MV^EVMoFTHEAnEILICAN INDIAN: 
 
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 MARSHALL -H.SAVILLE COLLECTION 
 
3 1924 103 987 412 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924103987412 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO 
 
 JESSE ~V^ ALTER, FEAVKES 
 
 '-1 
 
 221 
 
o RMC i=i 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO 
 
 By Jesse Walter Fewkes 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 The explorations and studies embodied in the present paper were 
 undertaken by Doctor Fewkes, Ethnologist in the Bureau of American 
 Ethnology, at the instance of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution, and funds for the field work were furnished by the Institution. 
 The particular field of operations was chosen with the view of deter- 
 mining, if possible, by means of a reconnpissance of the eastern states 
 of Mexico, whether or not any definite connection or relationship existed 
 between the ancient peoples north of the Rio Grande and within the area 
 of the United States and those to the south in Mexico, especially the 
 semicivilized tribes of middle Mexico and Yucatan. The present study 
 must be regarded as preliminary only, the field work not yet having 
 progressed sufficiently to furnish data for definitive results; but it is, 
 nevertheless, a very important contribution to our knowledge of the 
 ancient culture of the Gulf states of Mexico, and it is hoped that the 
 researches thus initiated maj' be continued and completed in the near 
 future. 
 
 W. H. Holmes, Chief. 
 223 
 
O O N" T E I^ T S 
 
 Page 
 
 Introduction 231 
 
 Ruins of Cempoalan 233 
 
 Construction of buildings 236 
 
 Nomenclature and position of buildings ' 237 
 
 Building A 238 
 
 Building B 240 
 
 Building 240 
 
 Building D 242 
 
 Building E 243 
 
 Mounds near Antigua '. 243 
 
 Ruins of Xicochimalco 244 
 
 Texolo mounds 245 
 
 Xico Viejo ■ 246 
 
 Stone idols near Xico 247 
 
 Modem Xicochimalco '. 248 
 
 Papantla 249 
 
 Castillo de Teayo : 250 
 
 Objects from Cempoalan and Xico 250 
 
 Classification 251 
 
 Stone ring 251 
 
 Closed stone yokes 253 
 
 Open stone yokes 253 
 
 Curved stones 258 
 
 Theories di the use of stone yokes , 259 
 
 Paddle-shaped stones 261 
 
 Padlock stones 263 
 
 Stone heads 264 
 
 Sling stones 266 
 
 Stone idols 266 
 
 Clay objects from Barra Chachalicas 268 
 
 Mounds near Tampico 271 
 
 General remarks 271 
 
 Shell heaps 275 
 
 Ruins near Altamira 276 
 
 Ruins near Champayan lagoon 277 
 
 Archeological objects 277 
 
 Stone idols at Altamira * 278 
 
 Tampico stone idols 280 
 
 Huaxtec pottery 280 
 
 Conclusions - 284 
 
 25 ETH— 07 15 225 
 
ILLITSTRATTOI^S 
 
 Plate XCIV. Relative positions of the main buildings at Cempoalan. 
 XCV. INFodern building on foundation of Cempoalan pyramid. 
 XCVI. Templp del Aire. 
 XCVII. Building A, Cempoalan. 
 XCVIII. Building B,.Cempoalan. 
 XCIX. Building C, Cempoalan (front view). 
 
 C. Building C, Cempoalan (lateral rear view). 
 CI. Building D, Cempoalan (front view). 
 CII. Building D, Cempoalan (lateral rear view). 
 cm. Building E, Cempoalan. 
 CIV. Mounds at Texolo. 
 CV. Mounds at Texolo. 
 CVI. Stone idol at Xico Viejo. 
 CVII. Stone serpent at Fuente. 
 CVIII. Stone idol at Texolo. 
 CIX. View of Xico Viejo: 
 
 a, the pyramid. 
 
 b, view of the old houses, 
 ex. View of el Tajin, Papantla. 
 
 CXI. Castillo de Teayo. 
 CXII. Stone yokes of the first group (Dehesa collection): 
 • a, front view. 
 
 b, side view. 
 
 c, top view. 
 
 CXIII. Stone yokes of the first group (Dehesa cGllection): 
 
 a, front view. 
 
 b, side view of a. 
 
 c, front view. 
 
 d, side view of c. 
 
 CXIV. Stone yoke of the first group (Sonora XewH Company coUfction); 
 
 a, front view. 
 
 b, side view. 
 
 c, base view. 
 
 CXV. Stone yokes of the first group (Dehesa collection) : 
 i(, a', front and lateral views of same yoke. 
 b, c, d, side views of other yokes. 
 CXVI. Paddle-shapect stones (Dehesa collection) : 
 
 a, front view. 
 
 b, front view. 
 
 CXVII. Paddle-shaped stones (Dehesa collection): 
 a, front view. 
 6, front view. 
 
 227 
 
228 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Plate CXVIII. Paddle-shaped stones (Dehesa collection): 
 u, front view. 
 
 h, reverse view of a, plate cxvi. 
 OXIX. Fan-shaped stones (Dehesa collection): 
 a, b, with human face. 
 r, with bird head and body. 
 CXX. Stone heads, masks, and idols ( Dehesa coUeption) : 
 
 a, small yoke. 
 
 b, fiatiron-shaped specimen. 
 
 c, perforated specimen. 
 
 d, e,f, heads. 
 
 g, h, padlock-shaped specimens. 
 )', seated figure. 
 j, mask. 
 OXXI. Stone heads (Dehesa collection): 
 a, b, heads of clowns, 
 c, d, heads of old men. 
 
 e, f, g, masks. 
 
 h, flattened head. 
 i, bird-shaped specimen. 
 OXXII. Clay images from Cempoalan and vicinity (Dehesa collection) : 
 
 a, effigy. 
 
 b, head of Eain god. 
 
 c, Eain god. 
 
 d, e, bowls in shape of death's head. 
 
 /, head of Flower goddess. , 
 
 g, small painted effigy. 
 CXXIII. Pottery images from Barra Chachalicas: 
 
 a, b, front and side view of figure without arms or legs. 
 
 c, painted effigy of female figure. 
 CXXIV. Clay objects from Oempoalan: . 
 
 a-f, small heads. 
 
 g, well-made large head. 
 
 h, painted head. 
 
 I, }, heads from panel of temple. 
 ■CXXV. Pottery from Otates (Estefania collection): 
 
 a, b, decorated bowls, from exterior. 
 
 c, painted bowl, showing spiral ornament. 
 
 d, deep bowl, silie view. 
 
 e, bowl with interior decorated with picture of monkey. 
 /, bowl with exterior decorated with death's head. 
 
 CXXVI. Pottery objects from near Jalapa and Tampico (Estefania and 
 Pressley collections) : 
 a, classic pitcher with graceful handle. 
 6, food bowl with three legs, 
 c, d, bowls with two handles. 
 e, bowl with legs. 
 /, g, h, clay heads. 
 i, clay effigy of a human being. 
 j, section of a bowl. 
 k, rude effigy of human being. 
 I, m, dippers. 
 
ILLUSTKATIONS 229 
 
 Plate OXXVII. Pottery objects from Panuco valley (Pressley collection): 
 a, melon-shaped specimen. 
 6, melon-shaped specimen with handle. 
 
 c, double-handled vase with human face. 
 
 d, globular dipper with human face. 
 e-h, clay heads. 
 
 /, j, unknown objecta. 
 k, I, figurines. 
 m, seated figure. 
 n, paint mortar. 
 CXX VIII. Pottery images from the Panuco valley (Presaley collection) : 
 a, h, t , d, figurines. 
 e-h, clay heads. 
 4, seated figure. 
 j, figurine smoking (?). 
 h, unknown quadruped. 
 I, bowl with legs. 
 CXXIX. Pottery from Ohampayan lagoon, Tampico: 
 
 a, vase with meridional swelling. 
 
 b, vase with painted curved designs. 
 
 c, undecorated vase. 
 
 d, e, painted vases. 
 
 Page 
 
 Figure 44. Battlements of building A, Cempoalan 240 
 
 45. Stone idol at Xico Viejo (front view) 247 
 
 46. Stone idol at Xico Viejo (back view) 247 
 
 47. Stone idol at Texolo (side view) 248 
 
 48. Stone idol at Texolo (back view) 248 
 
 49. Stone ring (Deheaa collection) 252 
 
 50. End view of arms of stone yokes (Museo Nacional, Mexico) 254 
 
 51. Side view of stone yoke, second group (Dehesa collection) 256 
 
 52. Side view of stone yoke, second group (Dehesa collection) 257 
 
 53. Convex side of curved stone (Museo Nacional, Mexico) 258 
 
 54. Concave side of curved stone (Museo Nacional, Mexico) 259 
 
 55. Paddle-shaped stone representing lizard (Dehesa collection) 262 
 
 56. Reverse of paddle-shaped stone 263 
 
 57. Paddle-shaped stone with dancing figure (Dehesa collection) 263 
 
 58. Reverse of a, plate ex vii 263 
 
 59 Bird-shaped stone with notched base (Dehesa collection) 264 
 
 60. Sling stones (Dehesa collection) 265 
 
 61. Sling stones (Dehesa collection) 266 
 
 62. Snake idol from Jalapa Viejo 266 
 
 63. Maize goddess (Dehesa collection) 267 
 
 64. Rain goddess (Dehesa collection) 268 
 
 65. Bowl frorn Cempoalan 269 
 
 66. Clay image (Dehesa collection) 270 
 
 67. Serpent-god idol 278 
 
 68. Stone idol at Altamira , 279 
 
 69. God with staff (Pressley collection) 280 
 
 70. Melon-shaped vase with handle (Pressley collection) 283 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The geographical position of the Gulf states of Mexico gives them 
 a special significance in comparative studies of the prehistoric culture 
 of the mound builders of the lower Mississippi valley and that of the 
 Maya and other tribes of the far south. Notwithstanding this fact 
 very little has been contributed in recent years " to our knowledge of 
 the archeology of this interesting region, and comparativel^y little is 
 known of the culture of the prehistoric races that inhabited it. With 
 hopes of increasing this knowledge the author was directed in the 
 winter of 1905 to visit portions of these states for field work under the 
 auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. Some of the general results 
 of this visit are published in the following pages. 
 
 When Hernando Cortes disembarked his little army of invasion in 
 what is now the state of Vera Cruz he found it inhabited by aborigines 
 of comparatively high culture. The inhabitants called themselves 
 Totonac, and their territory was known as Totonacapan. The con- 
 queror was not long in discovering that the Totonac were subjects 
 of Moctezuma, a great ruler in the mountains to whom they unwill- 
 ingly paid tribute, and that they chafed under his yoke. Shortly 
 after landing Cortes visited their settlements at Quiauistlan and Cem- 
 poalan, near the former of which he laid the foundation of a city that 
 he called Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, the Rich Town of the True Cross. 
 He was well received by the inhabitants of these cities, making friends 
 with those above mentioned and thirty other dependent pueblos whose 
 aid greatly facilitated his march to the interior pf Mexico. But this 
 friendship of the natives of Cempoalan and their settlements for Cortes 
 was not shared by all the Indians of the Mexican Gulf coast. In the 
 valleys of the Panuco and Tamesi rivers, that is, in what is now northern 
 Vera Cruz and southern Tamaulipas, dwelt the so-called Huaxtec, a 
 people linguisticajly allied to the Ma^a and culturally similar to the 
 Totonac. They had populous towns, having reached a high degree 
 of culture, and thej' had never been conquered by the Aztec. At 
 first they resisted the Spaniards, but subsequently were subdued by 
 Cortes and their main city, called Chila, situated on the Panuco rivei-- 
 about 15 miles from its mouth, and certain other settlements on 
 
 « A valuable summary of what is known of the ruins in these states may be found in Bancroft, 
 The Native Races, iv (Antiquities), San Francisco, 1882. Mr Hugo Fink, in Smithsimian Report for 
 1870, p. 873-375, refers to the abundance of antiquities in Vera Cruz, 
 
 231 
 
232 INTRODUCTION 
 
 lagoons of the Tamesi near the present pueblo, Altamira, were 
 destroyed. The survivors of these villages who escaped slavery or 
 massacre fled to the mountains, where their descendants, bereft of 
 ancestral arts, lost much of their culture and settled in new localities. 
 Let us begin our account with the Totonac ruin, Cempoalan, and 
 follow with a brief description of prehistoric earth mounds near Xico," 
 a Nahuatl pueblo not far from Jalapa, closing with a brief mention of 
 that near Antigua, the modern name of the second Villa Eica de la 
 Vera Cruz founded bj' Cortes. 
 
 (1 A contracted form of Xicochimalco; a better known pueblo of the name Xico is situated on an 
 island of Lake Chalco near Mexico City. 
 
RUINS OF CEMPOALAN 
 
 The earliest historical references to Cempoalan occur in the accounts 
 of the Conquest by Bernal Diaz del Castillo," Francisco Lopez de 
 Gomara,* and other contemporaries. At the time of the Conquest 
 Cempoalan was so striking a metropolis that it excited the admiration 
 of the Europeans, and from its many temples ("towers") and large 
 buildings was called Se villa. Its streets and plazas are said to have 
 swarmed with people, one author estimating the population at 30,000 
 souls. Whether this statement was exaggerated or not we may never 
 know, but the size and number of the temples prove that the city had 
 a considerable population. After the Conquest' Cempoalan rapidly 
 declined in power and its population so dwindled that in 1580, accord- 
 ing to Patino,'' it had shrunk to 30 inhabited houses; it is stated that in 
 the year 1600 only one or two Cempoalanos lived on the old site, the 
 most of the sui'vivors having been moved to the jurisdiction of Jalapa, 
 where they were distributed in new "congregations" by the then 
 Viceroy of Mexico, the Count of Monterey. The adjacent forests and 
 an exuberant tropical vegetation rapidly grew over the deserted build- 
 ings of the once populous city, so that in a few generations its site was 
 practically forgotten by students. 
 
 Regarding the position of the ruins, Bancroft writes as follows :** 
 
 About the location of Cempoalan, a famous city in the time of the Conquest, there 
 has been much discussion. Lorenzana says that the place "still retains the same 
 name; it is situated 4 leagues from Vera Cruz and the extent of its ruins indicates 
 its former greatness." Rivera tells us, however, that "to-day not even the ruins of 
 this capital of the Totonac power remain, although some human bones have been 
 dug up about its site." 
 
 All the old authors agree that the people who inhabited Cempoalan 
 belonged to the Totonac stock. This identification gives the study of 
 this ruin both an archeologic and ethnologic importance. A student of 
 the antiquities of Cempoalan need not doubt the kinship of its inhabit- 
 ants; but regarding the affinity of the inhabitants of many other Vera 
 
 a Historia Verdaclera de la Conqvista de la Nueva-Espaiia, Mexico, 1632. 
 
 f> Cronica de la Nueva-Espana. In chapter xxxii of this work -the author deacribea a plaza of Cem- 
 poalan with rooms on one side and towers on the other, the walls of the latter shining in the sun like 
 silver. 
 
 Manuel Rivera, Historia Antigua y Moderna de Jalapa y de las Revoluciones del Estado de Vera 
 Cruz, Jalapa, 1869. The -author had an opportunity to examine this work in Jalapa and from 
 it obtained the above statement ascribed to Patino, whose writings were not seen. According to 
 Rivera, Alonzo Patino presented a "piano" of Cempoalan in 1580 to Martin Enriquez, but much to 
 his regret the author has not been able to see this plan. 
 
 d Bancroft, The Native Races, iv (Antiquities), 436, San Francisco, 1882^ 
 
 233 
 
234 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ann. 25 
 
 Cruz ruins there is not the sume certainty. Some are Nahuatl, manj 
 are Totonac, and still others were once inhabited by people of unknown 
 stock. 
 
 Although lost and forgotten by the outside world, the name of the 
 Totonac metropolis clung to a geographical locality near the left bank 
 of the Actopan river, where certain mounds and ruined pyramids are 
 still known to the people of the neighborhood as the remains of ancient 
 Cempoalan. In modern times the attention of archeologists was first 
 called to this site by Sra Estefania Salas, a lady of Totonac extrac 
 tion, still living in Jalapa, who was then a zealous collector of land 
 shells. In 1883 Dr H. Strebel, led by information furnished bj' Sra 
 Estebania and others, published an illustrated account of six of the 
 temples of Oempoalan" that represented for several years all that was 
 known of the ruins.' 
 
 Descriptions of objects from Cempoalan appeared also shortly after 
 in Strebel's work, Alt-Mexico,"- which has long been the authoritj' on 
 the antiquities of Vera Cruz. Strebel apparently had not visited 
 Cempoalan when his articles were written, and he makes no attempt 
 to locate the geographical or relative positions of the buildings he 
 describes. In 1891, eight years after the publication of Strebel's 
 work, in commemoration of the fourth centenary of the discovery of 
 America by Columbus the Mexican Government made a survey of 
 Cempoalan and neighboring ruins, under direction of the well-known 
 Mexicanist, Sr Paso y Troncoso. At that time the dense, almost impen- 
 etrable jungle covering the mounds was thoroughly cleared away and 
 the walls of several large buildings, including those described l)y 
 Strebel, were laid open to view. The whole ruin was then surveyed 
 by an engineer, Pedro Pablo Romero, and a model prepared of the 
 central buildings adjoining a court identified as tjie Plaza Mayor. In 
 the course of the work here and in the adjoining Totonac region more 
 than two hundred photographs were taken and much valuable material 
 was collected. The models and plans were exhibited in the Columbian 
 Exposition at Madrid in 1892, where they attracted considerable atten- 
 tion, and an account of the material as well as of the different temples 
 was published in a catalogue '' of the exhibits that appeared at that 
 time. The above-mentioned model and plans, with crayon copies of 
 some of the photographs enlarged bj^ Sr Jos6 M. Velasco, are now on 
 exhibition in the Museo Nacional in Mexico cit}^ and the collection 
 of photographs preserved in the library of the same institution is open 
 to inspection. With the exception of a visit of Senor Batres, official 
 
 "As so often happens in Mexico, the same name is applied to several places. The Cempoalan near 
 Paso del Ovejas from ita position can not be the historic city conspicuous in the conquest of Mexico. 
 
 ''Die Ruinen von Cempoallan in Staate Vera Cruz (Mexico) and Mitteilungen iiber die Toto- 
 imken der Jctzeits, Ablmndlmigen des Naturwisaenschaft Vereins lu Hamburg, vii, Teil 7. 1883. 
 
 c Alt-Mexico, Archeologischer Beitriige zur Kulturgeschichte seiner Bewohner, Hamburg, 1P8'>. 
 
 dCatalogo de la Seccion de Mexico en la Expo8ici6n Hist6rico- Americano de Madrid, 189'2, tomos, 
 i-ii, 1892-3. 
 
PBWKES] ETJINS OF CEMPOALAN 2B5 
 
 inspector of archeological monuments and one or two others, the 
 ruins of Cempoalan passed the next decade without being disturbed 
 or even visited, and a new jungle spi'ead itself over the stately pyra- 
 mids. The author made two excursions to Cempoalan in February-, 
 1905, I'emaining there a week on his second visit. The limitation of 
 time prevented extended work at the ruins, but photographs of the 
 main buildings were made and data regarding them collected. Even 
 this limited work was attended with somediiEculty, since the clearings 
 made by Troncoso in 1891 had already disappeared, the trees and 
 underbrush having grown to so great an extent as to obscure the build- 
 ings, making it difficult to secure satisfactory photographs. Although 
 much of this vegetable growth was cut away by the owner, the jungl<» 
 is still dense over the greater part of the ruins." 
 
 A visit to the ruin Cempoalan can be readily made from Jalapa or 
 Vera Cruz in a single day. It lies not far from the left bank of the 
 Chalchalicas or Actopan river, a short distance from the coast and 
 two hours' ride on horseback from a station on the railroad between 
 Jalapa and Vera Cruz, called San Francisco. The roads (plate xoiv) 
 from this station to the ruins are fairly good, passing through a com- 
 paratively level country, lined in part with groves of tropical trees 
 to which cling beautiful air plants, and in the branches of which 
 live many parrots and other brilliantly colored birds. The shortest 
 road passes through hamlets called Gloria and Bobo, and near the 
 latter is a ford of the Rio Actopan. Although the road from San 
 Francisco to Bobo at first is uninteresting, distant mountains are 
 always visible, and as the traveler approaches the river trees are more 
 numeroxis and the country becomes more attractive. 
 
 On the right side of this road before fording the Actopan * there 
 are several artificial moUnds belonging to the Cempoalan group, the 
 first being passed a mile from what was once the central plaza of the 
 city. After fording the river the traveler crosses several irrigating 
 ditches and the cultivated fields increase in number, showing evidences 
 that much of the plain on the left bank of the river is fertile and once 
 may have been extensively farmed.'^ 
 
 a My investigations in the state of Vera Cruz were greatly facilitated by Governor Dehesa, who not 
 only gave me permission to study his valuable collection, but also directed the owner of the hacienda, 
 Agostadero, and the alcalde of San Carlos, to aid me in every way. I take this opportunity to 
 express my gratitude to Governor Dehesa for this and many other kindnesses. Don Firmen Zarete, 
 owner of the property on which Cempoalan stands, Sr Alejandro Viu, alcalde of San Carlos, and 
 Mr Qaw, of Jalapa, also rendered valuable assistance, for which I wish to thank them. I was accom- 
 panied to Cempoalan and Xioochimaloo by Senor Ximenes, photographer of the governor of Vera Cruz. 
 
 i G6mara says the river crossed by Cortes was about a mile from the court of Cempoalan, which is 
 approximately the distance of the Bobo ford (Paso del Bobo). He also mentions the irrigated gar- 
 dens (Huertas de regado), which were evidently north of the Actopan, through which the road 
 passes. From Gbmara's account it appears that Cempoalan was not a compact city with buildings 
 crowded together, but composed of many clusters of buildings, each s\]rrounded by gardens, and 
 groves of trees so tall that the buildings were not visible from a distance. 
 
 Actopan, according to Alonzo de Molina, means land, rich and fertile. Its Aztec rebus is a maize 
 plant growing out of an irregular circle filled with black dots. Note, however, the difference in 
 spelling the name of the river, Actopan and Atocpan. 
 
236 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ann. 25 
 
 The visitor may obtain shelter and food near the ruins at the hospi- 
 table hacienda, Agostadero, owned by Don Firmen Zarete. This set- 
 tlement consists of a collection of primitive cabins of the simplest 
 construction characteristic of the Tierra Caliente, clustering about 
 the house of the owner. Evidences of the older population crop 
 out everywhere in this region, and well-defined rows of rubblestones 
 mark the remains of foundation walls of old temples that have been 
 appropriated for the same purpose in modern cabins (plate xcv). 
 It would appear that practically the majority of the houses of Agos- 
 tadero are built on walls of the older settlement, and that the present 
 inhabitants cultivate the same fields as their prehistoric predecessors. 
 There are indications that these fields are still irrigated by water 
 drawn from the Rio Actopan, as in prehistoric times. 
 
 The ruins of Cempoalan are quite extensive, covering a large extent 
 of territory, but^ as a majority of the mounds are inaccessible except 
 by cutting one's way through the underbrush with a machete, the 
 locations of their sites can be only surmised. Mounds belonging to 
 this metropolis were found extending over a territory a mile square, 
 but the main buildings are crowded into a limited area. Wherever 
 one turns in this neighborhood, if vegetation permits he encounters 
 evidences of former human occupation. Not only mounds and pyra- 
 mids rise on all sides but also plastered walls, and fragments of con- 
 creted road-beds lined with rows of stones set in cement (not unlike 
 curbs) are seen on all sides. It does not take long to discover that 
 Cempoalan was constructed alrbost entirelj"- of .plaster and rubble- 
 stones ; " none of its walls were made of adobe or of cut stones. 
 
 Construction of Buildings 
 
 So far as can be determined, the four buildings of old Cempoalan 
 now standing are pyramids, the bases of former temples. The}' are 
 constructed of a concrete core made of water-worn stones laid in lines 
 one above another and faced with concrete. Wherever thi^i super- 
 ficial covering has fallen, especially on the stairways, rows of stones 
 are clearly seen. ' The surfaces of these buildings were originally 
 highly polished, so smoothly that it was supposed hy one of the sol- 
 diers of Cortez that the walls were covered with plates of silver. 
 These walls were decorated with yellow and red paititings, traces of 
 which are still visible, especially in places not exposed to the weather. 
 Two typical forms of buildings are represented at Cempoalan, one 
 circular, the other rectangular. Both types have stairways with mas- 
 sive balustrades on one side. Examples of the circular type are not 
 as well preserved as those of the rectangular, but their form is similar ■ 
 to that of the temple now in ruins at Calera near Puente Nacional.* 
 
 II In this respect unlike the Tptonac ruin Tajin, near Papantla. 
 
