Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024544771 OK 110.&7 e i8$5 Ver,,,y Ubrary 3 1924 024 544 771 SYNOPTICAL FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA, SYNOPTICAL FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA: THE GAMOPETAL-ffl, A Second Edition of Vol. I. Part II., and Vol. II. Part I., collected. By ASA GEAY, LL.D., F.M. R S.&L.S. Lond., R.I.A. Dubl., Phil. Soc. Cambr., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Gottingen, Edinb. Roy. Acad. Sci. Munich, &c. ; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, Roy. Acad. Berlin, and Acad. Sci. Instit. France. FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. $u6lis|}cB fig tfje Smithsonian Institution, fflHas&ittflton. NEW YORK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. LONDON : WM. WESLEY, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND, AND TRUBNER & CO. LEIPSIC: OSWALD WEIGEL- January, 1886. ^ //^ORNELlX UMVERSSTY LIBRARY A Hnibersits preas: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. NOTICE. Experience having shown that some years must elapse before this work can be completed, and a new impression of the part first published (in 1878) being called for, it is expedient now to issue the two parts, which together comprise all the Gamopetalous Dicotyledons, in the form of a single volume, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. Both parts have been corrected, as far as could well be done upon the electrotype plates ; a supplement of eleven pages is added to the very recently published Volume I. Part II., and its full index has been made anew. The tabular enumeration of the contained genera and species has been transferred to the end of the Gamopetalas. To Volume II. Part I. , a supplement of seventy pages is added, and a few pages have been recast ; a tabular enumeration of all the gamopetalous genera and species is appended, and a complete index of genera, species, synonyms, &c, — making an extension from 402 to about 500 pages. Herbarium of Harvard University, January 1, 1886. SYNOPTICAL FLORA OF NOETH AMERICA. Division II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter more or less gamopetalous. (Exceptions : A part of Ericacece, Plumbaginacece, Styracacece, and Oleacece have unconnected petals ; some Oleacece, &c, are apetalous.) Genebal Key to the Obdebs. # Ovary inferior or mainly so : stamens borne by the corolla, alternate with its lobes, and +- Unconnected : leaves opposite or whorled. 69. CAPRIEOLIACEjE. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes (one fewer in Linncea, doubled by division in Adoxa). Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite : stipules none, or rare as appendages to base of petiole. 70. RUBIACEiE. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, mostly four or five. Ovary with two or more cells or placenta. Seeds albuminous. Leaves all simple and entire, with stipules between or within the petioles or bases, or whorled without stipules, the additional leaves probably representing them. 71. VALERIANACEiE. Stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, one to four. Ovary with one cell containing a suspended ovule which becomes an exalbuminous seed, and commonly two empty cells or vestiges of them. No stipules. 72. DIPSACACEiE. Stamens as many as or fewer than corolla-lobes, two or four. Ovary simple and one-celled, with a single suspended ovule, becoming an albuminous seed. Flowers capitate. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. -f— h— Stamens with anthers connate into a tube. 73. COMPOSITjE. Syngenesious stamens; as many as their corolla-lobes, five, some- times four. Ovary one-celled, with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an exalbuminous seed in an akene. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Elowers in involucrate heads. No stipules. 1 2 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS OEDERS. # # Ovary either inferior or superior, two-several-celled : stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, inserted with it, as many or twice as many as its lobes or petals, when of same number alternate with them : no stipules. (Orders from these onward are in Vol. II. Part I.) +- Juice milky except in the first order : corolla-lobes valvate or induplicate in the bud. 74. GOODENTACEiE. Corolla irregular, epigynous. Stamens or at least filaments distinct. Stigma indusiate. Juice not milky. 75. LOBELlACEiE. Corolla irregular, epigynous or perigynous. Stamens five, mona- delphous or syngenesious, or both. Stigma not indusiate. Cells of ovary or placentae two. Seeds numerous. Juice usually more or less milky and acrid. Inflorescence centripetal. 76. CAMPANULACEiE. Corolla regular, epigynous. Stamens five, mostly distinct. Stigmas two to five, introrse, at the summit of the style, which below bears pollen- collecting hairs. Cells of ovary and capsule two to five, many-seeded. Juice milky and bland. (Exception : Sphenodea.) ■*- -i— Juice not milky nor acrid : corolla-lobes or petals imbricate or some- times convolute in the bud. 77. ERICACEAE. Flowers mostly regular, symmetrical, and tetra-pentamerous through- out : corolla sometimes moderately irregular, epigynous or hypogynous. Stamens distinct, as many and oftener twice as many as petals or corolla-lobes. Cells of the ovary (with few exceptions) as many or even twice as many as the divisions of the calyx or corolla. Style and mostly stigma undivided. # # # Ovary superior, many-celled : stamens five to eight, as many as the lobes of the hypogynous corolla, and borne in the throat of its long tube. 78. LENNOACEiE. Root-parasites. # # # # Ovary superior: stamens (or antheriferous stamens) of the same number as the proper corolla-lobes or petals and opposite them : flowers regular. -i- Ovary one-celled, with solitary ovule or free placenta rising from its base : seeds small. 80. PLUMBAGINACEjE. Stamens and styles or lobes of the style five, except in Plumbago, the former hypogynous or borne on the very base of the almost or com- pletely distinct unguiculate petals. Ovary uniovulate, in fruit becoming an akene or utricle. Herbs or somewhat shrubby. 81. PRIMULACEjE. Stamens four or five, rarely six to eight, borne on the corolla (or in Glaux, which is apetalous, on the calyx alternate with its petaloid lobes) : stam- inodia only in Samolus. Ovules several or numerous, sessile on the central placenta. Fruit capsular. Herbs. 82. MYRSINACEiE. Shrubs or trees, with dry or drupaceous fruit and solitary or very few seeds, usually immersed in the placenta : otherwise as Primulacece. GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS OEDEBS. 3 -i— •)— Ovary few-several-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, usually only one maturing into a large bony-coated seed in a fleshy pericarp. 83. SAPOTACEvE. Shrubs or trees, mostly with milky juice and alternate simple leaves. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, tetra-heptamerous. Calyx and corolla much imbricated in the bud ; the latter often bearing accessory lobes or appendages within, sometimes petaloid staminodia also. # # # * # Ovary inferior or superior, few-several-celled : cells of the fruit one-seeded : stamens at least twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, sometimes indefinitely numerous and borne on or united with their base or tube : flowers regular : shrubs or trees, with simple alternate leaves, sometimes a resinous but no milky juice. 84. EBENACEjE. Flowers dioecious or polygamous; the male ones polyandrous. Ovary superior and corolla hypogynous. Styles as many or half as many as the cells of the ovary, distinct or partly united. Fruit fleshy, containing solitary or few large seeds with bony testa and cartilaginous albumen. 85. STYRACACEJE. Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly pentapetalous and a numerous cluster of stamens adnate to base of each petal, or more gamopetalous and the fewer stamens monadelphous in a single series. Style and stigma entire. Corolla epigy- nous, in Styrax perigynous. Fruit dry or nearly so, one-four-seeded, when dehiscent the seed bony : albumen fleshy. ###### Ovary or gynoecium superior, dicarpellary, or in some monocar- pellary, very rarely tri— pentacarpellary, sometimes appearing to be tetra- carpellary by the division of the two ovaries : stamens borne on the corolla (in apetalous Oleaceee, &c, on the receptacle), alternate with its divisions or lobes, of the same number or fewer. -i— Corolla not scarious and veinless, ++ Regular with stamens fewer than its lobes or petals, or no corolla : style one : seeds solitary or very few. 86. OLEACEjE. Trees or shrubs, with opposite (rarely alternate) leaves : no stipules, no milky juice. Stamens usually two, alternate with the carpels ; these two-ovuled, or sometimes four-ovuled : seed mostly solitary, albuminous. Forestiera and part of Fraxinus apetalous and even achlamydeous. ++ ++ Corolla regular and stamens as many as its divisions, five or four. = Ovaries two (follicular in fruit) ; their stigmas and sometimes styles perma- nently united into one : plants with milky juice : flowers hermaphrodite : leaves simple, entire. 87. APOCYNACEjE. Stamens distinct, or the anthers merely connivent or lightly co- hering : pollen ordinary. Style single. 88. ASCLEPIADACEiE. Stamens monadelphous and anthers permanently attached to a large stigmatic body : pollen combined into waxy pollinia or sometimes granu- lose masses. Carpels united only by the common stigmatic mass. • 4 . GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. = = Ovaries two, with styles slightly united below or distinct. Vide 94. = = = Ovary one, compound, with two or three (very rarely four or five) cells or placentae : stamens distinct (or anthers at most lightly connate). o. Leaves opposite, simple, and mostly entire, with stipules or stipular line connecting their bases : no milky juice. 89. LOGANIACEjE. Ovary dicarpellary, two-celled : style single, but stigmas occa- sionally four, usually only one. Seeds numerous : embryo rather small, in copious albumen. b. Leaves with no trace of stipules : milky juice only in Gonvolvulaeece. 90. GENTIANACEiE. Leaves opposite, sessile, simple and entire, except in Menyan- thece. Ovary dicarpellary, one-celled, many-ovuled : placentae or ovules parietal. Stigmas mostly two, introrse. Fruit capsular, septicidal, i. e. dehiscent through the placentas or alternate with the stigmas. Seeds with minute embryo in fleshy albu- men. Herbage smooth. 79. DIAPENSIACEiE. Leaves alternate and simple, smooth. Ovary tricarpellary, three-celled, as also the loculicidal many-seeded capsule, which has a persistent colu- mella. Stamens five, either borne in sinuses of the corolla or monadelphous : in some a series of petaloid staminodia alternate with the true stamens. Anthers in- flexed on apex of the filament, or transversely dehiscent. Calyx and corolla imbri- cated in the bud. Style one : stigma three-lobed. Embryo small in fleshy albumen. Depressed or scapose and acaulescent perennials. 91. POLEMONIACEiE. Leaves opposite or alternate, from entire to compound. Ovary tri-(very rarely di-)carpellary, with as many cells, becoming a loculicidal capsule, with solitary to numerous seeds borne on a thick placental axis. Stamens five, distinct, borne on the tube or throat of the corolla ; the latter convolute in the bud, the calyx imbricated. Style three-cleft or three-lobed at the summit : stigmas in- trorse. Seeds with comparatively large straight embryo in rather sparing albumen. 92. HYDRO PHYLLACEiE. Leaves mostly alternate, disposed to be lobed or divided. Inflorescence disposed to be scorpioid in the manner of the next order. Corolla five-lobed, imbricated or sometimes convolute in the bud. Stamens five, distinct. Ovary undivided, dicarpellary, and style (with one exception) two-parted or two- lobed : stigmas terminal. Capsule one-celled with two parietal or introflexed pla- centas, each bearing two or more pendulous (or when very numerous horizontal) seeds, or sometimes two-celled by the junction of the placentas in the axis. Seeds with reticulated or pitted or roughened testa : a small or slender straight embryo in solid albumen. 93. BORRAGINACEjE. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, and with whole herbage apt to be rough, hirsute, or hispid. Inflorescence cymose, commonly in the scorpioid mode, the mostly uniparous or biparous cymes evolute into unilateral and often ebrac- teate false spikes or racemes. Corolla five-lobed, sometimes four-lobed, imbricate or convolute or sometimes plicate in the bud. Ovary dicarpellary, but usually seeming tetramerous, being of four (i. e. two biparted) lobes around the base of the style, maturing into as many separate or separable nutlets ; or ovary not lobed, two-four- celled, in fruit drupaceous or dry, containing or splitting into as many nutlets. Soli- tary seed with a mostly straight embryo and little or no albumen : radicle superior or centripetal. GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 5 94. CONVOLVOLACEiE. Leaves alternate and petioled. Stems usually twining or trailing, but some erect, many with milky juice. Flowers borne by axillary pedun- cles or cymose-glomerate. Calyx of imbricated sepals. Corolla with four-five-lobed or commonly entire margin, plicate and the plaits convolute in the bud, sometimes induplicate-valvate or imbricated. Ovary two-celled or sometimes three-celled, with a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, becoming comparatively large seeds (these sometimes separated by spurious septa of the capsular fruit), with smooth or hairy testa. Embryo incurved, with ample foliaceous plaited and crumpled cotyle- dons (in Guscuta embryo long and spiral without cotyledons) surrounded by little or no albumen : radicle inferior. Dichondra has two distinct ovaries. 95. SOLANACEiE. Leaves alternate, sometimes unequally geminate. Inflorescence various, but no truly axillary flowers. Corolla in some a little irregular, its lobes or border induplicate-plicate or rarely imbricate in the bud. Ovary normally two-celled (occasionally three-five-celled) and undivided, with many-ovuled placentae in the axis : style undivided : stigma entire or bilamellar. Seeds numerous, with incurved or coiled or rarely almost straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons sel- dom much broader than the radicle. ++++++ Corolla irregular, more or less bilabiately so (f) ; its lobes variously imbricate or convolute, or sometimes almost regular : stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, four and didynamous, or only two : style undivided : stigma entire or two-lobed or bilamellar ; the lobes anterior and posterior : ovary in all dicarpellary ; the cells -or carpels anterior and posterior. = Pluriovulate or multiovulate. 96. SCROPHULARIACEiE. Ovary and capsule completely two-celled : placentae occu- pying the middle of the partition. Seeds comparatively small or minute, mostly in- definitely numerous, sometimes few. Embryo small, straight or slightly curved, in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons hardly broader than the radicle. 97. OROBANCHACEjE. Ovary one-celled with two or four (doubled) parietal many- ovuled placentae. Seeds very many in fleshy albumen, with minute embryo, having no obvious distinction of parts. Root-parasites, destitute of green herbage. 98. LENTIBULARIACEiE. Ovary one-celled, with a free central multioviilate pla- centa : globular capsule mostly bursting irregularly. Seeds destitute of albumen, filled by a solid oblong embryo. Bilabiate corolla personate and calcarate. Stamens two : anthers confluently one-celled. Aquatic or paludose plants, with scapes or scapiform peduncles, sometimes almost leafless. 99. BIGNONIACEiE. Ovary and capsule two-celled by the extension of a partition beyond the two parietal placentae, or in some genera simply one-celled. Seeds numerous, large, commonly winged, transverse, filled by the horizontal embryo : cotyledons broad and foliaceous, plane, emarginate at base and summit, the basal notch including the short radicle : no albumen. Trees or shrubs, many climbing, large-flowered : leaves commonly opposite. 100. PEDALIACEiE. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal intruded placentae, which are broadly bilamellar or united in centre, or two-four-celled by spurious septa from the walls. Fruit capsular or, drupaceous, few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, with thick and close, testa, filled by the large straight embryo : cotyledons thickish. Herbs, with mainly opposite simple leaves : juice mucilaginous. 6 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 101. ACANTHACEjE. Ovary two-celled, with placentae in the axis, bearing a definite number of ovules (two to eight or ten in each cell), becoming a loculicidal capsule. Seeds wingless, destitute of albumen (or a thin layer in Elytraria), either globular on a papilliform funicle, or flat on a retinaculum. Embryo with broad and flat cotyledons. = = Cells of the ovary uniovulate or biovulate. 102. SELAGINACEiE. Ovary two-celled : ovule suspended. Embryo in fleshy albu- men : radicle inferior. Leaves alternate. 103. VERBENACEjE. Ovary two-four-celled, in fruit di-tetrapyrenous, not lobed, in Phryma one-celled and becoming an akene. Ovule erect from the base of each cell or half-cell. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior. 104. LABIATjE. Ovary deeply four-lobed around the style, the lobes becoming dry seed-like nutlets in the bottom of a gamosepalous calyx. Ovule erect. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior. Commonly aromatic herbs or undershrubs. ■i- ■*- Corolla scarious and nerveless : flowers tetramerous, regular. 105. PLANTAGINACE.E. Calyx imbricated. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens four or fewer. Style entire. Ovary and capsule one-two-celled : cells sometimes again divided by a false septum. Seeds mostly amphitropous and peltate, with straight embryo in firm fleshy albumen. Chiefly acaulescent herbs, with one- many-flowered commonly spike-bearing scapes, arising from axils of the leaves. CAPRIFOLIACEjE. Order LXIX. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. Shrubby, or a few perennial herbaceous plants, with opposite leaves normally destitute of stipules, and regular or (in the corolla) irregular hermaphrodite flow- ers ; calyx-tube adnate to the 2-5-celled or by suppression 1-celled ovary ; sta- mens as many as lobes of the corolla (in Linnaa one fewer, in Adoxa doubled) and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or base ; embryo small in the axis of fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the bud. Ovules anatro- pous, when solitary suspended and resupinate; the rhaphe dorsal. Seed-coat adherent to the albumen. Flowers commonly 5-merous. Tribe I. SAMBUCEiE. Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate, 5-lobed. Style short or hardly any : stigmas 3 to 5. Ovules solitary in the (1 to 5) cells. Fruit baccate-drupaceous ; the seed-like nutlets 1 to 5. Inflorescence terminal and cymose. # Herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. Anomalous in the order. 1 . ADOXA. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary ; limb about 3-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4-6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus of the corolla, each with a peltate one-celled anther, and the short subulate filaments approximate or united at base (one stamen divided into two). Ovary 3-5-ceUed : style short, 3-5-parted. Ovule suspended from the summit of each cell. Fruit greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nut- lets. Cauline leaves a single pair ; radical ones and scales of the rootstock alternate ! # * Frutescent to arborescent : inflorescence compound-cymose : flowers articulated with their pedicels : stamens as many as corolla-lobes : anthers 2-celled : calyx 5-toothed. 2. SAMBUOUS. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3-5- celled, forming small baccate drupes with as many cartilaginous nutlets. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen. 3. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe with a single more or less flattened nutlet or stone. Embryo minute. Cymes in some species radiate. Tbibe II. LONICEREiE. Corolla elongated or at least campanulate, commonly more or less irregular. Style elongated : stigma mostly capitate. Fruit various. Stipules or stipular appendages seldom seen. # Herbs, with axillary sessile flowers and drupaceous fruit. 4. TRIOSTEUM. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla tubular-campanulate, somewhat unequally 5- lobed ; tube gibbous at base. Stamens 5. Ovary 3- (sometimes 4-5-) celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell : style slender : stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a- fleshy drupe, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes: putamen bony, costate, at length separable into 3 (rarely 4 or 5, or by abortion 2) thick one-seeded nutlets. # # Fruticulose creeping herb, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded fruit, but a 3-celled ovary. 5. LINN.JLA. Calyx with limb 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate lobes, constricted above the globular tube, deciduous from the fruit. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, not gibbous, al- most equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two long and two shorter, included. Ovary 3-celled ; two of the cells containing several abortive ovules ; one with a solitary suspended ovule, forming the single seed in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style exserted : stigma capitate. # # # Shrubs, with scaly winter-buds, erect or climbing : fruit 2-many-seeded : style slen- der : stigma capitate, often 2-lobed. 6. SYMPHORICARPOS. Calyx with a globular tube and 4-5-toothed persistent limb. Corolla regular, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4-5-lobed. Stamens as 8 CAPBIFOLIACEiE. Adoxa. many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled ; two cells contain- ing a few sterile ovules : alternate cells containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a glo- bose berry-like drape, containing 2 small and seed-like bony smooth nutlets, each filled by a seed ; sterile cells soon obliterated. 7. LONICERA. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb. Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base ; the limb irregular and commonly bilabiate ({), sometimes almost regular. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a few- several-seeded berry. 8. DIERVILLA. Calyx with slender elongated tube, and 5 narrow persistent or tardily deciduous lobes. Corolla funnelform (or in large-flowered Japanese species more campanu- late), inconspicuously gibbous at base ; a globular epigynous gland within occupying the gibbosity ; limb somewhat unequally or regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla : anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a narrow capsule, with at- tenuate or rostrate summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 1. ADOXA, L. (From aSofos, obscure or insignificant.) — Single species, an insignificant small herb, of obscure affinity, now referred to the present order. A. Mosehatellina, L. (Moschatel.) Glabrous and smooth : stem and once to thrice ternately compound radical leaves a span high from a small fleshy-scaly rootstock : cauline pair of leaves 3-parted or of 3 obovate and 3-cleft or parted leaflets : flowers small, greenish- white or yellowish, 4 or 5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule : corolla of the terminal one 4-5-cleft, of the others 5-6-cleft: drupe merely succulent: odor of plant musky. — Lam. 111. t. 320; Gsertn. Fruct. 1. 112 ; Schk. Handb. 1. 109 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 649. — Subalpine, under rocks, Arctic America to N. Iowa, Wisconsin, and the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado. (Eu., N. Asia, &c.) 2. SAMBtJCUS, Tourn. Elder. (Classical Latin name, said by some to come from crafj.(3vKi], a stringed musical instrument.) — Suffrutescent to arbo- rescent (in both Old and New World) ; with large pith to the vigorous shoots, imparipinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, small flowers (usually white and odorous) in broad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark. Stipule-like appendages hardly any in our species ; but stipels not rare. Flowers occasionally polygamous, produced in summer. * Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate ; the axis continued and sending off 3 or 4 pairs of lateral primary branches, these mostly trifld and again bifid or trifid: pith of year-old shoots deep yellow-brown : no obvious stipule-like nor stipel-like appendages to the leaves : early flowering and fruiting. S. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high, sometimes forming arborescent trunks : branches spreading : leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous : leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate : thyrsiform cyme ovate or oblong : flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit scarlet (has been seen white), oily : nutlets mi- nutely punctate-rugulose. — Spec. i. 270; Jacq. Ic. Ear. i. t. 59; Hook. Fl. i. 279; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 278. S. pubens, Michx. Fl. i. 181 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 323 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13 ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 21, flowers wrongly colored. S. pubescens, Pers. Syn. i. 328 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 204. — Rocky banks and open woods, Nova Scotia to the mountains of Georgia, in cool districts, west to Brit. Columbia and Alaska, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia. (Eu., N. Asia.) Var. arborescens, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A form with leaflets closely serrate with strong lanceolate teeth. — Washington Terr, to Sitka. Var. laciniata, Koch, with leaflets divided into 3 to 5 linear-lanceolate 2-3-cleft or laciniate segments, occurs on south shore of L. Superior, Austin. S. melanocarpa, Gray. Glabrous, or young leaves slightly pubescent : leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 9 : cyme convex, as broad as high : flowers white : fruit black, without bloom : otherwise much like preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 76. — Ravines of the Rocky Moun- tains of Montana ( Watson) to those of E. Oregon ( Cusick), south to the Wahsatch ( Watson), Viburnum. CAPRIF0LIACEJ3. 9 New Mexico (Fendler), and the Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, Bolander) : a plant with foliage not unlike that of S. Canadensis. # * Compound cymes depressed, 5-rayed; four external rays once to thrice 5-raved, but the rays unequal, the two outer ones stronger, or in ultimate divisions reduced to these ; central rays smaller and at length reduced to 3-flowered cymelets or to single flowers: pith of year-old shoots bright white: "berries" sweet, never red: nutlets punctate-rugulose. S. Canadensis, L. Suffrutescent or woody stems rarely persisting to third or fourth year, 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous, except some fine pubescence on midrib and veins of leaves beneath: leaflets (5 to 11) mostly 7, ovate-oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower not rarely bifid or with a lateral lobe : stipels not uncommon, narrowly linear, and tipped with a callous gland: fruit dark-purple, becoming black, with very little bloom.— Spec. i. 269 ; Michx. Fl. i. 281 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13. S. nigra, Marsh. Arbust. 141. S. hu- milis, Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. S. glauca, Gray, PI. AVright. ii. 66 (not Nutt.), narrow-leaved form; Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. — Moist grounds, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Texas, west to the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona; fl. near mid- summer. Nearly related to S. nigra of Eu. Var. laciniata. Leaflets or most of them once or twice ternately parted into lanceo- late divisions. — Indian River, Florida, Palmer. A still more dissected form, in waste places, Egg Harbor, Mrs. Treat, may be S. nigra, var. laciniata, of the Old World. S. glauca, Nutt. Arborescent, 6 to 18 feet high ; the larger forming trunks of 6 to 12 inches in diameter, glabrous throughout: leaflets 5 to 9, thickish, ovate to narrowly oblong ; lower ones rarely 3-parted : stipels rare and small, subulate or oblong : fruit blackish, but strongly whitened with a. glaucous mealy bloom, larger than in S. Canadensis. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13 ; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 134 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 278, in part. — Oregon and throughout California, common near the coast, eastward to Idaho and Nevada. S. Mexicana, Presl. Arborescent, with trunks sometimes 6 inches in diameter : leaves and young shoots pubescent (sometimes slightly so, sometimes cinereous or tomentulose- canescent) : leaflets, &c, nearly as preceding: fruit (as far as seen) destitute of bloom. — Presl. in DC. Prodr. iv. 323 ; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 66, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. S. glauca, Benth. PI. Hartw. 313 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. in part. S. velutina, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 8. — California, from Plumas Co. southward to mountains of Arizona, and New Mexico on the Mexican border. Glabrate forms too near S. Canadensis. (Mex.) 3. VIBlTRNTTM, L. (Classical Latin name of the Watfaring-Tree, V. Lantana, of Europe.) — Shrubs or small trees (of various parts of the world) ; with tough and flexible branches, simple and not rarely stipulate or pseudo-stipu- late leaves, and terminal depressed cymes of mostly white flowers, produced in spring or early summer. — Viburnum and Opulus, Tourn. V. Tinus, L. (Tinus, Tourn., (Erst.), the Laurestixus, cultivated from Europe, with puta- men not flattened and ruminated albumen, is left out of view in our character of the genus, as also the outlying forms with campanulate or more tubular corolla, upon which CErsted (in Vidensk. Meddel. 1860) has founded genera, with more or less reason. The albumen in the N. American species is even, or obscurely ruminated in the first species. § 1. Cyme radiant; marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas as in Hydrangea : drupes coral-red turning dark crimson or purple, not acid : puta- men sulcate : leaves pinnately straight-veined, scurfy : winter-buds naked. V. lantanoides, Michx. (Hobblebusii.) Low and straggling, with thickish branches, sometimes 10 feet high, scurfy-pubescent on the shoots and inflorescence : leaves ample (when full grown 6 inches long), conspicuously petioled, rounded-ovate, abruptly acumi- nate, finely doubly serrate, membranaceous, minutely stellular-pubescent and glabrate above, rusty-scurfy beneath on the 10 or 12 pairs of prominent veins, and when young also on the very numerous transverse connecting veinlets : stipules small and subulate, or obso- lete: fruit ovoid, flattish; the stone moderately flattened, 3-sulcate on one face, broadly and deeply sulcate on the other, and the groove divided by a strong median ridge, the edges also 10 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. Viburnum. slightly suleate : seed reniform in cross section and somewhat lobed ; the albumen not rumi- nated.— Fl. i. 179 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 18 ; Audubon, Birds Amer. i. t. 148. V. alnifolium, Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. Lantana, var. grandiflorum, Ait. Kew. i. 372. V. grandifolium, Smith in Rees Cycl. — Moist woods, New Brunswick and Canada to N. Carolina in the higher mountains; fl. spring. (Japan?) § 2. Cyme radiant, or not so : drupes light red, acid, edible, globose : putamen very flat, orbicular, even (not suleate nor intruded or costate) : leaves palmately veined : winter-buds scaly. — Opulus, Tourn. V. Opulus, L. (High Cranberry, Cranberry-Tree.) Nearly glabrous, occasionally pubescent, 4 to 10 feet high : leaves dilated, three-lobed, roundish or br.oadly cuneate at 3-ribbed or pedately 5-ribbed base ; the lobes acuminate, incisely dentate or in upper leaves entire : slender petioles bearing 2 or more glands at or near summit, and usually setaceous stipules near base : cymes rather ample, terminating several-leaved branches, radiant. — 'Spec. i. 268; Ait. Kew. i. 373 (var. Americanum) ; Michx. Fl. i. 180 (vars.); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. V. trilobum, Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. opuloides, Muhl. Cat. V. Oxycoccus & V. edule, Pursh, Fl. i. 203. — Swamps and along streams, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Brit. Columbia and Oregon, and in Atlantic States south to Pennsylvania. Variable in foliage ; no constant difference from the European, which is cultivated, in a form with most flowers neutral, as Snowball and Guelder Rose. (Eu., N. Asia.) V. paucifiorum, Pylaie. Glabrous or with pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high, straggling: leaves of roundish or broadly oval outline, unequally dentate, many of them either obso- letely or distinctly 3-lobed (the lobes not longer than broad), about 5-nerved at base, loosely veiny : cymes small, terminating short and merely 2-leaved lateral branches, involucrate with slender subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral radiant flowers : stamens very short : fruit nearly of preceding. — Pylaie, Herb. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 17; Herder, PI. Radd. iii. t. 1, f. 3. V. acerifolium, Bong. Veg. Sitka, 144. — Cold moist woods, Newfound- land and Labrador, mountains of New England to Saskatchewan, west to Alaska and Washington Terr., southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. § 3. Cyme never radiant : drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity. # Leaves palmately 3-5-ribbed or nerved from the base, slender-petiolate: stipules subulate-seta- ceous: pubescence simple, no scurf: primary rays of pedunculate cyme 5 to 7: filaments equal- ling the corolla. -I— Pacific species : drupe oblong-oval, nearly half-inch long, bluish-black. V. ellipticum, Hook. Stems 2 to 5 feet high : winter-buds scaly : leaves from orbicular- oval to elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, dentate above the middle, not lobed at length rather coriaceous, 3-5-nerved from the base, the nerves ascending or parallel : corol- las 4 or 5 lines in diameter : stone of fruit deeply and broadly suleate on both faces ; the furrow of one face divided by a median ridge. — Hook. Fl. i. 280 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 278. — Woods of W. Washington Terr, and Oregon (first coll. by Douglas), to Mendocino and to Placer Co., California, Kellogg, Mrs. Ames. •t— •)— Atlantic species: drupe globular, quarter-inch long, bluish-purple or black when ripe: cyme mostly with a caducous involucre of 5 or 6 small and subulate or linear thin bracts. V. acerifolium, L. (Arrow-wood, Dockmackie.) Soft-pubescent, or glabrate with age, 3 to 6 feet high, with slender branches : winter-buds imperfectly scaly : leaves mem- branaceous, rounded-ovate, 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, and with 3 short and acute or acuminate divergent lobes (or some uppermost undivided), usually dentate to near the base (larger 4 or 5 inches long) : cymes rather small and open : corolla 2 or 3 lines in diameter : stone of drupe lenticular, hardly suleate on either side. — Spec. i. 268 • Vent Hort. Cels. t. 72; Michx. Fl. i. 180; Wats. Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 118 (poor) ; Hook. Fl. i. 280 (partly) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 17 ; Emerson, Trees of Mass. ii. t. 19. — Rocky and cool woods, New Brunswick to Michigan, Indiana, and N. Carolina. V. densiflorum, Ciiapm. Lower, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves smaller (inch or two long), with mostly shorter lobes or sometimes none : cyme denser : involucrate bracts more con- spicuous and less caducous : stone of the drupe undulately somewhat 2-sulcate on one face and 3-sulcate on the other.— Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 624. — Wooded hills, W. Florida, Chapman. Also, Taylor Co., Georgia, Neisler, a glabrate form. Too near V. acerifolium. Viburnum. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 11 * * Leaves pinnately and conspicuously veiny with straight veins (irnpressed-plicate above, promi- nent beneath and the lowest pair basal), thinnish, coarsely dentate: stipules subulate-setaceous: cyines pedunculate, about 7-rayed: stone of the drupe more or less silicate. Ahrow-wood. -i- Stone and seed flat, slightly plano-convex: leaves all short-petioled or subsessile. V. pubescens, Pritsn. Slender, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves oblong- or more broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, acutely dentate-serrate (l£ to 3 inches long, on petioles 2 to 4 Hues long, or upper hardly any), soft-tomentulose with simple downy hairs beneath, but varying to slightly pubescent (and in one form almost glabrous with upper face lucidulous) : peduncle generally shorter than the cyme : drupe oval, 4 lines long, blackish-purple, flattened when young ; stone lightly 2-suleate on the faces, margins narrowly incurved, no intrusion on ventral face — Fl. i. 202 (excl. habitat, and syu. Michx.); Torr. Fl. i. 320; DC. Prodr. iv. 326; Hook. Fl. i. 2S0; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.'l6; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 206; (Erst. 1. c. t. 7, fig. 21, 22. r. dentatum, var. pubescens, Ait. Kew. i. 372 1 V. dentatum, var. semitomentosum, Michx. Fl. i. 179, in small part (spec, from L. Champlain). V. villosum, Raf. in Med. Rep. 1S08, & Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 228, not Swartz. V. Rqfincsr/uianiim, Ecem. & Sehult. Syst. v. 630. — Rocky ground, Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, west to Illinois, south to Stone Mountain, Georgia. (Not, as Pursh would have it, in the lower parts of Carolina.) •t— -4— Stone deeply sulcate-intruded ventrally : transverse section of seed about three-fourths annular, with rlattish back: leaves rather slender-petioled. V. dentatum, L. Shrub 5 to 15 feet high, with ascending branches, glabrous or nearly so, no stellular pubescence : leaves from orbicular- to oblong-ovate, with rounded or sub- cordate base, acutely many-dentate (2 or 3 inches long) ; primary veins 8 to 10 pairs (some of them once or twice forked), often a tuft of hairs in their axil : peduncle generally longer than the cyme : drupe ovoid, three lines long, terete, bright blue, darker at maturity. — Spec. i. 268 ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i. t. 36 ; Torr. 1. c. ; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 25 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, excl. var.; Gray, Man. 1. c. V. dentatum, var. lucidum, Ait. Kew. 1. c. — Wet ground, chiefly in swamps, New Brunswick to Michigan, and south to the mountains of Georgia. Seems to pass into following, but the extremes widely different. V. molle, Michx. Young shoots, petioles, cymes, &c. beset with stellular pubescence : leaves orbicular or broadly oval to ovate, more crenately dentate, soft-pubescent at least beneath (larger 4 inches long); veins of the preceding or fewer: petioles shorter: drupe 4 lines long, more pointed by the style: calyx-teeth more conspicuous. — Fl. i. 180, but foliage only seen; Gray, Man. ed. 3 & ed. 5, 206. V. dentatum, var. semitomentosum, Michx. 1. c. in large part; Ell. Sk. i. 365. V. dentatum, var. ? scabrellum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 16. V. scabrellum, Chapm. Fl. i. 72. — Coast of New England (Martha's Vineyard, Bessey) to Texas : flowers at the north in summer, later than V. dentatum. * # * Leaves lightly or loosely pinnately veined, of firmer or somewhat coriaceous texture, petioled, mostlv glabrous: stipules or stipule-like appendages none: mature drupes black or with a blue bloom, mealy and saccharine; the stone and seed flat or lenticular, plane: winter- buds of few and firm scales: petioles and rays of the cyme mostly lepidote with some minute rusty scales or scurf. ■t- Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed: drupes globose-ovoid, 3 lines long: stone orbicular, flattened- lenticular: shrubs 5 to 8 or 12 feet high, in swamps. V. cassinoides, L. (Withe-rod.) Shoots scurfy-punctate : leaves thickish and opaque or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1 to 3 inches long), with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire : peduncle shorter than the cyme. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 384 (pi. Kami), excl. syn., at least of Mill. & Pluk.; Torr. Fl. i. 318; DC. 1. c. V. squamatum, Willd. Enum. i. 327; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 24. V. pyrifolium, Pursh, Fl. i. 201, not Poir. V. nudum, Hook. Fl. i. 279; Emerson, Trees of Mass. ed. 2, 411, t. 18. V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 14; Gray, Man. 1. c. — Swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, New England to New Jersey and Pennsylvania : flowers earlier than the next. V. nudum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate : leaves more veiny, oblong or oval, sometimes narrower, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above (commonly 2 to 4 inches long) : peduncle usually equalling the cyme. — Spec. i. 268 (pi. Clayt.) ; Mill. Ic. t. 274 ; Willd. Spec. i. 1487 ; Michx. Fl. i. 178 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2281 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, var. Claytoni. — Swamps, New Jersey or S. New York to Florida and Louisiana : fl. summer, or southward in spring. 12 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. Viburnum. Var. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceo- late. — V. nitidum, Ait. Kew. i. 371, ex. char. — N. Carolina to Louisiana. Var. grandifolium. Larger leaves 8 inches long, 4 wide. — E. Florida, Mrs. Treat. Var. serotinum, Ravenel, in Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 624. A strict or more simple- stemmed form, with foliage of the type, and smaller blossoms, produced in November ! — On the Altamaha River, near Darien, Georgia, Ravenel. H— -1— Compound cymes sessile, of 3 to 5 cymiferous rays, subtended by the upper leaves, ++ Many-flowered : trees or arborescent, 10 to 30 feet high : winter-buds minutely rusty-scurfy or downy, ovoid and acuminate: leaves ovate or oval, lucid, closely and acutely serrate, abruptly rather long-petioled : drupes comparatively large, oval, 5 to 7 lines long, when ripe sweetish and black or bluish from the bloom, with very flat stone. — Black Haw, Sheep-bekry, Sweet Viburnum. V. LentagO, L. Often arboreous : leaves ovate, acuminate (larger 3 or 4 inches long), thickly beset with very sharp serratures : petioles mostly undulate-margined : larger winter- buds long-pointed, grayish. — Spec. i. 268; Michx. 1. c; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 21 ; Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 15. — Woods and banks of streams, Canada to Saskatchewan, Missouri, and mountains of Georgia; fl. spring. V. prunifolium, L. Seldom arboreous : leaves from roundish to ovate or oval with little or no acumination and finer serratures (larger ones 2 or 3 inches long) : petioles naked, or on strong shoots narrowly margined, these and the less pointed winter-buds often rufous- pubescent. — Spec. i. 268 (Mespilus prunifolia, &c, Pluk. Aim. t. 4, f. 2); Michx. 1. c. ; Duham. Arb. ii. t. 38 (Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 23?) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. u. V. pyrifolium, Poir. Diet. viii. 653 ; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 22. — Dry or moist ground, New York (and Upper Canada ?) to Michigan, Illinois, and south to Florida, Texas, and Kansas : flowering early. ++ ++ Cymes (3-4-rayed) and the lucid coriaceous commonly entire leaves small. V. obovatum, Walt. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high : leaves from obovate to cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, with some obsolete teeth or none (half-inch to thrice that length), narrowed at base into very short petiole: flowering cymes little surpassing the leaves : drupes oval, 5 lines long, black ; stone thiekish-lenticular, the faces obscurely sul- cate. — Walt. Car. 116; Pursh, Fl. i. 201; Ell. Sk. i. 366; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t 1476; DC. Prodr. iv. 326. V. cassinoides (Mill. Ic. t. 83?); Willd. Spec. i. 1491 ; Michx. Fl. i. 179, not L. V. laevigatum, Ait. Kew. i. 371 ; Pursh, 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. — Wooded banks of streams and swamps, Virginia to Florida in the low country. 4. TRlGSTEUM, L. Feveewokt, Horse-Gentian. (Name shortened by LinnEeus from Triosteospermum, Dill., meaning three bony seeds or stones to the fruit.) — Coarse perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America, one Japanese and one Himalayan) ; with simple stems, ample entire or sinuate leaves more or less connate at base, and pinnately veiny ; the dull-colored sessile flowers in their axils, either single or 2 to 4 in a cluster, produced in early summer, fol- lowed by orange-colored and reddish drupes. In our species the foliaceous linear calyx-lobes are as long as the corolla (about half-inch), and longer than the fruit. — Lam. 111. t. 150; Gasrtn. Fruct. t. 26. Triosteospermum, Dill. Elth. 394, t. 293. T. perfoliatum, L. Minutely soft-pubescent, or stem sometimes hirsute, stout, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate to oblong, acuminate, narrowed below either to merelv connate or more broadened and connate-perfoliate base : corolla dull brownish-purple : nutlets of the drupe 3-ribbed on the back. — Spec. i. 176 ; Schk. Handb. t. 41 ; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 90, t. 19 • Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 4 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 45 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 12. T.'majus, Michx. Fl. i. 107. — Alluvial or rich soil, Canada and New England to Illinois and Alabama. — Also called Tinker's-weed, Wild Coffee, &c. T. angustifolium, L. I. c. Smaller : stem hirsute or hispid : leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower, tapering above the more or less connate bases : corolla yellowish. Torr. & Gray 1. c. T. minus, Michx. 1. c. Periclymenum herbaceum, &c, Pluk. Aim. t. 104, f. 2. Shady grounds, Virginia to Alabama, Missouri, and Illinois. Symphoricarpos. CAPBJFOLIACEiE. 13 5. LINN^A, Gronov. T-svix-plower. (Dedicated to Linnceus.) — Gro- nov. in L. Gen. ed. i. 188. — Single species ; fl. early summer. L. borealis, Groxov. Trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, somewhat pubescent : leaves obovate ami rotund, half-inch to inch long, crenately few-toothed, some- what rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole : peduncles filiform, terminating ascending short leafy branches, bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a fili- form one-flowered pedicel, occasionally the axis prolonged and bearing another pair of flowers ; pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of larger ovate glandular- hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary, soon connivent over it or enclosing and even adnate to the akene-like fruit : flowers nodding : corolla purplish rose-color, rarely almost white, sweet-scented, half-inch or less long. — L. Fl. Lapp. t. 12, f. 4, & Spec. ii. 631; Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 171, t. 9, f. 3 ; Fl. Dan. t. 3 ; Schk. Handb. t. 176 ; Lam.' 111. t. 536 ; Torr! & Gray, Fl. ii. 3. — Cool woods and bogs, New England to New Jersey and mountains of Maryland, north to Newfoundland and the Arctic Circle, westward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, the Sierra Nevada in Plumas Co., California, and northwest to Alaskan Islands ; in Oregon, &c. Var. loxgiflora, Torr. in Wilkes S. Pacif. E. Ex. xvii. 327, with longer and more funnelform corolla. (N. Eu., N. Asia, &c.) 6. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. Snowberry, Indian Currant. (2iyA<£ope' Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. Sym- phoria occidentalis, R. Br. in Richards. App. Frankl. Jour. — Rocky ground, Michigan to the mountains of Colorado, Montana (and Oregon ?), north to lat. 64°. S. racemosus, Michx. (Sxow-berrt.) More slender and glabrous: leaves round-oval to oblong (smaller than in the preceding) : axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest one-flowered : corolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded within, narrowed at base : stamens and style not exserted. — Fl. i. 107 ; Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. Symphoria racemosa, Pers. 1. c. ; Pursh, Fl. i. 169 ; R. Br. Bot. 14 CAPRIF0LIACE2E. Symphoncarpos. Mag. t. 2211; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 230; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 19. S. elongata and S. keterophylla, Presl, ex DC. — Rocky banks, Canada and N. New England to Penn., Sas- katchewan, and west to Brit. Columbia and W. California, even to San Diego Co. Var. pauciflorus, Bobbins. Low, more spreading: leaves commonly only inch long : flowers solitary in the axils of upper ones, few and loosely spicate in the terminal cluster. — Gray, Man. & in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. — Mountains of Vermont and Penn., Niagara Falls to Wisconsin and northward, in Rocky Mountains south to Colorado, west to Oregon. S. mollis, Nutt. Low, diffuse or decumbent, soft-pubescent, even velvety-tomentose, some- times glabrate : leaves orbicular or broadly oval (half to full inch long) : flowers solitary or in short clusters : corolla open-campanulate and with broad base (little over line high), 5-lobed above the middle, barely pubescent within : stamens and style included. — Torr. & Gray, PI. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 279. S. ciliatus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c, a, glabrate form, from the char. — Wooded hills, California, both in the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada, first coll by Coulter and Nuttall. Var. acutus. Not improbably a distinct species, but materials incomplete : leaves very soft-tomentulose, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends or acuminate, sometimes irregularly and acutely dentate. — S. mollis ? Torr. in Wilkes Pacif. E. Ex. xvii. 328. — Washington Terr, east of the Cascade Mountains, Pickering $• Braclcenridge, with the narrower and entire leaves. Lassen's Peak, N. E. California, Mrs. Austin, with broader leaves, commonly having 3 or 4 unequal serratures on each margin. § 2. Longer-flowered : corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed only at summit : fruit (in the Mexican S. microphyllus flesh color, ex Bot. Mag. t. 4975) in ours white : flowers mostly axillary : leaves small. # Style glabrous: corolla with broad and short lobes slightly or merely spreading. S. rotundifolius, Gray. Tomentulose to glabrate : leaves from orbicular to oblong- elliptical, thickish (half to three-fourths inch long) : corolla elongated-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long ; its tube pubescent within below the stamens, twice or thrice the length of the lobes : nutlets of the drupe oval, equally broad and obtuse at both ends. — PI. Wright, ii. 66, Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c, & Bot. Calif, i. 279. S. montanus, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 132, partly. — Mountains of New Mexico and adjacent Texas to those of Utah, N. W. Nevada, adjacent California, and north to Mt. Paddo, Washington Terr., Suksdorf: first coll. by Wright and Bigelow, S. oreophilus, Gray. Glabrous or sometimes with soft pubescence : leaves oblong to broadly oval, thinner : corolla more tubular or funnelform, 5 or 6 (rarely only 4) lines long ; its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times the length of the lobes : nutlets of the drupe oblong, flattened^ attenuate and pointed at base. — Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. 12, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. S.' montanus, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 249, not HBK. — Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, to the Sierra Nevada, California, and E. Oregon ; first coll. by Parry. # # Style bearded: corolla with oblong widely spreading lobes. S. lon.gifl.6ruS, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or rarely minutely pubescent, glaucescent : leaves spatulate-oblong varying to oval, thickish, small (quarter to half inch long) : corolla white, salverform, slender; the tube 4 to 6 and lobes one and a half lines long, very glabrous within : anthers linear, subsessile, half included in the throat : nutlets of the fruit oblong. Mountains of S. Nevada and Utah, Miss Searls, Parry, Ward, Palmer, &c. Apparently also S. W. Texas, Havard. 7. LONfCERA, L. Honeysuckle, Woodbine. {Adam Lonitzer, Lat- inized Lonicerus, a German herbalist.) — Shrubs of the northern hemisphere, some erect, others twining ; with normally entire leaves, occasionally on some shoots sinuate-pinnatifid ; the flowers variously disposed, produced in spring or early summer. § 1. Xtlosteon, DC. Flowers in pairs (rarely threes) from the axils of the leaves, the common peduncle bibracteate at summit, the ovaries of the two either Lonicera. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 15 distinct or connate: ours (the genuine species of the section) all erect and branching shrubs, with rather short corollas ; the calyx-limb minute or obsolete. — Xylosteon, Tourn., Juss. Xylosteum, Adans., Michx., &c. # Bracts at the summit of the peduncle small or narrow, often minute, sometimes obsolete or caducous: bractlets to the two flowers minute or none. -1- Leaves glaucescent or pale both sides, oblong-elliptical, very short-petioled, reticulate-venulose beneath : corolla ochroleucous, sometimes purplish-tinged, 4 to 6 lines long. L. caerulea, L. A foot or two high, from villous-pubescent to glabrous or nearly so : leaves little over inch long, very obtuse : peduncles shorter than the flowers, usually very short: corolla moderately gibbous at base, not strongly bilabiate (sometimes glabrous, sometimes hairy) : bracts subulate or linear, commonly larger than the ovaries ; these completely united, forming a globular 2-eyed (black and with the bloom blue) sweet-tasted berry. — Spec. i. 174; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 37; Sims, Bot. Mag. t 1965; Jacq. F! Austr. v. Suppl. t. 17; Hook. Fl. i. 283; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 9; Herder, PI. Eadd. iii. 15, t. 3. L. villosa (Muhl Cat.) & L. velutina, DC. Prodr. iv. 337, excl. syn. in part. Xylosteum villosum, Michx. Fl. i. 106 (the very villous or hirsute form, L. cazrulea, var. villosa, Torr. & Gray, 1. c); Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 88; Richards. App. Frank! Jour. X. Solonis, Eaton, Man. Bot. 518. — Moist ground, Newfoundland and Labrador, south to the cooler parts of New England, Wisconsin, &c, north to the Arctic Circle, west to Alaska, and south in the higher mountains to the Sierra Nevada, California. The American and E. Asian forms somewhat different from the European. (Eu., N. Asia.) L. oblongifolia, Hook. A yard or more high, minutely puberulent to glabrous, glau- cescent : leaves 1 to 3 inches long : peduncles filiform, commonly inch long : corolla with conspicuous gibbosity at base, deeply bilabiate, the narrow lower lip separate far below the middle : bracts minute or caducous : ovaries either distinct, or united at base, or com- pletely connate (even on the same plant) : berries red or changing to crimson, mawkish. — F! i. 284, t. 100; Torr. & Gray, ! c. L. villosa, DC. ! c. in part. Xylosteum oblongi- folium, Goldie in Edinb. Phi! Jour. vi. 323. — Bogs, Canada and N. New England and New York to Michigan. +- -f— Leaves bright green, thinnish, ovate or oblong: peduncles slender: berries red: shrubs with slender spreading or straggling branches. ++ Corolla dark dull purple, strongly bilabiate : calyx-teeth subulate : bracts subulate, caducous. Li. conjugialis, Kellogg. Leaves pubescent when young, ovate or oval, often acuminate, short-petioled (1 to 2-J inches long): peduncles at least thrice the length of the flowers: corolla 4 or 5 lines long, gibbous-campanulate, with upper lip crenately 4-lobed; throat with lower part of filaments and style very hirsute : ovaries two-thirds or wholly connate. — Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 67, fig. 15; "Wats. Bot. King Exp. 133. L. Breweri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 537, vii. 349. — Woods of the Sierra Nevada, Calif ornia and adjacent Nevada, at 6,000-10,000 feet, first coll. by Veatch. Also mountains of Washington Terr., Howell, Suksdorf. ++ ++ Corolla honey-yellow or ochroleucous, rarely a slight tinge of purple, oblong-funnelform, two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, with 5 short almost equal lobes; the tube with a small but prominent saccate gibbosity at base, merely pilose-pubescent within: calyx-limb barely crenate-lobed or truncate : divergent ovaries and mostly the berries quite distinct, subtended by very small subulate bracts, and each with minute rounded bractlets. L. Utah^nsis, Wats. Leaves oval or elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, very short- petioled, glabrous or nearly so from the first, or soon glabrate, not ciliate, reticulate-venulose at maturity (inch or two long): peduncle seldom over half-inch long. — Bot. King Exp. 133. — Mountains of Utah, Watson, Parry, Siler. Montana, and Cascades from Oregon to Brit. Columbia. L. ciliata, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) Leaves ovate to oval-oblong, acutish or some- what acuminate, loosely pilose-pubescent when young, especially the margins, 2 inches long at maturity, more distinctly petioled : full-grown peduncles two-thirds to nearly inch long : berries distinct, light red, watery. — Cat. 22 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 235 ; Hook. F! ! c. ; Torr. & Gray, ! c. L. Canadensis, Rcem. & Schult. Syst. v. 260. Xylosteum Tartaricum, Michx. 16 CAPEJFOLIACEiE. Lonicera. Fl. i. 106. X. ciliatum, Pursh, PI. i. 161, excl. var., which is Symphoricarpos racemosus according toNutt. Vaccinium album, L. Spec. i. 350, specimen of Kalm. — Rocky moist woods, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, and New England to Penn. and Michigan. Plowering in spring, when the leaves are developing. L. TartArica, L., of the Old World, with rose-colored flowers, is commonly planted as an ornamental shrub, and is becoming spontaneous in Canada. # # Bracts at the summit of the peduncle oblong to ovate or cordate and foliaceous : bractlets conspicuous and accrescent. L. involucr&ta, Banks. Pubescent, sometimes glabrate, 2 to 10 feet high : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, from acutish to acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, petioled : peduncles an inch or two long, sometimes 3-flowered : corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, half-inch or more long, tubular-f unnelf orm, with 5 short hardly unequal lobes : bractlets 4 or united into 2, viscid-pubescent, at first short, obovate or obcordate, in fruit enlarging and enclosing or surrounding the two globose dark-purple or black berries. — Spreng. Syst. i. 759 ; DC. Prodr. 1. c. 336; Lindl. Bot. Peg. t. 1179; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 280. L. Ledebourii, Esch. Mem. Acad. Petrop. (1826) x. 284; DC. 1. c. L. Mociniana, DC. 1. c, probably from California, not Mexico. L. intermedia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 154, fig. 47. Xylosteum involucratum, Pichards. App. Frankl. Journ. 6. — Wooded grounds, from Gaspe" Co., Lower Canada (Allen), and S. shore of Lake Superior northward, west to Alaska, southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, and nearly throughout California. § 2. Caprifolium:, DC. Flowers sessile in variously disposed terminal or axillary clusters, commonly quasi-verticillate-capitate : corolla more or less elon- gated : berries orange or red at maturity : stems climbing (twining) : upper leaves usually combined into a connate-perfoliate disk. — Oaprifolium, Juss. # Limb of corolla almost regular or slightly bilabiate, very much shorter than the elongated tube: stamens and style little exserted: flowers nearly scentless. — Periclymenum, Tourn. Trumpet-Honeysuckles. Li. sempervirens, L- Evergreen only southward, glabrous : leaves oblong, glaucous or glaucescent beneath, uppermost one or two pairs broadly connate : flowers in 2 to 5 more or less separated whorls of 6 : the spike pedunculate : corolla scarlet-red varying to crimson and yellow inside, or sometimes wholly yellow; the narrow tube inch or more long; lobes sometimes almost equal, sometimes short-bilabiate, merely spreading, seldom over 2 lines long. — Spec. i. 173 (Herm. Hort. Lugd. 484, t. 483) ; Ait. Kew, i. 230 ; Walt. Car. 131 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1781, & 1753 ; Bot. Reg. t. 556; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 5 ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 45. L. Virginiana & L. Caroliniana, Marsh. Arbust. 80. Vapri- folium sempervirens, Michx. PI. 105 ; Pursh, El. i. 160 ; Ell. Sk. i. 271. — Low grounds, Con- necticut and Indiana to Florida and Texas. Commonly cultivated. (There are indications of a nearly related species in Lower California.) L. ciliosa, Poir. Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous beneath, usually ciliate, otherwise glabrous ; uppermost one or two pairs connate into an oval or orbicular disk : whorls of flowers single and terminal, or rarely 2 or 3, and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves, either sessile or short-peduncled : corolla glabrous or sparingly pilose-pubescent, yellow to crimson-scarlet, with thicker tube than the preceding, more ventricose-gibbous below ; limb slightly bilabiate ; lower lobe 3 or 4 lines long. — Diet. v. 612 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 333; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Caprifolium ciliosum, Pursh, Fl. i. 160. C. occidental, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1457. Lonicera occidentalis, Hook. Fl. i. 282. — Rocky Mountains in Montana to the coast of Brit. Columbia, the mountains of California and of Arizona. From moun- tains near Chico, California, comes a form which, by nearly naked margin of leaves and three-whorled pedunculate spike, makes transition to L. sempervirens. # # Limb of corolla ringent ; the spreading or recurved lips comparatively large, and stamens and stvle conspicuously exserted. — Caprifolium, Tourn. Tkue Honeysuckles. \ -I- Tube of corolla elongated (fully inch long), wholly glabrous inside, as are stamens and style: flowers very fragrant: Atlantic species resembling the cultivated Italian or Sweet Honeysuckle of Middle and S. Europe, L. Caprifolium, L. Lonicera. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 17 L. grata, Ait. Glabrous: leaves obovate or oblong and the upper one or two pairs con- nate, paler or somewhat glaucous beneath : flowers in terminal capitate cluster and from the axils of the connate-perfoliate leaves : corolla reddish or purple outside ; the limb white within, fading to tawny yellow ; lips over half-inch long ; tube not gibbous : berries orange- red.— Kew. i. 231 ; Willd. Spec. i. 984 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 332 ; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 159 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 5. Caprifolium gratum, Pursh, Fl. i. 161. — Moist and rocky wood- lands, N. New Jersey to Pennsylvania and mountains of Carolina according to Pursh, to " W. Louisiana, Hale," in Torr. & Gray, Fl. But it may be doubted if really different from L. Caprifolium of Furope, and if truly indigenous to this country. -i— +- Tube of corolla less than inch long, but larger than the limb ; the throat or tube below hairy within : Atlautic species. ++ Corolla bright orange-yellow ; tube not gibbous, fully half-inch or more long: filaments and style glabrous : " flowers fragrant," produced early. L. flava, Sims. Somewhat glaucous, wholly glabrous : leaves broadly oval, 2 or 3 upper pairs connate into a disk : flowers in a terminal capitate cluster : corolla glabrous ; the slen- der tube at upper part within or prolonged adnate base of filaments hirsute-pubescent. — Bot. Mag. t. 1318 ; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 338; DC. Prodr. iv. 332. Caprifolium Fraseri, Pursh, Fl. i. 160, excl. N. Y. habitat. C. fiavum, Ell. Sk. i. 271. — "Exposed rocky summit of Paris Mountain in S. Carolina," in Laurens Co., Fraser. This very ornamental plant was first noticed in Drayton's View of South Carolina, published in 1 802, p. 64, as growing on Paris Mountain, Greenville ; afterwards it was collected by Fraser. Ell. 1. c. Upper Georgia, Boykin, &c. It has not been found elsewhere ; but it is still sparingly in cultivation. ■h- ++ Corolla shorter, more or less hirsute within the throat ; tube usually somewhat gibbous. = Rather freely twining and high-climbing, little or not at all glaucous, pubescent: leaves deep green above. L. hirsuta, Eatox. Leaves oval, conspicuously veiny and venulose both sides (3 or 4> inches long), soft-pubescent (as also usually the branchlets) and pale beneath; upper one or two pairs connate, lower short-petioled : corolla orange-yellow fading to dull purplish or brownish, more or less viscid-pubescent outside ; tube half-inch long, little exceeding the limb; throat and lower part of filaments hirsute. — Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2, 307 (1818); Torr. Fl. i. 342 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3103, & Fl. i. 282 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 6. L. villosa Muhl. Cat. 22, not DC. L. Douglasii, Hook. 1. c, being Caprifolium Douglasii, Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc. vii. 244 ; DC. 1. c. ; Loudon, Encl. Trees & Shrubs, 530, fig. 972. L. parvifiora, var. ? Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7, mainly. L. pubescens, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 194 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 332 ; Loudon, Encl. Trees & Shrubs, 529 (under L. flava). L. Goldii, Spreng. Syst. i. 758. Caprifolium pubescens, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 323 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. t.27. — Rocky banks, &c, Northern New England and Canada to Penn., Michigan, and north shore of Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan. = = Feebly twining or merely sarmentose or bushy, 2 to 6 feet high, conspicuously glaucous. Li. Sullivantii, Gbay. At length much whitened with the glaucous bloom, 3 to 6 feet high, glabrous : leaves oval and obovate-oblong, thickish, 2 to 4 inches long, all those of flowering stems sessile, and most of them connate, the uppermost into an orbicular disk : corolla pale yellow, glabrous outside ; tube half-inch or less long, little longer than the limb: filaments nearly' glabrous. — Proc. Am Acad. xix. 76. — L. n. sp.? Sulliv. Cat. PI. Columb. 57. L. flava, var. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 6 ; Gray, Man., mainly. — Central Ohio to Illinois, Wisconsin, and Lake Winnipeg . also Tennessee and apparently in mountains of N. Carolina. L. glaiica, Hill. Glabrous, or sometimes lower face of leaves tomentulose-puberulent, 3 to 5 feet high, generally bushy : leaves oblong, often undulate (glaucous, but less whitened than in the preceding, 2 or at most 3 inches long), 2 to 4 upper pairs connate : corolla quite glabrous outside, greenish yellow or tinged or varying to purple, short ; the tube only 3 or 4 lines long, rather broad, nearly equalled by the limb, within and also style and base of filaments hirsute. —Hort. Kew. (1769) 446, t. 18 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77. L. dioica, L. Syst. Veg. 215 ; Ait. Kew. i. 230; Bot. Reg. t. 138, but not dicecious. L. media, Murr. inComm. Gostt. 1776, 28, t. 3. L. parvifiora, Lam. Diet. i. 728 (1783); Torr. Fl. i. 243 ; DC. 2 18 CAPEIFOLIACEjE. Lonicera. 1. c. ; Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. excl. var. ; Gray, Man., and a part of var. Douglasii. Caprifolium glaucum, Moench, Meth. 502. C. bracteosum, Michx. Fl. i. 105. C. parviflorum, Pursh, Fl. i.161. C.dioicum, Rcem. & Schult. Syst. v. 260. — Rocky grounds, Hudson's Bay ? and to Saskatchewan, Canada, New England, Penn., and mountains of Carolina ? L. albiflora, Torr. & Gray. Wholly glabrous, or with minute soft pubescence, bushy, also disposed to twine, 4 to 8 feet high : leaves oval, inch long, or little longer, glaucescent both sides, usually only uppermost pair connate into a disk and subtending the simple sessile glomerule : corolla white or yellowish-white, glabrous ; the tube 3 to 5 lines long, hardly at all gibbous : style and filaments nearly naked. — Fl. ii. 6 ; Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 213. L. dumosa, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 66, Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, the minutely pubescent form. — Rocky prairies and banks, W. Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Arizona, first coll. by Berlandier, Leavenworth, Lindheimer, &c. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) -I — -I — -i — Tube of corolla only quarter-inch long, equalled by the limb, gibbous, more or less hairy within : Pacific species. L. hispid/Ilia, Dougl. Bushy and sarmentose, often feebly twining : leaves small (inch or so in length, or the largest 2£ inches), oval, or from orbicular to oblong, rounded at both ends, or lower and short-petioled ones sometimes subcordate, uppermost connate or occa- sionally distinct : spikes slender, commonly paniculate, of few or several whorls of flowers : corolla from pink to yellowish, barely half-inch long : filaments and especially style more or less pubescent at base. — Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1761 (the latter figured and pub- lished the species as Caprifolium hispidulum) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 627, & Bot. Calif, i. 280. L. microphylla, Hook. Fl. i. 283. — Polymorphous species, of which the typical form (var. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c.) is hirsute or pubescent with spreading hairs, disposed to climb : lower leaves mostly short-petioled and inclined to subcordate, not rarely a foliaceous stipule- like appendage between the petioles on. each side : inflorescence and pink corollas glabrous. — Wooded region of Brit. Columbia to Oregon, first coll. by Douglas. Var. vacillans, Gray, 1. e. Stem and leaves either glabrous or pubescent, with or without hirsute hairs : inflorescence and corollas pubescent or glandular, varying to glabrous : otherwise like the Oregon type. — L. Californica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7 ; Benth. PI. Hartw. L. ciliosa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 143, 349, not Poir. L. pilosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 62. — From Oregon to Monterey, California. Var. subspicata, Gray, 1. c. Bushy, more or less pubescent or glandular-pubescent above, at least the pale pink or yellowish flowers : leaves small (half-ineh to inch long), even uppermost commonly distinct : stipule-like appendages rare. — L. subspicata, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 349 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, t. 29. — Common in California, from Monterey to San Diego. Var. interrupta, Gray, 1. c. Like the preceding, or sometimes larger-leaved and more sarmentose, but glabrous or minutely puberulent, more glaucous : spikes commonly elongated, of numerous capitellate whorls: corolla perfectly glabrous, pinkish or yellow- ish, less hairy inside. — L. interrupta, Benth. PI. Hartw. 313. — Common in California : also Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. 8. DIERVLLLA, Tourn. Bush Honeysuckle. (Dr. Dierville took the original species from Canada to Tournefort in the year 1708.) — Low shrubs (of Atlantic N. America, Japan, and China) ; with scaly buds, simply serrate membranaceous leaves, and flowers in terminal or upper axillary naked cymes, produced in early summer. — The E. Asian species, Weigela, Thunb. (of which D. Japonica is. common in cultivation), have ampliate and mostly rose-colored corollas, herbaceous calyx-lobes deciduous from the beak of the fruit, and reticu- late-winged seeds. Ours have small and narrow-funnelform corollas, of honey- yellow color, thin-walled capsule, and close coat to the seed, the surface minutely reticulated; herbage nearly glabrous. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 10. D. triflda, Mosnch. Branchlets nearly terete ; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, distinctly petioled : axillary peduncles more commonly 3-flowered : limb of the corolla nearly equal- ling the tube, sometimes irregular, three of the lobes more united, the middle one deeper Diervilla. RUBIACE.E. 19 yellow and villous on the face : capsule oblong, with a slender neck or beak, crowned with slender-subulate calyx-lobes. — Meth. 492; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. excl. var. D. Acadiensis fruticosa, &c, Tourn. Act. Acad. Par. 1706, t. 7, f. 1 ; L. Hort. Cliff. 63, t. 7 ; Dnham. Arb. ed. I. £>. Tournefortii, Michx. Fl. i. 107. D. humilis, Pers. Syn. i. 214. D. Canadensis, Willd. Enum. 222 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 330 ; Hook. PI. i. 281. D. luted, Pursh, PI. i. 1 62. Lonicera Diervilla, L. Hat. Med. 62, & Spec. i. 175. — Rocky and shady ground, Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay to Saskatchewan, south to Kentucky and Maryland, and in the mountains to N. Carolina. D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Branchlets quadrangular : leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, closely sessile, of firmer texture, more acutely serrulate : cymes several-flowered ; corolla-lobes nearly equal, shorter than the tube, one of them obscurely pilose : capsule short- oblong, short-necked, and crowned with short lanceolate-subulate calyx- lobes. — Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 174 ; Chapm. Fl. 170 ; PI. Serres, viii. 292. — Rocky woods and banks, mountains of Carolina and Tennessee, first coll. by Curtis. Order LXX. RUBIACE^E. Herbaceous or woody plants ; with opposite entire and stipulate leaves, vary- ing to verticillate, or in the Stellatce the leaves in whorls without stipules (unless accessory leaves be counted as such) ; mostly hermaphrodite regular flowers, either 5-merous or 4-merous ; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; and stamens as many as and alternate with the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its tube or throat. Style single, sometimes with 2 or more lobes or stigmas. Fruit various : seeds in our genera albuminous. Of this vast and largely tropical order 26 of the 140 recognized genera come within our limits, but more than half of them only in subtropical Florida. They rank under 14 of the 25 recognized tribes, — too large a scaffolding for a frag- mentary structure. So they are here disposed under three series ; of which the third is only a special modification in foliage of the second. Series I. Cinchonace.*. Ovules numerous in each cell. * Fruit capsular : seeds numerous, flat, winged all round. 1. EXOSTEMA. Calyx with clavate tube, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, with long and narrow tube and 5-parted limb ; lobes long-linear, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla-tube : filaments and style filiform, exserted : anthers slender- linear, fixed by the base. Capsule 2-celled, septicidal. Seeds downwardly imbricated on the placentae. 2. PINCKNEYA. Calyx with clavate tube ; limb of 5 subulate-lanceolate lobes, or in the outer flowers of the cyme one (or rarely two) of them an ample petaloid and petiolate leaf, all deciduous. Corolla salverform with somewhat enlarging throat, and 5 oblong recurved- spreading lobes, valvate or nearly so in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the corolla : filaments filiform : anthers oblong, fixed by the middle, slightly exserted. Style exserted : stigma barely 2-lobed. Capsule didymous-globular, 2-celled, loculicidal, and valves at length 2-parted. Seeds horizontal, with small nucleus, broad and thin lunate-orbicular wing, and comparatively large embryo : cotyledons broad. 3. BOUVARDIA. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous. Calyx with turbinate or campanulate tube, and 4 subulate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular or salverform, the 4 short lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat or on the tube below it : anthers sub- sessile, oblong or linear. Style filiform and more or less exserted in long-styled flowers, much shorter in the other sort : stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule didymous-globose, coriaceous, loculicidal. Seeds peltate, somewhat meniscoidal, imbricated on the globular placentae. 20 RUBIACE.E. * # Fruit capsular or at least dry, 2-celled : seeds several or numerous in each cell, wing- less : calyx-tube short ; lobes persistent : corolla valvate in the bud : almost all herbs, with leaves no more than opposite : stipules not setose, or in one species setulose. +- Summit or sometimes even three fourths of the capsule free from the calyx at maturity : flowers in most and probably in all heterogone-dimorphous : seeds peltate : albumen cor- neous. 4. HOUSTONIA. Flowers 4-merons. Calyx-lobes mostly distant. Corolla salverform to funnelform, with 4-parted limb. Stamens (according to the form) inserted either in the throat or lower down on the tube : anthers oblong or linear, fixed by near the middle. Style reciprocally long or shorter : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Capsule usually somewhat didy- mous-globular, or emarginate at the free summit, there loculicidal, occasionally afterwards partially septicidal. Seeds few or moderately numerous in each cell, on usually ascending placentae, acetabuliform, meniscoidal, or sometimes barely concave on the hilar face, not angulate; testa scrobiculate or reticulate. ••— -I— Summit of capsule not extended beyond the adnate calyx-tube : flowers not hetero- gone-dimorphous, small : seeds numerous, angulate or globular, smooth or nearly so : albumen fleshy. 5. OLDENLANDIA. Flowers 4-merons. Corolla from rotate to short-salverform, 4-lobed. Stamens short : anthers oval. Capsule hemispherical, oval, or turbinate, loculicidal across the summit. 6. PENTODON. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube turbinate or obpyramidal : limb of 5 del- toid-subulate teeth, in fruit distant. Corolla short-funnelform, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, short : anthers short-oblong. Capsule obconical, obscurely didymous, loculicidal across the trun- cate summit. Seeds very numerous, minute, reticulated. Stipules or some of them 2-4- subulate. # # # Fruit baccate or at least fleshy and indehiscent, many-seeded (rarely few-seeded), -i— Five-celled: shrubby. 7. HAMELIA. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted low on the tube: filaments short: anthers linear. Style filiform: stigma fusiform, sulcate. Berry ovoid. Seeds very numerous in the cells, minute, angulate or flattened. Inflorescence scorpioid-cymose. +- -I— Ovary and fruit 2-celled, sometimes imperfectly so by the placentas not meeting in the axis : shrubs. 8. CATESB^A. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes subulate, persistent. Corolla funnel- form ; lobes short, ovate or deltoid, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the tube : anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled : style filiform : stigma undivided. Berry coriaceous, globular. Seeds flattened. 9. RANDIA. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-7-merous. Corolla salverform or somewhat 'fun- nelform ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla : filaments short or none : anthers linear, acute or acuminate. Ovary completely 2-celled : style stout : stigma clavate or fusiform, entire or 2-lobed. Berry globose or ovoid. Seeds mostly imbedded in the pulpy placentas, sometimes very few : testa thin, adherent to the corneous albumen. 1 0. GENIPA. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube more or less produced beyond the summit of the ovary, the border truncate or sometimes bearing small teeth. Corolla salverform ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Anthers linear, nearly sessile. Ovary one-celled, with two projecting parietal placentas which almost meet in the centre. Berry large, becoming 2- celled by the junction or coalescence of the ample pulpy many-seeded placentas in the centre. Seeds large, flat : albumen cartilaginous. Series II. Coffeace^e. Ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary : leaves with obvious stipules, opposite or only casually in threes or fours. # Shrubs : flowers compacted in pedunculate heads with a globose receptacle. 11. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers 4-merous, crowded in a long-pedunculate head, but distinct, dry in fruit. Calyx oblong, soon obpyramidal: limb obtusely 4-lobed. Corolla RUBIACEJS. 21 tubular-funnelform, with 4 short lobes imbricated in the bud, one lobe outside. Stamens included : filaments short, inserted in the throat : anthers 2-mucronate at base. Style long- exserted : stigma clavate-capitate. Ovary 2-celled, a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous from near the summit of each cell. Fruits akene-like, obpyramidal by mutual pressure, 1-2- seeded. 1 2. MORIND A. Flowers usually 5-merous, compacted and the ovaries or fruits confluent in a short-peduncled fleshy head. Calyx urceolate or hemispherical, with truncate or ob- scurely dentate limb. Corolla salverform or somewhat funnelform, mostly short ; lobes val- vate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted in the throat. Style bearing 2 slender stigmas. Ovary 4-celled, or rather 2-celled and the cells 2-loceDate ; an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruits drupaceous, maturing 2 to 4 bony seed-like nutlets, all confluent into a succulent syncarp. # * Shrubs : flowers distinct, in cymes or panicles : fruit drupaceous, ■*— "With 4 to 10 cells, at least in the ovary. 13. GTJETTARDA. Flowers 4-9-merous (sometimes polygamo-dicecious). Calyx with ovoid or globular tube, continued above the ovary into a cupulate or campanulate limb ; the border truncate, commonly irregularly denticulate or dentate. Corolla salverform, with elongated tube, and rounded or oblong lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla, included : filaments short or none : anthers linear. Style filiform : stigma subcapitate or minutely 2-lobed. Ovary 4-9-celled : an anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of each cell on a thickened funiculus. Drupe globular, with thin flesh, and a bony or ligneous 4-9-celled and lobed putamen ; the cells and contained seed narrow. Embryo cylindrical : albumen little or none. 14. ERITHALIS. Flowers 5-merous, varying to 6-1 0-merous. Calyx with obovate or glob- ular tube and a truncate or denticulate short limb or border. Corolla rotate, parted into 5 or more oblong-linear divisions, valvate, or at tips slightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments hairy at base : anthers linear-oblong. Style thickish : stigma of 5 or more minute lobes. Ovary 5-10-celled, with solitary pendulous ovules. Drupe small, globose, 5-10-sulcate, containing as many bony seed-like nutlets. Em- bryo small in copious albumen. •)— ■*- With 2 (rarely by variation 3) cells to the ovary : ovules anatropous. 15. CHIOCOCCA. Flowers 5-merous, in axillary panicles or racemes. Calyx with ovoid or turbinate tube and 5-toothed limb. Corolla funnelform, 5-cleft ; the lobes valvate or at apex obscurely imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla : filaments monadelphous at base, somewhat hairy : anthers linear. Style filiform : stigma clavate. Ovules suspended. Drupe globular, small, containing two coriaceous seed-like nutlets. 16. PSYCHOTRIA. Flowers (small) 5-merous, sometimes 4-merous, in terminal naked cymes. Calyx short. Corolla from campanulate to short-tubular or funnelform, not gib- bous ; lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted in the throat of the corolla, distinct. Stigma 2-cleft. Ovule erect from the base of each cell. Drape globular, small, containing 2 flattened and commonly costate or cristate nutlets. Leaves mostly dilated and mem- branaceous. Flowers in some heterogone-dimorphous. 17. STRUMPFIA. Flowers (very small) 5-merous, in axillary thyrsiform cymes. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla short, 5-parted ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, lightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla : filaments very short, monadelphous : anthers oblong, with adnate introrse cells, connate by their broad coriaceous connectives into an ovoid tube. Style hirsute : stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovule erect from the base of each cell. Drupe small, with a 2-celled 2-seeded (or by abortion single-seeded) putamen. Leaves linear, rigid, Kosemary-like. # # # Suffruticose and procumbent plants : flowers axillary and sessile : fruit drupaceous, 2-celled : seeds peltate. 1 8. ERNODEA. Flowers 4-6-merous. Calyx-tube ovoid ; lobes elongated, subulate-lanceo- late, persistent. Corolla salverform ; lobes valvate in the bud, linear, at length revolute. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, much exserted : filaments filiform : anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled, with a peltate amphitropous ovule borne at the middle of the 22 EUBIACEiE. cells. Style filiform, exserted : stigmas 2, obtuse. Drupe obovate, thin-fleshy, containing 2 cartilaginous plano-convex nutlets. Seed plano-convex. Embryo straight in fleshy albu- men : cotyledons cordate, foliaceous : radicle inferior. Leaves fleshy-coriaceous, sessile. # # # # Low herbs, with entire and naked interpetiolar stipules : ovules erect, anatropous : style filiform : stigmas filiform or linear. 19. MITCHELL A. Flowers (3-6-) generally 4-merous, heterogone-dimorphous, geminate at the summit of a peduncle and the ovaries of the two connate. Calyx-teeth persistent. Corolla between salverform and funnelform ; lobes valvate in the bud, upper face densely villous-bearded within. Stamens inserted in the throat of corolla, with oolong anthers, on short filaments when the filiform style is exserted, on long exserted filaments when the style and stigmas are included. Style-branches 4, hirsute-stigmatose down the inner side. Fruit a globular baccate syncarp, containing 8 compressed roundish cartilaginous nutlets (4 to each flower). Albumen cartilaginous : embryo minute. Prostrate and creeping evergreen. 20. KELLOGGIA. Flowers (3-5-) generally 4-merous, singly slender-pedunculate. Calyx with obovate tube and minute persistent teeth. Corolla between funnelform and salver- form ; lobes naked, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, more or less exserted : filaments flattened : anthers oblong-linear, fixed above the base. Style fili- form, exserted : stigmas 2, linear-clavate, papillose-pubescent. Ovary 2-celled : ovules erect from the base, anatropous. Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with uncinate bristles, separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels, which are conformed and adherent to the seed, somewhat reniform in cross section. Embryo comparatively large, in fleshy albumen : coty- ledons elliptical, as long as the radicle. # * # # # Low herbs, with short-vaginate stipules setiferous or sometimes only 4-6-cus- pidate : ovary 2— 1-celled : solitary ovules borne on the septum and amphitropous : fruit dry : seed sulcate or excavated on the ventral face : embryo in corneous or firm-fleshy albumen ; the radicle inferior : flowers small, sessile in terminal and axillary glomerules : corolla funnelform or salverform ; lobes valvate in the bud. ■*— Fruit circumscissile, upper part with persistent calyx-limb falling off, exposing the seeds. 21. MITRACARPUS. Flowers commonly 4-merous, capitate-glomerate. Calyx-lobes per- sistent, unequal, the alternate pair mostly shorter or minute and stipule-like. Stamens in- serted on the throat of the corolla. Short style-branches or stigmas 2. Fruit didymous, membranaceous, 2-celled, a pyxidium, the upper half separating from the lower by transverse circular dehiscence. Seed cruciately 4-lobed on the ventral side. ■*- -*~ Fruit septicidal into its 2 to 4 component carpels : calyx-limb gamophyllous at base and circumscissile-deciduous as a whole at or before dehiscence : stamens borne on the throat of the corolla. 22. RICHARDIA. Flowers (4-8-) commonly 5-6-merous and 2-4-carpellary. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate or narrower. Corolla funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear, or spatulate. Carpels separating from apex to base, coriaceous, roughish, closed or nearly so; no per- sistent axis. 23. CRUSEA. Flowers (3-5-) usually 4-merous and 2- (sometimes 3-4-) carpellary. Calyx- lobes subulate to triangular-lanceolate, sometimes very unequal or intermediate ones reduced to small teeth. Corolla salverform to narrow funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear to spatu- late-oval. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating from a persistent axis into obovoid or globular charta- ceous carpels, which either open at the commissure or sometimes remain closed. •)—•»—-»- Fruit septicidal at summit or throughout, its 2 or rarely 3 carpels or valves bear- ing persistent and quite or nearly distinct calyx-teeth. 24. SPERMACOCE. Calyx-teeth, lobes of the short corolla, and stamens 4, or two of the former sometimes abortive. Fruit small, from membranaceous to thin-crustaceous, one or both the carpels opening ventrally to discharge the seed : no persistent carpophore, or some- times a thin dissepiment remaining. 25. DIODIA. Calyx-lobes (1 to 6) usually 2 or 4, distinct, distant. Corolla funnelform or nearly salverform, with mostly 4-lobed limb, and stamens as many, inserted in its throat. Style filiform, entire or 2-cleft : stigmas 2. Fruit somewhat fleshy-drupaceous or crustaceo- coriaceous, tardily separating through the dissepiment into 2 closed carpels: no car- pophore. Bouvardia. RUBIACE.E. 23 Series III. Stellate. Ovules (peltate and) solitary in the cells of the ovary : embryo incurved, in corneous albumen : leaves verticillate without stip- ules, unless the supernumerary leaves be foliaceous stipules, which may in some cases be nearly demonstrated. 26. GALIUM. Flowers 4-merous (rarely 3-raerous), 2-carpellary, sometimes dioecious. Calyx-tube globular ; limb obsolete, a mere ring or obscure border. Corolla rotate ; lobes valvate, and commonly acuminate or mueronate apex inflexed in the bud. Stamens with short filaments and anthers. Style 2-cleft or styles 2 : stigmas capitellate. Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed ; a single amphitropous ovule borne on the middle of the dissepiment in each cell. Fruit didymous, dry, fleshy-coriaceous, or occasionally baccate, articulated on the pedicel, tardily separating into two closed carpels, or only one maturing. Seed deeply hollowed on the face : seed-coat adnate to the albumen within, and often also to the pericarp. 1. EXOSTEMA, Rich. (Xot Exostemma, to which later authors have changed the name, which is from l^w, on the outside, and o-rfjua, stamen, i. e. stamens exserted.) — Tropical American shrubs or trees, one reaching Florida. — Rich, in Humb. & Bonpl. PI. ^quin. i. 131, t. 38. Exostemma, DC. Prodr. iv. 358 ; A. Rich. Rub. 200 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 42. Cinchona § Exostema, Pers. Syn. i. 195 (1805), where the name first appears. E. Caribffium, Rosm. & Schult. Shrub 6 to 12 feet high, glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, coriaceous : stipules subulate, small : flowers on short and simple axillary pe- duncles, fragrant : calyx-teeth very short : corolla white or tinged with rose ; tube inch long and lobes hardly shorter: seeds narrowly winged. — Syst. v. 18; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 36. Cinchona Caribosa, Jacq. Amer. t. 179 ; Lamb. Cinch, t. 4. C. Jamaiccnsis, Wright, in Phil. Trans, lxvii. t. 10; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 481. — Keys of Florida. (W. Ind., Mex.) 2. PINCKNEYA, Michx. Georgia Bark. (Charles Ootesworth Pinck- ney.) — Single species. P. pubens, Micnx. Tall shrub or small tree, pubescent : leaves ample, oblong-oval to ovate, acute at both ends, petioled : stipules subulate, caducous : cymes terminal and from upper axils, pedunculate : petaloid calyx-lobe resembling the leaves in form, pink-colored, 2 inches or more long : corolla inch long, cinereous-pubescent, purplish : capsule half-inch in diameter. — Fl. i. 103, t. 13; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 49; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 7; Audubon, Birds, t. 165 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 37. P. pubescens, Gtertu. Fruct. iii. 80, t. 194. Pinhma pubescens, Pers. Syn. i. 197. Cinchona Caroliniana, Poir. Diet. vi. 40. — Marshy banks of streams in pine barrens of the low country, S. Carolina to Florida; fl. early summer. 3. BOUVARDIA, Salisb. (Dr. Charles Bouvard.) — Low shrubs or per- ennial herbs (from Texas to Central America, some cultivated for ornament) ; with mostly sessile and not rarely verticillate leaves, subulate interposed stipules, and handsome tubular flowers in terminal cymes. — Parad. Lond. t. 88 ; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. t. 288; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 36. — Leaves in our species mostly verticillate and corolla not glabrous, its short lobes ascending or barely spreading. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous in the manner of Houstonia. B. OVata, Gkat. Herbaceous, glabrous, obscurely scabrous : leaves mostly in fours, short- petioled, ovate, one or two inches long, costately 5-veined on each side of the midrib : corolla probably purple or reddish, inch long, minutely puberulent. — PI. Wright, ii. 67. — S. Ari- zona, between San Pedro and Santa Cruz, Wright. B. triph^lla, Salisb. Suffruticose or more shrubby, scabro-puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves in threes or fours (or on branchlets in pairs), from oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate, usually hispidulous-scabrous, at least the margins, 3-4-veined each side of the midrib : corolla scarlet, about inch long, outside furfuraceous-pubescent. — Parad. Lond. 1. c. (broad-leaved var., but not with villous-closed throat in any form); Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 107; Sims, Bot. 24 RUBIACE.E. Bouvardia. Mag. t. 1854; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 37. B. Jacquini, HBK. 1. c. 385; DC. Prodr. iv. 365; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 67. B. quaternifolia, DC. 1. c. '2 B. coccinea, Link, Enum. i. 139. B. ternifolia, Schlecht. in Linn. xxvi. 98. B. splendens, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 3781. Ixora ternifolia, Cav. Ic. iv. t. 305. /. Americana, Jacq. Hort. Schcenb. iii. t. 257. Houstonia coc- cinea, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 106. — Rocky ground, S. Arizona, &c, Wright, Thurber, Rothrock, Primjle, Lemmon. (Mex.) Var. angustifolia. Cinereous-puberulent or hirtellous : leaves smaller (8 to 18 lines long), subsessile, less veiny, from oblong-lanceolate to almost linear. — B. hirtella & B. angus- tifolia, HBK. 1. c. 384. B. hirtella, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 80, ii. 67. — S. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, &c. (Mex.) 4. HOUST6NIA, Gronov. (Named by Gronovius, as says Linnaeus, in memory of Dr. Wm. Houston, who died in Jamaica in 1 733.) — Low herbs, or one or two suffruticulose (Atlantic-American and Mexican), with heterogone- dimorphous flowers; the corolla blue or purple to white, upper face of lobes sometimes puberulous. — L. Hort. Cliff. 35, & Gen. ed. 1 (1737) ; Juss. Gen. 197 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 313, & Man. ed. 5, 212 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 60. Hedyotis in part (Wight & Arn.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 36. (Macrohoustonia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314, is a peculiar group of Mexican species, between this genus and JBouvardia.) § 1. Euhoustoxia. Low herbs, comparatively small-flowered : leaves not rigid : capsule more or less didymous or emarginate, sometimes septicidal as well as loculicidal across the broad summit. # Delicate species, inch to span high: corolla salverform: anthers or stigmas included or only par- tially emerging from the throat: peduncles single, elongated and erect in fruit: seeds rather few acetabulif ovm -with a deep hilar cavity : stipules a transverse membrane uniting the petioles, mostly entire or truncate and naked. H— Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems: peduncles filiform, inch or two long : seeds subglobose with orifice of the deep hilar cavity circular. H. OSerulea, L. (Bluets of the Canadians, Innocence.) Perennial by slender rootstocks, forming small tufts, erect, a span or more high, glabrous, and with lower leaves hispidulous : these spatulate to obovate and short-petioled ; upper small and nearly sessile : corolla violet- blue to lilac, varying to white, with yellowish eye; tube (2 or 3 lines long) much exceeding calyx-lobes, longer than or equalled by those of corolla : capsule obcordate-depressed, half free. — Spec. i. 105 (Moris. Hist. sect. 15, t. 4, f. 1 ; Pluk. Aim. & Mant. t. 97, f. 9) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 370; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. t. 34, f. 1. H. pusilla, Gmel. Syst. i. 236 ■? H. Lin- nozi, var. elatior, Michx. Fl. i. 85. H. serpyllifolia, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 2822, from habitat and figure, but corolla-tube too short. Hedyotis caerulea, Hook. Fl. i. 286 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 38. H. gentianoides, Endl. Iconogr. t. 89. Oldenlandia ccerulea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 174. — Low and grassy grounds, Canada to Michigan and the upper country of Georgia and Alaliama; fl. early spring. H. serpyllifolia, Michx. Perennial by prostrate extensively creeping and rooting fili- form stems, and some subterranean ones, glabrous or slightly and minutely hispidulous below : leaves orbicular to ovate or ovate-spatulate (2 to 4 lines long) and abruptly petioled, or upper ones on flowering stems oblong and nearly sessile : corolla deep violet-blue, rather larger than in H. cozrulea. — Fl. i. 85; Pursh, Fl. i. 106. II. tenella, Pursh, 1. c. Hedyotis serpyllifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 39. Oldenlandia serpyllifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 2 ; Chapm. Fl. 180: — Along streamlets and on mountain-tops in the Alleghanies, from Virginia to Tenn. and S. Carolina; flowering through early summer. +- "i"~ Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root, glabrous or obscurely scabrous: pedun- cles a quarter-inch to at length sometimes an inch long : capsule somewhat didymous, less than half free : mature seeds generally as of the preceding. H. patens, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect pe- duncles: leaves spatulate to ovate: corolla much smaller than that of H. cozrulea; the tube twice the length of the calyx-lobes and more or less longer than its lobes, violet-blue or pur- Hoiistonia. RUBIACE^E. 25 •plish without yellowish eye. — Sk. i. 191 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. II. Linncei, var. minor, Michx.Fl. i. 85. Iledyotis minima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. in part, & II. cairulea, var. minor. — Dry or sandy soil, S. Virginia to Texas in the low country, also Illinois f and Ten- nessee ; fl. early spring. Var. pusilla. An inch or so high, more diffuse in age: leaves narrowly spatulate (half a line or a line wide) ; upper ones nearly linear : seeds smoother, with more open and oval hilar cavity, and sometimes an elevated line within, as descrihed in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, a character not found in the larger and broader leaved form. Perhaps from the char, this is the true II. patens, Ell. But we have it only from Louisiana (Hale, Drummond) and Texas, Drummond and others ; there passing into the other form. H. minima, Beck. More diffuse, commonly scabrous : leaves spatulate to ovate : flowers usually larger : calyx-lobes more foliaceous, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes 2 lines long, very much longer than the ovary, equalling the tube of the purple or violet corolla ; lobes of the latter 2 or 3 lines long: primary peduncles sometimes declined in fruit 1 — Amer. Jour. Sci. x. 262; Gray, 1. c. Iledyotis minima, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., in part only. — Dry hills, Mis- souri and Arkansas to Texas, first coll. by L. C. Beck about St. Louis ; fl. early spring. * * Slender leafy -stemmed animal, with lateral horizontal peduncles, and very small flowers: corolla short-salverform : seeds crateriform, with a medial hilar ridge. H. subviscosa, Gray. A span or two high, minutely viscidulous-pubescent, with rather simple spreading branches : leaves narrowly linear, half-inch long : peduncle in first fork and from all following nodes, rather shorter than leaves, horizontally refracted in fruit : calyx and capsule a line high : corolla about same length, white : capsule didymous, only the summit free: seeds 10 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. Oldenlandia subviscosa, Wright in Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 68. — S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright. # # # Depressed or low-tufted species: corolla salverform or in one species funnelform: fila- ments as well as anthers or summit of style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat: fructiferous peduncles all short and recurved. -i — Annual, with small funnelform corolla : seeds open-crateriform : scarious stipules setulose- ciliate! H. numif USa, Gkay. Much branched from the root, repeatedly dichotomous, forming a de- pressed tuft, puberulent and viscid : leaves linear-lanceolate, thickish (half -inch or more long), mueronate : flowers in all the forks, crowded with the leaves at the ends of branchlets : calyx 4-parted into long setaceous-subulate spreading lobes : corolla pale purple or nearly white, open-fuhnelform, 3 lines long, hardly twice the length of the calyx ; the oblong lobes puberu- lous inside : capsule a line in diameter, globose-didymous, three-fourths free, only the base girt by the short accrete calyx-tube. — Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314 (not of Hemsl. Biol. Bot. which is H. Wrightii). Hedyotis (Houstonia) humifusa, Gray, PI. Liudh. ii. 216. — Sandy or gravelly plains and hills, Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, Reverchon, &c. : fl. spring. H— -t— Perennials, prostrate, with naked stipules and elongated salverform corolla, flowering con- spicuously in early spring; later growth producing through the summer inconspicuous cleistoga- mous flowers, with short (yet mostly well-formed but unopening) corollas. H. rotundifolia, Michx. Perennial by slender rootstocks or shoots, more or less creep- ing, glabrous or with some hispidulous pubescence : leaves somewhat orbicular, slightly petioled, not longer than the internodes : peduncles 2 to 4 lines long or in cleistogamous flowers very short : developed corollas bright white, with filiform tube (3 or 4 lines long) longer than the oblong lobes : capsule more than half free, somewhat didymous : seeds comparatively large (half-line in diameter), rough-scrobiculate, acetabuliform. — PI. i. 85 ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. Hedyotis rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 38. Oldenlandia rotundi- folia, Chapm. Fl. 180, the later "apetalous fruiting" flowers noted. —Low sandy ground, S. Car. to Florida and Louisiana. H. rubra, Cav. Suffrutescent and multicipital from a deep root, forming a depressed tuft of 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous or minutely puberulent, densely leafy : leaves narrowly linear, an inch or more long, or earlier ones rather lanceolate and shorter : corolla " red " or rather purple, sometimes lilac or varying to white ; tube half-inch to nearly inch long, slender ; oblong acute lobes 2 or 3 lines long : capsule 2 lines wide, less high, didymous, fully three-fourths free: seeds open-crateriform. — Ic. v. t. 474; Benth. PI. Hartw. 15. Hedyo- tis (Houstonia) rubra, Gray, PI. Fendl. 61. Oldenlandia (Houstonia) rubra, Gray, PI. Wright. ii. 68. — Stony or gravelly hills, New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex.) 26 RUBIACE.E. Houstonia. H— -1— +- Lignescent-rooted perennial, with small and short corolla and naked stipules. H. Wrightii, Gray. Many-stemmed from a deep root, a span or less high, erect or spreading, glabrous or very obscurely pruinose : branches quadrangular : leaves thickish, linear or lowest rather lanceolate (half-inch to inch long) : flowers in terminal glomerate leafy cymes : corolla purplish or nearly white, between salverform and funnelform, 2 to hardly 4 lines long, with narrow oblong lobes : capsules on very short recurved peduncles, globose-didymous, about three-fourths free : cells 5-8-seeded : seeds crateriform, with a small hilar ridge. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 202. H. humifusa, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 82, & Oldenlandia humifusa, PI. Wright, ii. 68, chiefly, not PI. Lindh. — Hills, S. W. Texas and New Mexico to S. W. Arizona, first coll. by Wright. (Adj. Mex., Parry 8f Palmer.) # # # # Erect perennials : corolla funnelform or in one species almost salverform, small: stamens and summit of style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat : fructiferous peduncles erect: capsule from a third to nearly half free : seeds oval or roundish, barely concave on ventral face and with more or less of a medial hilar ridge: stipules entire, scarious, between and connecting the bases of the sessile cauline leaves : fl. mostly in summer. H. purpurea, L. Forming small tufts or offsets by filiform rootstocks, a span to a foot high, hirsutulous-pubescent to glabrous : radical leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled : flowers corymbosely cymose : corolla funnelform, light purple or lilac, varying to nearly white : capsule globular and obscurely didymous, upper half free. — Spec. i. 105 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 107 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 212. H. varians, Michx. PI. i. 86. H. pubescens, Baf. Med. Eep. & Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 230, if of the genus. Oldenlandia purpurea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 173. Hedyotis lanceolata, Poir. Suppl. iii. 14. H. umbellata, Walt. Car. 85 % Anotis lanceolata, DC. Prodr. iv. 433. — Canada to Texas. — Truly polymorphous, of which the typical form "leaves ovate- lanceolate," L., or latifolia, is comparatively large, often a foot high and pubescent : leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, inch or two long, the larger with rounded closely sessile base : calyx-lobes subulate, sometimes slightly sometimes conspicuously surpassing the emargiuate summit of the capsule. — H. purpurea, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 40. This form from Maryland to Arkansas, and southward to Alabama, especially in and near the mountains. Var. ciliolata, Gray, Man. 1. c. A span high : leaves only half-inch long, thickish ; cauline oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, in rosulate tufts, hirsute-ciliate,: calyx-lobes a little longer than the capsule. — H. ciliolata, Torr. in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 40, & Fl. i. 173. H. hngifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3099, not Gsertn. Hedyotis ciliolata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 40 (excl. syn. H. serpyllifolin, Graham). — Chiefly northward, on rocky banks along the Great Lakes and their tributaries, Canada to Michigan and south to Kentucky, passing into the next. Var. longifolia, Ghat, 1. c. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leaved : leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6 to 20 lines long) ; radical oval or oblong, less rosulate, not ciliate : calyx-lobes little surpassing the capsule. — H. longifolia, Gasrtn. Fruct. i. 226, t. 49, f. 8 ; Willd. Spec. i. 583. Hedyotis longifolia, Hook. Fl. i. 286 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. H. angustifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 106, partly. — Bocky or gravelly ground, Canada to Saskatche- wan, Missouri, and Georgia. Var. tenuifolia. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6 to 12 inches high, with loose inflorescence, almost filiform branches and peduncles : cauline leaves all linear, hardly over a line wide : otherwise as preceding. — //. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 95. Hedyotis longifolia, var. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — S. E. Ohio, and through the mountains, Virginia to N. Carolina and Tennessee. Var. calycosa. Near a foot high : leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish : calyx-lobes elongated (2 to 4 lines long), much surpassing the capsule. — Hedyotis calycosa, Shuttlew. in distrib. PI. Rugel. — Mountains of Alabama (Rugel) to Arkansas (Nuttall), and Illinois ( E. Hall) ; also coll. by Drummond. H. angustifolia, Micnx. Bather rigid, becoming many-stemmed from a perpendicular root, glabrous : leaves narrowly linear or lowest somewhat spatulate, on the stems commonly fascicled in the axils : flowers corymbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled or sub- sessile : corolla nearly salverform, 2 or 3 lines long, mostly white, upper face of the lobes commonly villous-pubescent : capsule with turbinate or acutish base, only the summit free, and barely equalled by the short calyx-teeth, first opening across the tip, at length septi- cidal: seeds obscurely concave on the hilar face. (Transition to Oldenlandia.) — Fl. i. 85; Gray, I.e. H. fruticosa & H. rupestris,"Rai. Hedyotis stenophjlla, Torr. &Gray, I.e. Olden- Oldenlandia. BUBIACEiE. 27 landia angustifolia , Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 68, & Man. ed. 2. — Barrens, Illinois to Kansas, and Tennessee to Florida and Texas. Var. filifolia. Diffuse, disposed to be lignescent at base : eauline leaves mostly fili- form : flowers and capsules smaller, more pedunculate. — Oldenlandia angustifolia, Cliapm. Fl. 181. — Rocky pine barrens near the coast, Florida. In Texas passing into the ordinary form. Var. rigidiuscula. A span to a foot high, stouter : leaves mostly rigid, from linear •to lanceolate : flowers disposed to be glomerate and sessile, but some pedunculate. — S. and W. Texas, Palmer, Havard, &c. Coast of E.Florida, liugel. (Mex.) § 2. Eeeicc5tis. Fruticose or fruticulose : leaves setaceous or acerose-linear, rigid, fascicled : flowers (purplish) and seeds nearly as in the last preceding sub- division. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 203. H. f asciculata, Gray, 1. c. A span to a foot or more high, decidedly shrubby, with rigid and tortuous spreading branches, glabrous or hirtello-puberulent : stipules very short : leaves subulate-linear, thickish, 2 to 4 lines long, much fascicled : flowers cymulose, short- pedicelled : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, between salverform and funnelform, the tube some- times hardly or sometimes twice longer than the lobes : capsule barely a line long, about one-third free : seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, elongated-oblong, barely concave on the ventral face. — Includes some of Hedyotis stenoplii/lla or Oldenlandia angustifolia, var. parvijlora of Gray, PI. Wright, i. & ii. — S. W. borders of Texas and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow, Wright, G. R. Vasey. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) H. acerosa, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high, fruticulose, tufted, with slender ascending branches, minutely hispidulous-pubescent or glabrate, very leafy throughout : stipules short, commonly with a median cusp : leaves acicular-setaceous, 3 to 5 lines long : calyx-lobes similarly setaceous : flowers sessile : corolla purplish, salverform with slightly dilated throat ; its slender tube 3 or 4 lines long, much exceeding the ovate lobes : capsule globular, over a line long, about a quarter part free, much overtopped by the acicular calyx-lobes; cells 12-20-seeded : seeds roundish, with small ventral excavation. — Iledi/otis (Ereieotis) acerosa, Gray, PI. "Wright, i. 81. Oldenlandia acerosa, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 67. Mallostoma acerosa, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 31. — High plains and hills, S. W. Texas, and adjacent New Mexico, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by Gregg.) 5. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. (Br. H. B. Oldenland.) — Mostly subtrop- ical and humble herbs, with inconspicuous white or whitish flowers. — Xov. Gen. 42, t. 36, & PL Am. ed. Burm. t. 212, f . 1 ; L. Gen. ed. 1, 362 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 58. # Corolla salverform, surpassing the calyx : flowers cymose : calyx-lobes distant in fruit. O. Greenei, Gray. Erect annual, paniculately branched, a span or more high, glabrous : leaves spatulate-linear or broadly linear with narrowed base (the larger ones inch long) : flowers sessile in the forks and along the lax branches of the pedunculate cyme : calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, about the length of the turbinate tube : corolla less than 2 lines long, with tube longer than its own lobes and those of the calyx : capsule quadrangular-hemi- spherical, or at first somewhat turbinate : seeds moderately angled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77. — Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. # # Corolla rotate, shorter than the calyx-lobes, inconspicuous : capsule rounded at base : stipules mostly bimucronate or bicuspidate: calyx-teeth approximate at base: diffuse low herbs; fl. summer. O. Boscii, Chapm. A span or so high from a perennial root, diffusely spreading, slender, glabrous : leaves linear with attenuate base, inch or less long, obscurely one-nerved : flowers few or solitary and nearly sessile at the axils : calyx-teeth broadly subulate, rather shorter than the capsule.— Fl. 181. Hedyotis Bosci. DC. I.e. 420; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 41. — Low or wet ground, S. Carolina to Arkansas and Texas. O. glomerata, Michx. A span to a foot high from an annual root, erect or soon diffuse, freely branching, somewhat hirsutulous-pubescent : leaves from ovate to oblong, thinnish, 28 RUBIACBiE. Pmtodon. half-inch long, contracted at base as if petioled : flowers in terminal or lateral sessile glome- rules, rarely solitary : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, foliaceous, longer than the subglobose or hemispherical hirsute capsule. — Fl. i. 83; Pursh, Fl. i. 102. 0. uniflora, L. Spec. i. 119 name passed by as incorrect. Hedyotis auricularia, Walt. Car. 85, not L. H. glomerata, Ell. Sk. i. 187 ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. H. glomerata & H. Virginica, Spreng. Syst. i. 412. — Low grounds near the coast, Long Island, New York, to Florida and Texas. (Cuba.) 6. PENTODON, Hochst. (Jlivre, five, 6Sow, tooth, differing from the pre- ceding genus in 5-merous flowers, therefore five calyx-teeth.) — Tender and weak somewhat succulent annuals, glabrous ; with 4-angular branching and diffusely- spreading stems, ovate or oblong short-petiolate leaves, 2-3-flowered terminal peduncles, occupying the forks of the stem or becoming lateral, or by suppression of leaves bearing several quasi-racemose flowers: corolla white. — Flora, 1844, 522 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 59. Hedyotis § Pentotis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 42. — Consists of an African species (P. decumbens, Hochst. 1. c, Oldenlandia pen- tandra, DC.) and the following, which differs from the character of that plant in the points mentioned below. P. Halei. Leaves rather obtuse: peduncles shorter than the leaves, or hardly any: pedi- cels only twice the length of the flowering or fruiting calyx, soon clavate-thickened : corolla only a line long, not hirsute within. — Hedi/otis Halei, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Olden- landia Halei, Chapm. Fl: 181. — Low swampy grounds, W. Louisiana, Hale. Florida, Rugel, Garber, Curtiss. (Cuba.) 7. HAMELIA, Jacq. (H. L. DuHamel du Monceau.) Tropical Ameri- can shrubs : with petiolate sometimes verticillate leaves, interpetiolar lanceolate- subulate stipules, and red or yellow flowers in naked and scorpioid terminal cymes. — Stirp. Amer. 71, t. 50. Duhamelia, Pers. Syn. i. 203. H. patens, Jacq. 1. c. Shrub 8 or 10 feet high, cinereous-pubescent on all young parts : leaves more commonly in threes, oval-oblong, acuminate : cyme 3-5-rayed, with flowers almost sessile along its branches : corolla crimson, puberulent, almost cylindrical, over half- inch long: fruits black, small. — Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 107. H.coccinea, Swartz, Prodr. 46. — Keys and shores of E. Florida. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 8. CATESBiEA, Gronov. (Mark Catesby, author of Nat. Hist, of Caro- lina, Florida, etc., and of Hfortus Brit.-Amer., etc.) — W. Indian spinose shrubs ; one has reached the shores of Florida. — L. Gen. ed. 1, 356. C. parviflora, Swartz. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with rigid very leafy branches, glabrous, spinose from the axils : leaves mostly fascicled at the nodes, coriaceous, shorter than the spines (quarter to half inch long), roundish, lucid : flowers very small for the genus, solitary and sessile : corolla only half-inch long, white : berry small, white. — Prodr. 30, & Fl. i. 236 ; Vahl, Eel. i. 12, t. 10; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 317; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 625.— Bahia Honda Key, S. Florida, Curtiss. (W. Ind.) 9. KANDIA, Houst. ex L. (Dedicated by Houston, in a letter to Lin- naeus, to John Rand, an English apothecary.) — As now received, an ample genus of tropical shrubs or trees, largely Asiatic and African, but the original species American, often spinose, and with sessile flowers in the axils or terminating short branchlets. — L. Hort. Cliff. 485, & Gen. ed. 1, 376; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 88. E. aculeata, L. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, glabrous, with rigid spreading branches : axillary spines simple, sometimes few, not rarely wanting : leaves obovate to elliptical, at length coriaceous, from 2 inches down to half-inch long, many fascicled in the axils or on short spurs : calyx-teeth short and small : corolla white, 3 or 4 lines long : berries less than half Guettarda. RUBIACEjE. 29 inch long, subglobose, blue or black, not many-seeded. — P. Browne, Jam. t. 8, f. 1 ; Griceb, Fl. W. Ind. 318; Chapm. Fl. 179. R. aculeata & R. mitis, L. Spec. ii. 1192, the latter nearly a spineless form. R. latifolia, Lam. Diet. iii. 24, & 111. t. 156. Gardenia Randia, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 526; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1841. — Coast and Keys of S.Florida. (W. Ind., &c) R. Xalapensis, Mart. & Gal., occurs not very far beyond the Mexican border. 10. G-ENIPA, Plum. (Altered from an aboriginal name.) — Shrubs or small trees of Tropical America ; with ample coriaceous and mostly lucid leaves, deciduous interpetiolar stipules, no spines, but rather large white or whitish flowers which are more or less pedunculate in a terminal cyme, and a large firm-rinded berry. — Plum. Cat. 20. & PI. Amer. ed. Burm. 127, t. 136 ; Tourn. Inst. 658, t. 436, 437 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 316. G. clusissfolia, Griseb. 1. c. Glabrous :, plant blackening in drying : leaves obovate, very obtuse or retuse, mucronulate, slightly petioled, 2 to 5 inches long, nearly straight-veined, fleshy-coriaceous, lucid : truncate calyx-limb bearing 5 distant and slender subulate teeth : corolla inch long, fleshy, glabrous within and without ; tube longer than the oblong-lanceolate lobes : acute tips of anthers exserted : stigmas 2, subulate : fruit 2 or 3 inches long, ovoid. — Gardenia clusiafolia, Jacq. CoD. App. 37, t. 4; DC. Prodr. iv. 381. Randia? clusimfolia, Chapm. Fl. 179. Seven-years Apple, Catesb. Car. i. 59, t. 59. — Keys and shores of S. Florida, first coll. by Blodgett. (Bahamas, Cuba.) Gardenia Florida, L., cult, as Cape Jessamine, belonging to the genus most allied to Genipa, is planted out freely in the Southern Atlantic States. 11. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-bdsh. (KefaXri, head, and avflo?, flower, the blossoms densely aggregated in a round head.) — Two or three American and as many Asiatic or African species. C. OCCidentalis, L. Shrub 3 to 1 5 feet high, glabrous or pubescent : stipules one on each side between the petioles, triangular, sphacelate, at length deciduous : leaves ovate to lanceo- late : flowers white : setiform bractlets between the flowers glandular-capitate : calyx not glandular, a little hairy around the base. — Spec. i. 95 ; Lam. 111. t. 59 ; Michx. Fl. i. 87 ; Schk. Handb. t. 21 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 91 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 31 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 282. — Swamps and along streams, Canada to Florida and Texas, Arizona, and Cali- fornia; fl. summer. Var. brachypodus, DC, of Texas, and var. Valifornicus, Benth. PI. Hartw., are mere forms, with leaves short-petioled and often in threes. Var. sa/icifolius (C. salicifolius, Humb. & Bonpl. PI. iEquin. t. 98) is an unusually narrow-leaved Mexican form. (Mex., Cuba.) 12. MORlNDA, Vaill. (Name contracted from Morus Indicus, the syn- carp resembling a mulberry.) — Tropical shrubs or small trees, mostly glabrous ; with oval to lanceolate leaves, their bases or petioles united by small scarious stipules, terminal or axillary peduncles, and white flowers. — Roioc, Plum. Nov. Gen. 11, t. 26. M. Roioc, L. Low shrub, or sometimes climbing by twining: leaves oblong-lanceolate: stipules subulate-pointed: peduncles solitary, bearing single or sometimes geminate small heads. — Spec. i. 176; Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 16; Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 129. — Coast and Keys of S. Florida. (W Ind.) 13. G-UETTARDA, L. (Dr. J. E. Guettard.) — Tropical and subtropi- cal shrubs, chiefly American, and one widely diffused littoral species : leaves ovate to oblong, petioled, with prominent primary veins beneath : flowers in axillary pedunculate cymes ; the corollas sericeous-canescent outside. — L. Gen. ed. 5, 428 ; Vent. Choix, t. 1 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 455, excl. § 4. Mathiola, Plum. Gen. 16; L. Gen. ed. 1, 49. 30 RUBIACE.E. Chtettarda. G. SCabra, Lam. Arborescent : leaves obovate to oblong (4 or 5 inches long), mucronate, coriaceous, at length rugose, hispidulous-papillose and scabrous above, soft-pubescent be- neath ; primary veins (9 to 1 1 pairs) very prominent beneath and veinlets between well reticu- lated: peduncles elongated: corolla often inch long; tube retrorsely silky- villous ; lobes 5, rarely 6 or 7 : drupe quarter-inch in diameter, 4-6-celled. — 111. t. 154, f. 3 ; Vent. Choix, t. 1 ; DC. 1. c. 456 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 332. G. ambigua, Chapm. Fl. 178, not DC. Mathiola scabra, L. Spec. ii. 1192. — S. Florida, Chapman, Oarber. ( W. Ind.) G-. elliptioa, Swartz. Arborescent : leaves from broadly oval to elliptical-oblong (inch or two long), thinnish, pilose-pubescent, often glabrate, at least above; primary veins 4 to 6 pairs; transverse veinlets not prominent: peduncles and small cymes shorter than the leaves . flowers usually 4-merous ; corolla quarter-inch long, externally canescent : drupe size of a pea, 4-8-celled, 4-2-seedecl. — Prodr. 59, & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 635 ; DC. 1. c. 457 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 35 ; Griseb. 1. c. G. Blodgettii, Shuttlew. distrib. coll. Rugel ; Chapm. Fl. 178.— S. Florida, first coll. by Bhdgett. (W. Ind., Mex.) 14. ERfTHALIS, P. Browne. (Ancient Greek name of some plant, from epi, very much, and 0a\\6s, green shoot. Pliny applied it to some green Sedum, and P. Browne to this lucid green shrub.) — West Indian littoral shrubs or low trees, very smooth and resiniferous : the following is the principal species. E. fruticosa, L. Leaves mostly obovate, about 2 inches long, coriaceous : cymes pedun- culate, many-flowered : border of the calyx repand-truncate : corolla white, quarter-inch long ; lobes widely spreading : drupes not over 2 lines in diameter, purple. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 251; DC. Prodr. iv. 465; Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 242; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 35; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 336. E. frutiadosn, &c, P. Browne, Jam. 165, t. 17, f. 3. E. odorifera, Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 72, t. 173, f. 23. — Shores and Keys of S. Florida. ( AU W. Ind.) 15. CHIOC6CCA, P. Browne. Snowberrt. (Xiwv, snow, kokkos, berry.) — Tropical American shrubs, commonly sarmentose or twining, glabrous ; with coriaceous shining leaves on short petioles, and small yellowish-white flowers in axillary racemes or panicles ; the small berry-like drupes at maturity white. — P. Browne, Jam. 164 ; Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 68 ; L. Gen. ed. 6, 92. — Some species are obviously heterogone-dimorphous ! C. racemosa, L. Usually twining and climbing : leaves from ovate or oval to lanceolate- oblong, shining, about equalled by the racemif orm panicles : corolla short-funnelform, at most 4 lines long : anthers included : mature drupe quarter-inch in diameter and globose ; only the immature flattened and when dried didymous. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 246 ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 284 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 93 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 482 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 32. Lonicera alba, L. Spec, ed. 1, 175. — Var. parvifolia ( C. paroifolia, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 337) is a smaller-leaved and low form, mostly with simple and shorter racemes. — Coast and Keys of Florida. (W. Ind. to S. Am.) 16. FSYCH6TRIA, L. (Name changed by Linnceus from the original Psychotrophum of P. Browne, which was formed of xpv^rj, soul, and Tpotprj, nour- ishment : seeds used as a substitute for coffee.) — A large genus of shrubs, of most tropical regions, commonly with membranaceous leaves, and small flowers in naked terminal cymes ; in some heterogone-dimorphous. — Psychotrophum & Myrsti- phyllum, P. Browne. P. undata, Jacq. Shrub 8 to. 18 feet high, with woody spreading branches, glabrous or with some ferruginous pubescence': stipules rather large, broad, blunt, united and sheathing, sphacelate-scarious, caducous (the sheath usually splitting down one side) : leaves from oval to elliptical lanceolate, acuminate at both ends ; primary veins transverse or little ascending : cyme sessile, of about 3 primary rays and secondary divisions : corolla white or whitish vil- lous in the throat, with lobes shorter than tube : drupes red, ellipsoidal when dry (subrotund, Jacquin), the nutlets striate-costate on the hack. — Hort. Schcenb. iii. 5, t. 260; DC. Prodr. Kdloggia. RUBIACE.E. 31 iv. 513 ; Griseb. PI. W. Ind. 342. P. nervosa, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 403. P. lanceolata, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 290, ferruginous-pubescent form, in fruit, and glabrous form also mentioned ; DC. 1. e. 513. P. chimarrhoides, & P. oligotrkha, DC. 1. c. 514, glabrous or nearly glabrous forms. P. rufcscens, HBK. ? Griseb. 1. 1-,, the ferruginous-pubescent form. — Woods of E. and S. Florida along the coast, first coll. by ijkhaux and Ware. (W. Ind., Mex.?) P. tenuifolia, Swabtz. Shrub 1 to 4 feet high, with more simple and erect partly herba- ceous flowering branches, glabrous or commonly with a very minute pruinose puberulence, no ferruginous hairiness : stipules distinct, ovate, often acute, sometimes setaeeously-acumi- nate, caducous: leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader (3 to 6 inches long), acuminate at both ends : cyme either short-peduncled or sessile, compactly many-flowered : flowers nearly of the preceding : drupes not seen in the Florida plant, according to Swartz "oblong," (ellipsoidal, Grisebach,) in Cuban specimens globose. — Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 402 (ex char.) ; Griseb. 1. c. 341. P. lanceolata, in distrib. coll. Rugel, in part, & coll. Curtiss ; also Chapm. Fl. 1. c. in part ; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 135, not Nutt. (Near P. pubescens, Swartz, but has different stipules.) — Rich woods, S. Florida ; Tampa and Manatee River, Leavenworth, Rugel, Indian River, Cwtiss. (W. Ind.) 17. STRtTMPFIA, Jacq. (O. G. Strumpf, who edited the fourth edition of Linn. Genera Plantarum.) — Stirp. Amer. 218; Lam. 111. t. 731; A. Eich. Mem. Rub. t. 9 ; Benth. & Plook. Gen. ii. 117. — Single species. S. maritima, Jacq. Low shrub, much branched, erect, exceedingly leafy : branches where the leaves have fallen annulate-roughened by the squarrose remains of the stipules, which closely approximate : leaves more commonly in threes, firm-coriaceous and rigid, linear, with strongly revolute margins, glabrous or puberulent, at length shining, inch or less long, mostly exceeding the flower-clusters: corolla white: fruit white. — Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 208; DC. Prodr. iv. 470; Chapm. Fl. 178; Griseb. 1. c. 336. Tournefortia, &c, Plum. Amer. ed. Burm. t. 251, f. 1. — Rocks on the sea-shore, Keys of Florida. (W. Ind.) 18. ERNODEA, Swartz. ( 'EpvwSrjs, sprouting or branching.) — Prodr. 29, & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 223, t. 4. Knoxia, P. Browne, Jam. 140. Thymelea, Sloan e, Hist. Jam. t. 169. — Single species. E. littoralis, Swaktz, 1. c. Procumbent, suffruticose, glabrous : leaves fleshy-coriaceous, lanceolate, acute, inch or less long, crowded on the branchlets, obscurely nervose-veined : stipules short-vaginate, produced between the leaf-bases into cuspidate points : corolla yel- lowish, half-inch or less long : drupe yellow, pisiform, crowned by the conspicuous calyx- lobes. — A. Rich. Mem. Rub. t. 5, f . 2 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 30 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 347. — Shores of S. Florida. (W. Ind.) 19. MITCHELLA, L. Partridge-berry. — (Dr. John Mitchell of Vir- ginia, earliest N. American botanical author, founder of several new genera in 1741.) — Gen. ed. 5, 49 ; Lam. 111. t. 63. Charncedaphne, Mitch. — Of a single species, for that of Japan seems not different. M. repens, D Small creeping evergreen, glabrous or nearly so : leaves deep green, ovate or subcordate, half-inch to near an inch in length, sleuder-petioled : stipules triangular-subulate, minute : peduncle short, terminal : corollas white or tinged with rose outside ; tube half- inch long, surpassing the oblong lobes; two-eyed "berry" rather dry and tasteless, bright red, sometimes white. — Spec. i. Ill {Lonicera, &c, Gronov. ; Syringa baccifera, &c, Pink. Amalth. t. 444, Catesb. Car. t. 20) ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 979 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t 95, f. 1 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 34; Gray, Struct. Bot. ed. 6, fig. 467^-69. it. undulata, Sieb. & Zucc; Miquel, Prolus. Jap. 275. — Woods, especially under Coniferae, Nova Scotia and Canada to Florida and Texas. (Mex., Japan.) 20. KELLOG-G-IA, Torr. (Dr. Albert Kellogg, of California.) — Wilkes, S. Pacif. Ex. Exped. xvii. 332 (1874), t. 6 (1862) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 137 ; 32 RUBIACEjE. Kelloggia. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539, & Bot. Calif, i. 282. — Single species : most allied to Galopina of S. Africa. K. galioides, Torr. 1. c. Slender and glabrous or puberulent perennial, a span to a foot high, with foliage of a Houstonia (leaves only opposite, lanceolate, sessile, with small and entire or 2-dentate interposed stipules), fruit and paniculate inflorescence of a Galium, and corolla (of Asperula) white or pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long, the lobes equalling or shorter than the tube. — Mountain woods, mostly under coniferous trees, Sierra Nevada, California (first coll. by Brewer and Torrey), south to mountains of Arizona, east to Utah, and north to Wash- ington Terr, and N. W. Wyoming. 21. MITRACARPUS, Zuccarini. (MtVpa, a girdle or head-band, evi- dently taken in the sense of mitre, and nap-iras, fruit.) — Low annuals or per- ennials (American and one or two African) ; with the habit of Spermacoce, and with small white flowers. — Zucc. in Rcem. & Schult. Syst. Mant. iii. 210, name given only in the accusative case, " Mitracarpum," in index rightly under the nominative " Mitracarpus." Mistaken for a nominative, we have the ungram- matical Mitracarpum, by Cham. & Schlecht., followed by A. Rich., DC, Endl., Benth. & Hook., and wrongly corrected by Benth. Bot. Sulph. and Gray, PI. Wright., into Mitracarpiurn. (Vide Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77.) Staurospermum, Thonning in Schum. PL Guin. 78, is of same date (1827). M. foreviflorus, Gray. Annual, a span or two high, nearly glabrous and smooth, bearing 2 or 3 axillary verticillastrate-capitate clusters and a terminal one : leaves lanceolate, about inch long : stipules with few setiform appendages : two larger calyx-lobes lanceolate-subu- late, longer than tube, equalling or surpassing the small (barely line long) glabrous white corolla ; intermediate ones small and dentiform, hyaline. — PL Wright, ii. 68 ; Kothr. in Wheeler Eep. vi. 137. — Ravines and hillsides, S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Rothrock, &c. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, &c.) M. linearis, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower California, 'also coll. by Xantus, has narrow leaves, and tube of corolla at least twice the length of the calyx. 22. RICHARDIA, Houst., L. (Dr. H. Richardson of London, father of Richard Richardson, the correspondent of Gronovius, &c. See Smith's Corr. Linnaeus and other Naturalists, ii. 173.) — Hispid or hirsute perennials or annu- als, natives of Tropical America; with broadish subsessile leaves, setiferous stipules, and whitish flowers ; these mostly in a terminal capitate cluster, involu- crate by the one or two uppermost pairs of leaves. — Gen. PL ed. 1, 100; Gasrtn. Fruct. t. 25 ; Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Per. & Chil. t. 279 ; Hiern in Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 242. Richardsonia, Kunth in Mem. Mus. Par. iv. 430, & HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 350, t. 279 : but it appears that this, which correctly indicates the naturalist to whom the genus was dedicated, cannot be allowed to supersede the original name, faulty as it is in this respect. R. scabea, L. Loosely branching. and spreading: leaves ovate to lanceolate-oblong (inch or two in length), roughish : stipules with rather few setiform appendages: glomerules of flowers and fruit depressed : corolla 2 or 3 lines long. — Spec. i. 330. R. pilosa, Ruiz & Pav. 1. c. ; HBK. 1. c. Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil. PI. Us. Bras. 8, t. 8 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 567 • Chapm. PL ed. 2, Suppl. 624. — Low or sandy grounds, abundantly naturalized in the low country, S. Carolina to Texas, called Mexican Clover in Alabama, and relished bv cattle ■ the root in S. America used as an emetic and as a substitute for Ipecac. Sparingly" occurs as a ballast-weed at Northern ports. (Nat. from Mex. & S. Am.) 23. CRtTSEA, Cham. (Prof. Wm. Cruse, of Kcenigsberg, who wrote on Rubiaceee.) — Perennials or annuals (of Mexico and adjacent districts), with habit Spermacoce. BUBIACE^. 33 of Diodia, the rose-colored or white corollas elongated in the typical species : sta- mens and style usually exserted. — Linnasa, v. 165; DC. Prodr. iv. 566; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech, t. 99 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 144 (calyx wrongly said to persist on the fruit) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77, — where the genus is extended. # Corolla rose-purple, with slender almost filiform tube : erect annual. C. ^Vrightii, Ghat. Sparsely hirsute, about a foot high, with long internodes : leaves. oblong-lanceolate, nervose-veiny, upper attenuate-acute ; uppermost four or more involuerate around the solitary capitate glomerule : calyx-lobes 4, attenuate-subulate and almost equal, nearly equalling the corolla-tube, or two of them sometimes very short, hispid-ciliate toward the base : corolla salverform, 2 lines long : stigmas 2, short-linear : ovary and immature fruit didymous. — PI. Wright, ii. 68. — Plains and mountains of S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. Habit of C. rubra, but far smaller-flowered. # # Corolla white or whitish, small (about 2 lines long): stamens and style little exserted: stig- mas short: low and diffuse annuals or perennials. C. subulata, Gkat. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stems ascending from an annual root, a span or two high, somewhat paniculately branched : branches flowering from most of the axils : leaves narrowly linear becoming subulate (inch or less long) : clusters rather few-flowered : corolla almost salverform : calyx-lobes 2 or 3 lanceolate and foliaceous, one or two much smaller and partly scarious or reduced to stipule-like teeth : gyncecium 2-merous : fruit cuneate-obovate, slightly didymous, obscurely puberulent : carpels coriaceous, at ma- turity separating from a narrow linear and bifid persistent carpophore (not unlike that of some Umbelliferas) and opening on the ventral face. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 78, not that of Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am., which is a slip of pen or type for C. sulalata, Hook. & Arn. Spermacoce subulata, Pav. ex DC. ( Borreria subulata, DC. Prodr. iv. 543) ; Hemsl. 1. c. 60. — S. Arizona, Wright (from seeds which were raised in Botanic Garden, Cambridge, in 1852), Lemmon. (Mex.) C. allococca, Gray, 1. c. Hirsute or hispidulous to almost glabrous, diffusely branched from a perennial root, low and much spreading or depressed, flowering from summit and uppermost axils : leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate (half -inch to barely inch long) : corolla funnelform, 3^4-lobed : calyx-lobes 3 to 5, commonly 4 and equal, lanceolate, longer than the ovary and fruit : gynoecium 3-4-merous : stigmas short and broad : fruit obovate- globose, sometimes glabrous and smooth, sometimes partially or wholly hispidulous, 3-4- coccous, more commonly 3-coccous ; the carpels flattened on the ventral face, separating from a weak scarious carpophore, either closed or torn open ventrally. — Diodia tricocca, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 30. D. tetracocca, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 56, t. 40, f. 10-15. Sperma- coce 1 tetracocca, Martens & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. xi. 132, fide Hemsl. — Prairies of Texas, first coll. by Berlandier, Drummond, &c. (Mex.) 24. SPERMAC6CE, Dill. (iTrepp-a, seed, 6\ko>k^, point; the carpels pointed or crowned with one or more calyx-teeth.) — Low herbs, with small and white sometimes bluish or purplish flowers, and small fruits in sessile glomerules at the nodes ; chiefly tropical, the greater number American. — Dill. Elth. ii. 370, t. 227 ; L. Gen. ed. 1, 25 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 145. Spermacoce & Borreria, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 79 ; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iii. 310, 355 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 540, 552. Fl. summer : corolla in our species short and white. S. involuckAta, Pursh, PI. i. 105, appears to have been founded on Crusea rubra, Cham. & Schlecht. (notwithstanding the "flowers white"), and without much doubt was wrongly attributed to this country. # Leaves from oval to oblong-lanceolate, contracted into a narrow base or short and margined petiole, obliquely more or less pinnate-veined, in ours smooth and glabrous or a little scabrous : fruit splitting into the two carpels, one broadly open on the ventral face and discharging its seed, the other closed (at least at first) by the membranaceous or coriaceous dissepiment.— Spermacoce, G. F. W. Meyer, 1. c. ; DC. 3 34 RUBIACEjE. Spermacoce. +- Corolla very villous in the throat, very short: root apparently perennial. S. glabra, Michx. Spreading or decumbent, smooth and glabrous : stems a foot or so long : leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblong (inch or two long), not prominently veined: corolla more campanulate than funnelform, little surpassing the large calyx-teeth (only a line and a half long) : subsessile anthers and style included: fruit somewhat turbinate, smooth (nearly 2 lines long), crowned by the 4 conspicuous at length triangular-lanceolate spreading calyx- teeth, their bases slightly united. —El. i. 82 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 105 (excl. the remark that corolla is longer than in the next) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 27. Diodia glabra, Pers. Syn. i. 124. Prob- ably Spermacoce verticillis tenuioribus, Dill. Elth. 1. c, therefore S. tenuior, L. Spec, except as to syn. Pluk. — River-banks, S. Ohio to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. 4— -l_ Corolla glabrous or merely pubescent in the throat: root annual. S. tenuior, L. partly, Lam. Ascending or spreading : leaves oval-oblong to oblong-lance- olate, more or less scabrous, with 4 or 5 pairs of more prominent veins : corolla funnelform, twice or thrice the length of the calyx, and with more or less exserted stamens and style, yet in some plants nearly as short as in the preceding species, and with stamens and style included (probably dimorphous) : fruit didymous-obovate, commonly pubescent or puberu- lent (only a line or so long), coriaceo-crustaceous, crowned with the four short deltoid or triangular-lanceolate distinct calyx-teeth. — L. Spec. i. 102, as to Pluk. Aim. t. 136, f. 4, perhaps also of Dill. Elth. 1. u. ; Pursh, Fl. 1. c. ; Lam. 111. i. 273, t. 62, f. 1 ; Schk. Handb. t. 32 ; A. Rich. Mem. Rub. t. 4, no. 2, excl. fig. c "? ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 349. &. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray, Fl.,ii. 27, form with the more conspicuous corolla, &c. — River-banks, Florida and Louisiana ; rare. ( W. Ind. to Brazil. ) S. Portorioensis, Balbis. Annual or perhaps perennial, diffusely spreading, wholly smooth and glabrous : leaves smaller than in the preceding (half-inch to inch long), drying blackish, with inconspicuous venation : glomerules mostly small and few-flowered : corolla only half-line long, short-campauulate, glabrous inside : subsessile anthers and style included : fruit globular (a line or less long), very smooth or rarely obscurely puberulent, thinnish, crowned with small narrowly subulate calyx-teeth, their bases distant : seed strongly scro- biculate-punctate. — DC. Prodr. iv. 552; Polak in Linn. xli. 373. S. tenuior, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 27, & of distrib. Rugel, Curtiss, &c. — +- Bracts of the receptacle mostly reduced to awn-shaped chaff or bristles subtending the naked akenes. 89. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered : ray-flowers numerous, small and short, fertile. In- volucre broad, of one or two series of herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat. Disk- corollas 4-toothed, rarely 5-toothed ; their style-branches with short obtuse or triangular tips. COMPOSITE. 65 Akenes thick, in the ray mostly 3-sided and in the disk compressed, more or less margined, without pappus, or sometimes with 2 to 4 teeth or short awns. Leaves opposite and heads small. -J — H — -* — Bracts of the many-flowered receptacle concave or complicate, loosely embracing or subtending the disk-akenes, mostly persistent. ++ Bays uniformly none, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile : involucre dry or partly so : akenes not flat nor margined : pappus of slender awns or none. 90. MELANTHERA. Involucre hemispherical; the disk in fruit globular, and squarrose with the mostly pointed rather rigid striate concave bracts of the convex or low-conical receptacle ; bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, thickish, nerveless, in 2 or 3 series, somewhat equal in length. Corolla 5-lobed, with campanulate-oblong ampliate throat. Style-branches tipped with a subulate hispid appendage. Akenes thick and short, com- pressed-quadrangular, somewhat obpyramidal, with broad truncate summit : pappus of 2 or more slender caducous awns. Leaves opposite, petioled. 9 1 . VARILL A. Involucre short, of rather few and small linear-lanceolate appressed-imbri- cate and mostly few-striate bracts, similar to those of the at length high-conical or oblong ■receptacle. Corolla with narrow cylindraceous throat, 5-toothed. Style-branches with short and obtuse or minutely apiculate conical tips. Akenes narrow, linear-oblong, terete, rather thin-walled, smooth, evenly 8-15-nerved : pappus setulose or none. Shrubby or suffruticose. 92. ISOCARPHA. Involucre, receptacle, and dry bracts nearly of the preceding genus. Corolla similar but small. Style-branches with subulate tips. Akenes 4-5-angled, small, little compressed, destitute of pappus. Herbaceous. 93. SPILANTHES. Some (exotic) species have no ray-flowers, and akenes not flat, witli pappus also wanting : these resemble Isocarpha. ++ ++ Rays present, but in several genera occasionally wanting : involucre commonly her- baceous or foliaceous, or partly so. = Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least in fruit. (Here Gym- nolomia, as to two species, would be sought. ) a. Rays fertile, or not rarely wanting : style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate and some- times penicillate at tip : akenes small : leaves opposite. 93. SPILANTHES. Involucre of a few somewhat herbaceous loosely appressed bracts. Bracts of the receptacle soft and chaffy, shorter than the flowers, more or less conduplicate and embracing the akenes, at length falling with them. Disk-corollas 4-5-toothed. Akenes of the ray triquetrous or obcompressed ; those of the disk either moderately or much com- pressed and with acute or nerve-like margins, sometimes ciliate-fimbriate. Pappus a setiform awn from one or more of the angles, or none. b. Rays sterile (imperfectly styliferous in Echinacea, otherwise completely neutral), soon drooping, sometimes marcescent, the ligule with very short tube or none : style-branches tipped with an acute or obtuse hispid appendage : leaves mostly alternate. 94. ECHINACEA. Involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 or more series and squarrose ; its bracts lanceolate. Disk at first only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle acutely conical. Chaffy bracts of the latter firm and completely persistent, linear-lanceolate, carinate-concave, acuminate into a rigid and spinescent cusp, surpassing the disk-flowers. Ligules elongated and pendent in age, rose-colored or rose-purple, marcescent, usually imperfectly styliferous. Disk-corollas cylindraceous, with 5 erect teeth and almost no proper tube (a ring upou which the stamens are inserted). Akenes suberose-cartilaginous, acutely quadrangular, somewhat obpyramidal, with a thick coroniform pappus more or less extended into triangular teeth at the angles ; the basal areola central. 95. RUDBECKIA. Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. Disk from hemispheri- cal or globose to columnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical and subulate ; its chaffy bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules yellow or partly (rarely wholly) brown-purple. Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest proper tube. Akenes 4-angled, prismatic, in some species quadrangular-compressed, or in one nearly terete. Pappus a coriaceous or firm-scarious and often 4-toothed crown, sometimes deep and cupuliform, sometimes obsolete, or none. 5 66 COMPOSITE. 96. LEPACHYS. Akenes short and broad, compressed, acutely margined or sometimes winged at one or both edges, somewhat laterally or obliquely inserted on the slender- subulate receptacle : pappus a chaffy or aristiform tooth over one or both edges, or none, the crown minutely squamellate and evanescent or none. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle conduplicate or deeply navicular, with thickened and truncate or somewhat hooded sum- mit, embracing and hardly surpassing the akenes, at length deciduous with them. Corollas of the disk with hardly any proper tube. Ligules, involucre, &c, of Rudbeckia. = = Receptacle from flat to convex, or in certain species conical : akenes not winged nor very flat, when flattened not margined or sharp-edged. a. Rays fertile : style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid for all or much of their length : receptacle flat or merely convex : ray akenes commonly triquetrous or obcompressed : pappus persistent or none. 97. WEDELIA. Akenes thick and turgid, cuneate-oblong or pyriform, with roundish sum- mit ; those of the disk obtusely if at all quadrangular, or flattened only at the inane base : pappus a paleaceous commonly lobed and at length indurated cup. Involucre rather simple and foliaceous. Leaves opposite : stem herbaceous. 98. BORRICHIA. Akenes equably and acutely quadrangular, or in the ray triangular : pappus a somewhat toothed cup or crown. Involucre imbricated ; outer bracts sometimes foliaceous. Bracts of the receptacle concave, rigid. Leaves opposite : 'stem woody. 99. BALSAMORRHIZA. Akenes destitute of pappus, oblong ; of the disk quadrangular and often with intermediate nerves (these and the angles usually salient). Ligules with a distinct tube. Involucre broad ; the outer bracts foliaceous, sometimes enlarged. Bracts of the receptacle linear-lanceolate. Style-appendages filiform or slender-subulate. Tuberous- rooted low herbs. 100. "WYETHIA. Akenes prismatic, large, 4-angled, or in the ray 3-angled and in the disk often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves : pappus a lacerate chaffy or coriaceous crown, or cut into nearly distinct squamellse, commonly produced at one or more of the angles into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre eampanulate or broader, more or less imbricated; outer bracts often foliaceous. Bracts of the receptacle lanceolate or linear, partly embracing the akenes. Style-appendages slender-subulate or filiform, very hispid. Thick-rooted and large-headed herbs, with alternate leaves. b. Rays sterile, rarely wanting : akenes quadrangular-compressed or more turgid, or flatter, but none margined or winged ; those of the ray inane or sterile : chaffy bracts of the convex or conical receptacle either strongly concave or conduplicate and embracing the akenes : leaves either opposite or alternate. 101. GYMNOLOMIA. Pappus none or a minute denticulate ring; the truncate apex of the short akenes commonly at length covered by the base of the corolla, the tube of which is usually pubescent. 1 03. VIGUIERA. Pappus of two chaffy awns or paleze, one to each principal angle of the akene, or occasionally one or two more, and of two or more intermediate shorter commonly truncate palese or squamellas on each side, either persistent or deciduous. Akenes commonly pubescent. Peduncles slender. 1 03. TITHONIA. Pappus of Viguiera or more persistent : habit of the annual species of Helianthus: involucre somewhat peculiar, of about two series of bracts, with appressed and rigid usually striate base and loose foliaceous tip. Peduncles clavate and fistular under the head. 104. HELIANTHUS. Pappus promptly deciduous, of two scarious and pointed or some- what awned paleas, mostly no intermediate squamellaa or palete, except sometimes as de- tached or partly united portions of the principal palese. Akenes usually glabrous or glabrate. Proper tube of disk-corollas'short, and the throat cylindrical and elongated. == = == Receptacle flat, convex, or sometimes becoming conical : akenes (of the ray or margin often triquetrous) of the disk either flat-compressed and margined or thin-edged, or if turgid some of them winged : pappus not caducous. a. Truly shrubby, rayless, alternate-leaved : akenes wingless. 105. FLOURENSIA. Rays none in the Mexican (several and neutral in the Chilian) species. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of oblong or lanceolate bracts, at least the outer herba- COMPOSITE. 67 ceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat; its chaffy bracts scarious-membranaceous, conduplicate around the akenes and tardily deciduous with them. Proper tube of the corolla fully half the length of the oblong-campanulate throat. Appendages of the style-branches from ob- long to dilated-spatulate, obtuse. Akenes compressed, narrowly oblong-cuneate, callous- margined, very villous, bearing a nearly persistent pappus of a, subulate somewhat chaffy awn from each angle of the truncate summit, and commonly some intermediate smaller ones or squamellte. b. Herbaceous, or sometimes shrubby : leaves never decurrent on the stem : rays neutral, rarely wanting : mature akenes all wingless or nearly so, emarginate or truncate at sum- mit, the margins either villous-ciliate or naked. 106. ENCELIA. Pappus none, or an awn or its rudiment answering to each margin of the wingless akene : no intermediate squamellte. 107. HELIANTHELLA. Pappus of delicate squamellas between the two chaffy teeth or awns which surmount the two acute margins of the akene (and sometimes the lateral angles when there are any), or these obsolete in age, but not caducous. Ovary often wing- margined, but mature akene not so. c. Herbaceous, or rarely suffruticose : rays fertile or sometimes neutral in Verbesina, Or occasionally wanting : akenes or some of them developing winged margins, or sometimes all wingless, none villous-ciliate : style-appendages acute. 108. ZEXMENIA. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, imbricated ; the bracts com- monly broad, erect, and dry, or the outermost sometimes loose and foliaceous or with spreading herbaceous tips. Pays fertile. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes of the ray or outermost of the disk triquetrous; of the disk more or less compressed, sometimes flat, truncate at summit, variably and narrowly winged or acutely margined, awned from one or more of the margins or angles, the awns either connected by dilated bases or with inter- mediate and separate or confluent persistent squamella?. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate. 109. VERBESINA. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical and more or less imbricated, rarely more spreading, from somewhat herbaceous to foliaceous. Eays fertile, or styliferous but infertile, or sometimes neutral, sometimes none. Receptacle from convex to conical : disk from convex to ovoid, not squarrose in fruit. Akenes usually winged and flat or much compressed, 2-awned, or in the ray triquetrous and 1-3-awned, with no intermediate squa- mellse, and even the awns sometimes obsolete or wanting. Leaves opposite or alternate, apt to be decurrent as wings on the stem. 110. AOTINOMERIS. Involucre simple, of few and small herbaceous and loose bracts, deflexed under the globular fruiting disk, which is globose even in anthesis, and echinate- squarrose in fruit by the spreading of the akenes in all directions on the small and soon globular receptacle. Rays neutral, few and irregular or none. Akenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless in the same head. Pappus of 2 sleuder-subulate naked awns, at length divergent, sometimes with 2 or 3 intermediate awns or awn-like squamellse. Subtribe VI. Coreopside^e. Akenes obeompressed or sometimes terete, and the sub- tending chaffy bracts flat or hardly concave : otherwise as in Verbesinece. Heads many-flowered. Leaves mostly opposite. Style-tips of the disk-flowers produced into a cusp or cone, or sometimes capitellate-truncate. # Involucre single : habit of the preceding group. 