to Linn Grove ; stayed until the Spring of 1847, in a cabin, just east of where Springville now is, then to south- east of Linn Grove; lived there four years, and then went to where Paralta now is ; lived there three years ; in the Spring of 1855, he went to the mouth of the Big Blue River, Kansas, with teams; got there the last of May; re- turned here in Sept., 1856, and rented a farm; bought and improved the place where he now lives, and settled on the place in the Spring of 1857. Have ten children — Prances, born May 11, 1844 ; Margaret Lovina, born Nov. 16, 1845, died May 11, 1868; Lewis C, born Aug. 24, 1848 ; Isaiah H., born April 27, 1850, died March 20, 1862 ; George W., born March 18, 1852 ; Charles E., born Nov. 4, 1853 ; Alonzo, born Nov. 6, 1855 ; Everett T., born April 25, 1858, Cora Jane, born Feb. 18, 1861 ; Otho L., born Nov. 16, 1864. Mrs. McShane died June 28, 1874, aged 50 728 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : years, two months and twenty days ; she was a Methodist nearly four years before her death ; from her 17th year to that time, she was a Baptist. Mr. McShane is a Presbyterian in faith, and a Union Democrat. McSHAlHE, FRAIVCIS, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Springville; owns 160 acres of land; born March 11, 1844; son of John McShane. He was married Dec. 8, 1870, to Mary Carnahan, who was born Jan. 29, 1846, in Muskingum Co., Ohio ; daughter of Jacob W. and Mary Phillips Carnahan ; both are now living in Colorado ; they came from Ohio to Jones Co. in 1848, and to Colorado in the Spring of 1874 ; Francis and Mary have three children — Freddie, born June 23, 1873; Maggie Oleter, born April 27, 1875, and an infant girl not named, born May^ll, 1878. Francis is independent in religion ; in politics is a Democrat ; Mary is a Baptist. McShane, L. C, Springville. Marshall, Carmi, retired, Viola. Marshall, L. B., carpenter, Springville. Marshall, M., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Springville. Marshall, Orange, retired, Viola. MARSHAIili, SIDNEY H., merchant, grain dealer and Postmaster, Viola ; son of Eli and Elizabeth Mar- shall ; he was born in Cold Brook, Cown., Aug. 8, 1820 ; in 1864, he settled on a farm near where Viola now is ; he sold his farm in 1868, and engaged in the grain trade with J. L. Ingram, and in 1870 the firm started a general store, and still continue in the grain and merchan- dise business. Mr. Marshall has been Postmaster for sixteen years, having re- ceived his commission in 1862, from Montgomery Blair, then Postmaster General. Mentzer, Wm., butcher, Springville. Milner, Wm. Millhouse, W., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Viola. MOOKE, CAEVIN RAY, farm- er. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Viola ; born in Greene Co., Penn., Nov. 6, 1853 ; father, Will- iam A. Moore, lives ' in Marion Tp. ; mother, Keziah Bain Moore, died in Marion Tp., about 1866; family came to Linn Co., when Calvin was quite young ; settled first in Maine Tp. for a short time ; then went to Marion Tp. ; they went back to Maine ; then they went to the northeast part of Marion Tp., where they now reside. Calvin had had his time since he was 17. He married Emily Jane Ehoten June 29, 1870, a daughter of Alexander and Nancy Hazelrigg Rhoten. Calvin is independent in religion ; in politics a Republican. Mrs. Moore is a member of the M. E. Church. Moore, F. W.,far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Martelle. Morris, A., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Viola. Morris, J. H., far. S. 24 ; P. 0. Viola. Morton, S., station agent, etc., Springville. nVTEWLIN, GEO.W., farmer. Sec. 11 ; JJN P. O. Viola. NEWIilX, GEORGE, millwright and farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Viola; owns about 300 acres of land, worth $10,500; he was born in Delaware Co., Penn., June 15, 181-3; son of Nicholas and Sarah Worrilow Newlin, both natives of Pennsylvania ; mothar died in Delaware Co. ; father died in Chester Co ; George worked for his father on the farm until he was 1 8 years of age, then learned his trade of his brother Jesse; his father was also a millwright ; George followed his trade until he was 39 years of age, then he came here in the Fall of 1852. He married Ann Eliza Elliot in Dec, 1841 ; she was born in Chester Go., Penn., June 26, 1822; parents were John and Mary Brogan Elliott, and na- tives of Pennsylvania; mother's mother was a Baker ; George and Mary have had seven children — Sarah E., born Nov. 5, 1842, died Dec 2, 1854 ; Wilson E., born Oct. 5, 1844, died July 12, 1862 ; John A., born May 26, 1848 ; Howard N. and George W., twins, born Nov. 7, 1856 ; Levis Pancoast, born Aug. 30, 1860, died April 17, 1863; Lettie May, born March 8, 1864. The three boys are married and living near their parents. Mr. Newlin was raised ai Quaker ; both are members of the M, E. Church ; he is a Republican. Newlin, H. N., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Viola. Newlin, J. A., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Viola. WEWMAlllf, CAIiVIIir, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Springville ; owns 530 acres. Worth $21,200 ; he was born in Tennes- see May 7, 1826; parents were John and Susan Browning Newman ; father was born in Tennessee, mother in North Carolina; the family went to Indiana BROWN TOWNSHIP. 729 about 1827 ; father died soon after ; mother married Isaac Butler, and they went to Beardsley's Prairie, Cass Co., Mich., in 1830 ; stayed there five years, then went to Kacine, Wis., and in 1840 came here. Isaac Butler first settled on what is now the Winans farm, which he entered in 1840 ; in August he removed to Tama Co., Iowa, and died there Feb. 20, 1870, aged 77 years ; mother is liv- ing in Tama Co., aged 74 years. Calvin married July 8, 1849, Mary A. Howard, who was born Oct. 2, 1829, in Rush Co., Ind. ; daughter of Cornelius and Jane Morris Howard ; father was born in Greene Co., Penn., mother in White- ley Co.; they were both born in 1799, and are now living in Muscatine Co., Iowa ; Calvin and Mary have had five children — Evaline, b. July 15, 1850; William E., b. Jan. 6, 1853, died Oct. 14, 1857; John C, b. Oct. 14, 1855; Albert C, b. April 6, 1858, died Sept. 22, 1864 ; Alfred D., b. June 2, 1867 : Evaline married March 18, 1869, Wm! M. Wilbur, and they reside in Chicago. Mr. Newman entered the land where he now resides in 1848. Mrs. Newman's parents came to Linn Co. in Sept., 1846 ; lived on a farm in Linn Grove about six years, then lived in Cedar Co. about six years, then removed to Muscatine Co., where they now reside. Mrs. N. was fourth of a family of eight children ; Mr. N. was the only child by mother's first marriage. They are members of the M. E. Church. Nicholson, J. S., far., S. 23 ; P.O. Spring- ville. North, John, undertaker, Springville. North, G , dentist, Springville. Noyes, L. R., far..S. 19 ; P. 0. Springville. OXIiEY, JAMES MILTON, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Springville ; owns 170 acres of land, worth $7,000 ; his birth occurred April 21, 1821, in In- diana ; son of Everett and Celia Scott Oxley, natives of Kentucky ; when a few months old, his father's family moved back to Kentucky, where his father died soon after ; when about 3 years of age, the family again moved to Indiana, to Montgomery Co., and here in 1846. He married Mary J. Reneau Jan. 24, 1850; born Aug. 6, 1830, in Monroe Co., Ind., a daughter of Jesse and Mary Browning Reneau ; the latter died here Oct. 12, 1853 ; the father is still living here ; have had seven children, and all now living — Josephine, bnrn Jan. 7^ 1851 ; Everett T., born Dec. 22, 1852 ; Mattie J., born March 5, 1855 ; Edgar Milton, born Sept. 21, 1857; Cora Belle, born Jan. 16, 1860; Alberta, born March 28, 1861 ; Althea, born July 11, 1866. Mrs. Celia Oxley, died here Aug. 28, 1856 ; was born Oct. 1, 1781 ; Everett Oxley was born Sept. 29, 1781 ; died at the age of 43. Jas. and wife are members of the M. E. Church. He is a Republican. PARKER, ANDREW, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Springville. Pate, Henry, retired, Springville. Patterson, T. L., farmer; P. 0. Springville. Patton, R., far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Springville. Paul, Geo., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Springville. Pearson, Geo., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Springville. Pearson, J., retired, S. 9 ; P. O. Springville. Pearson, John, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Springville. Pearson, L. H., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Springville. Pearson, T., far., S. 9 ; P. O. Springville. Pearson, Wm.,far.,S.4; P. 0. Springville. Peck, Chas., Springville. Peck, Geo., Springville. PEET, Rr»OIiPHUS, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 0. Viola ; son of John Peet ; was born in Solon, Cortland Co., N. Y., July 2, 1837 ; resided here since Oct. 1844 ; from 1855, attended school three and a half years at Mt. Vernon, this county, at what is now Cornell Col- lege. Married Dec. 25, 1862, Mary A. Chubbuck, of Mt. Vernon, one of the first graduating class at the school there; she graduated July 14, 1859, as Mistress of English Literature ; she was born about 1838 ; daughter of D. 0. and Polly Oakley Chubbuck; Mary died Aug. 14, 1865. Rudolphus married again Oct. 23, 1865, Martha E. Hewett, born Feb. i2, 1845, in Wyoming Co., Penn.; havehad six children, viz.: Lulah, b. Sept. 8, 1867 ; Myrtle, b. Jan. 14, 1869 ; Everett, b. Aug. 23, 1871 ; Earle, b. March 31 , 1673, died June 26, 1874 ; Amy, b. April 6, 1875; Gerald, b. April 26, 1877. Both Methodists ; he is a Republican. PEET, JOMlV, deceased; he was born in Cortland Co., N. Y., Oct. 7, 1804 ; was son of Gideon and Abigail 730 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTT : Wildman Peet, natives of Connecticut ; Gideon was born July 29, 1776; Abi- gail July 20, 1783 ; they came to Fair- view, Jones Co., about 1841 ; opened a farm there ; Gideon died about 1843 ; Abigail in 1846 ; they were married Feb. 22, 1801. John married Nov. 13, 1828, in Solon, Cortland Co., by Kev. B. W. Capron, Baptist, to Julia A. Wil- cox, born Nov. 23, 1806, in Cortland- ville, N. Y., daughter of Eben and Rachel Merrill Wilcox, natives of Con- necticut. They came to Iowa about 1846 with team, making three times they had come from New York with a team ; father died Jan. 25, 1864, born Jan. 29, 1780 ; mother died March 8, 1870, born Nov. 9, 1785 ; both died in this vicinity. John and Abigail have had six children — Romelia, b. Sept. 19, 1829; Phe- dorah. b. July 8, 1831 ; Theresa, b. Sept. 8, 1833, died March 8, 1834 ; Rudolphus, b. July 2, 1837 ; Irwin and Irvin, twins, b. Aug. 28, 1844. Family left New York in June, 1838, went to Warren Co., 111.; there until Spring of 1839 ; then to Hendersonville, Knox Co., 111.; there until July, 1844 ; then to Fairview, Jones Co., Iowa ; in Octo- ber to Sec. 11, Brown Tp.; Mr. Peet worked at Fisher's Mills, on Buffalo Creek, until 1852, when he moved to Pioneer Tp., Cedar Co., and built Peet's Mills, on Clear Creek; he died there Jan. 10, 1867, and was buried in Wil- cox cemetery, in Fairview Tp. He lived and died strong in the faith of the final well being of the universal family of man. His widow is now living on Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Viola. Peet, W. R., P. 0. Viola. Penn, R„ retired far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Viola. Penn, R. R., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Viola. Petty, C, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Springville. Pherrin, J. C, Sr., retired, Springville. Pherrin, J. C, Jr., far., S. 21; P. 0. Springville. Pherrin, M. C, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Pherrin, W., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Springville. Pierpoint, 0., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Pierpoint, W.,far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Pitkin, W. N., far., S. 13; P. 0. Viola. Plummer, A., Sr., ret. ; P. 0. Springville. Plummer, A., Jr., far., S. 17; P. 0. Springville. Plummer, C, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Springville. Plummer, C. T., S. 31 ; P. 0. Springville. Plummer, L., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Springville. Plummer, M,, station agent, S. 32 ; P. 0. Plummer, T., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Springville. Porte, John, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Martelle. Post, Daniel, farmer, Viola. Post, Geo., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Viola. Pudney, Henry, cheese factory, Springville. REED, JOHN, far., S. 36; P. 0. Springville. Reneau, Jesse, retired far., Springville. Reneau, W. T., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Ehoten, C, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Viola, Rhoten, J. H., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Waubeek. BOBEBTISON, FBAXKLEUr B., teacher. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Viola ; born in Benton, Ontario Co., N. Y., May 13, 1829 ; son of Robert S. and Caroline Bradner Robertson.; father, who was born in Glasgow, Scotland, came to America with his parents when 14, set- tling near Goshen, Orange Co., N. Y.; his grandfather was Robert Robertson, grandmother was Isabell Scott ; they died in Orange Co.; parents went to Tomp- kins Co. about 1815 ; to Ontario Co. in 1818 ; in February, 1830, to N. Y. City, where mother died same month ; father remarried in 1832 ; in 1833, went to Albany; in August, 1836, came back to Benton ; died there March 19, 1852. F. B. worked on his father's farm in the Summer and attended district school in the Winter ; after father's death, went to New York City ; Aug. 4, 1853, went to Watertown, Wis.; taught near there that Winter ; the following Summer, went to Michigan, then to Belvidere, 111.; was a while in Bristed's Nursery. then to Wisconsin ; Winter of 1854-5 and 1855-6, taught near Watertown ; in Spring of 1856, made a tour through Iowa, in the Fall at Central City, Linn Co.; back to Wisconsin in February, 1857 ; went to Peet's Mills, Cedar. Co., Iowa, and on March 17, 1857, married Phedorah Peet, born July 8, 1831, in Solon, Cortland Co., N. Y., daughter of John and Julia Wilcox Peet. Mr. K. has not taught since Spring of 1874 ; lived on their farm since. They have no children. Both believe in a Supreme Being, and that He is supreme, and will BROWN TOWNSHIP. 731 in His own good time, bring all things to love Him. Mr. R. is a Republican. BHOTEN, AliEXAITDBB, de- ceased ; family on Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Viola ; he was born in Wayne Co., Ky., June 25, 1812; in 1815, family went to Ohio ; in 1829, to Indiana. Married May 20, 1832, Nancy Hazelrigg, born Aug. 28, 1815, in Clark Co., Ky ; par^ ents were Charles and Eleanor Bell Hazelrigg ; they went to Boone Co., Mo., in 1819 ; back to Kentucky in 1820 ; Monroe Co., Ind., October, 1826 ; to Fountain Co. in the Spring of 1829 ; mother died there Aug. 23, 1838; father remarried July 7, 1839, Mary B. McFarlirig, born Oct. 8, 1809, in Loudon Co., Va., daughter of William and Rachel Lewis McParling, natives of Virginia, Mr. Rhoten came to Fair- view, Jones Co., May 27, 1838; in October, went back to Indiana ; in March, 1840, came again to Fairview, and on the 24th of June, 1840, his family came, having come through with teams ; Oct. 14, 1845, house burned and lost everything ; in December, 1845, settled where family now lives. Alexander Rhoten died Sept. 25, 1846; had nine children— Thomas, born July 12, 1833 ; Mary Ellen, born May 27, 1837 ; Sarah Ann, born June 29, 1839 ; Susan, born 1841 ; Malinda,born Oct. 14, 1845 ; Emily J., born Aug. 23, 1848 ; John H., bom March 26, 1851 ; Ruth C, born June 16, 1853; Charles W., born June 6, 1854 ; Mary E., died Sept. 2, 1838 ; Ruth C, died July 15, 1853. Thomas Rhoten and J. L. Kenney left here for Montana May 21, 1864; on the 25th of September, 1868, they left the head waters of the Yellowstone River to re- turn home, and have never been heard from since. Robinson, L., laborer, Springville. Rogers, J. W., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Springville. Ryan, P. H., tinsmith, Springville. ~1HAW, L., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Springville. S' Sherwood, J. B., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Viola. SHERWOOD, WHililAM T,., deceased; estate owns 173 acres. He was born Dec. 24, 1825, in Lexington, Davidson Co., N. C. ; son of Benjamin and Sally Lynthicum Sherwood; the family moved to Indiana, where his mother died ; his father died in Marion Co., Iowa; William came to Brown Tp. from Tippecanoe Co., Ind., in the Spring of 1852, and settled on the farm where his family now resides. He was married Dec, 7, 1875. to Mrs. Mary E. Morgan, nee Anderson. She was born April 14, 1835, in Guernsey Co , Ohio, daughter of Leonard and Nancy W. Penn Anderson ; Mrs. A. died in Knox Co., Ohio; father came to Linn Tp. in the Fall of 1864, and is now living there, near Martelle. Mary's first husband was Wm. Morgan ; he enlisted in Co. B, 34th I. V. I., and died while in the service at St. Louis, Mo. William L. Sherwood died Jan. 21, 1878, of typhoid pneumonia, after an illness of a few days. He was inde- pendent in religion. He was a kind- ■ hearted man, always ready to assist the needy, and to speak words of kindness to the distressed ; he died regretted by all who knew him. One child — Wilma L. Sherwood, born Feb. 23, 1878. Sigfried, Wm. B., mason, Springville. SmiTH, CURTIS G., farmer; S. 27; P. 0. Springville; has 120 acres of land, worth $40 per acre. His na- tive place is Waldo, Delaware Co., Ohio, where he was born March 21, 1834; his parents were Samuel W. and Eliza- beth Bear Smith ; his father was born in Washington Co., Penn., Sept. 11, 1801, and died in Mt. Vernon, Iowa, Oct. 17, 1864 ; he came here June 6, 1855; went to Mt. Vernon in March, 1864 ; Elizabeth, his wife, daughter of Christopher and Susan Bear, was born Jan. 5, 1804, in Columbiana Co., Ohio ; is now living with her daughter Roxana, in Leavenworth Co., Kan. There were ten children — Maria A. Sharp, in North Lewisburg, Ohio, husband a physician ; Martin B., in Chicago, Master of Trans- port3,tion under G-en. Sheridan ; Re- becca A. Dutton, Leavenworth Co., Kan., a farmer ; Curtis G-., here ; Milo P., District Attorney Eighth District, Marengo, Iowa ; Erastus F., County Attorney, Paola, Miami Co., Kan. ; died there Oct. 30, 1871 ; Isabel M. Cheshire, in Lima, Ohio, boot and shoe dealer; Wm. Harrison, nurseryman, Marion, Iowa; George M., physician, North Lewisburg, Ohio; Curtis G., 6 732 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: married Nov. 18, 1860, in Jones Co., Iowa ; Miss Margaret H., daughter of John and 8arah E. Patterson Johnston; her father was born in North of Ireland June 24, 1800; died in Cascade, Du- buque Co., Iowa, July 29, 1846. Mrs. Johnston was born in North of Ireland, raised in Scotland ; born March 3, 1804 ; now living near Marion, Iowa ; their children are Sarah Wilson, of Springville ; Chas. E. Johnston, of Louisiana ; Ellen J. Brown, Marion ; Margaret H. Smith, here; John H., Lisbon, Iowa ; James M., Monticello, Iowa. C. G. and Margaret have five children — Nellie B., born March 1;9, 1862 ; Lulie M., born Feb. 15, 1864 ; Anna G., born April 27, 1866 ; Fannie B., born Nov. 21, 1869; Carrie A., born Nov. 20, 1872. Mr. Smith is a member of the M. E. Church and a Republican. STANIiJEY, SAMUEIiW., farm- er, Sec. 18; P. 0. Springville; owns 190 acres of land, valued at $5,700; he was born in 1818 in Columbiana ■ Co., Ohio, where his parents, John and Mary Ann Stanley, lived and remained through life ; he lived at home until the age of 19, assisting his father and attending school ; then attended the Friends' boarding school three terms at Mt. Pleasant, Ohio. In 1840, he mar- ried Mary Ann, daughter of Benjamin and Hannah Vail, of Belmont Co., Ohio. From 1840 to 1845, he lived in Mt. Pleasant, working at the carpenter's trade; in 1845, he removed to Bcl- inont Co., bought a small farm, upon which he lived until 1861, in the Spring of which year he came here in his own conveyance, settling upon the farm on which he now lives ; has five children — Esther, Benjamin V., Thos. E., Norris and Hannah — all married and settled within three miles. of their parents. Samuel and wife are members of the society of Friends. He is a Re- publican. Stanley, T. E., far.,S. 6 ; P. 0. Springville. Starbuck, Jas., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. Springville. Starry, S., far., S. 30 ; P. O. Springville. Stewart, J., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Martelle. Stickney. C. D., merchant, Springville. Stone, J.D., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Springville. Stone, Zephinia, farmer and miller, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Springville. STORKS, AJTDKEW, former, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Springville ; owns 238 acres of land, finely improved, worth $10,000 : he was born in Lebanon, Grafton Co.. N. H., Oct. 17, 1816 ; son of Jesse and Hannah Hyde Storrs; Jesse was born in Lebanon March 10, 1876, died in Cortland Co.,N. Y., Jan. 9, 1851 ; his father (Andrew's grand- father) was among the first settlers of Grafton Co. ; Hannah Storrs was born in Lebanon Nov. 19, 1776, died Jan. 20, 1867, in LaMotte, Jackson Co., Iowa ; her father's ancestors settled in Mansfield, Conn ; his mother's in Norwich, Conn., in the Spring of 1818, her father went to Cortland Co., N. Y., and, in the Spring of 1819, his family followed and settled there ; An- drew was the ninth of a family of ten children. He married, March 4, 1841, Elizabeth B. Gamberton, born March 2, 1817, in Lumberland, Sullivan Co., N. Y. ; daughter of Charles and Ruth Barnes Gamberton ; her father was a native of France ; mother, of Sullivan Co., N. Y. ; she died in Wayite Co., N. Y., in 1827 ; father died in Dayton, Ohio, in 1858 ; Andrew and Elizabeth have had five children, only the last one living' — Mary A., born Nov. 28, 1841, died March 29, 1843 ; James B., born Jan. 7, 1846, died July 11, 1872; Hannah L;, born May 12, 1848, died Feb. 26, 1852; Fanny E., born Sept. 16, 1853, died June 24, 1862 ; Andrew D., born Jan. 28, 1857; little Hannah, one of the most lovely of children, met with her death from inhaling steam, living forty-eight hours after, suffering intensely but patiently ; young as she was, she had foretold her death, as also other things which came to pass. Mr. and Mrs. Storrs are at present members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Republican. Storrs, Andrew D., law student, Sec. 26. Stratton, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Springville. STRITE, SIIiAS P., farmer, Sec. 34; p. 0. Springville; owns eighty acres of land, well improved ; he was born in Mercer Co., Penn., Jan. 1, 1841 ; his parents were John E. and Eleanor Dodd Strite ; his mother died in Daven- BROWN TOWNSHIP. 733 port, Iowa, May 13, 1854, while on the way with the family to this place ; a little brother also died there, Orvil H., ■ born April 7, 1852, died May 6, 1 854 ; his father died here Aug. 23, 1876 ; he was born Jan. 11, 1808, in Pennsyl- vania. Silas married, Dec. 22, 1872, Miss Clara Dunn, who was born March 14, 1857, in Coldwater, Branch Co., Mich ; her parents were John and Laura Kirby Dunn ; her father died in Michigan June 13, 1864, aged 64 • years ; her mother died in Marion, Iowa, May 14, 1472, aged 60 yeai-s ; she came to this county in 1868, or about that year. Have one child — Amy E. Strite, born May 25, 1877. Silas improved the west part of his farm from raw prairie. He served one • year in Co. H, 24th I. V. I. He is a Seventh Day Adventist, and a Repub- lican. STRITE, LEVI E., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. .0. Springville ; has 140 acres of land, the old homestead, well im- proved; born in Mercer Co., Peiin., March 30, 1844; son of John E. and Eleanor Dodd Strite ; his father was born in Pennsylvania Jan. 11, 1808; died here Aug. 23, 1876 ; his mother died in Davenport, Iowa, May 13, 1854, en route with her family for this place. Levi married Maiy Ellen Per- kins March 12, 1868; she was born in Buffalo Tp., this county, Aug. 25, 1848, daughter of George C. and Eliza- beth E. Edgington Perkins ; her father is a native of Plymouth, N. H. ; her mother of Ohio ; Mr. Perkins came to this cBunty over thirty-five years ago ; Mrs. Perkins' parents came a short time after; they were born Nov. 10, 1816, and June 11, 1826, and are living in ■ Buffalo Tp. Mr. S. lived in Buffalo Tp. about seven years, in Carroll Co., Iowa, two years, and settled on the old home- stead Jan. 1, 1878. He served ten months in Co. H, 24th I. V. I., from August, 1862, until May, 1863, when he was discharged for disabilities; has had his time, and done for himself since; they have five children — George Trever, born Feb. 25, 1869 ; Eugene K., born Feb. 22, 1871 ; Levi Ensly, born Oct. 30, 1873; Albert J., born March 24, 1876 ; Charles P., born Feb. 27, 1878. Mr. and Mrs. S. are members of Fair- view Baptist Church. He is a Repub- lican. Strothers, H. K., far., Sec. 4; P. 0. Springville. Swecker, D., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Springville. Swecker, P., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Springville. TALBOTT, B. I., farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Viola. Taylor, Martin, painter, Springville. Trenton, John, teamster, Springville. VAIL, JESSE, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Springville. VAN HOUTEW, STEPHEItf, carpenter and farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Springville ; owns 181 acres of land ; he was born in Ramapo, Rockland Co., N. Y., May 11, 1835 ; son of Peter P. and Rachel Yourie-Van Houten ; Stephen went to Dodge Co., Wis., in September, 1855, and in June, 1858, his father, and in 1869, his mother, came out, and in the Fall of 1863, they went back to New York ; his father died in 1864, and his mother in 1867 ; they were both born in 1804. Stephen married July 4, 1858, Miss Angeline Smith, who was born in Wayne Co., Ohio, July 16, 1840 ; daughter of Joseph and Polly Ann Warren-Smith ; her father is living in Fairview, Jones Co., Iowa, with his youngest son ; Angeline died here Sept. 9, 1877. after a short illness; they had four children, all living — George Frank- lin, born May 5, 1859 ; Arthur Arling- ton, b. Jan. 8, 1861, both in Dodge Co., Wis.; John Matkie, b. April 14, 1865 ; Nettie Rachel, b. May 11, 1869, these two in Brown Tp. Stephen followed the carpenter business mainly, teaming some during the Winter ; in the Spring of 1857, was several weeks with railroad engineers, running lines in various parts of Wisconsin ; in the Spring of 1858, began opening a farm, residing there un- til February, 1864, when he left Wis- consin for this place, arriving here early in March, and settled soon after where he now resides, and has made farming his main business here. He is liberal in religious thought ; in politics a Re- publican. Vernon, C, farmer, S. 17 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Vernon, E., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Springville Vernon, I., far.,S. 24 ; P. 0. Viola. 734 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Vernon, J., Jr., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Vernon, J., Sr., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Spring- villa. Vernon, Jno., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Springville. Vernon, Joseph, farmer ; P. 0. Viola. WALMSLEY, JAS., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Springville. Walmsley, J., far., S. 27; P. 0. Springville. Weaver, John, teamster, Springville. Webster, G., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Springville. White, H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Springville. Wilber, E. B., merchant, Springville. Wild, D., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Springville. WLLLARD, BElVJAlIEIf F., carpenter and builder, manufacturer of brackets, &c., Springville, Iowa ; was born in Chester Co., Penn., March 25, 1847; son of B. F. and Mary Sentman-Willard; father is dead ; moth- er is living in Chester Co. Married Dec. 25, 1873, Miss Amanda Hill, daughter of Joseph and Catherine Gibson-Hill ; she was born Feb. 13, 1849, in New Garden, Chester Co., Penn. ; parents living in Marion Tp., this county ; have one child — Frank H., born Sept. 19, 1875. Came here from Chester Co., Penn., Jan. 1, 1876 ; on the 16th of October, 1877, began the manufacture of patent brackets in this village. Independent in religion and politics. Willard, John, carpenter, Springville. Williams, A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Springville. Wilson, A. H., far., S. 27; P.O. Springville. Wilson, D. C; P. 0. Viola. "* WlliSOW, GEOR&i: li., black- smith, Springville ; born Dec. 2, 1835, in Westmoreland Co., Penn. ; son of William and Sarah O'Hara- Wilson ; came to this vicinity in 1856, staying eight months, then to Ohio, three months, then to Iowa, and soon after to Little Rock, Ark. ; there four months, then to Choctaw Nation, Ind. Ter., and there and in Texas about five years ; in 1862, to Mexico; left there for New Orleans November, 1863 ; left New Or- leans April 16, 1864 ; went by river to Cincinnati ; got there May 2, and home, in Washington Co., Ohio, May 4 ; for a few weeks visited old friends near Pitts- burg, Penn., and back to Ohio. Father then sold out in Ohio and came here about Christmas, 1864. George re- mained there until July, 1866, then went to Memphis, Tenn. ; in November, 1867, his mother being very sick, he came home; she died November, 1867; he then went to St. Louis, and in the Spring of 1868, to Pilot Knob, and July 10, to Patterson, Wayne Co., Missouri, where he found the noble girl who is now his wife. He was married Nov. 12, 1868, to Miss Mary C. Andrews, who was born Nov. 26, ,1844; she was a daughter of Samuel a,nd Mary Williams- Andrews, of Patterson, her native town. Mr. Andrews was an uncompromising Union man, and his family was in full sympathy with him ; Mary was fre- quently called upon to act the hazardous part of a spy in the interest of the Union cause, and tci protect friends and neigh- bors, and always acted her part well. They came here in November, 1870, and have resided here since. George has worked at his trade at most of the places named in his travels, and is doing a good business at it here. They have two children, Minnie Clara, born in Pat- terson, Mo., Nov. 16, 1869, and Nellie May, born here June 16, 1872. Pres- byterian ; in politics, Independent. WIIiSON, WM, FINLEY, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 0. Springville; owns 214 acres of land, worth $8,000 ; he was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., March 18, 1830 ; son of Will- iam and Sarah O'Hara Wilson ; father now living in Springville ; Mr. W. came here in March, 1865, from Ohio ; went to Ohio in 1839. Married April 15, 1858, Lucy A. Dunbar, daughter of Stephen and Lucy Cutler Dunbar, na- tives of Amherst, Mass. ; parents went to Ohio in 1839 ; mother died in Athens Co., Ohio ; father living in Washington Co., Ohio, at present. Mr. and Mrs. W. have had five children — Emma Jane, born Jan. 19, 1859, died Feb. 9, 1876; Robert C, born Jan. 21, 1861; Hattie R., born June 30, 1863; Albert D., born Jan. 2, 1868 ; Mary Ella, born Sept. 21. 