 6 See Bancroft, The Native Races, iv (Antiquities), San Francisco, 1S82. 
 
FBWKES] BUINS OF CEMPOALAN 237 
 
 The rectangular type' (plate xciv) may be still further classified into 
 two groups, one of which (plates xcix, ci) has two stories, forming a 
 basal and a second terrace on the latter of which stood the temple. 
 The other group (plates xcvii, xcviii) has more than two stories or ter- 
 races, dirhinishing gradually in size from base to apex. The top or 
 upper platform of the latter group is reached by a continuous stairway " 
 on one side, but in the former there are two flights of stairs, one 
 above the other, the lower mounting to a landing or the platform of 
 the basal story, from which the second flight of stairs takes its rise. 
 
 As a rule the foundations of these Cempoalan pyramids are con- 
 cealed by a luxuriant growth of vegetation, but it is apparent from 
 the clearings of the foundations made here and there that all were 
 built on slightly raised artificial bases, somewhat larger than those of 
 the pyramids. In some instances smaib buildings or annexes of the 
 temple were erected on the same foundation platforms as the pyramids. 
 
 Nomenclature and Position of Buildings 
 
 One observes the first group of temple mounds of Cempoalan on 
 the left-hand side of . the road from Agostadero to San Isidro, just 
 after leaving the hacienda. The largest belongs to the round type 
 and lies in a cultivated field much overgrown with bushes and vines. 
 Venturing into this field, wliiqh is full of ; troublesome insects, the ob- 
 server discovers that near these two mounds are others forming a group. 
 One of the largest of these two mounds (plate xcvi) was called by 
 Troncoso Templo del Aire ("Temple of the Air"*), and like allround 
 temples is supposed, ^p have been dedicated to Quetzalcoatl, Plumed 
 Serpent, or the God of the Air. The many smaller mounds are crowded 
 together, indicating houses once possibly inhabited by priests. On 
 the right of the road crop out fragments of walls, some of which, 
 extending into the adjacent forests, are Ipst in the jungle while others 
 continue pai-allel with the road for some distance and fartlier on dis- 
 appear. 
 
 Slabs of plastering or rows of rubble stones extending in all direc- 
 tions indicate the crowded arrangement of houses in this immediate 
 locality, which must have been not far from the center of the city. 
 Just beyond the second of the two mounds identified as temples of the 
 Plumed Serpent, there enters from the left the road to San Isidro, a 
 little-traveleid pathway (plate xciv) that follows the barbed-wire fence of 
 the field in which lie the circular ruins. Making one's way with some 
 difiiculty through a dense forest along this pathwEiy a short quarter of 
 
 a These stairways are not unilorm in their orientation; that of building A faces west, that of B, south, 
 while those of C and D face east. 
 
 666mara,(CroniGa, p. 83), in speaking of the temples' of the City of Mexico, says: "I entre ellos' 
 (teocalli) havia vno redondo dedioado al Diosdel Aire, dicho Quezalcovatlh; porque asi como el 
 Aire anda al rededor del Cielo, asi hacien el Templo redondo.'V There are many other references to 
 the round temples of the Air god, Quetzalcoatl. 
 
238 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [bth. ANN. 25 
 
 a mile north of the Templo del Aire, one suddenly sees rising before 
 him, in fact, blocking the way, a pair of massive pyramids (plates xcvii, 
 xcviii) that evidently formed parts of two sides of an inclosed court. 
 An observer facing the larger of these, with the smaller on the left 
 hand, probably stands in the great court of Cempoalan, where, perhaps, 
 Cortes marched his' soldiers on his memorable visit to this city almost 
 four centuries ago. 
 
 The larger of the two massive pyramids (plate xcvii) is locally known 
 as Templo del Pozo (" Temple of the Fountain "), or Chinimeos (" Chim- 
 neys ") ; the other is nameless. Peering into the jungle that surrounds 
 these buildings, we get glimpses of other mounds hidden for the 
 greater part in the dense forest. 
 
 Passing onward between the two great pyramids (a, b) already men- 
 tioned, leaving the larger on the right, following a fallen wall one 
 descends by a few artificial steps (plate xciv) to a plastered pathway par- 
 alleling to the eastward a barbed-wire fence. This trail brings one in 
 a short time to one of the best preserved buildings (plate xcix) in Cem- 
 poalan, locally called Las Caritas ("Small Heads"), from the many 
 small pottery heads that have been found at its base, apparently having 
 fallen out of the walls. 
 
 A fourth pyramid (plate o), sometimes called Casa de Moctezuma, lies 
 in the forest about due east from that last mentioned and is approached 
 by a circuitous trail through the woods. This structure is likewise 
 the pyramidal base of a temple but is less shut in by the forests than 
 those already considered. 
 
 In an open field north of the temple Las Caritas, and to the left as 
 one passes to it from the main plaza, there will be noticed a large 
 structure (plate cm) overgrown with shrubbery, from which project 
 smooth polished faces of cement walls. This is one of a group of 
 mounds designated by Trancoso, Sistema de los Paredones, and is fig- 
 ured in the accompanying illustration. The several buildings above 
 referred to are designated by the letters a, b, c, d, e. The name 
 Templo del Aire is retained for the round ruin. 
 
 BUILDING a 
 
 This building (plate xcvxi) is one of the large pyramids in the main 
 court and, judging from its present size and annexes, must have been 
 one of the most important structures in Cempoalan. Its ruins are still 
 impressive and, considering the material used in construction, in a fair 
 state of preservation. The pyramid is simple" and has several adja- 
 cent minor buildings evidently belonging to it, forming a cluster. The 
 front of the pyramid is indicated by a staijway, before which is a sec- 
 ond building, longer'than broad, the roof of which was supported by 
 
 n In the author's description the term " temple " is applied to the room on the upper terrace, and 
 "pyramid" to the solid terraced base upon which this sanctuary stood. 
 
FEWKES] EUINS OF CEMPOALAN 239 
 
 columns, two of which are still visible at the base of the pyramid. 
 This building was possibly an antechamber or gateway, a waiting 
 room for those who' took part in the ceremonies in the temple on the 
 pyramid, A third structure on the same base as the others is a roof- 
 less inclosure, situated in the rear side of the pyra^nid and extending 
 the whole width of the basal platform." 
 
 All these buildings stood on a common platform that was slightly 
 raised above the surface of the court or plaza. The steps by which 
 one mounted to the platform are still visible. 
 
 The accompanying illustration (plate xcvii) shows this pyramid as 
 seen by one facing the stairway, which is continuous from the base to 
 the apex. At the foot of the stairs are seen the broken remains of 
 hollow, chimney -like plaster columns that once supported a roof, for- 
 merly decorated on their flat sides with stucco figures. Adjoining them 
 are fragments of the foundations of old walls of the room. Three of 
 the four pillars appear in the illustration, the missing one having been 
 broken off at its base and covered with rank vegetation and other 
 debris. The round pedestal of solid concrete seen a little to the right 
 in the foreground of the plate resembles a pillar, but is in reality an 
 altar, the remains of which stood in front of the pyramid. An exami- 
 nation of the structure of the rear and sides of the pyramid shows that 
 it had six terraces, the size of which gradually diminishes from the 
 base to apex, the upright walls being inclined slightly inward from the 
 perpendicular. The plaster covering the surface of the lowest story 
 is somewhat more broken than that of the upper, revealing the rows 
 of rubble stones laid in the concrete. which forms the interior. On the 
 left face of the pyramid, about midway from each corner, a row of pits, 
 one in the surface of each terrace, forms a continuous series of foot 
 holes, by means of which one could ascend to the top of the pyramid 
 without making use of the main stair, a feature not found in the other 
 Cempoalan temples. 
 
 The stairway is continuous from base to top and has a massive bal- 
 ustrade on each side, following the angle of inclination of the steps 
 except at the top, where it ends in a cubical block, the sides of which 
 are practically perpendicular. This struct^ure, like all other parts of 
 the pyramid, is made of plaster applied to a core of water-worn stones 
 laid in concrete. 
 
 On ascending to the spacious top or upper platform of the pyramid, 
 remnants of the temple walls are found somewhat back from the land- 
 ing of the stairs. These walls, now fallen or broken, once formed 
 three sides of a chamber, the fourth side being occupied by a door- 
 way. It would appear that formerly there were two idols in this 
 temple, the pedestal on which one of these stood being still visible to 
 
 n Possibly the bodies of tliose sacrificed in the temple were thrown down the pyramid into this 
 inclosure. 
 
24<J 
 
 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. 
 
 Pig. 44. Battlements ( f building A, Cempoalan. 
 
 the left of the middle line. On the lateral margins of the platform of 
 the upper terrace there are still found remnants of a row of terraced 
 battlements (figure 44), that were absent from the rear margin. A 
 wall a few inches higher than the plastered surface of the terrace margin 
 served as a base on which these blocks stood. This base was perforated " 
 
 at intervals on the floor 
 level by round orifices 
 to allow the escape of 
 rain or other water that 
 fell on the platform. 
 In front of the basal 
 platform, supporting 
 the pyramid and its an- 
 nexes, there are remains 
 of smaller structures, 
 among which inay be 
 mentioned a pile of stones constituting the remains of a circular 
 pedestal. 
 
 In the forest opposite the stairway is a small pyramid not more than 
 4 feet high, with upper parts of a stairway and terraced sides, their 
 bases now half hidden by vegetation. 
 
 BUILDING B 
 
 No two of the pyramids of Cempoalan have exactly the same form 
 notwithstanding their general similarity. The pyramid (plate xcviii) 
 near that just described has a larger number of terraces than any 
 other and no indication of a special stairwaj'. It is probable that the 
 terraces on the south side, that toward the great court (Plaza Mayor), 
 served for the purpose. Apparently the temple which stood on the 
 platform of this pyramid was many-chambered, containing several 
 idols. Nothing now remains of this building but traces of the founda- 
 tions, the walls having long ago fallen. The floor of the platform of 
 the pyramid was smoothly plastered, and there was formerly a mar- 
 ginal row of terraced battlements on two sides.* 
 
 BUILDING c 
 
 The temple of this building (plate xcix) is fairly well preserved and 
 its py ramidal base is almost entire. From remains of structures around 
 the latter, it would appear that the whole building was formerly 
 inclosed by a wall whose ridges of stone and disintegrated mortar still 
 remain to mark its former position. Facing the well-preserved stair- 
 way, it will be noticed that this part of the structure is divided 
 
 a These holes are figured in pictures of temples in Aztec codices, when they are sometimes supposed 
 to represent rafters. 
 
 6 When the author first visited this structure It was almost concealed by the dense growth of vege- 
 tation, which was partially removed before the photograph was taken. 
 
FEWKES] RUINS OF CEMPOALAN 241 
 
 into two parts, one above the other, the lower extending from the 
 ground to a landing on the margin of the basal terrace, the upper 
 from the terrace to the platform of the second story, the edge of which 
 is indicated bj' the seated iigure. The relation of basal and second 
 terraces is best seen from a rear corner-view given in the accompanying- 
 illustration (plate o). On the rear side of the second terrace, directly 
 opposite the stairway, one may see a square shallow recess in the wall 
 the purport of which is unknown. The relative size of the pyramid 
 is evident from the two figures standing on the ridge between the base 
 of the temple proper and the edge of the second terrace, where there 
 is barely standing room for a man. 
 
 The walls of the temple proper are almost continuous with the mar- 
 gin of the platform of the second story, imparting to that part of the 
 pyramid, when seen from one corner, the appearance of a third story. 
 The walls back of the standing figures form sides of a room open on 
 the side toward the stairway." 
 
 A-n examination of the outer surface of the walls forming this cham- 
 ber, which is the temple, shows an overhanging cornice, and a slightly 
 raised horizontal band extending around the building midway between 
 cornice and base. Below this band the Surface wall is plane continu- 
 ously around the three sides, but between it and the cornice there are 
 sunken panels separated by vertical bands, the surface of which is 
 flush with the lower surface of the wall. There are two sunken panels 
 in each lateral wall and three in the rear, all together forming a frieze 
 the surface of which is rough, indicating that foreign bodies, as rows 
 of stones, clay heads, or possibly human skulls, were formerly attached 
 to these panels. The smooth surface below the horizontal band still 
 exhibits traces of red and yellow pigment, remains of former pictures. 
 Similar panels containing embedded objects are reported from the 
 Castillo at Huatusco, and panels of a like kind were architectural fea- 
 tures of other Aztec temples, judging from existing pictures of those 
 buildings.* No temple well enough preserved to show the nature of 
 the ornaments embedded in the frieze or panels over a doorway, now 
 remains in the Valley of Mexico, but in the cornice of the Casa de 
 Tepozteco, at Tepoztlan, there are remains of carvings in volcanic stone, 
 representing human skulls. An aboriginal drawing by Sahagun" of 
 
 ain views of a similar pyramid near Huatusco, given by Sartorius, there are representations of 
 niches in the blocks, containing idols. 
 
 6See Pefiaflel, Nombres Geogr4floos de Mexico, Mexico, 1885. On page 57 we find the rebus of 
 Atenanco, a water symbol atl flowing from a battlement, tonanco, or tenamitl; p. 181, tenanco and 
 iencmtzinco; p. 197, fetenanco, in which the same element tenamitl, battlement, appears. These pic- 
 tures of the battlements tenamitl are good representations of the line of battlements on a Cempoalan 
 temple. 
 
 c Die Ausgrabungen am Orte des Haupt-temples in Mexico. The discussion of the form of the 
 great pyramid of Mexico by Seler brings out a close likeness between it and the Cempoalan pyramids. 
 In speaking of the Mexican Codices, reference is made to those of the Aztec,^o-caired, but the author 
 believes that the Codex Cortesianus and Troanus, commonly called a Maya Codex, was obtained by 
 CortSs on the coast of Vera Cruz, at or near Cempoalan. 
 
 25 ETH— 07 16 
 
242 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OP EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ann. -5 
 
 the temples of Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc on the great pyramid of Mex- 
 ico represents a panel over the doorway with horizontal rows of white 
 circles on a black ground, and in a somewhat better figure of the same 
 temple there are added to these white-circle -representations of human 
 skulls. Although nothing now remains in the panels forming the 
 frieze of the Cempoalan temple, the many clay heads found at the base 
 of the pyramid, as well as statements of the early visitors, indicate 
 that these panels were ornamented with such heads. The inner sur- 
 faces of the temple walls correspond to the outer so far as the panels 
 are concerned, but the surfaces are less worn and show more clearly 
 the remains of superficial paintings. 
 
 The floor of the temple, which is likewise the surface of the plat- 
 form of the pyramid, was formerly smoothly plastered and had a 
 square depression several feet deep in its middle. Evidently this 
 depression, which is still visible, was originally covered by a square 
 stone whose edges rested in a groove. 
 
 This ruin, like the others, has been much damaged by the roots of 
 large trees that are tearing the cement apart, but the exposed surfaces 
 are still well preserved — a remarkable fact considering the age of these 
 buildings and the erosive action of the rains to which they have been 
 Subjected. 
 
 A few feet in front of the lower steps of the stairway is a low, cir- 
 cular pedestal made of concrete covered with plaster, which was prob- 
 ably an altar, and in front of this a rectangular platform marks the 
 position of a basin-like structure, present in front of other pyramids 
 also. 
 
 BUILDING D 
 
 1 his building (plate ci) belongs to the same type as that last mentioned, 
 and is in about the same state of preservation. Its pyramid is com- 
 posed of two stories, a basal story somewhat lower than in building C, 
 and a .second story, well preserved, resting upon it. This temple is 
 smaller than the others, its walls being a little higher than the heads of 
 the persons who stand in the embrasure, formerly a doorway. Breaks 
 in the walls of this temple indicate the position where lintels have 
 been wrenched from their places. One feature of the second story 
 shown in a view from one corner (plate cii) is a battlement or row of 
 terraced projections arranged along the margin of its platform. The 
 stairway, with lateral buttresses, is situated on the east side, and is 
 broken into two parts, one above the other, separated by a landing. 
 The lower stairs end on the top of the basal story, from which the 
 second stairway rises to the platform on which stood the walls of the 
 temple or sanctuary." 
 
 " Compare this building with a sketch o[ a Yucatan temple in Landa's Relacion de laaCosasde 
 Yucalun, sacada dc lo escrivio el Padre Fray Diego de Landa de la Orden de St. Francisco. See 
 Rosney's Ensayo'sobrelalntcrpretacion de La Escritura Hieratirade America Central, translation by 
 Rada y Delgado, Appendix, p. 104, Madrid, 1884. 
 
MOUNDS NEAE ANTIGUA 243 
 
 BUILDING E 
 
 This structure (plate cm) was evidently an important one in Cempoa- 
 lan, although its pyramidal form is difficult to discover. It lies in an 
 open field, but is more or leSs covered with bushes and is considerably 
 broken. In the printed plan illustrating the Ti*oncoso exploration , this 
 building and the adjacent mounds are designated Sistema de los Pare- 
 dones (" System of Walls"). 
 
 The four buildings described in the preceding pages give a fair 
 idea of the architecture of typical Totonac temples and pyramids, 
 not only in the valley of the Actopan, but also elsewhere on the 
 coast of Vera Cruz. But when Totonac buildings or temples in other 
 parts of this state are considered it will be found that building mate- 
 rial or environment has strongly affected their construction. In the 
 plains where Cempoalan is situated there are no quarries from which 
 stones could have been obtained, but instead a multitude of small water- 
 worn bowlders; hence the builders made use of the latter in their 
 buildings. In mountainous regions stones were employed and these 
 stones were hewn or cut into shape, as at Papantla. The forms of the 
 Cempoalan temples remind one of Yucatan, Chiapas, and Tobasco and 
 resemble those of the Valley of Mexico, but the building material 
 is different. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR ANTIGUA 
 
 In all accounts of the preliminarj' settlements founded bj^ Cortes in 
 the coast region of the Totonac country, there is found associated with 
 Cempoalan another city called Quiauistlan, said to have been situated 
 only a few miles from the Totonac metropolis." The site of this place 
 has never been satisfactorily studied, although its proximity to the 
 first city founded by Cortes in Mexico"is given by several early writers. 
 Bernal Diaz says that Cortes traced the plaza and chui'ch, Villa Rica 
 de la Vera Cruz, in the plain a half league from the fortified pueblo 
 called Quiauistlan. This city was later removed to another site, also 
 called Vera Cruz, where remains of crumbling walls and the little 
 church mark the oldest settlement, of Europeans on the continent of 
 America. Antigua, as its station on the railroad is now called, offers 
 little to interest the traveler. It has an unfinished church and remains 
 of barracks ascribed to General Santa Ana, who owned a hacienda in 
 the neighborhood, but with the exception of these and its old walls, 
 
 a On Brasseur's map Quiauistlan is placed north ol Cempoalan, but its exact site is as yet an open 
 question. Cortes founded the city, Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, about a mile from Quiauistlan. 
 ClaTijero, as pointed out by Humboldt (Ensayo Politico sobre de la Nueva Espafia) shows that there 
 were three cities called Vera Cruz founded by Cortes— the present metropolis of that name, Villa 
 Eica de la Vera Cruz, now called Antigua, which was the second of that name, and the first settle- 
 ment, that near Quiauistlan. G6mara speaks of the second as near Chiavitzlan or Aquiahuitzlan, 
 the Indian settlement. Field work is necessary to determine whether the Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz 
 near Quiauistlan was the first or the second Villa Rica, for if the latter, it was south of Cempoalan. 
 
244 CEBTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ann. 25 
 
 the second Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz is little different from other 
 more modern settlements. In searching for the ruins near the second 
 Vera Cruz, the writer unexpectedly found a group of instructive earth 
 mounds that have never been described by archeologists. These 
 mounds, visible from the train, lie on the opposite bank of the river 
 from the old settlement of the Spaniards, about half a mile from the 
 station, Antigua. They are arranged irregularly about a level space 
 that may have been a plaza and closely resemble some of the earth 
 mounds of the Mississippi valley. The remains of Quiauistlan, which 
 lie near the site of the first Villa Rica founded by Cort6s, were not 
 visited by the author. 
 
 RUINS OF XICOCHIMALCO 
 
 The true route of Cortes to Mexico immediately after he left Cem- 
 poalan is indicated by Chavero,? after Orozco y Berra. G6mara says 
 that for the first three days after leaving the Totonac metropolis the 
 army traversed a friendly country and came to Japala, where it was 
 well received. This friendly pueblo was not the present city of that 
 name but another called Jalapa Viejo, situated about a mile from the 
 present site. On the fourth day, continues Gomara, the army came 
 to Sicuchimatl' and thence went on to Theuhixuacan. According to 
 Bernal Diaz the army went from Cempoalan to Jalapa, from which 
 it marched %o a settlement called Socochima; he does not mention 
 Gomara's Theuhixuacan. It is evident that the pueblo Socochima of 
 Bernal Diaz is the same as Sicuchimatl of Gomara, the difference in 
 spelling Indian names being a very natural one and frequent in other 
 writings. 
 
 It is highly desirable in tracing the route of Cortes from Jalapa 
 over the Cofre del Pirote to the plateau, to identify the site of Sicu- 
 chimatl. G6mara has mentioned several characteristic features of 
 Sicuchimatl * that apply to Xicochimalco, called Xico Viejo, one of the 
 ruins near a modern pueblo of the same name, Xicochimalco. This 
 ruin is about a day's march from Jalapa or four days' from Cempoalan, 
 and is situated in an almost inaccessible place in the mountains, 
 approached by a trail so steep that it might well be called an artificial 
 stairway, a fact mentioned by Gomax-a and others. At the base of 
 the lofty and precipitous cliff upon which Xico Viejo stands are 
 the cultivated fields in which are walls, fragments of pottery, and 
 other evidences of a past population. One of the early writers asserts 
 that Moctezuma could draw 60,000 warriors from this region. Cer- 
 tainly a handful of men could have prevented a large army from 
 
 » Mexico & travSrs de los SIglos, p. S44. 
 
 1) The writer has boea aided in Identifying Sioucliimati by iogends current in the modern town, Xico. 
 As in the study of Hopi archeology, much can be learned regarding the inhabitants of ruins, from 
 migration traditions, so Aztec legends still repeated In Indian pueblos shed much light on many 
 Mexican ruins. 
 
FBWKES] RUINS OF XICOCHIMALCO 245 
 
 climbing the steep trails and entering Xico Viejo had they wished to 
 do so. The inhabitants were ordered by Moctezuma to receive Cortfe 
 in a friendly manner and to furnish the strangers with food. 
 
 According to Herrera, Cortes consumed one day in marching from 
 Cempoalan to Jalapa. This feat would have required a forced march, 
 and, considering the size of the army, its impedimenta, and the distance 
 between the two points, would have been almost impossible; more- 
 over the statement of the length of time does not agree with that 
 given by the other authors, Bernal Diaz and Gomara, already quoted. 
 Herrera does not mention the pueblo Xichochimalco, but saj^s that 
 after- leaving Jalapa the conquerors went on to another place; where 
 they were well received on account of the fact that both places be- 
 longed to the Cempoalan confederacy. The other place {ptro lugar) 
 mentioned by Herrei'a was evidently either Xicochimalco or Izhuacan." 
 
 Many other contemporary references to the route of Cortes between 
 Cempoalan and the pass of the Cofre del Pirote might be quoted and 
 will be considered in a more extended report, but the accounts given 
 b}'^ the authors above named are sufficient to establish the site of Sicu- 
 chimatl, from which place the trail went over the mountains to the' 
 pueblo Theuhixuacan , the old settlement whose descendants now inhabit 
 Izhuacan.' 
 
 There are three towns not far from Jalapa that bear the name Xico 
 or Xicochimalco, two of which are now in ruins. The two ruined set- 
 tlements are claimed by the present inhabitants of Xico as pueblos of 
 their ancestors, and while legends are very definite concerning one of 
 these they are more vague about the other. '^ These may be called the 
 Texolo mounds and Xico Viejo; the former are believed to have been 
 made by a race different from the inhabitants of the latter, who were 
 Aztec. 
 
 Texolo Mounds 
 
 The oldest and largest ruin in the neighborhood of Xico, one of the 
 two above mentioned, is called Texolo, but its true name is unknown. 
 This remarkable group of mounds (plates civ, cv) lies at the base of the 
 volcanic mountain San Marcos (Acatpetl), visible from the plaza of 
 Jalapa. It consists of, a series of large mounds, some of which have 
 markedly angular shapes, extending from San Marcos to a short dis- 
 tance from the Xico station on the narrow-gauge railroad from Jalapa 
 
 a Some authors, as Prescott, say that CortiJs went from Jalapa to Naolingo, but it is not so stated in. 
 Beinal Diaz and G6mara. 
 
 !> An old Xico Indian stated that Xico Viejo was on the highway to Mexico from the coast of the 
 Gulf and that it is commonly believed by his people that thisroad was that used by the couriers who 
 carried to Moctezuma the news of the arrival of the Spaniards. If this legend is reliable, it has a 
 distinct corroborative bearing on the probable route of Cortes, who naturally would have followed 
 this trail. 
 
 c J am much indebted to Mr William Boone, director of the Jalapa electric light plant, for valuable 
 aid in my studies about Xico. 
 
