HD1753 ^V HD17531920Gr""'""'""-"'"'^ * Sraphic summary of American agricultur 3 1924 014 537 RB4 A GRAPHIC SUMMARY OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE BASED LARGELY ON THE CENSUS OF 1920 By O. E. Baker, Agricultural Economist, Bureau of At/riciiltural Economics. Introduction. FOUR COUNTEIES are preeminent in quantity of agricultural production — ^the United States, Eussia, China, and India — and at present the production of the United States is considerably greater than that of any other nation. The aggregate value (United States value) of the agricultural products of the Russian Empire just prior to the war was only about two-thirds that of our Nation, while the production of foods and fibers in China, which can only be guessed at, is probably also about two-thirds and certainly not over three-fourths that of the United States. The agricultural production in India is less than half that of our Nation. Only the British commonwealth of nations as a whole — India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and the British Isles — approaches the United States in quantity of agricultural production, with an aggregate about nine-tenths that of the United States. The United States is not only the leading nation in agricultural production, but also it leads all nations in exports of agricultural products. The teeming populations of China and India require practically all the food produced and most of the fiber for home consumption, but in normal times Russia has ranked with the United States in value of agricultural exports. War, revolution, and crop failure, however, have transformed Eussia into a nation unable to feed its own people. Since the war the value of agricultural ex- ports from the United States has exceeded the aggregate value of those from all other nations in the world. Yet the agricultural exports of the United States at present are only one-eighth of its production. This vast agricultural production of the United States requires the labor of about one-quarter of our gainfully employed popula- tion, whereas 85 per cent of the population of Russia is classed as agricultural, and probably three-fourths of the people of China and of India derive their support from agricultural pursuits. Six and a half million farmers in the United States, assisted by a somewhat 407 408 Yearhook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. smaller number of farm laborers, probably less than 4 per cent of the farmers and farm laborers of the world, produce nearly 70 per cent of the world's corn, 60 per cent of the world's cotton, 50 per cent of the world's tobacco, about 25 per cent of the world's oats and hay, 20 per cent of the world's wheat and flaxseed, 13 per cent of the world s barley, 7 per cent of the world's potatoes, and 5 per cent of the world's sugar, but only about 2 per cent of the world's rye and rice. Totaling the cereals on the basis of tons, and estimating the produc- tion of China as somewhat larger than that of India, it appears that the United States produces about one-fourth of the world's cereal crops. The average production of cereals per person engaged in agriculture in the United States is 12 tons^ while for the rest^f the world it is only about 1.4 tons. (^ / '^ ^ V ..■ ^ Nevertheless, the agricultural production of the United States is no longer keeping pace with our increasing population. The peak of production per capita of the total population was reached about : 1906 or 1907, and although the decrease in per capita production since has been very slow and is yet very small, it is clearly apparent. This failure of agricultural production to increase as rapidly as popula- tion is not due primarily to the decrease in the proportion of our population engaged in agriculture from over 13 per cent in 1910 to about 10 per cent in 1920, according to the census returns % for the acreage of crops per person engaged in agriculture was, apparently, 25 per cent greater in 1920 than in 1910 ; but, instead, is owing mostly to a notable decrease in the rate- of expansion of our arable area. Improved land increased only 5 per cent from 1910 to 1920, as com- pared with 15 to 50 per cent in previous decades, and this 5 per cent increase was practically confined to the precariously productive semi-arid lands of the Great Plains region. The land in the United States suitable for agricultural use without irrigation, drainage, or heavy fertilization is nearly all occupied. Consequently, one of the great questions before the American people is how to maintain the supply of foods and fibers for the increasing population at that high level to which we are accustomed, — should we cultivate the pres- ent area of arable land more intensively, or, like England, depend upon imports from foreign countries, or should the Nation embark upon extensive projects of reclamation? The first part of this Graphic Summary of American Agriculture, therefore, is devoted to a series of maps visualizing in a very gen- eralized way the agricultural regions of the United States, and the 1 However, as the 1920 census was taken January 1 and the 1010 census was taken April 15, it appears likely that a large number o( farm laborers were missed by the enumerators in 1920. Making allowance for this discrepancy, it seems probable that the acres of crops per person engaged in agriculture increased at least one-sixth between 1910 and 1920, and the production even more. A Graphic Summary of American AgricuUwre. 409 topographic, climatic, and soil conditions whicli determine these regions ; also the location and extent of the land available for recla- mation by irrigation, by drainage, and by clearing of forest growth. This first part is concluded by two graphs, one outlining the trend of land utilization in the past, and the other venturing to set limits to the expansion of our arable area in the future. (See Figs. 2 to 18.) The second part of this study shows the geographic distribution of 60 crops in the United States, according to the census of 1920. For corn, wheat, and cotton both acreage and production are shown ; but for other crops acreage only, since acreage affords a better com- parison than production of the relative importance of the crops in a region. The total area in crops in 1919 was about 370 million acres, an increase of 50 million acres since 1909. This increase of 13 per cent in crop acreage, as compared with 5 per cent in improved land, indicates that patriotic motives, supported by the high prices paid for farm products during the war and for some time afterward, caused the plowing up and planting to crops of much improved pasture. The trend of land utilization in the United States is toward the more intensive use of the more fertile or favorably situated land — ^that is, its use for crops ; and toward the less intensive utiliza- tion of the less fertile or less favorably situated land — ^that is, its use for pasture and forest. (See Figs. 19 to 71.) The third part of this article consists of a series of 24 maps showing the geographic distribution of the several kinds of li^e stock, total and purebred only ; also of the production of butter and cheese, wool and mohair. Fully three-fifths of the crop acreage in the United States is used to produce feed for farm animals, or about 226 million acres; and, in addition, our live stock consume the prod- uct of about 65 million acres of improved pasture, probably of 150 million acres of unimproved grassland pasture in farms, and 175 million acres of woodland pasture in farms and in our national forests, besides that of perhaps 500 million acres of arid or semi- arid open range land in the West. It seems safe to say that live stock consume two-thirds of the product of the improved land and practically all the product of the unimproved pasture, or fully 80 per cent of the total food and feed produced by tame and wild vegetation in the United States. (See Figs. 72 to 96.) The last part of this stiuly considers the farm as a whole — the variations in size and value in different portions of the United States; the expenditures for labor, feed, and fertilizer; ownership and tenancy ; and, finally, the geographic distribution of country, vil- lage, and city populations. Four small maps also are provided, showing the number of farmers having automobiles, tractors, tele- phones, and running water in the house, as reported by the census 410 Yearhooh of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. for Januan- 1, 1920. American farms, in general, are different from those in other countries of the world, except' Canada, Aus- tralia, and South Africa. English farms differ from American farms in that they are nearly all operated by tenants and employ more hand labor. The peasant farms of continental Europe utilize agricultural machinery still less and are much smaller in size than most American farms. The farms of India, China, and Japan are still smaller and are cultivated with only the crudest tools. There are 28 to 30 acres of crops per person employed in agriculture in the United States, as compared with 9 in Russia prior to the war, 7 in France and Gei-many, and 1^ in Japan. (See Figs. 97 to 124.) The American farm involves a large investment of capital. This investment is increasing and must increase if the American farmer is to improve his standard of living. The average value of farms in the United States was $6,444 in 1910, and $12,084 in 1920. In Iowa, the average value of the farms in 1920 was $39,941. The area of the crops per farm in the United States increased from 50 acres in 1909 to 57 acres in 1919. Our farmers are driving larger teams, using more efficient machinery, producing more per acre and per person than ever before. Each American farmer and farm laborer, on the average, is feeding nine people other than himself in this country, and one more person living in foreign lands. It is in this increasing productivity of the American farm, amounting probably to 15 per cent in the last decade, that the expenditure for scientific re- search, for technical education, and for improved economic organiza- tion in agriculture finds its justification. This semicapitalistic American farm, however, is not organized like a factory. The one farm laborer per farm, on the average, is often the farmer's son, or a neighbor's, who eats at the same table with the farmer and expects some time to have a farm of his own. Corporate or communal agriculture is, in general, a failure in the United States. The family farm is practically the universal type. To keep this American farm large enough to support a family according to the American standard of living and supplied with sufficient machinery and working capital for efficient operation is important not alone to our agricultural but also to our national welfare. The characteristic and precious feature of American agriculture is its large production per man, and during the past decade the increase in the productivity of our farms was greater than in any decade preceding. But as popu- lation increases and poorer and poorer land is brought into use for crops— that is. as labor becomes more abundant and land becomes scarcer— it appears probable that larger production per acre will be- come more profitable than greater production per man, and that our agriculture, as well as our standard of living, will more and more resemble that of Europe before the war. A Graphic Sitmmary of American Agriculture. 411 List of Maps and Graphs. r. The Physical Conditions and ITse of the Land. Page, Agricultural regions of the United States 41.3-416 To;?ography (photograph of land relief model of United Stiites) 417 Average annual precipitation and length of frostless .«teason 418, 419 Soil regions and ve.icetation regions 420,421 Land in farms, improved land, and land in crops 422-424 Improved and unimproved pasture 425 Forest and cut-over land, total and potentially agricultural 426,427 Wet land needing drainage; irrigated and irrigable land 428,429 Use of the land, and trend in population and food production 430,431 II. The Crops. Relative importance of the crops and value of all crops 432,433 Cotton acreage and production 434 Corn for grain, acreage, production, amount sold; corn for silage and for forage, acreage 435-437 Wheat acreage, vi^inter and spring, and total production 438-440 Oats, barley, rye, buckvs'heat, and velvet beans, acreage 441^44 Kafir, milo, and other sorghums for grain and for forage, acreage 444, 445 Flax, rice, and tobacco, acreage 446 Hay and forage, total acreage 447 Timothy, clover, alfalfa, and wild hay, acreage ; : 448-452 Miscellaneous tame grasses, grain hay, and legume hay, acreage 452, 453 Field peas, field beans, and peanuts, acreage 454,455 Potatoes, and sugar ci'ops (beets, cane, sorghum), acreage 456,457 Vegetables for home use, value; and vegetables grown for sale, acreage. 458, 459 Cabbage, cantaloupes, and watermelons, acreage 460, 461 Green peas, sweet corn, and tomatoes, acreage 461, 462 Total fruits and nuts, approximate acreage 463 Apples, approximate acreage, production, and amount sold 464,465 Peaches, plums and prunes, grapes, citrus fruits, and pears, approximate acreage 466-468 Pecans, almonds and walnuts, strawberries, bush fruits and cranberries, approximate acreage 468, 469 III. Live Stock. Relative importance of the farm animals, United States and 20 States— 470 Horses and mules, colts and work stock ; purebred saddle and draft horses, number 471^74 Cattle, total number ; beef, dairy, and purebred, number 475-478 Dairy products, total receipts from sales ; quantity of butter and cheese made -■— ^ 479-482 Swine (hogs and pigs), total and purebred, number 483-484 Sheep, total and purebred, number; goats, number; value of wool and mohair- 484-486 Poultry, number 487 Bees, number of colonies 488 99912° — TBK 1921 27 + 28 412 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. IV. The Fahms and the People. Page. 489, 490 491 492 493-495 495,496 497 Number of farms, total and of classified sizes Average acreage of improved land per farm Value of farm land per acre Value of farm property, and of buildings, machinery, and live stock Expenditures for feed, fertilizer, and labor Average value of farms Relative importance of tenancy from standpoints of proportion of the farms, of the improved land, and of the value of farm property oper- ated by tenants 498, 499 Number of farms operated by white and negro owners and tenants 500, 501 Country, village, and city population 502, 504 Farms having tractors, automobiles, telephones, and water piped into the house 505,506 4 DETROU &CLevEL*N» C ST LOUIS 7 BOSTON ■ BALTIMOAE 1 PITTSBURGH DLOSKNCELCS * W ASHING IOHAC >S HEW ARK 6 cmciKNiin 7 HEW ORLCMS e HINNEAMKIS 9 KUNSAS CUT ' SE*mE WOtUtAPOUS iimcHtsnit MfORTlANO 29 DCNVU zeTouoo IIPROVIOENCI ISCOLUUBUS 29 LOUlSviLLt 10 ST »UL Fig. 1. — This map should be used in connection with all the maps that follow when it is desired to determine the name of a State. The succeeding maps do not show State names, because the letters would interfere with the dots or shading, but the State boundaries are shown and the shape of these boundaries, or location of the State on the map, should be compared with this map to identify the State. The map also shows the location of the 30 largest cities, the names corresponding to the numbers being given in the lower left-hand corner of the map. A Graphic Summary of America/n Agriculture. 