1870. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Repub- lican. Wilson, William, retired, Springville. Wikon,W. F.,far.,S. 22; P. 0. Springville. Winans, D. C, laborer, Springville. BROWN TOWNSHIP. 735 WIXANS, HIRAM W., farmer, P. 0. Springville; was born Oct. 4, 1830, in Miami Co.,Ohio ; son of Moses P. and Susan Simmons-Winans. He was married May 27, 1852, to Priscilla A., daughter of John B. and Elizabeth Per- singer HoUingshead ; she was born Nov. 24, 1832, in Shelby Co., Ohio ; moved here in 1852 ; have four children — Mosps W., born Jan. 8, 1854 ; Ella E., born May 16, 1856; Myrtle May, born May 1, 1867 ; Ivy D., born Nov. 10, 1872; the first was born in Johnson Co., Iowa, and the others here. Mr. Winans served in Co. H, 24th I. V. I., over eighteen months, and until the close of the war. Members of the M. E. Church. He is a Republican. His father was born Jan. 4, 1808 ; sou of Lewis and Lydia Winans. Married in Miami Co., Ohio, Sept. 11, 1828 ; moved to Shelby Co. about 1831 ; in 1853, he came here ; have nine children, all born in Ohio — Lewis, born June 29, 1 829 ; still single ; Hiram W., John S., born July 11, 1832, died Feb. 28, 1869 ; Amy, born Sept. 18, 1834; married to Jas. Cornell ; Esther J., born Oct. 8, 1836, died Aug. 7, 1864, wife of W. H. Groodlove ; William B., born Dec. 21, 1838, married Mary J. Gibson; David C, born Nov. 30, 1843, married Mary M. Hossler ; Susan M., born Nov. 29, 1845, married 0. D. Heald, and live in Cedar Co. ; Lydia K., bom June 13, 1849, married 0. F. Glenn and live in St. Paul, Minn. Moses P. Winans died here Aug. 25, 1871 ; was a. member of the M. E. Church, and a Republican ; left a farm of 265 acres, valued at $15,000. Susan Simmons Winans was born Feb. 18, 1812, and lives on the homestead; she was six months old, and with her parents at Ft. Dearborn at the massacre there, Aug. 15, 1812; her father was killed, and her mother and she were ; taken prisoners by the Indians, and held six months or more ; a little brother 3 years old was also killed; in the following Spring, mother, with Susan, made her way to friends in Miami Co., Ohio. Mrs. Simmons afterward mar- ried John Redenbaugh, who died in Ohio, Aug., 1847, she came here and died Feb. 27, 1857, aged about 72 years. Winans, Lewis, laborer, Springville. Winans, M. W., farmer, Springville. Winans, Wm. B., laborer, Springville. Winchell, Daniel, stone mason; Springville. Winchell, Oliver, stone mason, Springville. Wink, R., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Marcelle. Worrall, John, attorney, Viola. Wright, C, stock dealer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. WRIOHT, ROBERT, farmer, feeder, stock and grain dealer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Paralta ; owns 340 acres of land, worth $14,000 ; he was born in Wash- ington Co., Penn., Jan. 14, 1836; son of James and Nancy Phillips- Wright ; father was from Maryland ; both died in West Virginia; Robert came from Tyler Co., W. Va., in the Spring of 1854 ; stopped south of Linn Grove a few days ; hired out the same Spring to work a year for H. N. Brown, at 812.50 per month ; next year he cropped with Mr. Brown on shares. Mar- ried in 1856 to Elizabeth, daughter of David Mentzer, a native of Pennsylvania. Same year, bought and run a breaking team in Scott Co. ; in 1857, he went to Bremer and Black Hawk Counties, Iowa, and broke prairie there one season ; in 1858, he went to Eastern and Southern Kansas, and returned ; in 1859, rented a farm for five years ; in the meantime he bought 200 acres of land, where he now lives, and settled on it in the Spring of 1864 ; he built a commodious barn in 1867, and a fine house in 1872. Have had six children, and three are now liv- ing — Charles, born April 4, 1857 ; Ida, born Dec. 19, 1858 ; Addie, born Aug. 31, 1865. Have been engaged in feed- ing stock, and buying and shipping stock and grain ; keeps from forty to fifty cows, and turns ofi' about eighty head of cattle, and two hundred and fifty hogs from his farm each year. Mr. Wright was brought up in the Methodist faith. Mrs. Wright's parents were Duukards. Mr. Wright is a Democrat; YOCUM, B., farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Springville. YOCUM, THOMAS D., farmer. Sec. 18 ; P. O. Springville ; owns eighty acres of land well improved, worth $4,000 ; born in Belmont Co., Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829 ; lived with his father, Thomas Yocum, now living in Morgan 736 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Co., Ohio, until he was about 20 years of age. He married Anna, daughter of Henry and Mary Bailey, of Morgan Co., Ohio, in Feb., 1848 ; he worked at the carpenter trade about ten years; in 1858, bought afarm,working that and at carpen- tering^; his wife, Anna, died in 1863 ; in 1 865 traveled, going as far as Cen- tral Iowa, returning to Ohio in a few months ; he visited Pennsylvania. Dec. 12, 1865, he married Mary J., daughter of Joshua and Elizabeth Bailey; she w;as born in Belmont Co., Ohio, Dec. 22, 1835 ; in Sept., 1870, he sold his prop- erty in Ohio, and in March, 1871, came and located where he now lives ; have nine children and five now living ; Ed- ward, born Nov. U, 1854 ; Thomas A., born July 26, 1858; Sarah A., born March 31, 1863; Rachel; born Sept. 18, 1866 ; Joshua, born Sept. 12, 1868; Henry, born Oct. 28, 1850 ; died March 28, 1852 ; Charles, born May 15, 1852, died Dec, 1860; Nathan, born Sept. 26, 1856, died Dec, 1860 ; Mary E,, born Oct. 10, 1860, died Sept. 10, 1864. Thomas and Mary are members of the Society of Friends. He is a Re- publican. LINN TOWNSHIP. ANDERSON, LEONARD, far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Martelle, Jones Co. Axtell, W., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Paralta. • BAXLEY, J. S., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. BAIiliARD, ]!ir. r., farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Ohio 1838 ; came to this county 1854 ; owns 213^ acres of land. He enlisted in the 1st I. V. C, and served three years. He married Miss Sarah E. Leigh in 1865 ; she was born in Indiana ; has two chil- dren — John L. and Martha E. BEACH, BENJAMIiy F., farm- er. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Knox Co., Ohio, in 1849 ; came to this State in 1869, and to this county in 1871; owns 100 acres. He married Miss Lucy E. Busenbarrick in 1871 ; she was born in this county ; has three children — John F., Frederick T. and Lydia A. Bennett, E., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Springville. Beechley, J., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Bennett, C, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Paralta. Bennett, H. A., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Spring- ville. BliACKIiEDGE, THOMAIS, farmer. Sec 22; P. 0. Mt. Vernon; born in Pennsylvania 1811, and removed to Jefferson Co., Ohio, in 1818 ; he came to this county 1854 ; owns 150 acres. He married Eliza A. Campbell Aug. 27, 1832 ; she was born in Ohio, and died 1835 ; he afterward married Mrs. Mary J. Goodman (whose maiden name was Andrews) in 1866 ; she was born in Ohio ; has six children — Lem- uel T., William'C.jLeander M., Thomas H., Hamilton P. and Margar^ J. Bolton, N., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. SpringviUe. Bowers, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Boxwell, M., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Martelle. Boxwell, R., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Martelle. Boxwell, W., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Martelle. BREED, C. W., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Martelle, Jones Co. ; born in Che- nango Co., N. Y., 1837 ; came to this State 1851 ; owns 160 acres. He married Miss Rachel A. Porter 1860 ; has three children — Marquis, Matthew and Jen- nie ; lost one. Brown, W. H., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Paralta. BUSEIVBARRICK, A., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Indiana 1832 ; came to this county 1861; owns 220 acres. Has held the office of School Director. He married Miss Jane Scott 1856 ; she died 1858 ; he afterward married Mary Shelly, 1860 ; she was born in Kentucky ; has one child — Robert — by first marriage, and seven by second marriage — Jalee, Lucy M., Nancy L., Elizabeth J'., Addie L., Quincy B. and Millie L. Busenbarrick, Jas., far. ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. BnSESfBARRICK, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Ohio 1823 ; came to this county Oct. 10, 1850 ; owns 238 acres. Has LINN TOWNSHIP. 737 held the office of School Director. He manied Ap;nes Martin 1853 ; she was born in Ohio, and came to this county 1839 ; has four children — Lucy E., Sarah A., Hannah A. and James W. Butcher, W., far., S. 10; P. 0. SpringviUe. Butler, J. S.,far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. /"CALHOUN, JAMES, far., Sec. 19; \J P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Campbell, Kobt., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Paralta. Chamberlain, C, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Lisbon. Chamberlain, Elisha, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Clark, David, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Martelle. CLARK, OlilVEB, farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. Mt. Vernon; born in Ohio in October, 1823; came to this county in February, 1840; owns 460 acres. He held the office of Con- stable and School Director ; he served in the Mexican war, and was one of four that carted the first load of merchandise into Marion. He married Miss Bar- bara Brice in 1848 ; she was born in Scotland; have six children — William Oliver, Agnes E., Mary E., Thomas 6., Henry and Marley P. Clark, W., far., ;S. 4; P. 0. Paralta. Clark, W. 0., farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Corbly, W. L.,far., S. 10 ; P. 0. SpringviUe. Cbrdes, Christian, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Colyer, C. R., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Colyer, W., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Crane, W. S., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. CURTIS, ElilSHA, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Martelle, Jones Co. ; born in Virginia 1803, and at an early age removed with his parents to Ohio, and came so this county in 1850 ; he recollects distinctly of seeing vol- unteers going to the war of 1812 ; owns 240 acres. He married Fanny Scott in 1828 ; she was bom in Pennsylvania ; has ten children — James, Rachel, Isaiah, Ann E., Jasper, Martha, Joseph, ' Charles, William and Ida. CURTIS, WILLIAM, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Martelle ; born in Ohio, 1850 ; came to this county in 1850. He married Jennie Dickey, March 11, 1875 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; has two children — Lbs and baby. DAVIS, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Martelle. Davis, W., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Martelle. Drips, G., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Martelle. Dunn, Samuel, far., S. 2 ; P. O. SpringviUe. Dumont, T., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Martelle. ELLISON, J. P., farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Ellison, John, far.; S. 25 ; P. 0. Martelle. ELLISOX, SAMUEL, farmer and stock raiser, Seo. 26; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Ireland, 1820 ; came to this county in 1840 ; owns 685 acres of land. He married Mary Scott 1848 ; she was born in Indiana; has five children — William G , James P., Ruth A., Mary M. and Margaret J. ; lost one. BUison, W. G., farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Erion, J., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. SpringviUe. Brion, P., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. SpringviUe. FARNHAM, W., farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Fish, T., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Frederick, F. W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Frederick,W.,far., S. 36; P.O. Mt. Vernon.' FULLERTOIV, ROBERT S., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Martelle, Jones Co. ; born in Marion Dec. 30, 1851. He married Mary Newman Dec. 31, 1874. His father. Rev. James S. Ful- lerton, was born in Ohio, 1819, and died May 13, 1874, leaving a widow who stiU survives, and three children — George E., Robert S. and Martha I. ; lost two — Mary E. and WiUie. GOODYEAR, A. B., farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. GARRETT, JESSE, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. SpringviUe ; born in Chester Co., Penn.,in 1801 ; came to this county in 1855 ; owns ninety-two acres of land. He married Mary Stirk in 1827 ; she was born in Pennsylvania, and died in 1875 ; have three children — Franklin, Robert and Mary. Goodyear, G., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Gdudy, J., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. GOrDY, JOHN C, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Wayne Co., Ohio, in 1825 ; came to this county June 9, 1842 ; owns 271 J acres of land. 'Has held the offices of Town Trustee and School Director. He married Amelia C. Jordan in 1847 ; she was born in 738 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Gcermany, and died in 1863. He after- ward married L. A. Mofifitt in 1864 ; she was born in Stark Co., Ohio ; their children are Ellen A., Rachel, Emma, William O., AUce A., Mary E., Fred. A. and John M. Goudy, J., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Goudy, W., retired farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Mt. Vernon. Goudy, W. 0., far., S. 23; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. HAHN, R. F., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Lisbon. HANDL.EY, J. W., farmer, raiser and feeder of graded and thorough-bred stock, Sec. 36 ; P. O. Lisbon ; born in Indiana in 1820 ; came to this State in 1848 ; owns 221 acres of land. He has held the offices of School Director, Town Trustee" and County Supervisor. He married Abigail Andrews in 1843; she was born in Illinois ; have eleven chil- dren — A. Luther, Judson L., George, Lucy L., John, Gertrude, Pliny, Elmer L., Edward S., Effie and Charles Wm. ; lost one son — Ira.. Harkness, B. F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Paralta. Hart, 8. W., far., S. 19 ; P.O. Mt. Vernon. Hawk, J., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Hawk, J. B., far., S. 17 ; P.O. Mt. Vernon. Hayzlett, W. P., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. HOOYEB, BEJVJAMIW, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Franklin Co., Penn., April, 1827 ; came to this county in 1847 ; owns 135 acres of land. He has held the office of School Director. He married Sarah A. Bressler in 1848 ; she was born in Cumberland Co., Penn. ; have two chil- dren — Amanda and Ella ; lost two — Christian L. and Mary 0. HOOVER, C. H., farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Pennsyl- vania in 1842 ; came to this State in 1847 ; owns sixty acres of land. He married Viola Kepler in 1866 ; she was born in Franklin Tp., Linn Co. ; have four children — Nina L., Nora G., Etta M. and Luella. He enlisted in the 13th 111. V. I., and served four years, and was not off duty a day during that time. HOUISE, G-EO., farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Paralta ; born in Maryland in 1795 ; came to this county in 1845 ; owns 333 acres of land. He married Mary Lin- ton in July, 1828; she was born: iu Ohio ; have six children — Sarah, Mary, Philip, Henry, Allen and Esther. HOriSE, HEIVRY, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. Paralta ; born in Pennsylvania in 1 836 ; came to this county in 1845. He married Lois Sammons in 1864; she was born in this county ; has four children — Charles, William, George and Allen. Horton, R. M., far., S. 22; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. ILGENFRITZ, D., far., S. 2; P. 0. Springville. JOHNSTON, ALBERT, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Martelle. Johnston, A., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Springville. Johnston, E., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Mt.- Vernon. Johnston, I., far.; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Johnston, J., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Johnston, James, Sr., far., S. 15; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Johnston, John, far., S. 22; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Johnston, J. M., far. ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Johnston, S., far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. Mt. Ver- non. Johnston, S. S., far., S. 14; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Johnston, W. C, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. JORDAIHr, W. E., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. Mt. Veraon ; born in this town- ship in 1848 ; owns 160 acres. Has held the office of Town Trustee. He married Mary B. Kepler in 1870 ; she was born in Franklin Tp. ; has four children — Edith, Floletta, Maggie and Fred. KAFER, JACOB, far.. Sec. 33; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Kating, H. J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Center Point. Kearns, J. A., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Springville. Kearns, J. M., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Spring- ville. Kearns, M, N., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Springville. KEPLER, IRA M., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Frank- lin Tp. in . 1847 ; owns ninety-eight acres. Married Lucy Jordan in 1871 ; she was born in this county; has two children — Leslie and Leon ; lost one daughter — Leota. Kepler, J., farmer, S. 19 ; P. 0. Mt. Ver- LINN TOWNSHIP. 739 KEPLER, li. M., farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Indiana in 1838; came to this county in 1839; owns 1.60 acres. Has held the offices of Assessor and School Director. He mar- ried Hannah Jordan in 1867 ; she was born in Linn Tp. ; has four children — Wilbur, Fred J., Harley and Eay. He enlisted in the 24th I. V. I. and served three years ; was wounded at Champion Hills. Kepler, Peter, Sr., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Kepler, Peter Jr., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. KYLE, ISAAC, farmer. Sec. 3; p. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Ohio in 1830 ; came to this county in October, 1849 ; owns 160 acres. Has held the office of School Director. He married Martha Smith in 1858 ; she was born in Washington Co., Iowa; has seven children — Martha A., Sarah E., Ermin- nie, Walter I., Arthur S., John N. and Henry M^ ; lost one son. Kyle, J., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. KYLE, M. E., HERS., Sec. 1; P, 0. Mt. Vernon ; was born in Ohio and came to this county in September, 1847 ; her maiden name was McCros- key. She married William Kyle July 13, 1849; he was born in Ohio in 1825, and came to this State in 1847, and died May 7, 1863 ; left four chil- dren — M. Estie, John I., Nelia and Everette ; lost two — William W. and Henry H. L ACOCK, ABNER, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Martelle. L ACOCK, JOAB, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Indiana in 1823 ; came to this county in 1854 ; owns 440 acres of land. Has held the offices of Town Trustee and School Director. He married Elizabeth H. Bassett in 1856 ; she was born in In- diana, and died in 1862 ; he afterward married Miss C. A. Stinger in 1864 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; his four children by first marriage are William, Abner, Mercy and Joseph A.; five by second marriage — Charles, Harvey, Marion, Flora and Rhoda. Lacock, W., far., Sec. 24; P. O. Martelle. LEIGH, CHARLES H., farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Ohio in 1829; came to this county in 1851 ; owns 300 acres of land. Mar- ried Lydia A. Ballard in 1857 ; she was born in Ohio ; has three children — William F., Minnie J. and Clarence E. Leigh, P. W., Sr., retired farmer. Sec 19 P. 0. Mt. Vernon. LEIGH, F. W., farmer. Sec. 31 P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Indiana in 1844; came to this State in 1848 owns 120 acres of land. He married Emma Hammond in 1871 ; bas three children — John I., Etha E. and Liz- zie B. LEIGH, JOHEf B., farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in Ohio September 3, 1834 ; came to this county in 1851 ; owns 740 acres of land. Holds office of Treasurer of the School Fund. He married . Elizabeth A. Bu- senbarrick in 1854; she was born in Indiana. Loomis, S. I., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Springville. McCALL, A. D., farmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. Martelle. McCALL, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Martelle, Jones Co. ; born in Ohio in 1825 ; came to this county in 1842 ; owns 320 acres of land. He married Eliza J. Boxwell in 1848 ; she was born in Pennsylvania; has nine children — John H., Argus D., Oscar A., Robert M., William A., Charles D., Francis T., Emma A. and Horatio T. McCall, J. H., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Martelle. McCall, 0. A., far., S. 24; P. 0. Martelle. McCall, E. M., far., S. 13; P. 0. Martelle. McElhenry, Thos., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. McKenzie, J., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Martelle. McShane, J., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Paralta. Mann, A., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Mann, Adam, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Mann, J., far , Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Mann, John, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Mann, Peter, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Springville. Mann, S., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Springville. Miller, W. L., far., S. 23"; P. 0. Mt. Ver- non. MORTOIV, XATHANIEL B., carpenter and builder, Sec. 5 ; Paralta ; Mr. M. was born in Ellington, Chautau- qua Co., N. Y., Aug. 5, 1824; came to Du Page Co., 111., in 1834; lived there fifteen years and went to Fond du Lac Co., Wisv, where he resided four years ; CLINTON TOWNSHIP. 749^ gaged in running a steam saw-mill for about a year ; in 1859, he came to Clin- ton Tp., and bought the farm he now resides on. In politics, he is a Repub- lican, and is Justice of the Peace, now serving his fourth term ; was Deacon in the Congregational Church for two years ; Mrs. Hale is a member of the same denomination. Their son, Ed- ward J. Hale, enlisted in the army in 1862, for three years, in the 7th I. V. C, and served under Gen. Sully on the frontier, fighting Indians in Dakota Territory ; he was engaged in the battles Tahkahokutah, Falling Springs, and White Stone Hill, and suffered all the hardships the frontier soldiers have to bear, until he was honorably discharged, Oct. 17, 1865, at Sioux City, Iowa, when he returned to his home in Clin- ton Tp. Hall, J. G., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Hall, S., Sr., far.. Sec. 28; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Hall, T., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Heater, S., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Heilman, P. L., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. HEILHIAX, JOHN, far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns 90 acres of land, probable value $3,150 ; he was born Nov. 5, 1816, in Saxony, Germany, where he attended school between the ages of 6 and 14^years ; he is a stone mason by trade, having begun his ap- prenticeship when he was 18 years old, and served three years ; he came to the United States, arriving in New York City in April, 1849. Married in Dec. 1840, to Sophia, daughter of Paul and Anna Heinneg, of Saxony ; she was born in 1815, and died May 2, 1849 ; there are four children by that marriage — Ernestine, born July 25, 1841 ; Will- iam, born March 13, 1843; Emma, born April 13, 1845, and Anna, born Sept. 17, 1848; they lost one child, Henry, born May 7, 1847, died May 1, 1849. In May, 1849, he came to Linn County, ■ Iowa, and lived in Marion Tp. until the Spring of 1850, when he moved to Rapids Tp. He was married May 16, 1850, to Mrs. Mary Ann Carman ; she was born in Louisville, Ky., Jan. 5, 1818 ; they have four children — George, born May 1, 1851 ; John H., born Dec. 20, 1854 ■ Wilber F., born Nov. 8, 1858, and Ed- ward, born Sept. 6, 1862 ; by her first husband (Sydney Carman), Mrs. H. had four children, one of whom is living, David S. Carman, born April 29, 1845 ; ■ the deceased are Anne, Delia and Lucin- da. Mr. H. followed his trade in Rapids Tp., until the Spring of 1864, when he came to Clinton Tp., and engaged in farming ; in 1865, he bought the place he now resides on. He is a Republican, and is now serving a three years term as School Director. Henry, M., farmer, S. 35 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. HIIiES, ELiI D., farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns ninety acres of land, probable value $3,300 ; he was born Dec. 15, 1835, in Livingston Co., N. Y., and when 11 years of age, moved with his parents to Erie Co., Penn., where he lived until 1856, assisting his father on the farm, and then moved to this State and lived in Kingston, Rapids Tp., until the Spring of 1857, when he came to this township and eventually settled OQ the place where he now re- sides, in October of the same year ; his father, Isaac Hiles, was born in 1791 and died in 1867, from the effects of in- juries he received, having accidently fallen down the stairs in his son's (Mr. H. Hiles') house at Cedar Rapids; Mr. Hiles' mother, Mrs. Hannah Hiles, was born about the year 1793, and is still living and comfortably provided for by her son ; his brothers, Isaac and Gil- bert F., enlisted in Co. I, 20th I. V. I., in August, 1862 ; unfortunately there is no record at hand to show the battles those brothers participated in, but that will appear in the war record of this county, which will be found in an- other part of this book ; one thing is certain, Gilbert F. Hiles died Jan. 10, 1863, from consumption brought on by the hardships to which our brave soldiers were always exposed, at Springfield, Mo.: Isaac Hiles, Jr., died of chronic diarrhoea at New Orleans, La., Jan. 8, 1864. Mr. Hiles is a Democrat in politics, and hir mother is a member of the Baptist Church. Hiles, H., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Hoppel, A., far., S. 30; P.O.Cedar Rapids. 750 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Howard, J.,far.,S. 15 ; P. 0. CedarKapids. HUTCHIWS, AliOWZO B.,farm. er, Sec. 5 ; P. O. Palo ; owns eighty acres of land, probable value $2,400 ; he was born Oct. 22, 1824, in Onondaga Co., N. Y.,and when very young went with his father (Bradley Hutchins) to St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., where he worked on a farm and attended school between times until he was 19 years of age ; in the Spring of 1844, he went to Danbury, Conn., with a drove of cattle, and after selling them returned to his old home in Onondaga Co., where he lived for four years, then went to St, Law- rence Co., and in 1850 came west to Dane Co., Wis., where he worked by the month for a year. He was married Aug. 10, 1851, to Eosetta, daughter of James and Susan Weed, of Alleghany Co., N. Y. ; she was born April 7, 1833 ; they have eight children — Abigail, born Nov. 16, 1855 ; Wilton L. and Willis L. (twins), born Dec. 19, 1857; Eu- gene A., born Feb. 17, 1862 ; Guilford L., born Nov. 29, 1863 ; Alice A., bom Sept. 23, 1865 ; Lawrence W., born April 2, 1872; Jesse, born Oct. 12, 1877. Mr. Hutchins came to Iowa and lived in Clinton Tp. for three and a half years, assisting his father to improve his farm ; in 1856, he went back to Dane Co., Wis., and worked there until the Spring of 1861, when he Wiut to Free- born Co., Minn. ,andlived there engaged in farming, until the Fall of 1876, when he returned to Iowa and settled in Clinton Tp., where he now resides. He is Independent in politics and was the first Constable elected in this township, to serve one year ; when in Freeborn Co., Minn., he was County Supervisor four years, and Assessor of Freeborn Tp. one year ; during the war of the rebel- lion he was one of the Supervisors of Freeborn Co., Minn., who voted for is- suing of county bonds to raise money to pay the bounty of soldiers who enlisted in that county. In religious matters he leans toward the doctrine of the Advent- ists, and Mrs. Hutchins is a member of the Seventh Day Baptists' communion. Mr. H's father, Bradley Hutchins, was born June 10, 1798, in Rutland Co., Vt., and was married in July, 1823, to Cyreva, daughter of James Lovless, of Onondaga Co., N. Y. ; she was born id Feb., 1808, and died in April, 1830; his son, Torrance F., who was born Nov. 7, 1834, died Jan. 22, 1873 ; his daugh- ter Betsey, was born June 16, 1827, and Sally, born Jan. 10, 1829. He married his second wife, Minerva, Feb. 6, 1834; she was born May 12, 1803, and died Sept. 23, 1876. Mr. Hutchins was Township Trustee two terms, and School Director three or four years, and through his exertions the independent school district of Lincoln was set of; he came to Clinton Tp. in 1852, and for seven years he provided school room for the little ones in this district. I SHAM, J. D., farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. JOHNSON, WM. 0.,farmer,See. 15 ; p. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns 182 acres of land, probable value $7,280 ; Mr. Johnson was born March 15,1833,. in Tyrone Co., Ireland, where when old enough he attended school and helped his father to work the farm between limes; in 1850, he came to the United States, arriving in New York City on the Fourth of July of that year, and im- mediately went west to Coshocton Co., Ohio, where he lived for four years, and then came to Iowa and settled in the city of Cedar Rapic's, where he lived until March, 1875, when he moved to Clinton Tp., where he now resides; when in Ohio, he learned the trade of cooper- ing, and did journey work in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for a short time, when he established himself in business at his trade, which he conducted for about four years ; in the Spring of 1862, he sold his interest in the cooper shop, and after- ward superintended' the concern for the parties who succeeded him. He was married Oct. 23", 1861, to Susie J., daughter of William H. and Nancy Par- ker, of Decatur Co., Ind. ; she was bora April 7, 1844 ; they have four children — John E., born Aug. 3, 1862 ; Lelia, born March 13, 1865 ; William P., born July 28, 1868 ; David 0., born Aug. 31, 1870. Mr. Johnson is a Republi- can in politics and was Township Trus- tee one term. Road Supervisor one term, and was elected in 1877 to the office of Township Assessor, but declined to serve. He is a member of the Presbyterian CLINTON TOWNSHIP. 