346 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ANN. 25 
 
 to Teocelo. The road from this station to the falls, now utilized by 
 the Electric Light Company of Jalapa, passes along one side of a row 
 of these mounds and continues past two other isolated pyramids situ- 
 ated in an adjacent field. A superficial examination revealed that these 
 mounds are constructed of earth, with no indication of cut stones or 
 adobe, or of ^cement or plaster finish. Their general form is rectangu- 
 lar; they are arranged in two rows inclosing a court now planted with 
 bananas and coffee. In superficial appearance they are identical with 
 the mounds at Antigua and with those also at many other places in the 
 states of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas. 
 
 The kinship of the former inhabitants of this region is problematical, 
 for there is no historical reference to them, and the objects found in 
 this vicinity ha\'e no resemblance to those characteristic of Nahuatl or 
 Totonac archeology. The physical features of their site differ from 
 those of Sicuchimatl as described by historians, which according to all 
 early writers stood on a hill inaccessible or nearly so to a visitor. The 
 legends of the people of the inhabited or modern pueblo Xico, who are 
 Aztec, claim that the mounds of Texolo were built by their ancestors, 
 which may be true for certain families, but the objects found near 
 them are not Aztec. These objects are different also from those of 
 the Totonac, but are more closely allied to them than to those from 
 the ruin Xico Viejo, where the Xico people lived at the time of the 
 Conquest. 
 
 • Xico Viejo 
 
 The ruin identified by the author as the Sicuchimatl of G6mara is 
 now called Xico Viejo. It is reached from modern Xico by a horseback 
 ride of an hour and a half over a rough road, in some places across 
 steep barrancas almost impassable except on foot. The last half mile 
 of this I'oad is practically impassable for horses and must be made on 
 foot, justifying the statements of Gomara regarding the difficulties the 
 horsemen of Cortes encountered in reaching the pueblo. The best 
 preserved structure at Xico Viejo is a temple pyramid (plate cix, a) with 
 a platform on one side, evidently faced with hewn stones. At the base 
 of this pyramid several stone blocks, parts of a battlement like .that 
 on Cempoalan pyramids, were observed, and two of these are intro- 
 duced in the illustration of the idol (plate cvi). In the open space at 
 one side of the pyramid are remains of other fallen walls of buildings, 
 before which stood at least one, possibly two, large idols, one of which 
 will presently be described. There are many fallen walls of buildings 
 some distance from the pyramid, on the slope of the hill (plate cix, J) 
 upon which the pueblo was situated, and the plain below is thickly 
 strewn with walls referred to the ancient inhabitants. 
 
 The stone idol (plate cvi) still standing in the open court near the 
 central pyramid attracts one's attention as by far the most interesting 
 
FBWKES] 
 
 EXJINS OP XICOCHIMALCO 
 
 247 
 
 object at Xico Viejo. "When the idol was visited it had bananas upon 
 it; these were offerings lately placed there, which would indicate that 
 belief in the power of the idol is not wholly extinct in that neighborhood. 
 This idol is a plinth of hard black rock about 4 feet high with a human 
 head cut on one end. This head (figures 45, 46) has elaborately 
 carved ear pendants and a peculiar nasal ornament, the latter being 
 found likewise in an idol of the Plumed Snake found near Jalapa 
 Viejo. On the back of the head there is a rabbit's head under a circle 
 {ce tochU, one rabbit), possibly the date of the foundation of the town. 
 The inhabitants of moder 
 Xico have a legend that the 
 pueblo, the ruins of which 
 
 they call Xico Viejo, was / ,c^ "^^"^^1 I kp) 
 
 founded by the immediate 
 predecessor of Moctezuma I. 
 A second plinth, almost 
 identical with the other in 
 form and size, lies on the 
 ground near the idol, but 
 this stone shows no evidence 
 of having been carved on its 
 end, although such carving 
 may exist on the under side, 
 the object being too heavy 
 to be turned over. 
 
 Stone Idols Near Xico ' 
 
 There are in the neighbor- 
 hood of Xico several stones 
 with carved idols upon them 
 that may be mentioned in this 
 connection. Among these 
 are two that bear upon their 
 surfaces figures of animals 
 cut in high relief, evidently 
 reverenced by the ancient 
 
 inhabitants of that region. One of these (figures 47, 48) is sculptured 
 on a bowlder in the middle of a cornfield near the railroad, a few hun- 
 dred feet beyond the station at Xico. It represents an animal with 
 human head, the limbs extended as if grasping the rock on which 
 it is cut. (Plate cviii. ) 
 
 The other stone (plate cvii) is found on a hillside near the station 
 Fuente, a short distance from Xico. The figure on this rock is a gigan- 
 tic serpent represented as crawling out of a spring. This figure 
 
 Fig. 45. Stone idol at Xico 
 Viejo. (Front view.) 
 
 Fig. 46. Stone idol at Xico 
 Viejo. (Back view.) 
 
248 
 
 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ANN. 25 
 
 sculptured in relief is about 20 feet in length, the upper part of the 
 body being horizontal, the lower vertical and zigzag in form. The 
 image is cut on the perpendicular face of a rock that has at its base a 
 spring, the tail of the serpent being hidden in this spring." It would 
 naturally be supposed that this image was formerly worshioed as a 
 water god. 
 
 Fig. 47. Stone idol at Texolo. (Side view.) 
 
 Fig. -18. Stone idol at Texolo. (Back view.) 
 
 MODERN XICOCHIMALCO 
 
 The present pueblo Xicochimalco was founded after the Conquest 
 by descendants of the people of Xico Viejo. Most of its population 
 are Indians and speak the Aztec, or Mexican, language. Their feast 
 day occurs .on July 22, when they have a dramatization of the Con- 
 quest with personations of Malinche, Cortes, Mootezuma, Moors, and 
 Spaniards.* 
 
 The conclusions regarding the two ruins near Xico are that the 
 mounds at Texolo are much the older '' and were constructed by a highly 
 cultured people, superior to the Aztec, to whom they contributed 
 both blood and culture. The second ruin, now called Xico Viejo, was 
 a flourishing Aztec pueblo or garrison town, recently settled when 
 Cortes passed through the country. The present Xico, containing 
 descendants from both the previous settlements, was founded later 
 than the Conquest by descendants of those who inhabited Xico Viejo; 
 its inhabitants now speak Nahua and claim both Texolo and Xico 
 Viejo as ancestral settlements, but racially they are closer to the 
 people of the latter than to those of the former. The bearings of 
 artifacts from the Texolo mounds on these conclusions will be con- 
 sidered later. 
 
 <• Probably the stone serpent mentioned by Rivera (Historia de Jalapa) as near Jalapa. For a figure 
 of a goddess of water forming a fountain, see Nebel's picture of an image from Tusapan. 
 
 6 The neighboring pueblo, Teocelo ("divine tiger"), where there is a large Indian population , like- 
 wise represents in the fiesta of its patron saint, Negros, Tooontines, Santiagos, and Moros but 
 the celebration occurs on August 15. 
 
 c The inhabitants of Texolo may have been contemporary with those of San Juan Teotihuacan and 
 their epoch may have antedated the rise and extension of the Aztec confederacy. Tlieir interme- 
 diate descendants may have been Totonac or some related people. 
 
TEWKES] PAPANTLA 249 
 
 PAPANTLA 
 
 An examination of other pyramids in Vera Cruz ascribed to the 
 ancient Totonac shows a general similaritj' to the mounds referred to 
 in the preceding pages. Some of these, of which Papantla is probably 
 the best linown, are faced with dressed stone. The pyramid El Cas- 
 tillo, at Huatusco, and those at Tusapan and Mizantla have the same 
 general form as those at Cempoalan, but the material used in their con- 
 struction is different. One of the best preserved Nahuatl pyramids in 
 this country is situated at Teayo, not far from Tuxpan, and will be 
 considered presentl}'." 
 
 The pyramid called El Tajin, " the Lightning" (plate ex), situated in 
 Vera Cruz near Papantla, is one of the most striking as well as excep- 
 tional ruins in the ancient . Totonac territory. From what remains of 
 this magnificent monument we may conclude that in its prime it was 
 not inferior in architecture to the most stately structures of Central 
 America to which it is closely related. The pyramid has this excep- 
 tional architectural feature: While solid throughout there are arranged 
 in series around the four faces, with the exception of the space occu- 
 pied by the stairway, numerous niches in which formerly stood idols 
 or possibly other objects. The temple proper crowned the platform 
 or uppermost of the six terraces. The exceptional feature in El Tajin 
 is the seven rows of niches, one above the other, the homologues of 
 which exist in no other pyramid in Mexico, either Maya or Nahuatl. 
 
 The modern pueblo Papantla, situated in the midst of the vanilla 
 zone of Vera Cruz, is a community of Totonac Indians among whom 
 survive many ancient customs. One of the most interesting of these 
 is the game of the flyers {voladores), which was once widely distributed 
 in Mexico. In this play men disguised as birds mount to the tops of 
 upright poles and, attaching themselves to ropes, jump into space, 
 seeming to fly through the air. It would appear that this game has 
 preserved in Papantla some of its ancient vigor and that the perform- 
 ance here retains much that is more or less ceremonial. An old woman, 
 the so-called Iruja (witch), makes offerings of copal, aguadiente, and 
 a fowl, which are placed in the hole when the pole is put in position, 
 and various minor rites are performed during the several days the 
 ceremony continues. The volador festival has degenerated into a play 
 in modern times and in most Mexican pueblos has come to be a secu- 
 lar occasion. It is comparable with the Sun dance, one of the most 
 serious ceremonies of our Plains Indians. 
 
 aThe pyramids of the Sun and Moon, at San Juan Teotihuacan, not far from Mexico City, arc of 
 earth, not differing, except in size, from many earth mounds of Vera Cruz. 
 
250 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OP EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ann. 25 
 
 CASTILLO DE TEAYO 
 
 This pyramid lies not far from Tuxpan, and is one of the best exam- 
 ples in Vera Cruz of the pyramidal mound with cut stone surface and 
 continuous stairway. This pyramid (plate cxi) is situated in the plaza of 
 the pueblo of the same name and is a much-prized monument; as shown 
 in the accompanying plate the structure above the temple is modern. 
 The image or idol that once stood on the summit of the temple is now in 
 the Dehesha collection at Jalapa. According to Doctor Seler,** all the 
 carved stone images found near Teayo indicate that its culture was 
 Nahuatl and not Totonac, or that Teayo was an Aztec garrison town. 
 The style of cutting and symbolism of the stone idols found in this 
 neighborhood by Doctor Maler leaves no doubt that Seler is right in 
 calling this an Aztec building. Teayo was probably a Nahuatl garrison 
 town in the Totonac territory. 
 
 OBJECrS FROM CEMPOALAN AND XICO 
 
 The general appearance of the mounds of Cempoalan, Xico, and 
 one or two other Totonac ruins has been indicated in the pi-eceding 
 pages. This brief notice is next supplemented with a few observations 
 on archeological specimens found in the neighborhood of some of these 
 ruins. Notwithstanding the wealth of ancient Totonac material in 
 collections, these objects have been superficially treated by students, 
 and practicalljr nothing has been written in English on this subject. 
 The localities from which many of these objects have been obtained 
 are not known, so that we are not able to refer them to the Totonac 
 rather than to other cultures. This is particularly unfortunate, 
 especially as the state of Vera Cruz was once inhabited by distinct 
 peoples,'' whose culture varied considerably. 
 
 In his comprehensive work, Alt Mexico, Dr H. Strebel has figured 
 and described a number of stone and clay artifacts that well illustrate 
 the art products of the Totonac. This work is an authority on the 
 subject but is in German and has never been translated; moreover, 
 many important types of stone objects are not mentioned in this valu- 
 able memoir. A consideration of some of the more striking specimens 
 observed in the course of studies at Cempoalan and Jalapa might enlarge 
 our knowledge of the culture of this region and properly form a por- 
 tion of the general account of the author's visit to Vera Cruz. As there 
 is no collection of Totonac prehistoric objects in the world that can com- 
 pare with that of Gov. Teodoro Dehesa at Jalapa, the author has given 
 
 <i Since writing this paragraph the author has read Doctor Seler's comprehensive account of the ruins 
 of Teayo, published in the proceedings of the Stuttgart meeting of the Americanists. 
 
 ^Although some of the Vera Cruz puebloswere Nahuatl and others Totonac, the expert can readily 
 distinguish objects characteristic of these cultures. 
 
FmwKEs] OBJECTS FROM CEMPOALAN AND XICO 251 
 
 considerable attention to a study of this collection by permission 
 of the governor, who has allowed him to photograph and publish 
 figures of objects therein. Sra Estefania Salas of Jalapa has sev- 
 eral very instructive specimens from Otates'' and elsewhere, which 
 supplement those above mentioned. These likewise were examined, 
 together with a few additional objects in other collections. Sev- 
 eral fine ceramic specimens illustrating Totonac culture were pre- 
 sented to the author by Sr Alejandro Viu, alcalde of San Carlos. 
 They wei-e found at Barra Chachalicas, near the mouth of the Actopan 
 river and therefore not far from Cempoalan. As their general char- 
 acter is Totonac, thej^ may be regarded as well illustrating the general 
 feature of the ceramic art of Cempoalan. Not being permitted to 
 remove these specimens from the Republic, the author has been 
 obliged to rely on the accompanying plates made from photographs 
 of them while in Mexico. 
 
 CLAS8IFICATI01>r 
 
 The objects considered in the' following pages are of clay or stone. 
 They differ in form and include besides vases, jars, and various forms 
 of ceramic ware, idols, weapons, and problematical objects, as stone 
 yokes, paddle stones, padlock stones, and animal effigies. The majority 
 of the ceramic objects are clay heads, some of which are of a very 
 remarkable form. 
 
 Several aboriginal stone objects from the vacinity of Xico are char- 
 acteristic of that region and markedly different from those found in 
 Aztec or Totonac ruins. 
 
 Some of the more striking types are: 
 
 (1) Stone rings, or collars, (2) closed rings or j'okes, (3) open yokes, (4) 
 curved stones, (o) paddle-shaped stones, (6) human heads and birds 
 with notched bases, (7) stone feathers, (8) padlock-shaped stones, (9) 
 stone weapons. 
 
 STONE KING 
 
 Among the more unusual objects found in this region is the stone 
 ring of the Dehesa collection, the general form of which recalls that 
 of the stone collai's of Porto Rico. None of these Mexican stone 
 yokes, however, have the characteristic panels, projections, and pro- 
 tuberances on the surface that are universally represented in some 
 form or other on Porto Rican stone collars. Many archeologists in 
 commenting on Mexican stone yokes have referred to their likeness 
 to Porto Rican collars, but have recognized in most instances that this 
 resemblance is of the most general nature. . The nearest approach to 
 the Antillean stone collar that was seen by the author is the ring in 
 
 aA pueblo about 26 miles east oi Jalapa. 
 
252 
 
 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ann. 25 
 
 the Dehesa collection mentioned above and represented in accompany- 
 ing figure 49. This object has an oval form and bears at one pole an 
 indentation or notch on the outer margin. The exterior surface is 
 not decorated with figures but is ridged, imparting an angular form 
 
 •,1'iu. 19. btoiiiirlng. (Dehesa collection.) 
 
 to a cross section. The notch at the upper pole suggests the connect- 
 ing bar that unites the two arms of certain j'okes, forming the closed 
 variety, which will be considered presently. Another specimen now 
 at the hacienda San Bruno, near Jalapa, shows a transition form 
 
FEWKEs] OBJECTS FROM CEMPOALAN AND XTCO 253 
 
 between this stone ring and the closed yoke. Its surface is not deco- 
 rated and a cross section shows angles identical with those of the stone 
 ring of the Dehesa collection above described. From a stone ring 
 of this kind the passage to a closed j'oke is easy, and from the last 
 mentioned one readily passes to the yoke proper. It would seem that 
 these three types are morphologically the same — a fact which would 
 imply identity in use. 
 
 CLOSED STONE YOKES 
 
 A closed yoke is simply a yoke with the ends of the arms united. 
 While some of the closed yokes from eastern Mexico have a smooth 
 or undecorated surface, a larger number of this type are ornamented 
 with elaborate incised geometrical designs, sometimes with elaborate 
 figures. The morphological resemblance between the closed and the 
 open yokes is so great that we may regard them as practically identical 
 in function. 
 
 OPEN STONE YOKES" 
 
 The geographical distribution of Mexican stone yokes leads to the 
 belief that they belonged to the ancient Totonac. Although a few 
 of these remarkable objects have been found in adjoining states 
 (Puebla, Chiapas, and Tlascala), the majority originally came from the 
 state of Vera Cruz. Stones of this type thus appear to have been 
 made by an aboriginal people of this region, and not by the Naliua, 
 who reduced the former to vassalage when they extended their domain 
 from the valley of Mexico to the Grulf. These objects are generally 
 referred to the Totonac culture and it is thought they were adopted 
 from the Totonac by neighboring tribes. Although these yokes have 
 a common form, they differ one from the other in size and super- 
 ficial sculpturing, the latter feature affording the best basis for a 
 tentative classification. In order to comprehend the differences in the 
 symbolic reliefs on these stone yokes, it is convenient to place them in 
 the same position for observation. The vertical or arched position in 
 which they are generally represented reveals comparatively little 
 of their superficial decoration. Whatever appears is confined mostly 
 to the outer curve of the arch. In this way one fails to see the sides 
 and any decorations, when present (figure 60) on the ends of the arms. 
 
 The ornamented regions are more clearly seen by placing the 
 yoke in a horizontal position — that which Strebel urges it had when 
 in use. In such a position the curve of the arch lies at the left of the 
 observer, and the undecorated edge, which is rougher and narrower 
 than the other, serves as a base upon which the yoke naturally rests. 
 Strebel and later Holmes have pointed out that this i-ather than the 
 upright is a natural arrangement and that, when a yoke is so placed, 
 
 n Professor Holmes (Field Columbian Museum Publications, i, no. 1, 310-315), describes at length the 
 symbolism of one of these closed yokes, from a specimen in the Field Columbian Museu^i. 
 
254 
 
 ■ CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTBKN MEXICO [eth. ann. 25 
 
 heads cut in relief on the sides and ends of the arms will be seen in 
 natural positions. As a rule, when yokes are placed otherwise than 
 horizontal, the majority of the heads cut on the sides of the arms 
 are reversed or thrown into unnatural positions, although. there are 
 some specimens, as in plate cxv, where an upright position of the 
 yoke is necessary to give normal positions to the figures cut upon the 
 arms. Having placed the yoke horizontal, with the curved part of 
 the arch at the left, the two arms of the yoke may be distinguished as 
 proximal and distal, the curved or arched end may be designated the 
 anterior, and the free arms the posterior; the base is the lower side or 
 margin upon which the yoke rests. 
 
 Fig. 50. End view of arms of stone yokes. (Museo Nacional, Mexico,) 
 
 An examination of decorated stone yokes leads the author to classify 
 them in two large groups each with subordinate divisions, some of 
 which have their surfaces decorated with geometrical figures, others 
 with representations of heads or limbs of men or animals. Many highly 
 decorated yokes are covered with a much conventionalized tracery of 
 geometrical designs, oftentimes so elaborate and intricate that they 
 conceal or obscure the figures, if any, which are cut on the yoke. 
 This is especially true of arms or that part representing the body, and 
 in some specimens this ornamentation extends over the legs, head, and 
 even the protruded tongue. As a rule, geometrical figures when com- 
 plicated are deeply incised, forming rectangles and curved ornamental 
 designs, some of which remind one of representatives of feathers on 
 stone images of the Plumed Serpent. It is to be noticed also that 
 
FEWKES] OBJECTS FROM CEMPOALAN ANIJ XICO 255 
 
 similar geometrical traceries occur likewise on the problematical paddle- 
 shaped stones, indicating an intimate cultui'al resemblance. 
 
 A scientific classification may be built on the number of heads of 
 human beings or animals cut on the external surfaces of the yokes and 
 on the general identification of these figui'es. Thus we recognize a first 
 group that contains those in which the yoke represents one human 
 being or animal, the head being cut on the arch and the limbs and body 
 on the arms, while the second group contains those yokes with heads of 
 two or more human beings or animals represented on the sides and arch 
 of the yoke. The first group is subdivided into two classes, in the first 
 of which human faces are represented; in the second some animal, as a 
 frog or reptile, is cut in relief on the stone. The head or face of the 
 first subdivision has many human features, and the likeness extends 
 to representations of appendages, which take the forms of arms and 
 legs, hands, and human feet rather than claws or hoofs. In the second 
 division of the first type the evident intention was to represent head 
 and legs of some bizarre animal rather than those of man; the figure 
 represented is commonly called a frog. The head is not that of 
 a human being, although unlike an animal's, and the limbs are not 
 arms and legs with human hands and feet, but animal appendages with 
 claws, hoofs, or similar digits. At times these appendages become so 
 conventionalized that their resemblances to legs is almost wholly lost, 
 and can be detected only by comparative studies. 
 
 The superficial sculpturing of the first type indicates that one being 
 was represented on each yoke, or that all the ornamentation together 
 forms the head and various organs of one animal. This is not true of . 
 the second type, where two or more heads, legs, and bodies of as many 
 individuals are cut on the same 3'oke. In this type the several heads 
 represented are sometimes identical, but more often diverse, so that 
 while the face of a grotesque animal may appear on the arch, repre- 
 sentations of skulls and human faces occur on the arms. 
 
 The accompanying plate, (plate cxii, «, 5, c), chosen to represent a 
 decorated yoke of the first type, is one of the best specimens in the 
 Dehesa collection. As indicated bj^ the human face, it belongs to the 
 first subdivision of the first group, in which a human head is cut in 
 relief on the curved end, the legs and arms being clearly seen on the 
 proximal and distal arms of the yoke. A side view (plate cxii, 5), 
 reveals an elaborate system of geometrical designs, indicating the body 
 with legs and arms in relief, the same ornamentation being found 
 over the whole surface of the yoke. The superficial ornamentation is 
 intended to represent a figure with a human head, the body lying 
 prone on its breast like an animal. 
 
 In the specimen figured on plate cxii, is an example of the first type 
 of stone yoke, but one in which the superficial sculptured designs 
 cover the body, tongue, and legs to such an extent that the joints 
 
256 
 
 CEETAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ann. 25 
 
 of the legs and the feet are much obscured, and the hands wholly lost. 
 In plate cxiii, a, is represented another specimen, also from the Dehesa 
 collection, belonging to the first type. There is a remarkable simi- 
 larity between this specimen and the last-preceding one, both of which 
 represent human beings with sandaled feet, wearing bracelets and 
 anklets. 
 
 Of the same general character is the ornamentation of a yoke (fig- 
 ured in plate cxiv) owned by the Sonora News Company, of Mexico 
 City. One of the significant variations in detail 
 between this and the last mentioned is the struc- 
 ture of the upper lip, which is here split into 
 three parts — a not uncommon feature in these 
 heads. While the face in plate cxv, a, is unlike 
 that represented in plates cxiii and oxiv, the 
 upper lip is split as in the latter specimen. 
 The second subdivision of the type of stone 
 yokes representing animals is fairly well repre- 
 sented in. all collections and has been figured 
 by Strebel, Chavero, Holmes, and several other 
 authors. In most instances, as pointed out by 
 them, the figures represent frogs, but sometimes 
 the character of the feet seems to indicate clawed 
 or hoofed animals, suggesting lizards, panthers, 
 or tapirs. A beautiful specimen of a decorated 
 yoke of this kind is exhibited in the Museo 
 Nacional of Mexico City. 
 
 A unique yoke in the Dehesa collection differs 
 from others in the presence of rows of holes on 
 the lips or about the mouth, suggesting that teeth 
 were once inserted on the edge of the oral open- 
 ing. This yoke, shown in accompanying plate 
 (cxiii, c, d), has the limbs carved on the sides, but 
 their appendages are so conventionalized that it 
 is impossible to tell what animal the maker in- 
 tended to represent. From the circular disks 
 on the head and from the general shape it is not 
 improbf^ble that it was a frog. The relatively 
 enormous tongue protruding from the large mouth imparts a gro- 
 tesque feature to the whole object, which, in several particulars, is 
 one of the best specimens of yoke ever found. 
 
 Yokes of the second group are reducible to two kinds: (1) those hav- 
 ing a single head, four limbs, and a body represented on each yoke, and 
 (2) those with several, generally three, heads cut in relief on each yoke, 
 one on the arched end and one on each arm of the yoke. In this type 
 appendages and bodies may or may not be represented and there may 
 
 Fig. 51. Side view of atone 
 yoke, second group. 
 (Dehesa collection.) 
 