413 The Agricultural Regions. The United States may be divided into an eastern and a western half, characterized, broadly speaking, one by a sufficient and the other by an insufficient amount of rainfall for the successful produc- tion of crops b}^ ordinary farming methods. The North Pacific coast and several districts in California and in the northern Eocky Moun- tain region constitute exceptions to this statement. The transition zone which separates the East from the West lies, in general, along the one hundredth meridian, the average annual precipitation in- creasing in this zone from about 15 inches at the Canadian boundary to 25 inches in southern Texas, where the evaporation is much greater and the rainfall more torrential. The East is a region of humid cli- mate farming, based upon tilled crops, small grains, and tame hay and pasture; the West, of wild hay and grazing, dry farming, win- ter crops in certain localities, and irrigation farming, with only lim- ited areas of ordinary farming under humid conditions such as char- acterize the East. The East and West may each be divided into six agricultural re- gions. In the East, precipitation being usually sufficient, the classi- fication is based largely on temperature and the crops grown, while in the West rainfall and topography are the important factors. In the East the agricultural regions extend for the most part east and west, following parallels of latitude; while in the West the regions are determined by the mountain ranges and extend north and south. Agriculture in the East varies primarily with latitude and soils, but in the West the principal factors are altitude and rainfall. The av- erage elevation of the eastern half of the United States is less than 1,000 feet; that of the western half, over 4,000 feet. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 3 to 16.) In the East corn is the leading crop, constituting over one-quarter of the acreage and nearly 30 per cent of the value of all crops. It is grown in all the six eastern regions, but is dominant in the Corn Belt, and is very important in the Corn and "Winter Wheat Region, and in the Cotton Belt. Along the Gulf of INlexico and the southern Atlantic coast the type of agriculture varies greatly from section to section — from rice farming to sugar cane growing and winter vegetable production, citrus fruit orcharding, and cattle ranching — so that the region is not named after any crop, but is called the "Sub- tropical Coast," because the warm water exerts a controlling in- fluence upon climate and crops. In this eastern half of the United States there is scarcely any cotton grown outside the Cotton Belt, very little winter wheat outside the Corn and Winter Wheat Eegion and adjacent portions of the Corn Belt and Cotton Belt, and prac- 414 Yearbook of the Depwr-tment of Agriculture, 1921. ticaily no spring wheat outside the Spring Wheat Region. Grass is of greatest importance in the Hay and Pasture Eegion, where in nearly every county hay and pasture occupy half or more of the im- proved land. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 21 to 71.) In the West hay is the leading crop, contributing nearly 37 per cent of the acreage and 26 per cent of the value of all crops in 1919, and the forage obtained by grazing is probably of almost equal value. Alfalfa is the leading hay crop in the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain regions, wild grasses in the Great Plains Region, and grains cut green on the Pacific coast. Wheat contributed 21 per cent of the value of all crops, oats 3 per cent, barley 3 per cent, fruit and nuts 18 per cent, potatoes 4 per cent, and other vegetables 8 per cent in these six western regions. The value of all crops in the western regions, however, constituted in 1919 only 15 per cent of the total for the United States. (Compare Fig. 2 with Fig. 21.) The contrast between the East and West is not as pronounced in live stock as in crops, except that swine are largely confined to the East, while sheep are much more important in the West. There is a marked distinction, however, in the manner of management, the live stock in the East being fed in the barnyards or fields with shelter at night, while in the West the stock is mostly grazed on the open range. In the East, the Hay and Pasture Eegion is primarily a dairy area ; while the Corn Belt is the center of the beef -cattle and swine industry. In the West, the sheep are generally located in the more arid and the cattle in the less arid areas ; while in the North Pacific Region, with its cool, moist climate, similar to that of the Hay and Pasture Region, dairying is again the dominant live-stock industry. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 74 to 96.) The farms, or " ranches," in the West are, in general, much larger in area than in the East. Owing to the low rainfall in the West, except in the North Pacific Region, the land outside the irrigated and dry- farming districts is used mostly for grazing, and instead of 80 or 160 acres being sufficient to support a family, as in the East, 2,000 to 4,000 acres, or more, are commonly required. In the dry- farming areas half sections of land (320 acres) and sections (640 acres) are normal size farms. In the irrigated districts the farms are no larger in area than in the East. The 80 or 120 acre irrigated farms, however, are often worth as much as the 640-acre dry farms or the 3,000-acre stock ranches. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 97 to 111.) A larger proportion of the farms in the West are operated by their owners than in the East, owing, doubtless, to the cattle ranching, the more recent homestead settlement, and the larger proportion of fruit farms. The proportion of farms operated by tenants in the western regions ranges from 13 to 23 per cent, except in the Call- A Graphic Simimary of Americcm Agriculture. 415 fornia-Arizona Desert, where irrigated cotton' farming increases the proportion to 33 per cent. In the East, on the other hand, over 30 per cent of the farms in the Corn and Winter Wheat Eegion are op- erated by tenants; in the Corn Belt over 40 per cent; and in the Cotton Belt over 60 per cent, owing in part to the plantation sys- tem and the large negro population. The Subtropical Coast and the Hay and Pasture regions, however, have only 27 per cent and 16 per cent, respectively, of the farms rented to tenants. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 112 to 117.) The geographic distribution of the rural and urban population i- particularly interesting. The rural population is densest in the Cot- ton Belt, where cotton cultivation and picking require large amounts of hand labor and the acreage per laborer is small; also in the eastern portion of the Corn and Winter Wheat Eegion, where the rolling to hilly lands and lack of capital discourage extensive use of machinery. The rural population is much thinner in the Corn Belt and the Spring Wheat Eegion, and is thinnest in the West, except in the irrigated districts and the Pacific coast valleys. Urban popu lation, on the other hand, is concentrated largely in the Hay and Pasture Eegion of the Northeastern and Lake States, where large manufacturing and commercial cities provide a vast market for the nation's agricultural products. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 118 to 12'0.) Information concerning " farm facilities," including tractors, auto- mobiles, water piped into the house, and telephones, was collected by the census in 1920 for the first time. Tractors are found mostly in the Corn Belt, and the Spring Wheat, Great Plains, and South Pacific Eegions. Over one-third of the automobiles are in the Corn Belt, where one-half to three-quarters of the farms have such ve- hicles. Water has been piped into the houses mostly in the Hay and Pasture Eegion, especially in New England, and in the South Pacific Region. Telephones are more widely distributed than any other of the farm facilities ; nevertheless, the map shows a noteworthy con- centration in the Corn Belt and the Hay and Pasture Regions. These " farm facilities " are criteria of rural progress and prosperity, and as such their geographic distribution is deserving of considera- tion. (Compare Fig. 2 with Figs. 121 to 124.) 416 Ycarhooh of the Department of Arj rirulture ^ 1921. ef III Si th^'"'^est. l'he''E°i«'f''ha\'^rLS 'chS'^lU^^e'j" P",'?"' '^■'"'^' '" ■"'-^a, the East and except the North Pacific coasted the higllevaimtfrteffn'k ^S<'^''''> »'• seiiaill cTimaie Mountains. Each of these two parts hal been siiM^vii J*"-^ .^'^'■■™' Cascade, and Eockv I'a^r ai^;nh?;a3-'6c^;;'n Xo*s^,^-u~ -^f e^rna^i;^ as'^'or o?| graphic names are used. (See'^pp. 7 to 9 ) """^ *'"" agriculture, topographfc and ge!- A Graphic Svjonmary of American Agriculture. 417 Fig. 3. — This map shows the topography of the United States in a generalized way. It Is a photograph of a relief model of the United States supplied by the United States Geological Survey. The mountainous character of the West, except the Great Plains Region, is clearly shown ; but the map fails to show the high altitude of much of the West, particularly of the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain Plateau regions. Owing to the altitude, these regions have a much cooler climate than corresponding lati- tudes in the East. The vast expanse of the Mississippi Valley, with its level to rolling surface, except for the Ozarls uplift in the lower central portion, should be especially noted. 418 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. M VI M tM X > •-■ in OS OS ift CO N O ^ CO N OM ^ M_io_^_^oo fi in r* co" os" CD uT «■ o" in in 00 ^ ID O M f- N 0_00 CO 00 Tf OS ^^ o" ^*" o" aa oi" N .^ (M r4 CO N en M m .-« UOOOOOOO] D^ooooooo> Fig. 4. — Precipitation includes ram, melted snow, sleet, and hail. The map is much reduced and generalized from a map preparpd by the Weather Bureau and nublished in the Precipitation and Humidity section of the Atlas of American Agriculture The man suggests why the United States should be dividod agriculturally into an eastern and a western half. However, the division shown in Figure 2 does not follow a line of equal precipitation, but advances diagonally across two oi the precipitation zones from 15 inches in the northwestern corner of North Dakota to 25 inches on the south Texas coast, where the evaporation is much greater and the rainfall more torrential and conse- quently, more moisture is required for crop production. A Graphic Swtnmary of American Agriculture. 419 FIG. 5. — This map is much reducPd and generalized from a map prepared by the United States Weather Bureau and published in the Frost and the Growing season section of the Atlas of American Agriculture. The higher altitude of the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain Eegions (see Fig. 3), and the drier air (see Fig. 4), ■which permits rapid loss of heat at night, are two important causes of the short frost-free season. Over much of these regions the frost-free season is shorter than in northern Maine or Minnesota. The powerful influence of the Pacific and the lesser influence of the Atlantic In lengthening the growing season along their shores should also be noted. 420 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 19B1. Fig. 6. — Soils originally or at present covered with torest are normally light colored, and aie likely to be less fertile than soils in regions of lower rainfall. Grassland soils, in general, are dark colored, the humid prairie soils being commonly almost black and highly fertile — the subhumid prairie soils, blackest of all — while the semiarid short- grass plains soils are dark brown or chocolate colored, the color gradually fading to medium brown in regions of lesser rainfall, and to light brown or even ashy gray in desert areas. The light-colored forest soils in the United States total about 800 million acres, tlie dark-colored grassland soils about 600 million acres, and the light-colored arid soils about 500 million acres. A Graphic Stmimary of American Agriculture. 421 "323 u o = o « '''■•m lana is In the Mississippi Valley. Or considerine the distribution with reference to rainfall, two-thirds is humft farm land in the East and one-third is mostly and semiarid, or irrigated farm land in the West. In the East the land not m farms is hilly, stony, sandy, swampy, or infertile, and neai-lv all in forest or recently cut over. (See Fig. U.) But in the West only oneiixth of th/l-iiid not in farms IS in forest, and one-ninth in woodland and chaparfal, white one-sixteenth w,t,"'''"'l"'^ desert, the remaining two-thirds being open range, more or llss cov«ed and 92™'""' ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^""^ "'^"^ *'"' Srallng cattle or sheep. (See Fl^ 81 A Graphic Svmimary of American Agriculture. 423 yie 9. — improred land includes " all land regularly tilled or mowed ; land In pasture that has been cleared or tilled ; land lying fallow ; land in gardens, orchards, vineyards, and nurseries: and land occupied by buildings, yards, and barnyards." Four-fifths of the improTed land is in the humid eastern half of the United States, and three-fifths is con- centrated in a triangular-shaped area, the points of which are located m western Pennsvlvania, central Texas, and north-central North Dakota. In this area 60 per cent of the land area is improved farm land, whereas in the United States outside this area only 15 per cent is improved. 424 Tea7'look of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fio. 10. — Over five-sixths ot llie crop land is in tlie liumid eastern half of the United States, and nearly two-thirds is concentrated in the triangular shaped ai-ea described under Figure 9. In this area, which includes only about one-fourth of the land of the United States, are produced four-fitths of the corn, three-fourths of the wheat and oats, and three-fifths of the hay crop of the nation. No region in the world of equal size affords so favorable natural conditions for the growth of corn, and few regions posse.-is so favorable conditions for the culture of the small grain and hav crops. (See Figs. 24, 29, 30, 32, 3:!, 34, and 38.) A Graphic Swmmary of American Agriculture. 425 ,. L n IMPROVED PASTURE IN FARMS 1910 EACH DOT 10,00c REPRESENTS ACRES r\ IMPROVED PASTURE, 1910 T~~~WF%Mmm 1 *..;?" ' T~^3fes@;| r? IMPROVED P*5TU«I ^ STATE ACRES ki... v.... W.V.. Mbin.. Mom. . PiL... W N. D.l< T.nn. . Other . 2,551,771 2,385360 2J52.876 2,006,150 1,900,159 1,798,923 1,699,127 1,635384 1,632,552 12545,623 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES lo«... Kuis.. Mo... Nebr. . Ohio.. 7,427,840 6,271,197 5325,590 5,534,034 4,552,087 4336,624 111 ... . Ky ... N.Y.. Clif.. Okl>.. 