751 Church, and Mrs. Johnson is a member of the same denomination. KAPLAN, VINCENT, Sec. 12 ; P. O. Cedar Kapids KEIiSEY, JAMEIS C, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids ; owns 144 * acres of land, probable value $7,200 ; Mr. Kelsey was born July 13, 1821, in Niagara Co., N. Y., where he followed the business of farming ; he came to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1850, and while im- proving the farm he now lives on, he resided in Cedar Rapids. He was mar- ried Nov. 16, 1853, to Miss H. Jane Rogers, daughter of Amos and Jane Rogers, of Niagara Co.,N. Y. ; she was born Aug. 7, 1823 ; they have six chil- dren — Heinrich, bora Jan. 12, 1856; Ettie A., born July 3, 1857; Ida M. C. A. and Ada I. C. M. (twins), born Nov. 11, 1858; Erie C, born Sept. 5, 1860 ; Louis J., born Aug. 26, 1862 ; they lost two children — Louise J., born Aug. 26, 1862, and died Aug. 21, 1 863 ; one child that died io infancy. When Mr. Kelsey left his home in New York, he traveled by rail to Buffalo ; around the lakes to Detroit on the steamer Ni- agra, which was since destroyed by fire ; from Detroit he traveled by rail to New Buffalo, Mich., and thence by steamboat on Lake Michigan to Chicago ; from this point he journeyed with a wagon, via. Bellevue, Iowa, to Fairview, Jones Co., Iowa, where he ran out of funds; and was in a tight fix, but through the generosity of the landlord of the tavern at which he stopped, he was furnished with the loan of five dollars, which suf- ficed for his wants until he reached Cedar Rapids ; it took him twenty days to travel from Chicago to Cedar Rapids. Mr. Kelsey is a Republican in politics, and was Postmaster of this township for three years under James Buchanan's ad- ministratibn ; he was enrolling officer of this township in 1862, during the war of the rebellion ; was Township Super- visor sixteen or eighteen terms, and School Director for twelve or thirteen years, Township Assessor two terms, and Road Commissioner for many years. He is one of tjie very few now living of the first settlers of Clinton Tp. Mr. and Mrs. Kelsey are members of the M. E. Church of Fairview. King, J. B., S. 24 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Kline, H., far., S. 7 : P. 0. Palo. KUHW, PHILIP, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Cedar Rapids; owns sixty acres land, probable value $3,000 ; was born June 20, 1825, in Frederick Co., Md., and was married Jan. 23, 1846, to Mary, daughter of Jacob and Julia Ann Kuhn ; she was born Jan. 12, 1826 ; they have twelve children — Simon P., born Oct. 22, 1848; Josiah, Feb. 13, 1851 ; James R., March 13, 1853 ; Mary E., May 19, 1855 ; Eva A., April 12, 1857; Louisa, Aug. 17, 1859; Sarah J., Aug. 30, 1861 ; Martha E., March 28, 1863; Emma, March 9, 1865 ; Stella, April 4, 1867 ; Auster P. L., Nov. 24, 1868, and Esther M., March 19, 1874 ; they lost one child — Lydia A., born July 6, 1847, died May, 1852. Mr. Kuhn left Maryland in the Fall of 1855, for the West, and lived in Lee and Ogle Counties, 111., for about four years ; he came to Iowa in 1865, and settled in Linn Co. In 1862, he enlisted in the 75th I. V. I., and be- cause of disability was honorably dis- charged the same year at Nashville, Teno. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the Lutheran Church, of which denomination Mrs. Kuhn is also a member. LAPLER. HOSE A, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. LAHfG, PETER, far , Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Palo ; owns 120 acres ; probable value $4,200 ; he was born Sept. 22, 1830, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and in 1842 came with his parents, Arthur and Ann Lang, via Montreal, Canada, to Huron Co., Ohio ; there he attended school off and on until he was, 21 years old, and assisted his father on the farm between times; in the Spring of 1852, he left Ohio and went across the plains to Cal- ifornia, where he was engaged in various occupations until the Spring of 1858, when he went to Jackson Co., Oregon, and engaged in farming. He was mar- ried May 1, 1860, to Mary J., daughter of Wayne and Elizabeth Oliver, former- ly of Newton Co., Mo. ; Mrsi. Lang was born Sept. 2, 1842; they have two chil- dren— Elick L., born March 25, 1860, in Oregon ; Maggie, Feb. 28, 1865, in Ohio. In 1863, he left. Oregon and 752 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : went to Nevada, where he lived until the Pall of 1864; went thence to San Francisco, Cal., and sailed, via the Isth- mus of Panama, to New York, and re- turned to his former home in Huron Co., Ohio, where he stayed ten months ; in 1865, he came to Linn Co., Iowa, and in 1866, came to Clinton Tp., where he has since resided. He is a Democrat in politics, and is Koad Supervisor, now serving his third or fourth term ; was School Director two terms, School Treas- urer one year. School Secretary one year, and Township Trustee one term. Is a tnember of the M. E. Church, and Sabbath School Superintendent of the independent district of Kline, having been elected to that position in April, 1 877 ; Mrs. Lang is also a member of the M. E. Church. Langen, Patrick, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Cedar Eapids. liOBD, JOWATHAX, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns eighty acres in Clinton Tp. and eighty acres in Greene Co., Iowa, probable value, $6,000 ; he was born June 2, 1813, in Lancashire, Eng., where he worked with his father (Samuel Lord), who was a woolen manufacturer; he pursued this business until he emigrated, in 1842, to Quebec, Canada. He was married in 1839 to Betty, daughter of James Shore, of Lancashire, Eng. ; she was born in 1815. and died at North Ando- ver, Mass., about the year 1849 ; by this marriage there were six children, two of whom are living — Thomas, born July 24, 1844, and Robert, born May 19, 1 847. Mr. Lord worked at his trade in Canada until 1844, when he moved to North Andover, Mass., and was engaged for eleven years with one company there in the capacity of spinner. He married his second wife, Margaret Wadford, about the year 1853, and she died in 1865. In 1855, he came to Iowa and settled in this township, and was maiTied to his present wife (Mrs. Mary Peel) in 1866 ; she was born May 15, 1824, in Yorkshire, Eng. Mr. Lord had one son, Samuel, who enlisted in the 16th I. V. I., in the Fall of 1861 ; the boy was but 19 years old, and to the discredit of the recruiting officer who enlisted him, and notwithstanding his father's refusal. he (the officer) surreptitiously called on Samuel and told him his father gave his consent to have him enlist ; the boy con- fiding in the honor (?) of an army offi- cer, went and took the oath, enlisted, participated in the battles fought by his regiment, and after the terrible fight at' Pittsburg Landing, took sick and died ; this was a sore blow to Mr. Lord ; not that his son died in his country's cause, but because he was cheated out of his young life. Mr. Lord is a Republican, in politics, and was School District Pres- ident for one term. His father was for thirty years a Baptist Deacon in En- gland, but Mr. L. rather leans to Univer- salism, and Mr,«. L. is a believer in Methodism. In the Spring of 1874, Mr. L. and family took a trip to his na- tive England, after an absence of thirty- two years, and found much pleasure in visiting the woolen and worsted factories of Lancashire and Yorkshire ; on his re- turn to this country, in October of the same year, ho visited the woolen fac- tories of Massachusetts, and he says the American machinery compares favorably with the machinery used in the best English factories ; and as for farming implements, he says there is nothing in England to compete with American manufacture. Lord, T., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. L.1JBBOCK, ROBERT, farmer and dairyman, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns ninety acres of land ; probable value, $5,400 , he was born Jan. 3, 1839, in Norfolk, Eng. ; when but 10 years old, he came to the United States with his mother, Mary Ann Lub- bock (his father, William Lubbock, hav- ing come to the United States two years previous), arriving in New York City about the year 1849 ; he went at once to Ontario Co., N. Y., where his father en- gaged in farming ; when 16 years old, went to learn the trade of carpenter and joiner, but shortly after serving his ap- prenticeship of three years, he turned his attention to farming. When the war of the rebellion began, he enlisted in obedience to President Lincoln's first call for 75,000. men J,o serve three months, and at the expiration of that time was sworn in to serve two years ; he enlisted in the 33d N. Y. V. I. May CLINTON TOWNSHIP. 753 7, 1861 ; was engaged in the battles of Yorkstown, Williamsburg, Mechanics- ville, Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Harrison's Landing, the second Bull Kun, South Mountain Gap, An- tietam, and the two Fredericksburg bat- tles, at the last of which he was captured on the very eve of the expiration of his ternj of service, while on picket duty ; he was shortly after paroled, and was discharged June 2, 1863, at Geneva, Ontario Co., N. Y. ; he re-enlisted in the 4th N. Y. V. A. for three years or during the war, and participated in the battles of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, and at the siege of Petersburg, where he lay for nearly seven months, and for a long time within 500 yards of the rebel breastworks ; in short, he took part in all of the engagements that his battery participated in, until he was honorably discharged as First Sergeant of his com- pany in September, 1865. He then re- turned to his home, and in April, 1866, came to Linn Co., Iowa, and settled on the farm he now resides on, in Clinton Tp. He was married Oct. 10, 1871, to Catherine E., daughter of Edward and Mary Johnson, of Kapids Tp., Linn Co., Iowa; she was born March 14, 1854; they have three children — Harriet, born Jan. 30, 1873 ; Charles L., March 20, 1875, and Ida E., March 24, 1878. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Kepub- lican. Lucas, F., fai-.. S. 31 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Lynch, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Lynch, M., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. McAIililSTER, JUiO., farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Palo ; owns 212 acres ; probable value, $6,360. He was born Nov. 13, 1842, in the county of Armagh, Ireland, and with his parents (John and Margaret McAllister) emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City June 6, 1852, and went immedi- ately to Coshocton Co., Ohio, where he attended school and helped his father on the farm until he was 17 years old. He taught school there several terms, and during the war of the rebellion enlisted March 18, 1862, in the 69th 0. V. I. for three years or during the war ; was engaged with his regiment in the battles of Gallatin, Murfreesboro, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Resaca, Ga., Averysboro, N. C, and Bentonville, N. Y. He was wounded at Murfrees- boro and taken prisoner by the rebels, and was sent to Libby Prison ; was eventually paroled and sent to Annapo- lis, Md., and thence to Camp Chase, Ohio. In 1863, he rejoined his regi- ment at Murfreesboro, Tenn., and was afterward wounded at Resaca, Ga., having been shot through the neck while his regiment was making a charge ; this occurred May 14, 1864; he took part in all the engagements that his regiment shared in ; marched with Gen. Sherman to the sea, and participated in the grand review held in Washington, D. C, in May, 1865; he was honora- bly discharged July 17, 1865, at Louis- ville, Ky. Returned to his home in Ohio and engaged in school teaching ; in 1866, he came to Linn Co. and bought the farm he now lives on ; with the exception of six terms he engaged in teaching school in Linn and Benton Cos. ; he has given all his time to farm- ing since he came to Clinton Tp. He was married Jan. 15, 1871, to Orissa E., daughter of Bradley and Minerva Hutchins, of Linn Co., Iowa; Mrs. McAllister was born- Nov. 15, 1846; they have three children — John B., born Dec. 25, 1871 ; Minerva, May 9, 1874; and Perley, Oct. 18, 1876. Mr. McAllister is a Republican, and was Township Assessor one term. Township Clerk two terms, and Township Consta- ble one term. Mr. and Mrs. McA. are members of the Evangelical Association. McCLEIiliASTD, SAMUEIi «., general farmer of produce, stock and fruit; Sec. 22; P. 0. Cedar Rapids; was born Sept. 16, 1823, in Pennsyl- vania, and when a child of about 4 or 5 years old, was moved to Westmore- land Co., Peun., and lived there until September, 1842 ; moved thence to Holmes Co., Ohio, where he clerked for about nine years, and went to Mt. Vernon, Knox Co., and Utica, Licking Co., Ohio, where he clerked until March, 1855 ; he then came to Iowa and en- gaged in mercantile business, in general goods, as partner with S. C. Bever in Cedar Rapids ; Mr. Bever sold his 754 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : interest to McClelland & Ellder, and after one or two other changes in part- nership, Mr. McC. retired from mercan- tile pursuits after a successful career of twelve years ; this was about the year 1867, when he moved to the farm he now lives on. He was twice married. His first wife was Ellenette (daughter of John Armor, of Millersburg, Ohio), whom he married Jan. 27, 1848 ; she was born Sept. 12, 1828, and died Jan. 29, 1849 ; there was one child by this marriage — Samuel A., born Nov. 9, 1848. On March 5, 1855, he was married to his present wife, Martha E., daughter of Jonathan Jones, of Galena, Ohio; she was born June 13, 1835, and had eight children, one of whom — Sophia— born Oct. 6, 1857, died Oct. 26, 1860 ; the names of those living are Horace M., born Dec. 17, 1855 ; Mary, Nov. 19, 1860 ; Grrace, Nov. — , 1865; John G., March 8, 1863; Blanche, Jan. 29, 1871; Alice, Feb. 27, 1873, and George C, Feb. 14, 1876. Mr. McClelland is a Kepublican, and was a member of the City Council of Cedar Rapids for about three years, and in the township was elected Assessor, but declined to serve, and was afterward elected Constable and served a short term. McNamara, J., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Malone, J., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Mathews, G., far., S. 10; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Maurer, H., far., 8. 29; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Messenger, G., far., S. 25; P. 0. Cedar Rapids, MIIiliER, XORMAN, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Fairfax ; owns ninety acres of land; probable value, $3,150. He was born Aug. 7, 1825, in Yates Co., N. Y., where he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, and followed that profession about twenty years ; he left Yates Co., N. Y., Sept. 10, 1840, and came across the country by wagon to Chicago, 111., where he arrived in No- vember, and lived there until August, 184i , when he moved to within one-half mile of Elgin, 111., where he helped his father on the farm and worked at his trade between times. In 1843, he went to Du Page Co., 111., and lived there until 1855. He was married Oct. 29, ■ 1846, to Harriet A., daughter of George J. and Martha Parker, of Kane Co., Ill ; she was born March 25, 1828 ; they have twelve children — Augusta A., born Oct. 7, 1847 ; Calista A., April 14, 1850; George P., Aug. 7, 1852; Martha B., Sept. 1, 1854; Alice E., Deo. 10, 1856; Albert L., ISTov. 5, 1858; OrvilA., Oct. 27, 1860; Dora M., Sept. 16, 1862;' Emma H., Sept. 25, 1864; Norman E., Sept. 25, 1866; Nelson W., Deo. 21, 1868, and Lottie A., March 23, 1874; they lost two children — Alpha B., born Aug. 16, 1871, died Sept. 19, 1872, and one child that died in infancy. In If ebruary, 1855, Mr. Miller came to Clinton Tp., and settled on the place where he now resides. In politics he is Republican, and was President of the School Board for two years, School Secretary two years. School Director two years, and is now Vice President of the Board of School Directors, having been elected in March, 1878, to serve three years. He built the .first school house ever estab- lished in School District No. 9, and built the first structure for that denomi- nation to worship in at " Sisley's Grove." Mr. and Mrs. Miller are members of the M. E. Church. Murray, P. J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. "VTOWAK, JOHN, far., Sec. 18; P. .1^ 0. Cedar Rapids. O'CONNBLL, DAVID, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. O'Connell, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. O'Keef, D., fkr., S. 36; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. O'Keef, J., far., S. 36; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. PARKS, D. R., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Peck, Watrous, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Phelps, Homer, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. PITT, PHIIilP, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns 88 J acres of land, probable value $4,425 ; he was born Feb. 15, 1819, in Delaware Co., Ohio, where he was engaged in stage driving until 1837, when he came to CLINTON TOWNSHIP. 755 Iowa and bought a farm about fourteen miles north of Burlington, which he improved and lived on for two years; he then moved into Burlington, and engaged in the makinj; of bricks; at that time there were but three brick buildings in Burlington, and fully two. thirds of the buildings were log houses; he was in Burlington when the first Legislatui-e convened there, and resided there until 1850 ; in 1849, he sent two teams overland to California, and, in 1850, he went himself with two teams overland to the gold State, and, aftand 27 years, he ' followed the business of thresher, in connection with farming. ROGERS, WIIililAM H., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns twenty acres of, land, probable value $1,000 ; Mr. Rogers was born Aug. 9, 1837, in Ashtabula Co., Ohio, where as a boy he went to school and farming between times, working by the month until 1854, when he came West to Linn Co., Iowa, and settled in this township ; here he worked for his father (Jesse P. Rogers) for about two years and hired out by the month, when he could get employment from the farmers of the sur- rounding country. In 1854, the Chicago & Rock Island R. R. terminated at Iowa City, and Mr. R. traveled on foot and by wagon from that point until he reached here. ' He was married Oct. 24, 1861, to Mary C, daughter of William Donpls,of CliiitonTp.; she was born Nov. 25, 1835, in Logan Co., Ohio ; they have three children — Carrie E., born March 19, 1863 ; Adda J., born Dec. 23,1868, and William P., born Sept. 4, 1874. When Mr. Rogers came here, there were but comparatively but few settlers, and Cedar Rapids contained about as many hg houses as anything else, and there the farmers did all their trading. Mr. R. isa Republican and was Town Constable for three years; he is also agent for the Jilz Patent Well Au- ger. (COTT, SCOTT, WM. P Cedar Rapids. Short, H. C, far., S. 18 Rapids. far., S. 29 ; P. 0. P. 0. Cedar CLINTON TOWNSHIP. 757 SISAM, AlVDREW A., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids ; owns 220 acres land, probable value $8,800 ; he was born July 23, 1830, at Columbia, N. Y., and moved with his parents (Henry and Elizabeth Sisam) to Schen- ectady Co., where he lived four years ; moved thence to Albany Co., where he attended school and assisted his father on the farm until he was about 20 years old; from thife time until he went to Minuesota in 1863, he was engaged in farming for himself; while in Minnesota, from 1863 to 1865, he turned his atten- tion to mercantile pursuits, and in the Fall of the latter year returned to Al- bany Co., N. Y., and was married Dec. 12, 1865, to Anna, daughter of Peter and Eliza Coon, of Albany Co.; Mrs. Sisam was born June 19, 1841 ; they have four children — Laura E., born Oct. 25, 1866; Lillia A., Jan. 29, 1870; Harry E., July 14, 1874, and Mabel V., Nov. 27, 1877 ; in the Spring of 1866, he came west to Linn Co., Iowa, and finally settled in Clinton Tp., on the place where he now resides, and was Township Trustee two terms. Justice of the Peace four years, and is now School Treasurer of the independent school district of Kline and serving his third term as such. He is Independent, in politics. Mrs. Sisam is a member of theJPresbyterian Church. SMITH, ADEIiBERT H., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns 130 acres, probable value $6,150 ; he was born Jan. 23, 1842, in West Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y., and was sent to school at an early age, continuing his studies until he was fourteen years old ; in 1856 he came to Iowa and settled in this township, and early in 1861 he en- listed in the 24th I. V. I, but because of his being a minor his father refused to sign the documents which the Gov- ernment required in such cases before re- ceiving minors into the service ; however, he afterward enlisted, May 14, 1864, to serve 100 days, and at the expiration o his term of service was honorably dis- charged at Davenport, Iowa, and shortly afterward received a certificate of thanks from the President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln.. Mr. Smith was married Jan. 8, 1873, to Hattie, daugh- ter of E. R. Earl, of Monroe Co., N.Y., now resident of Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; she was born Nov. 29, 1855 ; they have one child — Porter A., born March 4, 1875 ; they lost one child — Alice E., born Oct. 23, 1873, died June 24, 1876. Mr. S. is a member of the M. E.Cliurch, of which denomination Mrs. Smith is also a member. Sisam, H., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Smith, B. P„ far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. SMITH, HENRY _E., farmer, S. 36 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns eighty acres of land, probable value $6,000 ; he was born June 15, 1838, ia Ontario Co., N. Y., where he attended school until he was 18 years old ; in 1856 he came with his parents (Daniel M. and Lucinda Smith) to Cedar Rapids, and in the Spring of that year went to work on his father's farm in Clinton Tp., to aid in improving it. He was married Nov. 14, 1864, to, Adella, daughter of Ery R. and Sophia Earl, of Monroe Co.. N. Y.; she was born Jan. 21, 4840 ; they have three children — Freddie A., born Jan. 21, 1866 ; Arola F., Nov. 22, 1868, and Clayton D., March 20, 1872. In 1866 he went back to Mon- roe Co., N. Y. and lived there two years ; in 1868 he returned to Clinton Tp. and purchased the farm where he now resides. He is a Republican in politics, and is now serving his fourth term as Township Assessor ; he was School Director of the Independent School District of Edgewood for three years, and was President of the School Board during that time ; he is also one of the Directors of the West Side Mutual Insurance Association, organized in December, 1873, for the protection ot farmers against losses by fire and light- ning. Smith, S.G.jfar., S. 23; P.O. Cedar Rapids. Spaight, A.,far.,S. 8 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Spencer, C. H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Spieer, C. R., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. SPENCER, THEODORE, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns eighty acres land, probable value $2,000 ; he was born July 22, 1835, in Orleans Co., N. Y., and at a very early 758 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : age moved with his parents (Hiram and Lucinda Spencer) to Cuyahoga Co., Ohio ; when about nine years old he went to De Kalb Co., 111., where he at- tended school and assisted his father on the farm until he was 18 years old ; he is a carpenter by trade and followed that occupation for five or six years. He was married Oct. 3, 1858, to Cordelia A., daughter of Dyer and Bmeline Eaton, of DeKalb Co., 111.; she was born Dec. 12, 1837 ; they have four children — Hiram H., born July 6, 1860 ; Ade- laide T., March 14, 1862 ; Willie, July 28, 1867, and Dyer, June 11, 1869. Mr. "Spencer is a Republican, and during the war of the rebellion he enlisted in Sept., 1862, in Co. K, 75th 111. V. I., and was engaged in the battle of Perry ville, Ky., where he was severely wounded on the 8th of Oct., 1862, and by reason of disability was honorably discharged in December of that year and returned to his home in Illinois. He came to Linn Co., Iowa, in the Pall of 1863, and lived in Clinton Tp. until he went to California, in 1870 ; in 1872, he returned to this township, and has resided here since. ISTARK, ANDREW, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns 360 acres, probable value $12,600 ; he was born May 6,1834, iu Bavaria, Germany, and attended school between the ages of 5 and 14 years ; in 1848, he emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City in May of that year, and after a short stay there came West, via Chicago, to Naperville, Du Page Co., 111., where he lived for seven years, assist- ing his father (Matthew Stark) on the farm. He was married July 4, 1855, to Mary A., daughter of Henry and Mary Catherine Wieneke, of Prussia, Germany ; Mrs. Stark was born Jan. 23, 1833 ; they have ten children — John H.,born Sept. 13, 1857 ; Ida C, April 30, 1859 ; George M., Feb. 6, 1861 ; Mary J., April 24, 1863 ; Emma T., Feb. 1, 1865 ; Franciska, Oct. 9, 1866 ; Elizabeth, Nov. 6, 1868; Henry C, June 1, 1870 ; Philominia, June 18, 1872, and Matilda, Sept. 20, 1874; they lost one child — Mary A., born March 3, 1856, died Nov. 22, 1859. He is a Democrat, and is School Director, now serving his sixth year ; was School Treasurer three years and Road Super- visor for eight or ten years. Mr. and Mrs. Stark and family are members of the Catholic Church. Stark, N., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. StiUson, Luther, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Ce- dar Rapids. Sutcliff, E., far.. Sec. 22; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Sutera, V.,far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Swett, S. N., far., S. 26 ; P.O. Cedar Rapids. Swett, Thomas, far., S. 27. Symonds, E. J., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. THOMPSON, SARAH G., farmer, S. 10 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Thurston, Simon, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. TOBDOFF, JAMFS, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 0. Cedar Rapids; owns 120 acres land, probable value $4,200 ; he was born May 24, 1817, in Yorkshire, England, and attended school from the time he was 7 years until he was 13 years old, when he was indentured as an apprentice to the woolen trade for eight years; when 21 years old, he became engaged at his trade as a master manu- facturer, and continued in that way until he came to the United States, arriving in New York City in March, 1851 ; he immediately went to Massachusetts and engaged in the cutlery business, which he followed for three years ; in 1854, came to Iowa, and arrived in Cedar Rapids in March of that year, and after resting there for a few days came to Clinton Tp., where he has since contin- ued to reside ; of the farm that he now owns, he has generously donated one- half acre for a school house, as long as it is used for school purposes ; so miich does Mr. T. appreciate the importance of education, that when there was no school house in the " Silver Creek " district he and his good wife gratuitously pro- vided a part of their own dwelling for school room, rather than see the little ones grow up in ignorance, and now " Silver Creek " is one of, if not the richest school district in the township. Mr. T. was twice married — his first ^ife was Hannah Mortimer, whom he mar- jied Jan. 19, 1839 ; she died Oct. 22, 1853 ; there were seven children by this CLINTON TOWNSHIP. 