FBWKES] 
 
 OBJECTS FROM CEMEOALAN AND XICO 
 
 257 
 
 be additional incised or relief medallions of heads on the ends of the 
 arms. There is an excellent specimen *of a stone yoke with a face on 
 the curved outer surface and heads of different kinds on the two arms, 
 in the Dehesa collection, shown from the side in iigure 51. An 
 examination of the structure of the arch shows that the head resem- 
 bles that of a frog as identified in other specimens. There are two 
 round, disks on each side of the upper part of the head above the 
 mouth, possibly representing ear-drums, a common feature in Mexi- 
 can stone images of frogs, and there is a total absence of human 
 features in nose and chin. Viewed 
 from the convex side of the arch, 
 this yoke shows but a slight differ- 
 ence from those of the second sub- 
 division of the first type, but on 
 examination of its sides or arms 
 (figures 51, 52), this too is wholly 
 lost. In place of appendages on the 
 arms, as in yokes of the first type, it 
 has representations of other heads 
 and those of different shape from that 
 of a frog. On one arm there are 
 cut a skull and a conventionalized 
 skeleton with upraised arms, and 
 with ribs, legs, and feet. On the 
 other arm we find a head of a human 
 being, resembling sculpturing on the 
 convex side of the arch of yokes of 
 the first subdivision. The remark- 
 able and unique figure of a human 
 skeleton lies on one side when the 
 yoke is in a horizontal position so 
 that the yoke must be placed vertical 
 to bring this figure into a natural attitude. It will be noticed that a 
 human face is represented in a depressed area or recess on the upper 
 side of the arch. Similar representations of death heads or skulls are 
 not uncommon decorations on stone yokes; so far as it goes, this fact 
 suggests the sanguinary rites of human sacrifice which are known 
 to have been practised among the Totonac as well as among the 
 Aztec. 
 
 Another stone yoke also on exhibition in the Museo Nacional, belongs 
 to the second type and has a skull or death's-head cut on the arch and 
 other heads on each arm. 
 
 Fig. 52. Side view of etone yoke, second 
 ■ group. (Dehesa collection.) - 
 
 25 BTH— 07- 
 
 -17 
 
258 CEKTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [bth. ANN. 26 
 
 CUKVED STONES 
 
 Among other problematical objects from the Totonac region — almost 
 unknown elsewhere — may be mentioned curved stones, bearing some 
 likeness in form to sections of the yokes from which, however, they 
 differ in size, shape, and superficial decoration. One of the best of 
 these, already referred to and shown in figure .53, exhibited in the 
 Museo Nacional of Mexico, has a figure of a human being engraved 
 in its outer or convex surface, with legs extending over one end of 
 the object, the feet showing on the under or concave sui'face of the 
 stone. Commonly these curved stones have smooth surfaces and 
 simple forms, as shown in the figures, sometimes resembling flatirons 
 (plate cxx, h) with curved surfaces and destitute of handles. The 
 remarkable object from the Museo Nacional of Mexico shown in figures 
 
 Fig. 53. Convex side of curved stone. (Museo Nacional, Mexico.) 
 
 53 and 54, does not fall into either of the types of stone yokes illustra- 
 ted in the preceding pages, but is a unique representation of a type 
 of curved stones. The design on the surface extends across and 
 around one end and the inner surface. It represents a human being 
 with the face in profile and the arms extended, and the legs, body, 
 and feet in low relief. The use of these problematical stones, like 
 that of the yokes and rings, is unknown, but, like the latter, they 
 occur in greatest abundance in the Gulf states of Mexico. 
 
 A true yoke in the same collection as the next preceding object like- 
 wise has a head with outstretched forearms recalled that on the curved 
 stone. 
 
 Another of the stone yokes in the Museo Nacional, Mexico, has 
 three skulls cut in high relief, one on the anterior end and one on each 
 of the arms. 
 
FBWEES] 
 
 OBJECTS PROM CEMPOALAN AND XICO 
 
 259 
 
 THEOKIES OF THE USE OF STONE YOKES 
 
 These problematical objects have been variously interpreted by dif- 
 ferent writers, but the theories thus far presented, like those sug- 
 gested for the Porto Rican collars, are not conclusive. They are com- 
 monly called sacrificial stones, and in an early catalogue of the Museo 
 Nacional of Mexico are referred to as "yokes or collars that served in 
 human sacrifice by placing them under the back of the victim to make 
 the chest protrude, and thus facilitate the extraction of the heart, or 
 by applying them upon the necks of victims to produce asphyxia, or 
 at least to obtain immobility. These yokes are 
 found in Mexico, Tlaxcala, Orizaba, and Chia- 
 pas." A large array of authors might be 
 quoted as interpreting the Mexican yokes in 
 this way. Mr Francis Parry abandons the 
 name "Stone Yoke," substituting that of 
 "Sacred Maya Stone,"" and considers them 
 as connected with germination or phallic 
 ceremonies. 
 
 At a meeting of the Sociedad de Geografia 
 y Estadistica of Mexico, held in February, 
 1891, there was an animated discussion of the 
 use of these j'okes, revealing a diflPerence of 
 opinion regarding their function. A commit- 
 tee was appointed to investigate the subject, 
 but as yet no report has been published by it. 
 
 Regarding the use of the sculptured yokes. 
 Professor Holmes writes: * 
 
 Considering the number of these objects and their 
 importance as works of art, it is certainly remarkable 
 that nothing is known of their use, and that they do 
 not appeiir to be represented in any of the ancient man- 
 uscripts or in any of the thousands of subjects engraved 
 or sculptured on stone or painted on or modeled in clay. 
 That they were sacred and symbolic and had some im- 
 portant oflBce to fill in gaming or divination, in rites or 
 ceremonies, requires no proof beyond that furnished by 
 our knowledge of the culture of the people to whom they belonged. Numerous definite 
 uses have been assigned to them, but'I can see no sufficient reason for adopting any 
 one of these rather than another, and it is quite probable that the real use has not 
 ye't been guessed, save perhaps in the mo^t general way. 
 
 Attempts that have been made to decipher the meaning of the stone 
 yokes by comparing them with figures in Mexican and Maya codices have 
 not been wholly successful, although shedding some lighton the subject. 
 
 a The Sacred Maya Stone of Mexico and its Symbolism, London, 189S. 
 
 6 Archeological Studies among the Ancient Gltiee of Mexico. Field ColunMcm, Mueewm, Anthropo- 
 logical Series, V, no. 1, p. S19. 
 
 Fig. 54. Concave side of curved 
 stone. (Museo Nacional, Mex- 
 ico.) 
 
260 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [bth. ANN. 25 
 
 Investigations in this lin^ were early suggested by Strebel, but not car- 
 ried out. The rebus or place name, for instance Nautzinlan, consists 
 of a yoke-formed figure placed above the legs and abdomen of a human 
 being and is interpreted by Penafiel as "a place of fruitfulness." The 
 figure of the yoke, according to this author, " is a kind of receptacle 
 full of black spots, a symbol of maternity, reproduction or fecundity." 
 In the Codex Vaticanus, a profile figure resembling a yoke has been 
 thought to symbolize the Earth god or the Death god or goddess. In 
 other words, the scant pictographic material available supports the 
 theory that the Mexican stone yokes are associated with germination 
 rites. Mrs Nuttall" and Doctor Rust* suggest that the curved 
 stones used by the California Indians in certain puberty rites may 
 have some relation to the stone yokes of the Mexicans. This would 
 fall in line with the hypothesis that the latter were connected with 
 rites of germination or with gods presiding over germination, which 
 interpretation the author regards as not far from the truth. 
 
 It is evident that these yokes " should not be interpreted as imple- 
 ments used to hold down victims for sacrifice, and the representations 
 of supernatural beings upon them are not necessarily connected with 
 human sacrifices. Very small forms of these yokes, as that shown in 
 plate oxx, a, could not have been so used; they may have been a fetish, 
 and possibly used as a personal charm. The majority of sculptured 
 figures on these yokes may be reduced to symbolic representations of 
 the Sky or Sun god. The death's-heads may be interpreted as symbols 
 of the god of the underworld or abode of the spirits of ancestors, while 
 the birds refer to the Sky god, worshiped as father of all life. The 
 death's-head and skeleton so constantly repeated do not refer so much 
 to the victim of the sacrifice as to the ruler of the realm of the dead, 
 the underworld where dwell the ancients and other supernaturals. It 
 is suggested, however, that the figures on the surfaces of these yokes 
 represent in some specimens beings that are not identical. Thus on 
 the arch of one yoke we have a frog's head, a skeleton on one arm, and 
 a human face on the other. Some yokes have reptiles and others birds 
 cut upon them. Strebel has identified the majority of the second sub- 
 division of the first group as frog forms; this identification may be 
 good so far as it goes, but it is not unlikely that these frogs symbolize 
 other conceptions, as the Sun or the Moon god. In other words, the 
 so-called frog yoke may be a representation of the suri in his function 
 of rain-bringer. There are several marked resemblances between 
 figures identified as sun gods graven on stone slabs from Santa Lucia 
 Cosamawhupa, and figures on the stone yokes here considered. This 
 
 a Old and New World Civilization, Jfemoirs <ifthe Peabody Museum, ii, 1901. 
 !> American Anthropokigiat, n. s., viii, January-Maroli, 1906. 
 
 A orescentio figure Is repeatedly found in Mexican painting as a symbol of supernatural beings 
 connected with gtowtli or germination. It sometimes replaces sun symbols on shields. 
 
PEWKES] OBJECTS PROM CEMPOALAN AND XICO 261 
 
 likeness is especially striking in figures of gods and goddesses con- 
 nected with fecundity or germination. Some of the former are 
 represented as prone on their breasts. A celebrated carved stone from 
 Tuxpan presented by Governor Dehesa to the National Museum of 
 Mexico has head and feet not unlike some of the figures on Mexican 
 yokes. The tongue is represented as protruding as in other pictures 
 and figures of sun gods." 
 
 PADDLE-SHAPED STONES 
 
 Several years ago there was found in a cache near the mounds at Texolo 
 a number of flat, paddle-shaped stones (plate cxvii), made of lava rock, 
 ornamented on the two surfaces with figures and geometrical designs. 
 These valuable stones, now in the collection * of Governor Dehesa, at 
 Jalapa, give a very high idea of the art of their makers. For some 
 time this collection was unique, but within a few months, as the writer 
 is informed by Mr Boone, director of the Jalapa Electric Light Com- 
 pany, another similar cache has been found in the same locality. It 
 may reasonably be inferred that these objects are typical of the cultures 
 of those who built the Texolo mounds and possibly characteristic of 
 the ancient people of the state of Vera Cruz, but it is not evident that 
 these people were necessarily of Totonac stock, although thus far they 
 have been so considered. These objects are generally enlarged at 
 one end, which is angular, with transverse groove that is always present 
 and may have been fitted to an angular base. Many forms of stone 
 birds with well-made heads and bodies, with wings extended, are found 
 in the collection of Governor Dehesa, and there are likewise images 
 like human heads with helmets. All of these are finely carved and the 
 majority have characteristic notches at their bases, by which they may 
 be supposed to have been supported on a bar or basal pedestal. The 
 base is generally angular, the object broadening and becoming thinner 
 at the opposite end. One face is generally slightl)"^ convex, the Other 
 flat or concave. In a few instances the margins are perforated with 
 rows of holes. 
 
 The function of these paddle-shaped stones is problematical, but the 
 indications are strong that when in use they were placed in a vertical 
 position so that both faces were visible. It would appear also from 
 their numbers that many were used at the same time; possibly they 
 may have formed parts of altars. It is of course also possible that 
 they were simply ornamental and furnished architectural features or 
 permanent attachments to buildings. 
 
 aThis figure, whicli haa claws of the same kind as those on some of the stone yokes, and whose 
 crouching attitude suggests yokes of the first group, is identified by Doctor Seler as a turtle god. It 
 may be the summer solstice sun symbolized by a turtle. 
 
 * These objects were sold to Governor Dehesa by Don Jos6 Piroz, of Coatepec, who bought them 
 from a farmer living at Xico or in that neighborhood. 
 
262 
 
 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ann. 25 
 
 One of the most instructive of these paddle-shaped stones is shown 
 in plate oxviii, a. This specimen, which has a rare decoration, repre- 
 sents an alligator or lizard whose back is cut on the convex, the belly 
 
 (figure 65) on the opposite or 
 flat side, the mouth being open 
 and the tail forming a graceful 
 curve, so that if this specimen 
 were placed vertical the head 
 would be at the base and the 
 animal would be in an unnatural 
 posture. 
 
 The design on plate cxvi rep- 
 resents a human figure bearing 
 a staff in the hand. As with 
 other human forms on these 
 stones, the eyes are closed as if 
 the person represented were 
 dead or asleep. -This figure, 
 like others, wears crests of 
 feathers, which in this specimen 
 appear to be very large. One 
 of the best made as well as the 
 most instructive designs on fig- 
 ure 57 shows a dancing figure 
 holding aloft an ear of corn, in 
 one hand, raised above the head. 
 Plate cxviii, 5, represents sev- 
 eral birds' heads more or less ob- 
 scured or concealed by the elab- 
 orate tracery of geometrical 
 figures, feathers, and other or- 
 naments. A whole bird, with 
 extended wings, appears in fig- 
 ure 59. 
 
 There are many similar speci- 
 mens, possibly having the same 
 use, somewhat different in form 
 from the paddle-shaped stones 
 above mentioned. Some of 
 these, as those figured (plate 
 cxix), are fanlike, with ridges 
 on fiach side radiating from a common base. Others appear more like 
 headdresses, the radiating feathers being cut from stone. It would 
 aippear that all these different objects were connected in some way, but 
 how we can not yet answer satisfactorily. 
 
 Fig. 65. Paddle-shaped stone representing lizard. 
 (Dehesa collection.) (Reverse of a, plate cxviii.) 
 
PHWKES] OBJECTS FROM CEMPOALAN AND XICO 263 
 
 PADLOCK STONES 
 
 The problematical objects from the Totonac region include certain 
 stones recalling in shape common padlocks, circular in form, with flat 
 surfaces and margins, each with a triangular opening excentrically 
 placed. These stones may be conventional forms of Huaxtec idols. 
 In their less conventionalized form these probleinatical objects recall 
 
 Fig. 56. Reverse of paddle- Fig. 57. Paddle-shaped stone with Fig. 58^ Reverse of a, plate 
 shaped stone. dancing figure; reverse of a, plate cxvii. 
 
 oxvi. (Dehesa collection.) 
 
 stone idols, resembling an aged man leaning on a staff, as shown in 
 figure 69, an idol believed to be characteristically Huaxtec in origin 
 and limited to the Huaxtec territory in its distribution, although some- 
 times found in regions adjoining that in which this culture flourished 
 in ancient times. 
 
264 
 
 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [hth. ann. 25 
 
 STONE HEADS 
 
 Among many evidences of a high ability in artistic expression 
 attained by the ancient people of eastern Mexico may be mentioned the 
 carved stone heads, specimens of which are represented in, plates oxx 
 
 and cxxi. These objects 
 are made of lava rock, and 
 all have notches at the necks 
 corresponding in a general 
 way to those at the bases of 
 the paddle-shaped stones. 
 In some cases, as in that fig- 
 ured (plate cxx, e), a human 
 face is sculptured within a 
 helmet representing a sec- 
 ond head. Another on the 
 same plate {g) has a median 
 crest, which is a feature in 
 many of these stone heads. 
 One of the most instruct 
 ive of the many specimens 
 presented by Governor 
 Debesa is the flat, oval- 
 shaped stone (plate cxx, _;) 
 said to have come from near 
 Ceriipoalan. This object 
 was evidently once attached 
 to some foreign body, but 
 for what purpose is not 
 clear from either size or 
 shape. The holes for - 
 attachment are seen on each 
 side of the forehead. 
 
 The stone ring (plate 
 cxx, c), with a handle on 
 one side and evidences of 
 another on the opposite 
 margin, from the Dehesa 
 collection, is, so far as 
 known, a stone object of 
 unique form, from this 
 region. It must be regarded, however, as belonging to the same culture 
 as the rings, yokes, and paddle-shaped stones. Plate oxxi, a, illus- 
 traiting one of the best-made stone heads in the Dehesa collection, repre- 
 
 Fio. 59. Bird-shaped stone with notohea base, 
 collection.) 
 
 (Dehesa 
 
FBWKES] 
 
 OBJECTS FROM CEMPOALAlir AND XICO 
 
 265 
 
 sents a laughing face, with mouth wide open, tongue evident, but no 
 teeth, suggesting an old man. This head has a median crest extend- 
 ing from the bridge of the nose backward to the top of the head; the 
 nose and cheeks have many wrinkles. Plate cisxi, 5, also represent- 
 ing a much-wrinkled face, has the median crest passing from the nose 
 over the head; the eyes are closed and the features those of an old man. 
 In c and d are figured extraordinary examples of rock sculpture, the 
 specimens here represented being in Governor Dehesa's collection at 
 Jalapa. The exceptional feature of this specimen is the long nose, 
 suggesting the trunk of a tapir, but the features are human rather than 
 animal. Like other heads, this specimen has the notched base so com- 
 mon in carved objects from the Totonac territory. The two small 
 heads {e and _/), belong to the same type as the preceding (c and d), 
 being found in the same col- 
 lection. Specimen g bears a 
 remote likeness to the head 
 of a clown priest or mud head 
 of the New Mexican pueb- 
 los. Clowns accompanied the 
 masked dancers in Central 
 American ceremonies, and it 
 is not unlikely that this stone 
 head was intended to repre- 
 sent one of these performers. 
 
 Other heads here repre- 
 sented may belong to the 
 same category as the laugh- 
 ing face above mentioned. 
 Specimen h is one of the most 
 unusual forms of these stone heads with the notch at the neck. This 
 specimen, which is in the Dehesa collection, is made of lava stone of 
 the same kind as the paddle-shaped objects. The face is artistically 
 carved and apparently the nose was continued into a curved extension, 
 reminding one of the long-nosed god of the codices. The unusual 
 feature of this stone head, in addition to its flattening, is the headdress, 
 probably of feathers, arising from a crown. 
 
 In i is represented a notched stone of bird form. Several similar 
 specimens are figured by Strebel in his work on the antiquities of the 
 state of Vera Cruz,* referred to in previous pages. 
 
 One of the best of these bird-shaped stones is shown in figure 59. 
 This, like the specimen last described, has a notched base, expanded 
 wings, and tail. Its use must have been somewhat like that of the 
 paddle-shaped stones as it has a similar base and the same general form. 
 
 Fia. 60. Sling stones. (Dehesa collection.) 
 
 oAlt Mexico. 
 
266 OEKTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [hth.ann. 25 
 
 SLING STONES 
 
 The spherical objects shown in figures 60 and 61, a number of which 
 are to be seen in the Dehesa collection, are weapons. Those shown in 
 the illustrations are either smooth or covered with protuberances, 
 spljerical or more or less conical. Several have the shapes of stoppers 
 for bottles or flasks. The Indians call them chunalles, a general name 
 for shields or weapons. 
 
 FiQ. 61. Sling stones. (Dehesa collection.) 
 
 STONE IDOLS 
 
 The ruins about Jalapa have yjelded many stone idols, generally 
 made of lava, some of which show signs of Nahuatl, others of Totonac 
 
 culture. There are several of these in the 
 Dehesa collection and others also in private 
 possession. A stone idol in the patios of the 
 Hacienda Bruno, Jalapa Viejo, represents a 
 fine stone image of Quetzalcoatl (figure 62), 
 with body coiled and head upright, the yawn- 
 ing mouth revealing a human face behind 
 trenchant teeth. On the head of this idol a 
 cluster of feathers is carved in low relief. 
 These arise from a ring and extend down the 
 back. The mouth has protruding fangs, or 
 a long tongue hanging from the front of the 
 jaw just below the chin of the inclosed human 
 face. 
 There is a large stone idol in one of the 
 houses facing the church at Xico that is somewhat different from 
 any Aztec or Totonac image yet figured. Although the owner of 
 this image has daubed it with bright paint, which gives it a very 
 
 FiQ. 62. Snake idol from Jalapa 
 Viejo. 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 OBJECTS PROM CEMPOALAN AND XICO 
 
 267 
 
 modern appearance, there is no doubt of its antiquity. It is a 
 colossal stone head and has limbs carved on the back. Feathers 
 are represented on top of the head. Just below a characteristic 
 breast ornament one may see a shallow depression corresponding in 
 place to that receptacle for offerings which is found in Chac Mol 
 and some other idols. This huge head, which is 3 feet high and 
 very heavy, has been for 
 many years in the possession 
 of the family now owning it. 
 In the same collection is also 
 another image of colossal size, 
 which is made of a soft brown 
 stone. This idol is rudely 
 sculptured without legs, the 
 arms being brought to the 
 breast. The symbolism is 
 insufficient to determine 
 what supernatural or other 
 being was intended to be rep ■ 
 resented by this massive fig- 
 ure. In the Dehesa collec- 
 tion there is a stone idol 
 (figure 63), possibly repre- 
 senting a maize goddess, hav- 
 ing a crown of radiating 
 feathers and a visor-like 
 projection above the face. 
 She wears the ceremonial gar- 
 ment tied by a cord and car- 
 ries in her extended right 
 hand two ears of maize or. 
 Indian corn; the left arm is 
 broken." 
 
 Another idol (figure 64) in 
 the Dehesa collection is not as 
 well made as the preceding 
 and is more massive in form. 
 Arms and legs are not repre 
 sented and the body below the waist is enlarged into a pedestal on 
 which the figure stands. The characteristic feature of this idol is the 
 elaborate headdress, which has the form of the cloud tablets that 
 characterize the Goddess of Rain. Figure 64 possibly represents the 
 
 a The two stone images, representing a youth with a ball in each hand and a woman with similar 
 objects, which were formerly owned in Xico by Sra Maria de la Luz Gomez, are not regarded as 
 genuine antiquities, although they are said to have been found at Texolo and are not unlike the ball- 
 player idol in the Museo Nacional. Their form, however, shows Spanish influence. 
 
 Fig. 63. Maize goddess. (Dehesa collection 
 
268 
 
 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ANN. 26 
 
 characteristic Totonac goddess Toci, Our Grandmother, one of the most 
 prominent supernatural beings of the Gulf Coast people of ancient 
 Mexico. 
 
 CLAY OBJECTS FROM BABRA CHACHALICAS 
 
 The Barra Chachalicas, situated at the mouth of the Actopan river, 
 only a few miles from Cempoalan, has yielded many archeological speci- 
 mens. The clay objects 
 found in this locality 
 are practicalh' identical 
 with those from Cem- 
 poalan, and from them 
 we can obtain a fair 
 idea of the general 
 character of Totonac 
 ceramic ware in this 
 vicinity. 
 
 A pottery specimen 
 (plate cxxiii, a, 5), from 
 the Barra Chachalicas, 
 presented by SenorViu, 
 is made of fine brownish 
 clay, with a smooth 
 surface, painted red. 
 It has the form of a 
 human being wearing 
 a Totonac dress, and 
 apparently represents 
 a woman. On one 
 shoulder there is an 
 orifice through which 
 one may blow, making 
 a whistling sound. In 
 fact, this image is a 
 whistle in the form of 
 a human being. 
 
 A number of clay 
 heads, large and small, 
 were found at the same 
 place as the preceding 
 efSgies and images. These are identical with the heads from 
 Cegipoalan, Otates, and other Totonac ruins. Similar clay imagies 
 once adorned the panels of the Cempoalan temples, especially 
 that called Caritas ("Small Heads") for this reason. One of 
 the most striking -objects made of burnt clay, from this locality, is 
 the effigy (plate oxxiii, o) of a human being, the head and body 
 
 Fig. 64. Rain goddess. (Dehesa collection.) 
 
ruwKES] 
 
 OBJECTS FROM CEMPOALAN AND XICO 
 
 269 
 
 being present, but no arms or legs. Seen from one side this effigy 
 shows distinct Indian features in the, face, two prominent teeth in 
 the upper jaw, an ear plug, and a head covering not unlike a Turk's 
 cap. Around the neck is a cord and a belt girts the loins. Appar- 
 ently there never were legs, but the trunk is broken off in such a way 
 as to suggest that the image formerly stood on a pedestal. The Turk's 
 fez reminds one of the so-called Huaxtec cap. This specimen was 
 preyented by Senor Viu, alcalde of San Carlos. 
 
 An instructive fragment of pottery from Barra Chachalicas is the 
 head shown in plate oxxiv, i, one of thebest of these clay images. From 
 the lobes of the ears of this specimen hang ear plugs, and there are 
 two prominent teeth in the upper jaw, a marked feature of several 
 
 Fie, 65. Bowl from Cempoalan. 
 
 clay images from this region. This specimen is made of coarse red- 
 colored clay, and is unpainted. These Totonac clay heads show high 
 artistic ability and an artistic power not inferior to that of any of the 
 Central American people. All the specimens that exhibit signs of 
 having been painted generally show traces of red, yellow, or black 
 pigments. 
 
 Another pottery head (plate oxxiv, g^ h) from Barra Chachalicas is 
 made of red ware, smooth, apd painted with red pigment, especially on 
 the cheeks and forehead. In this specimen there is a row of triangular 
 projections, colored red, some of which are broken, overhanging the 
 forehead. This specimen has a necklace and a representation of a 
 gorget and ear plug. The left side of the head is more or less broken. 
 
 There are many very good pieces of pottery and several clay effigies 
 in the Dehesa collection, some Nahuatl , the maj ority Totonac. Some of 
 
270 
 
 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ANtf. 25 
 
 the most instructive are shown in plate cxxii and figure 66. Of bowls 
 in this collection in form of death's heads, that on this plate (d) is espe- 
 cially fine, but there are many others which merit notice. (Plate 
 
 cxii, e, and figure 65.) 
 