4,081,506 3,828,564 3,098,982 3.066,616 2,913,949 2,581,390 _^>' U.S.. 84,226,304 Fig. 11. — This map shows the location of the acreage of Improved pasture, according to the returns of the 1910 census, which were tabulated in 1917 by the Department of Agriculture and published in Bulletin No. 626. The returns of the 1920 census have not yet been complied. It appears probable that war-time prices encouraged the plow- ing and planting to crops of about 15 million acres of improved pasture between 1910 and 1920. The concentration of pasture acreage shown in certain Texas counties is owing largely to the census accrediting to the county in which the ranch headquarters is located the acreage that may extend into adjacent counties. The large acreage of improved pasture in the Ohio River valley and in the Corn Belt west of the Mississippi Is noteworthy. Fig 12. — This map shows the location of forest and woodland In farms that was pastured in 1909, amounting to 98 million acres, and that of " other unimproved land used for pasture, which amounted to about 109 million acres. In the States from Minne- sota to Texas and eastward, especially in the South, forest and woodland pasture is much the larger Item ; but in the Great Plains Region and westward " other unim- proved " pasture, which consists almost wholly of native grasses and herbs, is the more Important. In addition to the unimproved pasture In farms in the West there is a vast acreage of similar land not in farms, the aggregate of unimproved pasture and range m the West being about 800 million acres. 426 Yearhook of the Department of Agnculture, 1921. Fig. 13. — This generalized map of forest, cut-over land, and woodland was prepared in cooperation witli tlie Forest Service. The figures given in the tabJe are merely tenta- tive. The estimates for the States in the originally forested eastern portion of the United States, except for several States in which forest surveys have been made, are Ijased largely on deductions from the statistics of the 1920 census. Of the 467 million acres of forest and cut-over land in the United States about one-half is in the South, one-eighth in the Northeastern States, one-eighth in the Lake States, and nearly one- quarter in the West, mostly In the Rocky Mountain and North Pacific Regions, How- ever, over half of the 137 million acres of virgin saw timber is in the West. A Graphic Summar,j of American AgricuUuTe. 427 .o£i „„/■ 5. raaP^ shows the approximate location and extent of forest cut-over in ^;»n ** woodland which could he used for the production of crops after cTearin" and n many areas after drainage also. Only such part of this land ^hraiid i^ „io'„™). cn^^r",' ?' Ti^. P/y adequate return 0/ the cost of cleSng Th^Sdmates were LiH?«t?fi° ^^^^ from census data, Forest Service reports, and from corresDondMcl with State and county officials and lumber companies, and not in 1920 as stated BevlSe^ estimates are being compiled, based largely on l^^h censii« fl^iireS '«„?i =?,r.t„" ""^'^ed and forest surveys,%ence'^no table is givlnin ?onne7tion wi?h the map ^ '"^ ' 99912°— YBK 1921 28 428 Yearbook of the DeparPrmnt of Agriovltmre, 1921. Fig. 15.— This map is based largely npon drainage reports available in the Office of IiTigatlon and Uramage Investigations, and upon soil survey, topographic, and Land Office maps. These, reports and maps were compared with statistics of drainage enter- prises and of land in farms needing drainage, available for the flrst time in the 1920 census, by L. A Jones, of the Bureau of Public Boads, and F. J. Marschner of the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics, who drew the map. Two-thirds of the land nnflt for cultivation without drainage Is in the Southern State™ and one halt of the remainder is in the three Lake States. Nearly all of the wet land in the ^nJith except the Morida Bverglades and prairies, tidal marlh, and oSf cS^tal piSrieg is ^lit^tco^'S&ilflTt:.''^.r^^l^^oT "='*="'""■ ""' ""^'' "' ** ^'' land iSTh^ta.^^ A Graphic Svmimary of American Agriculture. 429 Fig. 16. — The area of irrig-ated land increased 5 million acres, or one-third between 1909 and 1919 ; and the irrigation enterprises were capable of irrigating 7 million acres more than were actually irrigated in 1919. There is sufficient water in the West to Irrigate double the -area the enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1920, or about 50 million acres, when higher prices of farm products Justify the constantly increasing cost per acre of construction of irrigation works. California, Colorado, and Idaho lead In irrigated acreage at present ; but Montana rises into second place in the estimate of total irrjgaWe area. Estimates of irrigable area were supplied by R. P. Teele. 430 Yearbook of the Department of AgriculPu/re, 1921. USE OF THE LAND PRESENT, 1920 POTENTIAL TOTAL LAND AREA OF THE UNITED STATES 1,903,000,000 ACRES IMPROVED LAND, 503,000,000 ACRES IN HARVESTED CROPS, 365,000,000 ACRES IN PASTURE, ABOUT 70,000,000 ACRES IN FALLOW, LANES, FARMSTEADS, LAND LYING IDLE, CROPS NOT HARVESTED, ETC.. 68,000,000 ACRES FOREST,CUT-OVER, AND BURNT-OVER LAND 465,000,000 ACRES (eXCLUDINS 60 MILLION ACRES OF PINON-JUNIPER, ME50UITE, OAK SCRUB, AND CHAPARRAL ) IN FARMS, PASTURED, ABOUT 100,000,000 ACRES IN FARMS, NOT PASTURED, ABOUT 68,000,000 A, NOT IN FARMS, 297,000,000 ACRES (about ONE-THIRD IN NATIONAL FORESTs) UNIMPROVED PASTURE AND RANGE LAND 863,000,000 ACRES (iNCLUDINS >0 MILLION ACRES OF PINON-JUNIPER, MESaUITE,OAK SCRUB, AND CHAPARRAl) in farms, pastured, about 150,000,000 acres in farms, not pastured, about 135,000,000 a. not in farms, about 578,000,000 acres (mostly pastured) NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND, 72,000,000 ACRES DESERT (not GRAZED) 40,000,000 ACRES CITIES AND VILLAGES, 10,000,000 ACRES PUBLIC ROADS, 18,000,000 ACRES RAILROAD RIGHTS OF WAY, 4,000,090 ACRES IMPROVED LAND, 800,000,000 ACRES IMPROVED LAND, 1920, 503,000,000 ACRES IRRIGABLE, UNIRRIGATEO, 30.000,000 ACRES WET LAND. REQUIRING DRAINAGE ONLY 30,000,000 ACRES WET LAND, REQUIRING DRAINAGE AND CLEARING 60,000,000 ACRES FOREST AND CUT-OVER. REQUIRING CLEARING ONLY 50,000,000 ACRES immrRovEO pasture and range land 127.000,000 ACRES FOREST LAND, 355,000,000 ACRES (ABSOLUTE FOREST LAND) EASTERN STATES, 250,000,000 ACRES WESTERN STATES, 105,000,000 ACRES (excluding PINON-JUHIPER. oak, SCRUB. MESQUITE AND chaparral) UNIMPROVED PASTURE AND RANGE LAND 658,000.000 ACRES (including PINON-JUNIPER, oak SCRUB, MESQUITE AND chaparral) EASTERN STATES 63,000,000 ACRES WESTERN STATES, 595,000,000 ACRES NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND, 90,000,000 ACRES DESERT , NON-IRRIGABLE , 39,000,000 ACRES CITIES AND VILLAGES, 20,000,000 ACRES PUBLIC ROADS, 25,000,000 ACRES RAILROAD RIGHTS OF WAY, 6.000,000 ACRES Fig. 17. — It is possible to increase the area of improved land about 300 million acres, or 60 per cent, by irrigation, drainage, clearing, and dry farming. But until farm products are higher in price most of this reclamation work; would not prove profltable. On the other hand, although there are about 3.i."i million acres of humid land so hilly or sterile as to be fit only for forests, the price of lumber will probably warrant the additional use permanently of 100 million acres of poor potentially arable land for forest Instead of crops. In other words, the present forest and cut-over area Is not hkely to decrease greatly. The area in cities and villages is relatively Insignificant and will remain so even with double or treble the present population. .1 Graphic Swminary of American Agriculture. 431 RELATION OF IMPROVED LAND, LAND IN CROPS, & FOOD PRODUCTION TO POPULATION UNITED STATES; 1850 ■ 1920 ( LAND IN CROPS; t880-l920 ) 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 t910 1920 1850 I860 1870 I880 1890 1900 1910 1920 Fig. 18. — The amount of improved land kept pace with the increasing population from 1850 to 1870, increased more rapidly than population till about 1885, then more slowly till 1910, arid during the decade 1910-1920 increased only 5 per cent, as compared with 15 per cent increase in population. Food production, howeyer, increased more rapidly than population till about 1906, _ or for 20 years after the peak had been reached of acreage of improved land per capita, and has since increased more slowly than popula- tion. But consumption per capita has been maintained up to the present time by diminishing the exports. The per capita production and consumption figures are nve- year averages centered on the census year. 432 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. PRINCIPAL. CROPS RELATIVE IMPORTANCE IN ACREAGE AND VALUE UNITED STATES. 1919 ACREAGE MILLIONS OF ACRES eo £0 40 20 ren CENT OF TOTAL CROP PER CENT or TOTAL VALUE MfLLIONS OF DOLLARS 1000 2000 3000 Z3A Z5.6 9.0 19.5 10.1 .9 5 6 1.7 .2 2.0 :? 2 1.0 .1 .2 .3 •3 .1 CORN FOR GRAIN HAY a FORAGE COTTON ft SEED WHEAT OATS POTATOES TOBACCO APPLES BARLEY SWEET POTATOES RYE RICE GRAPES PEACHES KAFIR,IV1ILO,ETC. ORANGES SUGAR BEETS PEANUTS DRr BEANS SUGAR CANE Z3.6 17.1 16.1 13.7 SA 4.3 3.0 1.7 1.1 .8 .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 A A A A ^^_ £.A^ ^ ■■! ^" rrrr _^ ^5 ^5 ^" ^^ ■; — r_ ^H ^^ ^^ ■■ ^ ; ^5 ^H 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ Fig. 19. — Five crops — corn, hay and forage, cotton, wheat, and oats — constitute nearly 90 per cent of the acreage and aver 75 per cent of the value of all crops. Corn for grain is the leading crop on the basis of value, and if the acreage of corn cut for forage and for silage be added to that of corn for grain, Instead of being included wid hay and forage, corn is the leading crop also in acreage. Cotton ranked third in value, but fifth in acreage . in 1919, the value of the cotton crop per acre being about twice that of corn or wheat. Wheat stood fourth in; value but third in acreage, while oafs were fifth in value- and fourth in acreage. Potatoes, then tobacco and apples ranke'd next' to these five crops in value, but barley, rye, and the grain sorghums ranked next in aorenge. CORN, HAY, WHEAT AND COTTON PRODUCTION PER CAPITA OF TOTAL POPULATION FIVE YEAR PERIODS. 1866-1920 J mo in ou> OU1 omp o u>o ui otn o looino YIELD PER ACRE FIVE YEAR PERIODS.1866-1920 3 m o in D CO CO CD oinoinoino o mo mo in o ino in o atoioor-^cv i^rNflomo>oioo.->-cM coao>o>o>aioi ococococoaoaiaioiooi o> o> oo — .- Pig. 20. — These four crops— corn, hay, wheat, and cotton — constitute three-fourths of the total crop acreage of the United States. Production per capita, it -will be noted rose for 15 to 20 years after the Civil War, then remained more or less steady for 25 to 30 years, and has recently declined, except in the case of hay. The yield per acre of corn has remained remarkably constant for 55 years, of hay and wheat has in- creased about one-sixth, but the yield per acre of cotton has declined notably since 1914 In general, production nad kept pace with population until recently, not primarily be- cause of increasing yields per acre, but mostly because of expanding crop acreage. A Graphic Summary of Amerk-an Ag^-iculture. 433 Fig. 21. — The eastern half of the United States produced in 1919 about 86 pev cent of the value of all crops of the Nation ; the value of the crops produced in the Cotton Belt and the Corn Belt being nearly 50 per cent. The value of the crops per square mile of land area was about .flS.OOO in the Corn Belt, and $8,700 in the Cotton Belt, de.scending to only $673 in the Arizona-California Desert Region ; but the value per acre in crops was highest in the .irizona-California Desert ($95), where all crops are irrigated, and lowest in the Great Plains Region ($21), where most of the crops are grown under semiarid conditions. 434 Yearhooh of the Department of AgricvZture, 1981. Figs. 22 and 23. — The northern boundary of the Cotton Belt Is approximately the line of 200 days average frost-free season (see Fig. 5) and 77° mean summer temperature, the southern boundai'y that of 11 Inches autumn rainfall, because wet weather inter- feres with picking and damages the lint. This southern boundary is now moving north- ward, as the milder winter temperatures near the Gulf and longer season permit in- creased injury by the boll weevil. The western boundary of cotton production without Irrigation is approximately the line of 23 inches average annual rainfall (see Fig. 4). The densest areas on the map are districts of richer soils, notably the Black Prairie of Texas and the Yazoo Delta (see Fig. 6), or heavily fertilized soils, especially those of the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain (see Fig. 109). A Graphic Smnmonj of American Agriculture. 435 Ti,,^ 24 Over two-thirds of the corn acreage of th,e world Is in the United States, nefi-lv aU east of the line of 8 inches mean summer rainfall and south of the line of 66° mean summer temperature. Nearly 90 per cent of the acr^ge of corn for grain in the united States is in the -Goi-u Belt, the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and the pi>tfnn Rplt In these three regions corn constitutes about one-third of the acreage of £l crop? in the Corn Belt it is dominant, contributing nearly two-flfths of the acre- aie and half of the value of all crops. Hay. associated with spring oats .in the northern Swtfon and with winter wheat in the soutiiern portion, are the other important crops in the Corn Belt. (See Figs. 29, 32, and 38.) 436 Yearbooh of the Department of AgricvZture, 1921. CROPS CUT FOR SILAGE ACREAGE AND YIOD PER ACRE, 1919 STATE ACRES TOM STATE ACMS m Iwu. 690,062 8.02 Knn. 267,447 4.21 348,254 7.33 Ind . 9.59 Ohir. 224,469 8.49 321,068 7.24 Pa.. 298,645 7.82 Mo . 131,192 5.0?. iMu-r, 7.79 Colo 56,126 4.25 STATE ACHU "STi Krlr asi iW SU. sutz S« n mm 9a II M 411 It K34 It sn OrI.. !]» stt Tn 3191; 591 Tm lUIl 6.S9 (Mm. mm Ml Fig. 25. — Corn constitutes probably 95 per cent or more of the acreage of crops cut for silage. In the Southwest relatively small amounts of kaflr and milo are used for silage; and in the Northwest occasionally sunflowers are so used, likewise pea vines in Wisconsin; but the amounts, except of kafir and milo, are insigniflcant. Silage is fed principally to dairy cows in the winter, but its use for beef cattle is increasing rapidly especially in the Corn Belt, ajid a small amount is fed to sheep. Consequently at present the area of silage crops corresponds in a general way with that of dairy cows except in central Kansas, where silage is fed mostly to beef cattle. (See Figs 81 and 82 ) Fig. 26. — Com is cut for forage mostly around the mni'frin nf tho n/^i.« Woi*- ^^a i^ the Middle and .South Atlantic. States. ThifprartlcecorfeVudt in T genera? way with the areas m whdch corn is cut and shocked. Doubtlesrmuch nerhlns mos^r of ^5'?hi''a"^,.o!^''*f ^° ^^l ™°™^ '^t.'^t ^^i' ''"•'ig'^ ^as also hlr^st^ ftr grain Mu?h of the acreage of corn shown on this map, therefore is also shniSS «„ iiio ™ „„'„*- A Graphic Svmfimary of Americcm Agriculture. 437 ^ 7 CORN PRODUCTION 1919 ^ .^^ EACH DOT REPHESENTB A COM noNJcnoH, 1919, ah^"^ — L" — ' PER our OF AflMGE PR0DDCI10N. I91M920 --^3S •'; ""Sr^S^ ^ /• v.* (V; ^'-';V^v^. :■"/-■/ OM PIODDCnOH ; ^jJi^^^A. mn WSKIU U Ik. b Ok 5),7U,S]1 5MSI,«) Sl.nM» 45,088,912 44,S47,398 4M99J» 42J02,I78 40,99SJI7 1I8JISJ7I 58 87 88 82 70 72 84 73 •3 74 nm HISHEU S, STATE lUSJOLS m am Ion m.. U. fob lb. 171J«U91 itSJVMI IU,39IJM 158^3^ US,M,U6 98 85 . 87 89 101 82 la.. S.Dik h... msnm H,7H,m 71.518,m 7I,U9^2 «,0«,7t2 (1^,117 U n 75 84 82 H g.i i,34$,8n!«7 H Fig. 27. — Corn is the great American cereal, constituting- alwut 60 per cent of the tonnage of all cereals grown in the United States, and over 50 per cent of the value. More than half of this crop is produced in the Corn Belt ; but corn is the leading crop in value also in the Corn and Winter Wheat Belt, and is the all-important cereal In the Cotton Belt. Corn is a very productive crop, yielding, in general, about twice as many pounds of grain per acre as wheat, oats, barley, or rye. The climate and soil of the Corn Belt are peculiarly suited to it. Probably no other area In the world of iqual extent produces so much food per square mile as the Corn Belt. (See Figs. 21 and 104.) P ~7l CORN SOLD OR TC 1919 3 BE SOLD EACH DOT REPRESENTS 500,000 BUSHELS n = COSH SOU) OB 10 BE SOU) ^ L — ^ AM) PER CENT OF TOTU CROP, 1919 ~~~~i \ ' Jp^ - -r-~ CORN SOLD OR TO BE SOLD-C«iL 1 \ -i— jfc--^ nm BDum. s, I. a, Ciir ii.. 111. yiMii l«4,SII l!:i67.77S IS 210 5.! 