111. SYNEDRELLA. Heads with few or several fertile ray-flowers and more numerous disk-flowers ; the latter with slender tube to the corolla. Involucre ovoid or oblong, of rather few bracts ; the outer larger than the inner, erect, mostly foliaceous. Bracts of the recep- tacle scarious-membranaceous. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers slender. Akenes or some of them wing-margined, and the wings commonly lacerate or undulate, in the ray often triquetrous, the angles or wings surmounted each by a rigid naked awn. Annuals. # # Involucre double, rarely indistinctly so: receptacle flat or merely convex; the thin chaffy bracts of the receptacle mostly deciduous with the akenes. Base of style not rarely bulbous-dilated. +- Rays always neutral (rarely wanting) : akenes never rostrate-attenuate nor with re- trorsely barbed awns : no ring at the junction of tube and throat of disk-corolla. 68 COMPOSITE. IIS. COREOPSIS. Involucre of two distinct series of bracts, all commonly united at the very base ; outer foliaceous, narrower, and usually spreading ; inner erect or incurved after anthesis, more membranaceous, each series commonly 8 in number. Rays about 8, wanting in one or two species. Disk-corollas with slender tube and funnelform or campanulate 5-lobed or 5-toothed limb. Akenes flat, or becoming meniscoidal, orbicular to linear-oblong, winged or wingless, truncate or emarginate at summit, bearing 2, rarely 3 or i naked (or upwardly hispid) awns, or naked scales, or teeth, or sometimes wholly destitute of pappus. -i— -I— Rays fertile or neutral, or wanting: awns of the pappus when present retrorsely barbed or hispid. •h- Bracts of the involucre distinct, or united only at the common base. 113. BIDENS. Akenes neither winged nor beaked, 2-5-awned; the awns retrorsely hispid or aculeolate, mostly persistent. Rays neutral (in one Mexican species styliferous), yellow or white, sometimes wanting : no ring to the disk-corollas. 114. COSMOS. Akenes slender and beaked: rays purple or rose color, in one species orange-yellow : otherwise as Bidens ; the awns apt to be deciduous. 115. HETEROSPERMUM. Akenes dimorphous ; the outer with winged or callous margin, mostly cymbiform ; inner narrower, attenuate upward, margmless ; these and some- times the outer with 2 retrorsely barbed awns. Rays fertile : no ring to the disk-corollas. Heads rather few-flowered. 116. LEPTOSYNE. Akenes oval or oblong, truncate or emarginate, some of them usually wing-margined or bordered. Rays pistillate and often fertile, occasionally neutral. Disk-corollas with slender tube girt at summit or near it by a bearded or naked ring, a dilated throat, and 5-lobed limb. ++ ++ Bracts of the inner involucre united into a cup. 117. THELESPERMA. Involucre of Coreopsis; but the bracts of the inner connate to or above the middle, fleshy below, their free summits more membranaceous and scarious- margined ; outer of shorter and narrow somewhat foliaceous spreading bracts, connate at base with the inner. Chaffy bracts of the flat receptacle wholly white-scarious, with a 2-nerved midrib, otherwise nerveless, deciduous with the akenes. Rays about 8, neutral, cuneate-obovate, or in some species wanting. Disk-corollas with long and slender tube, abrupt campanulate or cylindrical throat, and linear to ovate spreading lobes. Anthers wholly exserted. Style-appendages tipped with a cusp or cone. Akenes slightly obcom- pressed or terete, narrowly oblong to linear, margmless, beakless, attached by a broad callus, at least the outer ones tuberculate, papillose, or rugose ; the abrupt summit crowned with a pair of persistent and stout awns or rather scales, the margins of which are retrorsely hispid-ciliate, or sometimes pappus obsolete or wanting. Leaves opposite. Subtribe VII. Galinsoge^e. Pappus pluripaleaeeous, and akenes commonly turbinate and 5-angled : otherwise nearly as Verbesinece. Receptacle chaffy throughout : other- wise as Helenioidece. Ours all herbs, and leaves except in Galinsoga alternate and entire. # Bracts (chaff) of the receptacle concreted, coriaceous or cartilaginous, persistent, forming deep alveoli, resembling honeycomb, in which the akenes are enclosed : rays neutral. 118. BALDWINIA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate. Involucre imbricated, shorter than the convex disk; its bracts small, coriaceous and partly herbaceous. Disk- corollas with a short soon indurated tube, above cylindraceous, 5-toothed ; the teeth glandu- lar-puberulent. Style-appendages truncate and penicillate, with a subulate tip. Akenes turbinate, silky-villous : pappus of 7 to 12 nerveless thin-scarious palete. # # Bracts of receptacle distinct, linear or filiform, rigid : rays none : paleaj of the pappus thin-scarious, nerveless. 119. MARSHALL.IA. Heads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre one or two series of narrow and equal herbaceous bracts. Receptacle at length conical. Corollas with a filiform tube and the limb 5-parted into linear lobes. Style-branches truncate at apex. Akenes turbinate, 5-costate : pales of the pappus 5 or 6, ovate or lanceolate- deltoid, acute or acuminate, nearly entire and naked. COMPOSITE. 69 # * # Bracts of the receptacle distinct, chaffy-membranaceous or scarkms, mostly decidu- ous with the fruit : rays fertile, 2-3-lobed : palese of the pappus firmer, with a thickish axis and fimbriate or barbellate margins, or sometimes wanting. 120. GALINSOGA. Heads small, with 4 or 5 short rays and rather numerous disk- flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, of ovate and thin nearly equal bracts in two series. Receptacle conical. Disk-corollas short, 5-toothed: style-tips acute. Akenes turbinate, 4-5-angled. Pappus of several thickish oblong or obovate palere, with fimbriate-barbellate or almost plumose margins or summit, or wanting. Leaves opposite, serrate. 121. BLEPHARIPAPPUS. Heads with 3 to 6 exserted fertile rays, and 7 to 12 disk- flowers ; the central of these commonly infertile. Bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, erect, nearly equal, in one or two series. Receptacle convex; the chaff thin or scarious and narrow. Rays 3-cleft : disk-corollas 5-cleft. Style of fertile disk-flowers filiform, 2-eleft at apex only, and the short branches merely truncate ; of the central and infertile ones entire. Akenes turbinate, silky-villous. Pappus of rather numerous narrow linear or aristilorm paleai, with thickish axis, and hyaline margins which are mostly lacerate-fimbriate so as to appear pectinate-plumose, sometimes abortive or wanting. Subtribe VIII. Madiilb. Bay-flowers lignlate and fertile (rarely wanting), each sub- tended by a bract of the mostly uniserial involucre which partly or completely encloses its akene : disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but some or all of them sterile (some- times all fertile) ; their style-branches subulate and hispid. Bracts of the receptacle always present between ray- and disk-flowers, generally none to the central ones. Pappus none (or a mere rudiment or crown) to the ray-atenes, paleaceous or aristi- form or else none to the disk-flowers. Pacific-American herbs, commonly glandular- viscid and heavy-scented : such in California called Tarweeds. # Akenes laterally compressed, those of the ray particularly so, and enclosed in condupli- cate-infolded laterally-compressed involucral bracts. 122. MADIA. Heads many-several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong, few-many-angled by the salient narrow or carinate backs of the involucral bracts. Receptacle flat or convex, bearing a single series of bracts enclosing the disk-flowers as a kind of inner involucre, either separate or connate into a cup. Ray-flowers 1 to 20, with cuneate or oblong 3-lobed ligules ; their akenes more or less oblique and with flat sides : disk-flowers with or without a pappus, either sterile or fertile. # # Akenes of the ray from obovate or triangular with broad rounded back to clavate- oblong, more commonly obcompressed, never laterally compressed with narrow back, -f— Arcuate-incurved and obcompressed, completely invested by the whole of the conformed at length coriaceous involucral bracts. 1 23. HEMIZONELLA. Heads few-flowered ; the ray-flowers only 4 or 5 ; disk-flowers solitary or rarely 2 to 4 ; both fertile and destitute of pappus. Involucre as in Madia § liar- pcecarpus, but the 4 or 5 arcuate infolded bracts broad on the back and rather obcom- pressed ; those of the receptacle 3 to 5 and connate into a cup. Ligules minute. Akenes glabrous or sparsely pilose, obovate or somewhat fusiform; of the disk straight but oblique. Leaves mostly opposite. -»- -f- Ray akenes thick and short, turgid, partly enclosed by the lower part of the involu- cral bract. 1 24. HEMIZONIA. Heads many- or sometimes few-flowered : bracts of the involucre rounded on the back. Ray-akenes more or less oblique ; those of the disk abortive or in- fertile, or in the later sections some or even most of them fertile, with or without pappus. Leaves mainly alternate. .;_ 4_ -J- Kay akenes mostly obcompressed, never laterally compressed, wholly enclosed in an obcompressed basal portion of the subtending involucral bracts, the dilated margins of which are abruptly infolded. 125. ACHYRACH-^NA. Heads many-flowered: ray-flowers 6 to 10, with 3-cleft ligule much shorter than its filiform tube, little surpassing the disk: disk-corollas slender, 5- 70 COMPOSITE. toothed. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of lanceolate thin-herbaceous bracts, deciduous at maturity : bracts of the nearly flat receptacle similar but thinner, only between the disk and ray, distinct. Akenes all clavate, with attenuate base, symmetrical, 10-costate, the ribs or the'alternate ones tuberculate-scabrous at maturity ; those of the ray slightly obcompressed, rounded at apex and with slightly protuberant areola, not rarely an abortive pappus in the form of a minute denticulate crown ; those of the disk chiefly fertile, the truncate apex bearing a large pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery-scarious palese, the 5 inner as long as the corolla and akene, the alternate outer ones shorter. 126. LAGOPHYLLA. Heads several-flowered: ray-flowers about 5, with 3-parted or deeply 3-cleft ligules : disk-flowers sterile, with 5-lobed corollas. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed akene: bracts of the small receptacle 5 to 12 between the ray and disk. Akenes of the disk slender, abortive, destitute of pappus or with some caducous bristles ; of the ray obcompressed, oblong-obovate, smooth and glabrous, nearly straight, the areola not protuberant, rarely a saucer-shaped cup in place of pappus. 127. LAYIA. Heads many-flowered, broad: ray-flowers 8 to 20, with 3-lobed or toothed ligules : disk-flowers fertile, or the central sometimes infertile ; their corollas cylindraceous- funnelform and 5-lobed. Bracts of the involucre flattened on the back below, -with abruptly dilated thin margins infolded so as to enclose the ray-akene. Receptacle broad and flat, bearing a series of thin chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-flowers, sometimes additional more scarious ones among the flowers. Akenes of the ray obcompressed, obovate-oblong or narrower, almost always smooth and glabrous, destitute of pappus (or rarely a crown or vestige), the terminal areola somewhat protuberant and disciform ; those of the disk similar or more linear-cuneate, mostly pubescent, bearing a pappus of 5 to 20 bristles, awns, or paleas, or rarely none. Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEiE. Heads heterogamous and the ligulate ray-flowers mostly fertile, or homogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, rarely some infer- tile, with regular 4-5-toothed tubular corolla. Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of bracts (palece), but rarely fimbrillate. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or membra- naceous, not scarious. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with either truncate or appendiculate tips. Pappus paleaceous or aristiform, or sometimes plurisetose, but the bristles when capillary always more or less rigid.' — A peculiarly American tribe, differing from the preceding in the total absence of receptacular bracts ; some genera with setose pappus making transition to the Senecionidece ; others, with short pappus or none, to the Anthemidece. Subtribe I. Jaumie^i. Involucre of broad bracts imbricated in two or more series. Ligules not persistent. Akenes 5-angled or terete and several-nerved. Many-flow- ered heads in ours radiate, and the ray-flowers fertile. No oil-glands. # Receptacle setose-fimbrillate, convex : pappus plurisetose. 128. CLAPPIA. Involucre hemispherical, of rather few oval and very obtuse somewhat striate coriaceous bracts, imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Bays 12 to 15, linear, 3-denticulate at apex. Disk-corollas with slender tube and campanulate 5-cleft limb. Style-branches conical-tipped. Akenes equalled by the very slender fimbrillte of the receptacle, oblong- turbinate, terete, 8-J0-nerved, hirtellous -on the nerves. Pappus of 20 to 25 rigid and somewhat paleolate hispidulous-scabrous distinct bristles, broader toward the base, longer than the akene. Pruticulose, with alternate fleshy leaves. # # Receptacle naked : pappus in ours none. 129. JAUMEA. Involucre campanulate, its bracts fleshy or membranaceous, the outer shorter. Corollas glabrous. Receptacle in ours conical. Style-branches papillose or hairy, truncate or short-conical at tip. Akenes 10-nerved : pappus in exotic species of narrow and pointed or awned strongly 1 -nerved paleas, in ours none. 1 30. VENEGASIA. Involucre very broad, of 2 or 3 series of roundish membranaceous erect bracts, some innermost narrower and scarious, and a series of outer and loose narrower herbaceous ones. Receptacle flat. Rays numerous, elongated, entire or 3-toothed at the narrow apex : tube of corollas glandular-bearded, especially at base. Style-branches very obtuse. Akenes many-nerved, destitute of pappus. COMPOSITE. 71 Subtribe II. Eiddellieje. Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts. Ligules persistent and becoming papery on the usually striate-nerved akenes. Herbage more or less white-woolly : no oil-glands. * Pappus paleaceous : rays very broad, few. 131. RIDDELLIA. Heads with 3 or 4 ray- and 5 to 12 disk-flowers, all fertile. Involucre eylindraceous-campanulate, of 4 to 10 linear-oblong coriaceous woolly bracts, and a few smaller scarious ones witbin, sometimes an additional narrow outer one. Receptacle small, flat. Ligules as broad as long, abruptly contracted at base into a short tube, truncate and 2-3-lobed, 5-7-nerved, the nerves uniting in pairs within the lobes. Disk-corollas elongated- cylindraceous, with very short proper tube, and short externally glandular-bearded teeth. Style-branches truncate-capitate. Akenes narrow, terete, obscurely striate or angled. Pap- pus of 4 to 6 hyaline nerveless and pointless paleas. * # Pappus none : rays several or numerous : disk-flowers numerous. 132. BAILEY A. Involucre hemispherical, of numerous thin-herbaceous linear bracts in 2 or 3 series, very woolly on the back. Receptacle flat or barely convex. Ray-flowers 5 to 50 ; the ligules from round-oval to oblong-cuneate, 3-toothed at apex, 7-nerved, taper- ing into a narrow but not tubular base, becoming scarious-papery but thin, persistent on the truncate summit of the akene. Disk-flowers fertile ; their corollas tubular-funnelform above the short proper tube, 5-toothed ; the teeth glandular-bearded. Style-branches short, with truncate-capitate tips. Akenes oblong-linear or clavate, somewhat angled, pluricostate or striate; the truncate apex obscurely toothed by extension of the ribs, or in the ray callous- thickened. 133. WHITNEYA. Involucre campanulate, of 9 or 12 oblong or broadly lanceolate equal thin-herbaceous bracts, nearly in a single series, in fruit somewhat cymbiform-cari- nate near the base, riot villous. Receptacle narrow-conical, villous. Ray-flowers 7 to 9 ; ligule elongated-oblong, minutely 3-toothed at apex, 10-16-nerved (the nerves also prominent on the short tube), becoming thin-papery, persistent. Disk-flowers numerous, infertile, the tubular-funnelform obtusely 5-toothed corollas persistent on the sterile akenes : style-branches linear, pubescent externally, with rather obtuse tips. Ray-akenes only maturing, oblong, slightly obcompressed, obtuse at both ends, lightly nerved. Subtribe III. PeritylE/3B. Involucre of equal and narrow erect bracts, in only one or two series. Ray-flowers female or none ; the ligule deciduous : disk-corollas narrow, 4-toothed. Akene3 flat, with only marginal callous nerves, usually much ciliate. Style-branches and. their appendages slender. Keceptacle flat or convex. Plants not floccose-tomentose, and with no oil-glands. (Hulsea, 154, might be sought here. Eatonella, 137, and Crockeria, 137 a , also have flat and ciliate akenes with strong mar- ginal nerves.) 134. LAPHAMIA. Head several- to many-flowered. Bracts of the hemispherical invo- lucre distinct, more or less overlapping. Style-tips setaceous-subulate, hirsute. Margin of akenes naked or not much ciliate. Pappus none, or of one or two, or sometimes about 20 bristles. Suffruticulose perennials, or herbaceous from a thick woody base, mostly yellow- flowered. 1 35. PERITYLE. Head many-flowered. Involucre of preceding, or the bracts more cari- nate-concave and partly embracing outer akenes. Style-branches with either short (acute or obtuse) or slender hirsute tips. Akenes at maturity cartilaginous-margined, usually strongly ciliate. Pappus a squamellate or cupulate crown, and commonly a slender awn from one or both angles. Mostly annuals, white- or yellow-flowered. 136. PERICOME. Head many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre a strictly single series of numerous narrow bracts, which are lightly connate by their edges into a campanulate cup. Disk-corollas slender, with viscous-glandular tube nearly the length of the cylindrical throat, from which the anthers are much exserted. Style-tips filifoim, rather obtuse. Akenes strongly villous-ciliate. Pappus a squamellate lacerate-ciliate crown, and sometimes a pair of short awns, one from each angle of the akene. Perennial, yellow-flowered, with long-acuminate leaves. 72 COMPOSITE. Subtribe IV. Hei/ente^e. (Baeriece & Euheleniem, Benth. & Hook., excl. gen.) In- volucre hardly at all imbricated ; its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single series. Ligules not persistent. Disk-flowers numerous except in Sahhuhria, with 5 or rarely 4 teeth or lobes. Akenes few-nerved or angled, or more numerously striate- angled only when turbinate or pyriform. No oil-glands. (Baillardella, 190, might be sought here.) # Anomalous : akenes (as in Periti/lece) fiat-compressed, with no lateral nerves, the callous or nerved margins densely ciliate-fringed : rays fertile or none : disk-corolla with dilated limb : style-tips truncate-capitate, with or without a slight cusp. 137. EATONELLA. Involucre of 5 to 8 oval or oblong obtuse and distinct bracts. Recep- tacle hardly convex. Disk-corollas short. Akenes callous-margined, ciliate with dense very long villosity, outermost obcompressed. Aspect of Eriophyllum. 137a. OROCKERIA. Involucre and other characters of Lasthenia § Hologymne. Akenes obovate-oval, very densely fringed with clavate glandular hairs. — See Supplement. # # Baeria type : receptacle conical, mostly high-conical and acute, beset after the akenes have fallen by projecting points (as if pedicels, on which they were inserted ) : bracts of the involucre herbaceous, in one or rarely two series and commonly broad, sometimes cupulate-connate : female flowers ligulate, or sometimes- wanting: akenes narrow and from oblong (or in one Monolopia somewhat obovate) to linear, usually tapering to the base, few-nerved and angled or nerveless, not caDous-margined : herbage not impressed- punctate nor resinons-atomiferous. ■i— Involucre (almost always) gamophyllous and simple, hemispherical or campanulate : disk-corollas with rather slender tube and dilated throat or limb : anther-tips ovate or oblong : style-tips capitate-truncate or obtuse. 143. ERIOPHYLLUM. Akenes slender, and usually with a paleaceous pappus. 138. MONOLOPIA. Head conspicuously radiate, with broad ligules: inner disk-flowers often infertile. Receptacle high-conical. Involucre broad, of one or rarely two series of bracts, which are normally connate by their edges into a several-toothed or lobed hemispheri- cal cup, but sometimes distinct even to the base. Lobes of disk-corollas somewhat bearded. Akenes obovate or obovate-oblong, quadrangular-compressed or the outer obeompressed- triangular, sometimes acute-margined, with small terminal areola, and no pappus. Ploccose- tomentose and alternate-leaved annuals. 139. LASTHENIA. Head radiate, or discoid by diminution of the ligules: disk-flowers all fertile. Involucre a single series of bracts connate by their edges into a 5-1 5-toothed glabrous green cup. Disk-corollas 4-5-lobed. Akenes linear or narrowly oblong, com- pressed, slightly 2-3-nerved or nerveless, nearly marginless, scabro-puberulent or glabrous. Pappus of 5 to 10 firm and subulate-tipped palea?, or none. Glabrous aud smooth annuals, with opposite entire sessile leaves. . -i— h— Involucre of few or several distinct and thinnish herbaceous bracts in a single series, loose, open at maturity of fruit, not rarely deciduous: disk-corollas with slender tube which equals or exceeds in length the campanulate or cyathiform 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed) limb : leaves all opposite, sometimes connate at their sessile bases. 140. BURRIELIA. Head few-flowered, discoid, the 1 to 3 female flowers with ligule wanting or shorter than the style. Involucre cylindraceous, of 3 or 4 narrowly oblong plane bracts. Receptacle slender-subulate. Style-tips short-ovate, rather obtuse. Akenes slen- der, fusiform-linear, flattish. Pappus of 2 to 4 long attenuate-subulate palese. 14-1. BAERIA. Head mostly many-flowered, radiate: rays 5 to 15, conspicuous. Bracts of the campanulate or hemispherical involucre as many, ovate or oblong, plane or becoming somewhat carinate at middle, at least below. Receptacle subulate to high-conical. Style- tips from truncate-capitate, with or without a central apiculation, to ovate and sometimes with a cuspidate appendage. Akenes clavate-linear to linear-cuneate. Pappus a few paleffi ot paleaceous awns, or both, often wanting. # # * Bahia type : receptacle flat or convex (rarely obtusely conical) : akenes from linear to obpyramidal, rarely 5-angled, occasionally with intermediate nerves : flowers (with few exceptions) all fertile. COMPOSITE. 73 -I— Involucre many-flowered, from hemispherical to cylindraceous ; the bracts strictly erect, not membranaceous, persistent, from oblong to oval, more or less carinate-concave in fruit and partly receiving the subtended akene : herbage mostly floccose-woolly, not impressed- punctate nor resinous-atomiferous : leaves alternate or opposite. 143. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS. Involucre narrow, of about 5 equal and oblong carinate- concave thinnish-herbaceous bracts, which are partly wrapped around the ray-akenes. Re- ceptacle flat. Kay-flowers about 5, with oval ligules 3-lobed or toothed at summit. Disk-corollas with very short proper tube, and elongated funnelform or cylindraceous throat, the stamens therefore inserted near the base ; lobes 5, ovate-oblong. Anther-tips slender, long-lanceolate or linear. Style-tips elongated-lanceolate, acute, flattened, of the Asteroid type. Akenes linear-turbinate, 5-costate or angled, hairy. Pappus of numerous barbeUu- late white bristles in a single series, rather shorter than the disk-corollas, paleaceously and somewhat unequally united into a ring at base, deciduous, or in the second species wanting. Low and branching annuals, short-peduncled. 143. ERIOPHYLLUM. Involucre from hemispherical-campanulate to oblong, commonly equalling the disk, of one or sometimes two series of oblong or narrower firm-herbaceous or coriaceous permanently erect bracts, either distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup, at least in fruit concave or concave-carinate at centre, into which concavity the subtended akenes are partially received. Receptacle from convex or rarely conical to plane. Ray- flowers usually with broad ligules, very rarely none. Disk-corollas with distinct and some- times slender proper tube. Style-tips truncate, obtuse, or obscurely capitellate-conical. Akenes narrow, from clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pappus of nerveless and mostly pointless (rarely awned or setiform) palese. Floccose-tomentose or rarely glabrate herbs, rarely suffruticose. .,_ 4_ Involucre many- (at least 12-20-) flowered ; the bracts wholly herbaceous, not colored nor scarious-tipped, broad or broadish, plane or merely concave, equal and in a single or hardly double series, not embracing akenes : receptacle small : corolla-lobes or teeth short : herbage destitute of impressed punctures and resinous atoms, not floccose-lanate. 144. BAHIA. Involucre hemispherical or obovate and lax or open in fruit; the plane bracts distinct to and commonly narrower at the base. Receptacle small, mostly flat. Female flowers with exserted ligules, or rarely none. Style-tips truncate or obtuse. Akenes narrow, quadrangular. Pappus (rarely wanting) of several scarious paleffi, with callous- thickened opaque base, which is sometimes extended into a strong midnerve (costa). 145. AMBLYOPAPPTJS. Characters of Bahia; but involucre of only 5 to 6 broadly obovate bracts, their centre in age more or less carinate-concave ; small receptacle conical ; head discoid ; corollas all short-tubular, aud in the few female flowers minutely 2-3-toothed, shorter than the style, in the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed, the teeth soon connivent. Akenes elongated-obpyramidal, pubescent. Pappus of 8 to 12 oblong obtuse rather firm palese, with merely thickened base and no costa, nearly equalling the corollas. H _ +- +- Involucre 3- 9-ftowered ; its bracts few, equal, broad and with roundish more or less scarious-petaloid summit, concave-carinate : corollas only 5-toothed : herbage minutely impressed-punctate and resinous-atomiferous. 146. SCHKUHRIA. Heads effusely paniculate. Involucre clavate-turbinate or obpyrami- dal, of 4 or 5 erect bracts and sometimes an accessory bractlet at base. Receptacle very small. Female flowers only one or two, with a short or sometimes obsolete ligule not ex- ceeding the hermaphrodite flowers, or altogether wanting. Akenes obpyramidal-tetragonal, the faces not rarely 2-3-striate. Pappus of 8 scarious pale®, the larger often equalling the short corolla, either nerveless with callous-thickened base, or with a prominent costa. Leaves or their divisions filiform. ^ ^_ ^ +_ Involucre many- (rarely 12-15-) flowered; its bracts mostly appressed, with scarious-membranaceous and usually colored tips and sometimes margins : disk-corollas deeply 5-cleft : anthers partly or wholly exserted : leaves alternate, not impressed-punc- tate except in Hymenopappus : receptacle small and flat: heads except in two species homogamous : flowers seldom yellow, but sometimes so. 147 HYMENOTHRIX. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, or in age more open, about 30-flowered, shorter than the disk; its principal bracts 7 to 10, obovate or lanceolate-oblong, 74 COMPOSITE. thin, half or more scarious-petaloid, plane; commonly one or more accessory outer bracts. Ray-flowers 6 to 10 and with oblong exserted ligule 3-cleft at the apex, or none. Disk- corollas with narrow tube and lobes, one or two of the sinuses a little deeper than the others. Style-branches flatfish, with subcapitate tips, with or without a central cusp. Akenes 4-5- angled, tapering from broad summit to attenuate base. Pappus about the length of the akene, of 12 to 20 narrow lanceolate hyaline paleas, traversed by a strong costa which is excurrent into a, scabrous awn. 148. HYMENOPAPPUS. Involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts 6 to 12, equal, obo- vate to broadly oblong, thin, the rounded summit and usually the margins scarious-colored or petaloid. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers numerous, all alike. Corolla with narrow tube, abruptly dilated throat, and ovate reflexed or widely spreading lobes. Style-branches with short and thick conical appendages. Akenes obpyramidal, 4-5-angled, with attenuate base, the faces 1-3-nerved ; the nerves at maturity sometimes as prominent as the angles, except in one species. Pappus of 10 to 20 thin-scarious and mostly hyaline obtuse paleas, with or without a costa or central opacity, sometimes very short and small or quite obsolete. 149. FLORESTINA. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, 15-25-flowered; its bracts 6 to 8 in a single series, equal, obovate-spatulate, thin-herbaceous, with scarious-colored (whitish or purplish) rounded tips. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers with corolla widely dilated above the short narrow tube, deeply 5-cleft into oblong spreading lobes. Style-branches terminated by a rather long attenuate-subulate hispid appendage. Akenes narrowly obpyramidal, 4-5- angled, pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 8 obovate pointless palese, hyaline-scarious from a callous thickened narrow base or axis. 150. POLYPTERIS. Involucre from broadly campanulate to turbinate; its bracts from spatulate to linear-lanceolate, commonly in two series and equal, rarely with some accessory shorter ones, the tips or (in the original species) a larger portion membranaceous and col- ored or petaloid. Rays in one species distinctly evolute into a palmate ligule and fertile ; in the others wanting. Corolla of the disk-flowers with filiform tube abruptly dilated into a 5-parted limb, the long lobes lorate-linear. Stamens wholly exserted. Style-branches fili- form, wholly hispidulous, acutish or barely obtuse. Akenes from linear and downwardly attenuate to clavate-obpyramidal, 4-sided, only minutely pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 12 equal palea?, with a strong percurrent costa, otherwise hyaline-scarious, rarely abortive or wanting; in the outermost flowers usually shorter. -H- H- +- +- -K- Involucre many- (or 12-30-) flowered; its bracts linear (rarely broader), erect, equal and similar in a single or hardly in two series, herbaceous to the tip, inclined to embrace subtended akenes : receptacle flat, mostly small : akenes slender, linear-te- tragonal or more compressed, merely pubescent : head discoid (rarely an inconspicuous ligule) : corollas with short lobes or teeth and long throat : leaves alternate. ++ Leaves simple, entire : flowers never yellow. 151. PALAFOXIA. Heads homogamous and flowers all alike, except in the pappus. In- volucre oblong or campanulate. Corolla with tube and narrow lobes shorter than the cylin- draceous throat. Style-branches elongated, filiform and obtuse or obscurely thickened toward the summit, puberulent for the whole length (altogether of the Bupatoriaceous type but the stigmatic lines traceable nearly to the apex). Pappus of 4 to 8 usually unequal palese, with strong costa. 152. RIG-IOPAPPUS. Heads heterogamous, inconspicuously radiate. Involucre turbi- nate-campanulate, of numerous narrowly linear rather rigid herbaceous bracts, which are somewhat involute at maturity. Ray-flowers 5 to 15; the corolla with slender tube and oblong entire or 2-toothed ligule, not surpassing the disk. Disk-flowers more numerous ■ corolla small, with short proper tube, elongated narrow throat, and 3 to 5 short erect teeth Anthers included. Style-branches with short and linear glabrous stigmatic portion and a larger slender-subulate hispidulous appendage. Pappus nearly similar in disk and ray of 3 to 5 rigid and wholly opaque paleaceous naked awns (smooth, flat, graduaUy tapering from base to apex), rarely obsolete. ++ ++ Leaves mostly cleft or compound : flowers in some species yellow. 153. OH-^NAOTIS. Heads homogamous and tubuliflorous ; but the marginal flowers commonly with ampliate limb to the corolla. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical COMPOSITE. 75 Receptacle flat, naked, in one species bearing a few setiform bracts or fimbrillee among the flowers. Corollas with short tube, long and narrow throat, and short teeth, or in the mar- ginal flowers of some species with larger lobes or even imperfect palmate ligules, forming a kind of ray. Anthers usually partly exserted. Style-branches pubescent nearly throughout, slender, filiform or with attenuate-subulate tips. Pappus of hyaline nerveless pales (or rarely with the vestige of a costa), in one species wanting. -i — n — -• — -►— h — -i — Involucre many-flowered, hemispherical; its bracts in 2 or 3 series, thin-herbaceous, rather loose, sometimes unequal, from linear to oblong, plane : receptacle flat, corneous-scrobiculate : disk^corollas with long and narrow throat and 5 short lobes or teeth : style-branches with short and thickened obtuse tips : akenes linear-clavate or cuneate-oblong, villous : pappus of 4 or 5 wholly hyaline paleas ; these erose or lacerate at summit, or dissected into capillary bristles : leaves mostly alternate, woolly or glabrate. 154. HULSEA. Bracts of the involucre linear or lanceolate. Ray-flowers numerous (10 to 60) and ligulate, but sometimes short and inconspicuous. Disk-corollas with proper tube slender or narrow, but shorter than the cylindraceous throat. Akenes linear-cuneate, com- pressed or somewhat tetragonal, soft-villous, especially the margins. Pappus of mostly 4 truncate palese, from erose or lacerate at summit to nearly entire. 155. TRICHOPTILIUM. Bracts of the involucre about 20, equal; those of the outer series ovate-lanceolate ; those of the inner narrowly spatulate or lanceolate and membrana- ceous. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers 30 to 40 ; the corollas with very short tube, cylin- draceous-funnelform throat, and 5 short ovate lobes, those of the marginal flowers slightly enlarged after trie manner of Chcenactis, but regular, the nerves deeply intramarginal. Anther-tips oblong-lanceolate. Style-branches linear, glabrous and with stigmatic lines continued up to the obtuse tip. Akenes oblong-turbinate, 5-nerved or angled, hirsute-vil- lous. Pappus of 5 ovate or oblong hyaline nerveless paleas, which are resolved above into numerous slender bristles, the middle ones rather shorter than the corolla. # * # # Receptacle flattish or convex, many-flowered : ray-flowers female and fertile ; those of the disk sterile : involucral bracts few in a single series, broad and plane, mem- branaceous : akenes pyriform. 156. BLENNOSPERMA. Involucre hemispherical or depressed ; its bracts 5 to 12, equal, oblong, plane, herbaceous or partly membranaceous, the tips sometimes colored, the bases somewhat united. Ray-flowers 5 to 12 : some of them in our species not rarely apetalous, the others with ligule oblong or elliptical, entire, sessile on the ovary, being destitute, of tube : style-branches flat, linear or oblong. Disk-flowers numerous (20 or more) : corollas with narrow tube, abruptly expanded into a broadly campanulate 4-5-lobed limb : anthers oval : style undivided, with capitate or disk-shaped apex : ovary abortive, a mere rudiment. Akenes (of the ray) obscurely 8-10-ribbed, with small areola, wholly destitute of pappus ; the surface powdered with papilla? which develop mucilage when wet. *#-**# Receptacle from convex to oblong : involucre many-flowered, various, of more than one series of bracts, or irregular : akenes short, obpyramidal or turbinate, sometimes more oblong, 5-10-costate or angled, mostly silky-villous or hirsute : disk-flowers all fer- tile ; the corolla 4-5-toothed : leaves alternate, in many minutely impressed-punctate or resinous-atomiferous. •)— Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of awn-like fimbrillse among the flowers : style-branches of the disk-flowers dilated-truncate and somewhat penicillate at tip. -H- Involucre erect, at least not spreading or reflexed. 148. HYMENOPAPPUS, with turbinate or obpyramidal costate akenes, might be sought here. 64. PLUMMERA is like Actinella.% Hymenoxys, without pappus, and disk-flowers sterile. 157. ACTINELLA. Heads radiate (except in S. American species). Involucre campan- ulate or hemispherical, or sometimes broader; its bracts in two or more series, somewhat herbaceous or coriaceous, often rigid ; outer sometimes united. Receptacle from conical to convex. Rays fertile. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin and mostly hyaline pales, with more or less manifest costa or none; these sometimes truncate, more commonly acuminate or aristate at tip. Mostly low herbs, and bitter-aromatic. 76 COMPOSITE. ■w- -H- Involucre spreading or soon reflexed, herbaceous, usually with some inconspicuous short scarious interior bracts : akenes turbinate, 8-10-costate : heads mostly radiate : re- ceptacle more or less elevated. 158. HELENIUM. Bracts of the involucre subulate or linear. Rays fertile or sterile, rarely none. Disk-corollas commonly with short or almost obsolete proper tube (the stamens inserted close to the base), and 4-5-toothed limb; the teeth obtuse, glandular-pubescent. Pappus of usually 5 or 6 thin scarious palese. Leaves commonly impressed-punctate, mostly decurrent. 159. AMBLYOLEPIS. Principal bracts of the -involucre foliaceous, lanceolate; an inner hyaline-scarious series resembling the conspicuous blunt nerveless palese of the pap- pus. Rays fertile, ample. Disk-corollas glabrous throughout, and with a distinct tube as long as the ampliate throat, 5-cleft ; the lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acute. Akenes broadly turbinate and with 10 thick ribs. Leaves neither punctate nor decurrent, -i— -i— Receptacle (from convex to globular) beset with setiform or subulate or rarely small dentiform fimbrillse among the flowers. 160. GAILLARDIA. Involucre broad; the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all but the short inner series largely foliaceous or herbaceous and lax. Ray-flowers neutral, rarely styliferous and fertile, sometimes none : ligules 3-toothed or 3-cleft. Disk-corollas with short narrow tube, enlarged cylindraceous throat, and 5 ovate-triangular to subulate teeth or short lobes, which are beset with jointed hairs. Style-branches with penicillate tuft at summit of the stig- matic portion, thence produced into a filiform or shorter appendage. Akenes turbinate, 5-costate, covered with long villous hairs which sometimes rise only from the base of the akene. Pappus conspicuous, longer than the akene, of 5 to 10 hyaline-scarious palete, with- a costa mostly excurrent into an awn, which about equals disk-corollas. Subtribe V. Fla. verier. Involucre of the small heads composed of a few equal con- nivent bracts in a single series, sometimes one or two small additional ones at base. Ligules small (little or not at all surpassing disk-flowers), not persistent. Akenes terete, oblong or linear, 8-10-striate-costate. Style-branches truncate. Leaves oppo- site. No oil-glands, nor resinous atoms. 161. SARTWELLIA. Heads with about 5 ligulate female and rather numerous her- maphrodite tubular flowers. Bracts of the involucre 5, oval or oblong, somewhat fleshy, in fruit somewhat carinate-concave and subtending ray-akenes. Receptacle convex. Ligules mostly entire, obovate or roundish. Disk-corollas narrow, 4-5-toothed. Pappus a deep paleaceous cupule with minutely fimbriolate edge (doubtless composed of 4 or 5 truncate paleaj which are completely connate), or of 4 or 5 narrowly oblong fimbriolate-truncate nerveless palese alternating with as many setiform awns, all united only at the base. 162. FLAVERIA. Heads one-several-flowered; the flowers all fertile, homogamous and tubular, or one female and short-ligulate. Disk-corollas 5-toothed. Involucre of 2 to 5 mostly carinate-concave bracts. Pappus none. Subtribe VI. Tagetine^e. Involucre a series of equal bracts, either distinct or limited into a cup or tube, dotted or striped with oil-glands, not rarely subtended or calcu- late by some loose accessory bracts, several-many-flowered. Rays when present fertile ; ligules not persistent. Akenes mostly narrow and striate. Pappus various. — Mostly glabrous and smooth herbs or undershrubs, strong-scented, the herbage like the involucre commonly clotted with some oil-glands. # True Tagetineje. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers more or less elongated, appendiculate or truncate. +- Pappus simple, of copious capillary scabrous bristles : akenes linear : receptacle small, naked and smooth : bracts of the involucre distinct. 163. POROPHYLLUM. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers numerous or several. Involucre of 5 to 10 bracts. Style-branches tipped with long filiform-subulate hispid appendages. Akenes slender. composite. 77 1 64. CHRYSACTINIA. Ray-flowers conspicuous, with linear ligules. Disk-flowers nu- merous ; their corolla narrow and 5-toothed, and style-branches tipped with short obtuse or conical appendages. Involucre of 10 or more short bracts. Akenes short-linear, not atten- uate upward. Flowers all yellow. +- ■*- Pappus of distinct bristles and distinct paleae : bracts of the many-flowered involucre distinct. 165. NICOLLETIA. Involucre oblong or cylindraceous, of 8 to 12 thinnish bracts, nearly naked at base. Receptacle quite naked. Disk-corollas narrow-tubular, 5-toothed. Style- branches tipped with long filiform-subulate appendages. Akenes filiform-linear, with taper- ing base. Pappus double ; outer of indefinitely numerous capillary bristles like those of Porophyllurn ; inner of 5 lanceolate long hyaline palere, with costa excurrent into a scabrous awn. -* — -s — -* — Pappus either wholly paleaceous, or some or all of the pales bearing or largely resolved into awns or capillary bristles : bracts of the involucre gamophyllous or some- times distinct : receptacle variously fimbrillate, alveolate-dentate, or more strictly naked. 166. DYSODIA. Pappus multisetose-polyadelphous, i. c. all or most of the 10 or more palese resolved, except a basal portion, into several (9 or more) or indefinitely numerous capillary but rather stiff bristles. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, usually calcu- late with a series of loose accessory bracts, the proper bracts generally gamophyllous at base, rarely quite separate, rarely united to near the summit. Style-appendages sometimes slender, sometimes an abrupt apiculation or short obtuse cone. 167. HYMEN ATHERTJM. Pappus of several or numerous paleas, either 1-5 aristate or pointed, or partly resolved into as many bristles, or some or all of them entire and even truncate (rarely even concreted ) . Involucre campanulate, cupulately gamophyllous high up, with or without some loose accessory bracts. Style-branches truncate or very obtuse, some- times tipped with a minute apiculation. Akenes mostly terete, and striate. 168. TAGETES. Palea? of the pappus 3 to 6, firm, commonly unequal, entire, not setiferous, but one or more of them frequently subulate-pointed or aristiform. Involucre naked at base, gamophyllous nearly throughout into an oblong or more elongated cup or tube. Akenes compressed or angulate, hardly striate. Herbs. # # Pectideje. Style of hermaphrodite flowers slender, hispidulous, terminated by two very short obtuse and inappendiculate stigmatic branches. 1 69. PECTIS. Heads radiate, several-many-flowered. Involucre naked at base, or nearly so, cylindrical or campanulate, of few or several equal carinate bracts in a single series. Receptacle small, naked. Disk-corollas 5-lobed, one or two sinuses often deeper, thus becom- ing bilabiate. Akenes linear, terete or angled. Pappus of few or numerous bristles or awns, sometimes paleaceous-dilated at base, or of paleas, or reduced to paleaceous-coroniform, rarely obsolete. Opposite-leaved herbs. Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEiE. Heads homogamous with flowers all tubular and her- maphrodite, or more commonly heterogamous, with the female flowers ligulate and radiate, or sometimes with corolla reduced to a tube or obsolete. Receptacle either naked or with, some chaffy bracts. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, wholly or partly dry and scarious or scale-like, not foliaceous, seldom herbaceous. Anthers without tails at base. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, and some- times with obscure conical tips. Akenes usually small and short, with no pappus or a paleaceous crown, or a circle of squamellee. — Strong-scented or bitter-aromatic herbs or undershrubs, the greater part of the Old World ; with alternate, leaves : distinguished from the preceding tribe by the scarious imbricated involucre ; from the Asteroidece, by the truncate style-tips, &c. The first genus would go with Helenioidece, except for the paleae of the receptacle. # Receptacle paleaceous, i. e. with chaffy bracts subtending some or all the disk-flowers : heads radiate, or the rays wanting in certain species. -(— Anomalous, with involucre (of comparatively few and broad thin bracts) and aspect of Bymenopappus. 78 COMPOSITE. 170. LEUCAMPYX. Involucre broadly hemispherical ; its bracts broadly oval, equal/in 2 or 3 series of 4 or 5 each, membranaceous, their margins white-scarious. Receptacle somewhat convex, with oblong-lanceolate wholly scarious bracts subtending disk-flowers and partly folded round the akenes. Ray-flowers 8 or 10, fertile; ligule cuneate-obovate, ample, on a slender glandular tube, somewhat persistent on the akene. Disk-flowers numerous : corolla with narrow tube, ampliate-campanulate throat, and 5 spreading lobes : style-branches linear, with an obscure obtuse tip slightly produced beyond the stigmatic portion. Akenes large for the tribe, obovate-trigonous, with narrowed base and rounded summit, lightly 5-nerved, glabrous, slightly incurved. Pappus an obscure squamellate crown, soon obsolete. ■I— -t— Involucre of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shorter : receptacle convex to oblong : style-branches truncate-penicillate. 171. ANTHEMIS. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered. Chaffy bracts of receptacle sometimes hyaline, sometimes aristiform. Akenes terete or 4-10-angled or ribbed, not flat- tened, glabrous ; the truncate summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or auriculate pappus. Heads comparatively large. 172. ACHILLEA. Involucre campanulate or obovate. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle membranaceous, like the innermost bracts of the involucre. Rays few or several, short and broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcompressed, callous-margined, glabrous, destitute of pappus. # # Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of bracts or chaff among the flowers. ■i— Heads comparatively large, radiate, or rarely discoid and homogamous by the absence of ligulate female flowers, pedunculate, solitary at the summit of the branches, or some- times corymbosely cymose, never racemosely paniculate : akenes glabrous : tube of disk- corolla either terete or ancipital. 1 73. MATRICARIA. Receptacle conical or ovoid, or rarely lower when young. Akenes 3-5-ribbed or nerved on the face or sides, rounded on the back. 174. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle from flat to hemispherical. Akenes (at least of the disk) 5-10-ribbed or nerved all round; of the ray in certain species triquetrous. -•— -i— Heads sessile, discoid, heterogamous : female flowers most numerous, apetalous ; their akenes pointed or armed with indurated persistent style. 1 75. SOL IV A. Heads many-flowered, largely of female flowers : a few hermaphrodite but mostly sterile ones in the centre ; these with a short and thick 2-6-toothed corolla and usually undivided style. Involucre of 5 to 12 nearly equal bracts in not more than 2 series. Re- ceptacle flat. Akenes obcompressed, with rigid wings or callous margins, which are com- monly spinulose-pointed at summit, and the apex armed by the spiniform persistent style. Pappus none. •f- -K- -t- Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, heterogamous : female flowers apetalous : style deciduous. 1 76. COTULA. Heads many-flowered : female flowers in one or two rows : disk-flowers with 4-toothed corolla, fertile or infertile. Bracts of the involucre greenish, in about 2 ranks. Akenes raised on pedicels at maturity (these remaining on the flat or convex receptacle), obcompressed, commonly thick-margined or narrowly winged, in our species destitute of pappus or nearly so. H- H- -H- +- Heads discoid, heterogamous, and the few or uniserial female flowers with a tubular 2-3-toothed or lobed corolla (in one species imperfectly radiate), or sometimes homogamous, the female flowers wanting and the hermaphrodite rather few : style de- ciduous : akenes truncate or obtuse : receptacle quite naked or sometimes hirsute : involucre imbricated in few or several ranks. 177. TANACETUM. Heads corymbosely cymose or glomerate, rarely solitary, many- flowered : female flowers with tubular 3-5-toothed corolla, either equal or oblique or im- perfectly ligulate. Akenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-angular, with broad truncate summit, bearing a coroniform pappus or none. Anther-tips broad and mostly obtuse. 178. ARTEMISIA. Heads paniculately disposed, few-many-flowered, small, wholly dis- coid, heterogamous, the female flowers with small, and slender tubular corolla, and the her- composite. 79 maphrodite either sterile or fertile; or homogamous, with the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile. Anther-tips slender and pointed. Akenes obovate or oblong, mostly with small epigynous disk or summit, and no pappus. Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE^E. Heads heterogamous or homogamous. Involucre mostly one or two series of equal (and not scarious) bracts, sometimes unequal or even imbricated, with or without loose and short accessory ones at base. Receptacle naked. Anthers without tails at base, but not rarely sagittate. Style-branches of her- maphrodite flowers most commonly truncate or obtuse, tipped with short appendages or none. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, sometimes caducous. Leaves usually alternate. (Copious capillary pappus, comparatively simple involucre, short or conical if any style-tips, tailless anthers, and naked receptacle, are the marks of this tribe, no account being here taken of the tropical American subtribe Liabece.) # Style-branches of hermaphrodite fertile flowers roundish-obtuse, or at least not truncate, and wholly without appendage or hispidity at summit, simulating Inuloidece or Eupatori- acece: pappus-bristles merely denticulate : receptacle naked, flat. — Subtribe Tussilaginem, Benth. & Hook. -i— Heads submonoecious or subdicecious ; the hermaphrodite flowers (with rather deeply 5-cleft corolla) essentially sterile : akenes narrow, 5-10-costate, with elongating soft and white pappus : involucre a series of soft herbaceous bracts, with few or no loose accessory ones at base. — True Tussilagineoe. 1 79. TUSSILAGO. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monoscious : female flowers in several series in the ray, slenderly ligulate : numerous subhermaphrodite flowers in the centre, with undivided style and sterile ovary. 180. PETASITES. Heads racemosely or corymbosely disposed, white- or purplish-flow- ered, subdicecious : heads in the truly fertile plant wholly or chiefly of female flowers, with slender-tubular and irregularly 2-5-toothed or distinctly ligulate corolla ; in the substerile with few of these in the margin, and numerous hermaphrodite-infertile flowers, like those of Tussilago, but their style commonly with 2-cleft or 2-toothed apex. ■t— -K- Heads homogamous, discoid, of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers: style- branches very minutely granular-puberulent. ++ Corollas yellow, rather deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate : anthers much exserted and with lanceolate tips : akenes linear, glabrous : involucre hardly herbaceous, simple, of carinately one-nerved narrow bracts, and with few and small or no accessory bracts. 181. OACALIOPSIS. Heads very many-flowered. Involucre broadly campanulate, of 14 to 30 lanceolate-linear mostly acuminate bracts. Corolla with the cylindraceous throat rather longer than the slender tube. Anthers entire at base. Style puberulent for some distance below the slightly flattish branches. Akenes 10-striate. Pappus very copious, soft and white, equalling the corolla. Leaves palmately lobed, petioled. 182. LUINA. Heads about 10-flowered. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of 8 to 10 linear bracts. Corolla of the preceding, or the throat more ampliate. Anthers sagittate at base. Style glabrous, its flattened and linear branches obscurely papillose on the back, truncately obtuse. Akenes (immature) obscurely 10-striate. Pappus of the preceding, but less copious. Leaves entire, veiny, sessile. ++ ++ Corollas yellowish, obtusely 5-toothed: anthers little exserted, with oval obtuse tips : involucre mostly foliaceous ! 183. PEUCEPHYLLUM. Heads 12-25-flowered. Involucre campanulate, of numerous subulate-linear or almost filiform nerveless bracts which resemble the leaves, in about 2 series, some of the outer looser and similar to the uppermost leaves. Corolla with very short proper tube and long cylindrical throat ; the 5 teeth short, ovate, obtuse, erect, ob- scurely puberulent. Anthers minutely sagittate at base. Style-branches linear, flattish or semiterete, obscurely papillose-puberulent, the very obtuse tip wholly destitute of appendage. Akenes turbinate-oblong, obscurely 10-striate, very hirsute. Pappus shorter than the co- rolla, of very numerous and unequal rather sordid and roughish capillary bristles. Leaves short-filiform, crowded. 80 COMPOSITE. # # Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers either truncate or capitellate at tip, which is either naked or penicillate or hirsute, and not rarely bearing a short conical or flattened appendage. — Subtribe Eusenecionece, Benth. & Hook. 4— Involucre lax (not erect-connivent), commonly of much overlapping or unequal bracts, 1 0-many-flowered. ++ Herbs, with alternate well-developed leaves and many-flowered heads. 184. PSATHYROTES. Heads homogamous ; the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile. Involucre of somewhat numerous bracts in two series, at least the outer more or less her- baceous. Receptacle flat. Corollas with extremely short proper tube (the filaments there- fore inserted near the base), elongated cylindrical throat, and 5 very short obtuse teeth. Style-branches flattish, very obtuse or truncate, and with obscure appendage if any. Akenes terete, more or less turbinate, obscurely striate, villous or hirsute. Pappus copious, shorter than the corolla, of very unequal rather rigid obscurely denticulate bristles, at least in age fuscous or ferrugineous. 1 85. BARTLETTIA. Heads heterogamous, radiate : flowers all fertile. Involucre broadly campanulate, of 12 to 14 oblong-lanceolate bracts in 2 or 3 series, rather lax ; the inner and larger membranaceous, 2 or 3 outermost short and more herbaceous. Recep- tacle convex, tuberculate. Corollas with long and slender pubescent tube ; of the ray with narrowly oblong exserted ligule ; of the disk with dilated-funnelform throat longer than the 5 ovate lobes. Anthers with ovate obtuse tips. Style-branches rather short, linear, flat, truncate, minutely hairy at the broad summit, and usually with a, central setula. Akenes (at maturity) compressed, cuneate-oblong, with a strong salient nerve to each margin and usually on the middle of one face, these densely long-hirsute, the faces glabrate. Pappus equalling the disk-corolla ; its numerous somewhat unequal bristles in a single series, rather rigid, barbellulate, fuscous. 186. CROCIDIUM. Heads heterogamous, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre hemi- spherical or more open, of 9 to 12 nearly equal and similar oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate thin-herbaceous bracts ; no external calyculate ones. Receptacle conical. Ray-flowers about 12, with oval or oblong rather ample ligules : disk-corollas with slender tube rather longer than the campanulate throat ; lobes 5, spreading. Anthers with deltoid-ovate acute tips. Style-branches short and broad, terminated by large deltoid appendages. Akenes fusiform- oblong, obscurely 3-5-costate, beset with hyaline oblong papillae, which, detaching when wetted, throw out a pair of spiral threads, in the manner of Senecio, &c. Pappus a single series of equal white barbellate bristles, which are very deciduous, in the ray commonly wanting. ++ ++ Herb, with opposite leaves and many-flowered heads. 187. HAPLOESTHES. Heads heterogamous, many- (at least 20-) flowered, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre short-campanulate, of 4 or 5 nearly equal and similar rather fleshy orbicular or broadly oval bracts, the outer strongly overlapping the inner. Receptacle flat. Corollas with somewhat slender tube : ligules of the rather few and short ray-flowers oval : disk-corollas narrowish, deeply 5-toothed. Anther-tips lanceolate. Style-branches of Senecio. Akenes linear, terete, striate-costate, glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather rigid and scabrous whitish bristles, about equalling the disk-corolla. ■h- ++ ++ Shrub, with alternate leaves reduced to scales, and 10-18-flowered heads with imbricated involucre. 188. LEPIDOSPARTUM. Heads homogamous. Involucre oblong-campanulate ; its bracts scarious-chartaceous, regularly imbricated in 3 or 4 series, oblong, obtuse ; the outer successively shorter ; outermost ovate, passing into similar scaly bracts on the pedicel. Re- ceptacle naked. Corolla with elongated tube, and lanceolate-linear spreading lobes, which much exceed the open campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exserted, slenderly and almost caudately sagittate at base, the tips lanceolate. Style-branches flattish, ending in short acutish pubescent tips. Akenes oblong, terete, obscurely 8-10-nerved, with large epigynous disk. Pappus very copious, of soft and whitish minutely scabrous capillary bristles. •+- 4— Involucre of 4 to 6 firm and concave close and strongly overlapping bracts, 4-9- flowered : shrubs, with alternate leaves. 189. TETRADYMIA. Heads homogamous. Involucre cylindrical to oblong, naked, i. e. no accessory bracts. Receptacle flat, small. Corollas with elongated tube, and lanceolate COMPOSITE. 81 or linear spreading lobes longer than the short-campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exserted, acutely and even caudately sagittate at base ; the tips triangular-lanceolate. Style-branches flattish, the truncate and minutely penicillate tips terminated by a very short and low obtuse cone. Akenes terete, short, obscurely 5-nerved, from extremely long- villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary long bristles, white or whitish. -* — -* — -* — Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts (with or without short accessory ones at base), many-flowered, or in some species of Cacalia of few bracts and few-flowered : ours herbs, the flowers all fertile : heads either homogamous or heterogamous with ligulate rays. •h- Pappus of comparatively few and unusually stout plumose bristles. (Transition to Selenioidece. ) 190. RAILLARDELLA. Heads 15-many-flowered (fewer-flowered only in depauperate plants), homogamous or heterogamous. Involucre cyliudraceous or campanulate, a single series of linear equal bracts, their edges lightly connate below the middle, or not manifestly overlapping. Receptacle flat. Ray-flowers (when present) with irregular and cuneate deeply 3-4-cleft fertile ligules. Disk-corollas with rather short proper tube, elongated and narrow-funnelform throat, and 5 ovate obtuse naked teetb. Style-appendages flattish, his- pidulous, tapering into lanceolate or cuspidate tips. Akenes linear, somewhat terete, obscurely several-nerved, pubescent. Pappus of 12 to 25 equal aristiform but soft and plumose bristles, nearly equalling the disk corollas ++ ++ Pappus a single series of numerous rather rigid capillary bristles, from Bcabrous to barbellate : leaves chiefly opposite. 191. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. Involucre campanulate, not calyculate-bracteolate at base, of several thiu-herbaceous oblong- lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat double series. Receptacle flat, sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elongated hirsute tube, a funnelform or cylindraceous throat, 5-lobed at summit. Style-branches flattish, at least above, there hirsute, with obtuse or acute tips. Akenes linear, more or less 5-10-costate or angled. +*++++ Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numerous bristles : style- branches narrow, truncate or capitellate and often bearing a bearded ring at tip, which sometimes is produced into a short central cusp or obscure cone : leaves in our genera all alternate. 192. SENECIO. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous and discoid, usually many-flowered. Corollas yellow, those of the disk 5-toothed, occasion- ally 5-lobed. 193. CACALIA. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite, few or numerous. Corollas white, rarely flesh-colored, with 5-cleft or 5-parted limb, the lobes usually with a midnerve. 194. ERECHTITES. Heads heterogamous and discoid, many-flowered : numerous outer flowers female; central ones hermaphrodite. Corollas all slender-tubular; those of the female flowers filiform and with usually slightly dilated and 2-4-toothed summit ; of the hermaphrodite flowers with long filiform tube and short cyathiform 4-5-lobed limb. Recep- tacle flat, naked. Bristles of the pappus very soft and fine, elongated. Flowers whitish or yellowish. Teibe IX. CYNAEOIDEiE. Heads homogamous and tubiflorous, the flowers all her- maphrodite and with equally or sometimes rather unequally 5-cleft corollas, the lobes long and narrow ; or sometimes radiatiform (falsely radiate) and heterogamous by enlargement of limb of corollas of marginal flowers, which are commonly neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle mostly flat or convex, often fimbrillate or densely setose. Anthers with tails at base, and commonly with elongated and con- nate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style-branches destitute of appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly so, more commonly united up to the simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid, but sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent 6 82 COMPOSITE. ring or node below. Akenes thickish and hard. Pappus setose or rarely paleaceous. Leaves alternate, the teeth or margins often prickly. (Nearly all the indigenous American representatives are Thistles.) Crtptostemma calendulacea, of S. Africa, of the tribe Arctotideoe (lying between this tribe and Anthemidece, and to which belongs Gazania of the gardens), is a ballast-weed at some ports in California, which it has reached via Australia. Subtribe I. Carditine^. Akenes attached by their very base, mostly very glabrous : flowers all perfect (one Thistle dioecious), in ours numerous or in the fjrst genu's rather few in the head. # Filaments distinct. •f— Leaves never prickly : style-branches partly distinct, slender : akenes oblong : filaments 195. SAUSSUREA. Involucre obovoid to oblong ; bracts appressed, muticous. Receptacle with setiform chaff among the flowers, or rarely naked. Pappus of numerous plumose bristles, more or less connate in an indurated ring at base, so falling from the akene in connection ; with commonly some outer and smaller bristles, either less plumose or naked, which are separately deciduous. 196. ARCTIUM. Involucre globular; bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading above the broader appressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of numerous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately deciduous. -t— +- Leaves more or less prickly ; style-branches concreted to or near the tip into a fili- form or rarely short-cylindrical body ; a pubescent ring below this either manifest or quite obsolete . akenes obovate or oblong, compressed or somewhat turgid : pappus simple ; its numerous bristles connate into a ring at base and falling from the akene in connection : filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent, rarely glabrous : involucre of numerous much imbricated and often prickly-tipped bracts, many-flowered. 197. CARDUUS. Bristles of the pappus naked, or at most barbellulate, not plumose: otherwise like Cnicus. 1 98. CNICUS. Bristles of the pappus long- and soft-plumose, or only their tips naked, or those of some marginal flowers occasionally almost naked to the base. Receptacle densely villous-setose. 199. ONOPORDON. Receptacle fleshy, alveolate, not setose : pappus not plumose : other- wise like Cnicus. Cynaea, Artichoke, Cardoon, is sparingly cultivated, but not naturalized. # # Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous : otherwise as preceding subdivision. 200. SILYBUM. Involucre depressed-globose, of rather large and rigid bracts in a few series; their upper portion herbaceous, spinose along the margins, and tapering into a. rigid prickle, widely spreading. Receptacle and flowers nearly as in common Thistles. Bristles of the pappus numerous in more than one series, flattish, barbellulate-ciliolate or scabrous. Subtribe II. Centaurine^e. Akenes obliquely attached by one side of the base or more laterally. 20 1 . CENT AURE A. Involucre ovoid or globose, many-flowered, mostly firm or rigid ; bracts appressed and variously appendaged. Receptacle densely setose. Plowers sometimes all hermaphrodite and with corollas equally or obliquely 5-cleft into narrow lobes ; more commonly the marginal ones neutral or sterile, and their corollas sometimes enlarged and widely spreading, forming a kind of false ray. Style-branches either concreted or partly separate. Akenes obovoid or oblong, turgid or compressed, usually smooth and glabrous, with a large epigynous disk, commonly surrounded by an elevated entire or denticulate margin. Pappus various, setose or partly paleaceous, occasionally obsolete or wanting. Tribe X. MUTISIACE^E. (Ser. Labiatiflor^e, DC.) Heads in one subtribe ho- mogamous, the hermaphrodite flowers all with regularly 5-cleft corollas ; otherwise either homogamous or heteroganious and corollas_ bilabiate in the hermaphrodite COMPOSITE. 83 flowers, sometimes simply ligulate in female ray-flowers. Anthers with long tails at base. Receptacle naked. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers not appendaged, usually short or very short, and like those of Cynaroidex (but no node below) or of Inuloidece. Leaves alternate. (Mostly South American, a few in other parts of the world : our five genera belong to three subtribes.) Subtribe I. GochnatiEjE. Heads homogamous ; the corollas almost or quite regularly and deeply 5-cleft into linear lobes : style-branches usually rounded at tip. Ours shrubs. (Transition to Cynaroidem and Inuloidece.) 202. HECASTOCLEIS. Heads one-flowered, in » fascicle, surrounded by an involucri- form cluster of leaves. Involucre cylindraceous, of several narrowly lanceolate rather rigid and cuspidate-acuminate bracts, appressed-imbricated. Flower hermaphrodite. Corolla rather chartaceous, narrow, equally cleft to the middle ; the linear lobes widely spreading, not revolute. Anthers wholly exserted, subcoriaceous, bearing naked tails ; the linear terminal appendages lightly connate, as long as the polliniferous portion. Style glabrous and even, not cleft, but terminated by an emarginate-2-lobed stigma. Akene (immature) cylindraceous, glabrous. Pappus coroniform, laciniate-dentate, corneous. 303. GOCHNATIA. Heads few-many-flowered, fasciculately paniculate or cymose. In- volucre campanulate or oblong, of dry or coriaceous regularly imbricated bracts. Recep- tacle flat, naked. Corolla-lobes mostly revolute. Style-branches sometimes very short, sometimes fully twice longer than broad, flat, roundish-obtuse or nearly truncate at summit. Akenes oblong, silky-villous. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary scabrous or barbel- lulate bristles, nearly equalling the corolla. Subtribe II. GerberEjE, & III. Nassauvie*. Heads heteroganious or homogamous : corollas either all bilabiate ($), or marginal ones simply ligulate. * Heads heterogamous and radiate : ray-flowers female and simply ligulate. 204. CHAPTALIA. Heads many-flowered: female flowers in two or more series and fertile; hermaphrodite flowers in the disk, all or some of them sterile. Involucre campanu- late or turbinate, of narrow appressed-imbricated bracts, outer successively shorter. Corolla of the marginal flowers simply ligulate and 3-toothed at the end, or entire ; those of an inner series more filiform, the ligule reduced to less than the length of the style ; those of the her- maphrodite flowers more or less bilabiate, outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2-lobed or parted. Style in hermaphrodite flowers obtusely 2-lobed at apex, or when sterile entire. Akenes oblong or fusiform, 5-nerved, attenuate or rostrate at apex, bearing a copious pappus of very soft and fine capillary bristles. Scapigerous and monocephalous herbs. * * Heads homogamous, of hermaphrodite and fertile flowers, all of them with bilabiate (|) corollas, the lower lip larger in marginal flowers, not rarely more elongated and radiatiform: style-branches comparatively long, mostly dilated or flattened above and truncate, rarely somewhat penicillate. 205. PEREZIA. Involucre few-many-flowered, imbricated in few to several series ; bracts dry, chartaceous or coriaceous. Receptacle flat, naked, rarely pilose or fimbrillate. Akenes commonly papillose-puberulent, elongated-oblong, terete or obscurely angled, sometimes narrowed at apex, not rostrate. Pappus of copious capillary scabrous bristles, either rather rigid or soft. Flowers ne^ver yellow. 206. TRIXIS. Involucre several-many-flowered ; proper bracts 8 to 12, equal in » single series, or in two unequal series, little if at all imbricated, usually subtended by a few foliaceous loose accessory ones or by bracteiform leaves. Receptacle in genuine species pilose. Akenes more slender, with a tapering or rostrate summit. Pappus soft. Flowers yellow. Tribe XI. CTOHORIACEjE. (Ser. Liguliflor*:, DC.) Heads homogamous and ligulate ; the flowers all hermaphrodite and with ligulate corolla ; ligule 5-toothed at the truncate apex. Anthers sagittate-auriculate at base, not caudate : pollen-grains ' dodecahedral. Style-branches filiform, minutely papillose, not appendaged, but stig- matic lines evident only toward base. Receptacle almost always plane. Herbs (except a few insular genera), mostly with milky and bitter juice : leaves alternate. (Natural 84 COMPOSITE. and well-definable subtribes being still a desideratum, artificial sections based pri- marily on the pappus are here employed.) Series I. Pappus none : receptacle naked. # Akenes truncate at base and apex, short, smooth : leaves all radical : involucre of nearly nerveless bracts, nearly unchanged in fruit, rather many-flowered. 307. PHALACROSERIS. Involucre of 12 to 16 equal and nearly herbaceous lanceolate bracts, naked or loosely unibracteate at base. Akenes short-oblong, slightly incurved, obscurely quadrangular : pericarp thin-coriaceous. Scape naked, monocephalous : flowers yellow. S08. ATRICHOSERIS. Involucre of 12 or more equal lanceolate bracts, and calyculate with a few minute ones. Akenes oblong, with corky pericarp, more or less 8-10-costate, the alternate ribs thicker. Scape bracteate and polycephalous : flowers white and purplish. 211. KRIGIA, & 219. MICROSERIS, very rarely want the pappus, or nearly so. # # Akenes, with rounded or somewhat contracted apex and small areola, narrow at base : involucre of several one-nerved equal bracts, unchanged or concave-convex in fruit, 8-20- flowered : corollas yellow. 209. LAMPSANA. Involucre narrow, minutely calyculate-bracteate at base ; the true bracts carinate, at least in fruit, then erect. Akenes narrowly obovate-oblong and some- what obcompressed, minutely nervose-striate, smooth. Leafy-stemmed and branching Old World annuals. 210. APOGON. Involucre not calyculate, of usually 8 oblong-lanceolate herbaceous bracts, in fruit becoming rather ovate by broadening of the base, concave and the tips conniving. Akenes terete, obovoid, merely rounded at summit, 10-costate, obscurely scabrous-lineolate transversely, rarely an obsolete vestige of pappus. Low annuals, becoming caulescent. Series II. Pappus paleaceous or partly so, or aristiform, or plumose. # Involucre simple and naked, i. e. of equal bracts and no short calyculate ones at base : akenes truncate : pappus of palese and (usually) of bristles : receptacle naked. 211. KRIGIA. Heads several-many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous. Akenes short-columnar or turbinate, pluricostate, terete or somewhat angular, with bj-oad truncate summit. Pappus double ; outer of pointless thin pales ; inner of delicate naked bristles, these rarely wanting in one species. Flowers yellow. # # Involucre either calyculate or imbricated, i. e. principal bracts equal and some short ones at base, or of less unequal bracts in two or more series, simple only in Tragopogon. +- Akenes usually short, with truncate summit (sometimes a little narrowed beneath it, not rostrate) : receptacle not chaffy : flowers never yellow : caulescent, with small or reduced leaves on the rigid stems or branches : flowers matutinal. 212. CICHORIUM. Heads several-many-flowered. Involucre double; its bracts herba- ceous with coriaceous and indurating base, those of the inner series partly enclosing the subtended akenes, the 4 or 5 outer more spreading and herbaceous. Akenes somewhat angled ; the broad summit bordered with a crown-like pappus of numerous short and blunt palese, in 2 or more series. Flowers normally blue. 213. STEPHANOMERIA. Heads 5-1 2-flowered, rarely 3-20-flowered. Involucre cylin- draceous or oblong, of several appressed and equal plane membranaceous bracts and some short calyculate ones, not rarely with 2 or 3 of intermediate length, thus becoming imbri- cate. Akenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs. Pappus a series, of plumose bristles, or rarely chaffy awns, not rarely naked toward the bases, which sometimes are lightly connate in phalanges. Flowers pink or rose color. 214. CH^TADELPHA. Heads about 5-flowered. Involucre of Stephanomeria, cylin- draceous, the accessory calyculate bracts very small, the membranaceous proper ones 5. Akenes short-linear, 5-angled, very smooth. Pappus of 5 rigid upwardly tapering awns, which bear on each side toward the base 3 to 5 rather shorter and slender rigid bristles. Flowers rose-color. -i— +- Akenes long-rostrate, base more or less excavated at insertion : receptacle naked : heads rather- many-flowered : pappus a series of long-plumose bristles or awus. COMPOSITE. 85 215. RAFINESQUIA. Involucre conical or cylindraceous, of 7 to 15 linear acuminate equal bracts, somewhat fleshy-thickened at base, and some loose calyculate ones. Akenes terete, somewhat fusiform, obscurely few-ribbed, attenuate into a slender beak, not callous- thickened at the insertion. Pappus (white) of 10 to 15 slender bristles, softly' long-plumose from base to near the tip. Leafy-stemmed and branching annuals : flowers white or tinged with rose-color. 216. TRAGOPOGON. Involucre campanulate or oblong, of several lanceolate and up- wardly attenuate equal herbaceous bracts ; no calyculate ones. Akenes somewhat fusiform, 5-10-costate, more or less excavated at insertion, tapering into a long beak, except perhaps the outermost. Pappus a series of numerous stout bristles, somewhat connate at base into a ring, long-plumose to near the apex, the plumes arachnoid and more or less interlacing. Simple-stemmed or branching biennials or perennials, with gramineous leaves, and large solitary beads of yellow or purple flowers. H — -i — n — Akenes either truncate or inner ones rostrate : receptacle paleaceous : soft slender chaff among the flowers : head rather many-flowered : involucre sparingly imbricated : flowers yellow. 217. ANISOCOMA. Involucre cylindraceous, of thin and very obtuse appressed bracts, somewhat herbaceous in centre and with broad white-scarious margins ; innermost linear- oblong, 2 or 3 intermediate ones oblong; outer ones short-oval and orbicular. Chaffy bracts of receptacle long, linear-filiform or setiform. Akenes terete, linear-turbinate, 10-nerved, pubescent, short-attenuate at base, the truncate summit crowned with a narrow entire cup- like border or ring, within which is inserted the bright white pappus, of 10 or 12 rather rigid long bristles, in two series ; the 5 longer ones (equalling the involucre) long-plumose above the middle ; the others much shorter, less plumose, sometimes naked. Scapes mono- cephalous. 218. HYPOCHCERIS. Involucre campanulate, of somewhat herbaceous marginless bracts. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle narrow and scarious. Akenes glabrous or scabrous, 10-ribbed, oblong or fusiform, tapering upward, at least the inner ones, into a beak. Pappus a series of fine plumose bristles, with or without some naked and shorter outer ones. Leaves chiefly radical and scapes bracteolate, often branching. -l__ +- j— -i— Akenes either truncate at summit or upwardly attenuate, yet with no distinct or prolonged beak : receptacle not chaffy : pappus of awned or pointed scarious palese or of awns or bristles with paleaceous base, or plumose : flowers yellow, open in morning and dull weather. 219. MICROSERIS. Heads several-many-flowered, on naked simple scapes or peduncles. Corollas mostly with a hairy tube. Akenes 8-10-costate, with a basal callosity which is hollowed at the insertion. Pappus simple ; its bristles or awns naked, in one or two species plumose (and then white) or barbellate. 220. LEONTODON. Heads many-flowered, on simple or branching scaly-bracteolate scapes. Involucral bracts narrow. Akenes minutely striate or rugulose, fusiform and taperiDg to the narrow summit, sometimes by more or less of » beak. Pappus one or two series of plumose (sordid) bristles, which are more or less lanceolate-widened at base, persistent. 220 a . PICRIS. Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer bracts of involucre loose or spreading. Akenes terete, 5-10-costate ; the ribs rugose. Pappus one or two series of slender plumose bristles, not paleaceous at base. Series III. Pappus of capillary bristles, scabrous, rarely barbellulate, never plumose nor paleaceous-dilated. * Receptacle paleaceous, i. e. bearing narrow chaffy bracts among the flowers : corollas rose-color or rose-tinged. 221. PIN AROPAPPUS. Involucre many-flowered, campanulate ; its bracts imbricated and outer successively shorter, thinnish, the tips sphacelate. Chaff of the receptacle attenuate- linear, deciduous with the akenes. Akenes glabrous, slender, terete, 10-15-costate, tapering from the callous base into a short slender beak. Pappus sordid, of copious soft-capillary bristles, one or two outer series shorter, rather persistent. 86 COMPOSITE. * # Receptacle bearing some capillary bristles among tbe flowers: pappus all or the greater part deciduous in connection : akenes not flattened. 222. CALYCOSERIS. Involucre many-flowered, oblong-campanulate, of numerous erect linear-lanceolate scarious-margined bracts in a single series, and of a short and loose calcu- late outer series. Delicate capillary bristles of the receptacle, one to each flower, as long as the akenes and deciduous with them. Akenes fusiform or oblong, 5-costate, attenuate into a short beak, which terminates in a shallow and denticulate scarious pappus-like crown, sur- rounding the base of a copious and white soft-capillary pappus ; its bristles equal, deciduous all together. 223. MALACOTHRIX. The species with bristle-bearing receptacle belong here. Akenes short-columnar, truncate at both ends. 230. TROXIMON. One species sometimes bears chaffy bracts among the flowers : akenes short-rostrate. # # # Receptacle naked. +- Akenes not flattened : pappus promptly deciduous, mainly altogether, soft and white. 223. MALACOTHRIX. Involucre many-flowered, either imbricated or only calyculate. Receptacle sometimes with or sometimes without delicate capillary bristles interposed among the flowers. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, glabrous, terete and striately 5-1 5-costate, or 4-5-angled by the prominence of stronger ribs, slightly or not at all narrowed either way, with broad truncate apex having an entire or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a series of soft and scabrous or near the base barbellulate bristles, which are deciduous more or less in connection, and commonly 1 to 8 outer and stronger ones which are more persist- "' ent and smoother. 228. CREPIS. One or two species incline to have most of the pappus-bristles fall in connection, also a few less deciduous. 224. GLYPTOPLEURA. Involucre 8-18-flowered, cylindraceous, of 7 to 12 nearly membranaceous linear-lanceolate equal hardly scarious-margined bracts, which are partly connate below, and some loose foliaceous ones or subtending leaves at base. Akenes nar- rowly oblong, often somewhat incurved, slightly tapering downward, with 5 thick obtuse ribs or angles, and the intervals conspicuously cancellate-sculptured, so as to form single rows of pits, at summit a short thick and 5-ribbed hollow beak exserted from a cupulate shoulder, and slightly dilated to bear the pappus : this bright white, of very numerous and fine hardly scabrous capillary bristles, in more than one series, caducous, outermost falling separately, inner mostly in connection at base. ■•— +- Akenes not flattened : pappus persistent, or bristles tardily falling quite separately, never in connection (except, perhaps, by the breaking of the summit of an attenuate beak). ++ Beak to the akenes none or a mere attenuation. = Heads solitary, terminating simple bractless scapes : flowers yellow. 225. APARGIDIUM. Involucre rather many-flowered, cylindraceous-campanulate ; bracts somewhat herbaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerved, rather few in 2 or 3 series, or outer and broader ones more calyculate. Akenes linear-oblong, columnar, glabrous and smooth, truncate, not tapering at either end. Pappus sordid or brownish, of rather copious minutelv barbellulate and rather fragile capillary bristles, with some outer and smaller ones merel'v scabrous. Perennial. 230. TROXIMON. Involucre many-flowered. Akenes tapering, 10-costate, beakless in original species. = = Heads seldom solitary, borne by leafy stems or more or less bracteate scapes. a. Flowers yellow (in an adventive species red-orange), or in one species white. 226. HIERACIUM. Involucre several-many-flowered, of narrow equal bracts and some short calyculate ones, or sometimes imbricate, having those of intermediate length, not thick- ened at base nor with thickened midribs. Akenes oblong or columnar, smooth and glabrous, mostly 10-ribbed or striate, either terete or 4-5-angular, slightly contracted at very base,' commonly of same thickness to the truncate top, but in several species tapering to a nar- rower summit. Pappus of rather rigid scabrous fragile bristles, sordescent or fuscous, rarely COMPOSITE. 87 white and soft, then passing into Crepis. Perennials, commonly with hispid or hirsute, or often glandular pubescence. 327. CREPIS. Involucre few-many-flowered, somewhat imbricated, or more commonly a series of equal bracts and some short calyculate ones, sometimes thickened at base after anthesis. Akenes from, columnar to fusiform, 10-20-costate. Pappusof copious white and usually soft capillary bristles. Annuals or perennials. b. Flowers from whitish or cream-color to violet or rose-red : involucre narrow, unchanged in age, a series of equal erect bracts, and a few short calyculate ones at base : styles usually long and slender : akenes columnar or linear, or even fusiform, mostly truncate at summit. 228. PRENANTHES. Heads 5-30-flowered, mostly nodding before or during anthesis. Akenes terete or 4-5-angled, commonly striate, sometimes striately pluricostate, with trun- cate summit. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary bristles, in the section Nabalus from whitish to ferruginous. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with paniculate or racemiform-thyrsoidly disposed heads : leaves dilated. 229. LYGODESMIA. Heads 3-12-flowered, erect. Akenes terete, obscurely few-striate or angled, commonly linear or slender-fusiform, in the larger species concave at insertion. Pappus of copious and usually unequal capillary bristles, either soft or rigidulous, from sordid-whitish to white. Stems mostly rush-like and striate, in one species spinescent, and leaves narrow-linear or reduced to scales. Plowers rose-colored. ++ -H- Beak to the akenes distinct and slender, except in one or two species of Troximon : heads erect before and during anthesis : involucre unchanged in age : akenes oblong or obovate to linear. 230. TROXIMON. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple naked scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, more or less imbricated. Akenes 10-costate or 10-nerved, smooth, not muricate nor sculptured, with or without a small callus at insertion ; the beak various, or in two species wanting. Pappus white or whitish. Flowers yellow, orange, or rarely purple. 231. TARAXACUM. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple and fistulous naked scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, a single series of nearly equal narrow bracts, a little connate at base, and several or numerous calyculate bracts at the base. Style-branches slender and nearly filiform, as in most genera. Akenes oblong-obovate to fusiform, 4-5-costate or angled, and usually with some intervening nerves, muricate or spinulose, at least near the summit, which is abruptly contracted into a filiform beak. Pappus soft and capillary, dull white, no woolly ring at its base. Flowers yellow. 232. PYRRHOPAPPTJS. Heads and involucre nearly of Taraxacum, terminating scapose or leafy stems or branches. Style-branches short, oblong, very obtuse. Akenes oblong or linear-fusiform, about 5-costate or sulcate, muriculate-rugulose or hirsutulous-scabrous, tapering abruptly into a, long filiform beak. Pappus copious, soft and capillary, fulvous or rufous, its base usually surrounded by a soft-villous ring. Flowers yellow. 233. CHONDRILLA. Heads several-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled on slender branches. Involucre cylindrical, of several linear equal bracts, and some short calyculate ones. Akenes 4-5-angled and with intervening nerves or ribs, muricate toward the summit, which is abruptly produced into a filiform beak. Pappus fine and soft, bright white. Flowers yellow. 4- h— +- Akenes flattened: pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles: leafy- stemmed plants, with more or less paniculate heads. 234. LACTUCA. Involucre cylindraceous, or in fruit somewhat conoidal, several-many- flowered, either calyculately or more regularly imbricated. Akenes obcompressed, and with a beak or narrowed summit, which is more or less expanded at apex into a pappiferous disk. Pappus of bright white or rarely sordid bristles, falling separately. 235. SONCHUS. Involucre campanulate or broader, in age usually broadened and fleshy- thickened at base, and becoming conical. Akenes obcompressed, destitute of beak or neck or dilated pappiferous disk. Pappus of very soft and fine flaccid bristlei, which fall more or less in connection, and commonly one or more stronger ones, which fall separately. 88 COMPOSITE. Stokesia. Tribe I. VERNONIACE^E, p. 50. 1. STOKESIA, L'Her. (Jonathan Stokes, a British botanist, coadjutor of Withering: some say Dr. Wm. Stokes of Dublin.) — A most peculiar genus, of a single species, of local habitat; a perennial, flowering in early summer; the large and showy head of flowers having considerable resemblance to that of a China Aster. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 234. S. oyanea, L'Her. A foot high : stem stout, at first floccose-lanate ; the few branches terminated by solitary heads : leaves glabrous, bright green, puncticulate, thickish ; radical and lower cauline entire, oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a margined petiole; upper be- coming ovate lanceolate, partly clasping, and bearing toward their base some spinulose- aristiform teeth ; some subtending the head and passing into the bracts of the involucre : head, with the radiant marginal corollas (of an inch long), 3 inches in diameter : flowers bright purplish-blue. — L'Her. Sert. Angl. 27; Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 491; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 60; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4966; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ii. t. 13. Carthamus latvis, Hill, Hort. Kew. 57, t. 5. Oartesia centauroides, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1816. Centaurea Americana, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 48, by mistake. — Moist ground, in the low country, from south- western part of S. Carolina to E. Louisiana : rare. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS, Vaill., L. (Greek for Elephant's foot, which is a translation of a Malabarian name of the original species.) — Perennial herbs, of warm regions, extending northward almost through the Atlantic U. S. ; with un- divided pinnately-veined leaves and usually bluish-purple flowers. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 237. Elephantopus, Elephantosis, & Distreptus (Cass.), Less., DC. — Our species all belong to the typical section of the genus ; with stem dichoto- mously branching ; heads capitately glomerate at the summit of pedunculiform branches, the compound glomerule involucrate by two or three cordate and closely sessile bracteiform leaves ; and simple pappus of about o awns or rigid bristles, with chaffy-dilated base : fl. late summer. Of the nearly related species (with glabrous corolla) E. seaber belongs to the extra- American and E. mollis to the American tropics. Schultz Bip., in Linnsea, xx. 514, too hastily combined all the American species. , # Stem leafy: upper cauline leaves very similar to the basal. B. Carolinianus, Willd. Bather softly hirsute or pubescent, sometimes 3 feet high : leaves thin, oval-obovate or ovate, crenate or repand-dentate, not rugose, nor prominently veined (the larger 4 to 8 inches long and 2 to 4 wide) ; uppermost oblong: chaffy base of awns of the pappus decidedly longer than the diameter of the akene, lanceolate-subulate and very gradually attenuate into the awn. — Spec. iii. 2390 (excl. syn.) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 187 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 480; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 60. E. seaber, "Walt. Car. 217, &c , not L. — Dry soil in open woods, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Kansas, Texas, and Florida. # # Stem usually naked and seapiform: its few lea-ves small and bract-like; principal leaves radical and flat on the ground. B. tomentosus, L. Somewhat canescently hirsute and villous ; leaves silky-villous beneath (rather than tomentose), varying from obovate or rarely oval to Uarrowly-spatulate ; veins of the lower surface prominent : seapiform stem a foot or two high : involucre of the large glomerules rigid : pappus-scales about the length of the breadth of the akene, triangular- subulate, attenuate into the bristle. — Spec. ii. 814, & ed. 2, excl. syn. Browne ; Torr. & Gray, • Fl. I.e. E. Carolinianus, var. simplex, Nutt. Gen. ii. 187. E. nudicaulis, Ell. Sk. ii. 481. E. elatus, Bertol. Misc. xi. 21, t. 5. — Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Louisiana. B. nudatUS, Ghat. Minutely strigose-pubescent : leaves membranaceous, green, at most somewhat hirsute beneath, from spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate, not prominently veined : glomerules smaller : pappus-scales very short, broadly deltoid, abruptly terminated by the Vernonia. COMPOSITE. 89 bristle. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 47. (Echinophorce affinis Mariana, etc., Pluk. Mant. 66, t. 388, fig. 6 ?) E. scaber, Michx. Fl. in part ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c, not L. E. nudicaulis, Ell! in herb. Hook., not of Sk. 1. c. — Low and sandy woodlands, Delaware (Canby) to Georgia, W. Louisiana, and Arkansas (Harvey). 3. VERN6NIA, Schreb* Iron-weed. ( Win. Vernon, an early collector in Virginia, &c.) — Perennial herbs (or some in the tropics shrubs) ; with alter- nate and pinnately-veined leaves, and usually purple or rose-colored flowers, occasionally varying, to white. — Gen. 541; DC. Prodr. v. 15 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 57 ; Benth. & Hook., Gen. ii. 227. — A huge genus, of nearly 400 species, the greater part S. American, some S. African and S. Asian ; the N. American species all of the section Lepidaploa, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. {Lepidaploa, &c, Cass.), having somewhat spherical heads in terminal cymes or terminating corymbiform branches. Ours all many-flowered; the (fuscous or even ferruginous) pappus persistent or nearly so, and double ; akenes commonly sprinkled or beset with resinous atoms between the salient ribs ; foliage often puncticulate. Fl. late summer and autumn. The species are extremely difficult : there are spontaneous hybrids between such very different species as V. Arkansana and V. Baldwinii, V. faseiculata and V. Baldwinii, and even between V. Baldwinii and V. Lind- heimeri ! # Stems leafy throughout: short outer pappus conspicuous, and squamellate rather than setose. -t— Heads large, sometimes an inch high, 50-70-flowered. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall (8 or 10 feet), rather glabrous: leaves all linear-lanceolate (4 to 12 inches long and lines wide), attenuate-acuminate, runcinately denticulate : heads all on simple and somewhat clavate peduncles, nearly hemispherical : involucre green, very squarrose ; its bracts all equaUing the disk, and with long filiform tips (those of the upper reddish), the outer and loose ones filiform nearly or quite to the base : akenes minutely hispid on the ribs. — Prodr. vii. 264 ; Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 283 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 59;. Torr. in Sitgreaves Exped. t. 2. — Plains and alluvial banks of streams, Missouri and Kansas to E. Texas. H— -i— Heads smaller, half-inch high or less, 15-40-flowered, rarely only 10-flowered. ++ Leaves slightly or not at all scabrous, and without revolute margins, most of them acutely den- ticulate or serrate with rigid or somewhat spinulose teeth, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acuminate or very acute, pinnately veined : stems leafy up to the inflorescence ; cymes mostly compound. (Species not clearly limited.) = Akenes under a lens more or less hispidulous on the ribs. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Somewhat glabrous or pubescent, 3 to 6 feet high : leaves from elongated- to oblong-lanceolate (3 to 9 inches long) : heads in an open cyme, 20-40- flowered : involucre commonly brownish or dark purplish ; the ovate and ovate-lanceolate bracts (or at least the upper ones) abruptly acuminate into a slender cusp or slender tortuous awn, usually some of the lower wholly aristiform and loose. — Spec. iii. 1632; DC. Prodr. v. 63 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 57. Serratula Noveboracensis (founded on Herm. Parad. Bot., & Dill. Elth. 355, t. 263) and S. prcealta (in herb, and of Dill. Elth. t. 264, bracts more aristate than the fignre shbws), L. Spec. ii. 818. V. prcealta, Less, in Linn. iv. 264 ; Hook. Fl. i. 304. V.tomentosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 288 (Chrysocoma tomentosa, Walt. Car. 196), a form with tomentulose pubescence. Varies with pale or sometimes white instead of pink-purple corollas, the involucre then greenish. — Low grounds, coast of New England to Georgia, west Jo Wisconsin and Missouri, but mostly an eastern species. Var. latif olia. Lower, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, pale or glauceseent beneath, the larger more coarsely serrate : heads fewer : involucre vary- ing from hemispherical (of fewer bracts) to somewhat turbinate, and its bracts merely acute, acuminate, mucronate, or some with a short filiform cusp. — Serratula glauca, L. 1. c, founded on Dill. Elth. 354, t. 262 ; the specimen has many aristate-tipped bracts. Vernonia glauca (and nearly V. prcealta), Willd. Spec. iii. 1633. V. ovalifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Chapm. 90 COMPOSITE. Vernonia. Fl. 187, extreme form, mostly with muticous involucral bracts. — In shady places, Penn. and Ohio to Florida. V. Baldwinii, Tore. Tomentulose, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate : involucre (a quarter-inch high) when young globose, hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose by the spreading or recurved acute or acuminate tips of its bracts. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. V. sphceroidea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Prairies and barren hills, E. Missouri to Texas ; flowering early, in July and August. Passes into the next. V. altissima, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, or sometimes cinereous-pubescent, 5 to, 10 feet high : leaves thinnish, veiny, obscurely if at all puncticulate, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong : cyme usually loose or open: involucre of wholly appressed obtuse or merely mucronate-acute bracts : ribs of the akenes minutely or sparsely hispidulous. — Gen. ii. 134 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 289 ; Less, in Linn. vi. 639, partly. V. prcealta, Michx. 1. c, partly; DC. 1. c, partly. V. fascicu- lata, var., Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 59 ; Chapm. Fl. 188. Chrysocoma gigantea, Walt. 1. c. Varies much, especially in the size of the heads : the form parviflora, with involucre only 2 or 3 lines high and rather pauciseriate, being NuttalTs original. — Low or wet grounds, W. Penn. to Illinois, Louisiana and Florida. Var. grandiflora. Less tall : heads larger : involucre mostly 4 lines high ; the bracts 35 to 40 and in more numerous ranks. — Nutt. in Herb. Acad. Philad. — Low prairies- and along streams, Illinois and Kentucky to Texas. = = Akenes smooth and glabrous on the ribs, or nearly so: bracts of the involucre all closely appressed and inappendiculate, coriaceo-chartaceous. V. fasciculata, Michx. Glabrous, or the cyme puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves thick- ish, when dry puncticulate, from linear (and with obscure veins or veinlets) to oblong- lanceolate (and more evidently veined), conspicuously spinulose-denticulate : heads numerous and crowded on the branches of the compound cyme : involucre (3 or 4 lines high) 20-30- flowered ; its bracts all obtuse, or some of the uppermost abruptly mucronate-acute. — Fl. ii. 94 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, excl. vars. V. corymbosa, Schweinitz, in Keating, Narr. Long Exped. Mississ., the form with broad and short leaves. V. altissima, DC. 1. c. partly, & excl. syn. Dill., &c. — Low grounds, prairies and river-bottoms, Ohio and Kentucky to Dakota and south to Texas. ++ ++ Leaves perfectly glabrous and smooth, veinless, commonly entire, narrowly linear, plane: heads narrow, few-flowered. V. Lettermani, Engelm. Habit of the preceding, 2 to 4 feet high, fastigiately and cymosely much branched at summit : leaves 3 or 4 inches long, only a line wide, the margins notrevolute: heads numerous, pedunculate, clavate-cylindraceous, 10-14-flowered, half-inch long : bracts of the involucre all appressed and inappendiculate, but acute or acuminate ; outermost ovate-subulate, innermost narrowly lanceolate and purple : ribs of the glandular akenes obscurely scabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 78. — Arkansas, on Cooper's Creek, Bigelow. Gravelly banks and sand-bars of the Washita, Letterman. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high: leaves linear- lanceolate or linear, like those of narrowest forms of V. fasciculata, but smaller and less or obsoletely denticulate ; veins and veinlets obscure : heads few or numerous in a loose and open corymbiform cyme, all pedunculate : involucre (4 or 5 lines high) 15-25-flowered, from hemispherical-campanulate to turbinate-oblong ; its bracts all or mostly obtuse, or (in the larger form of involucre) acute or acuminate. — Fl. 1. c. ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 82. V. altis- sima, var. marginata, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210. — Plains of Nebraska and Arkansas to W. Texas and E. New Mexico, first coll. by Dr. James. «•++++ Leaves with upper face scabrous and margins often revolute, then entire, not canescent. V. angustifolia, Michx. Stem a. foot to a yard high, slender, from roughish-hirsute to nearly glabrous : leaves from narrowly linear or approaching filiform to lanceolate, the broader ones sparsely denticulate and also veiny : cyme loose, simple or compound, sometimes paniculate, sometimes umbelliform, mostly naked: heads 15-25-flowered: involucre about 3 lines high, commonly somewhat turbinate ; its bracts or most of them mucronate, some- times cuspidate-acuminate : akenes minutely hirsute, at least on the ribs. — Fl. ii. 94 • Ell. Sk. ii. 87 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. V. fasciculata, DC. 1. c, not Michx. Chrysocoma gramini- folia, Walt. Car. 196. Liatris umbellata, Bertol. Misc. v. t. 4. — Dry pine barrens, N. Caro- lina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. Stevia. COMPOSITE. 91 Var. scaberrima. Leaves mostly short and sparsely denticulate or toothed, from linear to oblong-lanceolate, scabrous to rough-hispidulous above : bracts of the involucre or some of them produced into long and loose or spreading subulate or filiform tips. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. V. scaberrima, Nutt. Gen. ii. 134 ; Ell. 1. c. — South Carolina to Florida. Var. Texana. Stem virgate, rather tall : lower leaves large, lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long) ; upper ones small, linear or subulate : cyme naked : bracts of the involucre all point- less or merely mucronate. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c, character, without name. — Pine woods, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Var. ptimila, Citapm. Glabrous and hardly at all scabrous, even the leaves; these small, mostly linear and entire : stem slender, a span to 1 8 inches high : cyme of few heads : bracts of the involucre pointless. — Bot. Gazette, iii. 5. — Wet pine barrens, S. E. Florida, Blodgett, Garber. ++++++++ Leaves with revolute entire margins, not scabrous, veinless, lanose beneath. V. LincLheimeri, Gkay & Exgelm. About a foot high, excessively leafy up to the corym- biform cyme, lanose-canescent, even to the obtuse and pointless bracts of the involucre : leaves narrowly linear (l£ to 3 inches long, a line or two wide), glabrate and green above ■ heads all pedunculate: akenes glabrous: pappus purple. — Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46, & PI. Lindh. ii. 217. — Eocky hills and plains, W. Texas, Lmdheimer, Wright, &c. Berlandier collected an apparent hybrid between this most distinct species and V. Baldwinii. # * Outer pappus inconspicuous and rather setose than squamellate : cauline leaves few and small. V. oligophylla, Miciix. Minutely scabrous-pubescent : stem about 2 feet high, slender, bearing a few heads in a very loose naked cyme : radical leaves ample (4 to 8 inches long) in a rosulate tuft, oblong; cauline lanceolate, few and small, the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts ; all veiny and denticulate: heads 1 5-30-flowered : bracts of the involucre subulate (mostly from a broad base), loose : bristles of the pappus slender: akenes hirtellous on the ribs. — Fl. ii. 94 ; DC. Prodr. v. 62 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 57. Serratula Carolinensis, Dill. Elth. t. 261. Chrysocoma acaulis, Walt. Car. 196. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida, near the coast. — Varies with foliage soft cinereous-pubescent : S. Carolina, J. Donnell Smith. Tribe II. EUPATORIACE.E, p. 50. 4. STfiVIA, Cav. (Dr. Pedro Esteve.) — Herbs, rarely suffrutescent plants ; with mostly opposite and triplinerved leaves, small and narrow heads usually corymbosely crowded in terminal naked cymes or fascicles, and flowers white or rose-purple : pappus variable ; the awns when present barbellate-scabrous. — A large Mexican genus (a few species reaching our borders), also well developed on the eastern side of South America in corresponding latitudes. — Cav. Ic. iv. 32, t. 354-356 ; -Schultz Bip. in Linn. xxv. 268. # Branches and heads paniculate, loose: root annual. S- micrantha, Lag. Puberulent and somewhat viscid: stem slender, a foot or two high, bearing short flowering branches almost from the base : leaves thin, ovate with subcuneate or rarely subcordate base, serrate (inch long), petioled : heads pedicellate in the loose clusters, 3 and 4 lines long : pappus of 3 awns with short paleaceous-dilated base, or in one or two flowers occasionally awnless. — Elench. Hort. Madrid, 1815, & Nov. Gen. & Spec. 27. 5. macella, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 70. — Shady cliffs, New Mexico, Wright. Southern Arizona, Lemmon, by which is generally meant Mr. J. G. and Mrs. Sara Plummer Lemmon, associates in exploration. (Mex.) # # Heads loosely cymose-paniculate and pedunculate : root perennial. S. amabilis, Lemmon. Stem slender and virgate, or with long virgate branches, about 2 feet high : leaves all alternate, linear with narrowed base, or the lowest oblanceolate, entire, thinnish : involucre slender, glandular-viscid : flowers purple : pappus of 5 long awns and with extremely short (broader than long) intermediate palea?. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 1. — Plains near Cave Canon, S. Arizona, Lemmon. 92 COMPOSITE. Stasia. # # # Heads subsessile and fasciculate; the fascicles corymbosely cyinose: root perennial, -i— Herbaceous, leafy up to the dense fastigiate clusters of heads: leaves subsessile, serrate. S. serrata, Cat. Pubescent or somewhat hirsute : leaves often alternate, crowded, from spatulate-linear to oblong-spatulate, irregularly and sometimes coarsely serrate or some entire, loosely veiny, strongly punctate : flowers white or pale rose : pappus 1-5-aristate or in some flowers reduced to a crown of short obtuse palese. — Ic. iv. t. 355; DC. Prodr. v. 118. S. ivcefolia, Willd. Mag. Naturf. Berl. 1807, 137, & Enum. 855. S. canescens, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 143; Benth. PI. Hartw. 19; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 71. S.virgata, HBK. 1. c. S. punctata, Schultz Bip. in Linn, xxv.286. Ageratum punctatum, Jacq. Hort. Schcenbr. iii. t. 300. (Variable species.) — New Mexico and Arizona, Wright and later collectors. (Mex., Venezuela.) S. PlummerSB, Gray. Puberulent and almost glabrous : leaves nearly all opposite, less crowded, oblong-lanceolate or broader, acute, incisely serrate, bright green, very conspicu- ously nervose-veiny and reticulated, hardly punctate (2 inches long) : flowers rose-color : pappus of 4 broad and truncate fimbriate-denticulate paleas. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 204. — S. Arizona, Rucker Valley of the Chiricahua Mountains, Mrs. Lemmon, born Plummer. Var. alba. Flowers white : leaves less serrate and not so strongly veiny. — S. Arizona, in Ramsey's Carion, Lemmon. -I— -k- Shrubby : leaves subsessile, mostly entire and opposite. S. Lemmoni, Gray. Fruticose, puberulent throughout, leafy up to the dense clusters of very numerous heads : leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, thinnish, obscurely triplinerved : involucre somewhat viscid-pubescent : flowers apparently white : pappus a cupulate and nearly entire or merely lacerate crown. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — S. Arizona, canons in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Lemmon, Pringle. S. salicifolia, Cav. Frutescent, low, nearly glabrous : leaves coriaceous, linear or linear- lanceolate, occasionally serrate, commonly glutinous-lucid : heads in small and more open fascicles : flowers white : pappus 1-3-aristate, or sometimes of obtuse pale*. — Ic. 1. c. t. 354 ; Schultz Bip. 1. c. 290 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 73. S. angiisti folia, HBK. 1. c. (awn- less pappus). — S. border of Texas, Parry, a low and very narrow-leaved form. (Mex.) 5. SCLER6LEPIS, Cass. (2 K \r)p6s, hard, and Actus, scale, from the cartilaginous palea? .of the pappus.) — Genus of a single species, peculiar to the Atlantic coast. Fl. summer. S. Verticillata, Cass. Subaquatic perennial, nearly glabrous, stoloniferous from the base : stems slender, usually simple, above the water bearing many whorls of narrowly linear one- nerved entire sessile leaves (half-inch to an inch long), and terminated by a solitary pedun- culate small head (rarely branching at top and 3-4-cephalous) : flowers rose-purple. — Diet. xxv. 365 ; DC. Prodr. v. 1 14 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 65. JEthulia uniflora, Walt. Car. 195. Spargonophorus verticillatus, Michx. Fl. ii. 95, t. 42. — Low pine-barren ponds and streams, in shallow water, New Jersey to Florida. Leaves 4 to 6 in the whorls. 6. TRICHOCOR6NIS, Gray, (©pff, T pi X o5, hair, and Kopwws, top or apex.) — Texano-Mexican herbs, fibrous-rooted, aquatic or paludose ; with stems creeping at base or spreading, branching, leafy, pubescent with somewhat viscid and weak multicellular hairs : leaves of soft texture, opposite or the upper alter- nate, sessile and partly clasping, glabrate : heads slender-peduncled, terminating the branches : flowers flesh-color or rose-purple. — PL Fendl. 65 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 240. T. Wrightii, Gray, 1. c. Stems assurgent from an annual root, paniculately-branched above : leaves undivided, sparingly serrate, half-inch or more long ; the lower opposite and oblong ; upper alternate and cordate-lanceolate : heads diffusely panicled, only two lines high and wide: involucral bracts about 1 8, oblong-lanceolate : receptacle convex: tube of the corolla shorter than the expanded throat and limb : style-branches narrow : pappus a minute but evident crown of more or less concreted setuliform squamellie, or some of them aristellate. — A geratum? (Micrageratum) Wrightii, Torr. & Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46. Hofmeisteria. COMPOSITE. 93 Margacola parvula, Buckl. in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 1862. — Wet ground in prairies, Texas, Wright, Bucldey, &e. (Mex., Palmer.) T. rivularis, Gray, 1. c. Stems floating, in shallow water rooting, and flowering branches emersed and ascending : leaves succulent, mostly opposite, an inch or two in length, cuneate- obovate, sparingly incised or palmately 3-lobed, contracted iuto a narrow connate-clasping auriculate base : heads fewer or solitary on simple peduncles, 3 or 4 lines in diameter : involncral bracts about 12, oval, obtuse : receptacle highly convex : tube of corolla slender, equalling the hemispherical throat and limb : style-branches flat and linear, acutish : pappus a minute and evanescent or obscure setulose crown. — In springs and streamlets, S. W. Texas, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex., Gregg, &e.) 7. AG^RATUM, L. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some aromatic plant of this order, probably an Achillea, from u. privative and yr?pas, yr/paros, not waxing old, transferred by Linnaeus to an American genus.) — Chiefly tropical, herbaceous, and with opposite petiolate leaves ; heads small in terminal corymbiform cymes or rarely paniculate; flowers blue, purple, or white, in summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 241, excl. syn. Oxylobus. Ageratum & Ccelestina, Cass., DC. ; to which should be added Alomia, HBK., differing only in the want of pappus. § 1. Euageratum. Pappus of distinct aristate or sometimes muticous paleaj : receptacle naked. A. contzoides, L. Annual, pubescent : leaves ovate or deltoid-subcordate, crenately serrate : pappus of 5 to 7 lanceolate rigid scales, mostly tapering into a scabrous awn which nearly equals the blue or white corolla. — Schk. Handb. t. 238 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. 1. 15. A. Mcxicanum, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2524, &c, a more pubescent form, common in ornamental cultivation. — Sparingly naturalized near towns in the S. Atlantic States. (Xat. from Trop. Amer., &c.) § 2. CcE;LESTfNA. Pappus coroniform or cupulate (by the union of the palea? into an entire or toothed cup or border), sometimes obsolete. — Ccelestina, Cass., DC, &c. (In our species the receptacle is naked, duration of root uncertain, and flowers usually blue or violet.) A . COrymboSUm, Zuccagni. Scabrous-puberulent, erect : leaves short-petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, irregularly few-several-toothed : floriferous branches naked above : corolla-tube glanduliferous : pappus prominently cupulate, more or less dentate. — Zuccagni ex Balb. in Hort. Taur. 1806 ; Pers. Syn. ii. 402. A. calestinum, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1730 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 623. Ccelestina ageratoides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 151 ; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 70. C. ccerulea, Cass. Diet. vi. suppl. 8, t. 93. C. corymbosa, DC. Prodr. v. 108.. — ~Sew Mexico, Wright, &c. (Mex.) • A. littorale, Gkat. Glabrous, decumbent or assurgent : leaves rather succulent, long-peti- oled, ovate with cuneate base, serrate: corolla glabrous: pappus an extremely short crown, with or without several minute narrow teeth, or reduced to a mere ring. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 78. — Ccelestina maritima, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 64; not Ageratum marhimum, HBK., which is a true Ageratum with diminutive pappus. — Key West, S. Florida, Bennett, Blod- gett, Palmer, Garber. 8. HOFMEISTjfiE-IA, Walp. (W. Hofmeister, a vegetable histologist.) — Low suffrutescent plants; with heads terminating slender peduncles, small incised leaves either opposite or alternate on long petioles, and whitish flowers ; the style-branches clavate. — Two species, the original one (II. fasciculata, Walp. Rep. vi. 106 ; Helogyne, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 20, t. 14), of Lower California, with 2-3-awned pappus. H. pluris&ta, Geay. Slightly puberulentand viscidulous, much branched : leaves with small (2 to 5 lines long) deltoid to oblong blade very much shorter than the petiole : heads about 94 COMPOSITE. Milmnia. 20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines long : bracts of involucre with pointed somewhat spreading tips : akenes rather short : pappus of 10 or 12 bristles and about as many small and narrow acute squamella;. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 96, t. 9, & Bot. Calif, i. 299. — Canons, San Bernardino desert, Southeast California to Arizona and S. Utah, Bigelow, Parry, Newberry, &c. 9. MIKANIA, Willd. (Prof. J. G. Mikan, of Prague, or his son and suc- cessor, J. G. Mikan, who collected in Brazil.) — Twining perennials, or many erect and shrubby in tropical America, where most of the numerous species occur ; with opposite leaves and small variously clustered heads. Our species, confined to the Atlantic States, have slender-petioled angulate-cordate leaves, corymbosely cymose heads of pale flesh-colored and more or less fragrant flowers, produced in summer and autumn ; the throat of the corolla abruptly dilated from the narrow tube, and broadly campanulate. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1472; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 246. M. SCandens, Willd. Glabrous or puberulent : herbaceous stems high-twining : leaves somewhat hastately or deltoidly cordate, acuminate, irregularly and obtusely angulate- dentate or repand, rarely almost entire : heads crowded, about 3 lines long : involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate or slender-apiculate : corolla-lobes ovate, much shorter than the very wide throat : akenes a line long, resinous-atomiferous. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 91 ; Baker in Fl. Bras. vi. 248, in part. Evpatorium scandens, L. ; Jacq. Ic. Bar. t. 169; Michx. Fl. ii. 97. — Moist ground along streams, New England and W. Canada to Florida and Texas. (Mex. and W. Ind. to S. Brazil, mostly in peculiar forms, if not species.) Var. pubesoens, Torr & Gray, 1. c. From slightly to densely puberulent. — M. pu- bescens, Muhl. Cat. 71 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 136. M. menispermea, DC. Prodr. v. 200. — Southern Atlantic States to Texas. M. cordifolia, Willd. Puberulent or pubescent, frutescent at base : branchlets often striate-angulate : leaves broadly cordate and angulate : inflorescence more compound : heads 4 or 5 lines long : involucral bracts oblong-linear, obtuse or muticous : corolla-lobes oblong- lanceolate, fully as long as the campanulate throat : akenes 1 J to 2 lines long, glabrous. — Cacalia cordifolia, L. f. Suppl. 351, & herb. Mutis, fide Baker, 1. c. 253. M. cordifolia (and according to Baker also M. rubiginosa), Smith. M. suareolens, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, iv. 135. M. gonoclada, DC. 1. c. 199. M. convolvulacea, DC. 1. c. — W. Louisiana, Hah. (Mex., W. Ind., Brazil.) 10. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Thoeoughwoet, &c. (Mithridates Eu- pator, king of Pontus.) — Perennial herbs, a few annuals, and some shrubby in the warmer regions ; with commonly opposite leaves, mostly resinous-atomiferous and bitter ; the small heads corymbosely cymose, or sometimes paniculate, rarely solitary. Fl. late summer and autumn. A vast genus as received in DC. Prodr. v. 141, and more extended by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 245 ; chiefly American. The sections are too confluent for good subgenera. § 1. 6smia, Benth. Involucre cylindrical or cylindraceous ; the bracts squa- maceous, coriaceous or firm-chartaceous, striate, pluriseriate, closely imbricated, the exterior successively shorter, obtuse : receptacle of the flowers flat or rarely convex : heads mostly clustered in corymbiform cymes : branching shrubs, or rarely herbs with suffrutescent base, tropical or subtropical : leaves all opposite. — Osmia, Schultz Bip. § Gylindrocephala, DC. # Involucral bracts abruptly appendiculate with short foliaceous or partly colored squarrose tips : heads pedunculate. — § Phyltacrocephala, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 88. E. sagittatum, Gray, 1. c. Probably suffruticose, puberulent : leaves (inch long) slender- petioled, sagittate or hastate, otherwise entire, acute or acuminate: heads nearly half-inch long, in threes terminating divergent branchlets: involucre 30-40-flowered, its bracts firm- Eupahmrivim. COMPOSITE. 95 coriaceous, hardly striate, prominently appendaged by deltoid spreading foliaceous tips: flowers probably purplish. — " California," Coulter, no. 294. But the same as 253 of Upper Sonora in the Mexican collection, doubtless the real habitat. Yet may reach into Arizona. (Adj. Mex., Coulter, Gregg, Palmer.) E. ivsefolium, L. Herbaceous or merely suffrutescent, somewhat hirsute or pubescent, strictly erect, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves lanceolate or the upper ones linear, hardly petioled, 3-nerved, sparsely and often coarsely serrate at the middle, mostly obtuse, roughish, an inch or two long: heads small (3 or 4 lines long), 10-20-flowered, in small and loose cymes: bracts of the cylindraceous involucre oblong, striate, with the very short somewhat truncate tips purple or greenish and slightly squarrose-spreading : flowers light purplish-blue or reddish. — Amcen. Acad. v. 405, & Spec. ed. 2, 1174; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 81 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 359 ; Baker in Fl. Bras. 1. c. 290. {E. obscurum, DC, & E. continuum, Hook. & Arn., ex Baker.) E. calocephalum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 286. Liatris oppositifolia, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 299. — Old fields, &c., Lower Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas ; the var. Ludovicianum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, a form with less serrate leaves and less squarrose involucre, the tips of the upper scales mostly petaloid and purple. (W. Ind. & Mex. to S. Brazil.) # # Involucral bracts wholly inappendiculate and appressed. E. heteroclinium, Griseb. Herbaceous, with somewhat ligneous base, 2 or 3 feet high, rather strong-scented, pubescent : branches ascending : leaves rather short-petioled, ovate- lanceolate with cuneate or truncate base to deltoid, obtusely serrate, 3-nerved, about an inch long : heads scattered, 5 or 6 lines long, 20-25-flowered, short-peduncled : involucre cylin- draceous, glabrous, smooth and somewhat shining, pale; the bracts very obtuse, about 7-striate, more than usually deciduous : receptacle of the purple or bluish flowers convex. — Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 358. Conoclinium rigidum, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 6, not DC. — Keys of S. Florida, Blodgett, Chapman, Curtiss. (Jamaica.) E. COnyzoid.es, Vahl. Shrubby, with herbaceous divergent flowering branches, 4 to 10 feet high, from villous-pubescent to glabrate : leaves slender-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, vary- ing to ovate, acuminate, mostly cuneate at base, sparsely and acutely serrate or sometimes entire, 3-nerved or triplinerved (larger 3 to 5 and smaller 1 or 2 inches long) : heads numer- ous in the corymbiform open cymes, a third to half -inch long, 12-30-flowered: involucre cylindraceous or cylindrical, glabrous ; the bracts 3-5-striate, rounded and somewhat green- ish at the tip : receptacle of the pale blue or white flowers flat. — Symb. iii. 96 ; Scbrank, Hort. Monac. t. 85 ; Baker, 1. c. E. odoratum, L., in part. — Along the Rio Grande on the Mexican border of Texas, Berlandier, Schott, Bigelow, &c. Mouths of the Mississippi, Trecul. E. Sabeanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456. The form with stouter heads and firmer greenish-tipped involucral bracts, common in Mexico, &c. (E. floribundum, HBK., E. divergens, Less., E. Maximiliani, Schrader, E. conyzoides folio molli et incano, etc., Pluk. t. 177, fig. 3), not the W. Indian form with more slender and pallid fewer-flowered involucre, and innermost bracts often acute, which approaches E. odoratum. (Trop. Amer.) § 2. Etjpatoeium proper. Involucre various ; the bracts from thin-membra- naceous or scarious to herbaceous, nerveless or few-nerved, mostly lax, either imbricated or equal and nearly uniseriate : receptacle flat, not hairy. # Involucre cylindrical and imbricate in the manner of § 1, but thin-membranaceous and some- what scarious when dry, faintly 3-striate: heads very numerous, corymbiform-cymose, mosily 5-10-flowered : leaves verticillate: stem herbaceous: herbage nearly destitute of resinous glob- ules. — § Verticillata, DC. E. purptireum, L. (Joe-Ptb Weed, Trumpet Weed.) From pubescent to nearly glabrous : stems simple, 3 to 9 feet high, usually lineolate-punctate, often fistular : leaves com- monly 3-6-nate, from oval-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, reticulate- veiny, the base narrowed into a short petiole : cymes polycephalous, compound-corymbose and numerous : involucre (3 or 4 lines long) whitish and flesh-colored : flowers dull flesh-color or purple, rarely almost white. — Spec. ii. 838 (Corn. Canad. t. 72; Herm. Parad. t. 158; Moris. Hist. vii. t. 18) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 81. E. trifohatum, L. 1. c, pi. Gronov. Virg. E. maculatum, L. Amoen. iv. 288, & Spec. ed. 2, 1174; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 102. E. verti- .COMPOSITE. Eupatorium. 'latum, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 760. E. ternifolium, Ell. Sk. ii. 306 ; DC. Prodr. v. 151. Low or wet ground, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida, and westward in wooded stricts to New Mexico, Utah, and Brit. Columbia. Varies greatly, yet manifestly one ecies. The typical form very tall, growing in shady places, with smooth stem (usually irple above the nodes), large and thin leaves and loose inflorescence, its branches slender- duucled. A narrow-leaved and attenuated form (var. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) is falcatum, Michx. Fl. ii. 99, and E. Icevigatum, Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. The best marked of e variations are the following. Var. maculatum, Dakl. Common in open ground, 3 or 4 feet high, often roughish- Lbescent : stem commonly purple, striate or sulcate ; leaves somewhat rugose, 3-5-nate : in- rescence more compact and depressed. — Fl. Cest. 453 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. maculatum, 1. c. E. fusco-rubrum, Walt. Car. 199 ? E. punctatum, Willd. Bnum. ii. 853. E. dubium, iir. Suppl. ii. 606. — The most widely distributed form. Var. amtienum. Leaves opposite or at most 3-4-nate, ovate or oblong, smoothish : mi slender, 2 feet high : heads fewer and only 3-5-flowered. — E. amosnum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 4. — An attenuate or depauperate form, growing in rather dry woods, mountains of Vir- aia to New York. # Involucre imbricated, rather lax ; the bracts of at least three or seldom only two lengths, the outer successively shorter. — § Subimbricata, DC. - Heads as many as 20-flowered, large (about half-inch long) : bracts of the involucre of 4 or 5 lengths, striate-nervose in the way of Brickellia : perennial herbs, of a Mexican type/ •w- Leaves entire, tomentose beneath. tigelovii, Gkat. Cinereous-pubescent, paniculately branched : leaves all opposite, ate-lanceolate with a rounded or obscurely cordate base, acute, entire, short-petioled, berulent above, soft-tomentose beneath, 3-5-ribbed at base : inflorescence somewhat pa- :ulate : peduncles 3-5-cephalous : involucre turbinate, tomentulose, regularly imbricated ; ter bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, the innermost linear : flowers purplish : enes nearly glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 75. — Arizona, on the Gila, Bigelow. -H- ++ Leaves acutely serrate, narrowed at the pinnately veined base, very short-petioled. Jruneri. Minutely puberulent, apparently only a foot or two high : leaves opposite, ate-oblong, acute, loosely veiny (2 or 3 inches long) : paniculate rather slender peduncles iring 3 or more sessile or short-peduncled heads : involucre campanulate, of comparatively v obscurely striate obtuse bracts ; the outer oval, puberulent ; inner ones scarious and ibrous, flesh-color (as probably are the flowers) : akenes glabrous. — Damp ground, in the icky Mountains at Fort Collins, N. Colorado, Dr. Bruner. ++ ++ Leaves coarsely and often obtusely dentate, 3-5-ribbed at the cordate or sometimes trun- cate dilated base, slender-pstioled, thin, bright greeen, acute or acuminate: flowers white or whitish: bracts of the campanulate involucre conspicuously striate-nerved : akenes minutely ■pubescent, not rarely 6-nerved, or with one or two of the nerves double ! 'endleri, Gray. A foot or two high, leafy, obscurely puberulent : leaves opposite or i upper alternate, deltoid-subcordate, tapering gradually to an acute or acuminate point : ids comparatively small and numerous, paniculate, all peduncled : bracts of the involucre obtuse, the outer oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 205. Brickellia Fendhri, Gray, PI. ndl. 63, & PI. Wright, ii. 73. (Some secondary or double ribs on many of the akenes nnect this with Brickellia.) — Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, Wright, •eerie, Lemmon, Rusby. 'arryi, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent (the spreading hairs of the stem somewhat glandular d viscid), loosely branched : leaves (so far as known) alternate, broadly ovate and rather 3ply cordate, crenately dentate : heads rather few and large in an open naked panicle, nder-pedunculate : bracts of the involucre thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the inner- >st produced into a setiform tip. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 75. — Sierra de Carmel, S. border of xas, on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande, Parry. (Mex.) ■ +- Heads 3-9-flowered, small (only 2 or 3 lines long), paniculate : leaves (at least the lower) pinnately dissected, many of them alternate : involucral bracts 6 to 10, narrow, acute or abruptly pointed, narrowly scarious-margined, nerveless: flowers white or whitish: herbs very leafy, much branched, with habit of Conyza and Artemisia. Eupatorium. COMPOSITE.. 97 ++ Very numerous heads in corymbosely paniculate cymules, S-9-flowered. E. pinnatlfldum, Ell. Pubescent, 3 or 4 feet high . cauline leaves mainly opposite, sometimes 4-nate ; lower 2-3-pinnately parted and incised into oblong or lanceolate divisions and lobes ; upper once or twice parted into linear lobes : involucral bracts obtuse with a mucronate cusp. — Sk. ii. 295 ; DC. Prodr. v. 176 (not of 149, which is the earlier E. bruriii- folium, Hook. & Arn., & E. pinnatifissum, Buek.); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 83. — Low grounds, near the coast, N. Carolina to Florida. ++ ++ Very numerous heads racemosely and thyrsoidly paniculate, 3-6-flowered : autumnal. E. coronopifolium, Willd. Puberulent and sometimes pubescent, somewhat glutinous and balsamic-aromatic, 3 or 4 feet high : lower leaves more commonly opposite, twice 3-7- parted into linear entire or sparingly incised lobes ; upper less compound, uppermost often entire, from broadly to narrowly linear : heads from over 2 to 3 lines long, in close spiciform panicles which are usually collected in an oblong thyrsus. — Spec. iii. 1750; DC. 1. o. 176 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 83. E. compositifolium, Walt. Car. 199. E. raeemosum, Bertol. Misc. v. 26, t. 1 , from specimen with upper cauline and rameal leaves all entire. — Chrysocoma coronopifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 102. — Sandy or dry soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. Narrow-leaved forms too nearly approach the next. E. fcBniculaceum, Willd.I.c. (Doc-Fennel.) Herbage fennel-scented when bruised, and slightly acrid: stem villous below with many-jointed slightly viscid hairs, 4 to 10 feet high, extremely leafy : leaves mostly glabrous, nearly all alternate, more compound than of the preceding and the lobes very narrowly linear or filiform : heads 2 lines long, loosely race- mose-paniculate at the ends of the upper branches. — E. fosniculoides, Walt. I.e. E. lepto- phyllum, DC. 1. c. Artemisia procerior, etc., Dill. Elth. i. 38, t. 37. A. capi/lifolia, Lam. Diet. i. 267. Mikania artemisioides, Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. liv. 130. Traganthes, Wallr. Sched. Crit. i. 456, ex Cass. 1. c. — Moist pine barrens and low fields, common from N. Carolina to Florida. The varieties, glabrum and lateriflorum, Torr. & Gray, FL, have no permanence. E. leptophyllum, DC, is only the more slender form. (W. Ind.) ^ — n — -I — Heads 3-15-flowered, 3 to 5 lines long: leaves undivided: flowers white (rarely pur- plish) : involucre of rather few (8 to 12 or rarely 15) bracts. ++ Thyrsoid-paniculate, suffruticose: involucral bracts 3-nerved. E. SOlidaginifolium, Gkay. A foot or two high, with simple branches, glabrate or minutely pubescent : leaves opposite, very short-petioled, oblong- or narrowly ovate-lance- olate from a rounded base, acute, entire or obscurely dentate, 3-nerved at or near the base, 10 to 18 lines long : thyrsus small (2 or 3 inches long), leafy at base, oblong or interrupted : heads few and crowded in each short-pedunculate cymule, 3-5-flowered : involucral bracts about 8, almost in two ranks, linear-lanceolate, acute : akenes pubescent. — PI. Wright, i. 87, & ii. 74. — Dry hills between the Limpio and the Eio Grande in W. Texas, and near Santa Cruz, Arizona, Wright, Pringle, &c. -H- ++ Corymbosely cymose or fastigiate inflorescence : herbaceous perennials, mostly copiously resinous-atomiferous, some species becoming balsamic-glutinous : involucral bracts nerveless or nearly so. = Leaves conspicuously petioled from a mostly truncate or abrupt base, strongly serrate: cymes broad: involucre cinereous-pubescent. E. mikanioides, Chapm. Tomentose-pubescent when young, soon glabrate : stems simple, a foot or two high from a creeping base : leaves opposite, deltoid-ovate or the uppermost oblong, obtuse, thickish and rather fleshy, glandular-punctate, obtusely dentate (an inch or two long) : heads 5-flowered: involucral bracts linear, rather obtuse. — Fl. 195. E. crassi- folium, Shuttleworth in distrib. coll. Rugel.— Low and sandy ground, coast of Florida, Chapman, Rugel, &c. E. serotinum, Michx. Puberulent : stems 5 to 7 feet high, corymbosely branched above : leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thinnish, acutely serrate (3 to 6 inches long), many of the upper alternate, some of these cuneate at base : heads 7-1 5-flowered, very numerous :" involucral bracts (10 or 12) linear-oblong, very obtuse. — Fl. ii. 100; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 89. E. ambiguum, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 96, as to ' Covington ' plant, is either this species or a (hybrid ?) form between it and E. semiserratum, DC, the E. parviflorum, E1L -~Low grounds, Maryland to Iowa, Florida, and Texas ; Sept. to Nov. (Adj. Mex.) 7 98 COMPOSITE. Ewpatorivm. = = Leaves from linear to oblong, sessile or some short-petioled from a narrowed base, chiefly opposite : heads mostly 5-flowered, occasionally 6-7-flowered. a. Involucral bracts with conspicuous white-scarious acute tips; the inner equalling the flowers. E. album, L. Pubescent with jointed spreading hairs: stem 2 feet high: leaves oblong- lanceolate or narrowly oblong, commonly obtuse, coarsely serrate, veiny, sessile (2 to 4 inches long) : cymes fastigiate : involucre (4 or 5 lines long) mostly bright white and glabrous throughout, well imbricated ; its bracts slender-mucronate, the outer sometimes pubescent and dark-dotted with resinous globules. — Mant. Ill; Walt. Car. 199. E. glandulosum, Michx. Fl. ii. 98. E. stigmatosum, Bertol. Misc. v. 15, t. 5. — Sandy fields and pine barrens, Long Island, N. Y., and Penn. to Florida and Louisiana. Var . subvenosum. More minutely roughish-pubescent : leaves smaller, only an inch or two long, mostly acute, with smaller and more appressed serratures, less veiny and more manifestly 3-nerved at base, where the upper cauline are not narrower : involucral bracts not so white. — Long Island (E: S. Miller) and New Jersey. Burke Co., N. Carolina ? B. leucolepis, Tokh. & Gray. Puberulent : stem slender, about 2 feet high : leaves lance- olate or linear, minutely and sparingly appressed-serrate, thickish, obscurely 3-nerved at base, closely sessile (1 to 3 inches long) : involucre (3 lines long) canescently pubescent; the narrowed tips of the bracts white-scarious. — Fl. ii. 84. E. linearifolium, Michx., Pursh, &c, partly. E. hyssopifolium, Ell. Sk. ii. 296 ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 96. E. glaucescens, var. leucolepis, DC. 1. c. 177. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, in the low country. b. Involucral bracts obscurely if at all scarious, mostly obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers. B. hyssopifolium, L. Merely puberulent : stems about 2 feet high, very leafy, commonly with fascicles in the axils, simple, corymbosely branched at summit : leaves occasionally ver- ticillate, linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed at base, f to 2 inches long, the broader forms with lateral nerves : cymes crowded : involucre (3 lines long) canescently pubescent and glandular ; bracts rather few, the inner with somewhat scarious margins and tips, obtuse, sometimes apiculate. — Spec. ii. 836 (Dill. fig. & Pluk.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 84. E. linearifolium, Walt. Car. 199; Michx.. 1. c. (partly) ; Willd. 1. c. E. linearifolium & hyssopifolium (chiefly), DC. 1. c. — Dry and sterile soil, Mass. to Florida and Texas, along and toward the coast. Varies greatly in the foliage, the extreme forms being, on one hand, that with very narrowly linear and much fascicled leaves ; on the other, the Var. laciniatum. Leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, irregularly and coarsely dentate, even laciniate. — Penn. and Kentucky to Carolina and Louisiana. Var. tortifolium. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-linear, mostly short, all entire, inclined to be vertical by a twist at base, many of them alternate. — E. tortifolium, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 5. E. cuneifolium, A. H. Curtiss, distrib. 1194. — Sandy pine barrens, S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The lower leaves resemble the uppermost of E. cuneifo- lium, but are all entire, often reflexed as well as vertical. B. cuneifolium, Willd. Habit, involucre, and pubescence of the preceding : leaves short (half to a full inch long), oblanceolate to cuneate-spatulate, obtuse, glaucescent, few-toothed toward the extremity, or the upper entire, uppermost very small and oblong-linear. — Spec, iii. 1753, excl. syn. (not DC.) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 85 ; Chapm. 1. c. E. linearifolium, Michx. 1. c, in part. E. glaucescens, Ell. 1. c. 297 ; DC. 1. c, excl. var. E. hyssopifolium, DC. 1. c, in part. E. cassinifolium, Bertol. Misc. v. 17, t. 6. — Dry ground, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. E. semiserratum^ DC. Tomentulose-pubescent : stems 2 or 3 feet high, much branched above : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate (commonly 2 or even 3 inches long), serrate with numerous unequal teeth from above or below the middle to the apex, triplinerved, rather veiny, narrowed at base, the lower into a short mostly distinct petiole : cymes numerous : heads small : involucre (2 lines long) canescently pubescent, of few bracts ; the longer linear-oblong, very obtuse, the others much shorter. — E. semiserratum & E. cunei- folium, DC. Prodr. v. 177. E. parviflorum, Ell. Sk. ii. 299; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, not Swartz. E. ambiguum, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 96 (1835), in part only, the Jacksonville plant, hut heads not " 8-1 0-flowered." — Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. In dry and open ground, plants with smaller and firmer leaves pass into Var. lancif olium. Glabrate : leaves lanceolate and verging to linear, 5 to 2 lines Ewpatorivm. COMPOSITE. 99 wide, rather rigid, 3-nerved from near the base. — E. parviflorum, var. lancifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — W. Louisiana and Texas, Drv.mm.ond, Leavenworth, Hale. E. altissimum, L. Pubescent : stems 4 to 7 feet high, branched at summit, very leafy : leaves lanceolate, tapering gradually to both ends, acuminate, acutely serrate above the middle, 2 to 4 inches long, with 3 conspicuous parallel nerves (giving the aspect of a tripli- nerved Solidago) ; uppermost entire : cymes numerous and irregular : heads fully 3 lines long: involucre canescently pubescent; its bracts oblong and very obtuse. — Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 164; Michx. Fl. ii. 97; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Kuhnia glutinosa, DC. Prodr. v. 127^ not Ell. — Dry ground, Penn. to Iowa, N. Carolina, and Texas. = = = Leaves sessile or very short-petioled with a broad base, normally opposite, occasionally 3-nate: involucre pubescent. a. Heads mostly 5-flowered, in one species 6-8-flowered : herbage roughish -pubescent : inner bracts of involucre acutish or acute, or sometimes acuminate at the thin tip. E. teucrif olium, Wjlld. Stem 2 or 3 and even 8 feet high, not very leafy : leaves ob- long, coarsely and irregularly serrate, rarely somewhat incised, slightly petioled (2 to 4 inches long) ; the upper small and few-toothed, sometimes hastately 1-2-toothed near the broad sessile base, or lanceolate and entire, usually alternate, as are the branches of the corymbiform general inflorescence : cymes rather small and dense. — Spec. iii. 1 753, & Hort. Berol. t. 32; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. pilosum, Walt. Car. 199? E. verbencef olium, Michx. PI. ii. 98. E. lanceolatum, Muhl. in Willd. 1. c. E. pubescens, Bigel. PI. Bost. ed. 2, 296, not Muhl. — Moist and shady ground, Mass. to Plorida and Louisiana. E. rotundif olium, L. Stem a foot to a yard high, strict, corymbosely branched at sum- mit : leaves in the typical form round-ovate, obtuse or abruptly acute, sessile or nearly so from a truncate or obscurely cordate base, regularly and closely crenate-dentate, veiny (larger 2 inches long) : cymes corymbosely fastigiate, dense. — Spec. ii. 837 (Pluk. Aim. 141, t. 88, fig. 4) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. 1 . E. Marrubium, "Walt. Car. 199 ? —Dry and sterile soil, espe- cially in pine barrens, Canada ( and New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Var. SCabridum. A form with smaller (an inch or two long) and more scabrous or cinereous leaves, the upper and sometimes all with cuneate base; affecting drier and more sterile soil. — E. scabridum, Ell. Sk. ii. 298; Chapm. PI. 196. — Lower part of S. Carolina to Florida and Texas. Var. ovatum, Torr. Commonly taller and larger: leaves ovate (often 2 or 3 inches long), acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate, sometimes laciuiately so, either roughish-pubescent or smoother and glabrate : heads sometimes but not generally 7-8-flow- ered. — Torr. in DC. Prodr. v. 178. E. pubescens, Muhl. in "Willd. Spec. iii. 1155; "Willd. Enum. ii. 852 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. . E. obovatum, Raf. in Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 359 ? E. ova- tum, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 296. — Massachusetts to S. Carolina, near the coast. b. Heads 5-flowered: herbage glabrous: narrow involucre more imbricated; its bracts obtuse. E. sessilifolium, L. Corymbosely branched above, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded or truncate closely sessile base into a nar- row acumination, finely serrate, pinnately veiny (3 to 6 inches long) : cymules small and crowded, few-headed, numerous in effusely compound cymes. — Spec. ii. 837 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. truncatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 298, not "Willd. — Dry and wooded ground, Mass. to Illinois, Virginia, and along the mountains to Alabama. c. Heads 10-15-flowered (or by confluence sometimes many-flowered), much crowded: leaves perfo- liate or connate-clasping, divaricate, narrow and elongated, one-ribbed: stems 2 to 4 feet high. E. perfoliatum, L. (Thoroughwort, Boneset.) Stem villous-pubescent, fastigiately branched above, stout : leaves lanceolate, connate-perfoliate, tapering gradually to an acumi- nate apex, finely and closely crenate-serrate, rugose, soft-pubescent, or almost tomentose beneath, 4 to 8 inches long: heads small (3 lines long) but very numerous, in dense com- pound-corymbose cymes, mostly 10-flowered: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, with slightly scarious acutish tips. — Spec. ii. 838 (Pluk. Aim. 140, t. 87, fig. 6) ; Bart. Veg. Med. Mat. t. 37 ; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 38, t. 2 ; Raf. Med. Bot. t. 36 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 88. — Wet ground, New Brunswick to Dakota, south to Plorida and Louisiana. Varies with purple flowers (Penn. Porter), and with leaves in threes (Virginia, Curtiss, &c.) ; also into Var. truncatum, with the upper or even all of the leaves disjoined and truncate at 100 COMPOSITE. Eupatorium. base; some of them alternate. — E. truncatum, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1751. E. salvim- folium, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2110. — With the normal form. Var. CUneatum, Engelm. (E. cuneatum, Engelm. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c), with smaller leaves narrowed as well as disjoined at base, and fewer-flowered heads, has the appearance of being a hybrid between E. semiserratum and E. perfoliatum. — Eastern Ar- kansas and Missouri, Engelmann. Also Louisiana, Sale, a form between this state and the preceding. B. resinosum, Torr. Puberulent, glutinous with resinous atoms: stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, fastigiate-corymbose at summit : leaves linear-lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long, 4 to 6 lines wide), half -clasping or slightly connate, finely serrate, glabrate above, canescent beneath ; cymules numerous in compound cymes : bracts of the 10-15-flowered involucre narrowly oblong, obtuse. — DC. Prodr. v. 176; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 88. — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey, where it was first collected by Bartram. H — -I — -i — n — Heads 2+-30-flowered, hardly over 2 lines long : bracts of the involucre of three lengths, obtuse, thin, conspicuously few-nerved : habit of the following section. E. pycnocephalum, Less. Pubescent or nearly glabrous : stems slender, erect or spread- ing from a perennial root, a foot or two high : leaves membranaceous, deltoid-ovate or sub- cordate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate or dentate, slender-petioled : cymes small and compact, solitary or corymbosely clustered at the end of naked branches : heads very short- pedicelled : involucre campanulate ; the bracts mostly glabrous, oblong and oblong-linear, very obtuse; innermost equalling the white flowers. — Less, in Linn. vi. 404. E. Schiede- anum, Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gcett. 1832, 3; DC. Prodr. v. 159. E. multinerve, Benth. PL Hartw. 76. E. Sonorce, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 76. — Rocky ravines, S. Arizona and along the Mexican borders of Texas ; a form with small and deeply dentate leaves, and compara- tively few and small heads. E. Schiedeanum, var. grosse-dentatum, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76. (Mex., &c.) # # # Involucre (campanulate or oblong) of bracts all of the same length or nearly so, in one or two series, or with only a few accessory and shorter ones at base: leaves mainly opposite, petioled. — § Eximbricata, DC. H— Shrubby, freely branched: flowers white, sometimes purplish-tinged. B. "Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, puberulent : branches very leafy : leaves small (half-inch long), ovate, obtuse, entire or obscurely few-toothed, thickish, scabrous, abruptly contracted into a short margined petiole : heads (3 or 4 lines long), about 12-flowered, rather few in a somewhat leafy terminal cyme : involucre half the length of the flowers, of about 10 oblong-lanceolate acute or obtusish greenish obscurely 3-nerved and equal bracts in a double series, sometimes one or two small accessory ones. — PI. Wright, i. 87, ii. 73. — Guadalupe Mountains, western borders of Texas, Wright. E. villosum, Swaetz. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, rusty-pubescent : leaves ovate or somewhat deltoid, rather obtuse, sparingly serrate or some entire, tomentulose beneath (1 to 3 inches long), on short slender petioles : heads small (2 or 3 lines long), 8-1 5-flowered, numerous and crowded in corymbiform cymes : involucre half the length of the fully developed flowers, of 8 to 10 oblong-lanceolate obtuse and nerveless equal bracts. — DC. Prodr. v. 172; Chapm. El. 196. E. Cubense, DC. 1. c. 1— S. Florida, Blodgett, Garber, Curtiss, &c. (W. Ind.) B. ageratifolium, DC. Shrub 3 to 7 feet high, with slender and spreading mostly herba- ceous branches, green and nearly glabrous : leaves deltoid-ovate, obtusish or obtusely acumi- nate, coarsely and rather obtusely dentate (2 or 3 inches long), slender-petioled: heads (5 lines long), pedicelled, numerous in corymbiform cymes, 10-30-flowered : involucral bracts 8 to 12, narrowly lanceolate or linear, acutish, greenish, nerveless above, somewhat 2-ribbed at base. — Prodr. v. 173; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 90 (var. Texense, which does not differ); Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 219; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 360. E. Berlandieri, DC. 1. c. 167. E. Lind- heimerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 599. Bvlbostylis deltoides, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456. — Rocky shaded hills and ravines, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c ■ fl Nov to May. (W. Ind., Mex.) H 1— Herbaceous perennials, or the first species barely lignescent at base. ++ Corolla wholly glabrous even in the bud. E. occidentale, Hook. Minutely puberulent, glabrate : stems 8 to 20 inches high, strict, simple or with few ascending branches : leaves ovate with truncate base, rarely subcordate Eupatorium. COMPOSITE. 101 or roundish, obtuse or acute, sparingly dentate, sometimes merely repand or entire, an inch or two long, rather short -petioled : cymes small and rather compact, somewhat paniculate : heads (4 or 5 lines long) 1 5-25-flowered : involucre hardly longer than the mature akenes; its bracts about 15 in two series, nearly equal, lanceolate, rather firm, nearly nerveless: corolla white or flesh-color. — Fl. i. 305 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 91. E. Oreganum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 286. — Crevices of rocks, Washington Territory and Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains, N. Nevada, and through the Sierra Nevada of California. Var. Arizonicum. Larger (2 feet high), more branching and floribund: leaves sometimes 2j inches long. — E. ageratifolium, var. 1 herbaceum, Gray, H. Wright, ii. 74. E. Berlandieri, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76, not DC. — Mountains of Arizona and New Mexico : also California, Bridges. The opposite extreme from the plant of Oregon, which has small and thinnish leaves, but not unlike plants from the Sierra Nevada. B. incarnatlim, Walt. More or less pubescent : stems 2 or 3 feet long, slender and weak, loosely or diffusely branched : leaves thin, deltoid, or ovate-lanceolate with broad truncate or cordate base, tapering to a mostly acuminate apex, coarsely crenate or serrate (an inch or two long), veiny, slender-petioled : cymes small and lax: heads (2 or 3 lines long) about 20-flowered : involucre nearly equalling the pale purple or sometimes white corolla ; its bracts unequal, narrow, thin and 2-nerved when dry, the inner linear, a few external ones much shorter. — Car. 200 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 306 ; DC. Prodr. v. 175 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — N. Caro- lina to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) ++ ++ Lobes of the pure white corolla more or less bearded outside in the bud, sometimes very sparsely and minutely so, or the beard fugacious: heads 15-30- or sometimes 8-14-flowered, cymose. = Involucre 2 or 3 lines long, rather narrow; the linear bracts nearly equal, green externally and nerveless when fresh, but more or less 2-nerved when dried : cymes corymbiform and naked, usually ample. B. ageratoides, L. f. Nearly glabrous, sometimes pubescent : stems 1 to 3 feet high, branching above : leaves bright green, membranaceous, long-petioled, ovate, with truncate or subcordate or broadly cuneate base, acuminate, coarsely and rather sharply dentate- serrate, conspicuously veiny, 3 to 5 inches long : cymes ample, corymbose-cymose. — Suppl. 355; DC. Prodr. v. 175; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 89. E. urticcefolium, Reich. Syst. iii. 719; Michx. Fl. ii. 100, not L. f. E. ahissimum, L. Syst. Veg. 614. E. odoratum ? Walt. Car. 200 ? E. Fraseri, Poir. Suppl. ii. 600 (Lam. 111. t. 672, fig. 4). Ageratum ahissimum, L. Spec. ii. 839 (Corn. Canad. t. 21 ; Moris. Syst. sect. 7, t. 18, f. 11). — Moist woodlands and rich soil, Canada to Minnesota, Arkansas, Georgia, and Louisiana. A state with viscid-villous stem and petioles, Bedford Co., Virginia, Curtiss. Var. angustatum. Smaller, slender: leaves from ovate-lanceolate to broadly lan- ceolate, much acuminate, coarsely serrate with only 3 to 6 teeth on each margin, commonly cuneate at base : cymes looser: heads only 8-12-flowered. — W. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer. B. aromaticum, L. Herbage not aromatic, minutely puberulent : stems more simple, a foot or two high : leaves dull green, thicker, mostly short-petioled, ovate, often subcordate, acutish or obtuse, crenate-serrate, 1 J to 3 inches long : cymes simpler. — Spec. ii. 839, fide herb. & syn. Pluk. & Gronov. ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. cm-datum, Walt. Car. 199 1 E. ceanothifolium, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1755; Ell. Sk. ii. 303; DC. 1. c — Dry woods and pine barrens, mostly in sterile soil, coast of Massachusetts to Florida. Passes on the one hand almost into the preceding ; on the other, into Var. melissoid.es. Slender, roughish-puberulent, strict, somewhat paniculately cymose at summit : heads 5-12-flowered : leaves subcordate-ovate or oblong, f to 2 inches long, obtuse, crenulate-dentate or with few coarser teeth, very short-petioled or even sub- sessile, somewhat scabrous, most of them much shorter than the internodes. — E. melissoides, Willd. 1. c. E. cordiforme, Poir. Suppl. ii. 600. E. cordatum, DC. 1. c, & var. Fraseri. — Sterile soil, Penn. ? to Florida and Louisiana. Var. incisum. An insufficiently known plant, with the straggling habit and glabrous involucre of E. incarnatum; probably a form either of this or the preceding species: leaves slender-petioled, thickish, coarsely or laciniately dentate, broadly cuneate at base, consid- erably like those of E. ceelestinum, var. salinum, Griseb. : "flowers very fragrant." — E. sua- veolens, Chapm. Bot. Gazette, iii. 5, not of IIBK. — Manatee, &c, S. Florida, Chapman. 102 COMPOSITE. Eupatorium. = = Involucre less than 2 lines long; the bracts broader, green externally, 2-3-nerved when dry: inflorescence somewhat paniculate and leafy. E. pauperculum, Gray. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous : leaves ovate-lanceolate (mostly inch long), roundish at base, obtusely serrate, on rather short slender petioles : heads 25-flowered, small (2 lines high), few in the numerous small cymes, which are panicu- lately disposed, terminating short leafy branches : bracts of the involucre 10 or 12, oblong- lanceolate, puberulous, little over half the length of the white flowers : corolla-lobes slightly hirsute outside or becoming naked : pappus soft and white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 205. — > Santa Rita Mountains, S. Arizona, along brooks and on dripping rocks, Pringle. = = =• Heads comparatively large and few in the cymes, 25-35-flowered: involucre 3 or 4 lines high, rather broad. E. Rothrockii. Glabrous (or peduncles somewhat pubescent) : stems a foot or two high, simple or brachiately branched above : leaves bright green, ovate or deltoid-ovate, usually acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, sometimes irregularly or doubly serrate, and the teeth tipped with a callous gland (the larger 2 inches long, with petiole half-inch or less, smaller in depauperate plants nearly sessile) : bracts of the involucre 15 to 17, equal and similar, linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, glabrous, when dry pale and somewhat scarious and conspicuously 2-3-nerved, nearly equalling the white and soft barbellulate-scabrous pappus : corolla-lobes rather strongly bearded externally. — Mountains of S. Arizona: on Mount Graham, Rothrock (740, 741); Chiricahua Mountains, Lemmon. Heads larger and fewer than in the Mexican E. grandidentatum, DC; the involucre not imbricated as in E. Fendleri. § 3. CoNOCLfNiUM, Benth. Receptacle of the flowers conical or hemispherical : otherwise as in the Eximbricata subsection of the preceding : habit of Ageratum § Ccelestina: flowers blue or violet (sometimes white), sweet-scented: bristles of the pappus rather scanty in a single series : leaves opposite : perennial herbs. — Gonoclinium, DC. Prodr. v. 135. E. ccelestinum, L. (Mist-flowek.) Somewhat pubescent: stems erect, branched at summit : leaves deltoid-ovate or subcordate, obtuse or acutish, obtusely serrate, rarely with some coarser salient teeth, slender-petioled : cymes rather compact : receptacle obtusely conical. — Spec. ii. 838 (Dill. Elth. t. 114 ; Pluk. Mant. t. 394) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 100. Ccelestina cmruha, Spreng. Syst. iii. 446, not Cass. Conoclinium cailestinum, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 92. — Moist shady ground, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, and west to Arkansas'and Illinois. Conoclinium dichotomum, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 5, appears to be a lax and more branched form, of Florida and Texas, found only on the coast, approaching the var. salinum, Griseb. Cat. Cub. 146. (Cuba.) E. betonicum, Hemsl. From tomentose-villous to glabrate : stems lax, loosely branch- ing : branches naked and pedunculiform at summit, bearing some small corymbose or panic- ulate cymes : leaves oblong, mostly obtuse, in the original form with cordate base, crenate, petioled : receptacle low-conical. —Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 93. Conoclinium betonicum, DC. Prodr. v. 135 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76. — Southern border of Texas on the Rio Grande, bchott, a glabrate form. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. subintegrum. Leaves sometimes truncate, commonly obtuse or cuneate at base, obscurely crenate, denticulate, repand or entire, from villous or cinereous-tomentulose to nearly glabrous. — Conoclinium betonicum, var. integri folium, Gray, PI. Wrirfit i 88 Eupa- torium Hartwegi, Benth. PI. Hartw. 19 ?- Southern border of Texas, Wright, Bigelow, &c. (Mex.) * E- Greggii. Minutely puberulent : stems erect, a foot or two high, bearing one or few small and dense cymes at the naked pedunculiform summit: leaves nearlv sessile, palmately 3-5-cleft or parted; the divisions laciniate-pinnatifid into narrow lobes: receptacle I low-con- ical. - Conochmum dissectum, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 88; Bot. Mex. Bound. 76. Eupatorium dissectum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 100 (name only), not Benth. Bot. Sulph 113 with which Hemsley has confounded it. - Low ground, S. Texas to Arizona near the Mexican border, Wright, & . (Adjacent Mex., first coll. by Gregg.) E. ltJteum, Raf in Med Rep. NY, is doubtless a false species. E. crassifolium and E. violAceum, Raf. Fl. Ludov, are fictitious, as are all the species of that work. Brickdlia. COMPOSITE. 103 11. CARMINATIA, Mo^no. (Prof. B. Garminati, of Pavia, wrote on the materia medica.) — ■ Single species, an annual ; with opposite or partly alter- nate broad and long-petioled thin leaves, and racemiform-paniculate heads of whitish flowers. — DC. Prodr. vii. 267; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. 98. C. tenuifiora, DC. 1. c. Sparsely pubescent or hirsute : stems a foot to a yard high, ter- minating in a leafless virgate panicle : leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, as wide as long, repand- dentate, veiny, often shorter than the petiole : heads half-inch long : soft pappus bright white. — Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 71. — New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, &c. (Mex., first coll. by Motjino.) 12. KtTHNIA, L. (Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Philadelphia, took the original species to Linnaeus.) — Perennials of Atlantic U. S. and Mexico ; with chiefly alternate leaves (more or less sprinkled with resinous atoms, as in allied genera), usually, with scattered or corymbosely cymose heads, these of 10 to 30 whitish or at length purple flowers, produced in late summer or autumn : pappus mostly tawny. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1662 (excl. syn. Pluk.), & Gen. ed. 6, 95 (the anthers wrongly described, from imperfect or monstrous blossoms). Oritonia, Gaertn., not Browne. Kuhnia § Strigia, DC. Prodr. v. 126. K. SchAffneri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207, of Mexico, is a peculiar species, with scapiform monocephalous peduncles and tuberous roots. The rest of the genus is the fol- lowing. K. eupatorioid.es, L. Stems wholly herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves from oblong- (or even ovate-) lanceolate to linear, irregularly few-toothed or upper ones entire, the lower narrowed at base and sometimes short-petioled : pubescence minute or soft and cinereous, or hardly any: heads more or less eymose-clustered. — L. f. Dec. ii. 21, t. 11; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 78. K. eupatorioides & K. Critonia, Willd. Spec. iii. 1773. K. dasypia, glutinosa, elliptica, tuberosa, fulva (media, glabra), & pubescens, Raf. Ciitonia Kuhnia, Gairtn. Pruct. ii. 411, t. 174, f. 7; Michx. PL ii. 101. — Dry ground, New Jersey and Penn. to Montana, and south to Texas. Very variable; the extreme forms are Var. corymbtllosa, Tore. & Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, stouter, somewhat cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose : leaves rather rigid and sessile, from oblong to lanceo- late, coarsely veiny : heads rather crowded. — K. glutinosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 292, not DC. K. suaveolens, Fresen. Ind. Sem. Francf. 1838. K. Maximiliani, Sinning in Neuwied. Trav. K. macrantha, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456. — Prairies and plains, Illinois to Dakota and Nebraska, and south to Alabama and Texas. Var. gracilis, Tore. & Geat, 1. c. Leaves from lanceolate to very narrowly linear, few-toothed or all but lower entire, minutely pubernlent or nearly glabrous : general inflo- rescence more open and paniculate. — K. paniculata, Cass. Diet. xxiv. 516; DC. 1. c. K. Cri- tonia, Ell. 1. c. — Carolina to Florida, Alabama, &c. Seems to pass into the following. K. rosmarinif olia, "Vent. Perhaps more lignescent at base, a foot or two high : leaves all entire, linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly with revolute margins, and the upper almost filiform, from a quarter of a line to 2 lines wide, somewhat scabrous : heads more scattered or paniculate : plume of the bristles of the pappus perhaps a little shorter. — Hort. Cels. t. 91 (poor figure of a broadish-leaved form, with too much imbricated involucre) : DC. 1. c. (excl. syn. Ort. ?), but surely from Mexico, not "Cuba." K. frutescens, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. ii. 791. K. Uptophytta, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 598. K. eupatorioides, var. gracillima, Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 218, a very slender-leaved form, which connects with the slenderest of the pre- ceding. — Rocky open ground, Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 13. BRICK^LLIA, Ell. (Dr. John Brichell of Georgia, correspondent of Muhlenberg and Elliott.) — Herbs or undershrubs ; with opposite or alternate veiny leaves, and variously disposed heads of white, ochroleucous, or rarely flesh- colored flowers, in late summer. A genus of about 40 species, of the warmer parts of the U. S. and Mexico. A single annual species (B. diffusa, which may 104 COMPOSITE. Briehellia. reach Florida) is widely tropical American, and there is an anomalous species in Brazil. — Sk. ii. 290 ; Benth. Bot.' Sulph. 22 ; Gray, PL Wright, i. 84, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 206 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 247. Ooleosanthus, Cass. Diet, x. 36. Bosalesia, Llave & Lex. ? Clavigera & Bulbostylis, DC. Prodr. v. 127, 138. B.- hastAta, Benth., is a well-marked species of Lower California, described in Bot. Sulph. 21. In that work the genus was first extended to its proper limits, but made to rest on the bulbous base of the style (which is of little account) instead of the 10-costate akene. # Heads 35-50 flowered, large or middle-sized : pappus-bristles merely scabrous or densely serru- late. •4— Herbage white-tomentose : leaves rounded, pointless. B. incana, Geat. A foot or two high, loosely branched from a suffrutescent base; dense and fine tomentum somewhat deciduous : leaves alternate, sessile, subcordate-rotund or ovate, entire (less than inch long) : heads solitary terminating the branchlets, inch high, pedunculate : involucre broadly campanulate, pluriserial ; its bracts firm-chartaceous ; short outer ones ovate, inmost lanceolate-linear : akenes (5 lines long) cinereous-pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350, & Bot. Calif, i. 300. — S. E. California along the Mohave River, Cooper, Parry, Parish. +— H— Puberulent to almost glabrous: leaves sessile or subsessile, all alternate, not cordate, ++ Rigid-coriaceous, spinulose-pointed and toothed: fruticulose. B. atractyloid.es, Gray. A foot or less high, woody except the new shoots, much branched : leaves ovate, acuminate, bright green, minutely scabrous-atomiferous, 3-nerved and reticulate-veined (an inch or less long) : branchlets terminating in a solitary (half-inch long) and slender-pedunculate head: involucre campanulate; its bracts firm-chartaceous; outer ovate, acuminate, little shorter than the linear-lanceolate innermost. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 290. — Rocky ravines, S. Utah (Palmer, Parry) to S. E. California. ++ -H- Leaves not coriaceous, pointless, seldom an inch long, sometimes viscidulous: stems her- baceous from a lignescent base or stock, a span to a foot or so high, leafy to the top: heads mostly singly terminating corymbose leafy branches. = Heads three fourths of an inch long, involucrately sun'ounded or subtended by small upper- most leaves. B. G-reenei, Geat. Very viscid : leaves ovate, obtuse, minutely more or less serrate, and the lower short-petioled ; upper oblong and often entire, uppermost forming accessory loose bracts to the involucre : proper involucral bracts lanceolate and linear, acuminate, glabrous : akenes not glandular, glabrous, or at the upper part hirtellous with a few scattered short bristles on the ribs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58. — N. E. California, on Scott River, Greene. = = Heads two-thirds or over half inch long, naked at base, commonly somewhat peduncled : leaves entire, rarely with a tooth or two, obscurely 3-nerved, puberulent and minutely some- what grandular-granulose or atomiferous, graveolent, becoming slightly viscidulous. B. oblongifolia, Nutt. Leaves oblong or some upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or mucro- nate : involucral bracts all acute or mucronate-pointed ; outer and short ones oblong-lanceo- late; inner narrowly linear: akenes sprinkled with minute sessile and stipitate glands, toward summit often a few bristles. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 288 ; Torr. in Wilkes Pacif. Exp. xvi. t. 9; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 137. — In gravelly or dry soil, E. Oregon to Brit. Columbia, first coll. by Nuttall. Var. abbreviata, Gray. Dwarf: leaves seldom half-inch long: involucral bracts less acute : akenes minutely and sparsely glandular on the ribs, otherwise glabrous. — Eaton, 1. u., t. 15, f. 7-10. — W. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson. B. linifolia, Eaton. Rather more pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate to almost linear : involucre of the preceding, or bracts more attenuate-acute : akenes minutely hispid on the ribs, not glandular. — Bot. King Exp. 137, t. 15, f. 1-6. — Sandy banks of streams, &c, Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah and borders of Arizona ; first coll. by Watson. B. Mohavensis. Low,, more cinereous-pubescent, brachiately branched : leaves narrowly oblong : bracts of the involucre obtuse, rather broadly linear, outermost oblong : akenes cinereous-hispidulous : pappus-bristles approaching barbellulate. — Rocky washes in the Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Parish. Brickellia. COMPOSITE. 105 ■*-■*-•*- Barely pubescent or glabrate perennial herbs, not viscid : leaves slcnder-petioled, at least all the lower ones opposite, deltoid-ovate or cordate, serrate, mostly acuminate or attenuate- acute, thinnish: heads half to two-thirds inch long: involucre subtended by some loose linear- subulate accessory bracts. Typical species. B. COrdifolia, Ell. 1. c. Minutely soft-pubescent ; stem branching, 3 feet high : leaves deltoid-cordate or the upper deltoidly ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate : heads rather few, loosely corymbosely cymose, 40-50-flowered : involucral bracts somewhat coriaceous, linear' mostly obtuse: pappus rufous or tawny. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 80. Eupatorium Brickellia, DC. Prodr. v. 182. — Wooded hills, W. Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and Florida : rare, first coll. by Dr. Brickell. B. grandiflora, Nr/TT. Puberulent or almost glabrous : stem 2 or 3 feet high, panicu- lately branched ; the numerous heads paniculate-cymose and drooping : leaves broadly or narrowly deltoid-cordate, or the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate and with an entire gradually acuminate apex (the larger 4 inches long) : involucre about 40-flowered ; its bracts papery and scarious-margined when dried; the short outer ones ovate; inner oblong-linear, obtuse or acutish, or some exterior ones with loose subulate acumination : pappus white, inclined to. deciduous. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 287 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Eupatorium? grandiflorum, Hook. Fl. ii. 26. — Hills along streams of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, from Montana to the borders of Oregon, and south to New Mexico and Arizona. Name of the species not appropriate. Var. petiolaris, Gray. Heads and leaves commonly smaller ; the latter inclined to hastate-deltoid, and equalled or even surpassed by the slender petiole ! — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207.— Mountains of Arizona, Lemmon, and the borders of New Mexico, Rushy. Passes into the following and into the typical form. Var. minor, Geat (Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67), is a smaller form, with leaves only an inch or two long, heads proportionally small, involucre 30-35-flowered. — Clear Creek, Colorado, to California in the Sierra Nevada above Lake Tahoe, and mountains of Arizona. B. simplex, Gray. Resembles the preceding : stem a foot or two high, slender, simple, bearing a single terminal or 3 or 4 racemose slender-pedunculate comparatively large heads, or producing numerous simple floriferous branches : involucre about 30-flowered, of less imbricated and acute bracts, most of them linear, the outer series very short, as are the few loose subtending ones : leaves 10 to 20 lines long, from deltoid-cordate to deltoid-oblong, mostly obtuse. — PI. Wright, ii. 73. — Shaded hills, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon. # # Heads 9-25-flowered (or in the penultimate species 3-5-flowered), not over half an inch long: pappus-bristles scabrous or not manifestly barbellate, except in the penultimate subdivision, •i— Leaves slender-petioled, all opposite, deltoid-cordate or triangular-hastate, small: heads pedun- culate, in naked cymes terminating the stem or branches: bracts of the involucre thin, smooth and glabrous : shrubby. B. Coulteri, Graw A foot to a yard high, with numerous spreading slender branches, only the flowering ones herbaceous, minutely puberulent to glabrous : leaves from sparingly laciniate-dentate to nearly entire, acute or acuminate (larger ones an inch long, smaller less than half-inch) : heads rather few in the naked and very open cymes, slender-peduneled, half-inch high : involucre about 12-flowered ; its bracts linear-lanceolate, subulately acumi- nate or acute : akenes pubescent. — PI. Wright, i. 86. — Common in Arizona, in canons, first coll. by Coulter. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, Palmer, &c.) 4— +- Leaves distinctly petioled, all or mostly alternate: stems shrubby at base: inflorescence thyrsiform, ++ Naked when well developed; the heads distinctly peduncled or in pedunculate small coryinbi- form cymes, forming an ample nearly leafless open paniculate thyrsus. B. floriblinda, Gray. Glabrate or barely puberulent below, but the branches with the inflorescence and outer involucral bracts glandular-pubescent and viscid : stem 4 feet high, woody only at base, much branched : leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-ovate or the lower sub- cordate, irregularly dentate (2 and 3 inches long) ; veins loosely reticulated : heads (5 lines long) 1 5-22-flowered : bracts of the involucre broadly linear and obtuse, with some oblong- ovate acutish short ones, and often 2 or 3 loose and herbaceous ones subtending the head. — PL Wright, ii. 73. B. Wrightii, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 140, not Gray, I.e. — Ravines and river banks, S. Arizona, Wright, Palmer, Rothrock, Lemmon, Pringle. 106 COMPOSITE. Brickellia. ++ ++ Foliose, i. e. the heads sessile or short peduncled, terminating short leafy branchlets or in axillary clusters, forming a spiciform, paniculate, or interrupted leafy thyrsus. = Involucre naked at base, all the bracts dry and chartaceous, glabrous and smooth, the outer- most very short and appressed, wholly destitute of green tips. a. Leaves mainly with truncate or subcordate base, creuate or dentate, but not laciniate: involucral bracts all obtuse, or innermost linear ones abruptly acute; short outermost oval and ovate: heads 10-20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines high. B. Rusbyi. Tall, copiously branched, largely herbaceous, amply floriferous, with the habit of B. ftoribunda, except that the inflorescence is thyrsoid-paniculate, minutely puberulent : leaves (2 to 4 inches long) from deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with truncate or some with more or less cuneate base, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate apex, un- equally dentate to or above the middle. — Mountains of New Mexico, Greene, Rusby, G- E. Vasey, and of S. Arizona, Lemmon. B. "Wrightii, Gray. Usually much branched from a woody base, 2 to 4 feet high, puberu- lent, sometimes a little scabrous : leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, or rounded-cordate and obtuse, or at most acute (but not prolonged upward), more. or less crenate-dentate (larger cauline an inch and a half long, smaller only half -inch ) : heads glomerate-paniculate, the clusters shorter than or little surpassing the subtending leaves ; involucre often purple. — PL Wright. ii. 72. B. Califomica, var., Gray, PI. Fendl. 64. — W. borders of Texas to Colorado and Arizona, where it is not clearly distinguishable from B. California!. Var. tenera. A form with thin dilated-ovate leaves, fewer heads', and pale involucre, evidently growing in shade. — B. tenera, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 72. — Mountain ravines, S: Ari- zona, Wright, Lemmon. Var. reniformis. Leaves also thin, broader than long, some of them quite reniform, coarsely crenate, mostly surpassing the glomerules of heads. — B. reniformis, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 86 ; an older name than B. Wrightii, but inappropriate for the species, of which this is an extreme form. — Mountain valley near the western border of Texas, Wright. B. Califomica, Gray. Moderately and virgately branched, 2 or 3 feet high, minutely pu- berulent : leaves ovate, obtuse, rarely subcordate, somewhat crenate-dentate, commonly an inch or less long, mostly surpassed by the small clusters of heads, these rather spicately glomerate, forming an interrupted strict thyrsus. — PI. Fendl. 64, PI. Wright, i. 85, & Bot. Calif, i. 300. Bulbostylis Cavanittesii, DC. Prodr. v. 38, as to Calif, plant. B. Califomica, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 79. — California, from Mendocino Co. southward to adjacent parts of Nevada and Arizona, and Utah ? b. Leaves cuneate at base, tapering into the petiole, very numerous, incised or deeply toothed, sel- dom an inch long, the upper about equalling the glomerate heads in their axils: involucre narrow, 4 or 5 lines long; bracts mostly obtuse, the outer oblong, innermost linear: much branched and shrubby, 2 to 5 feet high. B. baccharidea, Gray. Leaves coriaceous, resinous-atomiferous and very glutinous, rhombic-ovate or oblong, and with 2 to 5 strong teeth to each margin, much reticulated : heads 15-18-flowered. — PI. Wright, i. 87. —Mountains of S. W. Texas, east of El Paso, Wright. San Prancisco Mountains, N. B. Arizona, Greene. B. laciniata, Gray. Leaves thin, puberulent and somewhat scabrous, ovate-cuneate and oblong, laciniate-toothed or lobed, obscurely veiny : heads 9-12-flowered. — PI. Wright. i. 87. B. dentata, Schultz Bip. Bot. Herald, 301, excl. syn. DC. — S. W. Texas, east of El Paso, Wright. S. Arizona, Thurber. (Mex., first coll. by Berlandier.) ■ = = Involucre of firmer bracts, the outer with greenish and somewhat spreading tips, outermost loose and herbaceous and passing into the small leaves of the branchlets. B. microphylla, Gray. Glandular-puberulent or pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high from a partly woody base, paniculately much branched ; the short leafy branchlets termi- nated by 1 to 3 heads : leaves subcordate or ovate to oblong, when old somewhat scabrous obtuse or apiculate, sparingly denticulate or nearly entire, the larger half-inch long, those of flowering branchlets aline or two long; heads nearly half -inch long, about 15-flowered. PI. Wright, i. 85' ; Bot. Calif, i. 300. Bulbostylis microphylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vii. 287 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 79. — Dry interior of Oregon and California in the east- ern part of the Sierra Nevada to Idaho, the mountains of Utah, and S. W. Colorado. Var. soabra, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74, is a small-leaved scabrous form. Brickellia. COMPOSITE. 107 +-+-+- Leaves sessile, subsessile, or the lower short-petioled : heads not pendulous. ++ Leaves mainly opposite, veiny: heads mostly pedunculate: bristles of the pappus merely sca- brous or barbellulate-serrulate under a lens: last two species with much imbricated involucre. = Stems lignescent at base, slender. B. oliganthes, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves coriaceous, from oblong to linear, obtuse, obtusely and often obscurely serrate, an inch or two long, canescent and the veins very prominently reticulated beneath : peduncles mostly elongated, axillary and terminal, 1-3-cephalous, racemosely or somewhat corymbosely disposed : heads half-inch long, 10- 12-flowered : bracts of the involucre mostly acute or acuminate ; the short outermost ovate, innermost linear. — PL Wright, i. 84, & ii. 71. Eupatorium oliganthes, Less, in Linn. iv. 137. Bulbostylis oliganthes, DC. Prodr. v. 139. — S. Arizona, Wright, Tlturber, Lemmon, mostly a narrow-leaved form. (Mex.) B. parvula, Grat. Minutely scabro-puberulent, low: leaves deltoid-ovate, coarsely few- toothed, green both sides, barely half-inch long ; the upper oblong, sparse and much smaller : peduncles few and slender, monocephalous, corymbosely disposed at the summit of the stems : head 5 lines long, about 12-flowered : bracts of the involucre few-ranked ; innermost linear, rather obtuse ; outer broader and mucronate-acute. — PL Wright, i. 87. — Mountains of S. W. Texas near the pass of the Eio Limpio, Wright. = = Stems herbaceous to the base: leaves reticulate-veiny. B. Wislizeni, Gray. Glandular-hirsute, 2 or 3 feet high : cauline leaves lanceolate-oblong with a subcordate closely sessile base, acute, acutely and numerously serrate, thin, loosely veiny, H to 3 inches long ; those of the branches mainly obtuse at base : peduncles axillary and simple and as long as the leaves, or exceeding them on axillary branches, filiform : heads 5 or 6 lines long, 12-20-flowered : bracts of the involucre all lanceolate and gradually acuminate, or the innermost linear. — PL Pendl. 64 ; PL Wright, i. 84, & ii. 71 . — S. Arizona, on mountain-sides, Wright. (Heads rather smaller and fewer-flowered than in the original of adjacent Mex.) Var. lanceolata. Loosely paniculate-branched and floribund, the numerous heads smaller : leaves broadly lanceolate, the cauline half-inch wide, those of the branches small, or the upper minute. — San Francisco Mountains, S. E. Arizona, Greene. B. betonicsefolia, Gray. More minutely glandular-hirsute : stems 1 to 3 feet high, vir- gate : leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse, crenate or obtusely dentate, rugosely veiny ; the lower mostly with short but distinct petioles : inflorescence virgate-racemiform : peduncles mostly shorter and the 12-flowered heads rather smaller : otherwise nearly as the preceding. — PL Wright, ii. 72. — Hills, IS T ew Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Greene, &c. B. Lemmoni, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not glandular, slender, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate, all acute at base and as if with short margined petiole, remotely or obscurely serrate, lightly triplinerved (inch or two long) : heads (5 or 6 lines long) numerous in a rather loose narrow leafy thyrsus, on slender short peduncles, 10-12-flowered : bracts of the involucre nearly all acute ; the rather few and short outer ones ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, inner linear: akenes canescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 206. — Chiricahua Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. B. Pringlei, Gray, 1. c. Cinereous-puberulent and the foliage scabrous : stem strict, rather stout, 2 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly obtuse at base, on very short but distinct petioles, somewhat serrate, nearly coriaceous, 3-nerved from just above the base, conspicuously and beneath saliently reticulated : heads (half-inch long) in a loose and narrow leafy thyrsus, 20-24-flowered : involucre glabrous, rather longer than the scaly-bracteatc peduncles ; their rounded bracts passing above into the ovate and obtuse or barely mucronu- late outer bracts of the involucre, the innermost of which are lanceolate and acute : akenes canescent. — Eocky canons, S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. B. cylindracea, Gray & Engelm. Cinereous-pubescent, somewhat scabrous : stem com- monly stout and strict, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse at both ends, obtusely serrate, thickish, 3-nerved or triplinerved from near the sub- sessile base (about 2 inches long) : heads (6 to 8 lines long) numerous in a virgate racemiform thyrsus, short-peduncled, sometimes almost sessile, 10-flowered : involucre cylindrical, closely imbricated ; the broadly ovate outer bracts in several ranks, mucronate, multistriate, mostly villous when young ; inner broadly linear, obtuse or mucronulate : akenes pubescent. — 108 COMPOSITE. BrichelUa. Proe. Am. Acad. i. 46, PI. Lindh. ii. 218, PI. Wright. 1. c. — Hillsides and thickets, Texas, Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Varies into Var. laxa, Gkat. Paniculately branched, and the branches bearing numerous smaller (5 or 6 lines long) loosely disposed and sometimes slender-peduncled heads, having fewer bracts to the involucre : leaves of the branches either subsessile or abruptly petioled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207. — S. W. Texas, Palmer. ++ -H- Leaves alternate, veiny: stems herbaceous from a perennial root: pappus barbellate. B. Ridd^llii, Gray. Minutely cinereous or puberulent, glabrate : stem strict and stout, 2 to 4 feet high, simple or fastigiately branched above, exceedingly leafy to the summit : leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, sparingly denticulate, occasionally more dentate, often entire, thickish, obscurely veiny, 8 to 18 lines long: heads subsessile, numerous, crowded in a leafy spiciform thyrsus, 15-20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines long : involucre campanulate, some- what pubescent ; the bracts f ew-striate, obtuse or mucronate ; the outer ovate, inner oblong- lanceolate : pappus barbellulate under a lens. — PI. Wright, i. 83. Clavigera dentata, DC. Prodr. v. 128, but the character does not well agree, and the specific name is inappropriate. C. Riddellii, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 77. — Eiver banks, middle and southern parts of Texas, Berlandier, Riddetl, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. B. braohyph^lla, Gray. Minutely puberulent : stems a foot or two high from a lignes- cent caudex, slender, simple, and bearing a few racemosely paniculate slender-pedunculate heads, or paniculately branched and polycephalous : leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate, half -inch or the larger an inch long: heads 5 lines long, 9-12-flowered: involucral bracts few, acute, short outermost ovate or oblong, inner linear : pappus-bristles almost plumose under a lens. — PI. Wright, i. 84. Clavigera brachyphylla, Gray, PI. Fendl. 63. — Rocks and ravines, western border of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, Fendler, Bigelow, Greene, Lemmon, &c. -H- -w- ++ Leaves mostly nervose and narrow, entire, the lower opposite : stems paniculately much branched : heads very numerous, tbyrsoid-paniculate : akenes usually glabrous : pappus merely scabrous : plants nearly glabrous. (B. spinulosa, Gray, of Mexico, is of this group.) B. squamulosa, Gray. Suffrutescent at base, 2 or 3 feet high : stems or shoots of the first year bearing narrowly linear (2 or 3 inches long, less than 2 lines wide) obscurely 3-nerved deciduous leaves; flowering shoots the next year bearing only minute squamiform obtuse leaves of a line or less in length, and closely imbricated on short branchlets and thence passing into the bracts of the involucre : heads 10-12-floivered, turbinate, about 5 lines long : involucral bracts pluriseriate, thickish, obscurely nerved, green with whitish margins, externally somewhat canescent ; the short outer ones ovate or oblong and obtuse, inner narrow and acutish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 30. — New Mexico near Santa Pita del Cobre, Greene. S. Arizona, near Port Huachuca, Lemmon. (San Luis Potosi, Mex.) B. longif 61ia, Watson. Suffruticose : flowering branches le^fy : leaves lanceolate-linear (1 to 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide), 3-nerved; upper gradually diminished in the open- paniculate leafy thyrsus : heads subsessile in small clusters, 3-5-flowered, only 3 lines long : bracts of the involucre about 10, of 2 or 3 lengths, conspicuously striate, obtuse. — Am. Nat. vii. 301 ; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 139, t. 5. — S. Utah and S. Nevada, Wheeler, Mrs. Thompson, Palmer. B. multiflora, Kellogg. Suffruticose : cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and with divergent lateral nerves, an inch or two long ; those in the crowded panicle from lanceolate to linear, small, and with obscure lateral nerves: heads 3-5-flowered: akenes sparsely hairy : other- wise much resembling B. longifolia. — Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 49; Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 8. — On rocks, in a canon of King's River, southern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, Kellogg. ++++++++ Leaves all alternate, spatulate, veinless : stems shrubby : heads sparse or solitary. B. frutescens, Gray. Rigid undershrub with divaricate branches, cinerous-pubescent : leaves spatulate or obovate, entire, 3 to 5 lines long, including the attenuate petiole-like base : heads (half-inch long) terminating the branchlets, about 20-flowered : involucral bracts rather obtuse ; outer ones somewhat greenish-tipped : akenes hispidulous-scabrous : bristles of the pappus very minutely but densely serrulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207. — Southern bor- ders of California, Sutton Hayes, Palmer, G. R. Vasey, Parish. Liatris. COMPOSITE. 109 14. CARPHOCH^TE, Gray. (Kap^os, scale or chaff, and x°-^r), bristle, from the pappus.) — Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants (of New and North- ern Mexico), glabrous or nearly so ; with opposite and entire sessile thickish 1-3- nerved but nearly veinless leaves, and solitary or somewhat clustered heads, terminating leafy or pedunculiform branches : the flowers (about an inch long) much exceeding the involucre: this and the corolla rose-colored: nearly of Liatris habit, and pappus somewhat of Stevia. — PI. Fendl. 65 ; PI. Wright, i. 89, ii. 71. C. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. A span to a- foot high, woody at base, fasciculately branched : lower leaves spatulate-oblong, inch long, and fascicles of smaUer ones in the axils, upper oblong or linear : heads sessile or very short-peduncled, mostly terminating very leafy some- what paniculate short branchlets : aristiform paleae of the pappus 11 to 14, and a few very small exterior squamellse. — N. New Mexico, Bigelow, Wright, Greene. Arizona, Pringle. S. W. Texas, Girard. The one or two other species are more herbaceous, slender, and with loose pedunculate heads. 15. LLA.TRIS, Schreb. Blazing Star, Button Snakeroot. (Name of unknown derivation.) — Perennial Atlantic N. American herbs ; with simple virgate very leafy stems from a tuberous or mostly globose and corm-like stock, bearing reversely racemose or spicate heads of handsome rose-purple flowers (rarely also white), in late summer and autumn ; the leaves all alternate, narrow, entire, rigid or with cartilaginous margins, mostly glabrous or glabrate. — Gen. 542 (where Gartner's name is mentioned ; but GaBrtner takes up the genus, like Schreber, from the Anonymos, Walt., under the name Suprago, confusing it with Vernonia, and in a volume two years later than Schreber's) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 67 (excl. § 2 & 3) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 248. # Pappus very plumose : heads 4-5-flowered: inner involucral bracts with prolonged petaloid tips. — Calostelma, Don. L. elegans, Willd. Partly pubescent, 2 to 3 feet high : linear upper leaves commonly soon reflexed : spike or raceme virgate, dense, 3 to 20 inches long : heads either sessile or on bracteolate pedicels, about half-inch long: bracts of the involucre few-ranked, the inner dilated at tip into an oblong or lanceolate mucronate-acuminate rose-red spreading append- age, which surpasses the flowers and pappus. — Spec. iii. 1065 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 91 ; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 267; DC. Prodi, v. 129; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Stmhelina elegans, Walt. Car. 202. Serratula speciosa, Ait. Kew. iii. 138. Eupatorium speciosum, Vent. Cels. t. 79. Liatris radians, Bertol. Misc. v. 9, t. 1. — Dry pine barrens, Virginia? to Florida and Texas. # # Pappus very plumose : heads 16-60-flowered, cylindraceous with turbinate base : bracts of involucre much imbricated, with herbaceous tips if any: lobes of the corolla pilose inside: leaves all linear and rigid, hardly punctate ; the lower elongated and graminiform. Li. squarrosa, Willd. Pubescent or partly glabrous : stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high : heads few (even solitary), or sometimes numerous in a leafy spike or raceme, rarely some- what paniculate, the larger an inch or more long : bracts of the involucre all herbaceous and acuminate, or with foliaceous or herbaceous (or innermost slightly colored) lanceolate rigid and somewhat pungent tips ; these usually squarrose-spreading and prolonged. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c, inch vars. florikunda & compacta. Cirsium tuberosum, etc., Dill. Elth. t. 71, fig. 82. Serratula squarrosa, L. Spec. ii. 818. Pteronia Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 292. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Upper Canada to Florida, Nebraska, and Texas. Passes into Var. intermedia, DC. Heads narrow : bracts of the involucre erect or little spread- ing, less prolonged. — Prodr. v. 129 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, with var. compacta. L. intermedia, Lindl. Bot. Ros, chaff, and Qopos, bearing.) — Perennials, with no bulbiform stock or tuber ; the rose-purple or white flowers in cymosely disposed heads; all N. American, late-flowering. — Bull. Philom. 1816, & Diet. vii. 148; DC. Prodr. v. 132 (one species) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 65. § 1. Pappus of copious and unequal minutely barbellate bristles, occupying more than one series : flowers purple : stem simple, leafy : even the lowest leaves alternate, cauline ones sessile : Atlantic-States species, herbs. Trilisa. COMPOSITE. 113 # Leaves all acerose, erect or appressed. C. Pseudo-Liatris, Cass. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent, glabrate below, glauceacent : stems a foot or two high, very strict : leaves with base half-clasping the stem, rigid, somewhat carinate ; lowest 8 or 10 inches long, a line or less broad; cauline gradually reduced to sub- ulate appressed bracts : heads few or numerous in a small compact terminal cyme : involu- cral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, densely pubescent. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. v. 14. Liatris squamosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 73 ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 95. — Grassy pine barrens, Alabama, Middle Florida, and Mississippi to Louisiana. # # Leaves plane, thickish; radical ones spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole; cauline ob- long, short, closely sessile: bracts of the involucre pluriserial. C. tomentoSUS, Toee. & Geay, 1. u. About 2 feet high, tomentulose, or below hirsute and glabrate : heads numerous in the cyme (over half-inch long) : bracts of the involucre canescently hirsute and viscid, mostly acute. — Liatris tomentosa, Michx. Fl. ii. 73. L. Walteri, Ell. Sk. ii. 2S5, excl. syn. Walt. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 0. COrymboSUS, Toee. & Geay, 1. c. Stouter and taller, minutely hirsute or pubescent : cauline leaves broadly oblong : heads numerous in the compound cyme : involucre glabrous ; the bracts all very obtuse or truncate, inner ones scarious-margined and erose at apex. — Liatris corymbosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 132, excl. syn. L. tomentosa, Ell. 1. c, not Michx. — Margin of swamps in pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. C. bellidifolius, Toee. & Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, rather slender, often branched below the middle, almost glabrous : cauline leaves narrowly oblong or oblaneeolate : heads fewer and scattered, more pedunculate : involucre of looser bracts ; the lower rather spread- ing, innermost thin and linear, all very obtuse. — Liatris btllidifvlia, Michx. 1. c. ; JS'utt. 1. c. Anonymos uniflcrus, Walt. Car. 198 t — Sandy woods and piue barrens, from Wilmington, N. Carolina, to Georgia. § 2. Ktjhnioides, Gray. Pappus a single series of about 15 plumose bristles : flowers white or ochroleucous : bracts of tlie involucre fewer, in about 3 ranks : stems much, branched, shrubby at base, few-leaved : lower leaves opposite : Pacific species. [See Supplement, Bebbia, p. 453.] C. jlinceus, Benth. Minutely hispid or glabrate, or above somewhat canescent, 2 or 3 feet high : branches slender and rigid, junciform ; the branchlets often leafless, terminated by solitary or 2 or 3 hemispherical heads (of half-inch length) : leaves linear, sometimes sparingly lobed, upper ones filiform or reduced to subulate bracts, or early deciduous : bracts of the involucre obtuse or acutish ; outer ones canescently hirsute and ovate or oblong ; inner ones thin and narrower. — Bot. Sulph. 21 ; Gray, Froc. Am. Acad. viii. 632, & Bot. Calif. 301. — Sandy banks of streams, southern borders of California to Arizona, where the involucral bracts are narrower. (S. Calif., first coll. by Hinds.) C. atriplicifolius, Gray, Froc. Am. Acad. v. 159, from Cape San Lucas, S. California, Xanius, is possibly a form of the last, with oblong laciniate-toothed or somewhat hastate leaves* on distinct petioles, and rather oblong heads : specimens insufficient. 18. TRILISA, Cass. (The name is most obviously an anagram of Liatris.) — Atlantic U. S. perennials ;' with simple and erect rather tall leafy stems, ter- minating in a thyrsus or panicle of cymules of small heads : leaves entire, oval to lanceolate ; cauline partly clasping, radical much larger and tapering at base into a margined petiole. Flowers rose-purple, autumnal. Involucre of few oval or oblong somewhat herbaceous equal bracts, usually with 2 or 3 small and loose exterior ones. — Bull. Philom., 1818, & Diet. iv. 310; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 248. Liatris § Trilisa, DC, excl. spec. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76. T. odoratissima, Cass. 1. c. (Vanilla-plant, Houndstongue.) Glabrous: stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves thickish, pale, often glaucous, obscurely-veined, vanilla-scented in drying; radical and lower cauline 4 to 10 inches long, oval or oblong, upper ones becoming very small: heads (3 or 4 lines long) rather numerous in open cymules, and these cymosely pa- niculate : akenes glandular. — Anonymos odoratissimus, Walt. Car. 198. Liatris odoratissima, 114 COMPOSITE. Trilina. Willd. Spec. iii. 1637; Michx. Fl. ii. 93; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 633; Don in Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 184; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76. Eupatorium glastifolium, Bertol. Misc. v. 16, t. 4. — Low pine barrens, near the coast, Virginia 1 to Florida and Louisiana. T. panioulata, Cass. 1. c. Viscid-pubescent or the foliage glabrate, a foot or two high : leaves smaller, green ; radical lanceolate-spatulate ; small cauline ones oblong-lanceolate : eymules short-peduncled, crowded in a narrow panicle or thyrsus : akenes minutely pubes- cent. — Anonymos pankulatus, Walt. 1. c. Liatris paniculata, Michx. Fl. ii. 93; Willd. Spec, iii. 1637; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76. — Damp pine barrens, Virginia to Florida, near the coast. Tribe III. ASTEROIDE^E, p. 52. 19. G-YMNOSPfiRMA, Less, (ru/xvo's, naked, (nrep/na, seed, having no pappus.) — Perennial herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, erect, glabrous, mostly glutinous ; with alternate entire narrow leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiately corymbose glomerate cymes. Involucre about 2 lines long : ligules very small and short. — Syn. 194; DC. Prodr. v. 312, excl. § 2. — Founded on Selloa glutinosa, Spreng., said to come from S. Brazil, with infertile disk-flowers, to which DeCandolle added three Mexican species ; but these are all reducible to one, viz. : — G. corymbosum, DC. Woody at base, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves from oblong-lanceolate to linear ; lower ones distinctly 3-nerved : flowers of the ray 5 to 9, of the disk mostly fewer, all fertile. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 192; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 94. G. corymbosum, multiflorum, & scoparium, DC. 1. c. — Rocky soil, S. Texas; fl. autumn. (Mex.) 20. XANTHOCfiPHALUM, Willd. (Bav&Js, yellow, and K ea\j, head.) — Herbaceous or suffruticose plants (chiefly Mexican) ; with alternate entire or lobed leaves, and yellow flowers in scattered or loosely cymose heads ; the smaller-flowered species approaching the following genus. — Willd. in Gesel. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1807, 140 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 249. Xanthocoma, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 310, t. 412; DC. Prodr. v. 311. X. sseicocArpum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 31, from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, has ca- neseent akenes : in all other species they are glabrous or only sparsely pubescent. Our species are annuals. X. Wrightii, Gray. Very glabrous, not glutinous : stems slender, a foot or two high, corymbosely paniculate at summit : leaves linear, entire : heads rather numerous, terminating pedunculiform branchlets : involucre barely 3 lines high and wide ; the bracts broad, obtuse, or apiculate with a short green tip : rays 12, oblong : style-appendages linear-lanceolate, acute : akenes all surmounted by an entire or obscurely denticulate coroniform border, without proper pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 632. Gutierrezia Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 78. — S. Arizona and New Mexico, Wright, Thurber, Bigelow, Greene. X. gymnospermoid.es, Bexth. & Hook. 1. c. Glutinous when young, occasionally with some deciduous tomentum : stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate with a tapering base, sometimes sparingly denticulate; the lowest often broader, petioled, occa- sionally incised and even pinnatifid : heads corymbosely cymose, crowded : involucre hemi- spherical, 4 lines high, very many-flowered ; the bracts narrow and with acute green tips, not very unequal : flowers deep golden-yellow : rays 30 to 50, only 2 lines long : style-append- ages ovate : pappus in the ray none ; in outer disk-flowers setulose-coroniform ; in central and less fertile flowers of several unequal awns and mostly coroniform-concreted at base. Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 140; Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 111. Gutierrezia? gym- nospermoides, Gray, PI. Wright. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5155. — Banks of streams, Arizona, first coll. by Wright. (Mex., Parry & Palmer, which has been wrongly referred to the larger- flowered very serrate-leaved X. Benthamianum, Hemsl.) Gutierrezia. COMPOSITE. 115 21. GUTIERRfiZIA, Lag. (Named for some member of the noble Spanish, family, Gutierrez.) — Herbs or suffrutescent plants (N. & S. American), glabrous, often glutinous ; with narrowly linear and entire alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers, either solitary terminating the branchlets, or in dense cymes in the manner of Gymnosperma, from which it is distinguished mainly by the pappus. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30 ; Hook. & Am. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 51 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 193. Brachyris, Nutt. Gen. ii. 103. Brachyachyris, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Brachyris (excl. spec, and § 2), Hemiachyris, & Odonto- carpha, DC. Prodr. v. 312, 71. G. i,inearif6lia, Lag., the original species (of which no specimen named by Lagasca is extant), on account of the oblong involucre with bracts loose at apex, enclosing only about 8 or 10 flowers, may with the highest probability be referred to a Chilian species, the Brachyris paniculata, DC. Prodr. v. 313; and this, although not traceable at Madrid, was collected by Nee, and has been communicated to herb. DC. and herb. Boissier, to the latter by Pavon. § 1 . Pappus of ray and disk similar, or in the former shorter : ligules mostly short : involucral bracts in N. American species all appressed. — Brachyris, Nutt. # Suffruticose, and the woody base much branched: heads fastigiately or paniculately cymose: receptacle plane or small: pales of the pappus conspicuous, from narrowly oblong to linear- subulate. G. Buthamise, Torr. & Gray. Bushy, from glabrous to hirtellous-puberulent, 6 to 18 inches high, with mostly strict and fastigiately polycephalous branches : leaves narrowly linear, verging to filiform : heads mostly clavate-oblong, few-several-flowered, not over 2 lines long, some short-pedunculate, others 3 to 5 in a glomerule (in the manner of Solidago § Eulhamia) : flowers of disk and ray not numerous (commonly 3 or 4 each, or the latter 5 or 6, sometimes only one or two each) : akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Solidago Sarothroz, Pursh, Fl. ii. 540. Brachyris Euthamice, Nutt. Gen. ii. 163; Hook. Fl. ii. 23. B. Euthamice 6 B. divaricata, Nutt.. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 313, the latter an open form. Brachyachyris Euthamice, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Gutierrezia Euthamice & G. divaricata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 193. — Arid plains and rocky hills, Saskatchewan to Montana, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and borders of California. (Adj. Mex., where there is also a form with rather broadly linear leaves, coll. Berlandier, Thurber.) Var. microcephala. Heads smaller, narrower, few-flowered, commonly oblong- cylindraceous and the involucre of fewer and narrower bracts : flowers of disk and ray mostly reduced to one or two each : leaves either narrowly linear or nearly filiform : pappus, as in the species, varying from short-oblong and obtuse (as in Berlandier's Saltillo specimens) to linear-lanceolate, and even attenuate-acute (as in Parry & Palmer's) : certainly passes into G. Euthamice. — G. microcephala, Gray, PL Fendl. 74, PI. Wright., &c. G. microphylla, Dnrand & Hilgard, PI. Heerm. 40. Brachyris microcephala, DC. Prodr. v. 313. — S. Texas and New Mexico to S. California. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by Berlandier.) G. Calif ornica, Tore. & Gray, 1. c. More loosely branched : heads seldom glomerate- fascicled, obovate-turbinate, 2 or 3 lines long : involucral bracts (except small outermost) broad, oblong to obovate : rays 8 to 10, short : disk-flowers 6 to 12 : akenes more villous. — Brachyris Californica, DC. 1. c. Gutierrezia linearifolia (with some of G. Euthamice), Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 302, not Lag. — Hills, California near the coast, from San Francisco Bay south- ward (first coll. by Douglas) : also San Bernardino Mountains (Parish), and Mesas of Ari- zona, Palmer, Lemmon, Pringle. * # Annual herbs, loosely much branched : heads singly terminating the branchlets and panicu- late: involucre hemispherical or obscurely obovate, about 2 lines in diameter, many-flowered: rays 9 to 15; disk-flowers 20 to 30: receptacle more or less elevated and hirsute-fimbrillate : akenes very short, obovate or turbinate, 10-costate; the ribs very silky-villous. G. spheerocephala, Gray. Low: receptacle of the flowers obtusely conical or hemi- spherical : pappus of 5 or 6 ovate short coroniform-concreted paleas, barely half the length of the akene.— PI. Fendl. 73, PI. Wright, ii. 79. — S. W. Arkansas, E. New Mexico, and S. W. Texas, Fendler, Wright, &c. 116 COMPOSITE. G. eriocarpa, Gray. Low or taller (a foot or two high) : receptacle obtusely high-conical : pappus of 12 or more linear-lanceolate or subulate and mostly distinct palese, about half the length of the akene. — PI. Wright, i. 94. — Plains and prairies, S. and W. Texas, Wright, Havard. (Mex.) G. Beklandieki, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 31, is an allied species of the northern part of Mexico, with a pappus of numerous minute palese, which do not surpass the silky hairs of the akene. § 2. Pappus wanting in the ray-flowers : ligules comparatively long : habit of the preceding subsection. — - Hemiachyris, DC. G. Texana, Tokk. & Gkay. Annual, .effusely much branched, 2 or 3 feet high : branches slender, bearing the very numerous pedunculate heads in open compound panicles : invo- lucre turbinate-campanulate, a line or two long : rays 8 to 10 (3 or 4 lines long) ; disk-flowers as many : akenes minutely pubescent ; those of the disk with a minute pappus of ovate or subulate palese, of length less than the breadth of the akene. — PI. ii. 194. Hemiachyris Texana, DC. Prodr. f. 314. Brachyris microcephala, Hook. Ic. t. 147, not DC. — Sterile plains, W. Arkansas to Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) 22. AMPHlACHYEJS, Nutt. (Brachyris § Amphiachyris, DC.) — ('A/j.(j)C, about, or on both sides, and axypov, chaff.) — As here constituted, the genus consists of two rather low and fastigiately or diffusely much-branched and erect glabrous plants, with entire leaves ; the first with the habit of Gutierrezia, the second sufficiently different to form a subgenus (Amphipappus, Torr. & Gray) : fl. yellow in late summer and autumn. A. dracunculoid.es, Nutt. Annual, rather low, effusely corymbiform, the slender branches and branchlets terminating in single pedunculate heads : leaves narrowly linear or the uppermost filiform: involucre hemispherical or short-campanulate ; the bracts 10 or 12, firm-coriaceous and whitish with abrupt green tips, mostly ovate or oval : rays 5 to 10, oval or oblong, nearly as long as the involucre; disk-flowers 10 to 20, wholly sterile, the ovary quite abortive; their pappus of 5 to 8 scarious almost aristiform smooth paleae, cupulately united at base and slightly dilated upward : akenes (of the ray) with a minute or obscure • coroniform pappus. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 313 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 192. Brachyris dracunculoides, DC. PI. Par. Genev. vii. 1, t. 1, & Prodr. v. 313. Brachyris ramosissima, Hook. Ic. t. 142 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 278. Gutierrezia Lindheimeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 351. — Plains, Kansas to Texas. A. Fremontii, Gkay. Shrubby, a foot or two high, with rigid tortuous branches ■ leaves short (half or quarter-inch long), obovate or spatulate, commonly narrowed at base into a margined petiole : heads mostly sessile and glomerate in small corymbosely disposed cymes : involucre campanulate or oblong, 2 lines long; the bracts 7 to 9, thin, mostly destitute of green tips : rays 1 or 2, short : disk-flowers 3 to 6, with infertile glabrous ovary, and » pappus of about 20 flattish denticulate-hispid tortuous bristles, some of them branching or irregularly paleaceous-concreted at base : ray-akenes with a pappus of fewer and short bristles or squamellse, more united at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 633, & Bot. Calif, i. 302. Amphipappus Fremontii, Torr. & Gray in Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 4 ; Torr. PL Prem. 17, t. 9. — Arid deserts on the Mohave, S. E. California, Fremont, to S. "W. Utah, Palmer. 23. G-RIND^LIA, Willd. (Prof. Hieronymus Grindel, of Riga and Dorpat.) — Herbs, or some species shrubby, of coarse habit (American, mostly of the U. S. west of the Mississippi) ; with sessile or partly clasping and usually serrate rigid leaves, and rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches ; the narrow rays usually numerous, occasionally wanting ; central disk- flowers not rarely infertile. Herbage often balsamic-viscid, the heads especially so before and during anthesis (whence called Gum-plant in California) : fl. all Grindelia. COMPOSITE. 117 summer. — Gesel. Nat. Fr. Berl. Mag. 1807, 259 ; Dunal, Mem. Mus. Par. v. 48 ; DC. Prodr. v. 314 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 250. Demetria, Lag. Donia, R. Br. Aurelia, Cass. G. cokonopifolia, Lehm., of Mexico, is Xanthocephalum centauroides, Willd., the original of that genus. G. angustifOlia, DC. in Dunal, founded on a drawing only, is not identified ; probably of some other genus. G. costAta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208, is a northern Mexican species, allied to G. squarrosa and G. subdecurrens, with lunate-gibbous 10-ribbed akenes. It may reach the U. S. borders. # Stem or branches (at least above) and sometimes the leaves pubescent: rays very numerous: awns of the pappus 2 or 3, sometimes solitary: plants a foot to a yard high. ■(— Atlantic and Mexican species: root in U. S. annual or biennial, perhaps more enduring in Mexico: akenes with no terminal border or teeth. Gr. inuloides, Willd. 1. v. Pubescence minute or short : leaves from oblong to lanceolate or almost ovate, serrate down to the partly clasping or broad base with close-set and often gland-tipped salient teeth : involucre glabrous (half-inch or more in diameter), at length squarrose: akenes short and turgid (the length barely double the breadth), with rounded- truncate summit and small areola, smooth or becoming corky-rugose transversely. — Dunal, 1. c. 50, t. 5 ; Bot. Reg. t. 248 ; DC. Prodr. v. 315 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3737 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, excl. var. /3. G. pubescens, Xutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 74. Inula serrata, Pers. Syn. ii. 451. Demetria spathulata, Lag. Elench. Madr. 1814, 20. — Plains of Arkansas and Texas; common. (Mex.) Var. microcephala, Gray. Smaller, more branching : heads only half as large : akenes more commonly rugose-thickened but sometimes smooth : involucral bracts usually shorter and closer : the extreme forms seeming very distinct from the type, but connected by intermediate states. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 81. G. microcephala, DC. Prodr. v. 315. — S. Texas, first coll. by Berlandier. (Mex.) •j— -*— Pacific species: root perennial but sometimes flowering the first year: akenes truncate and with a. prominulous irregularly undulate or obscurely 3-5-toothed border around the terminal areola: pappus-awns stouter and more corneous, Cattish: involucre in the same species either naked or surrounded by spreading foliaceous bracts passing into leaves. G. hirsutula, Hook. & Am. A foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched, villous- hirsute, or glabrate, sometimes even tomentose when young: leaves rather rigid and com- monly serrate with rigid salient teeth, in the typical plant oblong, or lower ones spatulate and obtuse (cauline inch or two long and about hall-inch wide), upper with partly clasping but not widened base, varying however to lanceolate and acute : heads solitary or few : in- volucre half-inch in diameter ; its proper bracts with or without subulate-attenuate squarrose tips, and with or without the surrounding loose foliaceous bracts, which may surpass the disk. — Bot. Beech. 147, 351; DC. Prodr. vii. 278; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 103. G.rubricuulis, DC. Prodr. v. 316. — Hills and open grounds, California from Mon- terey northward, where it seems to pass into or is not well discriminated from the following ; first coll. by Douglas. G. integrifolia, DC. A foot to a yard high, the taller plants corymbosely branching at summit and bearing several or numerous heads : pubescence soft-villous, sometimes sparse or vanishing : leaves of soft texture, commonly entire, occasionally serrate ; cauline lanceo- late, 3 or 4 inches long, mostly tapering from a broad base to an acute or acuminate apex ; radical spatulate and obtuse : bracts of the involucre with mostly elongated setaceous-subulate points to the bracts. — Prodr. v. 315 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. G. stricta, DC. Prodr. vii. 278. G. virgata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 314, slender form. Donia inuloides, var., Hook. PL ii. 25. — Moist or shady ground, Oregon to British Columbia, chiefly toward the coast. Varies greatly in open ground having leaves of firmer texture, the lower sometimes coarsely serrate, even the upper barely acute : on the shores of British Columbia occurs a low form, glabrate and thickish-leaved, which perhaps too nearly approaches G. cuneifolia. * # Whole herbage glabrous: stems equably leafy, afoot or two high: root mostly short-lived perennial, but sometimes annual in the same species: leaves firm or rigid. 118 COMPOSITE. Grindelia. •I— Akenes squarely truncate and even at the summit, not bordered nor toothed: pappus-awns only 2 or 3. G. Arizonica, Gray. Rather low and slender : canline leaves oblong-linear or narrowly oblong, obtuse, mostly spinulose-denticulate or dentate: heads small (half-inch high): bracts of the involucre short and rather broad, the acute or snbulate-acuminate tips not pro- longed nor spreading. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208. G. microcephala, Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 141, not DC. — Mesas of Arizona and New Mexico, Wright, Rothrock, Brandegee. (Adj. Mex.) G. squarrosa, Dotal. Commonly only a foot or two high and branched from the base : leaves rigid ; > cauline from spatulate- to linear-oblong and with either broadish or narrowed half-clasping base, acutely and often spinulosely serrate or denticulate ; sometimes radical and even cauline laciniate-pinnatifid : involucre strongly squarrose with the spreading and recurving short-filiform tips of the bracts : outer akenes commonly (but not always) corky- thickened and with broad truncate summit, those toward the centre narrower and thinner- walled and with smaller areola. — DC. Prodr. v. 315; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Donia squarrosa, Pursh, PI. ii. 559 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1706 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 163. Aurelia amplexicaulis, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 468. Grindelia subdecurrens, DC. 1. c. G. arguta, Gray, PL Wright, ii. 81, not Schrader. — Plains and prairies, Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Montana and south to Missouri and Texas, west to Nevada, Arizona, and borders of California. (Mex.) — Heads small or middle-sized : involucre half to two-thirds inch in diameter, very glutinous. Varies much : the following are the most marked forms. Var. nuda, Gray. Rays wanting. — G. squarrosa, Gray, PI. Pendl. 77. G. nuda, Wood in Bot. Gazette, iii. 50. — With the usual radiate form in New Mexico, Colorado, and re- cently about St. Louis, Missouri. Var. grandiflora, Gray. Heads larger and with very numerous rays (of an inch in length) : stem 2 to 4 feet high, strict and simple below: upper leaves from ovate to oblong, broader or not narrowed at base, more numerously and equally serrate either with obtuse or spinulose teeth. — PI. Wright, i. 98. G. grandiflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4628. G. Texana, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 60. — Texas, in two forms ; one by, Berlandier, Wright, &c, with heads no larger than is common in G. squarrosa, and the leaves elliptical or oval and obtuse, closely beset with obtuse callous teeth ; the other collected by Lindlieimer, Reverchon, &c, with spinulose or almost aristate teeth. G. Oregana. Stem rather stout and tall, branched above : leaves thickish, not rigid, sparsely denticulate or entire, mostly obtuse, oblong-spatulate or Ungulate, or the upper lan- ceolate (the larger cauline 4 inches long and an inch wide) : heads large (rays an inch long) : bracts of the involucre with erect or spreading slender linear-subulate tips : akenes minutely striate. — G. virgata, in part, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 314. G. integrifolia, iu part, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, not DC. Donia glutinosa, Hook. Fl. ii. 25, not R. Br. — Oregon to Idaho, in dry soil. -i— +- Akenes all or some outer ones 1-2-dentate or auriculate-bordered at the summit, except perhaps in G. glutinosa. ++ Atlantic species : pappus-awns mostly 2. G. lanceolata, Nutt. Stem 2 feet high, slender : leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, spinu- lose-dentate or denticulate (lower sometimes laciniate): heads as in G, squarrosa but the subulate-attenuate elongated tips of the involucral bracts straight and erect or the lower spreading : summit of the akene produced from each or the outer margin into a short tooth. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 73; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 248. — Prairies and barrens, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. (Barrens near Nashville, Gattinger, where it is prob- ably indigenous. ) -H- -H- Pacific species. G. cuneif olia, Nutt. Suffrutescent, stout, 3 or 4 feet high, mostly maritime, much branched : leaves thick, from cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblong, almost all with narrowed base dentic- ulate-serrate or entire : involucre half-inch or more high, little glutinous, the tips of the bracts either scarcely or decidedly squarrose : pappus-awns 5 to 8. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 315; Torr. & Gray, 1/c. ; Greene in Bot. Gazette, viii. 256. G. robusta, var! angusti- folia, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 304, chiefly. — Salt marshes and shores, California, from Santa Barbara Bay northward ; flowering in October. Woody base of stem becoming an inch or two thick. Pentachxta. COMPOSITE. 119 G\ glutinosa, Dunal. Herbaceous nearly or quite to the base ("fruticose," Cav.), a foot or two high : leaves rather large, obovate or spatulate, mostly rounded at summit and with partly clasping (broad or narrowish) base, more or less serrate : heads large : involucre half to three-fourths inch high, its bracts close, acute or acuminate, with no prolonged squarrose tips : akenes obscurely if at all bordered at summit : pappus-awns 5 to 8, stout and flattened, sparingly ciliolate-scabrous or nearly smooth. — Mem. Mus. 1. l. 49; DC. Prodr. v. 314; Gray, 1. c. 303. Aster glutinosus, Cav. Ic. ii. 53, t. 168. Doronicum glutinosum, Willd. Spec. iii. 2115. Inula glutinosa, Pers. Syn. ii. 452. Donia glutinosa, R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2, v. 82. Demetria glutinosa, Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30. Amelia decurrens, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 468. (The pappus-awns in old-time cultivated specimens sparsely hirtello-ciliolate indeed, but not as figured by Cavanilles; in Calif ornian specimens varying from obscurely so to smooth.) Grindelia latifolia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 36. — Shore of California, from Humboldt Co. (Bolander) and San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara Islands, whence a very large-leaved and robust form was described by Kellogg. Fl. summer. (" Mexico," Cavanilles. "Peru," Bentham in Gen. Original habitat seemingly quite unknown, but doubtless it came from the Pacific shores.) G. robusta, Nutt. Herbaceous to the base, rigid, branching, usually glutinous in the man- ner of G. squarrosa, which it resembles in the attenuate-acuminate and squarrose spreading or recurved tips to the involucral bracts : leaves more rigid and larger, oblong, varying to lanceolate, rigidly spinulose-serrate or denticulate, or uppermost entire : heads usually half- inch high : akenes (at least outer ones) obliquely auriculate or broadly unidentate at summit : pappus-awns 2 or 3, rarely more. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 314 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c, excl. vars. latifolia & angustifolia in part, incl. var. rigida. G. squamosa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 147, not Dunal. — The common Gcm-plaxt of California, common throughout the western part of the State, on dry hills, &c. : fl. summer. G. nana, Nutt. Rather low and slender, 6 to 30 inches high, the larger plants corymbosely and freely branched above : leaves thinnish, lanceolate and linear, or the lower spatulate, entire or spinulose serrate: heads small (a quarter to a, third of an inch high) : bracts of the invglucre with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips, in the manner of G. squarrosa (which this species represents northwestward): rays 16 to 30: akenes narrow, excisely truncate or bidentate at summit : pappus-awns mostly 2. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 314. G. kumilis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 248, not Hook. & Arn. G. Pacifica, Marcus E. Jones in Bull. Torrey Club, ix. 31, in a habitat much out of range ; namely, at Santa Cruz, Califor- nia. — Washington Terr, and east to X. W. Wyoming, south to Shasta, California. Some Oregon specimens have heads as large as those of G. squarrosa, but the akenes are different. Var. discoidea, a ray less state, of the species. — G. discoidea, Nutt. 1. c. 315, not Hook. & Arn. — Oregon and Washington Terr., NulUill, &c. * # # Anomalous and obscure species, wholly glabrous: cauline leaves all very small and narrow, almost filiform. G. humilis, Hook. & Arn. Not glutinous, apparently perennial: stem simple, slender, 7 inches high, 2-cephalous at summit : radical leaves linear, 2 inohes long, 2 lines wide at the obtuse obscurely denticulate apex, thence gradually tapering to base; cauline nearly all small and bract-like, all but lowest half-inch long, not over one third of a line wide, attenuate-acute: involucre half-inch high; bracts lanceolate, acute, largely green, erect, the outer successively shorter : rays rather long : bristles of the pappus apparently 3 or 4, slender. — Bot. Beech. 147. — Single specimen known, "California, Beechey," therefore probably from Monterey. Very unlike any other. 24. PENTACH J&TA, Nutt. (IleVrc, five, ,\ at ™7> bristle ; from the pap- pus of the original species.) — Californian annuals, low and slender, often depau- perate, glabrous and smooth or with some pubescence ; with filiform-linear and entire alternate leaves, heads terminating the pedunculiform summit of the stem and loose branches, with either homochromous or heterochromous flowers, pro- duced in spring. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 336; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 633, & Bot. Calif, i. 305. Pentachceta & Aphantochceta, Torr. & Gray ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 251. (See p. 445.) 120 COMPOSITE. Pentachmta. § 1. Flowers of both ray and disk golden yellow: involucre of comparatively numerous and regularly imbricated bracts. P. aiirea, Nutt. 1. c. At length diffusely branched, 3 to 12 inches high : heads mostly large for the size of the plant and many-flowered, but greatly varying : rays 7 to 40 (2 to 5 lines long) : bracts of the involucre broadly lanceolate, mostly setaceous-acuminate, with green centre and broad scarious margins : akenes villous-pubescent : pappus-bristles 5, some- times 6 to 8, as long as disk-corollas. — Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 81, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Open and dry ground, in the southernmost counties of California ; first coll. by Nvttall. § 2. Flowers of the ray white or purple-tinged, sometimes wanting or else few and wanting the ligule : disk-corollas yellow or yellowish, or changing to purple in age : bracts of involucre somewhat equal and fewer, mostly obtuse and nar- rowly scarious-margined. _ / P. exilis, Geat, I. c. A span or so high, with simple or from the base simply branched monocephalous erect stems : heads in the larger form (here taken as the type) many- flowered, with hemispherical or broadly campanulate involucre (3 lines high), and 8 to 14 oblong rays, these 2 lines long : akenes oblong-turbinate, villous : pappus-bristles 5, shorter than disk-corollas, in some plants abortive or obsolete. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; Greene in Bot. Gazette, viii. 256. — Dry hills, middle part of California, from Santa Clara Co. northward. Var. aphantoch^ta, Gkat, 1. c. More or less depauperate, 2 to 4 inches high : heads narrower, from rather few- to 25-fiowered, discoid, mostly having 3 to 5 female flowers with corolla destitute of ligule, sometimes these wanting : pappus reduced to 3 or 5 short cusps or obsolete. — P. aphantochceta, Greene in Bot. Gazette, 1. c. Aphantochozta exilis, Gray, Pacif. B. Rep. iv. 99, t. 11, a delicate" and few-flowered form. — Dry ground, from the Salinas Valley to El Dorado Co., first coll. by Bigelow. Var. discoidm, Gray, 1. c, is partly a small form of this without female flowers, and partly the following, into which it may pass. P. alsinoides, Greene. A span high, at length diffusely and several times branched from the base, with pedunculated discoid heads in the forks : involucre only 2 lines long, of only 5 to 7 bracts, " 3-5-" or 6-7-flowered : flowers apparently all hermaphrodite : pappus-bristles 3 or 4, fully equalling the corolla and as long as the obovate-clavate pubescent akenes, rarely obsolete in some flowers. — Bull. Torrey Club, ix. 109, & Bot. Gazette, 1. c. — Hills or dry ground around San Francisco Bay to El Dorado Co., first coll. by Kellogg and Bolander. P. gracilis, Benth. in Hook. Ic. t. 1101, from Mexico, is Oxypappus, Benth. 25. BRADBtrRIA, Torr. & Gray. (In memory of John Bradbury, who collected plants on the Missouri which were published in Pursh's Flora.) — Fl. ii. 250; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 251. — Single species. B. hirtella, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Annual, branched from the base, a foot or so high, hispid : slender branches terminated by single rather small heads of yellow flowers : radical and lower cauline leaves narrowly spatulate ; those of the flowering branches small, spatulate- linear to nearly filiform, mucronate-pointed : rays 3 or 4 lines long. — Dry ground, Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. 26. HETEROTHECA, Cass. ("Erepos, different, Ojkt,, case, from the unlike akenes of ray and disk.) — N. American and Mexican herbs (probably only three species, two of them very variable), with the aspect of Ghrysopsis, hirsute or scabrous : flowers yellow : pappus reddish or ferruginous : lower leaves at base of petiole commonly with a foliaceous stipuliform dilatation, upper partly clasping. Peduncles and involucre more or less glandular. A bristle or two of pappus rarely found on ray-akenes. — Bull. Philom. 1817, & Diet. xxi. 130; DC. Prodr. v. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 251. H. Lamarckii, Cass. 1. c. Biennial or sometimes annual, 1 to 3 feet high, somewhat heavy-scented, branching, usually bearing numerous corymbiform-paniculate rather small heads : radical leaves oval or oblong, slender-petioled ; cauline oblong, the upper mostly Chrysopsis. COMPOSITE. 121 with subcordate-elasping base : involucre 3 to 5 lines high : rays about 20 ; their akenes mostly glabrous and obscurely crowned : outer pappus of the disk-flowers conspicuous. — H. Lamarckii & H. scabra (also apparently H. Chrysopsidis & II. leptoglossa), DC. 1. c. 317. H. scabra (var. Calycium & var. nuda, which are confluent), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 251. II. latifolia, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 459. Inula subaxillari's, Lam. Diet. iii. 259, fide Cass. /. scabra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 531. Chrysopsis scabra, Nutt. Gen. ii. 151 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 339 ; Bertol. Misc. vii. t. 4. — Sandy or barren dry soil, coast of Carolina to Texas, Arkansas, S. Arizona, and perhaps within the borders of California. (Mex. In original specimens of H. Chrysopsidis, DC., and others from Saltillo, &c, a setose pappus to the ray- flowers only abnormally occurs. H. leptoglossa, DC, has the crown of the ray akenes with a sharp and sometimes undulate edge. In Parry & Palmer's no. 373 the crown is more salient and setulose-denticulate !) H. grandiflora, Ninr, Villous-hispid or hirsute : stem stout, from a, foot to 6 feet high, bearing rather large (sometimes rather small) heads : cauline leaves not clasping, or hardly so, and clasping base of petioles of the lowest occasionally wanting : involucre 4 or 5 lines high : rays about 30 ; their akenes minutely pubescent or glabrate : outer pappus of the disk-flowers less conspicuous : style-appendages shorter, mostly obtuse. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 315 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Diplopappus scaber, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Helerotheca flori- bunda, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 24. H. floribunda (excl. pi. Coulter, which belongs to the pre- ceding and is probably from Arizona) & II. grandiflora, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 308. — California from Santa Barbara southward and east to the borders of Nevada. — Heads always smaller than those of H. inuloides, sometimes no larger than of the preceding species. 27. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. (Xpucro's, oi/, ( . Low, seldom a foot high, branched from the base, very leafy to the top, loosely lanate, at length glabrate, not glandular : leaves from narrowly to oblong*linear, obscurely few-nerved, rigid (1 to 3 inches long); the cauline spreading and sometimes falcate-recurving : heads mostly numerous and cymose, small : involucre campanulate (3 or 4 lines long). — Sk. ii. 336 (note) ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. t. 56. Inula falcata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 532. Pityopsis falcata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Barren land along the coast, Cape Cod to New Jersey. # # Leaves not nervose or gramineous: involucre hemispherical: akenes turbinate-oborate and turgid-flattish (or in the last species more oblong), 3-5-nerved: outer pappus squamellate or setulose. -1— Pubescence arachnoid-lanate or cottony-vi'llous and flocculent, deciduous, leaving a glabrous or minutely scabrous and glandular surface, sometimes glabrate from the first except on rosulate tufts of radical leaves : Atlantic species. ++ Heads comparatively small, seldom half -inch high, commonly cj'mose : arachnoid hairs sparse or wanting : stems very leafy : root no more than biennial. C. scabrella, Torr. & Gray. Glandular-scabrous even to the rather obtuse bracts of the involucre, destitute of cobwebby hairs : stem rather stout : leaves oblong-lanceolate or spatulate: outer pappus setiform. — Fl. ii. 255. — Pine woods, Tampa, Florida, Leavenworth, Garber. Too near the broad-leaved form of the next. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Villous when young with very long and soft usually scattered hairs which mostly have a stouter base : stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves oblong-spatu- late or oblanceolate and obtuse, or upper, linear : bracts of the involucre smooth, acute : outer pappus squamellate-setulose. — Gen. ii. 150; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Diplopappus tricho- phyllus, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97. — Dry ground, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana, in the low country, chiefly on and near the coast. Broad-leaved form approaches C. Mariana : narrower comes too near the next. C. hyssopif olia, Nutt. Glabrate and smooth, but the rosulate linear-spatulate or some- times broadly spatulate (barely inch long) radical leaves floccose- woolly when young: stem slender, virgate, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy with spatulate-linear to almost filiform (inch or so long) glabrous leaves : heads often numerous and cymose : otherwise as the preceding. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 67. C. trichophylla, var. hyssopifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 254, excl. syn. Hook. — Sand-hills and dry pine barrens of Florida, on the coast. ++ -H- Heads larger: wool floccose: akenes often with 2 to 4 salient and glandular-thickened nerves or vibs : outer pappus more squamellate : leaves occasionally with a few serratures or denticulations, oblong, or the lower spatulate or obovate and uppermost lanceolate. C. Mariana, Nutt. A foot or two high from a perennial root, loosely silky-villous with arachnoid hairs, glabrate in age : leaves thinnish, green : heads several in a corymbiform cluster : involucre glabrous but granulate-glandular. — Gen. 1. c. (under Inula) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. vii. t. 2. Inula Mariana, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1240. Aster Caro- linianus pilosus, etc., Mill. Ic. t. 57. Diplopappus Marianus, Hook. 1. c. — Pine barrens and sandy soil, coast of New York to Florida and Louisiana. C. gossypina, Nutt. 1. c. A foot or two high from a biennial root, densely lanate, the wool becoming tomentose-floccose : leaves all obtuse, mostly short and spatulate or oblong : heads terminating pedunculiform branches or loosely corymbose : involucre very woolly, or be- coming glabrate or even glandular. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. vii. t. 1. Inula gossypina, Michx. Fl. ii. 122. I. glandulosa, Lam. Diet. iii. 259 1 Erigeron pilosum, Walt. Car. 206. Chrysopsis dentata, Ell. Sk. ii. 337, a form with lower leaves few-toothed. C. de- cumbens, Chapm. Fl. 217, a coast form with glandular peduncles and involucre. — Sandy pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Alabama, in the low country. -H- -I— Pubescence from hispid to silky-villous, persistent: root perennial. Includes a multitude of forms, seemingly not distinguishable into species. . C. villosa, Nutt. 1. c. A foot or two high : leaves from oblong to lanceolate, rarely few- toothed, usually cinereous or canescently strigose or hirsute and sparsely hispid along the margins and midrib, an inch or two long : heads mostly terminating leafy branches some- times rather clustered, naked at base or foliose-bracteate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 Chrysopsis. COMPOSITE. 123 lines high ; its bracts commonly strigulose-caneseent, sometimes almost smooth, acute : akenes oblong-obovate, villous : outer pappus setulose-squainellate. — Amelias villosus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 564. Diplopappus villosus & D. luspidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Chrysopsis villosa, hispida, foliosa, mollis, & sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; also C. canescens, Torr. & Gray, C. echioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25 & PI. Hai'tw. 316. — Prairies, plains, and other open grounds, from Illinois and W. Alabama north to Saskatchewan, south to Arizona, and west to British Columbia and the coast of California ; in various forms. The typical eastern and northern plant is rather large, with cinereous and roughish but not canescent pubescence. Westward, extending to the southern part of California, it usually becomes more canescent and villous as well as hirsute and hispid ; the size and fulness of the heads greatly varying. The more marked but quite unlimited forms are the fol- lowing : — Var. hispida, Gray. Small and low, with hirsute and hispid pubescence, not canes- cent: heads particularly small: involucre not canescent, sometimes glabrous. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Diplopappus hispidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Chrysopsis hispida, DC. Prodr. vii. 279 ; Nutt. 1. c. — Saskatchewan to Idaho, south to W. Texas, Nevada, and Arizona. And forms between this and the next in California. Var. viscida. Low : leaves small, oblong to spatulate, green, sparingly if at all hispid, not rough, but viscid-hirtellous or with viscid points, and the involucre commonly viscidulous. — Utah and Arizona, in the mountains, Jones, Greene, Pringle, Lemmon. Var. discoidea. Heads destitute of rays : involucre somewhat canescent : otherwise nearly as var. hispida. — Canons, W. Montana, Watson. Var. stenoph^lla, Geav. Low and rough-hispid, rigid : leaves spatulate-linear, only a line or two wide : heads small. — PI. Lindh. ii. 223. — Crevices of rocks, W. Texas, Lindheimer, and S. W. Arkansas, Bigelow. Var. canescens. Wholly canescent with short and appressed sericeous pubescence, and with some spreading hispid bristles along the stem and margins of the narrow mostly oblanceolate leaves : heads small : involucre also canescent : outer pappus less distinct. — Aplopappus? (Leucopsis) canescens, DC. Prodr. v. 349. Chrysopsis canescens, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 256. — Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Stems a foot, some- times " 2 to 5 feet," high ; very leafy and branching. Var. foliosa, Eaton. Canescent witli appressed sericeous pubescence, mostly soft and destitute of hispid bristles ; but stem often hirsute or villous : leaves short, oblong or elliptical: heads small, rather numerous and clustered. — Bot. King Exp. 164. C. foliosa & C. mollis, Nutt. 1. c. C. foliosa, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 99, & ii. 81, a small-leaved and some- what hispid form, between this and var. hispida. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Utah and Arizona. Var. Rutteri, Rothrock. Most like the preceding, equaUy sericeous-canescent with usually longer soft hairs : heads of double the size, fully half-inch high and wide, solitary or few in a cluster, foliose-bracteate : rays 30 to 40, half-inch long. — Wheeler Rep. vi. 142. C. foliosa, var. sericeo-villosissima, &c, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 81. — S. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, Lemmon. — Seemingly the most distinct form of all; but connected with the eastern type by one with slightly canescent leaves, Colorado, Greene. Var. sessiliflora. From hirsute and hispid or greenish to villous-canescent : leaves oblong or spatulate : heads mostly large, solitary and foliose-bracteate at base : outer pappus more conspicuous and squameUate. — C. (Phyllotheca) sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. 1. 317 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 309, partly, especially var. Bobmderi. C. Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543, which is a well-developed form. — California, near the coast, from Mendocino Co. to San Diego and Arizona. Disk-corollas in the bud tipped with some scattered very slender hairs. Var. echioides. A branching form, with rather numerous and naked heads of small size, and usually small leaves, commonly canescently hispid, sometimes greener : passes into var. foliosa, var. hispida, &c. — C. echioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25 (from Bodegas, a, form nearer the foregoing) & PI. Hartw. 316, form with small and scattered heads. C. sessili- flora, var. echioides, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 309. — California, common from the Sacramento southward to Arizona. # # * Leaves not nervose, somewhat veiny: in volncre hemispherical : akenes turgid-obovate and flatfish, indistinctly 10-nerved, minutely pubescent: outer pappus paleolate and conspicuous; inner not very copious : root annual. 124 COMPOSITE. Chrysopsis. C. pilosa, Nutt. A foot or two high, branching : branchlets terminated by solitary middle- sized heads : pubescence soft-hirsute or villous, also a. minute glandulosity : leaves oblong- lanceolate, occasionally denticulate or toothed ; the lower sometimes incised : bracts of the involucre acuminate, glandular-viscid: rays almost half-inch long. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 66, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. (§ Phyllopappus) ; Torr. & Gray, I. c, § Achyrcea. — Open pine and oak woods, N. W. Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas, first coll. by Nuttatt. § 2. Ammodia, Gray. Rays none : outer pappus slender-setulose, inconspicu- ous or obscure : somewhat viscid and pubescent perennials, with bracts of the involucre thinner and more scarious. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543. Ammodia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 321. C. Oregana, Gray. A foot or two high, paniculately branched : leaves oblong or lanceo- late, sometimes hirsute or almost hispid ; midrib conspicuous : involucre nearly equalling the flowers; its bracts pluriseriate : corollas slender: akenes oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. e. & Bot. Calif, i. 309. Ammodia Oregana, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. t. 9, A. Brickellia Cumingii, Klatt, in Abh. Nat. Gesells. Halle, xv. 5. — Sandy or gravelly banks of streams, Oregon and W. California. Var. scaberrima. Leaves (of branches) small, these and the branches very hispid scabrous. — Dry creek, Tulare Co., California, Congdon. C. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. A foot or more high, more slender, less pubescent or almost gla- brous : leaves shorter, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3-nerved at base (an inch or two long) : heads naked-pedunculate : involucre shorter ; its bracts fewer-ranked and somewhat broader : corollas funnelform : akenes obovate. — California, in the Sierra Nevada, from 4,500 to 11,000 feet, in open woods, first coll. by Brewer. 28. ACAMPTOPAPPUS, Gray. ("A/ca^Tos, unbending or stiff, and mx-mros, pappus.) — Low shrubs, of the Arizona-Nevadan desert region, a foot to a yard high, glabrous or obscurely puberulous, not glandular nor resinous : leaves small, entire, sessile, nearly veinless except midrib, lower spatulate, upper linear- oblong to linear : heads terminating pedunculiform branchlets, yellow-flowered. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 634, xvii. 208. A. sphaerooephalus, Gray, 1. e. Branches striate, corymbosely polycephalous : heads discoid, homogamous, depressed-globular, 4 or 5 lines high : bracts of involucre whitish, outer ones commonly with a, pale greenish spot. — Aplopappus (Acamptopappus) sphmro- cephalus, Gray, PL Fendl. 76; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. t. 6. — Arizona and S. Utah to the Mohave desert in California, first coll. by Coulter. A. Shockleyi, Gray. Branchlets simpler, monocephalous : head hemispherical, radiate : rays 10 to 12, elongated, linear-oblong, bright yellow : outer bracts of involucre more con- spicuously green on the back. — Pr6c. Am. Acad. xvii. 208. — Mountains of S. W. Nevada, at Candelaria, Esmeralda Co., W. S. Shochley. 29. XANTHf SMA, DC. (HaV^a, dyed yellow, alluding to the bright yellow flowers of the showy head.) — Prodr. v. 94; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 253. Centauridium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 246. — Single species, near to Aplopappus, showy in cultivation. X. Texanum, DC. 1. c. Nearly glabrous, biennial or annual, 1 to 4 feet high, with virgate branches terminated mostly by solitary large heads : leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceo- late ; radical and lower cauline not rarely laciuiate-pinnatifid and even bipinnately parted ; cauline sessile, sparsely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire ; outer bracts of the involucre commonly narrowed below the green body or appendage ; this whitish-margined, and sometimes with rounded barely mucronate summit, oftener either gradually or abruptly acuminate and cuspidate : rays about 20, an inch or less long, the ligule borne on a very short tube, and the style short. — Gray, PI. Wright, i. 98 (var. Berlandieri, with rounded obtuse involucral bracts, and var. Drummondii, with pointed ones) ; Torr. Bot. Marey Rep. Aplopappus. COMPOSITE. 125 t. 10. Centauridium Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 246 ; Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 223. Machceranthera grandi/lora, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456. — Open woods, Texas Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. ; fl. all summer. 30. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. ('AirAoos, 7rdWos, simple pappus.) — A large American genus (chiefly W. North American and Chilian) the analogue of Aster in the heterochromous division and equally polymorphous ; mostly herbaceous perennials, some suffruticose or even shrubby, a few annual: the flowers all yellow, produced in summer and autumn. — Diet. lvi. 1 68. Haplopappus & Eri- cameria, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 253, 255. — Note that one or two species occasionally and certain species uniformly want the ray-flowers, obliterating the distinction between this genus and the following ! § 1. Prionopsis, Gray. Heads very large and broad: involucre depressed- hemispherical, of lanceolate acuminate bracts, the outer mostly foliaceous and spreading : rays very numerous : disk-corollas narrow, merely 5-toothed : style- appendages short and rather obtuse: akenes very glabrous; those of the ray short, turgid-elliptical ; of the disk oblong or narrower, and the central ones inane: pappus of very rigid and unequal bristles and comparatively little nu- merous ; the innermost and larger ones somewhat flattened toward the base and their margins scabrous-ciliolate ; the outermost very small and short : root annual or biennial. — PI. Wright, i. 98. Prionopsis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 329. — (Connects with Xanthisma and has the foliage of G-rindelia.) A. Ciliatus, DC. Very glabrous : stem 2 to 5 feet high, bearing few or several somewhat cymose-clustered heads (with the disk an inch in diameter), equably leafy to the top : leaves oval or the lower obovate (1 to 3 inches long), very obtuse, veiny, evenly and somewhat pectinately dentate with bristle-pointed teeth : pappus of the fertile akenes disposed to be deciduous in a ring. — Prodr. v. 346; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 98. Donia ciliata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 118; Hook. Exot. Fl. i. t. 45. Prionopsis ciliata, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 245. — Hillsides and river-banks, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. § 2. Aplopapptjs proper. Heads large or middle-sized, or sometimes small, commonly broad and with involucre of firm well-imbricated or rigid bracts : rays numerous, several, or rarely wanting : disk-corollas narrow, merely 5-toothed : style-appendages from ovate to linear-subulate: pappus commonly fuscous or rufous, and more or less rigid. (Habit and special characters various, but the groups too confluent and indefinite for first-class sections.) # Heads rayless : bracts of the involucre rigid, appressed-imbricate with the outer successively shorter, all with abrupt and more or less spreading herbaceous tips: style-appendages ovate- or oblong-lanceolate: pappus rather rigid: leaves coriaceous, mostly oblong and spinulose-dentate. — Aplopappvs § Aplodiscus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 242, excl. the first species, which is § Aplodis- cus, DC. § Hapludiscus & Eriocarpcea, Benth. & Hook. 1. u. — (One of the transitions to Bige- lovia § Aplodiscus.) A. squaiTOSUS, Hook. & Arn. Suffruticose, 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat pubescent, gland- ular and glutinous : leaves thickly dentate (about inch long) : heads numerous and spicately thyrsoid at the end of the branches, half-inch long : involucre elongated-turbinate ; its bracts imbricated in many ranks, the lower usually imbricated on the peduncle, their tips mostly squarrose and glandular: akenes fusiform, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent. — Bot. Beech. 146; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 242. Pyrrocoma grindelioides, DC. Prodr. v. 350. Homopappus squarrosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 332. — Dry hills on the coast of California, from Monterey to San Diego ; first coll. by Douglas. Also on the foot-hills of the San Bernardino Mountains, Parish, &c. A. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Herbaceous from a ligneous stock, a span to a foot high : leaves from spatulateoblong to almost lanceolate, rather Sparsely pectinately dentate : 126 COMPOSITE. Aplopappus. heads few terminating the branches, one-third inch high : involucre hemispherical ; the bracts fewer-ranked and with slightly spreading greenish tips : akenes short, serieeous- canescent. — Eriocarpum grinddioides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 321. — Rocky Moun- tains and adjacent plains, north to Idaho and Saskatchewan, south to New Mexico and Arizona; first coll. by Nuttall. # # Heads radiate, with rays not rarely neutral or sterile, or in one species commonly discoidal by the diminution of the ligules : involucre well imbricated, of firm texture, the bracts either coriaceous with herbaceous tips or coriaceo-foliaceous : akenes (with two exceptions) glabrous and narrow: pappus capillar but rigid: style-appendages long and slender, acute or acutish: perennials, rigid-leaved. — § Pyrrocoma, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 98. Pyrrocoma & Bomqpappus, in part, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 330, 333. -1— Shrubby: rays conspicuous but sterile: appendage of the slender style-branches of the length and breadth of the stigmatic portion : akenes very glabrous, narrow, compressed, 4-nerved. , A. Berberidis. Suffruticose, » foot or two high : flowering branches somewhat virgate, when young tomentose-pubescent, equably leafy, bearing numerous and racemose or some- times solitary heads : leaves oval, very obtuse, spinulosely and evenly multidentate, half- clasping by an abrupt somewhat adnate base (half to full inch long), coriaceous, with conspicuous midrib but obscure veins : involucre broadly turbinate ; its bracts numerous, in successively shorter ranks, broadly linear or outermost oblong, smooth, all with very obtuse and short rather appressed green tips : rays numerous, a quarter to nearly half an inch long, seldom styliferous : pappus merely sordid. — All Saints Bay, Lower California, so near that •it may be expected within the U. S. border, Parry, Miss Fish. ■i— +- Herbaceous : style-appendages from subulate-filiform to narrowly subulate, much longer than the stigmatic portion. ++ Heads large and discoid, the sterile rays being hardly apparent or very small for the size of the head (when styliferous the style-branches sometimes tipped with a hispid appendage!): akenes completely glabrous and smooth, slender but flattish, 4-costate or nerved, often finely striate: rigid leaves commonly spatulate or lanceolate, on the same plant either entire or sparsely spinulose-toothed. — Pyrrocoma, Hook. A. carthamoides, Geat. Commonly a foot high, rather stout and leafy, scabro-puberu- len.t when young, becoming smooth, bearing a solitary terminal large head and sometimes one or two in axils : leaves from spatulate to oblong or lanceolate : involucre hemispherical, half to three-fourths inch high, often leafy-subtended at base ; its proper bracts coriaceous- rigid, from oblong to broadly lanceolate or innermost linear, more or less scarious-margined, most of them tipped with an abrupt mucro or cusp, the outer commonly loose and becoming leaf-like, either entire or spinulose-denticulate : rays almost always present and rather numerous; but their ligules inconspicuous, being short, involute, and concealed in the at length rufous or fulvous pappus. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Pyirocoma carthamoides, Hook. Tl. i. 306, t. 107; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 243. — Dry plains and hills, Oregon, Wash- ington Terr., and Idaho ; first coll. by Douglas. Polymorphous species : the extremes are Var. maximus. Robust, leafy, sometimes 2 feet high : radical leaves obovate or oval, 3 to 7 inches long ; cauline oblong, with partly clasping base : heads ample, in fruit an inch high and broad : involucre of very numerous and broad or broadish bracts : rays some- times more evolute, but small. — Pyrrocoma radiata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 333; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Of the same district, first coll. by Nuttall. Var. Cusickii. Smaller: stems only a span or two high, ascending, few-leaved: leaves mostly spatulate-lanceolate : head three-fourths to nearly inch high in fruit, but nar- row and much fewer-flowered : bracts of the involucre correspondingly fewer, lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate. — Union Co., Oregon, flowering earlier (in June), Cusick. Per- haps a distinct species, but appears to pass into the smaller forms of the type. ++ -H- Heads middle-sized to small, evidently radiate; the exserted rays often infertile but styliferous: plants comparatively slender and more capituliferous. = Pubescence either cottony-tomentose and deciduous or none : leaves firm-coriaceous or rigid ; cauline and mostly the radical lanceolate, the former disposed to be sparse or small at the upper part of stem : akenes or ovaries not rarely with some villous pubescence. — Bomopappus, Nutt., excl. B. unifiorus. A. racemosus, Torr. Stems usually virgate and simple, rigid, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves lanceolate or radical, sometimes oblong-spatulate (4 to 6 inches long, tapering into a Aplopwppus. COMPOSITE. 127 petiole), entire- or denticulate or on same plant spinulose-serrate : heads several or rather numerous, racemosely or spicately disposed along naked upper part of the stem or (either singly or 2 or 3 together) in axils of upper leaves : involucre (half-inch or less high) from hemispherical to turbinate-campanulate ; its bracts rigid, well-imbricated, and with short ab- rupt mostly mucronate-pointed or apiculate green tips, these either erect or somewhat squar- rose : rays (8 to 20) 2 or 3 lines long. — Tort, in Sitgreaves Rep. 162, as to syn., &c, proba- bly not as to the specimen. Homopappus racemosus, Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 332 . Pyrrocoma racemosa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 244. The type is a, form with virgate stem, bearing 3 to 9 racemosely or spicately disposed and approximate or remote heads, of the larger size, with involucre half or two-thirds inch broad as well as high, and akenes (or at least ovaries) more or less beset with villous hairs. A. lanceolatus, var. strictus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 389 is a form with more villous akenes. — Plains of Oregon, Nuttall, Hall, &c. : also Northern California, Greene, where it varies with many and correspondingly smaller heads, these glom- erate in numerous axils, and the campanulate involucre disposed to be squarrose. Also it evidently passes into Var. glomerellus. Heads narrower and smaller, disposed to be fascicled in twos or threes in the axils of small upper -leaves, or at summit of stem or short peduncles : involucre often turbinate : akenes glabrate or sometimes glabrous : herbage somewhat more disposed to be balsamic-viscid. — Homopappus glomeratus, paniculatus, & argutus, Nutt. 1. c. 331. Pyr- rocoma glomerata, paniculata, & arguta (the latter a stouter and more leafy state), Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Aplopappus paniculatus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 311. — Plains of the Columbia, E. Oregon, Nuttall, Nevius, Cusick, &c. N. W. Nevada, Anderson, Lemmon. Var. virgatus. Slender and smaller, with strict virgate stems and narrow leaves : heads as in the type, but only half the size, few, or in depauperate plants solitary. — A. panicu- latus, var. virgatus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 312. — Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, Bolander, Lemmon, &c. Passes into Var. stenocephalias. This is to var. glomerellus what var. virgatus is to the type : it has scattered heads ; these narrow, comparatively few-flowered ; the bracts of the oblong- turbinate involucre rigid and more pointed. — A. paniculatus, var. stenocephalus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — With preceding var., Lemmon. A. apargioides, Gkat. Low, with numerous ascending or diffuse few-leaved or some- times scapiform stems from a thick caudex, a span to afoot high, bearing solitary or few pedunculate heads : leaves lanceolate or the radical broader, from denticulate to laciniate- dentate or even pinnatifid : involucre hemispherical (a third to half an inch high) ; its bracts lanceolate to narrowly oblong, mostly obtuse, imbricated in few rather loose ranks, outer sometimes equalling the inner : rays 20 or more, oblong, comparatively large, commonly fer- tile : pappus softer. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 354, & Bot. Calif, i. 311. — Eastern parts of the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, from Sierra Co. to San Bernardino Moun- tains ; first coll. by Bolander. ^ = Pubescence not tomentose nor floccose, but rather villous and persistent : leaves thinnish, oblong, more regularly and closely spinulose-serrate, numerous and approximate on the stem or branches up to the heads or nearly : rays fertile. A. hirtUS. A foot or less high, hirsutely pubescent and villous, even to the involucre, or at base lanuginous : stems rather simple, ascending, bearing few or scattered pedunculate heads : leaves membranaceous, pectinately serrate with long and salient slender-subulate teeth ; cauline an inch or two long, radical sometimes 4 inches long and with margined petioles : involucre hemispherical, half-inch or more high ; its bracts rather loose, linear, acu- minate or acute, all about equalling the disk, the outer mainly foliaceous : rays 20 or more, conspicuous : akenes rather short, sericeous-pubescent : pappus soft, whitish. — Baker Co., Oregon, Cusick. Washington Terr., Brandegee. Might be arranged in a following sub- division, with A. uniflorus, but has the habit of the next. A. "Whitneyi, Gbay. About a foot high, somewhat minutely villous-pubescent, or foliage glabrous, branching, bearing rather numerous fasciculate-panicled and mostly sessile heads : leaves inch or less long, spinulose-dentate, those subtending the lower heads hardly smaller than the main cauline ones : involucre narrow, oblong-turbinate (about half-inch long), glabrous; its bracts lanceolate, acute, appressed, subcoriaceous, with short and sometimes indistinct green tips, well imbricated, outer successively shorter : rays 5 to 8, with oblong ■■ and small ligules, little surpassing the 10 to 20 disk-flowers: akenes oblong-linear, glabrous, 128 COMPOSITE. Apkpappw. striate : pappus rigidulous, rufous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 354, & Bot. Calif, i. 312. — Sierra Nevada, California, at 8,500 to 9,000 feet, in open woods, Sonora Pass, Bolander, and on bleak summits in Siskiyou Co., Greene, Pringle. Involucre rather of the Encameria section. # # # Heads conspicuously radiate, large and showy: rays fertile, very numerous, half -inch to inch long: involucre well imbricated, of numerous oblong to lanceolate firm bracts: akenes (and ovaries) wholly glabrous, flat and rather broad: pappus pale: style-appendages broadish, oblong to lanceolate, shorter or not longer than the stigmatic portion: wholly herbaceous peren- nials, smooth and glabrous, except some soft-villous pubescence or tomentum when young: leaves coriaceous, entire. 4— Stems equably and very leafy up to the sessile or subsessile heads. A. Fremonti, Gray. A foot or less high, from slender lignescent rootstocks, simple or fastigiately branched above: leaves lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide), ob- scurely 3-5-nerved ; lower narrowed and upper partly clasping at base : involucre (inch or less high) broadly campanulate; its bracts broadly lanceolate, conspicuously and often cuspidately acuminate : rays half-inch long • style-appendages ovate-oblong, obtuse : akenes obovate,- striate-nerved, almost as long as the rigid pappus. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65 ; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 67. Pyrrocoma foliosa, Gray in Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, v. 109. — Plains and rocky hills, Colorado, common on the Arkansas from Pueblo upward; first coll. by Fremont. Var. "W"ardi. Dwarf : fascicled stems only a span high : leaves proportionally small, linear-lanceolate, destitute of lateral nerves : heads one-half smaller, 2 or 3 in a terminal glomerule : akenes double the length of the scanty pappus. — Wyoming (probably in south- western part), L. F. Ward. -I— -t— Stems simple, solitary or several from a thick caudex, above with decreasing or sparse leaves and solitary or few naked and usually pedunculate heads, at base a tuft of ample lanceo- late- or spatulate-oblong radical leaves (in the manner of the preceding and succeeding sub- divisions): involucre hemispherical or broader: rays 30 to 50. A. cr6oeus, Ghat. Stem stout and erect, commonly a foot or two high, and with radical leaves a foot or less long (including the petiole) . cauline leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, partly clasping (upper an inch or two long) : head mostly solitary: involucre a full inch in diameter ; its bracts ovate to spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, lax, inner with scarious erose- denticulate margins : rays saffron-yellow, sometimes inch long : akenes narrowly oblong, nearly the length of the pappus. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1. c. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, especially in Middle Park, first coll. by Parry. A dwarf form in N. Arizona, Rusby. A. integrifolius, T. C. Portek. Stems several from the caudex, ascending, a foot or less high : radical leaves 3 to 8 inches (including short petiole or tapering base) ; cauline lanceo- late, or small uppermost linear : heads solitary or 2 or 3 in axils, smaller than in foregoing : involucral bracts narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, some loose outer ones usually equalling the disk and more foliaceous : rays bright yellow, half-inch long : immature akenes oblong. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. — Mountain meadows, Wyoming and Montana, Burke (in herb. Hook.), J. M. Coulter, Watson, Canby. Verges to the larger-flowered form of the next species. # # # # Heads conspicuously radiate, smaller: rays fertile, half to barely quarter inch long: akenes turbinate or oblong, silky-pubescent or villous: style-appendages from ovate to subulate, shorter or rarely longer than the stigmatic portion. (Here A. Whitheyi might be sought. ) 4- Perennial herbs, with mostly simple stems and a tuft of radical leaves from a thickened somewhat fusiform caudex: leaves coriaceous and when dry rigid, entire or spinulose-serrate, the cauline diminished upward: heads solitary or rather few, pedunculate: involucre hemi- spherical or broader, of firm and herbaceous-tipped or foliaceous bracts : rays 20 to 50 : pappus pale or merely sordid, rather soft and fine: herbage move or less flocculent-tomentose when young, glabrate in age and smooth. — § Arnicella, Torr. & Gray, partly of Benth. & Hook. A. uniflorus, Torr. & Gray. Stems a span to barely » foot high, ascending or erect, sometimes 5-6-leaved, sometimes rather seapiform or upper leaves reduced and bract-like, bearing a solitary head, rarely one or two from lower axils : leaves lanceolate or sometimes broader ; radical 2 or 3 inches long and usually petioied : involucre commonly half-inch high and the linear or oblong-linear bracts all of same length, rather loose, outer all foliaceous : rays in larger heads 40 or 50. — A. uniflorus & A. inuloides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 241. Donia uniflora, Hook. Fl. ii. 25, t. 124. Homopappus inubides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 333, Aphpappus. COMPOSITE. 129 a woolly form. — Plains of the Saskatchewan to Montana, and along the mountains to Utah and Colorado ; first coll. by Drummond. Varies much in size, especially of the head ; in the larger forms much broader than high, and very many-flowered. A. lanoeolatus, Tokr. & Gray, 1. c. Habit of the preceding : stems generally more leafy and bearing 3 to 15 heads ; these when few subcorymbose, when more numerous racemosely or paniculately disposed : involucre in the type fully half-inch high ; its bracts rather closely imbricated in 3 or 4 unequal series, lanceolate, acutish, with short green tips and whitish coriaceous base; outer successively shorter, occasionally some of them longer and more herbaceous. Such forms, when heads are very few or solitary, effect u, transition to the foregoing species. — Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 160. Donia lanceolata, Hook. 1. c. Homopappus (Actmaphoria) multiflorus, Nutt. I.e. — Plains of Saskatchewan to the borders of Brit. Columbia, Idaho, and N. Nevada ; first coll. by Drummond. The more robust form, with few and large heads, usually corymbosely disposed, and rays 30 or 40 in number and half- inch long, passes freely into Var. Vaseyi, Parry in Eaton, 1. c, with heads a third or quite half smaller, disposed to be racemose, and involucre closer. — Saskatchewan to Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. Var. tenuicaillis (A. tenmcaulis, Eaton, 1. c.)> is an extreme very slender and marked variety, sometimes a foot high and bearing several racemose heads, sometimes more de- pauperate and only a span high : heads only 3 or 4 lines high : rays correspondingly reduced : involucre close, with short green tips. — Alkaline meadows, Nevada and Utah, first coll. by Watson. Apparently a form with laciniate leaves, in alkaline soil, E. Oregon, Cusick. •i— H— Perennial herbs from a lignescent multicipital caudex or suffruticose base, with slender and branching stems, leafy up to the small heads: leaves all narrow and quite entire: involucre tur- binate or obovate (4 or 5 lines high) ; its bracts well imbricated, appressed, chartaceo-coriaceous, with short and abrupt acute green tips, or these wanting in some: rays 7 to 10, with oblong ligules: disk-flowers not numerous: style-appendages ovate to narrow-lanceolate (thus distin- guished from the Ericamena section, to which there is an approach). A . multicalUis, Gray. Very dwarf, tufted, tomentulose, but early glabrate and smooth : stems 1 to 3 inches high from a ligneous caudex, simple or forked, bearing 3 or 4 leaves and few heads : leaves narrowly linear, or the lowest obscurely spatulate (about inch long) : bracts of the involucre large and rather few (9 to 14), from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate- acuminate, marked with a green spot below the slender cusp, or the outermost with a larger foliaceous tip : rays few : style-appendages ovate-triangular, half the length of the stigmatic portion : pappus scanty, somewhat fulvous. — Am. Nat. viii. 213. Slenotus multwauhs, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 335 ; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 238. — On rocks, Rocky Mountains of N. W. "Wyoming, Nultall, Geyer, Parry. A. Hallii, Gray. A foot or two high, paniculately branched from a suffrutescent or even more woody base, glabrous, very leafy : leaves lanceolate or linear, short (larger over inch long, 3 lines wide and spatulate-lanceolate), rather rigid, mostly scabrous (at least the mar- gins) ; midrib prominent beneath and commonly some lateral veins : heads paniculate, terminating short branchlets or sometimes rather congested : involucral bracts broadish- linear, imbricated in several ranks, the outer successively shorter, the short tips merely mucronate-aeute : rays about 10 : style-appendages lanceolate, rather obtuse, about the length of stigmatic portion : pappus barely sordid. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 389, first described from mere branchlets, and these not well developed. — Base of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon and Washington Terr., Hall, Howell, Suksdorf, Prinyle. 4- -)_ +- Annual or perennial herbs, branching, leafy: leaves not rigid, spinulosely dentate or pinnatifid, the teeth and tips commonly bristle-tipped: heads middle-sized or small: involucre hemispherical, of well-imbricated narrow bracts, the outer successively shorter: rays conspicu- ous, mostly numerous : pappus rather rigid, its bristles very unequal in size and strength. (Analogue of Machceranthera in Aster.) — § Blepliarodon, DC, excl. spec. ++ Akenes short-turbinate, not compressed, obscurely 5-10-nerved under the canescent villosity: style-appendages short and broad, ovate or deltoid : rays 18 to 25, deep golden yellow : leaves not deeply cleft. A. atireus, Gray. Perennial? and branched from the base, at first lightly lanuginous, minutely scabrous-glandular, a span or two high: leaves all narrowly linear, sparingly pin- natifid-dentate, at least toward the base (an inch or less long) : heads 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, mostly obtuse and muticous ; the outer ones with short deltoid- 9 130 COMPOSITE. Aplopappus. ovate green tips, the longer innermost nearly scarious : stronger bristles of the pappus only 10 or 12. — PI. Fendl. 76. — Low prairies, near Houston, Texas, Wright. Not since collected. A. rubiginosus, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, viscid-glandular and pubescent or puberulent : leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, incisely pinnatifid or dentate with salient narrow teeth : heads somewhat cymosely paniculate, 5 or 6 lines high, usually naked- pedunculate : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate and with slender spreading green tips : stronger bristles of the fulvous or at length rufous pappus more numerous. — Fl. ii. 240. — Low grounds from S. Texas to plains of Colorado up to the base of the Eocky Mountains ; first coll. by Drummond. Var. phyllocephalus. A lower form, spreading, leafy up to the heads, which singly terminate the branches, and are accordingly larger or broader, leafy-involucrate and there- fore sessile, or at least some of outermost bracts loose and foliaceous, inner less imbri- cated. — A. phyllocephalus, DC. Prodr. v. 347 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 80. Without much doubt a state of A. rubiginosus (in which case a misleading name for the species) ; but may hold distinct. — Sea-beaches, S. Texas, also S. Florida. (Adj. Mex. Berlandier.) ++ ++ Akenes compressed, obscurely striate at maturity : style-appendages lanceolate, rather long: rays 15 to 30 : involucre of numerous small and narrow short-tipped aud wholly appressed bracts : leaves 1-2-pinnatifid. A. gracilis, Gray. Annual or becoming lignescent at base and more enduring, canescently pubescent, occasionally glabrate and glandular-scabrous : stems a span to a foot high, much branched : leaves linear or the lowest spatulate, pinnatifid, or the upper few-toothed or entire, tipped or also sparsely fringed with long and slender bristles : heads 4 or 5 lines high : bracts of the involucre mostly setaceous-tipped : pappus rigid ; its larger bristles manifestly dilated below. — PL Fendl. 76, & Bot. Calif, i. 613. Dieteria (Sideranthus) gra- cilis, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 177. — Plains, W. Texas to S. Utah, Arizona, and the southern border of California ; first coll. by Gambet. A. spinuloSUS, DC. Perennial, canescently puberulent or tomentulose, or glabrate : stems a span to a foot high, commonly spreading, cymosely branched at summit : leaves broader in outline than the preceding, pinnately and the lower often bipinnately parted into rather numerous lobes ; lobes and teeth mucronate-setigerous : heads and involucre of the pre- ceding: pappus more capillary and soft. — Prodr. v. 347 ; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 240. Amel- lus? spinulosus, Pursh, PI. ii. 564. Starkea? pinnata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 169. Diplopappus pinnatifidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Dieteria spinulosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 301. — Plains from Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to Dakota, Colorado, and Arizona. Varies in Texas to nearly glabrous throughout, also sometimes with divisions of the leaves nearly fili- form. (Mex.) A. arenArius, Benth. Bot. Sulph., from Cape Lucas, Lower California, may have hetero- chromous heads, and be an Aster. § 3. Isopappus, Benth. Heads small and narrow, loosely paniculate : in- volucre of subulate-lanceolate bracts, destitute of distinct green tips, appressed and imbricated in few ranks, the outer shorter: rays 5 to 15 : disk-flowers 10 to 25; their corolla slightly ampliate upward, 5-toothed : style-appendages linear- subulate, much longer than the stigmatic portion : akenes narrow, sericeous- canescent : pappus ferruginous, of rather scanty fine and soft bristles : annuals, or sometimes more enduring, narrow-leaved. — Isopappus, Torr. & Gray. A. divaricatus, Gray. A foot or two high, with somewhat the aspect of Chrysopsis graminifolia, more slender and effusely paniculate, scabrous-pubescent or glandular, some- times glabrate : leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate or lower spatulate-lanceolate, mucronate-acute or cuspidate, entire or beset with a few spinulose teeth, more or less setose-ciliate toward the base; the upper small and subulate and in the diffuse naked usually polycephalous panicle minute : heads 3 or 4 lines high : peduncles sometimes filiform, sometimes short : in- volucral bracts subulate-attenuate. — Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 102. Isopappus dioaricatus Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 239. Chrysopsis (Inula) divaricata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. U. Lamarclcii Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 315. Beterotheca Lamarclcii, DC. Prodr. v. 317, as to Aplopappus. COMPOSITE. 131 char. & syn. Nutt. & Ell., excl. syn. Cass., Lam., & Pluk. Aim. — Dry and sandy ground, Georgia and Florida to Arkansas and Texas ; flowering late. A rigid and rough-hispidulous form with less open inflorescence (Lindheimer, 254, Drummond, 157) is Aplopappus Hookeri- anus, Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 40. A. Hookerianus. Low, loosely branched from the base, barely hirsute, not glandular : leaves not rigid, entire; upper linear or attenuate-lanceolate, sparingly hispidly ciliate; lower spatulate, short, naked : involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate, with less attenuate points. — Isopappus Hookerianus, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 239. — Gonzales, Texas, Drummond (184 of coll. 3) ; not since found : perhaps an unusual state of A. divaricatus. § 4. Stexotus, Gray. Heads middle-sized, mostly broad : bracts of the in- volucre from ovate to lanceolate or even linear, not rigid, all of equal or moder- ately unequal length : rays several or numerous : disk-corollas somewhat ampliate upward and deeply 5-toothed : style-appendages various : pappus soft and white or whitish : perennials (herbaceous or fruticulose), of the Rocky Mountains and westward, with leaves all entire. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353. Stenotics, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 334. # Solidaginiform herb: heads corvmbiform-eymose or glomerate at the summit of a leafy stem : involucre campanulate : rays 12 to 20, small and narrow : akenes short and glabrous or nearly so. A. Parryi, Gkay. Green and almost glabrous, puberulent and somewhat viscid above : stems 6 to 18 inches high from slender rootstocks : leaves oblong-obovate and spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, loosely veiny (2 to 4 inches long) : heads nearly half- inch high, rather numerous (in a dwarf form reduced to a glomerule of 2 or 3) : involucral bracts oblong, obtuse, pale and chartaceous or the outer partly herbaceous, iu about three moderately unequal ranks : flowers pale-yellow : style-appendages lanceolate, rather longer than the stigmatic portion. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 10 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 162. — Rocky Mountains, from those of Colorado to the Wahsatch, in open woods, 6,000 to 10,000 feet ; first coll. by Parry. Has somewhat the aspect and character of a large corymbose Solidur/o. — Var. minor is a reduced subalpine form (Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, at 12,000 feet, M. E. Jones), with leaves only an inch or two long, and 2 or 3 narrower heads. # # Tj'pical species, herbaceous or suffruticulose and dwarf: heads solitary, terminating simple steins or branches: rays conspicuous. -{— Wholly herbaceous, chiefly alpine, disposed to be cespitose or multicipital, a span or less in height: leaves _ soft, not persistent: involucre hemispherical: rays 15 to 20: style-appendages oblong to subulate, shorter or not longer than the stigmatic portion. ++ Green, not woolly, mostly equably leafy up to the (half-inch) head. A. pygmseus, Gray. Less than a span high, soft-pubescent or glabrate, not viscid nor glandular : leaves from linear-spatulate to spatulate-oblong : involucral bracts oblong, outer ones foliaceous and loose, very obtuse, equalling the thinner innermost : akenes pubescent. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 239. Slenotus pygmozus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 237. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado, strictly alpine ; first coll. by James. A. Lyalli, Geat. Rather taller, larger-leaved, viscid-puberulent : leaves obovate-spatulate to oblanceolate : involucre glandular ; its bracts lanceolate, acute, sometimes 2 or 3 outermost oblong and more foliaceous : akenes and ovaries glabrous or nearly so. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 64. — Alpine region of Colorado Rocky Mountains, first coll. by James. Also in northern Rocky and Cascade Mountains, Montana to Oregon and Brit. Columbia ; first coll. by Lyatl. ++ ++ Woolly or tomentose, at least the involucre, above less leafy, or head pedunculate. A. lanugillOSUS, Geat. Fully a span high from creeping rootstocks, floccose-tomentose ; leaves soft, narrowly spatulate or upper linear (inch or two long) ; the sparse uppermost almost filiform : involucre half-inch high ; its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, nearly equal, in two series, outer barely greenish : style-appendages elongated-subulate : akenes sericeous- canescent. — Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 347. — Mountains of Washington Terr. ; first coll. by Pickering and Brackenridge, recently by Nevius, Howell, Brandegee ; and Montana, Watson. 132 COMPOSITE. Aplopappua. A. Brandegei. A span high from a tufted caudex, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, and the involucre lanuginous-tomentose : radical leaves obovate or spatulate or roundish (half- inch long), contracted into a slender petiole; cauline few and sparse, small (quarter-inch long), oblong or lanceolate : head one-third inch high and broad : bracts of involucre loose, lanceolate, nearly equal : young akenes hirsute-pubescent : pappus rather scanty : style- appendages triangular-subulate. — Mountains of Washington Terr., in the Yakima district, Brandegee. — Aspect of an alpine Erigeron ; but rays deep yellow and style-appendages acute. •K- ■»— Depressed-cespitose from a multicipital lignescent caudex, glabrous or puberulent-sca- brous : leaves rigid and persistent, crowded on the crowns of the caudex or on short shoots, and a few on the lower part of the scapiform flowering stems: rays 6 to 15, rather broad: style- appendages subulate: akenes canescently villous. — Stenolus,"~8utt. A. acaulis, Gray. Leaves from spatulate (and inch or less long) to oblanceolate or linear (and 2 or 3 inches long), mucronate, more or less 3-nerved and the broader ones veiny, com- monly scabrous : scapiform flowering stems an inch to a span high, mostly monocephalous : bracts of the involucre from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mucronately acute or acuminate, desti- tute of greenish tips ; the outer a little shorter than the inner. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 161. Chrysopsis acaulis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 33, t. 3. Stenotus acaulis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 334; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Dry rocks on the mountains (at 6,000 to 8,000 feet, and extending to the alpine region), from Sas- katchewan and N. Wyoming to E. Oregon, and south to Utah and the Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia. Passes into Var. glabratus, Eaton, 1. c. Glabrous and smooth or almost so : flowering stems disposed to be leafy above and to branch, so bearing 2 or 3 heads. — Chrysopsis ccespitosa, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. Stenotus caspitosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. u. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. u. — Wyoming to Nevada and N. Arizona. A. armerioid.es, Gray. Smooth and glabrous : flowering stems naked above (for 1 to 3 inches), sometimes nearly scapiform : bracts of the campanulate involucre broadly oval, rounded-obtuse or retuse, muticous, of about three lengths ; the outermost much shorter, most of them greenish at apex. — Stenotus armerioides, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Rocks on mountains, from Wyoming to New Mexico and S. Utah ; first coll. by Nuttall. Too near the preceding. A. Stenoph^llus, Gray. More suffruticulose, hirtellous-scabrous : leaves very narrow, linear-spatnlate to filiform-linear (commonly inch or less long and half a line wide), one- nerved : scapiform peduncles inch or two long : involucral bracts linear, glandular-puberu- lent, equal, in one or two series. — Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 347. — Mountains and stony hills, W. Idaho and Washington Terr, to northeastern borders of California, Pickering and Brack- enridge, Burke, Nevius, Howell, Lemmon. # # # Anomalous species, shrubby, a transition to the following section, of which it has the foliage and habit, but with broad rather large heads and little-imbricated involucre. A. linearifolius, DC. Undershrub, a foot to a yard or more high, fastigiately much branched, with herbage often resinous-dotted and balsamic-viscid : branches thickly leafy : leaves all narrowly linear (an inch or less long, a line or less wide), sometimes almost filiform, many in axillary fascicles : heads solitary terminating the corymbiform branchlets, on pedun- cles bearing one or two setaceous-subulate bracts : involucre fully half-inch high ; its bracts thin, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, somewhat scarious-margined (at least when dry), in about 2 series of nearly equal length : rays about 12, oblong or broadly lanceolate, in largest heads nearly three-fourths inch long, in smaller only half that length : style-appendages from ovate- to lanceolate-subulate : akenes densely silvery-villous : pappus white, rather de- ciduous. — Prodr. v. 347 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 311. Stenotus linearifolius, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 238. — Dry hills, coast ranges of California from San Francisco Bay southward ; and mountains of San Bernardino Co. to S. Utah and adjacent Arizona. Southward it bears more numerous and smaller heads than at the north. § 5. Ekicamekia, Gray. Heads small or barely middle-sized, paniculately or corymbosely disposed : involucre oblong or campanulate, of well-imbricated bracts ; these all chartaceous or thinner, appressed, and wholly destitute of herbaceous Aplopappus. COMPOSITE. 133 tips, or some outer looser ones foliaceous or foliaceous-tipped : rays few, some- times only one (which alone definitely separates the group from Bigelovid, and even this fails in one or two species !) : disk-corollas commonly somewhat ampli- ate upward and rather deeply 5-toothed : style-appendages (with some exceptions) filiform or slender-subulate : akenes slender : pappus fine and soft : all W. North American shrubby or fruticulose plants, very leafy, mostly with Heath-like foliage, glabrous or almost so, except in one species, disposed to be resinous-dotted and balsamic-viscid. — PI. Wright, ii. 80. Ericameria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 255. * Anomalous for its broad although small leaves, also in the frequent absence of the scanty rays : involucral bracts (as of the next following group) all close and unappendaged, the outer suc- cessively shorter. A. OUneatUS, Gray. Shrub a foot or so high, intricately branched and spreading, bal- samic-glutinous : leaves thick, cuneate or rarely obovate, retuse, sometimes apiculate, entire but inclined to be undulate, usually resinous-punctate, 2 to 4 lines long, larger ones petioled : heads corymbosely fasciculate, 5 or 6 lines long : involucre turbinate ; bracts lanceolate or nearly linear, rather obtuse : rays 2 or 3, or solitary and small, or as commonly wanting : style-appendages slender-subulate, not longer than the stigmatic portion : akenes pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 635, & Bot. Calif, i. 312. Bigelovia spathulata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74, & Bot. Calif, i. 613, also B. rupcstris, Greene in Bot. Gazette, vi. 184, the rayless state ! — Canons and cliffs in the Sierra Nevada, California, from Placer Co. and the Yosem- ite to the Mexican border below San Diego, and in Arizona; first coll. by Bolander and southward by Palmer, &c. # # Typical species : leaves from filiform to very narrowly linear, thick : proper bracts of the in- volucre obtuse or barely acute and close : shrubs a foot to a yard or more high. •J— Heads only 3 or 4 lines high, in close cymose clusters terminating fastigiate branchlets: bracts of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series, no loose outer ones : leaves half-inch or less long: akeneB villous: style-appendages shorter than the linear stigmatic portion, not attenuate. A. laricifolius, Gkat. About a foot high : leaves linear-acerose, rigid, mucronate, con- spicuously resinous-punctate and becoming viscid, crowded but seldom axillary-fascicled ; larger ones narrowed downward and flatter : involucral bracts subulate-linear, acute : rays 3 to 6, with rather conspicuous oblong ligules : disk-flowers 10 or 12 : style-appendages linear, rather obtuse. — PI. Wright, ii. 80, & Pacif. B. Kep. iv. 99 ; Bothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 144. — Western borders of Texas to mountains of Arizona, first coll. by Wright, Bigelow, &c. A . monactis, Gray. A foot to a yard or more high, hardly becoming viscid : leaves not punctate, mostly obtuse or pointless, more disposed to have axillary fascicles, otlyjrwise not unlike those of the foregoing : involucral bracts only 8 or 10, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, thin-chartaceous : ray-flower solitary with an elongated-oblong ligule, wanting to some heads : disk-flowers 5 or 6 : style-appendages oblong-ovate, acute. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. — S. E. California, on the San Bernardino Mountains and Mohave Desert, Palmer, Parish, Pringle. *- 4_ Heads 4 or 5 lines high, paniculate: involucral bracts imbricated in several ranks: style- appendages filiform-subulate : leaves all filiform or nearly terete, excessively numerous and axillary-fascicled . ++ Involucre narrow, 7-20-flowered ; its bracts all erect, more or less obtuse, somewhat tomentu- lose-ciliolate when young; outer successively shorter, becoming greenish and passing into the very short leaves of the ultimate branchlets : cauline leaves short: shrubs 2 to 5 feet high, bear- ing very numerous heads : young parts disposed to be cinereous-pruinose or puberulent. A. ericoid.es, Hook. & Arn. Fastigiately much branched : cauline leaves only half-inch and those of the dense fascicles 2 or 3 lines long : rays 3 to 5, short : akenes glabrous. — Bot. Beech. 146 ; DC. Prodr. v. 346 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 313. Diplopappus ericoides, Less, in Linn. vi. 117. Ericameria microphylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — California along the coast, especially on sand-hills near the sea; first coll. by Chamisso. A. Palmeri, Gray. Paniculately much branched : cauline leaves often inch long : lower bracts of involucre more greenish-tipped : rays 3 or 4 and disk-flowers 5 to 15 : akenes pubes- 134 COMPOSITE. Aplopappus. cent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74, & Bot. Calif, i. 613. — S. California, on hills, Los Angeles to the Mexican border (Palmer, Nevin, Lyon, and mountains of San Bernardino Co. to the desert on the Colorado River, Parry, Lemmon, Parish, Pringle. Heads of the plant in the interior districts very numerous in ample and rather naked panicles, at Los Angeles sparse and racemosely disposed along the elongated and intricate branches. ++ ++ Involucre larger, campanulate, 15-30-flowered, subtended by several loose outer bracts having elongated-subulate herbaceous tips : leaves longer. A. pinifolius, Gray. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, with rigid erect branches : cauline leaves from very narrowly linear to filiform, an inch or more long, mucronate ; those of the fascicles and branchlets much shorter : heads not very numerous in a contracted panicle, or scattered : proper bracts of the involucre broadly lanceolate and with a greenish keel or midrib ; loose outer ones normally subulate, shorter than the innermost, and passing into the small leaves of the flower-bearing branchlet, or in a vernal state (with solitary larger heads) developed into an involucriform rosette of acerose-filiform leaves : rays commonly 6 to 10, short : akenes almost glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 636, & Bot. Calif, i. 312, there described from the abnormal vernal state, in which the large and many-flowered head, terminating a very leafy branch, seems to consist of two or three confluent ones. In autumn the normal paniculate and naked heads are developed. — S. California, from Los Angeles Co. to the foot-hills of the San Bernardino, Bolander, Parry, Nevin, Parish, &c. # # # Leaves from narrowly linear to lanceolate-spatulate, not rigid nor punctate, mostly plane, seldom with axillary fascicles: low and suffruticose, not at all or very slightly balsamic or vis- cidulous : at least the outer involucral bracts acute or acutely herbaceous-tipped : akenes pubes- cent to glabrate. H— Glabrous throughout: leaves narrow. A. Bloomeri, Gray. A foot or two high, with erect and rigid usually virgate branches, some- times lower, very leafy : leaves from narrowly spatulate-linear to filiform-linear, an inch or two long : heads showy, half to three-fourths inch high, in dwarf plants solitary terminating fastigiate branches, commonly several and racemosely clustered, or more numerous and thyr- soid-paniculate : involucre oblong ; its inner bracts oblong-lanceolate or linear, chartaceous with thin-scarious and erose-ciliate margins, some obtuse, some acute or tipped with a soft cusp, most of the outer bearing a filiform foliaceous tip : rays 2 to 4, rarely solitary, oblong, deep yellow, half-inch or less long : disk-flowers 8 to 20 : their style-appendages long and much exserted, setaceous-subulate : akenes 3 or 4 lines long, sparsely pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, vii. 354, viii. 356, & Bot. Calif, i. 313, with var. angustatus, the narrower- leaved form, passing freely into the broader, and to this belongs A. resinosus, Gray in Wilkes Ex. Exp. xvii. 346, t. 10. Ericameria erecta, Klatt in Abb. Naturf. Gesel. Halle, xv. 6, from the char. & habitat. — California and adjacent Nevada, along the Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. northward to Washington Terr. ; first coll. by Pickering and Brackenridge, next by Bloomer and Anderson. A. nanus, Eaton. A span to a foot high, in depressed tufts, fastigiately branched, disposed to be balsamic-glutinous : leaves from narrowly linear to narrowly spatulate (the largest less than inch long) : heads solitary or fastigiate-clustered at summit of branchlets, 3 or 4 lines high, narrow : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pale, wholly destitute of green tip or midrib, except one or two looser and subulate outermost : flowers all pale or ochroleucous, or even "white": rays small, 3 to 6 or in some heads wanting; disk-flowers 8 to 12, with deeply 5-cleft corolla : style setaceous-subulate and hispid : akenes either pubes- cent or glabrous.— Bot. King Exp. 159. A. resinosus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 313. Ericameria nana & E. resinosa', Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 319; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 236.— Rocky bills and cliffs, eastern borders of Washington Terr, and Oregon, adjacent Idaho, and W. Nevada; first coll. by Nuttall. Flowers said by Cusick and Brandegee to be white; by Nuttall, in his E. resinosa, ochroleucous ; by Suksdorf, white to pale yellow. Var. cervinus. Leaves broader ; lower ones from oblanceolate to obovate-spatulate : heads more scattered. — A. cervinus, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 30 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 142, t. 6. — Canons, S. W. Utah and adjacent Arizona, Wheeler, Palmer. -K- -i— Minutely viscidulous-pubescent. A. Watsoni, Gray. A span or two high, like the broader-leaved variety of the foregoing, but coarser and manifestly pubescent : leaves from lanceolate with narrowed base to obovate- spatulate, thinnish : heads half-inch or less- high, loosely fastigiate-clustered : involucral Bigelovia. COMPOSITE. 135 bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acute, usually one or two outer ones loose and foliaceous, these sometimes equalling the head and resembling uppermost leaves of the branchlets : rays 4 to 8, about 3 lines long : disk-flowers hardly more numerous : young akenes pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. Part of A. suffruticosus, Eaton, 1. c, which, indeed, it approaches, but is nearer the preceding. — Mountains of Nevada, Watson, Palmer, and of E. Utah, M. E. Jones. § 6. Mackonema, Gray. Heads middle-sized or rather large, solitary or few, terminating leafy branches : involucre campanulate, of lanceolate or linear bracts in few ranks and of somewhat equal length ; innermost thin-chartaceous or partly scarious ; outer with conspicuous foliaceous tips, or loose and foliaceous, passing into leaves : rays few and conspicuous, or in the typical species wanting : style- appendages long and attenuate-filiform, much exserted : akenes slender, com- pressed, few-nerved, soft-pubescent : pappus soft and slender : low and many- stemmed from a suffrutescent base, not resinous-punctate : stems or branches leafy to the summit, but no axillary fascicles : leaves soft, spatulate-oblong to broadly linear, sessile, entire, but margins sometimes undulate. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 542, xvi. 79. Macronema, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 322. # Connecting with preceding group; the involucre being somewhat imbricated. A. Greenei, Gray. About a foot high, branching from a decidedly shrubby base, not vis- cidulous, or above very obscurely viscid-puberulent : the typical form otherwise quite gla- brous: leaves spatulate-oblong or somewhat lanceolate (half-inch to barely inch long, 2 or 3 lines wide), obtuse or mucronate : heads solitary or few and crowded, half-inch high : bracts of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceolate to linear, all but the innermost with conspicuous and spreading mostly elongated-subulate foliaceous tips : rays 2 to 7, 3 or 4 lines long : disk-flowers 10 to 16. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvi, 80. — Mountains of N. California, about the heads of the Sacramento, Greene, Pruvjle. Also mountains of Oregon and Washington Terr., Cusick. Passes freely into Var. mollis, Geav, 1. c. From cinereous-puberulent to eanescent-tomentose, even to the more foliaceous involucre. — A. mollis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80. — N. California (the intermediate form), Pringle. Mountains of Oregon and Washington Territory, Cusick, Brandefjee, &c. # # Low, a span or two high, viscidly glandular-puberulent : heads commonly solitary, termi- nating the leafy simple stems or branches: involucre simpler and loose outer bracts more foliaceous, often enlarged: species probably confluent. A. Suffruticosus, Gray. Destitute of tomentum : stems glandular-pubescent or puberu- lent : heads two-thirds to three-fourths inch high : rays 2 to 5 and somewhat exserted, or none: disk-flowers 10 to 30. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 542, & Bot. Calif, i. 313. Macronema suffruticosa, Nutt. I.e. — Alpine or subalpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Mariposa Co. and Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, northward to Oregon and N. Wyoming ; first coll. by NuttaH. A. Macronema, Gray, 1. c. Stems stouter, whitened by a dense and close tomentum : head commonly larger (inch long) : rays always wanting. — Macronema discoidca, Nutt. 1. c. — Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming, and higher mountains in Nevada and eastern border of California ; first coll. by Nuttall. 31. BIG-EL.6VIA, DC. (Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of Florida Bostoni- ensis, Medical Botany of U. 8., &c.) — The original a perennial herb, most related to Solidago ; as now extended a large genus (N. American, mainly west- ern, with an anomalous Andean representative), mostly of suffrutescent or more shrubby plants, the genuine species with few-flowered heads of marked habit and character, while others are only artificially and not definitely distinguished from Aplopappus, especially from § Ericameria, by the total want of ray-flowers. Yet some genuine Aplopappi are rayless. — DC. Mem. Comp. t. 5, & Prodr. v. 329 136 COMPOSITE. Bigelovia. (excl. § 3) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 638 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1232. Chrysothamnus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 323; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 255. Linosyris, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 232, not Cass., which Old- World genus differs in that its heads when perchance heterogamous are heterochromous. The various types in the genus are connected by gradations, so that the sections are not very distinct. § 1. Chetsothamnopsis, Gray, 1. c. Heads comparatively large but narrow, at least half-inch long, 5-20-flowered : bracts of the involucre comparatively large, chartaceous and acuminate, and some outer ones prolonged into a slender herbaceous tip or appendage ; when numerous the vertical ranks become more or less apparent : corollas 5-toothed or barely 5-lobed at summit : low and suffru- tescent, with linear entire leaves, not punctate nor viscid or resinous, except that the first species is slightly so. # Genuine: style-appendages setaceous-subulate or filiform, conspicuously exserted out of the corolla: akenes slender, sericeous-pubescent: anther-tips oblong-lanceolate: involucre cylin- draceous, shorter than the developed (5 to 15) flowers and pappus : stems or branches whitened (at least when young) by a close pannose tomentum : heads thyrsoidly paniculate or glomerate. Connects on one hand with Aplopappus § Macronema, on the other with § Chrysothamnus. B. ceruminosa, of the latter, approaches this group. 4— Bracts of the involucre comparatively few, not showing obvious vertical ranks. B. Bolanderi, Gkat, 1. c. Leaves oblanceolate-linear or narrower, green and glabrate, somewhat viscidulous (about inch long), very obscurely 3-nerved : heads few and clustered, sometimes three-fourths inch long, 5-11-flowered : bracts of the involucre only about 10, thin- ehartaceous, lanceolate, with a soft acuminate apex, or one or two outermost herbaceous- tipped : alveoli of the receptacle paleaceous-dentate. — B. Bolanderi & B. Howardii in part (sp. Boland.), Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 315, 316. Linosyris Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 354. — Mono Pass in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 10,000 feet, Bolander. B. Parryi, Gray, 1. c. Not viscidulous: stems rather strict, leafy to the summit: leaves linear (2 or 3 inches long, 2 lines or less wide), obscurely 3-nerved, glabrous; upper ones hardly diminished in size and overtopping all the heads of the strict and narrow thyrsiform- virgate panicle: heads little over half-inch long, 10-15-flowered: bracts of the involucre about 12, lanceolate and gradually acuminate, rather prominently 1-nerved, thin-chartaceous, a few exterior tapering into a prolonged subulate-linear herbaceous appendage : alveoli of receptacle short and nearly entire. — Linosyris Parryi, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66. — Parks of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, Parry, Hall & Harbour, &c. -f— -f- Bracts of the involucre more numerous and disposed to fall into 4 or 5 vertical ranks, in the manner of § Chrysothamnus. B. Nevadensis. Rigid, more branching, cinereous-puberulent or tomentulose when young : leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate to linear, mucronate (the mucro generally recurving), ob- scurely or not at all 3-nerved, at most inch long : heads few and glomerate at the naked summit of the branches, often three-fourths inch long, 5-flowered : bracts of cylindrical involucre more imbricated and numerous (15 to 18), rigid-chartaceous, pubescent or some- what hirsute-ciliate, all with prolonged slender acumination, outer broadly lanceolate or oblong and with prolonged slender-subulate tip or appendage recurving and rigid, -r- B. Howardi, var. Nevadensis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 641, & Bot. Calif, i. 316. Lino- syris Howardi, var. Nevadensis, Gray, 1. c. vi. 541. — Eastern and arid portion of the Sierra Nevada, &c, on the borders of California and Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Brewer, Watson, &c. Is the analogue of Aplopappus Bloomeri. B. Howardi, Quay. Lower, more tufted, canescently tomentulose when young : leaves narrowly linear, rigid (an inch or two long, barely a line wide), obscurely 1-nerved ; upper mostly overtopping the glomerate (about half-inch long) narrow heads : involucre 5-flow- ered, glabrous ; its bracts thinnish, lanceolate, apiculate-acuminate, or some loose outer ones with prolonged subulate-filiform appendage. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 641, excl. var. Linosyris Howardi, Parry, in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, excl. var. — Parks of the Rocky Moun- Bigelovia. COMPOSITE. 137 tains in Colorado to the borders of New Mexico and Utah ; first coll. by Parry. Forms approach B. graveolens. # * Style-appendages short-subulate, these and the deltoid-ovate obtuse anther-tips hardlv ex- serted: akenes linear-oblong, glabrous: involucre canvpanulate-cylindraceous, equalling the 15 to 20 flowers: herbage glabrous throughout. B. Engelmanni, Gray. A span or two high, in tufts from a suffrutescent subterranean branching caudex or rootstock : stems simple, very leafy up to the cymose-glomerate heads : leaves all narrowly linear (inch or two long, only a line wide), rigid: heads (few or rather numerous in the cluster) barely half-inch long : bracts of the involucre firm-chartaceous, oblong or innermost lanceolate, regularly imbricated and appressed, outer similar but short, all abruptly mucronate or short-cuspidate, slightly greenish below the tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75. — Plains of Colorado at Hugo Station, Engelmann, Parry, Patterson. § 2. CHETSOTHlsiNrs, Gray, 1. c. Heads narrow or small, 5-flowered (in B. Douglasii sometimes 6-7-flowered), mostly numerous and crowded : involucre (anomalous first species excepted) of dry and chartaceous more or less carinate bracts imbricated so as to form 5 conspicuous vertical ranks (less manifestly so when the bracts are less numerous) : corollas narrow : style-appendages with exserted subulate- or setaceous-filiform appendages : akenes slender : fruticose or suffruticose and branching, with entire narrow leaves. — Bigelovia, § 2, DC. 1. c. Chrysoihamnus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. # Transition to preceding section : involucral bracts comparatively large, not carinate nor obviously 5-stichous, some outer ones foliaceous-acuminate or appendaged : anther-tips very short and obtuse: corollas said to be even "white." B. albida, M. E. Joxes. Shrubby, » foot or two high, more or less resinous-viscid, fasti- giately branched, very leafy : leaves all filiform, mucronate, not obviously punctate : heads fastigiate-glomerate at the summit of the branchlets, 5 or 6 lines long : involucre oblong- turbinate or cylindraeeous ; its bracts rather few and coriaceo-chartaceous, lanceolate ; outer with rather rigid subulate-acuminate and recurved or spreading foliaceous tip or appendage ; inner wholly chartaceous and pointless : corollas probably ochroleucous ; lobes of the deeply cleft limb linear-lanceolate: akenes pubescent. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. — Arid districts, east of the Sierra Nevada: Owens Valley, California, coll. 1875, Kellogg. "Wells Station, \V. Nevada, Marcus E. Jones, who states that the flowers are white. # # Genuine species, with thinner more chartaceous and carinate involucral bracts, none folia- ceous-tipped : anther-tips lanceolate or narrowly oblong. -I— Akenes and ovaries glabrous, 4-6-angIed and with broad epifcynous disk: pappus rigidulous: corollas 5-toothed or short-lobed: bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, numerous and strictly 5-stichous, 5 or 6 in each vertical rank: herbage not punctate, slightly or not at all bal- samic-resinous: heads half to three-fourths inch long, somewhat fastigiatcly glomerate. B. depressa, Gray, 1. c. Obscurely scabro-puberulent and pale, a span or two high from a decumbent woody base: branches leafy up to the glomerule or fasciculate cyme of few heads : leaves short (about half-inch or less long), lanceolate or lowest rather spatulate, rigid, mucronate-acute, with carinate midrib and no veins : heads half-inch long : involucral bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate into an almost setaceous tip. — Chrysothamnus depnssus, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 171. Linosyris depressa, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. 161. — Plains of S. Colo- rado to adjacent New Mexico and S. Utah ; first coll. by Gambel. B. pulchella, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous and green, shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, fastigiately much branched, very leafy up to fastigiate-cymose heads : leaves narrowly linear, plane (inch or less long), rather obtuse, with ciliolate-scabrous margins and midrib not prominent : heads two-thirds to three-fourths inch long : involucral bracts rigid-chartaceous and lower ones ob- scurely herbaceous on the back, much carinate, acute and cuspidate-mucronate. — Linosyris pulchella, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 96 ; Torr. in Sitgreaves, 1. c. t. 4. — W. borders of Texas to adjacent New Mexico and Colorado ; first coll. by Wright. B. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Canescent with fine close tomentum when young, glabrate, shrubby, a foot to a yard high, fastigiately much branched, rigid : branches less leafy, bear- ing a few fastigiate-clustered heads (these half to two-thirds inch high) : leaves nearly fili- 138 COMPOSITE. Bigelovia. form : involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, thinnish, all pale : receptacle sometimes bearing a prominent chaffy cusp. — Linosyris Bigelovii, Gray, Pacif. Ex. Exp. iv. 98, t. 12; — N. New Mexico and adjacent Colorado ; first coll. by Bigelow. -I— -)— Akenes (smaller) canescently pubescent or villous (B. leiosperma excepted!): herbage commonly graveolent, and in most species becoming more or less resinous-pruinose or balsamic- viscid. ++ Leafless or sparsely leaved, shrubby, with rush-like or broom-like branches, 2 feet or more high : leaves when present filiform, not punctate : heads fasciculate-clustered : involucre some- what clavate, 4 or 5 lines long, very glabrous; the bracts wholly thin-chartaceous and pale, very strictly pentastichous and about 5 in each vertical rank, all muticous; the inner ones linear, outer successively and regularly shorter, outermost minute: akenes slender, appressed- villous. B. juncea, Geeejte. Strict, fastigiately very much branched : branches slender and junci- form, mostly leafless, greenish and minutely canescent, apparently not becoming viscid : bracts of the involucre acutish, at least the innermost : corolla-lobes short-lanceolate, in the bud externally beset with delicate long hairs. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 1 84. — E. Arizona, on cal- careous bluffs of the Gila, near the New Mexican boundary, Greene. B. Mohavensis, Greene. Stouter, with fewer and looser sometimes flexuous rigid branches, canescent with a fine pannose tomentum, or in age glabrate and becoming viscid- ulous : sparse leaves often present, an inch or less long : bracts of the involucre obtuse : corolla-lobes narrowly lanceolate, wholly glabrous. — Bull. Torr. Club, ined. B. juncea, Gray in distrib. Pringle, not Greene. — On the Mohave Desert, Greene, Parry, Pringle. Host-plant of Pholisma, according to Pringle. ■h- -H- Leaves numerous, filiform or nearly so, not obviously punctate : heads shorter: involucral bracts 3 or 4 in each vertical rank, some or most of them with small setaceous or subulate spreading or recurving tips : lobes of 5-cleft limb of corolla linear or linear-lanceolate : stems fastigiately branched. B. ceruminosa, Gray. Shrubby, a foot or two high, glabrate, balsamic-viscidulous or pruinose-resinous : leaves rather scattered on the slender branches, spreading or recurving : heads cymose-fascicled, about 5 lines long, narrow : bracts of the viscidly lucid involucre nar- rowly lanceolate, abruptly produced into a spreading setiform tip or short awn, or the much shorter outermost muticous. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 648, & Bot. Calif, i. 316. Linosyris ceruminosa, Durand & Hilgard, PI. Heerm., & Pacif. R. Eep. v. 9, t. 6. — S. California in Tejon Pass, Dr. Heermann. Not since Seen. B. Greenei, Gray. Suffruticose, about a foot high, green and glabrous, more or less bal- samic-viscid : leaves very numerous on the branches, filiform-acerose, but flat and margins minutely ciliolate-scabrous : heads numerous and fastigiate-cymose, 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the subclavate involucre fewer and firmer-chartaceous, oblong, abruptly subulate-tipped or short outermost mucronate, only about 3 in each vertical rank, these ranks comparatively indistinct : anthers and stigmas less exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75. — Colorado ; on the Huerfano Plains, Greene. Near Twin Lakes in the Colorado Mountains, and Cottonwood Caiion, Utah, M. E. Jones. ++ -H- ++ Leaves numerous, all involute-filiform, resinous-punctate and glabrous, as are the branchlets, but at length balsamic-viscid or pruinose-waxy : no tomentum: heads open-panicu- late, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the cylindraceous involucre less numerous, only 3 or 4 in each vertical rank, from oblong to linear, obtuse and pointless, little carinate : corolla with short oblong lobes or teeth: pappus soft: low-shrubby, fastigiately or paniculately much branched, very leafy : leaves an inch or less long. B. teretifolia, Gray. Branches rigid, fastigiate: involucral bracts narrowly oblong to broadly linear, rather firm-chartaceous, in about 4 vertical ranks, all but innermost tipped with a greenish and glandular subapical spot. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644, & Bot. Calif, i. 316. Linosyris teretifolia, Durand & Hilgard, PI. Heerm., & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 9, t. 7. — Arid hills, S. E. California, bordering the Mohave Desert ; first coll. by Dr. Heermann. Perhaps also in Arizona. B. panioulata, Gray, 1. c. Less woody, more paniculate : involucral bracts broader, thinner, about 3 in each vertical rank, pale and wholly naked. — Linosyris viscidifiora, var. paniculata, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 80.— Desert wastes, San Bernardino Co. to S. Utah? First coll. by Schott, later by Parry, Parish, Palmer.- Bigelovia. COMPOSITE. 139 ++++++++ Leaves numerous, from filiform-linear or involute-filiform (but mostly plane or ouly canaliculate) to broadly linear or lanceolate, not resinous-punctate but sometimes viscidulous: heads.fastigiate-cymose or somewhat thyreoid: bracts of the involucre obtuse or somewhat acute and muticous (in one ambiguous form even pointed!): slender style-appendages well exserted, especially in the first species. = At least the branches when young, and commonly in age, whitened by a close pannose tomen- tnm : subutate-filiform style-appendages longer than the stigmatic portion : pappus soft. B. gr&veolens, Gray. A foot to a yard or more high, bearing numerous crowded heads : these half or two-thirds inch high : leaves mostly flocculent-tomentose when young, often glabrate in age, not rigid; the larger spatulate-linear, or linear-lanceolate (2 inches long and fully 2 lines wide, obscurely if at all 3-nerved) ; the narrowest almost filiform, at least when dry, and margins involute : involucre thin-chartaceous when dry : corolla-lobes or teeth short, from lanceolate to nearly ovate: akenes linear: pappus soft. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644. — The typical form of this polymorphous species has the bracts of sometimes vis- cidulous involucre narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse to acutish or even quite acute : short corolla-lobes commonly oblong-lanceolate, varying to nearly ovate and shorter, the tube naked or nearly so. — Chrysocoma dracunculoides, Pursh, PI. ii. 517, not Lam. C. graveolens, Nutt. Gen. ii. 136. Bigehvia dracunculoides, DC. Prodr. v. 329. Chrysothamnus dracunculoides & C. speciosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Linosyris graveolens, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 234. — Sterile and especially alkaline soil, Dakota to British Columbia, and south to S. California and New Mexico. Heads sometimes cymose, sometimes thyrsoid- glomerate. Forms of the latter occur with firmer involucral bracts, some of them even acuminate, as if connected with B. Howardi. Var. glabrata, Gkat, 1. c. Includes forms of the above with the usually narrow leaves early glabrate or perhaps glabrous from the first, sometimes balsamic, sometimes not. — Includes Linosyris mscidiflora, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 243, in part, no. 102, Geyer, from the northern Rocky Mountains, and Bigehvia Douglasii, var. stenophylla, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 614, from the southern borders of California, Palmer. Not rare in Colorado, where even the branches sometimes early lose their light tomentum. Var. albicaulis, Gkat, 1. c. Branches for the most part permanently and very densely white-tomentose and leaves floccose-tomentose : involucre either tomentulose or gla- brate ; its bracts commonly acutish : corolla-lobes more or less lanceolate and the tube vil- lous- or arachnoid-pubescent. — Chrysocoma nauseosa, Pursh, 1. c, Nutt. Gen. 1. c, therefore Bigehvia Missouriensis, DC. 1. c, but chiefly found west of the Rocky Mountains. Chryso- thamnus speciosus, var. albicaulis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Linosyris albicaulis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 234. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Brit. Columbia, and the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada to San Bernardino Co., California. Var. latisquamea, Gkay, 1. c. Rather stout, white-tomentose or partly glabrate : heads numerous in the corymbiform cymes : bracts of the glabrous involucre mostly ellip- tical-oblong, very obtuse : lobes or teeth of the corolla short, somewhat lanceolate, the tube glabrous. — S. E. Colorado to adjacent New Mexico, and S. Utah, Fendler (no. 341 ), Bigelow, Dr. Henry Ward. Var. hololetica, Gkay, 1. c. Slender, white-tomentose even to the heads ; these rather small, numerous in corymbiform cymes terminating sparsely-leaved branches : leaves very narrowly linear, inch long, and uppermost short and bract-like : involucral bracts small, linear-oblong, very obtuse: corolla merely 5-toothed, its tube bearing cobwebby hairs: akenes (as in the species) villous-pubescent. — Owens Valley in the southeastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, Dr. Horn. B. leiosp^rma. A foot or two high, with rigid slender branches, bearing small glomerate cymes, white-tomentose, or in age somewhat glabrate : leaves sparse, and uppermost very small, involute-filiform : involucre glabrous ; its bracts small, oblong, or innermost linear- oblong, very obtuse : corolla glabrous and with 5 short ovate teeth : ovary and akenes com- pletely glabrous ! — St. George, Southern Utah, Palmer, coll. 1875. Candelaria, S. W. Nevada, W. H. ShocMey. = = Green, no tomentum, either smooth and glabrous or scabro-puberulous: style-branches less exserted, thicker, shorter than the stigmatic portion: pappus rigidulous: akenes shorter. B. Douglasii Gray, 1. c. From 6 inches to 6 feet high, fastigiately branched, sometimes resinous-viscid, often slightly or not at all so leaves from very narrowly linear or almost 140 COMPOSITE. Bigelovia. filiform (but plane or canaliculate) to lanceolate-oblong, mostly 3-nerved : heads few or numerous and fastigiate-cymose, 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre comparatively few, only 2 to 4 in each vertical rank (these ranks therefore less conspicuous), from broadly to linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse (rarely acute), firm-chartaceous, not rarely some of the outer with firmer and indistinctly greenish apex : corollas rather deeply cleft into oblong- lanceolate lobes. — ( Crinitaria viscidiflora, Hook. El. ii. 24, apparently, in part : this founded on two specimens, both with heads undeveloped, one puberulent, one glabrous, to be referred either to this species or to Aplopappus, Ericameria, nanus.) Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus & C. pumilus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc. 1. c. Bigelovia viscidiflora, DC. Prodr. vii. 279. Linosyris viscidiflora, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Brickellia linearifolia, Klatt, Abh. Nat. Gesells. Halle, xv. 5. — Plains and mountains, in sterile soil, Dakota to Washington Terr, and border of Brit. Columbia, dry eastern border of California, and south to Arizona and New Mexico ; in various forms. Taking the forms with linear and lanceolate smooth leaves as the type, the marked variations are Var. pumila [Chrysothamnus pumilus, Nutt. 1. c, with his var. euthamioides) , a dwarf northern and mountain state, a span or two high, glabrous or minutely puberulent and dis- posed to be viscidulous ; the simple branches bearing very few heads in a close cluster : outer involucral bracts either somewhat greenish-tipped or passing into bract-like leaves. — N. Montana to Washington Terr, and mountains of Utah. Var. serrulata, Gray, 1. c. Taller : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, serrulate- ciliolate, sometimes scabrous and rigid. — Linosyris serrulata, Torr. in Stansbury Eep. 389 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 157. — Common through the whole dry interior region. Var. tortifolia, Gray, 1. c. Leaves twisted: otherwise like the preceding. — Plains of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada, California. Here Linosyris lanceolata, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 243. Var. stenoph^lla, Gray, 1. c. Leaves slender, at most a line wide by an inch or two long, or narrower and varying to filiform, smooth : flowers sometimes only 4. — N. W. Nevada to S. E. California, Utah, and New Mexico. Var. latifolia, Gray, 1. c. Stouter and taller, smooth and glabrous, or puberulent : leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong (the broadest even half-inch wide by thrice that length), often obtuse, 3-5-nerved : flowers sometimes 6 or 7 in the head. — Linosyris viscidiflora, var. latifolia, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 1. c. — S. Idaho, Nevada, and Utah. Var. lanceolata. Low, but bearing compact cymes of numerous (5-7-flowered) heads : leaves short, lanceolate or broadly linear, scabro-puberulent. — Chrysothamnus lanceo- latus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Linosyris lanceolata, Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 233. Bigelovia lanceolata, & B. Douglasii, var. puberula, in part, Gray, 1. c. 639, 644. (Linosyris viscidiflora, var. puberula, Eaton, 1. u., is mainly a scarcely puberulent narrow-leaved form of the type.) — Head-waters of the Platte, Wyoming and Montana, &c. Passes into var. serru- lata and var. tortifolia. < -j — h — -i — Akenes glabrous, as also the ovaries, nearly terete : bracts of involucre rounded-obtuse, not prominentl}' pentastichous : anthers and style-tips little exserted : suffrutescent, green and glabrous, not punctate. B. Vaseyi, Gray. A span or two high, somewhat balsamic-viscid but wholly glabrous, leafy up to the fastigiate-cymose cluster of heads : leaves linear or spatulate-linear, obtuse, plane (at most inch long), with obscure midrib : involucre cylindraceous, 3 or 4 lines long ; its bracts narrowly oblong, firm-chartaceous, and all but innermost with a thickened greenish spot at the very obtuse apex : lobes of the corolla short-linear : style-appendages narrowly subulate, rather obtuse, half the length of the stigmatic portion : pappus fine and soft, rather short. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58. — Colorado Bocky Mountains, in Middle Park and Gun- nison Valley, Vasey, Parry. Utah, Ward. — Transition to Solidago and to § Aplodiscus. § 3. Etibigelovia, Gray, 1. c. Heads as of preceding section, very narrow, 3-4-flowered : alveoli of the receptacle prolonged into subulate teeth or at the centre into a chaff-like cusp : limb of corolla enlarging and 5-clef t : style-append- ages ovate-subulate, shorter than the stigmatic portion : akenes short, somewhat turbinate : pappus rigidulous : wholly herbaceous perennial, with entire narrow ' leaves : habit of Solidago § Euthamia. Bigelovia. COMPOSITE. 141 B. nudata, DC. Glabrous : stems slender, a foot or two high from a small caudex, strict and simple up to the compound-fastigiate and corymbose cyme of numerous heads : leaves not punctate nor obviously viscid, spatulate to nearly filiform, uppermost small and bract- like : heads barely 3 lines high, subclavate : bracts of the involucre about 3 in each rather indistinct vertical rank, oblong-linear, obtuse and firm-chartaceous, or at least outermost with short greenish tips. Leaves in the original of the species spatnlate-linear, or uppermost narrower, lowest and radical commonly broader (sometimes half-inch wide) and rounded- obtuse. — Prodr. v. 329, & Mem. Comp. t. 5 B. nudata, var. spathulcefolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 232. Chrysocoma nudata, Michx. Fl. ii. 101 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 137. — Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana ; fl. autumn. Var. virgata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Cauline leaves linear-filiform, or lowest and the radical linear-spatulate. — B. virgata, DC. 1. c. Chrysocoma virgata, Nutt. 1. c. — New Jersey to Texas. Passes into the broader-leaved form. § 4. Euthamiopsis. Heads (small) 7-25-flowered : bracts of the involucre wholly chartaceous, or in some obscurely greenish at tip, hardly carinate, obtuse or nearly so and muticous, appressed-imbricated in 3 or 4 series, but vertical ranks inconspicuous : style-appendages hardly exserted out of the 5-lobed iimb of the corolla, subulate-oblong to short-filiform, shorter or not longer than the stigmatic portion : akenes mostly short and turbinate, sericeous-pubescent : shrubby, be- coming more or less balsamic-viscid, and with entire punctate leaves : corollas of outermost flowers sometimes deformed. — § Aplodiscus, Euthamioidea, mainly, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 639. * Stems simple below and fastigiately branched above, 3 to 12 feet high, bearing numerous heads in close and ample corymbiform cymes: leaves plane: involucral bracts small, lanceolate, wholly chartaceous and pale, or midnerve obscurely greenish. B. Parisllii, Greene. Leaves thickish, lanceolate or oblong-linear (inch or two long, quarter to nearly half an inch wide), mucronate, strongly punctate : heads 10-12-fiowercd, fully 3 lines long). — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 62. — Mountains near San Bernardino, S. E. California, Parish, &c. Stems sometimes 2 or 3 inches in diameter. B. arborescens, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear, very numerous (1 to 3 inches long, a line wide), moderately punctate : heads 20-25-flowered, barely 3 lines long : outer flowers often deformed. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640. Linosyris arborescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 79. — Dry ground, common in the Coast Ranges of California, sparingly in the Sierra Nevada ; first coll. by Fitch and Kellogg. # * Branched from the 'base: heads paniculate or more scattered: leaves filiform, thickish : bracts of involucre larger and rather few, oblong, obtuse. B. Cooperi, Gray. Apparently low, with leaves half-inch or less long, balsamic-viscid : heads few in a cluster at the end of the branchlets, 6-8-flowered : bracts of involucre nar- rowly oblong, chartaceous, pale to the apex : style-appendages ovate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640, & Bot. Calif, i. 315. — S. E. California, on eastern slope of Providence Mountains, Cooper. Not again found : only branchlets known. B. brach^lepis, Gray. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high : leaves inch or half-inch long, balsamic- viscid, conspicuously resinous-punctate : heads loosely paniculate or solitary terminating paniculate branchlets, 8-12-flowered, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the campanulate involucre oblong, more or less carinate by a glandular thickened midnerve ; innermost not surpassing the linear-oblong akenes, outermost passing into small commonly imbricated scales on the peduncle: style-appendages subulate-filiform. —Bot. Calif, i. 614. — S. California, along the southern borders of San Diego Co., near the Mexican frontier, Palmer, Cleveland, Nevin. (Adj. Lower Calif.) B. diffusa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640 (Linosyris Sonoriensis, Gray, 1. c. 291, Eri- cameria diffusa, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 23, Solidago diffusa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159), of Lower California (Hinds, Xantus) and Sonora (Palmer), is a species of this group, with filiform leaves obscurely punctate, and involucral bracts of firmer texture, the tips greenish, verging therefore to the next section. 142 COMPOSITE. Bigelwitb § 5. AplodisctJs, Gray, 1. c. Heads several-many-flowered : bracts of the involucre either coriaceous or firm-chartaceous, and usually somewhat herbaceous or thickened at the obtuse or barely acute apex, all strictly appressed and well imbricated, but the vertical ranks inconspicuous : style-appendages subulate- lanceolate or broader, shorter than the stigmatic portion : akenes short, sericeous- pubescent: herbaceous or suffruticose, commonly more or less balsamic- viscid : leaves not punctate, sometimes dentate or pinnatifid. — Aplopappus § Aplodiscus, DC. Prodr. v. 350, excl. A. ramulosus, which is a Baccharis. # Herbaceous down to suffrutescent base: leaves linear: bracts of the involucre thin-coriaceous or almost cbartaceons, and with obscure if any greenish tips. B. pluriflora, Gray, I, c. Leaves narrowly linear, entire: heads 15-18-flbwered, 4 lines high : involucre somewhat turbinate, very smooth ; its thinnish bracts lanceolate, acute : otherwise like the next, of which it is perhaps a mere form, but is insufficiently known. — Chrysocoma graveolens, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211, not Nutt. Linosyris pluriflora, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 233. ^— Colorado 1 probably on the Arkansas or South Fork of the Platte, James in Long's expedition. B. "Wri.gh.tii, Gray, 1. c. Commonly glabrous or nearly so : stems rather strict and slender, a foot or two high from the lignescent base : leaves thickish, narrowly linear, entire, some- times lower ones sparingly laciniate-dentate, margins either smooth or sparingly hirtello- scabrous : heads (4 or 5 lines high) 7-15-flowered, usually numerous and crowded in a corymbif orm cyme : bracts of the involucre oval-oblong to broadly lanceolate, obtuse ; the back at or near the apex usually greenish, but no definite tip. — Linosyris Wrightii & L. heterophylla, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 95, ii. 80. — Banks of streams and in saline soil, W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona ; first coll. by Wright. Var. hirtella. Leaves cinereous-hirtellous or hirsute-pubescent and roughish, but often glabrate in age or only ciliolate : stems sometimes pubescent. — Linosyris hirtella, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 95. — Same range ; first coll. by Wright. # # Suffrutescent: leaves linear-filiform and pinnately parted : involucre nearly of the preceding. B. coronopif olia, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous : stems freely branching, slender, a foot or two high, leafy : divisions of the leaves 3 to 9, often half-inch long, not thicker than the filiform rhachis, setulose-mucronate : heads somewhat thyrsoid-glomerate (4 or 5 lines long), 10-12- flowered. — (Excl. pi. Arizona, Palmer.) Linosyris coronopif 'olia , Gray, PI. Wright, i. 96. — S. Texas along the Rio Grande, Wright, Bigelow, Havard, Palmer. # # * Suffruticose : bracts of involucre more coriaceous and more definitely greenish-tipped. ■**- Leaves all entire (or rarely a tooth or two), linear or spatulate-linear : branches partly her- baceous: glabrous. B. Drummondii, Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, with many slender erect or ascending branches or stems from a woody base: leaves all narrowly linear, with tapering base (inch or two long, seldom over a line wide) : heads 5 or 6 lines high, rather numerous in a corymbi- form cyme, 18-30-flowered: involucre campanulate; its bracts linear-oblong, with obtuse or obtusish and short green or greenish tips: pappus rather soft. —Linosyris Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 233. — Coast of Texas, and Lower Rio Grande ; first coll. by Berlandier, Drummond, Triad. E. Arizona, Rushy. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) B. acradenia, Greene. A foot or so high, very many slender stems or branches forming broad tufts from a woody base: leaves spatulate-linear (half -inch to inch long), entire or rarely some small teeth: heads glomerate-cymose, 4 lines high, 10-20-flowered: involucre campanulate, of more rigid oblong bracts, the back at the obtuse apex bearing a protuber- ant rounded resiniferous gland: pappus rigid, of very unequal bristles. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 126. — Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Greene, Parry, Jared, &c. S. Utah, Palmer. Transitions apparently occur between this and the next. -f— -i- Leaves serrate, dentate, or pinnatifid, occasionally entire : shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high. B. verieta, Gray. Glabrous, or the herbage when young loosely pubescent, or almost to- tnentose : leaves short (half-inch or lower twice or thrice this length), spatulate or oblan- ceolate, or sometimes cuneate-oblong, sparsely or irregularly spinulose-dentate or serrate, or COMPOSITE. 143 denticulate with spinulose teeth, sometimes incised, some upper or fascicled ones varying toward linear and entire : heads more or less glomerate at the end of the branchlets, 15-35- flowered, 4 or 5 lines high : bracts of the turbinate or campanulate involucre with obtuse pr sometimes acutish or mucronate-acute green tips (these occasionally beariug an indistinct resinous gland) : pappus of rather rigid and very unequal bristles. — B. veneta & B. Menziesii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 638, & Bot. Calif, i. 315. Baccharis veneta, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 68. Linosyris Mexicana, Schlecht. Hort. Halens. 7, t. 4. Aplopappus discoideus, DC. Prodr. v. 350. A. Menziesii, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 242. Pyrrocoma Menziesii, Hook, & Am. Bot. Beech. 351. Isocoma vernonioides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 320. (B. tri- dentata, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 1. c, Linosyris dentata, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 16, is apparently a form of this, from Cedros Island off Lower California.) — Southern part of California (first coll. by Menzies) to borders of Arizona. (Mex.) B. Hartwegi, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent or glabrate, a. foot or two high : leaves from linear to narrowly oblong, pinnatifid; the lobes 5 to 11, oblong-linear, short (only a line or two long) : heads smaller than in the preceding, into which it may pass. — Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 115. — S. Arizona, Palmer (taken forB. coronopifolia in Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 639), Lemmon. (Mex.) 32. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-kod. (Solidus and ago, to make solid or draw together, in allusion to reputed vulnerary properties.) — Perennial herbs (one species somewhat shrubby) ; with mostly strict stems, entire or serrate alter- nate leaves, the cauline sessile or nearly so, the radical tapering into margined petioles (never cordate) ; the small heads thyrsoid-glomerate, or sometimes corymbosely cymose, or more commonly in racemiform secund clusters ; the flowers yellow, or in one species whitish in the disk and white in the ray ; rarely the rays wanting. — Gen. ed. 1, 253 (name from Vaill.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 195. — A large genus, of nearly 100 species, mostly Atlantic N. American, but with several Pacific species, a few Mexican or S. American, one or two European and N. Asiatic : fl. late summer and autumn. — For notes on the species in the older herbaria, and a synopsis, see Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 177-199. S. lateriflora, L. Spec. ii. 879, is Aster diffusus, Ait. S. Noveboracensis, L. 1. c, is probably Aster Tartaricus, and not North American. Species founded on garden plants and not identified with, or obviously referable to, North American originals, are the following : — S. ambIgua, Ait. Kew. iii. 217, cult. 1759 by Miller, of unknown source, appears to have been some European form of S. Virgaurea, although later plants cultivated under this name may be derivatives of S. latifolia, L. S. ELLfpTicA, Ait. Glabrous and smooth up to the flowering branches, 2 or 3 feet high, equably leafy : leaves of rather firm texture, oval or oblong, acuminate at both ends, the larger 3 or 6 inches long, l£ or 2 wide, more or less serrate with fine acute teeth, somewhat veiny : thyrsus somewhat leafy ; the heads (3 lines long) racemose-paniculate on erect branches, little or not at all secund : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse : rays 7 to 9 : akenes villous-pubescent. — Kew.iii.214; DC. Prodr. v. 334 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 181. S. plantaginea, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 402. — Cultivated from early times in European gardens, not identified as indigenous. The typical form is here taken to be that of the Banksian herbarium, cult. hort. Kew. 1778. A second original specimen, to which the syn. Mill. Diet, belongs, is Var. axillifl6ra, Gray, 1. c. Leaves of somewhat firmer texture, from oval to broadly lanceolate : heads rather larger, in short or somewhat elongated and racemiform erect or spreading clusters, which are mostly axillary and shorter than the leaves. — S. Latifolia, L., as to Pluk. Aim. 389, t. 235, f. 4. S. latissimifolia, Mill. Diet. ed. 7. S. lateriflora, Willd. Spec. iii. 2057, &c., not L. nor Ait. S.fragrans, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 331, a narrower-leaved form. S. verrucosa, Schrad. Hort. Goett. 12, t. 6 ■? S. Clelios, DC. Prodr. v. 331, & perhaps S. dubia, Scop. Del. Insub. ii. 19, t. 10. — Cultivated from ante-Linnsean times in European collections, not identified in N. America, but doubtless of American origin. 144 COMPOSITE. Solidago. S. kecurvAta, Willd., and S. LfviDA, Willd. (Enum. 889 & 491), described from cultivated plants, are referred to under and at most 3 Solidago. COMPOSITE. 159 lines long : bracts of the involucre rather rigid, glabrous, oval to linear-oblong : rays 3 to 6, rather fewer than disk-flowers: akenes minutely pubescent. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 327; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 220. 5. rotundifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 332, & S. scaberrima, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, broad-leaved form. &. decemflora, Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 223, not DC. — Dry hills and prairies, S. W. Blinois to Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier and Nuttall. v. Scabro-puberulent, somewhat cinereous, small-leaved: the lateral ribs obsolete. S. sparsi.fl.6ra, Gray. Founded on incomplete specimens (branches), of doubtful affinity, scabrous rather than puberulent, leafy into the narrow and strict branches of the panicle : leaves all small (the larger hardly an inch long), lanceolate-linear, rather acute at both ends, rigid, entire, with lateral ribs and veins almost obsolete : heads somewhat scattered or few in the short imperfectly racemiform and somewhat secund clusters, 3 lines long : bracts of the involucre rather small, oblong-linear, barely obtuse: rays 6 to 10, little surpassing the disk. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146. — S. Arizona, near Camp Lowell, Rothrock. Llano Estacado, N. W. Texas on the borders of New Mexico, Bigelow. — To which must be added Var. subcinerea, Gray. Quite cinereously puberulent, the leaves scabro-puberulent : heads more crowded and secund in the virgate panicles : rays more conspicuous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 197. — Rucker Valley, S. Arizona, Lemmon. Base of stem and lower leaves unknown : the affinity decidedly with S. nemoralis. Also a form between this and . amplexicaulis, Martens in Bull. Acad. Brux. viii. (1841) 68. — Wet prairies, Ohio (first coll. by Riddell) to Iowa and Missouri. (Also Fort Monroe, Virginia, Vasey and Chiclcering, these adventive?) S. Houghtoni, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, 10 to 20 inches high : leaves indistinctly nerved, rather rigid, scattered (3 or 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide) : heads rather few in a corymbiform cyme, 20-30-flowered : rays 7 to 10, rather large : bracts of the involucre oblong-linear: akenes 4-5-nerved. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 211, ed. 5, 242. — Swamps, north shore of L. Michigan, Houghton. Genessee Co., New York, Paine. Flowering early. -* — -f — h — Leaves flat, smooth, and glabrous, linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, more or less tripli- nerved or 3-nerved, or nervose : heads only 3 or 4 lines long. S. nitida, Tore. & Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, very smooth except the summit and inflo- rescence', which are minutely hirsute : leaves coriaceous and rigid, evidently nervose, punc- tate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long, 3 to 5 lines wide) : heads numerous in the corymbiform cyme, about 14-flowered : rays 2 or 3, large : bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong : akenes 10-nerved. — Fl. ii. 210. — Dry pine woods and barrens, W. Louisiana and Texas ; first coll. by JJrummond and Leavenworth. S. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, a span or more high, many-stemmed from a woody branching and cespitose caudex, glabrous throughout, punctate, somewhat resinous : leaves rigid, 3-nerved, acute ; radical 2 or 3 inches long : cyme glomerate-fastigiate : heads nar- rowly oblong, 5-8-flowered : rays 1 to 3, short : involucral bracts rigid, somewhat carinate, and with small green (sometimes mucronulate) tips : mature akenes flattish and unusually broad, rather longer than the rigid pappus : akenes 5-nerved. — Fl. ii. 210. Chri/soma pumila, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325. — Rocky dry places, N. W. Texas to S. "W. Utah, Nevada, and Idaho, mostly in the mountains ; first coll. by Nuttall. § 2. Euthamia, Nutt. Receptacle of the flowers fimbrillate or the alveoli pilose : rays very small, almost always more numerous than the disk-flowers and never surpassing them in height : heads glomerately and fasciculately cymose, small : leaves very numerous, all linear, entire, 1— 5-nerved, somewhat punctate, sessile : akenes villous-pubescent, short and turbinate : filiform rootstocks exten- sively creeping. — Euthamia, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 471; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, 1. c. * Taller and paniculately branched Pacific species. S. occidentalis, Nutt. Stems 2 to 6 feet high; the branches terminated by small clus- ters of mostly pedicellate heads : leaves usually 3-nerved, glabrous and smooth even on the midrib, and margins obscurely scabrous: bracts of the involucre rather narrow: rays 16 to 20: disk-flowers 8 to 14. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 156. S. lan- ceolata, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 502 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 6, partly. Euthamia occidentalis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 326. Aplopappus baccharoides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 24. — Moist ground, British Columbia to S. California, extending eastward to New Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. — Long rootstocks tuberous-thickened at the extremity. # # Comparatively low, a foot or at most a yard high, cymosely much branched above and flat- topped: heads mostly glomerate-sessile : Atlantic species. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, distinctly 3-nerved and the larger with an additional outer pair of more delicate nerves, minutely scabrous-pubescent on the nerves Lessingia. COMPOSITE. 161 beneath : outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, and the inner linear : rays 15 to 20 : disk-flowers 8 to 12. — Mant. 114; Ait. Kew. iii. 214; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226. S. gramini- folia, Ell. Sk. ii. 391. Chrysocoma graminifolia, L. Spec. ii. 841. Euthamia graminifolia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 162 (subgen.), & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Low ground, Canada to Georgia, and northwest to Montana. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Lower (a foot or two high), slender, more resinous-atomiferous and glutinous, but glabrous : leaves all narrowly linear, one-nerved or with a pair of indis- tinct lateral nerves : heads smaller : rays 6 to 12 : disk-flowers 5 or 6. — PI. ii. 540 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 392; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 5. lanceolata, var. minor, Michx. PI. ii. 116. Erigeron Carolini- anum, L. Spec, being Virguurea Carol, &c, Dill. Elth. 412, t. 306, f. 394. Euthamia tenui- folia, Nutt. I. c. — Sandy or gravelly and moist or dry ground, coast of New England to Florida and Texas. S. leptocephala, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, with more simple branches, wholly smooth and glabrous except the margin of the leaves ; these with prominent midrib, very obscure lateral nerves, and no apparent veins : bracts of the involucre and the head narrower : rays 8 or 10: disk-flowers 3 or 4. — Fl. ii. 226. — Low ground, W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll. by Leavenworth and Drummond. Also, in a narrow-leaved form, N. W. Arkansas, F. L. Harvey. § 3. Chrysoma, Torr. & Gray. Suffruticose : leaves fleshy-coriaceous, peculi- arly areolate-venulose in the dried state : otherwise as § Virgaurea. — Chrysoma, Nutt., in part. S. pauoiflosculosa, Michx. A foot or two high, much branched from the shrubby base, glabrous, somewhat viscid : leaves from spatulate-oblanceolate to linear, very obtuse, entire, an inch or two long and with a contracted petiole-like base, one-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved, not venose, but minutely and uniformly venulose, the impressed veinlets forming microscopic quadrate or roundish meshes over both surfaces : thyrsus somewhat corymbosely paniculate ; the clusters only obscurely secund : heads 3 or 4 lines long : rays 1 to 3, rather large : disk- flowers 3 to 5, deep yellow: akenes pubescent: pappus brownish. — Fl. ii. 116; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 224. Chrysoma solidaginoides, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 67, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325. — Dry hills and sand-banks on the sea-shore, S. Carolina to Florida and Alabama; flowering late. (Bahamas.) 33. BRACHYCH^TA, Torr. & Gray. (Bpa X wr, short, X acr V , bristle, from the very abbreviated setose pappus, which, with the cordate leaves, some- what artificially distinguishes the genus from Solidago.) — Single species, flower- ing in late summer and autumn. — Fl. ii. 194. B. Cordata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Soft-pubescent : stems 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial root : leaves membranaceous, veiny, mostly acutely serrate ; radical rather large, round- cordate, on long and nearly wingless petioles ; cauline ovate, the lower on winged petioles : heads 2 or 3 lines long, narrow, solitary or fascicled in the racemiform and secund clusters or narrow thyrsus : bracts of the involucre with greenish tips, inner ones linear-oblong : flowers golden yellow, those of the disk and short ray each 4 or 5 : pappus shorter than the akene and shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. — Solidago sphace/ata, Raf. Ann. Nat. (1820), 14. S. cordata, Short, Cat. PI. Kentucky, Suppl. Brachyris ovatifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 313. — Open woods, &c, W. North Carolina and E. Kentucky to the upper part of Georgia; apparently first coll. by Rajinesque. 34. LESSfNG-IA, Cham. (Dedicated to the eminent German author, G. E. Lessing, and to his grand-nephews, Karl Lessing the painter, and Christian Fr. Lessing, author of Syn. Gen. Compositarum.) — Calif ornian annuals or bien- nials, flocculent-woolly when young ; with alternate leaves and rather small heads of flowers, either of the xanthic or cyanic series ; the pappus becoming fuscous or rufous. Nerves of the corolla-lobes deeply intramarginal, the aestivation indu- 11 162 COMPOSITE. plicate up to the nerve. — Linnaea, iv. 203 ; Gray in Benth. PI. Hartw. 315, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, viii. 364, & Bot. Calif, i. 306. — Flowering spring and summer. # Flowers yellow, sometimes purplish in age ; some of the marginal ones with conspicuously larger and more or less irregular and radiatiform corolla: bracts of the involucre with herbaceous tips: akenes narrow, compressed, ^-3-nerved: style-branches truncate-obtuse, bearing a brush-like tuft of bristles, in which a minute or obscure setiform tip is partly or wholly hidden : heads about 3 lines high, terminating spreading slender branchlets. L. Germanorum, Cham. 1. c. Low and diffusely spreading from the base, or procumbent, arachnoid-lanate with appressed white tomentum, glabrate with age; filiform flowering branches sparsely leafy or naked : lower leaves spatulate and usually pinnatifid or incised, with long tapering entire base ; those of the branches becoming linear and entire, all nar- rowed at base : involucre hemispherical; its bracts with loose and foliaceous tips or the outer foliaceous, all glaudless. — Torr. in "Wilkes Exped. xvii. 326, t. 7 (style bad); Gray in PL Hartw. 1. c, & Bot. Calif. 307, only in part. — Open dry ground, near San Francisco and in adjacent parts of California; first coll. by Chamisso. Corollas said by Chamisso to be " croceous." L. glandulifera, Gray. Diffusely much branched from an erect stem, more rigid, above glabrous or early glabrate: leaves more commonly entire, sometimes spinulose-dentate ; those of the branches small and very numerous (3 to 1 lines long), or minute and almost covering flowering branchlets, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, thick and rigid, commonly beset along the margins with yellowish tack-shaped glands : involucre campanulate to turbinate ; its bracts more appressed, the outer successively shorter, and some or all of them glandulif- erous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207. L. Germanorum in part, & L, ramulosa, var. tenuis, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., in part. — Arid grounds, from Monterey to San Diego, San Ber- nardino, &c. ; common. The glands are like those of Calycadenia on a smaller scale, some- times copious and strongly marked, sometimes few and inconspicuous. # * Flowers purple or white ; the corollas all alike and regular or nearly so : bracts of the involu- cre with appressed or erect tips : akenes less or hardly at all compressed, 4-5-nerved. -I— Stems slender and loosely branching, erect - , a span to a foot or two high : white wool deciduous in age : leaves oblong to lanceolate or the lower spatulate, entire or sparingly dentate, the small upper with partly clasping or adnate base: involucral bracts mostly herbaceous-tipped. L. ramulosa, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat granulose- or hirtellous-glandular on the glabrate branches and upper leaves, occasionally with some minute tack-shaped glands : stem usually stout at hase : heads (3 or 4 lines long) terminating diffuse slender branchlets : involucre campanulate or somewhat turbinate, 10-20-flowered : corollas short (purple) : style-append- . ages with minute setiform tip. — On dry hills, not rare through the northwestern part of California to Bay of San Francisco ; first coll. by Pickering and Brackenridge. Var. tenuis, Gray. A slender and ambiguous form, not thickened at base of stem, low and diffuse, analogous to the depauperate states of the next species. — Bot. Calif, i. 307, as to pi. of Rothrock in Wheeler Eep. vi. 364. — Southeastern California, at head of Peru Creek, Rothrock. L. Iept6clada, Gray. Glabrous after denudation of the floccose wool: stem slender (the taller forms 2 feet or more high, the most depauperate only 3 or 4 inches), and with long virgate or filiform branches bearing solitary or few heads : upper leaves commonly with sagittiform-adnate base : involucre turbinate, from 20-flowered down (in depauperate plants) to 5-flowered ; its bracts in numerous ranks : corolla conspicuously exserted : style-append- ages with a conspicuous subulate tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif. 1. c — Dry ground, common through the western and central parts of California, in very diverse forms ; sometimes with numerous heads spicately crowded along the summit of the branches, and too nearly approaching the next. L. Virgata, Gray. More densely woolly: stem and virgate branches more rigid: upper leaves appressed, concave, carinately one-nerved : heads spicately sessile, each in the axil of a leaf of nearly the same length : involucre cylindrical, woolly, 5-7-flowered : style-branches with a conspicuous subulate tip. — PI. Hartw. 1. c; Bot. Calif. 1. c — On the Sacramento, probably in the northern part of the State, Pickering and Brackenridge, Newberry. Aphanostephua. OOMPOSIT^E. 163 +- -i- Depressed or dwarf, flowering from the ground: inner bracts of involucre cartilaginous- arista te ! L. nana, Gray, 1. c. Usually stemless, a very woolly and pellet-like tuft from a slender root, an inch or two high, a cluster of sessile (half -inch long) heads, each surrounded by a rosulate cluster of spatulate or lanceolate leaves : involucre 10-12-flowered ; its outer bracts linear- lanceolate, mucronate-acute or cuspidate, little herbaceous ; inner ones pearly white, scarious- chartaceous, tapering into a rigid subulate acumination or awn which equals the flowers and very rufous pappus : akenes short and turgid : tip to the tufted style-appendages wanting. — Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 338, t. 7, poor. — Dry ground, foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, from Siskiyou Co. to Kern Co., Pickering, Fitch, Muir, Canby, Rothrock. Var. oaulescens. Leaves larger; radical ones much surpassing the sessile heads in their axils : also several developed stems, of an inch to 4 inches high, sparsely leaved, and bearing either solitary or 3 or 4 spicately disposed heads. — S. California, at Tehachipi Pass, Parry. 35. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. (Latin name, from bellus, pretty.) — Low herbs, of the northern hemisphere ; the typical species perennial and stemless : radical leaves obovate : rays white, rose-colored, or purple. The akenes in the two perennial Mexican species, viz. B. xanthocomoid.es (Brachycome, Less.) and B. Mexicana, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 93 (coll. Wright and Bourgeau), as also in our annual species, are less flat, and marginal nerves slender or less thickened, than in the Old World species. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 265. B. perenxis, L., the common European Daisy, is escaping from cultivation and beginning to be spontaneous in a few places. B. integrifolia, Michx. Annual, sparsely pilose-pubescent, diffusely branched and leafy, a span to a foot high : leaves spatulate-obovate and the upper narrower, entire : peduncles terminating the branches : bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-mar- gined: rays half-inch or less in length, usually pale violet. — Fl. ii. 131 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3455 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 189. Eclipta integrifolia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 602. Astranthium integrifolium, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 312. — Low grounds, Kentucky to Arkansas and Texas ; fl. spring and summer. 36. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC. (A<£av»7?, vanishing or inconspicuous, and os, crown ; from the pappus.) — Texano-Mexican annuals or biennials, sometimes perhaps of longer duration, pubescent, leafy-stemmed and branching ; With rather showy heads, resembling those of Daisy, on solitary peduncles termi- nating the branches, and nodding before anthesis : leaves from entire to pinnately lobed : rays from white to violet-purple : akenes almost or quite glabrous. Fl. cummer. — Gray, PI. Wright, i. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 202; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80. Aphanostephus, Keerlia (excl. one species, which is a Xantho- cephalum), & Leucopsidium, DC. Prodr. v. 309, 310, vi. 43. # Pappus a very short crown with a ciliate-fringed edge, which commonly is obsolete in age: base of the corolla-tube seldom thickened. A. ArizonicUS, Gray. Erect, a foot high, minutely soft-pubescent, not cinereous : upper leaves linear and entire ; lower liuear-spatulate, 3-5-lobed or laciniate : heads small, on at length clavate-thickened peduncles: akenes narrow, terete, evenly striate with about 10 nar- row ribs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81. A. ramosissimus, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 147. — Arizona, on the Gila River, Rothrock. A. ramosissimus, DC. Erect or at length diffuse, slender, a foot or less high, hispidu- lous-pubescent : upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or few-toothed ; lower laciniate- pinnatifid or incised : heads on slender peduncles : rays 3 to 5 lines long : akenes almost terete and even, the ribs or nerves few and mostly obscure, except on some outermost. — Prodr. v. 310 ; Gray, PI. "Wright. 1. c. ; Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 9. A. Riddellii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 189. A. pilosus, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad., a remarkably hispid form. Egletes 164 COMPOSITE. Aphanostephus. ramosissima, Gray, PI. Fendl. 71, & PL Lindh. ii. 220. — Rocky, and sandy prairies, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) A. humilis, Gray, 1. c. Low and diffuse, soft-pubescent and cinereous : leaves rarely entire, often pinnatifid : heads on slender peduncles : rays 3 or 4 lines long : akenes shorter and more distinctly costate-angulate. — Leucopsidium humile, Benth. PL Hartw. 18. Egletes humilis, Gray, PL Fendl. 71. — Southern and western borders of Texas, Wright, Palmer (but his plant, no. 494, doubtful), Reverchon. (Mex.) A. kam6stjs, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90 (Keerlia ramosa, DC), Mexico, Keerl, is im- perfectly known. # # Pappus more conspicuous and dentate or Iaciniate: base of the corolla-tube in age promi- nently thickened and indurated, long persistent on the strongly angulate-costate akene. A. Arkansanus, Gray, 1. c. Diffuse, a foot high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves from oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate ; lower often toothed or sinulate-lobed : heads larger : rays commonly half -inch long : outer akenes usually suberose-angled or ribbed : pappus mostly obtusely 4-5-lobed or pluridentate. — Leucopsidium Arkansanum, DC. Prodr. vi. 43. Keerlia skirrobasis, DC. Prodr. v. 310; Deless. Ic. iv. 1. 18; Hook. Ic. t. 240. Egletes Arkan- sana, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 394; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 411. — Plains of Arkansas, Kansas, and Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier. Var. Hallii, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat smaller : leaves varying from entire to pnmately parted : crown of the pappus more conspicuous, deeply cleft into 4 or 5 unequal subulate- acuminate lobes ! — Texas, E. Hall (no. 303, 304), Palmer. 37. GrREENELLA, Gray. {Rev. Edward Lee Greene, the discoverer.) — Slender and low winter annuals ; the typical species (analogous to Gutierrezia) diffuse and conspicuously radiate ; an ambiguous species rayless, and perhaps not truly congeneric. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81. G. Arizonica, Gray, 1. c. Smooth and glabrous, diffusely branched from the base : leaves small (inch or less long), entire, veinless, sessile, alternate ; radical ones lanceolate or ob- scurely spatulate, hispidulous-ciliolate ; cauline narrowly linear and gradually reduced to subulate : heads solitary at summit of divergent filiform branchlets : involucre 2 or 3 lines high and wide; bracts with a, conspicuous subapical green spot: rays 10 to 16, oblong or obovate, white : mature akenes densely white-villous, the hairs tipped with a, capitellate gland: border of the pappus-crown multisetulose-dissected. — Mesas of Arizona, Greene (1877), Lemmon, Pringle. The root obviously not perennial. G. discoidea, Gray. Stems or branches numerous from a probably monocarpic but lig- nescent root, strict, very leafy : leaves all narrowly linear, acute ; the lower (over an inch long) with obscurely ciliolate-scabrous margins: heads somewhat corymbose: involucre barely 2 lines high ; the bracts more scarious and with indistinct green spot : rays none : ovaries glabrous : pappus pluridenticulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. — S. Arizona, in Tanner's Canon, Lemmon. 38. KEERLIA, Gray. (F. W. Keerl, a German traveller in Mexico.) — Diffusely and slenderly branched Texan herbs, leafy-stemmed ; with small panicu- late heads on almost capillary peduncles, white or purple rays, and oblong entire sessile leaves ; the style-appendages in one species much elongated (in the manner of the preceding genus), and this has only sterile ovaries in the disk. — PL Lindh. ii. 220, & PL Wright, i. 92, not DC, whose genus of this name was founded on two species of Aphanostephus and a Xanthocephalum, to which was added a syn- onyme belonging to a Bellis. K. bellidifolia, Gray & Engelm. Annual, pubescent, effusely branched from near the base, a, span or two high ; when young with the habit of Bellis integrifolia : lower leaves obovate or spatulate ; uppermost somewhat linear : involucre only 2 lines long : rays 4 to 15, blue : style-appendages in the disk-flowers short and very obtuse : akenes ohovate-clavate and moderately compressed. — Proc. Am. Acad. i. 47 ; PI. Lindh. 1. c. ; PL Wright, 1. 1 . — Fertile soil, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright. Dichastophora. COMPOSITE. 165 K. effdsa, Gray. Perennial, often 2 feet high, with simple stem branching above into an effuse ample panicle : leaves (an inch or less long) hispid as well as the stem, rigid and sca- brous, oblong, mostly with a broad sessile base : heads very numerous : involucre more turbinate: rays 4 to 7, white: disk-flowers somewhat more numerous, apparently always sterile, and with elongated linear-lanceolate style-appendages : fertile akenes obovate, flat, callous-nerved at the margins (or with one margin 2-nerved). — PI. Lindh. ii. 221; PI. Wright, i. 93. — Hillsides, central parts of Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer. '39. CH.ETOPAPPA, DC. (X?, bristle, and mfcraw, pappus.) — Low and small Texano-Mexican winter annuals, diffusely branched ; the branches terminated by small heads : rays white or purple : leaves entire, the lower spatu- late, upper gradually becoming linear or reduced to subulate bracts. Fl. spring and early summer. — Chcetanthera, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111. Ghm- tophora, Nutt. in DC. Chcetopappa & Distasis, DC. Prodr. v. 301, 279 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 268. Diplostelma, Gray, PI. Fendl. 72. C asteroid.es, DC. 1. c. Slender, 2 to 10 inches high, pubescent: involucre (2 lines long) rather narrow, of 12 to 14 bracts : rays 5 to 12 : disk-flowers 8 to 12 : style-appendages very obtuse : akenes slender, little compressed, obscurely few-nerved, pubescent, all the central ones sterile and often awnless : palese of the pappus very thin and hyaline, narrowly oblong, not rarely lacerate or cleft. — Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 187. Chcetanthera asteroides, Nutt. 1. c. — Dry ground, Texas to Arkansas and the borders of Missouri. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. imberbis, Gray. Awns of the pappus wanting in all the flowers : the palese rather broader and sometimes coronif orm-concreted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. — E. Texas, Wright. C. Parryi, Gray. More rigid, 9 inches or more high : leaves subcoriaceous, hispidulous and glabrate : involucre (3 lines long) turbinate : rays 6 or 7 : style-appendages short and very obtuse : akenes quite glabrous ; the fertile ones fusiform and somewhat compressed, 4-nerved, with a pappus of 4 or 5 firmer and cuneiform-quadrate paleaj which are laciniately fimbriate at the truncate apex, and of few or sometimes solitary more delicate awns, these occasionally little longer than the paleae, sometimes wanting ; disk-akenes mostly inane and awnless. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. Distasis modesta, var., Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78. — Mt. Carmel, on the Rio Grande, between Texas and Mexico, Parry. C. modesta, Gray, 1. c. Less slender and pubescence more hirsute than in C. asteroides : involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts obtuser and more numerous : rays 9 to 20 : disk- flowers 40 to 60, all but the central fertile ; their style-appendages narrower and acutish : akenes oblong or linear, much compressed, pubescent when young, with merely marginal nerves or occasionally a facial one, only the central ones sterile : pappus of 5 oblong erose- truncate at length subcoriaceous palese, alternating with as many rather rigid awns. — Dis- tasis modesta, DC. Prodr. v. 279. Diplostelma bellioides, Gray, PI. Fendl. 73. — Dry ground, Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) Df stasis? heterofhyxla, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 119, of Mexico, is hardly of this genus, probably not of the tribe. 40. MONOPTILON, Torr. & Gray. (MoVos, single, wriXov, feather, al- luding to the solitary plumose bristle of the pappus.) — Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 106, t. 13 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 307 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 306. — Single species. M. bellidif orme, Torr. & Gbay, 1. c. A small but pretty annual, much branched from the very base, depressed, villous-hirsute : heads terminating the numerous leafy branchlets, half-iinch in diameter, inclusive of the white or violet-purple rays : leaves small, spatulate or linear-spatulate, the uppermost involucrate around the head. — Arid or desert plains, S. E. California to S. W. Utah, Fremont, Parry, Palmer, Parish. 41. DICHJETOPHORA, Gray. (Ais, x a ^ # P<*> bearing two bristles, i. e. pappus-awns.) — PI. Fendl. 73. — Single species ; in Benth. & Hook. Gen. 106 COMPOSITE. Dichwtophora. ii. 209, referred (along with a species of Perityle and an Achcetogeron) to a section of Boltonia. D.oamp^stris, Gray. A small and Daisy-like winter annual, at first acaulescent with a scapiform peduncle (1 to 3 inches high), at length with leafy branches terminated by a slen- der monocephalous peduncle : leaves spatulate, entire, somewhat hirsute ; head 2 or 3 lines high, the ovate disk soon surpassing the involucre: rays 16 to 20, apparently white or rose- color. — PI. Fendl. 73, perhaps excl. syn. Brachyeome? xanthocomoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 190, the specimen of which is too young for determination. — Southern borders of Texas, Berlandier (no. 1465, specimen too young), Havard, in fruit. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, Palmer.) 42. BOLTONIA, L'Her. (James Bolton, an English botanical author.) — Perennial and leafy-stemmed herbs (wholly of the United States), Aster-like, glabrous, glaucescent, mostly tall ; with striate-angled stems, entire sessile leaves commonly becoming vertical by a twist at base, rarely decurrent ; and with rather showy heads ; the numerous rays white, purplish, or violet ; fl. autumn. — Sert. Angl. 27 (with figures cited which were never published) ; DC. Prodr. v. 301 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 2/9, excl. § Asteromcea, Blume, which passes into Cali- meris, and also § 3, which is a mixture. Wings of the akene broadish and thin, narrow and thickish, or obsolete in the same species, or even in the same head. # Stems (2 to 7 feet high) paniculately much branched and slender: heads small; the disk only about 2 lines high and wide. B. diffusa, Ell. Lower leaves lanceolate ; upper linear, those of the loose and almost fili- form flowering branches or branchlets becoming linear-subulate and minute: rays mostly white, barely 2 lines long : involucre as in the next, but the bracts more numerous and un- equal. — Sk. ii. 400; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97 ; DC. 1. c. & Torr. & Gray, 1. u., excl. syn. Bot. Mag. — Low grounds, South Carolina to Texas and along the Mississippi region north to Illinois. # # Stems (2 to 8 feet high) simple and more cymose-paniculate at summit: leaves broadly lan- ceolate or the uppermost linear-lanceolate- heads short-peduncled, larger; the disk in fruit a third to half an inch in diameter: rays 4 to 6 lines long. B. aster oides, L'Her. Bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, mostly greenish : rays from white to jiurplish or pale violet-color : setulose squamellae of the pappus mostly nu- merous and conspicuous : the two awns sometimes wanting or obsolete, more commonly present and little shorter than the akene. — Matricaria asteroides, L. Mant. 116. M. glasti- fi/lia, Hill, Hort. Kew. 19, t. 3. Chrysanthemum Carolinianum, "Walt. Car. 204. Boltonia glastifolia & B. asteroides, L'Her. 1. c. ; Michx. PI. ii. 132 ; Willd. Spec. iii. 2162 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2381 & 2554 ; DC. 1. c. — Moist or wet ground along streams, Pennsylvania to Illi- nois and Florida. The awnless form (B. asteroides) is not constant to this character, but is commonly smaller, and with fewer and smaller heads. Var. deourrens, Engelm. in herb. A large form (in cultivation 7 or 8 feet high), with leaves alate-decurrent on the stem and even the branches ; the wings sometimes ending below in a free and subulate point : pappus-awns slender. — Missouri, Eggert. B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger and more showy rays blue-violet : bracts of the involucre oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate : awns of the pappus uniformly present and conspicuous, the setulose squamellee small. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser 2, xxxiii. 238. — Kansas and W. Missouri, near the mouth of the Kansas River, Parry. Now not rare in cultivation, the handsomest species. Var. occidentalis. Heads rather smaller: rays white. — River-bottoms of Union Co., Eastern Oregon, Cusiclc. 43. TOWNSfiNDIA, Hook. (David Townsmd, botanical associate of Dr. Darlington of Penn.) — Depressed or low many-stemmed herbs (of the Rocky Mountains) ; with from linear to spatulate entire leaves, and comparatively large heads, resembling those of Aster ; the numerous rays from violet or rose- Tmmsendia. COMPOSITE. 167 purple to white ; fl. from early spring to summer. Akene commonly beset with bristly " duplex " hairs, having a forked or glochidiate-capitellate apex. Involu- cral bracts mostly ciliate. — Fl. ii. 16, t. 119 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 185 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. For structure of the achenial hairs, see Macloskie in Proc. Am. Nat. xvii. 31, xviii. 1102. # Bracts of the involucre conspicuously attenuate-acuminate: head large; the involucre half-inch or more high, and rays half-men long: fl. summer. 4— Caulescent biennials or annuals, somewhat hirsute-pubescent, but the foliage at length glabrate: involucre naliSTfltsTSracts from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: rays showy, bright blue or viole t. (Pappus of the first species anomalous!) T. eximia, Gray. Stems erect, simple or sparingly branching, 6 to 14 inches high : leaves spatulate or the upper lanceolate : head sparingly leafy-bracted or naked at base : involucral bracts ovate-lanceolate and somewhat rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, whitish-scarious with green centre: akenes broadly obovate, almost cartilaginous, glabrate (sprinkled with a few short and obscure glochidiate-tipped hairs) : pappus wholly persistent, of 2 subulate at length /"■ corneous stout awns which are rather shorter than the akene (sometimes wanting in the ray), and a circle of rigid squamella; which are mostly corouiform-concreted at base and rigid in age. — PI. Fendl. 70; Pacif. R. E. Exp. iv. 98; Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 83. — Mountain sides, New Mexico and adjacent part of Colorado, Fendler, Bigelow, &c. T. grandiflora, Nutt. Stems spreading from the base, sometimes divergently branched above, ajspan or two_high : up_per__leaves often linear, 2 or more uppermost subteuding the head : involucre nearly of the preceding : akenes narrowly obovate, sprinkled with glochidi- ; ate-capitellate hairs : pappus in the ray reduced to a crown of short squamellai, in the man- '< ner of the genus, and of the disk plurisetose and longer than the akene. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vii. 306 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Plains and hills, Wyoming and W. Nebraska to the borders of New Mexico ; first coll. by James and Nuttall. T. Parryi, Eaton. Stems erect, simple, stout, naked and pedunculiform above, 2 to 6 inches high (the taller forms sometimes branching) : leaves mostly spatulate : bracts of the very broad involucre lanceolate, thinner, with softer and less attenuate tips, or the outer barely acuminate : akenes narrowly obovate, canescently pubescent, the hairs acute and simple or many of them 1-2-dentate at tip : pappus of the ray plurisetose like that of the disk, or somewhat more scanty, rays "blue " or violet. — Am. Naturalist, viii. 212 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 1. c. — Wyoming, Montana, and E. Idaho, Hayden , Parry, &c. Var. alpilia, Gray, 1 c. A dwarf and alpine form, more pubescent and cinereous : leaves very small, at most half-inch long : flowering stem about the same length or hardly any involucral bracts less pointed: "rays pink." — Wyoming on the high divide between Stinking Water and the Yellowstone (confounded with T. spathulata). Parry. -i— +- Depressed-stemless and monocephalous perennial. T. condensata, Parry. Very lanuginous with long and soft arachnoid hairs, the spatu- late obovate leaves (with blade 2 or 3 lines long and tapering into a very much longer petiole) rosulate-crowded around the large and broad sessile head, the whole forming a globular or hemispherical woolly tuft, an inch and a half high and surmounting a slender stoloniform caudex: bracts of the involucre linear and soft, with a weak attenuate apex, all nearly equal in length : rays 100 orjnore, narrow : disk-flowers also very numerous • pappus of ray and disk similarly amTslenderly plurisetose and long. — Am. Nat. viii. 213 (description by Eaton). — Wyoming, on a high alpine peak of the Owl Creek range, July, J. D. Putnam. * # Bracts of the involucre not prominently if all acuminate: heads mostly smaller or narrower: pappus of the disk and often of the ray plurisetose. +- Hairs on the akene mostly copious and slender, some simple, others bifid or bi- (rarely tri) dentate at the apex, the teeth or lobes ascending or merely spreading and usually acute: heads middle-sized, more or less naked-pedunculate; the pink or rarely white rays and the involucre each from a third to barely half an inch long: bracts of the latter few-ranked : annuals or bi- ennials. (The most western species in range.) ++ Pappus of the ray like that of the disk, but somewhat shorter. T. florifer, Gray. A span or more high, cinereous-hirsute : stems rather slender from an annual root, leafy . leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate-spatulate, acute, mostly apiculate- /. , 168 COMPOSITE. Tovmsendia. acuminate : involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, little unequal. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 84. T. strigosa, Gray, in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 344, not Nutt. Erigeron florifer, Hook. Fl. ii. 20. Aplopappus florifer, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 351. Stenotus florifer, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 238. — Sandy banks of the Columbia River and its tributaries, east of the Cascades, Mon- tana to Washington Terr, and Oregon ; first coll. by Dauglas. T. scapigera, Eaton. Low (2 to 4 inches high), hirsutely pubescent : heads on scapiform 1-2-leaved stems : radical leaves spatulate (often broad and short, with a long narrowed base or petiole) : involucral bracts rather broadly lanceolate. — Bot. King Exp. 145, t. 17. Aplo- pappus florifer, var., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 351 1 — Rocky ridges in the mountains, Nevada and Modoc Co., N. E. California, Watson, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. Flowering early : a winter annual or biennial. Var. caulescens, Eaton, 1. c. A summer form, more slender and sparingly leafy- stemmed, with rather smaller heads. — Nevada, in Monitor Valley, Watson. Var. ambigua, Gray, 1. c. More leafy-stemmed from a slender root, fully a span high : rays white : pappus of the ray sometimes little more than half the length of that of the disk. — Rabbit Valley, Utah, at 7,000 feet, Ward. ++ ++ Pappus of the ray setose-squamellate, shorter than the breadth of the akene. T. Watsoni, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat cinereous with a close short pubescence : stems 4 to 7 inches high from a, slender root, spreading, nearly all branching above and sparsely leafy, therefore bearing numerous short-pedunculate heads : leaves narrowly spatulate and ob- lanceolate : involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate : hairs of the akene rather shorter and obtuse | or at length 2-3-dentate at tip. — T. strigosa, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 145, not Nutt. — Great ' Salt Lake, Utah, on the shore of Stanbury Island, June, Watson. 4— 4— Hairs on the akene, or most of them, glochidiate-capitellate, i. e. obtusely bidentate at apex, and the apparently somewhat glandular lobes recurved or revolute, thus appearing to be minutely depressed-capitate under a lens. ++ Head large, three-fourths to a full inch long (without the rays) : plants green and glabrate, depressed-acaulescent from a perennial root, with habit of T. sericea : leaves large, much surpass- ing the head, minutely sericeous-pubescent when young, in age with only some ciliate or other hairs toward the attenuate petiole-like base, plane and coriaceous: involucre well imbricated. T. "Wllcoxiana, Wood. Leaves linear-spatulate, elongated (1 to 3 inches long including the petiole-like base) : head mostly solitary, sometimes an inch long, short-peduncled or subsessile : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or the inner linear, barely acutish : ray and disk-pappus of similar slender and elongated bristles. — Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 163, & Bot. Gazette, iii. 50. — Colorado, in the San Luis Mountains, E. K. Smith. Indian Territory, Dr. Wilcox. Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon. T. Rothrookii, Gray. Leaves more broadly spatulate and shorter (inch or less long), rosulate around the solitary head which is closely sessile at the surface of the ground, or at length with one or two additional heads and tufts from the same crown : involucre shorter and broader ; its bracts oblong, mostly obtuse : ray-pappus of squamellate bristles not longer than the breadth of the akene, or with one or two more elongated. — Rothrock, in Wheeler Rep. vi. 148, t. 7; Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 85. — Mountains of South Park, Colorado, in the alpine district, at 13,500 feet, Rothrock, J. D. Allen. ++ ++ Heads from three fourths down to one third of an inch long, sessile, or rarely on a very short naked peduncle: plants sericeous- or strigulose-pubesccnt, depressed-acaulescent or low- caulescent: involucre well imbricated: ray-pappus mostly plurisetose. T. sericea, Hook. Depressed-acaulescent perennial, with closely sessile_solitary or few heads on the crown next the ground, surrounded and surpassed or equalled by the linear or linear-spatulate leaves, at length multicipital and pulvinate-tufted, an inch or two high : head an inch or less long : involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute : r ays w hite or jurplish-tinged : pappus of the ray plurisetose "like that of the disk (forma papposa, Gray, PI. Fenolr), or of fewer but similar bristles, or (in the northern part of its range) with most of the bristles short and aristiform, and even reduced to squamellaj little longer than the width of the akene. — Fl. ii. 16, t. 119; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 185; Gray, PI. Fendl. 69; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 47 ; Gray, Proc. 1. c. 85. Aster ? exscapus, Richards. Appx. Frankl. Journ. 32. — On dry hills, plains, or mountains, Saskatchewan to Rocky Mountains in lat. 54°, thence south to New Mexico and Arizona ; fl. April and May. — Varies from Toivnsendia. COMPOSITE. 169 large-headed, comparatively broad-leaved, and glabrate forms (which may almost pass into the two preceding species), to a narrowly leaved and more sericeous form with head barely two-thirds inch long, as in the original northern specimens (both grow together in Colorado, " the latter flowering two weeks later "), or sometimes even yet more reduced, so that the ' heads are barely half-inch long. Var. leptotes, Gray, is an ambiguous form from Middle Park, Colorado (Parry), with heads less than half-inch long, and all but the primary ones somewhat distinctly pedun- culate : leaves narrowly linear with attenuate base. Perhaps a distinct species. T. Arizonioa, Gray. Depressed subcaulescent and multicipital, or branching from a per- ennial root, forming a lax pulvinate tuft of 2 or 3 inches high, minutely sericeous-canescent : leaves'spatulate, short (about half-inch long), seldom surpassing the barely sessile and mostly foliose-fulcrate hemispherical heads (these merely half-inch high) : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, mostly obtuse : pappus of ray and disk alike and of equal length, rather rigid, about the length of the akene (2 or 3 lines long). — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 85. — Arizona, adjacent Utah (Palmer), and N. W. New Mexico, Coues & Palmer, M. E. Jones, Matthews. T. incana, Nutt. Depressed-caulescent or subcaulescent from a winter annual or perennial root, an inch to a span high, branching, strigulose-cinereous or canescent : leaves from nar- rowly spatulate to almost linear; uppermost fulcrate around the sessile (about half-inch) heads and seldom surpassing them : involucral bracts more sericeous and ciliate and less obtuse than in the foregoing : pappus of the ray from a third to half the length of that of > the disk. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. T. Fremontii, Torr. & Gray, in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 108, where the heads are wrongly said to be larger than those of T. serieea. — Mountains of Wyoming to S. Utah and the borders of S. Nevada ; first coll. by Nultall. ++++++ Heads about one-third inch long, sessile among the rosulate leaves: herbage sofl- lanate: pappus deciduous in a ring! — § Urophorus, Nutt. T.- spathulata, Nutt. Depressed and multicipital from a slender perennial root, forming a tuft an inch or so high : leaves crowded, spatulate, densely villous-lanate ; the upper about equalling the heads : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute : rays rather short, pinkish : pappus of ray and disk similar and of the same length, of slender bristles. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Rocky Mountains in Wyoming ; on the Black Hills of the Platte, XitttaU, and Wind-River Mountains, Parry. •h- *K- -H- +-{- Heads small, only a quarter-inch high (exclusive of the rays), mostly short-pedun- culate, hemispherical: involucre of few-ranked broadly lanceolate and bareh' acute bracts: caulescent and branching (at least in age) and summer-flowering: pappus of the (sometimes infertile but feminine) ray shorter, commonly setose-squamellate. = Green and glabrate, perennial. T. glabella, Gray. An inch or two high from a slender rootstock, nearly simple, sparsely pilose-pubescent when young: leaves thickish, soon glabrous, spatulate (an inch or less long, including the usually slender petiole); the uppermost usually surpassed by the slender and naked (sometimes inch-long) peduncle : involucre glabrous : pappus of the ray in one speci- men plurisetose and nearly half the length of that of the disk, in another reduced to short squamellffi. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 86. — Pagosa, S. W. Colorado, Newberry. = = Cinereous with fine and close somewhat strigulose pubescence, flowering from near the ground at first, but becoming taller (4 to 10 inches high) and loosely branching: pappus of ray - akenes always reduced to a crown of short squamelhe, with rarel}' one or two short bristles. (Species hardly distinct.) — § Nanodia, Nutt. T. Fendleri, Gray. Root slender, but apparently perennial • leaves linear : bracts of the involucre unequal, in about 3 ranks, acute. — PI. Fendl. 70, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Gravelly hills, New Mexico and S. Colorado, fl. May to Sept. ; first coll. by Fendler. T. strigosa, Nutt. Winter annual, with slender root, flowering when only half-inch high, often attaining a span in height : early leaves spatulate ; later ones linear : heads rather smaller : bracts of the involucre broader, acutish, in about 2 ranks, the outer shorter. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 1. c. — Gravelly hills and plains, Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona ; first coll. by Nuttall. T. MexicXna, Gray, PI. Fendl. 70 (from about Saltillo, &c, Mexico, Gregg, Parry, Palmer, and from farther south, Galeotti), differs slightly from the last in having the two ranks of involucral bracts of equal length and all very obtuse. 1 70 COMPOSITE. Corethrogyne. 44. CORETHIlOG-YNE, DC. (KoprjOpov, yvvrj, besom-style, from the brush-like tuft of bristles on the style-appendages.) — Rather low and Aster-like Californian perennials, whitened, at least when young, with cottony tomentum ; the stem or branches terminated by solitary somewhat large and showy heads : rays violet-blue or purple : disk yellow, often changing to purplish : pappus tawny or ferruginous : peduncles, with the bracts, &c, usually glandular under the wool : leaves sessile, entire, or merely serrate. Fl. summer. — Prodr. v. 215 ; Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 290 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 97 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif, i. 320. • # Heads pretty large and broad, disposed to be solitary, terminating a simple stem or simple branches: involucre hemispherical, half-inch or more in diameter; its bracts little unequal and outer ones largely herbaceous: style-appeudages strongly comose. C. obovata, Benth. Stems decumbent from spreading rootstocks, a foot or two long: leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, sparsely serrate or dentate above ; those of the ascending branches small, from oblong to linear-lanceolate : rays violet, varying to white suffused with pink. — Bot. Sulph. 22. C. spathulata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 317, & Bot. Calif. 1. e. — Coast of California, from Bodegas (where it was first coll. by Hinds) to Humboldt Co., Bolander, Kellogg, &c. C. Calif ornica, DC. Stems erect or ascending : leaves linear and entire, or the lowest lanceolate-spatulate and few-toothed : sometimes a few bracts on the receptacle, like the innermost of the involucre, subtending outer flowers : rays violet or purple. — Prodr. v. 215 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 321. C. Californica & C. incana (the common state, with no bracts on the receptacle), Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — California, along and near the coast, Mon- terey to San Diego ; first coll. by Douglas. # * Heads smaller, solitary and terminating the branches, or often more numerous and loosely paniculate: involucre cainp;nulate or broadly turbinate, much imbricated; the bracts mainly appressed, outer ones successively shorter; all with short green tips: style-appendages scantily comose. C. fllaginifolia, Nutt. Stems slender, erect or ascending, a foot or two high, commonly bearing few or (when depauperate) even solitary heads : leaves oblanceolate-spatulate and few-toothed or entire ; upper often linear or reduced and bract-like on the branchlets ; the white tomentum usually persistent, or when deciduous the branchlets and involucre little if at all glandular : rays violet. . — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 290 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Aster ? filaginifolius & A. tomentellus, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 146. Diplopappus leucophyllus, Lindl. in DC. v. 278. Aplopappus (Pyrochozta) Hcenkei, DC. 1. c. 349. Corethrogyne jilaginifolia & C. tomentetta, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 99. — Common through the western and southern parts of California from Monterey southward ; flowering at almost all seasons, varying greatly. The following are the more extreme forms. Var. virgata, Gkay. Slender, becoming glabrate and greener in age, often bearing numerous heads in a very open panicle : involucre and naked branchlets disposed to be glandular-viscidulous. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. C. virgata, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 23. — Common from Monterey southward ; first coll. by Hinds and by Fremont. Var. rigida. A stouter and rigid form, either very white-tomentose or in age gla- brate, then viscidulous-glandular : leaves from spatulate-lanceolate to oval or obovate : heads commonly numerous and paniculate.— C. incana, var. rigida, &c, Benth. PI. Hartw. 316. C. tomentetta, Durand, Pacif. E. Hep. v. App. 8. C. Jilaginifolia, var. tomentetta, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c, in part. — Dry and open ground, Monterey to San Bernardino Co. C. det6nsa, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, x. 41 (Buil. Calif. Acad. i. 223), appears to be Diplostephium (Aplostephium) canum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ii. 75, of Lower California, and not of this genus. 45. PSILACTIS, Gray. (tftAo's, naked, . thick- ish caudex, bearing a few simple slender monocephalous branches at summit : leaves rigid when dry, linear, or radical spatulate-linear (these 5 to 9 inches long, including the long at- tenuate base), obscurely nerved when dry ; cauline becoming subulate-filiform and erect, and reduced on the branches to minute bracts : involucre campanulate, equalling the disk ; its ■ rather firm bracts mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute or mucronate : style-appendages ovate- 202 COMPOSITE. Aster. subulate : akenes oblong, 7-10-nerved : pappus rather rigid. — Fl. ii. 161 ; Chapm. Fl. 205. — Pine-barren swamps, W. Florida, Chapman, Curtiss. A. tenuifolius, L. Stem simple or paniculately branched above, a foot or two high from a weak and slender rootstock, often flexuous, somewhat sparsely leafy : leaves rather fleshy, at least thickish, linear, tapering to both ends, acute ; the lower (2 or 3 lines wide) with long tapering base ; upper subulate-attenuate : involucre turbinate ; its bracts lanceolate-subulate and attenuately very acute : style-appendages linear-subulate : akenes narrow, 5-ribbed, his- pidulous-pubescent : pappus soft. — Spec. ii. 873 (excl. syn. Pluk.) & herb. ; Gray,Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. A. jlexuosus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 154; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. sparsiflorus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 547; Ell. Sk. ii. 346, not Michx. A. Tripolium, Walt. Car. 210. — Salt or brackish marshes, coast of Mass. to Florida. This is one of the plants of Clayton which by the char- acter in Gronov. Fl. Virg. was referred by Linnaeus to A. linifolius. +- -t— Heads rather small (quarter-inch high), with conspicuous violet or purple rays: little im- bricated involucre with peduncles and upper part of stem visaid-glandular : wholly herbaceous, western, might be sought among the Glandulusi of true Aster. A. pauciflorus, Nutt. Stem 6 to 20 inches high from a slender creeping rootstock, simple and bearing few heads, or branching above and with several corymbosely disposed snort- peduncled heads : leaves moderately fleshy, linear, or radical subspatulate or elongated- lanceolate, entire, uppermost reduced to, short sparse bracts : bracts of short hemispherical involucre rather fleshy and green, moderately unequal and rather loose, in only 2 or 3 ranks : style-appendages lanceolate-subulate : akenes narrow, compressed, striate-nerved, appressed- pubescent. — Gen. ii. 154, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 164. A. caricifolius, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 92, t. 333. Tripolium subulqtum, Nees, Ast. 167; Lindl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 15, & DC Prodr. v. 254. T. caricifolium, Schauer in Linn. xix. 721. — Wet saline soil, Saskatchewan and Dakota to New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. (Mex.) Var. gracillimus, Gray, PL Wright, ii. 76, a very slender form, with leaves almost filiform ; from New Mexico, Wright. H — H — -1 — Heads small or rather small, with close imbricated involucre and who'e herbage smooth and glabrous: branching plants with lignescent base, or even shrubby, all of the Southwestern borders and Mexican, and in saline soil. ++ Low and spreading or tufted, with merely lignescent base, leafy: rays purple or violet, rather conspicuous, about 3 lines long. A. blepharophyllus, Gray. Loosely surculose-tufted, with ascending flowering stems a span or two high : leaves fleshy, conspicuously hispid-ciliate with strong bristles ; those of creeping sterile shoots and rosulate tufts linear-spatulate, half -inch long ; of the branching flowering stems much smaller, short-linear, and upper ones reduced to minute and merely bristle-tipped scales : heads 3 lines high : involucre turbinate ; its bracts dry and pale, ovate- oblong to lanceolate, rather obtuse, carinate-one-nerved : rays 10 to 14: "style-appendages short-subulate: akenes obscurely striate-nerved, not compressed, sericeous. — PI. Wright, ii. 77. — Las Playas Springs, New Mexico, Wright. A. ripariUS, HBK. A foot or two high from a somewhat lignescent base, diffusely branched : branches terminated by solitary heads (of 4 or 5 lines in height and equally broad) : leaves linear and entire, or lowest spatulate and incisely few-toothed, an inch or less long, on the branches toward the heads gradually reduced to small subulate bracts : involucre shorter than the disk ; its numerous well-imbricated bracts narrowly lanceolate and with subulate- acuminate greenish tips : style-appendages subulate, rather short : akenes pubescent, ob- scurely striate : pappus rufous. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 92, the rays said to be white, which is probably a mistake, and the involucre subsquarrose, but it is not so, though the outer mav be a little loose. A. Sonorce, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 76. — S. Arizona, west of the Chiricahiii Mountains, Wright. (Mex., Humboldt.) ++ ++ Taller, much branched, rigid, woody at base, with small heads terminating the branchlets: rays small (a line or two long) and white or none: anomalous species. A. carnoSUS, Gray. Glaucescent or pale, 2 or 3 feet high ; the rigid slender stems diffusely and at length intricately much branched : lower leaves linear and very fleshy, an inch or less long ; upper and those of the branchlets reduced to small or minute subulate scales : heads 3 or 4 lines high : involucre campanulate or turbinate, of lanceolate acute chartaceous bracts: rays wanting : style-appendages linear-subulate : akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Lino- Aster. COMPOSITE. 203 syris? carnosa, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 80. Bigelovia intricata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208, a slender form, with smaller heads. — Saline arid region, S. Arizona, Wright, to Cali- fornia, in the Mohave Desert, Parry, Greene, Pringle, Parish, and near Visalia, Congdon. A. spinoSUS, Benth. Base of stem usually persistent and woody, sending up (3 to 8 feet long) slender and lithe striate green branches, resolved into paniculate branchlets, terminated by small heads : cauline leaves small, linear or spatulate-lanceolate, entire, mostly few and fugacious, some of them with soft subulate spines in or above their axils; those of the branchlets reduced to subulate scales or wanting : involucre hemispherical, 2 lines high, of small and thinnish subulate-lanceolate bracts, imbricated in about 3 series : rays white, 2 lines long : style-appendages subulate-triangular, much shorter than the stigmatic portion : akenes glabrous. — PI. Hartw. 20; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 165; Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 219. — Banks of streams, or in moist ground, S. W. Texas to Arizona and S. California, common ; first coll. by Berlandier. (Mex.) A. Palmeri, Gray. Decidedly shrubby, with the habit of a small-leaved Baccharis, 3 or 4 feet high, very much branched throughout : branchlets slender, striate-angled, terminated by the small heads : leaves apparently not fleshy, narrowly linear (of the branches an inch or less long), entire : involucre equalling the disk, barely 3 lines high, of closely imbricated narrowly oblong obtuse rather dry bracts : rays 6 to 10, a line long : disk-flowers about 20 : akenes sericeous-pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. Perhaps rather of the W. Indian genus Gundlachia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100. — S. Texas, at Corpus Christi Bay, Palmer. Series II. Biennials and annuals. § 11. Oxtteipolium. Involucre of § Orthomeris ; the bracts thin and har- row, linear-lanceolate or linear-subulate, gradually very acute or acuminate, commonly greenish above or in the centre, but without herbaceous tips, imbri- cated in few series, the outer successively shorter, all erect-appressed : rays at least equalling the disk, numerous, often more numerous than the disk-flowers (revolutely coiled in drying) : style-appendages lanceolate-subulate : akenes nar- row, more or less pubescent, few-nerved : pappus fine and soft : glabrous and smooth annuals, chiefly of saline soil, paniculately branched, bearing numerous small heads, with bluish or purplish rays, and with entire narrowly lanceolate or linear leaves, on the branchlets reduced to subulate bracts. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Tripolium § Oxytripolia, DC. Prodr. v. 253, excl. spec. Tripo- lium § Astropolium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 296. Aster § Oxy- tripolium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 161, in part. The two species are quite distinct in the Atlantic U. S., but seemingly confluent in Mexico and S. America. A. exilis, Ell. Mostly slender and diffusely branched above : principal cauline leaves linear • (3 or 4 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, lowest sometimes broader and lanceolate, rarely with a few serratures) : heads 3 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate or more lan- ceolate and acuminate : rays 15 to 40, bluish or purple, rather conspicuous (about 2 lines long), usually much surpassing the pappus: disk-flowers generally more numerous. — Ell. Sk. ii. 344; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 163: believed to be the species here described; but the original of herb. Ell. is now lost. A. divaricatus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, not L., &c. A. subu- latus, Michx. Fl. ii. Ill, in part. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, Ast. 157, in part; DC. Prodr. 1. c. 254, excl. var. boreale. Tripolium divaricatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 296. — Subsaline or even not at all brackish moist soil, S. Carolina to Texas, Arizona, and Cali- fornia; on the southern borders occurs with very short ligules. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) Var. australis, the commoner Mexican and S. American form of this polymorphous and widely diffused species, is less diffuse, less slender, often broader-leaved, and with larger heads, the involucral bracts broader, less acute, and greener or purplish-tinged. — A. subu- latus, Less, in Linn. vi. 120. Erigeron multiflorum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 87. Tripolium conspicuum of authors, but not the original of Lindley. — Coast of Oregon and California (at "Visalia, in the interior, Congdon, a form with unusually large heads), &c. (Mex. to Chili, Brazil, &c.) 204 COMPOSITE. Aster. A. SUbulatus, Michx. Stouter, only a foot or two high, with short usually purplish stems and branches : leaves somewhat fleshy, linear-lanceolate (lower 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide), or the upper linear passing into subulate : heads narrower, cylindraceous, 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate with much attenuate apex : rays 25 to 30, pur- plish, very small and inconspicuous, hardly surpassing the disk, with ligule very much shorter than the tube, often surpassed by the (not very copious) mature pappus, more numerous than the (10 to 15) disk-flowers. — Fl. ii. Ill, partly (char, "ligulis minimis," & hab.); Nutt. Gen. ii. 154. Tripolium subulatum, Nees, DC, &c, in part. Aster Unifolius, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 162, not L., not even as to the syn. "Gron. Virg." cited (which belongs to A. tenuifolius, p. 202). — Salt marshes, from New Hampshire to Florida. Closely connects with the following section. § 12. Conyzopsis. Involucre campanulate, of 2 or 3 series of linear or oblong bracts, nearly equal in length ; the outer foliaceous or herbaceous and loose, resembling the rameal leaves ; the inner more membranaceous or scarious : rays small and not longer than the mature pappus, or the ligule wanting ; the female flowers mostly in more than one series and more numerous than the her- maphrodite ; these with slender corolla, its limb 4-5-toothed : style-appendages lanceolate: akenes narrow, not compressed, 2-3-nerved, appressed-pubescent : pappus simple, very soft : low and branching leafy-stemmed annuals (of W. North America and N. E. Asia, and of moist subsaline soil), nearly glabrous, except that the linear (or the lowest spatulate) chiefly entire leaves are more or less hispidulous-ciliate ; the numerous rather small heads in well-developed plants disposed to be racemose-paniculate. (Char, from the two genuine species, which are intermediate between the Oxytripolium section, A. subulatus connecting them, and Conyza.) — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. Aster § Oxytripolium, subsect. Gonyzopsis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 162. Brachyactis, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495; Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. xii. 6 (excl. spec), & Gen. PL ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 647, & Bot. Calif, i. 326. A. frondosus, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot or more high, branching from the base, when low usually spreading, when taller the branches bearing numerous spicately paniculate heads (of 4 lines in height) : outer bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, wholly foli- aceous and loose, numerous : rays in anthesis exserted, a line long, linear, pinkish-purple, always longer than the style, but equalled or surpassed by the mature copious pappus. — Fl. ii. 165. Tripolium frondosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 296. A. angustus, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 76 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144, not Torr. & Gray. Brachyactis ciliata, var. carnosula, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. xii. 6. B. frondosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, ; Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Borders of springs, pools, &c, Rocky Mountains of Idaho to the Sierra Nevada, California, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico. A. anglistus, Tore. & Gray. Leaves commonly narrower: bracts of the involucre all linear, acute : corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to the tube and much shorter than the elongated style, or rarely with a rudimentary ligule ? — Fl. ii. 162. Crinitaria, humilis, Hook. Fl. ii. 24. Linosyris ? humilis, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 234. Erigeron ciliatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 92, & Ic. t. 100. Conyza Altaica, DC. Prodr. v. 380. Tripolium angustum, Lindl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 15, & DC. 1. c. 254. Brachyactis ciliata, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495; Benth. 1. c. (excl. var.) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. (The poor figure in Ledeb. Ic. 1. c. represents a ligulate female flower, which accords with neither specimens nor character.) — Saline wet ground, Saskatchewan to Utah and Colorado, eastward to Minnesota, and now extending to Chicago, &c. (N. Asia.) § 13. MacHjEranthera. Involucre pluriserially imbricated, hemispherical or campanulate; the bracts linear, coriaceous below, and with herbaceous or foliaceous spreading tips : rays numerous and conspicuous, violet or bluish purple : akenes narrowed downward, compressed, few-nerved, and the faces somewhat Aster. COMPOSITE. 205 striate : receptacle alveolate, the alveoli toothed or lacerate : style-appendages from linear-lanceolate to filiform-subulate : pappus copious and simple, of rather rigid unequal bristles : leafy-stemmed and branching biennials (sometimes more enduring, but no rootstocks, stolons or buds below the crown), or occasionally annuals (W. N. American and Mexican) : the showy heads terminating the branches : involucre either canescent or somewhat viscid or glandular : leaves from sparingly, dentate to bipinnately parted, the teeth or lobes apt to be bristle- tipped. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647, & Bot. Calif, i. 322. Machteranthera, Nees, Ast. 224 ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 90. Dieleria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 300 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 99. * Anomalous, seemingly perennial and multicipital, but otherwise of this section. A. Coloradoensis, Gray. A span or less high, forming a tuft of short few-leaved stems on a strong tap root, canescently pubescent, not at all glandular : leaves spatulate or ob- lanceolate (about an inch long), coarsely dentate, the teeth tipped with conspicuous bristles : heads solitary, broadly hemispherical, half-inch high : involucral bracts small and numerous, well imbricated, subulate-lanceolate, rather close : rays 35 to 40, violetpurple, barely half- inch long : akenes turbinate, short, densely canescent-villous, half the length of the compara- tively rigid pappus. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 149, t. 7. — Common in South Park, Colorado, Porter, Canby, Greene, &c. Also San Juan Pass, at 12,000 feet, Brandegee. # # Genuine species, with annual or biennial but never truly perennial root. ■f— Involucre densely hispidulous as well as viscid, very squarrose : akenes glabrous or glabrate : pappus slender: heads large and broad (the disk two-thirds to full inch in diameter) : herbage green, not canescent, glabrate : leaves from incisely dentate to entire, their teeth or tips ob- scurely if at all mucronate-setigerous : rays bright violet, showy : root biennial or somewhat more enduring. A. Pattersoni, Gray. A span or two high, branched from the summit of the tap root : stems or branches with soft or cottony-tomentulose pubescence, or glabrate : leaves thickish, spatulate or Ungulate, entire or coarsely few-toothed, none widened at base : heads solitary or few : involucral bracts lanceolate : rays about 30, fully half-inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad, xiii. '272, excl. var. Machceranthera canescens, var. alpina, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 59. — Moist ground along streams, Gray's Peak, Colorado; first coll. by Parry, then by Pat- terson, &c. A. Bigelovii, Gkay. A foot or two high, robust : stem leafy, branching above, roughish- hirsute to glabrate; the flowering branches or peduncles glandular-hirsute, terminated by showy large heads : leaves oblong or lanceolate, irregularly and sometimes incisely dentate, sometimes entire ; radical lanceolate-spatulate ; cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually with broadish partly clasping base : involucral bracts very numerous, linear-attenuate or the pro- longed and much recurved tips almost filiform : rays very many, an inch or less long. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 97, t. 10. A. Townshendii, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6430 (wrong as to the broadly obovate style-appendages figured and described) ; Robinson, Garden, xvii. t. 228. — Southern Colorado and New Mexico, Bigelow, Brandegee, Rusby, &c. Very handsome in cultivation. +- ■+— Involucre from nearly glabrous to glandular-puberulent or canescent, not rarely viscid, but not hirsute or hispidulous: heads less ample: akenes densely pubescent. ++ Leaves at most incisely dentate, rather rigid: root disposed to be biennial or somewhat more enduring. — Dieteria, Nutt. A. gymnoc6phalus, Gray. Stem erect, simple or branched from a rather slender root, commonly hirsute or hispidulous, equably leafy to the top : branches bearing solitary usually naked-pedunculate middle-sized heads : leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate ; cauline short (inch or less long), usually obtuse, copiously serrate or denticulate with spinulose-setigerous teeth : involucre depressed-hemispherical, half-inch or less high ; its bracts linear-subulate with the tips squarrose : rays purple, 4 or 5 lines long : receptacle fimbrillate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 32; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6549. Aplopappus gymnocephalus, DC. Prodr. v. 346, & A. bkpTiariphyllus, Gray, PI. "Wright, i. 97 ; the ray-flowers having been thought to he yellow. 206 COMPOSITE. Aster. Machozranthera setigera, Nees in Linn. xix. 722. — Dry ground S. W. borders of Texas, Wright, Havard. (Mex.) A. oanescens, Puksh. Commonly a foot or two high and loosely much branched, even from the indurated root, bearing numerous paniculate heads, sometimes dwarf and with sim- ple contracted inflorescence, pale and cinereous-puberulent or minutely canescent, or greener and glabrate : leaves lanceolate to linear or the lower spatulate, from entire to irregularly dentate, or occasionally laciniate, the rigid teeth mostly with mucronate-setulose tip : heads when numerous 4 or 5 lines and when fewer half-inch high : involucre turbinate to hemi- spherical, of rigid usually well-imbricated bracts : rays violet, 4 or 5 lines long : akenes nar- row, canescent. — Fl. ii. 547; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 322. A: biennis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 155. Die- teria' canescens, pulverulenta, divaricata, viscosa, & sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 300; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 100. Machozranthera canescens, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 75; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 146. — The forms taken as the type of this polymorphous species are cine- reous, rigid, when well developed bearing numerous heads : bracts of the involucre regularly imbricated iii numerous ranks, coriaceous and appressed, with the green tips short and spreading, seldom at all viscous or glandular. — Open and sterile ground and sandy banks of streams, Saskatchewan to the eastern parts of Brit. Columbia, on the plains south to W. Texas, also eastern side of the Sierra Nevada to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) Var. viridis. A green form, hardly rigid, of less arid situations, either sparsely seabro- puberulent or almost glabrous : involucral bracts looser, either with short and ascending or longer and squarrose-spreading tips, sometimes rather hispidulous-glandular. — Machozranthera canescens, var. glabra, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 89, &c. Aster Pattersoni, var. Hallii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 272, is rather a subalpine form of this. — W. borders of Texas to Utah. Var. latifolius. Green, minutely soft-pubescent, 2 feet or more high : leaves thinnish, nearly membranaceous, comparatively large, sometimes spatulate-oblong and over half-inch wide : heads large and few : involucre hemispherical ; tips of its bracts mostly attenuate- subulate and squarrose-spreading, canescent and obscurely glandular. — Dieteria asteroides, Torr. in Emory Eep. 141. Machozranthera canescens, var. latifolia, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 75. — New Mexico and Arizona, in moist ground ; passes into var. tephrodes. Var. visoosus. Canescent or cinereous : leaves narrow, rather rigid ; the upper mostly entire and the lower coarsely dentate : involucre campanulate or turbinate, squarrose ; the prominent (either short or elongated) foliaceous tips of the bracts viscid-glandular, either spreading or recurved. — Dieteria viscosa &, D. sessiliflora (rays probably only abnor- mally if ever at all "ochroleucous"), Nutt. 1. c; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. D. incana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Diplopappus incanus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1693 (form with little viscidity to involucre); Hook. Bot.'Mag. t. 3882 (involucre very foliaceous-squarrose). — Arid districts, Wyoming to California. Var. tephrodes. More or less canescent, especially the hemispherical involucre of the large heads ; the bracts with elongated and subulate-attenuate foliaceous tips, not gland- ular; the hoary pubescence sometimes looser. — A. incanus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 322. — S. California, Arizona, and New Mexico. - ++ ++ Leaves 1-3-pinnately cleft or parted, not rigid : involucre hemispherical, its bracts mostly looser : akenes more strongly striate : root commonly annual : stem diffusely branched. — Machceranthera, Nees, 1. c. Dieteria § Pappochroma, Nutt., excl. spec. A. tanaoetifolius, HBK. Pubescent, often rather viscid, very leafy, commonly a foot or two high : lowest leaves 2-3-pinnately parted ; uppermost simply pinnatifid or on the flower- ing branchlets entire ; lobes short, setulose-mucronate : heads half-inch high : bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, with slender mostly linear-subulate spreading foliaceous tips, or the outermost almost wholly foliaceous : rays numerous (half-inch long or more), bright violet : akenes rather broad, villous. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 95. A. chrysanthemoides, Willd. in Spreng. Syst. iii. 538. Machasranthera tanacetifolia, Nees, Ast. 224; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4624; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 90. Chrysopsis (Pappochroma) coronopifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 34. Dieteria coronopifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 300 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Moist ground, Nebraska to Texas, Arizona, and borders of California. (Mex.) Var. pygmseus, a low and small form, seemingly a precocious state, with less dis- sected leaves, rather smaller heads, and much shorter foliaceous tips to the involucral bracts, seems to connect this with the following. — Machceranthera canescens, var. humilis & var. pygmoza, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 74. — New Mexico, Wright. Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 207 A. parviflorUS, Ghat. Glabrous, somewhat viscid, low and slender : leaves narrow, sim- ply pinnatifid, barely inch long ; the lobes short-linear, obtuse, hardly mucronate : heads 3 or 4 lines high: involucre closer; the bracts with short oblong or ovate-lanceolate acute green tips: rays 3 lines long: akenes canescently sericeous. — Bot. Calif, i. 322, note. Macheeranthera parviflora, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 90. — New Mexico from the Eio Grande to W. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. 49. ERlG-ERON, L. Fleabane. (*Hp and yiputv, old man in spring.) — A rather large genus of herbs or barely suffrutescent plants, verging on the one hand to Aster, on the other to Conyza, and only arbitrarily to be separated on the lines of junction ; the heads disposed to be solitary and long-pedunculate ; rays (occasionally absent in certain species, uniformly wanting in two or three others) violet, purple, white, rarely ochroleucous (or in anomalous species even clear yellow !) ; disk-flowers yellow, not changing to purple : akenes commonly 2-nerved. — L. Gen. ed. 2, 400 (Erigerum in ed. 1, after Dodoens, who had Groundsel in view, and this form may explain how the name was taken for neuter by Linnasus) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 166; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 280, excl. § Oritrophiwm (which must belong either to Celmisia or Aster) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 86. Erigeron, Trimorphcea, Phalacroloma, Stenactis, &c, Cass. Erigeron, Stenactis, Phalacroloma, Polyactidium (Polyactis, Less.), Heterochceta, & Woodvillea, DC. Prodr. (Genera founded on the pappus and number of the rays, mostly unavailable even for good subgenera.) The series here commences with Asteroid and ends in Conyzoid forms. § 1. Eueeigeeon. Rays elongated and conspicuous, or in a few species uni- formly wanting, in one or two (J2. compositus, E. concinnus) occasionally abor- tive : no rayless female flowers between the proper ray and disk. * Perennials, commonly dwarf from a multicipital caudex, alpine or rarely alpestrine, with com- paratively large and mostly solitary heads: involucre loose or spreading, and copiously lanate with long multiseptate hairs: rays about 100, narrow: leaves entire. +- Whole herbage gnaphalioid-lanate : pappus double ; the short outer multisquamellate. E. Mufrii, Geat. A span high, densely clothed with long and soft white (apparently per- sistent) fioccose wool ; stems simple and monocephalous, rather leafy : leaves lanceolate-spat- ulate (an inch or two long), or uppermost narrowly lanceolate : involucre squarrose, as of the following species: rays white, a third of an inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 210. — Cape Thompson, Alaska, John Muir. -f— -t— Herbage green, with or without villous or hirsute pubescence : pappus nearly simple. B. UniflorUS, L. Stems an inch to a span or two high, strictly monocephalous, few-leaved, often naked and pedunculiform at summit: radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate (inch or two long) ; cauline lanceolate to linear : involucre usually hirsute as well as lanate, occa- sionally becoming naked; the linear acute bracts rather close, or merely the short tips spreading: rays purple or sometimes white, 2 or 3 or rarely 4 lines long. — Fl. Lapp. t. 9, f. 3, & Spec. ii. 864; Hook. PI. ii. 17; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 169; Ledeb. Fl. Boss. ii. 490; Eeichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi. 914. E. alpinus & Hieracium pusillum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 532, 502. E. pulckettus, var., & E. alpinus, in part, DC. Prodr. v. 287. E. eriocephalus, J. Vahl, PI. Dan. t. 2298, is either this or possibly a form of the next. — Labrador to Arctic coast, and Unalaska, south to the Sierra Nevada, California, and mountains of Colorado, in the alpine region. Forms with a comparatively hirsute involucre occur in the Rocky Mountains ; and some are not well distinguished from the next. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia to Kamts.) B. lanatus, Hook. Stems about a span high from a multicipital caudex, scapiform or few- leaved, monocephalous : radical leaves spatulate to obovate, about half-inch long, tapering into a narrowed base or into a slender margined petiole ; some primary ones occasionally pal- mately 3-lobed; cauline one or two, small and linear, or hardly any; head not larger than 208 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. that of E. uniflorus, and involucre similar, but densely soft-lanate : rays rather broader, 8 lines long, white. — Fl. ii. 17, t. 121 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 168. E. grandiflorus, var. lanatus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 92. Aster glacialis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 503, not Nutt. — Alpine summits of the Rocky Mountains in Montana and Brit. America, Drummond, Fremont, Bourgeau, and of the Cascades, Lyall. (Lyall's plant may have yellowish rays, and pass into Aplopappus Brandegei.) E. grandiflorus, Hook. Stems a span or two high, rather stout, usually several-leaved and monocephalous : radical leaves obovate-spatulate, an inch or so long ; cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually half-inch or less long : heads larger : involucre half-inch high, very woolly ; its linear and attenuate-acuminate bracts squarrose-spreading or the tips recurved : rays violet or purple, a third to half inch long. — Fl. ii. 18, 1. 123 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 184 (a somewhat abnormal form, in the Uinta Mts.) — Iiocky Mountains, in or near the alpine region, from British Columbia (Drummond) to Colorado, where it some- times has fewer and linear cauline leaves, and approaches E. uniflorus. Var. elatior, Gray. A foot or two high, leafy up to the 1 to 4 pedunculate heads, pubescent, but hardly hirsute : leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long ; cauline closely sessile by a broad base: involucre fully half-inch high: rays half -inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 237, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 92. — Subalpine and lower, in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado ; first coll. by Parry. # # Submaritime perennial: heads of the largest, the disk a fall inch in diameter: involucre rather loose, villous with long multiseptate hairs: rays about 100, rather broad, Aster-like: pappus simple: leaves obovate or spatulate, ample, mostly entire, graveolent. — Woodvillea, DC., color of ray-flowers mistaken. B. glaucus, Ker. A span to a foot high, viscidulous and more or less pubescent, producing a tuft of radical leaves from a rather fleshy crown, and some ascending monocephalous or occasionally branching stems : leaves glaucescent or pale green, but hardly glaucous, some- what succulent ; larger radical 3 or 4 inches long and an inch wide, rarely 2-3-toothed ; upper cauline few and small : rays half-inch long, bright violet : alcenes 4-nerved. — Bot. Reg. t. 10 ; DC. Prodr. v. 284 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 172 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 330. E. maritimum & E. hispidurn, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 310. E. sguarrosus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. misc. 44? Aster Bonariensis, Spreng. Syst. iii. 528. A. Californicus, Less, in Linn. vi. 121 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 146 ; DC. 1. c. 228. Stenactis glauca, Nees, Ast. 275. Woodvillea calendulacea, DC. 1. c. 318. — Along the Pacific coast, within the influence of salt water, Oregon to S. California, flowering for most of the year ; probably first coll. by Menzies. # # # True perennials from rootstocks or a caudex, neither stoloniferous-surculose nor flagellif- erous: involucre from hispid or villous to glabrous, but not lanate, in the first species loose and spreading: all Western or Northern species. — Part of § Phcenactis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 310 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 280. •f— Comparatively tall and large, a foot or more high except in alpine or depauperate forms, leafy- stemmed, glabrous to soft-hirsute: leaves rather ample, entire or occasionally few-toothed: heads pretty large, with usually very numerous rays : montane or alpestrine. ++ Aster-like ; the rays comparatively broad : involucre rather loose : heads solitary, or on larger plants few and corymbosely disposed: pappus simple. E. salsuginosus, Gray. Rootstocks short and thickish: stem commonly 12 to 20 inches high, the summit or peduncles lanate-pubescent or puberulent : no bristly or hirsute hairs : leaves very smooth and glabrous or glabrate, bright green, thickish ; radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole; upper cauline ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, conspicuously mucronate or apiculate- acuminate ; uppermost small and bract-like : bracts of the involucre loose or even spreading, linear-subulate or attenuate, viscidulous, at most puberulous (or at some northern stations sometimes pubescent) : disk over half an inch in diameter : rays 50 to 70, purple or violet, half-inch or more long. —Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. Aster salsuginosus, Richards, in Frankl. Journ. App. ed. 2, 32 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4942 ; DC. Prodr. v. 229 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 150. A. Unalaschensis, Less, ex Bongard, Sitch. 148; DC. 1. c. 228. — Wet ground, Kot- zebue Sound and Unalaska, and along the higher mountains southward to California, Utah, and New Mexico ; first coll. by Richardson. Var. angustif olius, Gray. A span to a foot high : radical and lower cauline leaves from narrowly spatulate to lanceolate (only 3 or 4 lines broad), somewhat scabrous on mar- Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 209 gins; upper cauline linear-lanceolate, small: rays about 40. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Aster salsuginosus, var. angustif alius, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 325. — Mountains of Washington Terr. (Brandegee) to the Sierra Nevada, California, as far south as Kern Co., Lemmon, Mrs. Austin, Matthews, &c. Passes into Var. glacialis. A span high, few-leaved, monocephalous : leaves as of the type (of which this is a reduced alpine form), but smaller. — Aster glacialis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 291 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 155. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains; first coll. by Nuttall in Wyoming. E. Howellii. Eootstock filiform : stem a foot high, equably leafy, monocephalous : leaves membranaceous, glabrous and smooth; radical obovate, slender-petioled ; cauline mostly ovate and with broad half-clasping base (larger ones 2 inches long and an inch wide), some- times one or two sharp denticulations, mucronate-acuminate : involucre, &c, nearly of the foregoing : rays only 30 to 35, two-thirds inch long, u, line or two wide, white. — E. salsugi- nosus, var. Howellii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. — Oregon, in the Cascade Mountains, Howell. E. Coulteri, T. C. Portek. Rootstock slender : stem 6 to 20 inches high, equably leafy, bearing solitary or rarely 2 or 3 rather slender-pedunculate heads : leaves membranaceous, obovate to oblong, either entire or serrate with several sharp teeth, pilose-pubescent to gla- brous, cauline inconspicuously mucronulate : disk of the head about half an inch wide : in- volucre less attenuate and spreading than that of E. salsuginosus, obscurely viscidulous but hirsute (as also the peduncle) with spreading hairs : rays 50 to 70, rather narrowly linear, half-inch or more long, white, varying to purplish. — Porter & Coulter, PI. Colorad. 61 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 154 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, at about 10,000 feet, Coulter, &c, of Utah, Ward, Jones, &c, and Sierra Nevada, California, Brewer, Bolander, Greene. ++ ++ Less Aster-like : rays 100 or more and narrow : involucre closer : pappus more or less double, but the exterior minute, setulose or subulate-squamellate: stems chiefly erect, tufted, generally leafy to the summit, and bearing few or several heads : leaves entire. (Species hard to dis- criminate, montane, but never alpine.) — § Phoenactis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c, in part. E. speciosus, DC. Sparingly and loosely hirsute or with a few scattering hairs : stems mostly 2 feet high, very leafy to the top : leaves lanceolate, acute (3 to 8 lines wide), sparsely ciliate ; lowest more or less spatulate : involucre hirsute-pubescent, or sometimes almost glabrous : rays half-inch to almost an inch long, violet. — Prodr. v. 284, & vii. 274 ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 173. E. glabellus, var. mucronatus, Hook. PI. ii. 19. Stenactis speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1577; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3067. — British Columbia to Oregon and per- haps N. California, near the coast. E. macr&ntllUS, Nutt. Prom hirsute-pubescent to nearly glabrous : stem 10 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate ; upper often reduced in size : involucre glabrous or nearly so, but commonly minutely glandular : rays half-inch long (heads not larger, as the name would imply, but rather smaller than those of the preceding) : short outer pappus more conspicuous, sometimes nearly squamellate. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. u. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. grandiflorum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 31, not Hook. — Rocky Moun- tains, from Wyoming to New Mexico and S. W. Utah, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet in the south- ern portions of its range. E. glabellus, Nutt. Prom partly glabrous to copiously hirsute, disposed to be naked above : stems 6 to 20 inches high : leaves lanceolate or the lowest somewhat spatulate ; upper linear-lanceolate and gradually reduced to subulate bracts : heads in the typical forms considerably smaller than those of the two preceding species : involucre strigosely hirsute or pubescent : rays violet, purple, aud rarely white, a third to half an inch long : outer pappus setulose. — Gen. ii. 147, & Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2923, & PI. ii. 19 (excl. var. y) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, with vars. asper & pubescens. E. asper, Nutt. 1. c, a some- what roughish-hirsute form. E. pulcliellus, Hook. PI. ii. 19, partly. — Minnesota and Sas- katchewan to the Rocky Mountains, and southward to Colorado and Utah. Occurs in various forms; the small or slender northern forms of the plains naked-stemmed and simple; some of the larger more equably leafy and approaching the preceding, others by the copious pubescence leading to the ambiguous Var. mollis, Gray. Somewhat cinereous with a soft and short spreading pubescence, a foot or two high, leafy to the top : leaves oblong-lanceolate : cinereous pubescence of the 14 210 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. involucre soft and spreading. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 64, & Proc. Am. Acad. I.e. — Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet ; first coll. by Parry, Hall, &c. Perhaps a distinct species. +- •(— Low, rarely a foot high, conspicuously hispid or hirsute with spreading bristly hairs : leaves entire, narrow : involucre close : rays numerous, occasionally wanting in one species : pappus conspicuously double, but least so in the first species. ++ Sparingly branched stems several or numerous from the crown of a tap root, more or less leafy: heads middle-sized: disk a third to half an inch in diameter: involucre hispid: rays 50 to 80, long and narrow, soon deflexed, occasionally wanting in the second species. B. pumilus, Nutt. Radical and lower cauline leaves from spatulate-linear to lanceolate (a line or two wide) ; upper linear : rays white (4 lines long) : outer pappus of short bristles little or not at all thicker than the inner ones and more or less intermixed with them. — Gen. ii. 147; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 174. E. hirsutus, Pursh, El. ii. 742, not Lour. — Dry upper plains, Dakota to Colorado, and in the Rocky Mountains, west to Utah. B. concinnus, Torr. & Gray. Like the preceding, but usually with more dense and shaggy hirsuteness and less rigid leaves : stems not rarely somewhat copiously branched : rays violet or blue, rarely white : outer pappus conspicuous and squamellate or paleaceous (the pale£e varying from subulate to oblong!). — Fl. ii. 174; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 151, ■with var. condensatus, a dwarf and condensed form with monocephalous stems, and com- monly wide (but fewer) paleaj to the pappus. E. strigosus, var. hispidissimus, Hook. El. ii. 18, chiefly. Distasis ? concinna, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 350. — Arid regions between the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascades, from Wyoming to New Mexico and Brit. Columbia to Arizona. Var. aphanactis, Gray. Discoid, the rays being nearly destitute of ligule or want- ing. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540. — Colorado to Nevada and the borders of California. •H- ++ More branched and leafy, over a span high ; with smaller heads, fewer rays, and somewhat naked involucre more imbricated: anomalous Texano-New-Mexican species. E. Bigelovii, Gray. Cinereous-hispidulous, diffusely branched from the base, leafy up to the short-pedunculate scattered heads : leaves small, spatulate-lanceolate or upper linear (less than inch long), lowest more spatulate and petioled : bracts of the hemispherical involu- cre rather rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, obviously of 2 or 3 lengths, the outer sparingly his- pidulous: rays 40 to 50, purple or violet (3 lines long) : outer pappus of slender-subulate squamellse, about a third the length of the inner bristles. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 78. On the Rio Grande near Fronteras, at the borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, Wright, Bigelow. E. Brandegei. A very anomalous and imperfectly known plant, green, sparsely hispidu- loas-hirsute, less branched: radical leaves spatulate-linear; cauline linear and small or upper minute : bracts of involucre short-linear, almost naked : rays 30 or more, white : outer pappus of coriaceous squamella? which are commonly confluent with the scanty bristles of the inner, perhaps abnormal: only one specimen seen. — Adobe plains, S. W. Colorado, on the borders of New Mexico, Brandegee. ++++++ Tufted stems very short and densely leafy, bearing simple and monocephalous scapi- form or few-leaved flowering stems (about a span high) : head proportionally large : rays 25 to 50, not very narrow, 3 or 4 lines long: leaves narrowly spatulate-linear. B. poliospermus. Leaves hispid throughout, an inch or more long, filiform-spatulate, the broader summit a quarter or half a line wide : head half-inch high : involucre of rather loose and slender hispidulous bracts, rays about 25, blue-violet or white: akenes densely white-villous . outer pappus slender-squamellate, fully as long as the breadth of the akene, covered by the copious white silky hairs of the latter. — Umatilla, Oregon, Howell, and Washington Terr., in the Wallawalla region, Brandegee, Tweedy. Resembles the next. B. Chrysopsidis. Hispid, also with some minuter pubescence : leaves spatulate-linear, an inch or two long, commonly a full line wide at summit : involucre rather hirsute : rays 40 to 50, " golden yellow " : akenes barely pubescent or hirsutulous : outer pappus less conspicuous, merely setulose; otherwise very like the preceding.— Chrysopsis hirtella, DC. Prodr. v. 327. E. ochroleucus, var. hirtellus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. — Stonv hills and in wet clay on mountain sides, E. Oregon and adjacent Washington Terr., Douglas, Cusick, Nevius, Howell, Must be retained in Erigeron (of which it has the involucre and style), notwith- COMPOSITE. 211 standing the pure yellow rays, which also occur in E. peucephyllus. It can hardly pass into E. ochroleucus. -4 — -f — -t — Dwarf, cespitose from a multicipital caudex, with monocephalous flowering stems, often scapose : radical leaves dissected : pappus simple. E. compositus, Pursh. From hirsute to glabrate, with slender margined petiole setose- ciliate : radical leaves much crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually 1-3-ternately parted into linear or short and narrow spatulate lobes, the few on the erect flowering stems 3-lobed or entire and linear : involucre (3 or 4 lines high) sparsely hirsute : rays from 40 to 60, not very narrow, white, purple, or violet, mostly 3 or 4 lines long. — Fl. ii. 535 ; Fl. Dan. xii. 1999 ; Hook, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 374, t. 13, & Fl. ii. 17 ; DC. Prodr. v. 288 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 167. E. pedatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308. Cineraria Lewisii, Richards, in Frankl. Journ. App. ed. 2, 32. — Alpine and alpestrine districts of the Rocky Mountains, and of the Sierra Nevada, from S. Colorado and California to Brit. Columbia and arctic sea-coast. (Greenland and Spitzbergen. ) Var. discoideus, Gray. Rays wanting or abortive : head commonly smaller. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 237 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 148. — Same range as the radiate form, often accompanying it ; first coll. by Parry, &c. Var. trifidus, Gray. Small blade of leaves simply 3-5-fid : the lobes from oblong to obovate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. E. trifidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 17, t. 120. — Rocky Moun- tains, N. Colorado to Brit. Columbia; first coll. by Drummond, later by J. M. Coulter and Canby. Var. pinnatisectus, Gray, 1. c. Usually a large form : numerous violet-purple rays 5 lines long : leaves pinnately parted into 9 to 1 1 linear and entire or rarely 2-3-cleft divisions. — Mountains of Colorado, from South Park to the Sierra Blanca ; first coll. by Hall. E. Pringlei, Gray. Smooth and glabrous, densely cespitose from a lignescent multicipital caudex : radical leaves laciniate-pinnatifid into 3 to 5 short-lanceolate or broadly subulate pointed lobes; those of the ascending (2 or 3 inches long) flowering stems linear, entire, 5 or 6 in number : involucre hardly 3 lines high, glabrous : rays 20 or 30, purple or whitish, 3 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 210. — Cliffs of Mount Wrightson, Santa Rita Moun- tains, Arizona, Pringle. -l_ 4_ -|_ j— Dwarf or low species, alpine or alpestrine, entire-leaved, cespitose from multicipital caudex, no fine or cinereous pubescence, monocephalous : leaves few on the simple stems, at . least the radical broader than linear : rays rather numerous and not very narrow : pappus simple or nearly so. ' ++ Involucre glabrous but pruinose-glandular, brownish-purple: alpine and Aster-like, smooth" and green. E. leiomerus. A span high from the somewhat surculose branches of the caudex, smooth and very glabrous (or some minute hairiness at least on the petioles) : leaves bright green, mainly radical and spatulate, very obtuse (larger about inch long, with tapering base or petiole of at least equal length), from 2 to 6 lines wide ; cauline only 2 or 3 and smaller : in- volucre 3 lines high, not unlike that of E. salsuginosus, but close, the bracts lanceolate and not attenuate : rays about 40, linear, violet, 3 or 4 lines long. — Aster glacialis, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 142, but hardly that of Nuttall (which is rather a high alpine form of A. sal- suginosus, to which this is related). Comes close to the next species, to which it has been referred. —Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada, in the alpine region ; first coll. by Parry, Hall & Harbour, Watson. ++ ++ Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish : herbage not strigulose nor cinereous. E. ursinus, Eaton. A span or two high, loosely cespitose : leaves duller green, mostly smooth and glabrous, but their margins more or less hirsute-ciliate, spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate; cauline ones lanceolate or linear and acute : involucre (3 lines high) and naked summit of flowering stem hirsute-pubescent : rays 40 or 50, purple, narrowly linear, 3 lines long. — Bot. King Exp. 148 ; Grav, Bot. Calif, i. 327. — Alpine and subalpine region, Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to S. Colorado, Uinta Mountains, Utah, and on Mount Dana, California ; first coll. by Watson. E. radicatus, Hook. A span high or less, densely tufted : leaves all spatulate-linear or somewhat wider (broadest only a line or two wide), hirsute or hirsutely ciliate, or sometimes 212 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. almost naked, then glabrous ; no glandular roughness : involucre more or less villous-pubes- cent (barely 3 lines high) : rays white or purplish, 2 or 3 lines long. — PL ii. 17. E. nanus & E. radicatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308. — Alpine or subalpine in the Rocky Mountains, from British America (Drummond, Macoun) to Wyoming, S. Colorado, and Utah, Nuttall, Parry, &c. B. glandulosus, T. C. Poeteb. Cespitose from a stout caudex, a 'span to almost a foot high, rigid, minutely granulose-glandular or' glandular-scabrous (bat sometimes obsoletely so), and with sparse hirsute or hispid hairs, especially on the margins of the leaves : these thickish, spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long ; upper cauline small : head com- paratively large, 4 or 5 lines high : involucre glandular or viscid as well as pubescent : rays 40 or 50, violet or purple, 4 to 6 lines long : an obscure outer setulose pappus. — Porter & Coulter, PI. Colorad. 60 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. — Bleak mountain-tops, alpestrine and subalpine, and sometimes descending to lower levels, Colorado, J. M. Coulter, Hall & Harbour, Greene, &c. Some forms approach E. pumilus. -l^ H — -i — H — H — Various Rocky Mountain to Pacific species, with entire leaves, none truly alpine, none hispidly hirsute (except very rarely some spreading bristly hairs fringing base of leaves) : involucre close, disposed to be somewhat imbricated and rigid: rays not very numer- ous, in several species uniformly wanting. ++ A span or two high from a simple or multicipital caudex : leaves only few and narrow on the weak and ascending simple or sparingly branched flowering stems ; but radical ones with ob- ovate or spatulate blade, only half-inch long, contracted into a petiole of at least equal length, cinereously puberulent or canescent: heads only 3 or 4 lines high: rays 18 to 30, pale violet or purple: akenes compressed, 2-3-nerved: pappus nearly simple. B. asperugineus, Gray. Cinereous with minute roughish pubescence : stems commonly simple from the slender caudex, monocephalous : involucre obscurely hirsute, a single series of equal bracts : rays 18 or 20. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. Aster asperugineus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 142. — Utah, in the E. Humboldt Mountains, Watson, M. E. Jones. E. tener, Geay, 1. c. Canescent with very fine and close or almost imperceptible pubescence (either silvery-whitish or becoming greener) : stems several from a stouter caudex, weak and ascending, bearing single or 2 or 3 heads : involucre minutely canescent ; its narrow and close bracts unequal, somewhat in 2 or 3 ranks : rays 25 to 30. — E. cozspitosum, var. tenerum, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 328. — High mountains of Utah, N. W. Nevada, and of the Sierra Nevada on the borders of California, Watson, Brewer, &c, to those near the sources of the Sacramento, Pringle, Red Rock Creek, and of Wind River, Montana, Watson, Dr. Forwood. ■w- -H- A span to near a foot high, cespitose on a stout multicipit-1 caudex, silvery-canescent, with simple and monocephalous or rarely somewhat branching stems: leaves from narrowly spatu- late to linear : rays 40 or 50, white or purple changing to white : akenes slender and nearly terete, 5-10-nerved or striate : pappus double ; the outer subulate-setulose and conspicuous. B. oanus, Gray. Silvery appressed pubescence obviously strigulose under a lens, that of the involucre loose and spreading: stems 4 to 9 inches high, leafy: linear cauline leaves gradually diminishing upward ; radical spatulate lanceolate or narrower : head 4 lines high : rays narrow, 3 lines long: akenes glabrous, striately 8-10-nerved. — PI. Pendl. 67, & Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 650. — Dry and gravelly hills, Northern New Mexico and Colorado ; first coll. by Fendler. Also on the Platte in Wyoming, Geyer. E. argentatus, Geay. Silvery white pubescence throughout very close and fine, the sep- arate hairs undistinguishable : stems 6 to 12 inches high : radical leaves very densely clustered, linear-spatulate or broader, inch or two long ; cauline scattered and much smaller : head broad, fully half-inch high : rays rather broad and large, half-inch long : immature akenes sericeous-pubescent or villous, 5-8-nerved. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 649. E. caspi- tosum, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 153, in small part (no. 549), not Nutt. — Arid interior region, Utah and Nevada, Watson, Miss Searls, Ward, Palmer, M. E. Jones. ++++++ A foot or less high from a thick multicipital caudex, more or less branching and leafy, minutely silvery-canescent (the pubescence fine and short) : leaves all narrowly linear : rays 30 to 50, elongated (large for the involucre of about 3 lines high), purple or sometimes white : akenes narrow, 4-nerved, disposed to be tetragonal. E. Parishii. Rigid and rather stout, at length somewhat corymbosely branched : leaves spatulate-linear (largest 2 lines wide or nearly so), rather short: heads short-peduncled : Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 213 involucre cinereous-puberulent and glandular: rays nearly half-inch long, purple: disk- corollas beset with some sparse and short minute hairs: akenes sparsely hirsute: pappus conspicuously double ; outer setose-squamellate. — Eocky canons, borders of the Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Parish. E. Utah6nsis, Gray. Slender, but rigid, with sparse branches from dense clumps : leaves narrowly linear or almost filiform (larger 2 inches long and barely a line wide) : heads slen- der-peduncled : involucre canescent : rays fully half-inch long : disk-corollas sparsely hirsute toward the base : immature akenes villous : pappus almost simple ; the outer being scanty and setulose, hardly distinguishable from the villous hairs of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. E. stenophi/llus, var. ? tetrapleurus, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 650. —Rocky hills in the arid region of S. Utah, Mrs. Thompson, Parry, Palmer. This and the preceding are showy species, nearly related to ,E. argentatus, all with a. close and somewhat imbricated involucre. ++ ++ -H- ++ Either low or comparatively tall, leafy-stemmed or subscapose : akenes compressed, 2-nerved, rarely 3-nerved. = Heads radiate : leaves all narrowly linear to filiform, the broadest not over a line wide : pubes- cence either cinereous or obscure. (Also one or two of the following subdivision are sometimes very narrow-leaved.) a. Involucre of the ample head half-inch high, of linear and equal bracts; and rays half-inch long. E. stenopll^llus, Geay. Green and glabrate, but obscurely strigulose-puberulent when young : stems simple and monocephalous, less than a foot high, naked and pedunculiform at summit : leaves mostly 2 inches long, hardly widening upward ; upper ones sparse and smaller : bracts of involucre somewhat hirsute-pubescent and glandular : ovary villous : pappus simple or nearly so. — Pacif. B. Rep. iv. 42 ; Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 650, & xvi. 89. — Hills on the Pecos, N. W. Texas, Bigelow. A smaller plant from Port Wingate, New Mexico, Matthews, may belong here, but has merely hirsutulous young akenes. b. Involucre only 2 or 3 lines high, of shorter and unequal somewhat imbricated bracts: rays 2 to 4 lines long; E. filifolius, Nutt. Canescent or cinereous throughout with very fine close pubescence, no loose hairs : stems slender, a span to two feet high from lignescent slender base or branched rootstock, leafy, usually paniculately branched and bearing several or rather numerous heads : leaves linear-filiform or quite filiform (some lower ones occasionally dilated upward to a line in width and flat) : involucre canescent: rays 30 to 50, rarely even 80, purple, violet, or white, 3 or 4 lines long : akenes slightly pubescent or glabrate : pappus simple, of fragile and indistinctly scabrous bristles. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 328 ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 177 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 89. Diplopappus filifolius, Hook. Fl. ii. 21, is either this or the next. Chrysopsis canescens, DC. Prodr. v. 328. — Eocky or dry ground, from Brit. Columbia, mostly east of the Cascades, and Idaho, to the Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada ; first coll. by Douglas. E. peucephyllus, Gkat. Low, with flowering stems a span or two high from broad depressed tufts, simple and with naked summit or peduncle monocephalous or occasionally forking and 2-3-cephalous, cinereous-puberulent or glabrate : leaves filiform or lowest slightly dilated upward (to not over half a line in breadth) : involucre hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : rays 20 or 30, usually short (2 or 3 lines long), pale blue to cream-color or pure yellow : pappus manifestly double, the outer squamellate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 89. — Dry hills, from Brit. Columbia (and east to Cypress Hills, Macpun) to the Sierra Nevada in California and adjacent Nevada, east to Idaho. c. Involucre 3 or 4 lines high, of equal bracts: rays of equal length. E. OChroleilOUS, Nutt. Low, a span or two high, somewhat cespitose on the caudex, from cinereous-pubescent to glabrate, and attenuate lower part of the leaves not rarely sparsely hirsute-ciliate : stems usually simple, naked above and monocephalous, occasionally with one or two additional heads : leaves rather rigid, narrowly linear, the radical (2 or 3 inches long) often a line wide at the upper part : involucre tomentose or hirsute-pubescent : rays 40 to 60, " ochroleucous," white, or purplish (not known to be yellow) : outer pappus setulose. —Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 309; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 178; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 89, excl. var. E. pumilus, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 242, in part, not Nutt. E. canescens, Parry in Jones Exp. no. 139, canescent form. Diplopappus linearis, Hook. PI. 214 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. ii. 21 ? — Gravelly hills and plains, N. Wyoming and Montana to Idaho, Nuttall, Spalding, Geyer, Parry, &c. = = Heads rayless : leaves filiform to narrowly spatulate-linear, chiefly from the multicipital caudex: dwarf flowering stems more or less scapiform and monocephalous. E. Bloomeri, Gray. Densely cespitose, cinereous-puberulent or glabrate and pale : radical leaves 1 to 3 inches long, the larger dilated upward sometimes to a line or more in width ; cauline few and nearly filiform : scapiform flowering.stems 2 to 6 inches high : head almost half an inch high : involucral bracts equal, linear-lanceolate, soft-villous or canescent : akenes glabrate, oblong-linear, flat : pappus whitish, simple. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 40, & Bot. Calif, i. 328 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 148. — Stony ground, mountains of Nevada to Idaho, and from the Sierra Nevada, California, to E. Oregon ; first coll. by Bloomer. Habit of the last preceding species, to which it is most allied. = = = Heads radiate: leaves from narrowly linear to oblong. «. Stems naked above, more commonly simple and monocephalous, only a span or two high: pappus simple. E. Nevadensis, Gkay. Stems numerous from a multicipital caudex, erect, a span to nearly a foot high : leaves all lanceolate or linear ; radical 1 to 4 inches long, 1 to 4 lines wide, strigulose-cinereous ; uppermost small and subulate : head always solitary, half-inch high : involucre villous-pubesceut, sometimes glabrate ; its bracts equal : rays rather broadly linear, white or pale blue, 4 to 6 lines long : akenes comparatively large : pappus rather coarse. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 649; Bot. Calif, i. 328. E. cozspitosus, var. grandiflorus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 153, in part. — Sierra Nevada, California, and W. Humboldt Moun- tains, Nevada, at 5,000 to 8,000 feet ; first coll. by Bloomer, Watson, &c. Appears to pass into the somewhat doubtful Var. pygmseus, Gkay, 1. v. Dwarf, subcanlescent : leaves spatulate-linear, an inch or more long, a line or so wide, more minutely pubescent or cinereous, and glabrate : head considerably smaller : involucre slightly hirsute : rays purple. — Sierra Nevada, California, above Ebbett's Pass (at 9,500 feet) and Mono Pass (10,750 feet), Brewer. Also Mount Dyer, Plumas Co. (a connecting form), Mrs. Austin. E. Eatoni, Gkay. Stems several from the crown of a strong tap root, slender and weak, diffuse, 3 to 9 inches long, simple or with 2 or 3 monocephalous branches : leaves all linear, thickish, minutely strigulose-pubescent ; radical about 2 inches long and the broadest 2 lines wide : heads only 3 lines high : bracts of the sparsely hirsute involucre little unequal : rays seldom over 20, at most 3 lines long, white or purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. E. ochro- leucus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152, not Nutt. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, and the Uinta and Wahsatch Mountains in Utah ; first coll. by Watson and Eaton. b. Stems more leafy and disposed to branch, but sometimes monocephalous : pubescence cinereous: outer pappus setulose, sometimes rather manifest, sometimes obscure or none. E. csespitosus, Nutt. Low, a span to rarely a foot high, many-stemmed and ascending or spreading from a stout multicipital caudex, from cinereous to canescent with dense and fine short pubescence" (this generally spreading and soft, sometimes hispidulous, rarely fine and appressed, at least on young parts) : stems of smaller plants monocephalous : radical leaves spatulate to lanceolate, and cauline lanceolate-oblong to linear (half-inch to 2 inches long) : heads short-peduncled, 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre rather unequal : rays 40 or 50, linear, 3 or 4 lines long, white, sometimes tinged with rose-color. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 307 (a small and low form) ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 179. Diplopappus r.anescens (Erigeron canescens, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) & D. grandiflorus (E. ccespitosus, var. grandiflorus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c), Hook. Fl. ii. 21, the latter a large form. — Mountains and high plains, Saskatchewan and Montana to Utah and borders of New Mexico, and eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California. A variable species. Western forms come near to the next. E. corymbosus, Nutt. Taller, often a foot or two high, erect from creeping rootstocks, soft-cinereous or sometimes hispidulous with the mostly spreading short pubescence : radical leaves narrow-lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate (largest 3 or 4 inches long and 3 or 4 lines wide), 3-nerved ; cauline linear and narrow : heads sometimes solitary, usually several and corymbosely disposed on short slender peduncles : involucre 3 lines high, canescently pubes- cent : rays 30 to 50, mostly narrow and 3 to 5 lines long, blue or violet, apparently some- times white. —Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 329. Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 215 — Mountains of Montana to those of Washington Terr, and sparingly of California; first coll. by Nuttall. A soft-pubescent form, subalpine in Washington Terr, and E. Oregon, Cusiclc, Brandegee, has white rays ; a similar one, coll. by Lyall near the British boundary, has blue rays. Nuttall's character of achenium, "nearly smooth and striate," does not accord with his specimens. E. Breweri, Gkay. A span to a foot high from slender rootstocks, slender, erect or ascending, leafy up to the solitary or several and corymbosely disposed heads, scabrous- cinereous with minute spreading pubescence : leaves small (the largest barely inch long), narrowly spatulate or uppermost nearly linear, obtuse : heads 3 or 4 lines high : involucre glabrous or minutely granulose-glandular ; its bracts unequal, obtuse: rays 12 to 20, violet, 3 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Open woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Kern Co. to Shasta ; first coll. by Brewer and Torrey. c. Stems (commonly from slender rootstocks) leafy, mostly branched above and bearing few or several heads : pubescence not cinereous nor spreading, either strigose or none : pappus essen- tially simple. B. decumbens, Nutt. Slender, commonly low or spreading, 6 to 1 8 inches high, strigulose- pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate : leaves linear or sometimes linear-spatulate (radical not rarely 4 to 6 inches long and only a line or two wide, sometimes 3 lines wide) : involucre minutely hirsute or pubescent: rays 15 to 40, white, purplish, or violet-tinged. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 309 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Mountains, from Montana and Utah to Oregon and northern part of the Sierra Nevada, California ; first coll. by Douglas and Nuttall. E. foliosUS, Nutt. A foot or two high, smooth and glabrous, or with some minute rough- ish hairs, usually branched above, and bearing scattered or loosely corymbose heads : leaves linear, obtuse, the larger an inch or two long and 2 or 3 lines wide, but often much narrower : heads hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high : involucre of somewhat unequal bracts, either minutely puberulent-strigose or glabrous, rarely hirsute : rays 20 to 40, narrow, 3 to 5 lines long, violet or purple, rarely white. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c, & PI. Gamb. 117 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 329 (excl. var. inornatus), & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 88. E. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 177. E. decumbens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 316, not Nutt. Diplopappus occidentalis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 350. — Sparsely wooded ground, common nearly throughout Cali- fornia, especially in the western parts ; first coll. by Douglas. Nuttall's name was given to the broader-leaved form. This passes freely into Var. stenoph^Uus, Gray, 1. c. A common form, with leaves from only a line wide to slender and filiform. — E. stenophyllus, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 176, not Gray. — Same range, and equally common. Var. tenuissimus. Slender, small-leaved : leaves nearly all filiform, erect or ascend- ing ; the longest only an inch long ; upper gradually shorter, becoming setaceous-subulate : heads much smaller. — San Diego Co. on the Mexican border, and within Lower California, Parry, Palmer, Orcutt. = = := = Heads wholly rayless : stems leafy to the summit: pappus simple. E. inornatus, Gray. Commonly glabrous throughout and smooth, or with some sparse hirsute pubescence: stems 10 to 20 inches high, erect: leaves from broadly to narrowly linear (an inch or two long, a line or two wide) : heads usually several and cymosely disposed at the summit of the stem, ghort-peduncled, 3 lines high : involucre campanulate ; its bracts unequal and somewhat imbricated, very glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 88. E. foliosus, var. inornatus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 330. — Pine woods, Sierra Nevada and coast ranges of California to those of E. Oregon and Washington Territory ; first coll. by Newberry. Comes near some forms of E. foliosus, but rayless. Var. angUStatUS. Leaves very narrowly linear or almost filiform : heads few or scattered and paniculate. — Bed Mountain, Mendocino Co., California, Kellogg & Harford, and Napa Co., Greene. Var. visoldulus. Low and stouter: heads fewer and larger (4 lines high): leaves spatulate-linear, shorter (seldom an inch long) : stems and peduncles occasionally hirsute- pubescent, and as well as the leaves commonly more or less viscid. — Mountains of northern part of California, Kellogg & Harford, Pringle. E. supplex, Gray. Villous-hirsute : stems decumbent or ascending from a slender root- stock, mostly simple, a span to a foot long, terminated by single and very broad (5 to 6 216 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. lines high) short-peduncled heads : leaves spatnlate-lanceolate or uppermost linear, mucro- nate-apiculate (an inch or two long) : involucre villous ; its bracts linear-lanceolate, equal. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353, & Bot. Calif, i. 330. — N. E. California, in Humboldt and Mendo- cino Co., Bolander, Pringle ; the latter a nearly erect form. E. miser, Gray. Cespitose from a thickisli caudex or rootstock, canescently villous : stems ascending, 3 to 5 inches high, leafy up to the solitary or few and small (3 lines high) heads : leaves from oblong-spatulate to short-linear (4 to 8 lines long) : involucre glabrate or mi- nutely glandular, short ; its bracts lanceolate or linear, acute : flowers comparatively few. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 372, & Bot. Calif, ii. 445. — On Mount Stanford and vicinity, in the Sierra Nevada, California, Lobb, Kellogg, Greene, &c. : fl. late. H — -f — h — -? — -t — -i — S. Arizonian, with diffusely branched and trailing stems, very leafy branches, bearing very small heads, soft-cinereous pubescence, and lower leaves commonly 3-5- lobed or toothed : pappus simple. B. Lemmoni, Gray. Stems a foot or two long, apparently from slender creeping root stocks : leaves half-inch long or less, spatulate ; upper all entire, lower tapering into more or less of a, petiole, many of them 1-5-toothed or incisely lobed : heads terminating short branchlets, short-peduncled : involucre 2 lines high : rays of about same length, 40 or 50, light purple. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. — Tanner's Canon, Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. -K- -t— -H- -t— 4— 4— -f— Northeastern species, smooth and slender, erect, from filiform root- stocks, leafy-stemmed, entire-leaved; with small and Aster-like heads of only 20 or 30 rays: pappus quite simple. E. hyssopif olius, Michx. Nearly glabrous, a span to a foot high, sparingly branched : branches terminated by a solitary slender-peduncled head : leaves small and numerous, linear or lower somewhat spatulate, thinnish, entire, dn inch or less long : rays 3 lines long, white or tinged with purple. — Fl. ii. 123; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 87. Aster graminif olius, Pursh, PI. ii. 545; DC. Prodr. v. 227; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 156. Galatella graminifolia, Hook. PI. ii. 15. — Moist and rocky banks, Newfoundland and New Brunswick to Hudson's Bay, northern borders of New England to Lake Superior and Slave Lake ; first coll. by Michaux. * # # # Perennial by rosulate offsets, producing a scapiform stem from a rosette of radical leaves : heads small and Aster-like, bearing only 20 or 30 rays : disk convex, only 3 lines broad : akenes mostly 4-nervecl : pappus quite simple : S. Atlantic species. — § Eriyeridium, Torr. & Gray. E. nudicaulis, Mipi-ix. Glabrous or glabrate: scapiform stems solitary or occasionally several from the rosette of obovate or spatulate thickish and sparingly denticulate leaves : cauline leaves few and small, or merely bracts : heads several, corymbosely cymose : rays white and pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long. — Pursh, I.e. Erigeron (Erigidium) vermis, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 176. E. integrif olius, Bertol. Misc. Bot. vi. t. 3, not Bigel. Aster vernus, L. Spec, ii. 876. Doronicum Icevifolium, Walt. Car. 205 ? Stenactis verna, Nees, Ast. 275 ; DC. 1. c. 299. — Low pine barrens near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana : fl. spring. # # # * * Perennial by biennial rosulate offsets borne on apex of stoloniform creeping root- stocks, or some species probably biennial: leaves membranaceous, commonly serrate or dentate: heads middle-sized or small, with glabrate involucre : rays numerous : pappus quite simple : species not montane. •1— Eays not very narrow, not more than 60 or 70. E. bellidif olius, Mt/hi.. Stoloniferous-cespitose, making rosulate offsets from slender subterranean shoots, villous-hirsute : flowering stems usually a foot or more high, simple, naked above and bearing 3 to 9 (or, when depauperate, only single) umbellately cymose middle-sized heads: radical leaves cuneiform-obovate or spatulate, mostly coarsely few- toothed, on very short-winged petioles ; cauline few, oblong or lanceolate : bracts of the in- volucre appressed : rays violet or bluish-purple, a third to half inch long : akenes almost glabrous. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1958; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2402; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 170. E. pulchellus, Michx. Fl. ii. 124, excl. syn. Gronov. ; Darl. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 492 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 19, excl. var. — Damp ground, borders of woodlands] Canada to Illinois and Louisiana: fl. spring. E. Oregdnus, Gray. Perhaps only biennial, pubescent : rosulate tufts many-leaved, send- ing up weak or diffuse leafy stems of a span or two in length, bearing solitary or few rather Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 217 small heads : leaves spatulate, or the radical cuneate-obovate ; these an inch or two long, coarsely 3-5-toothed or incised ; cauline more entire, inch long : rays pale purple, quarter- inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. — Oregon, along the Columbia River under overhang- ing cliffs in Multnomah Co., Howell. •)— -I— Rays very narrow, almost filiform, and numerous (much over 100) : disk only 3 or 4 lines broad: stems scattered, erect, either from a biennial root or from a biennial or winter-annual offset. E. Philadelphicus, L. Soft-hirsute, a foot or two high : stem striate-angled : leaves oblong, or lowest spatulate or obovate ; upper cauline half-clasping, obtuse, sparingly and coarsely serrate or entire : peduncles thickened under the head : rays pink, about 3 lines long. — Spec. ii. 863; Willd. Spec. iii. 1957; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 171, not Michx., Ell., &c. E. purpureum, Ait. Kew. iii. 186, DC. 1. c. E. pulchellus, var., Hook. PL ii. 19 (N. W. Am.). — Moist fields and border of woodlands, Hudson's Bay to Florida, Texas, California, and Brit. Columbia: fl. summer. B. quercifolius, Lam. Pubescent with short spreading hairs, sometimes cinereous, about a foot high : radical and lowest cauline leaves obovate or spatulate, from repand to sinuate- pinnatifid : heads smaller than in the preceding : rays barely 2 lines long, from bluish or purplish to white. — 111. t. 681, f. 4; Poir. Diet. vii. 490; Reichenb. Ic. Exot. t. 134 (?); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. Philadelphicus, Michx. Fl. ii. 123 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 396 ; DC. 1. c, not L. — Low grounds, S. Carolina to Florida and Texas ; fl. spring. ****** Perennial by rooting from decumbent or creeping leafy stems or stolons : raj r s very numerous and narrow: heads solitary, slender-peduncled. B. repens. Cinereous-pubescent : stems prostrate or ascending from the slender root ; pros- trate ones rooting at the nodes : leaves obovate or broadly spatulate with cuneate base taper- ing into a petiole, obtusely and deeply 5-9-toothed or almost lobed : peduncles scapiform, 4 to 8 inches long : involucre 4 lines high : rays 3 lines long, white : pappus simple. — E. scaposus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 170; Gray, PI. Lindli. i. 11, but hardly the Mexican E. scapo- sus nor E. longipes, DC. E. scaposus, var.? cuneifolius, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 94. — Sandy sea-coast, Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. (Probably also on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande.) B. flagellaris, Gray. More or less cinereous with fine appressed pubescence : stems slen- der, diffusely decumbent and flagelliform but leafy, some prostrate, many at length rooting at the apex and proliferous : leaves small, entire ; radical spatulate and petioled ; those of the branches passing to linear (from an inch to 3 lines long) : peduncles 2 to 5 inches long : head barely 3 lines high : rays white or purplish : pappus double, the outer subulate-setnlose. — PI. Fendl. 69 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 153. E. divergens, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 242. E. divergens, var., Gray, PI. Wright. — Banks of streams, W. Texas and New Mexico to Colorado and S. W. Utah; also north to the Upper Platte; first coll. by Fendler. ******* Annuals or sometimes biennials, leafy-stemmed and branching: heads con- spicuously radiate, except in one species. n— Akenes narrow, little compressed, with a broad and whitish truncate apex and a simple capil- lary pappus : heads small (only 3 lines high) : rays 40 to 70, not very narrow. E. Bellidiastrum, Nutt. A diffusely or loosely branched annual, a span or two high, cinereous-pubescent: leaves entire, spatulate-linear or the lowest broader (an inch or less long): heads paniculate, short-peduncled : rays light purple. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 307; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 170; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 648. —Low grounds, plains of Nebraska to New Mexico ; first coll. by Nuttall. 4- .4— Akenes compressed, 2-nerved: pappus more or less double; outer short and subulate- squamellate or sometimes coroniform ; inner often fragile or deciduous. ++ Leaves entire, sometimes dentate or lower incisely lobed, not dissected. — Phalacroloma, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 175. = Rays of the middle-sized or rather large heads numerous, well exserted, and with pappus like the disk-flowers : leaves all entire : Southwestern species. E. Rtisbyi. Hirsute-pubescent or hispidulors, but green : stems a foot high from probably annual or biennial root, sparingly branched, somewhat diffuse or spreading, equably leafy : cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely sessile by a broad base, about an inch long; 218 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. radical not larger, obovate or apatulate, slender-petioled : heads solitary, terminating the branches, on rather slender peduncles : involucre broad, 3 lines high, slightly pubescent : rays about 50, apparently white, 4 lines long, not very narrow : pappus indistinctly double, the outer short and setulose. — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby. E. Arizonious, Gray. Cinereous-hirsute throughout : stem 2 feet high from an annual root, strict, with simple branches, leafy : leaves oblong-lanceolate and. sessile, or lower ob- ovate-oblong and petioled, an inch or two long : heads solitary and short-peduncled, termi- nating the branches, half -inch high and broad : involucre hirsute : rays 80 to 100, white, 4 or 5 lines long : outer pappus very conspicuous, setose-squamellate. — Near Tanner's Canon in the Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. — = R ays f the small heads rather numerous but small, shorter than or barely equalling the flowers of the convex disk. Verges to § Cmnotus. E. incomptus. A foot or two high, branched from the base, slender and erect, hirsute with short spreading pubescence, leafy : leaves narrowly linear (half-inch or inch long, a line or less wide), or lower narrowly spatulate-lanceolate and attenuate into slender petiole : heads slender-peduncled : involucre 2 lines high, shorter than the hemispherical disk : rays either very numerous or fewer, slender, with ligule only a line long, bluish or purplish : outer pappus conspicuous, subulate-squamellate, longer than the breadth of the glabrate akene; inner scanty and rather deciduous. — Carysito, Lower California, near the U. S. border, within which it probably occurs, C. R. Orcutt. = = = Rays of the small heads only 30 or 40, well exserted, white, not very narrow, barely 3 lines long, and with pappus as in the disk-flowers: leaves narrow, entire. B. modestus, Gkay. A foot or less high and much branched from an indurated but an- nual root, slender, rigid, cinereous-hirsute or hispid : branches terminated by the small (2 lines high) slender-pedunculate heads: upper leaves linear and lower narrowly spatulate, about an inch long. — PI. Fendl. 68 (excl. syn.) & PI. Lindh. ii. 220. — Dry and sterile rocky plains, W. and N. W. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. = = == = Rays of small or barely middle-sized heads very numerous (about 100), narrow, with pappus like the disk-flowers ; the inner of rather scanty bristles ; outer of short subulate squamellse : leaves from entire to sparingly lobed. B. divergens, Tore. & Gray. Diffusely branched and spreading, a foot or less high, cinereous-pubescent or hirsute : leaves linear-spatulate or the upper linear and the lowest broader (these 2 to 4 lines wide, sometimes laciniately toothed or lobed) : heads 2 or 3 lines high, and the white or purplish or sometimes violet rays equally long : involucre hirsute: receptacle in age commonly very convex. — Fl. ii. 175; Gray, PI. Fendl., PI. Wright., &c. E. strigosus, var.. Hook. PI. ii. 18, in part. E. (Oligotrichium) divaricatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 311. — Low plains and river-banks, Nebraska to W. Texas, Washington Terr., and California. (Adj. Mex.) Var. oinereus, Gray, 1. c. Dwarf and flowering almost from the root, with the earliest heads on slender almost scapiform peduncles; or leafy and later heads shorter- peduncled: pubescence soft and cinereous. — E. cinereus, Gray, PI. Fendl. 68. E. nudijiorus, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 456. — W. Arkansas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) E. tenuis, Torr. & Gray. Branched from the annual or biennial root, ascending or erect, a span or two high, somewhat hirsute or pubescent : leaves oblong-spatulate or lanceolate, and the lowest obovate (4 to 6 lines wide), occasionally few-toothed or sinuate-lobed : heads little over 2 lines high: involucre nearly glabrous : rays white and purplish. — Fl. ii. 175. E. quercifolium, Nutt.; DC. Prodr. v. 285, not Lam. E. Brazoensis, Buckley, 1. c. — Low grounds, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. = = = = = Eays of the small heads not excessively numerous, nor very narrow (2 or 3 lines long), white or barely purplish-tinged; the bristles of their pappus commonly wanting or very few : outer pappus a short crown of distinct or partly united slender squamellie, persistent after the fragile inner pappus has fallen: tall and erect winter annuals or biennials, leafy, branched above, bearing corymbosely cymose or paniculate heads, commonly produced all sum- mer: leaves green, sometimes serrate or the lower incised: weedy species, of wide distribution; the two generally distinct in the Atlantic States, hardly so on the Pacific side. — Phalacroloma, Cass. Diet, xxxix. 404. E. &nnuus, Pers. Sparsely hirsute with spreading hairs, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves membra- naceous, from ovate to broadly lanceolate, mostly serrate, lower often very coarsely so : Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 219 involucre commonly beset with some bristly hairs. — Syn. ii. 431 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 20 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 175. E. heterophyllus, Muhl. in Willd. iii. 1956 ; Pers. 1. u. ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 148 ; Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 21. E. strigosus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 302, not Muhl. Aster annuus, L. Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ii. 875. Pulicaria annua, Gsertn. Fruct. ii. 462. Diplopappus dubius, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817 & 1818. Stenactis dubia, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 485. S. annua & S. strigosa (excl. syn.), DC. Prodr. >'. 299. Phalacrohma acutifolinm, Cass. Diet, xxxix. 405. — Fields and open, grounds, common from Canada to Virginia: also in Oregon, &c, in a form quite intermediate between this and the following. (Nat. in Eu.) E. strigOSUS, Muhl. Pubescence appressed, either sparse and strigose or close and minute : stem seldom over 2 feet high : leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate and the upper entire ; lower from spatulate-lanceolate to oblong, often sparingly serrate : involucre with few or no bristly hairs. — Willd. Spec. 1. c. ; EU. Sk. ii. 394; Hook. 1. c; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. ner- vosum, Pursh, 1. c, not Willd. E. ambiguus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 147. E. Philadelphicus, Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 20. E. integrifolius, Bigel. 1. c. Doronicum ramosum, Walt. Car. 205. Phalacroloma obtusifolium t Cass. Diet, xxxix. 405. Stenactis ambigua, DC. 1. c. — Dry open grounds, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas, Oregon, and California. Passes into or mixes with the preceding. Occurs rarely with abortive rays, var. discoideus, Bobbins, in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 237. Var. Beyrichii. A slender form, with minute and sometimes almost cinereous pu- bescence, smaller heads, and rays from white to pale rose-color. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. Beyrichii, Hort. Berol. Stenactis Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer,' Ind. Sem. Petrop. v. 27. Pha- lacroloma Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. vi. 63. — Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas, perhaps first coll. by Beyrich. ++ ++ Leaves pinnately parted into narrow divisions : rays very numerous (100 or more) and nar- row: pappus alike in ray and disk; the bristles of the inner veiy deciduous; the short squa- mellse of the outer more or less confluent into a multidentate crown. — Original of Stenactis, Cass, ex Benth. Polyactis, Less. Syn. Comp. 188. Polyactidium, DC. Prodr. v. 281. B. Neo-Mexicanus, Grat. A foot or two high from a, biennial or winter-annual root, leafy, paniculately branched, hispidulous or hispid with spreading bristly hairs : divisions of the cauline leaves 3 to 9, linear or linear-spatulate, obtuse, of the radical shorter and broader : rays white or purplish-tinged, narrowly linear, 4 or 5 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. E. delphinifolius, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 77 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 153 (where the root is said to be perennial, which needs confirmation), not Willd. — Hillsides, New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock, Lernrnon. E. delphinif6lius, Willd. (Stenactis, Cass., Polyactidium, DC), from which Bentham first distinguished our very similar species, appears to be wholly Mexican, has appressed pubescence and more numerous as well as more slender rays. § 2. TKiMORPHisA. Rays inconspicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not exceeding the disk : within them a series of rayless filiform female flowers (com- monly none in the last species) : leaves entire or nearly so. — Trimorphcea, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. & liv. # Stems low from a truly perennial rootstock, mostly simple and monocephalous : ray-corollas bearing a few long and articulated hairs on the upper part of the tube : short outer pappus manifest. E. alpinus, L. A span or so high, 1-3-cephalous : herbage and involucre more or less hir- sute: leaves entire; lowest spatulate, uppermost usually linear: rays purple, about twice the length of the pappus. — Spec. ii. 864; Engl. Bot. t. 464; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Hook. Fl. ii. 18, excl. vara. ; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 914. — High region of Northern Rocky Moun- tains, Drummond, only specimen seen is not certain. (Eu., N. Asia.) * # Stems a span to a foot or more high from a biennial or sometimes more enduring root, the larger plants branching and bearing several or numerous somewhat paniculately disposed heads : pappus nearly or quite simple. E. acris, L. More or less hirsute-pubescent, varying towards glabrous (not glandular) : cauline leaves mostly lanceolate, the lower and radical spatulate: involucre hirsute: rays slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the disk and pappus, purple : filiform female flowers numerous. — Spec. ii. 863; Engl. Bot. t. 1158; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 917; Blytt, Norg. 220 COMPOSITE. Erigeron. Fl. 561. E. alpinus & E. glabmtus, in part, Hook. Fl. 1. c. Trimorpboza vulgaris, Cass. Diet, liv. 324. — Anticosti to Labrador, Saskatchewan, &c, to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, and in the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado and Utah. (Eu., N. Asia.) Var. Drcebachensis, Blytt, 1. c. Somewhat glabrous, or even quite so : involucre also green, naked, at most hirsute only at the base, often minutely viscidulous: slender rays somewhat slightly exserted, sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. — E. Drcebachensis, O. Mueller, Fl. Dan. t. 874 ; Fries, Summa Scand. 182; Eeichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 916. E. elongatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 91, & Fl. Ross. ii. 487. E. Kamtschati- cus, DC. Prodr. v. 290. E. glabratus, Hook. Fl. ii. 18, mainly, not Hoppe. — New Bruns- wick and the north shore of Lake Superior to the Arctic Circle and Kotzebiie Sound, south along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, at about 10,000 feet. Clearly passes into the other form. (Eu., N. Asia.) Var. debilis. Sparsely pilose : stems a span to a foot high from an apparently per- ennial root, slender, 1-3-cephalous : leaves bright green ; radical obovate or oblong ; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, short : involucre sparsely hirsute or upper part glabrate, the attenu- ate tips of the bracts spreading : rays in flower rather conspicuously surpassing the disk. — Northern Rocky and Cascade Mountains, Montana, Canby, Sargent, at Woodruff's Falls, the tips of involucral bracts strongly recurved. Mount Paddo, Suksdorf, Ho/well. Also Hud- son's Bay, Burke, and N. Labrador, named by Steetz, E. Drcebachensis, var. hirsutus. Pass- ing into that species or form. E. armerisBfolius, Tukcz. Sparsely hispid-hirsute or the leaves glabrous and most of the (narrowly linear and elongated) cauline bristly-ciliate : inflorescence more racemose and strict : involucre sparsely hirsute : rays filiform, extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the disk, whitish, no filiform ray less flowers seen (even in Siberian specimens, though described by Turczauinow). — Cat. Baik. & DC. Prodr. v. 291 ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 489 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 648, & Bot. Calif, i. 326. E. lonchophyllus, Hook. Fl. ii. 18. E. glabratus, var. minor, Hook. 1. c, partly. E. racemosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 312. — Sas- katchewan and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, mountains of S. Utah, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada, California. (N. Asia.) § 3. CjENOtus, Nutt. Rays of the small and narrow seemingly discoid (and mostly thyrsoid-paniculate) heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk or pappus ; the narrow ligule always shorter than its tube, often shorter than the style-branches, or even obsolete : disk-flowers sometimes few, with usually 4-toothed corolla : annuals or biennials, with the aspect of Conyza, and passing into that genus : the pappus in the genuine species simple : bracts of the involucre not rarely somewhat unequal and imbricated. — Gen. ii. 148 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 281. * Floccose-lanuginous with white wool, destitute of either hirsute or viscid pubescence. E. eriophtfllus, Gkay. A foot or two high, bearing few heads on almost leafless branches : lower leaves spatulate-oblong/obtuse, serrate near the apex (inch long) ; upper linear, entire : involucre glabrate (3 lines high) : corollas purplish, not exceeding the pappus: akenes ob- long-obovate, flat, callous-margined : pappus completely simple, somewhat deciduous in a ring. — PI. Wright, ii. 77. — S. Arizona, on the Sanoita, Wright. * * Lightly arachnoid, but green and at length naked, somewhat viscid-pubescent. E. SUbdecurrens, Schultz Bip. A foot or two high, strict, bearing numerous heads in a virgate racemiform leafy thyrsus : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate (inch or less long), spar- ingly dentate, or the lower sometimes sinuate-laciniate, the base partly adnate-claspiug : invo- lucre (2 lines high) sparsely hirsute with viscid hairs: flowers whitish: ligules very short : disk-flowers 6 to 10: pappus scanty, somewhat deciduous in a ring. — Conyza subdecurrens, DC. Prodr. v. 379. C. Coulteri, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 155, not Gray. — Arizona, on Mount Graham at 9,000 feet, Rothrock. (Mex., Schaffner, Parry & Palmer, &c.) # * * Pubescence hirsute or hispid, neither lanate nor viscid, very leafy. -I- Introduced weed : heads fully 3 lines high. E. linip6lius, Willd. A foot or two high, rather strict, bearing loosely paniculate heads, hirsute, also somewhat scabrous with minute appressed pubescence : upper leaves narrowly Bacchant. COMPOSITE. 221 linear, mostly entire, narrowed downward; lowest broader, incisely toothed or laciniate- involucre cinereous-pubescent : ligules very small, shorter than the style and the at length ferruginous pappus. — Spec. iii. 1955 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 495. E. ambiguus, Schultz Bip in Phyt. Cauar. ii. 208. E. Bonariensis, DC. Prodr. v. 289, in part. Conyza ambigua, DC. Fl. Franc. & Prodr. 1. c. C. sinuata, Ell. Sk. ii. 323. — Waste grounds, coast of S. Carolina to Florida. (Intr. from tropics.) ■*-■*- Indigenous weeds ; but the common species now cosmopolitan: heads only 2 lines high: involucre almost glabrous: leaves commonly more or less hispid-ciliate. E. Canadensis, L. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous : stem strict, 1 to 4 feet high, with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauperate plants only a few inches high and with few scattered heads : leaves linear, entire, or the lowest spatulate and incised or few-toothed : rays white, usually a little exserted and surpassing the style-branches. — Spec. ii. 863 ; Fl. Dan. t. 292 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 167. E. paniculatus, Lam. Fl. Franc. E. pu- sillus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 148, a depauperate form. E. strictum, DC. Prodr. v. 289, a strict and setose-hispid form. Senecio ciliatus, "Walt. Car. 208. — Open or waste grounds, throughout temperate N. America, especially the warmer parts. (Nat. in Eu., &c.) E. diyaricatus, Michx. Low (a span to a foot high), diffusely much branched, somewhat fastigiate : leaves all narrowly linear or subulate, entire : rays purplish, rarely surpassing the style-branches or the pappus. — Fl. ii. 123; Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c — Open grounds and river banks, Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Texas. 50. CONYZA (Tourn., L. in part), Less. (Name used by Dioscorides and Pliny for some kind of Fleabane, supposed to come from kwvwi//, a flea.) — Her- baceous or some shrubby, of various habit ; what were the original species belong to Inula, &c, those now referred to it are of warm regions, and approach the Ganotus section of Erigeron. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 283. C. Coulteri, Gray. Apparently annual, a foot or two high, commonly branched, bearing numerous small heads in a mostly crowded thyreoid leafy panicle, viscidly pubescent or partly hirsute with many-jointed hairs : cauline leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate- oblong and with partly clasping base, from dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid (an inch or two long) : involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spreading hairs, considerably shorter than the soft pappus : flowers whitish ; the numerous female with an entire corolla- tube barely half the length of the style; hermaphrodite flowers only 5 to 7. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355, & Bot. Calif, i. 332. C. subdecurrens, Gray, PI. Fendl. 78, & PI. Wright. i. 102, not of DC. Erigeron discoideus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 55. E. subdecurrens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78. — River-bottoms, &c, W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and California. Much resembling C. subdecurrens, DC, which, from the more developed corolla of the ray, is referred to Erigeron, but has also a different pubescence. (Adj. Mex.) Var. tenuisecta. Greener, extremely leafy: leaves pinnately or even somewhat bipinnately parted into linear lobes : heads smaller and very numerous in an ample panicle. — S. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. Apparently growing with the ordinary form. 51. BACCHARIS, L. (Named after Bacchus, unmeaningly.) — Shrubs, undershrubs, or some perennial herbs ; with alternate simple leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, and the branches commonly striate or sulcate-angled, bearing small heads of white or whitish or yellowish flowers. A huge American genus, chiefly tropical and S. American. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 286; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 212. § 1. Pappus of the fertile flowers very copious and pluriserial, elongated in fruiting, soft: akenes 5-10-costate: stems herbaceous from a lignescent or more woody base : leaves linear, 1 -nerved : receptacle flat and broad, naked. Here also B. juncea, of S. Brazil (Arrkenachne, Cass., Stephananthus, Lehm.), and B. Seemanni, of Mexico. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 211. 222 COMPOSITE. Baccharis. B. Wrightii, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branching, sparsely leaved : slender branches terminated by solitary heads : leaves small ; uppermost linear-subulate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high ; its bracts lanceolate, gradually acuminate, conspicuously scarious-margined, with a green back : pappus fulvous or some- times purplish, four times the length of the scabrous-glandular 8-10-nerved akene. — PI. Wright, i. 101, & ii. 83. — W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) B. Texana, Gray. Glabrous, a foot or more high, with many nearly simple rigid stems from a woody base, leafy to the top, where it bears a few somewhat corymbosely disposed heads : leaves an inch or two long, rather rigid : involucre 3 lines long, -of firmer and nar- rower merely acute bracts : akenes smoother. — PI. Fendl. 75, & PI. Wright. 1. c. Linosyris Texana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 232, male plant. Aplopappus linearif alius, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 457. — Texas, forming large patches in dry prairies, Berlandier, Drum- mond, Wright, &c. § 2. Pappus of the fertile flowers more or less copious, but tmiserial or nearly so, conspicuously elongating in fruiting, soft and fine, mostly flaccid and bright white: akenes 10-nerved: branching shrubs, glabrous or nearly so, usually viscous with a resinous exudation : leaves sometimes lobed or angulate-dentate : heads glomerate or paniculate : receptacle naked and flat. * Eastern species, of the coast or along streams in subsaline soil: shrubs 3 to 12 feet high. B. halimif 61ia, L. Cauline leaves from dilated-obovate to oblong with cuneate base, attenu- ate into a petiole, laciniately or angulately 3-9-toothed, those of the flowering branchlets be- coming lanceolate and mostly entire : heads in pedunculate and paniculate glomerules (3 to 5 together) : involucre of the male heads only 2 lines long, of oblong-ovate obtuse bracts ; of the female rather longer and narrower, the inner bracts linear-lanceolate and acute. — Spec. ii. 860; Michx. PI. ii. 125; Duham. Arb. i. t. 60. — Sea-coast, New England to Florida and Texas. (W. Ind.) B. glomeruliflora, Pers. Brighter green : leaves mostly cuneate-obovate or the upper- most spatulate, less petioled or sessile, merely angulate-toothed : heads larger, sessile or in very short-peduncled glomerules in the axils of the upper leaves : involucre of both sexes campanulate, pluriserially imbricate, of obtuse bracts. — Syn. ii. 423 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 523. B. sessiliflora, Michx. Fl. ii. 125 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 320, not Vahl. — Swamps near the coast, N. Caro- lina to Florida. (Bermuda.) B. salicina, Torr. & Gray. Leaves mostly subsessile, from oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, rarely entire : heads or glomerules pedunculate : involucre of both sexes campanulate (nearly 3 lines long), of mainly ovate and acutish bracts. — Fl.. ii. 258. B. sali- cifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 337. — Colorado (banks of the Arkansas, &c.) to W. Texas, on the Bio Grande, near El Paso. B. angustifolia, Michx. Bather strict : leaves narrowly-linear (larger 2 or 3 inches long, a line or two wide), entire or with few denticulations ; and some lower ones broadly lanceo- late and more serrate : heads or glomerules short-pedunculate, amply paniculate : involucre ■2 lines long, of oblong-ovate or lanceolate bracts, the outer obtuse, innermost acute. — Fl. ii. 125; Ell. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. salicina, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 101, not of ii., nor Nutt. — Brackish marshes, &c, S. Carolina to Florida, and to Texas on the Rio Grande ; also S. Arizona, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex.) # # Western species (Pacific coast to Arizona) : branches smooth or nearly so, striate-angled. B. pilularis, DC. Either depressed, spreading on the ground, or more' erect and sometimes 4 feet high, leafy up to the glomerate sessile heads: leaves short (seldom over inch long), obovate and cuneate or roundish, very obtuse, sessile, coarsely few-toothed or some entire : involucre nearly hemispherical, 2 lines long ; its bracts oval and oblong, all bnt the inner- most very obtuse : flowers bright white : fertile pappus not over 4 lines long. — B. pilularis & B. consanguinea, DC. Prodr. v. 407, 408 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 259 ; Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25. B. glomeruliflora, Less, in Linn. vi. 506; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 147. — Near the coast, Monterey, California, to Oregon. B. Emoryl, Gray. Erect, with slender branches, 2 to 15 feet high: cauline leaves mostly oblong or the lower broader, with attenuate or cuneate base and the larger somewhat Baccharis. COMPOSITE. 223 petioled, more or less triplinerved, often with 2 to 4 short lobes or teeth; those of the branches from oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire, 1 -nerved: heads somewhat nakedly paniculate on the branchlets, short-pedunculate or the glomerules more or less pedunculate : involucre campanulate or oblong, 3 or sometimes 4 lines long, mostly of firm coriaceous and obtuse bracts; the outermost oval, inner oblong, the innermost thin, linear and acutish : pap- pus of male flowers bearded towards the tip ; of the female in fruit half-inch long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 83, & Bot. Calif, i. 333, described from mere branches. B. pilularis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c, partly, not DC. B. salicina, Kothr. in Wheeler Hep. vi. 156, & Bot. Calif, ii. 456, partly. — Along watercourses, from Los Angeles southward, through Arizona and in S. Nevada and Utah. B. sarothroid.es, Gray. Erect, fastigiately much branched, 10 to 15 feet high : leaves all nearly linear, entire, 1-nerved, rigid, small ; the larger (less than inch long and 2 lines wide) narrowed at base; those of the slender and strongly striate-angled branchlets commonly sparse and minute : heads loosely paniculate, terminating ultimate naked branchlets, small : involucre of the male campanulate, hardly 2 lines long ; of the female rather oblong, only about 10-flowered ; short outer bracts ovate or oval, very obtuse, innermost thin and broadly linear: clavellate tips of male pappus naked: female pappus in fruit 3 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 211. — S. California, from San Diego to the Mexican line, Sutton Hayes, Palmer. Has been confounded with B. Emori/i and B. sergiloides. (Adj. Mex.) # # * Species of Mexican border, with branchlets terete, less striate, pruinose-scabridous. B. pteronioid.es, DC. Diffusely branched: leaves small (rarely half-inch long), crowded and fascicled on the branchlets, from lanceolate-spatulate to linear, thickish, nearly veinless, the larger 2-6-dentate : heads singly terminating very short densely leafy branchlets, which are crowded in a virgate or racemose way along the branches : involucre 3 lines long, cam- panulate ; the outer bracts ovate or oblong : pappus of the male flowers not at all clavellate ; of the female in fruit 4 lines long, not much surpassing the corolla. — Prodr.v.410. B.ramu- losa, Gray, PI. Thurb. 301, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 84. Aplopappus ramulosus, DC. 1. c. 350. Linosyris (Aplodiscus) ramulosa, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 97, & ii. 80. — New Mexico and Ari- zona. (Mex.) § 3. Pappus rather rigid and scanty, short, not elongated with age, of the fertile flowers even in fruit not surpassing the style : akenes 10-nerved (the 5 primary nerves sometimes the more prominent) : fertile corollas regularly cleft at apex into 5 subulate lobes : some chaff among the flowers on the sometimes elevated receptacle similar to the innermost involucral bracts : branches broom-like. B. sergiloides, Gkat. SufEruticose, glabrous, 3-to 5 feet high, very much branched; the slender and partly herbaceous branches and branchlets strongly striate-angled and naked, bearing a few small leaves and paniculate mostly short-pedunculate heads : larger leaves spatulate, entire, rarely 2-4-toothed (the larger seldom over half-inch long) : heads 2 or 3 lines long : bracts of the involucre small, oblong or lanceolate, rather obtuse, of firm texture : fertile pappus barely twice the length of the mature akenes. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 83, Pacif . E. Bep. iv. 101, & Bot. Calif, i. 333, partly, and not well characterized. — Arid districts of S. E. California and adjacent Nevada to S. W. Utah, Bigelow, Wheeler, Palmer, Parish, &c. Varies in the amount of imbrication of the involucre, and the number of chaffy scales ; when these are numerous the receptacle becomes conical and the disk very convex. § 4. Pappus of the fertile flowers not flaccid, little if at all elongated in fruit, not very copious : akenes only 5-nerved, sometimes 4-nerved. Southwestern, chiefly Pacific species. # Scabro-puberulent or pubescent throughout, not glutinous : fruiting pappus manifestly surpass- ing the style: heads loosely paniculate: bracts of the involucre scarious-margined from a green or greenish back or centre, acute or acuminate : stems herbaceous from a woody or merely lig- nescent base, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves not rigid. B. brachyph^lla, Gray. Minutely scabro-puberulent, diffusely much Dranched, slender : leaves small, entire, mostly linear, 1-nerved, the larger cauline seldom over half-inch long, on the branchlets mostly becoming minute and scale-like: heads 3 lines long, 1 2-1 5-flowered : 224 COMPOSITE. Baccharis. involucre of oblong-lanceolate or broader bracts : pappus in fruit 3 lines long. — PI. Wright, ii. 83. — Rocky ground, S. Arizona to San Bernardino Co., California, Wright, Palmer, Parry. B. Plummerse, Gray. Loosely pubescent, moderately branched : leaves linear-oblong, ob- tuse, irregularly and acutely serrate, the larger an inch or two long, obscurely 3-nerved : heads 4 lines long : involucre of linear bracts : akenes somewhat compressed and puberulent, obscurely 5-nerved : pappus in fruit 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48, & Bot. Calif, ii. 456. — S. W. California, in mountain ravines behind Santa Barbara and Santa Monica, Miss Plummer, Parish, &c. # # Glabrous or nearly so and smooth, sometimes glutinous : pappus in fruit slightly if at all sur- passing the style. H— Bracts of the 15-30-flowered involucre from oblong to linear, rather firm and with green centre or costa: receptacle flat: leaves comparatively small and rather rigid, serrate with rigid or spinulose teeth. B. thesioid.es, HBK. A foot or two high from a woody base : branches rigid and slender : leaves linear-lanceolate or sometimes broader and narrowed to base, nearly or quite sessile, rather closely and evenly ciliately spinulose-serrate (the larger an inch or rarely 2 inches long), prominently 1-nerved, sometimes with obscure lateral nerves : heads 2 lines long, nu- merous in a corymbiform or an oblong naked panicle : pappus of the male flowers obscurely if at all thickened upward. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 61 ; DC. Prodr. v. 419. B. ptarmiccefolia, DC. 1. c. B. ptarmiccefolia ? or thesioides, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 83. — S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. (Mex.) B. Bigelovii, Gray. Stems more copiously and loosely branched : leaves less rigid, from linear to oblong and the broader ones sometimes petioled, irregularly seTrate, commonly obtuse : heads larger, more cymose : bristles of the male pappus thickened and barbellate at the tip. —Bot. Mex. Bound. 84. B. ptarmiccefolia? Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 83. — Woods and shaded hillsides, in Arizona and New Mexico, Biyelow, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon, Rusby. (Adj. Mex.) B. Havardi. Stems copiously branched, slender : leaves hardly at all rigid ; lower linear- oblanceolate and tapering into a slender petiole, laciniate-pinnatifid into several irregular slender-subulate lobes ; those of the branchlets narrowly linear, 2-3-toothed or entire : heads loosely paniculate, only the male known, these barely 2 lines high, about 15-flowered : involu- cral bracts oblong : bristles of the pappus rigid, clavellate. — Guadelupe Mountains, western borders of Texas, Havard. +- 4— Bracts of the involucre narrow!}' oblong or linear-lanceolate, thin and pale with greenish centre : heads short and broad, many-flowered : receptacle hemispherical or broadly conical! B. Douglasii, DC. Herbaceous nearly or quite to the ground, 3 to 5 feet high, loosely branched : leaves glutinous, not rigid, either entire or serrulate with minute and very acute denticulations, triplinerved from near the base, ovate-lanceolate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long) or the upper lanceolate, with attenuate-acute apex, the base contracted into a short margined petiole : heads numerous and densely cymose at the summit of naked branchlets, 3 lines long : involucral bracts erose-ciliate : female pappus barely 2 lines long, soft ; male somewhat clavellate and barbellate above. — Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 259, excl. syn. Nutt., &c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 333. B. Douglasii & B. Hcenkei, DC. 1. c. 400 & 401, the latter from Mon- terey in California. B. glutinosa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 147 ? — Moist or wet ground, California, from San "Francisco southward, and southeastward to San Bernardino. -t—+--i— Bracts of the involucre broader, thin-chartaceous, rather dry, with narrow scarious margins, at least the inner ones yellowish or tawnj-, destitute of green centre or distinct costa ; the outer bracts ovate, inner oblong: heads many-flowered: receptacle flat: stems very leafy up to the corj-mbosely paniculate or cymose inflorescence, more terete than in the preceding species : leaves lanceolate, willow-like, acute at both ends, either denticulate-serrate or entire, subsessile. B. glutinosa, Pers. Stems herbaceous above but woody toward the base, 3 to 10 feet high : branches somewhat striate-angled : leaves elongated-lanceolate, serrate with few or several scattered teeth on each side, more or less distinctly 3-nerved from near the base (3 or 4 and the larger 5 or 6 inches long) : heads mostly 3 lines long or the male smaller, numerous and corymbosely cymose at the summit of comparatively simple stems or branches : involucre Pluchea. COMPOSITE. 225 stramineous. — Syn. ii. 425; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech, i. 31 (Molina viscosa, Ruiz & Pav. Syst. 207). B. glutinosa, B. ccerulescens, & B. Alamuni, DC. Prodr. 1. c. 402, 403. B. Pingrcea, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 337, excl. syn. B. glutinosa & B. ccerulescens, Gray, Bot! Calif, i. 333. — Along streams and in moist ground, S. California, from Los Angeles south- ward, and through Arizona to S. Colorado and the borders of Texas : fl. late in autumn (Mex. to Chili.) B. viminea, DC. Stems truly shrubby, 6 to 12 feet high, producing short lateral flowering branches, these terete and minutely striate : leaves lanceolate, entire or some sparingly den- ticulate, obscurely 3-nerved, 2 or 3 inches long, or much smaller on the flowering shoots : heads usually 4 lines long, hemispherical, in small cymose clusters terminating numerous lateral branchlets: involucre tawny. — Prodr. v. 400; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 333. — Along streams, California, from Monterey southward and to San Bernardino Co. : flowering in early spring ; the foliage persisting all winter. Tribe IV. INULOIDE.E, p. 5T. 52. PLtTCHEA, Cass. (For the Abbe" V. A. Pluche, an amateur natu- ralist of the latter part of the eighteenth century.) — Warm-temperate or tropical plants ; with alternate pinnately veined leaves, and heads of flesh-colored or dull purple flowers, cymosely or paniculately disposed or rarely solitary at the sum- mit of the stem or branches. — Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817, & Diet. Sci. Nat. xlii.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 290. § 1. Berthelotia. Pappus of the hermaphrodite-sterile (or rarely fertile) flowers of more rigid bristles with clavellate-dilated tips: involucre chartaceo- coriaceous ; the innermost narrowly linear and deciduous with the flowers. Very leafy sericeous-canescent shrubs. — Cray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 212. Berthelotia, DC. Prodr. v. 375. P. borealis, Gray, I.e. (Cachimilla, Arrow-wood.) Shrub several feet high, much branched, willow-like, very leafy up to the cymulose-glomerate heads, silvery with the very ■ close and fine appressed pubescence : leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute at both ends : involucre campanulate ; its outer bracts ovate, obtuse, tomentose : bristles of the pappus of the central flowers little stouter than of the others, but with abruptly enlarged tips, not united at base : style of the same entire. — Tessaria borealis, Torr. & Gray, in Emory Rep. (Notes of Reconnoissance, 1848) 143; & Sitgreaves Rep. 162, t. 5; Gray, PI. FendL 75, PI. Wright, i. 102 (§ Phalacrocline), & Bot. Calif, i. 334. Poli/pappus sericeus, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 178. — Sandy banks of streams, from the Rio Grande on the western borders of Texas to S. California: fl. summer. § 2. Stylimnus. Pappus of both kinds of flowers fine and similar, more or less soft, none of the bristles at all thickened at tip : bracts of the involucre thin or thinnish : corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers somewhat enlarged upward : heavy-scented herbs, or in the tropics shrubby, somewhat pubescent and glandular, with membranaceous or slightly succulent pinnately-veiny leaves, commonly with some callous-mucronate teeth : heads cymose-clustered : flowers dull purple, in late summer or autumn. — Stylimnus & Gynema, Raf. in Jour. Phys. 1819, & Ann. Nat. 1820, 15. Leptogyne, Ell. Sk. ii. 322, as subgenus. Pluchea (Stylimnus) § 3, DC. Prodr. v. 451. The first of the following species may fairly retain the now established name, rather than have a new one made ; but Conyza bifrons was founded by Linnseus on European Inulce, viz. on Hermann's figure, which in ed. 2 he refers to that genus, and on one of Plukenet's (mistaken for Canadian), which is certainly /. bifrons, as his herbarium shows. Of the many names for our second species, 15 226 COMPOSITE. Pluchea. one of De Candolle's, which continues the principal Linnsean specific name, is to be preferred. Oonyza Carolinensis, Jacq., is Pluchea odorata, wrongly attrib- uted to Carolina. P. bifrons, DC. Stems nearly simple, 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial root : leaves veiny, acutely denticulate, from oblong to lanceolate, commonly obtuse at both ends (2 to 4 inches long), partly clasping or closely adnate-sessile : heads glomerate in leafy-bracted sessile clusters : involucral bracts lanceolate. — Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 260, excL syn. L. ! Baccharis fcetida, L. Spec. 861, as to pi. Gronov. B. viscosa, Walt. Car. 202. Conyza bifrons, Pursh, Ell. 1. c, &c, not L. C. amplexicaulis, Michx. PI. ii. 126. C. uliginosa, Pers. •Syn. ii. 427. — Wet soil, Cape May, New Jersey, and through the low country to Keys of Plorida (where is a very narrow-leaved variety, Conyza angustifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 109?), and Texas. (W. Ind.) P. camph.orata, DC. Stems 2 to 5 feet high from an annual (not perennial) root: leaves from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at botb ends, denticulate or den- tate (3 to 8 inches long), the larger distinctly or indistinctly petioled ; primary veins often evident, but veinlets obscure : heads numerous and crowded in naked convex or corymbif orm cymes, commonly short-pedicelled : involucral bracts from ovate to lanceolate, often tinged with purple. — Erigeron camphoratum, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1212 (Gronov. Virg. ed. 1, 96, Clayt. no. 165). Baccharis fcetida, L. Spec. ed. 1, 861, as to syn. Dill., not as to Gronov. Conyza Marilandica, etc., Dill. Elth. t. 88, fig. 104, & C. Americana frutescens, etc., Dill. 1. c. t. 89. C. Marylandica, Michx. 1. c. C. Marilandica & C. camphorata, Pursh, PI. ii. 523 ; Ell. 1. c. Gynema dentata, viscida, &c, Raf. Ann. Nat. 159. Pluchea Marilandica & P. petiolata, Cass. Diet. 1. c. P. Marilandica, fcetida, camphorata,- also (W. Ind.) P. purpurascens & P. glabrata? DC. 1. c. P. fcetida, camphorata, & purpurascens, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 261. — Salt marshes and moist saline soil, Mass. to Florida, Texas, Arizona, and coast of California: in shady places or less saline soil, with leaves thinner and more petioled, and involucre almost glabrous, when it is P. petiolata, Cass. (Adj. Mex., W. Ind.) 53. PTEROCAtTLON, Ell. Black-eoot. (IlrepoV, wing, and kchAo's, stem.) — Mostly perennial herbs, the typical species American ; with one excep- tion all tomentose-canescent except the upper face of the sessile pinnately veined leaves, these decurrent on the whole stem, forming wings ; small sessile heads spicate at the summit of the stem and virgate branches ; the flowers usually white or whitish, in summer. — Ell. Sk. ii. 323 ; DC. Prodr. v. 453. Chlcenobolus, Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. xlix. 348. P. pyenostachyum, Ell. 1. o. Roots fasciculate and tuber-like or fusiform, black : stem 2 feet high, mostly simple : leaves from oblong to lanceolate, minutely denticulate : heads crowded in a dense and continuous spiciform naked thyrsus (of 3 to 8 inches in length) : in- volucre lanate-tomentose. — Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 262. Conyza pyenostachya, Michx. Fl. ii. 126. Chlcenobolus pyenostachyus, Cass. 1. u, Gnaphalium undulatum, Walt. Car. 203. — Dry pine barrens, near the coast, N. Carolina to Plorida. P. virgatum, DC. Root fusiform and fibrose (perhaps biennial) : stem slender, simple or with virgate branches : leaves linear and very acute, entire, or the lower cauline lanceolate and obscurely serrulate, the venation hardly apparent : heads narrow, in separated glomer- ules ; these forming a virgate and elongated interrupted spike-like inflorescence : involucre appressed-tomentose, or the subulate inner bracts glabrate. — Prodr. v. 454. Gnaphalium virgatum, L. Amcen. Acad. v. 405. Conyza virgata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1206, with syn. Chlcenobolus virgatus, Cass. I.e. — Open pine woods 'near Houston, Texas, Lindheimer. (W. Ind., Mex.) l 54. MfCROPUS, L. (Mi/cpos, small, novs, foot, the soft-woolly small heads or clusters like Leontopodium, or Lion's-foot, on a small scale.) — Low floccose-woolly annuals, with alternate entire leaves, belonging to the Old World, except our Pacific coast species. — Gaertn. Fr. t. 164; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 267; Stylocline. COMPOSITE. 227 Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 297 (excl. § 3, 4) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 651, & Bot. Calif, i. 335.— - Our species, of the section Bombyciljena (with woolly fructiferous bracts smooth and crestless), approach Stylocline and Filago in the points which distinguish them from the European species. M. CaliforniCUS, Pisch. & Meter. Slender, erect, 6 to 12 inches high : leaves mostly linear : fructiferous bracts 5 or 6, at length firm-coriaceous, somewhat half-obcordate or half- obovate in outline, straight anteriorly, and with the soon erect beak-like tip largely scarious. — Ind. Sern. Petrop. 1835, 42; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 264; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. (Rlajn- cholepis) angustifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 339. — Plains and open ground from S. California northward, toward the coast, to Oregon. Heads vary in the wool, from long and copious, as in M. bombycinus, to short, as in the subjoined Var. SUbvestitus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Small ; the wool of the bracts all short and wholly appressed. — Arroyo Grande near Monte Diablo, California, Brewer. M. amphlbolus, Gray. Resembles the more loose-woolly forms of the preceding : female flowers about 10, somewhat imbricated on an oblong receptacle; their fructiferous bracts membranaceous or merely chartaceous at maturity, the beak an ovate almost wholly hyaline appendage which in flower is almost as long as the body and inflexed, at maturity porrect : sterile flowers subtended by some linear thin chaff, and with a pappus of a few bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 214. — California, "Walnut Creek near Martinez, Brewer, anl coll. (probably in same district) Kellogg §■ Harford, distrib. 416. 55. STYL6CLINE, Nutt. (SrSAoc, a column, and K \ivq, a bed, or receptacle, from the form of this.) — Floccose-woolly annuals, a span or less in height, branched from the base, erect or spreading, with entire alternate leaves and more or less glomerate heads. — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 338; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 652, & Bot. Calif, i. 336. Micropus § 3 & 4, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 296. — Includes, besides the following species, S. (Diplo- cymbium) Griffithii of Afghanistan, most related to our second and very distinct section. § 1. Eustyiocline, Gray, 1. c. Fertile flowers numerous ; their chaffy bracts pluriserially and closely imbricated in an ovoid head, thin, with at least the broad tips hyaline (barely a green midrib or centre), ovate in outline, promptly falling from the receptacle after maturity along with the loosely enclosed akene ; those subtending the sterile flowers all scarious-hyaline and deciduous. Pappus of a very few capillary bristles generally present with the sterile flowers. — Sty- locline, Nutt. 1. c. S. gnaphalioid.es, Nutt. 1. c. Leaves broadly linear or the upper oblong, obtuse : fruc- tiferous bracts broadly ovate, moderately woolly on the back, almost wholly hyaline-scarious, a firmer central portion at base saccate-conduplicate and enclosing the narrowly obovate oblique laterally compressed akene. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 101, t. 13, &c. — Open grounds, California from the Stanislaus southward ; first coll. by Nuttall. S. micropoides, Gkay. Leaves somewhat narrower and rather acute : heads more woolly, appearing less scarious and imbricated ; fructiferous bracts having a narrower oblong-ovate hyaline tip, the oblong body densely long-woolly, without hyaline expanded margins, but wholly enwrapping the nearly straight and slightly compressed akene. — PI. Wright, ii. 84, & Bot. Calif. L c. Micropus Grayana, Hemsl. Bot. Centr.-Amer., name only. — Arid plains, S. California through S. Nevada and Arizona to New Mexico ; first coll. by Wright. § 2. Ancistkocakphtjs, Gray. Fertile flowers 5 to 9, loosely disposed on the slender receptacle; their enclosing bracts cymbiform, of firm texture except the narrow hyaline tip, tardily if at all deciduous at maturity ; the few sterile flowers involucrately subtended by about 5 larger open bracts ; these herbaceo-coriaceous, 228 COMPOSITE. Stylodine. ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a rigid and incurved-uncinate cusp, persistent and at length stellately spreading : akene obovate-fusiform and obscurely obcompressed (the pericarp distinct from the seed and obsoletely few-nerved !), loosely enclosed in the involutely closed bracts : no pappus to sterile flowers : no involucre out- side the fructiferous bracts. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 652. S. filaginea, Gray, 1. c. Erect or diffuse, appressed-lanate : leaves from linear to spatulate : heads capitate-glomerate, the hooked empty bracts at maturity 2 lines long. — Ancistrocar- phus Jilagineus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 356. — Open ground, California from Mendo- cino Co. (Bolander) to the Mohave Desert (Parry, Lemmon), and northward to Union Co., Oregon, Cusick. . Between Stylodine and Evax. 56. PSILOCARPHUS, Nutt. (*tAo'o h chaff, the chaffy bracts of the receptacle and of the involucre similar.) — Tropical American herbs ; with small heads of white or whitish flowers, either solitary or glomerate at the summit of a naked peduncle. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 110; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 365. Dunantia, DC Prodr. v. 626. I. Oppositifolia, R. Br. 1. c. Pubescent : stems slender, 1 to 3 feet high from a peren- nial (?) root, paniculately branched: leaves opposite, lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, triplinerved, entire or sparingly denticulate : heads commonly in threes, in fruit 4 or 5 lines long, narrow, with turbinate involucre : bracts of the involucre and receptacle pointed, becom- ing rigid and the receptacle columnar. — Calea oppositifolia, L. Dunantia Achyranthes, DC. Prodr. v. 672 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 37. — S. borders of Texas on the Rio Grande, Schott. (Adj. Mex., W. Ind.) 17 258 COMPOSITE. Spilanthes. 93. SPILANTHES, Jacq. (SttiAos, a spot or stain, aW?os, flower; name ordinarily without application.) — Usually spreading or creeping herbs (mainly tropical) ; with opposite and merely serrate leaves, rather small heads on pe- duncles terminating the stem and branches, the rays when present yellow or white, the disk-flowers yellow : herbage of some species acrid to the taste. Fl. summer. — Jacq. Amer. t. 214, Hort. Vind. t. 135, & Ic. Ear. t. 584; Schreb. Gen. 1266; DC. Prodr. v. 620. Spilanthus, L. Mant. 475; Gsertn. Fruct. ii. t. 167. — Our species is of the section Acmella, DC. {Acmella, Pers. Syn. ii. 472), having evident ligules. S. repens, Michx. Perennial by the creeping base, slender, spreading or ascending, from hirsute-pubescent to almost glabrous: stems 'slender, » foot or two long: leaves from lan- ceolate to oblong-ovate, an inch or two long, from sparsely denticulate to serrate, abruptly or sometimes gradually contracted at base into a petiole: peduncles 2 to 4 inches long: bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse : rays 8 to 12, yellow, rather shorter than the obtusely ovoid disk • receptacle at length subulate-conical : akenes oblong, less than a line long, not flat, most of them tuberculate-roughened in age and minutely hispidu- lous, the margins not more so than the sides : pappus none or occasionally one or two mi- nute awns. — Fl. ii. 131 ; DC. Prodr. v. 623. S. repens & S. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 356. Antliemis repens, Walt. Car. 211 ; Pursh, PI. ii. 562. Acmella repens, Pers. Syn. 1. c. A. repens & A. occidentalis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 171. — Low or wet ground, S. Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. 94. ECHINACEA, Moench. ('E^tvos, hedgehog, or sea-urchin, in allusion to the spinescent bracts of the receptacle.) — Atlantic N. American perennial herbs ; with thick and black roots of pungent taste (used in popular medicine under the name of Black Sampson), rather stout erect stems, undivided somewhat nervose leaves, the lower long-petioled, and solitary large heads on long peduncles ter- minating the stem and few branches ; in summer. Rays from flesh-color to rose-purple or crimson, much elongating with age: disk purplish. — Meth. 591; Cass. Diet, xxxv., xlvii., &c. ; DC. Prodr. v. 554, excl. sp. Mex. Brauneria, Necker. Heliochroa, Raf. Neog. 1825, no. 35, &c. E. purpurea, Moench. Commonly smooth and glabrous, or the leaves hispidulous and rough, sometimes the stem also hispid, 2 feet or more high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or the lower ovate from a broad base, commonly denticulate or acutely serrate, most of them abruptly contracted into a margined petiole, some of the middle occasionally opposite; lower often 3-5-plinerved involucre well imbricated: ligules (rarely almost white), at first an inch long and broadish, in age often elongated to 2 inches or more. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 305, with varieties. E. purpurea & E. serotina, DC. Prodr. v. 554. . Rudbeckia purpurea, L. Spec. ii. 907 (Catesb. Car. t. 59; Pluk. Aim. t. 21, &c.) ; Bot. Mag. £ 2 ; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 259 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept ii. t. 64. R. serotina, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 4, & Lodd. Cab. " t. 1539 (R. purpurea, var. serotina, Nutt. Gen. ii. 178), the hirsute or hispid form, which is R. hispida, Hoffm., and R. speciosa, Link. Enum., ex DC. Heliochroa Linnmana, elatior, ■ amorna, /areata, &c, Ilaf. Neog. 1. c — Rich or deep soil, Virginia and Ohio to Illinois and Louisiana. B. angustifolia, DC. Hispid, either sparsely or densely, a foot or two high, mostly sim- ple : leaves from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, entire, 3-nerved, all attenuate at base, the lower into slender petioles ; bracts of the involucre in only about 2 series : heads and flowers nearly of the preceding (the fruiting disk often an inch high), or sometimes very much smaller. — Prodr. 1. c; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 306; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3281 ; Sprague, "Wild Flowers of Amer. t.-25. .E. pallida & E. sanguinea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 354. Rudbeckia pallida, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 77. — Prairies and bar- rens, Saskatchewan and Nebraska to Texas, and east to Illinois, Tennessee, and Alabama; in several forms ; some too near the preceding. Budbeekia. COMPOSITE. 259 95. RUDBfiCKIA, L. Coneflower. (The two Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.) — N. American herbs, chiefly perennial ; with alternate leaves, either simple or compound, and commonly showy pedunculate heads terminating stem and branches ; the rays yellow, rarely with brown-purple base, in one species wholly crimson, the disk from fuscous to purplish black. Fl. summer. — Gsertn. Fr. t. 172. RudbecMa & Dracopis, Cass. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 307, 316. § 1. Eleudbeckja. Akenes prismatic-quadrangular, when laterally com- pressed yet with a salient angle or rib on the lateral faces : bracts persisting on the receptacle. — Rudbechia, Cass., &c. # Disk from hemispherical' to globose or bblong-ovoid, dark-purple (at least the corollas) or brown : akenes (not rarely becoming somewhat curved) inserted by a central or slightly oblique basal areola. -I— Leaves elongated-linear, as it were gramineous, but rigid, nervose, shining, entire: chaffy bracts of the receptacle firm or rigid, carinate-concave, commonly mucronate from the thickish obtuse summit, rather shorter than the subtended flowers : style-tips conical-capitate : disk dark brown, globular, becoming ovoid in fruit : stems rush-like and striate, 2 feet or more high from a perennial root, bearing solitary rather small heads on long naked peduncles : rays in one species dark crimson ! R. atrorubens, Nutt. Either glabrous or sparsely and minutely strigulose : stems rigid, nearly simple, few-leaved : leaves rather obtuse, often purplish ; radical and lowest cauline often a foot long, a, quarter to half an inch wide : involucre a few small subulate-linear bracts : rays 9 or more, oblong, half-inch long, dark crimson ; fructiferous disk two thirds of an inch long, its receptacle fusiform-conical ; its chaffy bracts thick and firm, oblong, tipped with a short rigid mucro : akenes equably quadrangular, straight and with centrally basal insertion, a line and a half long, inclusive of the short cupulate and obscurely 4-toothed pappus. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 80. Echinacea atrorubens, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 354; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 306 (with var. graminifolia) ; Chapm. Fl. 226. — Borders of pine-barren ponds, Georgia and Florida, in the low country (also Arkansas, according to Nuttall), Wray, Chapman, Mohr, &c. R. bupleuroid.es, Shuttl. Perfectly glabrous and smooth, divergently branching : leaves pale green, attenuate-acute ; the larger 7 or 8 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide : heads smaller; disk even when fructiferous hemispherical' or globular : rays bright sulphur-yellow, over half- inch long : chaffy bracts of the receptacle less rigid, obtuse with obscure or blunt mucro : akenes somewhat curved and with rather oblique insertion, 2 lines long, inclusive of the deep cupulate and irregularly dentate pappus. — Coll. Rugel distrib. by Shuttleworth ; Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 629. R. Mohrii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. — W. Florida. Wet pine barrens near St. Marks, Rugel, 1843. Margin of the Dead Lakes, near Iola, C. Mvhr. — Makes approach to R. nitida, var. longifolia. •i— ■*— Leaves broad, various in form, thinnish, veiny : chaffy bracts of the receptacle merely concave, thinnish, not rigid, acuminate into a slender almost awn-like cusp, about equalling the flowers ; the whole disk black-purple : style-tips conical-capitate : root biennial. R. triloba, L. Bright green, sparsely hirsute or hispidulous, or the freely branching stem glabrous and smooth, 2 to 5 feet high : radical leaves commonly cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline ovate-lanceolate or broader, with cuneate subsessile base, coarsely serrate, acuminate, or the upper lanceolate and nearly entire, the lower divergently 3-lobed or 3-parted : heads short-peduncled : involucre foliaceous, soon reflexed ; its bracts linear or mostly so, unequal, nearly in a single series : rays 8 to 10, half-inch to inch long, deep yellow, sometimes parti- colored, the basal portion orange or even brown-purple : disk depressed-globular, becoming ovoid at maturity (about half-inch in diameter), glabrous, the upper part of the chaffy bracts and the flowers dark purple : akenes equably quadrangular : pappus a minute crown or border. — Spec. ii. 907 (pi. Gronov., Pluk., &c.) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 144 (excl. var.) ; Bot. Keg. t. 525 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 24 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. R. triloba, subtomentosa (as to herb. & pi. Yirg.), & aristata, Pursh, Fl. 575. Peramibus hirtus, Eaf. Ann. Nat. 14. Centrocarpha triloba (at least as to "paleis acuminato-aristatis," though the rest of the character refers to 260 - COMPOSITE. R. subtomentosa) & C. aristata, Don in Sweet, Brit. El. Gard. ser. 2, under t. 87. — Dry or moist ground, Penn. and Michigan to Illinois, and south to Georgia and Louisiana, but mostly affecting the mountains. Var. rupestris. Large ; cauline leaves often 4 or 5 inches long : rays 9 to 13, an inch to inch and a half long, pure orange-yellow to the base : in habit approaching R. subtomentosa. — R. rupestris, Chickering in Bot. Gazette, vi. 188. — Rocky slopes of the Roan and other mountains on the borders of N. Carolina and Tenn., Chickering, &c. Var. pinnatiloba, Tore. & Gray, I.e. A peculiar form, slender : leaves small ; many of the radical and lowest cauline pinnately 5-7-parted; upper ones seldom inch long: heads small, with rays at most half-inch and disk a quarter-inch long. — W. Florida, Chapman. ^_ 4_ H_ Leaves from lanceolate to ovate or broader: chaffy bracts of the receptacle pointless (obtuse or rarely acute), linear, concave or carinate-canaliculate, somewhat shorter than the disk- flowers : akenes nearly equably quadrangular, or in a few species moderately compressed : invo- lucre foliaceous and variable, soon reflexed: disk very obtuse. ++ Cauline leaves or some'of them 3-cleft or parted : disk of the head dull brownish: ray9 yellow, sometimes with dark base: root perennial: receptacle anisate-scented. R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Cinereous with short and mostly soft pubescence, 1 to _5. feet high, branching above, leafy; leaves nearly all petioled, acutely serrate, veiny, ovate, or the terminal lobe ovate and the lateral oblong or lanceolate : peduncles not much elongated : rays numerous, becoming inch and a half long : disk hemispherical, becoming higher, half- inch broad; its bracts cinereous-puberulent and somewhat glandular at the obtuse tips: pappus a short crenately toothed crown. —PI. ii. 575 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. R. triloba, var., Michx. PI. ii. 144. R. odorata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 78. R. tomentosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 453, as to syn. & char. Centrocarpha triloba, Don in Sweet, 1. c, as to syn. and part of the char. — Prairies and open moist grounds, Illinois to Arkansas and Texas. ++ ++ Leaves undivided (rarely laciniate-dentate) : stems more simple. = Style-tips slender-subulate: bracts of the receptacle hispid or hirsute at and near the acutish summit: akenes small, equably quadrangular, wholly destitute of pappus: annuals or biennials, hispid with spreading bristly hairs. R. bicolor, Nutt. A foot or two high from an annual root, simple or branching, slender or not very stout : leaves from lanceolate to oblong or the lower obovate, mostly obtuse and nearly entire, anjnch joJsto long, indistinctly triplinerved, nearly all sessile : peduncles rarely elongated : rays half-inch to barely inch long, either pure yellow, or with brown purple spots at base, or the lower half deep blackish-purple : disk black. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 81 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Pine woods or sandy soil, Arkansas, Texas, and sparingly B. to Georgia. Often confounded with small forms of the next, and with R.fulgida. (Adj. Mex.) R. hirta, L. Stouter and larger, 1 to 3 feet high from a biennial or sometimes annual root, rough-hispid and hirsute : leaves from oblong to lanceolate, sparingly serrate or nearly entire, slightly triplinerved, 2 Jo 5 .inches long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles : rays when well developed an inch or two long, golden yellow, sometimes deeper colored toward the base : disk at first nearly black, in age dull brown, becoming ovoid in fruit. — Spec. ii. 907 (Dill. Elth. t. 218); Michx. PI. ii. 143, mainly; Sweet, Brit. PI. Gard. t. 82; Torr. & Gray, 1. <.-., chiefly. R. gracilis (Herb. Banks.'?), Nutt. Gen. ii. 178? a depauperate form. R. discolor, Ell.? not Pursh. R. serotina, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 80, at least the cult, plant described, fide herb. Acad. Philad. R. strigosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 354, a hairy and short-rayed form. — Dry and open ground, Saskatchewan and "W. Can- ada to Florida, Texas, and Colorado : naturalized in grass-fields in Eastern States : flowering early as a biennial. = = Style-tips short and thickened, obtuse (in JR. mollis narrower and sometimes acutish) : pap- pus more or less manifest : perennials. a. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle obtuBe and glabrous or nearly so, with blackish-purple tips of the same hue as the corollas, so that the hemispherical at length globose-ovoid disk is deep black- purple: rays golden yellow, not rarely orange toward the base: akenes small, equably quad- rangular : pappus a very short Gommonly 4-toothed crown. R. fttlgida, Ait. Hispid or hirsute, a foot or two high : leaves from narrowly to oblong- lanceolate, mostly entire, lowest and radical spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into slender petioles : foliaceous bracts of the involucre often ample and equalling or sometimes half the RudbecMa. COMPOSITE. 261 length of the 12 (&.14 fully inch-long rays: disk over half-inch in diameter. — Ait. Kew. iii. 251 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1996 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 54, & iii. t. 98 (both figures doubtful) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, partly. R. chrysomela, Michx. Fl. ii. 143. R. discolor, Pursh, Fl. ii. 574, DC. 1. c, hardly of Elliott. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania 1 and Virginia to Louisiana and Texas, west to Missouri ; flowering rather late. R. spathulata, Michx. Strigulose : stem slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high : leaves obovate or spatulate, or the uppermost lanceolate, denticulate or sparingly serrate, their pubescence wholly appressed and short ; radical and lowest cauline leaves mostly roundish at summit, at base abruptly contracted into a winged petiole, or even subcordate : peduncle usually elon- gated : involucre commonly shorter and rays fewer and broader than in the preceding, and disk smaller. — Fl. ii. 144; Nutt. Gen. ii. 178. R. Heliopsidis, A. H. Curtiss, coll. no. 1427, not Torr. & Gray. R. fulgida, Torr. & Gray, 1. u., var. y, & $ in part. — Pine woods, Vir- ginia to Tennessee and Florida. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. Sparsely strigulose or hispid, or glabrate : stem 1 to 3 feet high, usually with spreading branches terminating in long naked peduncles : leaves ovate- lanceolate or the upper elongated-lanceolate, bright green, irregularly serrate or some laciniately dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline oblong or ovate, 3-5- nerved, abruptly contracted into long margined petioles : rays_JL2 to 20, elongated, at length inch and a half long: disk two-thirds to three-fourths inch high at maturity, the tips of the purple chaffy bracts sparingly or obscurely ciliate : akenes larger and longer than in the related species (line and a half long), more curved. — Ind. Sem. Hort. Marb. 1828, & in Flora, 1829, i. Suppl. 30; Schrad. in DC. 1. c; Torr. & Gray, 1. c; Gard. Chron. 1881, ii. 372, fig. 72. Probably R. aspera, Pers. Syn. ii. 477. R. fulgida, Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 14. — Moist ground, Penn. to Michigan, Arkansas, and upper part of Alabama. Long cultivated in gardens as R. fulgida, &c. b. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle with the obtuse tips canescently puberulent or pubescent, and the flowers duller purple ; the disk therefore browner. 1. Cauline leaves all closely sessile or partly clasping, not nervose : bristly style-tips little thick- ened: akenes small : pappus very short or obsolete. R. mollis Ell. Cinereous, the leaves with fine and close pubescence, the (2 or 3 feet high and usually branching) stem with hirsute or villous hairs, leafy: leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate, somewhat triplinerved (1 to 3 inches long): rays 12 to 20, at length inch and a half long and disk fully half-inch high.— Sk. ii. 453 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. R. spathulata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 574.— Dry soil, Georgia and Florida. 2. Cauline leaves mostly petioled : heads small: quadrangular akenes only a line long: pappus an obscure crown or hardly any. R. Heliopsidis, Tore. & Gray. Almost glabrous, 2 feet high, rather slender, branched above : leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat serrate, triplinerved and with a pair of nearly basal nerves, abruptly contracted, the upper into short and wing-margined, the lower into long and naked petioles : peduncles rather short and corymbose : involucre much shorter than the at length globular disk (which is hardly half-inch high) : rays light yellow, 10 or 12, an inch or less long. — Fl. ii. 310. — Pine woods, Columbus, Georgia, Boykin. Cherokee Co. and Lee Co., Alabama, Buckley, J. Donnell Smith. 3. Cauline leaves mostly petioled and like the radical 3-5-nerved; the veinlets reticulated: heads large and showv; the soon drooping light yellow rays 1 or 2 inches long, and the hemispherical at length somewhat conical receptacle becoming three fourths of an inch high : involucre rather small: akenes somewhat compressed: pappus a conspicuous cup-shaped irregularly dentate or crenate crown : stem 2 or 3 feet high, usually simple, and head long-peduncled. R. alismsefolia, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or minutely scabrous : leaves oval, obtuse or sometimes acute, obscurely repand-dentate or entire, 3 to 6 inches long, abruptly contracted into the petiole: rays 10 to 15.— Fl. ii. 310. — Plains and open pine woods, S.Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and adjacent Texas, Leavenworth, Hale, Drummond. R. grandiflora, C. C. Gmelin. Hispidulous and scabrous throughout : leaves more rigid, ovate to oval-lanceolate or uppermost lanceolate, commonly acute or acuminate at both ends, sparingly serrate or denticulate, 4 to 9 inches long: rays 20 or more. — Hort. Bad. Carlsr. 1811 ; DC. 1. c. 556 (with some erroneous characters as to chaff and pappus, taken froin a plant of R. hirta) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Centrocarpha grandiflora, Don in Sweet. Brit. Fl. 262 COMPOSITE. Rudbeckia. Gard. ser. 2, t. 87, but has not the character of his genus, which was founded on R. triloba. — Dry plains, Arkansas and "W. Louisiana. # * Disk from globular to cylindrical, greenish, fuscous, or yellowish; its chaffy bracts navicular or more conduplicate, truncate or obtuse, little surpassing the mature akenes, sometimes decid- uous from the receptacle at full maturity: style-branches with short and truncate-capitate or obtuse tips : akenes comparatively large and somewhat compressed, inserted by a more or less oblique or lateral areola, the more lateral when the receptacle is elongated: root in all perennial. -H- Rays several or numerous, an inch or two long, drooping, pure yellow: bracts of receptacle pubescent at summit. ++ Leaves entire or barely dentate: disk when well developed at length columnar, an inch or two long, three-fourths inch thick ; the receptacle bodkin-shaped : akenes about 3 lines long : pap- pus a conspicuous irregularly toothed or denticulate cup: herbage completely glabrous and smooth, or sometimes slightly scabrous in age : stems simple or nearly so, and the long-pe- duncled heads solitary or few : involucre comparatively small. — § Macrocline, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 312. R. nitida, Nutt. Stem Zjp. 4 feet high: leaves bright green, commonly lucid, thin- coriaceous, nervose-ribbed, mostly acute, denticulate or entire; radical and lower cauline ovate-spatulate to lanceplate-oblong, tapering into long margined petioles, upper cauline sessile, oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 78 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 313. R. laevigata f Nutt. Gen. 178, not Pursh. — Wet ground, lower part of Georgia to Florida and Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall. Var. longifolia. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or broader, attenuate to both ends, sparingly dentate or repand-denticulate, more nervose-veiny, in age sometimes minutely scabrous; radical and lowest cauline 8 or 10 inches long, an inch or more broad in the middle. — R. glabra, DC. Prodr. v. 556. — Near Savannah, Georgia, according to herb. DC. Tuskegee, Alabama, Beaumont. Manatee, Florida, Garber. R. maxima, Nutt. Stem 4_to J feet high, and whole plant smooth and glaucous : leaves from broadly ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, with numerous pinnate veins, the larger a foot or less long ; upper cauline subcordate-clasping. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 354; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Moist pine woods and plains, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall. ++ -H- Leaves more or less dentate, sometimes 2-lobed at base: pappus a conspicuous crown deeply cleft into four irregular chaffy lobes : Pacific species ! R. Californica, Gray. Pubescent, slightly scabrous : stem simple, 2 to 4 feet high, bear- ing a solitary long-peduncled head : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the upper sessile by a narrow base : rays from half-inch to 2j inches long, surpassing the loose linear bracts of the involucre : disk from short-oblong to cylindraceous (becoming sometimes 2 inches long); its bracts canescent at summit: akenes flattish. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357, & Bot. Calif, i. 347. — California; moist ground in the Sierra Nevada; first coll. by Bridges. ++++++ All_or_most of the cauline leaves 37-7-cIeft or_divided: pappus a short 4-toothed or nearly entire crown : disk from globular or even hemispherical to oblong-cylindraceous in age, dull yellowish ; the tip of the chaffy bracts canescent. R laciniata, L. Glabrous and smooth, sometimes minutely hispidulous-scabrous, at least on the margins and upper face of the leaves : stem 2 to 7 feet high, branching above : leaves veiny, broad, incisely and sparsely serrate ; radical commonly pinnately 5-7-foliolate or nearly so, and divisions often laciniately 2-3-cleft ; lower cauline 3-5-parted, upperJJ-cleft, and those of the branches few-toothed or entire : involucre loose and irregular, foliaceous : rays soon drooping, few or several, oblanceolate. — Spec. ii. 906 (Cornuti, Canad. t. 179, &c.) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 144; Bart. PI. Am. Sept. i. t. 16 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. R. laciniata, quinata, & digitata, Mill. Diet. ed. 6. R. laciniata & digitata, Ait. Kew. iii. 251 ; DC. 1. c. — Moist ground, commonly in thickets, Canada to Florida, and westwardly from Montana to New Mexico and Arizona. A variable species, of which an extreme form is Var. hlimilis. A foot or two high, simple or branching, commonly slender, glabrous : radical leaves diverse, some of them undivided or with roundish divisions : heads smaller ; the rays seldom inch long and globular disk barely half -inch high. — Probably R. lawigata, Pursh, 1. c. — Alleghany Mountains from Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee, common in open woods, &c, at 4,000 to 6,000 feet. Lepachys. COMPOSITE. 263 R. heteroph^lla, Torr. & Ghat. Cinereous-pubescent : stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender, bearing several somewhat corymbose short-peduncled small heads •. leaves coarsely and rather obtusely serrate ; some of the radical cordate-obicular and undivided, others with 3 ovate undivided leaflets, the terminal petiolulate , lower cauline 3-5-parted ; upper all ovate, coarsely toothed, nearly sessile : rays an inch or less long : disk in fruit globose and barely half-inch high. — Fl. ii. 312 ; Chapm. Fl. 228. — Swamps, Middle Florida, Chapman. H— -f— Rays wholly wanting: proper tube of disk-corollas very short: disk brownish, from ovoid to columnar; its chaffy bracts puberulent at tip: receptacle bodkin-shaped : akenes rather large: scarious cupulate-coroniform pappus very conspicuous : stem stout, neany simple, 2 or 3 feet high : involucre foliaceous, variable. — § Acosmia, Nutt. R. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulent : leaves undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or irregularly and sparingly dentate (4 to 8 inches long) ; upper sessile by a rounded or subcordate base ; lower abruptly contracted into a short winged petiole, rarely a pair of obscure lateral lobes : disk in age becoming inch and a half long, and akenes 2 lines long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 355 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Woods along streams, Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Idaho and Oregon; first, coll. by Nulla!). Sierra Nevada in Butte Co., California {Bidwell), &c. R. montana, Gray. Smoother, somewhat glaucous, tall and very stout: leaves (8 to 12 inches long) pinnately parted into 3 to 9 oblong-lanceolate divisions, or the lanceolate upper- most cauline with 2 to 4 narrow lateral lobes : disk cylindraceous or cylindrical, at length often 3 inches long and an inch in diameter : akenes with the deep coroniform pappus 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. — Rocky Mountaius of Colorado, E. Hall, Brande- gee, the latter in the Elk Mountains. § 2. Deacopis. Akenes nearly terete, not angled, minutely striate, destitute of pappus, inserted by an obliquely lateral areola, and subtended by navicular bracts, which are more or less deciduous in age. — Dracopis, Cass., DC, &c. R. amplexicaulis, Vahl. A foot or two high from an annual root, smooth and glabrous, somewhat glaucous, leafy ; the branches terminated by solitary rather showy heads : leaves strictly one-ribbed, reticulate-veiny, from entire to sparingly serrate ; lower oblong-spatulate and sessile by a tapering base ; upper oblong and ovate with cordate-clasping base.- involucre of a few small foliaceous bracts : rays oblong, hglf-inch or more long, yellow, often with a brown_-purple base : disk brownish, cylindraceous in age : receptacle slender : akenes small, minutely rngulose-roughened transversely between the sulcate stria;. — Act. Hafn. ii. 29, t. 4 (1793) ; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 259 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 573. R. amplexifolia, Jacq. Ic. Rar iii. t. 592 (1793). R. perfoliata, Cav. Ic. t. 252. R. spathulata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 178 (excl. hab.), not Michx. Dracopis amplexicaulis, Cass. Diet. xxxv. 273; DC. Prodr. v. SSS^Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 316. — Low grounds, Louisiana and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) 96. LfiPACHYS, Raf. (Aem'?, a scale, and iraxv's, thick, the upper part of the bracts of the receptacle thickened.) — Herbs (Atlantic N. American) ; with pinnately divided or parted alternate leaves, and terminal long-peduneled showy heads, the drooping rays mostly broad, yellow or partly brown-purple ; the disk at first grayish, the truncate inflexed tips of the chaff canescently pubescent; disk-corollas yellowish turning fuscous. Heads redolent with anisate odor when bruised. Chaffy bracts commonly marked with an intra-marginal purple line or spot, containing volatile oil or resin. Fl. summer. — Less. Syn. 225 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 313. Lepachys & Ratibida, Raf. in Jour. Phys. 1819, 100. Obelis- caria, Cass. Diet. xlvi. 401 (1825) ; DC. Prodr. v. 558. § 1. Akenes with convex or obscurely angled faces: root perennial. — Obelis- caria, Cass. # Style-tips lanceolate-subulate : rays large and long. L. pinnata, Tore. & Gray, 1. c. Strigulose-pubescent and scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high, slender : leaves 3-7-foliolate, and the leaflets lanceolate or broader, usually sparsely serrate, sometimes lobed, the uppermost commonly confluent :• rays pure yellow, oblong-lanceolate, 264 COMPOSITE. Lepaehys. often 2 inches long or more, very much exceeding the at length short-oblong disk : chaffy bracts of the receptacle becoming much corky-thickened at the enlarging summit : ovary not rarely wing-margined ; akenes subcuneate-oblong, the inner margin acute and salient, and. produced at summit into a short rounded tooth, which is occasionally aristellate-pointed. — L. pinnatifida & L. angustifolia, Raf. 1. c. Rudbeckia pinnata, Vent. Cels. t. 71 ; Smith, Exot. Bot. i. t. 38 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2310. R. digitata, Willd. Spec. iii. 2247, excl. syn. R. tomentosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 453, as to herb., hardly of char. Obeliscaria pinnata, Cass. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. — Dry prairies, W. New York to Michigan and Iowa, south to W. Florida and Louisiana. # # Style-tips short and obtuse : rays__oval or oblong, mostly shorter than the fruiting disk, not rarely particolored with brown purple : akenes commonly with a scarlous and more or less cili- ate margin or sometimes narrow wing to the inner edge : divisions or lobes of the leaves mostly entire. L. Tagetes, Gray. A foot high, branching, leafy, strigulose-cinereous : leaves thickish, mostly with 3 to 7 narrowly linear rather rigid lobes : heads rather short-peduncled : rays few, a quarter to half an inch long : disk globose to barely oblong, half-inch high : pappus of one or sometimes two subulate or awn-like deciduous teeth, and no intermediate squamellaj. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 103. Lepaehys columnaris, var. Tagetes, Gray, PI. "Wright, i. 106. Rudbeckia Tagetes, James in Long Exped. ii. 68. jR. globosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 19, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 355. Obeliscaria Tagetes, DC, 1. c. — Alluvial plains, Arkansas to W. Texas and New Mexico ; first coll. by James. L. columnaris, Toer. & Gray, 1. c. Strigose-scabrous, a foot or two high, branching from the base, terminated by long peduncles bearing a showy head : divisions of the cauline leaves 5 to 9, from oblong to narrowly linear, sometimes 2-3-clef t : rays commonly an inch long or more, normally all yellow: disk at length columnar and inch or more long : pappus of the preceding, but usually a series of minute and delicate sqnamellse around the broad flat summit. — Rudbeckia columnaris, Pursh, El. ii. 575; Bot. Mag. t. 1601 ; Hook. Fl. i. 311 ; Sprague, Wild Elowers of Amer., 43, t. 8. Ratibida sulcata, Raf. 1. c. R. columnaris, Don, Brit. El. Gard. n. ser. iv. 361. Obeliscaria columnaris, DC. 1. c. — Plains and prairies, Sas- katchewan to the Rocky Mountains, and south to Texas and Arizona. Var. pulcherrima, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Differs only in having a part or even the whole upper face of the ray brown-purple ; varies southward into more slender and branch- ing forms, some with rays reduced to a, quarter-inch. — Obeliscaria pulcherrima, DC. 1. c. Ratibida columnaris, var. pulcherrima, Don, 1. c. t. 361. — Nebraska to Arizona and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) § 2. Akenes completely flat: style-tips slender-subulate, very hispid: root probably annual or biennial. — § Lophochcena, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. pedimcularis, Torr. & Gray. Strigose-scabrous or pubescent and somewhat cinereous, 2 or 3 feet high, including the naked peduncle of a foot or more: leaves rather large, irregularly bipinnately parted or pinnately parted and some of the lobes incisely pinnatifid or toothed, these oblong-linear or broader: rays obovate, an inch or less long and pure yellow, or sometimes only quarter-inch long and particolored : disk cylindrical, the largest an iuch and a half long : akenes broadly and somewhat obliquely obovate, with no nerve or elevation on the face, from narrowly to broadly winged and squamellate-fimbriate on at least the inner edge, deeply notched at summit by an extension into two chaffy teeth, the inner one large and triangular-subulate, the outer smaller, and the notch fringed with small irreg- ular squamella;.— El. ii. 315.— Low ground, Texas, Drummond, Wright, &c. Var. picta, Gray. Pubescence more cinereous : leaves simply and lyrately pinnately parted into fewer (5 to 7) divisions; these incised, the larger terminal one ovate-oblong or obovate : rays barely half-inch long, brown-purple with yellow edge : disk becoming inch and a half long. — PI. Wright, i. 107. L. serrata, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 457. — Texas, near the coast, and in sandy woods, Wright, Buckley, Hall. 97. WEDfiLIA, Jacq. (Prof. G. W. Wedel, of Jena, in the latter part of the 17th century.) — Tropical herbs or undershrubs, mostly of sea-shores; with opposite leaves, and lateral or terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. One species has reached our southernmost coast. Balsamwrhim. COMPOSITE. 265 W. oarnosa, Pees. Perennial herb, slightly strigose-hispidulous, glabrate : stem exten- sively creeping, sending up erect branches : leaves fleshy, mostly sessile, cuneate-oblong to obovate, somewhat serrate, often with some coarse teeth or 3 to 5 short lobes : rays golden yellow, 3-toothed, little surpassing the oblong foliaceous involucral bracts : akenes (3 lines long including the cupulate pappus) much thickened and muricate-scabrous at maturity, the attenuate base compressed and sharp-edged. — Syn. ii. 490; DC. Prodr. v. 538; Griseb. PI. W. Ind. 371. Silpkium trilobatum, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1302 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 107, f. 2; Sloane, Jam. 1. 155, f. 1 ). Buphthalmum repens, Lam. — Biscayne Bay, S. E. Florida, Curtiss. (W. Ind., S. Am.) 98. BORRlCHIA, Adans. (Ole Borrich, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.) — Shrubs or suffruticose and more or less fleshy plants of the sea-coast, canescent, or becoming glabrate and green ; with opposite entire or denticulate leaves tapering somewhat into a petiole, and rather large heads of yellow flowers on terminal peduncles: fl. summer. — Fam. ii. 130; DC. Prodr. v. 488. B. arborescens, DC. Shrub 4 feet or less high, fleshy, much branched : leaves spatulate- lanceolate, rigidly mucronate, veinless : involucre appressed : bracts of the receptacle obtuse or barely mucronate. — Prodr. 1. c. Asteriscus, &c, Dill. Elth. t. 38, f. 43. Corona-solis frutescens, &c, Plum. ed. Burm. t. 16, f. 2. Buphthalmum arborescens, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1273. — Sandy shores and Keys, S. Florida. (W". Ind. to Peru.) B. frutescens, DC. Less woody, more permanently canescent ; the simpler stems 1 to 3 feet high : leaves fleshy-coriaceous, from obovate to spatulate-lanceolate, sometimes dentate : bracts of the involucre smaller and looser, spreading in age ; of the receptacle spinulose- cnspidate. — Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 268. Asteriscus frutescens, &c, Dill. Elth. t. 38, f. 44. Chrysanthemum fruticosum, &c, Catesb. Car. i. t. 93. Buphthalmum frutescens, L. Spec. ii. 903 ; Walt. Car. 212. — Sandy sea-coast, Virginia to Texas. (Mex., &c.) 99. BALSAMORBHfZA, Hook. (BaXo-a/Aov, balsam, pi'£a, root.) — Low perennials (all of Central and "Western N. America) ; with thick and deep roots, which exude a terebinthine balsam, and send up a tuft of radical leaves, mostly on long petioles, and short simple few-leaved flowering stems or naked seapes, bearing large and mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers ; the rays ample and numerous. Cauline leaves when present alternate or occasionally opposite, petioled. The root, when peeled (to get rid of the terebinthine rind) and baked, is an article of food to the aborigines, and the akenes are also eaten. — Fl. i. 31Q (under Heliopsis) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 300; Gray, PI. Fendl. 81. § 1. Ligules becoming thin-papery, and persistent on or very tardily deciduous from the canescently pubescent akenes. — Kalliactis, Gray, 1. c. B. Careyana, Grat, 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent, slightly scabrous : flowering stems a foot high, bearing 3 or 4 small lanceolate leaves and 2 to 7 racemosely disposed heads : leaves subcoriaceous, entire, reticulated ; the radical cordate-lanceolate, a span or more in length : involucre half-inch or more high : ligules oval, hardly inch long, abruptly contracted into a very short but distinct tube: style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate and very hispid throughout. — Sandy plains on the Clearwater, Idaho, fl. May, Spalding. Eediscovered on the Wallawalla, Washington Terr., 1883, by Brandegee, with the rays deciduous from the mature fruit. § 2. Ligules deciduous in the ordinary manner : akenes glabrous : stems or scapes terminated by solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 heads. * Leaves entire or merely serrate ; the principal ones cordate or with cordate base and long-peti- oled. — § ArtorHza, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 350. Espeletia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 39, not Humb. & Bonpl. B. sagittata, Nutt. Silvery-tomentulose or canescent, and the involucre white-woolly: radical leaves from cordate-oblong to hastate, entire or nearly so (4 to 9 inches long, the 266 COMPOSITE. BalsamorrUza. base 2 to 6 inches wide, on petioles of greater length) ; the few and inconspicuous cauline from linear to spatulate : scape at length a foot or more high : rays 1 to nearly 2 inches long. — Gray, Bet. Calif, i. 348. B. sagittata & B. helianthoides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, I. c. Espektia helianthoides & E. sagittata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38, t. 4. Buphthalmum sagittatum, Pursh, El. ii. 564. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Mon- tana and Brit. Columbia, the border of California, and S. Utah. Young stalks, root, and seeds used for food by the Indians. Outer bracts of the involucre sometimes oblong-lanceo- late, foliaceous, and surpassing the disk (as in Pursh's original) ; or all more imbricate and conformed, the outer shorter. B. deltoidea, Nutt. Trans. 1. c. Green, more or less pubescent Or glabrate : leaves broadly cordate to cordately ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly deltoid, from irregularly serrate to entire, 4 to 10 inches long: scape with small lanceolate or rarely ovate leaves, not rarely 2-3-cephalous : rays an inch or more long. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. u. B. glabrescens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 317. — Idaho and Brit. Columbia to S. California. B. Bolanderi, Gray. Green, glabrate : stems stout, a span or two high, and bearing 2 or 3 subcordate nearly entire leaves, similar to and as large as the radical ones : principal invo- lucre of the short-ped uncled head a single or double series of ovate-lanceolate foliaceous bracts, over an inch long: apparently disk-akenes flattened. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 356, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, at Auburn, and on the Sacramento, Fremont, Rich, Bolander. * # Leaves not cordate and entire, varying from laciniately dentate to pinnately or bipinnatcly divided : heads solitary on a naked scape, or scapiform stem bearing a pair of small opposite leaves towards the base : thick caudex or root exceedingly balsamic-resiniferous. Perhaps all forms of one polymorphous species. — § Eubalsamorrhiza, Nutt. B. macroph^lla, Nutt. Green, not at all canescent, glabrate, except the ciliate margins of the leaves, usually minutely glandular-viscidulous : leaves ample, ovate or oblong in out- line, a span to a foot long, some with only one or two lobes or coarse teeth, most of them pinnately parted into broadly lanceolate and commonly entire lobes (of 2 or 3 inches in length) : scapes a foot or two high : bracts of the involucre from narrowly lanceolate to spatulate and foliaceous, an inch or two long, nearly equal, either half or fully the length of the rays. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 350 ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 301 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 168. — Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains, Wyoming to Utah, Nuttall, Fremont, Watson. B. terebinthacea, Nutt. Slightly and minutely if at all canescent : leaves from green and glabrate to minutely hispidulous-scabrous, or barely hirsutulous at margins, at length rigid and reticulate-veiny, oblong-lanceolate and with cuneate or truncate base (4 to 8 inches long, 1 to 3 wide), spinulosely dentate or sometimes crenate-dentate, or some laciniate-incised, or even pinnatifid : scapes a span to a foot high : involucre lanate-tomentose, of numerous and narrow linear-lanceolate and attenuate loose and nearly equal bracts, an inch long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 349 (name only) ; Gray, PI. Eendl. 82. B. Hoolceri, var., Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Heliopsis? terebinthacea, Hook. PI. ii.310'? — W. Idaho to E. Oregon, in hard or stony ground, Douglas, Spalding, Nevius, Cusich. B. Hookeri, Nutt. 1. c. Canescent with fine sericeous or more tomentose pubescence, but not at all hirsute : scapes and leaves a span to a foot high ; the latter lanceolate or elongated- oblong in outline, pinnately or bipinnately parted into lanceolate or linear divisions or lobes, or some of them only pinnatifid or incised : involucre from canescently puberulent to lanate ; its bracts from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or sometimes the outermost foliaceous and enlarged. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c, excl. var.; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 1. c. Heliopsis 1 balsamorrhiza, Hook. 1. c. — Hills and rocky plains, eastern parts of Washington Terr, to Nevada and W. California ; first coll. by Douglas. Var. incana. Densely white-tomentose : leaves often of broader outline. — B. incana, Nutt. 1. c. 350 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Wyoming and Montana to northern parts of Cali- fornia ; first coll. by Nuttall. B. hirsuta, Nutt. 1. c. Green, roughish-hirsute or hispidulous, not tomentose nor canes- cent : leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or divided, the divisions (9 to 15 lines in length) incisely toothed or again pinnatifid, soon rigid : scapes a span to a foot high : invo- lucre hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, of narrowly lanceolate or more attenuate bracts. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton, 1. c. — Utah to Brit. Columbia and N. E. California, in the dry region ; first coll. by Douglas and Nuttall. Wyethia. COMPOSITE. 267 100. "WYETHIA, Nutt. (Nathaniel J. Wyeth, who collected the species on which the genus was founded, and with whom Nuttall subsequently crossed the continent.) — Stout and mostly low perennials (W. North- American) ; with more or less balsamic or resiniferous juice, ample and undivided pinnately veined alternate leaves (commonly entire), and large heads of mostly yellow flowers. (Thick roots and seeds were food of the Indians.) — Jour. Acad. Phikd. vii. 38, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 351 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 654. Alargonia, DC. Prodr. v. 537. * Rays from " pale yellow " or dull straw-color to white. — The original Wyethia, Nutt. W. helianthoides, Nutt. A span to a foot and a half high, simple and with a single large head, or rarely 3 or 4, hirsute : leaves from oval to broadly lanceolate, denticulate or entire, 4 to 8 inches long, mostly narrowed at base into a short margined petiole : heads an inch high : bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, numerous : rays nearly 2 inches long : akenes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quadrangular or flattish, 12-nerved : pappus shorter than the width of the akene, sometimes minute, ehaffy-coroniform and cleft into few or several teeth. — Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. t. 5 ; Gray, 1. c — Northern Rocky Mountains, in moist valleys, S. W. Montana to E. Oregon, Wyeth, Nevius, Cusich, Watson, Scribner. # # Kays bright yellow. — Alargonia, DC. (Dedicated to the memory of Hernando de Alarcon, a noble Spanish navigator, who, in 1540, first visited and carefully surveyed the coast of Cali- fornia.) -H- Involucre of the very large and broad heads foliaceous; the spreading outer bracts ovate or oblong, commonly 2 inches or more in length, much surpassing the disk (which is of about equal breadth) and often exceeding the rays : akenes very stout and thick, half-inch long, with com- paratively obtuse angles, crowned with a large chaffy-coriaceous calyciform pappus, which is cleft into unequal teeth or lobes : cauline leaves short-petioled. W. helenioid.es, Nutt. I. c. Very stout, 2 or 3 feet high, floccosely tomentose, glabrate in age : leaves oblong and ovate, mostly entire, radical a foot or two and upper cauline 6 to 8 inches long: akenes pubescent toward the summit. — Gray, PI. Eendl. 82, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot. Calif, i. 349. Alarconia helenioides, DC. 1. c. — Hillsides around and near San Francisco Bay, California; first coll. by Douglas. W. glabra, Gkay. A foot or two high, glabrous or nearly so, balsamic-viscid : leaves of the preceding in size and shape, or narrower, sometimes serrate : akenes glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543, viii. 654, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — W. California, from Marin Co. southward, Andrews, Brewer, &c. -t— •*— Involucre of the smaller heads (about inch or less high) narrower and fewer-flowered, usually campanulate ; the outer bracts even when foliaceous seldom surpassing the disk : akenes less thick, 3 to 5 lines long. ++ Glabrous and smooth throughout, usually balsamic-viscid : leaves thickish, lanceolate to ob- long, upper sessile, lower tapering into margined petioles : outer bracts of the narrowish invo- lucre disposed to be foliaceous. W. amplexioatilis, Nutt. A foot or two high, robust : leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong, entire or denticulate; radical often a foot or more long; upper cauline (a span or so long) partly clasping by a rounded or somewhat narrowed base : heads solitary or several, short- peduncled : involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, acute or obtuse, one or two outer ones occasionally foliaceous and larger : rays inch and a half long : akenes with a conspicuous crown cleft into acute teeth, and sometimes a small awn. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I.e.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Espeletia amplexicaulis, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38. Silphium ? lasve, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 244. — Moist valleys and plains, Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Montana, west to Nevada and Brit. Columbia. Pe-ik of the Indians. W. longicaulis, Gray. Nearly resembles preceding, taller, rather slender : leaves lanceo- late, even uppermost with tapering base and not clasping : heads solitary or paniculate, on long and slender peduncles : outer series of involucral bracts oblong or somewhat spatulate, foliaceous, mostly surpassing the inner and the disk : rays only inch long : akenes with a short erosely denticulate crown. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4. — Prairies of E. Humboldt Co., California, Rattan. 268 COMPOSITE. JVyethia. ++ ++ Glabrous, but scabridous and balsamic-viscid : leaves ovate, abruptly petioled, coriaceous. W. reticulata, Greene. Habit of W ■ ovata, only puberulent-hispidulous without tomen. turn, leafy up to the corymbosely disposed heads : cauline leaves ovate or subcordate, short petioled (4 down to 2 inches long), 3-5-plinerved, and with veins and veinlets much reticu- lated, shining ; those of flowering branches small, oblong, 3-nerved : heads hemispherical, little over half -inch high : bracts of involucre oblong-linear, obtuse, short ; outer foliaceous and loose, sometimes one or two enlarged : rays apparently few and rather small : akenes compressed-quadrangular, glabrous (barely 3 lines long) : pappus an extremely short erose- denticulate crown; no awn. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 9. — Banks of Sweetwater Creek, El Dorado Co., California, Mrs. Curran. ++++++ Tomentose or woolly, but sometimes glabrate in age : leaves all petioled and becoming coriaceous, ample, even the cauline 4 to 7 inches long. = Involucre hemispherical, of numerous broadly lanceolate bracts, not surpassing the disk : rays numerous, 20 to 24. "W. ovata, Tore. & Gray. Canescent with a soft not floccose tomentum, 2 or 3 feet high from running rootstocks, commonly branching : leaves ovate, the cauline subcordate and with acute apex, somewhat triplinerved ; veinlets not much reticulated : pappus a chaffy, several-toothed crown. — Emory Bep. 143 (1848, wholly overlooked); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, on the western side of the Sierra Nevada. == = Involucre narrower, campanulate; the outer bracts larger than the inner and more or less surpassing the disk : rays fewer : leaves at length firm-coriaceous and the veinlets conspicuously reticulated. "W. mollis, Gray. White with floccose wool when young, more or less glabrate in age, 1 to 3 feet high, bearing solitary or few heads : leaves oblong and ovate, with either rounded or truncate or cuneate base : rays 10 to 15, over an inch long : akenes minutely pubescent at summit : pappus a truncate chaffy crown, and 2 or in the ray 3 to 5 subulate awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 544, viii, 655, &c. — Sierra Nevada, especially on the eastern side, from Sierra VaDey to Virginia City, Nevada, and westward to the Yosemite ; first coll. by Anderson. W. coriaoea, Gray. Sericeous-tomentose, stout, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves rigid, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse or apiculate, somewhat triplinerved, even the upper cauline (5 to 7 inches long) seldom longer than their petiole : rays 5 to 9, hardly surpassing the involucre : pappus a short obtusely 4-6-cleft crown. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77, & Bot. Calif, i. 616. — San Diego Co., California, on the Mesa Grande, &c, Palmer, Parish. ++ -H- ++ -H- Hirsutely more or less pubescent, often somewhat balsamic-glutinous: leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, or the upper and sessile cauline broader: bracts of the involucre mostly foliaceous or herbaceous, lanceolate or broader, equalling the disk. W. angustifolia, Nutt. A span to 2 feet high, and the radical leaves about as long, these occasionally denticulate or serrate, often undulate : involucre fully inch high, loose or spreading : head solitary : rays mostly numerous, inch and a half long : pappus a short and chaffy jfimbriolate-cleft crown, and one or two or in the ray 3 or 4 elongated subulate awns, one of them about the length of the akene. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. W. angustifolia & W. robusta, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 299. Helianthus longifolius, Hook. PI. i. 312 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 353. H. Hookerianus, DC. Prodr. Alarconia angustifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 537. — Plains and hills, commonly in moist ground, Washington Terr, to Monterey Bay, California. W. Arizonica, Gray. A foot high, bearing a single or few and smaller heads : leaves oblong-lanceolate: involucre of fewer and more' erect bracts: rays 8 to 12 : pappus a very narrow crown, extended into 3 or 4 stout subulate teeth, or into one or two short awns. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655 ; Bothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 161, t. 9 ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 37. — Near streams and springs, S. Colorado to S. Utah and Arizona, Palmer, Bishop, Siler, Rothroch, &c. ++++«•++ ++ Hispidulous, very scabrous, narrow-leaved: involucre more imbricated, squarrose. W. scabra, Hook. A foot or two high (root unknown), rigid : cauline leaves linear, thick, 4 to 6 inches long, half-inch wide, sessile, attenuate-acute , the few veins confluent into lateral undulate nerves: involucre nearly hemispherical; its bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series, all the outer with a coriaceous ovate-oblong appressed base, which is acuminate into a longer subulate filiform spreading very hispid-scabrous appendage : rays several, half-inch Gymnolomia. COMPOSITE. 269 long : akenes acutely angled and with few or obscure intermediate nerves, very smooth, the 3 or 4 angles extended into a pappus of as many short and blunt teeth, which are barely coroniform-confluent at base. — Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 245 ; Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 102, & Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655. — S. Colorado and New Mexico to Utah and Wyoming, Geyer, Bigelow, Pairy, Ward, &c. 101. G-YMNOLOMIA, HBK. (IVtos, naked, A£/m, border, the pappus obsolete or none.) — Herbs or frutescent plants (of Mexico and adjacent coun- tries), resembling the smaller-flowered species of Helianthus ; with erect brandl- ing stems, alternate or opposite leaves, and heads of yellow flowers (or the disk brownish) ; the peduncles terminating the branches : fl. summer. — Nov. Gen. & Spec, iv. 217, t. 373,374; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 363. Gymnopsis, DC. Prodr. v. 561, in part. * Annuals : receptacle of the head conical and the disk high : bracts of the rather simple involucre linear. — Heliomeris, Nutt. G. Porteri, Gray. A foot or two high, slender, paniculately branched, sparingly hispid, otherwise nearly glabrous : leaves nearly all alternate, narrowly lanceolate or linear, entire : rays 5 to 8, oval or obovate (half-inch or more long), deep orange yellow : disk in age oblong- conical ; its chaffy bracts oblong-lanceolate or the outer ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, striate, merely concave at maturity : fructiferous receptacle almost columnar : akenes turgid-obovate, very obscurely quadrangular, dull, somewhat puberulent, with small terminal areola, one of the angles or nerves sometimes slightly margined or umbonate at the summit : style-tips subulate and hispid. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59 ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 35. — Rud- beckia ? Porteri, Gray, PI. Fendl. 83. — Northern Georgia, known only on the isolated granite rock called Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, where it abounds ; first coll. by Prof. Porter. G. multiflora, Benth. & Hook. A foot to a yard high, strigulose-pubescent or scabrous, sometimes also hispid, often much branched : leaves from narrowly linear to lanceolate, rarely broader,' either alternate or mainly opposite, entire or obscurely denticulate : rays 10 to 15, golden yellow : disk hemispherical, in age little more elevated and receptacle ob- tusely conical ; its bracts obtuse or the inner acute with soft acumination : akenes smooth, compressed, with convex or obtusely angulate sides : style-tips short and obtuse. — Benth. & Hook, ex Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 160, & Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. ii. 162. Heliomeris mult!flora, Nutt. 1. c. ; Gray, PI. Fendl., PI. Wright, ii. 87, with var. hispida, &c. — Sandy banks of streams, &c, W. Texas to Wyoming, Nevada, and Arizona. Very polymorphous : the root not perennial as was supposed. An indigenous specimen coll. by Lemmon in Arizona has disk-corollas all converted into rays or radiatiform ampliate lobes. (Mex.) G. triloba, Gray. Much branched, over 2 feet high (root not seen), obscurely puberulent, no hispid bristles : leaves roundish in general outline, 3-lobed, with subcordate or truncate base, short-petioled, the lobes short and broad : rays 12 or more, oblong-linear, elongated : disk hemispherical : receptacle low-conical : akenes of the preceding but more oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. — Mountains of S. Arizona south of Rucker's Valley, Lemmon. # * Perennial or frutescent : disk and receptacle low. G. tenuifolia, Benth. & Hook. Shrubby, much branched, 2 or 3 feet high, scabrous- puberulent, very leafy : branches terminated by solitary long-peduncled heads : leaves alter- nate and the lower opposite, canescent beneath, pinnately or pedately parted into 3 to 7 narrow linear lobes, or the uppermost very narrow and entire, the margins mostly revolute : bracts of the involucre subulate-linear: rays 10 to 16: disk convex: chaffy bracts of the receptacle truncate-obtuse: akenes smooth, quadrangular-compressed.— Ex Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. 1. c. Heliomeris tenuifolia, Gray, PI. Fendl. 84, PI. Wright, &c — S. W. Texas, Wright, Havard. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Gregg, &c.) # # # Annual: receptacle and disk barely convex: habit of Encelia and Jlelianfhus. G. encelioides, Gray. A foot or two high from an annual root, strigose-canescent and the branching stem hispid : leaves ovate-oblong or obscurely deltoid, rather obtuse, nearly- entire, mostly long-petioled, the lower opposite : heads barely half-inch high : involucre bi- serial ; outer bracts all equal and equalling the disk, oblong-lanceolate, acute, white with soft 270 COMPOSITE. Viguura. but at length hispid pubescence, longer and larger than the nearly linear interior ones : rays 10 or 12, oval, showy, golden yellow, less than an inch long : disk-corollas with dark purple tips : akenes obovate-oblong, below sparsely and toward the summit thickly villous with slender hairs : pappus none, or a few very delicate setiform squamellse shorter than the hairs of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4. — S. E. California, at Aqua Caliente, in the Mo- have Desert, Parish. 102. VIGrUI^RA, HBK. (Dr. A. Viguier, botanist, of Montpellier.) — Herbaceous or sometimes suffruticose plants (of the warm parts of America) ; with only the lower or rarely all the leaves opposite, yellow-flowered heads of only medium size (in our species), on peduncles at the summit of the branches, the akenes usually pubescent. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 224, t. 379 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 375. Viguiera, Leighia (Cass.), & Harpalium (Cass.), in part, DC. Prodr. v. 578-584. # Disk of the head at maturity elevated or strongly convex (but at first often low) and the re- ceptacle conical : root probably annual or biennial. V. helianthoides, HBK. Minutely hispidulous-pubescent or scabrous, green, or some- times cinereous : stem 2 to 7 feet high, slender, paniculately branched above : leaves alternate or occasionally either upper or lower opposite, slender-petioled, mostly thin, ovate, acuminate, sometimes very broadly ovate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long and 3 or 4 wide), sometimes ovate-lanceolate, from slightly to coarsely serrate, triplinerved from near the base : heads paniculate, usually slender-peduncled : involucre only 3 lines high, shorter than the disk, nearly simple, of subulate or linear bracts : rays 7 to 10, obovate or oblong, over half-inch long : chaffy bracts of the receptacle somewhat cuspidately mucronate or acuminate : akenes villons-pubescent : palese a pair on each side between the chaffy awns, erose or fimbriolate at the truncate summit. — HBK. 1. c. ; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. V. helianihoides, Sagrceana, laxa, brevipes, and probably V. microcline, triquetra, also with little doubt V. dentata (Spreng., the Helianthus dentutus, Cav. Ic. iii. 10, t. 220), DC. Prodr. v. 579. V. Texana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 318. Helianthella latifolia, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 160. — Shady or more open grounds,' Texas to Arizona. (Mex., Cuba.) V. canescens, DC. Less tall, more rigid, commonly cinereous : leaves coriaceous, entire or nearly so, from broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate ; the lower opposite : chaff of the receptacle more cuspidate \ rays saffron-yellow : akenes canescently sericeous. — Prodr. v. 579. — S. Arizona, Pringle, a greener form, and in adjacent Mexico, Palmer. (Mex.) # # Disk flattish or convex : receptacle at maturity flat or hardly conical. +- Herbaceous to the base from a probably perennial root, not canescent nor tomentose. V. COrdifolia, Gray. Hispid or hispidulous and scabrous : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy to the top, commonly branched above : leaves mostly all opposite, occasionally some alternate, subcordate-ovate or deltoid, acute, serrate or denticulate, 3-ribbed from the base, either sessile or short-petioled, rough; veinlets reticulated: heads mostly corymbose and short-peduncled ; involucre campanulate, fully half-inch long, equalling the barely con- vex disk, commonly lanceolate and acuminate, erect, in 2 or 3 series : chaffy bracts of the receptacle gradually acuminate: akenes narrowly cuneate-oblong, almost equalled by the chaffy awns ; the intermediate palete equalling the breadth of the akene, narrowly oblong, rigid. — PL Wright, i. 107, ii. 88. — Near water-courses, "W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, Schott, Lemmon, &c. (Mex., Schaffner.) -t— -i— Shrubby or lignescent at base, low, not tomentose : leaves hispidulous-scabrous, mostly alternate, rigid. V. laoiniata, Grat. Branching: leaves lanceolate or obscurely hastate, from laciniate- pinnatifid to nearly entire, abruptly petioled, an inch or two long, beneath with very prom- inent pinnate veins : branches bearing several cymosely disposed and pedunculate heads : involucre nearly half-inch high; its bracts lanceolate or the outermost ovate, acute or acumi- nate : rays half-inch long : akenes sparingly pilose, glabrate : pappus-awns chaffy ; the inter- mediate chaffy palese laciniate or erose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 89, & Bot. Calif, i. 354. — San Diego Co., California, Schott, Newberry, Cleveland, &e. (Lower Calif.) Hdianthus. COMPOSITE. 271 V. Parishii, Greene. Branched from the base and diffuse; the nearly simple slender flowering branches (sometimes rather canescently pubescent) bearing mostly solitary pedun- culate heads : leaves ovate, small (half-inch to barely inch long), somewhat serrate, short- petioled : involucre broad : its bracts lanceolate : akenes more villous : awns as long as the akene and chaffy-dilated only near the base ; the paleae much laciniate. — Bull. Torr. Club ix. 15. — Desert region of W. Arizona and S. E. California to the coast at San Luis Bey, Newberry, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon, Parish, W. G. Wright, Greene. H — -i — -* — Herbaceous ? perennials, white-tomentose or canescent (at least the foliage) : involucre of rather short imbricated bracts. V. reticulata, Watson. Stem glabrate, few-leaved : leaves rigid and coriaceous, cordate, entire, strongly veined and reticulated beneath, 2 inches long, petioled, canescent with short rather silky pubescence: heads small (3 or 4 lines high), several in the corymbiform clus- ters : rays 3 lines long : subulate chaffy awns only twice the length of the laciniate pales of the pappus. — Amer. Nat. vii. 301 . — Telescope Mountain, Kevada, Wheeler. V. tephrodes, Gray. Silvery-white with close-pressed sericeous-hirsute (not tomentose) pubescence, which is probably somewhat deciduous : leaves alternate, ovate-oblong or the upper rather deltoid-lanceolate, entire, thickish, 3-ribbed at base and obscurely veiny, less than inch long, slender-petioled : heads few or solitary, less than half-inch high : akenes (or rather ovaries) short, with villous-ciliate margins and rather glabrous sides, about the length of the lanceolate awned paleas, the short intermediate palese dissected into almost setiform squamelhe. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 218. Hdianthus (Harpalium) tephrodes, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 90. Viguiera nivea, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 354, excl. syn. Benth. & syn. Kellogg. — S. E. California, at Mirasol del Monte, in the Colorado Desert, Schott. V. i,anata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 218 (Bahiopsis lanala, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 35), of Lower California, with very pannose dense tomentum, is of the genus, but is not Encelia nivea, Benth. V. toment6sa and V. DELiofDEA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 161, are other species of Lower California. 103. TITHONIA, Desf. (T&wos, consort of Aurora.) — Robust annuals (all Mexican) ; with alternate petioled and 3-ribbed often 3-lobed ample leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers on long and stout upwardly thickened peduncles. Ligules entire or nearly so. Bracts of the receptacle rather rigid, striate, cuspi- date or aristate. Akenes oblong or narrower, compressed-quadrangular : the pappus either deciduous or persistent. — Desf. Ann. Mus. i. 49, t. 4 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 374. — The following was collected so near the southwestern boundary of the U. S. that it is here introduced. T. Thurberi, Gray. Comparatively small and slender, 2 feet high, slightly hispid : leaves ovate, serrate, undivided : head only half-inch high, with little exserted orange-colored rays : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong, with short foliaceous tips : akenes narrow : squamellse of the pappus linear-oblong, coriaceous, the awns nearly smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655. T. tubceformis, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 90, not Cass., which is a far larger and showy species. — Magdalena, State of Sonora, Mex., near Arizona, Thurber. 104. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. (From "HAios, the sun, and av6o Regel, Eev. Hort. 1873, tab. Tuckermannia maritima, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 355 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 92, t. 31. Cpreopsis maritima, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t^_6241. — S. Coast of California, at San Diego and on the adjacent islands. L. gigantea, Kellogg. Meshy-woody stem_2jB_8 .fe.et_.high, 1 to 5 inches thick, leafy at top : leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided into filiform lobes : heads_smajler (disk half- inch in diameter) on short_corymbgsely- clustered, peduncles: inner bracts of the involucre with prominent midrib. — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 198; Gray, Bot. Calif.' i. 356. — California, on the mountains near Sta. Barbara and San Miguel, and islands off the coast ; first coll. by Coulter. May be a form of the preceding, but seemingly is quite distinct. (Guadalupe Island, Palmer.) § 3. PugiopIppus. Akenes dimorphous ; those of the ray- or outermost disk- flowers very like those of the preceding section (oval, flat, glabrous), either fer- tile or sterile ; those of the disk also flat, but narrowly oblong, marginless, clothed at least on the margins with long and soft-villous hairs (which are bidentate at apex under a lens), bearing a conspicuous pappus of a pair of linear triquetrous pale_e : annuals with the habit and otherwise the character of Euleptosyne ; the ample golden yellow rays multinervose, commonly styliferous, not rarely fertile, yet sometimes neutral or with mere included rudiment of style. — Agarista, DC. Prodr. v. 569 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 337, not Don. Pugiopappus, Gray, Pacif. R. Eep. 1. c, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, viii. 659. L. Bigelovii, Gray. A foot or less high, with the habit of L. Douglasii, leafy only at base, and with long often scapiform pednncles : leaves once or twice ternately or quinately parted into narrow linear lobes: involucre half-inch or less high; its outer bracts linear or nearly so, inner oblong-ovate: rays obovate or quadrate-oblong, half to two-thirds inch long, 10-12- nerved : ring of disk-corollas beardless : ray-akenes oblong, with narrow callous-winged mar- gin ; disk-akenes elongated-oblong, very villous at the margins, sparsely so or naked on one or both faces, twice the length of the palete of the pappus. — Pugiopappus Bigelovii & P. Breweri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 660, & Bot. Calif. 1. c, the former described from immature and incomplete specimens, in which the villosity of the disk-akenes was little developed. — South- ern part of California, from San Buenaventura and Tejon to the Mohave Desert. L. oalliopsidea, Gray. Ajoot or two high, rather stout and leafy, with p eduncles a span long : lobes of the leaves narrowly linear, sometimes incised : heads rather large and broad : bracts of the outer involucre broadly ovate, thick, a little shorter than the narrowly ovate inner ones : rays broadly cuneate-obovate, commonly an inch long and three : fourths iuch wide, 15-20-nerved: ring of the disk-corollas pubescent: ray-akenes broadly oval, distinctly thin-winged ; disk-akenes cuneate-oblong, little longer than the palese of the pappus, very long villous on the margins and inner face. — Agarista oalliopsidea, DC. Prodr. v. 569; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Coreopsis oalliopsidea, Bolander, Cat. PI. San Francisco. Pugiopappus calliopsideus, Gray Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Leptosyne maritima, Eev. Hortic. 1873, 330, tab. — Moist hillsides and plains, California, from the Sacramento southward. Var. nana. A span or so high, with more scapiform peduncles, leaves crowded at base, heads and rays smaller, outer involucre comparatively shorter, and ray-akenes narrower or less margined. — San Bernardino Co. at Mohave Station, &c, Lemmon, Pringle. Thelesperma. COMPOSITE. 301 § 4. CoreocA*rptjs. Akenes nearly of Euleptosyne, but mostly with tuber- culate rather than winged margins, and some of them bearing a pair of sometimes retrorsely hispid awns ; those of the ray-flowers mostly fertile : style-branches of the disk-flowers produced into a subulate appendage : outer involucre of a few small inconspicuous bracts : annuals or suffruticose perennials ; with branching stems, opposite leaves, and small cymose or paniculate heads on short slender peduncles. — Coreocarpus & Acoma, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 1. c. Coreocarpus, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 384 L. Arizonica, Gray. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, and paniculately branched from a woody base, rigid, slender : leaves 3-5-parted into mostly entire linear acute lobes : heads loosely cymose, 3 or 4 lines long : outer involucre, of 1 to 3 small loose bracts ; inner of 6 to 8 ovate ones in two ranks : rays 5 or 6, about 3 lines long : disk-corollas with a bearded ring : akenes narrowly oblong, with faces either smooth or papillose-muriculate, and margins beset with a wing which is wholly dissected into a pectinate tubercular fringe (in the manner of Coreopsis, § Coreoloma), the inner and less fertile or infertile marginless, some without pappus, others bearing either one or two short and setiform awns, which are either naked or sparingly denticulate, the denticulations spreading or a few of them recurved. — Proc. Am. Acad, xvii. 218. — Along streams in the Santa Catalina Mountains. Southern Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. L. PARTnENiofDES (Coreocarpus parthenioides, Benth. Bot. Sulph. t. 16), L. heterocArpa (C. heterocarpus, Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. v. 162), and L. dissecta {Acoma dissectum, Benth. L c. 1. 17) are species of Lower California, insufficiently known. 117. THELESPERMA, Less. (Q^Xt?, a nipple, o~n-k Pt i.a, seed, from the papillosity of some of the akenes.) — Perennial, sometimes annual or suffru- tescent herbs (of the Great Plains, and one on the Pampas of S. Amer.), smooth and glabrous ; with habit of Coreopsis, opposite usually finely dissected leaves, and pedunculate heads ; the rays normally golden yellow, disk-flowers yellow, some- times purplish or brownish. — Less, in Linn. vi. 511 ; Gray in Kew Jour. Bot. i. 252, & PI. Wright, i. 109. Cosmidium, Torr. & Gray, in Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c, & Fl. ii. 350. # Lobes of the disk-corollas linear or lanceolate, longer than the short-campanulate throat : style- appendages with cuspidate or subulate tips: pappus evident: chaff of receptacle falling with and partly embracing the akenes. T. scAEiosiofDES, Less., of the Pampas in S. America, closely represents T. gracile, but hits more filiform foliage and longer-awned pappus. Cosmidium BurridgeAnum of the gardens is a hybrid of T. Jilifolium and Coreopsis tinc- toria, acquiring its brown-purple rays from the latter. T. filifolium, Gray. A foot or two high from an annual or biennial root, loosely branch- ing, leafy : leaves not rigid, bipinnately divided into filiform lobes no wider than the rhachis : bracts of the outer involucre 8, subulate-linear, almost equalling or more than half the length of the inner, which are connate only to the middle : rays broad, over half-inch long : disk usually purple turning brownish : outer akenes becoming coarsely papillose on the back ; the stout triangular-subulate pappus-scales not longer than the width of the akene. — Kew Jour. Bot. i. 252, & PI. Wright, i. 109. Coreopsis trifida, Lam. 111. t. 704; Poir. Suppl. ii. 353, ex tab. C.filifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3505. Cosmidium Jilifolium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 350. — Dry uplands and plains, Arkansas to Texas. T. ambigUUTn, Gray. A foot high, perennial and spreading by creeping rootstocks, rather rigid, usually more naked above or with longer peduncles : cauline leaves less compound ; the lobes from filiform to narrowly linear ; bracts of inner involucre connate to or above the middle: rays rarely wanting; otherwise as the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 16. T. Jilifolium, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 109, & ii. 90, chiefly. — Plains and hills, W. Texas to New Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. 302 COMPOSITE. Theksperma. T. gracile, Gray, 1. c. More rigid, a foot or two high from a deep perennial root, less branched, naked above : leaves once or twice 3-5-nately divided or parted into filiform-linear or broader lobes, or some upper ones filiform and entire : bracts of the outer involucre 4 to 6, very short, ovate or oblong ; of the inner one connate to above the middle, the edges of their lobes slightly scarious : disk mostly yellow, scarcely brownish after anthesis : akenes less papillose or roughened, the breadth of the summit exceeded by the subulate awns : rays usually none, rarely present and 2 or 3 lines long. — Bidens gracilis, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 215. Cosmidium gracile, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) * # Lobes of disk-corollas from ovate to oblong, decidedly shorter than the cylindraceous throat; the proper tube also shorter than in the foregoing : pappus shorter and more coroniform, desti- tute of retrorse bristles or hairs, or wanting. •)— Leafy-stemmed, branching, herbaceous to the ground : style-appendages subulate-tipped. T. SUbsimplicifolium, Gray. Stems slender, rigid, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves sometimes all entire and filiform (1| to 3 inches long), sometimes 3-5-parted into filiform entire lobes : outer bracts of the involucre oblong to linear, short: rays half-inch long: akenes short- fusiform : pappus 2 minute slightly hairy teeth, or obsolete. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 90. T. sim- plicifolium, Gray, Kew Jour. Bot. 1. c. Cosmidium simplicifolium, Gray, PI. Fendl. 86. — Rocky prairies, Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) -)— -i— Low, branching from a lignescent base, very leafy below, sending up long and naked or scapiform peduncles: outer involucre short and small: akenes fusiform, more incurved at maturity. _ T. subnudum, Gray. Rather stout : leaves thickish and rigid, once or twice ternately parted into linear or lanceolate lobes: peduncles 4 to 10 inches long: head rather large (half-inch high) : rays sometimes none, sometimes ample (the larger two-thirds inch long and over half-inch wide): style-appendages subulate-tipped: pappus a minute 4-5-toothed naked crown, or obsolete. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 72. Includes also T. subsimplicifolium, var. scaposum, Gray, coll. Parry, &c. — New Mexico, S. Utah, and N. Arizona, Palmer, Parry, Ward. Also apparently Green River, Wyoming, Parry, a plant referred to T. gracile. T. longipes, Gray. Fastigiately much branched at the woody base, very leafy : leaves 3-5-parted into filiform divisions which are usually no wider than the rhachis : peduncles filiform, wholly simple, 5 to 10 inches long: head small (quarter-inch high), rayless : style- appendages tipped with a very short cone : akenes barely 2 lines long, arcuate at maturity, falling free from the chaff: pappus quite obsolete. — PI. Wright, i. 109; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 164. — Dry hills and banks, W. Texas and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock (not showing the woody stems), Lemrhon. (Mex., Schaffner.) 118. BALDWlNIA, Nutt., in the form of Balduina. (Dr. Wm. Baldwin, collaborator with Elliott, died early.) — Apparently biennials or annuals (of S. Atlantic States), mostly glabrous or minutely puberulent ; with alternate entire leaves, puncticulate in the manner of Helenium and veinless, and solitary or corym- bosely paniculate heads of yellow flowers, or those of the disk sometimes purplish- tinged : fL late summer and autumn. — Nutt. Gen. ii. 175; Ell. Sk. ii. 447; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 391. Baldwinia and Actinospermum (Ell.), Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 388. (True affinity rather with the Helenioidece.) B. uniflora, Nutt. 1. c. Stem rather stout, simple or simply branched, 1 to 3 feet high from a perhaps " perennial " root, with terminal usually elongated peduncle bearing a solitary large head : leaves obtuse, spatulate, or the upper linear : bracts of the involucre numerous, in about 4 series, thickish, at first appressed : rays 20 to 30, cuneate-linear, 3-toothed at truncate apex, inch or more long : concreted chaff of receptacle truncate : akenes cylindra- ceous-obconical, with pappus of 7 to 9 narrowly oblong pales of nearly its length. — Ell. Sk. ii. 447. — Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana; first coll. by Bartrdm. B. multiflora, Nutt. 1. c. Slender, from an annual or biennial root, branching above, very leafy up to the several or numerous slender peduncles, glabrous or sometimes sparsely hir- sute : leaves all narrowly linear: heads small (3 or in fruit 5 lines high) : bracts of the Galiwoga. COMPOSITE. 303 involucre fewer and narrow : rays 8 or 10, euneate, half-inch long, 3-4-lobed at summit : alveoli cuspidate-toothed at the angles : akenes stipitate, turbinate, the flat summit crowned with the pappus of about 12 radiate and orbicular-obovate paleai. — Actinospermum, Ell. 1. c. A. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Buphthalmum angustifolium, Pursh, Fl. ii. 564.'— Sand- hills, Georgia and Florida ; first coll. by Bartram. 119. MARSH ALLI A, Schreb. (Humphry Marshall, author of the earliest indigenous work on the sylva of N. America.) — Low and smooth nearly glabrous perennials (of S. Atlantic States) ; with fibrous roots, commonly simple stems, and solitary pedunculate (Armeria-like) heads of rose-purple or white glandular- puberulent flowers, with blue anthers, produced in spring or summer : peduncle puberulent : leaves alternate, entire, mostly 3-nerved, but not manifestly veiny. — Gen. ii. 810; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 390. Persoonia, Michx. Fl. ii. 104, not Smith. Trattenickia, Pers. Syn. 403, not Willd. Therolepta, Eaf. # Leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, all but the upper tapering below into a slender sessile base or margined petiole ; radical spatulate. M. angustifolia, Pursh. Sometimes 2 feet high and branching above . cauline leaves linear, or the uppermost linear-subulate ; radical spatulate : bracts of involucre narrow, mostly acute, rigid, head only half-inch high : corollas pale purple : akenes minutely pubes- cent or at maturity glabrous, longer than the pappus. — Fl. ii. 520; Ell. Sk. ii. 316 (& var. cyananthera) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Athanasia graminifolia, Walt. Car. 201. Persoonia angus- tifolia, Michx. 1. c. Trattenickia angustifolia, Pers. 1. c. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina (and Tennessee ? ) to Florida and Louisiana. M. caespitosa, Nutt. Mare tufted, a foot high or less, either leafy only at base and with scapiform peduncle, or sparsely leafy-stemmed and sparingly branching : leaves spatulate- linear, or somewhat lanceolate and the upper linear : bracts of involucre narrow-linear, acute or acutish : head two-thirds inch or more high : corollas pale- rose-color or. white : akenes qbpyramidal, villous on the angles, shorter than the pappus. — Nutt. in DC. Prodr. v. 680 ; Hook. Bot Mag. t. 3704; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Calcareous soil, Arkansas to Texas; fir* coll. by Berlandier and Nuttall. M. lanceolata, Pdksh. A foot or less high, commonly leafy only at base and with scapi- form simple peduncle : leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, 3 to 6 lines wide : bracts of involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse : akenes elongated-turbinate, pubescent, much longer than the pappus. — Fl. ii. 519 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Persoonia lan- ceolata, Michx. 1. t. Trattenickia lanceolata, Pers. 1. c. — Open dry woods, N. Carolina to Florida, preferring the upper districts. Var. platyph.$lla, M. A. Cdktis. Leafy-stemmed, sometimes 2 feet high, with spatulate-oblong leaves 2 to 6 inches long, all obtuse. — Chapm. Fl. 241. — Moist or wet ground, N. Carolina, &c., from the middle country westward. # # Leaves thinner, conspicuously 3-nerved ; cauline acuminate. M. latifolia, Pdksh, 1. c. A foot or so high, leafy to the middle or more: cauline leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a merely narrowed base, gradually acuminate, 2 or 3 inches long : bracts of the involucre linear, acute or acutish, rigid. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Athanasia trinervia, Walt. 1. c. Persoonia latifolia, Michx. 1. c, t. 43. Trattenickia latifolia, Pers. 1. c. Marshallia Schreberi, Tratt. Arch. Gen. i. 108. — Moist soil, Virginia to Missis- sippi, along the middle country. 120. GALINS6GA, Ruiz & Pav. (M. Galinsoga, a Spanish physician and botanist.)— Annuata of Tropical America, the common species now widely disseminated. G. parviflora, Cav. A foot or two high, loosely branching, slender, somewhat pubescent : leaves thin, ovate, acute, serrate, 3-nerved from near the base, petioled : heads 2 lines long, slender-peduncled from the summit of the branches, somewhat paniculate : rays whitish, barely exserted : disk-flowers yellow : pappus usually of 8 to 16 short palea;. — Ic. iii.41, t. 281 ; DC Prodr. v. 677 ; Gray, Man. 264 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 983. — Open or waste grounds, 304 COMPOSITE. Blepharipappus. perhaps indigenous to New Mexico and Arizona, an introduced weed about gardens in the Northern States. In indigenous plants of the Southern border (var. Caracasana, & var. semicdlca, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 98) pappus 'of the ray much reduced or wanting. (Mex., S. Amer.) 121. BLEPHARIPAPPUS, Hook. (BXe<£api's, the eyelash, TrriWos, seed-down, from the fringed paleas of the pappus.) — A single but variable species. (Transition to the Madiece.) B. SCaber, Hook. Annual, a span to a foot high, loosely branched, puberulent and sca- brous, and with some hispid hairs, above more or less glandular : leaves alternate, narrowly linear, with revolute or involute margins when dry, entire : heads short-peduncled, terminat- ing the paniculate branchlets, 3 to 5 lines high : both rays and disk-flowers white : anthers brownish-purple. — Fl. i. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 391 ; Gray, Bot Calif, i. 358. Ptilonella scabra, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 386. — Dry plains and mountains, interior of Oregon, Idaho, &c, to Nevada and the Sierra Nevada, California. Var. SUboalvus, Gkat, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Pappus both of ray and disk obsolete or reduced to hyaline vestiges. — Eastern borders of California, Lemmon, Matthews, &c. Var. lsevis, Gray, 1. c. Slender, with filiform branches, almost smooth: heads few- fiowerfed. — California, Bridges. Taken for Hemizonia in Gen. PI. ii. 395. 122. MADIA, Molina. Tarweed. (Madi, the Chilian name of the com, mon species.) — Glandular and viscid herbs, mostly heavy-scented ; with leaves entire or merely toothed, some or all of them alternate ; heads axillary and terminal ; the yellow flowers vespertine or matutinal, closing in sunshine : in summer. — Molina, Chil. ; Cav. Ic. iii. 50, t. 298 ; Don in Bot. Reg. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 393. Madaria (DC), Madariopsis, Madorella, Amida, Anisocar- pus, & Uarpcecarpus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. • § 1. Madakia. Ligules exserted and conspicuous: disk-flowers sterile or partly fertile : disk-corollas pubescent, except in the first species : herbage hir- sute, the upper part minutely glandular. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 188, & Bot. Calif, i. 358. * Annual, low and slender, with mostly alternate leaves and small heads : pappus both to ray and disk-flowers ! M. Yosemitana, Parry. A span or more high : leaves linear, entire : heads slender- pedunculate, 2 lines high : ray-flowers 5 to 10, with ligules a line or two long: disk-flowers 3 to 10, sterile : corollas nearly glabrons : bracts of the involucre with short and narrow tips ; of the receptacle 4 to 8, more or less connate by their margins : ray-akenes semi-obovate or slightly lunate, bearing an evident pappus in the form of a ciliolate crown : pappus of the disk-flowers of about 5 sparsely barbellate awns, nearly equalling the corolla. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 219. — California ; near Fresno, Eisen ; at' the foot of the upper YoSemite Fall, Parry (few-flowered form) ; near Auburn, Marcus E. Jones, a larger form, with 8 to 10 rays and about as many disk-flowers. # # Perennial, taller, with larger heads and some or most of the leaves opposite, occasionally dentate: a manifest pappus to the disk-flowers, of plumose-lacerate or fimbriate palese. — Anuo- carpus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 388. M. Nuttallii, Geay. Stem slender, a foot or two high : leaves linear-lanceolate : heads sparsely paniculate, 4 lines high, usually slender-peduncled : involucral bracts 8 to 12, with short inconspicuous tips : exserted ligules 3 to 5 lines long : only ray-akenes fertile ; these obovate-falcate, much compressed, with sides many-striate and nearly nerveless : pappus of sterile disk-flowers of small oblong palese. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. viii. 391, ix. 188, & Bot. Calif, i. 358. Anisocarpus madioides, Nutt. 1. u. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 403. — Woods, from Monterey, California, to Brit. Columbia; first coll. by Nuttall. M. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves linear (the longer 7 to 10 inches long, 4 lines wide) : heads half to three-fourths inch high : involucral bracts and rays 12 Madia. COMPOSITE. 305 to 16; bracts of the receptacle linear and unconnected : ray-akenes linear-falcate, 1-2-nerved on the narrow faces, commonly with a rudiment of pappus : disk-akenes numerous, straighter, all the outer ones fertile, all with a pappus of slender palese, which are either little or much shorter than the corolla. — Anisocarpus Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360. — Woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Mariposa to Plumas Co.; first coll. by Bolander, and northward to Scott Mountains, Pringle. # # * Annual, with showy heads, chiefly alternate leaves, and no pappus : pubescence viscid as well as hirsute or hispid. M. radiata, Kellogg. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high : larger leaves broadly lanceolate, den- ticulate : bracts of the involucre 10 to 20, with short tips: rays as many, half -inch long, obtusely 3-toothed-: disk-flowers very numerous on a nearly flat glabrous receptacle, all but the central ones fertile, somewhat clavate and 4-angular, straightish : ray-akenes narrowly obovate-falcate, flat, tipped with a minute reflexed beak ! — Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 190 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 359. — California, near the mouth of the San Joachin River, Bolander. M. elegans, Don. Stem less stout, a foot or two high, or in depauperate forms only a span or two, above sometimes copiously beset with stipitate viscid glands, sometimes these almost wanting: leaves linear or lanceolate, mostly entire : bracts of the involucre 5 to 15, with linear tips : rays acutely 3-lobed, yellow throughout or with a brown-red spot at base : disk- flowers more numerous than the rays, on a convex hirsute-fimbrillate receptacle, all sterile : fertile akenes obliquely oborate-cuneate, nearly nerveless, depressed-truncate and wholly beakless at summit. — Don in Bot. Beg. t. 1458; Gray, 1. c. M. viscosa, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 24, not Cav. Madaria elegans & M. eorymbosa (with var. hispidal), DC. Prodr. v. 692. 21. elegans, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3548. 21. eorymbosa, Endl. Iconogr. t. 36. M. racemosa, Nutt. Trans. 1. c. — Hills and plains, throughout California, Oregon, and the borders of Nevada ; first coll. by Douglas. § 2. EuMiDiA. Ligules inconspicuous or short, from twelve to one, or rarely none : disk-flowers few or numerous and fertile : the corollas pubescent : pappus none : receptacle flat, smooth : glandular and viscid heavy-scented annuals. — Gray, 1. c. Madia, Madariopsis, Madorella, & Amida, Nutt. 1. c. M. sativa, Molina. Commonly robust, 1 to 3 feet high, pubescent with slender somev.hat viscid hairs and beset with pedicellate very viscid glands : leaves from broadly lanceolate to linear : heads commonly short-peduncled or sessile and rather scattered, 5 or 6 lines high : rays 5 to 12, with honey-yellow ligules about 2 lines long : disk-akenes cuneate-oblong and quadrangular, being prominently one-nerved on the faces (2 lines long), those of the ray somewhat falcate-obovate, either with or without an obvious nerve on the sides. — Don in Bot. Reg. 1. c. ; DC! Notul. Jard. Genev. & Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 404. 21. sativa (with false char.) & 21. mellosa (which would have been the better name to use), Molina, Chi], ed. 1, 354. M. viscosa, Cav. Ic. iii. 50, t. 298. 21. mellosa, Jacq. Hort. Schcenb. iii. 29, t. 302. M. stellala, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop., few-flowered form, like that figured by Jacquin. — Oregon and California. (Chili.) Var. congesta, Tore. & Gray, 1. u. The common Tarweed near the coast, stout, branching, very sticky: heads mostly crowded or glomerate at the end of the branches, many-flowered ; the rays from 8 to 12. — M. capitata, Nutt. 1. c. Nearly M. viscosa, Cav. 1. c. — Fields and waysides throughout the western portion of California and Oregon; probably an introduction from Chili, or the contrary. Var. racemosa, Gray, 1. c. Slender, simple-stemmed, with fewer-flowered heads somewhat racemosely disposed : disk-akenes flatter and nerve less distinct. — M. racemosa) Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Madorella racemosa, Nutt. 1. c. — Oregon to Idaho, interior of Cali- fornia, and Nevada. Approaching the fewer-flowered Chilian M. mellosa, Jacq., &c, perhaps passing into the next. M. dissitiflora, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Slender, a foot or two high, often loosely branching, moderately viscid : heads 3 or barely 4 lines high, scattered or loosely paniculate : rays 5 to 8 : disk-flowers few: akenes shorter and broader (a line or two long), also thicker, not angled Sor with the sides evidently nerved. — M. sativa, var. dissitiflora, Gray, 1. c. Madorella dissitiflora, Nutt. 1. c. Sclerocarpus gracilis, Smith in Rees Cycl.? — Not uncommon through- out Oregon and California. 20 306 COMPOSITE. Madia. M. glomerata, Hook. A foot or so high, rigid, very leafy, hirsute, glandular only toward the inflorescence : leaves narrowly linear : heads glomerate : rays 2 to 5 or sometimes none, not surpassing the about equal number of disk-flowers : akenes (2 lines or more long) narrow, those of the disk 4-5-angled ; of the ray somewhat curved and 1-nerved on each face. — Fl. ii. 24; Gray, I.e. Amida hirsuta & A. gracilis, Nutt. I.e.; Torr. & Gray, I.e. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Saskatchewan, Washington Terr., Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada in California. § 3. HaePjECaepus. Ligules very short and inconspicuous, not surpassing the solitary fertile disk-flower, all destitute of pappus : corolla glabrous. — Gray, 1. c. Harpmcarpus, Nutt. 1. c. 389. M. filipes, Gray, 1. c. Slender annual, a span to a foot or more high, hirsute, glandular above, paniculately branched; the small heads (a line or two long) on long filiform pedun- cles : leaves narrowly liHear : bracts of the involucre 4 to 8, lunate and strongly carinate in fruit, almost destitute of free tips, hispid-glandular : bracts of receptacle united into a 3-5- toothed cup : ray-akenes obovate-lunate, the tip somewhat pointed by a small epigynous disk: disk-akene straight and obliquely obovate. — Sclerocarpus exiguus, Smith in Rees Cycl.? Harpcecarpus madarioides, Nutt. 1. c. H. exiguus, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 101. — Open grounds, from S. California to British Columbia near the coast, and eastward to Idaho. 123. HEMIZONELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of Hemizonia?) — Little annuals of Pacific N. America; with somewhat the aspect and characters of the Harpeecarpus section of Madia, hirsute-pubescent and above glandular, diffusely branching : leaves linear, entire, opposite or some of the upper alternate : heads in the forks and cymosely clustered, terminating the branchlets, short-pedun- cled, small (a line or two in length) ; the very small corollas yellow. Involucre glandular-hispid on the back. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189, & Bot. Calif, i. 360. Hemizonia § Hemizonella, Gray, Proc. 1. c. vi. 548. H. Durandi, Gray. A span high: earliest heads slender-peduncled : akenes narrowly oblong-obovate or somewhat fusiform, manifestly obcompressed with the inner face slightly angulate, tipped with a short but conspicuous incurved beak. — H. Durandi & S. parvula, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189. Hemizonia Durandi & H. parvula, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 549.-— Dry ground, California, from the Yosemite Valley to Washington Territory; first coll. by Pratten. H. minima, Gray, 1. c, with syn. An inch or two high : peduncles all shorter than the heads : ray-akenes obovate, less incurved,, much obcompressed, the beak obsolete or a minute inflexed apiculation. — Dry sterile soil, California, through the eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, from Mariposa Co. northward, Brewer, Matthews, &c. 124. HEMIZONIA, DC. Tarweed. (Composed of fa half, U>v*\, gir- dle, from the half-enclosed ray-akenes.) — Calif ornian herbs, nearly all annuals or biennials, usually glandular, viscid, and heavy-scented ; with alternate or some- times opposite leaves, and middle-sized or small heads of yellow or white flowers, the anthers commonly brownish. Fl. summer or later. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 396; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 394; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 190, xix. 17, & Bot. Calif, i. 361. Hemizonia, Hartmannia, in part, & Calycadenia, DC. Prodr. v. 692-695. § 1. Euhemizonia, Gray, 1. c. Ray-akenes only fertile, obovate-triangular, with depressed terminal areola hardly eccentric, glabrous, smooth and even: disk-akenes abortive and without pappus : annuals, a foot or so high ; with entire or merely denticulate and mostly linear leaves, and white or yellow flowers : rays 3-lobed. — Hemizonia, DC. (the typical species of both sections). Hemitonia. COMPOSITE. 307 # Akenes rounded on the back and with a ventral angle, destitute or nearly so of basal stipe : rays exserted but rather short: chaffy bracts none or hardly any among the inner flowers: leaves narrow, quite entire, or rarely a few salient denticulations. (Ambiguous species, with the habit, but not the akenes, of Madia.) H. Wheeleri, Gray. Loosely branching, slender, green, slightly pubescent, minutely glandular above : heads scattered : rays 5 or 6, bright yellow : marginal bracts of the recep- tacle distinct. — Bot. Calif, i. 617; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 361, t. 10. Olanche Mountains, of the southern Sierra Nevada, California, Rothrock. H. citriodora. Simple-stemmed, with short-pedunculate eorymbosely panicled heads, or loosely branched above and heads more scattered, " lemon-scented," cinereously villous-hirsute and above with small pedicellate glands interspersed : rays 8 or 9, greenish-yellow : marginal bracts of the receptacle lightly united into a cup. — Madia citriodora, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 63. — Northern California, from Siskiyou Co., Greene, to Placer and Sacramento Co., Bolander (1865), Mrs. Curran. With specimens from the latter a less villous and more glandular form, Madia anomala, Greene, ined. # * Akenes obovate-triangular, with a dorsal and two lateral angles, the ventral face broad and nearly plane, surface smooth and shining, base usually extended into a small inflexed stipe, with a whitish callous at its insertion (but sometimes the stipe short or obsolete and the callus at the very base of the akene): receptacle chaffy throughout: rays either white or light yellow in the same species, opening only in bright sunshine. -t— Heads terminating paniculate or usually eorymbosely cymose branches. H. COngesta, DC. Soft-hirsute or villous, but not lanate, slightly glandular toward the clustered or scattered heads : bracts of the involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips, little surpassed by the rays : marginal bracts of the receptacle either lightly connate or nearly distinct: inflexed stipe of the akene conspicuous. — Prodr. v. 692; Gray, 1. c. (not of Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 109, which proves to be young Lagophylla). — California, near San Francisco, Douglas, G. R. Vasey. Specimens formerly referred to this still little-known species belong to the following. H. luzulsefolia, DC. Villous, and below even sericeous-lanate, at least when young, above becoming very viscid-glandular and eorymbosely or paniculately branched : lower leaves elongated, 3-5-nerved : bracts of the involucre with short and broadish herbaceous tips : marginal bracts of the receptacle united into a cup: rays 5 to 10, rather large, white, some- times tinged with pink, or not rarely pale yellow (var. lutescens, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 16) : stipe of akene as in the preceding, or shorter, or obsolete. — Prodr. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. H. sericea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356. H. rudis, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 31, a very branch- ing and late-flowering form. — Dry open grounds, throughout western part of California, very common from San Francisco Bay to Monterey. Varying greatly. -1— -K- Heads disposed to be sessile along simple branches. H. Clevelandi, Greene. More slender, below villous with long spreading hairs, not lanate : leaves all narrowly linear, mostly one-nerved : heads smaller, nearly all after the terminal one snbsessile in the axils or on short leafy branchlets, thus as it were spicately or race- mosely disposed : rays white : akenes and flowers as in the smaller-headed form of the preceding. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 109. — California, from Mendocino Co. (Kellogg) to Lake Co., Bolander, Cleveland. § 2. Hartmannia, Gray, 1. c. Ray-akenes opaque and often rugose or tuberculate (rarely smooth and shining), very gibbous, turgid, the terminal areola from the summit of the inner angle or face, and by gibbosity commonly intra- apical, raised on a little beak (rostellum) or apiculation : flowers in all yellow : ours annuals. — Hartmannia (excl. spec.) & part of Hemizonia, DC. Prodr. H. frutescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & Bot. Calif, i. 361, an outlying species from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is remarkable for having a woody-based stem, and is probably the only species that is really perennial. This and H. Streetsii, Gray, 1. c. xii. 162, from San Benito Island, Lower California, are the only known representatives of the genus beyond the limits of this Flora. 