759 marriage, three of whom are dead ; the names of those living are George, born Nov. 27, 1889 ; Ellen, Sept. 12, 1841 ; Sarah, May 13, 1851, and Hannah, Oct. 11, 1853; the names of the dead are William, born Oct. 9, 1844, died March 4, 1846 ; Martha, born Oct. 29, 1848, died March, 1871, and one child who died^in infancy. Mr. T. was mar- ried Oct. 15, 1857, to his present wife, at Shelbourne Palls, Mass.; she was Mrs. Emeline Langton, and was born Nov. 4, 1822, at Windham, Vt.; they have three children — Henry, born Oct. 15, 1858 ; Albert, May 24, 1860, and Emma, Sept. 12, 1862. Mr. T. is In- dependent in politics, and is a School Director, having filled that position for as many as ten years ; he was President of Clinton Tp. for one term, Town Con- stable seven or eight years and Boad Supervison for seven or eight terms. He was the first settler in the section in which he lives, and there wai but one man in the school district before him. Tufts, Z., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Cedar Kapids. USHER, DYER, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Cedar Rapids; owns 220 acres, probable value $11,000; he was born March 22, 1814, in Genesee Co., N. Y.; at an early age he moved with his parents (Aaron and Sarah Usher) to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, where they engaged in farming, and were assist- ed by their son Dyer until he was 21 years old ; in 1835, he stated West, via the lakes, to Toledo and up the Maumee River on foot to Ft. Defiance, down the Wabash River to the Pottawatomie Reservation, presided over at that time by Chief Godfrey ; thence to Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Ind., where Harrison fought and conquered the Indians ; the bullet marks were plain to be seen on the trees of the battle ground ; traveled thence over country through Urbanaand Bloomington, 111., to Canton, 111., often- times an entire day before seeing a house ; from Canton he walked to Knoxville, thence to Hendersonville, which at that time was the terminus of any regularly ' traveled road within fifty miles of the Mississippi River ; rested at this point a few days, then went to Drury's Land- ing, on the Mississippi, where he spent the Winter of 1835-36 in that vicinity, chopping wood, etc.; in the. Spring of 1836, he crossed over to Iowa to a point about ten miles north of Muscatine, known at present as Fairport, and lived there until the Spring of 1839 ; in the Fall of 1836, he had been trapping with a man named Sammis, on Turkey River and on the East Fork of Cedar River, when one night they were fired at by a band of kbout seventy-five or eighty Indians ; they returned the fire and eseaped in a canoe, which lay close at hand ; on the 8th of April, 1837, a party of ten persons were crossing the Mississippi with eleven head of cattle, on a ferry boat, and the boat sunk when about three-fourths of a mile from the Iowa shore ; through the exertions of Mr. U., three of the party, named Chambers, sons of Wm. Chambers, were saved ; three others — cousins of Cham- bers, and sons of James Chambers — were drowned ; the cattle got on an island and were rescued next day by Mr. Usher and others. Mr. Usher was en- gaged in the wood business, and had for a partner James Davis, the first Sherift of Muscatine Co., whom he helped to elect in 1836 ; also helped to elect the first Legislature that convened in Bur- lington, in the Winter of 1836-37 ; in 1837, he assisted in the first government survey of Township 77 N., Range 1 W. of the 5th principal Meridian ; also attended the first sales of Iowa lands in Burlington, and secured lands in Mus- catine in 1838 ; he ran a ferry boat across the Mississippi at Fairport from June, 1837, until the Spring of 1839 ; between the years 1836 and 1842, he crossed the State of Iowa, following an Indian trail to Omaha, and as late as 1842 did not meet a single house, except a small trading house at Eddyville, on the Des Moines River, and on the jour- ney to and fro has hunted, killed game and trapped on nearly every stream; in 1839, he came to Linn Co., and en- tered a claim in Rapids Tp. and settled on it in the Spring of 1840, and lived there until 1845 ; he says at that time Cedar Rapids was a den of horse thieves ; from 1845 to 1852, he lived in Monroe and Rapids Tps., and in the latter year came to Clinton Tp., where he made five or six farms, and finally settled on the 760 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY: place where he now resides in 1857. He was married March 22, 1839, to Mary Ann Barkhurst, of Muscatine Co., Iowa; she was born in 1821; they had one son, William L. A., who enlisted in the 31st I. V. I., and died in Helena, Ark., Feb. 16, 1863. Mr. U. was married July 29, 1847, to his present wife — Rosinia Harris ; she was born June 6, 1829 ; they have seven children — Willard, John D., James H., Alice, Nancy M., Ella and Dyer N.; they lost five children — Lovira, Rosa, B., Rosa E. and two children not named. He is a Democrat, and was Towaship Constable two years, Township Treas- urer one or two years, School Director about six years. Assessor three , terms and Township Trustee one or two terms. He enlisted in the army Aug., 1862, recruiting Co. A, of the 31st 1. V. I., and was commissioned as First Lieu- tenant of that company, but because of sickness was obliged to resign toward the close of Dec, 1862. rSHER, HIRAM, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids ; owns 262i acres land, probable value $7,900; he was born March 25, 1823, in Ashtabula Co., Ohio ; he left there in 1838 with his pai'ents and came west via Lafayette, Tippecanoe Co., Ind. (where he stayed for three weeks visiting friends), and on to Knox Co., 111., where he lived from July, 1838, until September, 1839 ; he then came to Linn Co., Iowa, and lived in Rapids Tp. until 1847 ; when he first went to Cedar Rapids (in 1839), there were only three cabins there, and it was headquarters for a den of thieves that carried on counterfeiting and all sorts of rascality without let or hindrance; in 1848, he came to Clinton Tp., where he has ever since resided. He was married May 10, 1846, to Lucinda Williams, daughter of Charles Williams, of Huron Co., Ohio ; she was born Jan. 13, 1828; they have five children — Lydia M., born March 4, 1847; Adelaide, Jan. 22, 1852 ; Henry, April 29, 1855 ; Lucinda H., Nov. 10, 1862, and Gladdis, Dec. 7, 1864 ; they lost two children — Harriet, born July 22, 1849, and died April 3, 1864, and Charles J., born April 29, 1855, died June 7, 1862. Mr. Usher is Republican in politics, and is a School Director, now serving his seventh year as such; he is also Township Trustee, and was Road Supervisor three or four terms. He was a class leader in the Church of United Brethren for about three years, but is now a member of the Evangelical Association, and Mrs. Usher is a member of the same denomination. USHER, HEIVRY A., farmer and blacksmith. Sec. 23; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns 284 acres land, probable value, $11,600; Mr. Usher wa« born Feb. 20, 1813, in the town of Clarence, N. Y., and in 1818, moved to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, where he lived until 1838, and then came west to Knox Co., 111., where he lived until 1839, when he came to Iowa and settled in Iowa City, where he worked at his trade of black- smithing until 1854, when he moved to Clinton Tp., where he built and con- ducted a steam saw-mill for about six- teen years ; in 1863, he moved to the section he now lives on, and, in con- nection with his saw-mill, he carried on farming. He Was married March 7, 1838, to Maria, daughter of Nathan Spicer, of Trumbull Co., Ohio ; she was born July 29, 1817, and died Feb. 15, 1871; by this marriage there was one child, Joseph P. Usher, born Oct. 28, 1840. Mr. U. was married to his present wife (formerly Mrs. SaUie Cook, of this township) Aug. 17, 1871 ; she was twice previously married ; her first husband, was a Mr. Taylor, by whom she had one child, Elmer, and by her second husband (Mr. Cook), she had two chil- dren, Alice and Julia, all of whom are living in this township. Mr. Usher is a Democrat, and was Road Supervisor . one term ; when he came to this county, it was very sparsely settled, and in 1839, when he first passed through Cedar Rapids (on his way to his father, who lived in Monroe Tp. and was one of the very early settlers), there were but one or two small log houses to be seen there •, his father was born in 1776, and died in 1850, and was interred in what is known as the " old Hunter burial ground," and his mother died and was buried in Iowa City about the month of Sept., 1844, aged 66 years. Usher, J. P., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. CLINTON TOWNSHIP. 76i Uster, J., far., S. 28; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. VAIL, J. W., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Vandyke, Charles E., farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Palo. Van Note, C. B., farmer. Sec. lY ; P. O. Cedar Rapids. Van Note, L. N., farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids. Voss, F., farmer. Sec. 20; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. WEA.THERWAX, SEYMOUR,far- mer. Sec. 9, P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Weed, H., far.,S. 27 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Weis, M., far., S. 18 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids. WERNER, CHRISTIAN, farm- er, Sec. 17; P. 0. Cedar Rapids; owns 209 acres, probable value $7,315 ; he was born Sept. 26, 1824, in Saxon Meinungen, Germany ; he emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City in Nov., 1851 ; he went im- mediately to St. Louis, Mo., and spent his time between that city and Belleville, 111., until 1856, when he ascended the Mississippi as far as Muscatine, Iowa, and went to Iowa City, where he lived for one ^ear, and then in 1857, came to Linn Co. and engaged in the grocery, business in Cedar Rapids, which he con- ducted until 1870, when he came to Chnton Tp. and settled on the place where he now resides. He was married May 30, 1856, to Frederika. daughter of Rudolf Ripperger, of Oberstein Bach, Germany ; she was born Dec. 3, 1824 ; they have three children — Josephine, born April 10, 1858; C. Fredverner, b. March 21, 1863, and J. Louis, March 3, 1866. Werner was School Director for three years, and is now School Treasurer. He is a member of the Lutheran Church, and Mrs. Werner is a member of the' same denomination. Wieneke, Christ'oph, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. , Wieneke, Henry, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. WIENEKE, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns 240 acres land ; Mr. W. was born Dec. 9, 1834, in Prussia, Germany ; he attended school until he was 14 years old, and then was engaged in herding sheep until he came to the United States, arriving in New York City Oct. 31, 1851; he imme- diately started west and arrived in Du Page Co., 111., Nov. 5, 1851, and lived there for two years ; moved thence to Kane Co., 111., and lived there until he came to Linn Co., Iowa, in Oct., 1855 ; made a short stay at Cedar Rapids, and went to Muscatine, Iowa, where he resided for about ten months ; came back to Cedar Rapids and lived there about three years, and was married Oct. 11, 1859, to Elizabeth, daughter of Frank S. and PhillippenaBrecht, of Baden, Ger'y ; she was born Nov. 19, 1840. After they were married, they came to Clinton Tp., worked a rented farm for six years ; in 1864, he bought eighty acres in Benton Co., Iowa, and worked it until 1869, when he sold out and bought the farm he now lives on ; after selling his Benton Co. farm, he was engaged in the wine trade for seven years at Norway Station, in same county, and in 1876 moved to his present residence. There are six children in the family — Mary C., born Aug. 12, 1860; Frank H., b. Nov. 27, 1861; • Anna, b. Aug. 29, 1863 ; Phillippena, April 14, 1865 ; Rosa E., b. April 13, 1867, and Ida, b. March 21, 1869. Mr. W. is a Democrat in politics, and the family are members of the Catholic Church. Wermhe, H., S. 15 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Williams, W.W., S. 3 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Willson, E. V.,S. 24 ; P.O. Cedar Rapids. Woodward, H. N., far., S. 34 ; Cedar Rapids. Yniili, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; owns 190 acres of land, probable value $9,500 ; he was born Dec. 16, 1826, in Stirling- shire, Scotland ; at the early age of 5 years, he was sent to school, and when 10 years old, he went as shop boy in a draper's store, where he remained until he was 13 years old, when he began his apprenticeship at the iron molding trade, in Glasgow, Scotland, at which he served seven years ; at theexpiration of his time, he went to Liverpool, Eng., where he worked at his trade for eight months, and then returned to Glasgow and worked for six or seven months ; in 1847, he left his native country and came to the United States, arriving in New York City in April, 1848, when he went to work in the Allaire Iron Works in that citv, and had for a fellow-workman, 762 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: John Roach, the now celebrated steam- ship builder of Philadelphia, Penn. ; he worked there until early in 1849, when he started for California during the gold excitement, traveling by water, and after a passage of 169 days, he arrived in San Francisco early in Sept. of that year, and went to Sacramento, which was at that time the head of navigation for sail vessels ; from this point he went about 100 miles up the Yuba River, and engaged in mining until near the close of the year 1852, when he went to Sidney in New South Wales, arriving there early in 1853, and engaged in -mining; he remained only a short time, because of no success ; he then went to Melbourne in Victoria, where he followed mining about a year, and then engaged in shipping at Port Philip, Victoria, for a short time ; in Jan., 1855, he returned via London, Eng., to Glasgow, Scotland, where he was mar- ried June 13, 1855, to Annie, daughter of Thomas and Janet Buchanan, of Balfron, Stirlingshire, Scotland ; she was born Dec. 13, 1827. Mr. and Mrs. Yuill came to New York City Aup;. 24, 1855, and wended their way to Buffalo, thence by steamer on Lake Erie, to Cleveland, Ohio, and thence by rail to Rock Island, 111., where they crossed the Mississippi River to the then infant ^ city of Davenport, and thence by stage, wagon and on foot, to the place where they now reside ; they have six children —John, born Oct. 22, 1858; Thomas B., born Sept. 5, 1861 ; Greorge, born Dec. 26, 1864 ; Jessie B., born Sept. 18, 1866; William S., born April 21, 1868; Lizzie S., born May 9, 1871. Mr. Yuill is a Republican in politics, and is County Supervisor, having been elected in Oct., 1875, to serve three years ; he was Township Trustee for two terms. Township Clerk one term. Justice of the Peace one term. School Director, School Secretary and School President, for about eighteen years, and Road Supervisor for several years. He is a member of the United Presbyterian Church, of which denomination Mrs. Yuill is also a member. FAYETTE TOWNSHIP. ADAMS, WILLIAM, farmer, P. 0. Palo. Ahart, E., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Palo. Ahart, S., farmer; P. 0. Palo. BARNHILL, JOSEPH, Postmaster Palo. Batchelder, L. N., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Palo. Beaty, Charles, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Palo. Blackburn, David, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Palo. Blackwell, James, far., P. 0. Shellsburg. Blackwell, W., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. BliOODGOOD, A. S., farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Shellsburg, Benton Co.; born in Scoharie Co., N. Y., Dec. 10, 1821 ; came to this county in 1865 ; has 247 acres of land valued at $8,500. Belongs to the M. E. Church ; been a member twenty-eight years. Married for his first wife Sarah L. Williams, born in Connecticut Dec. 5, 1823; mother of five children — Lewis E., born Oct. 24, 1 844 ; Lucina E., born Aug. 8, 1846 ; Lavancia E.; Loren E., born Aug. 29, 1850 ; Lydia E., March 27, 1852. For his second wife miarried Mary E. Sterling, born in Alleghany Co., N. Y., Oct. 24, 1835 ; mother of four living children — Estella S., born Jan. 29, 1860 ; Carletta E., born July 28, 1862 ; Freeman H., born July 17, 1867; Fred C, born Jan. 9, 1870; emigrated from Scoharie Co., N. Y., when he was 9 years old, to Greene Co.; lived there nineteen years ; from there to Walworth Co., Wis ; lived there fif- teen years ; from there to Linn Co., Iowa, where he has resided since ; Mr. B. has one of the best farm residences in the town, and one of the finest ranges for stock in the county ; is one of the solid farmers of the county. Lewis E. enlisted in the 28th Regt. Wis. V. I.; went in as private and was promoted to FAYETTE TOWNSHIP. 763. Sergeant; was wounded at the battle of Spanish Port. Bloodgood, H. S.,far., P. 0. Shellaburg. Bloodgood, L. E., far., 8. 30 ; P. 0. Shells- burg. Booth, H. I., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Palo. BOWE, S. A., in company with C. B. Moore, miller, Sefction 18; P. 0. Shellsburg ; came to this county in 1873 ; formerly resident of Benton, Linn County in 1854 ; has half in- terest in 100 acres of land, valued at $2,000 ; also half interest in grist mill, worth $12,000. Married Mary 0. Lu- ther in 1863; born in Medina, Ohio, January, 1841; has five children — Clara E., born Aug. 9, 1865 ; Clarence B., July 4, 1867; Ida May, March 4, 1870; Elbert Irwin, Sept. 23, 1873, and Lester Fillmore, Aug. 23, 1877 ; emi- grated to Benton Co., in 1854; lived there until five years ago, when he came to this county ; turns ofi' 150 hogs a year ; does a business of about $30,000 a year. Brooks, C. H., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Shellsburg. Brown, Frank, far., 8. 6 ; P. 0. Palo. Buchanan, E. K., far., 8. 7 ; P. 0. Palo. Buss, J. F., carpenter, Palo. Burwell, A. 8., renter ; P. 0. Palo. /^AIN, F. G., hotel keeper, Palo. Carver, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Palo. Carver, N. B., far.,S. 19; P. 0. Palo. Chipman, M., far., 8. 19; P. 0. Palo. Clark, 8. A., far., See. 28 ; P. O. Palo. Groghan, T., far., Sec. 4; P. 0. Palo. Cue, Geo., laborer, Palo. Cue, J., 8r., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Palo. Cue, J., Jr., far. ; P. 0. Palo. Cue, Lewis, far. ; P. 0. Palo. r"\AVIDSON, G. W., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. U 0. Palo. Depoy, Jacob, far., 8. 33 ; P. 0. Palo. Depoy, Wm., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Palo. Dickinson, J. N., far., S. 18 ; P. O. Palo. Douglas, C. C, far. ; P. 0. Palo. DRAFAHI/, WM., farmer, 8. 32 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Prussia June 12, 1828 ; came to this country 1851 ; came to this county 1861 ; has ninety- five acres, valued at $3,800. Politics, Dem- ocrat. Married Mary Smith, born in Prussia July 2, 1832 ; mother of ten , living children — Lena, Sarah, John, Frederick, Henry, William, Elizabeth, Charlie, Benjamin and Augustus. Em- igrated from Prussia when he was 24 years old ; came to Illinois ; lived there nine years. Married his wife in Mor- rison, 111., then came to this county,, where he has made a good home. Dye, P., far., S. 6 ; P. . Shellsburg. EDEBURN, HUGH, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Fayette. Eidamiller, G., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Flem- ingville. Elliott,H., Long Grove ; P.O. Flemingville. Elliott, J. L., Sec. 6. Elson, A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Palo. Bison, Wm., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Palo. Etzel, G., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Flemingville. Evans, U., far., 8. 6 ; P. 0. Palo. Evans, D., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Shellsburg TpISH, H. G., retired far. ; P. 0. Palo. r^ BEEN, JESSE, farmer ; P. 0. Palo. Gunnison, M. A., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Palo.. HALL, JAMES A., far., S. 6 : P. 0. Palo. Haskell, J. S., blacksmith, Palo. HAYES, J. D., far. and stock raiser. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Buffalo,. N. Y., Nov. 7, 1836 ; came to this county 1855 ; has 400 acres of land, valued at $12,000. Held the offices ot Clerk, Assessor, &c. Married Lavina McVey, born in Ohio 1838 ; mother of six children — Hattie, Nettie, Ann, Elizabeth, Monroe and Sylvanus. Emi- grated to Ozaukee, Wis., in 1846 ; lived there five years, thence to Knox Co., 111. ; lived there four years, thence to Linn Co , Iowa, where he has resided since ; raises 4,000 bushels of corn year- ly ; wheat, 500 bushels ; oats, 500 bush- els ; turns out eighty-five head of hogs. Mr. Hays came to this place when it was wild, a poor man, $14 worse off than nothing ; had to borrow money to- get here, but by industry and energy has made a fine property and is amongst the wealthiest farmers of the township. Heins, C, far. ; P. 0. Palo. Holman, J. H., druggist, Palo. HOLMAJf, WM, J., DR., physi cian and surgeon, Palo; was born in Linn Co., Aug. 17, 1848. Married Laura H. McCakle, born in Linn Co. May 6, 1857. Dr. Holman is of the regular school ; graduated at the State 764 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY Medical Department University, at Iowa City ; has been in (iraotioe five years. Was in the U. S. Navy. Hopper, E., far.', S. 31 ; P. 0. Palo. Hopper, L., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Palo. Hopper., Wm., far. ; P. 0. Palo. Hurtt, A. S., lawyer, Palo. TOHNSON, DA.VID, carpenter, Palo. TT'AVE, WM., farmer; P. 0. Palo. LAWSON, JAMES, blacksmith, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Palo. Leipold, Frederic, far., S. 16; P. 0. Palo. Lent, Sol., stone mason, Palo. Lewis, J. D., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Shellsburg. JiEWIS, li. D., farmer and stock raiser, S. 5 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Ohio, June 28, 1829; came to this county in 1839 ; has forty-five acres of land, val- ued at $2,000. Belongs to the M. E. Church. Married Elizabeth A. Free- man, born Nov. 27, 1836. Emigrated from Ohio to Indiana in 1832; lived there about six years, then came to this county, where he has resided since ; when he moved to this county, there was but one shanty in Cedar Rapids ; came through to this county with teams, camped out and did their own cooking; his father had been to Stephenson Co., 111., for provisions, such as pork and flour; has lived for months without bread. liEWIS, THOMAS, retired farmer; P. 0. Shellsburg, Benton Co., Sec.-32 born in Greene Co., Penn., Sept. 2, 1809 came to this county March 29, 1839 has 400 acres of land valued at $12,000 Belongs to the M. E. Church. Held the offices of Justice of the Peace and Town Trustee. Married for his first wife, Elizabeth Davis ; born in Virginia Sept. 12, 1815 ; mother of three living chil- dren — Margaret, born July 30, 1847; Levi, born Jan. 29, 1849 ; Elizabeth I., born March 10, 1852. Second wife married Mary White, born May 15, 1826; mother of six children — Nathan, born March 2, 1856; John, March 25, 1858; William, born Oct. 10, 1860; Angelina, July 22, 1863; Thomas, born June 14, 1865 ; Eleanor, born Deo. 23, 1867. Emigrated to Guernsey Co. when he was a child ; lived there until he was 25 years old ; from there to Indiana ; lived there two years ; from there to Stephenson Co.; stopped there a short time and then came to this county ; when he came here there was not a man west of him in the county ; Mr. L., properly speaking, is the oldest settler in the township ; a man by the name of Strawn made the first claim, coming in one day before Mr. L.; has been, to Stephenson Co., 111., for his milling, 150 miles ; broke fifteen acres of prairie the first Spring he came here and planted it to corn. liEWIS, WIIililAM J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, Aug. 10, 1826 ; came to this county iji 1839 ; has 100 acres of land valued at $3,000. Belongs to the M. B. Church. Married Joanna Blackburn in 1852 ; born in Morgan Co., Ohio, Sept. 7, 1832; mother of three living chil- dren — John D., born Aug. 8, 1854 ; Thankful E., Feb. 1, 1856; Charles W., Oct. 20, 1862; emigrated in 1832 to Indiana ; lived there nearly six years ; thence to this county, where he has resided since ; his father was one of the first settlers west of Cedar Rap ds ; came in the Spring of 1839; broke the first furrow in the township, and planted corn ; in the Fall of the same year, moved his family out ; his father framed the first mill on what is called Rigland Creek, in Stephenson Co.. in 1837; has hauled wheat to Muscatine eighty mUes and got sixty cents per bushel ; Mr. William Lewis, the subject of this sketch, came here a poor man, and by industry has made a good home. Lightfoot, G. W.,far., S. 18; P. 0. Shells- burg. Lilliebridge, August, saloon keeper, Palo. Lint, Alex, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Palo. Lint, E. H., far., P. 0. Palo. Longgoth, Charles, far.; S. 16; P. 0. Palo. Longgoth, Charles, Jr., far., P. 0. Palo. Luntsford, J. V., far., P. 0. Palo. Luntsford, Levi, brick mason, S. 29 ; Palo. IV'/TcARTHUR, EMERY, far. ; P. 0. McABTHUR, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Ross Co., Ohio, March 10, 1821 ; came to this county in 1846 ; has 505 acres of land, valued at $12,000. Married Amanda Morton in Ross Co., Ohio, born 1818 ; FAYETTE TOWNSHIP. 765 has ten children — Elizabeth J., Mary, Emma, Joseph, John M., Emory, Joshua, Jasper, Alvin, Earl (Alden D.). Emigrated from Ohio, to Linn Co., Iowa ; came through with teams ; camped out part of the time, and located on the land he now lives on ; was the farthest man west in this county at the time ; is one of the solid farmers of the township. Mc Arthur, P., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Palo. McClintock, J. W., Jr. McCIilNTOCK, JOHX W„ farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Palo ; born July 14, 1817, in Ross Co., Ohio; came to this county 1840 ; has 300 acres of land, also eighty-five acres in Benton, also property in the village of Shellsburg, the whole valued at $12,000. Married Sarah Elliott, born in Clarke Co., Ohio, Feb. 13, 1818 ; mother of seven living diildren — Andrew J., born Nov. 11, 1842 ; Sarepta, Sept. 26, 1847 ; John W., Jr., Aug. 31, 1849; Emily C, March 27, 1852 ; Hattie, Dec. 9, 1853; George R., Dec. 24, 1855 ; Melissa, Aug. 30, 1859. Emigrated to Indiana when he was a boy ; lived there until about 14 years, when his mother died ; his father married again, and he was turned out doors ; Mr. M. took a trip to New Orleans with a man by the name of David Henry ; stayed there nearly one year ; from there went back to Ross Co., Ohio ; stayed there a short time ; from thereto Madison Co., Ind. ; stopped there and went to school ; from there to Miami Co., Ind. ; took up a claim on Indian Reservation, and lost the same ; came back to Madison Co., Ind. ; lived there two years, thence to Fulton Co., HI. ; lived there a short time, and then to Linn Co., Iowa, where he has resided since. When Mr. M. came to this county he was a poor man, and by his industry he has made a good home and is one of the solid farmers of the county ; Mr. M. has two valuable horses, some of the best blood in the country. McClintock, S., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Palo. McCIilNTOCK, S AMU Eli, farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Madison Co., Ind., Dec. 25, 1832 ; came to this county 1862 ; has 160 acres of land, valued at $4,800. Politics, Republican ; held the office of Justice of the Peace for twelve years. Married Margaret Gentry, born in Mad- ison Co., Ind., Feb. 13, 1839; mother of five children — Florence, born Jan. 1, 1859 ; Mary E., May 17, 1861 ; Will- iam G., Nov. 18, 1864; Martha, Sept. 30, 1866 ; Francis M., Oct. 28, 1868. Emigrated direct from Indiana to this county, where he has resided since ; fol- lows the stock business, hogs and cattle ; raises on an average from 1,500 to 2,000 buishels of corn. Mr. McC. has a fine three-year-old stallion of the Per- cheron Norman blood ; is as fine a colt as there is in the county of that blood ; is a dark iron -gray. McConaha, T. J., blacksmith, Palo. McCorkle, B., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Palo. McCorkle, G., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Palo. McCoy, J. C, farmer, P. O. Palo. McCoy, John H., fafmer, P. 0. Palo. McCoy, Leonard, farmer, 'P. 0. Palo. McKEAJT, H. B., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Rutland, Vt., Jan. 28, 1832; came to this county Dec, 1856; has 200 acres land valued ac $8,000 ; held the office of Assessor eight years. Married Martha Richardson ; born in York State, March 31, 1839 ; mother of three children — Delia, born , Nov. 12, 1865 ; Libbie E., Dec. 26, 1867 ; Lucy A., June 28, 1872 ; emi- grated to the West when he was 24 years old ; brought' a car load of horses through from Rutland, Vt. ; came to Cedar Rapids ; was in the livery busi- ness nearly three years, then came to Fayette Tp., rented the farm he now owns ; has a fine house and barn, and has made himself and family a comfort- able home. Mr. M. took a trip to Cali- fornia. McManus; A. A. McManus, F. M. McMAXIIfES, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Palo; born in West- moreland Co., Penn., May 17, 1822^ came to this county Nov. 5, 1847 ; has 220 acres land, valued at $7,720 ; held the office of Town Treasurer and Con- stable for twelve years. Belongs to the Christian Church. Married Nancy Ross in 1846 ; born in Alleghany Co., Penn., Dec. 24, 1820 ; mother of three children — Francis M., born Feb. 4, 1847 ; Andrew J. A., Aug. 12, 1850 ; Lucinda, 8 766 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY : G., now Mrs. C. C. Douglas ; born Oct. 1, 1852 ; emigrated from Pennsylvania when he w^ 8 years old, to Stark Co., Ohio ; lived there until he was 25 years old, when he married, then came to Linn Co. When he came to this county he had but $30 in his pocket and a few things to keep house ; used Jackson bedstead for three years ; when he first came there he split rails for 50 cents per hundred, and worked fbr 50 cents per day.. Mr. M., through industry, has made a good home. McVey, Cyrus, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Palo. McVey, G. W., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Palo. McVey, J. W., far. ; P. 0. Palo. Mather, S. B., far. ; P. 0. Palo. Metcalf, S. H., butcher; P. 0. Palo. Mills, F. A., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Palo. MURRAY, ALEX., farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Palo; born in New York, March 7, 1837 ; came to this county in 1854 ; has 120 acres land valued at $3,600. Belongs to the M. E. Church. Married Eliza Morris, born in Madison Co., Ohio, May 18, 1841; mother of six children— Albert, born Feb. 6, 1859 ; William, b. April 1, 1861 ; Almeda, b. Jan. 10, 1863; Walter, b. March 18, 1865; Jennie, b. Sept. 8, 1871 ; Charlie, b. July 26, 1873. Emi- grated to Ohio when he was a child, lived there about seventeen years, then came to Linn Co. ; when he came here there was plenty of game and Indians. Mobey, Franklin, far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Palo. Myers, Geo., far.; P. 0. Palo. Myers, W., Constable; P. 0. Shellsburg. "VTELSON, CALVIN, retired farmer, J_\ Sec. 29; P. 0. Palo. NichoU, Geo. NichoU, John, far.; P. 0. Palo. > GAN, NATHAN, farmer : P. 0. Palo. O' Oyer, N. D., farmer ; P. 0. Palo. PAGE, I. B., Rev., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. . Palo. PESfROSE, LEWIS, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Shellsburg, Benton Co. ; born in Benton Co., Iowa, Nov. 22, 1844; has 130 acres of land, valued at $3,900. Married Sarah B. Clickner in 1871 ; born May 13, 1844, in Pike Co., Ohio ; mother of three children — Harry J., born June 17, 1872 ; Bessie M., April 9, 1874; Annie T., March 4, 1878. His father and mother came to this county in 1840 ; they were among the earliest settlers that came into the county ; his mother was Mrs. Kenyon when she came here ; it was months at a time she did not see a white woman ; she kept house for her brother, Mr. Jos. Strawn ; had to grind buckwheat, to live on one Winter. He had a brother that was in the 8th I. V. I., and was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6. 