 It is probable that the major- 
 ity of clay objects in the Dehesa 
 collection came from near Cem- 
 poalan, and hence illustrate the 
 same early culture." 
 
 Some of the more striking 
 forms of pottery in Sra Estef- 
 ania's collection from Otates are 
 figured in plates cxxv and 
 cxxvi. On plate cxxiv, a, is 
 represented a figure \yith well- 
 made head and body, but no 
 lower limbs; this is undoubtedly 
 Totonac. The object has a nose 
 ornament, the shape of which 
 recalls that of the stone image 
 from Xico Viejo, already de- 
 scribed. 
 
 One of the most instructive 
 figures on the Otates pottery is 
 that of a monkey apparent on the 
 interior of a bowl (pi. cxxv, e). 
 Another important decoration is 
 found on the outside of a bowl 
 (/), where a death's-head sim- 
 ilar to that found in the codices 
 appears. The ornamentation of 
 the majority of flat bowls from 
 Otates is as a rule on the exte- 
 rior, and consists of spiral 
 figures, as shown on plate cxxv. 
 Other clay objects from the 
 neighborhood of <Talapa, as those 
 on plate cxxvi, are a classic pitcher (a), several amphores (c, d), claj' 
 heads (/, (ji, h), and food bowls with legs (J, e). One of these (/') is 
 a clay image or effigj"^, duplicated also in Ic. The two-figures Z, m, 
 are clay ladles. 
 
 1 It la to be regretted that the author has not been able to determine the localities where many of 
 the Bpeclmens of the Dehesa collection were found; still It is not difficult to distinguish objects of 
 Nahuatl from those of Totonac origin. 
 
 Fig. 66. Clay image. (Dehesa collection.) 
 
FEWKES] MOUNDS NEAR TAMPICO 271 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR TAMPICO 
 
 General Remarks 
 
 Among the many forms of earth mounds in the United States ascribed 
 to the aborigines there are two types that are radically different in 
 their mode of origin. One of these is formed by destruction of 
 former houses, the upper walls of which have fallen into the rooms, 
 filling them with debris. When an archeologist makes excavations in 
 a mound of this type, he lays bare the walls of former rooms and their 
 foundations, finding an accumulation of fallen roofs, overturned walls, 
 and chambers tilled with debris of buildings and with drifted sand. 
 Mounds of this type have resulted from destruction and were not con- 
 structed in their present form by human hands. The structure of the 
 second type shows no indications of house walls in their interior. 
 Mounds of this type were originally constructed solid throughout; 
 they were built for foundations, and upon them once stood buildings, 
 or superstructures, that have now disappeared, leaving their remains 
 strewn over the surface of a mound-shaped foundation. 
 
 These two sharply defined types of mounds in the United States 
 occur also in Mexico, where their distribution is instructive. The 
 Mexican Republic is preeminently the home of the second of the above- 
 mentioned types, although in certain regions the first is very abundant. 
 While there are many well-known mounds in Mexico constructed 
 wholly of earth, without cut stone and with a superstructure of per- 
 ishable material, many others are faced with cement or have their sur- 
 faces formed of carved stones laid in courses, some of which, as the 
 pyramid El Tajin near Papantla, are most imposing and show archi- 
 tectural development. In these cases the superstructures likewise were 
 built of stone, so that the walls remain in place, affording a good idea 
 of the relationship of the mound to the building upon it. 
 
 There is scanty evidence that sacred buildings or domiciles were ever 
 erected in the northern pueblo region of the United States, on artificial 
 mounds, although there are many instances of the use of natural eleva- 
 . tions for that purpose. The mounds in this region are all of the first 
 type; on the other hand, no mounds are known in the Mississippi 
 valle^y which belong to this type. It is therefore evident that this 
 feature presents a fundamental difference between the mounds of the 
 Rocky Mountain region and those of the central plains of North 
 America. As we go south in the pueblo area the evidences of the 
 existence of the second type are practically very few and not so 
 decisive in character. Bandelier claims that he has found "artificial 
 mounds resting on artificial terraces " at Tempeahd Casa Grande and 
 
272 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [eth. ANN. 25 
 
 elsewhere in the Gila ruins. He writes:" "It will be remembered 
 that the artificial platform already appears on Tonto creek and perhaps 
 on the Upper Gila also; at Tempe it assumes a greater degree of per- 
 fection, as does the mound. The latter resembles the rectangular 
 truncated pyramids of Mexico, with the difference that it is wholly of 
 earth and that its height is inconsiderable." In the few ruins exam- 
 ined by the author in the upper Gila valley, near Solomonville, he has 
 not been able to.detect the second type; Casas Grandes in Chihuahua 
 is apparently of the first type, but the so-called "vigie" lookout in 
 the mountains above the latter ruin, judging from the figures given 
 by M. E. Guillemin, is a true terraced pyramidal base of a super- 
 structure. 
 
 The region of the ruins of the second type in the central part of 
 Mexico begins at the Casa del Edificios near Quemada, about 30 miles 
 north of the city of Zacatecas. If we follow the parallel of this ruin 
 eastward to the Gulf of Mexico, it will be noticed that south of it there 
 are ruins of both types, but that this region is essentially one of solid 
 pyramidal mounds built as foundations for superstructures, a type 
 rarely represented in the mountainous regions north of this line to 
 Utah and southern Colorado. 
 
 The climatic and physiographical conditions of these regions of the 
 United States in which these two types occur are radically different. 
 The first type is confined to an area distinctly arid and mountainous; 
 the second belongs to a well- watered, generally level plain. This same 
 connection between climatic conditions and physiographical contours 
 applies also, but less closely, to the distribution of these types in 
 northern Mexico. In its distribution north and south the first type 
 follows the central plateau region while the second type is more pro- 
 nounced and extends farther north on the lowlands along the coast of 
 the Mexican gulf. 
 
 From Vera Cruz to the mouth of the Panuco river and beyond, the 
 country is thickly strewn with mounds of the second type, some of 
 which, as that at Papantla, rank among the finest in Mexico. 
 
 While it is known that these mounds belong to the same type as some 
 of those in the Mississippi valley, the nature of the mounds (if any 
 exist) between the Panuco and Louisiana remains unknown. It is 
 evident that what is now most needed to determine the southern limits 
 of pueblo and mound builders' culture is more facts regarding the 
 antiquities of northern and eastern Mexico. It has long been known 
 that there are extensive earth mounds in Tamaulipas and Vera Cruz, 
 but we have only limited knowledge of their character, and the arche- 
 ology of Texas is practically unknown. The author's studies of the 
 mounds in the vicinity of Tampico, which is situated in this little known 
 
 a Final Sepoit, p. U5. 
 
FHWKES] MOUNDS NEAR TAMPICO 273 
 
 region, were made for the purpose of adding new facts bearing on a 
 possible connection " between the temple mounds of Vera Cruz and 
 those mounds of the Mississippi valley that served as foundations for 
 superstructures, religious or secular. The limited space allotted to this 
 article allows only a very general consideration of the subject. In 
 studying the Mexican earth mounds of the second type we find a good 
 example of the conditioning of aboriginal buildings by the material 
 available. Many of the Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas mounds are made 
 of earth alone. Especially is this true in places where stone for the 
 builder was not at hand. The mounds at Cempoalan were constructed 
 of river-worn rubble stones laid in cement or lime because the plain of 
 the Actppan furnished no better building material. At El Tajin, near 
 Papantla, the surfaces of the mounds were faced with cut stones, as 
 shown in the plate. These differences in building material are not 
 evidences of differences in culture. 
 
 In comparisons of the Mexican mounds with those of the Missis- 
 sippi basin the objection has been raised that the former are made 
 of carved stones, while the latter are simple earth mounds. While 
 there is no doubt that in stone working the Mexicans reached a higher 
 degree of excellence than any other people in North America, we must 
 not lose sight of the fact that there are multitudes of mounds in Vera 
 Cruz and Tamaulipas similar to those of the Mississippi valley and, 
 like them, wholly destitute of a superficial covering of carved or 
 worked stone. The mounds we are considering are not the work of 
 a race that had vanished before the advent of the Europeans. They 
 were probably made by the Huaxtec and were in use when the 
 Spaniards discovered the country. At the beginning of the sixteenth 
 century there was a thriving settlement of Indians at Chila and others 
 on or near the banks of the lagoons north of where Tampico now 
 stands. Still other settlements existed along the Panuco and Tamesi 
 rivers and their tributaries. 
 
 The inhabitants of these places were hostile to Europeans and 
 vigorously attacked the Spaniards on their first appearance, forcing 
 them to sail away without making a permanent landing. Later expe- 
 ditions were more fortunate; the Indian villages were destroyed and 
 their inhabitants dispersed or killed. Many were taken to distant 
 lands, as the West Indies, for slaves; others fled to the mountains, 
 where their descendants still live. 
 
 Apparently the ships of Grijalva did not enter the Panuco river in 
 1518, but, meeting the Huaxtec near Tuxpan, were driven out to sea 
 and proceeded northward, sighting land again at Cabo Rojo. The 
 
 a This thesia isan old one and has been ably discussed by several authors, all of whom have recog- 
 nized .the necessity for additional facts regarding the archeology of Tamaulipas and Texas for satis- 
 factory proof of a cultural resemblance of the mound builders and the peoples of eastern Mexico. 
 
 25 ETH— 07 18 
 
274 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO taiH. ann. 25 
 
 next year D. Francisco de Garay sent an expedition to the Panuco 
 province under command of Alonso Alvarez de Peneda, whicli entered 
 the mouth of the river, but was attacked and driven back, as was 
 likewise Ruiz de Asis, who had brought reenforcements to Peneda. 
 
 These early failures of the Spaniards to obtain a foothold in the 
 Panuco territory led no less a person than Hernando Cortes to organize 
 an expedition much larger than any previously attempted, said to 
 number 40,000 Mexicans and Tlaxcalteo in addition to Spaniards. 
 En route this army encountered at Coxcatlan 60,000 warriors, Tvhom 
 they defeated. After this defeat Cortes proposed peace with the 
 natives, which was refused, and he then pushed on to occupy iheir 
 city, Chila, on the Panuco river, 6 leagues from the sea. This 
 aboriginal city he found abandoned by its inhabitants, who had fled to 
 the settlements on the Champayan lagoon. After waiting fifteen days 
 at Chila, Cortes made his way by means of balsas and canoes to this 
 lagoon town, which was completely destroyed. The various events 
 that followed this suramarj' proceeding concern the historian rather 
 than the archeologist, but the outcome of them was that the sedentary 
 people of the neighborhood were driven to the mountains or sold into 
 slavery. Thus arose a lively industry in this region, for Tampico 
 at one time sent many slaves to the West Indies. Such Indians 
 as were left were gathered into missions, but their distinct- 
 ive culture was practically destroyed, and their former temples 
 were neglected and fell into ruins. We owe the little that is 
 known of the antiquities of the neighborhood of Tampico to Messrs 
 Vetch, Lyon, Norman, and especially to ex-Governor Prieto and 
 Doctor Seler," who have published instructive facts i-egarding the 
 character of the mounds, their distribution, and contents. The 
 writings of two of these authors supplement each other, Governor 
 ttieto's* account dealing more especially with the ruins north of Tam- 
 pico, on or near the Champayan lagoon, including those at the San 
 Francisco ranch and the Sierra de Palma, while Doctor Seler considers 
 those to the south of the Panuco river, at Topila, Palacho, and else- 
 where in the Huaxtec country. The ruins in the Tampico region 
 are pyramidal mounds, evidently constructed as solid foundations to 
 support superstructures. These mounds show no signs of having been 
 formed of debris gathered about preexisting houses. They are ordi- 
 narily built of earth and in some cases are faced with cut stone, having 
 one or more stairways of the latter material. Apparently the super- 
 structure was generally built of perishable material, but sometimes of 
 stone or cement. Some of these mounds are practically the same as 
 the so-called "temple mounds" of the lower Mississippi valley. In 
 
 oDie Alter Ansiedlungen In Gebiet der Huaxtecan. Gesammelte Abhandlungen, band i. 
 bHlstoria, beogr&fia y Estadistica del Estado de Tamaulipae, Mexico, 1873. 
 
FEWKES] MOUNDS NEAR TAMPICO 275 
 
 addition to these mounds of the second type there are in the vicinity 
 of Tampico many shell heaps, some of immense size. The nature of 
 the coast line and the many lagoons in the neighborhood offered rare 
 opportunities for a fisherman's life, and from Tampico northward vr& 
 find many mounds of the character just described. The aborigines 
 who left deposits of shell there were not necessarily a distinct race, 
 but led a specialized life as a result of their environment. 
 
 Shell Heaps 
 
 One of the best collections of mounds near Tampico is situated about 
 a mile from the city, near the ranch directed by Mr Kiilke. It is 
 readily reached after a short walk from the terminus of the tramway, 
 the cars of which start from the bridge near the railroad station of 
 Tampico. A few hundred feet beyond Mr Kiilke's house the fields are 
 covered with a thick forest growth, a portion of which has recently 
 been cut down to enlarge the area under cultivation. In removing 
 this growth the workmen brought to light a cluster of mounds, some 
 of which are of comparatively large size. In following the road from 
 Mr Kiilke's house to these mounds one sees many evidences in the 
 plowed lands of small shell heaps, some of which were formerly much 
 larger. These were situated on a high bluff overlooking the neigh- 
 boring lagoon, on the banks and islands of which there are much more 
 extensive deposits. Their position is indicated by shells strewed on 
 the ground. The cluster of large mounds lately brought to light by 
 clearing the forests stands on the same bluff, a few feet beyond which 
 one may have a fine view of the neighboring lagoon and the city of 
 Tampico. The general arrangement of these mounds is such that they 
 inclose a level space that formerly may have been a plaza. There are 
 eight mounds in the cluster, five of which are on the arc of a circle 
 and form one side of the supposed closed area. Two other mounds, 
 not of the series inclosing the space, stand nearer the road than the 
 cluster just mentioned. About sixty paces nearer the road is a circu- 
 lar depression like a reservoir. There is little difference in the general 
 form or size of these mounds. Two are large and flat-topped and 
 two are much elongated. Their interior structure is revealed by lim- 
 ited excavations made in one of the largest by some local antiquarian 
 or treasure seeker who discovered many shells in this mound and 
 fragments of a hard rock like coquina limestone. The greater num- 
 ber of the mounds are constructed entirely of earth and are covered 
 with vegetation. The accompanying map shows roughly the arrange- 
 ment of the mounds and their relative distances from one another. 
 
276 OEETAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTEKN MEXICO [kth. ANN. 25 
 
 Ruins near Altamika 
 
 The ruins on the banks of the Champayan and other lagoons north 
 of Tampico, probably the remains of the settlements visited by Cortes, 
 have been described and figured by Prieto." Among these may be 
 mentioned the mounds at the San Francisco ranch and the pyramid at 
 La Palma. Easy trips may be made to the former from a railroad 
 station (Cervantes) ; for La Palma one must alight from the train at 
 Estero; the ruin near Aldama may be visited from the station, Gon- 
 zales. There is a fine collection of pottery and other antiquities from 
 the San Francisco mounds, in Altamira, at the house of Sefior Don 
 Antonio Parras, owner of the ranch. Efforts to visit the ancient city 
 Chila were not successful, although enough was learned of its situation 
 to impress the author with the desirability of future exploration. 
 Those who said that they had been at the ruin claimed that it lies in a 
 thick forest and that the hill where it is situated is visible from Tamos. 
 A peon who has been there informed the author that it would be neces- 
 sary to cut a pathway, through the jungle for a considerable distance 
 but that once there, the visit would be rewarded by views of plastered 
 walls, many mounds, and other evidences of former inhabitants. The 
 most convenient station on the railroad from which to visit Chila is 
 Ochoa, about halfway between Tamos and Chila. Possibly this is the 
 ruin on the Cerro de Chila mentioned by Doctor Seler, but his account 
 is not complete enough to identify Old Chila. The author is under the 
 impression that no archeologist has yet visited Chila, the city that 
 figures so prdminently in the early campaigns into the Huaxtec coun- 
 try by Cortes and his lieutenants. The most northern ruin of which 
 the author received information, but did not visit, is a mound said to 
 be covered with carved stones, situated near Aldama (formerly called 
 Presas), about 10 leagues from the station Gonzales on the Victoria 
 and Tampico railroad. According to information received this ruin 
 has faced stones, and was probably not unlike the temple mound at 
 Palma. Either this or one of neighboring ruins may be that men- 
 tioned by Prieto as situated about a league north of Chocoy. He says 
 that it is near the banks of an arroyo which passes the Tancuayave 
 ranch and uniting with other arroyos from Aldama, later flows into 
 the lagoon San Andres. Northward from the ruin near Aldama 
 stretches to the Rio Grande a vast territory the archeology of which 
 is wholly unknown. What mounds may be here hidden can be ascer- 
 tained only by later studies and field work.* 
 
 a HiBt6ila Geogi^flca y Estadistica del Estado de Tamaulipas, p. 48-57, Mexico, 1873. 
 
 6 Wild or partially savage tribes were encountered In this region by Escandron and others. Many 
 names have been applied to these tribes, but as yet no one has been able satisfactorily to determine 
 their synonyms. See Orozoo y Berra and various other authors. 
 
pewkes] aecheologioal objects 277 
 
 Ruins near Champayan Lagoon 
 
 Seven leagues north of Altamira, in the jurisdiction of that city, a 
 small range of mountains extends in a general north and south direc- 
 tion, ending in the neighborhood of the Champayan lagoon. Con- 
 siderable ruins, called moradores, are reported in this locality. These 
 consist of artificial mounds arranged in straight lines, and are said to 
 be covered with rectangular blocks of stone showing artificial work- 
 ing, indicating the remains of a large settlement. Prieto, who has 
 described these mounds, has also given in his article representations 
 of several characteristic objects of stone and clay from the same 
 locality. 
 
 The mounds of Topila and Palacho lie south of Panuco near the 
 right bank of the river. These ruins are so extensive that there is 
 no doubt the settlements were large and important. Seler, whose 
 brief account is about all that has been published concerning them, 
 speaks of a quadrangular plaza with a temple mound on one side and 
 smaller pyramids on the other. He is led to believe that there were 
 passageways at opposite ends of this plaza arranged so as to lead into 
 a ball court. 
 
 He speaks also of stones found at the corners of the pyramids in 
 Palach6, and describes and figures worked plinths from both these 
 ruins. In examining the representation of these latter, one is struck 
 with their resemblance to so-called pillar stones of the ball courts of 
 the prehistoric Porto Ricans, to which reference is made in preceding 
 pages. The carving upon the stylated stones from the mainland is 
 much finer and the symbolism upon the insular specimens quite differ- 
 ent, but the possibility that both stood near similar ball courts gives 
 them additional interest from a comparative point of view. 
 
 ARCHEOLOGICAL OBJECTS 
 
 The archeological specimens found on or near the mounds next claim 
 our attention. These are highly characteristic and naturally closely 
 connected with those from the Totonac. The most striking are pecul- 
 iar stone idols and characteristic pottery, some of the former standing 
 in the streets or public places, where they have been set up for presi- 
 ervation. There are several stone idols in Tampico, these having been 
 brought to the city from different localities in the neighborhood. Two 
 of these are figured by Doctor Seler," but as the present author's photo- 
 graph of the second one illustrates a few additional points, there is here 
 (figure 67) published a new figure of this interesting idol. The locality 
 in which this object was found is given by Doctor Seler as "Cerro 
 
 aGesammelte Abhandlungen, band I, 20, 21. 
 
278 
 
 CEKTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [hth. ANN. 25 
 
 de Topila," a Huaxtec ruin that has yielded other remarkable idols. 
 The idol now under consideration is fastened to the wall of a passage- 
 way, and stands on a modern pedestal in the open patio of a building 
 opposite the Hotel Comercio, in Tampico. This idol is carved out of a 
 monolith, and like the majority of Huaxtec idols is mounted on a 
 
 pedestal. It represents a 
 well-developed female figure, 
 with hands brought forward, 
 as is usually the case in this 
 rude art. The most striking 
 feature of this object is a head, 
 or small face, represented 
 inside the open mouth of a 
 monster the lower jaw of 
 which hangs down on the 
 breast, while the upper is 
 raised almost vertically. 
 Eight small holes, placed in 
 pairs about the margin of the 
 jaws, served for the insertion 
 of teeth. The eyes are con- 
 spicuous,, just above the angles 
 of the jaws; a radiating fan- 
 shaped appendage on the back 
 of the head represents feathers. 
 The idol is intended to be an 
 image of a woman wearing the 
 head of some supernatural 
 reptilian monster. 
 
 Stone Idols at Altamira 
 
 The present town Altamira, 
 on the bank of a lagoon a few 
 miles north of Tampico, was 
 founded by Escandron on the 
 2d of May, 1749. For many 
 years after its foundation it 
 grew rapidly, becoming a very 
 important place at the close 
 of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. A 
 mission church for the Anacana Indians was early built at this place. 
 Since the foundation of the present Tampico, in 1823, Altamira has 
 lost its commercial preeminence and declined in prosperity. Old 
 Tampico, or Tampico Viejo, which is older than Altamira, has 
 
 
 l^L^^mHHB^nE^^^' '■;>. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ .;v, ', 
 
 
 v'-' '■ ' -■ 
 
 Fig. 67. Serpent-god idol. 
 
FEWKES] 
 
 AECHEOLOGICAL OBJECTS 
 
 279 
 
 suflFered a similar decline. On his visit to Altamira to investigate 
 its antiquities the most instructive archeological objects seen by the 
 author were two large stone idols that stand on the street corners, 
 one of which (figure 68), owned by Senor Justo Garcia Enriquez, is 
 characteristic. Endeavors to trace this idol to its prehistoric home or 
 aboriginal owners were not successful, nor could it be discovered how 
 long the stone had stood in its present situation, but there is hardly a 
 doubt that it once belonged to some of the aborigines that inhabited 
 the banks of the adjacent lagoon. It is made of light brown stone 
 and stands erect, the top of the head being about three feet above the 
 ground. Although the surface is rough and 
 more or less battered, the characteristic symbolic 
 features of a Huaxtec god have not wholly dis- 
 appeared. The carving is confined to the front 
 side, the back having been left rough and slightly 
 rounded and marked with parallel lines. Head 
 and body are well represented, but the legs are 
 not now visible; possibly they were broken oflf 
 or are buried below the surface of the ground. 
 The idol wears a cap-shaped projection, which 
 Doctor Seler has shown to be characteristic of 
 Huaxtec idols, out from which hood-like cover- 
 ing peers the face, reminding one of a helmet, or 
 of a mask representing the head of some animal, 
 possibly a serpent. 
 
 The ear ornaments consist of two parts— a 
 round disk at the lobe of the ear and a curved 
 pendant recalling a carpenter's square. There is 
 a representation of a rectangular raised object 
 over the breast, above the hands. The depres- 
 sion at the umbilicus is concave, surrounded by 
 a rim, reminding one of similar concavities in many Mexican images. 
 Comparing this idol with others from Tanquin or Tuxpan, figured by 
 Doctor Seler, resemblances in certain details are found, for like them 
 it has a conical appendage to the head and representations of a plate- 
 like ornament of peculiar shape on the breast. In the Tanquin speci- 
 men figured by Seler the corres'ponding ornament is large, forming a 
 kind of plastron covering breast and abdomen, while in the Tuxpan 
 representation the plate is circular and perforated. In speaking of 
 other Huaxtec idols, which the Altamira specimen closely resembles. 
 Doctor Seler says: "Einerseits des Ohrschmucks wegen der an den 
 des Mexicanischen Windgottes (Quetzaleoatl) und der Pulquegotter 
 erinnert, dann aber auch des merkwiirdigen Gegenstandes halber den 
 die Figur vor der Brusthangen hat." The same author calls attention 
 
 Fig. 68. Stone Idol at Alta- 
 mira. 
 
280 
 
 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [hth. ANN. 25 
 
 likewise to the resemblance of the ear ornaments of Huaxtec idols to 
 a turtle-like relief figure from (Tepeziutla) near Tuxpan, to which ref- 
 erence has already been made. In the figure of this turtle-shaped 
 idol, by Chavero," the ears have hook-shaped pendants resembling 
 the "epcolli" of the god Quetzalcoatl. It would appear that the 
 resemblances between the Altamira idol and those mentioned above 
 are close enough to warrant identifying them as the same god; if the 
 latter represent Quetzalcoatl the former is the same god. 
 
 Tampico Stone Idols 
 
 While in Tampico the author saw 
 for the first time a stone idol (figure 
 69) of a strange type, different from 
 any known to him, although suggest- 
 ing others of aberrant form. On 
 his return to Washington specimens 
 of the same type were found in the 
 Smithsonian collection. Although 
 these stone images are undoubtedly 
 Huaxtec, so far as the literature of 
 the Panuco ruins is known the type 
 is undescribed. In general form 
 this image resembles a man walking 
 with a cane, or an animal like a 
 bear standing on its hind legs, grasp- 
 ing a staff with the anterior extrem- 
 ities. The attitude is a stooping 
 one, and the whole figure, which is 
 large, is made of one stone. The 
 base is a pedestal continued below 
 the feet, as if for attachment to or 
 insertion in earth or masonry, to impart a firm support. As has been 
 shown in descriptions of other stone idols, this basal pediment occurs 
 in other Huaxtec specimens. Cut in low relief on the back is an eleva- 
 tion indicating a garment; a ferrule about the waist represents a belt. 
 