9.4 310 5J 629 U « ■a STATE BUSHEU s, STATI WrSHElS Sn a... bw> . Mr. U .. Ob . IDA 41.1 28.7 30.1 18.9 16.1 29J1 Kui. p.... OkuJ 18,016,300 14,203,875 13,325,467 10^69,066 10^59,634 8*09,269 12.3 2X8 tS.7 9.6 \62 16.0 U.S. «owm jM Fig. 28. — In the Corn Belt most of the corn is fed to hogs, cattle, and horses on the same farm that it is grown (see figs. 89, 81, and 76) ; but a considerable quantity, amounting to 41 per cent of the crop in Illinois in 1919, and about 30 per cent in Iowa, South Dakota, and Nebraska, i.s sold to nearby farmers, is shipped to consumers in the South and Bast, is exported largely through Chicago and the Atlantic ports, or is made into starch and glucose. The corn which the map indicates as sold from the farms in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and several Southern States, consists mostly of sales to neigh- boring farmers. Farms near the water front in Maryland and Virginia, however, ship corn by water to Baltimore, whence it is exported. 438 Yearbook of the DepartmeM of Agrwultmre, a = ; B SSSKS3S ;Ha ; ; ; : :J J . RSSSSSS3SlSSggS.gS=« s IJddlJ^ili^JJii^ 1^ 111 oaa. .E .tf cdsgs :W'- 111 ^^\ • . (5 Yv V/ _ j" ^ ( N. \ ''J^ LlJ ^ Nl_ / a. / ^ — ' J • ■ ".• < J^J I- ' •> <2 . <■ ^• -.'.r/ w m I - , . ^ a: LJ 1 H 1 Z • • • . -I — J — 3a|S=3S: y*a^ irt-. ^'■*L )---4---J ( • ' ■'■ 'H'. 7-1—/ / iS si So n IS 3SS^gS5S3S ..." ^ '■'.::':f"'". ••. / SKS£SSS»S= 'V • i^~—-L " / 1 Illlllllli ^^^>W ^x"'^ : ■ : ■ i • : 1 : : • ^- / /"'''^ \ sa^ssssasa J ' /——--.y^^ 'y^~^ d5 aasBBHSsaa ~^^ •/ •:«W^--"5^ i Illlllllli ^--^~^._!5>-^-^^'^ 1 ii^^JiiaJJl Fig. 29. — The Corn and Winter Wheat Belt included 42 per cent of the Nation's acreage of winter wheat in 1919, and 30 per cent more was located in the southern and eastern portion of the Corn Belt. The southern boundary of this winter wheat belt fol- lows the isotherm of 72° during the month preceding harvest (June 15) ; and although some wheat is grown south of this line, it frequently suffers .severe damage from rust. The northern frontier of winter wheat follows, In a general way, the mean winter tem- perature line of 20°, which extends in a northwesterly direction from northern Illinois and Iowa diagonally across South Dakota and Montana. A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 439 FIG 30. — About half the acreage of spring wheat in 1919 was in the Spring Wheat Area, where it constituted 40 per cent of the acreage of all crops, and most of the other half was located in the adjoining portion of the Great Plains Region. A secondary but important center of production is located in the subhumid portions of Washington and Oregon. The southern boundary of the Spring Wheat Area is determined largely by the northern boundary of wintei- wheat, which is, in general, more productive and more profitable where it can be grown. The northern limit of spring wheat is approximately the mean summer temperature of 58°, which i.s found in the United States only in the western mountains. 440 Yearhooh of the Department of Agriculture, 1981. Fig. 31. — The United States produces about one-flfth of the world's wheat, as com- pared with three-flfths of the world's corn and cotton. The wheat crop of the United States, measured In bushels, is usually from one-fourth to one-third of the corn crop. Half of the wheat crop was grown in six States in 1919. Kansas was the leading State, as usual, but North Dakota, which has often ranlsed first and is usually second, had a very poor crop in 1919. On the other hand, both acreage and production were unusually large that year in the southern portion of the Corn Belt and northern portion of the forn and Winter Wheat Region. (See Fig. 2.) A Graphic Svimmary of American Agriculture. 441 Fig. 32. — The Oat Belt of the United States consists of a crescent-shaped area extending from New England to North Dakota, bounded on the north by the Great Lakes and on the south by the Corn and Winter Wheat Kegion. An arm extends southwestwardly from this belt across eastern Kansas and Oklahoma to central Texas. Oats prefer a cool, moist climate, and this large acreage in the Corn Belt and southwesterly is owing more to the need of feed for horses, and of a spring grain nurse crop for clover, than to par- ticularly favorable climatic conditions. In the Southern States mo.st of the oats are fall sown, but in the North the oats are sown In the spring. 442 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Pig. 33. — It should be noted that a dot on this map represents only one-flfth as much acreage as on the maps of corn, wheat, and oats. Barley is a minor crop in the United States compared with these crops, except in southeastern Wisconsin, southeastern and northwestern Minnesota, the eastern portions of the Dakotas, and the valleys of California. In these five States nearly two-thirds of the Nation's barley acreage is found. Minor centers may be noted on the map in northwestern Kansas, southeastern, Michigan, and northwestern New York. These barley districts are characterized by a cool, sunny climate. The crop In California is grown during tbe winter. "Much barley is also sown in California to be cut green for hay (see Fig. 45). A Graphic Summary of American Agricubtv/re. 443 Pig. 34. — Rye acreage in North Dakota increased from 48,000 in 1909 to 2,422 000 in 1919. TMs acreage in Nortli Dakota in 1919 was almost one-third of the total in the United States, although, owing to an unfavorable season, the production was little greater than in Michigan. Rye heretofore has been grown mostly in the sandy sec- tions of the Lake States, and this sudden extension of production onto the subhumid landa of the Spring Wheat and Great Plaina regions is an interesting and probably sig- nificant development. The acreage of rye in the United States in 1919 was much greater than ever before, exceeding, even, the acreage of barley, but has declined nearly half dur- ing the past two years. 99912°— YBK 1921- -29 444 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. expa'nsionTf''a?relge'°duH'?g"SI pSt ^two'^lcar, Tl '^^•''"Kbt-resistax.t crops. The bas been extraordinlrv ^om ISfl? tn lono 4,T „^ '° *^® southern Great Plains area from 266.000 tS tSoO orsi Jold, Ld l^t^^n llofVnd ^I'ifl^^t^^.^'^.^.f^ '^"^-^^^ ?a"s^?r^*seri?X'5ra'i%^fe fflo^^^^ cool, moist summirs and sour^lls ^^^- " '^ Peculiarly adapted to districts having ^o^l'^Sl^n^t^s,^^Zr.T^Ao?!'^:.4r^,''iL:^^^,J^^y '^ acreage in the interest in livestock production (S^Blgs. 22 and 8l5^ ° growers and awakened Grafhic Swnmary of Ameriocm Agricultv/re. 445 Pig. 36. — The sorghums are grown for forage much farther north than for grain ; while the sweet sorghums, which are not commonly grown for grain, are frequently used for forage far to the east in the Cotton Belt and the Com and Winter Wheat regions. The acreage of sorghums for forage is larger than the acreage for grain, especially in Kansas, where some sorghum ia used for silage (see Pig. 25). It is in- teresting to note that the average yield per acre of sorghum forage was 1.7 tons in 1919, as compared with less than 1 ton per acre for corn in this area, smd 1.2 tons for corn in the entire United States. The sorghums, apparently, yield more forage per acre in this semiarid area than corn in the humid regions. 446 Year-look of the Pefwrtmentof Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 37. — Nearly 90 per cent of the tobacco acreage is in six States — Kentucky, North. Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Ohio. But there are also important centers of production, especially of certain types, in soiithei^n Maryland, in Lancaster County, Pa., in the Connecticut Valley, and in southern Wisconsin. Tohacco is very sensitive to soil conditions, but these requirements vary with the different types. Eice production is now Largely confined to the coastal prairies of Louisiana and Texas, the prairie district of eastern Arkansas, and the flat valley of the Saci'amento in Cali- fornia, all areas of heavy subsoils which hold the irrigation water. Flax is grown in the Spring Wheat and Northern Great Plains Areas. Nearly halt of the hemp is raised In Wisconsin. A Graphic Svanwiary of American Agricultv/re. 447 FiG. 38. — This map of hay and forage Includes not only the hay crops but also corn and the sorghums cut for silage or fodder and root crops used for forage — 13 Items in all in the census schedule, of which 8 are shown in the following maps, and 3 have already been shown (figs. 25, 26, and 36). The hay and forage acreage, it will be noted, is largely concentrated in the Hay and Pasture Kegion and around the margin of the Corn Belt, the greatest State acreage being found In New York and the greatest ton- nage production in Wisconsin. • Relative to the acreage In crops, however hay and forage is most important in the Rocky Mountain Region, where it occupies 55 per cent of the crop land. 448 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 39.— Timothy is practically confined to the northeastern quarter of the United States, except for a scattered acreage in the moister districts of the Rodtv Mountain Region. The western margin of the timothy acreage In the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas marks the beginning of the " Black-earth " belt, where lime has accumlated in the suhsoU, of dense alfalfa acreage, and of dry-farming practices (see Figs. 6, 42, and 103). The southern boundary of timothy follows approximately the line of 200 days m the frost-free season, or 77° mean summer temperature. The districts of densest production in northern Missouri, southern Illinois, eastern Ohio, and western rennsylTania have, In general, rather heavy and slightly sour soils. A Graphic Swmnary of American Agriculture. 449 Fig. 40. — The acreage of timothy and clover mixed extends a little farther south and is somewhat more imjKtrtant In the West, especially in the North Pacific Region, than -that of timothy alone. Clover is not as well adapted as timothy to heavy or sour soils, consequently, timothy and clover mixed is more important on the hetter soils — ^in south- eastern Pennsylvania, western Ohio, southern Michigan, northwestern Illinois, and Iowa. In these sections timothy and clover commonly constitute the third year and some- times the fourth year also, in a rotation, following com and wheat or oats. About two-thirds of the acreage of timothy and clover mixed is in the Hay and Pasture Region. Compare with map of cotton acreage (Fig. 22) and of clover (Kg. 43). 450 Yearbook of the Depa/rtment of AgricidlMre, 1921. Fig. 41. — The acreage of wild or prairie liay Is found mostly In the Spring Wheat Area, the western margin of the Corn Belt and Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and the eastern portion of the Great Plains ; in brief, in the northern part of the subhumid belt. Bast of this belt the moister climate permits the cultivation of timothy and clover, which are more productive (see Figs. 39 and 40) ; and west of this belt the climate is so dry that the grass normally does not grow high enough to cut (see Figs. 4 and 7). The acreage shown in Wisconsin is mostly marsh hay and that in the Western States is located largely in moist mountain valleys or on high plateaus (see Pig. 3). A Graphic Summary of American Agriculture. 451 Pig. 42.— Alfalfa demands soUk that are not add, and it is most ea.sily cured in a climate that is not rainy during the summer. Consequently, it thrives best m the WMtern States where it is grown mostly under irrigation, and fairly well in the limlstoSe sections of the B^stf where its culture is increasing rapidly. This increase hf«, be?n notable in the slightly subhumid section of eastern Kansas and Nebraska Sphere rtP acreage has increased over sixfold in the past 20 years. Alfalfa replaces wnd lay in th?s"area as the major hay crop. Seven-eighths of the alfalfa acreage is west of tJie Missouri River (see Figs. 4, 6, and lb). 452 Yearbook of the Department of Agrictdture, 1921. Fig. 43. — This map shows the acreage o( clover grown alone (for timothy and clover mixed see Pig. 40). " Clover " may mean red, mammoth, or alsike clover in the Northern and Central States, crimson clover, a very different plant, in the coastal plain of Dela- ware, Maryland, and Virginia, bur clover in parts of the South, and was specifically stated in the census schedule to include lespedeza. Consequently, the map above, like that of wild hay, includes several different plants, all legumes, however. Most of the clover acreage, it will be noted. Is located in the Corn Belt and the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, particularly alon^ the lower Ohio River and up the Mississippi as far as St. Louis. Much of this clover is grown for seed as well as for hay. « Zl"- ■¥• — ^'''^ "5P shows the geographic distribution of the census item entitled Other tame or cultivated grasses cut for hay." In New England and New York it consists mostly of redtop, quack grass, orchard grass, and Canada blue grass : the dense center in southern Illinois is largely redtop ; in the Black Prairie of Alabama and Mississippi, and in general throughout the South, the dots represent Bermuda and John- son grass principally; while in eastern Tennessee orchard grass and tall rye grass probably constitute most of the acreage shown. The scattered acreage in the States from North Dakota to Texas Is almost wholly millet, Sudan grass, or amber cane A Graphic Simmnary of Americom AgricuUii/re. 453 SMALL GRAINS CUT FOR HAY WHEAT. BARLEY. OATS, AND RYE) h»cH DOT REPRESENTS ACREAGE 1919 ioooagres 1 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES ' Calif. . 1,085,380 Mo. .. 189,857 647.888 T« .. 172,626 477,081 Idaho . 167,531 preg. . 467,390 Colo . . 466.727 Tenn . 129.171 5. Dak 109,107 Fig. 45. — The small grains — barley, oats, wheat, and occasionally rye^ — aro cut green for hay, mostly in the Pacific Coast States, where a hay crop is needed which will grow quickly during the cool, moist winters, and which need not survive the long summer drought. In California barley mostly is used, but in Washington and Oregon wheat and oats are more commonly cut for hay. The large acreage shown in North Dakota and eastern Montana Is mostly wheat, and is doubtless larger than usual owing to the dry season which caused the crop in much ot this area to be scarcely worth threshin:^. Fig. 46. — " Annual legumes cut for hay " was a new item in the 1920 census sched- ule, which revealed that nearly 2,000,000 acres of cowpeas, soy beans, and peanuts are cut for hay, mostly in the southeastern quarter of the United States. The dense center In southeastern Alabama and the more widely distributed acreage in Tennessee consist principally of cowpeas. The thinly scattered dots in the North and West are mostly soy beans, except in the North Pacific Region, where vetches are frequently grown for hay. Soy beans can be grown in a much cooler climate than cowpeas or peanuts, and are quite drought resistant. 