308 COMPOSITE. Semiztmia, # Receptacle conical or convex, many-flowered, all the disk-flowers subtended by narrow and mostly quite distinct chaffy bracts, some of them not rarely fertile: ray-flowers usually numer- ous and in more than one series, with short and yellow ligules ; their akenes ebovate-triangular, with very oblique apiculation, usually smoothisli : rigid and branching annuals ; with some or all of the lower leaves incisely pinnatiiid, and the uppermost clustered around the sessile heads. — Hartmannia § Olocarpha, DC. Prodr. -I— Leaves and bracts not pungent, but the upper gland-tipped. H. macradenia, DC. Stout, hirsute, viscid-glandular, very leafy : upper leaves linear, entire or laciniately dentate ; those of the branchlets and axillary fascicles linear-subulate, trancately gland-tipped : some of these and most of those crowded around the sessile glom- erate heads, also the bracts of the involucre and even those of the conical receptacle, beset with stipitate tack-shaped glands : heads fully half -inch in diameter : pappus none. — Prodr. v. 693 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 400 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 363. — Dry open ground, from the Bay of San Francisco southward. An unpleasantly scented Tarweed. H— -)— Upper leaves or their lobes and the bracts of the involucre rigid, pungently pointed, none gland-tipped. H. Pitohii, Gkay. Vinous-hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset with small scattered tack- shaped glands: leaves some (even of the lower) entire and elongated linear-acerose, very pungent, some of the lower once or twice pinnately parted : bracts of the involucre subulate ; those of the receptacle pointless, soft, bearded with long villous hairs : disk-akenes sterile, with pappus of 8 to 12 linear palese, fringed or bearded at tip, somewhat united at base, nearly equalling their corolla. — Pacif. B. Bep. iv. 109, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Common in California north and east of Sacramento ; first coll. by Rev. Mr. Fitch. H. Parryi, Greene. Sparsely or slightly hirsute, sometimes minutely viscid-glandular : leaves short ; lower sparingly pinnatifid ; upper subulate-acerose, as also the tips of the invo- lucral bracts ; those of the receptacle thin, villous on the margin, acute or obtuse, but neither pointed nor rigid : sterile disk-akenes with a pappus of 3 to 5 narrowly linear slender, pointed naked palese which equal the corolla. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 16. (Has been inex- cusably confounded with the preceding and following. ) — Not uncommon in California from Lake Co. to San Bernardino Co., Torrey, Parry, Parish, &c. H. pungens, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or hispid, sometimes only slightly so, hardly at all viscid or glandular : cauline leaves pinnatifid or the lower bipinnatifid, and the lobes short ; those of the branchlets and fascicles entire, lanceolate or linear-subulate, with very pungent tips, those around the head little surpassing it: bracts of the receptacle also pungently pointed: pappus to disk-flowers none. — Fl. ii. 399; Bot. Calif. 1. c. Hartmannia pungens, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 357 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 334. — Dry hills and fields, from San Fran- cisco Bay southward ; first coll. by Douglas. * # Receptacle fiat or nearly so, naked among the disk-flowers, which are surrounded by a circle of connate or sometimes distinct bracts : rays golden yellow and with glandular usually slender tubes: some of the pubescence glandular or viscid: no large tack-shaped or terminal truncate glands. -1— Rays 12 to 24, oblong-cuneate ; their akenes occupying more than one series, obscurel}' rugose : disk-flowers as numerous, with wholly sterile or abortive ovary, and small plurisquamellate pappus or none. H. corymbosa, Tore. & Gray, 1. c. Erect, corymbosely branched above, hirsute, with or without short-pedicellate glands intermixed : lower or sometimes most of the cauline leaves pinnately parted into linear lobes ; those of the branches narrowly linear : heads rather large (a third to half inch high) : rays 15 to 25, oblong-cuneate : bracts of receptacle well united into a cup : akenes 4-5-nerved or angled (the nerve of the inner face indistinct or wanting), and with beak short and stout : disk-pappus setosely plurisquamellate. — H. angusti- folia, Benth. PI. Hartw., not DC. H. macrocephala, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 174. H. balsamifera, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 64, t. 13. Hartmannia corymbosa, DC. Prodr. v. 694. — W. California, in low grounds, common from San Francisco Bay to Sau Luis Obispo ; first coll. by Douglas. H. angustifolia, DC. Diffuse, a span to a foot high, hirsutely pubescent and glandular, becoming viscid : cauline leaves all linear, small, entire : heads corymbosely paniculate or Hemitonia. COMPOSITE. 309 scattered: rays 12 to 15: bracts of the receptacle less united, or almost separate: akenes 3-nerved, witli prominent upturned beak : disk-pappus minute and squamellate or nearly- wanting. — Prodr. v. 692 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 398 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 362. H. multicaulis, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 355? H. decumbens, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 175. — W. California, in open grounds, from San Francisco Bay southward ; first coll. by Douglas. Var. Barclayi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 190, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. (excl. pi. Brewer), from Monterey, Barclay, has more conspicuous laciniate pappus to disk-flowers. -)— -t— Kays 8 to 20, broadly cuneate or quadrate: disk-flowers more numerous, with well-formed and often fertile ovary and a conspicuous pappus of coriuceous oblong obtuse palea?, which are hirsute at summit and margins, and even on the back : stems erect, paniculately branched, 2 feet or more high, very leafy. H. floribunda, Gray. Minutely glandular-pubescent and viscid, not hirsute : cauline leaves all linear, small, entire : heads disposed to be racemose-paniculate on the branches : rays about 20; their akenes in more than one series, somewhat tuberculate-rugose, obscure'lv 4-angled, with very short straight beak : disk-akenes numerous, with pappus of 5 to 8 broad- ish paleas shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & Bot. Calif. i. 616. — California, southern part of San Diego Co., Palmer, Cleveland. H. paniculata, Grat. More diffusely branched, below commonly hirsute, the branchlets and heads viscid-glandular • cauline leaves laciniate-pinnatifid ; those of the branches entire or 2-3-dentate, linear, small; of the flowering branchlets mostly very small and bract-like, erect : heads sparsely paniculate, barely 3 lines high : iuvolucral bracts minutely densely glandular: rays about 8; their akenes coarsely rugose or pitted on the back: receptacular bracts connate or distinct: disk-flowers about 11 ; their well-formed akenes with a pappus of 8 or 10 oblong paleae which exceed the proper tube of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 17. — Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co., Brewer, Parish, Jared. Includes plant of coll. Brewer, referred in Bot. Calif, to H. angustifolia, var. Barclayi. -i — H — h — Kays 5 (rarely 3, 4, or 6), broadly cuneate or quadrate: disk-flowers not over 6, sur- rounded by mostly 5 receptacular bracts, which are usually more or less connate ; their akenes generally sterile, the paleas of their pappus not hirsute: stems paniculately branched, a foot or two high, some taller : lower cauline leaves pinnatifid ; upper and rameal entire, small. H. Eelloggii, Greene. Hirsute, sparsely so above, bearing short-pedicelled loosely panicu- late heads : cauline leaves mostly pinnately-parted or toothed : involucre quarter-inch high ; the bracts hirsutely glandular on the back, broadly lanceolate : rays fully 3 liues long : bracts of the receptacle rather broad, well united into a cup : ray-akenes tuberculate-rugose (a line or more long), bearing a rather strongly lateral and slender curved (almost sigmoid) beak : sterile disk-akenes with pappus about equalling the tube of their corolla, composed of lacerately truncate paleae, which are mostly connate to near their summits. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 41. — Central California near Antioch (Kellogg), and along the San Joaquin Valley, Greene. H. Wrightii, Gray. Hirsute below, 1 to 3 feet high, with widely-spreading branches, when much branched decumbent ; the slender or filiform branchlets terminated by pedicellate heads : lower cauline leaves laciniate-pinnatifid ; those of the branchlets mostly minute and very viscid-glandular, as is the involucre ; its bracts ovate-lanceolate ; those of the receptacle partly united : ray-akenes obscurely tuberculate-rugose, with short beak : sterile disk-akenes with pappus of 8 or 9 oblong firm palese, their summit erose-laciniate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 17. — S. California, about San Bernardino, W. G. Wright, Parish, Parry. Found also as a waif near San Francisco, Greene. Heads always scattered, and most of them on pedicels of fully their own length. H. fasciculata, Torr. & Gray. More or less hirsute or hispid below, a span to 2 feet high, commonly with rather rigid ascending glabrate or viscid-glandular branches, bearing usually fasciculate-clustered sessile small heads : cauline leaves mostly pinnately parted or laciniate; uppermost on the branches subulate-linear and rather crowded about the heads or clusters : bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, either glabrous or glandular-hispidu- lous ; of the receptacle lightly united or nearly free : ray-akenes either smoothish or at length transversely rugose, apiculate with a small very short beak ; disk-akenes chiefly sterile, with conspicuous pappus of 8 or 10 narrowly oblong or linear lacerate-tipped palea?. — Fl. ii. 397; Gray, 1. u. H. glomerata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Hartmannia fasciculata, DC. 310 COMPOSITE. Hemitonia. Prodr. 1. c. — . Dry ground, W. California, common from MoDterey to San Diego ; first coll. by Coulter, Douglas, &c. Passes into Var. r amosissima. Diffuse, sometimes decumbent : upper leaves mostly entire : heads less fascicled or all scattered : akenes at maturity rugose. — H. ramosissima, Benth. Bot. Sulpb. 30; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100, & Bot. Calif, i. 362. — Same range, and to San Bernardino Co. Var. Lobbii (H. Lobbii, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 109, founded on a single speci- men, coll. by Lobb, thought to come from near Monterey) appears to be nothing more than a tall and slender form of this species, with stem 2 feet high, long and slender branches, very small and numerous leaves on the branchlets, rays reduced to 3 or 4, and disk-flowers to about the same number, each subtended and partly enclosed by a free bract. But speci- mens hardly sufficient. * # # Receptacle flat: all the flowers subtended and akenes partly enclosed by bracts; the corolla-tubes glandular: ligules yellow and broad, 5 to 8: ray-akenes somewhat 5-nerved or angled, i. e. ventral face somewhat carinate-angled, with short upturned beak: disk-flowers 8 to 15, with akenes mostly sterile and destitute of pappus : slender virgately branched or panicu- late annuals, with lowest cauline leaves commonly laciniate-dentate, the upper all small and linear, none of them at all pungently pointed, but those of the branchlets tipped with a sessile truncate gland. H. Heermanni, Gkeene. Viscid and somewhat pubescent or hirsute, heavy-scented, paniculately branched, 1 to 3 feet high, the minute leaves of the diffuse flowering branchlets rather scattered : involucre nearly hemispherical; its bracts (and rays J 5 to 9, viscid-pubes- cent and copiously beset with pedicellate glands ; the terminal gland inconspicuous : beak and stipe of ray-akenes somewhat conspicuous: disk-flowers 10 to 15. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 15. H. macradenia, Durand, Pacif. It. Rep. v. 10, not DC. it. ramosissima, in part, Rothrock in Wheeler Bep. vi. 365. — Southern part of California, from Santa Barbara to Kern Co., &c. , first coll. by Heermann. H. virgata, Gkat. Less pubescent and viscid or nearly glabrous, the stem or long branches virgate and bearing numerous racemosely or somewhat paniculately disposed heads on short densely foliolose branchlets ; their leaves Heath-like, line long, all glandular-truncate : invo- lucre campanulate or in age oblong ; its mostly 5 bracts becoming coriaceous, with stout involute tip bearing a large truncate gland, the back nearly glabrous and sparsely, beset with some stout pedicellate glands or gland-tipped processes : stipe of ray-akene hardly any, and its beak short: disk-flowers 7 to 10. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 100, & Bot. Calif, i. 363. — Cali- fornia, from Lake Co. to Los Angeles, &c. ; first coll. by Fremont. § 3. Calycadenia, Gray, I.e. Ray-flowers few (1 to 7), with very broad palmately 3-lobed or parted ligule ; their akenes mostly dull, obovoid-triangular and little oblique ; the terminal areola scarcely if at all eccentric : disk-flowers surrounded by a circle of herbaceous bracts (forming a kind of inner involucre), which are connate into a cup or rarely separable ; their akenes well formed and the outer not rarely fertile (then hairy), turbinate-quadrangular or slightly ob- compressed, straight, bearing a conspicuous paleaceous pappus : annuals, with entire narrowly linear leaves, often becoming filiform by revolution of the mar- gins ; those of the axillary fascicles and clusters near the heads usually tipped with tack-shaped or when dry saucer-shaped conspicuous glands, which are either sessile or short-stipitate, sometimes similar glands along their backs or edges: heads as it were involucrate by some bract-like leaves. — Calycadenia, DC. Prodr. v. 695. # Wholly destitute of tack-shaped glands, paniculately and diffusely much branched and heads scattered : rays 3-parted down to the slender tube, and disk-corollas cleft into oblong-linear lobes; both white: ray-akenes almost beaked. — Osmadenia, Nutt. H. tenella, Gray. Slender, 6 to 18 inches high, sparsely hirsute-pubescent or hispid, and filiform branchlets minutely viscid-glandular : leaves almost filiform : involucre cylindra- ceous-campanulate : ray-flowers 3 to 5 ; their akenes rugose, short-stipitate and abruptly rostellate-apiculate : disk-flowers 5 ; their pappus of 4 or 5 lanceolate paleae tapering into Eemizonia. COMPOSITE. 311 stout rough awns, and as many intermediate short and lacerate-truncate ones. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 191, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Osmadenia tenella, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. vii. 392. Calycadenia tenella, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 402. — Found only near San Diego, California ; first by Coulter and Nuttall. # # Tack-shaped or saucer-shaped glands borne at least by the leaves next the heads and those fas- cicled in the axils: stem strict or with ascending branches: disk-corollas long and narrow, 5-toothed: ray-akenes truncate at summit, and with a depressed or sometimes slightly pro- tuberant terminal areola; no basal stipe: anthesis commonly (or perhaps always) vespertine or matutinal. -I— Heads very few-flowered and narrow, spicately and sparsely scattered along flexuous simple branches : flowers white or rose-tinged. H. pauciflora, Gray, 1. c. A foot or less high, with spreading filiform branches, sparsely hirsute, glabrate : heads solitary and sessile in the axils of small remote leaves ; these and the floral ones sparsely hispid near the base : ray-flowers solitary or 2, the ligule 3-parted: disk-flowers 3 in a 3-lobed cup; their pappus of 5 subulate-awned and 5 small truncate paleae: ray-akenes glabrous: tack-shaped glands small and sparse, short-stalked. — Calyca- denia pauciflora, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100. — California, from unrecorded station, Fremont. Also Lakeport, Lake Co., Pringle. -t— -1— Heads many-flowered, loosely paniculate or racemosely scattered along the slender spread- ing branches: flowers yellow : plant remarkably glabrous. H. truncata, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high : leaves rather lucid and thickish, some of them hispidulous-scabrous, or the lower with a few bristles, and those next the heads occa- sionally setose-ciliate, otherwise very smooth : glands mostly only terminal, large and sub- sessile : heads oval-campanulate, 4 or 5 lines long : ray-flowers 5 to 8, with ovate-oblong boat-shaped involucral bracts and glabrous triangular-obpyramidal akenes : bracts of the receptacle 7 to 9, lightly connate to the top into a truncate cup, at length separable : disk- flowers 10 to 20; their pappus of 7 to 10 oblong and somewhat erose fimbriate pointless palese, much shorter than the akene, sometimes obsolete. — Calycadenia truncata, DC. Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — California, from near San Francisco Bay northward into Oregon ; first coll. by Douglas. •i— 4— -i— Heads 8-15-flowered, in axillary and terminal short-pedunculate clusters on the strict stem or branches: pubescence all soft and short, grayish. H. mollis, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, the stem only puberulent : leaves cinereous- pubescent ; those of the fascicles and around the heads and the bracts tipped with a short- stalked dark gland, also some on the back : ray-flowers 3 to 5, with sometimes white some- times yellow 3-parted ligules on a short slender tube : chaff of receptacle forming a 6-8- toothed cup: ray-akenes obpyramidal, glabrous: disk-flowers 5 to 10, with pappus of 5 or 6 subulate-awned palese nearly twice the length of the akenes, and one or two small pointless ones. — H. angustifolia, Dnrand, in Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c, not DC. Calycadenia mollis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360. — Sierra Nevada, California, in the foothills up to 4,000 feet in Merced Co. and Tuolumne Co.; first found with bright white rays, later with yellow also, by Lemmon, &c. +- +- 4- +- Heads several-many-flowered, mostly glomerate or spicately paniculate on the strict stem or branches, in depauperate slender plants solitary in the axils : leaves rather rigid: pubescence setose-hirsute or hispid, at least on the margins of the upper leaves: lobes of the disk-corollas sometimes strongly and sometimes sparsely and obscurely hispidulous-glandular or barbellate on the outside. H. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c, partly. Whitish-hirsute and hispid : tack-shaped glands not rare on the margins as well as the tips of many of the leaves, mostly none on the bracts of the involucre and receptacle : flowers yellow or white and purplish-tinged : akenes silky-villous, at least when young, but often glabrate : pappus a little shorter than the disk-corolla, of 10 or sometimes 12 narrow linear-lanceolate palese which are gradually attenuate into an awn- like point, as long as or longer than the akenes, or 2 or 3 of them not rarely shorter or point- less. —Calycadenia villosa, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, founded on slender and too youug specimens of coll. Douglas. H. hispida, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 63; a robust form, 1 to 3 feet high, with yellow flowers ; coll. near Atwater Station, Merced Co., by Greene and Parry. H.spicata, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 16, a dwarf form, with white flowers; coll. 312 COMPOSITE. Hemizonia. by the same at Milton. — Desiccated plains, from Lake Co. to Merced Co., California ; first coll. by Douglas, in immature and depauperate specimens. As polymorphous as the next species. H. multiglandulosa, Gray, 1 c. Hirsute or hispid, also puberulent : tack-shaped glands usually abundant on the back of the bracts of the involucre and of the receptacle : flowers white, sometimes purplish-tinged : ray-akenes glabrous or glabrate, short and broadly ob- pyramidal-obovate, glabrous or soon glabrate : pappus much shorter than the disk-corolla and shorter than the akenes, of 10 or rarely 12 unequal palese, 5 of them oblong- to lanceolate- subulate and attenuate at summit into an awn-like point, the others obtuse or erose-trun- cate. — Calycadenia multiglandulosa & C. cephalotes. DC. Prodr. v. 695. — Common in Cali- fornia, especially in the Great Valley and north of the Bay of San Francisco. Buns into many and various forms. The type of the species has the heads or clusters sessile and not much crowded in the axils of the leaves along the virgate stem or its basal branches : odor said to be disagreeable. Var. cephalotes. Stouter, with heads densely glomerate at the summit of the stem and in approximate axils, sometimes appearing later in remoter axils : herbage heavy-scented. — H. cephalotes, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 110. Calycadenia cephalotes, DC. 1. u. A common form : odor said to be balsamic. Var. sparsa. Slender, lax, a span to a foot high : lower and sometimes all the leaves opposite : heads usually solitary in a few axils ; the terminal glands on the bracts few. — H. Fremont!, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 191. (Calycadenia Fremonti, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100.) H. oppositifolia, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 1. c. — Valley of the Sacramento, Fremont, Mrs. Bidwell, Parry, &c. § 4. Blepharizonia, Gray. Ray-flowers 7 to 10, with 3-lobed ligules: disk- flowers 10 to 20; outer ones subtended by one or two series of linear receptacu- lar bracts : akenes of disk disposed to be fertile and nearly like those of the ray, except in their pappus of about 20 short and stout densely plumose awns : ray- akenes elongated-turbinate, hardly oblique, sericeous-hirsute, about 10-nerved, with broad and depressed terminal areola, this obscurely coroniform-bordered. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 192, & Bot. Calif, i. 366. H. plumdsa, Grat, 1. c. Strongly ill-scented annual, 2 to 5 feet high, paniculately branched, hirsute-pubescent, above most copiously beset with very viscid tack-shaped glands': cauline leaves linear, entire ; those of the branchlets very small, oblong or oval, bract-like : heads racemosely paniculate, broad (4 or 5 lines long) : involucral bracts short, very glandular: pappus in the original specimens nearly half the length of the disk- akenes. — Calycadenia plumosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 49. — Banks and dried beds of streams, near Stockton, California ; the original discoverer unknown ; recently collected by Lemmon, &c. Var. subplumosa. Pappus only one quarter the length of the disk-akenes, or even hardly longer than the diameter of their summit : heads more sparse, terminating loosely paniculate branches. — Near Stockton, apparently same habitat as that of the original species, Parry, Mrs. Curran. 125. ACHYRACHi&NA, Schauer. ("A X vpov, chaff, and achcenium, the botanical name of the fruit of Compositae, &c. : relates to the very chaffy pappus.) — Del. Sem. Hort. Vratisl. 1837; DC. Prodr. vii. 292; Torr. & Gray, FLU. 392 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 396. Lepidostephanus, Bartl. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gcett. 1837. — Single species, a Californian annual. A. mollis, Schauer, 1. c. A span to a foot high, erect, villous-pubescent, slightly glandular- viscid : leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, long and narrowly linear, entire or the lower laciniate : heads solitary and long-peduncled, terminating the stem and fastigiate branches, an inch or less long : corollas' whitish or yellowish and turning brownish : pappus and disk- akenes each quarter-inch long : in fruit and when mature and dry the akenes with their spreading pappus diverging, forming a globular silvery-chaffy head, resembling that of Thrift. LagophyUa. COMPOSITE. 313 — Lepidostephanus madioides, Bartl. 1. c. — Open grounds; fl. in spring, throughout the western part of California ; first coll. by Douglas. 126. LAG-OPH"£XiLA, Nutt. (Acr/ds, a hare, v\\ov, foliage.) —Slen- der (Pacific N. American) herbs, paniculately much branched, usually more or less cinereous with sericeous pubescence (this so long and copious on the crowded upper leaves of the original species as to have suggested the generic name, from some likeness to a hare's foot) : leaves narrow, entire or nearly so, the lower opposite, upper alternate, sometimes bearing small tack-shaped glands : heads small, with " pale yellow " or white and rose-tinged rays, apparently vespertine. Bracts and chaff promptly deciduous with the mature akenes, leaving the naked receptacle terminating and little thicker than the peduncle. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 390 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 402. § 1. Holozoxia. Perennial and spreading by creeping scaly rootstocks : pubescence all short : heads naked, scattered, mostly slender-peduncled : corollas white or purplish-tinged: chaff of receptacle connate into a 9-12-toothed cup: ray-akenes bearing a shallow entire or denticulate cupule in place of pappus (as sometimes in Layia) : ovary of sterile disk-flowers occasionally bearing 2 to 5 nearly capillary naked bristles, which are very caducous, sometimes almost equal- ling the corolla. — Holozonia, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 122, 146. L. filipes, Gray. Rootstocks elongated, rigid, partly sheathed by the approximate pairs of connate scales : stems diffusely branched : filiform branchlets and peduncles glabrous or sparsely glandular : cauline leaves linear, minutely soft-villous ; those of the branchlets minute, oblong, commonly beset with short-stipitate dark glands : involucre loosely villous ; its bracts little longer than the clavate-obovate obscurely 5-nerved akene, which bears a con- spicuous white saucer-shaped cupule. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 109, Bot. Mex. Bouud. 101, & Bot. Calif, i. 367. Hemizonia filipes, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 359. Holozonia filipes, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 1. c, where the peculiar characters were pointed out, and not unnaturally taken to be generic. — Rocky hills near streams, Napa Co. to Men- docino Co. ; first coll. by Douglas. § 2. Lagophtlla proper. Annuals : heads subtended by bracteal leaves which may sometimes imitate an outer involucre, disposed to be sessile and glom- erate, or at length short-peduncled : no cupule or pappus to the akenes : chaff or bracts of the receptacle mostly quite distinct : stems below smooth and glabrous, or early glabrate. * Green or barely cinereous, not caneseent : heads loose or scattered : ligules much exserted, pale yellow ? L. dichotoma, Bektii. Stem a foot or two high, dichotomously paniculate ; the branch- lets puberulent : leaves sparse ; cauline spatulate, occasionally dentate, strigulose-pubescent ; of the branchlets short, hirsute-ciliate, as also the broadish bracts of the involucre, and with small and sparse or no glands : akenes obovate, much obcompressed, no nerve or keel to the ventral.face. — PI. Hartw. 317; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 366. — Plains of Feather River, on the Sacramento, and-Lake Co., California, Hartweg, Fitch, Bigelow, Mrs. Curran. L. glandulosa, Gray. Stem virgately paniculate, slender, » foot or two high: leaves cinereous-puberulent, linear or the radical spatulate-lanceolate, entire, sometimes even the lower as well as the small and scattered upper ones (also the branchlets) beset with small tack-shaped glands, sometimes these all but or quite absent : bracts of the involucre and the outer subtending bracts resembling the ordinary leaves, and inconspicuously if at all ciliate : akenes nearly of the following. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 219. — Not rare from Butte Co. to Mariposa, Mrs. Bidwell, G. R. Vasey, Lemmon, Mrs. Curran, Congdon. Badly named, the glands inconstant in this, and occasionally seen in all the species. 314 COMPOSITE. Lagophylla. # # Typical species : leaves canescent with soft silky pubescence : the short ones subtending the crowded heads conspicuously and densely ciliate with very soft villous hairs, and back occasion- ally beset with sessile or short-stipitate glands: involucral bracts comose-ciliate at the sides (along the line of infolding): ligules short, pale yellow according to Nuttall, but certainly some- times if not always purplish or rose-color: akenes clavately obovate-oblong, carinate down the ventral face : stems at length becoming naked below by the early fall of the older leaves. — Lagophylla, Nutt. L. rainosissima, Nutt. Slender, paniculately much branched, 6 to 30 inches high : leaves entire ; radical and lowest cauline obovate-spatulate ; upper lanceolate or linear, obtuse ; uppermost linear-oblong : heads 3 lines long, glomerate in small and at length rather scat- tered irregular clusters : akenes only a line and a half long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 300 ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 402 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 367, mainly. L. minima, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 5.3. — Dry ground, common through California, and to Washington Terr., Nevada, and W. Idaho ; first coll. by Nuttall. L. oongesta, Greene. Robust, a foot to a yard high, with short branches and larger heads in thick glomerules : akenes 2 lines long. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. Hemizonia congesta, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 109 (immature), not DC. — From Marin Co. to the Sierra Nevada and to Mendocino Co., California, Bigelow, Torrey, Lemmon, Greene, Mrs. Curran. Chaff of receptacle not found to be " united into a cup " : perhaps only a gigantesque form of the preceding species. 127. LiAYIA, Hook. & Arn. {Thomas Lay, naturalist in Beechey's Voy- age.) — Annuals, of California and adjacent parts ; with chiefly alternate leaves, and branches terminated by usually showy heads of flowers, in spring and early summer : disk-corollas sparsely hispidulous or hirsute on the lobes, yellow : rays yellow or white.— Bot. Beech. 148 & 357 (not 182) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 393; Gray, PI. Fendl. 103, & Bot. Calif, i. 368. Madaroglossa & Oxyura, DC. Prodr. v. 693, 694. Eriopappus, Arn. in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 443. Callichroa, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 31. Calliglossa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356. Oalliachyris, Torr. & Gray, in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. v. 110. — Certain species are so much alike in their whole aspect and structure that the technical characters which alone distinguish them may be expected to give way. § 1. MaDaroglossa, Gray, PI. Fendl. 1. c. Pappus of about 10 to 20 stout bristles, which are long-plumose or villous below the middle : akenes all narrow and somewhat clavate, mostly with an obvious almost cupulate epigynous disk, at least in the ray : receptacle naked and pubescent among the disk-flowers : herbage hispid or hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset with scattered stipitate blackish glands. — Madaroglossa, DC. 1. c. Layia, Hook. & Arn. # Rays bright white (sometimes tinged with rose), large and conspicuous, commonly half to three- fourths inch long, 3-lobed: lower leaves lanceolate or linear, laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, upper narrower and entire : pubescence more or less hispid or hirsute and with scattered short- stipitate dark glands, especially toward the heads : lobes of the disk-corollas with some sparse hispid hairs : pappus bright white. L. glandulosa, Hook. & Arn. A span to a foot or more high, diffusely branched : dark glands sometimes abundant, sometimes scarce : rays 8 to 13 : villous hairs of the pappus- bristles copious, the outer straight and erect, the inner soon crisped and interlaced into a woolly mass. — Bot. Beech. 358; Torr. & Gray, I.e. L. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, PI. "Wright, ii. 98, a form with vestiges of pappus to ray-akenes. Blepkaripappus glandulosus, Hook. PI. i. 316. Eriopappus glandulosus, Arn. 1. e. Madaroglossa angustifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 694, ex Hook. & Arn. — Barren ground, British Columbia to S. California and the Mexican border, and east to Idaho and New Mexico. Variable, sometimes with stems almost glabrous, some- times with hairs of the pappus less copious. Var. rosea, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 368, a rare state with rose-purple rays. — Ojai, Cali- fornia, Peckham, Pulmir. Layia. COMPOSITE. 315 L. heterotricha, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. Generally larger and more erect: dark glands copious: rays 10 to 18: long-villous hairs of the pappus-bristles less abundant, all erect, the inner woolly ones wanting. — Gray, 1. c. Madaroglossa heterotricha, DC. 1. c. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 326. — California, from the Lower Sacramento Valley southward. # # Rays apparently white, but small and inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk: pappus dull white. L. carnosa, Tore. & Gray. Dwarf, barely a span high, diffusely branched from the base, somewhat pubescent : dark glands few or wanting : leaves succulent, spatulate to linear- oblong, an inch or less long, some sinuate-pinnatifid : pappus-bristles sparsely plumose with straight villous hairs : akenes of the ray also pubescent ! — Fl. ii. 394 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Madaroglossa carnosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 393. — Sands of the California sea- beach, from San Diego to Marin Co., Nuttall, Parry, Bigelow. # # * Kays as well as disk-flowers yellow, or the former rarely white-edged. •f— Pubescence hirsute rather than hispid : inner hairs on the pappus woolly and interlaced in the manner of L. glandulosa, but mostly less densely so. L. elegans, Tore. & Gray, 1. c. Diffuse : stipitate glands small and sparse : leaves linear ; the lower pinnately toothed or parted into linear lobes : rays 10 to 12, half-inch long ; pap- pus white or whitish, its copious villous hairs much shorter than the aristiform bristles. — Gray, PI. Fendl. 103, & Bot. Calif, i. 369. Madaroglossa elegans, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 393. — Common from Santa Barbara Co. southward to San Bernardino, California, Nuttall, Cleveland, Parish, &c. ; also in the northern part of the State at Ukiah, Kellogg. 4— -t— Pubescence hispid ; the stem often dark-spotted at the base of the papillae of the stronger bristles : hairs on the pappus less copious, all straight and erect : stems and branches mostly upright. L. hieracioid.es, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. Leaves from linear to oblong, mostly laciniate-den- tate: rays 10 to 15, small and short, little surpassing the disk: pappus dull white or rusty. — Gray, 1. c. Madaroglossa hieracioides, DC. 1. c. — California, from San Mendocino Co. to Santa Barbara, &c. ; first coll. by Douglas. L. gaillardioid.es, Hook. & Arn. Leaves more commonly laciniate-pinnatifid : heads usually larger : rays 10 to 20, orange-yellow, half to three-fourths inch long : pappus dull white or rusty. — Bot. Beech. 357 ( Tridax ? gaillardioides or Layia, Bot. Beech. 148) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 393 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 369. — Common in W. California, from Mendocino Co. to Tejon ; first coll. by Lay. § 2. Callicheoa, Gray, 1. c. Pappus of 5 to 25 naked aristiform bristles, or rarely wanting : otherwise as in the preceding. — Callichroa, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1. c. L. pentaoh£eta, Gray. Somewhat hirsute and viscid-pubescent, hardly hispid, erect, a foot or two high, paniculately branched ; stipitate glands minute and sparse r cauline leaves mostly pinnatifid and the lower laciniately bipinnatifid; the lobes narrowly linear: rays ample, half-inch or more long, golden- or orange-yellow : disk-akenes minutely pubescent or glabrate : pappus of 5 or rarely fewer rigid and smooth bristles, sometimes even wholly wanting in certain specimens apparently of very same parentage. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 108, t. 16; Bot. Calif, i. 369. — California, along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, from Placer to Fresno Co., Bigelow, Bolander, Parry. L. platygl6ssa, Gray. Usually more hirsute and lower : stipitate glands small and sparse • cauline leaves linear, simply pinnatifid into short linear lobes, most of the upper entire rays half-inch long, light yellow, commonly with white tips to the lobes : disk-akenes silky- hirsute: pappus of 15 to 20 upwardly scabrous stout awn-like bristles, only a little shorter than the corolla. —PI. Fendl. 1. c. ; Bot. Calif. 1. c. Callichroa platyglossa, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1. c, & Sert. Petrop. t. 5 ; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 373 ; Hook. & Arn. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3719 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 395. Madaroglossa ( Callichroa) Ursula & angustifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I.e. — Common in low grounds through- out W. California. Var. brevis^ta, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 370. Pappus only half the length of coroDa and of the young akene : cauline leaves mostly pinnatifid. — S. California, in the vicinity of Los Angeles, Bigelow. 316 COMPOSITE. Layia. § 3. Calliglossa, Gray, 1. c. Pappus wanting or of few or several flattened awns or palese (instead of bristles), either naked or with long hairs only at base. — Calliglossa, Hook. & Am,, with Oxyura, DC. & Lindl. # Rays pure white: only marginal receptacular bracts present: pappus aristiform: habit of L. glandulosa : a few smaU stipitate glands on the upper leaves and involucre. L. Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Low, sparingly hirsute or hispid : radical leaves pinnatifid- dentate ; upper linear and entire : rays rather, short, broad, 3-cleft : lobes of disk-corolla hir- sute outside : akenes narrow, those of the disk villous-pubescent : pappus of about 10 minutely scabrous linear-subulate flat palea?, nearly equalling disk-corolla ; their margins toward the base scantily beset with long and straight villous hairs. — Bot. Beech. 358 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 194. — Gravelly banks, between the Dalles and Great Falls of the Columbia River, Douglas (the pappus in the specimen fulvous by discoloration) ; Austin, Nevada, 1882, M. E. Jones (pappus bright white). Probably only a form of L. glandulosa with more paleaceous and almost naked pappus. * * Ray_sjrellqw at base, white or pale at summit : bracts of the involucre lanate-ciliate at the basal margins where infolded around the akene: both ray- and disk-akenes mostly oblong- obovate. -I— Pappus of 7 to 12 broadish naked palese: disk-akenes more or less villous-hirsute. — Calli- achyris, Torr. & Gray. L. Jonesii, Geay. Somewhat hispidulous and viscid, a few small and sessile dark glands on and near the involucre : leaves hispidulous-ciliate, narrowly linear, simply pinnatifld, and upper ones 3-lobed or entire : heads rather small : rays only quarter-inch long : receptacular bracts only marginal : palea? of the pappus ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, often erose- denticulate, not longer than the tube of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 18. — San Luis Obispo, California, M. E. Jones. L. Fremonti, Geat. A foot high, minutely pubescent, not glandular : leaves not ciliate, nearly all pinnately parted into oblong-linear or spatulate short lobes : rays ample, half to three-fourths inch long : receptacular bracts to many of the flowers : paleae of the pappus from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate awn, nearly equalling the corolla, the margins entire, accompanied by a few free long-villous hairs, which much exceed those of the surface of the akene. — PI. Pendl. 103, Bot. Calif, i. 370. Calliachyris Fremonti, Torr. & Gray, Jour. Bot. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 140. — California, upper valley of the Sacramento to Tuolumne Co. ; first coll. by Fremont. h— -1— Pappus subulate-aristiform and unequal and naked, or none: chaffy bracts to most of the disk-flowers : herbs lo£s£ly_erecLgr..d-ifi use (about a foot high), not glanduliferous, with herbage glabrous or minutely pubescent, but the margin of the leaves and yet more the base of the bracts strongly hispidulous-ciliate: lower leaves pinnately parted or lobed ; upper entire: heads showy, with ample usually particolored rays. Li. Calliglossa, Gray, 1. c. Akenes villous-pubescent or partly glabrate : pappus of usually several (10 to 18) very unequal and rigid subulate awns, which are somewhat scabrous or slightly hirsute near the dilated base, the marginal ones rather shorter than the corolla, the smaller hardly half as long. — Oxyura ckrysanthemoides, ~Lin&\. Bot. Reg. t. 1850; Fisch. & Meyer, Hort. Petrop. t. 6. Calliglossa Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356. Callichroa {Calliglossa) Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 396. — California, common around San Fran- cisco Bay ; probably first coll. by Douglas. Var. oligooheeta, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Pappus reduced to the two marginal awns (and these sometimes slender) and to some intermediate rudiments or small awns: leaves less lobed. — Petaluma, Santa Rosa, and elsewhere, north of Bay of San Francisco, Newberry, Bolander, &c. L. chrysanthemoid.es, Gray, 1. c. Akenes wholly glabrous, broader, with no epigyoous disk (the base of corolla covering the top of the ovary) : no pappus : receptacle becoming convex : otherwise quite like the preceding species. — Oxyura chrysanthemoides, DC. (in , Lindl. Syst. Nat. &) Prodr. v. 693, not of Bot. Reg. Tollatia ckrysanthemoides, Bndl. Gen. Suppl., & Walp. Repert. ii. 631. Hartmannia ciliata, DC. Prodr. v. 694. — California, not rare near San Francisco ; first coll. by Douglas. Riddellia. COMPOSITE. 317 Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEiE, p. 70. 128. CLAPPIA, Gray. (Dr. A. Clapp, author of a Synopsis of the Medicinal Plants of the U. S.) — Bot. Mex. Bound. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 413, & Ic. PL xi., partly. (The excluded 0. aurantiaca, Benth. Ic. PL 1. 1104, is a Dysodia, apparently wanting the oil-glands.) — Single species. C. SUSedaefolia, Gray, 1. c. Suffruticose, a foot high, widely branching, not punctate nor glandular : leaves alternate, fleshy, terete, linear, entire, or the lower pinnately 3-5-parted, sessile : head (half-inch in diameter) pedunculate, terminating herbaceous branchlets : flow- ers doubtless yellow. — Benth. Ic. PL t. 1105. — S. Texas; on the Rio Grande at Laredo, Berlandier. Alkaline flats of the Pecos, Havard. 129. JAtTMEA, Pers. (I. H. Jaume St. Hilaire, a French botanist.) — Herbs or suffruticose plants (mainly S. American) ; with opposite entire leaves, and terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. — Syn. PL ii. 397 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 397 (including Coinogyne, Less., Uspejo'a, DC, Qhathymenia, Hook. & Arn., &c.) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 371. Kleinia, Juss., not L. J. carnosa, Gray. Procumbent or ascending perennial herb, fleshy, glabrous, leafy to the short-pedunculate head : leaves spatulate-linear, almost terete, about inch long : head half- inch long, fleshy : rays 6 to 10, linear, not surpassing the disk : receptacle conical : akenes glabrous, destitute of pappus. — Wilkes Exped. xvii. 360, & Bot. Calif, i. 372. Coinogyne carnosa, Less, in Linn. vi. 520; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 410. — Salt marshes and sea-beaches, Brit. Columbia to California; probably first coll. by Chamisso. 130. VENEGASIA, DC. (Michael Venegas, a Jesuit missionary, early writer upon California.) — Prodr. v. 43 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 397. — Single species, yellow-flowered. V. carpesioides, DC. 1. c. Large perennial herb, with glabrous leafy branches : leaves alternate, slender-petioled, membranaceous, ovate and subcordate, mostly denticulate, veiny, somewhat puberulent or atomiferous : heads terminal and from upper axils, short-peduncled, inch broad, and the about 15 rays an inch long. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 372. Parthtmiopsis maritima, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 100. — Rocky banks of streams, coast of California, from Santa Barbara southward ; first coll. by Douglas and Coulter : fl. summer. 131. RIDDELLIA, Nutt. (Prof. John L. Riddell, author of a Synopsis of the Flora of "Western States.) — Low and corymbosely branched woolly herbs (Texano-Arizonian) ; with alternate and spatulate or linear leaves, the cauline entire, and small heads of yellow flowers ; the ligules large in proportion, becom- ing pale or whitish in age and thin-papery ; fl. summer. In habit not unlike Zinnia § Diplothrix of the same regions. Bracts of the involucre distinct, but connivent-erect, and connected by the intricate wool so as to seem connate. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 371 ; Gray, PL Fendl. 94, & Bot. Calif, i. 372. Psihstrophe, DC. Prodr. vii. 261. # Rays at maturity half-inch long: akenes and pappus glabrous, or the former with few and short scattered hairs: perennial. R. tagetina, Nutt. 1. c. Loosely or somewhat villosely lanate, sometimes glabrate in age, rather widely branched : radical and even lower cauline leaves often laciniate-pinnatifid : heads numerous, mostly cymosely clustered and short-peduncled: palea3 of the pappus oblong- lanceolate, entire, usually obtuse, half or three-fourths the length of the disk-corolla. — Torr. in Emory Rep. t. 5; Gray, PI. Fendl. 94. — W.Texas to E. Colorado and Arizona; first coll. by Janes. 318 COMPOSITE. Riddellia. Var. sparsiflora. Heads more scattered and slender-peduncled : palese of the pappus linear-lanceolate, mostly acute. — S. Utah, Bishop, Mrs. Thompson. R. Cooperi, Gray. Canescent with close and matted tomentum, no villous hairs, or the wholly entire narrow leaves glabrate : stems much branched from a ligneous base : heads scattered, slender-peduncled : palese of the pappus from broadly oblong to lanceolate, erose- laciniate at summit or nearly entire, less than half the length of the disk-corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, & Bot. Calif, ii. 373. — Gravelly plains and banks, S. E. California to S. Utah and Arizona ; first coll. by Dr. Cooper. # # Kays at maturity only a quarter of an inch in length : akenes and pappus long-villous : bien- nial or annual V R. arachnoidea, Gray. Loosely lanate : stem and branches rather strict : foliage of R. tagetina: heads clustered, short-peduncled : arachnoid hairs even longer than the somewhat turbinate akenes : palese of the pappus subulate-lanceolate, their margins and apex more or less deliquescent into long and arachnoid hairs. — PI. Pendl. 94. Psilostrophe gnapha- lioides, DC. I.e. — Western Texas along the Kio Grande, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., Ber- landier, Gregg, &c.) 132. BAILfiYA, Harvey & Gray. (Jacob Whitman Bailey, the pioneer in microscopical research in U. S.) — Soft and densely floccose-woolly annuals or biennials, of the Texano-Arizonian district ; with alternate leaves, the lower once or twice pinnatifid, and terminal long-pedunculate solitary heads of yellow flowers, the large and persistent rays deflexed in age : fl. summer. — PI. Fendl. 105 ; Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 195. B. pauciradiata, Haev. & Gray, 1. c. Villosely and floccosely lanate, a foot or so high, loosely paniculately branched, leafy : leaves sparingly laciniate-pinnatifid or the upper entire, linear : heads small, short-peduncled : involucre quarter-inch high and broad : ligules 5 or 6, roundish-oval, 3 or 4 lines long: disk-flowers 10 to 25 : akenes subelavate, with slightly nar- rowed summit, strongly many-nerved, muriculate-scabrous, obscurely resinous-atomiferous. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 373. — Sandy deserts, S. E. California and adjacent Arizona, Coulter, Schott, Cooper, Parish. Still rare. B. multiradiata, Haev. & Gray, 1. c. Densely floccosely white-tomentose, at length much branched from the base and leafy : radical and lower leaves spatulate or broader, mostly laciniate-pinnatifid or sparingly bipinnatifid ; uppermost small, spatulate-linear, entire : heads on slender and often long peduncles : involucre mostly half-inch broad : ligules 25 to 50, cuneate-oblong or at length broader and nearly quadrate, 5 or 6 lines long : disk-flowers very numerous : akenes oblong-prismatic and obscurely striate, broadest at the truncate apex, minutely scabrous and resinous-atomiferous. — Torr. in Emory Bep. t. 6 ; Eothrock in Wheeler, Bep. vi. 175. B. pleniradiata & B. multiradiata, PI. Eendl. 1. c, Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; the former the commoner form, branching and leafy, with more numerous and smaller heads. — Plains, from W. Texas to S. Utah, Arizona, and the borders of S. E. California; first coll. by Coulter. (Adj. Mex.) Var. nudicaulis. More simple-stemmed, or branched only from a stout (biennial?) base : leaves more divided : peduncles elongated, sometimes scapiform : head larger. — B. multiradiata, Harv. & Gray, 1. c, mainly. — Same range, or more southern. (Adj. Mex.) 133. "WHITNlCYA, Gray. (Josiah D. Whitney, Director of California Geological Survey.) — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 549, ix. 195, & Bot. Calif, i. 374. — Single species, yellow-flowered ; perhaps most related to Arnica. W. dealbata, Gray, 1. c. Low perennial herb, from filiform rootstocks, with aspect of Arnica, canescent with minute and close tomentum : stems simple or sparingly branched, bearing 2 to 4 pairs of opposite entire leaves, and solitary few slender monocephalous pedun- cles : radical leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse, 3-nerved, 2 or 3 inches long ; upper small, lanceolate : head half -inch high : rays inch or more long. — Sierra Nevada, California, in Mariposa Co., at 5,000 feet or higher ; first coll. by Brewer and Bolander. Laphamia. COMPOSITE. 319 134. IiAPHAMIA, Gray. (Dr. Increase Alien Lapham, of Wisconsin, died in 1875.) — Low suffruticulose perennials, Texano-Arizonian, growing in crevices of rocks, mostly with petioled and dentate or laciniate small leaves, the upper alternate, rarely all opposite ; small heads of yellow (rarely white ?) flow- ers, either cymosely disposed or singly terminating the branches : fl. sprino- and summer. — PI. Wright, i. 99, t. 9 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 398, excl. spec. L. peninsclAris, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 8, is an extra-limital species (with rather large and radiate heads and no pappus) from Lower California. § 1. Pappothrix, Gray, 1. c. Pappus of about 20 unequal rigid hispidulous bristles, hardly as long as the somewhat quadrangular-compressed akene, shorter than the corolla : rays none : disk-flowers 12 to 15 ; the corolla with short proper tube and cylindraceous throat : bracts of the involucre 5 to 8, linear-oblong, nearly plane : stems slender, a span or more high and much branched from the stout woody base : leaves mostly opposite, as broad as long, abruptly slender-petioled : short-peduncled heads rather scattered. L. rup^stris, Gray, 1. c. Pubescent, slightly viscid, leafy to summit : leaves (half-inch long) sometimes crenately sometimes strongly and acutely dentate or almost laciniate : pappus much exceeding short proper tube of the corolla. — S. W. Texas, Wright, Biyelow. L. cilierea, Gray. Tomentose-canescent : leaves more orbicular, almost entire : pappus hardly surpassing the proper tube of the corolla, which is more than half the length of the short-cylindraceous throat : akenes sometimes 4-nerved. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 82. — Rocks along Escondido Creek, S. "W. Texas, Bigelow. § 2. Laphamia proper, Gray, 1. c. Pappus of a solitary very slender bristle (very rarely a pair from the same angle), or none : akenes flatter : disk-flowers 15 to 20; their corollas with longer and glandular tube. — Monothrix, Torr. in Stansb. Exped. 389, t. 7. # Involucre 15-20-flowered, of nearly as many plane and linear pubescent bracts : leaves nearly orbicular in outline, palmately lobed or dissected, not punctate, the lower opposite. L. Lemmoni, Gray. Depressed and diffuse, much branched, hardly a span high, villosely pubescent, leafy throughout : leaves a quarter or third of an inch in diameter and with petiole of equal length, obtusely 3-lobed and the lobes coarsely crenate-dentate : heads (3 or 4 lines long) short-peduncled : rays none : akenes canescently puberulent : pappus a, very delicate bristle, or occasionally a pair from the same angle, little surpassing the proper tube of the corolla, or often none. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 191. — Southern Arizona, near Camp Lowell, Lemmon. Var. pedata, Gray, 1. c. Leaves pedately parted and cut into narrow lobes. — With the other form, also on the Chiricahua Mountains, Lemmon. * * Involucre 15-25-flowered, rather narrow, glabrous, of thinnish nearly plane bracts, 2 or 3 lines long: herbage merely puberulent: leaves mostly angulate-toothed or incised, the lower opposite : heads commonly corymbosely cymose and pedunculate. L. halimif olia, Gray. Stems a span or more high and crowded on a thick woody caudex : leaves coriaceous, resinous-punctate or atomiferous, somewhat viscid, broadly ovate or rhom- bic, seldom inch long, laciniately dentate, abruptly long-petioled : rays 4 to 6, with broad and short ligules little longer than the tube : pappus none. — PI. "Wright. 1. c. 99, t. 9. — S. W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. L. angustif olia, Gray. Leaves lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, tapering into margined petioles, laciniately 1-5-toothed or lobed : heads less numerous, scattered : rays none : other- wise much like the preceding species. — PI. "Wright. 1. c. & ii. 81. — S. W. Texas, on high and rocky hills of the Pecos, Wright, Havard, the latter's specimens connecting with var. laciniata, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 82, which proves to be only a form with long and weak stems, hanging from rocks on the Rio Grande, Bigelow, Schott. 320 COMPOSITE. L. Lindheimeri, Gray. Stems a foot or less high from a thick woody base : leaves thin- ner, oblong or ovate, glabrous, few-toothed or some entire, contracted at base into a short petiole : heads loosely cymose : rays 3 to 6, very short, sometimes none : pappus a single slender bristle equalling the proper tube of the corolla. — PL Wright, i. 101. — Eocky banks of the Guadalupe, near New Braunfels, Texas, Lindheimer. # # * Involucre 35-50-flowered, of numerous carinate-eoncave bracts, somewhat puberulent or glandular on the back: herbage minutely puberulent: leaves thickish. n— Flowers said to be white : leaves mostly opposite, numerous up to the heads, dentate. L. Palmeri, Gray. Scabrous-puberulent : leaves broadly ovate or deltoid-rotund, rigid, coarsely 5-7-dentate or laciniate-lobed, half-inch long, veiny, abruptly short-petioled : heads somewhat crowded on the fastigiate flowering branches, little surpassing the upper leaves : involucre campanulate, about 35-flowered ; its bracts linear, somewhat pubescent : rays none : pappus a bristle of the length of the akene and a little shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 372. — Canons at Beaver-dam, N. W. Arizona, pendulous from rock-crevices, Palmer, who notes that the flowers are " creamy white." -)— -K- Flowers yellow : leaves small, 2 to 4 lines long, mostly orbicular, more entire, the upper alternate, scattered : heads solitary and naked, terminating the loose branchlets, nearly hemi- spherical. L. megacephala, Watsou. Base of stem and lower leaves unknown ; those of flowering branches all very small, alternate, short-petioled : involucre about 50-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate-linear, minutely glandular: rays none: pappus none. — Am. Nat. vii. 301. — S. Nevada, Wheeler. L. Stansbtirii, Gray. Stems slender and lax from a woody base : lower leaves opposite and on petioles of their own length ; upper alternate, also slender-petioled : involucre 35-40- flowered, its bracts fewer and broader, lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous : rays 6 to 10, con- spicuous, oblong : pappus a bristle somewhat shorter than the disk-corolla. — PL Wright. i. 101 ; Baton in Bot. King Exp. 164. Monothrix Stansburii, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. 389, t. 7. — Bocks on Stansbury Island, &c, Salt Lake, Utah; first coll. by Stansbury. § 3. Dithkix. Pappus a pair of stouter naked bristles, one from each angle of the akene : head only 6-8-flowered. L. bisetosa, Tore. Hispidulous-puberulent, minutely resinous-atomiferous and punctate: stems 1 to 3 inches high from the woody base : leaves mostly alternate, coriaceous, spatulate- ovate, obscurely few-toothed (quarter-inch long including the petiole) : heads solitary and sessile : rays none : involucre (3 lines long) with bracts broadly linear, slightly pubescent, carinate-eoncave at base: flowers proportionally large: corolla (whitish or pale yellow?) with glandular tube one-third the length of the campanulate cylindraceous throat : akenes hispidulous-puberulent, the narrow marginal nerves naked : rigid awns rather shorter than the akene, more than half the length of the corolla. — Gray, PL Wright, ii. 106. — On the Bio Grande, Texas, in a canon below Presidio del Norte, Parry. 135. PERITYLE, Benth. (Hepi, around; rvhrj, a callus; the akenes callous-margined.) — Californian and Mexican herbs, the genuine species mostly annuals ; with petiolate dentate or palmately-lobed leaves, lower opposite, upper alternate, and small or middle-sized pedunculate heads terminating the branches : disk-flowers yellow (or sometimes white?) : rays when present yellow or white. — Bot. Sulph. 23 & 119, t. 15 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 77, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 194, & Bot. Calif, i. 396. P. incana, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78, from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is an outlying anomalous species : all the others are as follows. § 1. Crown of the pappus an entire or undulate firm and shallow border : akene hardly ciliate : suffruticulose : transition to Laphamia. P. diss^cta, Gkay. Dwarf, 3 or 4 inches high from the woody base, cinereous-pubescent, very leafy : leaves with blade (quarter-inch long) equalled by the petiole, round-cordate in Pmtyle. COMPOSITE. 321 outline, pedately cleft or parted and dissected into short linear lobes : heads subsessile, 3 or 4 lines high : involucre campanulate, of numerous narrow linear bracts : rays none : disk- flowers about 20 (perhaps white) : akenes linear-oblong, minutely cinereous-hirsute, and the cartilaginous margins somewhat more hirsute ; a short scabrous awn from one angle, of nearly half its length, or this wanting: style-branches slender-subulate, not short and ob- tuse, as said in Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 195. — Laphamia dissecta, Torr. in PI. Wright, ii. 81. — Rocks at Presidio del Norte on the Rio Grande, between Texas and Mexico. § 2. Genuine species : pappus a crown of hyaline lacerate squamelliB, either somewhat united at base or distinct, rarely obsolete. # Sufiruticulose perennial, with commonly dissected leaves: rays and perhaps disk-flowers also white. P. coronopifolia, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, many-stemmed from the woody base, a foot or less high, slender, leafy : leaves small, somewhat pedately or pinnately once or twice divided or parted into linear or narrow spatulate lobes, or some coarser and merely trifid : heads disposed to be paniculate, 3 lines high : raj's as long, broadly oblong, coarsely 3-toothed at apex : style-tips slender-subulate : akenes narrowly oblong, glabrate on the faces, densely hirsute-ciliate : awns 2, little shorter than the corolla. — PI. Wright, ii. 82, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 82. — Rocks on mountain-sides, New Mexico and Arizona; first coll. by Wright. Varies with roundish merely incisely-cleft leaves. # * Herbaceous, chiefly and perhaps all with annual root, loosely branching, and bearing scattered pedunculate heads : leaves often palmately cleft. ■K- Akenes thin-margined, hispidulous or hirsutely ciliate: crown of pappus minute or obsolete and awns wanting: style-appendages short, acute. (Perhaps extra-limital.) P. Fitchii, Tobb. Viscid-pubescent : leaves and involucre nearly of the following species : akenes unknown : ovaries apparently destitute of pappus. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 100. — " Cali- fornia, Rev. A. Fitch," in herb. Torr. Probably from the islands : imperfect, seemingly winter specimens. (To this apparently is to be joined var. Palmeri, P. Emoryi of coll. Palmer, no. 44, which has the whole aspect and foliage of P. Californica, var. nuda, but akenes narrowly oblong, somewhat falcately oblique, with a short pappus of numerous squamelhe united into an erose-denticulate crown. — Guadalupe Island off Lower California.) •)— •)— Akenes callous-margined and densely ciliate with long beard : pappus-crown more con- spicuous: awns rarely wanting. ++ Style-branches with short and obtuse or acute minutely hirsute appendages : rays 6 to 12, short, the oblong or broader ligule little longer than the tube, perhaps always white. P. Californica, Benth. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent, also viscid and glandular : leaves broadly ovate or roundish-cordate, incisely lobed or more deeply 3-5-cleft and the lobes coarsely dentate : heads fully 3 or 4 lines high and broad : bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong : akenes oblong, densely hispid-villous on the margins, crowned with conspicuous squamellse, and with a single more or less barbellate awn of about the length of the akene. — Bot. Sulph. 23, t. 15. P. Emoryi, Torr. in Emory Rep. (1848), 142 ; Gray, Bot Calif, i. 397, form with usually more rounded lobed and incised leaves. — Desert-region of the Mohave and Gila, S. E. California and W. Arizona. (Lower California, Guadalupe Island, &c. Now found by many collectors.) Var. nlida, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c, under P. Emoryi. Awn of the pappus none : otherwise as in the P. Emoryi form. — P. nuda, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 100. — With the aristate form and commoner. (Lower Calif.) P. plumigera, Gray. Flowering branches only seen, small-leaved, viscid-glandular : heads much smaller than in the preceding (narrowish, barely 3 lines high) : akenes oval-oblong, the margins very densely long-villous : awn solitary, longer than the akene, sparsely barbellate- hispid. — PI. Fendl. 1. c. — "California," probably Arizona, Coulter. Possibly a late-flower- ing form of the preceding. P. microglossa, Benth. Merely puberulent, obscurely glandular above : leaves broadly ovate with subcordate or truncate base, or upper somewhat hastate, incisely dentate, often 3-5-lobed : heads 3 lines high : akenes obovate or obovate-oblong, with broad summit, villous- ciliate margins, and a pair of delicate awns, which barely equal the breadth of the akene and are twice or thrice the length of the crown of squamellse. — Bot. Sulph. 119; Hemsl. Biol. 21 322 composite. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 210. P. Californica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159, not Benth. P. Acmella, Gray, PI. Pendl. 77, & Bot. Calif. 1. c, with P. Californica, mainly. Spilanthes Pseudo- Acmella, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 150. Boltonia § Dichetophora sp., Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 269. — California, from Monterey? southward, Lay $■ Collie, Coulter, Parish. (Mex.) Var. effusa. Very much branched from the annual root, paniculately floriferous: leaves and heads smaller (the former half-inch or so, the latter only 2 lines high) : akenes correspondingly small, narrowly obovate-oblong. — Santa Catalina Mountains, S. Arizona, Pringle. ++ ++ Style-branches tipped with setaceous-filiform acute hispidulous appendages: rays with naiTow ligules, or wanting in one species : disk-corollas slender, with long and narrow throat : akenes oblong : pappus of a rather conspicuous crown of squamellae and one long and delicate awn : heads 5 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear : perhaps perennials or with lignescent base, not improbably all of one species. P. leptoglossa, Gray. Minutely puberulent or glabrate, not at all glandular: leaves roundish-subcordate, coarsely and doubly crenate-dentate (half to three-fourths inch long) : rays oblong-linear, 4 lines long : akenes (a line long) linear-oblong, with comparatively short hispid ciliation, the setiform awn shorter than the disk-corolla. — PI. Fendl^77 ; Bot. Calif. 1. c. — " California," Coulter, more probably from Arizona. P. Parryi, Gray. Minutely pubescent and obscurely viscid: leaves reniform-cordate, cre- nately dentate and often lobed (the larger inch broad) : rays oblong, barely 2 lines long : akenes (a line and a half long) oblong, strongly hirsute-ciliate : awn of the pappus nearly equalling the disk-corolla. — PI. Wright, ii. 106. — S. border of Texas, or on the Mexican side, in a canon of the Rio Grande below Presidio, Parry. Also mountains on the Texan side, Havard. P. aglossa, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat puberulent, obscurely viscid : leaves roundish, with subcordate or truncate base, mostly 3-5-cleft and coarsely dentate (the larger 2 inches broad) : bracts of the involucre very narrowly linear : rays none : akenes narrowly oblong, with rather short and dense hirsute ciliation : awn of the pappus equalling the disk-corolla. — Canon of the Eio Grande, with or near the preceding, Parry. 136. PERlCOME, Gray. (JlepC, around, and KOfir;, a tuft of hairs; a coma of long hairs all round the margin of the akenes.) — PI. Wright, ii. 82 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406. — The latter authors indicate a Mexican radiate species, of anomalous character, which they associate with the typical P. caudata, Gray, 1. c. Rather tall widely branching perennial herb, strong-scented, very minutely puberulent : leaves opposite, long-petioled, green and membranaceous, minutely somewhat resinous-atomiferous, triangular-hastate (2 to 5 inches long), with sparingly cre- nate-dentate or entire margins, caudately long-acuminate, as also in less degree are the basal angles : heads numerous in terminal corymbiform cymes, half-inch or less high ; flowers golden yellow, conspicuously longer than the glabrous involucre : akenes linear-oblong ; the flat faces glabrous, the nerviform margins densely villous-bearded : pappus a crown of hyaline squamellae which are more or less connate and fimbriate-lacerate at summit, the fringe dissected into bristles or hairs somewhat simulating those of the margin of the akene ; also sometimes a slender awn from one or both margins of the akene. — Rocky canons, &c, S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona ; first coll. by Wright, Bigelow, &c. PI. late summer and autumn. 137. EATONELLA, Gray. {Prof. Daniel Cady Eaton, author of Ferns of N. America, the Composites of King's Expedition, &c, grandson of Amos Eaton for whom was named the genus Eatonia.) — Very floccose-lanate annuals, of California and adjacent Nevada ; with mostly alternate leaves and small sessile heads of yellow or white flowers : fl. spring or early summer. — Bot. Calif, i. 379, as subgenus under Actinolepis ; Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 19. B. nivea, Gray, 1. c. Depressed in a small tuft from a slender root, an inch or so high, subcaulescent, densely leafy, white with long and loose wool : leaves obovate-spatulate, entire, Monolopia. COMPOSITE. 323 equalling or surpassing the sessile heads : involucre of about 8 narrowly oblong bracts, sub- tending as many ray-flowers : ligules hardly exceeding the disk : disk-corollas 5-toothed : akenes all compressed and with only marginal callous nerves, linear- oblong, the dark faces polished and shining, the comose long and soft villous hairs of the margin bright white : pappus a pair of comparatively large opaque palese, of broadly ovate or quadrate form (the insertion of the two occupying the whole circumference of the akene), sparingly laciniate- dentate or erose at summit, and the middle produced into a subulate naked awn which nearly equals the 4-toothed corolla. — Burrielia nivea, D. C. Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 1 74, 1. 18. Acti- nolepis (Eatonella) nivea, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 379. — Sterile hills of the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada; in the Pah-TJte Mts., Nevada, Watson, and Surprise Valley, E. California, Lemmon. E. Congdoni, Ghat. A span or two high, loosely branching, sparsely leaved, floccosely lanate : leaves-oblong linear, sparsely sinuate-dentate or repand : heads short-peduncled or nearly sessile at the summit of the stem : involucre of 5 or 6 oval-oblong herbaceous bracts : ray-flowers none : disk-corollas 4-toothed : akenes oval (the faces at first pubescent, at length glabrate), the outermost triangular-obcompressed, the others compressed and flat : pappus of 2 to 4 very thin and hyaline erose-laciniate awnless palese, not exceeding the long villosity, forming a crown. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20. — California, at Deer Creek, Tulare Co., Cong- don, and on the San Joaquin, Parry. 138. MONOLCPIA, DC. (Moi/o'Xottos, single husk, alluding to the uniserial involucre.) — Annual herbs, Calif ornian, clothed with floccose wool ; with alternate (or only lower sometimes opposite) sessile leaves, and compara- tively large pedunculate heads of golden yellow flowers terminating the stem and few branches. — Prodr. vi. 74 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 343, 344. Spiridanthes, Penzl in Endl. Gen. Suppl. it. 105. § 1. Monolopia proper. Ray-corollas with ample coarsely 3-4-toothed or lobed ligule, and bearing at base on the opposite side of the style a roundish denticulate appendage : leaves undivided, strictly sessile or partly clasping by a broadish base. — Bot. Calif, i. 383. M. major, DC. 1. c. A foot or two high, rather stout and simple; the floccose white wool tardily deciduous : leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, repand-serrate to entire : bracts of the broad (half -inch high) involucre united to above the middle, the lobes triangular- ovate: ligules 6 to 10 lines long: akenes glabrous or nearly so at maturity. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 344, & Bot. Mag. t. 3839 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Hologymne Douglasii, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. viii. 64. — Common in low ground, through W. California. Var. lanceolata, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. A mere form, with bracts of involucre dis- tinct to near the base. — M. lanceolata, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 175. Near Los Angeles, &c. M. gracilens, Gkat. A foot or more high, slender, loosely paniculately branched, bearing scattered small heads : involucre only quarter-inch high ; its oval or ovate bracts distinct to the base: akenes only a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20. — California in the coast ranges, near New Almaden and Santa Cruz, Bolander, Torrey, Isaman, Pringle. § 2. Psetjdo-BIhia. Ray-corollas destitute of internal appendage, barely 3-toothed at apex : leaves all alternate, commonly laciniately cleft, narrowed at base into more or less of a petiole. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. minor, DC. 1. c. Loosely lanate, a span or more high : cauline leaves 3-5-cleft into linear lobes: heads 3 lines high: bracts of the involucre about 10, somewhat in 2 series, oblong, separate to below the middle : ovary glabrous. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 343. — California, Douglas. Not since detected. M. Heermanni, Durand. Whitened with a close and fine flocculent tomentnm, which is deciduous, the foliage glabrate and green in age, a span or two high, branching : leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted into linear lobes or divisions, or some of the cauline bipin- natifid : heads 3 or 4 lines high : involucral bracts distinct nearly to base : akenes sericeous- puberulent or glabrate. — PI. Pratten. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 93. M. bahimfolia, 324 composite. var. pinnatifida, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 383. — Foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Calaveras to Tulare Co., Heermann, Pratten, Congdon. Also near Auburn, Bolander. M. bahiSBfolia, Benth:. Smaller than the foregoing, and with similar floccnlent tomen- tum ; the simple monocephalous stems only 2 inches high : leaves small (at most half-inch long), spatulate to linear, entire, or lower ones 3-lobed : head hardly 3 lines high : involucral bracts distinct to the middle : immature akenes sparsely pubescent. — PI. Hartw. 317 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 383, excl. var. — Valley of the Sacramento, Hartweg. Probably depauperate specimens. 139. LASTHENIA, Cass. (AacrOevia, a courtesan, who was a pupil of Plato : name given, by some freak of the founder, to a genus of three Western American plants.) The Chilian L. obtusifolia has comparatively few-flowered nearly or quite homogamous heads, and a less developed receptacle. — Low and slender annuals, mostly quite glabrous and slightly succulent ; with opposite and linear or narrowly lanceolate mostly entire leaves, their sessile bases connate round the stem ; the yellow-flowered heads pedunculate, terminating the stem and branches. — " Opusc. Phyt. iii. 88 " ; DC. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1780, 1823, & Prodr. v. 664 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 377. § 1. Lasthenia proper. Pappus paleaceous : heads discoid; the ligules not surpassing the involucre or the short glabrous disk-corollas, therefore wholly inconspicuous. — Eancagua, Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Spec. i. 15, t. 24, 25. L. glaberrima, DC. 1. c. Somewhat fleshy : stems ascending, a span to a foot long : heads on long peduncles which are enlarged at summit, nodding after anthesis : leaves elongated- linear : involucre about 15-toothed : corollas all shorter than the minutely puberulent oblong- linear akenes : pappus of 5 to 10 rigid paleas, two or three of them with subulate or shorfc- awned points, the others erose or laciniate. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 384. — Wet meadows near brackish water, along the coast of California and Oregon. § 2. Hologymne. Pappus wanting: rays large, conspicuously exserted: disk-corollas fully as long as the akene ; their lobes sparsely papillose-barbellate outside, as in Monolopia. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Hologymne, Bartl. Ind. Sem. Goett. 1837, 1839. Xantho, Remy, in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xii. 191. Lasthenia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. c. L. glabrata, Lindl. Somewhat fleshy, sometimes slightly pubescent: stems erect: leaves shorter : peduncles somewhat enlarged under the erect head : involucre more hemispherical : ligules 3 to 6 lines long : akenes narrowly obovate-oblong with acutish edges, smooth and glabrous. — DC. Prodr. v. 665; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3730; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. glabrata & L. Californica (a smaller form, mistaken for preceding species which DC. had so named), Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1780, 1823. Hologymne glabrata, Bartl. 1. c. Monolopia glabrata, Fisch. & Meyer, Sert. Petrop. 1835. — Moist grounds throughout W. California. Var. Coulteri. A smaller form: akenes smaller and narrower, with obtuse edges, sprinkled with minute rough points or glands. — Saline marshes, S. California, Coulter (no. 338), Brewer, Cleveland, Pringle. 140. BURIIIELIA, DC, partly. (Andres Marcos Burriel, a Spanish Jesuit and historian, who, in 1758, wrote a History of California, and edited the account by Venegas of the establishment of its missions.) — Prodr. v. 664 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 398 : now reduced to one of the three original species. Perhaps too near the following somewhat earlier-published genus. B. microglossa, DC. 1. c. Slender annual, a span high, hirsute : leaves an inch long and barely a line wide, entire : involucre 3 lines high, equalling the yellow flowers. — Low ground, from San Francisco Bay to San Bernardino, California ; fl. spring ; first coll. by Coulter and Douglas. Baeria. COMPOSITE. 325 141. BAERIA, Fisch. & Meyer. (In honor of the eminent Kussian zoolo- gist, Karl Ernst von Baer.) — Calif ornian annuals, or one perennial species ; with opposite and entire or pinnately dissected and sessile leaves, sometimes connate at the base; and slender-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches : fl. spring and early summer. — Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 29, Jard. Petrop. t. 6, & Sert. Petrop. t. 7; Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 395; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 399 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196, Bot. Calif, i. 375, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21. Burrielia in part, DC. Prodr. v. 664; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 378, excluding the typical species. Dichceta & Ptilomeris, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 382, 383. Dichceta & Hymenoxys, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 379, 380. § EuBAiEiA. Pappus of uniform (or mainly uniform) and entire awned or pointed palea? or chaffy-based awns, or wanting (even present or absent in the very same species) : receptacle muricate-roughened : ligules mostly conspicuous : leaves linear and entire, except in one species. — Burrielia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, excl. B. microglossa. # Akenes slenderly subclavate-linear : style-tips abruptly terminated by a conspicuous narrow- subulate appendage which usually surpasses the broad basal portion: receptacle slender-subu- late and elongated in the manner of Burrielia : heads small : involucral bracts and oval rays 5, or sometimes only 4. B. leptalea. Wholly glabrous : stems filiform, a span high : leaves nearly filiform, quarter to half inch long : involucre 2 lines high : ligules mostly as long : anther-tips filiform : pap- pus of 2 or 3 scabrous flattened awns with gradually dilated base. — Burrielia leptalea, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 546, & Bot. Calif, i. 375. — Monterey Co., valley of the Nacismento, Brewer, and the Salinas, Greene. Known only as an exiguous vernal plant : probably also occurs in a larger form. B. debilis, Greene in herb. Minutely pubescent: stems weak, 6 to 10 inches long: leaves flaccid, linear, the largest inch and a half long : involucre 2 or 3 lines high : ligules hardly over a line long : anther-tips ovate-lanceolate : pappus of 3 or 4 firm ovate-lanceolate and awned paleae, or in some heads none, then the akene with narrower apex. — Plains of Fresno and mountains of Kern Co., Greene. # # Akenes more clavate, with scanty aristiform pappus or commonly none, then less truncate or slightly contracted at summit, either glabrous or minutely papillose-glandular in same species : style-tips capitate and mostly with a small apiculation : receptacle conical : large-flowered and with some hirsute pubescence, a foot or so high unless depauperate : rays and plane involucral bracts 7 to 12. — Baeria, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. B. macrantha, Gray. Apparently perennial, rather stout, with peduncles 4 to 8 inches long: leaves more or less 3-nerved and obtuse, 2 or 3 lines wide (the lower 4 to 8 inches long), hispidly ciliate, at least toward the base : head about half-inch high and broad : invo- lucre of about 12 hirsute-pubescent thickish-herbaceous bracts : ligules half to three-fourths inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21. B. chrysostoma, var. macrantha, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Burrielia chrysostoma, var. macrantha, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 106. — Coast of California, north of San Francisco Bay to Humboldt Co., Andrews, Bigelow, Bolander. Var. pauciaristata, Gray, 1. c. Clearly perennial, often only 6 inches high : leaves shorter, hispid-ciliate : ligules only 4 or 5 lines long : pappus when present of 1 to 3 subulate chaffy awns rather than paleae, little shorter than the akene. — Coast of Mendocino Co., Bolander, Pringle. B. chrysostoma, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. Annual, slender: leaves narrowly linear (a line or less wide) : heads 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the broad involucre 7 to 12, in depauperate plants sometimes fewer: ligules 3 or 4 lines long: pappus (perhaps always) none. — Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 395 ; DC. Prodr. v. 254 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 375, excl. var. Bur- rielia chrysostoma, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 379. — Moist ground, common almost throughout California. 326 COMPOSITE. Baeria, * # * Akenes more cuneate and broad at the summit, usually but not always pappose, more or less 4-angular, not glandular, mostly canescent-hispidulous : receptacle conical or cylindraceous: heads middle-sized or smaller. +- Some hirsute or strigulose pubescence, but no woolliness : style-tips capitate, without any obvi- ous apiculation : plants slender, a span to a foot high according to situation and season : pappus- pales 1 to 5. B. gracilis, Gray. Bracts and rays 10 to 12, when depauperate 5 or 6 : ligules 2 or 3 lines long : akenes almost equalled by the pappus ; this in type specimens of 3 or 4 awns from small lanceolate palese. — Proc. Am. Acad ix. 196, & xix. 21. Burrielia gracilis, DC. Prodr. v. 664. B. hirsuta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 381, a state destitute of pappus. — Common in W. California, especially southward, and W. Arizona : variable. Extreme variations are Var. aristosa, Ghat, 1. c, with awns very gradually and slightly widened downward, or in some flowers wanting. — Burrielia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3758. Var. tenerrima, with pappus-awns of the preceding, but usually fewer : depauperate form : bracts and rays only 5 or 6. — Probably Burrielia tenerrima, DC. Prodr. v. 664. Var. paleacea, Gray, 1. c, with awns more or less abruptly dilated at base into a conspicuous oval or ovate palea, occasionally wanting, rarely one or two of the palese awn- less. — Burrielia longifolia & B. parviflora, Nutt. 1. c. B. curta, Gkay. Bracts and rays 8 or 10: pappus of 4 or 5 ovate or oblong pointless palese (or rarely of a single one), in length not exceeding the breadth of the akene, or in some plants obsolete or wanting : leaves all filiform-linear : heads 2 or 3 lines high and wide. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21.-— Southeastern California, near San Bernardino, W. G. Wright, Lemmon. •1— +- Glabrous except some fine deciduous woolliness : leaves and involucral bracts more or less fleshy-thickened: heads about 4 lines high, many -flowered : style-tips ovate or capitate, and with a conical or subulate apiculation or appendage: pappus of firm, ovate or deltoid palese abruptly attenuate-awned, about equalling the akene. B. Cleveland!, Gray. Leaves linear, a line wide, obtuse, entire : involucral bracts 8 to 12, plane : pappus-palese only 2, slender-awned. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 22. — San Diego, Cleve- land. Too little known. B. carnosa, Greene. Leaves filiform, entire : involucral bracts about 7, with a strong cari- nate midrib: pappus of 4 or 5 subulate-awned palese. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 86. — Bay of San Francisco, in salt marsh at Vallejo, Greene. B. platycarpha, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear to filiform, some laciniate-pinnatifid : in- volucral bracts 6 or 7, manifestly 3-nerved at base, middle nerve at length carinate-thickened : pappus-palese 5 to 7, slender-awned. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196, xix. 22. Burrielia platycar- pha, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 97. — Lower Sacramento and Byron Springs, Stillman, Greene. § 2. DichJita. Pappus of two forms both in ray and disk, i. e. of truncate or muticous palese alternating with awned ones or naked awns, or wanting in some species : receptacle, &c, of § 1 : involucral bracts more obviously carinate-concave in middle, the concavity partly embracing subtended akene, disposed to be decidu- ous with it at maturity of the fruit: heads not large (3 or 4 lines high) : leaves from entire to laciniate-pinnatifid in the same species. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, ix. 196, & xix. 22. Dichata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 383; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. maritima, Gray. Low and diffuse, glabrate : leaves oblong-linear, inch long, entire, or lowest sparingly laciniate-toothed : head rather narrow : involucral bracts and short orbicu- lar rays 6 or 8 : pappus of 3 to 5 slender-subulate awns and at least as many small and narrow laciniate squamellse or paleae. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196. Burrielia maritima, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. — Parallones Islands, off San Francisco, Gruber. Baeria. COMPOSITE. 327 B. Frem6nti, Gray, 1. c. Erect, slender, a span or two high, somewhat hirsnte-pubes- cent : leaves some narrowly linear and entire, the others palmately or pedately 3-5-parted above into linear lobes : bracts of the broad involucre 10 to 12 : rays as many or fewer with oval ligules seldom surpassing the disk: pappus of about 4 slender awns and as many or more numerous narrow small paleaj, or rarely none. — Dichceta Fremontii, Torr. in PI. Fendl. 102. Burrielia (Dichceta) Fremontii, Benth. PL Hartw. 317. — Lower valley of the Sacra- mento to San Francisco Bay ; first coll. by Fremont. B. ujiginosa, Gray, 1. c. A span to a foot or more high, at length loosely branched and diffuse, villous-tomentose when young, commonly glabrate : leaves linear or ligulate (the larger 4 to 10 inches long), laciniate-pinnatifid and the linear segments sometimes again cleft, or the upper occasionally entire; involucral bracts and oblong exserted rays 10 to 13 : pappus sometimes none, commonly of 2 or 3 stout chaffy awns, and as many or twice as many shorter broad and truncate laciniate-fimbriate paleae. — Dichceta uliginosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 383; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 380. — Wet ground or in shallow water, San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara ; first coll. by Coulter. Var. tenera, Gray. Depauperate, on drier soil, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves linear, entire, or some of the lowermost laciniate : rays oval or oblong, little or not at all exceeding the disk : pales and awns each usually 2, the former very broad and quadrate, or splitting into 2 or 3. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 22. Dichceta tenella, Nutt. 1. c ; Torr; & Gray, 1. c. — With the ordinary form : also at Tulare Station, Parry. § 3. Ptilomeris. Pappus wholly of awned or of muticous and commonly erose paleae, or sometimes wanting: receptacle not muricate-roughened, rather scrobiculate : involucral bracts in fruit carinate at centre outside, plicate-concave within, and at length deciduous with the subtended akene, as in § Dichceta : heads of the same : leaves all pinhately or lower ones bipirinately parted into linear and attenuate divisions : not woolly, mostly somewhat glandular, diffuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 23. Hymenoxys (Hook.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 380, not Cass. Ptilomeris, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 382. Actinolepis § Ptilomeris, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 399 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 197, & Bot. Calif, i. 378. Baeria § Ptilomeris, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21, 23. * Rays 6 to 8, oblong, short-exserted : involucral bracts ovate-oval: receptacle either acutely or obtusely conical, glabrous:' heads small (barely 3 lines high): plants a span high, minutely pubescent, obscurely if at all glandular, with Aliform-linear divisions to the leaves : the two following perhaps forms of one species. B. affinis, Gray. Pappus of 8 or 10 oblong or lanceolate paleae with laciniate-setulose mar- gins, fully equalling the corolla tube, some or most of them produced into an awn almost equalling disk-corolla, or in the ray blunt and awnless. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 23. Ptilomeris affinis, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 174. — S. California, from Los Angeles to San Bernardino, Gambel, Nevin, Parish. B. tenella, Gray, 1. c. Pappus of 6 to 10 short and firm quadrate or broadly cuneate palea;, with the truncate muticous summit denticulate or nearly entire, not surpassing the tube of the corolla. — Ptilomeris tenella, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 173. Actinolepis tenella, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 378, mainly. — Los Angeles, California, Gambel, Parry. # # Eays 10 to 15, elongated-oblong, exserted: involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate: receptacle acutely conical, minutely and sparsely pubescent : plants minutely glandular-pubescent, diffusely branched, a span to near a foot high, perhaps all varieties of one, the difference being mainly in the pappus. B. coronaria, Gray, 1. c. Pappus of 8 to 12 lanceolate or oblong denticulate pales, all tapering into awns, little shorter than disk-corollas, or some in the jay awnless : rays nearly half-inch long. — Ptilomeris coronaria & P. aristata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 382. Shortia Californica, Nutt. in garden catalogues. Hymenoxys Californica, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3828; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, with var. coronaria. Actinolepis (Ptilomeris) coronaria, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 197, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, Nuttall. Not since collected, but common in cultivation, especially in France. 328 composite. B. anth.emoid.es, Gkay, 1. c. More glandular, and with somewhat more filiform divisions to the leaves : pappus wanting. — Ptilomeris (Ptilopsis) anthemoides, ~Nutt. I.e. Hymenoxys calva, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. Actinolepis (Ptilomeris) anthemoides, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — San Diego, California, Nuttall, and near Julian City, Bolander. B. mutioa, Gkay, 1. c. Like the preceding, probably the pappose state of it : pappus of 6 to 8 quadrate-oblong palese, the obtuse or truncate summit erose. — Ptilomeris mutica, Nutt. 1. c. Hymenoxys mutica, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Actinolepis (Ptilomeris) mutica, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Sau Diego, California, Nuttall, Cleveland. , 142. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS, Gray. (%iv, 6pt£, mfanros, bristles of pappus united.) — Low and small Californian and Arizonian winter annuals, floceose-woolly, mostly alternate-leaved, branched from the base; with short- peduncled heads terminating the branches ; flowers all yellow or rays sometimes rose-red. — Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 106, t. 15, Bot. Calif, i. 394, & Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 20. S. Fremonti, Gkat, 1. c. About a span high, loosely floccose : leaves spatulate or linear- cuneate, often 3-lobed at summit : involucre 3 lines high, of about 5 broadly oblong bracts :' rays 5, rather large : flowers all golden yellow : pappus bright white. — Desert plains, S. E. California, adjacent Nevada, S. Utah, and Arizona ; first coll. by Fremont. S. Lemmoni, Gray. Smaller, slender, lightly woolly, glabrate in age : leaves spatulate or linear, entire : involucre of 6 to 8 narrowly oblong bracts : rays small, rose-purple and white or white-edged ; disk-corollas pale yellow : pappus none. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20. Acti- nolepis Lemmoni, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 102. — S. E. California, on the Mohave Desert, Lemmon. Summit of Cajon Pass, Parish. 143. ERIOPH^LLUM, Lag. ("Epiov, wool, vXXov, foliage, the plants woolly.) — Mostly floccose herbs, rarely suffruticose (of W. N. America and probably in northern parts of Mexico) ; with alternate or partly opposite leaves, and peduncled or sometimes sessile heads ; the flowers wholly yellow, or one or two with rose-purple rays, one rayless. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. 28 ; Dougl. in Bot. Eeg. t. 1167 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 24. Eriophyllum & Phialis, Spreng. Gen. 631. Trichophyllum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 166; Hook. Fl. i. 315. Bahia, DC. Prodr. v. 656, in part ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 374, partly, not Lag. Actinolepis, DC. Prodr. v. 655. § 1. Actinolepis. Low and diffuse winter-annuals, with short-peduncled or sessile heads only 2 or 3 lines high : involucral bracts few, distinct to the base, herbaceous or chartaceous in age : anther-tips from ovate-lanceolate to linear- subulate. — - Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 24. Actinolepis, DC, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 399 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198, & Bot. Calif, i. 377, excl. § Ptilo- meris. # Heads sessile or nearly so in the forks, or at summit of branches, then subtended by a leaf or glomerate, 2 lines high, wholly yellow-flowered : receptacle flat or barely convex : anther-tips ovate-lanceolate, obtuse : leaves small, spatulate, commonly 3-lobed or 3-toothed at summit. — Actinolepis, DC. 1. c, founded on specimens with infertile disk-flowers. E. multicaule, Gkay, 1. c. Whitened with rather close cottony wool, sometimes denudate in age : stems slender, at length much branched, a span high, most of the internodes exceeding the leaves: rays 3 to 5, obovate, a, line long: akenes glabrate: pappus of 10 to 15 rather firm narrowly subulate or almost aristiform palese, or sometimes wanting in all or some of the disk-flowers, especially when these are infertile ; then their style is only minutely forked at the apex. — Actinolepis multicaulis, DC. Prodr. v. 656 ; Hook. Ic. t. 325 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 33. — Southern California to Arizona, from Santa Barbara to Tucson, in low ground; first coll. by Coulter and Douglas. Eriophyllum. COMPOSITE. 329 B. Pringlei, Gray, 1. c. More loosely and copiously woolly, depressed, inch or two high, flowering almost from the base : rays none : flowers all fertile : akenes villous : pappus of about 10 much larger wholly silvery-scarious oblong-lanceolate and pointless erose paleiE. — Gravelly plains from the Mohave Desert in S. E. California to Tucson, Arizona, Palmer, Lemmon, Pringle, Parish. # # Heads pedunculate, terminating the branches, 3 or 4 lines high ; receptacle convex or conical : plants 3 to 5 inches high, erect and at length diffuse, with mostly entire leaves. •t— Rays about 5, inconspicuous : disk-flowers not numerous : anther-tips ovate-oblong, obtuse. E. nublgenum, Greene. Densely white-woolly : leaves lanceolate-spatulate (about half- inch long) : heads short-peduncled, narrow : involucre of 5 oblong bracts : rays with oval ligule, hardly exceeding the disk-flowers, yellow : receptacle with conical centre : pappus of about 10 oblong or narrow nerveless and obtuse erose thinnish palese, half the length of the corolla, one third that of the akene. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. — On Cloud's Rest, above the Yosemite, at 9,000 feet, Mrs. Vurran. •4— -t— Rays 5 to 9, exserted and ample, oval or oblong : disk-flowers more numerous : anther-tips narrow and slender : receptacle high-convex or obtusely low-conical. B. Wallacei, Gray. Thickly clothed with cottony wool : leaves obovate or spatulate, occa- sionally 2-3 toothed at apex : pappus of 6 to 10 short-oval or obovate obtuse and pointless nerveless paleae, of firm texture and opaque : style-tips somewhat subulate-conical : corollas all yellow. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. Bahia Wallacei, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 105. Actinolepis Wallacei, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198. — Plains, from San Diego Co., Cali- fornia (first coll. by W. A.Wallace), to adjacent Arizona and S. Utah. A var. with pale purple and white rays (Bahia rubella, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 95), S. E. California, Parry. E. lanosum, Grat, 1. c. More thinly and floccosely woolly : leaves spatulate-linear, entire: pappns of about 5 oblong and rather firm nerveless and obtuse paleae and as many alternating paleaceous awns of double the length : style-tips obtuse and sometimes with a minute cuspi- date apiculation : rays white or rose-color. — Burrielia ( Diclmta) lanosa, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 107. Actinolepis lanosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198. — Dry plains, S. E. California to Arizona and S. Utah; first coll. by Bigelow. § 2. TRiCHOPHfLLUM. Larger, erect : heads when clustered small, when solitary commonly rather large : involucral bracts of firm texture : rays and disk- flowers golden yellow ; tube of corolla commonly glandular or hairy : anther-tips ovate, mostly obtuse : akenes linear or cuneate-linear, glabrous or nearly so : pappus of short opaque and firm nerveless and pointless palese, sometimes very small, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. Tricho- phyllum, Nutt. 1. c. Phialis, Spreng. 1. c, but involucre seldom gamophyllous. # Suffruticose or suffrutescent, leafy to the top, branching : heads small, compactly cory mbosely cymose, short-peduncled: Iigules roundish-oval, only a line or two long : pappus of oblong-linear patee much shorter than the akene: leaves mostly lobed or divided, and the margins revolute. E. stsechadif olium, Lag. 1. c. Canescent with close-pressed pannose tomentum, at length partly denudate, 1 to 4 feet high from a woody base : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into linear divisions and rhachis, or the upper linear with a pair of lateral lobes, or some of them entire, upper face soon glabrate and green : heads 3 or 4 lines high, numerous in rather loose paniculate clusters: involucre cylindraceous-campanulate ; its bracts 8 to 10, linear-spatulate to narrowly oblong, thinnish : receptacle convex, alveolate-toothed : rays 6 to 8 : paleas of the pappus 8 to 12, the four over the angles of the akene rather longer. — Helenium. stachadi folium, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Bahia artemisiafolia, Less, in Linn. vi. 253 ; DC. Prodr. v. 657 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. stozchadi folia, DC. 1. c. 656 (with wrong habitat, the plant of Hamke coming from Monterey, California) ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. (with var. Calif ornica) . Lagasca's original appears to have been a branch of the form with uppermost leaves entire. — Coast of California, from San Francisco to Santa Barbara. E. confertiflorum, Gray, 1. c. Similarly white-woolly, a foot or two high, with slender and more strict stems naked at summit : leaves small, of mostly cuneate outline, pinnately or somewhat ternately once or twice 3-7-parted into narrow linear divisions : heads 2 lines 330 COMPOSITE. Eriophyllum. high, several or numerous in a compact cymose cluster, mostly short-peduncled or subsessile : involucre oval or obovoid-oblong, of about 5 broadly oval thin : coriaceous bracts : receptacle convex or low-conical in the centre, not alveolate : rays 4 or 5 : paleaj of the pappus 8 to 14. — Bahia confertiflora, DC. 1. c. 657 ; Torr. & Gray, I.e. — Hills, California, common from near the coast to the Sierra Nevada. • Var. trifidum, Gray, 1. c. A form with small short leaves, simply 3-5-cleft into oblong or short-linear lobes. — B. trifida, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. confertiflora, var. trifida, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — With the ordinary form. Autum- nal specimens, coll. by Parish, on the San Bernardino Mountains, are tomentose with longer and looser wool. Var. laxiflorum, Gray, 1. c. Heads loosely fastigiate-cymose and mostly slender- peduncled. — Bahia tenuifolia, DC. 1. c. — California, Douglas (herb. DC), Coulter. An ambiguous form with larger heads and rays, coll. at San Bernardino, Parish. # # Herbaceous, commonly and perhaps always perennials : heads larger, mostly solitary or scattered and conspicuously pedunculate : receptacle from convex or low conical to flat (even in the same species): ligules 6 to 13, from quarter to half inch long, oblong or oval: leaves variable. +- Akenes glabrous, glabrate, or sparsely appressed-pilose, not glandular. B. CSBSpitosum, Dougl. Floccosely white-woolly, many-stemmed from the root : leaves in age with upper face often glabrate ; lower ones from spatulate or cuneate to roundish in outline, from incisely 3-5-lobed to pinnately parted, or the upper varying to linear and entire : involucral bracts 8 to 12, oblong or oval: tube of disk-corollas mostly hirsute-glandular and longer than the pappus, which is variable, sometimes very short, sometimes obsolete. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1167 (but the gamophyllous involucre of the figure is seldom found) ; Gray, 1. c. Actinella lanata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 560. Helenium lanatum, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Trichophyllum lanatum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 167; Hook. Fl. L 315. Bahia lanata, DC. Prodr. v. 657; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 375, inch var. tenuifolia (which is not B. tenuifolia, DC, but merely the most slender form of the present species). — Moist or dry ground, common from Montana to Brit. Columbia, and thence to S. California, under very various forms, which are indefinable as species. Taking as the type the original of Pursh and Nuttall, with rather slender stems a foot or more high, principal leaves somewhat palmately pinnatifid into narrow divisions, or incisely cleft, and heads rarely half-inch high, the main divergent forms are : — Var. latif olium, Gray, 1. c. The opposite extreme in foliage : stems commonly 2 feet long, branched and lax when growing in shade : leaves thin, dilated, from rhombic or cuneate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-5-lobed and incised or dentate, the lobes from oblong to broadly lanceolate : peduncles comparatively short : rays 9 to 13 : corolla-tube either sparsely or densely hirsute with gland-tipped hairs, much longer than the pappus, the rounded palese of which do not exceed the breadth of the narrowly oblong-cuneate or narrower glabrous akenes, commonly very short and forming a kind of crown, sometimes quite obsolete (as occurs in other forms also). — Bahia arachnoidea, Fisch. & Lallement, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1842; Gray, PI. Fendl. 100, & Bot. Calif, i. 382. B. latifolia, Benth. Bot. Sulph.30. Eriophyllum cmspitosum, Bot. Reg. t. 1167, is nearly this. — California, near the coast, in or near Redwood forests, from Humboldt Co. to Santa Cruz. Bahia lanata, var. brachypoda, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c, is a sea-shore form of this, with leaves thickish under exposure, heads clustered and remarkably short-peduncled, and pappus larger. Forms connecting with var. integrifolium occur in the Sierra, in groves of Sequoia gigantea. Var. achillseoid.es, Gray, 1. c. Leaves pinnately parted or cleft, with the 3 to 5 divisions mostly narrow and laciniately incised or pinnatifid : heads somewhat corymbosely collected and rather short-peduncled : involucre hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high ; rays and involucral bracts 9 to 13 : akenes sparsely pubescent or glabrate. — Bahia achillwoides, DC. 1. c. B. lanata, var. achillozoides, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, near the coast. Var. grandiflorum, Gray, 1. c. Rather strict and stout, densely woolly : leaves all linear or the lower narrowly lanceolate or spatulate, laciniate-serrate or entire, ox some parted into a few narrowly linear divisions : heads solitary and long-peduncled : involucre half-inch high, hemispherical, densely woolly, of 10 to 13 bracts : rays as many, large : akenes usually somewhat pubescent : corolla-tube sparsely hirsute-glandular. — Bahia lanata, Benth. PI. Hartw. 317. B. lanata, var. grandiflora, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, valley of the Sacramento. (Guadalupe Island, off Lower California.) Bahia. COMPOSITE. 331 VaT. leucoph^llum, Gray, 1, c. Smaller, a span to a foot high, rather strict : leaves narrow, entire or sparingly cleft or parted : heads solitary, long-peduneled : involucre cam- panulate, 4 or 5 lines high, of about 8 oblong bracts : pappus in the typical plant of narrow- lanceolate paleae, four of them twice the length of the others, but this is inconstant. — Bahia leucophylla, DC. 1. c. — Brit. Columbia to N. California, and east to Idaho. Var. integrifolium, Gray, 1. c. Low, often dwarf, cespitose-tufted, 3 to 10 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate and entire to more dilated and 3-lobed at summit, or at base and on sterile shoots cuneate and incisely lobed : heads rather long-pedun- cled : involucre, &c, of the preceding, sometimes smaller and of only 6 bracts : palete of the pappus mostly of same length, about equalling the very glandular but not hirsute corolla- tube : akenes glabrous, rarely somewhat glandular-atomiferous near the summit. — Tri- chophyUum integrifolium, Hook. Fl. i. 316. T. multijiorum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 37. Bahia integrifolia, DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. B. multiflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. B. leucophylla, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, in part. B. cuneata, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 49, a form passing into the preceding. — Rocky Mountains in Montana and Wyoming to Brit. Columbia and along the higher portions of the Sierra Nevada, California, south to San Bernardino Co. +- -t— Akenes like the corolla-tube glandular : stems less than a foot high, slender. E. gT&cile, Gray, 1. c. Loosely floccose-woolly : leaves so far as known all very narrowly linear and entire (an inch or two long, half-line wide) : head on a long slender peduncle : involucre nearly 4 lines high, campanulate, of about 10 oblong bracts: rays about 8: re- ceptacle nearly flat, alveolate-dentate : akenes slender, 2 lines long : paleae of the pappus oblong or quadrate, exceeding the breadth of the akene. — Bahia gracilis, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 353 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif., in part. — S. Idaho, on Snake River, Tolmie. Not since seen. E. W atsoni, Gray - , 1. c. Canescent with fine and close tomentum, fastigiately branched : leaves cuneate or spatulate in outline, with tapering slender base or petiole, 3-lobed at sum- mit: involucre 3 lines high, short-campanulate, of 6 or 7 oval bracts : rays 5 to 7 : receptacle conical, naked : akenes shorter and thicker : pappus a crown of truncate laciniate-dentate paleae, decidedly shorter than the breadth of the akene. — Bahia leucophylla, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 173, in part. B. gracilis, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c, in part. — N. Nevada, at Robert's Station, at 6,000 feet, Watson. # * # Annuals, with leaves apparently all alternate, and small pedunculate heads terminating the lax slender branches: receptacle conical: pappus a crown of small paleae, not longer than the breadth of the summit of the akene, sometimes very short or obsolete: style-tips conical. E. ambiguum, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat loosely floccose-woolly, or denudate : stems branch- ing from the decidedly annual root, 3 to 10 inches high: leaves from spatulate to linear- lanceolate (an inch or less long), entire, or 3-toothed or lobed, especially the broader sometimes dilated-cnneate lowermost : involucre campanulate, 3 lines high, of 6 to 9 oblong- lanceolate bracts, which are either distinct to the base or lightly coherent for two thirds their length : rays 5 to 9, oblong or oval : tube of the corollas glandular-hirsute : akenes pubescent or the inner ones glabrous. — Lasthenia (Monolopia) ambigua, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547. Bahia Wallacei, Gray in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. vii. 145, not of Pacif. R. Rep. B. par- viflora & B. (Pscudo-Monolopia) ambigua, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 382. — S. E. California, near Tejon, Xantus, Van Horn, Parry, and near Hot Springs, San Bernardino Co., Parish. 144. BAHIA, Lag. (Juan Francisco Bahi, Professor of Botany at Bar- celona.) — Suffrutieose or mostly herbaceous plants (of Eocky Mountain district, Mexico, and Chili), not lanate but in some canescent ; with opposite or sometimes alternate leaves, and small or middle-sized pedunculate heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. — Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 26. Stylesia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 377, founded on the original Bahia. Species of Bahia, Less. Syn. 238 ; DC. Prodr. v. 656; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 402. Aehyropappus, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 257, t. 390, not Bieb. Species of Schkuhria & of Villanova, Benth. & Hook. Gen. 403, 404. 332 COMPOSITE. Bahia. Amauria, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower California, insufficiently known, is per- haps an epappose Bahia. § 1. Suffruticose (B. ambrosioides, Lag., of Chili) or herbaceous from a per- ennial sometimes lignescent root : palese of the pappus 4 to 8, obovate or spatu- late, with rounded or truncate scarious summit, and thickened base or imperfect costa : leaves dissected or cleft, the lower opposite. B. oppositifolia, Nutt A span or two high, fastigiately branched and many-stemmed, herbaceous to the base, very leafy up to the short-peduncled heads, cinereous with fine close pubescence : leaves mostly opposite, petioled, palmately or pedately 3-5-parted into linear divisions little broader than the margined petiole: head 4 or 5 lines high:' bracts of the involucre oblong or oval, comparatively close (the outer obscurely carinate-one-nerved) : rays 5 or 6, oval, hardly surpassing the disk-flowers : akenes slender, glandular : pappus half the length of the corolla-tube, the palese narrowly obovate, with strongly opaque centre eva- nescent near the summit. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 376 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 99. Trichophyllum oppositifolium, Nutt. Gen. ii. 167. — Sterile hills and plains, Nebraska to Colorado and the borders of New Mexico. B. absinthifolia, Benth. About a, foot high from an herbaceous root or barely suffru- tescent base, diffusely branched, tomentulose-canescent, and with sparsely corymbose-panicu- late heads on slender peduncles : leaves opposite and the upper alternate, pedately or sometimes pinnately 3-5-parted into narrowly linear or lanceolate divisions and lobes : involucre more lax ; its bracts oblong-spatulate or lanceolate with narrowed base : rays 9 to 12, lanceolate-oblong, much exceeding the disk: akenes slender, pubescent : pappus nearly equalling the proper corolla-tube, its palea? more dilated and broadly thin-scarious above. — PI. Hartw: 18. — Arizona, near Tucson, Palmer, Lemmon. (Forms almost as slender and narrow-leaved as the plant of Northern Mexico. ) Var. dealbata, Gray. Perhaps more lignescent at base, more whitened with fine pannose tomentum: leaves less divided, commonly only 3-cleft into lanceolate or linear- oblong -lobes, or some lower ones oblong-lanceolate and entire. — PI. Wright, i. 121; Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. B. dealbata, Gray, PI. Fendl. 99. — Dry plains, W. Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) § 2. Herbaceous from a perennial caudex : leaves all alternate and entire, coriaceous : paleas of the pappus about ] 0, linear-lanceolate, and with a distinct excurrent or percurrent costa. — § Platyschkuhria, Gray. B. nudicaulis, Geat. Cinereous-puberulent and glabrate, upper part of the scapiform stem and involucre minutely glandular, a span or two high : leaves nearly all radical, oval or spatulate-oblong (an inch or more long), tapering into a slender petiole : heads solitary or few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly half -inch high : involucre hemispherical, of about 10 oblong bracts : rays 6 to 9, oblong : pappus fully half the length of the cuneate- linear sparsely hairy akene ; the thin margins of the palese of the pappus erose, and the short-excuvrent awn barbellate-hispidulous. —Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. — Schkuhria (Platy- schkuhria) integrifolia, Gray in Am. Nat. viii. 213, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198, excl. var. — Wind River Mountains, N. W. Wyoming, Parry. B. oblongifolia, Gray, 1. u. Smaller : stems sparsely leafy almost to the 3-cephalous naked inflorescence : leaves narrowly oblong : head only 4 lines high, narrow : palese of the pappus firmer, smoother, and with entire edges, little shorter than the glabrate akene. — Schkuhria integrifolia, var. oblongifolia, Gray in Am. Nat. I. c. — On the San Juan and Eio Colorado, near their junction, S. E. Utah or adjacent Colorado, Newberry, Brandegee. § 3. Annuals, with once or twice palmately or pedately divided leaves : akenes mostly hirsute along the slender attenuate base, at least on the angles. — Achyro- pappus, HBK. # Leaves mainly opposite, at least all the lower ones, their divisions narrowly linear : pappus of broad and very obtuse palese, scarious above, callous-thickened and opaque at base, as in § 1 : ray-flowers occasionally wanting. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Achyropappus, HBK., DC. Bahia. COMPOSITE. 333 B. Bigelovii, Gray. Slender, a foot high, diffuse, strigose-puberulent : leaves 3-parted and the divisions sometimes 2-3-parted into linear-filiform segments and lobes : peduncles elon- gated, filiform : iiivolucre hemispherical, 2 lines high; its bracts 8 or 9, oval and tapering to both ends, viscidly hirsute : rays as many, oblong : tube of disk-corollas hirsute with v.iscid hairs ; throat broadly cyathiform : palese of the pappus broadly cuneate-obovate, half the length of the corolla-tube, callous-thickened only at base. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 96 ; Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 1. c. Schkuhria (Achyropappus) Bigelovii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 1 99. — S. W. Texas, in the valley of the Limpio, Bigelow. B. Neo-Mexioana, Gray. A span or more high, minutely puberulent : leaves 3-7-parted into narrow linear divisions ; uppermost little shorter than the slender peduncles : involucre of about 10 sparingly pubescent spatulate bracts : rays none : disk-corollas small, with glan- dular tube, almost equalled by the obovate palese of the pappus, which are much thickened at and near the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Schkuhria i\'eo-Mexicana, Gray, PI. Fendl. 96, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. Amblyopappus Neo-Mexicanus, Gray, Pacif. B. Bep. iv. 106. —Northern New Mexico and S. Colorado, Fendler, Bigelow, Peary, &c. # #. Leaves mainly opposite, with linear divisions: flowers perhaps white: palese of the pappus lanceolate and with a complete costa. B. Woodholisii, Gray. Low, einereous-puberulent : peduncles hardly longer than the heads : leaves thickish, 3-parted, and the middle divisions sometimes with a pair of lateral lobes : involucre 3 lines high ; its bracts 8 or 9, oblong-obovate, obtuse : rays 8 or 9, with oblong ligules a line or two long, hardly surpassing the disk-flowers : palese of the pappus 8 to 10, with hyaline margins and a strong opaque costa, which reaches the acute apex. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28. — Achyropappus Woodhousii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 546. Schkuhria Woodhousii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. — Northern part of New Mexico, Dr. Woodhouse. # # # Leaves all or mostly alternate, naked-petioled, 2-3-ternately divided or parted ; the divis- ions from linear-spatulate to obovate, comparatively short : heads loosely cymose-paniculate at the naked summit of the erect stems, hemispherical, yellow-flowered, with oblong or obovate exserted rays : palese of the pappus oblong to narrowly lanceolate, with a distinct procurrent or excurrent costa, or the pappus wanting: akenes tetragonal-clavate, or those of the ray slender obpyramidal with 4 sides. -i— Tube of the disk-corollas glandular but not hirsute; lobes ovate or oblong, shorter than the dilated throat: pappus present. B. pedata, Gray. A foot or two high, einereous-puberulent : leaves pedately divided, com- monly into 3 petiolulate obovate or cuneate segments, of which the lateral are 2-parted and the middle 3-7-lobed ; the lobes obovate or broadly oblong, short : heads 5 lines high : bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, shorter than the disk: rays about 12, oblong : palese of the pappus 10 to 12, spatulate-oblong, with costa vanishing near the obtuse or retuse summit. — PI. Wright, i. 23, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28. Schkuhria (Achyropappus) pedata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. — S. W. Texas, on the Limpio and Bio Grande, Wright, Bigelow. B. biternata, Gray. More pubescent and slender : leaves biternately dissected into linear and obtuse or somewhat spatulate segments and lobes, the primary ones slightly petiolulate : heads 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre obovate: rays 8 or 10, broadly obovate: palese of the pappus 12 to 14, longer and narrower, about equalling the corolla-tube, those of the outer flowers obovate and obtuse, with costa evanescent below the apex ; of the inner flowers longer, elongated-lanceolate, and with costa excurrent into an awn-like cusp ; in intermediate flowers of intermediate character. — PI. Wright, ii. 95, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Schkuhria (Achyropappus) biternata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. — Borders of W. Texas and adja- cent New Mexico, Wright, Bigelow, Thurber. May pass into the preceding. **~ -K- Tube of disk-corollas viscid-hirsute ; the limb cleft into narrow lobes which are much longer than the throat and little shorter than the tube: pappus none. B. chrysanthemoid.es, Gray. Taller and stouter, 1 to 4 feet high, puberulent or below glabrous, above with the flowering branches and short peduncles glandular-pubescent and viscid : leaves 1 -3-ternately divided or parted ; the lobes from oblong and obtuse to nearly linear: heads 5 or 6 lines high and broad: bracts of the involucre 16 to 20, crowded, from oblong-lanceolate to obovate-oblong, most of them conspicuously acuminate : rays as many, obovate-oblong : akenes obscurely striate on the four narrow faces, the whole apex covered 334 COMPOSITE Amblyopappus. by the base of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28. Amauria? dissecta, Gray, PL Pendl. 104. Villanova chrysanthemoides, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 96. — Along mountain water-courses, Colorado to S. Arizona; first coll. by Fremont. 145. AMBLYOPAPPUS, Hook. & Arn. ('AfipXvs, blunt, Trd-mos, pap- pus.) — Jour. Bot. iii. 321 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406. Aromia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 395. Infantea, Remy, in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 257, t. 48. — Low annual (of Chili, and Schkuhria pusilla, Wedd., is perhaps a second species in Bolivia), probably introduced into California. A. pusfllus, Hook. & Akn. 1. c. A span or two high, nearly glabrous, balsamic-viscid, paniculately or corymbosely branched, with small short-peduncled heads terminating the branches : leaves linear and alternate, entire or lower pinnately 3-5-parted and opposite : involucre 2 lines high, equalling the yellowish flowers. — Aromia tenuifolia, Nutt. 1. c. In- fantea Chilensis, Remy, in Gay, 1. c. — Around San Diego, California,' and southward. (Chili.) 146. SCHKtTHRIA, Both. {Christian Schluhr, of Wittenberg.) — Slender and paniculately much branched annuals (Mexican and Andean), some- what pubescent, never tomentose ; the small pedunculate heads of yellow (rarely purplish) flowers terminating the branchlets : leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, pinnately 3-7-parted or uppermost entire, the divisions and rhachis filiform. Herbage sometimes minutely resinous-atomiferous and the leaves im- pressed-punctate. — Roth, Catalecta Bot. i. 116 ; Cass.; Less., &c. Tetracarpum, Mcench, Meth. Suppl. 241. Schkuhria & Hopkirkia, DC. Prodr. v. 654, 660. Schkuhria, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 403, in part, excl. Achyropappus, &c. — Our species, and S. Wislizeni of Northern Mexico, form a section (the genus Hop- kirkia, DC.), with leaves more commonly only 3-parted and on the branches entire, heads only 3-5-flowered, with a single ray-flower or none: obpyramidal akenes in length only about double the width of the summit, their angles very densely long-villous, some hairs also on the faces : scarious tips of involucral bracts purple-tinged : stems diffusely corymbose-paniculate. S. Hopkirkia, Gkat. Pappus equalling the corolla ; its palese all alike, ovate-oblong, with percurrent costa projecting as a cusp : faces of the akene conspicuously 3-nerved. — PI. Wright, ii. 94. Hopkirkia anthemidea, DC. Prodr. v . 660. — S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. (Northern Mex., Havnke.) S. Wrightii, Grat, 1. c. Pappus shorter than the corolla; its palese all obovate and obtuse or erose-truncate, destitute of costa, merely thickened at very base : akenes rather less thick and faces less striate. — S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon. 147. HYMEN6THRIX, Gray. (From lrfv, membrane, 6pt£, bristle, the pappus a combination of awn and thin palea.) — Herbs of Arizona and vicinity, glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; with probably annual or perhaps per- ennial root, branching stems of 1 to 3 feet high, alternate leaves once to thrice parted into linear divisions or lobes, and numerous corymbosely cymose heads (about one-third inch high) ; the corollas yellow or white and purple, strikingly different in the two species. H. Wislizeni, Gkat. Glabrous : lobes of the leaves often spatulate-linear and broadish : heads radiate : involucre of comparatively narrow acutish and yellow-tinged bracts, hardly any accessory ones : corollas yellow; those of the disk with oblong lobes only half the length of the narrowly obconical throat : style-tips pointless : akenes rather slender, barely pubes- cent: pappus-awns' narrowly margined below, naked and hispidulous above. — PI. Pendl. Eymempappm. COMPOSITE: 335 1 02, & PI. Wright, ii. 97 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 1 68. — River-bottoms, &c, S. Arizona and New Mexico; first coll. by Wislizenxis. (Adj. Mex.) H. Wrightii, Ghat. Leaves with very narrow linear or almost filiform divisions, the lower cauline hirsute : heads broader : involucre of obovate-oblong and very obtuse purple- tinged bracts, and a few smaller narrow accessory ones : rays none : disk-corollas white or purplish, 5-parted almost down to the narrow tube into oblong-linear widely spreading lobes : style-tips with a slender-subulate cusp : akenes broader, villous : pappus of broader palese and smoother awned tips. — PI. Wright, ii. 97; Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. t. 6; Rothrock, 1. c. — Along streams, S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. (Lower California, Orcutt.) 148. HYMENOPAPPTJS, L'Her. (From v^v, membrane, tottttos, pappus, the latter of hyaline paleae.) — North American and North Mexican herbs (chiefly of the prairies and plains), perennial, biennial, or some perhaps winter annuals, mostly floccose-tomentose and with sulcate-angled erect stems, alternate 1-2-pinnatifid or parted leaves, the lower sometimes entire, and corym- bosely cymose or solitary pedunculate middle-sized heads of white or yellow flowers. Leaves in some species evidently impressed-punctate. When the corolla is deeply cleft the nerves of its lobes are deeply intramarginal. Fl. spring. — "L'Her. Diss, cum icon."; Michx. Fl. ii. 103; Cass. Diet. lv. 266, 279; DC. Prodr. v. 658 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 29. * Lobes of the white corolla as long as the short-carapanulate or crateriform throat; the tube long and slender, much exceeding the short pappus : stamens with even the filaments mostly exserted : akenes merely pubescent, clavate-obpyramidal, with much thickened summit and stipitiform base: involucre of comparatively lax and partly white-petaloid bracts: heads corymbiform- cymose and rather numerous, on short peduncles: comparatively Eastern species, biennials, 1 to 3 feet high. ■I— Pappus of very small obovate or roundish nerveless paleae forming a crown, much shorter than the breadth of the summit of the merely pubescent akene, often minute, even obsolete: floccos* or pannose tomentum thin, sometimes deciduous. H. SCabiosseuS, L'Her. Leafy to the top, thinly tomentose: radical leaves pinnately parted or occasionally entire, cauline irregularly 1-2-pinnately parted into broadly or nar- rowly linear lobes : heads about 5 lines high : the broad involucre somewhat radiate-expanded, its mainly white bracts roundish-obovate, at first surpassing the disk : akenes short-pubescent. — Michx. Fl. ii. 104; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 372. Rothia Carolinensis, Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. i. 16, t. 1, & 111. t. 667. — Sandy pine-barrens, Middle Florida to S. Carolina, and west to Illinois and Texas. H. COrymboSUS, Torr. & Gray. More slender, smaller, and glabrate, naked above : lower leaves 2-pinnately and the small upper ones mostly simply parted into narrowly linear acute divisions and lobes : heads 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre much smaller, shorter than the flowers, obovate-oblong, the petaloid summit only greenish-white : akenes pnberulent. — Fl. ii. 372. — Prairies, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas. The var. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, as to plant in herb. Torr., belongs here, but the H. tenuifolius of Nuttall in other herbaria is Pursh's species. •I- -i- Pappus of larger spatulate-obovate palese, in length nearly equalling the breadth of the summit of the villous-pubescent akene, partly traversed by a callous-thickened axis or obscure costa. H. artemisisefolius, DC. Pannosely or somewhat floccosely white-tomentose, or some- what denudate in age : leaves from simply pinnatifid or lyrately few-lobed, and sometimes quite entire (lanceolate or oblong), to bipinnately parted into broadly linear or narrowly oblong obtuse divisions and lobes: heads 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre obovate- oblong, about equalling the disk-flowers, dull white, lower half green. — Prodr. v. 658 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 372. — Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier. # # Lobes of the corolla more or less shorter than the throat : pappus conspicuous, of spatulate or narrow palese, which have a manifest costa or thicker opaque axis, this evanescent near or below the obtuse or retuse apex : akenes villous : involucre greener, less petaloid. 336 COMPOSITE. Hymmopwppus. -1— Stems leafy, from a biennial root a foot or two high: heads rather numerous and corymbosely cymose, on rather short slender peduncles: corolla-tube slender, throat short, and lobes rather long. H. flavescens, Gray. Densely white-tomentose, sometimes glabrate in age : leaves once or twice or even thrice pinnately parted ; the divisions or lobes from narrowly to rather broadly linear : heads 4 or 5 lines high : bracts of the involucre roundish-obovate or ovate, with greenish-white or barely yellowish margins: corolla from yellowish to yellow, and short-campanulate throat almost equalled by the lobes : akenes rather short-villous : pales of the pappus spatulate, usually only half the length of the slender corolla-tube. — PI. Fendl. 97, & PI. Wright, i. 121, ii. 94 (excl. the last var.); Rothrock in Wheeler Exped. vi. 167, where one form is printed " H. canescens." H. robustus, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 63, stout specimens of the form with finely much divided leaves and somewhat reduced pappus. — Sandy plains and valleys, W. Texas and New Mexico to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) H. tenuifolius, Puksh. Lightly tomentose, or soon glabrate and green : leaves rather rigid, once or twice (or radical thrice) pinnately parted into very narrowly linear or fili- form divisions, their margins soon revolute : heads only 3 or 4 lines high : involucre more erect and close ; its bracts oblong-obovate, greenish with whitish apex and margins : corolla dull white ; its lobes moderately shorter than the throat : palea; of the pappus shorter than the corolla-tube, oblong-spatulate : akenes long-villous. — Fl. ii. 742; Nutt. Gen. ii. 139; DC. Prodr. v. 658; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Plains, from Nebraska to Arkansas, Texas, and apparently also in Utah. 4— -i— Stems clustered on a perennial caudex, leafy below, naked above, bearing few or solitary comparatively large heads. H. fllif olius, Hook. Tomentose-canescent, or somewhat denudate and glabrate: stems a span to a foot high, sometimes scapiform : leaves nearly of H. tenuifolius, or of more filiform rigid divisions : heads a third to half inch high : bracts of the involucre oblong or obovate- oblong, largely green or else white-woolly, the tips whitish or purplish-tinged : corolla yel- lowish-white or sometimes clear yellow, its reflexed lobes or teeth very much shorter than the thioat : akenes very long-villous : paleas of the pappus equalling or much shorter than the tube of the corolla, but commonly equalled by the villosity of the akene. — Fl. i. 317, but the pappus is not " extremely minute." H. filifolius & H. luteus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. H. tenuifolius, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 173. — Rocky Mountain plains, from Nebraska and Montana to New Mexico, mountains of Arizona, and southern borders of California. The forms referable to B. luteus are more white-tomentose, have shorter and more crowded lobes to the leaves, and southward have almost scapiform stems. Northeastern forms are greener, more leafy, and with smaller heads, •approaching H. tenuifolius. # # # Lobes of the honey -colored or yellow corolla much shorter than the throat : akenes broad, the faces almost destitute of nerves : pappus obsolete or wanting : root perennial : fl. July-Oct. H. Mexicanus, Gray. Densely floccose-tomentose, sometimes denudate in age, a foot or two high from a thick root or caudex : radical leaves from lanceolate to spatulate, and from entire to pinnately parted, the lobes entire ; upper cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, often entire : heads few or several and loosely corymbose-paniculate, 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre oval or ovate, green with yellowish tips : akenes slightly pubescent and glabrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 29. H. flavescens, var.? Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 94. — Mountain ravines, New Mexico, Wright, Greene, Rusby. (Mountains near San Luis Potosi, Mexico, these certainly perennial, Schaffner.) 149. FLORESTINA, Cass. (Probably dedicated to a female friend.) — Slender annuals (of Mexico and its northern borders), leafy-stemmed, loosely paniculately branched, pubescent and above beset with stipitate glands : all but the lowest leaves alternate, petiolate, simply palmately or pedately divided into entire segments, rarely entire : heads loosely paniculate, quarter-inch high : flowers white or flesh-color, in summer. — Bull. Philom. 1815, & Diet. xvii. 155, t. 86 ; DC. Prodr. v. 655, excl. spec. — Consists of the Mexican F. pedata. Cass., and the following. Polypteris. COMPOSITE. 337 P. tripteris, DC. 1. c. Lowest leaves commonly ovate or oblong and entire ; others of 3 oval or oblong or the upper linear leaflets : tips of involucral bracts and flowers usually dull white: anther-tips acutish. — Gray, PL Wright, i. 121. — S. Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.) 150. POLYPTERIS, Nutt. (noil's, many, and Trrepts, meant for irrepov, wing ; many-winged or feathered, i. e. the pappus.) — SoutheasterixJ>JrAmerican~" herbs (entering Mexico), more or less scabrous-pubescent; with undivided and mostly entire petiolate leaves, all or the upper alternate, and loosely corymbose- cymose or paniculate and pedunculate heads of rose-purple or flesh-colored flowers, in summer and autumn. — Gen. ii. t39 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 314 (not of DC, which was a Gaillardia) ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 377 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 30. Part of Palafoxia, Less., DC, &c. § 1. Heads homogamous, middle-sized or small : bracts of the involucre her- baceous up to the small sphacelate colored tip : corollas 5-parted nearly down to the slender tube : akenes narrowly obpyramidal : root annual. (Nearest to Flo- restina.) P. callosa, Gray, 1. c. Slender, paniculately branched, a foot or two high : leaves linear, slightly petioled : peduncles glandular : involucre turbinate, 10-12-flowered, quarter-inch high, of 8 or 10 linear-oblong bracts : akenes minutely pubescent or glabrous : pales of the pappus all short, obovate or roundish, with costate-thickened centre seldom reaching the obtuse or erose and retuse apex, occasionally minute or wholly wanting. — Stevia callosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 121 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 46. Florestina callosa, DC. Prodr. v. 655. Palafoxia callosa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 369. — Low or dry ground, Arkansas to Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall. P. Texana, Gray, 1. c. Stouter: leaves from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate-oblong (at least below), distinctly petioled : peduncles less glandular : involucre campanulate or broader, 20-30-flowered, 3 to 5 lines high, of 8 to 12 spatulate-oblong bracts : palese of the pappus from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, with slender nearly complete or slightly excurrent costa, sometimes almost as long as the akene, in the outer flowers often much shorter. — Palafoxia Texana, DG. Prodr. v. 124; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. — River-banks, Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.) § 2. Heads heterogamous, larger, with palmately 3-lobed rays : disk-corollas parted not quite to the filiform tube : bracts of the involucre herbaceous up to the small and narrow sphacelate colored tip : akenes slender : root annual. P. Hookeriana, Gray, 1. «. Stouter, 1 to 4 feet high, above glandular-pubescent and somewhat viscid : leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate, mostly 3-nerved below : invo- lucre many-flowered, broad, half -inch or more high, of 12 to 16 lanceolate bracts in two series, the outer looser and often wholly herbaceous, inner with purplish tips : ray-flowers 8 to 10, the deeply 3-cleft rose-red rays half-inch long, but sometimes reduced or abortive : pappus in the ray a crown of 6 to 8 short and obtuse rather rigid spatulate pales; in the disk of narrowly lanceolate thin pales, traversed by an excurrent costa, attenuate at apex into a slender point or short awn, nearly of the length of the akene. — Stevia sphacelata (Nutt.), Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 214. Palafoxia Texana, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 148, not DC. P. Hookeriana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 368 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5549, with var. subradiata, a reduced state. — Sandy plains of Nebraska to Texas. (Adj. Mex.) § 3. Heads homogamous, rather large : corollas with the base of 5-parted limb forming a short-campanulate throat : involucre more imbricated and whitish- scarious, glabrous : akenes slender : root perennial. — Polypteris, Nutt. P. integrif olia, Nutt. Not glandular : stems 2 to 5 feet high, fastigiately corymbose at summit, almost glabrous : leaves scabrous, lanceolate and obtuse, upper ones linear, lowest spatulate-oblong to obovate : heads fully half-inch high, many-flowered : principal bracts of 22 338 COMPOSITE. Palafoxia. the involucre obovate-spatulate, very obtuse, thin, mainly whitish, some^oat'er or accessory bracts narrower and shorter, partly herbaceous : corollas white or flesh-colof : palese of the pappus little shorter than the akenes, linear-lanceolate, gradually attenuate, more or less pointed by the excurrent tip of the strong costa. — Gen. ii. 139; Ell. Sk. ii. 314, uot DC. Paleolaria fastigiata, Less. Syn. 156. Palafoxia, fastigiata, DC. Prodr. v. 125. P. integri- folia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 269. — Pine barrens, Georgia and Florida; first coll.. by Dr. Baldwin. 151. PAL AF6XI A, Lag. {Jose Palafox, noted Spanish general.) — Her- baceous or suffruticose plants (of Mexico and the U. S. borders) ; with branching stems, rather large scattered or loosely cymosely disposed pedunculate heads of flesh-colored or whitish flowers ; the leaves linear to oblong, alternate, entire, the lower shorl>-petioled. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. 26 (Elench. Hort. Madr. 1815); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 31. Palafoxia in part, Less., DC, Benth. & Hook. P. i,atip6lia, DC. Prodr. v. 125, of Southern Mexico, is unknown to us, and by its opposite cordate leaves and obovate involucral bracts is probably of some other genus. * Anomalous species, connecting with Polypteris. P. Peayi, Gray. A foot or two high, suffruticose at base, very leafy to near the summit, minutely scabrous • leaves short (little over inch long), oblong or ovate-oblong and rounded at both ends, or uppermost lanceolate and acutish, thickish, 3-nerved at base : heads corym- bosely cymose, over half-inch high: involucre campanulate, about half the length of the flowers ; its bracts spatulate-linear, at apex truncate-obtuse and somewhat purplish-sphace- late : corollas with oblong lobes fully half the length of the cylindraceous throat : pappus shorter than the corolla-tube and several times shorter than the glabrate akene, of 8 oblong rigid pointless lacerately scarious-edged palese (comparable with those of some outermost flowers of the following). — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59, xix. 31. — Coast of S. Florida, in sandy soil, Feay, Chapman, Curtiss, no. 1507. * * Genuine species, with narrow and paniculately scattered heads, narrowly linear involucral bracts, these in age usually concave and applied to the subtended akenes. P. linearis, Las. 1. c. Flowering as an annual, but becoming perennial and frutescent, strigose-cinereous and partly hirsute or hispid, slender flowering branches sometimes glanduliferous : leaves linear, or lower ones lanceolate, more or less canescent : heads about inch long, 15-30-flowered (or by depauperation 10-12-flowered) • corolla-lobes oblong-linear, half the length of the throat: pappus of 4 (sometimes 5) linear hyaline palese with strong and rigid excurrent costa, and little shorter than the slender akenes, or sometimes 2 to 4 additional and shorter blunt ones, or in the outer flowers all reduced, short, and of firmer texture, with imperfect costa, or abortive. — DC. Prodr. v. 124; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2132i Ageratum lineare, Cav. Ic. iii. 3, t. 205. Paleolaria cornea, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1816, & Diet. P. leucophylla, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 291, & Bot. Calif, i. 388, a shrubby form with reduced pappus, from seeds of which were raised plants having nearly the ordinary pappus of the species, which, although flowering as an herb with seemingly annual root along the Mexican border, was originally described as shrubby. — On the Colorado near Fort Yuma, &c, S. California, and Arizona. (Mex.) ' 152. RIG-IOPAPPTJS, Gray. (From ptyios, stiffened, and Trdrnros, pap- pus.)— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 548, Bot. Calif, i. 387 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406. — Single but variable species. R. leptooladus, Gray, 1. c. Slender annual, a span to a foot high, minutely hirsute-pubes- cent to almost glabrous, paniculately or subcorymbosely branched : branches commonly filiform, elongated, and leafless below, smooth, simple or proliferous, bearing solitary heads : leaves all alternate, very narrowly linear, sessile, erect, entire, those of the branches near the heads small and subulate : involucre 3 lines high : flowers yellow but often changing to pur- ple or whitish : palese rather than awns of the pappus from half to two-thirds the length of the akene, 3 to 5, occasionally only 2 or 1, or rarely wanting. — Dry ground, interior region of Washington Terr, to the middle of California and Nevada ; first coll. by Lyall. Chcenactis. COMPOSITE. 339 Var. longiaristatus. A small form : involucre only 2 lines high : pappus of (mostly 3) more slender awns, subulate-dilated at base, much longer than the corolla, rather longer than the akene. — Rattlesnake Bar, California, Mrs. Curran. 153. CH-iENACTIS, DC. (XaiVu>, to gape, and &ktk, ray, the enlarging orifice and limb of the marginal corollas in most species simulating a kind of ray.) — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent (Western N. American) ; with alter- nate mostly pinnately dissected leaves, and pedunculate solitary or sometimes cymosely disposed heads of yellow, white, or flesh-colored flowers. Pappus more commonly shorter or of fewer paleae in the outer flowers. Akenes pubescent, rarely glabrate. — Prodr. v. 659 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 401 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, x. 73. § 1. Ch^enactis proper. Pappus of entire or merely erose persistent palea?, rarely obsolete : akenes more or less tetragonal or terete, slender. # Corollas yellow, the marginal ones with enlarged throat and limb, somewhat unequally or as if palmately 5-lobed: annuals, mostly winter annuals, flowering in spring. +- Pappus of 4 (rarely if ever " 5 or 6 ") nearly equal narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate acut- ish pales, at least the inner attaining to the throat of tbe corolla. C. lanosa, DC. Floccosely white-woolly when young, flowering from near the base with (3 to 8 inches) long naked peduncles, the earliest scapif orm : leaves thickish, simply pin- nately parted into a few narrowly linear (rarely again parted) lobes no wider than the rhachis, or uppermost entire : heads half-inch high : involucral bracts nearly linear : marginal flowers moderately ampliate, not surpassing the disk. — Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 370 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 389. — California, common from Monterey southward to San Ber- nardino, &c. C. glabriliscula, DC. Taller, stouter, more caulescent, a foot or more high, thinly floccose, at length denudate, branching above, and with stout sometimes elongated peduncles bearing solitary heads of two-thirds to three-fourths inch high : leaves with more numerous and irregular lobes : bracts of the involucre broader, thickish, glabrate, obtuse : marginal corollas with much ampliate and more palmate limb, surpassing the disk. — Prodr. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. C. denudata, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 177. The var. megacephala, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 104, is merely a larger form. — California, from valley of the Sacramento southward. C. tenuif olia, Nutt. Somewhat white-tomentulose when young, glabrate, loosely branched, often diffuse, bearing scattered or paniculately disposed heads (a third of an inch high ) on short slender peduncles : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into irregular and small linear or oblong or sometimes nearly filiform lobes : involucral bracts narrow, rather rigid : limb of marginal corollas short, not surpassing the disk. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 375 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. C.filifolia, Gray, PI. Pendl. 98, the most slender-leaved form. On the sea-shore occurs an opposite extreme, with primary divisions of the leaves pinnatifid into very short and thickish lobes. — Coast of California, from Santa Barbara to San Diego ; also San Bernardino. -r- -(— Pappus of very obtuse mostly unequal palese, or obsolete. C. heterocarpha, Gray. Lightly floccose, soon denudate, a span or two high, simple or sparingly branched : leaves pinnately or sometimes bipinnately parted into irregular and unequal rather crowded and short divisions and lobes : heads half-inch high, mostly on rather long peduncles terminating stem and branches : bracts of the involucre broadly linear or sometimes wider : limb of the marginal flowers conspicuously ampliate, surpassing the disk : pappus of inner flowers of 4 elliptical-oblong paleaj fully half the length of the corolla, and with 4 or fewer alternate outer and roundish very short ones, but these occasionally wanting ; in the outermost flowers all shorter or very short. — PI. Pendl. 98, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Var. tanacetifolia, Gray, 1. c. (C tanacetifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545), proves to be only a stunted and condensed form. — California, from the Upper Sacramento and Lake Co. to San Bernardino Co. ; first coll. by Hartweg. C. Nevii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. Dwarf, rather stout, pubernlent, or leaves nearly glabrous : peduncles short : marginal corollas little ampliate : pappus of a few minute denti- 340 COMPOSITE. Chcenactis. form vestiges : otherwise resembles the preceding, so far as an insufficient specimen shows. — Coll. in Idaho, 1876, Nevius. # # Corollas white or pale flesh-colored. ■H- Marginal ones with throat and limb manifestly enlarged, and unequally 5-lobed or even pal- mately ligulate : bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or acutish: pappus of 4 palese: winter annuals. C. Premonti, Gray, 1. c. Glabrate, the slight woolliness caducous, or glabrous, except, the puberulent or hispidulous peduncles, a foot or less high, rather stout : leaves thickish, narrowly linear, many entire, some with 2 to 5 similar linear lobes : heads half or two-thirds inch high, terminating rather simple erect branches : bracts of the involucre thickish, rather acute, with prominent midrib : marginal corollas comparatively large and conspicuous, ligu- lately palmate, not rarely developing a cuneate almost equally 4-5-cleft ligule (of 3 lines in length) : palea; of the pappus linear-lanceolate, nearly equalling disk-corolla, with manifestly thickened axis at base forming a vanishing costa. — Desert of the Mohave and Lower Colo- rado, California, and adjacent Nevada and Arizona, Fremont (imperfect specimen), Newberry, Parish, Lemmon, &c. Partly confounded in Bot. Calif, with the next. C. stevioides, Hook. & Arn. Floccose-tomentose, glabrate in age, seldom a foot high, freely and loosely branched, bearing numerous somewhat cymosely disposed heads (of half- inch in height) on short slender peduncles : leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into short linear lobes, uppermost rarely entire : bracts of involucre narrowly linear, obtuse, with obscure midrib : marginal corollas with moderately ampliate unequally 5-lobed limb, not surpassing the disk : paleie of the pappus scarcely thickened at base, those of the inner flowers oblong-lanceolate and shorter than the corolla, of the outer ones ovate or oblong, often unequal, sometimes much shorter. —Bot. Beech. 353 ; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 371 ; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 172. — Dry interior region, Utah and S. Idaho, to eastern side of Sierra Nevada and through Arizona; first coll. by Tohnie. C. brachypappa, Gray. Resembles the preceding : leaves perhaps thicker : heads broader : involucral bracts with prominent midrib: palese of pappus alike in inner and outermost flowers, quadrate or slightly cuneate, very truncate, not longer than the short proper corolla- tube, barely one fourth the length of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 390, & Bot. Calif, i. 389. — S. E. Nevada, in the Pahranagat Mountains, Miss Searls. 4— -i— Marginal corollas little enlarged, nearly regular : receptacle commonly with a few fimbrillae or bracts in the form of setiform awns : bracts of the receptacle very narrowly linear, cuspidately or setaceously acuminate : pappus of 4 paleas : winter annuals, minutely puberulent, with no woolliness. C. carphoclinia, Gray. A foot or less high, diffusely much branched, slender, bearing numerous scattered heads (barely half-inch high) on short filiform peduncles : leaves 1-2-pin- nately parted into almost filiform lobes : involucre 30-40-flowered : awns on the receptacle 5 to 10 among and nearly equalling the flowers, rigid, persistent : paleas of the pappus ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, and little or moderately shorter than the inner corollas, or in the outer much shorter, occasionally very short. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 94, & Bot. Calif. 1. 1, — Arid districts, W. Arizona and S. Utah to S. E. California; first coll. by Gen. Thomas. C. attenuata, Gray. More slender, with narrow 1 5-20-fiowered heads: ray-corollas hardly at all enlarged : hardly any fimbrillae on the receptacle : palese of the pappus very short, broadly obovate-cuneate and truncate : otherwise nearly like the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 73, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Ehrenberg, Arizona, Janvier, through Canby. 4— -K- H— Marginal corollas not larger than the others (or only slightly so in C. Xantiana). receptacle quite naked: involucral bracts pointless, narrowly linear, rather loose, the midrib obvious: pappus of 4 conspicuous palea; and usually 2 to 4 small alternating outer ones: leaves simply pinnately parted, with divisions entire or merely 1-2-toothed: winter annuals. C. Xantiana, Gray. Stout, often a foot or more high, tomentulose when young, some glabrate : ascending simple branches terminated by large (three-fourths to inch long) solitary many-flowered heads on thick often fistulous peduncles : leaves with a few narrowly linear distant lobes, or some entire : corollas with short oval or oblong lobes a little bearded ex- ternally, or in the margin rather broader and more spreading, but equal : anthers partly exserted (in the manner of the genus) : pappus of 4 lanceolate palese little shorter than the corolla, and of as many very short obovate or obcordate ones. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, Chcenaetis. COMPOSITE. 341 x. 74, & Bot. Calif, i. 390, with var. integrifolia, which is more slender, fewer-flowered, and usually entire-leaved. C. glabriuscula, var. megacephala, Gray, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 146, not Pacif. R. Rep. — Eastern California and adjacent Nevada, from Tejon to Car- son, &c, Dr. Horn, Anderson, Lemmon. C. macrantha, Eaton. A span high, rather simply branched from the base, canescently tomentulose, partly glabrate: leaves short, with linear or oblong-linear lobes usually ap- proximate : heads 12-20-flowered, mostly short-peduncled, or the earlier on longer naked peduncles from near the base of the stem : bracts of the involucre thinnish, more or less tomentose : corollas half to three-fourths inch long, narrow, externally puberulent, all alike ; the 5 short teeth linear-oblong, ascending or barely spreading : anthers wholly included in the throat, the tips lanceolate : pappus of 4 linear-oblong palete barely half the length of the corolla, and 2 to 4 very short cuneate-oblong ones, but these occasionally obsolete or wanting. — Bot. King Exp. 171, 1. 18; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c — Hills in the desert region, W. Nevada to S. Utah and the Mohave in California ; first coll. by Watson. H — H — -*— •< — Marginal corollas not distinctly larger than nor different from the others (the lobes if slightly larger still regular): bracts of many-flowered involucre linear or somewhat spatulate, obtuse, sometimes one or two loose and shorter outer ones : pappus of 8 to 14 mostly equal and large obtuse palece : biennial, perennial, or suffrutescent plants : fl. summer. — Macro- carphus, Nutt. C. Douglasii, Hook. & Akn. Canescent with a fine somewhat floccose or pannose tomen- tum, or sometimes early glabrate, a span to a foot or more high from a biennial or more enduring root : leaves mostly of broad outline and bipinnately parted into crowded short and very obtuse divisions and lobes : heads from half to three-fourths inch long, in larger plants several or numerous and cofymbosely cymose : palese of the pappus from linear- ligulate to narrowly oblong and from half to three-fourths the length of the corolla, or in marginal flowers shorter and broader. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. C. Douglasii & C. achillecefolia, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 354 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. ; Torr. in Stansb. Rep. t. 6. Hgmenopappus Douglasii, Hook. Fl. i. 316; DC. Prodr. v. 658 ; Macrocarphus Douglasii & M. achilleafolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 376. — Dry plains and mountains, Montana to New Mexico, west to Washington Terr, and Cali- fornia. From S. E. California, Palmer, an incomplete specimen of a peculiar large and glabrate form, with sparser divisions to the leaves, and shorter spatulate-oblong palea; of pappus. Very variable species. Var. alpina. Dwarf, 3 to 5 inches high, consisting of a rosette or thick tuft of leaves with very approximate divisions, and naked or scapiform stems, bearing mostly solitary heads, surmounting the subterranean branches of a multicipital perennial caudex > or rootstock. — Alpine region of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming, of the Sierra Nevada, California, and north to Washington Terr. Seems distinct from the fol- lowing. C. Nevadensis, Gray. Very dwarf, in small tufts surmounting filiform branches of sub- terranean rootstocks, mostly growing in volcanic scorias or ashes : leaves small (half to barely inch long), densely white-wooDy, crowded, obovate or flabelliform-cuneate in outline, once or twice pinnatifid or parted into obovate or spatulate-linear lobes : peduncles inch or less long, bearing a solitary rather narrow head. — Bot. Calif, i. 391. Hgmenopappus Neva- densis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. — Alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Shasta and Lassen to the sources of the San Joaquin, Kellogg, Muir, Lemmon, &c. C. santolinoid.es, Greene, in herb. Subcaulescent perennial: leaves all crowded on short tufted shoots from a slightly ligneous crown, white-tomentose, linear in outline, with broadish rhachis thickly beset with small (line or so long) oblong obtusely few-lobed and crispate divisions : peduncles scapiform, 4 to 6 inches high, simple or once or twice forked, glandular and viscid : head half-inch high, rather narrow : pappus of 8 or 10 linear-ligulate palese, a little shorter than the corolla. — San Bernardino Mountains, above Bear Valley, S. E. California, Parish. C. SUfltrutescens, Gray. Canescently tomentose, a foot or more high from decumbent woody stems : leaves pinnately parted into 5 to 7 narrowly linear entire or rarely 1-2-toothed divisions : heads solitary or scattered, on slender peduncles, three-fourths inch high : pappus of 10 to 13 linear or narrowly ligulate-oblong palese a little shorter than the corolla, or in the outermost flowers c'onsiderably shorter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100. — California, on the 342 COMPOSITE Cheenactisi rocky banks of the Sacramento, below Mount Shasta; Lemmon (perhaps, a mistake as to habitat) ; S. E, California, south of San Jacinto Mountains, Parish. § 2. Acakph^a. Pappus of deciduous and fimbriate paleae, or wanting: akenes obovate- or linear-clavate, hardly angled, blackish: involucre viscid: corollas whitish or ochroleucous, all alike or nearly so, the marginal not obviously ampliate: annuals. — Acarphcea, Gray, PI. Fendl. 