 Huaxtec Pottery 
 
 The ancient people living on the banks of the Panuco and Tamesi 
 rivers were good potters, and their ceramic work is excellent. Frag- 
 ments of bowls, vases, or jars occur in almost all the mounds indicating 
 the ancient habitations, and may be seen in several places where sections 
 
 w 
 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■pit 
 
 M 
 
 > 
 
 s 
 
 •it"'** 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^■^ 
 
 
 ^H^-' 
 
 
 
 >•■ ■ ; 
 
 Vjt^^l 
 
 ■1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^^^^^n ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 
 
 "^'*f^J 
 
 H 
 
 ^B 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 Fig. 69. God with stafl. (Pressley collection.) 
 
 a M6xico & TraviSs de los SigloB. 
 
FBWKBS] ARCHEOLOGICAL OBJECTS ' 281 
 
 of the river bank have been washed out by freshets. Although not 
 common, whole pieces of pottery are found in several collections. 
 These have a distinct character which is readily recognized. As a 
 rule, effigy and relief designs are the most constant forms of orna- 
 mentation, although painted specimens are also common. The pottery 
 has a light or reddish-brown or cream color. Modern Panuco ceramic 
 ware closely resembles the ancient in both character and the designs 
 painted or cut upon it. One of the most constant forms of vases is 
 melon-shaped, with a hollow handle considerably separated from the 
 body of the pitcher, which has a wide flaring neck. As objects of this 
 kind sometimes have a handle above the orifice, it is conjectured that 
 the hollow tube on the side, always open at the end, may serve to 
 assist in drinking. As some of these objects recall modern teapots, 
 the so-called handle may have served the same purpose as a spout. 
 Many of these pitcher or teapot vases have their necks or other parts 
 decorated with heads in relief. In certain forms, as that here figured, 
 the meridional elevations are continued into projections about the 
 margin of the base, which is flattened. The meridional lobes so con- 
 stantly found in Huaxtec pottery occur on the "white marble vase" 
 of classic form found on the "Isla de Sacrificios " " near the city of 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
 In all localities near the Panuco ruins are found burnt clay images 
 which exist in a variety of forms in several local collections. Most of 
 these are simple heads, possibly broken from the rims of jars or the 
 surfaces of ceramic objects, but others are parts of figurines often 
 found entire. Seiior Antonio Parras, owner of the ranch San Fran- 
 cisco, who lives in Altamira, has several specimens of pottery which 
 give a gobd idea of the ceramic productions of the aborigines of the 
 Champay an Lagoon settlements. These vases (plate cxxix) have lobed 
 sides without relief decorations, but painted with brown figures much 
 the same in color as some of the ware from pueblo ruins on the Little 
 Colorado river in Arizona. The ornamental patterns on some of these 
 vases are particularly good. Among them is a vase with the surface 
 decorated with spiral ornaments that appear to be representations of 
 human faces. On another figure are painted somewhat similar designs 
 consisting of spirals, and on a third an ornamentation very much sim- 
 plified, smaller in size, yellow and not brown' in color, but with black 
 line decoration. The other two figures represent vases with lobed 
 surfaces which in one are shallow and in the other prominent. Mr 
 G. A. Reichert, superintendent of the Tehuantepec Mutual Planters' 
 Company at Tamos, has a few specimens of pottery found on the 
 Chanca plantation that illustrate the character of clay effigies from 
 that region. Tamos, on the left bank of the Panuco river, about 10 
 
 aSee Branz Mayer, Mexico as It Was, and as It Is, p. 96, Philadelphia, 1847. 
 
282 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTEEN MEXICO [mth. ANN. 26 
 
 miles from Tampico, has a few mounds. A oharaciteristic of these 
 few clay objects is the enlargement of the body, which in one specimen 
 has the form of a cup. It suggests the general appearance of some of 
 the figurines from Vera Cruz and the state of Chiapas. 
 
 The author's studies in the Tampico region bring out in strong relief 
 the desirability of renewed exploration of the archeology of Tamaulipas. 
 There is no doubt that this state contains many relics of the past in 
 the form of mounds, the sites and character of which are unknown to 
 archeologists. The mounds in the immediate neighborhood of Tampico 
 are shell heaps, pyramidal foundations of temples, and mortuary hil- 
 locks, but thus far none have been found with walls in their interior 
 or cropping out on their surfaces. The mounds of Tamaulipas are 
 related in form and apparently in structure to those of Cempoalan, 
 but the building material employed in the two i-egions is diflPcrent. 
 Certain of these mounds are similar to the earth mounds at Antigua 
 and Texolo, near Jalapa. As has already been pointed out, they 
 resemble superficiallj' the mounds of Louisiana, but objects found in 
 them are quite different. 
 
 The pottery of the Huaxtec has in general a similarity to some of 
 the Hopi ware, especially that from along the Little Colorado, but 
 the designs upon it are somewhat different and characteristic. The 
 ancient people of the Panuco valley were distinctly potters, as the 
 variety of forms they manufactured makes evident, and their descend- 
 ants still retain the art. They were given to making images of 
 clay, as well as vases, bowls, jars, and clay heads, and these pottery 
 images and bowls were painted or decorated with reliefs. These 
 productions are found everywhere in the soil, particularly near 
 mounds, which occur in numbers at certain points, especially on banks 
 of rivers and lagoons. Some of the common forms of pottery from 
 the neighborhood of the Champayan lagoon are figured in the accom- 
 panying plate (cxxvii). The specimens in the plates named below wei-e 
 found along the Panuco and Tamesi rivers and were probably made by 
 the Huaxtec. They are owned by Doctor Pressley, the missionary 
 at Tampico, and the author was allowed to photograph his collection. 
 Figure TO is the largest and one the most bizarre in form. It has an 
 hourglass shape and a vertical hollow handle on one side and a melon- 
 shaped base, the enlargements being continued into lobes as here 
 shown. There was formerly a handle attached to the rim of this 
 vase, but it is now broken off. Plate cxxvii, </, represents a melon- 
 shaped vessel with a vertical spout and contracted base. Specimen c 
 is an amphora with the face on the side of the neck and a contracted 
 orifice. In specimen J, which is also a small melon-shaped vessel like 
 a teapot, there is a handle over the orifice by which it was carried. 
 The majority of clay objects of the Huaxtec in most collections are 
 
FEWKZS] 
 
 AKCHEOLOGICAL OBJECTS 
 
 283 
 
 clay figurines, several forms of which are given in the accompanying 
 plates. Many of these are simply heads, others complete figures. 
 One is reminded of the famous Tanagra images (see plate cxxYii, k) 
 in some cases. Specimen d is a, globular dipper with handle; speci- 
 mens e and jf, ff, and h are fair examples of the Huaxtec pottery; 
 i and j are clay objects of unknown use; in I is represented a clay 
 image wearing a kilt and breastplate; m has the attitude of an East 
 Indian idol which is found also on some of the figures on the temple 
 of Xochicalco, in jMorelos. Specimen n is a stone paint grinder or 
 
 Tig. 70. Melon-shaped vaae with handle. (Pressley colleetion.) 
 
 mortar, one of the few known from this region. Some of the best 
 of these Huaxtec images are those represented in plate cxxviii, a-h. 
 The animal form shown in k and the headless image in * are artistic 
 clay objects; _;" probably represents a figure smoking, and I in a. bowl 
 with legs. 
 
 It is to be noted that several of the Huaxtec clay images have 
 notched bases similar to those of the paddle stones and heads from 
 Xico, which would indicate that the objects in both these classes stood 
 on an angular support of some kind. 
 
284 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF EASTERN MEXICO [bth. ann. 25 
 
 CONCLUSIONS 
 
 The most important conclusion arrived at in these general studies 
 resolves itself into a plea for additional field work. The earth mounds 
 in eastern Mexico are temple foundations, solid throughout, evidently 
 having been constructed in their present form rather than resulting 
 from the decay and falling of the ancient habitations with superadded 
 growths and debris. These mounds belong, in other words, to the 
 second rather than to the first type of earth mounds, and once had 
 superstructures on their tops. The nearest northern analogues of these 
 mounds must be looked for in the Mississippi valley rather than in 
 the pueblo region of North America. On the south thej' are related 
 to the pyramidal temple mounds of Vera Cruz. Other important 
 relations might be discovered if we knew more of the archeology of 
 the vast region that lies between the mound area of southern Tamau- 
 lipas and western Louisiana. 
 
 It has been shown by several historians that superstructures once 
 existed on the apices of some of the mounds of the southern Missis- 
 sippi valley, and it is claimed that they were used as temples by a 
 people identical with modern tribes of Indians at the time of their 
 discovery by Europeans. This claim is supported by historical and 
 archeological investigations which show conclusively the identity in 
 kinship of the mound builders and certain modern tribes where the 
 older culture had survived. 
 
 The northern Indian of certain parts of the Mississippi valley bore 
 somewhat the same relation to those who built some of the mounds as 
 the surviving Totonac and Huaxtec do to their own ancestors who 
 erected the temple mounds of Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas. The build- 
 ings above described were undoubtedly in use by Huaxtec at the close 
 of the fifteenth century, and possibly the same may be said of some of 
 the mounds in Vera Cruz. The change in culture in both instances 
 may have been due to the same cause — the coming of Europeans. The 
 present culture of the survivors of the mound builders of the Missis- 
 sippi valley and of those of the Tamaulipas mound region is very differ- 
 ent from that of their ancestors. While there survives in the Indian 
 Territory and elsewhere certain remnants of the mound-builder cul- 
 ture, before the Europeans came a radical change in culture, largely due 
 to nomadic hostiles, had taken place throughout extensive areas in the 
 United States where mounds or other evidences of sedentary popula- 
 tion are found. Apparently northern Tamaulipas was inhabited by 
 wild tribes at the time the Spaniards first sailed along the coast, but 
 whether these tribes were preceded by a people having a mound-build- 
 ing culture is as yet unknown. From the most northern of the known 
 Tamaulipas mounds, or those near Aldama, to the Rio Grande river is 
 a region of great possibilities, but until more of this archeological 
 terra incognita shall have been properly studied, there will be but 
 little inducement to new speculation on the relationship of the mounds 
 of Louisiana and those of the eastern part of Mexico. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 ACKAWOI, dance sticks of 196 
 
 ACOSTA, J. J.— 
 
 on Fray Ifligo 20 
 
 on stone collars 167, 169, 170-172 
 
 AOTOPAN KIVEE, name of 235 
 
 Adam, Lucien— 
 
 ou ancient language of Cuba 218 
 
 on Antillean language 78 
 
 Afeicans, brought as slaves to Porto Rico. 23 
 
 Agkiculture, Antillean 50-53 
 
 Aguebana, a Haitian cacique 38 
 
 Aguebana the Fikbt, a Porto Rican ca- 
 cique 32,33,36-36 
 
 Aguebana the Second, a Porto Eican ca- 
 cique 32,36-37,146 
 
 Agueynaba. (Sec Aguebana.) 
 
 Alaskan tbibes, research work among x 
 
 ALGONQUIAN texts XIX 
 
 Alonso, Manuel A., on Porto Rican folk- 
 lore 20 
 
 Altamiba — 
 
 founded by Escandron 278 
 
 ruins 276 
 
 stone idols 278-2S0 
 
 Ambeosetti, idol figured by 141 
 
 Ameeican Indian games xx 
 
 Ameeican Indians, Handbook of x , 
 
 XVII, XIX, XX 
 
 Ameeican languages. Handbook of. x, xix-xx 
 American eace, achievements of, illus- 
 trated XIII 
 
 Amulets — 
 
 as idols 196 
 
 shell 193 
 
 tvrln 201 
 
 (See also Stone amulets.) 
 
 Anacaona, wife of Caonabo 69, 81 
 
 Antigua, modern name of Villa Rica de la 
 
 Veracruz 232,243-244 
 
 Antilleans— 
 
 agriculture 50-53 
 
 areitos 210 
 
 art 142,152 
 
 bone carving 192-193 
 
 culture 215-217 
 
 divination 63 
 
 food 48-50,51-63,218 
 
 games 84-85 
 
 government 33-36 
 
 houses 41-47, 84 
 
 hunting and fishing 48-50 
 
 language 76-78,216 
 
 mortuary customs , 58, 213-214 
 
 Antilleans— Continued. 
 
 music 210 
 
 myths 72-76 
 
 narcotics 63-64 
 
 origin 215-220 
 
 physical characteristics 28-31, 144, 146, 213 
 
 religion 53-64,130 
 
 rites and ceremonies 64r-72 
 
 sacrifices to gods 49 
 
 shell carving 192-193 
 
 tobacco 63-64 
 
 totems 59 
 
 voyages 207-208 
 
 weapons 35 
 
 (See also Borinquefios, Carib, Cubans, 
 Haitians, etc.) 
 
 Antilles. (See Greater Antilles, Lesser An- 
 tilles.) 
 
 Antiquity of man 220 
 
 ARAPAHO tomahawk dance XIV 
 
 Aeawak— 
 
 culture xii-xiii 
 
 exterminated by Carib 218 
 
 language 77,216 
 
 mortuary custom 72 
 
 in Porto Kico 90 
 
 prehistoric objects 141 
 
 tobacco ' 54 
 
 Aecheological map of United States.. x, 
 
 xx-xxi 
 Aecheological objects— 
 Antillean — 
 
 bearing on aboriginal culture . . . 89-90, 91 
 
 classification 91, 92 
 
 distribution 214 
 
 material for 92 
 
 variation in types 214 
 
 Mexican- 
 conclusions 284 
 
 from Cempoalan and Xico — 
 
 classification 251 
 
 general description 260-261 
 
 Huaxtec pottery 280-283 
 
 stone idols at Altamira 278-280 
 
 Tampico stone idols .. . 277-278, 280 
 
 (See also names of objects— Amulets, 
 Celts, Curved stones, etc.) 
 Aeeitos — 
 
 character 37,38,68-69,83,84 
 
 in marriage ceremonies 48, 65 
 
 in mortuary ceremonies 65, 68-69, 70, 83, 84 
 
 musical accompaniment 210 
 
 plazas 83-84 
 
 (See also Dances, Antillean.) 
 
 285 
 
286 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Akm AS, on Carib cannibalism 50 
 
 Abouages, an ancient Antillean race 219 
 
 Asis, Euiz DE, expedition 274 
 
 Axes. {See Celts.) 
 
 Aymamon, a Porto Rican cacique 38-39 
 
 Bachilleb y Mokales, Antonio— 
 
 Antillean language studied by 77 
 
 citing Miiller on dance plazas 80 
 
 citing Perez on areito 69 
 
 on Antillean name for Creator 55 
 
 on Cuban caneys 82 
 
 on Fernando Columbus's life of fatbcr. 55 
 on human bones found in Porto Rico.. 29 
 Bahama islands — 
 
 aborigines 80, 218 
 
 pictography 148 
 
 slavery 23, 25 
 
 Baibd, Prof. S. F., on contour of Porto 
 
 Rico 129 
 
 Ball couETS. (See Juegosdebola.) 
 Baltaza r de Castro, on Carib raid on Porto 
 
 Rico 28 
 
 Bancroft— 
 
 onCempoalan ruins 233,236 
 
 on ruins in Vera Cruz 231 
 
 Bandelier, on Mexican mounds 271 
 
 Barbados — 
 
 archeological collections 18, 19 
 
 archeological reconnoissance xv 
 
 Babnum, William, work of xxfii 
 
 Baera Chachalicas, clay objects from.. 268-270 
 
 Basketry, Antillean 212-213 
 
 Bateys. (A'ee Juegos debola.) 
 
 Batons 195 
 
 Batres, SeSor, visit of, to Cempoalan . . . 234-235 
 
 Beads 108-109,192 
 
 Becerrillo 40 
 
 Behbchio, a Haitian cacique 49, 70, 81 
 
 Benton, De Elbeet J., work of xxiii 
 
 Benzoni— 
 
 as a historian 19-20 
 
 on character of Antilleans 31 
 
 on grinding maize 106 
 
 on Haitian ceremony for crops 67 
 
 on Haitian zemis 54 
 
 oil treatment of sick 61-62 
 
 stone mullers figured by 99 
 
 Beenaldez, Andbos — 
 
 on dress of Cuban cacique and wife 35 
 
 on second voyage of Columbus 203 
 
 on sentiments of Antilleans 32 
 
 on wearing of masks by Antilleans 136 
 
 Berra, Oeozco y. (See Orozoo.) 
 
 Bipa, a vegetable dye 31 
 
 Blake, Edith, cited on Jamaican shell 
 
 heaps 87 
 
 Boas, Dr Fbanz, work of xii, xix-xx 
 
 Boil, derivation of name 130 
 
 {See also Priesthood, Antillean.) 
 
 Bombas, negro dances 69,210 
 
 Bone carving, Antillean 192-193 
 
 Boone, William— 
 
 acknowledgments to 245 
 
 on paddle stones 261 
 
 Boeinquen, discussion of the name 78 
 
 (See also Porto Rico.) 
 
 BoBiNQnESoa — 
 
 agriculture 50-51 
 
 as potters 179-180,189 
 
 bone carving 192-193 
 
 cannibalism 50 
 
 canoes 208, 217 
 
 cave-dwellers 41 
 
 chief authorities on 19-20 
 
 clans or phratries 42 
 
 culture 47, 89-90, 91, 178-179, 214-215, 216 
 
 dances : 69 
 
 effect of Spanish conquest on 25 
 
 food 22,61,106 
 
 government 33-35 
 
 hieroglyphic writing 149 
 
 houses 41-47, 84, 217 
 
 human sacrifice 168 
 
 bunting and iishing 48-50 
 
 idols 197 
 
 language 77-78 
 
 line of descent 47 
 
 marriage 48 
 
 medicine practices 61-64 
 
 mental and moral characteristics 31-32 
 
 mortuary customs 58, 80, 82-83, 19t, 217 
 
 myths 73 
 
 naming children 47 
 
 occupations 107 
 
 physical characteristics 28-31 
 
 population 23-24 
 
 priesthood 69-60 
 
 race and kinship 24, 26-28, 90, 219 
 
 religion 42,53-54,129-132 
 
 researches among 19-21 
 
 resistance to Spaniards 31 
 
 rites and ceremonies — 
 
 ceremony for crops 66-69 
 
 general account 64-66 
 
 mortuary rites 69-72 
 
 shell carving 192-193 
 
 skeletal remains 82-83 
 
 slavery 23-24 
 
 weapons 93, 209 
 
 zemis 54-59 
 
 (See also Antilleans, Porto Rico. ) 
 
 Bbasseub de Bouebourg— 
 
 Antillean vocabulary by 77 
 
 map of 243 
 
 Brau, SeSor— 
 
 on Antillean pueblo 33 
 
 on enslavement of Indian:-i 24 
 
 on population of Porto Rico 23 
 
 principal work 24,40 
 
 Brazil, antiquity of man in 220 
 
 Bbett, Rev. W. H., on Arawak dance 72 
 
 Brigstock, Master, on origin of Carib.. 217-218 
 
 Bbinton, De D. G.— 
 
 on Antillean aborigines 218 
 
 on Antillean language 75 
 
 on Arawak language 77 
 
 on petroglyph from St Vincent 169 
 
 Brooks, Pbop. W. K., on Lucayan skulls.. 30 
 
 Beoyuan. (SeeUrayoan.) 
 
 BuHiTi. (See Boil, also Priesthood, Antillean.) 
 
 BuBET DE LoNQCHAMPs, OH Borinqueiio tra- 
 dition 130 
 
 Cabello, Doctoe, acknowledgment to 83 
 
INDEX 
 
 287 
 
 Page 
 
 Cabeaken, a Kiche god 130 
 
 Caoimae, a Carib ruler 40 
 
 Caciqdes— 
 
 death and burial 69,70,71 
 
 description of oflBce 33-35 
 
 dress 34-35 
 
 marriage customs 48 
 
 ornaments 146 
 
 Calch AQUI OF Aeqentina, Idol of 141 
 
 Galibites, a South American tribe 219 
 
 Califoenia teibes, research work among x, xvii 
 
 Cambiaso, SeSoe, on certain zemi 38 
 
 Caneys, prehistoric Cuban mounds 82 
 
 Cannibalism 50, 72 
 
 Canoes, Antillean 207-209, 217 
 
 Canteeo, De Calixto Eomeeo, on three- 
 pointed stones 129-130 
 
 Caonabo, a Porto Elcan cacique 32, 39, 80, 81 
 
 Caeib— 
 
 allies of Aguebana the Second 40 
 
 amulets 132,142,147 
 
 basketry 213 
 
 cannibalism 50 
 
 canoes 207-209 
 
 cassava used by 53 
 
 character 27-28 
 
 culture xii-xiii 
 
 festivals 66 
 
 fishing 49 
 
 habitat 24 
 
 houses 47 
 
 language 78 
 
 medicine-men 60-61 
 
 mortuary customs 58, 71-72, 213-214 
 
 name for priests 54 
 
 origin and migrations 90, 217-219 
 
 physical features 30-31, 142, 213 
 
 pictographs 159 
 
 polygamy 48 
 
 raids on Porto Rico 28,40,97 
 
 relationship with Borinquenos 26 
 
 slavery 25 
 
 stone implements "". 92 
 
 turtle associated with 197 
 
 voyages 207-208 
 
 weapons 209 
 
 zemis 58 
 
 Caribbean sea, location and extent of 21 
 
 CaeI'Bbeans. (See Carib.) 
 
 Caeei ACOU, pottery from 189, 190 
 
 Cassava 51-53, 106, 194, 216 
 
 Castillo de Teayo 250 
 
 Cato, Josiah, on stone collars 167-168 
 
 Cave-dwellees, Antillean 41 
 
 Cay AM Caeumi, an luca god 143 
 
 Celt handles 209 
 
 Celts 89,92-97,192 
 
 Cemi. (See Zemi.) 
 Cempoalan — 
 
 at the conquest 231 
 
 ceramic art 251 
 
 material of mounds 273 
 
 name applied to several places 234 
 
 ruins xxviii 
 
 buildings 236-243 
 
 general description 233-236 
 
 (See also Archeological objects.) 
 
 Page 
 Ceecados de LOS Indios. (See Dance 
 
 plazas. ) 
 Cebemonial batons. (See Batons.) 
 Ceremonies. (See Kites and ceremonies.) 
 
 Ceeon, distribution of slaves by 23 
 
 Champa YAN lagoon, ruins near 276 
 
 Chanca, Doctor— 
 
 letter of, discussed 77 
 
 on Antillean mortuary custom 212-213 
 
 on Borinquefios 208 
 
 on Carib cannibalism 50 
 
 on natives of Guadeloupe 198-199 
 
 on second voyage of Columbus 203 
 
 on theutia 49 
 
 Changing names, Antillean custom of 34,36 
 
 Charlevoix— 
 
 on aboriginal Antilleans 28, 29 
 
 on Antillean amulets 139 
 
 on Antillean dances 69 
 
 on capture of parrots by Antilleans 50 
 
 on Carib canoe-making 208 
 
 on cave of Yobobala 56 
 
 on foods of Antilleans 49-50 
 
 on Haitian ceremony for crops 67 
 
 on Haitian creation legend 74 
 
 on implements from Amazon valley ... 93 
 
 on Jamaican mortuary customs 71 
 
 on polygamy among Carib AS 
 
 on suicide of Antillean women 53 
 
 zemis figured by 156 
 
 Chavero— 
 
 archeological objects figured by 256,280 
 
 on route of Cortes 244 
 
 Chemi. (See Zemi.) 
 
 Cheyenne, researches among ■xm-xiv 
 
 Chila, city of Huaxtec 231 
 
 Children, naming of, among Borinquenos. 47 
 
 Chisels 192 
 
 Clan system, Antillean 33-34, 42 
 
 Clark, Miss May S., work of xxv 
 
 Clavijero, on cities founded by Cortfis 243 
 
 Clayton, J. B., work of xxiv 
 
 Clerical work of the Bureau .. .\, xxiv-xxv 
 
 Closed stone yokes 253 
 
 COA. (See Planting sticks, Antillean. ) 
 
 Collars. (See Stone collars.) 
 