454 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. il i ID I- z rr 111 ui u) DC < °W< -■mK I g-8 < box <, . Ul 0. □ 111 111 0) H ° UJ l< o <■ □ < z < o e.g.lSi?as. |.»;S 1^ a. < < z \ \ r\ N \ ;®^ llllllllll Sjajilslifi a'SssS^^naS Fig. 47. — This map shows only the acreage of peas allowed to ripen for grain or seed. The acreage of green garden peas, even when grown in the field for canning, is shown in Figure 56. Peas cut for hay or forage are included in " Annual Legumes," Figure 46. Cowpeas, which are more like a beail than a pea, are of importance as a seed crop only on the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of the South, extending as far north as Maryland and central Illinois. Canada peas, which thrive only in a cool climate, are grown mostly in Wisconsin, especially on the heavy soils of the Door Peninsula, in northeastern Michigan, and in the higher or cooler districts of the Rocky Mountain Region. A Graphic Svnnmary of American AgrixMltwre. 455 i<[- pS.S|Ss.Si?S.S?=?g §sSsgiii§?Slns=5 llJ '8ft f-J-Ul oo X < Q K (/). Ul X'C.' VV^j (0 'lU v:; //." HS D "o ^ LU IJJ "" 0) °- "^ < o O 2 i UJ m -:< o J^V.. [•MttJ^USs Ul Ul 3 1 illillll 1 1 3,016 2,463 2OT 2,19! 2.122 1,763 14,082 1 i iitiMii = i lll!Sil3sl i iiiUdiisi i ijilllili i ||||||p.|| i ili;^disi ■J PIG. 48. — Field beans are produced principally In five areas — In western New Yorli and central Michigan, where the leading vari<>ties are white pea, white medium, and red kidney ; on the high plains of New Mexico and eastern Colorado, where the native Mexi- can or pinto bean mostly is grown ; in California, where practically the entire commer- cial crop of limas and nearly half of the crop of white beans is raised ; and in Idaho, where both the white and Mexican, also various other varieties, are grown and shipped to all parts of the United States to use as seed. The acreage of peanuts shown on the map does not include the crop " hogged oflE " by stock. The peanuts for human consumption are grown mostly in the North Carolina- Virginia district ; those grown in Georgia and Alabama are largely fed to hogs or made into peanut butter. 456 Yearbook of the Defwrtment of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 49. — The regions of heaviest potato- production lie to the north of the Corn Belt. This is due partly to the fact that the quality and vield of potatoes are better In regions of cool climate, and partly to the fact that corn, which requires labor at the same time, is very productive and gives a greater return. Many of the large centers of potato pro- duction are in regions of sandy or loamy soils — Aroostook County (Me.), Long Island, New Jersey, eastern Vii^nia, western Michigan, central Wisconsin, and Anoka County (Minn.). Many of the minor centers of production are located near large cities, since potatoes are a bulky crop, expensive to transport, and can be sold at a profit by local gardeners and farmers in competition with the crop from the large production centers. A Graphic Siemmary of Americaii Agricultv/re. 457 I ^5.».S.= S R.55 i ?||i I u* S S^ Sft tl? p3 S S — — — — n UJ lij (O ■ a: w H tec - Id U a. < SfS- U o ir _ 0-- <8g .-.N- ■•yc.- ^ r'-' "Zq> V«j* (n UJ - Ul s i a i i JO 1 IP| V9 i J^ld ^ i |lll i i-iii 1 Jd^i 9ns'^ # >s.. "S^ V ■N \ •■••% ^8 3^^315? =§^53 8= lllgs.||g|ii (o ^ o» 3 S "^ •*» •■ i3EjJzSS^»gJ' PIG. 50.-The two more ^Porta^t eo^f,«™^,l„|^"g^^^^^^ acreage of 'sorghum cane is greater than that of sugar ca^^^^^ sirup j^ ^^ from the aorgSum on the farm and do^ not ento- >nto commerce^ = ^^^^ in general, show a suffl"?""? ?^'|^o^"|^i the iSts must also then coripete with corn the summer temperature Is over T2 ! ^nd the we^ must a sugar outside of the for the farmer's labor. Sugar cane is not gown commerciauy i° ^^^j^. between thfe t^&eTfnr!ni^T-!L^^i!'ToS^^i%'f'^^<^na scattered acreage of sorghum cane. 458 Yearhooh of the Department of Agncidture, 1921. Fig. si. — The census of 1920 was the first to separate vegetables grown for home use from those grown for sale. ' The areas of densest production of vegetables for home use aie southeastern Pennsylvania, the upper Ohio Valley, the mountainous districts of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and of northern Alabama, the upper Piedmont of the Carollnas and Georgia, and much of Mississippi, also the Ijakfe Michigan shore counties of Wiscon- sin, southeastern Michigan, and central New York — areas of small farms owned by frugal peiople (see Figs. 98 and 09). The average size of the fai-m garden, however, is ap- parently, gi'eatest in Virginia and Massachusetts, about one-half acre, and smallest, in the in'airle and plains States, about one-fifth acre. A Graphic SiomTuary of American AgricuUme. 459 Vx. — |SS.?gp.5.S||s.5S|f§§|^l. ^-^. ^%i ^ 1 1 5Pg|||§p55SSISg==3 1 >^ ^'^^^i^^'^^Cj § k g ~ IllillSSsi-IIIIIsP^" 5 "* '~^ '*^y^^ , Vr*/^.A. s »>^ i T RE ACI :a cov 'IMES REA IT \mS^%^'\ '0^^^^ Oo S -^ Jt) 1 □ «. Sgg r^ (^ Ti*'* * • *^*S— /^.-\*X VjT ' ' IM *" / "S 1 IPsS I 52g O HKU f7''^>' >>,.?•• :■A«i•?^^•^^•it^r -." ;'.'-^A i S sss sr^ ^n|':'f'".W ' - ■ .\ ^ "Ji-^''"^ r ^ ? Sg.Sgg * / 3 = 233 tW^^-'-^^*^*^*^^"^ v^. \ :v:' U S 1 1 J* W. ^^""^ "^-"V?. ' -•••^s-- 1- ■ • • ^ " i i^lJi -R*^?rt^S^ • • .1*;^ S£se = .■••I-;, o •. .... i'^ fSAF?i i iiiii 1 mil z g 0) ; - . • : ■'•i«:-.T ■•••Sic- .■ . • % • 7 1 s I J^ii^ $«'".' 0* > .. * • .• . Vse' -A qW i.*->"^^ •••)..: *k. DC f O "T*""^ • • •f .. . • ..• ...• .>.-.::. •• , rfc^-fi>»»5. (■)''< • ^ •"' I- • ' LES < WHITE ACRE ' ••* . • • • -/ •• •• ^^ - " -- <^ 1 1 " '■ 1 tf O ' — r— — i53 / — 1- ' ••'* f ■~1 > O o / / tu2 / / /"^^"' '•" 1 '1 ^.y^ 1 ' 1 ' / 1 ' '* ' * tT 1 ' J>,-r^ 1 ' 1 ■ . 1 w i iliiiiiil a Ri^i^S^p. 3 sss^si^rSs 1 kAi'i'dii A^. , j / >^ 'J "! i |g5|g||p fcW^^^si** 1 * r 1^ "^■^-^ . ■^■''"^ ii -•a.-^^.^SE^S^u. ijt y"^" f gj,«»,„„«„ J.,- ' ' f 2* T ^aSlti^is,? «g = SB!812S3 **'^K?5'<--''''^"^ o j_ ^'^'^"""'S!. ,^-~-J^^^ > e i ::::::: ; ^ asiSJMJs Fig. 52. — The most important area of vegetable production extends from New York City to Norfolk, Va. In this area about one-fifth of the Nation's commercial crop is produced. A second important area extends from Utica, N. Y., west to Buffalo and Erie. Another belt surrounds the southern half of Lake Michigan. Florida and southern Geor- gia, where perhaps one-third of the winter vegetables are grown, may be said to consti- tute a fourth area. California possesses three important areas — the Sacramento-Stockton district, the Los Angeles district, and the Imperial Valley. In California also the winter crop is important. Smaller centers of production adjoin most of the large cities. The centers shown in western Iowa and Nebraska represent pop corn. 99912°— TBK 1921- -30 460 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. / r ? ^-^— Lr CABBAGE (GROWN FOR SAIB ~_ ACREAGE, 1919 EACH DOT BEPBESENTB 100 ACRES r' BAG£ CABBAGE ACREAGE - — __ I S \j — 1 ■ Y^^^ ~K — " ' \ /* Vx • CAI (Co STATE ACRES m... Clo. Km. Mm. Mi,. S.C. Olkr 3,782 3,112 3jn 2,737 2,«2 2J32 aiw STATE ACRES STATE ACKES N.Y,. Wi.,. Pa... Va... CaBf . 30,555 11,955 7,718 5,443 5,422 FU .. Tex.. Mich. Ohio. N.J.. 4,501 4,329 4^7 4,240 4,079 US. mm Fig. 53. — The principal cabbage-producing districts are in tbe North, the largest being the belt of comities in New York from BaSalo to Syracuse. In this district nearly one- quarter of the Nation's acreage is found, mostly on. the mack lands and the Clyde series of soils. Other important districts are Long Island, N. T. ; Burlington and Gloni- cester Counties, N. J. ; around Norfolk and in Wythe County, Va. ; along Lake Midu- gan from Chicago to Milwaukee ; in Green Bay County, Wis. ; around Denver, Colo., and Los Angeles, Calif. Barly cabbages are raised mostly in Florida, in the Young's- IslbiAd (S. C.) district, in Copiah County, Miss., and in southern Texas. Fig. 54. — The principal cantaloupe-producing districts are now located in the West, California having over one-quarter of the Nation's acreage. The most important western districts are in Stanislaus (Turloc district), Los Angeles, and Imperial Counties, Calif.- in the Salt Hirer Valley (Phoenix district) of Arizona ; and the Arkansas Valley' (Rooky Ford-Ordway district) of Colorado. In these five districts nearly 40 per cent of the Nation's acreage was found in 1919. Arkansas ranked next to California in acreage, the principal districts being located In Hempstead and Sevier Counties. Other impor- tant districts are Gibson and Knox Counties in Indiana, Sussex In Delaware, Gloucea- ter In New Jersey, and Mitchell County (Pelham district), Ga. A Graphic SiMnmary of Amencam Agrioultwre. 461 Fig. '55. — The principal watermelon-producinj^ districts are in the South, Georgia and Texas having nearly one-third of the Nation's acreage. The most important districts In Georgia center around Valdosta and ThomasvlUe, and in Texas around Sulphur Springs. Florida ranks next in importance, but the acreage Is more scattered. There is an impor- tant center in Barnwall and Hampton Counties, S. C, in Scotland County, N. C, and a less dense acreage along both shores of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland. Dunklin and Scott Counties in southeastera Missouri are other important districts, also Grady County, Okla., and Stanislaus and Los Angeles Counties, Calif. Fig. 56. — Green peas, like cabbages, are a cool-climate crop, but in pea production Wisconsin is more important than New York, having, indeed, one-third of the Nation's acreage. The Wisconsin districts include Columbia, Dodge, Green Lake, Sheboygan, and Washington Counties in the southeast, Barron and Chippewa Counties in the north- west and Marinette and Oconto in the northeast. The New York district, which ranks next in importance, extends from Buffalo to Utica. Eastern Maryland and Delaware rank third in importance, followed by California (San Francisco Bay district) and Michigan. A small acreage is found in southern New Jersey, and in the Salt Lake district and Jordan Valley of Utah. 462 Year-look of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 57. — Sweet com is primarily an eastern, middle-latitude crop, but It is extensively growu also in New York and New England, owing in large measure to the excellent quality produced, and the (act that it need not mature. Maryland ranks first in acre- age, followed by New York, Iowa, Ohio, Illinois, and Pennsylvania in close succession. New Jersey, relative to Its area, has a large acreage. The acreage in these States is concentrated in a few counties, as can be seen on the map. It is interesting to note that although there is almost no corn giown for grain in Maine or California (see Fig. 24), there is a considerable acreage of sweet corn in these States. Fig. 58. — Tomatoes are grown for sale in almost all parts of the United States, except in the Spring Wlieat, Northern Great Plains and Arid Intermountain Plateau regions. The eastern Maryland, Delaware, and southern New Jersey districts Include over one-third of the Nation's acreage, and the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay districts in California about one-tenth. Virginia and Indiana rank next in importance, followed by Florida, which produces most of the winter crop. Other important early- tomato districts are located in Copiah County, Miss., and Cherokee County, Tex. Toma- toes lead all the vegetables grown for saJe in the United States (other than ijotatoes and sweet potatoes), both in acreage and value. A Graphic Si(lim7nary of American AgricuUv/re. 463 Fig. 59. — California contributed over one-sixth of the Nation's acreage of fruits and nuts in 1919 and over one-third of the value. The district in southern California con- sists mostly of citrus fruits, walnuts, and apricots (see figs. 68 and 69) ; the central (San. Joaquin Valley) district, of raisin grapes, peaches, and apricots, with some citrus fruits in the eastern foothills (Figs. 64, 65, 67, and 68) ; and the northern districts of peaches and apricots, plums and pnines, grapes, walnuts, and almonds, with apples near the cool coast, and pears in the foothills. The dots in Florida represent mostly citrus fruits, those in the cotton belt, especially Georgia and Texas, peaches mostly and pecans ; elsewhere in the United States, with few exceptions, the apple is the dominant fruit (Figs. 60, 61, 62, and 63). 464 Yearbook of the De-partment of Agriculture, 1921. yki:^ J APPLE TREES OF BEARING AGE APPROXIMATE ACREAGE, 1919 "" "sSJ^f"™ "^ •CTUAL MW» OOVEIMD DV THB ^ . - ,^ DOT t« -n TIMEB U (nWT M r\\ 1 ^ J iw? RINCAGE GE, 1919 _L_J ^d:^^:^ j^wT' APPIE TREES OF BEA ArrRoxuure acbej ■"r^ ■■'•'"■="'U;-' ■■''f ^T^^pN ! i^MvVl ^^^m 1 jtii, *3 \~^^ W% APPUIIiEB (C«tJii»d) ^ -'a .rJ STATE ACRES j Iran. AA.. £3: Ind .. Ion. Idaho. Md .. Mu<. Olhar. 66,285 58,214 55;Z52 52,143 48,968 43,310 39,674 34,414 33,857 360,130 ii"*-^^ A STATE ACRES STATE ACRES Xr^ V) N.Y.. Pa ... Ohio.. Mich . v.... Wuh. 267,681 194,130 165,847 15S.990 153,843 132.738 w.v. tik. .. S;::: Sc:: 115,751 78.701 77,985 74,749 ;i:5IS >? ^'' U.S.. 2,355,106 Fig. 60. — About 15 per cent of the acreage of apple trees of bearing age was in the West in 1920, and nearly half of this western acreage was in the State of Washington. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Virginia, however, exceeded Washington In acreage. Most of the apple acreage oi the Nation is found in the Hay and Pasture Region from Maine to West Virginia and " Michigan, where the climate is cool, but owing either to lake or mountain protection,' the winters are moister and less severe than in the interior of the continent. The southern limit of the apple area extends only a little beyond the' northein limit of cotton, and the western, or moisture limit, is abou*- that of timothy (see Figs. 22 and 39). ^ ■>.' ^TT APPLE TREES NOT OF BEARING AGE - APPROXIMATE ACREAGE. 1919 each dot represents / ^^~— •^■,^. 600 ACHES j A iltfPlEIIlEESHOTOFBEARIIttAGh- ■ APPHOXIMATE ACREAGE, 1919 JTl ^^ .'T^ OCT la B) TiMcg >s Qllt*T JU / • •? ' ^ \ l^- \ '-^ ^^M \ ' N^''^ APPU TREES (ContiKU.^} STATE ACRES Calit.. N.J. . Ga. .. Md... Ma... Ind. . . Waih. Ark.. WU. . Olhar 19,069 . 16.900 1 16,799 15.9M 14.227 13,274 12,601 12,537 11.787 112,361 ^ STATE ACRES STATE ACRES N.Y.. P.. .. Va. .. : Mich . Ohio . W.Va 81,452 72.999 59.516 56,953 56,880 36,123 Ky... N.C. Ul. . . . Mo... Mui. Tenii. 29,735 29,055 26,084 22,649 21,992 21,506 J U.S.. 760.463 G. 61. — There has been very little planting of apple orchards in the West in recent i, the higher freight rates increasing the difficulties of competition with eastern- FiG. years, „__ „ _ _._.,. grown fruit. Less than 9 per cent of the apple trees not of bearing age were in the West in 1920. Most of the acreage of young trees, it will be noted on the map, is located alone the shore of Lake Ontario In New York, in the lower Hudson Valley, in New Bngland, along the Appalachians from Pennsylvania to Georgia, in the upper Ohio Valley, along the I^ake Michigan shore of Michigan, and in the Sonoma Valley of California. Tree.'s not of bearing age numbered 36 million in 1920 as compared with nearly 66 million in 1910. A Graphic Simwnary of American Agriculture. 465 =^ cnoN, r^^ AF »PLE PRODU 1919 CTION tACH DOT REPRESENTS K.O0O BUSHELS 7^ APPLE PRODI TV- I L. y;^ ■d.: ': '■ •• ■ '•' V ' >j y ^ 1 APPLE PRODUCTION )C«BtiBIJ«ll ^ STATE IU5HEU 1919 -A Cki.. Hiu. n.c. I.W. . Kau. ».J. . OkU.. OlW. 3.M5.MO M 17,682 3.187,2] 1 Z,9T6.«6 1,938.038 1.810,413 1,749,293 1,666.