1862. "D ABE, CARL, farmer ; P. 0. Palo. Rabe, John, farmer; P. 0. Palo. Railsback, John, far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Palo. RAY, JOmS H., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Sweden Dec. 13, 1831 ; came to this county in 1855 ; has 213 acres of land, valued at $6,000. Married Eleanor Inks in 1855 ; born in Ohio Sept. 15, 1829 ; mother of two living children— OlofO., born Feb 13, 1861; Ulysses. S., April 19, 1865; one adopted daughter, Mattie N., born June 15, 1869, and one son by first wife — John Henry, born Feb. 2, 1849. Mr. Ray has been married three times. He was on the water nineteen years; was cast away four times ; was three days and three nights without anything to eat or drink twice ; he came to this county in 1 847 ; kept a boarding house in New York City ten years ; from there went to Indiana ; stopped there a short time, and then came to Linn County, where he has made a good home. Rice, Charles, farmer ; P. 0. Shellsburg. Rice, Joel H., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Palo. RICHARDS, DAIV., farmer and lumberman. Sec. 32 : P. 0. Shellsburg, Benton Co.; born in Ohio, June 3, 1817 ; came to this county in the Spring of 1841 ; has 300 acres land, valued at $9,000. Belongs to the M. E. Church. Held the offices of Justice of the Peace, Constable and Town Trustee. Married Sarah A. Lewis in 1839, born in Mor- gan Co., Va.,. Feb.' 1, 1822; mother of eleven children — John W., born Nov. 10, 1840 ; Elizabeth T., born May 8, 1842 ; Martha E., born Oct. 20, 1846 ; Adeline S., born March 28, 1848; Jacob H., born July 17, 1850 ; William L., born June 1, 1852 ; Sylvester D., bora April 21, 1854 ; Mathew H., born Sept. 7, 1856; Melissa R., born Oct. 31, FAYETTE TOWNSHIP. 767 1858; L. W., bom Aug. 5, 1863; Daniel W., born June 4, ]866. Left Ohio in 1833 ; came to Indiana, lived there seven years, then came to Linn Co.; came through with teams ; had but five dollars in his pocket ; hewed out pun- cheons and made tables and doors ; used a bedstead made of poles for a number of years; lived one Winter without bread ; had to go to Illinois for his mill- ing — eighty miles ; Mr. R., through in- dustry, has made a good home. Richards, J. H., far., S. 30; P. 0. Shells- burg. Richards, Nathan. Richards, S., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Shellsburg. Roider, Andrew, shoemaker, Palo. Root, Norman, Justice of the Peace, P-alo. n ARCHET, CLARK, peddler, Palo. Schleman, John, far.; P. 0. Palo. Sheets, E. W., far., 8. 33 ; P. 0. Palo. Sheets, George, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Palo. ShirtlifF, Jerome, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Palo. Spencer, Henry, laborer, Palo. Stinson, T. C, far.; P. 0. Palo. Stratford, F., far.; P. O. Palo. Stratford, John, shoemaker, Palo. STBAWSf, JOSEPH R., retired farmer. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Shellsburg, Ben- ton Co.; was born in Bucks Co., Penn., April 15, 1813; has 243 acres land, valued at $12,000. Belongs to the M. E. Church ; has been a member thirty- five years. Married Tabitha Lewis in 1845 ; she was born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, April 15, 1812; mother of three living children — William L.,born March 9, 1846 ; Thomas G., born July 7, 1848, and Nathan P., born Feb. 12, 1851. Left Pennsylvania in 1834; came to Morgan Co., 111.; then came to Linn Co., March 28, 1839, where he has resided since ; Mr. Sttawn is the first white man that came into this township; he kept bachelor's hall the first six years ; has been five miles below Davenport to mill. He planted 'a cotton wood tree in 1843, not thicker than his thumb, and now it measures fourteen feet in diam- 'Strawn, M., far., S. 18; P. 0. Shellsburg. Strawn, Nathan. Strawn, William. Stookey, N. H., farmer. Sec. 18; P. 0. Shellsburg. TAYLOR, JAMES S., farmer, P Palo. Tennant, George, fam^er, P. 0. Palo. TIJTTI.E, ROBERT, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Palo ; born in Canada, Sept. 4, 1817 ; came to this county in 1856 ; has 189 acres of land valued at 85,700. Be- longs to the M. E. Church ; has been a member forty-five years. Married for his first wife Sally A. Newton, Dec. 10, 1843, born in Saratoga Co., New York, Feb. 16, 1826; mother of five living children — Holly E., born Nov. 14, 1844 ; Wilber P., July 18, 1852; Orrel D., born June 16, 1855; Ellsworth v.; Eleanor L., Sept. 18, 1865. For his second wife he married Minerva Spurr, born in Madison Co., N. Y., Aug. 11, 1831 ; one livini? child —Alice E., born March 17, 1871.'' Emi- grated from Canada when he was 10 years old to Niagara Co., N. Y., lived there eighteen years; from thence to Wayne Co., Mich.; lived there ten years, then to Linn Co., where he has resided since. Mr. Tuttle, through industry, has made a good home. Tuttle, W. F., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Palo. ^^ SHER, H. H., farmer ; P. 0. Palo. u* USHER, AliBERT, farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 33; P. 0. Palo; born in Linn Co., Iowa, September 11, 1850; has an interest in 160 acres land valued at $5,000. Mar- ried L. Wilsey, born in Erie Co., Penn., July 30, 1856 ; motherof three children — Byron, born Oct. 5, 1872 ; James E., Jan. 16, 1876; Amy, March 24, 1876, Usher, J. B., farmer, P. 0. Palo. USHER, SEYMOUR, deceased, born in New York, April 25, 181 1 ; came to this county July, 1839 ; in 1841, built what was known as McCloud's saw-mill, the first mill that was built in the county; had 160 acres land valued at $5,000. Belongs to the United Breth- ren Church. Married Ann Maria Gardner, born in New York State March 5, 1820 ; mother of seven chil- dren— Emeline, born Oct. 9, 1835 ; Gil- bert S., b. Sept. 22, 1837 ; Helena, b. Aug. 15, 1839 ; Henry H., b. March 4, 1844; Maria, b. April 3, 1848 ; Albert H., b. Sept. 11, 1850; James B., b. July 5, 1853. Mr. U. was one of the 768 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : first settlers that came to this township and built the second frame barn ; when he came here he had but ten cents, and Mrs. U. spent that for two window panes, the only lights they had in their shanty; when they came here, there were a great many Indians who used to trade with them, and this was all tht way they had for getting money. Had two sons in the tjnion Army — Albert and Gilbert. Uplinger, C, mech., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Palo. ^rANKIRK, GEO., farmer; P. 0. V Palo. Vankirk, Jas., far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Palo. Vaughn, Thomas, far., P. 0. Palo. WILLARD, J. S., school teacher ; P. 0. Palo. WAIiKER, C. N., farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 30; P. 0. Palo; born in New York March 9, 1829; came to this county in May, 1856; has 513 acres of land valued at $18,000. In politics he is a Republican, and belongs to the Baptist Church at Palo. Married Augusta Stoddard in 1851, born in Brattleboro, Vt., Oct. 6, 1833 ; mother of one child, Fred, born June 25, 1852. Came direct to this county in 1856, where he has resided since. Mr. W. deals principally in stock ; in 1877, he sold «1,200. worth of hogs, and about the same amount of cattle ; he has as fine farm for grazing and raising grain as there is in the county ; has a good stone quarry on his place, where people come for their rock south and west for a long way ; it nets him $200 a year. Wells, Sam'l, hotel keeper, Palo. Whiting, Henry, far. ; P. 0. Palo. Wright, L. P., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Palo. YATES, BENJ. P., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Palo. YATES, CHAS. W., of the firm of Yates Bros., Palo ; was born in Linn Co., Iowa, April 21, 1849; the firm has 100 acres of land, valued at $5,000. Married Emma McArthur ; she was born in Linn Co., Iowa, March 6, 1849; mother of two children — Chas. L. and Clifford. P. A. Yates, of the firm, was born in Linn Co., Iowa, July 4, 1846. Married Julia L. Richardson ; she was born in Michigan in March, 1846 ; mother of two children — Flora and Warren. P. A. enlisted in the 46th I. V. I., Co. E, in 1864; was stationed below Memphis, doing garrison duty ; was chosen Captain of the company formed in Payette Township. The Yates brothers were born and brought up in the county and are wide awake business men ; do a business of $17,000 per year, besides have a fine farm and turn off a good many cattle and hogs. Yates, P. A., merchant, S. 28 ; P. 0. Palo. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. ALLBNSWORTH, JOHN, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Center Point. AUbones, T., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Center Point. Andrews, A. B., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Center Point. Ashlock, G., far. ; P. 0. Center Point. Ashlock, J., far., S. 26 ; P.O. Center Point. BARNES, EUGENE, farmer ; P. 0. Center Point. Bartleson, Amanda, Center Point. Bartleson, J. M., Center Point. Belding, E. 8., Center Point. Black, M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Center Point. Blanhenship, M., Center Point. Bliss, Geo. C, merchant. Center Point. BLISS, WIIiSON S., furniture. Main street, Center Point ; born in Spfingfield, Mass., Jan. 1. 1813 ; located in Tioga Co., Penn., 1826, and in this county 1855. Married Miss Julia Whit- man 1840 ; she was born in Almira, N. Y., 1822'; they have three children- George C, born Jan. 9, 1841 ; JaneE., Dec. 7, 1843; Edgar P., Oct. 7, 1846. They are Congregationalists. He is a Republican. He has successfully car- ried on the furniture and cabinet making business for the last ten years ; he own^ his store building and lot, and other im- proved property in the city. He has WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 769 been School Director three, years, and Treasurer one year. A genealogy of the Bliss family is being prepared, tracing it back to the Mayflower arrivals at Plym- outh Rock. Bower, G. W., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Center Point. Boyd, J., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Center Point. Boyd, 0., farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Center Point. Brammer, Joseph, Center Point. BROWW, ANDREW, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Car- roll Co., Ind., in 1841 ; moved to this county in 1855. He married Miss , Sarah A. Hoaglan in 1866 ; she was born in this county in 1852; have three children — Ermina, born Aug. 31, 1869; Burris, born Sept. 7, 1871, and Lula L., born in May, 1876. He is a Democrat. He enlisted in Co. A, 31st I. V. I.; mustered out July 3, 1865 ; was wounded Oct. 1, 1862. He owns thirty acres of land. Bumgardner, C, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Center Point. Bumgardner, Jacob, laborer, Center Point. Bumgardner, John, mason, Center Point. Bumgardner, Peter, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Center Point. Burns, J. W., laborer, Center Point. Burnside, John, laborer, Center Point. Butler, 0., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Center Point. CAIN, W. G., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Center Point. Caldwell, N., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Center Point. , Caldwell, Rob't, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Center Point. Cheselro, H., far., S. 2 ; P. O. Center Point. Chesley, Frank, agent, Center Point. Clark, D., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Center Point. ' Cochran, John, Constable, Center Point. Condon, W. G., far., S. 3.; P. O. Center Point. Cramer, D. P.,bridge builder. Center Point. Crispen, John, mason, Center Point. DAUGHERTY, WM., house builder, Center Point. Davis, L. S., physician, Center Point; ■ Deahl, Jacob, Saloon, Center Point. Dennison, J., livery. Center Point. i^Dingman, C. C, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Center '• PoJnt. ^ ^ . Dunbar, David, druggist, Center Point. Dunbar, G. B., druggist, Center Point. BUNLiAP, S. ]V., editor and proprie- tor of the Center t'oint Mirror ; born in Mount Vernon, Knox Co., Ohio, 1851 ; came to Black Hawk Co., Iowa, 1857, and to this county 1868. He married Miss Emma V. Rogers in 1875 ; she was born in Marion, this county, 1855 ; they have one child — Eletha, bom 1876. He is Republican in politics. He estab- lished the Center Point Mirror, a weekly independent journal, 1876 ; he had a Mr. Metcalf associated with him for a short time, who retired in 1877 ; since that time, Mr. Dunlap has conducted the paper himself with energy and ability ; he is quite a young man, unassuming in his profession, yet ftilly up to its require- ments ; he is deserving of encouragement and his paper of substantial patronage. Dunison, ID. A., liv. stable. Center Point. IHAIRBANKS, JAMES, photogra- ' pher. Center Point. Filling, C, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Center Point. Filling, G., far., S. 35 P. 0. Center Point. FILiL-IXG, SAMUEIi, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Hampshire Co. (now Mineral Co.), Va., 1814 ; moved to Pickaway Co., Ohio, 1833; thence to Tippecanoe Co., Ind., 1834 ; thence to Montgomery Co., Ind., 1837, and finally, after brief visits to several other counties in that State, he located in this county 1845. He mar- ried Miss Sarah Smock in 1850 ; she was boin in Parke Co., Ind., 1822; their children are Clay, born Jan. 23, 1851 ; Rachel, Feb. 28, 1855 ; George, June 16, 1853; Louisa, March 14, 1857; Elze, Feb. 27, 1859; John, Sept. 10, 1861. They are Presbyterians. He owns 200 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Fitzgerald, F. W., attorney, Center Point. Fitzgerald, Geo., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Center Point. Fitzgerald, 3'. H., blksmith. Center Point. Floyd, Isaiah, Jr., clerk, Center Point. FliOYD, JACOB li., farmer. Sec. 21 , P. 0. Center Point ; was bom in Clinton Co., Ohio, 1826 , located in this county 1852. Married Miss Mary S. Blackburn 1847 ; she was born in the State of Delaware 1826 ; they have ten children — Barbara, born July 7, 1848 ; Sarah, May 2, 1851 ; John, May 11, 1853; William, May 2, 1855; Esther 770 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: April 15, 1858; Mary, March 29, 1861 ; Caroline, Jan. 17, 1863 ; Jacob L., March 8, 1865 ; Charles Or., Aug. 10, 1867 ; Joseph E., Aug. 19, 1870. He is a Eepublican. He owns 298 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. He enlisted in Co. B, 16th I. V. I., Oct. 30, 1864; was discharged June 16, 1865. He has a beautiful and romantic residence site on the left bank of the Cedar River. Floyd, John, farmer ; P. 0. Center Point. Folkins, P. P., mechanic, Center Point. Folkins, P. P., far., S. 15; P. 0. Center Point. QATES, LEWIS, preacher, Center Point. Gibbs, Israel, wood-sawyer. Center Point. Gilchell, G. B., far., S. 16; P. 0. Center Point. Grlimpse, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Center Point. Glynn, H. W., Central House, Center Point. Graham,. A., hardware. Center Point. Grambling, John, far , S. 2 ; P. 0. Center Point. Grandy, C. S.,far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Center Point. Graves, J., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Center Point. Grubbs, S. R., farmer. Center Point. HALL, P., farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Cen- ter Point. Heffliug, W., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Center Point. Heine, Melihue, far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Center Point. Hemphill, V., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Lafayette. HE]VDBI€KSO]!«r, J. M., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Shelby Co., Ind., in 1843; located in this county in 1874. He married Miss Harriet Faurote in 1866 ; she was bom , in Marion Co., Ohio, in 1847 ; their chil- drenare Benjamin 0., born May 6, 1868 ; Morjiian and Morton (twins), Dec. 25, 1870; James, Sept. 9, 1872; Major, March 18, 1874; Lula May, Dec. 5, 1876. They are members of the M. E. Church. He enlisted in the 33d Ind. V. I., Co. D, in April, 1861 ; served three years ; was mustered out and re- enlisted as veteran ; served to close of war; he was wounded and captured at Thompson Station, Tenn., March 6, 1863, and held in Libby Prison five months : was exchanged, after which he joined hjs command and took a soldier's part in Sherman's celebrated march to the sea ; he was mustered out in Sep- tember, 1865, having served four years and five months. Hilliard, E., variety store. Center Point.^ Hoagland, Jackson, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Cen- ter Point. Hoagland, Jacob, far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Cen- ter Point. Hoaglan, Leander, Sec. 28; P. 0. Center Point. Hoaglan, Philip, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Center Point. Holland, J. W., furniture. Center Point. Hollenbech, A., blacksmith. Center Point. HoUenbech, W. iW., hotel, Center Point. IZER, N. J., boots and shoes. Center Point.. JOHNSON, Elizabeth, far., Sec. 9 ;),?. 0. Centei Point. Joice, Harvey, laborer. Center Point. Jones, Alvin, laborer. K EAGLE, L. S., preacher in M. E. Church, Center Point. Kirby, William, laborer. Center Point. KETHIiiSDGE, SETH, lumber dealer. Center Point ; born in Warren Co., N. J., 1848 ; came to St. Joseph Co., Mich., in 1865, thence to Cedar Rapids, this county, in 1866, and to Center Point in 1869 ; he went to Ply- mouth Co., Iowa, in 1871, and returned to this city in 1872, when he took con- trol of the lumber' yard. He married Miss Sophronia Metcalf in 1872 ; she was born in Jones Co., Iowa, in 1852 ; they have one child — Pearl, born Dec. 30, 1877. He owns his residence and lot in Center Point. Kewley, Philip, retired. KUCK, GEORGE W., Cashier Linn County Bank (I. A. Kuck, Presi- dent) ; born in Orleans Co-., N. Y., in 1839 ; located in this county in 1872, and established the Linn County Bank in Center Point. He married Miss Anna E. Crane in 1874 ; she wa.s born in Orleans Co., N. Y., in 1849; they have one child — Alice E., born Sept. 16, 1875. Mrs. Kuck is a Congregational- ist. He is a Republican in politics. He and his brother established the Each- ford Union newspaper, in Rockford, 111., in 1862, having moved the material of the Moliiie Independent ( established WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 771 m Moline by the late Col. K. H. Gra- tam, his brother-in-law, in 1856) to Roekford, when they changed the name and run it during the war as a daily and weekly Republican paper; they sold ■out in 1865, when he went East to settle up his father's estate — the Rev. George Kuck, who was a native of the city of London, England, but located in Orleans ■Co.. N. Y., at an early day, and was Postmaster at Kuckville up to his death — thirty-two years in all. Kubias, J. L., harness mkr. Center Point. LUFFERTY, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Center Point. Langsdale, W. J., merchant, Center Point. Laughlin, Robert, laborer, Center Point. Lemaster, S., far., S. 1 ; P. O. Center Point. Leonard, B., far., S. 10 ; P.O. Center Poiijt. Lewis, Walter, teamster. Center Point. Lookhart, T. G., far., S. 8; P.' 0. Center Point. Lockhart, S., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Center Point. . Lockhart, M.,far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Center Point. Lockridge, G. C., Pastor Congregational Church, Center Point. Lundy, Jesse, retired, Center Point. ~ ~cCONE, WILLIAM. M' McCLEIiliAN, JAUES S., general merchandise. Main St., Center Point ; born in Greene Co., Penn., in 1832 ; moved to Montpelier, Williams Co., Ohio, 1861 ; thence to Washington Co., Iowa, in 1864, and located in this county in 1873. His first wife was a Miss Gray, to whom he was married in 1859 ; they had one child — Virginia Bell, born May 25, 1862. His second wife (a Mrs. E. J. Jones). He married in 1875 ; she was born in Ohio in 1843 ; they have one child — Louisiana, born March 18, 1877. Mr. McC. has been in mercantile business twenty-nine years, four years of which he was in this county ; he keeps always on hand a full stock of dry goods and groceries, suited to his trade. McG^OFF, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in South Co., Ireland- came to this country in 1855, and to this county in .1869. He enlisted in the 74th 111. V. T., Co. G, in August, 1862 • was wounded at the battle of Mission Ridge, and sent to hospital, and being rendered unfit for service from the effect of wounds, was mustered out of the United States service May 18, 1864. Married Mrs. Phebe Abbott in 1871 ; she was born in Monmouth Co., N. Y., in 1828. Mrs. McGoffhad six children by her first husband, Richard Abbott, who died in the army Feb. 1, 1863 — John, born April 2, 1851 ; William P., August 12, 1852 ; Joseph M., Oct. 20, 1854; Henry, May 11, 1858; George, April 6, 1860 ; Henrietta, July 7, 1863. Mr. McGoff is a Catholic ; Mrs. McGoff is a member of the Christian Church. He is a Democrat, and owns 117 acres, worth $25 per acre. McLinn, D. A., farmer. Center Point. McNeal, George, far., S. 13. Mallory, L. G. Mannahan, A., blacksmith, Center Point. Mannahan, D. G., restaurant, Center Point. Manley, D. A., laborer. Center Point. Manly, J., far.; P. 0. Center Point. Marsh, Cass, bakery. Center Point. Martin, B. F., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Center Point. Martin, H. H., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Center Point. Martin, I., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Center Point. Martin, M. , far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Center Point. Mason, E. S., far.; P. 0. Toddville. Maxwell, A. H., hardware. Center Point. Mellow, David, laborer. Center Point. Menear, D. L., laborer, Center Point. Mentzer, Sam'l, Sr., retired farmer, Center Point. Mentzer, Sam'l, Jr., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Cen- ter Point. Metcalf, E., cabinet maker. Center Point. Metcalf,E. N., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Center Point. Metcalf, H. D., Justice of the Peace, "^ii ter Point. Metcalf, H. D., Center Point. Miller, J. P., laborer, Center Point. Mitchell, G., boarding house. Center Point. Moon, C. H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Center Point. Moore, Isaac, carpenter. Center- Point. Morgan, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Center Point. mOOBE, JOmr p., general mer- chandise, corner State and Water streets. Center Point; born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, in 1834, and located in this county in 1857. Married Miss Julia A. Groat, Jan. 1, 1861 ; she was bom in Montgomery Co!, N. Y., in 1838; have one child — Jessie M., born Apirl 772 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: 12, 1869. He is a Republican in poli- tics. He is a thorough, practical business man, having spent ten years in general business, four years of which has been in this town ; he is a good buyer, and pays cash for. his goods, saving thereby a discount, which he can afford to give to his customers ; he keeps on hand at all times a full assortment of dry goods and groceries suitable to his trade ; he had the store , he now occupies erected especially for his business ; he owns property in Charles City, Floyd Co., Iowa ; also his store and residence in this city. Moore, S., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Center Point. MOUNCE, ISAAC, farmer. See. 25 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Macon Co., 111., April 23, 1824 ; came to Scott Co., Iowa, 1833, and to this county 1840, and settled on the place he now owns, being therefore one of the earliest settlers of this section of Iowa ; there were only two houses in Cedar Rapids and one in Marion when he located; Center Point also contained one, which was the frontier house of this section at that time ; he has watched the growth and development of this county with much pride and interest, and has him- self kept pace with its improvements, owning 346 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre, with good buildings, outhouses and fences ; for the past twelve years he has been engaged in the stock business quite largely. Has been married twice, his first wife being Harriet A. Timmons, whom he married Feb. 14, 1848 ; she was born in Ohio Jan. 18, 1829 ; died about a year ai'ter they were married (April 28, 1849). His second wife is Deborah P., sister of the former wife ; she was born Feb. 27, 1831 ; they have six children living — John S., born April 22, 1854; Ebenezer, July 19, 1856; Clara M., Deo. 16, 1861 ; Marquis De La Fayette, Aug. 14, 1866; Hattie, July 6, 1869, and Eda A., Feb. 20, 1875. Mr. M. has generally voted the Democratic ticket. Mounce, M.,far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Center Point. Mounce, S., far., S. 36; P. 0. Lafayette. Moyer, M. A., miller. Sec. 8 ; Center Point. Myers, Jacob, laborer. Center Point. ~VT EIGHBOR, B. M., far., S. 36 ; P. JJN 0. Center Point. Neighbor, L., far. ; P. 0. Center Point. Newbold, H. C, far., Sec. 4 ; P. O. Center Point. Newland,H. D., retired far., Center Point. >Nevin, Wm., trader, Center Point. • Newman, A., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Center Point. NEWMAN, JAMES _A., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Center Point; born in this county 1855. He married Sarah E. Brown 1876 ; she was born in Black Hawk Co., Iowa, 1855 ; they have one child — Thomas Walter, born Dec. 9, 1877. Mrs. Newman is a member of the Christian Church. He rents from his father eighty acres of land. Newman, J, D., far., P. 0. Center Point. Newman, Thos., far., P. 0. Center Point. Newman, T. D., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Center Point. OLIPHANT, E. H., farmer, S. 25 ; P. 0. ToddviUe. Oliphant, John, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. ToddviUe. Oliphant, L., merchant, P.O. Center Point. Oliphant, T. J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Center Point. Oliphant, Wm., far., P. 0. ToddviUe. Osborn, Aaron, far., P. 0. Center Point. Osborn, J. H., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Center Point. Osborn, R., far., S. 21 ; P. O.Center Point Osborn, Stephen, far.; P. 0. Center Point. OXIiEY, THOMAS, farmer, S. 10; P.O. Center Point ; born in Mont- gomery Co., Ind., in 1837 ; located in this county in 1840. Married Miss Amanda Webb in 1862; she was born in Johnston Co., Ind., in 1842; they have five children — Miles A., born Nov. 22, 1864; Thomas H., Jan. 10, 1865 ; Ernest E., May 10, 1867; Webby, July 13, 1873 ; Pearly, April 10,1876. Mrs. Oxley is a member of the Congre- gational Church. He enlisted in the 4th I. V. I., Co. G, Oct. 18, 1864; mustered out at the close of the war. He owns ninety-seven and a half acres of land, worth $25 per acre. PENN, WILLIAM B., far., S. 14; P. 0. Centre Point. Perry, I., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Center Point. Phillips, G.W., variety store. Center Point. Pifer, J., far., S. 15; P. 0. Center Point. Porter, J. W. far., S. 2 ; P.O. Center Point. Porter, W. W., trader. Center Point. Potter, E. J. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. T73 RPringle, W. H., far., P. 0. Center Point. AUCH, JACOB, far., 8. 25 ; P. 0. Center Point. Ranch, T.,far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Center Point. Renfer, Jacob, laborer, Center Point. :Reynolds, Ezra, far., S. 21 ; P. O. Center Point. Reynolds, J. W., merchant, Center Point. Reynolds, W. H., far.; P. 0. Lafayette. REYKOI^DiS, WILIilAM T., fanner, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Center Point born in Hendricks Co., Ind., in 1850 located in this county in 1856. Mar- ried Miss Nancy M. Mounce in 1870 she was born in this county in 1853 their children are Ada, born Nov. 15, 1871 ; Marion P., July 10, 1873 ; James T., Dec. 15, 1874 ; David 0., Dec, 31, 1876. He is a Baptist ; a Democrat in politics. He owns 106 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Robbins, J. W., shoemaker. Center Point. Robbins, John, retired. Center Point. BOC^EBS, JOHlKf, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, in Oct., 1840 ; moved to Henry Co., 111., in 1852, thence to this Co. in 1863. He married Miss Elizabeth Smith in 1860 ; she was born in Holmes Co., Ohio, in 1837 ; children — Jacob, by former marriage, born Feb. 10, 18 — , and William A., born Oct. 10, 1864. Mrs. Rogers is a Methodist; he is a Democrat in politics. He owns 240 acres of land, valued at $20 per acre. Rose A. 0., laborer, Center Point. Rowley, A. J., far.; P. 0. Center Point. Rowley, William, far.; P. 0. Center Point. Ruuker, A., preacher, Cong. Church, Cen- ter Point. BIJSSEIiL, HIBAM, farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Wash- ington Co., Ohio, in 1803 ; moved to Meigs Co. in 1837, and located in this county in 1854. He married Miss Vesta Stone in 1831 ; she was born in Wash- ington Co. in 1812 ; have seven chil- dren — Converse S., born June "25, 1832; Vesta, Dec. 23, 1834; Hiram J., July 26, 1840 ; Collina^ March 26, 1843 ; Jasper S., June 30, 1847 ; Lucy -C, Oct. 1, 1849; Charles E., Feb. 23, 1855. Are members of the Presbyterian Church; Republican in politics. He owns 113 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. Mr. Russsell, although 75 s years of age, is active and lithesome as a man of 30, and tendered his services to the United States Government as a soldier during the war of the rebellion, although exempt by old age, which was not accepted. ARCHET, E., drayman. Center Point. Serverson, J., butcher. Center Point. Sherman, L., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. Center Point. Smith, A., far. ; P. 0. Center Point. Smith, G. F., mechanic. Center Point. Smith, John, carpenter. SMlIiEY, S. liESIilE, meat mar- ket. Main street, near Central House, Cen ter Point; born in Bradford Co. ,Penn. , 1847; moved to De Kalb Co., 111., 1859 ; thence to La Salle Co., Ill, 1862, to Lee Co., HI., 1864, and located in Linn Co., Iowa, 1865. Married Miss Iowa A. Rogers 1869 ; she was born in Henry Co., Iowa, 1851 ; they have three children— Cecil G., born Sept. 25, 1871 ; Maud Ellen, Oct. 7\ 1873 ; Ada Anna, Nov. 17, 1875. He is a Democrat. He owns an acre of ground and pleasant residence on Main street. Center Point, in addition to his business, which he conducts in an honorable and upright manner. Mrs. Smiley possesses that one quality of making the most trivial event contribute to the comfort and happiness of her home. ISMITH, WIIiMAM, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. O. Center Point ; born in Fred- erick Co., Va., 1805 ; moved to Holmes Co., Ohio, 1823. Married Rachel Met- calf 1834 ; she was born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, 1812 ; they have one child — Elizabeth, born February, 1835. They are members of the Christian Church. He owns 120 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. SWYDEB, ABBAM, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Darke Co., Ohio, 1836 ; located in this county 1855. He married Mary B. Chamber- lin in 1859 ; she was born in this county March 18, 1841 ; tEeir children are Simon W., born Feb. 26, 1860; Law- son E., Oct. 1, 1861 ; Ulysses S., July 15, 1863; Eva M., Aug. 23, 1868; Minnie, Sept. 7, 1870 ; Arthur J., Oct. 23, 1874. Are members of the M. E. Church. He is a Republican ; he has 774 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: been Justice of the Peace eight years, School Director thirteen years. He en- listed in Co. A, 31st I. V. I., Aug. 14, 1862; mustered out at the close of the war, 1865, having served three years and made the celebrated march with " Sherman to the Sea." Spanger, Samuel. Speak, T. J. Stewart, E. W., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Center Point. Stebbens. Jos., book agent. Center Point. Stobaugh, T. J. Squires, Milton, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Center Point. TAYLOR, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Center Point. Thomas, Alex., farmer. Sec. 9; P.O. Center Point. THOMAS, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Jef- ferson Co., Ohio, 1820 ; moved to Ham- ilton Co., Ohio, 1840, and located in this county in 1846. He married Miss Elizabeth Stabaugh in 1846 ; she was born in Hopkins Co., Ky., 1820 ; their children are Margaret, born June 25, 1851 ; Martin, b. May 30, 1853 ; Albert, b. Jan. 22, 1856 ; Henry, b. Jan, 7, 1861 ; he owns 270 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; he has a substantial brick residence pleasantly located on his farm. Tripp, R. E., school teacher, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Center Point. Trunks, A. W., farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Center Point. YARNER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Center Point. WARD, GEORGE, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Center Point. Way, D. S., Center Point. WAYKTE BROTHERS,- general merchandise, Main street, Center Point ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y. H. N. born in New York, 1832; J. B. born in New York, 1835) ; moved to McHenry Co., 111., 1839. J. B. enlisted in the 1 5th 111. Infy., Co. A, May 24, 1861 ; served in the Army of the Tennessee, 16th and 17th Army Corps, for three years; mustered out in 1864 whole and unscathed, although having passed through many warm engagements. H. N. enlisted in the same company and regiment, October, 1861, and served with his regiment, taking part in all engagements with it until captured at Big Shanty, Ga., October, 1861; he was confined in that den of torture, Andersonville, seven months, subject to the will pf the Dutch demon, Wertz; he was finally exchanged and mustered out in 1865. He located in this county in 1865, and married Miss Elizabeth C. Cottle in 1866; she was born in Mc- Henry Co., 111., 1843. J. B. married Sophia C. Hartman, in 1868 ; she was born in McHenry Co., 111., in 1842. They are Republicans . in politics, and both their wives, i are Methodists. J. B. has been a member of the Council two years. They carry a full stock of general merchandise suitable to their trade ; they own, each, his private residence, and jointly, two stores and lots on Main street, together with their stock, worth $8,000. WEBB,- HILAS, farmer. Sec. 3; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Johnson Co., Ind., in 1839; located in this county in 1852. Married Miss Sophia Bunting in 1865 ; she was born in Mus- kingum Co., Ohio, in 1839; they have one son — John F., born Feb. 27, 1866 ; Mrs. Webb is a Baptist ; he is a Deino- crat in politics; he has been School Director three terms and Supervisor of Roads one ; he owns 133 J acres of land, valued, with his improvements (which are good) at $5,000. West, John. Wheeler, Elijah. Wickizer, George. Winans, J. S., physician. Center Point. Williams, Alfred, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Center Point. Williams, Geo., far., S. 34; P. 0. Center Point. Williams, J. P., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Center Point. Wilson. John F., druggist, Center Point. WILSON, It. li., physician a:nd drug- gist. Center Point ; born in Chesterville, Morrow Co., Ohio, in 1843 ; located in this place in 1 856. Married Miss EmBia L. Hughes in 1867 ; she was born in Philadelphia, Penn., in 1849 ; have one child — Laura E., born Oct. 14, 1867 ; Mrs. Wilsonand daughter are members of the Methodist Church ; he is a Re- publican ; he drew up the documents for OTTER CREEK TOWNSHIP. 