 Collections made by the Bureau . . . xxi-xxii 
 
 Collens, on Trinidad pottery 190-191 
 
 Coll y Toste, Senok- 
 
 Antillean language studied by 77 
 
 on name Borinquen 78 
 
 Columbian exposition at Madrid. (See 
 Madrid American Historical Ex- 
 position.) 
 Columbus, Bartholomew, native recep- 
 tion to 81 
 
 Columbus, Cheistopher— 
 
 diary 19, 203 
 
 Haitian idols described by 57 
 
 landing place of 33 
 
 method of fishing observed by 49 
 
 on Antillean zemis 56 
 
 on character of Antilleans 31, 76-77 
 
 on names of Antillean islands 78 
 
 presents received from Antilleans 35, 
 
 136,137,163,211 
 race found in Haiti by 80 
 
288 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 CoLDMBns, Cheistophee— Continued. 
 
 regarded as supernatural 64 
 
 search by, for Navidad settlers 212 
 
 Columbus, Feenando, on Antillean reli- 
 gion 55 
 
 Coma, Guilleemo, on character of Antil- 
 
 leans 32 
 
 Conquest Play at Xico Viejo 248 
 
 Coos Indians, researches among xvii 
 
 CORDEEU, Teofilo, archeological material 
 
 found by 100 
 
 CoEN. {See Maize.) 
 
 COEEESPONDENCE OF THE BUEEAU XIX, XXIV 
 
 COETfeS, HEENANDO— 
 
 figure in Conquest Play 248 
 
 in Mexico 231,243,244,248,274 
 
 CosA, Juan de la, map of 77 
 
 Ceeation legends, Antillean 72-74 
 
 Ceonau, Doctoe — 
 
 archeological objects figured by. . . 64, 136, 213 
 
 diary of Columbus republished by 203 
 
 on Haitian mask . .' 210 
 
 Cuba— 
 
 archeological collections 18 
 
 archeological reconnoissances xiv- 
 
 XV, xxvi 
 
 author's visit to 17 
 
 » geological change 219 
 
 irrigation 51 
 
 juegosde bola 79 
 
 Cubans — 
 
 aboriginal art 142 
 
 ' cave-dwellers 41 
 
 description of cacique 35 
 
 fishing 49 
 
 houses 46, 47 
 
 language 77, 78 
 
 physical characteristics 28-31 
 
 pictography 148 
 
 primitive culture 178-179 
 
 relationship with Borinquenos 26 
 
 skeletal remains 29, 30 
 
 slavery 25 
 
 use of tobacco C4 
 
 OULEEEA, island of 26, 30 
 
 CuLiN, Stewaet, work of xx 
 
 Culture, largely dependent on environ- 
 ment 21 
 
 CUEVED STONES 93, 258 
 
 CusHiNG, F. H. , on prehistoric Cubans and 
 
 Floridians 216 
 
 Dance inclosuees. (See Dance plazas.) 
 
 Dance objects, Antillean 194-195 
 
 Dance plazas 79-85,150-151,175-176,178 
 
 Dances, Antillean 64, 65, 72 
 
 (See aiso Areitos, Dance plazas.) 
 Davies— 
 
 on aborigines of Santo Domingo 219 
 
 on Carib festivals 65 
 
 on Carib medicine-men 60-01 
 
 on fishing among Carib 49 
 
 on origin of Carib 217-218 
 
 on physical features of Carib 30-31 
 
 Dehesa, Goveenoe Teodoeo, acknowledg- 
 ments to xxvni,235 
 
 De la Boede, on certain Carib customs.. . 65 
 
 Page 
 Delgado. (See Ubeda y Delgado, Manuel.) 
 De Montagnac, C. P. O'R., Jamaican am- 
 ulets found by 140 
 
 Descouetilz, on Antillean pictographs 148 
 
 Diaz del Castillo, Beenal— 
 
 on Cempoalan 233 
 
 on route of Cortes 244,246 
 
 on Villa Eioa de la Vera Cruz 243 
 
 Dibble. (See Planting sticks, Antillean.) 
 
 Disks with human faces 135-138 
 
 Divination 60-61, 63 
 
 Dominican Republic, native houses in 46,47 
 
 Doesey, Eev. J. Owen, work of xviii 
 
 DUERDEN, De J. E.— 
 
 Antillean pottery figured by 189 
 
 on certain mortars 106 
 
 on Jamaican amulets 140 
 
 on Jamaican idols 198-199 
 
 on Jamaican pestles 105 
 
 on Jamaican pictography 148 
 
 DUHOS, Antillean 157, 200-201, 202-207 
 
 Dumont, Enrique, on Porto Rican pictog- 
 raphy 149 
 
 Du Tertee 68 
 
 Eae pendants 99 
 
 EDITOEIAL WOEK oftheBueeau XXIIl 
 
 Edwards, on the Antilleans 218 
 
 ElBeemejo, Feay 65 
 
 Elbow stones 172-174 
 
 El Castillo, Totonac pyramid 249 
 
 Elliott, W . M. , on area of Porto Rico 21 
 
 El Tajin, Totonac pyramid 249, 273 
 
 E.MGMATICAL objects 96-99 
 
 Enriquez, Justo Gaecia, ownerof idol 279 
 
 Eneiquez, Maetin, plan of Cempoalan 
 
 given to 233 
 
 Envieonment, as a factor in culture 21 
 
 Escandeon, founder of Altamira 276, 278 
 
 Esfaniola, EbpaRola. (See Cuba.) 
 
 Exposition woek of the Bureau xi-xiii 
 
 Faerell, E. 6., work of xxiii 
 
 Fetishes, feedingof 147 
 
 Fewkes, De J. Walter, work of x, 
 
 XII-XIII, XIV-XV, XXII, xxvi-xxix 
 
 Field, on Davies's work 31 
 
 Field Columbian Museum, agreement of, 
 
 with Bureau ; xiii 
 
 Field work of the Bureau xiii-xvii 
 
 Financial statement of the Bureau xxv 
 
 Fink, Hugo, on antiquities of Vera Cruz. . . 231 
 
 Flaking of stone 91 
 
 Flintee, Col. Geoege D., on Porto Rico. . . 20 
 
 Floeida, as source of Antilleans 215-220 
 
 Flowee, Sie William H., on Jamaican 
 
 skulls 30 
 
 PoLKLOEE, significance of term 20 
 
 Games, Antillean 84-85 
 
 Gandia, Zeno, on Porto Rican archeology. 86 
 
 Gaea Y, Feancisco de, expedition of 274 
 
 Gatschet, DrA. S., work of xix 
 
 Gaw, Me, acknowledgments to 235 
 
 Gibaeos, modern Porto Rloan natives 47, 
 
 68,73,75,156-157 
 
 GiLii, on preparation of cassava 52 
 
 Gill, De Lancey, work of xiii.xxii-xxiii 
 
 Gill, W. H., work of xiii 
 
 Gold among Borinquefios 107,211-212 
 
INDEX 
 
 289 
 
 G6MARA— Page 
 
 historical work 24, 66 
 
 on aboriginal Antilleans '. . . 28 
 
 on Borlnqueftos 170 
 
 on Gempoalan ruins 23S 
 
 on cities founded by Cort(5s 243 
 
 on Haitian ceremony for crops 66-67 
 
 on Haitian myth 73 
 
 on Haitian zemis 56, 146 
 
 on prophecy of Indian gods 66 
 
 on route of Cortes 235, 244, 245, 246 
 
 on slavery in West Indies 23 
 
 on temples of Quetzalcoatl 237 
 
 on use of tobacco by Cubans 64 
 
 on vomiting sticks 193 
 
 qonaives island 139 
 
 Gonzales, Juan 37-38 
 
 GooLD, Miss A. B., on cave of El Consejo.. 156 
 
 Goveenment, Antillean 33-36 
 
 Greater Antilles, archeological recon- 
 
 noissances of xxvi-xxviii 
 
 Carib influence on 27 
 
 (See also Antilleans, Borinquefios, and 
 Cuba, Haiti, etc.) 
 Great Plains tribes, research work 
 
 among x, xiii 
 
 Grenada, archeological reconnoissance of. xv 
 
 Geijalva, expedition of 273 
 
 Geinding STONES. (Scc Mullers. ) 
 
 Gu ABONITO, a Porto Rican ruler 109 
 
 GUACANAGABI, an Antillean cacique 108, 
 
 137,153,211 
 
 GUAGUIANA, ancient Porto Rican hero 109 
 
 GuANiN, meaning of term 146 
 
 GUANINIS, an ancient Porto Rican tribe 109 
 
 QUARABO, a Carib chief 39, 40 
 
 QUABANO — 
 
 linguistic position 216 
 
 mortuary customs 71,72 
 
 relationship to Borinquehos 217 
 
 GuABioNEX, a Porto Rican cacique— 
 
 caciquedom of 39 
 
 hostility to Spaniards 23, 37, 39, 40, 150 
 
 oracle delivered to 65 
 
 zemis consulted by 56, 60 
 
 GUA YQUIRIES, an Orinoco tribe 204 
 
 Guiana Indians 195,204,219 
 
 GuiLLEMIN, M. E., mounds figured by 272 
 
 GUMILLA — 
 
 on Antillean dances 83 
 
 on Guarano mortuary custom 72 
 
 on Guayqulries 204 
 
 on Saliva Indian^ 70, 71, 137 
 
 Haddon, A. C, on Jamaican skulls 30 
 
 Haida, researches among xvi-xvii 
 
 Haiti— 
 
 archeological reconnoissancea xxvii 
 
 author's visit to 17 
 
 juegosde bola 79 
 
 location 21 
 
 Haitians— 
 
 agriculture 50-51 
 
 as potters 189 
 
 author's researches on 19-21 
 
 chief authorities on 19-20 
 
 culture 27,178-179,215 
 
 25 ETH— 07 19 
 
 Haitians— Continued. Page 
 
 dress 34 
 
 houses 41,42-43,46 
 
 idols 146 
 
 language 77, 78 
 
 myths 73-74 
 
 physical characteristics 28-31 
 
 relationship with Borinqueilos 26 
 
 religion 131,.201 
 
 resistance to.Spaniards 31 
 
 rites and ceremonies 64-72 
 
 skeletal remains 29,30 
 
 slavery 26 
 
 wood carving 210 
 
 zemis 54,58,197 
 
 Hall, Edwabd, acknowledgments to . 121-122, 143 
 Handbook of American Languages x, 
 
 XIX-XX 
 
 Handbook of the Indians x,xvii,xix,xx 
 
 Haeeisse, on Fernando Columbus's life of 
 
 father 55 
 
 Hartman, Mr, clay image figured by 136 
 
 Hatchets. (See Celts.) 
 
 Hatuey, on gold as Spaniard's god 211-212 
 
 Havana, archeological collections in...... 19 
 
 Havas, Antillean baskets 212 
 
 Head, artificial flattening of 29, 30, 31 
 
 Hendley, H. W., work of ! xiii 
 
 Henriquillo, an Antillean cacique 31, 81, 147 
 
 Hebreba— 
 
 ceremonies for crops mentioned by 65 
 
 material taken from Las Casas 42 
 
 on aboriginal treatment of disease 62: 
 
 on Antillean mortuary custom 69 
 
 on duhos 203-204 
 
 on houses of Haitians 42: 
 
 on reception to Bartholomew Colum- 
 bus 81 
 
 on route of Cortes 245. 
 
 sketch of 42 
 
 Hewitt, J. N. B., workof xviii-xix 
 
 HisPANioLA, HispaSola. (See Haiti.) 
 HjALMARSON, Antillean skulls found by . . . 29' 
 
 Hodge, F. W., workof xx 
 
 Holmes, Prof. W. H.— 
 
 acknowledgments to -IS- 
 
 administrative report i.\-xxix 
 
 on distribution of art designs 216 
 
 on stone yokes 253, 256, 259 
 
 workof XI, XIII, XXVI 
 
 HoPi xii,14T 
 
 Horse collars. ( See Stone collars. ) 
 Hough, Db Walter, on specimens in Lati- 
 mer collection 182 
 
 Hrdlicka, Dr Ales, work of xxi 
 
 HuACANQUi, an Inca god 143 
 
 HU AXTEC pottery 280-283 
 
 Humboldt, Alexander von— 
 
 on Carib and Arawak 50, 218 
 
 on cities founded by Cortes 243 
 
 Huntington, Feank, work of xx 
 
 Idols — 
 
 at Xico Viejo and Xieo 247 
 
 shells used as eyes for 192 
 
 three-pointed 128-132,214 
 
 wooden , 196-'202! 
 
 (See also Stope idols, Zemis.) 
 
290 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 Illustrations MADE by the Bureau x, 
 
 XXII-XXIII 
 
 iMBEKT, EaMON— 
 
 acknowledgments to 18, 143, 199 
 
 on Haitian skulls 30 
 
 on Santo Domingo idol , 199 
 
 IM ThuBn, E. r.— 
 
 on Antillean stone implements '. 92, 97 
 
 on Carib mortuary customs 71 
 
 on customs of people of Guiana 147 
 
 on dance sticks of Guiana Indians 195 
 
 on preparation of cassava 52-63 
 
 on races of the West Indians 97 
 
 on seats used by Indians of Guiana 204 
 
 Indian delegations, study of x.xxi 
 
 INDIERA, location and inhabitants of 25 
 
 ISiGO, Fray— 
 
 as a historian 20, 40 
 
 on aboriginal Antilleans 28 
 
 on Borinqueflos ; 23, 68-69, 98 
 
 on buiial customs of 18th century 72 
 
 iroquoian cosmology xviii 
 
 Irrigation 50-51 
 
 •Irving, Washington— 
 
 citing Eamon Fane on Haitians 139 
 
 on Carib cannibalism 60 
 
 Jacobson,' Mr, acknowledgments to 18,97 
 
 Jamaica— 
 
 archeological reconnoissanco's xxvi 
 
 mortuary customs 71 
 
 pictography 148 
 
 skeletal remains 29-30 
 
 slavery 26 
 
 John, Andrew, work of xxi 
 
 JUAREBO. (See Yuhubo. ) 
 
 -JUEGOS de bola 42, 79, 81-85, 110 
 
 JUNCOS, Fernandez, on Porto Eican folk- 
 lore 20 
 
 Kiowa, researches among xiii-xiv 
 
 Knobbed heads 174-175 
 
 KrOq, L., on Porto Rican pictography 149 
 
 Laet, Juan de 68 
 
 Landa, Padre Fray Diego de, on Yuca- 
 tan temples 242 
 
 -Las Casas- 
 
 as a historian 19-20 
 
 Columbus cited by 77, 203 
 
 on Antillean name for creator 55 
 
 ■on betrothals of caciques 48 
 
 on Borinqueflos 27 
 
 on cacique Aguebana 38 
 
 on dress of Haitians 34 
 
 on Haitian idols 67 
 
 on mask presented to Columbus 137 
 
 .Latimer collection, feature of, noted by 
 
 Mason 91 
 
 Leary, Miss Ella, work of xxv 
 
 :Leida, Dr Liborio, on duhos 202 
 
 Lesser Antilles — 
 
 aboriginal art 142 
 
 archeological researches, xv, xxvi-xxviii, 17 
 
 cannibalism 50 
 
 geological changes 219-220 
 
 location and extent 21 
 
 native houses 46-47 
 
 natives as potters 189 
 
 occupied by Carib 27,217 
 
 Page 
 Lesser Antilles— Continued. 
 
 pictography 148 
 
 slavery 25 
 
 (See also Antilleans, Carib, and names of 
 islands.) 
 
 Library of the Bureau x, xxiv 
 
 Llenas, SeSor— 
 
 acknowledgments to 18 
 
 on Antillean workshop 91-92 
 
 on skulls from Santo Domingo 83 
 
 Loisa, a Porto Rican chieftainess 39 
 
 Lorenzana, on Cempoalan ruins 233 
 
 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, exhibits 
 
 for x,xi-xin, XIV, XVI, XXII 
 
 Lucayan islands. (See Bahama islands.) 
 
 Lyon, Mk, acknowledgments to 274 
 
 Mabodamaca, a Porto Rican cacique 40 
 
 Mabouya— 
 
 derivation of term 130 
 
 (See ateo Priesthood, Antillean, and Zemis.) 
 Maboyas. (See Mabouya.) 
 
 M ACAN A, an Antillean club 98, 209 
 
 McCoRMicK, L. M., photographs of picto- 
 
 graphs supplied by 157-158 
 
 McGeb, Db W J— 
 
 acknowledgments to 18 
 
 resignation ix 
 
 McGuire, J. D., work of xx-xxi 
 
 McNeil, Mb, sketch of pictographs by 151 
 
 Madrid American Historical Exposi- 
 tion 18, 100, 102, 234 
 
 Malbr, Doctor, idols found by 260 
 
 Malleby, on Indian pictu re vcri ting 148,149 
 
 Mammiform stones. (See Three-pointed 
 stones.) 
 
 Manatibex, a Haitian cacique 56 
 
 Maniatex, a Haitian cacique 211 
 
 Manioc as food 106 
 
 Manuscripts in Bureau, cataloguing 
 
 of X, XVIII-XIX 
 
 M AQUARRi, an Arawak dance 72 
 
 Margal. (See Pi y Margal. ) ' 
 
 Maria de la Luz Gomez 267 
 
 Martinique, island of 207 
 
 Martyr, Peter. (See Peter Martyr. ) 
 
 Masks— 
 
 shell , 198 
 
 stone 88 
 
 wooden 186, 210 
 
 Mason, Prof. O. T.— 
 
 archeological objects figured by 143, 
 
 144,191,209 
 
 citing Ramon Pane on Haitians 139 
 
 on amulets 138, 139 
 
 on beads 109 
 
 on boot-shaped stone specimen 96 
 
 on celts 92,90,97,98 
 
 on curved stones 93 
 
 on disks with human faces 136 
 
 on duhos 204,205,206,207 
 
 on elbow stones 173-174 
 
 on Guesde collection , 92 
 
 on human sacrifice by Borinquefios 168 
 
 on Latimer collection 90, 92 
 
 on leg-bands of ancient Antilleans 199 
 
 on mealing implements 105-106 
 
 on mortars 106 
 
INDEX 
 
 291 
 
 Page 
 Mabon, Phof. 0. T.— Continued. 
 
 on pestle 103 
 
 on pillar stones 162, 176, 178 
 
 on pottery fragments 181-183 
 
 on stone collars . . 159-160, 163, 164, ] 65-166, 168 
 
 on stone heads 133,134,135 
 
 on stone masks 136 
 
 on three-pointed stones Ill, 113, 114, 
 
 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120-121, 123, 124, 128-129 
 
 on wooden idols 200, 201 
 
 on zemis 139, 140 
 
 M Acci TIUVEL, a Haitian cacique 73 
 
 Maya, relationships of 216 
 
 Mayan calendas systems xix 
 
 Medicine-men. (SeePriesthood,Antillean.) 
 Melakejo, Captain, on slavery in Porto 
 
 Rico 23 
 
 MeriSo, Archbishop, archeological col- 
 lection of 17-18 
 
 Metates. (&e Mortars.) 
 
 Methods of research 19-21, 26 
 
 Mexican Government, worli on Cempoalan 
 
 ruins by 234 
 
 Mexico — 
 
 ancient ball game 84 
 
 eastern, archeological reconnoissance 
 
 in xxviii-xxix 
 
 mound-builders in Gulf states 231 
 
 ruined buildings xiii 
 
 slavery 25 
 
 stone yokes and collars 167 
 
 Mississippi Valley mound-builders 231 
 
 Moctezuma, chief of Aztec 281, 248 
 
 Molina, Alonzo de, on name Actopan 235 
 
 MONA, island of 26,27 
 
 MONTESiKoa, on lovers' idol 143 
 
 Monte v Tejada, Antonio del — 
 
 diary of Columbus republished by 203 
 
 on Dominican amulets 139 
 
 MontonS, on aboriginal Cuban skulls 30 
 
 Mooney, James — 
 
 on Davies's work 31 
 
 work of X, XIII, xiii-xiv, xxii 
 
 Morales, Andreas, on irrigation in Haiti. 50 
 Morales, Bachillee y. (See Bachiller.) 
 Mortars, Antillean— 
 
 general description 105-108 
 
 three-pointed stones interpreted as . . 128, 129 
 
 wooden 210-211 
 
 Mortuary customs— 
 
 Antillean 69-72,202 
 
 Borinquefio 80,82-83,84,217 
 
 Carib 213 
 
 Haitian 212-213 
 
 Orinocan 83,217 
 
 (See also Rites and ceremonies. ) 
 
 Moscoso, distribution of slaves by 23 
 
 MOTUL Dictionary, transcription of xi 
 
 Mound-builders 231 
 
 Mounds, Mexican — 
 
 near Antigua**. 243, 244 
 
 near Tampico— 
 
 general remarks 271-275 
 
 shell heaps 275 
 
 ruins near Altamira 276 
 
 ruins near Champayan lagoon 277 
 
 types 271 
 
 Page 
 
 MtJuER, J: G., on dance plazas 80 
 
 MonERS 99 
 
 MuSoz— 
 
 on Antillean village 33 
 
 on Indian pueblo 84 
 
 on Porto Rican houses 41-12 
 
 Mufioz DOCUMENT, on distribution of In- 
 dians among Europeans 24 
 
 MusEO Nacional, Mexico City 234 
 
 Music, Antillean 210 
 
 Myths, Antillean 72-76 
 
 Nahas, oars used by Carib 208 
 
 Narcotics, use of, by Antilleans 63-64 
 
 Nataios, blood kin 34, 35 
 
 National antiquities, preservation of xx 
 
 Navarette, Agustin — 
 
 Chanca letter copied by 208 
 
 citing Cantero on three-pointed stones. 129- 
 
 130, 131 
 
 diary of Columbus printed by 203 
 
 on Porto Rican shell heap 86 
 
 on stone collars 168-169 
 
 Nazario, Padre— 
 
 archeological collection of : 18-19 
 
 on landing place of Columbus 33 
 
 on map of Cosa .' 77 
 
 Neumann collection, description of xv 
 
 Neumann, Eduardo — 
 
 elbow stone figured by 174 
 
 on specimens of Antillean skulls 29 
 
 on stone collars 169 
 
 Nichols, MrsF. S., work of xx,xxv 
 
 Norman, Mr, acknowledgments to 274 
 
 North America, three-pointed stones lack- 
 
 ingin Ill 
 
 Northwest Coast tribes — 
 
 researches among xvi-x vii 
 
 symbolic decoration of the xii 
 
 Nuttall, Mrs, on use of stone yokes 260 
 
 Ober, Frederick A. — 
 
 citing Llenas on aboriginal workshop 
 
 in Santo Domingo 91-92 
 
 on aboriginal Cuban skulls 30 
 
 on idols, Santo Domingo 201 
 
 on Santo Domingo dance plaza 81 
 
 on stone collars 169 
 
 on tortoise from St Vincent 196 
 
 Office work of the Bureau xviii-xix 
 
 Open stone yokes 253-267 
 
 Orinoco tribes — 
 
 culture 21-22,217 
 
 dances 83 
 
 hammocks 213 
 
 houses 46 
 
 images 137 
 
 mortuary customs 70-72, 83, 213 
 
 poisoned arrows 93 
 
 preparation of cassava 62-53 
 
 seats 204,216-217 
 
 wooden pestles and mortars 211 
 
 (See also Carib. ) 
 Orozco y Berra — 
 
 on names of savage tribes 276 
 
 on route of Cortfis 244 
 
 Ovando, companion of Las Casas 19 
 
 OviEDO— 
 
 as a historian 19-20 
 
 biographical sketch 23 
 
292 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 OviEDO— Continued. 
 
 objects figured by 63,210,212 
 
 on Aguebana the First 36 
 
 on Antillean mortuary customs 70, 72, 83 
 
 on Antillean religion 129 
 
 on cannibalism of Borinquefios 50 
 
 on Carib in Porto Elco 25 
 
 on ceremonies in dance plazas 8i 
 
 on culture of Haitians and Borinque- 
 fios 27 
 
 on early Porto Ricans 170 
 
 on game of batey 84,85 
 
 on houses of Haitians 41, 42-43 
 
 on Juan Oonzales 37 
 
 on polygamy among Borinquefios 48 
 
 on Porto Rican stone balls 110 
 
 on punishment of theft among Antil- 
 
 leans 31 
 
 on racial afiinities of Borinquefios 27 
 
 on Spanish troubles in Porto Rico. 23, 36, 38-39 
 
 Paddle-shaped stones 93-94, 261-262 
 
 Padlock stones 263 
 
 Palmer, William, work of xxi 
 
 Pane. (See Ramon Pane.) 
 
 Papantla, Mexican pueblo 249 
 
 Parry, Francis, on use of stone yokes 259 
 
 Paso y Troncoso, SeSoh— 
 
 on name of Cempoalan temple 238 
 
 survey of Cempoalan by 234 
 
 Passailaique, Luis, amulets found by 145 
 
 PatiSo, Alonzo, on Cempoalan ruins 233 
 
 Pedro Pablo Romero. (See Romero.) 
 PeSapiel— 
 
 on a Cempoalan building 241 
 
 on name Nautzinlan 260 
 
 Pendants 109, 192 
 
 Peneda, Alonso Alvarez de, expedition 
 
 of 274 
 
 Peoria DICTIONARY AND GRAMMAR KIX 
 
 Perez, Joaquin, on areito 69 
 
 Pestles, Antillean— 
 
 general description 99-105 
 
 in connection ivith three - pointed 
 
 stones 128 
 
 wooden 210-211 
 
 Peter Martyr— 
 
 as a historian 19-20 
 
 on Antillean zemis 55, 56, .i", 58, 140 
 
 on gods of Haitians 67 
 
 on Haitian creation legends 74 
 
 on Haitian Idols 146 
 
 on sentiments of Antilleans 32 
 
 Petroglyphs. (See Pictographs.) 
 