*W 1,596,975 17.604.631 STATE BUSHELS STATE BUSHELS ■ss Wuh. N. v.. V«... Cdif.. Ark... 1 Or... ■ 21.568,691 14,3S0;JI7 8.942,520 7,842;017 7,163.619 6.921.284 Mich.. P. ... Mo... Me... m.... w.v. 5,843,271 5,512.795 5.132,109 4,829346 4.673,117 4.189,162 U.S.. 136^,997 Fig. 62. — The West produced one-third of the apples grown in 1919 despite the fact that it possessed only one-seyenth of the acreage of bearing trees. Washington led all States in production, with a total almost equal to that of New York and Virginia combined. The three famous apple districts of Washington — the Yakima Valley, the Wenatchee Valley, and Spokane County — stand out clearly on the map ; also the Hood Elyer and Willamette Valleys of Oregon, the Boise, Idaho, district, the Sonoma Valley in California, and the Grand Junction-Delta-Montrose district of Colorado. In the Bast, the New England area, the two noted New York districts, the Appalachian, the westeim Michigan, the Ozark, and the northwestern Missouri districts are the most Important. ■^ TO BE SOLD. 1919 APPI.FS SOLD OR TO BE SOLD ____COMMERCIAL CROP. 1919 EACH DOT REPRESE SOOOO BUSHELS TS ^ APPLES SOLD OR /<^ .._, J ■ ■••^-.f 1 la APPLES SOLD. ETC. (Conlinued) , i • 'j5 y^ T-'^ ■IS: ■ 'W^^i- ■-iu '^k^tT *ff ' ii^ STATE BUSHELS j Cole . . Mtu.. W.Vi. Okio.. N.J .. K>n) . . Md... N.H.. CODD.. OtllM- . 2,968.781 2,618,016 2.162,531 1,490,470 1.356,258 1.244,60$ M8,S7Z 961,286 811,932 7.67SJI6 : STATE BUSHELS STATE BUSHELS \y^ WmH. N.Y.. CJif. . Ark.. Va . . . .Or« . 20,845,774 11,769.151 6,828.623 5,704,867 5,650,726 5,054,500 ID.... Mo... 4,428,372 3,540,334 3,265,017 3,198,529 3,021,448 2,987,747 ^ ^^ U. S .. 98,582.854] FiQ 63 — The commercial crop of apples in 1919 — that is, the quantity sold or ta be sold " ^was nearly 100 million bushels, according to the census, constituting three- fourths of the total crop. The West produced over two-flfths of this commercial crop, Washington alone reporting over one-flfth of the total quantity in the United States. Biehtv per cent of the commercial crop was produced in the 15 apple districts already referred to It will be noted that the production of the commercial crop of apples is more concentrated than the total production, and the total production in turn, more concentrated than the acreage. Diseases and pests diminish the production of the unsprayed home orchards several years before they kill the trees. Tearhook of the Departrmnt of Agriculture, 19M. Fig. .64. — Three major centers ot peach acreage are shown on the map— ^the early peach district in central Georgia, the late peach district along Iiake Ontario in New York, and the canning and dried peach districts in California. An important peach district is rapidly developing in Moore County, N. C. Minor centers inay be aoted' in southern New Jersey, in western Maryland sLnd adjacent counties of West Virginia, alO'Ug the Michigan shore of Iiake Michigan, In' western Arkansas', and in northeastarjtt' Texas, Cold, dry winters prevent peaches being' grown to the noi'thwest of a line dra\^n fi'om Chicago t6 Omaha, thence to Amarlllb, Tex. The influence of the Great liii'kes in tempering winter temperatures on their leeward shores and retarding growth in spring till danger of frost is past is evident on the map. Fig. 65. — California produced nearly one-third of the Nation's crop of peaches In 1919, Fresno County alone producing one-tenth. Georgia ranked second, with Texas a close third. The New York crop was greatly reduced by a late freeze, but the New Jersey crop was large. It is worth noting that the production of peaches this year did not extend nearly as tar to the north and west as the acreage. The Yakima Valley in Washington, the peach belt east of Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the Grand Junction- Dcltii district in Colorado show a' production disproportionate to the acreage The season of 1919 was generally favorable. Although the number of bearing peach trees in the United States dropped from 94 million in 1910 to 65 million in 1920, the production was 40 per cent greater in 1919 than in 1909. A Graphic Swnmary of Americcm Agricultwre. 467 Fig. 66. — Nearly half of tli<; Nation's acreage of plum and prune trees is in Cali- t'ornia, and nearly a third is In the five counties of Santa Clara, Sonoma, Placer, Napa, and Solano. One-twelfth more is in Marion, Polk, and Yamhill counties, Oreg. These eight counti^ produced 51 per cent of the total crop in 1919, and 57 B>er cent of the commercial crop. A smaller center may be noted in Clarke County, Wash., and a scattered acreage in the upper Willamette and Umpqua Valleys, Oreg., in the Sacra- mento Valley and in Fresno County, Calif. Prunes constitute nearly the entire pro- duction in these States. The scattered dots in the eastern half of the United States are practically all plums. It 1 . ■^ 7r GRAPEVIN (BEARING AND NOT OF B -—..^^APPROXIMATE ACR ES EARING AGE) EAGE. (919 EACH DOT REPRESENTS , sew ACHES i MTUU. we* eoviRCD BY TH« 1 "\ GRAPEVINES APPROXIMATE ACREAGE, »» Ijzr THE CBOP ine* IT HUVCICNTI ) "^ 1 — - i / 'S :\j / . "^ . • ?— CKAPEVINES V /~^ ' «r-'^*~*V»lS' STATE ACRES Ark. . Tex.. Nibr. v.... Wuh DcL.. t™. S.C . Ky. .. Other 1.040 837 826 826 8C0 701 666 591 S85 6,444 ,^ STATE ACRES STATE ACRES Icidif. 1 N. Y. . Mkli. P.... Ohio. |Mo... 256,363 47.086 17,203 11,554 10,355 4,196 V.C.. ID. . . . low.. N.J. . Konl. QUA. 3,396 2,504 2,457 2,032 1,652 U.S.. 374.B2S Pig. 67. — Two-thirds of the Nation's acreage of grapes is in California. The raisin district centers around Fresno, where the land is flat and the sunshine almost con- tinuous, while the wine grapes are grown mostly on the slopes of the valleys that open into San Francisco Bay. These wine grapes are now used largely for raisins. A smaller center may be noted in southern California near San Bernardino. In the Bast the principal grape district extends along the southern shore of Lake Erie from Erie to Buffalo. Minor centers may be seen in the Finger Lakes district of New York, the south shore of Lake Brie in Ohio, and in the southwestern corner of Michigan. These eastern grapes are mostly consumed fresh or made into grape juice. 468 Yearbooh of the Department of Agricyidtwre, 1921. Fig. 68. — Citrns fruits can withstand only a few degrees of frost. About three-fifths of the acreage is in California and nearly two-fifths in Florida. There are a few orch- ards in the Mississippi Delta in Louisiana, in the Brownsville, Tex., district, and near Phoenix, Aiiz., and recently hardy Satsuma orange trees have been planted along the Gulf coast in eastern Texas, southern Mississippi, and Alabama. Lemons are practically confined to California, grapefruit largely to Florida, while oranges are grown in both States. The principal pear districts are the Ontario shore counties and the Hudson Val- ley of New York, southwestern Michigan along the lake, the foothUls of central and southern California, western Oregon, and the Yakima Valley of Washington Fie. 69.— Only three kinds of nuts are produced on a commercial scale in the United States— pecans, walnuts, and amends. The pecan is native to the lowe? Mississippi Valley, and the largest acreage is found in a belt which extends from central MSom-i across Oklahoma to south-central Texas. Recently extensive planting of ^an tfe^s has ^?n^S-i?i?5! "Wt"' "^oa^tal plain In Georgia, the Carolinas, Alatema, MlssisslS>i and^^rth- 5^^ f lofi'la- Almonds and walnuts have been introduceii from the MediteSnSn reelon and their production is practically confined to California exceot for irpon<.lfl?rnhio tn^J^ age Of walnuts in the wfilamette Valley of Oregon and adjoS^g coSn«S^"n Washin|to^ A Graphic Svmvmary of American Agriculture. 469 TT STRAWBERRY A -.______^ 1919 CREAGE EACH DOT HEPRESEH 100 ACRES THE CHOP Afl'u IT REiWElU' TS ~^ STRAWBERRY iCanlinuHl) 1 \i C / STRAWBERRy ACREAGE, 1919 ^^"^ I — \. — y — - \ :;.*:vl I m jIl~mM *•'•■• rh-' Pf\ -L-- n. STATE ACRES U ... WU .. Del... iDd... !^„£: v.... Other. 4,007 3,652 3^03 3.401 3.112 3.087 2812 2;768 2,446 15,106 ifiS-S^ .^' 1 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES Tom.. iMo... ^Ark.. Midv. Md... N.J .. 10,876 8,645 8:j24 8,04« 7,096 slozs m.... CJil.. N.Y.. low«. . OUo.. Pm ... 4,98S 4,974 4,872 4.472 4,172 4,008 U.S.. 119,395 Pig. 70. — The commercial production of strawberries has become concentrated in un- usual degree in a few centers, notably, in Cumberland, Camden, Burlington, and Atlantic Counties, N. J. ; Sussex County, Del. ; Wicomico, Worcester, Caroline, and Anne Arundel Counties, Md. ; in HamDton, Rhea, Crockett; Gibson, Lauderdale, and Madison Coun- ties, Tenn. ; in Warren County, Ky. ; in Barry, Lawrence, McDonald, and Newton Coun- ties, Mo. and adjacent counties of Washington and Benton in Arkansas ; In White County, Ark. ; in Tangipahoa Parish, La. ; in Berrien County, Mich. ; in Sonoma, Sacra- mento, and Los Angeles Counties, Calif. ; and in Hood River County, Oreg. These 30 counties, out of the 3,000 in the United States, contained one-third of the Nation's acreage of strawberries in 1919. if? -^ 7r BUSH FF duonnaun UlTS AND CRANBERRIES ACREAGE. 1919 ■A ; BUSH FRUITS, ACREAGE, 1919 T-R A/ v\ "^ L*M-M,4C^ ^ h- ir- V ^wti^^^^ niSH mulTS (C.H.ll—11 J-— i- '^■ P^g^pC^ 1 |~Ul ^r^^^ \ ffi'^^ EACH DOT REPRESENTS \ \ \ J^ 100 ACHES >t 1 STATE ACRES hd. .. low... Ky.... CJif. . Kuu.. OkU.. Minn.. W.V.. N.C.. other. 4,164 3,413 3.051 2,962 2,390 2.347 2,240 2,156 1,913 13.725 STATE ACRES STATE ACRES ! N. Y. . I M[ch. . N.J... Mm. ' Mo. . . 1 III. . . . 15.540 12,973 10,345 8,197 8,123 6,230 Oreg.. Ohio'.'. Pa. . . . Wuh. Wii... 5,651 5,636 5.275 4,672 4.347 4:339 ^ .y' U.S... 129,689 Fig. 71. — The centers of cranberry acreage are Cape Cod Mass., southern New Jersey, and central Wisconsin — all districts of sandy, marshy, acid soils. The centers of bush fruit acreage are southern New Jersey ; the Marlboro district in the Hudson Valley of New York • the district east and southeast of Rochester ; the belt along Lake Erie from Buffalo to Cleyeland ; the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, especially Berrien County ; the eastern shore of Puget Sound, especially the Puyallup district ; and the Willamette Valley In Oregon, especially the district around Salem. This latter district specializes in loganberries grown for canning and bottling. Minor centers may be noted near many of the_^large cities. 470 Ycaihooh of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. IfiG. 72. — Cattle in 1920 constituted the leading class of live stock in the TTnited States on the basis of value. This value waS ' almost equally divided between the dairy and beef types. Between 1910 and 1920 the total value of cattle in the United States 'in- creased 143 per cent, due mostly tp an incj'ease iii value per head of 125 per cent ; whereas the value of all horses decreased 14 per cent, due to exactly the saine decrease in value per head. Cattle constituted 46 per cent of the value of all fkifin ai^liiials, hoi*ses and mules 32 per cent, 'swine 12 pei* ceht, sheep .and goats 5 per cent, 'jtnd poulti'y nearly 5 per cent. TTie swine, howfeVer,. produce annually pork and lard ha'ving a value greater than that of the beef and veal from the cattle. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS NUMBER AND VALUE TWENTY LEADING STATES. 'JAN.1,1920 CAHLE I SHEEP & GOATS VIIIIIIIH cuiiijF ^ STATE VALUE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 200 400 600 IOWA TEXAS ILLINOIS MISSOURI NEBRASKA KANSAS NEW YORK MINNESOTA OHIO INDIANA SO.DAKOTA PENNSYLVANIA CALIFORNIA OKLAHOMA MICHIGAN TENNESSEE COLORADO KENTUCKY NO.DAKOTA GEORGIA Fig. 73. — Iowa leads the States in value of live stock on farms, hut is exceeded by Texas in number of animal units. It i.s noteworthy that 9 of the 11 leading States in value of live stock are located wholly or partly in the Corn Belt. Ou the other hand, Georgia is the only State lying almost wholly in the Cotton Belt that is included in this list of 20 leading live-stock States. The concentration of live stock in the Corn Belt anil in the dairying centers of the Hay and Pastui-e Region is shown in Figure 107' Cattle and horses and mules, it will be noted, constitute in the different States from six-tenths to nine-tenths of the value of all live stock. A Graphic Siummary of America/n, Agriculture. 47] Pig. 74. — One-third of the horses in the United States are raised in the Corn Belt, one-sixth in the Great Plains Kegion,' one-tenth in the Spring Wheat Area, and one- twelfth iif, the Kansas-Oklahoma section of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. These are the regions of surplus grain and cheap forage. ComparativcJy tew horses are lalsed in the Cptton Belt, or the Central and North Atlantic States, hecause these are regions of deflcjept grain production and feed must be shipped in at heavy expense. Jt Is more economical to ship the mature horses into these deficiency regions than to ship the grain to grow them. (See Figs. 11, 12, 27, 32, 33, 36, and 41.) Fig. 75. — Two-thirds of the mules are raised in the western section of the Corn and Winter Wheat Kegion and the southern portion of the Corn Belt, the centers of production being about 300 miles south of the centers of horse production. This may be due in part to the adaptation of the mule to warmer temperature than the horse, but also in part to the shorter distance and smaller cost of transportation to the Cotton Belt, whei'e most of the mules are sent (see Pig. 77). Formerly Kentucky and Ten- nessee were the leading States in mule production, but now a much greater number are raised in Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma, where feed is cheaper. 472 Yearbook of the Department of Agriovltwre, 1921. Fig. 76. — Over one-quarter of the taature horses (2 years old and over) in the United States are in the Corn Belt, and over three-quarters are in the humid eastern half of the country. The small number of horses in the Cotton Belt and the eastern sections of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region Is owing in large measure to the pref- erence for mules as work animals in these regions (see Fig. 77). The acres of crops per mature horse and mule in the Cotton Belt (17 acres) is practically the same as in the Corn Belt (18 acres), or in the Hay and Pasture Region (16 acres). The number of horses in cities and villages ("not on farms or ranges") was 1,705,611 on January 1, 1920, or about one-tenth the number of mature horses on farms, A Graphic Sumrniary of Americam, Agricultii/re. 473 |^I3B3SS3SSa UJ 10 'a a f < LI 5 OC I- S o s Q cv X o ■•%'i i^. ■H 0) ^ so: ^ UJ 5Z ll 3S3S 1 nil I i !id s. ll ^o^» q i lll-l ' i ^i^ il P is si.sSss ^[££€3 i"iSi"ili"i' fiiitiii^ Pig. 77. — About flve-sixths of the mature mules (2 years old and over) in the United States are in the Cotton Belt and the Corn and Winter Wheat Kegion. In the eastern Cotton Belt (east of Texas and Louisiana), where negro farmers are most numerous (see Figs. 116 and 117), there are twice as many mature mules as horses. The popularity of mules is also increasing in the North and West. Whereas the number of horses over 1 year of age on farms in the United States was only 6 per cent greater in 1920 than in 1910, the number of mules Increased 33 per cent. This rate of increase was almost as great in the North as in the South. Mules, it will be noted, are used oa farms in every State of the Union. 