775 the corporation organization and was one of the first Town Council of Center Point ; he has the entire control of the drug department and general manage- ment of the compounding of the patent medicine department of the firm of J. F. Wilson & Co., druggists and manu- facturers of patent medicines ; this firm have been in the business over twenty- five years ; have done a very extensive business ; their sales in 1877 were over $30,000 ; their remedies are the Iowa Liniment, Iowa Pain Eemedy, Cholera Remedy and Anti-Bilious Pills; they have a large store well filled with drugs and patent medicines, which, with their residence and farm near town, is valued at about $15,000 ; they are also one of the inventors and half owners of the Wilson, Keagle & Co. patent wharf and fishing lamp. He started the first news- paper here — tbe Center Point Lotus; enlisted Aug. 25, 1862, in Co. B, 20th I. v.; served threeyears and participated in the following battles : Newtonia, Mo., Prairie Grove, Ark., Vioksburg, Miss., Yazoo City, Miss., Ft. Morgan, Ala., Blakely and Mobile, Ala. Mustered out in 1865. WISEHART, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1806; moved to Mont- gomery Co., Ind., in 1820, thence to this county in 1848. He married Miss Mary Arhart in 1837; she was born in Augusta Co., Va., in 1809 ; their chil- dren are Sarah, born Feb. 19, 1838 ; Louis, Aug. 17, 1839 ; Mary, May 22, 1842 ; Elizabeth, June 12, 1843 ; John S., Sept. 18, 1846; Amanda, Oct. 3, 1851. Mr. Wisehart is a Democrat, and owns 475 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; he is one of, if not the oldest residents of this part of the town- ship. WIL,SEY, MARION, farmer, S. 14 ; P. 0. Center Point ; born in Tioga Co., N. Y., Jan., 1842; located in this county in 1865. Married Miss Cal- pherna Rowley in 1863 ; she was born in Tioga Co., N. Y., in 1851 ; their chil- dren are Nathaniel P., born March 8, 1866; Lucretia C, March 12, 1869; George W., June 24, 1871 ; Otis M., May 1, 1873 ; Laura L., Dec. 18, .1877. Are members of the M. E. Church ; he is a Democrat. He owns 128 acres of land, worth $30 per acre. Wisehart, J. S., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Center Point. Wisehart, L., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Center Point. Wormer, H., broom-maker. Wright, E. M., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Center Point. Wyley, T. G., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Center Point. ^VrOST, F. M., physician. ZIMMERMAN, GEORGE W., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Center Point. OTTER CREEK TOWNSHIP. ADAMS, A. J., far., S. 30 ; P. O. La Fayette. Adams, S. E., Round Grove ; P. 0. Flem- ingville. Ahart, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. FlemingviUe. Alexander, J., far., S. 8 ; P. O. Fleming- ville. Auman, D., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. La Fayette. TD ACH, C, far., S. 7 ; P. O. La Fayette. Bell, G. W., FlemingviUe. Bell, W. L., Round Grove ; P. 0. Fleming- viUe. I Bloom, J., Jr., far., S. 27 ; P. O. Fleming- viUe. RliOOM, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. FlemingviUe; born in Prussia 1815 ; came to Erie Co., Penn., 1846, and located in this county 1863. Mar- ried Mary Hinkle 1862 ; she was born in Germany 1839 ; their children are Eliza, born June 12, 1863 ; Levi, July 14, 1864 ; Jennie, April 3, 1866 ; Car- oline, Feb. 6, 1868 ; Emma, May 14, 1869 ; William, May 2, 1872 ; Henry, AprU 18, 1877. He is a Democrat. 776 DIRECTORY OP LINN COUNTY: He owns ninety acres of land and a good house, valued at $30 per acre. BOOX, MARTIW F., farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. La Payette ; born in Pueblo Co., Ohio, 1817 ; moved to Boone Co., Ind., 1844, and to Buchanan Co., Iowa, 1853, and located in this county 1876. He married Ellen Wood 1846 ; she was born in Shelby Co., Ky., 1828 ; their children are Daniel M., Ijorn Aug. 29, 1847 ; Sarah B., Aug. 3, 1849 ; Huma Alice, Jan. 20, 1859. He is a Demo- crat. The Boon family in the United States sprung from three brothers who came here from Germany at a very early day, two of whom located in North Car- olina and the other in Virginia ; Col. Daniel Boon, of Kentucky, came of the Virginia brother, and one of the North Carolina brothers was great grandfather of the subject of this biography ; hence the great hunter and he sprung from the same old German stock. Mr. Boon owns 166 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. BURNETT, A. C, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Flemingville; born in Staffordshire, Eng., 1842 ; came to this county direct from England, 1858, he and his brother (since deceased) landing in Cedar Falls with only $3 in money between them ; jet, notwithstanding their limited means and that they were entire strangers in a new country, they took hold with that will and determination, so characteristic of their native land, to succeed, and they did succeed. When the war of the re- bellion broke out, they did not seek se- curity behind the ramparts of non-citi- zenship, which they might have done, but came to the front and, like good cit- izens of their adopted country, tendered their services to the Government; the one died fighting for the honor and per- petuity of the Government they had se- lected as their choice ; the other, the 8ubject_of this biography, lost his health and was discharged through disability, and is now one of the most prosperous farmers in Otter Creek Tp. He married Miss Ann E. Burns 1868 ; she was born in Bedford Co., Penn., 1848; their children are Albert B., born March 3, 1872; Ann E., June 11, 1874; Flor- ence E., July 19, 1877. He is a Ee- publican ; he has been President of the Board of School Directors two years ot the three he has been a member of the Board. He owns 125 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; his improve- ments are second to none in the town- ship. Burnett, J. R., far., S. 26 ; P.O. La Fayette, Burnett, W. M., far., 8. 26; P. 0. La Fayette. CARPENTER, J, W., far., P. 0. Flemingville. Chessmore, R., far., S.30 ; P.O. La Fayette. Cochran, Geo., far., S.19 ; P. 0. La Payette. Cochran, Z. T., far., S. 19 ; P.O. La Fayette. Cress, J. A., far., P. 0. La Fayette. DANCE, L. P., far.. Sec.' 32; P. 0. La Fayette. Dicken, I., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Donaldson, A. J., S. 14 ; P.O. Flemingville. Dukek, J., far., Sec. 23; P. 0. La Fayette. TT^LBMING, H. S., S. 13; P. 0. Flem- ingville. FI.E1IING, C. D., farmer and stock raiser. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Fleming- ville ; born in this county in 1855. Married Miss Nancy E. Laning in 1875 ; she was born in this county in 1856; their two children are Elsie E., born May 25, 1876 ; Earl L., Jan. 8, 1877 ; Mrs. Fleming is a member of the Chris- tian Church. He is a Republican. He owns eighty-six acres of land, laid down as pasture, which he intends to stock with the best grades of full blooded atock- horses and cattle. He is now engaged in breeding Poland China Swine, for which his location and farm is peculiarly adapted ; having familiarized himself with the nature and character of the business in which he has embarked, by traveling and investigation, he is well qualified to conduct it skillfully, with benefit to his neighbors and profit to himself. FliEMING, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Flemingville; born in Jef- ferson Co. Ind., in 1820; located in this county in 1853. He married Miss Armilda Evans in 1841 ; she was born in 1820 in Kentucky ; their two chil- dren were John A,, born May 10, 1842, and Georga W., Feb. 22, 1845 ; Mrs. Fleming died in 1845 ; his second wife was Rachel Phillips, whom he married in 1846 ; they had five children — Henry S., born Aug. 3, 1848 ; James C, Feb. OTTER CREEK TOWNSHIP. 777 4, 1851 ; Meda A. and Armilda Ann, twins, born May 10, 1853 (Armilda A. died Feb. 4, 1871); Mary V. Aug. 7, 1854 ; Mrs. Fleming died in 1855. He married Mrs. Arminda Chislot (Boice) in 1 860 ; they have two children — Jud- son S., born April 4, 1861 (deaf and dumb); Florence C, March 2, 1862 ; Mrs. Fleming's only child by her first marriage is Albert E. Chislot, born May 7, 1858. They own 160 acres of land, worth $35 per acre. Fleming, J. J., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Flemingville. Fleming, W., farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Flemingville. Fishel, M., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. La Fayette. GUTENKAUF, N. farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Marion. CilliLi, JOHBT, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. O. Flemingville ; born in De Kalb Co., 111., 1844; located in this county in 1877. He married Miss Harriet Manard, 1867 ; she was born in Ohio in 1848 ; their children are Edward P., born May 4, 1868; Eveline, b. May 16, 1878; Francis, Oct. 16, 1875; Alice, Nov. 18, 1877. He is a Democrat in politics, and is superintendent of a 160 acre farm in the above section. GILLESPIE, EIHELIXE, farm er. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. La Fayette ; born in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, 1827. Married Henry Hemphill in 1848 ; he died in 1866 ; she has seven children — Frank- lin, born Jan. 28, 1849; Marion, b. March 31, 1850; James, b. Oct. 28, 1852; Valentine, b. Sept. 13, 1854; Mary, b. Oct. 9, 1856 ; Morris, b. June 6, 1858; Emiline, b. July 8, 1860. Mrs. Grillespie came to this county in 1847 ; she is a member of the Christian Church ; she married Mr. Gillespie in 1876. He was born in Allegheny Co., Penn., 1833. She owns sixty-five acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Gutenkauf, N., far., S. 25; P. 0. Marion. HABLITZEL, ADRIAN, saloon- keeper. Sec. 32. Hart, F. M., farmer. Sec. 5. Hastie, J., far., S. 19; P. La Fayette. Heiserman, G., far., S. 25; P. 0. Marion. Helbie: F A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. La Fayette. E^ifl,, A. far.; S^ 29 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Hemphill, J., far., S. 17 ; P. O. Fleming- ville. Hemphill, J., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Hemphill, M., farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Hemphill, N.,far.,S. 18 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Hense, J. P., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Fleming- ville. Hendrickson, 0., far., S. 18 ; La Fayette. Hense, G. P., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Fleming- ville. HENSE, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Flemingville ; born in Racine, Wis., in 1852 ; located in this county ■n 1854. Married Miss Lizzie Struchen .n 1874; she was born on the sea in '^l 855, hence is a cosmopolitan ; her par- ents were natives of Switzerland ; Mr. Hense's children are Emma Efiie, born June 7, 1876 ; Charles Edward, Oct. 10, 1877. He is a Republican ; is Town- ship Constable ; he owns forty acres of fine land, and a good house, valued at 840 per acre. Hendrix, W., farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Hershey, H., S. 32 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Hine, Thos., far., 8. 35 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Hobson, J., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Fleming- ville. Hodgel, W.,far., Long Grove ; P. 0. Flem- ingville. HOFMAIVN, CHARLES, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Flemingville ; born in Germany in 1819; came via New York and located in this county in 1855. Married Miss Caroline Webb in 1847 ; she was born in Germany in 1828 ; they had fourteen children ; lost four in less than two years ; have ten living — Mary and Sarah (twins), Ame- lia, Charley, Jacob, Laura, Eliza, Albert, Gustavus A. and Benjamin. They are members of the Evangelical Church. He owns 173 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; his improvements are good and substantial ; he is a public spirited German-American citizen. Houser, W., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Houtz, Geo., far.; P. 0. Long Grove. Houtz, J., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Flemingville. Houtz, Henry, Long Grove. ySBNHOUR, SAUL, farmer. Sec. 17 ; X P. 0. La Fayette. JACKMAN, A., farmer; Sec. 33 ; P. 0. • La Fayette. Jackman, J. E., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. La Fayette. 778 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY ; JACKMAl*, RICHARD, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. La Fayette ; born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, in 1810; came to Center Co., this State, in 1850, and lo- cated in this county in 1854. He mar- ried Miss Nancy Edgington in 1837 ; she was born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, in 1811 ; their children are Adam, born Jan. 18, ' 1838 ; Catherine, Feb. 8, 1839 ; John E., March 8, 1840 ; Mary H., July 30, 1845 ; J. W., Jan. 31, 1852. Mrs. J. and daughters are members of the Christian Church. He is a Republican ; he has been School Director, Road Su- pervisor several terms and Township Trustee. He owns 155 acres of land, valued at |40 per acre. John E. en- listed in the 3] St I. V. I, July 11, 1862 ; mustered out July 11, 1865; was wounded in battle at Bentonville, N. C, March 21, 1865; he made the march with Sherman to the sea, and was in the grand review at Washington. Joice, J., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. La Fayette. KAFER, M., farmer., Sec. — ; P. 0. Flemingville. Kareh, M., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Keys, J., far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. La Fayette. Kirk, T., fai'., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Flemingville. Kleitsch, J., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Marion. KOIiB, WM., REV,, farmer, preacher of the Congregational Asso- ciation at Maquoketa; P. 0. La Fayette ; born in Schuylkill Co., Penn., in 1820; moved to Pickaway Co., Ohio, in 1842, thence visited this county in 1850, and located permanently here in 1857. He married Miss M. C. Veck in 1852; she was born in Europe in 1831 ; their children are W. S., born Feb. 19, 1853 ; Emma R., born Nov. 22, 1856 ; Alice E., born Dec. 22, 1858; George L., born Nov. 27, 1863 ; R. N., born April 25, 1869 ; C. C, born July 13, 1870 ; Ettie A., born Dec. 30, 1872. Mr. Kolb has been in the ministry since J 842 ; he has one of the most pleasant locHtions, good and tasty improvements, and the best managed farms in Otter Creek Tp. ; he has a nursery of twenty- one acres, managed by his son, contain- ing a general variety of fruit and other trees, 120 acres in all, valued at $80 per acre. LANNING, M. A., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. La Fayette. LiAlVlVIIirG, JOHN, farmer, Sees. 21-22; P. 0. La Fayette ; born in Tus- oaraway Co., Ohio, in 1822 ; located in this county in 1852. Married Miss Margaret J. Thomas in 1859 ; she was born in Breckenridge Co., Ky., in 1839; their children are Joedick, born June 16, 1860 ; Bea E., born June 26, 1864 ; Edger M., born March 26, 1865. Are members of the Christian Church. He is a Democrat ; has been School Direct- or ten years, Justice of the Peace ten years ; is Notary Public now. He owns 200 acres of very choice, well selected and cultivated farm, upon which he has a very fine and tasty residence ; property valued at $50 per acre. Lawrence, A. J., farmer. Sec. 23; P. 0. Flemingville. liEUElVBERGER, FREDER- ICK, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0, La Fayette ; born in Switzerland in 1829; came to this country in 1853; he located in Bureau Co., III., in 1856, and in this county in 1867. He mar- ried Margaret Chappler in 1857; she was born in the same place and same year ; their children are Emes, born Nov. 30, 1858; Mary E., burn June 22, 1860 ; Abner, born July 26, 1861 ; Frederick, born May 5, 1863. Mrs. Leuenberger is a member of the Evangelical Church. He owns 175 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; he belongs to that class of foreign-born citizens of this country that possesses intelligence and enterprise, and believe* in cultivating the brain as well as the soil. Leyer, G., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. Fayette. Lyons, A., far., S. 23; P. 0. Flemingville. Lyman C, far., S. 4; P. 0. Flemingville. Lyman, F., Long Grove ; P.O. Flemingville. ' McLAFERDY,R., far., S. 10; P. 0.' Flemingville. TS-TEIGLEY, JACOB, farmer. Sec. ±N 36; P. O.Marion. NEIGHBOR, M., fai-mer,.Seo. 19; P. 0. La Payette ; born in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, in 1828; located in this county in 1844. Married Miss L. A- Hollenbeck in 1 852 ; she was born ia Indiana in 1836; their children are Dixon, born Oct. 3, 1853 ; Herbert, Sept. 2, 1856 ; Lawrence, April 14, 1859; Mrs. N. died March 28, 1864. OTTER CREEK TOWNSHIP. 779 He married his second wife, Mrs. Ke- becca A. Alexander (Taylor) 1865 ; she was born in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, in 1843 ; children by this marriage are Ida A., born Sept. 11, 1866 ; Olive M., March 10, 1870 ; Eva, Nov. 14, 1872 ; Willard, March 6, 1877. Are mem- bers of the Christian Church. He is a Democrat ; he owns fifty-one acres of land worth $40 per acre. Mrs. Neigh- bor's first husband died of disease coc- tracted in the army during the war of the rebellion in 1864. UrOTBOHM, FREDERICK, farmer and miller, Sec. 16 (farm), 28, (mUl); Post Ofiice, La Fayette ; born in Germany in 1820 ; arrived (from there) in Chicago, 111., in 1848, and located in ■ this county in 1854. He married Miss Doratta Schlicker in 1850 ; she was born in Germany, 1823 ; they have five children— F. W., born May 26, 1851 ; Henrv, July 6, 1857 ; Lewis, Jan. 26, I860'; Carolina, Feb. 20, 1863 ; Her- man, Feb. 2, 1865. Mr. Notbohm and family are members of the Evangelical Church. He is a Republican. He is an experienced business man and thoroughly understands the milling business ; he is accommodating and attentive to his cus- tomers ; his capacity is ample to accom- modate the farmers of the surrounding country, and his being the only mill of any account in that section of country, farmers will (^onsult their own interest by patronizing him ; he also runs a good saw- mill, where work is done expeditiously ; his farm of 160 acres and mill property is worth 815,000. PENNINGTON, J. M., far., S. 15 ; P. O. Plemingville. Pence, Jacob, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Fayette. Peters, F., far., S. 35 ; P. O. La Fayette. REYNOLDS, &., Long Grove ; P. 0. Flemnigville. Reynolds, J* K., far., S. — ; P. 0. Plem- ingville. f^ ■ ^' SEYXOLDS, HEWRY S. (de ceased), born in Iowa. Aug. 2, 1836 ; he married Miss Elizabeth McMullen, on March 4, 1862 ; she was born in «.Henry Co., Ind., in 1830 ; educated in St. Joseph Co.; they had one child, Nathan, born Sept. 5, 1863. Mr. Reynolds rendered up his young life for his country ; he enlisted in the 24th I. V. I, Deo. 25, 1863, and went South with his regiment, where he died June 25, 1864, of miasmatic disease con- tracted in the service. It is to be hoped that that government, for the perpetua- tion of .which he sacrificed his life, will render to the orphan son the debt of gratitude, at least, which it owes to his deceased father. Mrs. Reynolds has married Mr. Mantz, P. 0. La Fayette ; she per acre. Pearsall, W. H., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Walker. Pendergast, J., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Walker. Purriance, Walker, far.; P. 0. Walker. RICHARDSON, R., far., Sec. 14 ; P. O. Walker. Richardson, W. H., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Walker. Ring, R. C, far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Ceuter Point. Ring, W. C, far.. Sec. 2S ; P. 0. Center Point. RUSSEEIi, WIL,JLIAM O., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Walker ; born in Oxford Co., Me., in 1839 ; moved to Boone Co., 111., in 1868, and located in this county in 1870. Married Miss C. Bonney in 1865 ; she was born in Ox- ford Co., Me., in 1842 ; they have two children — William W., born June 2, 1867 ; Emma M., April 15, 1871. He owns 295 acres of land, valued at §J0 per acre. He enlisted in the 1st Mass. Cav., Co. C, Sept. 19, 1 861 ; he went to South Carolina under Gen. Hunter, and returned with his regiment, which joined the army of the Potomac in 1862 : he was on active duty with his regiment un- til 1864, when his company was selected as body guard for Gen. Meade ; hft GRANT TOWNSHIP. 789 was present at the time and place of Lee's surrender tu Grant ; was musterf d out June 29, 1865, at Arlington Heights. SHAPEK, J. H.. far., P. O. Center Point. SAKCHET, THOS. W., farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Walker ; born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, in 1835 ; located in this . county in 1871. He enlisted in the 45th 0. V. I., Co. I, in Dec, 1863; was mus- tered out at the close of the war. Mar- ried Emily M. Newland in 1857 ; she was born in Union Co., Ohio, in 1839 ; they have seven children — Presley, born Dec. 25, 1858; Alvah, born Mav 18. 1861; Charles, born July 26, 1863; Opal, born May 16, 1869 ; Lloyd, born June 17, 1872 ; George, born July 2, 1874, and Mark, born Sept. 16, 1876. They are members of the Free Method- ist Church. He owns 185 acres ot land, worth 84,000. Shafer,W.H.,far.,S. 28; P.O. Center Point. Shepard, A. J., far., S. 19: P. O. Walker. Shew, J. P., Jr.. far., S. 14; P. Walker. Sinkey, F., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Walker. SMITH, A. J., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Centfr Point ; born in Mercer Co., Penn., in 1846 ; located in this county in 1863. He married Miss Almeda M. Chismore May 18, 1871 ; she was born in Franklin Co., N. Y., May 18, 1853; they have two children — Ines B., born May 1 8, 1872 ; James W., Julyl5, 1874. Mr. Smith is a Democrat. He rents eighty acres of land from his father. A coincidence peculiar to this family is that Mrs. Smith was born on May 18; her marriage occurred on May 18, and her oldest child was born on May 18. Sniffin, R., far., S. 8 ; P. O.Walker. Speahe, J. K., far., S. 19 ; P. O. Walker. SPEWCER, W. W., firm of Spen- cer & Getchell. general merchants, Walker; born in Tioga Co., Penn. in 1831 ; moved to Canada in 1860, and located in this county in 1863. He married Mis; Elizabeth Knowlton in 1877; she was born in New Hampshire in 1852 ; have one child— Charlie, born July 1, 1877. He is a Republican ; he owns his house 'and lot and share in business, worth $3,000 ; he is a reliable business man ; Spencer & Getchell are at the head of the mercantile business in this town. SQUEER, JA9IE$!i M., farmer, S. 36 ; P. O. Center Point ; born in Frank- lin Co., Ohio, in 1841; moved to Ogle Co.. Ill, in 1846, and located in this Co. in 1 866. He married Miss Mary Knight in 1872; she was born in ChesterCn. in 1852; they have two bright boys — William A., born June 6, 1874, and John Albert, Nov. 13, 1875. He is a Republican. He enlisted in Co. H, 92d Regt. 111. V. I., Aug., 1862, and was discharged through disability, March, 1863 ; he owns forty acres of land, worth $25 per acre. Stephens, P. T., carpenter, Walker. Stewart, T. S., S. 33 ; P. 0. Center Point. Stewart, M., fai-., 8. 33 ; P. 0. Center Point. STEWART, WM. H., REV., farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Walker ; born in Harrison Co., Ky., in 1821 ; moved to Montgomery Co., Ind., in 1822; tuence to Harrison Co., Ky., in 1847 ; thence to Indianapolis, Ind., in 1872, and located in this county in 1876. He married Miss Elizabeth E. Webb in 1848 ; she was born in Nicholas Co., Ky., in 1821 ; had four children — John T., born Aug. 8, 1851 ; James N., born April 1, 1853 ; Charles H., born Aug. 9, 1857 ; Sarah E., born May 7, 1861. Mrs. Stewart died in 1870 ; he married his second wife. Miss Mary C. Webster, in 1875 ; she was born in Rush Co., Ind., in 1847. He has been a preacher for a great many years in the Baptist Church, ordained in 1861. He owns 237 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Stumph, G., laborer. Walker. Stumph, John, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Walker. THOMPSON, JAS., farmer. Sec. 27 : P. O. Center Point. Thompson, John. Towle, H. D., mechanic, Walker. UNANGST, GEORGE W., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Center Point. Unangst, J. H., farmer, Sec. 34j P. O. Center Point. -TTTINSOR, H. C, blksmth.. Walker. TELLENEC, JOSEPH, laborer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Walker. Yellenic, W., far.. Sec. 9; P. O. Walker. ZABOSKY, N., farmer. Sec. 17 ; P.O. Walker. Zabosky, N., Jr., farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Center Point. 790 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: COLLEGE TOWNSHIP. A NDEKSON, S., carpenter, Western. ADAMS, RrDOIiPH, farmer, stock raiser and dairyman. Sec. Y ; P. 0. Cedar Eapids ; born in Philadelphia, Penn., Eeb. 27, 1818. Married Sarah A. Teese in 1844 ; she was born in Philadelphia, Penn., Oct. 29, 1825; moved to St. Louis, Mo., in 1837 ; learned the drug business and went into business with the firm of Barnard, Adams & Co.; remained until 1853 and held an interest in the business until 1857 ; returned to Philadelphia in 1853 ; moved from there to St. Paul, Minn.; resided there one year and moved to New York City and entered into the drug business under the Astor House, and afterward at the corner of Sixth Ave. and Thirty-ninth St.; returned to Philadelphia March 1, 1870, and moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, March 1, 1871 ; Mr, Adams has over 600 acres of land, valued at $40,000, and Cedar Rapids property, valued at $15,000. Mr. and Mrs. A. and family are members of the First Presbyterian Church at Cedar Rapids. They have three children liv- ing — Charles R., born in St. Louis, Sept. 28, 1846; Sallie T., born in St. Louis, and Adel Elizabeth, born in New York City. Austin, Thos. R., physician, 8. 