 Phallicism— 
 
 in Antillean pottery specimen 186 
 
 In forms of idols 54 
 
 in Indian games 85 
 
 in pestles 100 
 
 Phratry SYSTEM, Antillean 42 
 
 PiCAKD, Haitian procession figured by 67 
 
 Pictographs- 
 
 cave pictographs M9, 150, 155-159 
 
 general discussion 148-150 
 
 literature of subject 148-149 
 
 on boundaries of dance pliizas 149, 150 
 
 river pictographs 149-155 
 
 Page 
 Piedra del sayo, Antillean "thunder 
 
 stones " 94 
 
 PiERSON, Rev. Hamilton, on aboriginal 
 
 Antillean dance 69 
 
 Pillar stones 152, 175-178 
 
 PiNART, ALPHONSE— 
 
 Antillean skulls found by 29 
 
 on clay idol from Santo Domingo 187 
 
 on deformed legs of Antilleans 144 
 
 on elbow stone 178-174 
 
 on Porto Rlcan pictography 148-149 
 
 Porto Rican caves explored by 87 
 
 Pi y Margal, SeSor, on stone collars 169 
 
 Plans of operations of Bureau ix 
 
 Planting sticks, Antillean 196 
 
 POEY— 
 
 on Cuban skulls 30 
 
 on phallicism In West Indies 100 
 
 Polishing stones, Antillean 93 
 
 Polygamy among Antilleans 48 
 
 Ponce de Leon— 
 
 defeat of natives by 40 
 
 native name assumed by 34 
 
 relations with Aguebanathe First 86 
 
 Ponce, Juan, slayer- of Aguebana the 
 
 Second 38 
 
 cacique shot by 146 
 
 Porto Rico — 
 
 archeological reconnoissance xiv- 
 
 XV, XXVI, xxviii 
 archeological sites- 
 caves 87-89,155 
 
 dance plazas 79-85 
 
 general discussion 78-79 
 
 shell heaps 85-87 
 
 as a folklore field 75 
 
 author's visits to 17 
 
 beads 109 
 
 canoes 209 
 
 center of an Antillean culture 90 
 
 climate 21, 22 
 
 contour 129 
 
 fauna and flora 22 
 
 geology 21,22 
 
 location 21 
 
 modern houses 41, 43, 45, 47 
 
 monographic treatment 19-20 
 
 mounds 82-83 
 
 people 24-26, 215 
 
 physical features 21-22 
 
 pictography 149-159 
 
 pottery 22 
 
 prehistoric political divisions 35-40 
 
 skeletal remains 29-30 
 
 (See also Archeological objects, Borin- 
 quefios, West Indies.) 
 
 Postley, Miss, work of xxv 
 
 Pottery, Antillean— 
 
 bowls 180, 181, 183, 184, 185-186, 189, 190, 191 
 
 canteens iso 
 
 clay heads 181,184,188-189,191 
 
 clay idols 187-188,189 
 
 cooking pots 184 
 
 dishes 180,182,184,189 
 
 flasks 180,186-187,189 
 
 fragments 191 
 
INDEX 
 
 293 
 
 Page 
 Pottery, Antillean— Continued. 
 
 general description 179-lM 
 
 handles 181,184 
 
 Huaxtec 280-283 
 
 miscellaneous objects 191 
 
 mortars 190 
 
 ollas 181 
 
 pitchers 182-183 
 
 use of, by Borinqueftos 107 
 
 vases 180, 182, 183, 184-185, 189, 190, 191 
 
 whistle 191 
 
 zemis 181 
 
 Powell, Maj. J. W.— 
 
 acknowledgments to 18 
 
 archeological reconnoissance by xxvi 
 
 linguistic data collected by xix 
 
 Pkescott, on route of Cort(5s 245 
 
 Pkessley, Doctor, acknowledgment to . . . 282 
 Priesthood, Antillean— 
 
 divination 03 
 
 general account 59-60 
 
 treatment given by 61-64, 147 
 
 Pbieto, Ex-Governor— 
 
 acknowledgments to 274 
 
 on mounds near Champayan lagoon ... 277 
 
 ruins described and figured by 276 
 
 Property of Bureau xxv 
 
 Publications of Bureau xxiii 
 
 Quetzalcoatl 237 
 
 Quiauistlan, a Totonac ruin 231, 243-244 
 
 Quirk, Richard, on Antillean stone im- 
 plements 92 
 
 Rafn, Carl Christian, objects figured by. . 96 
 Ramon Pane, Fray— 
 
 as a historian 19-20 
 
 cited on inhabitants of Haiti 139 
 
 Haitian dialect spoken by 77 
 
 on Antillean priesthood 147 
 
 on Haitian ceremonies for rain 05 
 
 on Haitian traditions 73-74 
 
 on polygamy among Borinquefios.' 48 
 
 on Porto Rican legend 109 
 
 on religion of Borinquefios ; 129, 131 
 
 on treatment of medicine-men 62-63 
 
 on treatment of sick 61-62 
 
 on zemis— 
 
 Antillean 65,56,57,146 
 
 Haitian 54, 73 
 
 origin o/ turtle recorded by 197 
 
 Read, Mb, acknowledgments to 99 
 
 Reinoso, Alvaro, on Haitian agriculfure. 51 
 
 Renato de Gkosoubdy..; 51 
 
 Repaetimientos in ancient Porto Rico 23-24 
 
 Report of Chief of Bureau ix-xxix 
 
 Research work of Bureau ix^xi 
 
 Right of the first night 48 
 
 Ring. (See Stone rings.) 
 
 Rites AND ceremonies of Borinquenos.. 64-72 
 
 Rivera, Manuel— 
 
 on Cempoalan ruins 233 
 
 on idol near Jalapa 248 
 
 Rivera, Tapia y. (See Tapia.) 
 Rochefort— 
 
 histbrical work 31,68 
 
 onCarib 218 
 
 Rodriguez de Xeres, emissary of Columbus 203 
 
 Page 
 Rogue River Indians, researches iimong. xvii 
 Romero, Pedro Pablo, work of, on Cem- 
 poalan ruins 234 
 
 Roth, H. Ling — 
 
 citing Descourtilz on Antillean picto- 
 
 graphs 148 
 
 on use of tobacco 61 
 
 on witchcraft in Santo Domingo 67 
 
 Rubbing-stones 108 
 
 Ruiz de Asis. (See Asis.) 
 
 Rust, Doctor, on stone yokes 260 
 
 Sahaqun, drawings by 241 
 
 St Clair, H. H., 2d, work of x,xvii 
 
 St Thomas, archeological reconnoissance 
 
 of XV 
 
 St Vincent, archeological reconnoissance 
 
 of XV 
 
 Salas, Estefania, on Cempoalan ruins 234 
 
 Salazar, a Spanish leader uo-39, 40 
 
 Saliva Indians— 
 
 images used 137 
 
 mortuary dances 70 
 
 Samana bay, origin of former name - 209 
 
 Sanger, Col. J. P., on population of Porto 
 
 Rico 25 
 
 Santa Ana, General, barracks of 243 
 
 Santiago, Senor, acknowledgments to 86 
 
 Santo Domingo— 
 
 aboriginal art .^ 142 
 
 aborigines 219 
 
 amulets 139 
 
 archeological reconnoissance.. xiv-xv, xxvi 
 
 as folklore field • 75 
 
 belief of people regarding caves 156-157 
 
 culture of natives 91, 214 
 
 dance plazas 80-81 
 
 native pottery 179-180 
 
 pictography 148, 152-153, 156, 157 
 
 relationships of people 26 
 
 resistance of natives to Spaniards 31 
 
 weapons 209 
 
 Sarnia, Manuel Maria, on landing place 
 
 of Columbus 33 
 
 Sartorius, on pyramid near Huaxtusco. . . 241 
 
 SCHOMBUKGK, SiB ROBEBT — 
 
 on Antillean cemetery 83 
 
 on Haitian dance court » 80-81 
 
 Schoolcbapt, on Antillean dance 69 
 
 SciLLACio, Nicolo, On character of Antil- 
 
 Icans 32 
 
 Seemann, Doctor, pictographs described 
 
 by 151-152 
 
 Seler, Doctor— 
 
 acknowledgments to 274 
 
 on figures of Sun gods 261 
 
 on forms of temples 241 
 
 on Huaxtec idols 279 
 
 on images found near Teayo 250 
 
 on mounds near Panuco 277 
 
 on ruin near Chila 276 
 
 stone idols figured by 277 
 
 Semi. (SeeZemi.) ' 
 
 Semicircular stones 132-133 
 
 Serpent, wooden 197 
 
 Serpent worship 152-153 
 
 Shamans. (See Priesthood, Antillean.) 
 
294 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Shell amulets 193 
 
 Shell carving, Antillean 192-193 
 
 Shell heaps 86-87, 275 
 
 SicucHiMATL, ruins of 244, 246-247 
 
 Skeletal remains, Antillean 29-30,88 
 
 Slavery 23-24,274 
 
 Sling stones 266 
 
 Sloane, Sir Hans, on Jamaican mortuary 
 
 customs 71 
 
 SMEDES,MlSSE.R.,W0rll0£. XVIII,XXI,XXIV-XXV 
 
 Smith, Buckingham, on Davies's work 81 
 
 Smithsonian Institution— 
 
 archeological collections 17, 18, 19 
 
 field work under 231 
 
 recipient of Latimer collection 90 
 
 Smoking among Antilleans 63 
 
 Smoothing stones 94 
 
 Sococeima. (SceSicuchimatl.) . 
 
 SOQUET, Doctor, excavation of stiell heap 
 
 by 86 
 
 SoTOMAYOR, Christopher, early Spanish 
 
 leader 23,86-39 
 
 South America— 
 
 archeological material from 94-95 
 
 hammocks 213 
 
 material for implements from 92, 96 
 
 mortuary customs 70, 195 
 
 native houses 46 
 
 pictographs 152 
 
 source of Antillean culture 214 
 
 {See also Brazil, Guiana Indians, Ori- 
 noco tribes, Venezuela, Venezue- 
 lans.) 
 
 South American tribes, seats used by . . . 204 
 
 Spaniards- 
 
 attitude of Antilleans toward 31, 34, 81 
 
 attitude of BorinquefSos toward 36-40 
 
 corn mill introduced by 106 
 
 figures in Conquest Play 248 
 
 greed for gold 211-212 
 
 intermixture with ancient Porto Ricans 25 
 
 mealing stones introduced by 106 
 
 slavery Inaugurated by 23-24 
 
 use of goschis in famines ■. 50 
 
 Special researches of Bureau xix-xxi 
 
 Spinosa, Antillean words collected by 77 
 
 Spinosa, Vall y. {See Vail y Spinosa. ) 
 
 Stahl, Dr Auqustin— 
 
 collection of 22 
 
 on Antillean dance plazas 83-84 
 
 on Antillean pueblo 38 
 
 on Antillean stone implements 92 
 
 on game of batey 86 
 
 onjuegosde bola 79,81,82 
 
 on Porto Rican pictographs 149, 151 
 
 on Porto Rican shell heaps 22, 86 
 
 on prehistoric Porto Rico 40 
 
 on religion of Borinqueilos 129 
 
 on stone collars 168 
 
 Stanislas, Andres, human bones found by, 
 
 in Porto Rico 29 
 
 Stevens, Edward T. — 
 
 cited on pestles in Santo Domingo 103 
 
 on stone collars found In Scotland 168 
 
 Stevenson, Mrs M.C., work of .. a, xv-xvi, xxii 
 
 Stone amulets, Antillean— 
 
 classification 140-145 
 
 Page 
 Stone amulets, Antillean— Continued. 
 
 differences in form 145, 147-148 
 
 general discussion 188-140 
 
 similarity between Antillean and Mexi- 
 can 146 
 
 uses 146-147 
 
 {See aleo Amulets. ) 
 
 Stone balls 110 
 
 Stone birds 195 
 
 Stone collars- 
 
 distribution 214 
 
 general description and classification 159-161 
 
 massive 162-163 
 
 purpose 167-172, 172-173 
 
 slender 163-167 
 
 Stone heads 133-136, 264-265 
 
 Stone idols— 
 
 Antillean 178-179 
 
 Mexican— 
 
 Altamira 278-280 
 
 Cempoalan and Xlco 247-248, 266-268 
 
 Tampico 280 
 
 {Sen also Idols, Zemis. ) 
 Stone implements. (iSee Archeological ob- 
 jects.) 
 
 Stone masks 83 
 
 Stone rings 219, 261-258 
 
 (See oZso Stone collars.) 
 
 Stoneworking, Antillean 91-92, 109, 182, 219 
 
 {Srf also Archeological objects, and 
 Stone amulets. Stone balls, etc.) 
 Stone yokes— 
 
 closed .stone yokes 253 
 
 open stone yokes 253-267 
 
 theories as to use 269-261 
 
 Stools, Antillean. (SceDuhos. ) 
 
 Stratton, Miss, work of xxv 
 
 Stbebel, Dr H.— 
 
 on art products of Totonar 250 
 
 on Oempoalan ruins 234 
 
 on meaning of stone yokes 260 
 
 on open stone yokes 258 
 
 stone head figured by 265 
 
 yoke figured by 256 
 
 Strube, Leopold B.,acknowledgmentto.. 161 
 
 Sun and MOON pyramid 249 
 
 Sun dance, Cheyenne xiii-xiv 
 
 Sun worship 152-168 
 
 Swallowing-sticks 195 
 
 SWANTON, Dr John R., work of x, 
 
 XIF, XVI-XVII, XXII 
 
 Tainan, explanation of term 26 
 
 Taino, meaning of term 26 
 
 Taliaferro, Miss, work of xxv 
 
 Tamaulipas, value of mounds at 282 
 
 Tampico — 
 
 mounds near 271-277, 282 
 
 stone idols 280 
 
 TapIa V RivKRA, Oviedo's Historia re- 
 printed by 2a 
 
 Teayo. (See Castillo deTeayo.) 
 Tejada. (See Monte yTejada.) 
 TEN Kate, Db H. F. C, on Antillean stone 
 
 implements 92 
 
 Texolo— 
 
 mounds xxvili, 246-246 
 
 ruins 248 
 
INDEX 
 
 295 
 
 Page 
 
 Textiles, Antillean 213-214,216,219 
 
 Thamaea, Pkancisco, on aboriginal Antil- 
 
 leans 29, 32 
 
 Thomas, Dk Cyeus, work of xix, xx 
 
 Three-pointed stones— 
 
 as zemis 58 
 
 general description.... Ill 
 
 interpretation 128-132 
 
 relation to stone collars 170-173 
 
 smooth stones 127-128 
 
 with conoid projection modified into 
 
 head 126-127 
 
 with face between anterior and conoid 
 
 projections 121-126 
 
 with head on anterior and legs on pos- 
 terior projection — 
 
 with bird heads Ill, 112, 119-121 
 
 with human heads Ill, 112-117, 119 
 
 with reptilian heads. Ill, 112, 117-118, 119 
 
 Thunder stones 94 
 
 TisiM, Fray Juan de 66 
 
 Tlinqit, researches among x vii 
 
 Tobacco, use of, by Antilleans 63-64 
 
 Tolentino, Senor, amulet found by 144 
 
 ToMis DE C6RD0VA, Pedro, On Porto Eico £0 
 
 Torquemada, on Eamon Pane 65 
 
 Torres, Luis de, emissary of Columbus 203 
 
 Torres, Luis Loeens— 
 
 on ancient South American languages. 218 
 
 on Antillean languages 78 
 
 on cave of Yobobala 66 
 
 on name Biyrinquen 78 
 
 Tortoise. (See Turtle. ) 
 
 Toste. (See Coll y Teste. ) 
 
 Totonac, ancient inhabitants of Vera 
 
 Cruz 231, 260 
 
 Totonacapan, native name for Vera Cruz. 231. 
 Trinidad— 
 
 archeological reconnoissance xv 
 
 author's visit to 17 
 
 native houses 46-47 
 
 prehistoric culture .- 190 
 
 Teoncoso, Paso y. (See Paso.) 
 TUEEYS. (SeeDuhos.) 
 
 TUETLE— 
 
 legend of 197 
 
 stone specimens 196-197 
 
 wooden specimens 196 
 
 TJBEDA V Delgado, MANUEL, on area of 
 
 Porto Eico 21 
 
 United States National Museum— 
 
 additions to collections 17 
 
 three-pointed stones in 116 
 
 Ueayoan, a Porto Rican chief 39 
 
 Vall y Spinosa, Fedeeico, modern Porto 
 
 Eiean legend by 75-76 
 
 Valle Ateles, Feancisco del, on Porto 
 
 Rican folklore 20 
 
 Van Middeldyk, E. A., on slavery in Porto 
 
 Eico 23 
 
 Velasco, Josfi M., work of, on plans ofCem- 
 
 poalan ruins 234 
 
 Velasquez, Sancho, on slavery in Porto 
 
 Rico 23 
 
 Venezuela— 
 
 antiquity of man in 220 
 
 as source of Antilleans 215-220 
 
 Page 
 Venezuelans— 
 
 canoe building 217 
 
 culture 214 
 
 houses 217 
 
 language 78 
 
 mortuary customs 217 
 
 prehistoric implements 216 
 
 (See (dm Arawak, Orinoco tribes.) 
 
 Veracruz 231-232 
 
 Vetch, Me, acknowledgments to 274 
 
 Vieques, island of 26, 27-28, 30, 40 
 
 ViLLAGUTiERE SoTO MAYOR, J., On Oracle 
 
 delivered to Guarionex 65-66 
 
 Vincents Usera, acknowledgment to 87 
 
 Viu, Alejandro, acknowledgments to .. 235,251 
 
 Vomiting, as ceremonial act 67 
 
 Vomiting-sticks 193 
 
 Walther, Henry, work of xxii 
 
 Walton, Mr, on phallicism in West Indies. 100 
 
 Warraus, mortuary customs of 46, 71 
 
 Weapons, Antillean 209 
 
 Weaving, among Borinquenos 107 
 
 Webb, E. B., stone collar obtained by 167 
 
 West Indies— ' 
 
 antiquity of man in 91, 220 
 
 archeological collections xii-xiii 
 
 archeological reconnoissances xxiv- 
 
 XXV, XXVI-XXVIII 
 
 fauna 22 
 
 flora 22 
 
 geological changes 219-220 
 
 wooden masks 136 
 
 (See also Antilleans, Greater Antilles, 
 Lesser Antilles.) 
 
 Willoughby, W.F.,acknowledgmentsto. 103, 110 
 
 Wilson. De Daniel, on stone collars from 
 
 Scotland 168 
 
 WiNSOE, on Davies's work 31 
 
 Wood, Heebert S. , work of xxiii 
 
 Xico — 
 
 earth mounds near 232 
 
 objects from 260 
 
 stone idols near 247 
 
 (See also Archeological objects. ) 
 
 Xicochimalco- 
 
 modern 248 
 
 mounds xxviii 
 
 foundation 248 
 
 ruins 244-245 
 
 Xico ViEjo 244,245,246-247 
 
 {Seealso Xicochimalco.) 
 
 Yokes. (See Stone yokes.) 
 
 Yucatan- 
 
 as source of Antilleans 216-220 
 
 games 85 
 
 prehistoric culture 179 
 
 ruined buildings xiii 
 
 YUHUBO, a Carib cacique 40 
 
 Zarete, Firmen, acknowledgments to... 235,236 
 
 Zemis, Antillean — 
 
 among the Carib 68 
 
 amulets used as idols 146 
 
 as totems 59 
 
 figured by Charlevoix 139 
 
 in houses of Haitians 42 
 
 in shape of three-pointed stones 121 
 
 materials from which made 187 
 
296 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 Zemis, Antillean — Continued. 
 
 meaning of term '. 5S-54 
 
 pietograph of 165 
 
 relation to serpent worship 153 
 
 specimens figured by Charlevoix 156 
 
 with three points 131 
 
 wooden 201-202 
 
 Page 
 
 Zemiism 54-59 
 
 (See also Zemis.) 
 ZoLLER, SeSor, archeological specimens 
 
 presented by 18, 117, 119, 183 
 
 ZuSi— 
 
 researches among xv-xvi 
 
 symbolic decoration xu 
 
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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXI! 
 
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 ]} i'liutographed by Ximenea 
 
 STONE YOKES OF THE FIRST GROUP (DEHESA COLLECTION); SIZE 16 BY 14s INCHES 
 
 a Front view 
 b Side view 
 c Top view 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXIII 
 
 Photographed by Ximenes 
 
 STONE YOKES OF THE FIRST GROUP (DEHESA COLLECTION) 
 
 a Front view; width 45 inches 
 
 b Side view ol a; width U, length 16i inches 
 
 r Front view 
 
 d Side view ol c 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXIV 
 
 c Photographed by Waitc 
 
 STONE YOKE OF THE FIRST GROUP (SONORA NEWS COMPANY COLLECTION) 
 
 a Front view 
 b Side view 
 c Base view 
 
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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. OXVI 
 
 
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 PhotOf^raphcd by Ximenes 
 
 PADDLE-SHAPED STONES (DEHESA COLLECTION) 
 
 a Front view: size 32^ by 8e inches 
 b Front view; size 33 by 9 Inches 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXVII 
 
 Photographed by Ximenes 
 
 PADDLE-SHAPED STONES (DEHESA COLLECTION) 
 
 a Front view; size 28 by 9 inches 
 b Front view; size 26i by % inches 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXVIII 
 
 Photographed by Ximenes 
 
 PADDLE-SHAPED STONES (DEHESA COLLECTION) 
 
 a Front view; size 27 bv 9 inches 
 b Reverse view of a, Plate CXVI 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXIX 
 
 Photographed by Ximenes 
 
 FAN-SHAPED STONES (DEHESA COLLECTION) 
 
 ,(, b With human face 
 
 c With bird head and body 
 (t 28i by 7i inches 
 e 18 by &i inches 
 / 23i by Si inches 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXX 
 
 
 
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 STONE HEADS, MASKS, AND IDOLS (DEHESA COLLECTION) 
 
 a Small yoke; 5 by 4 inches 
 5 Flatiron-ahaped specimen; 9 by 5i Inches 
 c Perforated specimen; 144 by 10 inches 
 d, e,.f Heads; e, 8 by 3i; d, 6 by 3t inches 
 g, h Padlock-shaped specimens; 8 by 4i inches 
 i Seated figure; 12i by 7 Inches 
 j Mask; 6 inches 
 

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Bureau of American ethnology 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXXII 
 
 Photographed by Ximenes 
 
 CLAY IMAGES FROM CEMPOALAN AND VICINITY (DEHESA COLLECTION) 
 
 a Efflgy 
 
 6 Head of Rain god; 7J by 6 inches 
 c Rain god; 13 by 7 inches 
 d, e Bowls in shape of death's head; 8 by 8 inches 
 / Head of Flower goddess; 8 by 6 inches 
 g Small painted emgy; 7 by 3 inches 
 
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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXXIV 
 
 Photographed by Waite 
 
 CLAY OBJECTS FROM CEMPOALAN 
 
 a. &, c, d, e,/ Small heads 
 
 g Well-made large head 
 h Painted head 
 i,j Heads from panel of temple 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXXV 
 
 Photographed by Ximenes 
 
 POTTERY FROM OTATES (ESTEFANIA COLLECTION) 
 
 a Decorated bowl, from, exterior 
 
 b Decorated bowl, from exterior 
 
 c Painted bowl, showing spiral ornament 
 
 d Deep bowl, side view 
 
 e Bowl with interior decorated with picture of monkey 
 
 / Bowl with exterior decorated with death's head 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXXVI 
 
 
 
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 POTTERY OBJECTS FROM NEAR JALAPA AND TAMPICO (ESTEFANIA AND PRESSLEY COLLECTIONS) 
 
 a Classic pitcher with graceful handle 
 
 5 Food bowl with three legs 
 c, d Bowls with two handles 
 
 e Bowl with legs 
 /, g, h Clay heads 
 
 i Clay effigy of a human being 
 
 j Section of a bowl 
 
 k Kude effigy of hutnan being 
 I, m Dippers 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXXVII 
 
 POTTERY OBJECTS FROM PANUCO VALLEY (PRESSLEY COLLECTION) 
 
 a Melon-shaped specimen 
 b Melon-shaped specimen with handle 
 c. Double-handled vase with human J'ace 
 d Globular dipper with human face 
 (^, /. {J, '' Clay heads 
 
 i,j Unknown objects 
 k, I Figurines 
 m Seated figure 
 n Paint mortar 
 
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. CXXVIII 
 
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 POTTERY IMAGES FROM THE PANUCO VALLEY (PRESSLEY COLLECTION) 
 
 a, b, c, d Figurines 
 61 X ffy 'i Clay heads 
 
 i Seated flgare 
 
 j Figurine smolcing (?) 
 
 k Unknown quadruped 
 
 I Bowl witli legs