474 Yearbook of the Depari/ment of Agrieultwre, 19M. Fio. 78. — The number of pure-bred horses of saddle and carriage breeds in the United States was only about one-ninth the number of those of draft breeds In 1920. The rela- tively large number of these saddle and carriage horses in Kentucky and adjacent por- tions of Illinois and Indiana, also in Virginia and Maryland, is noteworthy. These are areas famous in song and story for their fine horses, and despite the decline of horse racing as a sport, and the decreased use of horses for riding and driving, breeders and horse fanciers In these States retain a large number of pure-bred saddle ^nd carriage horses. Probably only a small number, however, are used for breeding. Fig. 79. — About half the pure-bred draft horses in the United States are in the Corn Belt, and most of the other half are in the Hay and Pasture, Spring Wheat, and Great Plains Regions. Very few are found in the South or Southwest. In California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, however, pure-bred draft horses relative to the total number of horses are almost as common as in the Corn Belt. Three-fourths of the pure-bred draft horses in the United States are Percherons, 10 per cent are Belgians, 5 per cent are Shires, and 4 per cent are Clydesdales, other breeds constituting the remainder. A Graphic Simvmary of American Agriculture. 475 Fig. 80. — Cattle are more evenly distributed over the United States than any other kind of live stock. The densest area is in Iowa, northern Missouri, eastern Nebraska, southern Minnesota and Wisconsin, and northwestern Illinois. On January 1, 1920, there were about 14 million cattle in the Corn Belt, or 60 to the square mile; 12 million in the Hay and Pasture Region, which is 36 to the square mile; 10 million In the Corn and Winter Wheat Kegion, which is 32 to the square mile ; 9 million in the Cotton Belt, or 21 to the square mile ; and 9i million in the Great Plains Region, or about 20 to the square mile. The seven other regions had about 14 million cattle, an average of 11 to the square mile. In Iowa there were 82 cattle to the square mile. (See Figs. 11, 27, and 38.) 99912°— TBK 1921- -31 476 Yearbook of the Department of Ag'HevZlmre, 1921. Fig, 81. — Beef cattle constitute slightly over half the total number of cattle in the United States, but slightly less than half the value. Over 8 million Toeet cattle (includ- ing calves) are in the Corn Belt, and as many more in the Great Plains Region, these two regions having nearly half the beef cattle in the country. A large number of beef cattle win also be noted in the Subtropical Coast and southern portion of tlie Cotton Belt, in the Appalachian valleys, in eastern Kansas. In the mountain parks and valleys of Colorado, Utah, and Idaho, on the plateaus of southwestern New Mexico and south- eastern Arizona, and in California. Over 40 per cent of the beef cattle are In the west- ern half of the United States. (See Figs. 12 27, and 42.) The corner table gives figures of l)eef cattle and of calves on farms only ; thei'e were 800,963 in cities and villages. ^1 Graphic Summary of American Ayricaltui 477 Fig. 82. — Nearly half the dairy cattle in the United States are in the Hay and Pas- ture Kegion and the adjacent northern and eastern margin of the Corn Belt. Other dense areas will be noted in southeastern Pennsylvania, which is really Corn Belt country, and in the valleys of the North and South Pacific regions. In the Cotton Belt, especially the northern portion, dairy cattle are more numerous than beef cattle, but in the Great Plains, Rocliy Mountain, and Arid Intermountain Regions they are much less numerous. Nine-tenths of the dairy cattle are in the Bast. The dairy cattle In cities and villages ("not on farms and ranges") number 1,220,564, which is loss than 4 per cent of all dairy cattle and calves in the United States. (See Figs. 25, 40, and 85.) 478 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 83. — The number of registered pure-bred beef cattle is more concentrated geo- graphically than that of all beef cattle. Iowa alone has one-seventh of the entire num- ber in the United States. Five per cent of the beef cattle in Iowa are registered. The prairie and plains portion of the United States (see "tall grass" and "short grass" of Fig. 7) has nearly four-flfths of the pure-bred beef cattle in the country. About two- fifths of the registered beef cattle are Shorthorns — nearly one-half if Polled Durham be included — and nearly two-fifths more are Herefords. Aberdeen-Angus constitute about one-tenth of the total number. Iowa leads the States l>y a wide margin in number of Shorthorns and Aberdeen-Angus, while Texas leads in number of Herefords. Fig. 84. — Sixty per cent of the registered pure-bred dairy cattle are concentrated in the Hay and Pasture Region. About 5 per cent of the dairy cattle in this region are registered. New York has one-sixth of the registered dairy cattle in the United States, and Wisconsin has one-eighth. Much smaller numbers may be noted in the valleys of California and of western Oregon and Washington. About 58 per cent of the registered dairy cattle in the United States are Holstein-Friesians, 25 per cent are Jerseys, 9 per cent are Guernseys, 3 per cent are Ayrshlres, and 1 per cent Brown Swiss, the re- mainder being unspecified. A Graphic Smnmary of American Agncultu re. 479 ;3jaJj;sjJ3Sidrii S W^- 0) jt w. ^*-i.2^£^,f^^^ «v. .';//' • ki=fi;.- 0) < ^ f'v^j^tBfB P--?>"vi^pHc o ID ■^ ^./.-ag^l ^.■.'•■. v".\^^C» . V fc z ]\ w^c vjBmHg ^ysjewii^.''"' • in Li or ' ^^ ' .'dSSKSs t- • ". . ' . • • • • " UCT HEES DU / ^^^^ ;■•:••;! '.'.{'J&:Y:'.:ii ':, PROD UTTER, C SALE n .. uK-ig^^:-|:4-: m ,* , Ai^S?!^ ^:-:- ••■:■•?. •%• ■• c»r •'.'.'•*• ■• DAIRY CREAM, B FROM • • " * • • • • , • • ;;.;.••;:••: ••••• • ■ ■ " * 1 • • 1. ^.t\ ~ ,•. •' '. ' X ■^ •' • • / • / i-'^-'.h u/ / 1 • * 1 Mil * • * 1 / ' ' d- • / • 1 * ijjj .# 33333**:- iisiU iiiillsl ijjjijj; 3 i S i 5 aq£ |>==Sris3a3 .'<,di^d3a Pig. 85. — This map shows the commercial dairying districts. The concentration in the Hay and Pasture Eeglon is much greater than that of dairy cattle (Fig. 82), Commercial dairy centers may also be noted near the large cities outside this region, notably Philadelphia, Baltimore. Washington, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St Lonls, Kan- sas CitT, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. These, as also the centers adjoining New York City, Boston, Buffalo, Clereland, and Detroit, represent market milt mostly ; while the larirer districts In central and northern New York, in Wisconsin, and In Minnesota represent milk and butter fat sold to creameries and cheese factories largely (see Figs. 86, 87, and 88). The yalue of dairy products consumed on the farm is esti- mated by the census at about $240,000,000. 480 Yearbook of the Depcurtment of Agriculture, 1921. SgSSfflSSSSgS ig£;s:|isi:isi.sjss£ BJogjiill-Sg^gC m 1- CO 9 Q. O go. o o Q o r CO DC < Li- ^ G) Ul — < — Ul 3 CQ iS^Jjgjjj I Pig. 86. — Butter made on farms in 1919 cotiNtituted 43 per ii'iit of the total pro- duction of 1,646,171,874 pounds roported by the census. The areas of densest produc- tion of farm butter. It will be noted, are the Piedmont Plateau, extending from eastern Pennsylvania to Alabama ; the Tennessee River Valley of northern Alabama and east- ern Tennessee : the upper Ohla Rlvi>r basin ; the western portion of Kentucky and Ten- nessee ; and the northeastern portion of Texas. It is notable how little butter Is made on farms in Wisconsin and Minnesota, where the factory system is well developed. Over half of the farms in the United States made butter in 1919, but less than one- third of the butter made was sold. Most of this farm butter sold was rousumed In the locality where It was produced. A (Graphic '"^ui/ii/nari/ of Ameneav Agriculture. 481 Fig. 87. — Most of the factory butter is made in the Hay and Pasture Region, espe- cially the western portion, in the Com Belt, and in the Pacific Coast Regions. The spotted character of the map, especially in the Corn Belt, indicates the concentration of butter making in a relatively few cities to which the cream or butter fat is shipped from the farms. Whereas only half as much butter was sold by the farmers of the United States in 1919 as in 1909, the amount of butter fat sold increased 74 per cent ahd of cream sold 50 per cent. The figures used in preparing this map were com- piled from reports received by the Dairy and Poultry Division of the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics. Returns received since the map was prepared increase the total for the United States to 1,055,000,000 pounds. 482 Yearbook of the Defwiiimenb of Agriculture, 1921. ii s s g.s.s.s j|s.|S,|s.s = J: : ; : : :jj : : Tjj : S : O o Q o o a *s CO LlJ o < — O < LU in ui UJ X o ill Is^iJsS^Jj ^sssKsss^a sssiiasss^ . F'G 88._praetically all the cheese is now made in factories, only 6,000,000 pounds in 1919, or less than 2 per cent of the total production of the United States, being made on farms About two-thirds of the cheese is made in Wisconsin and half of th« remainder in New York. Cheese production has developed in those parts of Wisconsin and New York having less than 150 days in the growing season, except along the lake shores, and m the central, sandy portion of Wisconsin, which hks poor pastures The short cool season favors summer pasture and cheese producUon, jult as silag^ wint^ dairying butter making skim milk, hogs, and corn complete the economic CTcFe hi th^ warmer belt to the south. The flgnres were compiled from reports received bvU^Dal?! and Poultry Division, Bureau of Agricultural EeonomlcB. rw»ivea, oy tne uairy A Graphic Swnmavy of Americ V,v. iaiiij ^ =!^^&..t a i ^ f^^^^W^^^^^. *" ^^^b \ / •s"*''/^VI:''&/.;:.'::v.;;;vW^^;v^« ' ^I\ \j • •**»"''.*"^'ViHAHt>''^V*.*«"iiit?'"« **1»'^ S '.'..■.•••.■-■•.•.••Ais^. !.;it::;:-//.;is& ^ . -.V^VvV:: •i^ 1 ^ — ^ ^■-mm :i:."'."-V':- — L. Z • • .' . ^ z ' • • J '■ 1 ^fi 1 -uliiL/ 1. r 1 m / TTlV.--:- -f: . | S / . / •;•• k^- • •. • D / /. / •• ., z / . • ,.:• - 3a lil^ VtiS^y?;^;. #■■ sga •i-aJ^' ^ isisssiS^ iiSd-SSij S3.SiisSi iSdfij Fio. 96. — Two areas of dense aistribution of bees stand out on the map, the southern Appalachians and southern California. The southern Appalachian area, extending from eastern Kentucky to northern Georgia and Alabama, had about 600,000 colonies ia 1919 and produced about 7,000,000 pounds of honey; whereas California, -with only 181,000 colonies, produced 5,500,000 pounds, or almost three times as much per colony. Texas also produced over 5,000,000 pounds of honey In 1919. The irrigated districts in the West, where fruit and alfalfa furnish many flowers, show distinctly on the map. Districts having large numbers of bees may also be noted in New York State, alons tne Ohio Bivei, and in southern Illinois. A Grafhic Sijcmmary of Americcm Agiimltwe. 489 v.„^i„,r thp distribution of farms, might also serve as a map ■ Fig. 97.— This map, J*owing the distnou lo ^^^^^^^^^^^ Pennsylvania, the upper of farm population. The densest areab central, and western Tennessee, the Piedmont ot So«» O^™^'^^ Delta in Mississippi. Over half the farms in the United Ohio Valley, and t?'^ Yazoo Ueita ™ ^ (, ^^a winter Wheat Region. Many of the States are in the Cotton Belt ana i e ^^^^^^ g^j^_ however, are little more than tenant farms on the Pl'i°^^"n Belt, although it includes over one-third the value of laborers' allotments, ^he cori^D ^ only one-seventh of the fanns. Nine-tenths of farm property in the Umtea Bia , ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ relatiye density of farm the farms are m the eastern^u^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^g^^ ^^_ ^q^ ^^^ j^g j population in tne ouui- 490 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. Figs. 98 to 101. — The typical negro tenant farms are from 30 to 50 acres In size, of which about half is in cotton. Many white farmers also have small farms, both In the Cotton Belt and In the Corn and Winter Wheat Region. Farms of 50 to 100 acres are characteristic of the white cotton farmers in the upper Piedmont of the Caro- llnas and Georgia and the Black Prairie of Texas ; also of the fair to good soils of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Michigan. On the richer lands of the Corn Belt farms of 100 to 260 acres prevail. Large farms In area — over 260 acres — are found in the Great Plains and Sp^ring Wheat regions. A two-section " dry farm " in the Great Plains Region, however, is no larger In productivity than a quarter-section farm in the Corn Belt (see Fig. 103). -4 GhfapMc Swmmary of American Agricultme. 491 Fig. 102. — Improved land is a better criterion of the real size of a farm than its total area, The Cotton Belt stands out clearly, with the farms in most of the area averaging less than 40 acres. The same small acreage per farm is found in eastern New England, where trucking and dairying dominate, and in the upper Lakes area, where farms are only partially ifeclalmed from the forest. At the other extreme, much of the Great Plains and most of the Spring Wheat Area average over 200 acres per farm. The sharp gradation zone extending from northwestern Minnesota to Indiana, thence to central Texas, marks the eastern margin of the prairies (see Fig. 7). Prairie farms were more easily and auickly made than forest farms, and have remained larger. (See Fig. 111.) 99912°— YBK 1921 32 492 Tearbooh of the Department of Agriculture, 19^1. Fig. 103. — The Corn Belt Is conspicuous on this map, averase land vhIupo in /.or.t^iH.1 Illinois and northwestern Iowa having risen to over $250 a" Icre ?n 1919 There h™l been a decline since. The irrigated areas are also shown on the man n«h„tr„„ if^S values of over $2.50 hut this Is not true of all the diltHcts" EvL t?.^ TargerTr^iOTted areas were too small to show other than in black, and many smaller districts could nS be shown at all. The regions of low land values are the arid and spmiarfd ?and^ of the West, the sandy thin, or stony solls.of the upper Lakes area and the North Atlantic States, and the light or leached lands in parts of the South, where also much of the |arm may be in forest. The first box In the legend should reid $0-$10, the second bol A GrapMo Summary of Americmi AgHcultme. 493 PlO- 104. — Over one-third of the value of farm property in the United States is in the Corn Belt, and nearly two-fifths of the value of farm land. The average value of J*™, land per acre January 1, 1920, was $148 in the Corn Belt, as compared with |40 in the Cotton Belt, $48 in the Hay and Pasture Eegion, and $21 in the Great rlains Region. Only in the South Pacific Coast Region does the value of farm prop- erty per square mile and of farm land per acre ($114) approach the values in the Corn Belt. Note the districts of greater values adjoining New York City, Philadelphia, Uetroit, and the Twin Cities, also the Blue Grass district in Kentucky. 