12 ; Cedar Rapids. Auey, J., far.; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. BAKER, J. M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. BAKER, JOSEPH W., farmer and stock raiser, S. 2,; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; born in Dayton, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1834; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, 1851. Married Mary Jane Davey, March 2, 1854 ; she was born in Wayne Co., Penn., 1835; they had nine children, seven are living — James Milton, born in College, Iowa,Nov. 16, 1854 ; Eugene Jerome, born in Buchanan Co., Mo., Oct. 5, 1859 ; John Wellington, born in College, Iowa, July 14,1862 ; George Davey, born in College, Iowa, April 16, 1864 ; William Augustus, born in College, Iowa, July 20, 1866; Sarah Albina, born in College, Iowa, February 17, 1868; Ransom Esdraa, born in College, Iowa, June 11, '1875; Har- riet Ellen, born April 2, 1856, and William Alford, born in 1858, died in infancy. Mr. Baker moved to Missouri Sept. 28, 1857, and returned to Linn Co., Iowa, Aug. 5, 1861.' Mr. Baker was an early pioneer in Linn county. He has held the office of Supervisor. Barta, Jos., far.; P. 0. Western. Batchelder, Wm., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Bartholomew, J. C, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Ely. Beam, Chas., retired ; P. 0. Western. Benish, F., Sr., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Benish, Jos., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Western. Berger, Isaac, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Western. Bohack, John, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Western. BOMGABDlKrEB, JOHN, farmer, S. 15 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; born in Somerset Co., Penn., Dec. 22, 1848. Married Adaline E. Hawkins in 1869; she was born in Ohio, Aug. 21, 1847; moved to Indiana in 1854 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1856 ; have four children — Edwin Carlos, Bertrand Fred- erick, Cliiford and Otto Leroy ; has 160 acres of land, valued at $5,600. Mr. Bomgardner enlisted in Co. E, 46th I. V. I.; participated in all the en- gagements, and mustered out with his regiment. Bookwalter, I. L., preacher, Western. Bookwalter, L., Prof, in College, Western. BOOTH, li. G., farmer, stock raiser and dealer in fine blooded and imported Poland-China hogs, Sec. 22; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; born in Linn Co., Iowa, April 12, 1853. Married Julia B, Smith Jan. 1, 1874; she was born in Brown Co., Ohio, Dec. 16, 1852; they have two children — Phebe I. and Mar- tha E. Mr. B. moved to Kansas in 1862 and remained there three years; returned to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1865. They attend the Baptist Church. BOOTH, PHEBE H., MRS., farming. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., June 25, 1820 ; moved to Ohio in 1837; moved COLLEGE TOWNSHIP. 791 ^t-M°° ^°:' ^°^^^ '° 1^^2 ; had seven children SIX are living — Adison J.. Hiram I., William H., L. G., Richard H and David E. Adison J. enlisted mthe 22nd I. V. I. ; was wounded in the arm at Vicksburg ; returned to his company and was discharged at the close of the war with his regiment. Mrs. Booth is a member of the Baptist Church ; she has 431 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mrs. Booth was the wife of Isaiah Booth, an early pioneer of Linn Co., ; he built the first frame house in College Township; he taught the first school in the town ; helped to organize the township ; was President of the Linn Co. Agricultural Society ; held the office of Justice of the Peace and several other town offices. Mr. Booth went to California for his health in July, 1 870, and the last heard from him, Nov. 5, 1870, he had started for the Pitt Eiver country and was sup- posed to have been murdered for his money. Borghart, F., farmer ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Borghart, H. P., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. BOWMAST, MARTUr, REV., Pastor of the United Brethren Church, P. 0. Western ; born in Franklin Co., Penn., Aug. 31, 1826 ; moved to Ohio in 1829. Married Jane Groodisson in Ohio in '1851 ; she was born in Dublin City, Ireland, in 1829. Mr. Bowman followed teaching in Ohio, and com- menced preaching iu Ohio in 1846 ; moved to Iowa in 1852 ; has followed the ministry since ; he was Chaplain of the 44th I. V. I. ; was transferred to the 22d I. V. I., and mustered out at the close of the war. Has eighty acres of land, valued at $60 per acre. Had six children — Henry Gr., Jane C, Olivia, Sarah E., Minnie A. and Emeline May. Mr. Bowman's family are members of the U. B. Church. Brown, J. Q., hardware dealer. Western. Brugh, A. J., far., S. 12 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids. Bulichek, F., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Ely. Buresh, Geo., far., S. 36; P. 0. Western. Buresh, J., Sr., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Western. Buresh, J., Jr., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Western. ■ /■ >(ADA, FRANCIS, farmer, S. 19 ; P.O. \J Cedar Rapids. Carloss, W. J., far., S. 3 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids ' CHURCHIM., A. M., MRS., Sea. 17 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids ; born in Vermont in 1812; moved to Iowa in 1854 ; had nine children, eight are liv- ing — R. G., Caroline, Henry C, Prank, Homer A., May Oberlander, Lillis N. and Carrie E. Mrs. Churchill has 205 acres of land, valued at |40 per acre. Henry enlisted in July, 1861, in Co. A, 8 th I. V. I. ; was taken prisoner at Shiloh, and lost his health, and was dis- charged from the eifect. A. M. Churchill went to California in an early day ; he left 640 acres of land in College Tp., made by his energy and perseverance. Churchill, G. R., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Churchill, H. C, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P; O. Cedar Rapids. Chihak, M., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Western. Clarkson, G., retired. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Ely. Conley, J., saloon. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Cooper, Wm., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Ely. CUSTER, JOSEPH, Sec. 23; P. 0. Ely ; born in Wayne Co., Ind., Jan. 9, 1825. Married Martha J. Blsea; she was born in Elkhart Co., Ind., in 1832; they have three chil- dren— W. H., E. D. and D. K. ; moved in May, 1852, to Linn Co., Iowa; fol- lowed blacksmithing about nine years previous to locating on a farm. Has held several town offices; he owns 190 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. Custer and family are members of the M. E. Church. I AVIS, A. R.,far., P. 0. Western. D' DAVIS, J. W., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Western ; born in Bartholomew Co., Ind., Feb. 2, 1846 ; came to Mar- ion Co., Iowa, in Spring of 1850 ; remained fifteen years, and moved to Linn Co. in 1865. Married Sarah J. Williams in Johnson Co., Iowa, in 1870 ; she was born in Virginia July 23, 1850 ; they have two children — Eddie W. and Susie. Have 120 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. Davis are members of the United Brethren Church. Davis, L. L., farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. 792 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Davis, Eansom, far. ; P. 0. Western. Davy, Wm., farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. DeMoss, W. S., farmer and merchant, Western. DICE, SAMUEL,, farmer and stock dealer and manufacturer of tlie new Patent Farmers' Churn, at Cedar Rap- ids ; P. 0. Ely ; born in Crawford Co., Ohio, in 1832 ; moved to Iowa in 1854. He married Mary Ann Auten in 1 853 ; she was born in Ohio in 1830; they have six children — Lorenzo, Sarah Jane, Julia Ann, John Sherman, Martin Luther and Lucinda. Has eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; has house and barn and three lots in West- ern, valued at $3,100. Mr. and Mrs. Dice are members of the U. B. Church. DILiIir^G, H. A., general mer- chandise store, dry goods, boots and shoes, clothing, blacksmithing and farm- ing; P. 0. Western ; born in Blair Co., Penn., March 9, 1826 ; moved to Ben- ton Co., Iowa, in 1842; returned to Pennsylvania in 1847. Married Cath- erine Acker in 1847 ; she was born in Blair Co., Penn., Sept. 19, 1826 ; re- turned to Benton Co., Iowa, in 1851 ; remained until 1873 ; moved to Linn Co.Jn the Pall of 1873; had six chil- dren, three living — Sadie Jane, Etta M. and Emery Oliver ; Elizabeth, John and Margaret, deceased. Have 303 acres of land in Benton Co., and fifty- four in Linn Co., store and stock, black- smith shop and eight town lots and buildings, total value $28,000. Mr. Dilling and family are members of the United Brethren Church. Mr. Dilling made his property by his energy and economy. Dostal, J., far.. Sec. 30; P. 0. Western. DRURY, REV. M. S., Pastor of the United Brethren Church at West- ern ; born in Henry Co., Ind., Aug. 31 1826. Married Elizabeth Lambert, of Madison Co., Ind., Feb. 22, 1849 she was born in Rockingham Co., Va. June 19, 1826; have had eight chil dren, four living — ^M. R., A. W., J. L and Eva. Came to Winnesheik Co., Iowa, in 1854; Mr. Drury began preaching in Iowa in 1856 ; has been in the ministry twenty years ; has held the oflSce of County Supervisor of Winnesheik Co. six years, and other town offices. Mr. Drury owns a house and four lots in Western, valued at $2,000 ; he made his property and got his education by his energy, studying on the farm and on horseback. The two oldest sons graduated from Western College in the classical course, and in the theological department at Union Biblical Seminary at Dayton, Ohio ; the third son will graduate in two years ; M. R. is Pastor at Toledo, Iowa, and A. W. is Pastor at West Union, Iowa. Eicher, John P., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Ely. FULLER, AMBROSE, far.,S. 22; P. 0. Western. r^ ARNANT, DAN'L, far., S. 22; P. V jr 0. Western. Graham, Jos., laborer, S. 12 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. HALL, JNO. J. J., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Ham, W. J. college, Western. Hanna, Jas., far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Hapwood, Jas., far., ; P. 0. Western. Harvey, W. B., retired. Western. Hanslik, Jos., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Western. HAWKIXS, E. J., farmer. Sec. 4 ; Cedar Rapids; born Jan. 27, 1825, in England; in 1837, came to Geauga Co., Ohio; in 1856, came to Lee Co., 111.; in 1861, removed to Cedar Rapids; in 1870, came to his present farm; owns ninety acres, valued at $60 per acre. Married Prances Topecka in 1869 ; she was born in 1840, in Bohemia ; had seven children by first marriage, five liv- i ing — Adaline, Brainard, Richard, Jose- phine and Worthy ; have two children by present marriage — Frank and Fred. Heath, A., far., S. 10; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Heath, H., far., 8. 10 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Hoosak, Wesley, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Ely. Horack, Jos., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Western. Hondek, Jos.,far., Sec. 23; P. 0. Ely. Horn, J. W., farmer ; P. 0. Western. Horn, Wm. R., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Western. Hrushka, Jos., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. TNBODY, SAMUEL, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. J_ Western. Inbody, Jacob, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Western. HVGHAM, W. H., farmer. Sec. 23-, P. 0. Ely; born in Franklin Co., Ohio, Aug. 5, 1 838. Married Lydia A. How- COLLEGE TOWNSHIP. 793 ard in Linn Co., Iowa, in 1861 ; she was born in Illinois in 1840 ; they have four children— C. H., W. V., Orrel C, Lil- lian G. Moved to Linn Co. in 1855 ; Mr. Ingham has eighty-five acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. Ingham enlisted in the 16th Iowa V. I.; was mustered out with the regiment at the expiration of their term of service, at '"' Washington, D. C. Mr. I. has held several town offices. "T ANSA, FRANK, shoemaker. Western. Jeffries, L. A., painter, Western. Jones, J. Y., insurance agent. Western. Jones, W. H., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Western. KARR, DUULE, mail carrier, West- ern ; P. O. Western. Kaplan, Frederic, far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Ely. KEPHART, PROF. E. B., President of the Western College ; born in Clea'field Co., Penn. Married Susan J. Trefts, Johnstown, Peon., in 1860 ; she was born in Cambry, Penn., 1835; they have had four children — two are living — Emma May and Lulu Maud. Mr. Kephart owns a house aijd lot in Western, valued at $2,000 ; te followed teaching iu Pennsylvania and Missouri three terms in the Public School ; was Principal of Michigan Collegiate Insti- tute, at Jackson, 1865 ; served as pastor of the United Brethren Church seven years ; was elected State Senator of Iowa in 1872, and served four years , has held the position of President of Western College the last ten yeata. Kinzey, A., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Western. Kirk, P., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Kremarsh, Jno., farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. I Kris, F., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. \ Konigsmark, J., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Western. , Koutury, J., far., S. 24; P. 0. Ely. Korab, Gl^eo., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Western. Korab, Thos., Sr., farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. j WsstGrn I KORAR, THOMAS, farmer, See. | 21 ; P. 0. Western ; born in Bohemia, March 7, 1847 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, 1855. Married Annie Machaok in 1870 ; she was born in 1853 ; they have two children — Rosie and Annie. Has eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Mr. Korab made his property | by his energy and economy. i Koontz, S. C, farmer and physician, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Kopetsky, A., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Western. Kopetsky, F., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Western. Kotoncek, Wesley, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Ely. Kubic, Wesley, farmer, Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. L ARGENT, J. N., far., Sec. 9 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids. Leiphousky, Wesley, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Lenoch, F., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Western. Lenoch, M., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Western. LILrliY, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 0." Cedar Rapids; born in Frederick Co., Md., in 1810. Married Mary Fan.iing, June 28, 1838, in Fair- field, Ohio ; she was born in Virginia, May 18, 1820 ; moved to Ohio in 1834, and moved to Linn Co., Iowa, 1855 ; they have ten children — Edward, Tracy, Theodore, Belinda, Joseph A., Alex- ander, Rebecca, Elias, Mary Agnes, and John. Mr. Lilly has 160 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. He is a member of the Catholic Church ; he followed blacksmithing at Harper's Ferry, Va., in 1832, making arms, and followed his trade in Ohio. Lopota, J., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Western. MACHASEK, FRANK, far., S. 8 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids. McKINlVON, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; born in Scot- land, October, 1818. Married Jessie McNie in .Scotland in 1852 ; she was born in Scotland in 1827, and died in 1854 ; they had one child — Jessie ; she was born Nov. 12, 1854. Married Mar- gret K. McDowell Feb. 12, 1862; she was born in Scotland ; they had five children ; four are living— Mary K., John A., Gilbert and Agnes Lusk ; Margret J. died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. McKinnon and family are mem- bers of the United Presbyterian Church. They have 180 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Mr. McKinnon made his property by his industry and economy. Manning, D., far. ; P. 0. Western. Marmasnuth, Gib., laborer. Western. Maronex, P., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Western. Melch, D., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Western. Metcalf, F., far., S. 16 ; P 0. Cedar Rapids. Milligan, Jno., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. 794 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : Milligan, Wm. H., far.,S. 15 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids. Miner, S. P., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Cedar Eapids. MII^OR, J. Li., farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Ely ; born in Greene Co., Penn., May 5, 1822. Mar- ried Elizabeth Armstrong in 1846, in Pennsylvania ; she was born in Pennsyl- vania, April 30, 1829 ; they had twelve children, ten living — William P., Sam- uel P., Alice J., Mary, Armstrong, Al- bert, Emma, Sarah, Ada and Sherley ; John L, died in infancy ; George B. died 21 years of age. Mr. Minor owns 306 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Moved to Linn Co., Iowa, Sep- tember, 1855. Mr. M. has held several town offices. Mr. and Mrs. Minor are members of the Baptist Church. Moses, Frank, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Ely. NECHUTA, FRANK, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Ely. Neunchek, F., far.,S. 25 ; P. 0. Ely. Nesmitte, J. H., Ins. Agt., Western. Niles,G. H., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. NIIiES, HEXRY, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; boro in Chenango Co., N. Y., Dec. 29, 1813. Married Catherine Pulis in 1835 ; she was born in Wayne Co., Penn., April 18, 1816; they had six children, four living — Louisa Elizabeth, William F., George H. and Elnora J. ; Adnijah Conrad Niles enlisted in Co. C, GTth" Penn. V. I. in 1862; was taken prisoner in 1864 ; was in Libby Prison, paroled and exchanged, and killed in the battle of Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864; William F. enlisted Feb. 9, 1863, in Co. H, 6th I. V. C. ; was on the plains under Gen. Sully; participated in all the engage- ments with his regiment, and mustered out in 1865. Mr. Niles followed car- pentering in his younger days, in Penn- sylviinia and Iowa. Mr. Niles is a mem- ber of the Baptist Church. Mr. Niles ha.s eighty acres (if land, valued at $45 per acre. Niles, W. P., far., S. 8 ; P. O.Cedar Rapids. OLVER, ELEAZER, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Olver, W., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. PHILLIPPI, JOHN, farmer, S. 26 ; P. 0. Ely. PERRY, ADAM, farmer and mill- ing business. Western ; born in Green- brier Co., Va., April 24, 1804 ; moved to Ohio in 1833 ; moved to Illinois in 1834 and to Iowa in 1845. Married Kate A. Guthrie in Ohio, in 1836 ; she was born in Ohio in 1819; they had six children ; two are living— -Virginia H. and Sally S. William S. enlisted in the 2d I. V. C, and died with the small- pox at Memphis, Tenn.; was promoted to Sergeant. Mr. Perry has eighty acres of land, valued at $40 per acre, an in- terest in a steam flouring mill at Western valued at $8,000. Has held the office of County Surveyor and County Super-' visor ; was elected to the State Senate in 1868 ; the Twelfth General Assem- bly, served two years. Mr. and Mrs. Perry are members of the United Brethren Church. Phillipson, T., far., S. 14; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Pickerill, J. W., farmer, Western. Pittick, Thos., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Western. Pollack. W., farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Pospeshel, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Ely. Pulis, A. B., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Pulis, W. S., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Qpdar Rapids. RANDALL, GEORGE W., farmer, S. 16 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. RAMMEIiSBERG-, C, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Cedar Rapids ; born in Germany, April, 1831 ; came to Amer- ica in 1855 ; located in Mississippi ; re- mained eighteen months and" moved to Benton Co., Iowa in 1857 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa in 1871. Married Bar- bara Rinderknecht in Linn Co.; she was bdrn in. Germany in 1846; they have seven children — David, William, Sophia and Annie, twins, Emma, Matilda and Caroline. Mr. R. owns eighty acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. Rammelsburg was in the late rebellion as carpenter at Nashville, Tonn., in 1863and 1864. Mr. Rammelsberg and wife are members of the Lutheran Church. He has held the office of Jus- tice of the Peace and other town offices. Resch, P., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Western. Richardson, S. B., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Western. COLLEGE TOWNSHIP. 796 RIGEIi, W., farmer, S. 27 ; P. O. Western; born in Bohemia, Sept. 4, 1834; came to Linn Co., Iowa, Jan- uary, 1854. Married Mary Horak in 1860 ; she was born in Bohemia in 1834; they have six chilflren — Frank, William, Mary, Catherine, Wesley and Anthony ; has 200 acres of land, valued at |40 per acre. Mr. Rigel is a mem- ber of Johnson & Linn Co. Reading Society. Rock, J. S., preacher. Western. Rohlena, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Western. Rosek, Jos., far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Western. ei ASEN, ANTHONY, farmer. Sec. 19 ; ) P. 0. West^ern. Scott, Richard, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Ely. Serowy, Geo., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Western. Shatto, R., editor and publisher Western Light. Shimbrrsky, Frank, far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Western. Sherry, C. V., Western. Sherry, F. B., Postmaster and merchant, Western. Shunka, Francis, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Simon, Anthony, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Ely. Sirowy, Jos., far., S. 28; P. 0. Western. Skala, Jno., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Western. Slasock, Frank, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Western. Slasock, W., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Danforth. Smith, Isaac, far.. S. 24 ; P. 0. Ely. Smith, J. B., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Western. Smith, J. C, miller. Western. Smith, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. SMITH, DR. J. T.J physician and surgeon and farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids ; born in Indiana in May, 1835. Married A. R. Field; she was born in New Hampshire in 1835. Dr. Smith graduated at the State University at Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1860 ; com- menced practice in 1861 in Chicago ; in Sept., 1861, went in the 55th 111. V. I., as Assistant Surgeon ; was promoted to First Surgeon on the staff in the regular army and took charge of the 15th army corps hospital at Savannah, Ga.; left the army at the close of the war at Raleigh, N. C. Dr. Smith has 1 20 acres of land, • with fine improvements, valued at $50 per acre. He has one child — Ralph Smith, born in Linn Co., Aug, 18, 1871. Dr. Smith and family attend the Uni- versalist Church. Smith, P., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Smith, W. F., engineer in mill. Western. Speck, Jas., merchant. Western. Stansberry, Dr., physican and surgeon and druggist, Western. Snyder, J. G., retired. Western. Snurohek, Jos., far., P. 0. Ely. STAWSBIIRY, J. E., DR., phy- sician and surgeon. Western, Iowa ; bom in Rutland, Ohio, Jan. 24, 1838. Mar- ried Emma Horne, July 3, 1868 ; she was born in Blair Co., Penn., March 3, 1847 ; they have three children — Ella, Vinnie Ream, and Susie. Owns two houses and lots, store, lot and forty acres of land, valued at $3,500. Dr. Stans- bury followed teaching several years y came to Iowa City in 1861; attended the Iowa State University ; studied chemistry, and enlisted August, 1862, in Co. I, 22d Iowa Vol. Inf'y ; was ap- pointed Hospital Steward, and detailed to take charge of a ward in the United States Hospital, at Keokuk, Iowa ; he continued studying medicine and sur- gery, attended lectures, and graduated at Keokuk, in the Spring of 1863, and continued as Acting Assistant Surgeon until April, 1864, and was then commis- sioned as Assistant Surgeon of the 22d Iowa, and was mustered out with the regi- ment at the close of the war. Dr. S. is a member of the A., F. and A. M., and I. 0. 0. F. Lodges. Steponek, J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Western. Stewart, A. L., farmer; Western. Stewart, C. & J., land owners ; Sec. 3. Stoklos, J., far.. Sec. 32; P. 0. Western. Stusky, Anton, shoemaker ; Western. SUIiEK, ANTHONY, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Ely ; born in Bohemia, May, 1820. Married Barbara Sladek, 1842, she was born in Bohemia in 1821 ; have two I children — Frank and Anthony ; came to Iowa in January, 1854. An- thony enlisted and served his term of service, and was discharged with his regiment; has 120 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. Sulek was County Supervisor two years, and Justice of the Peace six years; five years Township Clerk, three years Assessor, School Direc- tor and President of School Board ; he was an early pioneer in Iowa'; he gave his son 1 60 acres of good land ; he acquired his property by energy aijd economy. 796 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : Swasek, Jos., farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Ely. ^ALLMAN, B., farmer; Western. rpi TAIiliMAlT, l^ATH. H., farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Western ; born in Jones Co., Iowa, Dec. 1, 1839. Married Nar- cisses Pollic in 1878 ; she was born in 1853. Mr. Tallman has eighty acres, valued at $40 per acre. He is a mem- ber of the United Brethren Church, and Mrs. TaUman is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He is a son of Benjamin Tallman, an early pioneer in Iowa. Tepker, Jos., farmer; P. 0. Shuey villa. Tichi, Jno., farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Ely. Turk, Geo. B., farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 0., Cedar Rapids. TTSEL, MICHAEL, farmer. Sec. 29 ; U P. 0. Western. YARRA, JOS., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Danforth. Yarrisex Anton, far., renter, See. 31 ; P. 0. Western. Vlasak, Jos., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Western. WAKEFIELD. JASPER, farmer, Sec. 7; P.O. Cedar Rapids. W^alrob, Wesley, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Wear, M., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. White, D., merchant. Western. Wiley, T., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids.' Wilkins, John. C, far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. WOLiF, A. H., general store ; boots, shoes, clothing, etc., Western ; born, in Russia, January 11, 1851; came to America in 1867 ; located in Syracuse,, N. Y., remained two years, then moved to Iowa City, Iowa, from there to Western, Iowa, Oct. 1, 1870; was in the mercantile business ; sold out in January, 1877, and opened a new state and new stock at Western, Iowa, May 1, 1878. Married Sophie Sweitzer, m Cedar Co., Iowa, Nov. 6, 1877; she was born in Harrisburg, Penn., 1856. Worden, Jos., farmer. Western. Workman, Stevanus, laborer. Western! Worthington, J. M., farmer, S. 2; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. YANKO, JNO., farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Ely. BERTRAM TOWNSHIP. ALLEN, FRANKLIN, grocer, Ber- tram. Aucuit, R., far., S. 34; P. 0. Bertram. "DERBY, H. A., for. ; P. 0. Bertram. Berry. J., far., S. 27; P. 0. Bertram. BERRY, ROBERT, farmer and stock raiser, Sec. 28 ; P. O. Bertram ; born in Warren Co., Ohio, July 4, 1828 ; came to Linn Co. in November, 1851. Married Nancy Thornington April 25, 1852 ; she was born July 4, 1834 ; they have seven children — Wal- ter H., born April 29, 1856, Charles E., Feb. 27, 1859 ; Eliza Jane, April 11, 1861 ; Adison A., born June 22, 1863 ; Robert A., May 14, 1865 ; William J., Jan. 28, 1868. and John P., June 26, 1872. Mr. Berry has been Road Com- missioner and School Director. He owns 662 acres, valued at |50 per acre. Brew, F., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Brink, C, far.,.S. 32 ; P. 0. Bertram. Brink, P., teamster, Bertram. Brink, P. W., far. ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Burns, W. W., far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. CARAWAY, THOMAS I., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. Caraway, J. S., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. i Carey, J., far.,S. 10 ; P. 0. Bertram. Carey, L., far., S. 36 ; P. O. Bertram. •* Carey, M., R. R. foreman, Bertram. Carey, P., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Bertram. Carney, J. A., far., S. 12; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Church, E., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Bertram.' Church, I., far., S. 13 ; P. O. Bertram. Clymer, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. Clymer, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. Clymer, M., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. Condon, J., far., S. 35 ; P.O. Bertram. Crane, Frank. DANIELS, ADDISON I., farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bertram. Daoy, C. BERTRAM TOWNSHIP. 79T Daniels, J. J., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bertram. Daniels, J. M., miller and far., Sec. 34 ; P. O. Bertram. Daw, Wmj. G., far., S. 33 ; P. O. Bertram. Doty, E., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Bertram. Dungan, E., R. R. laborer, Bertram. Dungan, I., N., far. ; P. O. Bertram. Dungan, Jas. I., far. ; P. 0. Bertram. Dungan, J.,C.,-far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Bertram. Dungan, J., R. R. laborer, Bertram. ELROD, P. M., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bertram. EMMANS, JOH]y, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. Bertram ; born in Linn Co., Iowa, June 17, 1848. Married Alice A. Hill in Butler, Mo., Jan. 2, 1870 ; she was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Oct. 16, 1849 ; they have had five children ; the living are John Berton, Eva Maud and Clifford H. ; Laura and Philia, deceased. Mr. Emmans has 153 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. EMILEXJS, EMEIilNE, MKS., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Bertram ; born in But- ler Co., Ohio, Oct. 26, 1825 ; Mrs. Em- mens' maiden name was Emeline More- house ; she is the widow of John Em- mens, one of the early settlers of Linn Co. ; came to this county July 9, 1844 ; he was born Jan. 2, lal5 ; they were married in Butler Co. June 10, 1844 ; they had eight children ; four are living ; their names are John, Sarah, William and Hattie ; four children deceased — Elizabeth Jane and Edward, died in in- fancy ; Charles and Ellen died aged 6 years each. Mr. Emmens was promi- nently identified with the interests of the county ; was Justiceof the Peace, etc. Bverhart, D. M., far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. FETTERS, GEO. W., grocer, Ber- tram. ERASER, FRANCIS P., miller, Sec. 23 ; P. O. Bertram ; born Oct. 21, 1836. Married Rebecca Ann Scott Oct. 18, 1868 ; they have had two chil- dren, one living and one dead — James P., born Jan. 29, 1870, and William Scott, born March 12, 1873,, and died Jan. 30, 1876. Mr. Fraser enlisted in August, 1861, in the 9th I. V. I. ; served four years ; participated in all the en- ^ gagements of his regiment. Mr. Fraser " ' owns 192 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre, and a share of a flouring mill. Mr. Fraser has held the office of School Director, etc. GAMBLE, JOSEPH, far.. Sec. 12: . P. O. Mt. Vernon. Gaston, D., far., S. 30 ; P.O. Cedar Rapids. Greenhalgh, D., far., S. 9 ; P. O. Bertram. Groves,/ S., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. HAMMOND, MOSES, far., Sec. 24 : P. O. Marion. Harman, H. T., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Bertram. Harman, S. T., Sec. 2 ; P. O. Bertram. HARHAN, p. D., farmer, P. 0. Bertram ; born in Adams Co., Penn., Dec. 16, 1816 ; moved to Clark Co., Ohio, in 1832 ; followed building and brick laying; moved to Oregon City, 111., in 1839. Married Mary Eames at Rockford, 111., May 7, 1840 ; she was born in Maine, Nov. 29, 1823 ; moved to Iowa City in 1840 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1842 ; they have had nine children — Spear T., Tilsey, Howard Tillman, Warren, Mary, Elzy, Peter Jerome, Amanda, Samuel ; Peter died at the age of 16 years ; Spear T. en- listed Oct. 18, 1861, in Co. A, 13 I. V. I.; was wounded twice in the battle of Shiloh in leg and hand and discharged Aug. 6, 1862, on account of wounds ; Spear T. enlisted again in March, 1863, in Co. H, 6th I. V. C, participated in all engagements of the regiment, and was discharged with the regiment at the close of the war. Mr. and Mrs. Har- man are members of the United Breth- ren Church. Mr. Harman has 336 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. Harman was a contractor and builder for many years ; assisted in building the State House at Iowa City, first court house in Iowa City, and the court house in Ogle County, TIL, and the court house in Marion, Iowa, and many other large buildings ; was one of the earliest settlers, and has distin- guished himself as an energetic, worthy and reliable citizen. Mr. Harman is a Republican. HARPER, A. C, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Bertram ; born in Wairen Co., Indiana, March 4, 1848; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1849. Married Elizabeth Everhart March 17, 1869 ; she was born Aug. 21, 1849 ; they have five children — Emma A., Clara Jane, Dora M., Mary Elizabeth and Minnie. 