494 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 105. — The value of farm buildings Is greatest in southeastern Pennsylyania, where it exceeds the value of the land, and averages $4,000 to $5,000 per farm. In the Corn Belt the average value of farm buildings is $3,400 per farm, and it is almost as much in the Spring Wheat Area, aad the southern portion of the Hay and Pasture Region. In the Cotton Belt, on the other hand, the average value is only $738, owing in part to the large number of negro shanties. However, the value of the buildings on the landlord's farm in a plantation is almost as great as the values in the Corn Belt, These values of farm buildings include barns and outbuildings, and since the value of the house is, in general, about half that of all farm buildings, the average value of farm houses in the United States is only about $900. T,?i°i, loe-— About one-half of the value of farm implements and machinery in the United States was reported in 1920 from the Corn Belt and the Hay and Pasture Region; but the greatest value per farm ($1,370) was in the Spring Wheat Area In i^^n^^A^^^U*^ , °^ districts of the North and West the average farm had about $1,000 worth of machinery in 1920, but the_ much smaller amount per farm in the Cotton B«lt ($215), Mid in ttie Corn apd Winter Wheat Region ($400), reduced the Nation's average to $557. The proportion which the value of machinery and knpie- ments constituted of the total value of farm property was extraordinarily uniform raSrine around 4 to 5 per cent in all the regions, except in the Hay and Pasture Resion where it constituted 7 per cent. ' ""'='° '■■ A Graphic Swmmary of Americcm Agricultwe. 495 FIG. 107. — The Corn Belt contains one-fourth of the value of all live stock in the United States, or somewhat more than the entire western half of the country. There is also dense distribution in southern Wisconsin and Michigan, in New York, and in south- eastern Pennsylvania, In which districts dairying is very important. The greatest aver- age value per farm, over $3,000, is in the Arid Intermountain and the Great Plains regions ; the smallest, $583, in the Cotton Belt. However, the proportion which value of live stock constitutes of the total farm Investment is 12 per cent in the Cotton Belt, as compared with 8 per cent In the Corn Belt. The greatest proportion. 18 per cent, is found in the Rocky Mountain and Arid Intermountain regions. PIC. 108.-The expenditure for feed i« greatest in the Hay and Pasture Rego^^^ where dairying dominates 5nd the production of gram is J^^"™*' i^°l'a berfcattie and hogs! feed'is ^freely bought and sold by the farmers, most of whom feed beef cattle ^°^^ In north-central Illinois the expenditure for feed is much less because i:"|^"™i 28, 81. sold to the near-by Chicago market, and few cattle °y}'°f„^l%^lf-^t-Wm^Skt^ Val- 89, and 107.) The heavier expenditure S'^yj'R, ^S JfernSf tiie f eSd is bought principally leys is largely for feed for dairy cows, while m Calilornia tne leeu it. iwus <■ e r~ for dairy co>ws and poultry. 496 Yearbooh of the Department of Agriculture^ 1921. Fig. 109. — Fertilizer is used at present principally on the more intensively cultivated crops, particularly cotton, tobacco, fruit, and truck, including potatoes ; and almost yflaoWy as yet in the Eastern States, where the rainfall is heavier and the soils more leached. About half of the expenditure in 1019 was in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont portions of Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia. Minor areas are the trucking districts of New Jersey and Long Island, the tobacco-onion district of the Connecticut Valley, the Aroos- took potato district in Maine, and the fruit-trucking district in southern California. Especially significant and prophetic is the considerable expenditure shown in Ohio and Indiana and even in Illinois and Iowa. VW^___^ EXPENDITURE PO" LABOR ~ — 1 i * NCLUONG VALUE OF BOARD AND )19 LODG NG h EACH DOT REPREsewTS 1% 00000 DOLLARS 1 "iL 1 t^ 4^ i 1 iC% "^ / I ""- ^ ■■*.. ->4-i-*y^S f^ """^ f -3. _JM «3p- "'"'"'^^ ^^» i / "F L->/t I- T ■^ ' T * ' ^*^fci %J. \ ^ EXPENDITURE FOR UBOIt- Lr— TOTAL AND PER FAJIM DURDIG 191) \ Vr r * kV«. c^™,, II 1 niTi TOULPUD riuM USA Will U. !^ MO S.4S4 oajs M a« 1IJ44JKI Jl.ISlJSi Z1,41U)1 Tl« ■97 JS3 Hi: SB' m 7IB I7(' STUt DUrUD ra mil TOIUrJUD ff. T.'. n. f.1.'. 7U8M97 eoaai «i S2S SIJ S7( SID Ca.. Vu. . m>.. Ut.. Pi.. Okk. I4UIUIS «.c7m 44.TKI.4II 4IMUU m m sss M 3» III.. ustmuz m Fio. 110.— The expenditure for labor in 1919 was greatest in the trucking, fruit, and dairying areas, especially the coastal belt from Norfolk, Va., to Salem, Mass., the Ontario lowland of New ^ork, the Elgin dairy disti-iet of northern Illinois and southern Wis- 'S^fu"'^""^ ti^'^'isated valleys of the West. Heavy expenditure is also shown in most Of the Corn Belt, and somewhat less in the Winter and Spring Wheat Areas. Althoueh cotton is a crop requiring much more labor than any other major crop, the cash expendi- ture is small in the Cotton Belt because most of the labor is furnished by croppera and tenants. In the Black Pralne of Texas, however, many Mexicans are hired to pick Graphic Svrnimary of American Agricultwe. 497 SS§S53S3a«-353"S3 SSg35S3gSSSSSS3SSS Fig. Ill- — Tbe average value of farms. Including buildings, machinery, and live stock. In the prairie portion of the Corn Belt and the southern part of the Spring Wheat Region is about $10,000. The high values shown in western Texas and northern Nevada are mostly of cattle ranches, which are few in number and large in area, often including thousands of acres of arid range. In central and southern California, on the other hand, uiany of the high-priced farms are small, but consist of expensive orchards, or of bean 01- sugar-beet land. The very low-priced farms shown in the eastern Cotton Belt are, in large part, small cropper or tenant holdings in plantations. The light areas in Ken- tuckv and Tennessee represent poor mountain, farms. 498 Yearbook of the DepartiTient of AgricvZture, 1921. Fig. 112. — The extent of farm tenancy is commonly measured by the proportion of farmers who are tenants ; but often of equal significance is the proportion of the im- proved land, or the proportion of the value of land and buildings included in their farms. In Illinois, for instance, less than 43 per cent of the farmers are tenants, but these tenants operate 48 per cent of the improved land, and their farms include over 52 per cent of the value of land and buildings in the State. Tn Alabama, on the other hand, nearly 58 per cent of the farmers are tenants, but the tenants operate only about the same proportion of improved land as tlie tenants in Illinois, and their farms include only about 40 per cent of the value of land and buildlnes. Graphic Summary of American AgricuUv/re. 499 Pig. 113. — This map shows the relative extent of tenancy from the standpoint of Improved land. The principal areas having over 60 per cent of the improved land operated by tenants are the richest portiohs of the Corn Belt and of the Cotton Belt (see Figs. 22 and 24). These are our most productive areas (see Fig. 21), in which many of the farmers or planters can afford to retire to town and be supported by the rent of their farms. The small proportion of Improved land operated by tenants in the hills of New England, in the southern Appalachian Mountains, on the sandy lower coastal plain of the South, and in the arid areas of the West is noteworthy. 500 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 114. — The largest number of farms operated by white owners is found among the Germans of southeastern Pennsylvania and eastern Wisconsin, the mountaineers of west- ern Pennsylvania and the southern Appalachians, and the pioneers in the West. The fewer number of farm owner-operators in the prairie portion of the Corn Belt, as com- pared with the originally forested portion (see Fig. 7), is noteworthy. This is due, in part, to the larger, consequently fewer, farms (see Fig. 102), and in part to the larger proportion of tenants (see Fig. 112). The thinner distribution in northern New England, the upper Lakes region, and the West is owing to fewer farms eind not to a smaller pro- portion of farms operated by owners (see Fig. 113) . NUMBER OF FARMS OPERATED BY WHITE TENANTS STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER T«. . 177,198 Mo. . 75,727 101,196 Ohio.. 75,644 G«.... 93,016 Tenn.. 75,596 loWK.. 69,064 AU. . 70,395 88,684 Kaiu. . 66,701 Itr.... 83,056 Ind... 65,587 Fig. 115. — The largest number of farms operated by white tenants is in the upper Piedmont of the Carollnas, Georgia, and Alabama, and in the Black Waxy Prairie of Texas. In these districts negroes are less numerous than to the South and East, and the cotton is grown mostly by white farmers. The proportion of tenancy is about the same as in central Illinois. A large number of white tenants are .showii in Kentucky and western Ohio, especially in the tobacco districts, and throughout the Corn Belt. The small number of tenanis. as compared with ownr-rs (Fig. 114), is notable in the Hay and Pasture Region and in the West. A Graphic Summary of American Agricultv/re. 501 Fig. IIO. — The largest number of farms oporated by negro owners is found in eastern Virginia, southeastern South Carolina, and northeastern Texas, all areas of cheap land, in Virginia there are almost twice as many farms operated by negro owners as by negro tenants, and in Florida the numbers aie about equal, but in the Cotton Belt tenants greatly exceed owners in number (see Fig. 117). Of the 2,"):<,222 farm.s in the United btatps operated by negro and non-white owners, only 9,103 are in the North and West. However, 71 per cent of tlie negro and non-white farmers in the North and West own their farms, as compared with 24 per cent In the South. The dots in the western States represent mostly farms owned and operated by Indians, Chinese, and Japanese. FARMS OPERATED BY COLORED TENANTS AND CROPPERS NUMBER JAN. 1, 1920 NUHEEK OF FARMS OPERATED Br.COLOBED TEHAinS AND CROPPERS STATE NUMBER STATE NUMBER Miu... 137,848 Te=t... 5S,11I C*.... 113,938 N.C., 53.917 S.C.. 86,068 La.... 50,981 AU... 77^74 Tenn.. 28,289 Afk... 56,814 V«.... 16,640 Pj(. ]^i7 'ihe negro tenant and cropper farms or holdings are located mostly in the Yazoo'-Miasissippi Delta, in the Black I'raiiie of Alabama, and in the upper Coastal I'lain and Piedmont of Georgia and the Carolinas — districts having the richest soils in thp old South Many of these " farms " are merely allotments to croppers on planta- Mmi- s cc ae UJ Ok z 03 0. O 0. nSr^SSw^ssSSfSS iJiSllliSlldi ^' II SseS i S£33" 1 sl^J « SslS 1 illl 1 an iiiiim F-UloOKilfSuilA Fig. 118.— Statistics of population outside incorporated places, although includins many subiirbaiiites, mill workers, and miners, especially in Pennsylvania, afforded the closest approximation to farm population prior to June, 1922. In the 1920 census the enumerators indicated for the first time persons living in farms The resultlnff tahiiS- tion shows .'il .814.000 nennlp nr ah^nt +v.,.on_f„,„.*i,„*4.i^"„_ ,!r.?l_ ^."?^ Ts^"'""S tanuia- Figure 97, showing number of farms, may be used to compare the relative denoitv n? farm population in different parts of the United States, since'^the numbefof iSe D?r S ranges from four to five in most States, except in the Santh, where thS-e^e five to si™ A Graphic Sumimary of American Agriculture. 603 sasa' Sacfg I- o O o aicn 3i^ 1 §1 "532 Y s i nil < 1 j2^j i Ex ^nli^S 1 SSsS ^ 1 i^si = isl3 ^Jji^ii:i Fio 119. — " Village " population includes many people living on farms within the village limits. It Includes also many retired farmers, especially in the Corn Belt and in the South and West, and tradesmen who serve the farmers' needs. In the Northeast a considerable factory population resides in villages. The geographic distribution of village population in the Corn Belt, and in the Spring Wheat and the southwestern Dortfon of the Hay and Pasture regions, is rcmarJsaWy uniform. Whereas, farm popula- tion and country population (see Figs. 97 and 118) are densest in the South and Bast, village population is densest in the Com Belt. It is also relatively dense in Utah, where many of the Morman farmers live In villages. 504 Yearbooh of the Department of Agriculture, 1921. Fig. 120. — Over half of the urban population in the United States resides within the Hay and Pasture Region. The urban population in this region constitutes nearly three-fourths of its total population, and over-one-fourth of the total population of the United States. Into this region the food and fibers of the West and South constantly move. The center of urban population, however, is located In the eastern portion of i„^ ^°^'^ Belt, near Piqua, Ohio ; while the center of agricultural production is over 400 miles to the west, near Jefferson City, Mo. Outside this Ilav and Pasture Region the principal centers of urban population are found along the northern margin of the Corn and Winter Wheat Region, and on or near the Pacific coast. Towns of 2,500 to 10.000 population are shown by the smaller size dot ; larger cities by circles of varying size A Graphic Simimary of American Agricultwe 505 Fig. 121. — Tractors are most numerous in, the Coni Belt, in the Spring and Winter Wheat Areas, and in California. In the Spring Wheat Area, on January 1, 1920, about 1 fai-m in 6 had a tractor ; in the Corn Belt, in Kansas, and in California about 1 farm in 10 ; elsewhere in the United States 1 farm in 2) to 50, except in the States south of the Ohio and Potomac Elvers, where less than 1 farm in 100 had a tractor. The acreage of cotton a farmer can handle is not limited by the acreage he can plow and plant, as with wheat, or can - cultivate, as with com, but by the amount he can pick, and a tractor can not help in picking cotton. PlO. 122. — Two-fifths of the 2,000.000 automobiles on farms In the United States, .January 1, 1920, were in the Corn Belt (see Fig. 104). From one-half in the eastern portion to three-fourths of the farms in the western portion of the Corn Belt had auto- mobiles, and about half the farms in Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Califdrnla. Eastward from the Cojn Belt the proportion drops to one-third of the farms in New York and one-fourth in New England ; southward it drops to one-seventh in the Caro- linas and Georgia and to one-twentieth in Mississippi. An automobile is of little help to a negro cropper, or even a poor white tenant in the South, either in marketing his cotton or in attending to his business. 506 Yearbook of the Departrwent of Agriculture, 1921. \Nf^TER IN HOUSE NUMBER OF FARMS REPORTING JAN. 1, 1920 Fig. 123. — About one-half of the farms in New England and in California have ■watel piped into the house, about one-foui-th of the farms in New York, Pennsylvania, Or^oil and Washin;^on ; about onerpighth of the farms in the Corn Belt ; and 1 farm in 50 t\ 100 in the Cotton Belt. Ttese differences are due, in part, to differences in per capita rural wealth in the several sections of the United States, and in the percentage o| tenancy, and in part to differences in the consideration shown for the health and comforj of the housewife. Fig. 124. — Telephones are most common gn the farms sof the Corn Belt and of Kansa in which region from 60 to 90 per cent varying with the State, possess this col venience. In the Hay and Pasture, the Spring Wheat, and the Pacifle Coast Regiol about half the farms have telephones ; in Texas and (iklahoma about one-third of tl farms; m the Corn and Winter Wheat Eegion (except Kansas), in the Great Plains a7 the Rocky Mountain Regions about a quarter of the farms : but in the Cotton BelB east of Texas and Okl.ihoma. only from f> to 15 pei- cSiV. The pro^rt?on of * p™lir'ity''''"°'^ " ^'^"'P''™* '^ indicative uf the general diffusion of rural progreS ai| m mi 3^ ■-V 'i'l '4 r-i )*1