10 798 DIRECTOKY OF LINN COUNTY : Mr. Harper has ninety-nine acres of land valued at $50 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. Harper are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Harper is a Democrat. Harper, E., far., S. 4; P. 0. Bertram. Harper, P. K.,far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Bertram. HARPER, WIIililAM, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bertram ; born in But- ler Co., Ohio, October 16, 1821. Mar- ried Emma Clark, in Warren Co., Ind., in June, 1843; she was born in January, 1820, at Columbus, Ohio ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in May, 1849 ; had nine children — Edward 1\, born July 8, 1844 ; Amos C, born March 3, 1848, and Perrin K., are living ; Kachel Ann died aged 11. years ; Emma died at the age of three years ; William and Eliza- beth Ellen, twins, died in infancy ; Nicho- las died at the age of two years ; George B. McClellan died in infancy. Mr. Harper has held the office of School Director and other town offices. Has 1,550 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. Harper are mem- bers of the Independent Methodist Church. Mr. Harper advanced $1,000 to soldiers, to encourage enlistment in his county to put down the late rebell- ion. Harrison, J., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Bertram. Harvey, Jos., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Bertram. Hensley, Jeff., K,. R. lab., Bertram. Hess, Abraham, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Bertram. Hunter, Jas., far., 8. 4: P. 0. Bertram. JOHNSTON, JOHN, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. Johnston, S., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Bertram. Jones, P., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Bertram. KEUBLER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Bertram. Kerns, John, far., S. 26; P. 0. Bertram. Kerns, Josiah, fer., S. 34; P. 0. Bertram. Keyes, G.,far., S. 20; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. King, A. C, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Kinion, John, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Bertram. Knapp, Asa P., R. R. foreman, Bertram. Knapp, D. W., far.; P. 0. Bertram. ' KWAPP, JAMES E., farmer and blacksmith. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Bertram ; bom in Butler Co., Ohio, May 3, 1819; moved to Berrien Co., Mich., in 1832 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1843. Married Mary Cristman, in Berrien Co., Mich., in 1840 ; she was born in 1819 ; had seven children — Lewis, Mary E., Catherine, Andrew H., Asa P., Henry and George W.; Mrs. Knapp died in March, 1848 ; Mr. Knapp married Martha M. Cristman in 1849 ; she was born in Nov., 1833. Mr. and Mrd. Knapp are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. K. has 120 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. Mr. Knapp has held the offices of Justice of the Peace, Town- ship Trustee and numerous other offices. Knapp, Lewis, far.; P. 0. Bertram. Knowles, R. W., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Ber- tram. Kramer, L. B., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Marion. LAQUIRE, S., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Ber- tram. Largent, J. M., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bertram. Larson, Peter, laborer; P.O. Bertram. liYNCH, MICHAEL,, farmer. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in county Limerick, Ireland, in Sept. 1820 ; moved to Massachusetts in 1844 ; was employed in a foundry ten years ; followed rail- roading and boating several years ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1857- Married Catherine Lynch, July 14, 1860, in Linn Co., Iowa; she was born in Limerick, Ireland in 1834 ; they have six children — Mary Ann, Elizabeth, John Thomas, James O'Connell, Will- iam Henry, Catherine Ellen. Mr. Lynch owns 137 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Mr. L. was section foreman for twenty years. Mr. and Mrs. Lynch are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. L. is a Democrat. Lynch, Thos., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Bertram. McWADE, SAMUEL, far., S. 35; P. 0. Bertram. Melton, P. J. far., S. 26; P. 0. Marion. Mohler, Geo., far., S. 28 ; P. Bertram. Moores, ,J., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Bertram. Myres, W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. "TSTTACK, OTTO, blacksmith, Bertram. NEEDIiES, G. H., farmer and deal- er in wood, lumber, etc., Sec. 24; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born in McComb, Ohio, July 17, 1834; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, 1856. Married Lucinda M. Wright in 1863 ; they have five chil- dren, four living and one dead — Eber, Elson R., E. Elsworth, who died in in- fancy, Emmett Grant and E. J. Mrs. Needles died in 1873. Mr. Needles married Ellen Chamberlain in 1876 ; BERTRAM TOWNSHIP. 799 she was born in Mansfield, Ohio, Feb. io, 1835. Mr. Needles owns 410 acres ot land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. Needles are members of' the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Needles has held the office of Road Supervisor, and numerous other town offices. Newton, G. W., capitalist, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Bertram. Noll, G-., wood dealer, Bertram. Noll, J., wood contractor, Bertram. O'CONNOR, HUGH, farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bertram. O'Connor, J., far., S. 2fi ; P. O. Bertram. Oxley, E., far., S. 21 ; P. O. Bertram. OXLEY, PERRY, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Bertram ; born in Fayette, Ky., Jan. 21, 1815; moved to Mont- gomery Co., Ind., 1826 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, March 6, 1838. Married Catherine Campbell, of Knox Co., 111., Jan. 2, 1838 ; she was born 1821 ; they have had eight children ; their first child, George Washington, died in infancy ; the living are Cclia, born Aug. 20, 1840 ; Sarah Jane, April 22, 184a ; Eliza A., April 30, 1845 ; Martha, July 26, 1849 ; Mary C, Dec. 8, 1851 ; William Clair, Dec. 11, 1855; Thomas Clinton, July 26, 1858. Mr. Oxley owns 280 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Has held the office of County Supervisor lor eight years, and other town offices ; is Democratic in politics. PATTERSON, A. H., railroad laborer, Bertram. PARKER, SAMrEIi F., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram ; born in Bow, Merrimack Co.,N. H., December, 1821. Married Aluiena Messer at Bow, N. H., in 1848 ; she was born in Bow, N. H., July, 1 824 ; had six children, five liv- ing — Benjamin Franklin, born Feb. 11, 1850 ; Arzila, March 19, 1856; Willie N., Oct. 12, 1859 ; Ella, July 20, 1862 ; Charles 0., June 1, 1869 ; Martha Ann, born Jan. 24, 1860, and died in infancy. Mr. Parker was in the wood and saw- mill business eight years in Linn Co., la., and was engaged in making musical in- struments several years in Concord, N. H. Paul, A., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bertram. Paul, J., far., S. 22 ; P. O. Bertram. Plummer, M. B., far., S. 26 ; P.O. Bertram. EILEY, RICHARD, saw-miller, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bertram: ROBIATSOir, JOH5f W., station agent C. & N. W. R. R. Co. ; P. O. Bertram ; born in Dubuque, Iowa, Oct. 29, 1840; moved to Linn Co., Iowa 1843. Enlisted, in 1861, in Co. K, 1st T. V. I. ; received a slight wound and was mustered out of the service with his regiment ; enlisted again Aug. 18, 1865" in Co. F, 24th I. V. I. ; held the office of Orderly Sergeant ; discharged Janu- ary, 1863, on account of general debil- ity. Married Isabelle Simpson April 1, 1866; they had two children— William A., is living ; Jessie M., died aged 5 years. Mrs. Robinson died April 23, 1872. Mr. Robinson married Mary A. Harman in October, 1872 ; have two children — Mary E. and Nellie. Mr. Robinson is a Republican. ROGI-ERS, J. J., farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Ely; born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, Dec. 21 , 1835 ; came to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1839. Married Agnes Miller in 1859 ; she was born in Westmore- land Co., Penn, June 7, 1832; they have had six children, five living — Samuel L., Jacob E., Henry C., Leila A. and Fannie E.; Ellis G., deceased. Mr. Rogers has 134 acres of land, val- ued at $35 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. Rogers and family are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Rogers is a son of Henry Rogers, deceased, an early pioneer of Linn Co., when there were but three houses in Cedar Rapids and not a house in sight of Rogers' Grove. O CHONBERRY, CARL. SAFEIiY, AlVDREW W., stock raiser and farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Mar- ion; born Feb. 28, 1843, in Leith, Scotland ; moved to New York in 1843 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1856. Married Minerva Elrod May 26, 1868 ; she was born in Montgomery Co., Ind., June 9, 1852 ; they have lour children — Almira, born March 21, 1869 ; Rob- ert G., born Nov. 10, 1870; Andrew M., born .Dec. 18, 1872, and Wilber F., born Jan. 2, 1875. Mr. Safely owns 264 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. Safely enlisted, Sept. 17, 1861, in Co. K, 11th I. V. L; received two slight wounds ; participated in all the engagements of his regiment; 800 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY : he re-enligted, and was mustered out July 15, 1865. SCOTT, JAMES, farmer,;Sec. 23; P. 0. Bertraip ; born in Scioto Co., 'Ohio, March 4, 1802 ; moved to Mont- gomery Co., Ind., in March, 1823 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in September, 1838. Married Mary Wishat March 8, 1827 ; they had seven children — the first child, Henry, died at the age of 19 years; the living are Nancy, Sarah, Delia, John W., Thomas B. and Mary. Mrs. Scott died in 1846, and Mr. Scott married Hulda Newton in November, 1849 ; she was born in Logan Co., Va., Deo. 6, 1823 ; they have six children — Rebecca A., James P., William J., Margaret E., Samuel C. and Mandy E. Mr. Scott owns 522 acres of land, val- ued at $40 per acre, and two-thirds of a mill valued at $10,000. Mr. and Mrs. Scott are members of the Christian Union Church, and Mr. Scott is a Democrat in politics. John W. Scott enlisted in Co. A, 31st. I. V. I. ; par- ticipated in all the engagements with the regiment, and was promoted to Sergeant ; served thre6 years, and was mustered out with the regiment. SCOTT, JOHIV W., farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon ; born April 6, •1837, in Montgomery Co., Ind. ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1837. Married Eliza A. Oxley Sept. 7, 1865 ; she was born in Linn Co., Iowa, April 30, 1845 ; they have three children — Olive C, born May 30, 1867; Perry C, born Aug. 22, 1869, and Jennie C, born Sept. 7, 1875. Mr. Scott enlisted in 1862 in Co. A, 31st I. V. L; was pro- moted to Sergeant ; served three years, participating in all the engagements with his regiment, and was duly mustered out with the same. Mr. Scott has 110 acres of land, valued at |40 per acre. He has held the office of Township Trustee and other local positions. Mr. and Mrs. Scott are members of the M. E. Church. He is a Democrat. Scott, W. I., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Bertram. Smith, J., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bertram'. Smith, James 8., farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Smyth, J., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Smyth, ■W:m. C, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon. Smola, Jan, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Cedar J Rapids. Snyder, M. D., far^ S. 4 ; P. 0. Bertram. Stambaugh, James, -A., farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Bertram. Stambaugh, S. far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bertram. Stoneking, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. Stoneking, Jas.,far.,S. 36; P. O.Bertram. Stoneking, James S., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Bert- ram. Stoneking, J. R., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. Stoneking, S.. far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bertram. Stoneking, T.', far., S. 25 ; P. 0- Bertram. Stoneking, W., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bertram. Stoneking, Wra., Jr., far., S. 36; P. 0. Bertram. Stoneking, Wm. L., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bar. tram. rpHOMAS, ROBERT. Thompson, G., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bertram. Thompson, J., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bertram. Thompson, W., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bertram. Thorrington, S., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bertram. Todd, G. W., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Marion. WARTHAN, SAMUEL, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. White, H., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bertram. White, Jas., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bertram. WHITE, JOKHS O., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Mt. Vernon; born in Cham- paign Co., Ohio, in Sept., 1830; moved to Michigan in 1836 ; moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in 1852. Married Mary A. Medkelf in Jan., 1855; she was born in Pennsylvania in 1836; had eight chil- dren — Thomas, Perry P., Charles M., Orion L., Phrancina, James E. and Ida H. are living ; William died at the age of four years. Moved to Kansas in 1857 ; enlisted in Sept., 1862, in Co. G, 13th Kan. V. I.; served three years, was promoted to Corporal and discharged with the regiment ; participated with the regiment in all its engagements. Mr. White owns 128 acres of land, valued at 140 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. White are members of the United Brethren Church. Mr. White moved to Linn Co., Iowa, in April, 1874. White, J. R., far., S. 36; P. 0. Bertram. Wilmac, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. Wolf, M. A.,far.,S. 30 ; P. 0. Cedar Rapids. ZWICKI, CASPER, far.; P 0. Cedar Rapids, SPRING GROVE TOWNSHIP. 801 SPRING GROVE TOWNSHIP. ALLEN, W. F., farmer, S. 33 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Anderson, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. West I Prairie. Anderson, -Richard S., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Arthur, R., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Atwood, John E., blacksmith, Troy Mills. Atwood, Elmer, retired, Troy Mills. BENION, E., farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Center Point. Betzer, P., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Troy Mills. Bice, Chas., farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Bice, I., far., S. 22; P. O. West Prairie. Bice, James, farmer, S. 26 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Bice, John, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. West r mmp Bigss, E. F., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Blakeley, Francis, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Blakely, Thos., far., S. 35 ; P. O. West Prairie. Blakely, Wm., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Bowers, L., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Bruce, Marshal, carpenter, Troy Mills. Bumgardner, John, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Buckingham, Jos., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. BUCKIXG^HAH, WIIiliABD, blacksmith, Troy Mills; born in Put- nam Co., 111., May 11, 1853; came to Buchanan Co., Iowa, with his parents when two years old and to this county Jtdy 3, 1867, and since that time has made it his home ; he learned his trade in this county, and settled in Troy Mills, and is now doing a very satisfactory business. Married Miss Anise E. Eastman Dec. 26, 1875 ; she was born in this county April 27, 1859 ; they have no children, except Lee Henry, an adopted child of his brother's. Mr. B. has always been identified with the Democratic party. C" ANDLBR, G., farmer. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. Carpenter, Geo. M., farmer. See. 29 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Carpenter, W. S., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. West Prairie. Cheny, Jos., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Chester, Philo, carpenter, Troy Mills. Chester, W. D., carpenter, Troy Mills. Church, R. W., hotel, Troy Mills. Conner, Geo., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Cook, E. C, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Cook, Enos, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Cottren, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Center Point. DAHLOR, JOHN, farmer, S. 12 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. Devol, S., far., 8. 34 ; P. 0. West Prame. DIX, A. W., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Spring Grove; born in Wayne Co., Penn., May 30, 1829; lived there until he was twenty-one years old, when he moved to Champaign Co., Ohio, and en- gaged ifl farming, which he has always followed; remained there three years, when he came to his present farm. Married Miss Diantha Fairchild, March 14, 1854 ; tbeir children living are Laton F., born April 10, 1860 ; Lillie C, b. Aug. 10_, 1858. Mr. Dix was formerly a Whig, but since 1860 has been an active Republican; has been Township Trustee two terms ; enlisted in Co. H,. 20th I. V. I., Aug. 11, 1862, and was mustered out July 8, 1865, at Mobile, Ala. ; was engaged in the battle of Prairie Grove, Ark., siege of Vicksburg, Miss., Ft. Morgan, and Ft. Blakely, Ala. Owns ninty-seven acres of land, valued at $2,425. Dubbs, Snyder, hotel, Troy Mills. DlJDIiEY, J. C, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Troy Mills; born in England, near London, Nov. 1, 1830; came to America with parents when only nine months old ; lived near Newark, N. J., three years ; moved to Western New York, where he lived until he was 19 years old; then went to Putnam Co., 111. ; came to this county in 1855, and to his present farm in 1863. Mar- ried Miss Emer Burling, Jan. 1, 1855; she was born in Newmarket, Conn., May 1, 1836 ; their children are Sarah A., born Jan. 6, 1856 ; Wm. C, b. Oct. 11, 1857; John P., b. May 3, 1860; Arthur M., b. Jan. 15, 1862; 802 DIRECTORY OF LINN COUNTY: Albert H., b. Nov. 26, 1863; Richard B., b. Feb. 4, 1866. Sarah A. was united in marriage with Homer Scott, Nov. 13, 1872 ; Mr. Scott died March 6, 1874; they had one child, Lydia, born April 8, 1874. Williai* C. was married to Miss Evaline A. Williams, Jan. 16, 1878. Mr. Dudley has always been a Republican ; has been Road Supervisor three terms; he owns 133 acres of land, valued at $2,660. Dwire, H., far., S. 27; P. 0. West Prairie. EDINGTON, GEO. C, laborer, Troy Mills. Eastman, J., blacksmith, Troy Mills. Elliott, W. G., farmer, Troy Mills. FAlRCHlLD, H., farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Fairchild, J. H., farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Fairchild, J. Z., farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Fay, D. S., carpenter, Troy Mills. Fay, H. H., hardware, Troy Mills. Fiehtemier, Geo., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. ' Fritz, M., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Fisher, E. B., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Troy Mills, Fleming, J. A., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Center Point. Freeman, J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. Freeman, S., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Spring Grove. GARDNER, C. W., far., S. 17; P. 0. Troy Mills. OARDIVEB, C.K.,far.,S. 17 ; P.O. Troy Mills ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Aug. 27, 1812 ; moved to Clearfield Co., Penn., with his parents when 11 years old, and lived 'there forty-five years, then came to Jackson Tp., and settled on the Valley Farm, where he lived till last March, when he moved to Troy Mills ; he owns 1 1 7 acres of land in Jackson Tp., valued at $2,500. Oct. 4, 1839, he married Miss Nancy Litch, who was born in Clearfield Co., Penn., Nov. 28, 1815 ; they have five children living — Cyrus S., born Aug. 11, 1842 ; Nancy J., born April 28, 1845 ; Thomas J., born June 30, 1847 ; Charles W., born Feb. 1, 1853, and Mary 0., born Aug. 6, 1859. They were married by Rev. Richard Shaw, one of the very earliest settlers and most prominent men of Clearfield Co. Mr. G. was a member of the M. E. Church for many years, from which he has letters, but he has not handed them in yet. Politically he was a Whig in the day of that party, and since the formation of the Republican party has been one of its ardent sup- porters ; he was one of the company of twenty-four men, over 45 years old, from Clearfield Co., who volunteered and formed into a company, July 5, 1863, to defend bis country's flag, but at the request of Gov. Curtin, did not enter active service. Gardoer, T., far., 8.. 8 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. GRAY, J. O., farmer, S. 29 ; P. 0. West Prairie ; born in Cedar Co., Iowa, Sept. 28, 1844; moved to Linn Co. with his parents in 1861, and settled in Mt. Vernon ; he has lived in the county ever since, except aboflt five years spent in Buchanan Co. Married Miss Sarah M. Smith, March 23, 1870, and they have three children, all boys-^John M.,^ born Aug. 3, 1871; James F., bom born Feb. 23, 1875, and Henry 8., born Dec 18, 1876. Mr. G. has been a strong Republican from the organiza- tion of the party. He now owns eighty acres of land, valued at $2,000.: Mrs. Gray owns property in Cedar Rapids, valued at $1,200. ' Grover, Thos., far., 8. 36 ; P. 0. Paris; G-rmiUfG, DAVID A., farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 0. West Prairie ; born in McKane Co., Penn., Dec. 26, 1832; came to Liun Co. with his parents in 1844, when only 12 years old, and was therefore one of the early settlers of the county, there being only six families in Cedar Rapids when they arrived. Mar- ried Mrs. Ellen M. Comstock Dec. 4, 1864 ; she was born in Massachuset^ in 1842 ; they have two children^Mary J., born- Oct. 29, 1866, and Edward R., born March 19, 1876. Mary has been afflicted with spinal disease for seven years, and was confined to her bed for over five years ; she now has the use of her limbs, . and is a very bright ap- pearing child, learning very readily. Mr. G. also has labored under the misfortune of severe sickness for many years, and is not yet able to carry on the farm. Both Mr. and Mrs. G. are mem- bers of the Congregational Church at SPRING GROVE TOWNSHIP. 803 Centre Point. Owns eighty-five acres of land, valued at $2,000. HALE, WM., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Hayzlett, Wm. H., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Hoagland, A. W., far., S. 24 ; P. O. West Hoefliger, G., ikr., S. 17 ; P. O. Troy Mills. Hockin, H., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Hulburt, H., far., S. 34; P. 0. West Prairie. TNGERSOLL, LOREN, far., S. 24; P. I 0. West Prairie. ■TEPFRIBS, EDWIN, far.. Sec. 18; P. fj 0. Troy Mills. JORDOiy, B. F., farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. West Prairie; born ia Washing- ton Co., Ohio, Feb. 20, 1840 ; came to •this county in June, 1857, and settled near Marion, where he resided some time. Mr. Jordon enlisted Feb. 28, 1863, and' served till the fllose of the war; was with Gen. Sherman in his - ■ memorable march to the sea, in the 17th corps, under McPherson ; Mr. J. was sick only one day while in the service ; was in every conflict in which his regi- ment participated, and came away with- out a wound. He is a Republican polit- ■ ically, and unmarried. Jordan, L., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Jordan, R., far., 8. 26 ; P. 0. West Prairie. KELLER, WM., far., S. 4; P. 0. Troy Mills. Keyes & Parkhurst, merch'ts, Troy Mills. Kibbie, A. G„ far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Troy MiUs. Kliogerman, C, far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Kruse, J. H., far.^ S. 34; P. 0. West Prairie. LEATHERMAN, JOHN, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. LOKfG, C. H., & BBO., mer- .ichants, Troy Mills ; started in the gen- eral mercantile business in October, 1876, under the name of C. H. Long, •and in November, 1877, his brother, A. M. Long, joined him ; they handle dry , ■ goods, groceries, and such other articles as are usually kept in a general store, and are now doing a very successful and : 'satisfactory business. Long, H. H., merchant, Troy Mills. Ludwig, F., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. FlemingviUe. Ludwig. S.,far., S. 31 ; P. O. FlemingviUe. McBURNEY, J. T., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. O. West Prairie. McCool, E., shoemaker, Troy Mills. McDonald, G. W., far., S. 21 ; P. O. West Prairie. McElwain, D., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Troy Mills. McPike, C. H., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Mann, J. F., farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Markley, M., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Martin, E. J., painter. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Martin, J. E., laborer, Troy Mills. Metcalf, A. C, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Cedar Point. Michael, J. H., far., S. 9 ; P 0. Troy Mills. Michael, J. F. far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Michael, J., far., S. 28 ; P. O. West Prairie. Mitchell, J. P., far.,' S. 32 ; P. 0. Flem- ingviUe. Mills, P., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Moraria, Wm. B., tinner, Troy Mills. Mote, Jas., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Troy MUls. "VTORRIS, BENJ., far., S. 25 ; P. 0- i.> Paris. Norris, Jas., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. Norris, Thos., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. ONDLER, PHILIP, far., S. 7 ; P. O. Troy MUls. Ondler, W. C, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Troy MUls. PEYTON, J. W., far.,S. 3 ; P. 0. Troy MUls. Peyton, S. D., far., S. 3 : P. 0. Troy Mills. Peyton, Mc — , wheelwright, Troy Mills. PIERCE, T. S., farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. West Prairie; born in Summit Co., Ohig, Dec. 2, 1842 ; lived there tUl 1875 ; engaged in the general mercantUe business; enlisted Oct. 2, 1862, in Co. B, 6th 0. V. C. for three years, and served nearly the full time ; was with the army of the Potomac, and engaged in thirty-seven difiereot battles, never getting a scratch or wound of any kind ; was sick only one day ; served all the time as Sergeant. Married Miss EUen S. Sisler Feb. 27, 1868 ; she also was born in Ohio ; their children are Her- bert, born Nov. 5, 1868, died Dec. 9, 1868 ; Kittle, born Nov. 19, 1869, died July 20, 1870 ; WiUie H., born June 10, 1873. For the past few years ^T. 804 DIRECTORY OF LINN -COUNTY : P. has been a Democrat. Owns 280 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. PIERCE, PATKICK, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. West Prairie ; born in Antrim Co., Ireland, June 6, 1828 ; lived there till 21 years old ; engaged in weaving ; came to Clinton Co., Iowa, in Jan., 1850 ; worked on a farm by the month for eight years and then bought a farm of his own. Married Miss Sarah McCone April 27, 1863 ; their children are Alexander J.,, born, Jan. 26, 1864 ; Mary C, Feb. 1>*, 1866 ; William J., Feb. 25, 1871 ; George E., Oct. 6, 1874 ; Susannah A., Oct. 6,1874. Mrs. P. is a member of the M. E. Church of Paris. Mr. P. is quite extensively engaged in the stock business ; came to his present farm in Feb. 1870, it then being raw prairie ; he now has a fine farm well fenced, and a fine gTove around his build- ings. Has always been a Democrat. Owns 248 acres of land, valued at$6,000. Powell, C. L ., far., S. 16; P. 0. Troy Mills. Powers, E., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. West Prairie. Price, J. B., farmer,. Sec. 15; P. O. Troy Mills. RAMSAY, J. W., far., S. 4; P. 0. Troy Mills. Keamer, J. B., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Reece, A. W., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Troy Mills. BEECE, DAVID, farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Troy Mills ; born in Highland Co., Ohio, Dec. 30, 1823, and lived there till 9 years of age, when, with his parents, he moved to Allen Co., living there until 1861 ; with his family he moved to this township and has resided here since on his present farm. Has been married three times ; first wife was Miss Julia Ann Lain, whom he married March 12, 1844; their children were Wm. H., born Jan. 12, 1845, and Sarah M., born Aug. 23, 1847 ; she died Nov. 2, 1847. Wm. H. enlisted in Co. F., 20th I. V. I., and served about one year and died at Jefierson ' Barracks Aug. 14, 1863. Second wife was Miss Kittora A. Conner, whom he married Sept. 13, 1850; their children are Hannah E,, born Sept. 26, 1851, died Feb. 14, 1872 ; Abram W., born Oct. 7, 1853 ; James L., born Oct. 27, 1855, died Sept. 4, 18S9; Floyd N., born April 5, 1858 ; Rebecca A., born May 20, 1860 ; Mrs. Reece died Feb- 26, 1862 ; his present wife was Mrs. Anna Clin