98; characterized anew in Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. C. artemisisefolia, Gray. A foot or two high, paniculately branched, furfuraceous- pubescent, somewhat viscid, above glandular-hirsute, especially the naked summit and peduncles and involucre of the loosely cymose-paniculate heads : leaves 2-3-pinnately divided or parted into short linear or oblong lobes: involucre broadly . campamilate, half-inch high, many-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate-linear, acute : akenes linear-clavate, flattened, hardly at all angled, the sides minutely impressed-striate ; epigynous disk small and obscurely annu- late. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Acarphcea ariemisiafolia, Gray, PI. Pendl. 98, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 95, t. 32. — San Diego Co., California; first coll. by Coulter. C. thysanocarpha, Gkat. Slender and low annual, paniculately branched, viscid-puber- ulent, with some early deciduous villosity, sparsely leafy up to the subsessile small heads : leaves narrowly linear, entire; involucre barely 3 lines high, of few linear-oblong and vis- cidulous bracts, 7-10-flowered: akenes clavate-obovate, obscurely angled: pappus about half the length of the corolla, of 8 or 9 nearly equal thin spatulate paleae which are erosely fim- briate quite down to their unguiculate base, deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 30. — Sierra Nevada in Kern Co. ? California, at 9,800 feet, Rothrock, no. 345. Apparently depauperate or unseasonable specimens of a peculiar plant ; coll. Sept. 154. HtTLSEA, Torr. & Gray. (The late Dr. G. W. Hulse, TJ. S. Army.) — Herbs, of the Sierra Nevada and its continuations, viscid-pubescent and bal- samic-scented, most of the species when young floccose-woolly; with alternate mostly sessile entire or dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and solitary or scattered large heads of yellow flowers, or rays sometimes purple ; in summer. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 98; Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 77, t. 13; Bot. Calif, i. 385. # More or less floccose-woolly when young, and denudate in age : upper leaves reduced in size and bract-like on the naked flowering branches or peduncles : root perennial, or in the first species per- haps biennial. H. Californica, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Robust, 2 feet or more high, leafy, bearing several paniculately disposed heads, when young whitened by long and soft loose wool: leaves entire or nearly so ; lower spatulate or Ungulate, uppermost ovate-lanceolate to linear : invo- lucre two-thirds inch high and broad; its bracts very numerous, linear, gradually acute, villose-lanate : rays very many, with linear ligule half-inch long : palese of the pappus quad- rate-oblong and somewhat equal, or the two over the principal angles longer, erose-denticulate at summit. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 386. — S. California, in mountains of San Diego Co., Parrij, and (near Campo, June, 1880), Parish, G. R. Vasey. H. vestita, Gray. Commonly a foot or less high from a rosette of pannosely white-tomen- tose spatulate leaves (either entire or lyrately dentate, tardily somewhat denudate) ; the flowering stems sometimes scapiform and monocephalous, commonly sparsely leaved below and bearing two or three slender pedunculate heads : involucre half-inch high, of mostly broadly lanceolate viscid-pubescent bracts : rays little surpassing the disk-flowers, sometimes shorter, or even wanting, yellow or changing to reddish : pappus of conspicuous and silvery quadrate erose-toothed paleae, either nearly equal or two rather longer. — Proc. Am. Acad, vi. 547, & Bot. Calif, i. 387. (Forms have been distributed under the names of H. Parryi, Gray, and H. catticarpha, S. Watson.) — S. E. California; volcanic hill south of Mono Lakej Brewer, low, scapiform, with large head: San Jacinto Mountain, San Diego Co., 1882, Parish. Mohave country, San Bernardino Co., Parry, 1876, form with dentate or almost pinnatifid leaves. Also a more leafy and branched form, 2 feet high, with more deciduous wool and rather longer rays, Parish. Blmnosperma. COMPOSITE. 343 Vat. pygmsfea. Depressed, rising only 2 inches high, the head subsessile in the tuft of leaves : rays saffron or rose-colored. — San Bernardino Co., on the summit of Greyback Mountain, Lemmon, W. G. Wright, and Bear Valley, Parish. H. algida, Grat. A span or two high from a deep perennial rootstock, the villous or cot- tony wool caducous, viscid pubescence remaining : stem simple, stout, terminated by a solitary short-peduncled large head : leaves linear-lingulate, irregularly dentate, sometimes with large salient teeth ; lower crowded (2 to 5 inches long, quarter to half inch wide), upper gradually smaller and sparser: involucre almost inch high and broad; its bracts linear, attenuate-acute, lax, villose-lanate and viscid : rays very numerous, linear, nearly half-inch long, yellow : pappus short, not exceeding the breadth of the akene, equalled by its hairs ; the palea? deeply fimbriate-lacerate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547, Bot. Calif, i. 386. — Cali- fornia, on the higher summits of the Sierra Nevada, from Mount Dana southward, Brewer, Bolander, Muir, on Mount Whitney up to 13,700 feet, Rothroclc. H. nana, Ghat. A span high from long branching rootstocks rising through volcanic ashes and scorise, villous-lanate when young, viscid-pubescent : leaves crowded around base of the thickish (inch or two long, or sometimes very short) monocephalous peduncle, oblongspatu- late, pinnatifid or incised, mostly tapering into a margined petiole : involucre half-inch or more high, of lanceolate bracts : rays about 30, yellow, broadly linear, nearly half-inch long : paleae of the pappus (either broad or apparently splitting into narrower ones) usually longer than the breadth of the akene, equalled by its villous hairs, incisely or fimbriately lacerate. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 76, t. 13, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Volcanic peaks of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Newberry, Cusick, to Washington Terr., Suksdorf. Var. Larseni, Grat, Bot. Calif. 1. c. More woolly even in age, and leaves somewhat scattered on the flowering stems, even up to the head : rays smaller. — California, in volcanic ashes on peaks of northern part of the Sierra Nevada, such as Shasta and Lassen ; first coll. by Lemmon and Larsen. # * Apparently quite destitute of floccose wool from the first, but with some long and soft many- jointed and viscidulous hairs: stems mostly simple, equably leafy to the top, bearing solitary or somewhat racemosely disposed short-pedunculate heads: palese of the pappus conspicuous, oblong or narrower, the two over the angles longer. H. heterochroma, Gkat. Rather stout, sometimes over 2 feet high from an annual root : leaves oblong, saliently dentate : involucre two-thirds or three-fourths inch high, of linear- lanceolate attenuate-acute bracts : rays very numerous, 3 or 4 lines long, rose-purple, some- times inconspicuous or obsolete : tube of disk-corollas hirsute : shorter palea; of the pappus truncate-lacerate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 369, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, from the Yo- semite, Bolander, to the mountains of San Bernardino Co., Lemmon, Parish. H. brevif 61ia, Grat, 1. c. Slender, a foot high from an annual or possibly perennial root, the stem or simple branches bearing a solitary comparatively small and narrow head : leaves small (the largest inch and a half long), spatulate-oblong, denticulate : involucre half-inch high, of linear rather loose bracts : rays only 10 or 12, 3 or 4 lines long, light yellow : paleaj of the pappus rather entire. — California, along the Merced in and near the Yosemite Valley, Bolander, &c. 155. TRICHOPTlLIUM, Gray. (®p#, tocos', hair, and wnXov, feather or plumage, the pappus-pa] ess feathery-dissected.) — Single species, yellow-flow- ered winter annual ; fl. spring. T. incisum, Grat. Diffusely branched, low and spreading, loosely floccose-woolly, also somewhat pubescent and glandular : leaves oblong-rhomboidal or cuneate-lanceolate, incisely and acutely dentate, alternate or the lower opposite : heads scarcely half-inch high, on slen- der peduncles terminating stem and branches. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 97, Pacif. R. Rep. v. t. 5, & Bot. Calif, i. 395. Psathyrotes incisa, Gray, PI. Thurb. 322. — Arid district of the Mohave, Lower Colorado, and Gila, W. Arizona and S. E. California ; first coll. by Fremont. 156. BLENNOSPERMA, Less. (BXewa, mucus, o-Trc/yia, seed; the akenes developing copious mucus when wetted ; that is, the club-shaped papilla? then swell up through imbibition, open at the apex, or else split into two valves, and emit a pair of uncoiling filaments of extreme tenuity, in the manner of 344 COMPOSITE. Blennosperma. Orocidium, to which this anomalous genus is perhaps most related.) — Low and small annuals, of two species, one Chilian, the other Californian. — Less. Syn. 267; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 272; Remy in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. t. 48; Benth.. & Hook. Gen. ii. 404. Apalus, DC. Prodr. v. 507. Goniothele, DC. 1. c. 531. B. Californicum, Tore. & Gray, 1. c. A span or two high, at length diffusely branched, glabrous or nearly so, with pedunculate heads terminating the branches : leaves alternate, pinnately parted into narrowly linear usually entire lobes: heads a third to half inch in diameter when expanded : flowers pale yellow, with ligules 2 or 3 lines long, or the alternate ones sometimes destitute of corolla : disk-flowers shorter than the involucre : style-branches of fertile flowers broad. — Coniothele Californica, DC. Prodr. v. 531. — Moist ground, Upper Sacramento to San Diego, California: fl. summer; first coll. by Douglas. 157. ACTINELLA, Pers., Nutt. (Changed from Actinea, from , leaf, the foliage or involucre appearing as if punctate on account of the translucent oil-glands.) — Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants (of the warmer parts of America), usually glaucous ; with alternate or opposite undivided leaves, and pedunculate heads of yellow or purplish flowers. Oil-glands present in the involucre when wanting in the leaves, in the form of dots or stripes. — L. Hort. Cliff. 494 ; Adans. Fam. ii. 122 ; DC. Prodr. v. 647, excl. § 2, 3. Kleinia, Jacq. Stirp. Am. 215, t. 127, not L. # Annual, with broad crenate-repand leaves on slender petioles : bracts of cylindrical involucre 5 : corollas purplish, with filiform tube several times longer than the throat and limb : akenes filiform or slender-fusiform. P. macrocephalum, DC. A foot or two high : leaves roundish-oval to oblong (or some of the lowest narrower), about the length of the petiole: peduncles enlarged above, clavate and fistulous: head inch long: bracts of involucre obtuse : akenes much longer than the pappus. — Prodr. v. 468; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 93. — Rocky hills and ravines, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. (Mex.) Dysodia. COMPOSITE. 355 # # Perennial (as to N. American species), with narrow entire sessile leaves, glaucescent, much branched, 1 to 3 feet high. P. graoile, Benth. Lignescent at base, with slender striate branches : odor pungent, " Fen- nel-like " : leaves narrowly linear with tapering base, or uppermost filiform or subulate, or all filiform : involucre cylindraceous, half -inch long ; its bracts 5, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined, often slightly purple-tinged : corollas dull white and purple, with tube as long as the narrowish throat and short triangular-lanceolate lobes : akenes attenuate at apex, rather longer than the pappus. — Bot. Sulph. 29 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 399. P. Greggii, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 120, in part, & ii. 94. — Arid plains, S. W. Texas to San Diego Co., California. (Lower Calif., Adj. Mex.) P. scoparium, Gray. Shrubby at base, with slender rush-like branches : leaves thick and firm, linear-subulate and filiform, narrow at base, mucronate-apiculate : involucre campanu- late, 4 or 5 lines high, of 7 to 9 broadly lanceolate greenish bracts, one third to half shorter than the mature pappus : corollas yellow, with very short obtuse teeth, and narrow throat much longer than the proper tube (i. e. below the insertion of the stamens) : akenes not at- tenuate at apex, fully equalled by the pappus. — PI. Wright, i. 120, ii. 94, & Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 108. P. Greggii, Gray, PI. Wright. 1. c, as to pi. Gregg, a stouter form. — Bocky banks and plains, S. W. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by Wright. W. borders of Texas, Havard. (Adj. Mex.) P. amplexicaiJ le, Engelm. in PI. Wright. 1. c, of adjacent Mexico, is stouter, less branched, with solitary and larger heads, and fleshy-coriaceous leaves lanceolate, tapering from a partly clasping base, all but the uppermost opposite : bracts of the involucre 8 to 10, half-inch long. 164. CHRYSACTlNIA, Gray. (Xpuo-d?, gold, Kd/i7™f, with white head-band; the circle of bracts of the head white-bordered.) — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 422; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 77 ; Eothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 175, t. 12.— Single species. L. Newberryi, Gray in Porter & Coulter, 1. c. Perennial herb, a foot or two high, with the aspect and some of the characters of Hymenopappus (except the rays), flocculent-woolly, glabrate in age : leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into filiform-linear segments : heads few or several at the naked summit of the stem : involucre nearly half -inch broad : rays three-fourths inch long, obscurely 3-lobed at summit, at first yellow, soon changing to cream-color or white : akenes 2 lines long, turning black. — Caiions, &c, S. W. Colorado, Newberry, Porter, Bran- degee. Also W. New Mexico, Loew. 171. ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of Chamomile.) — Herbs, usually with pinnately dissected leaves, and rather large heads on peduncles terminating the branches ; disk-flowers yellow ; rays white, rarely yellow, fertile, except in the first species. A large Old-World genus, one or two species naturalized. A . C6tdxa, L. (Mayweed.) Annual weed, of the section Makuta, has receptacle of the head conical, destitute of bracts near the margin, bristly ones at the centre : rays mostly neutral, white, sometimes abortive: akenes 10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate: stem low: leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected : herbage unpleasantly strong-scented, acrid. — Spec. ii. 894 ; Barton, Veg. Mat. Med. 1. 14. Marutafcetida, Cass. Diet. xxix. 174. M. Cotula, DC Prodr. vi. 23. — Common in waste grounds and along roadsides ; fl. late summer and autumn. (Nat. from Eu.) A. arvensis, L. (Field Chamomile.) Annual weed, not unpleasantly scented : leaves 1-2- pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate lobes : heads rather long-peduncled : bracts of invo- lucre obtuse, whitish-scarious : receptacle conical; its bracts lanceolate, acuminate: rays white : akenes with a very short slightly toothed margin in place of pappus. — Engl. Bot. t. 602; Fl. Dan. t. 1179; DC. Prodr. vi. 6. — Old fields, sparingly established in the Atlantic States, Oregon, &e. (Nat. from. Eu.) Matricaria. COMPOSITE. 363 A. n6bilis, L., the officinal Chamomile, a low perennial, with pleasant aiomatic filiform]/ dissected foliage, not uncommon in gardens, is said to be occasionally spontaneous, but rarely. A. TiNCT6RrA, L., — an erect herb, rather stout, with large heads, yellow rays, or occasionally pale or partly white, and quadrangular akenes, — has sometimes escaped from gardens. 1 72. ACHILLEA, Vaill. Yarrow. (After Achilles.) — Perennial herbs ; with small and corymbosely cymose heads of white, yellow, or sometimes rose- colored flowers, at least in the ray ; disk commonly yellow. — Linn. Gen. no. 661. Ptarmica & Millefolium, Tourn. Ptarmica & Achillea, DC. — Many Old-World species, very few American, all perennial. § 1. Heads rather narrow: receptacle at length elevated. — Achillea, DC. A. Millefolium, L. (Milfoil or Yarrow.) From villous-lanate to glabrate: stems simple, a foot or two (on high mountains a span) high : leaves elongated and narrow in out- line, sessile, bipinnately dissected into numerous small and linear to setaceous-subulate divis- ions : heads numerous, crowded in a fastigiate cyme : involucre oblong ; its bracts pale or sometimes fuscous-margined, or even wholly brownish : rays 4 or 5, about the length of the involucre, white occasionally rose-color. — Very variable ; in grassy fields of Atlantic States green and more or less glabrate, and with open foliage (perhaps introduced from Europe) ; northward and on mountains mostly lanate (var. lanata, Koch), with divisions of the narrow leaves much crowded; including A. gracilis & A. occidentalis,Jla,i. in DC. Prodr. vi. 24; A. tomentosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 319. A. lunulosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 36; A. setacea, Schwein. in Long Exped. ii. 119. Form with dark involucre, A. Millefolium, var. nigrescens, E. Meyer, PI. Labrad. ; A. borealis, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 149. Ptarmica borealis, DC. — Com- mon from Labrador to Alaska, south to Texas and California. (All N. hemisphere.) § 2. Heads broader : involucre campanulate : receptacle low. — Ptarmica, Tourn., DC. A. multifiora, Hook. Villous-pubescent, soon glabrate : stem strict, 2 feet high : leaves linear, closely pectinate-pinnatifid into lanceolate-subulate minutely denticulate lobes, the sinuses extending fully half-way to the midrib : heads in rather a close cyme : rays 10 or 12, very short and small, white. — Fl. i. 318; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 409. A. Ptarmica, Richards, in Frankl. Journ. 33. — Saskatchewan to Fort Franklin and Behring Strait ; first coll. by Richardson and Drummond. A. Ptarmica, L. (Ssjeezewort.) A foot or two high, loosely branching above, bearing more loosely disposed and pedunculate heads : leaves glabrous, linear, finely and closely ser- rate: rays 8 to 12, comparatively large, roundish, white. — Fl. Dan. 643 ; Engl. Bot. 757 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 552. Ptarmica vulgaris, Blackw. Herb, t 256; DC. Prodr. vi. 23. — "Open dry swamps, Canada and New York," Pursh. The latter habitat unsupported. New Bruns- wick, apparently indigenous in Restigouche and Kent Counties, Fowler. Locally naturalized in Mass. and Michigan. (Eu., N. Asia.) 173. MATRICARIA, Tourn., L. (Name given by the herbalists, from mater or matrix, to herbs of reputed medicinal virtues.) — Herbs, chiefly of Europe and Asia ; with finely once to thrice dissected leaves, and pedunculate heads, the disk-flowers yellow, those of the ray white,-- or occasionally (and in one of our species constantly) wanting. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 427. § 1. Akenes obpyramidal, with 3 strong and thick (lateral and facial) ribs. — Tripleurospermum, Schultz Bip. Chamcemelum, Visiani ; Boiss., in part. M. inodora, L. Nearly scentless, annual, an arctic form apparently biennial or perennial : leaves 2-3-pinnately divided into filiform or narrow linear lobes : heads large : rays half to three-fourths inch long : receptacle at length ovate : pappus a, minute entire or 4-toothecl border. — Fl. Suec. ed. 2, 297 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 52 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 412. Chrysanthemum inodorum, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1253 ; Fl. Dan. t. 696 ; Schk. Handb. t. 253. Pyrethrum inodorum, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 676 ; Hook. Fl. i. 320. Tripleurospermum inodorum, Schultz Bip. Tana- 364 COMPOSITE. Matricaria. cet. 31. — Arctic sea>coast to Alaska and the Hudson Bay country* commonly in a dwarf and monocephalous form with blackish involucre (var. nana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, Chrysanthemum grandiflorum, Hook., Pyrethrum inodorum, var. nanum, Hook. Fl. 1. c), occasionally wanting the ray, var. e/igulata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 33. The common taller and branching European form is naturalized in some parts of Canada and Maine. (Eu., Asia.) § 2. Akenes more terete, with 3 to 5 slender often unequal or indistinct ribs, the surface commonly developing mucilage when wetted. M. Chamomilla, L. Annual, a foot or two high, quite resembling Anthemis Cotula, aromatic : heads 3 lines high, and rays of the same length : bracts of the involucre oblong, fuscous : receptacle ovate-conical or oblong in age : akenes small, with an obscure border and usually no distinct pappus ; the inner face unequally 5-ribbed. — Curt. Fl. Lond. v. t. 63 ; Schk. Handb. t. 253. — Waste grounds, S. New York and New Jersey. (Nat. from Eu.) Var. cokonata, Gay, ex Boiss. Akenes of the ray and commonly most of the disk furnished with a conspicuous thin-scarious cleft and toothed and sometimes unilateral pap- pus, not rarely surpassing the tube of the corolla. — M. coronata, Gay in Koch, Fl. Germ, ed. 2, 416. M. Courrantia, DC. 1. c. 72 ; Webb, Phyt. Canar. ii. t. 89. M. pyrethroides, DC. 1. c, from Mex. Courrantia chamomilloides, Schultz Bip. in Webb, Phyt. Canar. ii. 278. — Cult, fields, S. Texas, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex.) M. discoidea, DC. Annual, somewhat aromatic, glabrous, a span to a foot high, very leafy : leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into short and narrow linear lobes ! heads all short- peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly oval, white-scarious with greenish centre, hardly half the length of the well-developed greenish yellow ovoid disk : receptacle high-conical : akenes oblong, somewhat angled, with an obscure coroniform margin at summit, this occa- sionally produced into one or two conspicuous oblique auricles of coriaceous texture. — Prodr. vi. 50; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 413. M. tanacetoides, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. vii. 52. Santolina suaveolens, Pursh, Fl. ii. 520. Artemisia matricarioides, Less, in Linn. vi. 210. Tanacetum matricarioides, Less. Syn. 265. T. suaveolens, Hook. Fl. i. 327, t. 110. T. puuci- florum, DC. 1. c. 131, not Richards. Cotula matricarioides, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 150. Lepi- dotheca ( Lepidanthus) suaveolens, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 397. — Open ground, W. California to TJnalaska and Behring Island, east to Montana, and becoming naturalized in the Atlantic States near railroad stations. (N. Asia; nat. in N. Eu.) 174. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn., L. (Old Greek name, X P vo-dv- Oepov, i.e. golden flower.) — Chrysanthemum & LeuCanthemum, Tourn. Pyre- thrum, Gsertn., &c. — Mostly an Old-World genus, only a small portion of the species with yellow rays : fl. summer. C. segetum, L. (Corn-Chrysanthemum or Corn-Marygold of Europe), is a ballast-weed at New York and Philadelphia, and is in fields at Oakland, California. This and C. coro- nArium, L., are genuine Chrysanthemums, annuals, with golden yellow rays as well as disk- flowers, and 3-sided or 3-winged ray-akenes. C. Sinense and C. Indicum, L., of China and Japan, are the parents of the autumn-flowering perennial Chrysanthemums of gardens and houses, and form a peculiar section of the genus. C. 1 nanum, Hook. Fl. i. 320, is Blennosperma Californicum. § 1. Pyrethrum, Benth. & Hook. Herbaceous or suffruticulose perennials; with comparatively large and broad heads, either solitary or loosely corymbose :• rays usually conspicuous: akenes all equably 5-10-costate. — Pyrethrum, Gaertn. Pyrethrum, Leucanthemum, Plagius, &c, DC. Tanacetum in part, kSchultz Bip. * Rays described as yellow, but perhaps white, short : leaves bipinnately dissected into many small linear lobes. C. bipinnatum, L. Slender, a span to a foot high from a. creeping rootstock, villous or glabrate, bearing usually a solitary head of half-inch diameter : rays obovate, little sur- passing the merely convex disk : pappus a short crown. — Spec. ii. 890; founded on Gmel. Fl. Sibir. ii. 205, t. 85, f. 1. Pyrethrum bipinnatum, Willd. Spec. iii. 2160 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 60. Tanacetum Kotzebuense, Bess., ex DC. 1. c. 131. T. bipinnatum, Schultz Bip. Tanacet. 48.— Soliva. COMPOSITE. 365 Cape Espenberg, Arctic Airier., Eschscholtz. Yukon Valley, Alaska, L. .17. Turner, a glabrate form. (E. Asia to Russ. Lapland.) # # Rays white, elongated : heads solitary, mostly long-peduncled : leaves undivided or merely pinnatiiid. C. Leucanthemum, L. (Ox-eye Daisy, Whiteweeb.) Glabrous, a foot or two high from a creeping base or rootstock, simple or sparingly branched : cauline leaves spatulate, and the upper gradually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately dentate or incised, partly clasping at base ; radical broader, petioled : head broad and flat : rays inch long : pappus none. — Fl. Dan. 994; Engl. Bot. 601. Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam. Fl. Fr. ii. 137; DC. Prodr. vi. 46. — Common weed in pastures and meadows through Atlantic States, &c. ; here and there met with in similar situations quite to the Pacific. Occurs occasionally with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.) C. arcticum, L. Nearly or quite glabrous, rather fleshy, a span to a foot high : leaves cuneate, with long tapering base or petiole, crenately toothed or incised at summit, some- times 3-5-lobed ; uppermost small and linear, nearly entire : bracts of the involucre broad, brown-margined : rays nearly inch long : pappus none. — Spec. ii. 889 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 526 ; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 33. Leucanthemum arcticum, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 412. — Coasts, Hudson's Bay and arctic shores to Arctic Alaska and islands. (Kamtschatka and Japan to Lapland.) C. integrifolium, Richards. Villous when young : stem simple and scapiform from a leafy tufted base, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves linear or slightly spatulate, entire : bracts of in- volucre oblong, blackish : rays less than half-inch long : pappus none. — App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 33 ; Hook, in Parry Voy. & Fl. i. 319, t. 109. Leucanthemum inlegrifolium, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c — Arctic sea-coast; first coll. by Parry and Richardson. (Arctic Asia.) * # * Rays white, broad: heads globular-depressed, comparatively small, loosely corymbose- cymose : leaves bipinnately parted or cleft. 0. Parthenium, Pers. (Feverfew.) Much branched, puberulent, leafy : leaves thin, pin- nately parted, and the oval or oblong divisions pinnatiiid or incised and toothed : rays oval or obovate, 2 or 3 lines long (in cultivation sometimes all the disk-flowers changed into rays) : pappus a minute crown. — Benth. Brit. Flora, ed. 4, 250. Matricaria Parthenium, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. 624. M. odorata, Lam. Pi/rethrum Parthenium, Smith. Leucanthemum Parthenium, Godron ; Gray, Man. Tanacetum Parthenium, Schultz Bip. — Roadsides and waste grounds, sparingly in Atlantic States; escaped from cult. (Nat. from En.) § 2. Gymnocline, Benth. & Hook. (Gymnocline, Cass.). Consists of perennial species, with small and corymbosely disposed rather narrow heads, resembling Achillea except in the naked receptacle, and when discoid or nearly so making transition to Tanacetum. An outlying member of this group is C. Balsamita, L., with its rayless or discoid form, var. tanacetoIdes, Boiss. (Costmarv, Mint-Geranium, of the gardens), is beginning to escape to roadsides in a few places. It is known by its sweet-scented herbage, barely serrate oblong leaves, and yellowish flowers ; when the rays appear they are white. (Adv. from Asia.) 175. SOLlVA, Euiz & Pav. (Dr. Salvador Soliva, of Spain.) —Small and depressed herbs, mostly if not all annuals and S. American ; with mainly alternate and petioled pinnately dissected leaves ; the heads of greenish flowers sessile in the axils or forks. — Prodr. 113, t. 24. Solivcea, Cass. Diet. xxix. 177. GymnostyleS) Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. iv. 258, t. 61. S. Sessilis, Ruiz & Pav. Villous, or the leaves glabrate ; these twice divided ; primary divisions 3 to 5, petiolate, parted into 3 to 5 narrow lanceolate lobes : heads depressed : akenes broadly obovate, thin-winged, the wings entire or sometimes panduriform-excised near the base, spinulose-pointed at summit, in some the wings reduced to an acute margin : persistent style long and stout. — Syst. 215 ; DC Prodr. vi. 143. S. daucifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 403 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 425 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 406. Gymnostyles Chi- lensis, Spreng. Syst. iii. 500. — Moist ground, coast of California, from Santa Barbara to Mendocino Co. (Chili, whence probably introduced.) 366 COMPOSITE. Soliva. S. nasturtiip6lia, DC. 1. c. Much depressed, spreading, small: leaves glabrate, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 oblong divisions of about a line in length ; these entire or the lower few- toothed : heads globular : akenes small, very numerous, villous at apex, cuneate, the margins much thickened and tuberculate-rugose : style short and slender. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Gymnostyl.es nasturtHfolia, Juss. Ann. Mus. iv. 262, t. 61, f. 2. G. stolonifera, Nutt. Gen. ii. 185; Ell. Sk. ii. 473. — A humble weed, near dwellings, coast of N. Carolina to Georgia. (Nat. from Buenos Ayres.) 1 76. C6TUL A, L. (KorvXr), a small cup or disk.) — Low herbs of the southern hemisphere, one or two naturalized in the northern, strong-scented; leaves alternate, lobed or dissected ; flowers yellow : ours more or less perennial by creeping base, or annual. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 428. C. coronopif6lia, L. ' Somewhat succulent, nearly glabrous : ascending stems often a foot high : leaves lingulate-linear, laciniate-pinnatifid, or' uppermost entire, the baSe clasping or sheathing : head much depressed, a third to half inch broad : female flowers a single row, on flattened pedicels which lengthen in fruit, their akenes bordered with a thick spongy wing and notched at both ends : disk-akenes with wing reduced to :i thickened border. — Lam. 111. t. 700 ; Dill. Elth. t. 23 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 28. — Wet ground, thoroughly established on the coast of California, and on some water-courses in the interior : a rare ballast-weed on the Atlantic coast. (Nat. from S. Afr.) C. austrAlis, Hook. f. Slender, diffusely branched, somewhat pubescent : leaves 2-pinnately dissected into linear lobes : heads small : female flowers in 2 or 3 rows, their akenes dis- tinctly pedicelled ; those of the disk less so. — Fl. N. Zeal. i. 128 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 405. Strongylosperma australe, Less. ; DC. 1. c. 82. — Waste ground, coast of California. Kellogg, Cleveland. Oregon, E. Hall. (Sparingly nat. from Australia.) 177. TANAC^TUM, Tourn. Tansy. (Name of the old herbalists, of quite uncertain derivation.) — Chiefly perennials, of the northern hemisphere, strong-scented, alternate-leaved, yellow-flowered. Disk-flowers 5-toothed. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 414. § 1. Kobust erect perennials, leafy to the summit : leaves 2-3-pinnately dis- sected into very numerous divisions and lobes ; also with interposed small ones on the main rhachis : pappus coroniform-dentate : receptacle flat, quite naked. — § Eutanacetum & Omalotes. DC. Prodr. vi. 128. 83. T. vulgAre, L. (Common Tansy.) Acrid-aromatic, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 2 or 3 feet high : divisions and lobes of the leaves decurrent-confluent, the teeth cuspidate-acumi- nate : heads numerous and crowded in the corymbif orm cymes, 3 to 5 lines broad, depressed- hemispherical : ray-corollas terete, inconspicuous, with oblique 3-toothed limb. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides, &c.,in Atlantic States and Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) T. Huronense, Nutt. Comparatively sweet-aromatic,, villous when young, sometimes gla- brate, commonly a foot 'high : leaves with fewer interposed segments on the rhachis ; lobes and teeth narrowly oblong to linear, mucronate or acuminate: heads much fewer (1 to 5) and larger ; the disk convex, half-inch broad : corollas of female flowers with a flattish tube and a 3-5-lobed limb, which not rarely expands into a cuneate rather obvious ligule (thus making a transition to Chrysantheimim and showing relationship to C. bipinnatum). — Gen. ii. 141 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii 414. T. Douglasii, DC. Prodr. vi. 128. T. paudflorum, Richards. App. Erankl. Journ. ed. 2, 30 ; Hook. Fl. i. 327, not DC. T. boreale, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 401, not Fischer in DC, which is rather a form of T. vulgare.— Banks of streams, &c, N. Maine ( Goodale), New Brunswick, and Lake Superior to Hudson's , Bay, west to Washington Terr, and Oregon on the coast. T. camphoratum, Lkss. Pleasantly camphoric-aromatic, villous-tomentose, at least when young, glandular, robust, 1 or 2 feet high : pinna? and segments of the leaves much crowded ; the latter oval or short-oblong, entire or crenately few-lobed, rounded-obtuse, at most callose- apiculate, usually with revolute margins : heads several in a corymbiform cluster, short- Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 367 peduncled, hemispherical, the flat or at length low-convex disk half-inch broad : disk-corollas with flattened tube and 3 small lobes, not surpassing the disk-flowers, regularly 3-5-toothed, not at all liguliform. — Linnsea, vi. 521. T. Huronense, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c, in part ; Torr. & Gray, Fl., in part ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 402. T. elegans, Decaisne in Fl. Serres, ser. 2, xii. t. 1191. Omalanthus campkoratus, Less. Syn. 260; Hook. Fl. i. 321, as to pi. Calif, only. Omalotes camphorata, DC. Prodr. vi. 83. — Sea-beaches, San Francisco, Cali- fornia ; first coll. by Menzies, next by Chamisso. § 2. Low perennials : slender stems more naked above, bearing rather small globular heads : leaves less dissected or entire : corolla of disk-flowers not oblique nor dilated at summit, regularly 2-4-toothed : akenes usually utricular • pappus obsolete or none : receptacle convex or conical. — § Sphceromeria, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 415. Sphceromeria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 402. # Herbaceous to the thickened root : leaves dissected : receptacle densely fimbrillate-hirsute. T. potentUloides, Gkat. Silvery-sericeous : stems decumbent or ascending, a span to a foot long, the naked summit bearing a few slender-peduncled somewhat corymbiform-panic- ulate heads (of 3 or 4 lines in diameter) : radical leaves 2-3-pinnately and cauline 1-2-pin- nately parted into rather few mostly linear lobes : bracts of the involucre roundish-ovate or obovate. — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 204; Bot. Calif. 1. c. Artemisia potentUloides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 551. — Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, Lemmon, Anderson. # # Suffrutescent at base, erect : leaves simply or pedately cleft or entire : receptacle not hirsute, sometimes conical : heads only 2 lines broad. — Sphceromeria, Nutt. T. diversifolium, Eaton. Glabrous, very smooth, 8 to 15 inches high, leafy : leaves some narrowly linear and entire, 1 -nerved, some pinnately or pedately parted : heads several or rather numerous in a corymbiform cyme, slender-peduncled: female flowers 8 or 10, with 3-4-toothed corolla. — Bot. King Exp. 1 80, t. 19. — Utah, in the American Fork Canon ; first coll. by Watson. T. oanum, Eaton. Silvery with minute close tomentum, a span or two high : lower leaves cuneate and 3-lobed or 3-cleft ; upper linear-lanceolate, mostly entire : heads few or several, very short-peduncled or in clusters of 2 or 3 terminating the short branches of the cyme : female flowers 4 to 8, with a truncate obscurely toothed corolla. — Bot. King Exp. 179, t. 19, f. 8-14; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 366. — Nevada, in a canon of E. Humboldt Mountains, Watson. Olanche Mountain, S. E. California, Rothrock. T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-cauescent, loosely cespitose, a span high : leaves short, mostly broadly cuneate with tapering base, obtusely 3-5-lobed at the broad summit ; those of the flowering stems usually oblong or linear and entire : heads few, somewhat panic- ulate or loosely clustered, some of them slender-pedunculate : involucre very scarious. — Fl. ii. 415. Sphceromeria argentea, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 402. — Rocky Mountains of N. Wyoming, Nuttall, Parry. T. capitatum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Silvery-canescent, densely cespitose, a span high : leaves simply or pedately 3-5-parted into linear lobes, or some of them only 3-cleft at sum- mit: flowering stems scapiform or 2-4-leaved: heads 10 or more, sessile in a globose glom- erule. — Sphceromeria capitata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c — Rocky Mountains of N. Wyoming, Nuttall, Parry. 178. ARTEMISIA, Tourn., L. Wormwood, Sage-brush, Mug wort. (Ancient name of Mugwort, in memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.) — Herbs and low shrubs (chiefly of the northern hemisphere, and most abundant in arid regions), bitter-aromatic ; with alternate leaves, and small paniculately dis- posed heads, commonly nodding, at least when young ; the flowers yellow or whitish, or turning brownish, usually sprinkled with resinous globules. Anthers commonly tipped with subulate-acuminate appendages, in the manner of Am- brosia, but not inflexed.-- Besser in DC. Prodr. vi. 93. Artemisia, Abrotanum, & Absinthium, Tourn. 368 COMPOSITE. Artemisia. § 1, Dracunculus, Bess.. — Heads heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphro- dite but sterile, their ovary abortive, and style mostly entire,' peltate-penicillate at tip : receptacle not hairy. — Oligosporus, Cass. # Akenes and flowers beset with long cobwebby and crisped hairs : spinescent undershrub Picrothamnus, Nutt. A . spinescens, Eaton. Stout and densely branched, rigid, 4 to 18 inches high, villous- tomentose : leaves small, pedately 5-parted and the divisions 3-lobed ; lobes spatulate : heads globose, racemosely glomerate on short and leafy branchlets, which persist as slender spines : bracts of the involucre 5 or 6, broadly obovate : 'female flowers 1 to 4 ; hermaphrodite-sterile flowers 4 to 8, their corolla ventricose-campanulate from. a narrow base. — Bot. King Exp. 180, t. 19, f. 15-21 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 404. Picrothamnus desertorum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 417 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 289. — "Whole desert region of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho, reaching the borders of California; first coll. by Douglas (incom- plete specimens), then Nuttall. # # Akenes nearly glabrous : receptacle except in last species hemispherical or ovate : no spines. -i— Biennial herb : leaves all filiform. A , caudata, Michx. Glabrous, with one or more strict stems, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves 1-3- pinnately divided into slender filiform lobes : heads small (a line in diameter), very numer- ous in an ample elongated thyrsus. — Fl. ii. 129; Nutt. Gen. ii. 144; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 417. — Sandy ground, Canada to Texas near the coast, Illinois to Saskatchewan and Kansas. •1— -t— Perennial herbs, the last two or three species sometimes frutescent at base : heads many- flowered. ++ Leaves dissected. A. Canadensis, Michx. A foot or two high from a perennial (or sometimes biennial % ) root : glabrous or mostly with at least the radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely or canescently silky -pubescent : leaves mostly 2-pinnately divided into narrow linear or almost filiform but plane lobes, of thickish texture : heads 1 or 2 lines long, very numerous in a compound oblong or pyramidal virgate panicle (in reduced specimens northward fewer in a simple panicle) : involucre greenish, glabrous or rarely pubescent. — El. ii. 129 (north- ern form with heads 2 lines broad) ; Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Besser, Dracunc. 90, & DC. 1. c, partly (mixed with A. caudata). A. peucedanifolia, Juss. Herb.; Besser, 1. c. 29 (A. Canadensis ferulaceo-folio, Vaill.), spec. Herb. Tourn., DC. 1. c. 99, excl. pi. Mitch. A. campestris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 521 ? excl. syn. ; Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. A. desertorum, in part, Bess, in Hook. Fl. A. commutata, Bess. Dracunc. 68, & in DC. Prodr. vi. 98. A. Pacifica, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 399 f — Rocky banks and plains, N. New England to Hudson's Bay, west to the Pacific in Washington Terr., and south in the Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. (N. W. Asia.) A. borealis, Pall. A span or two high from a stout caudex : stems simple : leaves silky- pubescent or silky-villous ; radical and lower 1-2-ternately or pinnately divided into linear lobes ; uppermost linear and entire or 3-parted : heads (2 lines broad) comparatively few, crowded in a narrow (rarely compound) spiciform thyrsus with leaves interspersed: invo- lucre pilose or glabrate, pale-fuscous to brownish. — It. iii. 129, t. hh, f. 1 ; Bess. Dracunc. 78, & in DC. 1. c. 98; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. spithamcea, Pursh, Fl. . ii. 522. A. violacea, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 475. — Arctic America, Labrador to Alaska, and Rocky Mountains to Colorado in the alpine region. (Greenland, N. Asia.) Var. Wormskioldii, Bess. Taller, 10 to 16 inches high, with more numerous heads in looser or compound narrower thyrsus. — Dracunc. 83, & Hook. 1. c. 327. A. Grcenlandica, Wormsk. Fl. Dan. 1. 1585, small specimen. — Hudson's Bay and mountains of Lower Canada (where it seemingly passes into A. Canadensis, in coll. Allen) to Washington Terr, and N. Alaska. (Greenland, N. E. Asia.) A. pedatlflda, Nutt. Cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex, very dwarf, canescent throughout with a fine and close pubescence : leaves chiefly crowded in radical tufts and on the base of the (inch or two high) rather naked flowering stems, once or twice 3-parted into narrowly spatulate or nearly linear obtuse entire divisions: heads (hardly 2 lines broad) few, loosely spicately or racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent: heads 12-15-flowered; the hermaphrodite-sterile flowers with style barely 2-lobed at summit and no ovary. — Trans. Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 369 Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 399 ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 419. — Arid grounds in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, ■ Nuttall, Fremont (without flowers), Parry. Has been wrongly referred to the following section of the genus. A. pyonooephala, DC. A foot or two high, either herbaceous or with a woody base, densely silky-villous, even to the involucre, robust : leaves 1-3-pinnately parted into rather few and short linear or spatulate lobes: heads numerous (2 lines broad), glomerate in an elongated and interrupted spiciform leafy thyrsus. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 404. A. pycno- cephala & A. pachystachya, DC. 1. c. 99 & 114; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. pycnostachya, Nutt. 1. c, error in name. Oligosporus pycnocephalus, Less, in Linn. vi. 524. — Sea-shores, Cali- fornia, from Monterey to Humboldt Co. ; first coll. by Chamisso. ++ ++ Leaves mostly entire, occasionally some 3-cleft, or the lowest even more divided : base of stems rather lignescent. A. glauca, Pall. Minutely silky-pubescent or canescent, sometimes glabrate and glaucous : stems strict, a foot or two high : leaves rather short, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate : heads nearly of the next, into which it probably passes. — Willd. Spec. iii. 1331 ; Bess. Dracunc. 55, & DC. 1. c. A. glauca, var. fastigiata, Bess. 1. c. A. dracunculoides, var. incana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 416. — Saskatchewan and Minnesota, Drum.rn.ond, Nicollet, Kennicott. A. dracunculoides, Puksh. Glabrous, wanting the scent and taste of A. Dracunculus, which it much resembles : stems 2 to 4 feet high, either virgately or paniculately branched : leaves narrowly or sometimes more broadly linear : heads very numerous in a compound and crowded or open and diffuse panicle. — Pursh, PI. ii. 742; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 416. A. Dracunculus, Pursh, PI. ii. 521. A. cernua, Nutt. Gen. ii. 143. A. inodora, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 150. A. Nuttalliana, Bess, in Hook. Fl., &c, shorter-leaved form, with lower leaves more freely 3-cleft. — Plains, Missouri to Saskatchewan and Brit. Columbia, and from Texas to Arizona 'and California. Polymorphous. A. Lewisii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 417, appears to be a fictitious species. The plant referred to A. Santonica by Pursh is wholly obscure. The specimen in herb. Michanx, with no indication of source, which Besser made a var. Americana of A. variabilis, Tenore, is without much doubt European. The plant of Engelmann, referred to by Besser in Linnsea, xv. Ill, is an imperfect specimen, probably of A. Canadensis. H— -{— •*— Suflruticose : heads very small and numerous, few-flowered. A. fllif 61ia, Tokk. Minutely canescent, even to the 3-6-flowered involucre, 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate rigid branches, very leafy : leaves all slender filiform, commonly 3-parted ; the upper and those in axillary fascicles entire : heads crowded in an elongated leafy panicle : receptacle small, not pilose. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211 ; Torr. & Gtfay, Pi. ii. 417 ; Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 12.* A. Plattensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 397. — Plains, Nebraska to New Mexico and western borders of Texas ; first coll. by James. § 2. EuABTEirisiA. Heads heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, with 2-cleft style. — § Abrotanum & Absinthium, Bess. # Akenes obovoid or oblong, wholly destitute of pappus : receptacle beset with long woolly hairs. — § Absinthium, Bess. A. scopulorum, Gray. Herbaceous, a span or two high from a stout multicipital caudex, silky-canescent : stems simple, hearing 3 to 12 spicately or racemosely disposed hemispher- ical (rarely solitary) heads: radical and few lower cauline leaves pinnately 5-7 -divided, and divisions 3-parted into spatulate-linear lobes ; uppermost simply 3-5-parted or entire : invo- lucre 2 lines broad, villous, 18-30-flowered ; its bracts brown-margined: corollas hirsute at summit. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 184. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming ; first coll. by Parry, Hall & Harbour. Var. monocephala, Gray, 1. c, is merely a form with single head. A. frigida, Willd. Herbaceous from a suffrutescent base, silky-canescent and silvery, about a foot high : stems simple or branching, bearing numerous racemosely disposed heads in an open panicle : leaves mainly twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into linear crowded lobes, and usually a pair of simple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at base of the petiole : heads globular, barely 2 lines in diameter : involucre pale, canescent, its outer bracts narrow and herbaceous: corollas glabrous. — Spec. iii. 1838 (Gmel. Fl. Sibir. t. 63) ; Pursh. Fl. ii. 521 ; Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 462; Bess, in Hook. Fl. i. 321. A. sericea, Nutt. Gen. ii. 24 370 COMPOSITE. Artemisia. 143. A. virgata, Richards, in Prankl. Journ. — Plains and mountains, Saskatchewan to Min- nesota and W. Texas, west to Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, &c. (N. Asia.) A. ABsfNTHiTJM, L. (Wormwood.) Prutescent, paniculately branched, 2 or 3 feet high, bearing numerous small heads in leafy panicles : leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into lanceolate or oblong obtuse and entire or sparingly incised lobes : involucre canescent, of one or two loose and narrow herbaceous bracts and several roundish and scarious : corollas glabrous. — Spec. ii. 848; Engl. Bot. t. 1230. Absinthium vulgare, Lam. PI. Pr. ; Giertn. Pr. t. 164.— Roadsides, escaped from gardens, Newfoundland to New Eugland. Also Moose Pactory, Hudson's Bay. (Nat. from Eu.) # # Akenes broad or broadish and truncate at summit, commonly bearing a minute or even a conspicuous squamellate or coroniform-dentate pappus, therefore having the character of Tana- cetum, but the heads paniculate: receptacle glabrous or barely pubescent. (Here belongs A. Australia, Less., of Hawaian Islands, as well as the anomalous A. CMnensis, L.) — Ciosso- stephium, Less. Artemisia § Tanaceum, Nutt. A. Calif ornica, Less. Shrubby, with habit of A. Abrotanum, 4 or 5 feet high, paniculately branched, minutely canescent or cinereous : leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into few filiform lobes not wider than the rhachis, or uppermost entire : heads very numerous in leafy panicles : involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, about 2 lines broad : akenes 3-5-ribbed, with a minute squamellate crown at the broad summit. — Linn. vi. 523 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 150; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 424; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 403. A. Fischeriana, Besser, Abrot. 21 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 105. A. abrotanoides, Fischeriana, & foliosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 397, 399. California, along the coast, from San Prancisco Bay southward and to San Ber- nardino Co. ; first coll. by Menzies. # # # Akenes obovoid or oblong, with small epigynous disk, wholly destitute of pappus : recep- tacle not villous. — § Abrotanum, Bess. A. Abrotanum, L. (Southernwood), cultivated in old gardens, has become spontaneous in a few places from New York southward. A. pkocera, Willd., a less shrubby and finer-leaved species, has escaped from gardens at Buffalo, New York. ■*— Annuals and biennials. A. Annua, L. A tall and much branched glabrous species, native to Asia, with a very ample and loose panicle of small heads, and leaves 2-pinnately divided into oblong deeply pinnatifid segments. — Naturalized in waste places around Nashville, Tennessee. A. biennis, Willd. Wholly glabrous, inodorous and nearly insipid: stem strict, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to the'top, bearing close glomerules of small heads in the axils from toward the base of the stem to the somewhat naked and spiciform summit: leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciniate or incisely toothed lobes ; or the uppermost small, sparingly pinnatifid and less toothed. — Phytogr. 1794, 11, & Spec. hi. 1842 (excl. hab. New Zeal.) ; Pursh, PI. ii. 522 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 144 ; Bess, in Hook. PI. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 120; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. Hispanica, Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 172, not Lam. — Open grounds, Hudson's Bay to Oregon and Colorado ; also in Utah and S. California : common also from Ohio and Tennessee to Missouri, probably by immigration, now spreading to the seaboard. (Kamtschatka, N. India.) -i— -t— Perennials, some fruticulose. ++ Heads many-flowered, collected in a single capitate glomerule or dense cluster: dwarf, arctic, with leaves mainly in radical tufts. (Nearly related species. ) A. Senjavinensis, Bess. Cespitose-proliferous, very densely villous with long hairs, which on the radical tufts conceal the foliage : leaves much crowded in the tufts, and scat- tered on the flowering stems, cuneate or oblong, simply 3-5-cleft into oblong or lanceolate lobes : heads in a dense villous glomerule, fuscous : involu'cral bracts sphacelate : corolla glabrous.— Abrot. 65 (as Semavinensis), Suppl. in Bull. Mosc. ix. 64, & DC. Prodr. vi. 116. A. androsacea (characteristic name), Seem. Bot. Herald. 34, t. 6 (founded on A. glomerata, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 125, not Ledeb.); Hook. f. Arct. PI. 331. — Kotzebue Sound, Beechey. (Adj. Asia, Arakamtchetchene Island, Wright.) A. glomerata, Ledeb. Silky-canescent with mostly close short pubescence : leaves usually twice or thrice ternately parted and cleft into lanceolate or spatulate lobes : heads cymose- glomerate, fuscous or pale : flowers sparsely pilose, at least the summit of the corolla. — Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 371 Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 564; Bess. Abrot. 63; DC. Prodr. vi. 116; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 423. A. globularia, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 588, in part. A. leontopodioides & A. corymbosa (form with heads pedunculate), Fisch. in Bess. Abrot. & DC. 1. c. — Arctic Alaska, Seemann, Muir. (Adj. Asia.) A. globularia, Cham. Canescently pubescent : leaves once or twice ternately parted into linear or broader lobes : heads globular- or somewhat racemiform-capitate, both involucre and flowers dark purplish-brown, the latter glabrous. — Cham, in Bess. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. A. Senjavinensis, Ledeb. Fl. Boss. ii. 588, at least in part, not Bess. Perhaps an extreme arctic form of A. Norvegica, as was suspected by Maxim. Diagn. PI. Jap., & Dec. xi. 534. Arctic Alaska and islands. St. Paul's Island, Mrs. Macintyre. (Adj. Asia.) i-r -H- Heads many-flowered, broad (2 to 5 lines in diameter), several or rather numerous and loosely racemose or paniculate on mostly simple stems of a foot or less in height: subarctic and subalpine, with dissected leaves and no cottony tomentum. A. Eiohardsoniana, Bess. A span to near a foot high, with rather slender ascending stems from a cespitose caudex : leaves silvery-canescent with fine very close-pressed pubes- cence; radical twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into oblong-linear or narrower lobes (of only 2 or 3 lines in length); cauline sparse, mostly trifid: heads comparatively small (2 lines high), several or rather numerous in a strict and simple racemiform inflores- cence, fuscous : corollas pilose or sometimes glabrous. — Suppl. 64, & DC. 1. u. 117; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 422. A. arctica & A. caspitosa, Bess, in Hook. Fl. i. 323, 324. — Arctic coast to Bear Lake [Richardson, &c), northern Rocky Mountains, and Mount Ranier, Washington Terr., Tolmie. (From the char, probably A. heterophylla, Bess. Abrot., which is said to be A. trif areata, Steph. in Spreng. Syst. iii. 488, and to occur in Arct. Amer. as well as Arct. Asia to Kamtschatka. ) , A. Norvegica, Fries. Rather stout, 5 to 25 inches (commonly a foot) high, from villous or sericeous-pubescent to glabrate : leaves twice 3-7-nately parted into linear or lanceolate or more dilated segments : heads large (commonly 4 or 5 lines broad), loosely racemose or racemose-paniculate, most of them long-peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly brown- margined : corollas yellow or turning brown, loosely pilose, rarely almost glabrous. — Fries in Liljeb. Fl. 1815, Novit. ed. 1, 56, ed. 2, 265; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. i. 74, t. 89; Bess. Abrot. 76; DC. 1. c. A. rupestris, Fl. Dan. t. 801, not L. A. Chamissoniana, var. saxatilis, Bess. 1. c. & Hook. Fl. i. 324. A. Richardsoniana, Gray, in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 239, not Bess. A. arctica, Gray, in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66. — Alpine and subalpine region of the Rocky Mountains, from lat. 62° to S. Colorado, Utah, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia. (N. E. En.) Var. Paciflca. Robust, glabrous or glabrate up to the heads, sometimes two feet high: leaves broader; their divisions from lanceolate to cuneate, commonly laciniate. — A. longepedunculata, Rudolphi, ex Bess. Abrot. 77. A. arctica, Less, in Linn. vi. 213; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 125; DC. Prodr. vi. 119; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 423. A. Chamissoniana, Bess, in Hook. Fl. 1. c. (mainly), & Abrot. 77, t. 4, of which the largest and coarsest-leaved form is his var. Ochotensis! — Arctic coast to the Aleutian Islands, &c, in various forms. (Adj. E. Asia.) A. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, a foot or less high, wholly glabrous, leafy up to the loosely paniculate inflorescence of numerous short-peduncled heads : leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into mostly linear thickish lobes : involucre 2 or 3 lines broad, its bracts greenish with brownish margins and with the corollas glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. — Mountains of Colo- rado, at Sangre de Cristo Pass, 11,000 feet, Parry, Brandegee. ++++++ Heads many-flowered, large and broad (4 lines long), in a racemose-glomerate and thyrsoid inflorescence, white-tomentose as well as the herbage. A. Stelleriana, Bess. A foot or two high from a creeping lignescent base, robust, densely white-tomentose, the tomentum of the stem cottony : leaves obovate or spatulate in outline, sinuately or incisely pinnatifid ; lobes obtuse : corolla glabrous : akenes a line and a half long, oblong, not contracted at summit; the coat utricular. — Abrot. 79, t. 5; DC. 1. c. A. Chinensis, Pursh, Fl. ii. 521, not L. &c. — This may be what Pursh saw in herb. Lambert, from N. W. America, probably from Pallas. It is indigenous from Kamtschatka to Japan, and not improbably on the American coast. Singularly, it grows wild in large tufts on Lynn Beach, Massachusetts ! Also of Sweden, Fl. Dan. t. 3045. 372 COMPOSITE. Artemisia. ++++++++ Heads comparatively small (1 to 3 line9 high and broad), variously paniculate 12-many-flowered: flowers glabrous: herbs, or occasionally suffrutescent at base, mostly whit- ened (at least when young and on the lower face of the leaves) with cottony tomentum. = Tall, with numerous amply paniculate heads, strict stems, and undivided elongated-lanceolate or linear leaves (the lowest sometimes cleft), 3 to 7 inches long: involucre oblong. A. Serrata, Nutt. Stems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy : leaves green and glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or uppermost linear, all serrate with sharp narrow teeth, pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes pinnately incised : heads rather few-flowered, less than 2 lines long, greenish, hardly pubescent. — Gen. ii. 142. A. Ludoviciana, var. serrata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 420. — Prairies and low grounds, Illinois to Dakota; first coll. by Nidtall. A. longif olia, Ncjtt. 1. v. Stem 2 to 5 feet high : leaves entire, at first tomeutulose, but usually glabrate above, white tomentose beneath, linear or linear-lanceolate (1 to 5 lines wide), entire ; veins obsolete: heads usually canescent, 2 or 3 lines long. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 419, not Bess. Rocky banks, Minnesota and Nebraska to Saskatchewan and Montana; first coll. by Nuttall, or by Lewis & Clarke, if perhaps A. integrifolia of Pursh. = = Moderately tall or sometimes low : leaves various, more or less cleft or divided, or when entire comparatively short, not filiform or very narrowly linear. Species of very difficult dis- crimination. u. Involucre canescently lanate-tomentose. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. A foot to a yard high, simple or with virgate branches, some- times paniculate, completely and somewhat flocculently white-tomentose, or upper face of leaves sometimes early glabrate ' and green : leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong, some- times nearly all undivided and entire; commonly the lower with a few coarse teeth or incisions, or 2-3-cleft, or irregularly 3-5-parted into lanceolate or linear entire lobes : heads glomerately paniculate, not over 2 lines long: involucre campanulate or in fruit ovoid, 12-20- flowered. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 420 (excl. var. serrata) ; Bess. Revis. Artem. in Linn. xv. 104; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 404. A. Ludoviciana (with incised or subpinnatifid leaves) & A. gnaphalodes (with undivided leaves), Nutt. Gen. ii. 143. A. integrifolia, Pursh, 1. c, at least in part, not L. A. Purshiana, Bess. Abrot. 59, & Hook. PI. i. 323. A. Douglasiana, Bess. 1. c, an entire-leaved less white-tomentose "Western form. A. Hookeriana, Bess. 1. c; the plant taken to be this, of " Rocky Mts., Saskatchewan, &c, Drummond," in herb. Hook., but not ticketed, is a tall and large-leaved form. — Plains and banks, Saskatchewan to Texas, east to Illinois and Upper Michigan, and west to Brit. Columbia, California, and Arizona. The Wild Sage of Lewis & Clarke, at least in part. (Adj. Mex.) b. Involucre not lanate (at least when fully developed), from pilose-pubescent or minutely canescent to glabrate or glabrous : divisions of the leaves broad or narrow, but not filiform. A. Mexicana, Willd. Intermediate between preceding and following, paniculately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, less tomentose : leaves narrow-lanceolate to linear, commonly at- tenuate, some 3-5-cleft or parted ; radical cuneate, incisely pinnatifid or trifid ■ heads very numerous in an ample loose panicle, many pedicellate, 1 to 2 lines long : involucre campanu- late, arachnoid-canescent or glabrate, largely scarious, 10-20-flowered. — Spreng. Syst. iii. 490; Less, in Linn. v. 163; DC. Prodr. vi. 114; Bess. Revis. 1. c. 106. A. Indica,var. Mexi- cana, Bess. Abrot. 56. A. vulgaris, var. Americana, Bess, in Linn. xv. 105. A. vulgaris, var. Mexicans, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 421. A. Ludoviciana, in part, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 98. A. cuneifolia? & A. Lindheimeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 162, 163. A. Ludoviciana, var. Mexicana, forma tenuifolia, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 98, from New Mexico, &c, is a very narrow- leaved variety, with strict panicle. — Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona and S. W. Nevada. (Mex.) A. vulgaris, L. (Mugwort.) Paniculately branched : leaves white with cottony tomen- tum beneath, green and soon glabrate or glabrous above, usually bipinnately cleft or parted and laciniate, and the lobes lanceolate or coarser; upper sometimes linear : heads numerous and glomerate-paniculate, 2 lines long : involucre mostly oblong-campanulate, scarious, sparingly arachnoid but usually glabrate. — Michx. Fl. ii. 128; Pursh, Fl. ii. 522; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c, excl. var. Mexicana. — The common European form is apparently indige- nous at Hudson's Bay, &c, and is naturalized in Canada. (A. Indica, Canadensis, Bess, in Hook. Fl.) and Atlantic States. (Eu., Asia.) Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 373 Var. Tilesii, Ledeb. Robust, leafy to the very summit : heads glomerate, fuscous : involucre broadly campanulate, arachnoid-cottony when youug, but glabrate, many-flowered : leaves coarsely cleft and laciniate, the lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acute. — Fl. Ross. ii. 586. A. Tilesii, Ledeb. Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 568; Bess. Abrot. 70; Less, in Linn. vi. 214; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Arctic coast to Unalaska. (Adj. E. Asia.) Var. Californica, Bess. Less branched or simple-stemmed, with more naked pani- cle : heads of var. Tilesii or smaller, or atjmaturity sometimes oblong, glabrate. — Bess, in Linn. xv. 91 (founded on A. integrifolia, Less.); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 404. A. heterophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 400. A, Tilesii, var." elatior, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 422. — Northern Rocky Mountains to Alaska, south to the coast of California and in the Sierra Nevada. A. franserioid.es, Greene. Habit of A. vulgaris, glabrous throughout, or minutely and obscurely cinereous-puberulent : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves comparatively ample, green above, pale and barely cinereous beneath ; lower bipinnately and upper simply pinnately parted into lanceolate-oblong obtuse entire or 2-3-cleft divisions and lobes : heads numerous, loosely racemose on the branches of the leafy elongated panicle, 2 or 3 lines broad: involucre greenish, glabrous, low-hemispherical, 30-40-flowered. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 42. A. discolor, Torr. & Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 126 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 176, not Dougl. — Roubideau's Pass, Mountains of S. Colorado, Gunnison. Piuos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Mount Graham, Arizona, Rothrock. A. discolor, Dougl. A foot high, mostly slender, from a lignescent slender caudex, glabrous or glabrate except the lower face of the leaves : these white with close cottony tomentum (which is rarely deciduous), 1-2-pinuately parted into narrow linear or lanceolate entire or sparingly laciniate divisions and lobes : heads glomerate in an interrupted spiciform or vir- gate panicle, 1 or 2 lines high : involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and scarious, ■ glabrous or soon becoming so, 20-30-flowered. — Dougl. in herb. Hook. ; Bess. Suppl. & DC. Prodr. vi. 109; Torr. & Gray, 1. c; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 404. A. Ludoviciana & A. Mlchauxiana, Bess. Abrot. 38, 71, & in Hook. Fl. 1. c, not Nutt. — Mountains of Brit. Columbia and Montana to tTtah, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada in California. Var. incompta. A stouter form, with coarser and less dissected leaves, having mostly broader (sometimes short-oblong) lobes, or the upper entire. — A. incompta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 400. — Rocky Mountains from Montana and Wyoming to Wash- ington Terr., Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada in California. = = = Not tall, sometimes low, herbaceous or suffrutescent at base : leaves or their divisions narrowly linear, simple, small : heads 15-20-flowered, in a narrow thyrsoid or spiciform panicle. A. Lindleyana, Bess. A foot or two, rarely only a span high, slender, with thin floccu- lent tomentum soon deciduous, or persisting on the lower face of the mostly entire leaves (these inch or less long, a line or much less wide, the lower occasionally with 2 or 3 small lobes) : heads barely 2 lines high, loosely spicate on the simple stem or paniculate branches of the inflorescence : involucre sparingly pubescent or glabrate, pale fuscous. — Abrot. 35, & in Hook. 1. c, described from herb. Lindl. A. pumila, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 399, a dwarf state. — Sandy banks of the Columbia River and its tributaries, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Terr., Douglas, Nuttall, Hall (distrib. as A. discolor ?), Brandeyee. Also on the sands of the sea-shore near the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Douglas. A. W rightii, Gray. Cinereous or canescent with minute pubescence, or radical shoots sometimes white-tomentose, 10 to 20 inches high, very leafy up to the strict virgate panicle : leaves pinnately 5-7-parted into very narrow linear and by revolution filiform entire divis- ions : heads numerous and crowded : involucre minutely cinereous-canescent, glabrate in age. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 48. — Plains of S. Colorado and adjacent New Mexico, Wright (no. 1279, PI. Wright, ii. 98, mention only), Palmer, Greene, Rothrock (no. 539), Brandegee. = ==== = Pinnately parted leaves mostly attenuate-filiform : heads simply and loosely race- mose-spicate. A. Presoottiana, Bess. Much branched from the base, a foot or two high, slender, gla- brous or early glabrate . Ipwer leaves cuneate-linear and incised or cleft at apex, slightly tomentose beneath ; most of the cauline pinnately parted into 5 to 7 delicate filiform divis- ions (of an inch or less long) : involucre glabrous, hemispherical, about 1 5-flowered. — Abrot. 72, & in Hook. 1. c. — " Quicksand River, near the Grand Rapids of the Columbia," Douglas. 374 COMPOSITE Artemisia. Described by Besser from herb. Lindl., here from herb. Hook. . A peculiar and little known species, to which Douglas had applied the appropriate name of A. leptophi/Ua. ++++++++++ Heads small and narrow, very few-flowered : flowers glabrous : stems woody at base : habit of the following section. A. Bigelovii, Gray. Silvery-canescent throughout, a foot high: leaves from oblong- to linear-cuneate, mostly 3-toothed at the truncate apex, about half-inch long: heads very numerous and crowded in the oblong or virgate thyrsiform panicle, tomentose-canescent, containing only one or two hermaphrodite and as many female flowers, all fertile. — Pacif. li. Rep. iv. 110. — Rocky banks and canons, Colorado, on the Upper Canadian and Arkansas, common where the latter leaves the mountains ; first coll. by Bigelow. § 3. Seeiphidium, Bess. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile : receptacle not hairy. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. # Anomalous species of Southwestern border, tall, mainly herbaceous, 3, to 5 feet high, with ample and naked compound panicles; the heads nodding in anthesis, as is common in the genus. A. Parishii, Gkay. Prutescent, cinereous-puberulent : leaves linear and entire, below pass- ing into elongated slender-spatulate and with 3-toothed apex : panicle a foot or two long, loose : heads mostly pedicellate (2 lines long) '. involucre oblong-campanulate, canescent, 6-7-flowered : akenes sparsely arachnoid-villoiis ! — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220. — Interior of Los Angeles Co., California, Parish. A. Palmeri, Gkay. Wholly or nearly herbaceous, obscurely puberulent ; but leaves white beneath with close cottony tomentum, pinnately 3-5-parted into long narrowly linear entire lobes, their margins revolute : heads glomerate on the branches of the open panicle, hemi- spherical, less than 2 lines in diameter: involucre greenish, about 20-flowered; many of the flowers subtended by scarious-hyaline bracts of the receptacle ! — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & Bot. Calif, i. 618. — Jamul Valley, 20 miles south of San Diego, on the borders of California and Lower California, Palmer, Miss Bird. # # Sage-bkush or Sage-bushes, low shrubs, or fruticulose, canescent or silvery with very fine and close tomentum : heads glomerate or strict in the paniculate or spicifonn inflorescence, not nodding even when young : corollas sometimes turning reddish, -I— Foliose-spicate : heads solitary in the axils, surpassed by the rigid leaves. A. rigida, Gkay. A span to a foot high from a thick woody base or short stem, producing a profusion of rigid and slender rather simple fastigiate branches, leafy to the very top : leaves also rigid, silvery-canescent, filiform-linear, 3-5-parted or cleft, or some of the upper and fascicled ones entire (even the lower rarely inch long), most of them subtending a sessile head: involucre oblong to campanulate, 5-1 2-flowered, less than 2 lines long; bracts oval, hyaline-margined. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. A. trifida, var. rigida, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 398. — On high rocky ridges, N. E. Oregon and adjacent Idaho, Nuttall (without flowers), Cusick. ■i— -i— More naked-paniculate or thyreoid, at least the upper heads or clusters exceeding the sub- tending leaves ; these not rigid. ++ Heads comparatively small and few-flowered, mostly oblong, one or two lines long: involucral bracts rather firm in texture, well imbricated, the outer successively shorter : leaves seldom over an inch long, mostly shorter. A. arblJLSOUla, Nutt. Dwarf, a span or rarely a foot high, with a stout base and slender flowering branches : leaves short, cuneate or flabelliform, 3-lobed or parted, with the lobes obovate to spatulate-linear, sometimes again 2-lobed ; those subtending the heads usually en- tire and narrow : panicle strict and comparatively simple and naked, often spiciform and reduced to few rather scattered sessile heads : involucre 5-9-flowered. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 418; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 182; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 405.— High mountains and elevated arid plains, Wyoming and Utah to Idaho and the Sierra Nevada, California. Two forms, passing into each other (both coll. by Nuttall, &c.) ; one with involucre more campanulate, 7-9-flowered ; in the other oblong and only 4-5-flowered ; sometimes the inflorescence simply spiciform, sometimes freely naked-paniculate. A. tridentata, Nutt. 1. c. Larger, 1 to 6 (or even 12) feet high, much branched: leaves cuneate, obtusely 3-toothed or 3-lobed, or even 4-7-toothed, at the truncate summit, upper- Petadtes. COMPOSITE. 375 most cuneate-linear : heads densely paniculate : involucre 5-8-flowered, its outer or accessory tomentose-canescent bracts short and ovate. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton, 1. u. — Plains and also on the drier mountains, Montana to Colorado, Washington Territory, and eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, immensely abundant, the characteristic Sage-brush or Sage- wood of the region. Var. angustif 61ia, Gray. Leaves all narrow ; lower spatulate-linear, barely 3-toothed at the roundish summit ; upper entire and more linear, a line or less wide : heads small : shrub 3 or 4 feet high, with foliage too like that of the following species, but involucre of A. tridentata. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. — Arid plains, S. Idaho and W. New Mexico to the Mohave Desert and the southern borders of San Diego Co., California. A. trifida, Nutt. 1. c. A foot or two high, sometimes lower, much branched : leaves 3-cleft and 3-parted ; the lobes and the entire upper leaves narrowly linear or slightly spatulate- dilated : heads numerous in the contracted leafy panicle, or spicately disposed on its branches : involucre 3-5-flowered, rarely 6-9-flowered, its outer or accessory bracts oblong to short-linear or lanceolate. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 419 (excl. var.) ; Eaton, 1. c. — Plains and valleys, Wyoming and Utah to Washington Terr, and the Sierra Nevada, California. ++ ++ Heads somewhat larger and broader, glomerate-paniculate, 7-14-flowered : involucre short- campanulate; inner bracts more scarious : stems low, suffruticose. = Pubescence looser, furfuraceous-tomentose : inner bracts of the involucre narrow. A. Bolanderi, Gray. A foot or two high : leaves all narrowly linear, half a. line wide, acutish, entire, or some with one or two slender lobes : heads numerous, densely glomerate- paniculate, 14-flowered, mostly equalled or surpassed by one or two linear^subulate herbaceous accessory bracts. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. — A. trifida, in part, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 405. — Mono Pass, in the eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, Bolander. := = Canescent pubescence minute and very close: bracts of the involucre broad. A. cana, Pursh. A foot or two high, freely branched, silvery-canescent : leaves lanceolate- linear or narrower, somewhat tapering to both ends, an inch or two long, entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes ; margins not revolute : heads glomerate in a leafy contracted panicle, 6-9-flowered, rarely 5-flowered, usually with one or two linear subulate accessory bracts. — Fl. ii. 521 ; Bess, in Hook. Fl. & DC. Prodr. vi. 105; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. Co- iumbiensls, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Plains, Saskatchewan to Montana, Dakota, and Colorado; common only northward. A. Rothrockii, Gray. A foot or less high, less canescent or cinereous : leaves (inch or less long) from cuneate and obtusely 3-lobed at dilated summit to spatulate-lanceolate or the upper linear, sometimes all entire: heads (2 or 3 lines long), glomerate-paniculate, 9-12- flowered: proper bracts of the involucre all ovate or oval, glabrate. — Bot. Calif, i. 618; Rothrock in Wheeler Bep. 366, 1. 13 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. A. trifida, Gray, !. c. 405, in part. — California, in the eastern and southern part of the Sierra Nevada, Rothrock; Bolander, &c., and S. Utah, Ward, Parry. Tribe VIII. SENECIONLDE^I, p. 79. 179. TUSSILiAG-O, Tourn. Coltsfoot. ( Tussis and ago, allays cough.) — Single species, indigenous to Europe and Asia, naturalized in N. America. T. FArfara, L. Low perennial herb, cottony-tomentose ; with extensively creeping root- stocks, sending up in earliest spring a scape beset with alternate lanceolate bracts, and terminated by a head of yellow flowers; later developing rounded- or angulate-cordate irregu- larly deutate leaves on long and stout radical petioles, glabrate in age. — Wet grounds, a common weed in N. Atlantic States and Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) 180. PETASlTES, Tourn. Butter-Bur, Sweet Coltsfoot. (neWos, a broad-brimmed hat, alluding to the large and broad leaves.) — Perennial herbs, of the northern temperate zone ; with thickish and mostly creeping rootstocks, sending up scapiform and foliose-bracteate simple flowering stems, and ample 376 COMPOSITE. Petasites. radical leaves on strong petioles, cottony-tomentose or glabrate ; the flowers whitish or purplish, in spring. — Gsertn. Fruct. ii. 406, t. 166; Grenier & Godr. Fl. Fr. ii. 89; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 896-901; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 438. Nardosmia (Cass.) & Petasites, DC. Prodr. v. 205, 206. § 1. No ligule to female flowers: an introduced plant. — Petasites, DC. P. vulgaris, Desf. Rootstock very stout: leaves at maturity very large, round-cordate, an- gulate-dentate and denticulate : heads racemosely disposed : flowers purplish. — Tussilago Petasites, L. — In cult, and waste grounds, spreading in the vicinity of Philadelphia, C. E. Smith. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Female flowers with distinct ligules : rootstocks in ours slender and creep- ing : leaves developing with or soon following the whitish blossoms, in spring. — Nardosmia, Cass. ; so named from the fragrant flowers of the original species. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves from deltoid-oblong- to reniform-hastate, from acute to rounded-obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomentose beneath, when full grown 7 to 10 inches long : heads short-racemose becoming corymbose : ligules equalling or shorter than the disk. — Bot. Calif, i. 407. Tussilago sagittata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 332. Nardosmia sagittata, Hook. Fl. i 307, and apparently a part of N. frigida, Hook. — Wet ground, Hudson's Bay to Fort Franklin, west to the Rocky Mountains in Brit. Columbia, and south to those of Colorado. P. frigida, Fries. Leaves small (1 to 3 or 4 inches long), rounded- or oblong-cordate to reniform-hastate, sometimes even truncate at base, angulately or more deeply and sinuately lobed, the lobes entire: heads few, corymbose. — " Syll. 20," & Sum. Veg. Scand. 182. Tussilago frigida, L. ; Fl. Dan. t 61, not of Pursh, whose plant from Canada and New England is either fictitious or the succeeding species. T. corymbosa, It. Br. in Parry Voy. & Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. Nardosmia angulosa, Cass. Diet, xxxiv 188. N. frigida & N. corymbosa, Hook. 1. c, at least mainly. — Arctic coast and west to Kotzebue Sound, the Aleutian Islands, &c. (N. Eu. & Asia.) P. palmata, Gray. Leaves (7 to 10 or even 18 inches broad) round-reniform in outline, palmately 7-11 -cleft to beyond the middle or deeper; the lobes oblong-lanceolate to oblong- cuneate, laciniate-dentate : scape multibracteate, bearing rather numerous heads. — Bot. Calif, i. 407. Tussilago palmata, Ait. Kew. ii. 188, t. 2; Pursh, 1. t. Nardosmia palmata, Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Wet woodlands, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, New England, and Wisconsin to Brit. Columbia and California. (E. Asia.) 181. CACALlOPSIS, Gray. (KaKaXia, ancient Greek name of Colts- foot ? and oi/z-i-, likeness ; from resemblance, if not to the ancient Cacalia, at least to that of Tournefort,) — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. — Single known species. C. Nardosmia, Gray, 1. c. Robust perennial, a foot or two high, floccose-woolly, at length glabrate : leaves considerably resembling those of Petasites palmata, alternate, long-petioled, all but 2 or 3 radical, orbicular-cordate or flabellate, 5-9-cleft or rarely parted ; the lobes or divisions rather broad, incisely lobed or dentate : heads (an inch high) few or several, pe- dunculate, corymbosely or racemosely disposed at the naked summit of the stem : corolla pure yellow : flowers honey-scented. ■ — Cacalia Nardosmia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. Adenostyles Nardosmia, Gray, 1. c. viii. 631, & Bot Calif, i. 301, following Benth. & Hook. — Open pine woods, California from Mendocino Co. northward (Bolander, Kellogg, Greene) to Oregon and Washington Terr., Suhsdorf, Howell. 182. LtJlNA, Benth. (Anagram of Inula, which this genus approaches.) — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1139; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 438. — Single species. L. hypoletica, Benth. 1. c. Herbaceous and simple-stemmed from a stout woody root- stock, white with appressed tomentum : stems hardly a foot high, equably leafy up to the corymbiform cyme of several small heads : leaves ovate or oval, alternate, sessile, entire, inch or less long, nervose-veiny and reticulated, the upper face soon glabrate and green, Psathyrotea. COMPOSITE. 377 involucre 4 linjs high, nearly equalling the light yellow corollas. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot. Calif, i. 409. — Cascade Mountains, on the border of Brit. Columbia, L;all. . Yakima Co., Washington Terr., Brandegee. Var. Californica, Gray, 1. c. More densely woolly, and upper face of the leaves tardily glabrate : corolla-lobes shorter. — W. California, on Chimney Kock, Mendocino Co. (and, according to the ticket, behind Santa Cruz), Kellogg. 183. PETJCEPH"£L,LUM, Gray, (Ucvkt,, the Fir, v\\ov, leaf, from some likeness in foliage.) — Bot. Mex. Bound. 74; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 438. Psathyrotes § Peucephyllum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206. — Single species. P. Schottii, Gray, 1. c. Shrub 2 to 10 feet high, glabrous but resinous-viscid and balsamic, very much branched, rigid (the stem at base often 3 inches in diameter, including the rougli bark) : branches and branchlets very leafy up to the terminal heads : leaves alternate and some fascicled in the axils, nearly terete, half-inch to inch long, as it were acerose but blunt- ish and not very rigid, minutely impressed-punctate ; the lower sometimes 3-parted : heads barely half-inch high : corollas dull yellowish, with the teeth becoming fuscous; anthers in- cluded or half-exserted. — Psaihyrotes Schottii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot.' Calif. i. 409. — Desert region of S. E. California and adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Schott and Newberry ; later by Parry, Lemmon, Pringle, &c. 184. PSATHYROTES, Gray. (* a 0i;p6Y7?s, brittleness, from the brittle stems and branches.) — Low and pubescent or scurfy winter annuals (of Nevada and Arizona) ; with round-cordate or ovate petioled leaves, and rather small heads of yellowish flowers, sometimes turning purplish. — PI. Wright, ii. 100; Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 363; also Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot. Calif, i. 409, excl. § 2. Tetradymia § Polydymia, Torr. in Emory Rep. 1848, 145. Bulbostylis (Psathyrotui), Nutt. PI. Gamb. in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. i. 179. § 1. Divaricately much branched, spreading or depressed, leafy; with solitary heads in the forks, either erect or nodding on short or slender peduncles : corollas more or less woolly at summit : style-branches glabrous, or with some very minute pubescence at or toward the tip. P. ramosissima, Gray. Lanate, at least the stems and branches, and the young leaves covered with dense and somewhat scurfy white tomentum : leaves long-petioled, roundish, subcordate or almost cuneate at base, coarsely crenate (half-inch wide) : outer bracts of the involucre 5, spatulate-oborate, much larger than the inner, the upper part spreading and foliaceous : corollas plainly yellow : akenes short-turbinate, densely long-villous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 363, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. P. annua, Gray, PI. Thurb. 323, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 102, in part. Tetradymia [Polydymia) ramosissima, Torr. in Emory Rep. I.e. — Gravelly hills and rocks, along the Mohave and Gila, S. E. California and throughout adjacent Arizona ; first coll. by Emory. P. annua, Gray. Furfuraceous-canescent or cinereous : leaves more dentate, seldom cor- .date, commonly wider than long : outer bracts of the involucre ovate-oblong or narrower, less foliaceous, rather shorter than the inner, erect : corollas more slender, pale yellow, changing sometimes to purplish : akenes oblong-turbinate, densely villous : pappus rather less copious. — PI. Wright, ii. 100, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Bulbostylis (Psathyrotus) annua, Nutt. 1. c. — Saline plains, Nevada, eastern borders of California, S. Utah, and adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Gamhcl. P. pilif era, Gray. Minutely furfuraceous-tomentose : leaves dilated rhombic-obbvate or roundish with cuneate base, entire ; their margin and sometimes upper face and long petiole beset with very long and soft (probably viscid) many-jointed hairs: heads narrower: outer bracts of cylindraceous involucre oblong-linear, herbaceous only at summit : young akenes oblong, short-hirsute : style-branches dorsally somewhat pubescent for some distance below the truncate tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. — Southern Utah, near Kanab, Mrs. Thompson, Parry. 378 composite. § 2. Scapose, erect : corollas nearly glabrous throughout : style-branches natter, very obtuse, externally minutely hirsute over most of the back. P. SCaposa, Gkay. Leaves all at or near the base, ovate or roundish, almost entire, short- petioled, at first loosely white-tomentose, at length glabrate: scapes or naked peduncles several, 3 or 4 inches high, bearing 3 to 7 corymbosely disposed heads, glandular-pubescent, as also the campanulate involucre : bracts of the latter all somewhat herbaceous ; outer ones broadly linear or barely oblong, equalling and not unlike the inner : akenes oblong-turbi- nate, hirsute: pappus about half the length of the corolla. — PI. Wright, ii. 100, t. 13.— Borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, near El Paso, on the Rio Grande, Wright. (Adj. Mex.) 185. BARTLETTIA, Gray. (John R. Bartlett, Commissioner of the Mexican Boundary Survey, in which this plant was discovered.) — PI. Thurb. in Mem. Amer. Acad. v. 324; Bot. Mex. Bound. 102. — Single species. B. SCaposa, Gray, 1. c. Slender winter-annual, almost glabrous, flowering almost from the base by monocephalous scapes of 6 to 9 inches high, and later by similar peduncles termi- nating sparsely leafy branching stems : leaves slender-petioled, roundish or subcordate, membranaceous, repand-dentate, some 3-5-lobed : head half-inch or less high : involucre pubescent : flowers yellow : pappus rather fragile, little longer than the akene. — New Mexico, near El Paso, perhaps only below the Mexican boundary, Thurber, Schott, G. R. Vase:/. (Adj. Mex.) 186. CROClDIUM, Hook. (Diminutive formed from ttpoKTj, loose thread or wool, alluding to the wool which usually persists in the axils of the leaves.) — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 335, t. 118 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 448 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 440. — Single species ; fl. early spring. C. multioaule, Hook. 1. c. Small winter annual, a span or two high, flocculent-woolly when young, soon mostly glabrate, producing many simple stems from the tuft of obovate or spatulate few-toothed sessile or short-petioled radical leaves : cauline leaves small, lanceo- late to linear : head slender-pedunculate, rather small, but showy ; the ray and disk deep golden yellow. — Plains and hiDs, British Columbia and Idaho to the northern part of Cali- fornia ; first coll. by Douglas. 187. HAPLOESTHES, Gray. ('ATrAdo?, simple, eo-^s, garment, the involucre of unusually few pieces.) — PI. Fendl. 109, PI. Wright, i. 125, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 102. — Single species. H. Greggii, Geay, 1. c. Somewhat fleshy, herbaceous or suffrutescent, a foot or two high, fastigiately branched, glabrous, leafy up to the loose cymes of a few slender-pedunculate naked heads : leaves all opposite, very narrowly linear or filiform, entire ; the lower connate at base : heads 2 or 3 lines high : flowers yellow : ligules 1 or 2 lines long. — Saline soil, S. E. Colorado and W. Texas to the Mexican border, Wright, Bigelow, Parry, &c. (Adj. Mex.; first coll. by Gregg.) 188. LEPIDOSPARTUM, Gray. (Aettis, a scale, and o-waprov, the Broom plant.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. — Single species. Li. squamatum, Gray, 1. c. A rigid Broom-like shrub, 4 or 5 feet high; seedling plants floccose-tomentose and with spatulate entire alternate leaves of half-inch or more in length ; but the primary branches and whole subsequent growth glabrous or nearly so, and beset with small and thickish appressed green scales in place of leaves : heads terminal or more commonly spicate-paniculate on the slender branchlets, 3 to 5 lines long : involucre very glabrous, 10-18-flowered : corollas pale yellow. — Linosyris squamata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 290. Tetradymia (Lepidosparton) squamata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207, & Bot. Calif, i. 408 ; var. Breweri & var. Palmeri are mere varying forms. Carphephorus junceus, Durand in Pac'f. R. Rep. v. 8, not Penth. Has been mistaken also for a Baccharis. — Dry Tetradymia. COMPOSITE. 379 hills and arid plains, from Los Angeles Co., California, to Arizona ; first coll. by Heermann and by Brevier. 189. TETRADYMIA, DC. (ToyxioVos, four together, the heads of the principal species only 4-flowered.) — Low and rigid shrubs (of the arid interior of N. America), sometimes spinescent, canescently tomentose ; with alternate and sometimes fascicled narrow and entire leaves, rather large cymose or clustered heads of yellow flowers, and a copious white pappus. — Prodr. vi. 540; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 60 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 447. § 1. Eutetradymia. Involucre 4-flowered, of 4 or 5 bracts : pappus ex- tremely copious : akenes either very villous, glabrate, or glabrous, varying even in the same species : undershrubs, a foot or two high. T. canesoens, DC. Permanently canescent with a dense close tomentum, unarmed, fas- tigiately branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanceolate, an inch or less long : heads half to three-fourths inch long, most of them short-pedunculate. — Prodr. 1. u. ; Deless. Ic. iv. t. 60. — Hills and plains, along with Artemisia xridentata, N. Wyoming and Brit. Columbia to New Mexico, Arizona, and eastern borders of California. Passes freely into Var. inermis, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 408. A form with shorter and crowded branches, shorter leaves more inclined to spatulate and lanceolate, and smaller heads. — T. inermis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 415; Torr. & Gray, 1. c — The commonest and almost the only form eastward. T. glabrata, Gkat. Whitened with looser at length deciduous tomentum, unarmed : branches more slender, spreading : leaves at length naked and green, primary ones slender- subulate, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, half-inch long ; those of fascicles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless : heads mostly short-pedunculate : involucre often glabrate: akenes as far as known very villous. — Pacif. R. Bep. ii. 122, t. 5; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 193; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 408. — Common in Utah and to the eastern borders of California and S. E. Oregon ; first coll. by Beckwilh. T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Grat. Pubescence and foliage of T. canescens, var. inermis, bearing rigid divergent spines in place of primary leaves ; leaves of the axillary fascicles mostly spatulate: heads more glomerate. — Fl. 1. c. ; Eaton, 1. c. T. spinosa, Nutt. 1. c., not Hook. & Am. — Utah and Wyoming or S. Idaho, Nuttall, Watson. § 2. LagothImntjs, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Involucre 5-9-flowered, of 5 or 6 broader bracts : proper pappus less copious, reduced nearly or quite to a single series of bristles, which are covered by a false pappus of the extremely long very soft and white woolly hairs which densely clothe the akene : shrubs 2 to 4 feet high, at least the branches densely white-tomentose. — Lagothamnus, Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 416. T. spinosa, Hook. & Ah. Branches divaricate, rigid, bearing rigid and straight or re- curved spines in place of primary leaves : secondary leaves fascicled in their axils, small, fleshy, linear-clavate, glabroifs or glabrate : heads scattered, pedunculate, fully half-inch long : pappus of comparatively rigid capillary bristles, somewhat surpassing the wool of the akene. — Bot. Beech. 360 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. I.e. — Lagothamnus micro- phyllus& L. ambiguus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 416. — S. Wyoming and Utah to Idaho, E. Oregon, and along the southeastern borders of California to border of Arizona. T. Comosa, Gray. Branches erect, elongated : primary leaves linear, soft, floccose-tomen- tose ; the earlier 2 or 3 inches long and 2 lines wide, plane ; those of the branches often fili- form and deciduous, some of the upper changed to long and soft spines ; fascicled secondary leaves wanting, or fewer and like those of T. spinosa : heads corymbose or glomerate at the summit of the branches : pappus finer and more scanty, concealed by the long wool of the akene. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60; Bot. Calif, ii. 458. — N. W. borders of Nevada (Lemmon), San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, California, Parry, Lemmon, Parish, Cleveland. 380 COMPOSITE. Raillardella. 190. RAILLARDELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of Raillardia, an allied Hawaian genus of shrubs.) — Perennial and mostly scapose herbs of the Sierra Nevada, California, intermediate between the Senecionidece and the Helenioidece. Leaves entire, narrow ; cauline alternate or none : head solitary, with yellow flowers; in summer. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 550 (§ of Raillardia), & in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 442 ; Bot. Calif, i. 416. § 1. Genuine species, with creeping rootstocks, producing rosulate clusters of spatulate-lanceolate or narrower thickish leaves, and occasionally one or two small ones near the base of the otherwise naked elongated simple scape, which is terminated by the solitary (commonly inch long) head: pappus-bristles 15 to 20 or more, conspicuously short-plumose, white : no hirsute pubescence, but invo- lucre and upper part of scape glandular. R. argentea, Gray, 1. c. Rootstocks extensively creeping, somewhat lignescent : leaves silvery with a silky tomentum, inch or two long : scape 2 to 4 inches high : head narrow, in depauperate specimens 7-8-flowered, but usually about 15-flowered: no rays. — High Sierra Nevada (9,000 to 11,000 feet) from the San Bernardino Mountains to Lassen, Brewer, Greene, Lemmon, &c. R. scaposa, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat pubescent, but no tomentum, glabrate : leaves 1 to 4 inches long : scape 4 to 10 inches high : involucre cylindraceous, in depauperate plants 10-12-flowered, in others 20-30-flowered : corollas light yellow. — Sierra Nevada above and east of the Yosemite, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet; first coll. by Brewer and Bolander ; the latter found some specimens with incipient rays, connecting with Var . Biseni. A small form : heads with 3 or 4 deformed rays. — R. Eiseni, Kellogg in herb. Calif. Acad. — Mountains of King's River, Fresno Co., G. Eisen. R. Pringlei, Greene. Rootstock stout and branching : leaves glabrous and smooth, thick- ish, some obscurely denticulate, 3 or 4 inches long, 3 or 4 lines wide : scape 10 to 18 inches high : involucre campanulate, about 40-flowered, of correspondingly numerous and more distinct bracts : flowers orange-yellow, 6 to 10 of them conspicuously radiate : pappus-bristles rather fewer (15 to 18) and rather less plumose than in the foregoing, — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 17. — High mountains of N. California, west of Mount Shasta, Pringle. § 2. Anomalous species, hirsute, leafy-stemmed, perhaps some of the central flowers infertile. R. Muirii, Gray. About a foot high, roughish-hirsute, leafy below, sparsely so and bearing stipitate glands toward the summit : leaves inch long, lanceolate-linear, acute, closely sessile ; radical ones unknown : heads terminal and one or two lateral, half-inch high, wholly dis- coid : involucre campanulate, hirsute, its narrow bracts distinct to the base : akenes oblong with tapering base : pappus of 11 or 12 somewhat more aristiform arid rather less plumose bristles than in preceding species. — Bot. Calif, ii. 618. — In the Sierra Nevada, probably southward, but station unknown, Muir. Too little known. 191. ARNICA, L. (Thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) — Peren- nial herbs, of the northern temperate and arctic zones ; with erect stems, either quite simple or branching above, opposite leaves (or upper occasionally alternate), and comparatively large long-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers; the rays usually elongated, rarely wanting. Anthers yellow except in the last species. Fl. summer. — Gaartn. Fr. t. 173; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 248; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 449. # Eadical leaves roundish and sessile in an ample rosulate cluster. Atlantic U. S. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hirsute: stem robust, 1 to 3 feet high, simple and bearing few heads, or loosely paniculate with many : leaves denticulate or nearly entire ; radical 2 to 5 inches long ; cauline only one or two remote pairs up to the inflorescence, small, oval, closely sessile: rays half-inch long. — Gen. ii. 164; £11. Sk. ii. 333; DC. Prodr. vi. 318; Torr. & Arnica. COMPOSITE. 381 . Gray, 1. c. A. Claytoni, Pursh, Fl. ii. 527. Doronicum acaule, Walt. Car. 205. D. nudicaule Michx. Fl. ii. 121. — Pine barrens, &c, Penn. to Florida. # # Radical leaves mostly cordate at base, on slender or sometimes winged petioles : rootstocks slender and creeping. Pacific and Rocky Mountain species. ■t- Rays wanting or rarely some rudiments: cauline leaves sometimes by disjunction alternate some of them petioled, irregularly dentate : heads rather numerous, paniculate.' A. parviflora, Gray. A foot high, slender, pubescent, even the peduncles but slightly glandular : leaves narrowly deltoid or oblong, truncate or abrupt at base, an inch or two long : involucre 4 or 5 lines high, about 20-flowered ; its linear bracts sparsely pubescent : akenes not pubescent, minutely glandular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 363, & Bot. Calif, i. 415. — California, in Humboldt Co., Botander. Also at some station north of San Francisco Bay, G. R. Vasey. A. discoidea, Benth. A foot or two high, stouter, more or less villous and viscid : radi- cal and lowest cauline leaves from ovate with truncate or abruptly cuneate base to cordate, not rarely wing-petioled : involucre half-inch high, 30-50-flowered, usually very villous and glandular; its bracts lanceolate or linear : akenes pubescent. — PI. Hartw. 319; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c, with a part of A. cordifolia. — Wooded hills in the coast ranges of California, from San Luis Obispo Co. northward to Washington Terr. ; first coll. by Hartweq. Northwardly seems to pass into A. cordifolia. +- -i- Rays conspicuous and elongated, rarely wanting: cauline leaves all opposite, in one or two or at most three pairs, broad, usually membranaceous, dentate or denticulate. A. cordifolia, Hook. A foot or two, or when alpine a span or two high, pubescent, or the stems hirsute and peduncles villous : lower cauline as well as radical leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, yet sometimes only ovate ; upper cauline small, sessile : heads few, in smaller plants solitary: involucre two-thirds inch long, pubescent or villous: rays commonly inch long : akenes more or less hirsute. — Fl. i. 331 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 450. A. macrophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 407. Senecio Cumingii, Klatt in Abb. Nat. Hist. Gesellsch. xv. 9, is either this or the next. — Woods and high mountains, Brit. Columbia, and mountains near Saskatchewan, to those of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and eastern borders of the Sierra Nevada, California. Var. eradiata is an ambiguous form; with smaller and rayless heads, and oblong- ovate at most subcordate leaves. — E. Oregon, Montana, &c. Transition to A. Parryi. A. latifolia, Bong. Minutely pubescent or commonly glabrous, with smaller heads than the preceding : only radical leaves cordate or subcordate and petioled ; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, usually sharply dentate, closely sessile by a broad base, or lowest with contracted base : akenes commonly glabrate or glabrous. — Veg. Sitch. 147 ; Torr. & Gray, I.e. A. Menziesii, Hook. Fl. i. 331, t. 111. — Pine woods, Alaska and Brit. Columbia to Oregon, and Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah ; first coll. by Menzies. Var. viscidula. Viscidly pubescent : cauline leaves less broad at base : heads rather larger: akenes pubescent. — High Sierra Nevada, California, Greene, Pringle. And a very similar plant from Sitka. # # # No cordate leaves ; radical leaves petioled, tapering or sometimes abrupt at base: root- stocks usually creeping and slender. Western and Northern species. H— Leafy to the top: cauline leaves very seldom less than 4 pairs, and the upper not conspicuously diminished : heads several or few, or in smaller plants solitary. ++ Heads all with rays half-inch or more long : plants a foot or two high : the species confluent. A. amplexicaiilis, Nutt. Slightly pubescent or almost glabrous : leaves from ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, all the cauline sessile by a half-clasping base, saliently and very acutely dentate : akenes hirsute-pubescent. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 408 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Woods and shaded rocks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Nuttall, Lyall, Wallace, &c. Broad-leaved forms much resembling the preceding, except in more leafy stems and want of cordate radical leaves : narrower-leaved forms nearly pass into the succeeding. A. Chamissonis, Less. From tomentulose- or villous-pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or obtuse ; lowest tapering into a margined petiole, upper broad at base, (sometimes ovate-lanceolate) and somewhat clasping: akenes hirsute-pubescent. — Less, in Linn. vi. 238; DC. Prodr. vi. 317; Torr. & 382 COMPOSITE. Arnica. Gray, 1. c. partly ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. A. mollis, Hook. PI. i. 231 ; Torr. & Gray, PL 1. c; Torr. PI. N. Y. t. 60, a form with comparatively few and mostly broad leaves. A. lanceolata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. A. latifolia, Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. ,458, & i. 415, in part, almost glabrous broad-leaved form. — Unalaska and Sitka to the Sierra Nevada, California, and mountains of Utah and Colorado; east to L. Superior, Mount Washington, and the mountains of Lower Canada. A form with comparatively narrow leaves, N. Maine and Lower Canada, Goodale, Allen, &c. A. longif olia, Eaton. Many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely puberulent : cauline leaves elon- gated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, entire or denticulate, somewhat nervose (3 to 6 inches long), lower with narrowed bases connate-vaginate ; heads corymbosely disposed, short- peduncled : akenes minutely glandular, not hairy. — Bot. King Exp. 186. — On rocks, in the mountains, at 9,000 feet, from above Summit (Jones, Pringle) to Kern Co. (Rothrock) in California, Clover Mountains, Nevada ( Watson), and Wahsatch Mts. (Jones) in Utah. A. foliosa, Nutt. Tomentose-pubescent, strict: leaves lanceolate, denticulate, nervose; upper partly clasping by narrowish base, lower with tapering bases connate : heads short peduncled, rarely solitary : akenes hirsute-pubescent or glabrate. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 407 (excl. var. nana) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 416. A. Chamissonis, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, in part. A. montana, Hook. Fl. 1. c, in part. — Wet meadows and mountain-sides, Saskatche- wan to Oregon, N. California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, and in the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado. Var. incana, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. White with Very soft floccose tomentum. — Wet meadows, mostly in water, in the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada; first coll. by Brewer and Torrey. ++ ++ Heads rayless : stems leafy even on the flowering branches. A. VlSCOSa, Gray. A foot or less high, fastigiately branching, very viscid-pnbescent : leaves small (inch or less long), ovate-oblong, entire, closely sessile, but not connate at base: involucre 4 lines high, considerably shorter than the (25 or 30) flowers : corollas pale yellow: akenes glandular-hirsute. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 374, & Bot. Calif, ii. 458. — N. California, on Mt. Shasta at 8,000 feet, Gray & Soaker. -I— -1— Less leafy : cauline leaves one or two (rarely three) pairs, and the upper mostly small. ++ Heads rayless, mostly 3 to 5 and rather short-peduncled at the naked summit of the stem. A. Parryi, Gray. A foot or less high, slender, simple, somewhat hirsutely pubescent and above glandular : leaves membranaceous, commonly denticulate ; radical oval to ovate- oblong (1 to 3 inches long), abruptly or cuneately contracted at base into a short margined petiole ; cauline remote : involucre hirsute and glandular, half-inch or less high : occasion- ally some outermost corollas ampliate : akenes glabrous or with a few sparse hairs. — Am. Nat. viii. 213. A. angustifolia, var. discoidea, latifolia, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 238. A. angustifolia, var. eradiata, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1 863, 68. — Rocky Mountains, from Colorado (on the borders of alpine "region) to Wyoming, in the Wahsatch, Utah, and west to Oregon and Washington Terr. ; first coll. by Parry. ++ ++ Heads conspicuously radiate, solitary or very few, mostly long-peduncled. = Anthers yellow, as in all the preceding species : tube of disk-corollas hirsute. A. Nevadensis, Gray-. Half a foot high, puberulent, sometimes cinereous: leaves all oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, entire or a few small denticulations (inch or two long), ob- scurely triplinerved or 3-nerved at base ; radical roundish to obovate, either abruptly con- tracted or tapering into slender petiole : involucre half-inch high : akenes minutely pubescent and glabrate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 55. — Sierra Nevada, California. Lassen's Peak, Mrs. Austin, cinereous form, with rays almost inch long, bears resemblance to Whitneya. Peaks south of Summit, at 9,000 feet, Pringle, greener, roundish-leaved, with rays half-inch long. A. alpilia, Olin. A span to 18 inches high, pubescent, hirsute, or at summit villous, strict, simple and monocephalous, occasionally 3-cephalous : leaves thickish, from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the radical oblong-spatulate and small uppermost linear, entire or dentic- ulate, 3-nerved ; bases of the cauline hardly at all connate : akenes hirsute-pubescent, rarely glabrate. — "Murr. Syst. Veg., 1774" (according to Fries, but not found there), "Olin, Monogr. Arnic. Upsaliffi, 1799," ex Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. 187 ; Wahl. PI. Suec. ii. 530; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 416. A. angustifolia, Vakl, Fl. Dan. t. 1524; DC. Prodr. vi. 317; Torr Stmecio. COMPOSITiE. 383 & Gray, Fl. ii. 449. A. plantaginea & A. fulgens, Pursh, FI. ii. 527. — Labrador and north to the arctic coast, west to the Aleutian Islands, south to the Sierra Nevada, California, and to Colorado in the Rocky Mountains; the southern forms comparatively large and broad- leaved. (N. Eu., Greenland.) Var. Lessingii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, perhaps from Kotzebue Sound, is a thinner- leaved form, of lax habit ; the akenes only sometimes glabrous, and the anthers not " black- ish."— A. a/pina, Less, in Linn. vi. 235 ; Herder, PI. Radd. ii. 110. (N. E. Asia.) = = Anthers black: leaves broad: head large, solitary. High Northwestern species. A. Unalaschensis„ Less. Robust, a span or two high, hirsute or villous : leaves oblong, mostly acutish and obviously serrate or denticulate with subulate callous teeth : disk-corollas glabrous or nearly so : akenes slightly hairy or glabrate. — Linn. vi. 235 ; Herder, 1. c. — Unalaska, and other Aleutian Islands, Behring Island, &c. ; first coll. by Chamisso. A. obtusif olia, Less. 1. c. Taller or longer-pedunculate, pubescent or glabrate : leaves oblong or spatulate, very obtuse, almost or quite entire, nervose : disk-corollas " glabrous " or upper part of the tube hispidulous : akenes glabrous : resembles A. montana. — Unalaska, Chamisso. Shumagin Islands, Harrington. 192. SENECIO, Tourn. Groundsel. (Old Latin name of Groundsel, from senex, old man, in allusion to the hoary pappus.) — One of the largest known genera, very widely dispersed over the world, most of the species (all of ours) herbs ; with alternate leaves, and yellow-flowered heads of middle or rarely larger size : fl. spring and summer. Minute short hairs or papilla? on the akenes of most species swell and emit a pair of spiral threads when wetted. Before wetting the akenes may be really or apparently glabrous, and after wetting be- come canescent. — Less. Syn. 391; DC. Prodr. vi. 340; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 446, partly. — Arrangement wholly artificial. S. Canadensis, L., Spec. ii. 869, and Cineraria Canadensis, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1244 (to which Nutt., Gen. ii. 165, gave the name of S. Kalmii), were said to be of "Canada, Kalm." They are not so indicated in the Linnaean herbarium : both are probably South European specimens. The first belongs to S. artemisicefolius, Pers. ; the second is a thinner-leaved form of Cineraria maritima, L., the S. Cineraria, DC. — Cineraria Carolinensis, Walt. Car. 207, is undeterminable. S. ciliatus, Walt. Car. 208, is probably only Erigeron Canadense, L. S. FLOcefFERUS, DC. Prodr. vi. 426, is Malacothrix obtusa, Benth. S. Cineraria, DC, the Dusty-Miller of house-cultivation, has been found wild on the beach of San Francisco Bay, California, at Alameda. S. Jacoe^a, L., of Europe, has become a weed in some parts of Nova Scotia and Canada. S. Palmeri, Gray, a peculiar frutescent species of Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is quite beyond our limits. § 1. Perennials (one or two sufiruticose) ; with pubescence, if any, of a tomen- tose character, mostly floccose and when deciduous leaving the surface smooth and naked, never viscid nor obviously hirsute. # Heads an inch or distinctly over half-inch high, very many-flowered. -1— Disk-corollas deeply 5-toothed : heads of the largest. S. Rugelia, Gray. Lightly floccose-tomentose when young, soon glabrate : stems simple, a foot high from a creeping rootstock, bearing 3 to 5 naked slender-pedunculate somewhat racemosely disposed heads : leaves membranaceous ; radical and lowest cauline ovate, den- ticulate, 2 to 5 inches long, long-petioled ; others small and few, bract-like, sessile : involucre not calyculate, of about 12 linear-lanceolate thickish glabrous bracts : rays none : pappus rather sordid. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. Rugelia nudicaulis, Shuttlew. in coll. Rugel; Chapm. Fl. 246. — Woods, Smoky Mountains, N. Carolina and Tennessee, Rugel, Buckley. Style-branches capitellate-truncate and pubescent at summit, and » few obscure minute hairs on the back. 384 COMPOSITE. Senecio. S. Pseudo- Arnica, Less. Floccosely white-tomentose, more or less glabrate in age: stem stout, 6 to 30 inches high, equably very leafy to top, bearing solitary or several corymbosely disposed heads on stout bracteolate peduncles : leaves oblong-lingulate or the lower spatulate, denticulate or dentate, 5 to 8 inches long, sessile by a partly clasping auric- ulate base : involucre calyculate by few or several slender-subulate loose accessory bracts : rays numerous, half -inch or more long : pappus dull white. — Less, in Linn. vi. 240; Hook. Fl. i. 334, t. 113 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 358 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 446. Arnica maritima,L. Spec. ii. 884 ; Pursh, PI. ii. 528. A. Doronicum, Pursh, 1. c. — Sea-beaches, &c, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and border of Maine to Labrador, and west to the Aleutian Islands. (N. Asia.) H— -i— Disk-corollas merely 5-toothed. Kooky-Mountain and more Western species. ++ Heads radiate. = Alpine species of the Rocky Mountains. S. Soldanella, Gray. Apparently glabrous from the first, a span high, somewhat succu- - lent : leaves mostly radical and long-petioled, from round-reniform to spatulate-obovate, denticulate or entire ; cauline one or two or none : head solitary, erect, two thirds to nearly a full inch high : involucral bracts lanceolate and a very few calyculate ones : rays 6 to 10, ■ oblong, quarter-inch long. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 83. — High alpine region, mountains of Colorado, Parry, Hall & Harbour, Coulter, &c. S. ampleotens, Gray. Lightly floccose-woolly at first, soon glabrate, a foot or so high, few-several-leaved, terminated by one or two long-pedunculate nodding heads : leaves thinner than in the foregoing, from denticulate to conspicuously and sharply dentate ; radical ob- ovate to spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole ; cauline as large or larger (4 to 6 inches long), oblong or narrower, half-clasping or more, the upper by a broad base : involucre over half-inch high, of linear bracts and a few loose calyculate ones : rays linear, inch long or more, acute or acutely 2-3-toothed at tip. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 240, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1. c. — Alpine and subalpine region, Rocky Mountains, Colorado ; first coll. by Parry. Var. taraxacoides, Gray. Only a span or two high, with fewer and smaller cauline leaves ; these and the radical commonly spatulate and with tapering base, not rarely lacini- ately subpinnatifid : head smaller, even down to half-inch, and with rays of only the same length. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 192. — High alpine, in the mountains of Colorado and Nevada; first coll. by Parry. The most dwarf forms are very unlike the type. = = Not alpine : scapiform stem low, strict and strictly monocephalous. S. Aotinella, Greene. Ploccosely white-tomentose, glabrate in age : simple stem 6 to 10 inches high, bearing several small and appressed linear bract-like leaves and an erect head of two thirds of an inch in height : radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, obovate-spatulate, denticu- late, subcoriaceous, an inch or more long including the cuneate narrowed base or short winged petiole : involucral bracts subulate-linear : rays 9 to 12, rather conspicuous, broadly linear. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. — N. Arizona, near Flagstaff, Rushy. = = = Not alpine, with leafy stems u, foot to a yard high, and several or few or sometimes solitary erect heads. (Here S. Clarlcianus, if the heads were a little larger.) S. "Whippleanus, Gray. Probably floccose when young, sprinkled with less deciduous araneose hairs : stem robust, apparently 3 or 4 feet high, naked above, with an ample loose cyme : leaves ample (6 or 8 inches long), sinuately or laciniately pinnatifid, the lobes few and irregular ; cauline sessile : peduncles mostly elongated, naked : involucral bracts fleshy- thickened, oblong-linear, abruptly acuminate ; a very few loose and small slender calyculate bracts : rays half-inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54, without char. S. eurycephalus, var. major, Gray, Pacif. E. Pep. (Bot. Whipp.) iv. 111. — Lower Sierra Nevada, at Murphy's, Calaveras Co., California, Bigelow. Further specimens needed. The broad heads nearly three-fourths inch high. S. Mendooinensis, Gray. Lightly arachnoid-floccose, soon glabrate : stem robust, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy below, naked above, bearing » corymbiform cyme of several heads on sparsely setaceous-bracteolate peduncles : leaves somewhat succulent, irregularly repand- denticulate to dentate ; radical and lower 3 to 6 inches long, oval to oblong-lanceolate, taper- ing into margined petioles; upper lanceolate from a broad sessile base, above reduced to Senetio. . COMPOSITE. 385 subulate bracts : involucral bracts linear-subulate, and with several loose and slender calycu- late ones: rays oblong, seldom half-inch in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. 413. — Plains, Mendocino to Humboldt Co., California, Bolander, Kellogg, Harford. S. Greenei, Gray. Lightly floccose-tomentose, seldom a foot high, simple, bearing 1 to 3 short-peduncled heads: leaves (about inch long) coarsely dentate; radical roundish, with abrupt or somewhat cuneate base, coarsely crenate-dentate, slender-petioled ; cauline few, sessile, upper lanceolate and entire, sometimes all small and bract-like : heads two-thirds inch long : bracts of involucre linear, no outer calyculate ones : rays deep orange, half-inch or more long : style-tips of disk-flowers conspicuously penicillate-margined and with a central cusp. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75, & Bot. Calif, i. 412. — "Wooded mountainside, near the Geysers in Lake Co., California, Greene. S. megacephalus, Nutt. About a foot high, loosely floccose-woolly, tardily glabrate, leafy : leaves entire, lanceolate, or the radical spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole, and uppermost cauline attenuate, thickish (obscurely glandular under the wool?): heads 1 to 3, short-peduncled (8 lines to an inch high) ; involucre calyculate by some very loose and setaceous-subulate elongated accessory bracts ; sometimes the true bracts and peduncles bear a few hirsute hairs besides the loose wool : rays over half-inch long. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 410; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 438. — Mountains of Idaho, Nuttall, Watson, and Rocky Mountains, at 5,000 to 8,000 feet, near British Boundary, Lyall, Canby. ++ ++ Heads rayless, nodding : some sparse crisped hairs in place of tomentum : caudex hardly any; the root a cluster of fibres. S. Bigelovii, Gray. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy up to near the racemiform or simply paniculate inflorescence, pubescent with some sparse crisped hairs when young, and with mere traces of arachnoid caducous wool, at length glabrate : leaves from elongated-oblong to lanceolate, denticulate or more dentate, acute or acuminate ; radical and lower cauline 3 to 6 inches long, abrupt at base and naked-petioled, or tapering into a winged petiole or partly clasping base ; upper lanceolate with partly clasping base : heads in small plants few or solitary, in larger ones several, nodding on their peduncles : involucre very broadly cam- pannlate ; its bracts lanceolate, thickish ; a few small and loose subulate accessory bractlets at base. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. Ill ; Porter & Coulter, PI. Colorad. 83; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 178. With var. Hallii, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1. c. (more sessile-leaved), and var. monocephalus, Rothrock, 1. c. (smallest form). — Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet ; first coll. by Bigeloiv. # # Heads middle-sized or small (half-inch or less). •J— Nodding on the paniculate pedicels in anthesis, rayless, a few loose setaceous or subulate bract- lets at their base : very early glabrate or quite glabrous leafy-stemmed plants : leaves at most dentate, all either petioled or attenuate at base. S. Rlisbyi, Greexe. Stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves very obscurely pruinose-puberulent under a lens, ovate-lanceolate, callous-denticulate ; the lower (3 to 6 inches long) with abrupt or truncate base and winged petiole with dilated and somewhat auriculate half-clasping in- sertion ; upper cuneately contracted into the winged petiole ; the small uppermost closely sessile, attenuate-acuminate : heads (4 or 5 lines high) less nodding than in the next, almost hemispherical. — Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64, at least as to pi. Rusby. — New Mexico, in the Mogollon Mountains, Rusby. Apparently in Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon, but specimens insufficient. Nearly related to the following : root nearly of the preceding. S- Cernuus, Gray. Quite glabrous, usually more slender, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate or the larger oblong-lanceolate, entire, denticulate, rarely with a few scattered coarser teeth, all tapering at base into a barely margined petiole, or upper into a narrowed not clasping base : heads (4 to almost 6 lines long) several or numerous in the panicle, most of them de- cidedly nodding : involucre narrow-campanulate : flowers pale yellow. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 10 ; Porter & Coulter, PI. Colorad. 82. — Mountains of Colorado, wholly below the alpine region ; first coll. by Parry. -f— -i— Heads erect, mostly radiate, occasionally rayless in same species. ■H- Stem frutescent below. S. Lemmoni, Gray. Loosely much branched, early glabrate and smooth : main stems de- cidedly woody: branches slender, spreading, very leafy below, nearly naked at summit, ' 25 386 COMPOSITE. Senecio. bearing several or numerous loosely cymose slender-pedunculate heads : leaves somewhat succulent, lanceolate, irregularly and sparsely dentate with salient teeth, attenuate below and with a dilated cordate-clasping base, or the lower tapering into a naked petiole ; uppermost small, linear, entire : heads 4 or 5 lines high : rays about 12 ; disk-flowers 20 or more. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220. — Santa Catalina Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. ++ ++ Stems herbaceous, numerously leafy to the top : leaves all rounded-subcordate and angu- lately somewhat lobed, palmately veined and reticulate-venulose, petioled: heads small and numerous in a compound cyme. S. Hartwegi, Benth. Plocculent-tomentulose when young, or nearly glabrous : stems 2 or 3 feet high from a somewhat tuberous rootstock : leaves chartaceo-membranaceous (2 to 4 inches broad, and petiole inch or two long), the margin with 7 to 9 short angulate lobes or coarse teeth, and sinuses denticulate : veinlets minutely reticulated : heads 3 or 4 lines long, crowded: involucre narrow-campanulate, 12-20-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate, short: rays few. — PI. Hartw. 18, form with leaves tomentulose beneath. S. Seemanni, Schultz Bip. in - Seem. Bot. Herald, 311, glabrous form. — Canons, S. Arizona, near Port Huachuca, Lemmon, (Mex. ; of a Mexican type unlike any other N. American.) ++++++ Stems numerously and nearly equably leafy to the top : leaves pinnately veined, not con- spicuously reticulated, from entire to laciniate-dentate, never divided or dissected, nor narrowly linear: glabrous, or very early glabrate and smooth, seldom a vestige of wool at anthesis. = Low, alpine : heads subsolitary, radiate. S. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. Many-stemmed from a thickish caudex, a span to a foot high: leaves thickish, from rounded-obovate or spatulate to oblong (inch or sometimes 2 inches long), obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, sometimes even pinnatifld-dentate, lower abruptly contracted into a winged petiole ; uppermost sessile by broadish base : heads half- inch high, short-peduncled, subtended by a few short loose bractlets : rays 3 to 5 lines long. — PI. ii. 445. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains (first coll. by Fremont), from near Brit, boundary to S. Colorado, Utah, and Lassen's Peak, California : passing to Var. occidentalis, Gray. More slender, with rounder leaves and heads longer- peduncled ; in high alpine stations becoming very dwarf, and flowering almost from the ground. —Bot. Calif, i. 618. — Sierra Nevada, California, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, Eothrock, &c. Also Rocky Mountains of N. Wyoming and Montana, at 7,000 to 8,000 feet, Lydll, Parry, very dwarf. = = Rather low, with numerous cymosely paniculate and small heads, always rayless. S. rapif olius, Nutt. About a foot high : leaves ovate or oblong, throughout very sharply and unequally dentate, rather fleshy ; radical tapering into a petiole, cauline mostly clasping by a broad subcordate base : heads 3 lines high, about 15-flowered : involucral bracts 8 to 10, narrowly oblong. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 409: Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 441. — Bocky Mountains, Wyoming, about the sources of the Platte, Nuttall, Fremont, &c. = ==== Tall, with corymbosely cymose and radiate heads : involucre setaceously few-bracteo- late, campamilate or narrower: leaves nearly membranaceous. S. triangularis, Hook. Bather stout : stem simple, 2 to 5 feet high, bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corymbiform open cyme : leaves all more or less petioled and thickly dentate (sometimes minutely so, sometimes with long lanceolate-subulate and very salient teeth), deltoid-lanceolate, or the lower triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, and upper- most lanceolate with cuneate base : heads about half-inch high : involucre campanulate, mostly 25-30-flowered ; the oblong-linear rays 6 to 12. — PI. i. 332, 1. 115; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 441 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 189 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 414. S. longidentatus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428. — Wooded districts in wet ground, Saskatchewan to Washington Terr., south to the higher mountains of Colorado and through the Sierra Nevada, California. S. Huachucanus, Gray. Two or three feet high, somewhat branching : leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, minutely denticulate; lower cauline (4 to 6 inches long) taper- ing into a winged petiole, npper partly clasping by a broad subcordate base : heads fastigi- ately cymose, small, about 4 lines high : involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, 15-18-flowered : the small rays 3 or 4. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. — High bluffs near Fort Huachuca, S. Arizona, Lemmon. S. serra, Hook. Strict, 2 to 4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes simple and bearing rather few somewhat large (half-inch long) heads, commonly branching at summit, then bearing Stmaio. COMPOSITE. 387 numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads: leaves (4 to 6 inches long) all lanceolate and tapering to both ends, sessile by a narrow base (or the lowest oblong-spatulate and taper- ing into a short petiole), usually with whole margin thickly serrate or serrulate with very acute salient teeth : involucre oblong-campanulate, 20-30-flowered : rays 5 to 8, oblong-linear, sometimes fully half-inch long. — Fl. i. 332 (Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 441, as to name only, the char, taken from S. longidentatus, DC, wrongly referred, and syu. belonging to S. triangu- laris) ; Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68, under S. Andinus ? — Mountains, from Wyoming to Idaho and S. Colorado ; first coll. by Douglas. The form with the very serrate leaves of the original of Douglas, but with much fewer and larger heads, mountains of Colorado, Fremont, Sail & Harbour, Parry, Rothrock (under S. Andinus), Passes into Var. integrilisculus. Heads smaller (usually only 3 or 4 lines high) and narrower, fewer-flowered : leaves minutely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire, sometimes all entire or nearly so, generally shorter and smaller, or broader and not acuminate. — S. Andinux, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. S. lanceolatus,' Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 440, an entire-leaved form. — Common from Wyoming to E. Oregon, and in the mountains of Nevada and the borders of California; perhaps first coll. by Nuttall. ++++++++ Stem not numerously but somewhat equably leafy up to the inflorescence : leaves all entire or denticulate : involucre fleshy-thickened ! S. crassulus, Gray. A foot or less high, glabrous apparently from the first : stem rather stout, 5-7-leaved, bearing 3 to 8 pedunculate rather large (fully half -inch high) and thick heads : leaves oblong-lanceolate, of rather firm texture, apiculate-acute, 2 to 5 inches long ; radical and lowest cauline spatulate or obovate-oblong, narrowed into a short winged petiole ; upper sessile by partly clasping or decurrent base : involucre broadly campanulate, 40-50- flowered, of 12 or more lanceolate to oblong fleshy-thickened but thin-edged bracts, the base also much thickened, the whole becoming conical and multangular in fruit : rays about 8, oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. 5. integerrimus, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67, not Nutt. S. lugens, var. Hookeri, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 188, in part. — Subalpine, Bocky Mountains of Colorado (first coll. by Parry) to the Wahsatch in Utah ( Watson), and in X. Wyoming, Parry. ++++++++ -H- Stems either few-leaved or with the upper leaves (and sometimes most of the cauline) reduced in size; the inflorescence therefore naked: none with narrow linear leaves (except one scapose species). = Plant tall and simple-stemmed, with a coarsely fibrous cluster of roots, perhaps not perennial : leaves fleshy-coriaceous, all entire or barely denticulate. S. hydrophilus, Nutt. Very glabrous and smooth, sometimes glaucous : stem robust, 2 to 4 feet high, strict: leaves lanceolate, with strong midrib and obsolete veins; radical oblanceolate and stout-petioled, sometimes a foot long and nearly two inches wide ; upper cauline sessile or partly clasping : heads numerous in a branching corymbiform cyme, 5 lines high, short-pedicelled : involucre narrowly campanulate, slightly bracteolate ; its bracts 8 to 12: disk-flowers 15 to 30; rays 3 to 6 and smaD, sometimes none. — In water or very wet ground, especially in brackish water, Montana to Brit. Columbia, south to Colo- rado, and west to San Francisco Bay, California. = = Plants mostly in clumps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping rootstocks. u. Stems commonly robust, from a foot or rarely less to 3 or even 5 feet high, bearing mostly numerous heads in a cyme : involucre sparingly calyculate : leaves from entire to dentate, only in the last species at all laciniate, none really cordate nor with permanent tomentum. Western species, none truly alpine. 1. Glaucous or glaucescent, apparently quite glabrous throughout from the very first: heads many-flowered. S. Cleveland!, Greene. Stems rather rigid and slender, a foot or two high from firm creeping rootstocks : leaves subcoriaceous, entire, obtuse, with veins almost obsolete, spat- ulate or rarely obovate; radical and lower cauline an inch or. two long, tapering into much longer slender petioles ; upper cauline few and smaller, with shorter petioles : heads 4 or 5 lines high : involucral bracts subulate-linear : rays 6 to 8 and short, sometimes fewer, occasionally none. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. — Springy ground, Lake Co., California, Cleve- land, Pringle. 388 COMPOSITE. Smecio. S. Toluccanus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428 ; Gray, Proo. Am. Acad, xviii. 110 : apparently a com- mon Mexican species. Var. microdontus. About 2 feet high from a short rootstock or caudex : leaves thickish and firm; radical obovate to oblong, obscurely veiny, mostly acute, numerously denticulate, 2 to 6 inches long, tapering into shorter wing-margined petioles ; cauline sessile, few and oblong-lanceolate toward the base of the stem, or commonly only one or two small and bract-like ones on a scapiform stem, these subtending the rather few-headed branches of the cyme : heads nearly half-inch high : involucral bracts linear : rays 6 to 10, conspicu- ous. — Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Mountains of S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. Agrees with a specimen of coll. Seemann, N. W. Mexico, but not well with S. Toluccanus, var. modestus, Schultz Bip. in Bot. Herald, 211. Approaches very smooth forms of S. lugens. 2. Not glaucous, usually more or less woolly-pubescent when young, and the wool sometimes tar- dily deciduous, often quite glabrate and green at flowering time : heads many-flowered : rays 8 to 12, conspicuous. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the radical elongated-oblong, quite entire or denticulate ; upper ones reduced and bract-like, attenuate-subulate from a dilated base : heads several, umbellately cymose, commonly half-inch high : involucral bracts narrow, acute or acuminate. — Gen. ii. 165, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 439. — Dakota to Wyoming and Saskatchewan ; first coll. by Nuttall. S. lugens, Richards. Lightly floccose-woolly when young, in the typical form early gla- brate and bright green -. stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, few- and small-leaved and naked above, terminated by a cyme of several or rather numerous heads (these about 5 lines high) : radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, varying to oval or oblong, either gradually or abruptly contracted at base into a winged or margined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-den- ticulate; upper cauline lanceolate or reduced and bract-like: bracts of the campanulate involucre lanceolate, with obtuse or acutish commonly blackish-sphacelate tips: rays 10 or 12, conspicuous. — App. Prankl. Journ. ed. 2, 31 ; Hook. PL i. 332, t. 114; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 439; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 188, var. Iiookeri, chiefly, & var. Parryi. S. campestris, Hook. f. Arct. PI. 294, 332, partly. Cineraria pratensis, Herder, PI. Radd. ii. 127, in part. — Low or moist grounds, Subarctic America to Kotzebue Sound t through the whole Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and west to California. In various forms. Var. foliosus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 413. Ploccose wool usually persistent up to flowering, and vestiges remaining to near maturity : stem seldom over a foot high, stouter, more leafy to hear the inflorescence : leaves comparatively large, oblong to broadly lanceo- late : heads often very numerous and crowded in the corymbiform cyme, then narrower : tips of involucral- bracts conspicuously blackish. — 5. exaltatus, Nutt., var. minor, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 406. S. lugens, var. exaltatus, Eaton, 1. c. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah, from base up to 10,000 or 12,000 feet; first coll. by Parry. Var. exaltatus, Gray, 1. c. Lightly floccose when young, and not rarely with looser and more persistent scattered hairs : stem stout, 1 to 3 or even 4 or 5 feet high : leaves thickish ; radical longer-petioled, from spatulate-lanceolate to obovate or ovate, the broader ones abrupt and sometimes even subcordate at base ; cauline occasionally laciniate-dentate : heads mostly numerous in the cyme. — S. exaltatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. 1. 410; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Wet ground, Brit. Columbia and Idaho to California, where it connects with the next species. Var. ochroleucus. Rays yellowish-white : otherwise like broader-leaved forms of the preceding, some radical leaves subcordate. — S. cordatus, Nutt. 1. c. 411, probably, but color of flowers not noted. — Open woods, on Columbia River, Klikitat Co., Washington Terr., Suksdorf. 3. Like the preceding, but with fewer-flowered heads and fewer or no rays : upper leaves occa- sionally incised. S. aronicoides, DC. Robust, lightly floccose when young, and usually with some decid- uous villosity, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves variable, from broadly ovate to oblong, repand-den- ticnlate to coarsely dentate, or cauline sometimes pinnatifid-laciniate : heads mostly smaller than in preceding, often only 10-12-flowered : rays when present only one or two and short. — Prodr. vi. 426; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 441 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 414. — S. exaltatus, var. Senecio. COMPOSITE. 389 uniflosculosus, Gray, Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 111. — Low grounds, common in California; first coll. by Douglas. Connects with S. lugens, var. exaltatus. b. Stems low and simple, bearing a solitary or few comparatively large heads : involucre not at all calyculate : leaves entire or merely dentate ; radical and lower ones spatulate to obovatc. Arctic- alpine species, loosely cottony-woolly, tardily glabrate. S. Hookeri, Tore. & Gray. Perhaps a, less arctic variety of the next, bearing 3 to 5 closely corymbose heads, or a var. of S. campestris of (jhe Old World, but ovaries and akenes glabrous. — PL ii. 438. S. iiitegrifolius, Hook. PI. i. 334, excl. syn. &. campestris, Hook. f. Arct. PL 395, partly. Cineraria integrifolia, Richards. 1. c. — Arctic and Subarctic America and high-northern Rocky Mountains, Richardson, &c. S. frigidus, Less. A span or two high, 3-5-leaved, bearing a solitary head, sometimes 2 or 3 : leaves spatulate, or the radical rounded-obovate and cauline lanceolate from a broad or narrow sessile base, these sometimes dentate : involucre half-inch high, usually villous with some purplish hairs, especially at the thickened base or summit of the peduncle : rays rather numerous, becoming half-inch long : ovaries and akenes glabrous or sparsely hairy. — Less, in Linn. vi. 239 ; Hook. PL i. 334, t. 1 12 ; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 445. Cineraria frigida, Richards. 1. c; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 126; Herder, 1. c. 124. C. atropurpurea, Ledeb. ex DC, &c. — Newfoundland ? and Labrador, Arctic coast to Kotzebue Sound, &c. (N. E. Asia.) c. Stems low, only 2 to 6 inches high, scapiform: leaves clustered on the rootstock or caudex, entire or crenate ; those of the scape few and very small, reduced to mere bracts : involucre slightly calyculate. Rocky Mountain species, chiefly alpine or subalpine. 1. Leaves linear, not thick : akenes papillose-hirtellous. S. Thurberi, Gray. Leaves densely tufted on the branches of the mnlticipital caudex, about inch long, barely a line wide toward the apex, tapering into a slender base, entire or nearly so, tomentose-canescent, tardily glabrate : scapes glabrate, 4 to 6 inches high, bearing 2 to 5 heads; these 4 or 5 lines high: rays 7 to 10, 3 lines long. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. S. canus, var. pygmosus, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 103. — Mountain-sides, Santa Rita del Cobre, New Mexico, Thurber, Bigelow. 2. Leaves thick and coriaceous, tapering into a petiole, crowded on the multicipital caudex, nearly veinless, even the midrib obscure : akenes glabrous. S. Wernerisefdlius, Gray. Woolly and canescent, tardily glabrate : leaves quite entire, erect or ascending, from spatulate-linear (2 or 3 inches long, including the petiole-like base, by 2 or 3 lines wide) to elongated-oblong (inch long and half -inch wide) and short-petioled, the margins sometimes revolute : scape a span high, rather stout, bearing 2 to 8 heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high: rays 10 or 12, oblong, 2 lines long, rarely few or wanting. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. S. aureus, var. wernerice/olius, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 81. — Mountains of Colorado, alpine, in coniferous wuods near the upper limit of trees, and in the alpine region, mostly on the upper waters of Clear Creek, Hall & Harbour, Greene, Coulter, &c. S. petreeus, Kxatt. Glabrous or early glabrate : leaves from orbicular-obovate or oval (a quarter to half an inch long) to cuneate-oblong (largest inch long), entire or 3-7-crenate- toothed at the broad summit, abruptly petioled : scapes 1 to 3 inches high, bearing solitary or several clustered heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 6 to 10, golden yellow, 3 lines long. — Abhand. Nat. Gesellsch. Halle, xv. (1881). S. aureus, var. alpinus, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. n. ser. xxxiii. 11 ; Porter & Coulter, 1. c. S. aureus, var. borealis, mainly, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 412. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (first coll. by Parry), of Utah ( Ward), and highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, California, Brewer, &c. Approaches the preceding on one hand, and .5'. aureus, var. borealis, on the other. 3. Leaves round-cordate, crenate, purple-tinged beneath, slender-petioled, more or less clustered at the base of the scape : akenes glabrous : plants very glabrous. S. renifolius, Porter. Two inches high from filiform creeping rootstocks : leaves thickish, resembling those of Ranunculus Cymbalaria, rounded-subcordate or reniform, only about half-inch wide, coarsely 5-7-crenate : scape or peduncle little surpassing the leaves, bearing a solitary comparatively large (half-inch long) head: rays about 8, oblong, 4 lines long. — Porter & Coulter, PL Colorad. 83. — High alpine region on Whitehouse Mountain, in Cen- tral Colorado, at 13,000 feet, /. M. Coulter. 390 COMPOSITE. Senecio. S. Cardamine, Greene. Scapes a span or two high, slender, bearing solitary or 2 or 3 small (about 4 lines high) heads, and below one or two very small oblong-cordate clasping pinnatifid-dentate bract-like leaves : radical leaves orbicular-cordate, repahd-crenate, thinnish, inch or two in diameter, on long slender petioles : rays about 8, pale yellow. — Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 98. — New Mexico, on the higher slopes of the Mogollon Mountains, Greene. d. Stems low (2 to 6 inches high) and slender, 1-2-cephaIous, few-leaved : leaves mostly lyrate- piimatifid. High northern species. S. resedifolius, Less. Glabrous or soon glabrate : stems simple : earlier radical leaves roundish or subcordate, crenate or crenately lobed, later ones lyrate-pinnatifid, slender- petioled, all or the terminal lobes crenate-incised : heads 4 or 5 lines high : involucre very obscurely bracteolate : rays 5 lines long : style-branches commonly with slender cusp : akenes either papillose-hirsute or glabrous. — Less, in Linn. vi. 243 ; Hook. Fl. i. 333, 1. 1 1 7 ; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 445. Cineraria lyrata, Ledeb. El. Alt. iv. 102 ; Eeichenb. Ic. Bot. Crit. ii. 1. 101. — Erom Great Bear Lake, &c, near the Arctic Circle, to Kotzebue Sound and the Aleutian Islands. (N. Asia.) Var. Columbiensis. Heads rayless: stems often sparingly branched and 2-4- leaved. — MucMung River, British Columbia, Mr. Mackay. c. Stems a foot or two high (or in reduced forms lower), bearing some leaves and corymbosely cymose (only when depauperate solitary) heads : involucre sparingly or inconspicuously calycu- late, or nearly naked at base : foliage various. Not arctic nor alpine, except perhaps one vari- ety of 8. aureus: usually some floccose tomentum, at least when young. 1. Leaves all entire, rarely a tooth or a few obscure denticulations, and narrowed at base. S. fastigiatus, Nutt. Cinereous with a fine and close pannose tomentum, or glabrate : stems strict, simple, 1 or 2 feet high, terminated by a fastigiate cyme of several heads, or sometimes with branches terminated by single and rather larger heads : leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, about 2 inches long ; upper often linear ; lower cauline and the sometimes oblong radical tapering into slender petioles : heads 4 or 5 lines high : rays conspicuous: akenes glabrous. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 410; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 439. — Plains of Oregon, Washington Terr., and adjacent Idaho ; first coll. by Nuttall. Var. La^nese. Stems disposed to branch, and the branches to bear 2 or 3 or some- times solitary heads, of half-inch in height : leaves mostly apiculate-acute. — S. Laynern, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. — Sweetwater Creek, El Dorado Co., California-, Mrs. K. Layne-Curran. 2. Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnatifid in the same species, none pinnately divided : rays occasionally wanting. Species of perhaps impossible limitation. S. canus, Hook. Permanently canescent with pannose tomentum, or at length flocculent, but rarely at all glabrate : stems from a span to a foot or rarely 2 feet high : leaves some- times all undivided or even entire, the radical and lower from spatulate to oblong or round- ish-oval (half-inch to thrice that length) and slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid (either the upper or lower ones, or both) : heads 4 or 5 lines high : akenes very glabrous (in figure of Hooker hispidulous on the angles) : style-tips usually with central cusp. — El. i. 333, t. 116; Torr. & Gray, I.e.; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 41 2. S. integrifolius, Nutt. Gen. ii. 165. Cineraria integrifolia minor, Pursh, EI. ii. 528. S, Purshianus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 412. «S. Howellii, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 98. — Rocky banks, Saskatchewan and Dakota to the mountains of Colorado, west to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada as far as Kern Co., California. — A notable and dubious form, low and stout, with comparatively large heads and always undivided leaves, abounds in the mountains of Colorado, at the upper limit of trees. S. tomentosus, Michx. Canescent or cinereous with a close or at length floccose and more or less deciduous wool : stems rather stout, commonly 2 feet high : leaves thickish, ob- long, crenate or sometimes entire ; the larger radical ones ample, 5 or 6 inches long, on elongated stout petioles and with stout midrib ; cauline similar and smaller or lyrate-pin- natifid, often few and small : heads, &c, of the next species : akenes always hispidulous, at least on the angles.— El. ii. 119; Ell. Sk. ii. 329; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 443. S. integri- folius, var. heterophyttus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 165. Cineraria heterophylla, Pursh, Fl. ii. 528. — Open or sparsely wooded moist ground, Delaware to Florida and Arkansas ; first coll. by Michaux. Senecio. COMPOSITE. 391 S. aureus, L. Very early glabrate, usually quite free from wool at flowering (in spring or early summer) and a foot or two high from small rootstocks : radical leaves mostly rounded and undivided, and cauline lanceolate and pinnatifid or laciniate : most polymorphous species, of which the typical form is bright green, 1 to 3 feet high, surculose by slender rootstocks : leaves thin ; principal radical ones roundish, cordate or truncate at base, crenate-dentate (1 to 3 inches in diameter), on long slender petioles; lower cauline similar, with 2 or 3 lobelets on the petiole, or lyrately divided or lobed; others more laciniate-pinnatifid and lobes often incised ; uppermost sparse and small, with closely sessile or auriculate-dilated incised base : heads rather numerous, 4 or 5 lines high : rays 8 to 12, conspicuous, rarely wanting : akenes quite glabrous. — Spec. ii. 870 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 820 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 331 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 432 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 442 ; Sprague, "Wild Flowers, 77, t. 15, the normal form. 5. gracilis, Pursh, Fl. ii. 529 ; DC. 1. c, a slender or depauperate form. S. fastigiatus, Schwein. in Ell. 1. c. — Swamps and wet banks, usually in shaded ground, Newfoundland to Florida, Texas, and to Brit. Columbia and the Sierra Nevada, California. Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Kadical leaves of thicker texture, rotund with abrupt or truncate base, or obovate and cuneate-contracted into a short margined petiole, or the earliest in the rosulate tufts almost sessile and humifuse : otherwise as in the typical form. — 5. obovatus, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1999; Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. 1. c. S. Elliott ii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 443, a form with the early radical leaves more plantagineous and very short-petioled. — More open and moist grounds, Canada to Indiana and Georgia, in the upper country, characteristically developed southward. Var. Balsamitse, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Less glabrate, not rarely holding more or less wool until fruiting : depauperate stems a span or two, larger fully 2 feet high : principal or earliest radical leaves oblong, sometimes oval, commonly verging to lanceolate, inch or two long, serrate, contracted into slender petioles ; the succeeding lyrately pinnatifid : heads usually rather small and numerous : akenes almost always hispidulous-pubescent on the angles. — 5. Balsamitm, Muhl. I. c. ; Pursh, 1. c. S. Plattensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 413, a robust and larger-leaved western form, verging toward S. tomentosus. S. aureus, var. lanceolatus, Oakes in Hovey's Mag., & Torr. & Gray, 1. c, an attenuated form of this, or of the type, growing in shady swamps. S. pauperculus, Michx. Fl. ii. 120, depauperate form. — Rocky or nearly dry ground, Canada to Texas, and northwestward to Brit. Columbia. Var. COmpactUS. A span or two high, in close tufts, rather rigid, when young whitened with fine tomentum, glabrate in age : radical leaves oblanceolate or attenuate-spat- ulate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, or pinnatifid-dentate, an inch or more long, thick and firm at maturity ; cauline lanceolate or linear, entire or pinnatifid : heads rather numerous and crowded in the cyme, rather small : ovaries papillose-hispidulous on the angles. — S. aureus, var. borealis, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 125, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68, in part. — N. W. Texas ( Wright) to the base of the mountains in Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Greene, &c. ; mostly in saline soil. Var. borealis, Tore. & Gray, 1. c. A foot down to a span high, at summit bearing either numerous or few heads ; these not rarely rayless : leaves thickish ; radical from round- ish with abrupt or even truncate base to cuneate-obovate and cuneate-spatulate, half-inch to inch long, slender-petioled ; cauline seldom much pinnatifid : akenes glabrous. — 5. elongatus, paxiciflorus, & Ci/mbalaria? Pursh, Fl. ii. 529, 530. S. aureus, var. foliosus, &c, Hook. 1. c. S. aureus, var. borealis & var. discoideus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. cymbalarioides & S. debilis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 408, 412. —Labrador to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, the high Sierra Nevada in California, and mountains of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, where are forms undistinguishable from the following. Var. croceus, Gray. A span to a foot or two high, glabrous or early glabrate . leaves somewhat succulent; radical oblong to roundish, sometimes lyrate ; cauline very various : heads usually numerous in the cyme : flowers saffron-colored or orange, at least the rays, or these sometimes wanting. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 82; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 190, & S. Fendleri of the same. S. aureus, var. multi- lobatus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 411, in part. — Wet ground, high mountains of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, north to Montana, and sparingly in the Sierra Nevada ; first coll. by Parry, &c. Var. SUbniidus. Wholly glabrous or glabrate, slender, a span or two high, bearing 2 or 3 small cauline leaves and a solitary head, or not rarely a pair : radical leaves few. spatulate or obovate, sometimes roundish, half-inch or less long, occasionally lyrate : cauline incised or sparingly pinnatifid : rays conspicuous. — S. subnudus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428 ; Nutt. 392 COMPOSITE. Senetio. 1. u. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Here perhaps S. Cymbalaria, Pursh, Fl. ii. 530. — Wet ground on mountains, Wyoming to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, and sparingly in California. The most depauperate form. S. Fendleri, Gray. Very canescent with pannose or floccose wool, in age tardily glabrate : stems rather stout, 5 to 1 5 inches high, leafy, the larger plants branching : leaves oblong- lanceolate or narrower ; radical sometimes almost entire, more commonly like the cauline sinuately pectinate-pinnatifid or even pinnately parted, the short oblong divisions incisely 2^1-lobed : heads mostly numerous and crowded, small (3 or 4 lines high) : rays rather numerous: akenes and ovaries glabrous. — PL Fendl. 108, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. Ill, & Proc. Acad. Philad. I.e. — Dry ground, mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, at 6,000 to 8,000 feet, Fendler, Bigelow, Parry, &c. S. Neo-Mexicanus, Gray. More or less canescent with looser tomentum, in age gla- brate: stems robust, afoot or two high (often from a simple thickish caudex), few-leaved, simple or often branching above, and bearing loose cymes of comparatively large (often half-inch) heads : leaves thickish (inch or two long) ; radical oblong-obovate to spatulate, with cuneate or tapering base, sometimes coarsely few-toothed only at summit, many lyrate- pinnatifid, with few or several pairs of small lateral lobes ; cauline similar or more pinnatifid, and the lobes incisely few-toothed: rays 12 to 16, in larger heads half-inch long: akenes sometimes hispidulous-papillose, sometimes quite glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 55. Has been variously referred to S. Fendleri, to doubtful forms of S. aureus, &c. — Mountains and wooded hills of New Mexico, Fendler, Wright, Thurber, Henry, Greene, &c. Arizona, Lem- mon, Pringle. San Bernardino Mountains, California, Parish. S. Arizonicus, Greene. Lightly and loosely ftoccose-woolly when young, early glabrate and green : stems a foot or two high, sometimes from a thick perpendicular candex : leaves mainly in the radical tuft, thickish, ovate to oblong-obovate (commonly 2 or 3 inches long), dentate with mucronate teeth, often with rounded or subcordate, but some with cuneate base, with or without one or two pairs of small lobes on the petiole ; lower cauline leaves one or two and usually lyrate-pinnatifid, upper very small and bract-like: heads loosely eymose, 5 or 6 lines high : rays 9 to 12, conspicuous. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. — Arizona, Palmer, Pringle (referred to a form of S. aureus), Rusby. 3. Leaves all or mainly bipinnately dissected into narrow lobes. Atlantic species. S. Millefolium, Torr. & Gray. Early glabrate : stems slender, a foot or two high, bear- ing a corymbose cyme of rather numerous heads : these 3 lines high : radical and cauline leaves similar (or the earliest less dissected), the very numerous lobes linear-oblong or nar- row (1 to 3 lines long), thickish : small upper leaves narrow and more simply dissected : rays few, a line or two long. — PI. ii. 444. — Sides of precipitous mountains, North and South Carolina, especially at Table Mountain, S. Carolina, and vicinity ; first coll. by Fraser. 4. Leaves mostly once pinnately divided or parted, and again lobed or incised. Pacific species. S. Bolanderi, Gray. Glabrous or early glabrate: stems weak and slender, 6 to 30 inches high from slender creeping rootstocks : leaves thin and membranaceous, mostly petioled ; early radical orbicular, subcordate, palmately 5-9-lobed or crenate-incised ; others pinnately divided into 5 to 9 distinct leaflets, or upper lobes confluent with rounded terminal one, all obtusely incised : heads several, loosely eymose, 4 or 5 lines high : rays 5 to 8, rather long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif, i. 411. — Sandstone bluffs and in Redwoods, Mendo- cino Co., California, Bolander, Rattan, to Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Kellogg, Howell. S. eurycephalus, Torr. & Gray. Floccose-woolly when young, sometimes early glabrate : stems robust, 1 to 3 feet high, corymhosely branching above, bearing several or numerous loosely eymose heads : leaves irregularly pinnately parted or the lower divided, radical mostly lyrate ; divisions of the cauline from cuneate to linear-lanceolate, variously lobed or incised, mucronately tipped : heads hardly at all calyculate, fully half-inch high, commonly as broad, but sometimes half smaller : rays 10 to 12, the larger half-inch long. — Gray, in PI. Pendl. 109, & Bot. Calif, i. 411, excl. var. major, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111. — Low grounds, California north of the Bay of San Francisco, and on Monte Diablo ; first coll. by Fremont and Hartweg. S. eremophilus, Richards. Stems freely branching, leafy up to the inflorescence : leaves mostly oblong in outline, laciniately pinnatifid or pinnately parted, the lobes usually incised or acutely dentate : heads numerous in corymbiform cymes, 4 or 5 lines high, short-pedun- Smecio. COMPOSITE. 393 cled: involucre campanulate or narrower, minutely braeteolate; proper bracts cflmmonly purple-tipped : rays 7 to 9, 2 or 3 lines long : akenes either minutely papillose-cinereous or glabrous. — App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 31 ; Hook. Fl. i. 334 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 444 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 192. — Shady moist ground, from Mackenzie River and Saskatch- ewan, along the Rocky Mountains to those of New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona ; first coll. by Richardson. In canons of S. Arizona, a form with narrowest and even linear lobes to the leaves, coll. Lemmon. ++++++++++++ Stems leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so up to the top, all pin- nately lobed or parted, or when entire narrowly linear. = Leaves comparatively broad, pinnatifld and laciniate : early glabrate if not glabrous. S. Clarkianus, Gray. Stems strict and simple, 3 or 4 feet high, striate-angled : leaves lanceolate; cauline 4 to 7 inches long, sessile, simply pinnatifld or laciniate-dentate ; the salient lobes or teeth lanceolate or triangular, very acute : heads several, cymose or some- what paniculate, fully half-inch high, short-peduncled : involucre of subulate-linear bracts, and several more slender loose calyculate ones : rays 4 or 5 lines long, narrow. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif, i. 413. — Moist ground, in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet, Yosemite to Kern Co., Bolander, Rothrock, &e. ; first coll. at Clark's Ranch. = = Leaves or their divisions from linear to filiform, or broader toward the base of the stems. S. Douglasii, DC. Lignescent and sometimes decidedly shrubby at base, many-stemmed, a foot or two or southward even 5 or 6 feet high, either white-tomentose or glabrate and green : leaves thickish, sometimes all entire and elongated-linear (mostly 2 to 4 lines long and 1 or 2 lines wide), more commonly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or nearly filiform entire divisions : heads several or numerous and cymose, from a third to half an inch high, obscurely braeteolate, the proper bracts linear : rays 8 to 18, a third to half an inch long : akenes canescent with a fine strigulose pubescence. — Prodr. vi. 429; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 443 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 411. S. Regiomontanus, DC. 1. o. (Monterey, California), & probably S. stozchadiformis, DC. 5. longilobus, Benth. PI. Hartw. 18; Gray, PI. Fendl. 108. S. fili- folius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 414. S. Riddellii, S.Jilifolius, & S. spartioides, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. fastigiatus ? Gray, PI. "Wright, ii. 99, a peculiar and abnormal broader-leaved form. — Open plains and hills, Nebraska to Texas, S. Utah, Arizona, S. California, and northward near the Pacific coast to Lake Co. § 2. Perennial ? viscidly pubescent : heads conspicuously radiate. S. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, a foot or two high, branching, sparsely leafy to the inflo- rescence, pubescent with short and spreading and some longer viscid hairiness : root not seen : leaves irregularly dentate, oblong or the lowest spatulate, auriculate-clasping at base : heads cymose or somewhat paniculate, about half-inch long : involucre sparsely calyculate : akenes strigulose-canescent. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 103. — S.E.California on the San Ber- nardino and San Francisco Mountains, Lemmon, Greene. First coll. within the Mexican lines, on the Rio Grande in Chihuahua, below San Carlos, Parry. § 3. Annuals or biennials. # Indigenous species, of Southern range: heads conspicuously radiate: akenes seldom glabrous. S. ampullaceus, Hook. Lightly floccose or araneose-woolly when young, glabrate and smooth : stem mostly stout, a foot or two high, leafy to near the summit : leaves all undi- vided, repand-dentate or entire (1 to 6 inches long), ovate or oblong; lowest obovate with tapering wing-petioled base ; upper mostly clasping with broad base : heads rather numerous in naked loose cymes : involucre (4 lines high) calyculate-bracteolate, cylindraceous, becom- ing thickened and conoidal after anthesis : rays 7 to 9, oblong : akenes canescent. — Bot. Mag. t. 3487 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 440 ; Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 42. — Sandy prairies, Texas ; first coll. by Drummond. S. Calif ornious, DC. Early glabrate if not glabrous, slender, a foot or so high : leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lower oblong, varying from denticulate to pinnatifld, the lobes short and obtuse, all but the lowest auriculate-sessile or clasping at base (one or two inches long) : heads several and loosely paniculate or cymose at the naked summit of the stem : involucre broadly campanulate, 3 or 4 lines high, nearly naked at base : rays oblong, 3 or 4 lines long : akenes canescent. — Prodr. vi. 426; Torr. & Gray, I.e.; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 410. S. Coro- 394 COMPOSITE. Smeeio. nopus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; a form with leaves deeply and even doubly pinnatifid. — Low ground, California, from Santa Barbara southward. (Lower Calif.) S. multilobatUS, Torr. & Gray. Early glabrate and smooth, a foot or two high from a winter-annual or biennial root, naked and often branching above, bearing numerous corym- bosely cymose heads : radical and lower cauline leaves lyrate, and the divisions dentate ; upper pinnately parted, their mostly numerous divisions narrowly cuneate, incised or 2-3- lobed at the apex : involucre 3 lines high, nearly or quite naked at base : rays 3 or 4 lines long : akenes slightly hispidulous or glabrate. — PI. Fendl. 109, excl. var. pi. Coulter, which is probably S. Douglasii S. Tampicanus, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 89, perhaps also i. 109. S. aureus, var. multilohatus, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c, partly. — S. Utah, Arizona, and western borders of Texas, Fremont, Wright, Palmer, &c. S. I©b4tesr-P EES - (Butter-weed.) Lightly floccose-tomentose when very young, early glabrous, very smooth, soft-succulent or tender : stem fistulous, 1 to 3 feet high, sometimes depauperate and slender, commonly branching, and bearing compound or paniculate cymes : leaves lyrately parted or divided, irregular and variable ; divisions from roundish to cuneate or oblong, obtusely sinuate-lobed or toothed : involucre barely 3 lines high, nearly naked at base: rays 6 to 12 : akenes minutely hispidulous on some of the angles. — Syn. ii. 436; Ell. Sk. ii. 332 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. lyratus, Michx. El. ii. 120, not L., &c. S. nla.he.Uus, Pnir. Diet. vii. 102. S. Carolinianus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 559. S. Mississippianus, DC. Prodr. vi. 427. S. densiflorus, Martens, Bull. Acad. Brux. viii. 67. S. Schweinitzianus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 411. S. imparipinnatus, Klatt in Naturf. Gesellsch. Halle, xv. — Wet grounds, in the low country, N. Carolina to Texas, common. (Adj. Mex.) # # Indigenous, of northern range : heads obviously radiate : akenes glabrous : pappus elongated. S. palustris, Hook. Loosely woolly or villous with long and many-jointed hairs, in age sometimes glabrate : stem 6 to 20 inches high from an annual or biennial root, leafy, usually stout : leaves broadly lanceolate, from sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid-laciniate, cauline sessile by a cordate or auriculate partly clasping base : heads crowded in a glomerate or corymbi- form cyme, in flower only 4 lines long, and with short light-yellow rays, in fruit with pappus half-inch or more long : involucre naked at base. — El. i. 334 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 363 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 438. S. Kalmii, Less, in Linn. vi. 244, not Nutt., which is only a changed name for Cineraria Canadensis, L. Cineraria palustris, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1243-; El. Dan. t. 573; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 246. C. congesta, E. Br. in Parry, Voy., Kichards., &c, only an arctic and woolly condensed form, var. congestus, Hook. 1. c. — Wet ground, N. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota to the Arctic sea-coast, N. Alaska, &c. (N. Asia, Eu.) # # * Naturalized annual weeds from Europe : rays none or minute. S. sylvAticus, L. Slender, glabrate or somewhat pubescent, a span to a foot or more high : leaves usually pinnatifid : heads 3 or 4 lines high, narrow, nearly naked at base, bearing a few rays with inconspicuous ligule not surpassing the disk: akenes canescent. — Engl. Bot. t. 748 ; El. Dan. t. 869. — Waste grounds, of sparing occurrence in Nova Scotia and coast of California. (Nat. from. Eu.) S. vulgAris, L. (Groundsel.) Stouter, more branchy and leafy to the top, glabrate : leaves incisely pinnatifid, the oblong or roundish lobes and the sinuses sharply toothed : heads thicker, 4 or 5 lines high : tips of the involucral bracts and the short calyculate ones at base blackish: rays none: akenes canescently puberulent. — Engl. Bot. t. 747 ; El. Dan. t. 513; Pursh, El. ii. 528. — Waste grounds and cult, fields, not rare on both the Northern Atlantic and Pacific coasts. (Nat. from Eu.) S. visc<5sus, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent, strong-scented : leaves once or twice pinnatifid : heads rather larger, more pedunculate : involucre sparingly and slenderly bracteolate at base, its bracts not black-tipped : rays with inconspicuous ligule : akenes glabrous. — Engl. Bot. t. 32; El. Dan. t. 1230. — Waste grounds on coast of New England, near Providence and Boston. (Nat. from Eu.) 193. C AC ALIA, L. Indian Plantain. (Ancient Greek name of some Senecioneous plant, perhaps Coltsfoot.) — Perennial herbs, not fleshy (some shrubby in the tropics), natives of America and Asia in the northern hemisphere, Cacalia. COMPOSITE. 395 with aspect mostly unlike Senecio. Leaves petioled. Our species all smooth glabrous, and akenes glabrous: fl. summer. — L. Gen. ed. 4, 3G2 (partly); DC. Prodr. vi. 327 (with Psacalium, & excl. § 3, 4) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 51. § 1. Involucre in ours of rather many bracts, calyculate with some small loose ones, and many-flowered : corolla-lobes shorter than the throat : receptacle plane. C. STiaveolens, L. Nearly glabrous : stem striate-angled, 3 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the corymbiform cyme of numerous heads : leaves hastate and on margined or winged petioles or uppermost merely truncate or cuneate at base, acutely and often doubly dentate : proper bracts of the involucre about 12 : flowers 25 to 30 : corolla-lobes fully half the length of the throat: style-branches capitellate-truncate. — Spec. ii. 835; Walt. Car. 195; Michx. Fl. ii. 96; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 236; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 434. Senecio suaveolens, Ell. Sk. ii. 328. — Moist and shaded ground, W. New England to Michigan and Illinois, and along the mountain region to W. Florida. C. hastata, L., which reaches Kamtschatka, is said to have been collected in Sitka by four collectors (see Herder in PI. Radd. iii. 108) ; but Stewart's plant, named by Herder, is Pre- nanthes alata, and probably the others likewise. § 2. Involucre of about 5 narrowly oblong or linear bracts and as many flow- ers : receptacle commonly with a fleshy projection or 2 or 3 thickish nmbrillas in the centre : corolla-lobes longer than the throat : heads numerous in corymbose cymes. — § Conophora, DC. * Leaves merely lobed, pedately ribbed, veiny: plants glabrous and smooth. C. reniformis, Muhl. Green, not at all glaucous : stem angled, 4 to 9 feet high : leaves slightly angulate-lobed, repand-dentate, ample ; radical dilated-reniform, often 2 feet wide ; upper cauline subcordate or flabelliform : corolla parted down almost to the proper tube. — Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1735 (where the heads are wrongly said to be many-flow- ered); Pursh, Fl. ii. 518; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 435. — Rich and damp woods, Penn. to Carolina and Tennessee along the mountains. C. atriplioif 61ia, L. Glaucous : stem terete, 3 to 6 feet high, naked at summit : leaves of firmer texture, lobed or incised, but not dentate ; radical from round-reniform to subcordate- ovate (larger 6 inches broad) ; cauline angulate-cordate or triangular, or with cuneate base and 3 to 7 laciniate lobes, to rhombic-lanceolate and entire in the uppermost : cymes open : corolla-lobes fully twice the length of the throat. — Spec. ii. 835 ; Walt. 1. c. ; Michx. 1. c. ; Pursh, 1. c; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 236; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 401, t. 59. C. atriplicifolia, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 7, t. 15, f. 7. C. gigantea, Sees & Schauer, Ind. Sem. Vratisl. 1841, & Linnsea, xvi. 216. Senecio atriplicifolius, Hook. Fl. i. 332, with var. reniformis. — Moist or dry ground, W. Canada and New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Illinois. C. diversif olia, Torr. & Gray. Not glaucous : stem striate, 2 or 3 feet high : corolla- lobes a little longer than the oblong-campanulate throat : otherwise nearly as in the preced- ing, into which it may pass. — Fl. ii. 435. — River swamps in Middle Florida, Chapman. S. Carolina, Ravenel. # * Leaves from sinnately dentate to entire, 3-7-nerved or triplinerved : plants glabrous and smooth: style-tips with or without a short setiform central cusp. -I— Corolla-lobes moderately longer than the oblong-campanulate throat. C. Floridana, Gray. Not glaucous : stem 3 or 4 feet high, rigid, striate-angled : leaves thickish, ovate or oblong, obtuse, cuneate-contracted at base into a margined petiole, 3-5- nerved from or near the base, obtusely dentate (cauline 2 or 3, and radical 5 or 6 inches long) : cymes open, irregular. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 52. — Coast of Florida, Palmer, Chapman. +- +~ Corolla parted down almost to the proper tube : stems comparatively naked above, bearing loose fastigiate-corymbose cymes. C. OVata, Ell. Somewhat glaucous : stem terete : 3 or 4 feet high : leaves thinnish, from oval, or radical broadly ovate, to oblong or upper cauline oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire or with a few irregular teeth ; uppermost sessile ; lower and radical nervose at base and triplinerved above it, the nerves commonly diverging. — Ell. Sk. ii. 310; Torr. & Gray, 396 COMPOSITE. • Cacdia. 1. c. — Damp woods, Georgia and W. Florida to Louisiana. It is impossible to determine whether this or the next is "Walter's C. ovata. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Green, not glaucous : stem 2 to 5 feet high from " a napiform root " or stock, striate-angled : leaves thiokish, from oval to oblong-lanceolate, entire or denticu- late, or rarely repand-dentate, conspicuously 5-7-nerved from base, and the nerves parallel and continued to the apex ; radical plantagineous, 3 to 8 inches long, contracted or tapering at base into (sometimes foot long) petioles ; lower cauline similar, upper comparatively few and small. — Gen. ii. 138; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 436. C. paniculata & C. pleranthes, Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 14. C. ovata, Walt. Car. 196? from char., not Ell. — Wet prairies, &c, W. Canada and Wisconsin to Alabama. C. lanceolata, Nutt. Somewhat glaucous : stem terete, 2 or 3 feet high, slender : leaves all lanceolate and lightly 3-5-nerved, or even linear and 1-3-nerved, thickish, entire, some- times 2 or 3 laciniate teeth or small lobes : heads and cymes of the preceding or fewer. — Gen. 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. C. hastata 1 Walt. 1. c. 195 1 — Wet pine barrens, &c, S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. # # * Leaves decompound: stem and branches slightly pubescent : corolla divided down to the proper tube into linear lobes somewhat exceeding it in length. C. decomposita, Gray. Stem slender, 3 feet high, floccose-woolly at base, naked and paniculately brauched above, bearing numerous small (4 or 5 lines high) heiyls in open corymbiform cymes: leaves large (radical 2 feet high including the petiole), 3 or 4 times pinnately divided into linear chiefly entire lobes, the primary and secondary divisions more commonly alternate : involucre about half the length of the (5 or 6) flowers. — PI. Wright. ii. 99. Senecio Grayanus, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 241. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon. 194. ERECHTfTES, Raf. Fireweed. (Name of a Groundsel by Dios- corides.) — Coarse and homely annuals (Eastern American, and some in New Zealand and Australia) ; with rank smell, alternate leaves, and cymosely or panic- ulately disposed heads of whitish or dull yellow flowers. — DC. Prodr. vi. 294; Benth. & Hook. Fl. ii. 443. Neoceis, Cass. E. hieracifolia, Raf. Glabrous or with some hirsute pubescence :■ stem commonly stout, 1 to 6 feet high, x sulcate, leafy to top : leaves of tender texture, lanceolate or broader, sessile, acute, acutely dentate, or some incised or pinnatifid, upper commonly with auriculate partly clasping base : heads half-inch high, cylindraceous, rather fleshy, setaceously bracteolate : pappus white. — DC. Prodr. 1. c ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 434. E. [hieracifolia,) prcealta, elon- gata, &c, Raf. Fl. Ludov. & in DC. Senecio hieracifolius, L. Spec. ii. 866. Cineraria Canadensis, Walt. Car. 207 ? — Moist woods and copses, a common weed in enriched soil, and especially where woods have been recently burned away (fl. late summer), Newfoundland and Canada to Louisiana. (Extends to S. Amer.) Tribe IX. CYNAROIDB^E, p. 81. 195. SAUSStTREA, DC. {Theodore, and his father Horace Benedict Saussure, eminent Genevese naturalists.) — Perennials of the northern temper- ate and arctic zones ; with middle-sized heads of purple or violet-blue flowers. — Ann. Mus. Par. xvi. t. 10-13, & Prodr. vi. 532; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i'i. 471. — Ours all have the distinct and deciduous outer pappus of true Saussurea: fl. late summer. S. alpina, DC. 1. c. Low, 2 to 12 inches high, with few cymose-glomerate beads, arachnoid-tomentose and glabrate : leaves from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate or even broader, all narrowed at base, denticulate, sometimes entire : bracts of the involucre char- taceo-membranaceous, acutish or acute, outer shorter: usually some setose chaff of the receptacle among the flowers. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 452; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 816, Oakus. COMPOSITE. 397 &c. ; Herder, PI. Radd. iii. 36. S. angustifolia, DC. 1. c. S. monticola, Richards. App. Frank. Journ. ed. 2, 29. S. multiflora, Richards. 1. c, ed. 1. — Mackenzie River to Arctic coast and Kotzebue Sound. (En., N. Asia.) Vaf .. Ledebouri. More glabrate : leaves from sinuately or laciniate-dentate to entire : involucre looser ; its bracts mostly attenuate-acuminate, less unequal, or the outer- most prolonged to the height of the inner : chaff of the receptacle either sparse or wanting. — S. alpina, Hook. PI. i. 303, in part. S. Ledebouri, Herder, 1. c. 41. S. sulsinuata, nuda, & Tilesii, Ledeb. Ic. El. Alt. t. 60, 61, 62. S. subslmtata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 35, t. 7. S. acumi- nata, Turcz. in DC. I. c. 636, exactly S. nuda, Ledeb. 1. c. — Northern Rocky Mountains in the alpine region to Kotzebue Sound and Alaskan islands ; in this country the commoner form and manifestly passing into S. alpina. (Adj. Asia.) S. Americana, Eaton. Tall, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, lightly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, bearing numerous corymbosely cymose heads : leaves membranaceous, denticulate or dentate, ovate and oblong-orate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline sub- cordate and on slender margined petioles (4 inches long); upper sessile with acute base; uppermost lanceolate : heads half to three-fourths inch long : involucre cylindraceous or somewhat turbinate, pubescent, 10-17-flowered; its bracts thin-coriaceous, 5-6-ranked, all pointless and obtuse ; outer successively shorter, ovate : corollas " dark blue " or " purple " : receptacle bearing more or less copious setiform chaff ["naked" according to Eaton]. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 283. — Mountains of Eastern Oregon, Cusick, and Simcoe Mountains, Washington Terr., T. J. Howell. Related to the W. Asiatic S. lalifolia, Ledeb., and S. grandifolia, Maxim., especially to the latter, which has an equally copious outer pappus. 196. ARCTIUM, L. Burdock. ("K P kto— Heads (only inch high) few or several and sessile in a terminal cluster : stem leafy to the top. C. Batoni, Gray. A foot or so high, mostly simple, loosely arachnoid-woolly or glabrate : leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted into short lobes, "mostly very prickly, either green and glabrate or remaining whitish-woolly beneath : involucre rather narrow, from arachnoid- ciliate to glabrate or apparently glabrous ; its principal bracts erect, with broadish appressed base, abruptly attenuate into the subulate-acerose slightly herbaceous spinescent portion, outermost little shorter than the inner : corolla whitish, its lobes considerably shorter than the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Cirsium eriocephalum, var. leiocep\alum, C. folwium, & C. Drummondi in part, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 195, 196. — Mountains 6f Utah (Uintah and Wahsatch) and of Colorado, from 8,000 to 11,000 feet, also in Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson, Jones, Hall & Harbour, &c. +- +— Heads solitary terminating the stem or branches (involucre usually long-woolly when young, but sometimes glabrate), hemispherical, ■h- Middle-sized: flowers white or pale purple: anther-tips deltoid. C. Andr&wsii, Ghay. Probably tall, branching ; the loose wool deciduous except from the heads : stem strongly striate : upper leaves laciniate-pinnatifid and with narrowly lanceolate prickly lobes : bracts of the involucre with coriaceous oblong-ovate base, greenish at short upper part, where it is abruptly contracted into an aristiform spinescent appendage. ; corollas apparently whitish; the lobes fully twice the length of the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45, & Bot. Calif, i. 420. — W. California, Andrews, station unknown. C. Calif ornicus, Gray, 1. c. Tall and branching, with white wool more or less deciduous : leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, moderately prickly : principal bracts of the invo- lucre with somewhat foliaceous and subulate spinescent summit, sometimes very conspicuous, sometimes smaller and attenuate more directly into the prickle : corollas cream-color, white, or rarely purple ; lobes shorter than the throat. — Cirsium Califormcum, Gray, Paeif. R. Rep. iv. 112. — California, from the Stanislaus (where first coll. by Bigelow) to San Diego and San Bernardino and adjacent Arizona. A variety of forms here assembled, some with larger heads and more leafy-bracted involucre passing to the next. ++ ++ Large heads, the larger fully 2 inches high and broad : slender corolla-lobes considerably longer than the throat: herbage and commonly squarrose involucre copiously white-woolly, sometimes glabrate in age : anther-tips narrow and acuminate. C. Neo-Mexicanus, Gray, 1. c. Stout, 2 to 4 feet high : spinescent rigid tips to the principal involucral bracts half to nearly full inch long : corollas from white to pale purple : node on the style generally manifest and obscurely bearded : otherwise as the next, into which it seems to pass. — Cirsium Neo-Mexieanum, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 101. C. caneseens, Onicus. COMPOSITE. 401 Gray, PL Fendl. 110, not Nutt. — Plains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first coll. by Fendler, Wright, &c. C. OCCidentalis, Ghat, 1. c. Mostly stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very white with thick coating of cottony wool : leaves from sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid, not very prickly : involucral bracts sometimes narrow and herbaceous-acerose from a little dilated base, sometimes with broader more coriaceous base, or the outer with lanceolate-subulate tips : corollas red or crimson (the longer inch and a half long) : style destitute of node. — Carduus occidentalis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 418. Cirsium Coulteri, Gray, PL Fendl. 110; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 195. — S. Oregon and W. California to San Diego and the Mohave; first coll. by Coulter. Varies much in the size of the heads ; these in some plants only inch and a half long, narrower, and involucre glabrate ; its outer bracts successively shorter, with lanceolate-subulate squarrose green tips ; approaching C. Californicus and also the following section. * # # * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed-imbricated in numerous rank9 ; the outer successively shorter, not herbaceous-tipped or appendaged, except that the innermost (which are all muticous or innocuous) are in one or two species obviously scarious-tipped. -1— Heads oblong or cylindraceous, showy (1J to 2 inches long) : flowers bright red or crimson- pink: involucral bracts comparatively large, not at all glandular on the back; inner ones all erect and purplish-tinged. Arizonian and Californian. ++ White with cottony wool, which is tardily if at all deciduous, 1 to 3 feet high. C. Andersoni, Gray, 1. c. Slender, rather lightly and loosely woolly : leaves lightly prickly, sinuate-pinnatifid, rather sparse : heads naked-pedunculate : involucral bracts com- paratively loose and erect, all gradually attenuate from a narrow base ; outermost ripped with a small weak prickle : corolla bright pink-red ; its slender lobes about equalling the throat : style considerably prolonged above the very obscure node. — Dry hills, E. Califor- nia, adjacent Nevada, and S. W. Idaho ; common along the Sierra south to the Yosemite and Kern Co. ; first coll. by Anderson. C. ArizonicUS, Gray, 1. c. More densely white-woolly, branching and leafy: leaves sinnate or pinnatifid ; lobes prickly-pointed : heads more numerous, less peduncled : invo- lucral bracts well imbricated, soon glabrate ; outer coriaceous, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceo- late, abruptly contracted into a rigid prickle of rarely over their own length, inner attenuate : corolla crimson-purple or carmine ; its lobes twice the length of the throat : style produced at tip to only 4 or 6 times its diameter above the manifest node. — Cirsium undulatum, var., Gray, PL Wright, ii. 101. — Sandy or gravelly places, Arizona and S. W. Utah; first coll. by Wright and by Thurber. ++ ++ Green and glabrous or very early glabrate, 3 or 4 feet high. C. Rothrockii, Gray. Stout, branching, leafy to the top : leaves from incisely pinnatifia to pinnately parted, conspicuously prickly : heads rather thicker than in the foregoing : involucre similar, but longer prickly (prickles sometimes even three-fourths inch long) ■ corolla and style similar, or node of the latter less evident. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220 (form noted by Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. under C. Arlzonicus). — Canons of S. Arizona, Rothrock, Lemmon. +- 4- Heads broad, mostly large : flowers from rose-purple to white : involucre glabrous or early glabrate, the light arachnoid wool caducous; its bracts rather large, chartaceous or coriaceous, not at all glandular on the back, outer tipped with * short weak prickle or innocuous cusp, innermost wholly unarmed and not rarely scarious-tipped. ++ Eastern species: leaves equally green both sides: anther-tips broadish. C. pumilus, Torr. Somewhat villous-pubescent : stem stout, mostly simple, a foot or two high (rarely taller) and bearing 1 to 3 large heads : leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly pinnatifid, copiously prickly and setose-ciliate : heads full 2 inches high, often leafy-bracteose at base, arachnoid when young : involucral bracts mostly lanceolate : corollas rose-purple, occasionally white, with lobes shorter than throat : flowers distinctly fragrant. — Compend. 282; Bigel. El. Bost. ed. 2, 292; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 138, t. 32. Carduus odoratus, Muhl. Cat." 70; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 85. C. pumilus, & var. hystrix, Nutt. Gen. ii. 130. Cirsium pumitum, Spreng. Syst. iii. 375 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 651 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Open ground, Mass., near the coast, to Penn. and New Jersey. 26 402 COMPOSITE. Cnicut. ++ -H- Western species : leaves either green both sides or deciduously white-woolly beneath : invo- lucral bracts plane : anther-tips narrow, very acute. C. queroetorum, Gray. Lightly villous-arachnoid when young, soon glabrate: stem stout, a foot or less high, bearing few or several thick heads : leaves mostly petiolate (the larger a foot long), pinnately parted and the oblong divisions often 3-5-cleft, strongly or weakly prickly ; involucral bracts thickish-coriaceous, closely imbricated in numerous ranks ; outer only mucronately cuspidate or with short prickle (outermost only about 3 lines long) ; innermost obscurely scarious at tip: corollas purplish or whitish, the lobes equalling or longer than the throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40, & Bot. Calif, i. 418. — Dry hills, at Oak- laud and vicinity, California, Kellogg, Bolander, &c. C. Drumm.6nd.ii, Gray, 1. c. Green and somewhat villous-pubescent, or when young lightly arachnoid-woolly (at least the lower face of the leaves), either stemless and bearing sessile heads in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent and even 2 or 3 feet high, with solitary or several loosely disposed heads : leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted, moderately prickly : larger heads fully 2 inches high : involucral bracts thin-coriaceous or chartaceous, mostly acuminate, weak-prickly pointed or innocuous, innermost with more scarious and sometimes obviously dilated and erose-fimbriate tips : corollas either white or sometimes rose-purple, with lobes usually shorter than the throat. — Carduus pumilus, Hook. FI. i. 302, excl. syn. Cirsium Drummondii , Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 459. — From Fort Franklin, near the Arctic Circle, to the Saskatchewan, along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, west to Oregon, and south along the Sierras to S. California. Polymorphous and of very wide range. Var. aoaulescens, Gray, 1. c. Smaller, with heads (solitary or several on the crown, encircled by the radical leaves) only inch and a half long, or less, and proportionally narrow : outer involucral bracts with a longer but rather weak prickle. — Cirsium acaule, var. Ameri- canum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. — Mountains of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada in S. California. C. foliosus, Gray, 1. c. More woolly, usually also villous when young : stem stout, leafy to the cluster of a few sessile heads, a span or two high : leaves commonly elongated, linear- lanceolate, laciniately dentate, arachnoid-tomentose beneath : heads broad, inch and a half high, leafy-bracteose : involucre nearly of the preceding : corollas pale or white, with lobes equalling or longer than the throat. — Carduus foliosus, Hook. Fl. i. 303. Cirsium foil- osum, DC. Prodr. vi. 654. — Prairies of the northern Eocky Mountains, Drummond. Idaho, Burke, Spalding. C. scariosus. White with cottony tomentum, at least the lower face of the leaves : stem about a foot high : leaves of lanceolate outline, mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate long- prickly lobes; upper face sometimes villous, sometimes only cottony and early glabrate: heads nearly of preceding, 2 or 3 in a sessile cluster, or solitary on short leafy branches : innermost bracts of involucre commonly with more conspicuous erose or entire scarious tips : corollas pale or white. — Cirsium scariosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 420. — Rocky Mountain plains, Wyoming and Utah, Nuttall, Ward, Palmer, &c. Has been referred to C. Americanus and (in Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56) to C. foliosus. ++++++ Species of Mexican border, with dense white tomentum, smaller and obscurely cari- nate outer involucral bracts, and blunt very scarious tips to the inner: anther-tips very acute. C. "Wheeleri, Gray. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, white with close cottony wool, as is the lower face of the leaves : these narrowly lanceolate or linear, sparingly laciniate-pinnati- fid, glabrate and green above, slightly prickly : head solitary, nearly 2 inches high, naked at base: outer involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, much appressed, carinate-thickened down the middle of the back, abruptly tipped with a small weak prickle; inner with conspicuous scarious or scarious-edged and erose tip or appendage : corolla crimson-purple ; its lobes much longer than throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. —Rocky Canon, south of Camp Apache, Arizona, Rothrock, in Wheeler Exped., where it was referred to C. undulatus. -i — -s — -J — Heads large or comparatively small ■ Sowers usually rose or flesh-colored : involucral bracts closely appressed, coriaceous or thickish, commonly with a glandular or viscid ridge, short line, or a broader spot on the back near the summit. ++ Canescent, at least the lower face of the leaves white-tomentose, very rarely glabrate in age: heads naked, solitary or scattered. Cnicus. COMPOSITE. 403 = Leaves pinnately parted into narrow and linear mostly entire divisions : anther-tips attenuate- subulate. C. Pitcheri, Torr. A foot or two high, with herbage persistently white-tomentose through- out: lower leaves a foot or so long, with divisions (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide) either entire or some again pinnately parted into shorter lobes, weakly prickly-tipped ; the winged rhachis not wider than the divisions : heads few or solitary, 2 inches high : involucre glabrate ; the bracts rather small, viscid down the back, tipped with small short prickle : corollas ochroleucous. — Torr. in A. Eaton, Man. ed. 5, 180; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Cirsium Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 456. — Sand-banks on the shores of the Great Lakes from the head of Lake Michigan northwestward, and in Dakota, Suckleg ; first coll. by Dr. Pitcher. = = Leaves from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or broader, disposed to be white-tomentose above as well as below : prickle on cusp of the principal involucral bracts more or less rigid and pungent. a. Bracts of the involucre minutely scabrous-ciliolate. C. Grahami, Gray. Stem 3 to 8 feet high : leaves elongated-lanceolate (larger ones a foot or more long), from repand-dentate to sinuate and pinnatifid (sometimes delicately, some- times strongly prickly), upper face at length glabrate and green : heads 1 J to 2 inches high : involucre glabrate and greenish ; the bracts lanceolate-subulate, tipped with a short rigid cusp rather than prickle, the margins at least of the principal ones minutely scabrous-ciliolate : corollas crimson-red : anther-tips attenuate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. C. undu- latus, var. Grahami, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 43. Cirsium Grahami, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 102 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2885. — Wet ground, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon. b. Bracts of the involucre smooth and naked, or else tomentose on the margins. C. ochrocentrus, Gray. Resembles the next following species, usually taller, even to 6 or 8 feet high, the white tomentum mostly persistent : leaves commonly but not always deeply pinnatifid and armed with long yellowish prickles : heads 1 or 2 inches high : princi- pal bracts of the involucre broader and flatter, the viscid line on the back narrow or not rarely obsolete, tipped with a prominent spreading yellowish prickle : corollas purple, rarely white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. C. undulatus, var. ochrocentrus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 43. Cirsium ochrocentrum, Gray, PI. Fendl. 110. — Plains, &c, W. Texas to Colorado, the eastern Sierra Nevada, and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) C. Undulatus, Gray. A foot or two high, persistently white-tomentose : leaves rarely pin- nately parted, moderately prickly : heads commonly inch and a half high : principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular-viscid ridge, com- paratively small and narrow, tipped with an evident spreading short prickle : corollas rose- color, pale purple, or rarely white ; its lobes equalling or surpassing the throat in length : anther-tips attenuate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42, excl. var. ochrocentrus, & var. Gra- hami. Carduus undulatus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 130. C. discolor, Hook. Fl., in part. Cirsium Dou- glasii, DC. Prodr. vi. 643, excl. habitat. C. Hoolcerianum, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 253, not Nutt. — Plains, &c, from Lake Huron and Minnesota to Saskatchewan, west to Oregon, south to Kansas and New Mexico. Var. canescens, Gray, 1. c, is merely a form with smaller heads, sometimes not over an inch high, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply pinnatifid. — Cirsium canescens & C. brevifolium, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 421. — Minnesota to New Mexico and S. Utah. Var. megacephalus, Gray, 1. c. Stouter form, usually broader-leaved, with broad heads 2 inches or more high. — Minnesota and Texas (where coll. by Berlandier) to Idaho. C. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Usually both very white-tomentose and tall (5 to 10 feet high) : leaves mostly elongated-lanceolate, conspicuously prickly : heads paniculate, sometimes very numerous, subsessile, merely inch high, or when solitary inch and a half high : bracts of the globular involucre much appressed, firm-coriaceous, the tip externally bearing an oval or oblong greenish viscid-glandular spot ; outer ones ovate to oblong, abruptly tipped with a rather slender spreading prickle : corollas pale purple or whitish, the lobes shorter than the throat : anther-tips deltoid, merely acute. — Springy soil, Sierra Nevada from Lake Tahoe and Mendocino Co., California (first coll. by Anderson and Brewer), to E. Oregon, Cusick, &c. Also, less white-woolly, San Juan, Monterey Co., Brewer, leading to the var. 404 COMPOSITE. cWma Var. Vas6yi. Perhaps a distinct species, only arachnoid-tomentose and greenish, even glabrate in age. — California, in Plumas and Sierra Co., Lemmon, Mrs. Ames. A remark- ably glabrate form, with involucral bracts obscurely glandular, and tipped with very short prickle, growing in dry soil exposed to the sun, Tamalpais, G. R. Vasey. Also a robust form, equally glabrate and green, with the glandular spot on the involucral bracts conspicuous and narrow : in salt marshes, Suisin Bay, Greene. = = = Leaves in the same species from undivided to pinnately parted, and the lobes from ovate to lanceolate, upper face soon glabrate and green: involucral bracts tipped with weak setiform prickles or sometimes hardly any: anther-tips subulate, very acute: corolla flesh- colored, rarely white. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem branching, 3 to 10 feet high : leaves in the typical form ovate-oblong or narrower, sometimes with merely spinulose-ciliate slightly toothed margins, sometimes laciniate-cleft or sinuate, or lower ones deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly : heads one and a half to two inches high : involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, abruptly tipped with a spreading setiform prickle, the short outermost ovate or oblong : roots fascicled and not rarely tuberous-thickened below the middle, in the manner of Dahlia. — Willd. Spec. hi. 1671 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 268 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Carduus altissimus, L. Spec. ii. 824. Cirsium altissimum, etc., Dill. Elth. i. 81, t. 69. C. altissimum & C. diversifolium, DC. Prodr. vi. 640. — Borders of woods, and in open ground, common from New York to "Wisconsin, Florida, and Texas. Var. fllipendulus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Smaller, 2 or 3 feet high: roots tuberiferous : leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid : heads few, only inch and a half high. — Cirsium filipendulum, Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 273. C. Virginianum,vav.S1 Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Prairies and Live-oak thickets, Texas and Colorado. (Adj. Mex.) Var. discolor, Gray, 1. u. Stem 2 to 6 feet high, freely branching : leaves nearly all deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate lobes, or those of upper leaves linear : heads fully inch and a half high. — C. discolor, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1670; Ell. 1. c; Bigel. PI. Bost. ed. 2, 292. Carduus discolor, Nutt., Darlingt., &c. Cirsium discolor, Spreng. Syst. iii. 373 ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Borders of fields and thickets, Canada and New England to Illinois and Georgia. C. Virginianus, Ptjrsh. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or branching : leaves narrow, varying as in the preceding : heads more naked-pedunculate, only an inch long : in- volucral bracts small and narrow, thinner, tapering into a very weak short spreading bristle- like prickle, sometimes hardly any: flowers rose-purple. — Fl. ii. 506; Ell. 1. c. Carduus Virginianus, L. 1. c. ; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 99 ; Nutt. 1. c. Cirsium Virginianum, Michx. Fl. ii. 90 ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 457, excl. last var. C. Texanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, imperfect specimen, apparently of this species. — Pine woods and dry banks, Virginia to Texas. ++ ++ Green or with only light and thin arachnoid tomentum, this at length mostly deciduous : involucre innocuous or nearly so. Atlantic species. = Heads only inch high, loosely somewhat paniculate : principal bracts of the involucre con- spicuously viscid-glandular on the back, more or less cuspidate-tipped : stems branching, 2 to 8 feet high. C. Nuttallii, Gray, 1. c. Early glabrate : stem slender, below winged by decurrence of the leaves: these when young lightly arachnoid beneath and often villous with jointed hairs above, deeply pinnatifid and with narrow lobes, slender-prickly : heads rather narrow : invo- lucre nearly glabrous, of very small and narrow thinnish bracts, the lower ones acicular- mncronate : corollas white or pale purple. — Carduus glaber, Nutt. Gen. ii. 129 1 but if so, hardly from New Jersey. Cnicus glaber, Ell. Sk. ii. 270. Cirsium Nuttallii, DC. Prodr. vi. 651. — Dry ground, S. Carolina to Florida, toward the coast. Nearly related to C. Virginianus. C. "Wrightii, Gray, 1. c. Robust and tall, with thin arachnoid wool tardily deciduous from the ample (foot or more long) sinuate or pinnatifid weakly prickly leaves : heads in a naked panicle, hemispherical : bracts of the involucre small ; outer ones subulate, cuspidate-tipped : corollas white, or possibly flesh-color: larger pappus-bristles strongly clavellate at tip. — Cirsium Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 101. — Near springs, S. W. Texas and E. Arizona, Wright. Centaurea. COMPOSITE. 405 = = Heads large, oblong or cylindraceous, commonly solitary and pedunculate: involucral bracts comparatively large, gradually acuminate into a mucronate cusp or weak and short prickle, glabrate, the viscid dorsal ridge narrow : corollas purple : leaves when young canes- cently floccose-woolly beneath, oblong-linear or narrowly lanceolate. C. repandus, Ell. A foot or two high, leafy : leaves mostly undulate-lobulate, rather densely prickly at margins : heads inch and a half long : involucre narrow-campanulate. — Sk. ii. 269; Gray, 1. c. Cirsium repandum, Michx. Fl. ii. 89; DC. Prodr. vi. 651. Cardmis repandus, Pers. Syn. ii. 386. C. Virginianus, "Walt. Car. 195 ■? — Dry pine barrens, N. Caro- lina to Florida. C. Lecontei, Gray. Stem slender but rigid, commonly simple and bearing a single con- spicuously pedunculate head (of full 2 inches in height) : leaves sparsely dentate or pinnatifid- lobulate, with scattered prickles : involucre cylindraceous. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 39. Cnlcus Virginianus, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 48. Cirsium Lecontei, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 458. — Wet pine barrens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana; first coll. by LeConte. ==== = Heads inch and a half high, rather broad: involucre arachnoid-woolly; its principal bracts broad and pointless. Atlantic species. C. muticus, Ptjrsii. Obscurely arachnoid when young and with some villosity : stem 3 to 8 feet high, branching above : leaves deeply pinnatifid, sparsely weak-prickly, glabrate : in- volucre sometimes glabrate in age : bracts with broad and short viscid ridge or spot just beneath the obtuse or acutish sometimes mucronulate apex, lowest ovate or oblong and very short, innermost linear : flowers rose-purple. — Gray, 1. c. C. glutinosus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 291, not Lam. Carduus muticus and perhaps C. glaber, Nutt. Gen. ii. 129. Cirsium muti- cum, Michx. Fl. ii. 89 ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 458, excl. syn. of the var.?, which is a more rigid form, growing in open ground. C. Bigelovii, DC. 1. c. — Low ground and shady swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida, and Louisiana. 199. ONOPCRDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. (Old Greek name, mean- ing Asses' Thistle.) — Large and stout biennials of the Old World, one sparingly naturalized; fl. late summer. — DC. Prodr. vi. 617. Onopordum, L. O. acaxthium, L. White with cottony wool: stem 3 to 9 feet high, branching, winged throughout by decurrence of the large oblong sinuate-lobed and prickly leaves ; wings sinu- ate, very prickly : heads pretty large : involucre globular, arachnoid or partly glabrate ; bracts rigid, subulate and prickly tipped, squarrose : corollas light purple or paler : pappus fuscous, scabrous, not twice the length of the slightly rugose akene. — Fl. Dan. t. 909 ; Engl. Bot. t. 907. — Waste grounds near dwellings and roadsides in Atlantic States, not abundant. (Nat. from Eu. ) 200. SlLYBUM, Vaill. Milk Thistle. (Si'av/Jos, ancient Greek name of an edible-stemmed Thistle, perhaps the present plant.) — Single species. S. MariXnum, Gjertn. Prickly-leaved biennial or annual, glabrate or nearly glabrous ; with ample sinuate or pinnatifid green leaves, blotched with white along the veins : corollas rose- purple, deeply cleft. — Escaped from gardens in a few places, also a ballast-weed, disposed to be naturalized southward, especially in California : fl. summer. (Adv. from Eu.) 201. CENTAURfiA, L. Star Thistle, &c. (Kevravpeiov, plant of the Centaurs, name applied by the herbalists to two or three widely different genera.) — An immense genus in the Old World, one species only indigenous to N. America, two or three in Chili. — Centaurea & Carbenia (Adans.), Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 477, 482. § 1. Cakbenta. Akenes terete, strongly many-striate, with lateral scar, the corneous margin at summit 10-dentate : pappus double, each of 10 aristiform bristles, outer longer and naked, inner short and fimbriolate : anthers with elon- gated cartilaginous terminal appendages, which are connate to their blunt tips : 406 COMPOSITE. Centaurea. head surrounded by large and leafy accessory bracts. — Carbeni, Adans. Fam. ii. 116. Gnicus, Gsertn., DC, not L. C. BENEDfcTA, L. (Blessed Thistle.) Low and branching annual, hirsute or pubescent: leaves prominently reticulated, sinuate-pinnatifid or laciniate-dentate, the teeth or margins weakly prickly ; lower attenuate at base ; upper narrowly oblong, partly clasping by broad base : heads sessile, inch and a half high, equalled by the oblong involucral leaves : proper involucre of thin-coriaceous bracts in few ranks, all or most of them abruptly tipped with an aristiform or spinescent and pectinately prickly spreading appendage : receptacle very densely setose with long and soft capillary bristles : corollas light yellow : longer bristles of the pappus alternating with inner and with the teeth of the akene. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1296 ; Sibth. Flora Grseca, t. 906. Cnicus benedictus, L. Spec. ed. 1, i. 826 ; Gsertn. Fruct. ii. t. 162 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 606; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 455. — Waste grounds, at seaports and elsewhere near dwellings, in the Southern Atlantic States and in California; not common. (Nat. from Eu.) § 2. Centatjeea proper. Akenes more or less compressed or quadrangular : pappus of indefinite (either scanty or numerous) bristles or narrow paleaa : invo- lucre globular or ovoid. # Old World species, sparingly naturalized, with comparatively small heads : scar or insertion of akene lateral. -I— Bracts of the involucre (or some of them) armed with a. rigid spine or prickle, and also more > or less spinulose along its sides or base: cartilaginous appendages terminating the anthers commonly elongated and connate : ours annuals, none with the marginal corollas enlarged. — Calcitrapa, Juss. C. CALcfTKAPA, L. (Star Thistle.) Low, much branched, diffusely spreading, green, gla- brate or hairy : leaves narrow, laciniate-pinnatifid ; uppermost somewhat involucrate-crowded at base of the sessile heads : principal bracts of the involucre becoming corneous, armed with a widely spreading very long and rigid spine, which bears 2 or 3 spinules on each side at base: corollas purple or purplish: pappus wanting. — Engl. Bot. t. 125; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 454. — Sparingly established at seaports from New York southward, chiefly as a mere ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) C. solstitiAlis, L. Erect, a foot or two high, canescent with cottony wool : radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; cauline lanceolate and linear, mostly entire, decurrent on the branches in narrow wings : heads naked, somewhat pedunculate : intermediate bracts of the globular in- volucre tipped with a long spreading spine, having one or two spinules at base ; outermost bearing a few small palmate prickles ; innermost only scarious-tipped : corollas yellow : pap- pus double; outer of short and squamellate, inner of longer bristles. — Engl. Bot. t. 243; Eeichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 795; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 421. — Near San Francisco and San Diego, California, sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.) C. Melitensis, L. Erect, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched, cinereous-pubescent, some- what woolly at first : radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; cauline lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, narrowly decurrent on the branches : heads smaller, sessile or 1-2-leaved at base : principal bracts of involucre bearing a spreading slender spine of about their own length, which is pectinately spinulose towards its base ; innermost with simply spinescent tip ; outer- most usually with the central spine reduced and the spinules palmate : corollas yellow : pappus of very unequal rigid bristles or squameDa; : akene lightly costate. — Sibth. Flora Grajca, t. 909 ; Keichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xv. t. 796 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c — Fields, California and Arizona, rather common. (Nat. from Eu.) -f— 4— Bracts of the involucre unarmed, most of them terminated by a scarious discolored fimbri- ate-ciliate or lacerate appendage. — Jacea, Platylophus, Cyanus, &c, Cass. ■M- Perennials, with rose-purple flowers: pappus obsolete. C. sfGEA, L. (Knapweed, Hardheads.) A foot or two high, branching, roughish-pubescent : leaves lanceolate and entire, or lower sparingly toothed : most of the involucral bracts with strongly pectinately ciliate-fringed blackish appendages, these only conspicuous : flowers all hermaphrodite, marginal ones not enlarged or rarely so. — Fl. Dan. t. 606 ; Engl. Bot. t. 278. — Fields, Newfoundland to E. New England. (Nat. from Eu.) Gochnatia. COMPOSITE. 407 C. JAcea, L. Heads usually larger : brownish appendages of the involucral bracts merely lacerate : marginal flowers neutral and with enlarged palmate corollas, forming conspicuous false rays: otherwise like the preceding. — Fl. Dan. t. 519; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xv. t. 754, 755. — Charlotte, Vermont, Pringle. Near New York, &c, as a ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.) ++ ++ Annual, with blue flowers, varying to white or purple : pappus of unequal bristles about the length of the akene. C. Cyanus, L. (Bluebottle.) Slender, branching, a foot or two high, whitened when young with floccose wool : leaves linear, entire, or lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifkl : heads naked on slender peduncles: involucral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short scarious teeth: marginal flowers neutral, with much enlarged radiatiform corollas. — Engl. Bot. t. 277; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 768. — Escaped from gardens sparingly in the Atlantic States. (Nat. from. Eu.) # # Americnn species: heads large: scar or insertion of akene obliquely basal: bracts of invo- lucre unarmed, the appendage conspicuously pectinate-flmbriate : anther-appendages distinct. — Plectocepkalus, Don. C. Americana, Nutt. Annual, nearly glabrous : stem stout, commonly simple, 2 to 6 feet high, striate-suleate, thickened under the naked head : leaves entire or mostly so, oblong- lanceolate, mucronate : involucre inch or inch and a half in diameter ; its very numerous bracts all with conspicuously fringed scarious appendages : flowers rose-color or flesh-color ; the hermaphrodite ones forming a disk of 1 to 3 inches in diameter ; the neutral marginal ones (with their very narrow lobes an inch long) forming an ample ray : style filiform, entire to the minutely 2-dentate stigmatic tip : pappus of copious similar but unequal bristles longer than the akene. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 117 ; Barton, El. Am.-Sept. t. 50 ; Reichenb. Ic. Exot. t. 132 ; Fl. Serres, iv. t. 327 ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 17. C. Nuttallii, Spreng. Syst. iv. 298. C. Mexicana & C. Americana, DC. Prodr. vi. 575. Plectocephalus Americanus, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 51. — Plains of Arkansas and Louisiana to Ari- zona; first coll. by Nutiall. (Adj. Mex.) Tribe X. MUTISIACE.E, p. 82. 202. HECASTOCLfilS, Gray. ( "E/cao-j-os, each, kA«g>, to shut up, each flower in an involucre of its own). — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220. — Single species. H. Shockleyi, Gray, 1. c. Low and glabrous shrub, with rigid branches, and rigid leaves of two sorts ; cauline small, linear-lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped, and on the sides usually a few spiniform teeth, also fascicled on axillary spurs ; floral ones 3 or 4 in a whorl or cluster, larger ("half-inch or more long) and oval or ovate, papyraceous, reticulated, mar- gined with sparse slender prickles, forming a loose external involucre around a fascicle of few or several sessile heads (these about 5 lines long and fusiform) : flower apparently dull white. — Esmeralda Co., W. Nevada, in an arid desert region, W. S. ShocMeij. By the style and habit evidently Mutisiaceous rather than Cynaroideous. 203. GOCHNATIA, HBK. (F. C. Gochnat, of Strasburg.) — American shrubby plants; with coriaceous leaves usually entire and tomentose beneath, and white or whitish flowers. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 19, t, 309. Gochnatia & Moquinia (at least in part), DC. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 490. G. hypoleiica, Gkat. Rigid shrub, 6 to 8 feet high : leaves oblong or oval, very short- petioled, commonly inch or more long, glabrous and bright green above, finely white- tomentose beneath (like an Olive-leaf) as also the branchlets: heads in sessile somewhat thyrsoid-paniculate fascicles, half-inch or less long : involucre cylindraeeous, 5-7-flowered : bracts ovate and oblong, outermost very short : flowers white, all hermaphrodite ! — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. Moquinia hypoleuca, DC. Prodr. vii. 23. — Southern Texas, between the Rio Frio and the Nueces, Palmer. (Adj. Mex. ; first coll. by Berlandier.) 408 COMPOSITE. Chaptalia. 204. CHAPTALIA, Vent. (J. A. G. Ghaptal, an eminent chemist.) — Perennial herbs (all American), chiefly stemless, low, and floccose-tomentose ; with leaves in a radical tuft, persistently canescent beneath, glabrate above ; scapes naked ; heads at first nodding ; flowers white or purplish, or the rays rose-purple : fl. spring and summer. § 1. Akenes of female flowers merely attenuate into a neck; those of her- maphrodite flowers all abortive : scapes elongated. — ■ Ghaptalia, DC. C. tomentosa, Vent. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, thickish, entire or retrorsely den- ticulate, white beneath with dense matted tomentum : scapes a span to a foot high : rays broadly linear, commonly purple: akenes glabrous. — Hort. Cels. t. 61; Pursh, Fl. ii. 577; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2257 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 41 ; Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 464. Perdicium semi- flosadare, Walt. Oar. 204. Tussilago integrifolia, Michx. PI. ii. 121. Gerbera Walteri, Schultz Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald, 313. — Moist pine barrens, N. Carolina to Plorida and E. Texas. § 2. Akenes of all the flowers fertile, and with slender usually filiform beak: corollas of hermaphrodite flowers sometimes hardly bilabiate, of innermost female flowers somewhat so : scapes elongated. — Leria, DC. C. nutans, Hemsl. Leaves obovate or oblong, sometimes lyrate-sinuate, thin, beneath white with more cottony or even arachnoid and partly deciduous tomentum : scapes a foot or two high : rays small and narrow, little exserted : akenes pubescent or glabrate, the beak as long as the body. — Bot. Biol. Centr.-Amer. ii. 255. Tussilago nutans, L. Amcen. Acad, v. 406 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 41, f. 1). Leria lyrata, Cass. Diet. xxvi. 102. L. nutans, DC. Ann. Mus. Par. xix. 68, & Prodr. 1. c. 42. Gerbera nutans, Schultz Bip. 1. c. — Wooded grounds, Texas to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Am.) 205. PERlEZIA, Lag. {Lorenzo Perez, of Toledo, pharmacist and writer on materia medica in the sixteenth century.) — Perennial herbs, all American (Texan, Calif ornian, and southward, chiefly along the Andes), not lanate, except at the base of the stem, mostly with reticulated leaves, often setulose-ciliate or spinulose ; heads solitary or cymose or paniculate ; the corollas rose-purple to white, rarely blue, never yellow. • — Amoen. Nat. i. 31 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 110, & PI. "Wright, i. 126 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 500. Perezia, Glarionea (Lag. ined.), Homoianthus, Dumerilia (Less., not Lag., nor DC. Ann. Mus.), Proustia § Thelecarpcea, & Acourtia (Don), DC. Prodr., &c. Drosia, Cass. — § Euperezia (Perezia, Lag. 1. c, Glarionea & Homoianthus, DC), of S. American species, is distinguished by radiate heads, the corollas of marginal flowers having elongated and conspicuously liguliform outer lip, the two lobes of the inner much shorter and smaller. § Acourtia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 58, has flowers nearly or quite homomorphous, the marginal corollas with 3-toothed outer lip hardly ever longer than the two lobes of the inner : flowers commonly fragrant : involucre usually naked at base : leaves coriaceous or papyraceous, reticulated : usually a tuft of wool at base of the stem. — Acourtia, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 203 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 65. Perezia, Llav. & Lex. ; Less. ; DC. 1. c. 62. Dumerilia, Less. & DC. 1. c. 66, not Lag., nor Cass. Of few Chilian, numerous Mexican, and the following Texano-Californian species. # A span or two high : heads (half-inch to inch long) single or few, 20-30-flowered : flowers purple. P. runcinata, Lag. Acaulescent, scabrous-puberulent or glabrate: rootstocks apparently short, sending down tuberous-thickened fascicled spots : radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, Trixis. COMPOSITE. 409 4 to 8 inches long, thin-papyraceous ; lobes rounded, copiously fringed with spinulose teeth, margined-petioled : scapes naked, equalling the leaves, bearing solitary or a few pedunculate heads : bracts of the involucre rather few in three series, lanceolate, setaceous-acuminate : pappus rather sordid. — Lag. in herb, ex Don; Gray, PI. Fendl. 110, PI. Wright. 1. c. Cla- rionea runcinata, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 207 ; DC. 1. c. — Dry ground, E. & S. Texas, Wright, Ball, &c. (Adj. Mex.) P. nana, Gray. Leafy-stemmed, glabrous : rootstocks slender, creeping : first leaves small and scale-like ; principal cauline leaves firm-chartaceous, orbiculate, dilated-obovate, or ovate (inch or two long), coarsely spinulose-dentate, sessile or partly clasping the slender stem : heads mostly sessile, solitary and terminal : bracts of involucre 3 or 4 series, thinnish, acutish; the short outer ones ovate, innermost lanceolate, mucronulate: pappus white. — PI. Fendl. 111. — Dry plains and rocky bluffs, S. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, Palmer, &c. (Mex., first coll. by Gregg.) # # Taller, 1 to 3 feet high, branching, especially above, leafy up to the corymbiform polycepha- lous inflorescence : leaves closely sessile by sagittate-cordate or sometimes truncate base, densely and spinulosely denticulate : heads 5-15-flowered, narrow, half-inch or less long, subsessile and fasciculate-crowded or short-pedicelled, quite naked at base: involucral bracts thinnish, not very many, in only three series : flowers rose-purple and sometimes white in the same species : pappus white, soft. -(— Involucre 8-15-flowered ; its bracts not attenuate-acuminate. P. "Wrightii, Gkay. Glabrous throughout, or obscurely puberulent, but smooth : leaves thin, oblong to nearly ovate (larger 4, smaller 1 or 2 inches long), often unequally or doubly dentate: heads 8-12-flowered : involucral bracts all pointless and obtuse, or the narrow innermost barely acutish: corollas pale rose to whitish. — PI. "Wright, i. 127, ii. 102; & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. P. Arizonica, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 422, a form of drier districts, rather more rigid, the involucral bracts all rounded-obtuse. P. Coulteri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 40, as to pi. Parry & Palmer, no. 234. — Rocky hills and ravines, S. W. Texas to S. Arizona; first coll. by Coulter, then by Wright. (Mex., Schaffner, Parry &, Palmer.) P. micro cephala, Gray. Scabro-puberulent and minutely resinous-glandular: leaves more chartaceous, oblong, commonly obtuse, finely and closely denticulate- heads 10-15- flowered, larger than in preceding (over half-inch long when well developed) : involucral bracts scaberulous on the back, abruptly acute or mueronate-acuminate : corollas rose-color. — PI. Wright, i. 127, & Bot. Calif, i. 422. Acourtia microcephala, DC. Prodr. vii. 66. — Cali- fornia, on hills hack of Monterey? (Douglas), Santa Barbara, and San Diego. +- -t- Involucre 5-6 flowered; bracts attenuate-acuminate : fully developed heads half-inch long. P. Thlirberi, Gray. Scabro-puberulent, viscidulous-glandular : leaves firm-chartaceous, oblong-ovate,'denticulate and partly doubly dentate (larger 5 to 8 inches long) : involucral bracts lanceolate, gradually tapering to a very acute point, scaberulous externally : corollas sometimes deep rose-color, sometimes white.— PI. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 324, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 59. — S. Arizona, on rocky hills, Thurber, Lemmon. 206. TRlXIS, P. Browne. (Tpifr's, threefold, the corolla being trifid.) — American, chiefly subtropical, fruticose or perennial herbaceous plants ; with en- tire or merely denticulate leaves, and paniculately or corymbosely cymose heads, of moderate size; the corollas yellow or sometimes whitish. — Hist. Jam. 312; Lag. Amoen. Nat. i. 35. Perdicium, L., in part. T. angustifolia, DC. Suffruticose, fastigiately or corymbosely much branched, a foot or two high, sericeous-puberulent, from subcanescent to glabrate, somewhat resinous-atomifer- ous, leafy up to the heads : leaves sessile, rather rigid, from broadly to very narrowly lan- ceolate, entire or denticulate with sparse mucroniform teeth (2 or 3 inches long) : heads simply fascicled or singly terminating leafy branchlets, half -inch and more long, 9-12-flow- ered, subtended by a few" lanceolate or linear bracteiform leaves which do not exceed the 8 or 10 linear-lanceolate and equal proper bracts of the involucre ; these in age gibbous and indurated at base : receptacle copiously villous : corollas golden yellow ; outer lip of the marginal ones quarter-inch long : pappus barely fulvous. — Prodr. vii. 69 ; Gray, PI. Wright. i. 128, ii. 102. T. frutescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 103, vars. T. Calif ornica, Kellogg 410 COMPOSITE. Trixis. in Proo. Calif. Acad. ii. 182, fig. 53, with some seeming monstrosities. T. corymbosa, Gray in Coll. Pringle, &c. ; but that species should have petiolate leaves and loosely corymbose heads. Hills and caiions, S. W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, &c. Founded on Mexican specimens with narrow leaves revolute when dry. (Mex.) Var. lativiSCUla. Leaves lanceolate, plane, commonly glabrate and greener, from 4 to nearly 12 lines wide, thence varying into the narrow-leaved form. — Gray, PI. Wright. ii. 102. T. suffruticosa, Wats. Bot. Calif, ii. 459. — Canons, S. New Mexico to San Diego Co., California, Wright, Palmer, Greene, Lemmon, &c. T. frutescens, P. Browne, which the broad-leaved forms of the preceding species nearly approach, was collected by Berlandier near Matamoras, but has not yet come from Texas. Tribe XI. CICHORIACB^E, p. 83. 207. PHALACROSERIS, Gray. ($a\a K pds, bald-headed, and o-e> s , the Greek name of some kind of Cichoriaceous plant). — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364; Bot. Calif, i. 423. — Single species. P. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous and acaulescent perennial, with thickish root : leaves lanceolate, entire, clustered on the caudex, slightly succulent : scape perfectly naked, a span to a foot high : solitary head half-inch high : flowers deep yellow, in summer. — California, in wet mountain meadows of the higher Sierra Nevada, Mariposa Co. ; first coll. by Torrey and by Bolander. 208. ATRICH6SERIS, Gray. ("A0pi£ without hair, and o-tpts, a Cicho- riaceous plant.) — Malacoihrix § Anathrix, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. Calif, i. 435. — Single species. A. platyph^lla. Winter annual, wholly glabrous, somewhat glaucous : leaves all or chiefly in a rosulate radical tuft, broadly cuneate or obovate, mostly rounded at summit, ses- sile, spinulose-denticulate, somewhat veiny (inch or two long) ; those of stem reduced to very small scattered bracts : stem slender, a foot or two high, at summit deliquescent into a diffuse cymose panicle of few or numerous slender-pedunculate heads: involucre quarter- inch high, about half the length of the corollas (these white or with purple base) : akenes 2 lines long, at maturity nearly equalling the narrow and open bracts of the involucre, white, sometimes with 4 or 5 very thick corky ribs and much smaller alternate ones, sometimes more terete and obscurely costate, the truncate summit whoDy destitute of the border of Malacothrix, its areola small: receptacle rather fleshy, scrobiculate. — Malacothrix? platy- phylla, Gray, 1. c. — Gravelly deserts of the Mohave, S. W. California, to the southern bor- ders of Utah, Cooper, Palmer, Parry, Parish. 209. LAMPSANA, Tourn. (Ancient Greek name, of obscure deriva- tion ; but the Xa/xij/dva of Dioscorides and the Lapsana of Pliny, whose orthog- raphy was followed by Linnseus, were Cruciferous plants.) — Yellow-flowered and leafy-stemmed branching annuals of the Old World, one sparingly naturalized : fl. summer. Li. communis, L. (Nipplewort.) A foot or two high, hirsutely pubescent or glabrate: leaves ovate, repand-dentate, or lower lyrate and uppermost oblong : heads loosely paniculate : involucre 2 or 3 lines high. — Koadsides, in a few places, Penn. to New England, more abundant in Canada, also on the Columbia River. (Nat. from Eu.) >.- 210. APOGrON, Ell. ('Airaywv, beardless, i. e. no pappus.) — Low annuals of the Southern Atlantic States, glaucescent, mostly glabrous, a span to a foot high, branching from the base, bearing scattered rather small heads on slender peduncles : flowers yellow, in spring and early summer. Leaves variable, lan- ceolate or lower oblong, from entire or repand to dentate, or radical lyrate-ph- Krigia. COMPOSITE. 411 natifid, uppermost closely sessile, often seemingly opposite. — Sk. ii. 267; DC. Prodr. vii. 78 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 466. A. humilis, Ell. 1. c. Peduncles naked, or rarely with some obscure glandular-bristly hairs under the head : this in fruit only 2 lines high : corollas pure yellow, little longer than involucre : akenes oblong-obovate. — DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c, in part. A. lyratum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 71, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 424. Serinia ccespitosa, Eaf. Fl. Ludov. 149, cited in DC. 1. c. 261, should be either this or the next. — Open ground, S. Carolina to Texas and Arkansas. A. gracilis, DC. 1. c. Sometimes slender and strict, not rarely more robust than the pre- ceding, often some bristly hairs on the stem and lower leaves : peduncles usually glandular- hispid some way below the head ; this commonly 3 lines high in fruit : corollas orange, con- spicuously exserted, twice the length of the involucre : akenes rather thicker and obtuser at apex, sometimes an obscure vestige. of pappus ! — A. humilis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c, not Ell. — Rocky prairies, &c, Texas; first coll. in a very slender form by Berlandier. Grows with the preceding, keeping distinct. A. W riglrtii. Resembling slender and narrow-leaved form of the preceding (such as Ber- landier's original specimens) : rather diffuse : heads equally small : akenes larger and thicker (over half-line long), little contracted at either end, and with comparatively large areola (yet less than the full breadth of the akene), this bordered by obscure vestige of pappus. Possibly a hybrid between A. gracilis and Krigia occidentalis. — E. Texas, Wright, in fruit. 211. KRlG-IA, Schreb. (David Krig, or Krieg, an early collector in Maryland and Delaware.) — Low herbs of Atlantic U. S., glabrous or somewhat hispidulous ; with small or middle-sized heads of yellow flowers, terminating slender naked peduncles or scapes ; these not rarely glandular-hispidulous at summit: fl. in spring or summer. — Gen. PL 532, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 507. Krigia & Cynthia, Don ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 467, 468. § 1. Cymbia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Acaulescent annuals : bracts of the invo- lucre 5 to 8, oblong-lanceolate, in fruit becoming broader and firmer, erect and navicular-carinate, with a conspicuous midnerve, or sometimes 2-3-nerved : akenes turbinate, mostly 5-paleaceous and 5-aristate. K. occidentalis, Nutt. Scapes a span or more high, commonly glandular-hispidulous, at least toward the summit : leaves obovate to lanceolate, entire, lyrately lobed or pinnatifid : heads 2 or 3 lines high : akenes. transversely rugulose : paleas of the pappus conspicuous, rounded-obovate ; bristles or rather awns alternating with these and over the stronger angles of the akene sometimes equalling it in length, sometimes not surpassing the palese, some- times (var. mutica, Torr. & Gray) obsolete or wanting. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii.,104, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 427 ; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 468. K. nervosa, Hook. Ic. PI. iii. t. 227, & K. bellioides, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 257, normal form, with pappus-awns double the length of the palese. — Prairies of Arkansas and Texas; first coll. by Nuttall. § 2. Eukkigia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Acaulescent and subcaulescent winter annual ; bracts of the involucre 9 to 18, thin, remaining narrow and nearly nerve- less, reflexed after the fall of the narrowly turbinate somewhat 5-angular akenes : pappus of 5 to 7 (commonly 5) roundish short palese, and of as many alternating nearly capillary long bristles. — Krigia, Schreb., &c. K. Virginica, Willd. Varying much in size ; often sparsely hispidulous : scapes 2 or 3 inches or at length a foot or more high, slender, not rarely caulescent below : leaves from spatulate-obovate to lanceolate or linear, from few-toothed or entire to pinnately parted : heads 3 or 4 lines high : pappus-bristles fully twice the length of the akene. — Spec. iii. 1618. K. Virginica, dichotoma, & Caroliniana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 127. K. leptophylla, DC. Prodr. vii. 88, slender form. Hyoseris Virginica, L. Spec. ii. 809 ; Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. i. 22, t. 12; Walt. Car. 193; Michx. El. ii. 88. Hyoseris Caroliniana, Walt. 1. c. ? Sandy ground, Canada to Florida and Texas : fl. from spring to autumn. 412 COMPOSITE. § 3. CfNTHiA. Caulescent or acaulescent perennials, glaucescent, compara- tively large-flowered : involucre of the preceding section : akenes less turbinate, of 10 to 15 smaller and more squamellate oblong palese and 15 or 20 slender capillary bristles. — Cynthia, Don in Edinb. Phil. Jour. xii. 305; DC. Prodr. vii. 89 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Adopogon, Neck. Elem. i. 55. TC . Dandelion, Nutt. Scapigerous, or at length leafy-stemmed only next the ground: crown bearing oval or globose tubers on filiform stolons : leaves lanceolate or almost linear, from denticulate to laciniate-lobed or pinnatifid: scapes 6 to 18 inches high, naked: head about half-inch high. — Gen. ii. 127; Ell. Sk. ii. 267. Tragopogon Dandelium,~L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1111. Hyoseris major, Walt. Car. 194. H. angustifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. Troximon Dandelion, Pers. Syn. ii. 360. Cynthia Dandelion & C. Boscii, DC. Prodr. vii. 89. C. lyrata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 69. Krigia Caroliniana, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 100, a slender form. — Moist ground, Maryland to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. K. montana, Nutt. 1. u. Caulescent or subcaulescent from short cespitose rootstocks, not tuberiferous : peduncles simple and naked, a span to a foot long : leaves from oblong to linear, from entire to pinnatifid, thickish : head smaller than of the preceding. — Hyoseris montana, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. Cynthia Dandelion, var. y, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 469. C. Dan- delion, Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t- 35. — Crevices of rocks, Alleghany Mountains (Blue Ridge), N. and S. Carolina and Georgia; first coll. by Michaux. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. 1. c. Caulescent, not tuberiferous, glaucous : stem a foot or two high, 1-3-leaved, bearing one or two or few somewhat umbellate heads on moderately long peduncles : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, repand and denticulate, or radical somewhat lyrately lobed ; these contracted into winged petioles ; cauline partly clasping by a broad base : heads a third of an inch high. — Tragopogon Virginicum, L. Spec. ii. 789. Hyoseris amplexi- caulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. H. bi flora, Walt. Car. 194 ■? H. prenanthoides, Willd. Spec. iii. 1618. Cynthia Virginica, Don, 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1 c. C. amplexicaulis, Beck, Bot. 168; Darl. Fl. Cestr. 441. C. Griffilhii, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 69, with lower leaves run- cinate-lyrate. Luthera Virginica, Schultz Bip. in Linn. x. 257. — Moist banks, New Tork to Minnesota and Colorado, south to Georgia. 212. CICHdRIUM, Tourn. Succory, Chiccort, Endive. (Arabic name Latinized.) — Old World herbs , fl. summer. C. Intybus, L. (Chiccory ) Deep-rooted perennial, more or less hirsute, at least below, with rigid stout brauches: radical leaves runcinate ; cauline oblong or lanceolate, commonly dentate ; those of flowering branches mostly reduced and scale-like, subtending solitary or clustered sessile heads, or some heads raised on a fistulous peduncle : flowers showy, matu- tinal, closing by midday, sky-blue, varying occasionally to purple or white. — Roadsides, common in E. New England, and in a few places westward. (Nat. from Eu.) 213. STEPH ANOMfiRI A, Nutt. (Sre^ai^, a coronal or wreath, /icpos, a division ; no particular application.) — W. N. American perennials or an- nuals, mostly smooth and glabrous ; with branching or rarely virgate and often rigid or rush-like stems, small or merely scale-like leaves on the flowering branches, and usually paniculate small or middle-sized heads of rose-colored or flesh-colored flowers, open only in early morning. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 427 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 722 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 533 (excl. Rafinesquid) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 427. Jamesia, Nees in PL Neuwied Trav. 16, not Torr. & Gray. § 1. Alloseris, Gray. Heads large for the genus, about 12-flowered: invo- lucre somewhat imbricated, the outer bracts being of 2 or 3 lengths : receptacle alveolate, and the short alveoli fimbriolate-hirsute : pappus-bristles 12-20, short- plumose for their whole length, sordid or almost fuscous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552, Bot. Calif. 1. c, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. Steplumomeria. COMPOSITE. 413 S. cichoriacea, Gray. 1 e. Perennial, 1 to 4 feet high, comparatively stout, when young sometimes tomentulose leaves resembling those of Chiccory, lanceolate, sparsely denticu- late to runcinate-laciniate involucre half-inch high: heads sessile along naked branches: mature akenes short-linear, smooth, lightly and acutely 5-angled. — Rocky hills and canons through the southern portions of California, Dr. Horn, Parish, Pringle. § 2. Stephanomeeia proper. Heads 3-20-flowered : receptacle quite naked : involucre slightly imbricated by having one or two intermediate bracts, espe- cially in the earlier species, or only calyculate at base : pappus setose and plu- mose throughout or only above the middle, the lower part of the bristle either slender to base Qr sometimes paleaceous-dilated. — Gray, 1. c. 61. # Heads fully half-inch high, 10-20-flowered, somewhat corymbosely disposed, +- Terminating leafy stems and branches: pappus sordid or grayish, of 10 or 12 rather long-plu- mose bristles: akenes smooth and even, with slender ribs or angles: plants a span to a foot high from perennial roots: involucre obscurely imbricated, 10-12-flowered. S. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, widely branched from the base : leaves thickish, deeply runemately pinnatifid ; those of the flowering branchlets rather numerous up to the head, small, somewhat spinulose-lobed : pappus-bristles rather stout, naked (and often united in twos or threes) at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 61. — Arid districts, near St. George, S. Utah, Parry. Borders of the Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Palmer, Pringle. S. lactUCina, Gray. Rather slender, with erect branches, leafy up to the nearly naked peduncles : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a few salient teeth : pappus- bristles slender and plumose to the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552; Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Mariposa Co. to Shasta, Newberry, Brewer, Bolander, &c. +- -)— Heads naked-paniculate : pappus bright white : involucre merely calyculate. S.'Thvurberi, Gray. Simple-stemmed from a probably biennial root, a foot or two higli : leaves mainly at and near the base, runcinate-pinnatifld, inch or two long ; those of the naked stem and few corymbosely-panicnlate branches reduced to linear-subulate or inconspicuous bracts: heads rather few: involucre narrow, 1 6-20-flowered . bristles of the pappus 20 to 30, soft and slender, very plumose to base. — PI. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 325, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 105. — New Mexico and adjacent Arizona, Thurber, Bigelow, Henry, Greene, &c. S- elAta, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 173, — said to be probably perennial and blue-flowered, simple- stemmed, 3 or 4 feet high, with very narrow linear leaves, about 10-flowered heads, involucre (6-8-phyllous) and branches sprinkled with resinous dots, and plumose white pappus, coll. at Santa Barbara, California, — remains quite obscure. # # Heads quarter to third inch high, or sometimes higher, narrow, mostly 5-flowered (flowers from 3 to 6, occasionally 8 or 9), and with about the same number of involucral bracts : mature akenes either smooth and even between the ribs, or rugose, or tubercular-thickened, sometimes in the same species. — Jamesia, Nees, 1. e. +- Perennials, paniculately or fastigiately branched from thick and tortuous roots or a lignescent base, with striate and rush-like branches, small-leaved or nearly leafless above : pappus-bristles not at all squamellate-appendaged or dilated at base. S. rtmeinata, Nutt. Comparatively stout and rigid, a foot or two high, with spreading branches : heads mostly 4 or 5 lines high and scattered along 'the branches : lower leaves runeinate-pinnatifid, commonly lanceolate ; upper linear or reduced to scales : pappus dull white, plumose only to near the base. — Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 472; Gray, PI. Fendl. 112. S. ntneinata & S. heterophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c, at least in part and by char., but poor specimens, seemingly confused with next. Prenanthes runcinata, James in Long Exped. P.? pauciflora, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210. — Plains, Nebraska to Wyoming, N. W. Texas, Arizona, and S. California ; first coll. by James. S. minor, Nutt. 1. c. More slender and with ascending branches bearing usually terminal and smaller heads: cauline leaves all slender, often filiform: pappus white, very plumose down to base. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Prenanthes? tenuifolia, Torr. 1. c. Lygodesmia minor, Hook. Fl. i. 205, t. 103 A. Jamesia pauciflora, Nees in Neuwied Trav. 516 (16). — Plains and mountains, from borders of Brit. America to those of Texas, Arizona, the Sierra Nevada 414 COMPOSITE. Stephanomeria. in California, and Washington Terr. Generally of more northern range than the foregoing, not throughout distinguishable, perhaps has been rightly combined with it. S. myrioclada, Eaton. Very slender stems and tortuous filiform branches very numerous and fastigiately crowded in an erect tuft, a foot or two high, terminated by scattered small heads : leaves linear and very small : involucre 2 and 3 lines long (of 4 or 5 as well as "3 " narrow bracts) and 3-5-flowered : akenes pluristriate at maturity: pappus white, its bristles naked or merely hirsute below the middle or at the base. — Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20. — Dry rocky ridges, Thousand Spring and Goose Creek Valleys, Nevada, Watson. Hawthorne, Nevada, M. E. Jones. -K- -i— Biennial, or probably perennial with long and slender subterranean shoots : pappus bright white ; the bristles long-plumose to base, which is not at all paleaceous-dilated. S. Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, slender, with single corymbosely paniculate stems : cauline leaves mostly filiform and entire ; those of the radical tuft linear to spatulate and laciniate-pinnatifid : heads nearly half-inch long, 5-flowered, sparse, pedunculate, terminating slender branches : akenes smooth on the salient ribs and narrow intervals, contracted at summit : pappus long-plumose. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. S. runcinata, var., Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 103, no. 1301. — W. Texas, in pebbly bed of Howard's Creek, Wright (without the elongated root or shoot), and adjacent New Mexico, Bigelow. Apparently same from N. Arizona, Rusby, seemingly perennial from long and filiform subterranean shoots. -3 — -t — -j — Annual, strictly erect : pappus white ; the bristles plumose to base, not paleaceous-dilated. S. virgata, Benth. Stem rigid, 1 to 4 feet high : heads 3 or 4 lines long, mostly subsessile or short-peduncled, spicately or thyrsoidly disposed along the naked upper part of virgate stem or similar branches, but sometimes more loosely paniculate on open branchlets : upper leaves linear, small and entire; lower oblong or spatulate, often sinuate or pinnatifid: involucre 4-8-flowered, originally described as "8-10-flowered ": akenes subclavate or ob- long, rugose-tuberculate between the narrow ribs: pappus moderately plumose. — Bot. Sulph. 32 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. S. paniculata, chiefly, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20, f. 5 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i: 428. Possibly (from habitat not improbably) S. data, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 173; but flowers not blue, and no resinous dots on involucre and branchlets. — California, common from San Bernardino and San Diego Co., to Oregon, east to Nevada and Utah. ■4— H— -4— -t— Annual, strictly erect : pappus grayish or fuscous ; its bristles short-plumose nearly or quite to the more or less paleaceous or squamelliferous base. S. paniculata, Nctt. Stem erect from an annual root, a foot or two high, bearing numer- ous narrow 3-5-flowered heads in an elongated narrow or more open panjcle, or else more strictly disposed on virgate branches : leaves linear or the lower lanceolate : akenes nearly of the preceding : pappus decidedly different. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 428 ; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 473. — Plains of Idaho, and probably Northern Nevada, to E. Oregon, NuttaU, Hall, Cusick, &c. -K- -)— H— H— -i— Annuals or biennials : bristles of the white or whitish pappus plumose above but naked below the middle, at base more or less dilated or abruptly paleaceous, or else with one or two adnate squamellse or bristly teeth at or near insertion : akenes thick-ribbed and tuberculate-rugose at maturity : stems paniculately and often divergently branched, bearing scattered squamulose-peduncled heads. — § Hemiptilium, Gray, Bot. Calif., in part only. S. exigua, Nctt. A foot or two high, with slender branches and branchlets, but stem not rarely robust (therefore ill named from depauperate specimens) : radical and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, those of the branches mainly reduced to short scales : invo- lucre 3 to 5 lines long, with commonly 5 flowers, " 3 or 4 " when depauperate, rarely 6 or 8 in strong plants : bristles of the pappus 9 to 18, their more or less dilated and paleaceous or thickened bases commonly a little connate in 4 or 5 phalanges and often 1-2-setulose on each side. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 428 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 473 (attenuated form) ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20, f. 6, 7 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 428. Hemiptilium Bigelovii, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1 05, a stout form. — Interior of Wyoming to the Upper Rio Grande on the border of Texas, west to Nevada and E. California. S. pentachseta, Eaton. A span or two or even 2 or 3 feet high, like the preceding, or divaricately branched from the base : pappus of 5 or sometimes 7 bristles, all distinct to the base, which is little dilated, plumose only above the middle. — Bot. King Exp. 199, t. 20, Tragopogon. COMPOSITE. 415 f. 8-10; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 63. — Desert region, W. Nevada, Watson, Shockley. Edge of desert at San Felipe, San Diego Co., California, Parish. § 3. Hemiptilium, Gray, 1. c, xix. 63. Heads 5-flowered, small : receptacle naked : involucre merely calyculate : pappus of 4 to 6 narrow and rigid palese (rather than awns), not longer than the akene, sparsely short-plumose toward the summit, fuscous. — Hemiptilium, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 105, excl. spec. S. Schottii, Gray. Probably annual, with habit of S. paniculata or S. exigua, slender : loosely paniculate, 3 lines long : involucre of 4 or 5 thinnish bracts and 2 or 3 small calycu- late ones : ligules barely 3 lines long : akenes less than 2 lines long, rather narrow, 4-5- angled, tapering very slightly from truncate summit to base, minutely scabrous between the smooth angles. — Bot. Calif, i. 427. — Hemiptitium Schottii, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. t. Arizona, on the Gila River, Schott. Not since collected. 214. CH^ETAD^LPHA, Gray. (Xomj, bristles, and dSeA<^, sister, the bristles or awns of pappus as it were 5-adelphous.) — Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 218 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 182, t. 15. — Single species. C. Wheeleri, Ghat, 1. c. Much branched from a perennial root, flexuous and fastigiate, with aspect of Stephanomeria, or more of Lygodesmia, a foot or two high : leaves narrowly linear, entire, uppermost reduced to subulate scales : heads solitary terminating the branch- lets : involucre half-inch and more high, somewhat exceeded by the pappus. — W. Nevada, on the borders of Arizona, Wheeler. Near Pyramid Lake, Lemmon. 215. RAFINfiSQUIA, Nutt. (Constantine S. Rafinesque Sehmalz, a noted botanist.) — Glabrous and branching slightly succulent and Sonchus-like winter annuals (Californian and New Mexican), leafy ; with pinnatifid leaves, re- duced on the flowering branches to herbaceous bracts : the heads rather large, with showy white or rose-tinged flowers, mostly matutinal. — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 429 ; Gray, PL Wright, ii. 103, & Bot. Calif, i. 429. R. Calif ornica, Nutt. 1. c. Mostly robust, 2 or 3 feet high, paniculately branching, bear- ing numerous heads : leaves oblong (larger 4 to 6 inches long) ; cauline partly clasping : involucre thickened at base (half to three-fourths inch high), of 12 to 15 principal bracts and some spreading calycnlate ones : ligules comparatively short : beak of the akenes very slen- der, as long as the body : pappus dull white. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 34, figure not good. — Moist or shaded ground, common in California toward the coast : a smaller-flowered form in N. W. Arizona, Palmer. R. Neo-Mexioana, Gray. A foot or less high, more slender, bearing few but larger and more showy heads and much smaller leaves, the lower of these often runcinate : involucre narrow, more cylindraceous, sometimes inch long, little thickened at base, of fewer bracts : ligules large and conspicuous (half-inch and more long), white or tinged with flesh-color: beak of akene more gradually tapering, therefore stouter, rather shorter than the body : pap- pus bright white, of firmer bristles, the plume somewhat arachnoid. — PI. Wright. 1. c. — Sand-hills, &c., in the desert region, S. E. California to S. Utah and New Mexico on the Rio Grande ; first coll. by Wright. 216. TRAG-OP6G-ON, Goat's-beard, Salsify. (Tpayos, goat, ir«ry«»', beard.) — Old World biennials or rarely perennials, glabrous ; with long taproot; entire and grass-like nervose leaves clasping at base ; long and stout peduncles commonly thickened and fistulous under the large head ; the flowers yellow or purple, closing at noon or earlier. — Two species sparingly naturalized, one of them cultivated. T. porrif6lius, L. (Salsify, Oyster-plant.) Commonly 2 or 3 feet high: peduncle strongly clavate-thickened and fistulous for 2 or 3 inches beneath the head, which becomes 416 COMPOSITE. Tragopogon,, 3 inches high : flowers violet-purple, mostly surpassed by the involucre : outermost akenes squamellate-muricate. — Sparingly in fields and near dwellings, as an escape from cultiva- tion in the Atlantic States, a naturalized weed in California and Oregon. (Nat. fromEu.) T. pratensis, L. (Goat's-eeakd.) A foot or two, or the larger form a yard high: leaves with broader base : peduncles little enlarged except close under the head : flowers yellow, equalling the involucre, sometimes, longer. — Sparingly found in fields, &c, New England to New Jersey and Wisconsin. (Nat. from Eu.) 217. ANISC>COMA, Torr. & Gray. ("Avio-os, unequal, ko^, tuft of hair; from the pappus.) — Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. Ill, t. 13 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 197 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 430. — Single species. A. acaule, Tore. & Gkav, 1. c. Low winter annual, glabrous, except a dense white tomen- tum on the edges of the pinnately lobed and often runcinate leaves : these all in a rosulate radical cluster (inch or two long) : scapes numerous, naked, a span high : head about inch high : ligules conspicuous, light yellow. — Pterostephanus runcinatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 20, f. 4, badly characterized. — Dry plains and hills, of the eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, from Sierra Co. to the Mohave, California, and adjacent Nevada ; first coll. by Fremont. 218. HYPOCHCERIS, L. (A name of Theophrastus for some plant of this tribe.) — Old "World and S. American herbs ; with yellow flowers ; one species sparingly introduced. H. glabra, L. Nearly glabrous ; » rosulate tuft of oblong-spatulate sinuate-dentate leaves from an annual root, sending up branching scapes a span to a foot high, bearing a few middle-sized heads : involucral bracts lanceolate : outermost akenes truncate, inner slender- beaked : bristles of the somewhat sordid pappus arachnoid-plumose, but naked at tip, also some fine and shorter naked ones in an outer series. — Eields, E. California. (Nat. from Eu.) H. radio ata, L., which is hirsute and has all the akenes rostrate, is an occasional ballast- weed, at Philadelphia and New York. 219. MICROSERIS, Don. (Mik P 6fsA, Sonchus alpinus, L., is not American. For an account of the early confusion between this and L. leucophcea, see the latter species, supra, and Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 500. 335. SONCHUS, Tourn. Sow-Thistle. (The ancient Greek name.) — Herbs of the Old World, some species now widely diffused, the following natu- ralized in N. America. Stems leafy : leaves somewhat spinulosely or ciliately dentate : flowers yellow, in summer : pappus white. * Coarse annual weeds, of cultivated soil and around dwellings; with mostly runcinately or lyratel}' pinnatifid leaves, of tender texture, beset with soft spinulose serratures ; upper cauline auriculate-clasping, and lobes ovate or oblong : heads about half-inch high, somewhat corym- bose-paniculate, on short peduncles; these sometimes setose-glandular: akenes flat, thin-edged, oblong-obovate. S. olerAcetjs, L. Leaves with soft or hardly spinulose teeth ; auricles of the cauline ones acute : akenes striate-nerved and transversely rugulose-scabrous. — Common in yards and gardens. (Nat. from Eu.) S. asper, Vili,. Teeth of the leaves longer and more prickly ; auricles of the clasping base rounded : akenes smooth, 3-nerved on each side, margined. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 501, with syn. S. Carolinianus, Walt. Car. 192; Ell. Sk. ii. 255. - themide^:, 77, 362. Anthemis, 78, 302. arvensis, 302. Cotula, 362. nobilis, 363. repens, 258. tinctoria, 363. Apalus, 344. Apargia autumnalis, 420. borealis, 424. Apargidium, 86, 424. boreale, 424. ApaHne, 35. Apb^nostephus, 55, 163. Arizonicus, 163. Arkansanus, 164. humilis, 164. pilosus, 163. ramosissimus, 163. ramosus, 164. Riddellii, 163. Aphantocllasta, 119. exilis, 120. Aplodiscus. 125, 142. Aplopappus, 54, 125, 446. acaulis, 132. alpigenus, 201. apargioides, 127. arenarius, 130. armerioides, 132. aureus, 129. baccharoides, 160. Berberidis, 126. bhphariphyllus, 205 Bloomed, 134. Brandegei, 132. canescens, 123. carthamoides, 126. cervinus, 134. ciliatus, 125. croceus, 128. cuueatus, 133. discoideus, 143. divaricatus, 130. ericoides, 133. jiorifer, 168. Fremonti, 128. gracilis, 130. Greenei, 135. gymnocephalus, 205. ilomkei, 170. Hallii, 129. hirtus, 127. Hookerianus, 131. Howellii, 446. integrifolius, 128. inuloides, 128. lanceolatus, 129. lanceolatus, 127. lanuginosus, 131. laricifolius, 133. linearifolius, 132. linearifolius, 222. Lyalli, 131. junceus, 446. Macronema, 135. Menziesii, 143. mollis, 135. monactis, 133. multieaulis, 129. nanus, 134. Nuttallii, 125. Orcuttii, 446. Palmeri, 133. paniculatus, 127. Parry:, 131. , pinifolius, 134. phyllocephalus, 130. pygmseus, 131. racemosus, 126. ramulosus, 142, 223. resinosus, 134. rubiginosus, 130. sphairocephalus, 124. spinulosus, 130, 446. squarrosus, 125. stenophyllus, 132. suffruticosus, 135. tenuicaulis, 129. tortifolius, 173. nniflorus, 128. Watsoni, 134. Whitneyi, 127. Aplostephium canum, 170. Apogon, 84, 410. gracilis, 411. humilis, 411. lyratus, 411. \f rightji, 411. Arcliieracium, 424. Arctium, 82, 397. Bardana, 397. Lappa, 397. majus, 397. minus, 397. Arctngeron, 200. Aryyrochaita bipinnati/ida, 244. Armania, 281. Arnica, 81, 380. alpina, 382. amplexicaulis, 381. angustifolio , 382. Chamissonis, 381 . Chamissonis, 382. Claytoni, 380. cordifolia, 381. discoidea, 381. Doronicum, 384. foliosa, 382. fulgens, 383. lanceolata, 382. lalifolia, 381. latifolia, 382. longifolia, 382. macrophylla, 381. maritima, 38i. Menziesii, 381. mollis, 382. montana, 382. Nevadensis, 382. nudicaulis, 380. obtusifolia, 383. Parryi, 382. parviflora, 381. plantaginea, 383. Unalaschensis, 383. viscosa, 382. Arnicella, 128. Aromia tenuifulia, 334. Arrhenachne, 221. Arrow-wood, 10, 225. Artemisia, 78, 367. abrotanoides, 370. Abrotanum, 370. Absinthium, 370. androsacea, 370. annua, 370. arbuscula, 374. arctica, 371. biennis, 370. Bigelovii, 374. Bolanderi, 375. borealis, 368. cmspitosa, 371. Californica, 370. campestris, 368. cana, 375. Canadensis, 368. capillifolia, 97. caudata, 368. cernua, 369. Chamissoniana, 371. Chinensis, 371. Columbiensis, 375. commutata, 368. corymbosa, 371. cuneifolia, 372. desertorwm, 368. discolor, 373. Douglasiana, 372. dracunculoides, 369. Dracunculus, 369. filifolia,_369. Fischeriana, 370. foliosa, 370. franserioides, 373. frigida, 369. glauca, 369. globularia, 371,. glomerata, 370. gnaphalodes, 372. Grwnlandica, 368. heterophylla, 371, 373. Hispanica, 370. Hooheriana, 372. incompta, 373. Indica, var., 372. inodora, 369. integrifolin, 372, 373. leptopliylla, 374. INDEX. 459 leontopodioides, 371. Lewisii, 369. Lindlwimeriana, 372. Lindleyana, 373. longepedunculata, 371. longifolia, 372. Ludoviciana, 372. Ludoviciana, 373. matricarioides, 364. Mexicana, 372. Micfiauxiana, 373. Norvegica, 371. Nuttauiana, 369. pachystachya, 369. Paafica, 368. Palmeri, 374. Parishii, 374. Parryi, 371. Pattersoni, 453. pedatifida, 368. peucedanifolia, 368. Plathnsis, 369. potenlilloides, 367. Prescottiana, 373. procera, 370. pumita, 373. Purskiana, 372 pycnocephala, 369. pycnostachya, 369. Richardsoniana, 371. rigida, 374. Rothvockij, 375. 7 t upestris, 371. Santonica, 369. scopulorum, 369, ioZ. scopulont-m, 453. Semavinensis, 370. Senjaviaensis, 370. Senjavinensis, 371. sencea, 369. serrata, 372. spinescens, 368. spithajncea, 368. Stelleriana, 371. ri'fe«'», 373. tridentata, 374. trifida, 375. trifida, 374, 375. trt/'urcttta, 3 7 1. variabilis, 369. violacea, 368. virgata, 370. vulgaris, 372. Wrightii, 373. Artichoke, 82, 280. Artorkiza, 265. Asperula odvrata, 35. Aster, 56, 172. abbreviates, 194. acuminatus, 199. acuminatus, 194. adnatus, 180. adscendens, 191. adscendens, 192, 193. adullerinus, 189. asstivus, 188, 189, 192. alatus, 180. aZfes, 198. alpigenus, 201. alpinus, 173. amethystinus, 185. amamus, 195. amplexicaulis, 178, 180, 183. ampins, 194. amygdalinus, 196, 197. Andersonii, 201. Andinus, 191. angustus, 204. angustus, 447. auonialus, 181. armuus, 172, 219. arenarioides, 201. argenteus, 179. argutus, 189. artemisi&Jlorus, 187. aspen-imus, 178. asperuqinvus, 212. asper«£«s, 181. aMerattatiM, 183. auritus, 180. azureus, 181. Baldwinii, 182. bellidijlorus, 188. bicolor, 14G. biennis, 179, 185, 206. bifiorus, 176. bifrons, 187. Bigelovii, 205. blandus, 195. blepharophyllus, 202, 205. Bloomen, 178. Bonariensis, 208. borealis, 188. Bostoniensis, 185. bracteolatus, 191. brumalis, 189. casrulescens, 188. ccespitosus, 190. Califomicus, 208. campestris, 178. Canbyi, 193. canescens, 206. caricifolius, 202. carweas, 188, 192. carnosus, 202. Carolinianus, 179. Chaniissonis, 190. Chapmani, 201. CMlensis, 190. chrysanthemoides, 206. ciliatus, 172. ciliatus, 180, 185. ciliolatus, 182. Collinsii, 172. Coloradoensis, 205. commutatus, 185. concinuus, 183. concinnus, 178. concolor, 180. confertus, 183, 195. consanyuineus, 196. conspicuus, 177. conyzoides, 171. cordifolius, 182. cordifolius, 174, 128. coridifolius, 186. cornifolius, 197. Comuti, 194. corvmbosus, 174. Cuftisii, 177. Cusiekii, 195. cyaneus, 183. denudatus, 191. dichotomus, 197. diffusus, 186. difusus, 186. 187, 199. discoideus, 144. divaricatus, 172, 174, 197, 199, divergent, 186. [203. diversifolius, 181. Douglasii, 192. Douglasii, 193, 194. dracunculoides, 188. Drummondii, 182. dumosus, 185. duinosus, 1S4, 186. Durandh, 190. elegans, 200. eleyans, 170, 184, 199. Eliiottii, 194. eWes, 100. eminens, 188, 189, 190, 447. Engelmanni, 199. erica^folius, 198. ericoides, 184. ericoides, 185, 186. eryngiifolius, 173. E'spenberyensis, 176. exilis, 203. eu:scapus, 168. falcatus, 185. falcatus, 190, 191. Fendleri, 178. fdagirdf alius, 170. Jirmus, 195. flexuosus, 202. jloribundus, 189. foliaceus, 193. foliolosus, 186. frayilis, 186, 187. Fremonti, 191. frondosus, 204. glabellus, 184. glabriusculus, 200. ylacialis, 201, 208, 209, 211. glaucescens, 183. glaucus, 200. gracilentus, 183. gracilis, 176. graminifolius, 216. grandiflorus, 178. grandiflorus, 174. graveolens, 447. Greenei, 188. gvmnocephalus, 205. Hallii, 191. Haydeni, 447. hebecladus, 185. Herveyi, 175. hesperius, 192. » heterophyllous, 182, 447. hiemaiis, 189. hirsnticaulis, 187. hirtellus, 182. hispidus, 195. Iiorizontalis, 187. humilis, 197. hyssopifolius, 172. imbi'icatus, 201. incanus, 206. infirmus, 197. integrifolius, 177. intybaceus, 447. junceus, 188. juncevs, 188. Kingii, 178. Kumleini, 179. leeriyatus, 183, 189. laevis, 183. Lamarckianus, 188. lanceolatus, 188. Icttifolius, 175. ln-xifolius, 188, 189, 192. Zoxks, 188, 189. leucanthemus, 187. 460 INDEX. ledifvlius, 199. ledophyllus, 200. Lemmoni, 199. linariifolius, 197. Lindleyanus, 182. linifolius, 172, 202, 204. longifolius, 188. longifolius, 189, 190, 192. luc'idus, 195. lutescens, 199. luxurians, 447. macrophyllus, 175. Marylandicus, 171. Menziesii, 190. microphallus, 180. mirabilis, 175. miser, 172, 183, 186, 187. modestus, 179. montanus, 176, 179. multiceps, 179. multiflorus, 185. multiflorus, 180, 191. muta'bilis, 172. mutabllis, 183, 189. mutatus, 179. Neesii, 190. nemoralis, 199. Novae-Angliai, 178. jSTovi-Belgii, 189, 447. Novi-Belgii, 192. nudiflorus, 176. Nuttallii, 178, 191. obliquus, 188. oblongifolius, 178, 447. obovaius, 196, 197. occidentalis, 192. onustus, 188, 189. Oolentangiensis, 181. Oreganus, 192. pallens, 194. Palmeri, 203. paludosus, 174. paniculatus, 187, 447. panieulatus, 181, 182, 189. Parryi, 200. parviflorus, 207. parviflorus, 187. patenSj 180. patentissimus, 180. Pattersoni, 205. Pattersoni, 206. patulus, 194. paueiflorus, 202. pauciJloruSf 184. pendulus, 186. Pennsylvanicus, 183. peregrinus, 196. phlogifolius, 180. pliyllolepis, 179. pilosus, 184, 185. pinifolius, 447. pulitus, 183. polyphvllus, 184, 447. Porter^ 184. prcealtus, 188, 189. prazcox, 182, 194. prenanthoides, 194. PrescoUii, 176. ptarmicoides, 198. pubescens, 447. pulcbellus, 201, 447. puhherrimus, 197. puniceus, 195. puniceus, 194. purpuratus, 183. pygmffius, 196. raceniosus, 186. radula, 176. racfoZa, 177, 190. radulinus, 177. ramulosus, 185, 191. j'ecarjjaiMS, 187, 188. Reevesii, 184. reticulatus, 197. Richardsonii, 176. ric/idus, 172, 197. ngidulus, 188. riparius, 202. roseus, 178. rubricaulis, 183. sagittifolius, 182, 447. sagittifolius, 181. sa'liciiolius, 188. salicifolius, 188, 189. salignus, 188. salsuginosus, 196, 208, 209, Sayanus, 179. [447. scuber, 181. scabrosus, 172. scandens, 179. scoparius, 185. scopulorum, 198. secundiflorus, 186. sericeus, 179. serotinus, 189. Shastensis, 174. Shortii, 181. Sibiricus, 176, 447. simplex, 188, 192. solidagineus, 171. solidaginoides, 171. Sonorce, 202. . sparsiflorus, 186, 202. spathulatus, 191. speciosus, 176., spectabilis, 176. spectabilis, 190. spinosus, 203. sphmlosus, 174. spurius, 178. squarrosus, 180. squarrulosus, 189. stenomeres, 198. stenopliyllus, 188. strictus, 176, 188. subasper, 188. subspicatus, 193. subulatus, 204. subulatus, 203. surculosus. 176. tanacetifolius, 206. tardiflorus, 194. tardijlorus, 189. tenuifolius, 202. tenuifolius, 184, 186, 187, 188. thyrsiflorus, 190. racsi't, 196. tomentellus, 170. tortifolius, 173. tortifolius, 172. Townshendii, 205. •Tradescanti, 187. Tradescanti, 186, 188, 194. Tripollum, 202. turbinellus, 183. umbellatus, 196, 447. Unalaschensis, 179, 196, 208. undulatus, 181. undulatus, 180. unijlorus, 199. urophyllus, 182. vernus, 172, 216. versicolor, 183. villosus, 184. vimiueus, 186. vimineus, 183, 194, 195. virgatus, 183. virgatus, 184, 447. virqineus, 189. Watsoni, 201. Wrightii, 173. Xylorrhiza, 200. ASTEROIDE.*, 52, 114. Astranthium integrifolium, 163. .4s(ro/)oZram, 203. Athanasia graminifolia, 303. hastata, 257. paniculata, 289. trinervia, 303. Atrichoseris, 84, 410. platyphylla, 410. -dwrefta, 117. amplexicauHs, 118. decurrens, 119. Bacchaeide^;, 57. Baccharis, 57, 221. Alamanl, 225. angustifolia, 222. Bigelovii, 224. brachyphylla, 223. cosrulescens, 225. consanguinea, 222. Douglasii, 224. Emoryi, 222. fcetida, 226. glomeruliflora, 222. glomeruliflora, 222. glutinosa, 224. glutinosa, 225. 'Hmnkei, 224. halimifolia, 222. Havardi, 224. juucea, 221. pilularis, 222. pilularis, 223. Pingrma, 225. Plummerse, 224. ptarmicafolia, 224. pteronioides, 223. ramulosa, 223. salicifolia, 222. salicina, 222. salicina, 223. sarothroides, 223. Seemarmi, 221. sergiloides, 223. sesslliflora, 222. Texana, 222. thesioi'des, 224. veneta, 143. vimhiea, 225. viscosa, 226. "Wrightii, 222. Baeria, 72, 325. afiinis, 327. anthemoides, 328. carnosa, 326. chrvsostoma, 325. Cleveland], 326. coronaria, 327. civrta, 326. debilis, 325. Fremonti, 327. gracilis, 326. INDEX. 461 leptalea, 325. macrantha, 325. maritima, 326. mutica, 328. Palmed. 452. platycarpha, 326. tenella, 327. uliginosa, 327. Babia, 73, 331. absinthifolia, 332. achillceoides, 330. ambigua, 331. ambrosioides, 332. arachnoidea, 330. artemiskefolia, 329. Bigelovii, 333. biternata, 333. chrysanthemoides, 333. coiiftriijlora, 330. cuneata, 331. dealbata, 332. gracilis, 331 vitegrifolia, 331. lanata, 330. latifolia, 330. leucophylla, 331. multiflora, 331. Neo-Mexicana, 333. nudicaulis, 332. oblongifolia, 332. oppositifolia, 332. parviflora, 331. pedata, 333. rubella, 329. st&chadifolia, 329. tenuifolia, 330. triftda. 330. Wallace!, 329. 331. Woodhousii, 333, 452. Bahiopsis lawita, 271. Baileya, 71, 318. multiradiata, 318. pauciradiata, 318. pleniradiata, 318. Baldwinia, 68, 302. inultiflora, 302. uniflora, 302. 450. Balsamorrhiza, 66, 235. Bolanderi, 266. Carevana, 265. deltoidea, 266. glabrescens. 266. helianthoides, 266. hirsute, 266. Hookeri, 266. incana, 266. macrophylla, 266. sagittate, 265. terebinthacea, 266. Barkhausia Caroliniana, 441. elegans, 431. grandijlora, 441. Lessingii, 439. nana, 431. Barrattia, 283. calm, 283. Bartlettia, 80, 378. scaposa, 378. • Bebbia, 445, 453. juncea, 453. Bedstraw, 35. Bellardia, 416. Bellis, 55, 163. integrifolia, 163. Mexicana, 163. perennis, 163. xanthocomoides, 163. Berlandiera, 61, 242. incisa, 243. longifolia, 242. lyrata, 243. pumila, 243. subacaulis, 243. Texana, 242. tomentosa, 243. Berthelotia, 225. Betchea, 44. 46, 47. major, 47. samolifolia, 47. Bezanilla, 228, 448. Bidens, 68, 295. arguta, 298. Beckii, 298. Bigelovii, 297. bipinnata, 297. Califomica, 297. cernua, 296. chrysanthemoides, 296. connata, 296. ferulcefvlia, 298. fozniculifotia, 298. frondosa, 296. fracilis, 302. elianthoides, 296. heterophyila. 298. heterosperma. 297. Humboldtii, 298. Leminoni, 297. leucantha, 297. longifolia, 298. nirea, 297. petiolata, 296. pilosa, 297. procera, 297. quadriaristata, 296. striata, 297. tenuisecta, 297. tripartita, 296. Bigelovia, 54, 135. acradenia, 142. albida, 137. arborescens, 141. Bigelovii, 137. Bolanderi, 136. brachylepis, 141. ceruminosa, 138. Cooperi, 141. coronopifolia, 142. coronopifolia, 143. depressa. 137. diffusa, 141. Douglasii, 139. dracunculoides, 139. Drummoudii, 142. Engelmanni, 137. graveolens, 139. Greenei, 138. Hartwegi, 143. Howavdi, 136. intricata, 203. lanceolata, 140. leiosperma, 139. juncea, 138. Menziesii, 143. M issouriensis, 139. Mohavensis, 138. Nevadensis, 136. nudata, 141. paniculate, 138. Parishii, 141. Parryi, 136. pluri'flora, 142. pulchella, 137. rupestris, 133. spathulata, 133. teretifolin, 138. tridentata, 143. uniligulata, 154. Vaseyi, 140. veneta, 142. virgata, 141. viscidiflora, 140. Wrightii, 142. Biotia, 174. commixta, 175, 176. corymbosa, 174. glomerata, 175. latifolia, 175. macrophylla, 175. Schreberi, 175. Blazing Star, 109. Blennosperma, 60, 343. Californicum, 344. Blepharipappus, 69, 304. glandulosus, 314. scaber, 304. Blepharizonin , 312. Blepharodon, 129. Bluebottle, 407. Bluets, 24. Bahera, 356. chrysanthemoides, 356. glandulosa, 356. Baberastrum, 356. Boliphyla, 245. alpina, 245. Bolophytum, 245. Boltonia, 56, 166. asteroides, 166. diffusa, 100. qlastifolia, 166. latisquama, 166. Bombycilmna, 227. Boneset, 99. Borreria, 33. Dmningensis, 34. micrantha, 34. parviflora, 34. subidata, 33. Borricbia, 66, 265. arborescens, 265. frutescens, 265. Bouvardia, 19, 23. angustifolia, 24. coccinea, 24. hirtella, 24. Jacquini, 24. ovata, 23. quaternifblza, 24. splendens, 24. temifolia, 24. tripliylla, 23. Brachyacbyris, 115. Euthamice, 115. Brachyactis, 204. ciliata, 204. frondosa, 204. Bradvychseta, 53, 54, 161. cordata, 161. Brachycome xanthocomoides, 166. Brachyris, 115. Californica, 115. divaricata,, 115. dracunculoides, 116. Euthamia, 115. 462 INDEX. microcephaly 115, 116. ovatijblia, 161. paniculata, 115. ramosissima, 116. Bradburia, 53, 120. hirtella, 120. Brauneria, 2o8. Breea arvensis, 398. Brickellia, 51, 103. atractyloides, 104. bacchariclea, 106. betonicsefolia, 107. brachyphylla, 108. Californica, 106. cordifolia, 105. Coulteri,105. Cumingil, 124. cylindracea, 107. dentata, 106. Fendleri, 96. floribunda, 105. frutescens, 108. grandiflora, 105. Greenei, 104. hastata, 104. incana, 104. laciniata, 106. Lemmoni, 107. line ari folia, 140. linifolia, 104. longifolia, 108. microphylla, 106. Mohavensis, 104. multiflora, 108. Nevinii, 445. oblongi folia, 104. oliganthes, 107. parvula, 107. Pringlei, 107. reniformis, 106. Riddellii, 108. Rusbyi, 106. simplex, 105. spinulosa, 108. squamulosa, 108. tenera, J06. Wislizeni, 107- Wrightii, 106. Wrightii, 105. Brotera Contrayerba, 354. Sprengelii, 354. trinervata, 354. Broteroa trinervata, 354. Bulbostylis, 104. annua, 377. Californica, 106. Cavanillesii, 106. deltoides, 100. microphylla, 106. oliganthes, 107. Buphthalmumangustifolium, 303. arborescens, 265. frutescens, 265. helianthoides, 255. repens, 265. sagittatnm, 266. Burdock, 397. Bur-Marigold, 295. Bumelia, 72, 324. chrysostoma, 325. Fremonti, 327. gracilis, 326. hirsuta, 326. Innosa, 329. leptalea, 325. longifolia, 326. marhima, 326. microglossa, 324. nivea, 323. parvifiora, 326. platycarpha, 326. tenerrima, 320. Bush Honeysuckle, 18. Butter-bur, 375. Butter-weed, 394. Button Snakeroot, 109. Cacalia, 81, 394. atriplicifolia, 395. cordifolia, 94. decomposita, 396. diversifolia, 395. Floridana, 395. gigantea, 395. hastata, 395. hastata, 395, 396. lanceolata, 396. Nardosmia, 376. ovata, 395. ovata, 396. paniculata, 396. pteranthes, 396. reniformis, 395. suaveolens, 395. tuberosa, 396. Cacaliopsis, 79, 376. Nardosmia, 376. Cachimilla, 225. Cce?wtus, 220. Calais, 418. aphantocarpha, 419. Bigelovii, 419. BolanderL 418. cyclocarpma, 420. bougla&ii, 419, 420. eriocarpha, 420. glauca, 417. graciloba, 417. laciniata, 417, 418. Lindlep, 419. lineanfolia, 419. macrocAreto, 418. major, 417. nutans, 417. Parryi, 418. platycarpha, 420. sylvatica, 417. tenella, 419. Calea aspera, 257. oppositifolia, 257. Calliachyris Fremonti, 316. Calliastrum, 175. Callichroa, 315. Douglasii, 316. platyglossa, 315. Calliglossa Douglasii, 316, Calliopsis, 290. Athinsoniana, 291. bicolor, 291. cardaminefolla, 291. Drummondii, 291. palmata, 293. rosea, 290. tinctoria, 291. Calocalais, 418. Calonea, 351. Cafostelma, 109. Calycadenia, 310. cephalntes, 312. Fremonti, 312. mollis, 311. multiqlandulosa, 312. paucijlora, 311. plumosa, 312. ienella, 311. (rwrecata, 311. villosa, 311. Calycoseris, 86, 421. Parryi, 421. Wrightii, 421. Calymmandra, 229. Candida, 230. Calyptrocarpus vialis, 289. Canada Thistle, 390. OAPRIFOLIACE^, 7. Caprifolium, 16. bracteosum, 18. ciliosum, 16. Douglasii, 17. fiavum, 17. Fraseri, 17. hispidulum, 18. glaucum, 18. gratum, 18. occzrfemtaJe, 16. parvifiorum, 18. pubescens, 17. sempervirens, 16. Carbenia, 405. Cardoon, 82. Carduine-e, 82. Carduus, 82, 397- acanthoides, 397. altissimus, 404. arvensis, 398. crispus, 397- discolor, 399, 403, 404. foliosus, 402. ?Ja6er, 404, 405. horridulus, 400. lanceolatus, 398. muticus, 405. nutans, 397. occidental'^, 401. odorafus, 401. pectinatus, 397. pumilus, 401, 402. pycnocephalus, 397. remotifolius, 399. repandus, 405. spinosissimus, 400. undulatus, 403. Virginianus, 404, 405. Carminatia, 51, 103. tenuiflora, 103. Carphephorus, 52, 112. atriplicifolius, 113. bellidifolius, 113. corymbosus, 113. junceus, 113. junceus, 378. Pseudo-Li atris, 113. tomentosus, 113. Carphochsete, 52, 109. Bigelovii, 109. Cartesia centauroides, 88. Carthamus lazvis, 88. Catesbjea ; 20, 28. parvifiora, 28. Catomenia, 286. Centaurea, 82, 405. Americana, 407. Americana, 88. beneclicta, 406. Calcitrapa, 408. INDEX. 463 Cyanus, 407. Jacea, 407. Melitensis, 406. Mextcana, 407. nigra, 406. Nuttallii,' 407 . solstitialis, 406. Centauridium Drummondii, 125. Centaurine.e, 82. Centrocarpha aristatn, 260. qrandijlora, 2G1. triloba, 259, 260^ Centrospermum kumile, 240. xanthioides, 2-39. Cephalanthus, 20, 29. occidentalis, 29. salicifolius, 29. Cephalopfwra acaulis, 345. decurrens, 349. scaposa, 344. Ceratocephalus, 296. Cercomeris, 249. Ctrcostylis, 351. Chaenactis, 74, 339, 452. achilleafbUa, 341- artemisisefolia, 342. attenuata, 340. bvachypappa, 340. carphoclinia, 340. Cusickii, 452. denudata, 339. Douglasii, 341. jilifoliu, 339. Fremonti, 340. glabriuscula, 339. glabriusculif, 341. neterocarpha, 339, 452. lanosa, 339. macrantha, 341. Nevadensis, 341. Nevii, 339, 452. Parishil, 453. santolinoides, 341. stevioides, 340- suffrutescens, 341, 452- tanacefifolia, 339. tenuifolia, 339. thysanocarpha, 342. Xantiana, 340. Chaetadelpha, 84, 415. Wheeleri, 415. Chcetanthera asteroides, 165. ChcBthymenia, 317. Chaetopappa, 55, 165- asteroides, 165. modesta, 165. Parryi, 165. Ckamcedaphne, 31. Ckamamelum. 363. Chamomile, 362, 363. Chaptalia, 83, 408. nutans, 408. tomentosa, 408. Chiccory, 412. Cbiococca, 21, 30. parvifolia, 30. _ racemosa, 30. Chlonoracium, 429. Chlcenolobus pycnostackyus, 226. virqatus, 226. Chondnlla, 87, 441. Illinoensis, 433. ■juncea, 441. Imvigato , 441. Ckorisiva^ 247. Chrysactinia, 77, 355. Mexicana, 355. Chrysanthemum, 78, 364. arcticum, 365. Balsamita, 365. bipinnatum, 364. CaroUnianum, 166. grandiftorum, 364. Indicum, 364. inodoi*um, 363. integrifolium, 365. Leucanthemum, 365- nanunij 364. Parthenium, 365. segetum, 364. Sinense, 364. Chrysastrum, 144. Chrysocoma acaulis, 91. coronopifolia, 97. dracunculoides, 139. gigantea, 90. gramini 'folia, 90, 161. graveolens* 139, 142. nauseosa, 139. nudata, 141. tomentosa, 89. virgata, 141. Chrysogonum, 61, 243. Diotostephus, 243. Virginianuni, 243. Ckrysoma, 161. pumila, 160. solidaginoides, 161. unillgulata, 154. Ckrysomelea, 292. lanceolata, 292. Chrysopsis, 53, 121, 446. acaulis, 132. a/6rt, 198. alpina, 198. amygdalina, 196. argentea, 121. aspera, 121. Bolanderi, 123. Breweri, 124. cmspitosa, 132. canescens, 123, 213. coronopifolia, 206. decumbens, 122. dentata, 122. divaricata, 130. echioides, 123. falcata, 123. Jbliosa, 123. gossypina, 122, 446. framinifolia, 121, 446. 2>£e#a, 210. hispida, 123. kumilis, 197. hyssopifolia, 122. Lamnrchii, 130. linariifolia, 197. Mariana, 122. mollis, 123. obovata, 197. oligantka, 121. Oregana, 124. pilosa, 124. pinifolia, 121. scabra, 121. scabrella, 122. sessilijlora, 123. trichophylla, 122. villosa, 122. Wrightii, 446. Chrysostemma tripteris, 294. Chrymthamnopsis, 136. Chrysothamnus, 136) 137. depressus, 137. dracuncult'khs, 139. lenceolatus, 1-10. pumdas, 140. speciosus, 139. visctdijlorus, 140. Chthonia prostrata, 360. Cichoriace.e, 83, 410. Cichorium, 84, 412. Intybus, 412. Cinchona Caribam, 23. Caroliniana, 23. Jamaicensis, 23. ClNCHONACE/E, 19. Cineraria atropurpurea, 389. Canadensis, 383, 394, 396. Carolinensis, 383. congesta, 394. frigida, 389. heterophylla, 390. inlegrifolia, 389, 390. Lewisii, 211. ^ra^rt, 390- maritima, 383. palustris, 394. pratensis, 388. Cirsium, 398. acaule, 402. altissimum, 404. arreras<2, 398. Bigelovii, 405. brtvi foil urn, 403. CaUJ'ornicum, 400. canescens, 400, 403. Coultert, 401. discolor, 404. diversifolium, 404. Douglasii, 403. Drummondii, 400, 402. edule, 399. eriocephalum, 399, 400. Jilipendulum, 404. foliosum, 400, 402. Grahami, 403. Hookerianum, 399, 403. horridulum, 400. Kamtschaticum, 400. lanceolatvm, 398. Lecontei, 405. megacanthum, 400. muiicum, 405. Neo-Mexicnnum, 400. Nuttallii, 404. nchrocentrum, 403. Pitch eri, 403. pumilum, 401. remotifolium, 399. repanaum, 405. scarinsum, 402. stenolepidum, 399. Tez-rtnum, 404. undulatum, 401, 403. Viraininnum, 404. Wrirjhtii, 404. Clappia, 70, 317. ourantiaca, 317. suaedasfolia, 317. Clarionea, 408. runcinata, 409. Clavigera, 104. brachyphylla, 108. dentata, 108. 464 INDEX. Riddellii, 108. Cleavers, 35. Clomenocoma, 356. Clot-bur, 252. Ciiicus, 82, 397. altissimus, 404. Americanus, 398. Andersoni, 401. Andrewsii, 400. Arizonicus, 401. arvensis, 398. benedictus, 406. Breweri, 403. Galifornicus, 400. carlinoides, 398. Drummondii, 402. Eatoni, 400. edulis, 399. eriocephalus, 399. foliosus, 402. glaber, 404. glutinosus, 405. Grahami, 403. Hallii, 399. Hookerianus, 399. horridulus, 400. Kamtschaticus, 399. lanceolatus, 398. Lecontei, 405. inuticus, 405. Neo-Mexicanus, 400. Nuttallii, 404. occidentalis, 401. ochrocentrus, 403. Parryi, 398. Pitched, 403. pumilns, 401. quercetomm, 402. remotifolius, 399. repandus, 405. Kothrockii, 401. scaviosus, 402. spinusissimus, 400. undulatus, 403. Virginianus, 404. Virginianus, 405. Wheeleri, 402. Wrightii, 404. Cockle-bur, 252. CoAestina, 93. ageratoides, 93. cmraha, 93, 102. corymbosa, 93. maritima, 93. COFFEACE.E, 20. Coinogyne- carnosa, 317. Coleosanthus, 104. Coltsfoot, 375. Compass-plant, 242. COMPOSITE, 48, 445. Cone-flower, 259. Coniotheh Californica, 344. Conoclinium, 102. betonicum, 102. coslcstinum, 102. dichotomum, 102. disseclum, 102. rigidum, 95. Conophora, 395. Conyza, 57, 221. Altaica, 204. ambigua, 221. amplexicaulis, 226. angustifolia, 226. asieroides, 171. bifoliata, 172. bifrons, 226. camphoratu, 226. Carulinensis, 226. Coulteri, 221. Coulteri, 220. linifoliu, 171. Marylandica, 226. pycnostachya, 226. sinuata, 221. subdecurrens, 220, 221. uliginosa, 226. viryata, 226. CoNYZE/E, 57. Conyzopsis, 204. Coral-berry, 13. Coreocarpus heterocarpus, 301. partlienioides, 301. Coreoloma, 290. CoREOPSIDEiE, 67. Coreopsides, 292. Coreopaidium, 291. Coreopsis, 68, 289. acuta, 289. alata, 287. atta, 297. alternifolia, 289. ambigua, 295. angustifolia, 290. angustifolia, 273. arguta, 295. aristaia, 295. aristosa, 295. aspera, 290. Atkinsoniaua, 291. aurea, 294. aurea, 295. auriculata, 293. auriculata, 293. Bidens, 296. bidentoides, 295. Buyhiniana, 292. catiiopsidea, 300. cardaminefolia, 291. coronata, 292. coronata, 294, 295, 297. crassifolia, 292. delphinifolia, 293. delphinifolia, 294. dichotoma, 290. discoidea, 295. dioersifolia, 291, 293. Drumraondii, 291. fdifolla, 301. flexicaulis, 290. gladiata, 290. grandiflora, 292. Harveyana, 292. heterophylla, 292. integrifoiia, 290. involucrata, 295. lanceolata, 292. latifolia, 294. Leavenworthii, 291. UucantJta, 297. leucanthema, 297. linifolia, 290. longipes, 292. major, 294. maritima, 300. 77u7/s, 295. nudata. 290. oblonr/i folia, 292. (Emleri, 294. palmata, 293. parviflora, 298. pauajlora, 293. perfoliata, 296. prcecox, 293. procera, 289. pubescens, 293. rosea, 290. senifolia, 293. stellata, 294. tenuifolia, 293. tinctoria, 291. tricbosperma, 295. trifida, 301. tripteris, 294. verticillata, 293. verticillata, 293. TFtojj, 294. Coretbrogyne, 50, 170. Californica, 170. detonsa, 170. filaginifolia, 170. incana, 170. obovata, 170. spathulata, 170. tomentella, 170. virgata, 170. Corn Jlarvgold, 364. Corn Salad, 44. Corvisartia, 236. Cosmidium Burridgeanum, 301. Jilifolium, 301. gracile, 302. simplicifolium, 302. Cosmos, 68, 298. bipinnatus, 298. caudatus, 298. parviflorus, 298. Costmary, 365. Cotton-Rose, 230. Cotula, 78, 366. 'thoidk.e, 59, 237. Helianthus, 66, 271, 450. altissimus, 276. angustifolius, 273. annuus, 272. argophyllus, 272. aristatus, 288. atrorubens, 274. atrorubens, 274, 275. Bolanderi, 272. Californicus, 277. canescens, 276. cernwus, 281. ciliaris, 274. cinereus, 273. cinereus, 279- crassifolins, 275. cucumerifvliuSj 273. dealbatus. 280, 450. debilis, 273. decapetalus, 280. dentatus, 270. diffusus, 274. divaricatus, 279. divaricatus, 278. diversifolius, 279. doronicoides, 279. doronicoides. 280. Douglasii, 278. Dowellianus, 275. erythrocarpus, 272. exilis, 273. Floridanus, 273. frondosus, 280. giganteus, 276. giganteus, 273, 277. gigas, 276. gracilentus, 277. grosse-serratus, 276. heterophyllus, 274. keterophyllus, 275. hirsutus, 279. hispidulus, 279. Hookerianus, 268. integrifolius, 272. lgetiflorus, 275. laevigatas, 278. /ccw's, 255, 279, 296. lenticular is, 272. Lindkeirnerianus, 273. longifolius, 278. longifolius, 268. macrocarpus, 272. macrophyllus, 280. Maximiliani, 277. microcephalus, 278. Missouriensis, 275. Missuricus, 274. mollis, 276. mr)//w. 280. multijlorus, 272, 280. neglectus. 279. Nuttallii,'277. occidentalis, 275. Oliveri, 450. orgyalis, 273. ovatus, 272. Parishii, 277. parvirlorus, 276. pate?is, 272. pauciflorus, 272. petiolaris, 272. pracox, 273. prostratus, 280. pubescens, 276, 279. purailus, 275. quinquunervis, 284. radula, 274. rigidus, 274. scaberrimus, 272. scabervimus, 275. Schweinitzii, 278. silphioides, 274. sparsijlorus, 274. spathulatus, 27G. squarrosus, 276. strumosus, 279. strumosus, 278, 279, 280. subtuberosus, 276. tenuifolius, 280. tephrodes, 450. tephrodes, 271. thurifer, 281. tomentosus, 276. tracheliifolius, 280. tracheliifulius, 278. tricuspis, 275. truncatus, 279. tub&formis, 272. tuberosus, 280. tuberosus, 276. Heliochroa amama, 258. elatior, 258. furcata, 258. Linnceana, 258. Heliomeris multiflora, 269. ttnuifolia, 269. Heliopsis^, 64, 254. annua, 255. Balsamorrhiza, 266. buphthalmoides, 255. buphthalmoides, 255- cfmescens, 255. gracilis, 255. lasvis. 254. parvifolia, 255. scabra, 255. terebintharea, 266. Helmintha, 420. Helogyne, 93. Hemiachyris Texona, 116. Hemiambrosia, 250. Hemiptilium, 415. Bigelovii, 414. SckotHi, 415. ffemixanf Iridium, 250, 251. Hemizonella, 69, 306. Durandi, 306. minima, 306. parvula, 306. Hemizonia, 69, 306. angustifolia, 308. anrjustifolia, 311. batsam'ifera, 308. cepkalotes, 312. citriodora, 307, 451. Cleveland]', 307. congesta, 307. congesta, 314. 470 INDEX. corymbosa, 308. decumbens, 309. Douglasii, 311. fasciculala, 309. Jilipes, 313. Fitchii, 308. floribunda, 309. Fremonti, 312. frutescens, 307. glomerata, 309. Heermanni, 310. hispida, 311. Kelloggii, 309. Lobbii, 310. luzulsfolia, 307. macradenia, 308. macradenia, 310. macrocephala, 308. mollis, 311. mnlticcmlis, 309. multiglandulosa, 312. oppositifolia, 312. paniculata, 309. Parryi, 308. pauciflora, 311. plumosa, 312. pungens, 308. ramosissima, 310. rudis, 307. sericea, 307. spicata, 311 . Streetsii, 307, 451. tenella, 310. truncata, 311. vivgata, 310. Wheeleri, 307. "Wrightii, 309. Herba Impia, 230. Hesperastrum, 174. Hesperevax, 228. Heterochwta, 207. jffeterockromea, 453. Heterochkome/e, 54. Heterodonta, 295. Heterogyne, 253. Heteropectis, 361. Heierophania, 231. Heteropleura, 429. Heterosperma, 299. Heterospermum, 68, 299. dicranocarpum, 237. pinnatuin, 299. taqetinum, 299. Heterdtheca, 53, 120. Chrysopsidis, 121. Jioribunda, 121. frandiflora, 121. amarckii, 120. Lamarckii, 130. latifolia, 121. leptoglo&sa, 121. scabra, 121. Hieracium, 86, 424. abscissum, 430. albiflorum, 428. alpinum, 424. arcticum, 427. argutum, 428. aurantiacum, 424. aura turn, 425. barbatum, 426. Bolanderi, 429. Brandegei, 455. brevipilum, 429. Breweri, 427. Catijbmicnm, 423. Canadense, 425. Canadense, 425. carneum, 430. Carolinmnum, 426. corymbosum, 425. cynoglossoides, 428. erytlirospermum, 429. J'asciculatum, 425. Fendleri. 429. gracile, 427. Greenei, 429. Gronovii, 426. Gronovii, 425, 426, 427. kelianthijblium, 425. Hoolceri, 427. hoiridum, 427. Kalmii, 424. Kalmii. 425. Lemmoni, 430. longipilum, 426, 455. macranthum, 425. macrophyllum, 425. Marianum, 426, 446, 455. Marianum, 426. molle, 424. murorum,424. paniculatum, 425. Parishii, 428. Pennsylvanicum, 426. prsealtum, 424. praeox, 424. prenanthoides, 425. Pringlei, 429. pusillum, 207. relicinum, 427. rioidum, 425. Ruge.lii, 426. runcinatum, 431. Eusbyi, 428. scabriusculum, 425. scabrum, 426. scabrum, 426. Scouleri, 427. Scouleri, 429. subnudum, 425. Sullivantii, 425. sylvaticum, 424. tkyrsoideum, 430. triste, 427. (riVe, 427. umbellatum, 425. FarccoMtteWawum, 428. venosum, 425. venosum, 425. virgatum, 425. vulgatum, 424. High Cranberry, 10. High-water Shrub, 247. Hobble-bush, 9. Hofmeisteria, 51, 93. pluriseta, 93. Hologymne, 324. Douglasii, 323. glabrata, 324. Holozonia, 313. Jilipes, 313. HoMOCHROME^G, 52. Bomoianthus, 408. Homopappus, 126. argutus, 127. glomeratus, 127. inuloides, 128. multijlorus, 129. paniculatus, 127. rocemosKS, 127. spathulatus, 149. squarrosus, 125. Honeysuckle, 141. Hophirleia anthemoides, 334. Horse-Gentian, 12. Houndstongue, 113. Houstonia, 20, 24. acerosa, 27. angustifolia, 26. cserulea, 24. ciliolatu, 26. coccinea, 24. fasciculata, 27. fruticosa, 26. humifusa, 25. Linncei, 24, 25. longijblia, 26. minima, 25. patens, 24. pviescens, 26. purpurea, 26. pusilla, 24. rotundifolia, 25. rubra, 25. rupestris, 26. serpyllifolia, 24. subviscosa, 25. tenuijblia, 26. varians, 26. Wrightii, 26. Hulsea, 75, 342. algida, 343. brevifolia, 343. Californica, 342. callicarpha, 342. heterochroma, 343. nana, 343. Parryi, 342. vestita, 342. Hydrocarpaia, 298. Hymenatherum, 77, 357, 453. acerosum, 357. aureum, 359. Berlandieri, 358. concinnum, 453. Gnaphaliopsis, 358. qnaphcdodes, 359. Greggji, 359. Hartwegi, 358. Neo-Mexicanum, 357. pentachaetum, 358. polychsetum, 357. setifolium, 359. tagetoides, 357. tenuifolium, 358. tenuilobum, 358. Thurberi, 358. Treculii, 358. Wrightii, 358. Hymenoclea, 63, 248. monogvra, 248. Salsola", 248. Hymenonema glaucum, 417, 418. laciniatum, 417. Hymenopappus, 74, 235. artemisiarfolius, 335. corymbosus, 335. Douglasii, 341. filifo'lius, 336. flavescens, 336. Zwiew, 336. Mexicanus, 336. Nevadensis, 341. INDEX. 471 scabiosseus, 335. tenuifolius, 336. tenuifolius, 336. Hymenothrix, 73, 334. Wislizeni, 334. Wrightii, 335. ffymenoxys, 346. Calijornica, 327. calva, 328. linearifolia, 344. mutica, 328. odorata, 347. Syoseris amplexicaulis, 412. angustifolia, 412. biflora, 412. Caroliniana, 411. major, 412. mofttawa, 412. prenantkoides, 412. Hypochceris, 85, 416. glabra, 416. radicata, 416. 7 3292, not of Ell.): a greener form, with slender, more glabrous, and usually more naked virgate spike, glabrous calyx, &c, and flowers more secund. — L. glandulosa, var. obtusifolia, A.DC. 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. x. 29. — N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. L. amtiena, Michx. Green and glabrous throughout, or nearly so : stem 1 to 4 feet high, in the larger plants leafy to the virgate raceme : leaves thinnish, oblong-lanceolate or narrower, mostly tapering to both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, irregularly serrate or den- ticulate ; the upper passing into conspicuous lanceolate or linear bracts ; these often glan- dular-denticulate, and the foliaceous lower ones equalling the flowers : calyx-lobes long and very slender, little shorter than the narrow tube of the corolla, from filiform- to linear-subulate, commonly quite entire, little widened and not auriculate at base: larger anthers wholly naked or merely puberulent at tip : ovary glabrous : lobes of the large lip of the corolla broadly ovate. — L. syphilitica, Walt. Car. 218; Juss. Ann. Mus. xviii. t.l, f.l. L. pubervla, var. glabella, Ell. Sk. i. 267. L. glandulosa, var. glabra, A.DC. 1. c. L. colorata, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 180, and L. hortensis, A.DC. 1. c, are a hybrid form of this. — Deep swamps, N. Carolina to Florida. Baceme a span to a foot long; tube of bright blue corolla half an inch long. Calyx-lobes sometimes with a few teeth ; the sinuses absolutely naked, or sometimes obscurely bordered. — To this belongs Clayton's plant referred by Gronovius to L. C/iffbrtiana, L. Var. obtusata. Cauline leaves oblong, obtuse, and almost entire : spicate raceme virgate and naked : calyx-lobes subulate, shorter, only half the length of the tube of the corolla : larger anthers densely very short-pubescent at tip. — L. amcena, Chapm. FL, in part. — Middle Florida, Chapman. Var. glandulifera. A foot or two high, often slender and sparsely leaved, below sometimes hirsute-pubescent; leaves from oval to lanceolate-oblong, an inch or two long, Lobelia. LOBELIACE.E. 5 mainly obtuse and the margins beset with glandular salient teeth : raceme secund, slender and loosely or few-flowered : bracts mostly shorter than the calyx ; these and the slender calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teetli or lobes : sinuses of the calyx sometimes decidedly auriculate- appendaged : anthers as in the preceding var. or more hairy. L. glandulosa, A. DC. in part. — Moist grounds, S. Virginia to Florida and Alabama. These three forms clearly run together. ++++++ Leaves long (2 to 5 inches) and narrow ; the upper few and sparse: lip of corolla pubes- cent at base : usually a pair of glands or small glandular bractlets toward the base of the short pedicel. L. glandulosa, Walt. Glabrous, or sometimes stem sparsely and often the calyx-tube densely hirsute : stem slender, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves thick and smooth, bright green, lanceolate or linear (14 to 4 lines wide), callous- or glandular-denticulate : raceme or spike loosely few-many-flowered, secund, often as it were long-peduncled : bracts linear and subulate, more strongly glandular-toothed : calyx-lobes subulate, half the length of the tube of the corolla, bearing few or numerous salient gland-bearing teeth or lobes, or occa- sionally quite entire ; the sinuses not auriculate-appendaged : tube of the light blue corolla 5 or 6 lines long: anthers all bearded at the tip. — Ell. Sk. i. 265; A. DC. 1. c. (excl. vars.) ; Chapm. Fl. 254. L. crassiuscula, Mlchx. Fl. i. 252 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 70. — Pine-barren swamps, S. Virginia (Bailey) to Florida : fl. autumn. ■1— -i— Flowers smaller or small : tube of the corolla not exceeding 2 or 3 lines in length. ++ Stem scape-like and mostly simple, hollow: leaves all or mainly in a rosulate cluster at the base, fleshy: bracts of the raceme shorter than the pedicels: lobes of the calyx subulate and entire, the "sinuses naked or nearly so: ribrous-rooted and mostly aquatic veryglabrous peren- nials, with pale blue or whitish flowers half an inch long. L. paludosa, Nutt. A foot or two or even 4 feet high : stem in the larger plants some- times branching above and bearing several few-many-flowered racemes : leaves flat, from linear-spatulate to oblong, repand-denticulate or entire (1 to 9 inches long), sometimes scattered along the lower part of the stem : corolla pubescent at the base of the lip inside. — A. DC. 1. c. 376. — In water (but foliage emerged), Delaware to Florida and Louisiana. L. Dortmanna, L. Scape a span to a foot high, naked except a few fleshy bracts : leaves in a radical tuft, linear, fleshy, terete, hollow and with a longitudinal partition : raceme loosely few-flowered : lower lip of the corolla almost naked. — Fl. Dan. t. 39. — Bor- ders of ponds, often immersed, New England to Pcnn., and to subarctic Amor. (Eu.) ++ «■ Stem leafy, mostly simple, strict, and continued into a more or less pedunculate and elongated virgate and naked spike-like raceme : leaves from lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand: lip prominently 2-tuberculate within at base. = Flowers or at least the capsules horizontal, secund, scattered in the slender raceme, large for the section, the tube of the corolla 3£ to 2 lines long. L. Ludoviciana, Gray. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high (from a perennial "> root), slender : leaves lanceolate, acute, or the lowest spatulate and obtuse, merely denticulate, thickish, an inch or two long (not over 4 lines broad), all with tapering base and the lower petioled : raceme loosely 5-20-flowered : flowers commonly puberulent : corolla half an inch long : calyx with nearly ■ hemispherical tube ; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, or rather cordate-lan- ceolate, being rounded auriculate at the sinuses (their margins entire or obscurely few- denticulate), only half the length of the tube of the corolla, and hardly longer than the capsule : larger anthers densely hirsute at and near the summit, but with no bearded tuft. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60. — Wet prairies, W. Louisiana, Hale. Texas near Houston, Lindheimer. Tube of the corolla fully a quarter of an inch long : barely a trace of pu- bescence on the base of the lip. The five short auricles at the sinuses of the calyx broad and entire. Intermediate, as it were, between L. -paludosa and the following. L. appendiculata, A. DC. Nearly glabrous, or the strong angles of the slender stem above scabrous, a foot or two high from an apparently annual or biennial root, not rarely branching : leaves thin, mostly denticulate or repand, an inch or two long, obtuse, the lowest obovate, the others oval or oblong and mainly sessile by a broad base : spike-like raceme very slender, several-many-flowered : corolla a third of an inch long : calyx with turbinate tube ; its lobes linear-acuminate from a broader base, minutely hispid-ciliate, equalling the tube of the corolla, their bases sagittately extended into the deflexed auricles, which are sometimes subulate and all 10 distinct, but more commonly united partially or wholly into 5 lobes which not rarely cover the tube : base of capsule hemispherical, much 6 LOBELIACEJE. Lobelia. shorter than the calyx-lobes : larger anthers slightly hirsute on the back, but naked at tip. — Prodr. vii. 376. — Moist grounds, W. Louisiana, Arkansas, and E. Texas: flowering early. Tube of the bluish corolla 2 to 2£ lines long. Calyx-appendages, as in all these species, very variable. = = Flowers or at least the fruit-bearing pedicels ascending, mostly very numerous and hardly secund in the elongated and virgate spike-like raceme: tube of the corolla barely 2 lines long: upper leaves passing into bracts m the stronger plants : calyx-lobes loose and spreading in flower L. leptostaohys, A. DC. Calyx-tube short-turbinate and in fruit becoming hemi- spherical, the sinuses each with a pair of subulate or linear strictly deflexed appendages, which mostly soon equal or even exceed the tube; otherwise as the next. — Prodr. yii. 376. — Sandy dry soil, Ohio to Illinois and Missouri, and Virginia to Georgia : fl. early summer. L. spicata, Lam. Puberulent : stem virgate, 1 to 4 feet high (from a biennial ? root) : leaves pale, barely denticulate, obtuse ; the radical and lowest obovate, 1 to 4 inches long; the upper spatulate, gradually smaller, and at length linear-oblong or lanceolate and bract- like : spike-like raceme from 3 to 18 inches long : tube of the calyx turbinate ; the lobes subulate or linear-subulate and shorter than the tube of the (light blue, pale, or rarely white) corolla; the sinuses not appendaged. — Diet. iii. 587. L. Claytoniana, Michx. Fl. ii. 153. L. pallida, Muhl. Cat., Ell., &c. L. goodenioides, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 30. L. nivea, Raf . Ann. Nat. 1820, 15, white-flowered form. — Gravelly or sandy and mostly dry soil, N. New England to Saskatchewan, Louisiana and Arkansas : fl. through summer. Var. parviflora, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla only 3 lines long. — L. pallida, Muhl.? — Swamps, Lancaster, Penn., Porter: fl. June. Var. hirtella, a western form, with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsutely ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes, the latter subulate-linear and fully as long as tlie tube of the corolla . — Chiefly towards and beyond the Mississippi. ++++++ Stem very leafy, simple and strict, continued into a very leafy-bracted spike: leaves and bracts laciniate-toothed : lips of the corolla of nearly similar lobes, smooth and naked : seeds with a very smooth and even coat. Li. fenestralis, Cav. Annual or at most biennial, 2 or 3 feet high, nearly glabrous, or the sharp decurrent angles of the stem hairy : leaves oblong or lanceolate, all the upper partly clasping and acuminate, passing into the similar bracts of the long spicate inflorescence, these mostly exceeding the crowded flowers : calyx-tube obovate ; the lobes linear and mostly with some slender teeth : tube of the corolla 2 lines long, surpassing the stamens and style : larger anthers short-bearded at tip. — Ic. vi. 8, t. 512 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. t. 47. L. pectinata, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. 108. — S. W. Texas to Arizona and Mexico. ++++++++ Stems leafy, often paniculately branched : flowers loosely racemose : sinuses of the calyx not appendaged : mainly biennials or annuals. = Cauline leaves chiefly linear, entire or merely denticulate : capsule not inflated. u. Tube of the corolla fully 3 lines long : perennial from filiform rootstocks. L. gruina, Cav. Puberulent or glabrous : stems nearly simple, slender, a foot or two high : leaves all lanceolate or linear, acute, denticulate, an inch or two long : raceme mostly slender-peduncled and few-flowered : calyx-lobes slender-subulate, shorter than the tube of the corolla. — Arizona, in the Sierra Blanca, at 7000 feet, Rothr.oclc. Plowers smaller than in Mexican specimens ; the tube of corolla only 3 lines long. (Mex.). b. Tube of the bright blue (rarely varying to white) corolla not over 2 lines long; the two superior lobes small and narrow: plants mainly glabrous, slender and erect: inflorescence disposed to become paniculate. L. Boykini, Torr. & Gray. Perennial: stem a foot or two high from a creeping root- stock,, fistulous, mostly simple : leaves all small and scattered, filiform or nearly so, an inch or less long and above reduced to setaceous bracts : filiform pedicels rather longer than the flower, spreading : calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, spreading, very much longer than the short tube, which in fruit is rounded at base : mature capsule half superior : seeds short- oval, rough-rugose. — A. DC. Prodr. vii. 374; Chapm. Fl. 255. — Pine-barren swamps in shallow water, S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, beginning to flower in May. L. Canbyi, Gray. Perennial from offsets 1 or annual, 2 feet high, the larger plants pani- culately branched above, obscurely puberulent, scabrous or nearly smooth : leaves linear, remotely denticulate-glandular, an inch or two long, a line or two wide : racemes elongated, often leafy at base : pedicels naked, erect or ascending, shorter than the bracts or the flower •. calyx-lobes subulate-linear, denticulate-glandular, hardly longer than the wholly Lobelia. LOBELIACEiE. 7 inferior oblong-turbinate capsule : seeds oblong-obovate, rugose-reticulated. — Man. ed. 5. 284. — Wet swamps, New Jersey, Delaware, and S. Carolina : fl. late summer. Corolla about 4 lines long. Capsule 2 lines long. L. Kalmii, L. Biennial or perhaps perennial from small rosulate offsets, a span to a foot or more high, often panieulately branching, glabrous and smooth or below slightly hairy : radical and lowest cauline leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, and the upper linear, an inch or two long: racemes loosely and mostly few-flowered, often leafy at base or panicled : pedicels equalling or longer than the flowers, mostly 2-glandular or minutely bracteolate above the middle : calyx-lobes subulate, a little longer than the broadly turbinate tube : capsule shorter and blunter at base than in the preceding, or even roundish, wholly inferior : seeds oblong, reticulated. — Bot. Mag. t. 2238. — Wet banks, Lower Canada and Hudson's Bay to L. Winnipeg, and to S. Xew York and Bonn., but rare southward. L. Nuttallii, Roem. & Schult. Annual, or at most biennial, very slender, a foot or two high, simple or sparingly and loosely branched above : leaves a-n inch or less in length ; the radical ones oblong or oval ; the others from lanceolate to linear, denticulate-glandular : racemes slender : pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower ; the minute bractlets, if any, near the base : calyx-lobes subulate, considerably shorter than the tube of the pale blue corolla : capsule short and broad, obtuse or rounded at base, half superior : seeds 'obovate-oval, roughish, these as well as the flowers only half the size of those of L. Canbyi. — Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 240. L. i/ran/is, Nutt. Gen. ii. 77. L. Kalmii, var. gracilis, Bart. Fl. i. t. 34. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey and Fenn. to Georgia. Whole corolla 3 or at most 4 lines long. — To this belongs the Rapuntium minimum flore pallido cozi-uleo ; Clayt., Gronov. Fl. Virg. ed. 2. 134. = = Leaves chiefly ovate or oblong and more or less serrate or toothed : root annual : stems branching. ^ • (i. Capsule not inflated, partly or sometimes mainly superior: pedicels of the pedunculate raceme slender : leaves mostly petioled. L. Cliffortiana, L. Glabrous or slightly and minutely hairy, a foot or so high : leaves ovate or slightly cordate, obtusely toothed or repand, petioled, or the upper lanceolate and sessile : pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers : calyx-tube obconieal ; the lobes subulate and shorter than the tube of the corolla : capsule ovoid, obtuse, nearly the upper half free : seeds oval, very smooth and shining. — Hort. Cliff, t. 26, & Sp., excl. syn. Gronov. ; Michx. Fl. ii. 152 1 (Therefore L. Minhmisti, Nutt. Gen."? ) — Occasionally met with in the S. Atlantic States, in waste or cult, grounds : probably introduced from Trop. Amer. Var. Xalapensis differs in the fully two-thirds free and rather more oblong capsule (which does not, as in L. micrantha, much exceed the calyx-lobes), and the stems are weaker or diffuse. — L. Xalapensis, HBK. — Peninsula of Florida ( Canbij, E. Palmer, &c.) ; perhaps introduced from W. Ind. and Mex. Var. brachypoda, a remarkable and distinct form, with cauline leaves from obovate- spatulate to lanceolate, and pedicels (2 or at most 3 lines long) rather shorter than the flower or the capsule, which is that of genuine L. Cliffortiana. — L. Berhmdicri, Torr. Mex. Bound. 107, hardly of A.DC. — S. W. Texas, Wrir/ht, Parry. Adjacent parts of Mexico, Berlandier, &c. (No. 3177 of the latter may be L. Berlandieri, A.DC, but is from Mata- moras, not Tampico : it has long filiform pedicels and seems to be a depauperate form of the true L. Cliffortiana. ) L. Peayana, Gray. Slender, a span high, diffusely branched from the base, glabrous throughout: leaves small (a quarter to half inch long), repand-denticulate, roundish or obovate, or the small uppermost spatulate or lanceolate and sessile: raceme loosely 4-10- flowered : pedicels as long as the flower, twice or thrice the length of the subulate bract : calyx-tube and capsule broadly obconieal ; the latter two-thirds inferior, its free apex about the length of the subulate calyx-lobes ; these only half the length of the tube of the bright blue corolla : anthers glabrous (except the bearded tips of the shorter ones) : seeds oblong, with a rough cellular coat.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60. — E. & S. Florida, Dr. Fmy, Dr. E. Palmer, Mrs. Treat. Tube of the corolla under 2 lines long. Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. b. Capsule inflated, wholly inferior, longer than the pedicels : leaves sessile. L. infLata, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Pubescent, a foot or two high, branching above, and the spike-like but loose racemes paniculate : leaves ovate or oblong (an inch or two long), obtusely toothed, veiny ; the upper forming foliaceous bracts : uppermost bracts linear- 8 LOBELIACE^. Palmerella. subulate as long as the pedicels : corolla pale blue or whitish, 2 lines long, hardly sur- passing the subulate-linear calyx-lobes : turgid capsule oval, 4 lines long, glabrous, trans- versely veiny between the ribs : seeds oblong, roughish and reticulated. — Act. Ups. 1741 23, t. 1 ; Schk. Handb. t. 269 ; Barton, Med. t. 16 ; Bigelow, Med. t. 19 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 63! — Open rather dry grounds, Hudson's Bay to Saskatchewan, and to Georgia and Ar- kansas. Herbage very acrid, formerly much employed in empirical medicine ; an acrid- narcotic poison. 3. PALMERELLA, Gray. (Named for the discoverer, Br. Edward Palmer.) — A single species. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 81, & Bot. Calif, i. 619. P. debilis, G-ray, 1. *-■■ A glabrous apparently perennial herb : stems simple or branched above, 2 feet high, slender and rather weak or spreading, very leafy : cauline leaves lan- ceolate or linear-lanceolate, about 2 inches long, entire or remotely denticulate, very acute ; the uppermost patssing into f oliaceous or at length slender-subulate bracts of the few-many-flowered raceme : pedicels rather slender : lobes of the calyx slender or seta- ceous-subulate, much longer than the tube, about half the length of the tube of the blue corolla. — In the Tantillas Canon, just below San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Corolla- tube whitish, three-fourths of an inch long, tomentose within, in age disposed to split up from below as in most Lobelias, and the filaments then separating, the sinus between the small lobes completely closed, and the filaments most adnate on that side : three larger lobes deep violet-blue, 3 or 4 lines long. Mature fruit not seen. Var. serrata, Gray ; a form with inflorescence and tube of the corolla somewhat puberulent ; all but the upper leaves acutely serrate ; the lowest broader, spatulate and obovate. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; Rothrock in Wheeler Eep. 1877, t. 16. — Valley of Ojai Creek, Ventura Co., California, Rothrock. 4. LAURENTIA, Micheli. (In honor of M. A. Laurenti, Professor at Bologna early in the 18th century.) — Low herbs, with the aspect and characters of the small species of Lobelia, excepting the closed tube of the corolla: flowers blue. Mainly S. Europe, Africa, and S. America : some have ovary almost free. — A.DC. Prodr. vii. 409; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 549. Porterella, Torr. in Hayden Rep. 1872, 488. L. camosula, Benth. Annual, rooting in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5 inches high, rather succulent : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, a quarter to half inch long : flowers axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled : calyx-lobes somewhat f oliaceous, linear, obtuse, equalling the oblong-obconical or clavate tube, and also that of the corolla : seeds elongated-oblong, smooth. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 444. Lobelia carnosula, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 362. Porterella carnosula (carnulosa), Torr. 1. e. ; Parry in Am. Nat. viii. 177. — Muddy borders of ponds and streams, from California in the Sierra Nevada to Utah and Wyoming. Limb of corolla deep blue with a white or yellowish throat ; three larger lobes round-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long ; the other two small and lanceolate. 5. DCWNiNG-IA, Torr. (In memory of A. J. Downing, distinguished in landscape gardening, pomology, and horticulture.) — Low and mostly showy- flowered annuals (of Oregon, California, and one in Chili) ; with entire and ses- sile slightly succulent small leaves, the upper passing into bracts to the axillary sessile flowers, which, on account of the very long and slender calyx-tube and ovary, seem to be racemose or corymbose. Corolla blue, with white or yellowish throat or broad blotch on the large lip. Capsule sometimes twisted. Seeds oblong, very smooth. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116; Benth. & Hook. I.e. Clintonia, Doug].; Lhidl. Bot. Reg. t. 1241. D. elegans, Torr. Stems a span to a foot long : leaves from ovate to lanceolate, acute (4 to 10 lines long) : larger lip of the corolla moderately 3-lobed, the other lobes lanceolate : seeds short-oblong. — Clintonia elegans, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1241. C. corymbosa, A.DC. Prodr. vii. 347, a more leafy form. — Wet ground, N. California to Washington Terr., and Downingia. CAMPANTJLACEiE. 9 Nevada to Idaho. Large lip of corolla a fourth to half inch long and broad. Capsule often 2 inches long. D. pulchella, Torr. Mostly lower or weaker-stemmed : leaves more linear and obtuse : large lip of the corolla deeply 3-lobed ; the other two lobes oblong-ovate : seeds elongated- oblong.— Clintonia pulchella, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1909; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2. t. 412. —Wet banks, California, nearly through the State, and in the borders of N. Nevada and Oregon. Large lip of corolla much broader than long (9 or 10 by 5 or 6 lines) ; all the lobes intense blue ; the large centre mostly white. — Very like the preceding ; both cultivated as orna- mental annuals. Order LXXVI. CAMPANULACE^. Herbs, with bland milky juice, alternate simple leaves, no stipules, and regular 5-merous flowers ; the tube of the calyx adnate to the 2-5-celled many-ovuled ovary ; the corolla and 5 stamens (alternate with its lobes) inserted where the calyx becomes free, or the latter adnate merely to the base of the corolla ; fruit a many-seeded capsule, rarely baccate. Calyx persistent, usually divided down to the ovary. Corolla valvate, induplicate, or rarely imbricate in the bud. Stamens mostly distinct : anthers with 2 parallel cells, introrse. Style one, almost always pubescent or puberulent for some distance below the 2 to 5 introrse stigmas. Ovules anatropous, on placentas projecting from the axis. Seeds small, usually smooth. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Flowers often showy ; the corolla commonly blue or in the same species white, and withering rather than deciduous. In fertilization proterandrous ; the anthers opening in the bud, dis- charging their pollen upon the style, where it accumulates upon the collecting hairs or pubescence ; the stigmas (then firmly conniving) maturing and diverging much later, receiving only pollen conveyed from flower to flower by insects. Tribe I. SPHEiTOCLE^E. Corolla imbricated in the bud, bearing the short sta- mens. Style destitute of collecting hairs. Flowers simply spicate, centripetal. 1. SPHENOCLEA. Flowers all alike. Calyx with 5 roundish lobes ; the short tube ad- nate almost to the depressed summit of the ovary. Corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed, deciduous, bearing the stamens on the lower part of its tube. Style very short : stigma capitate-2-lobed. Capsule globular and cuneate at base, 2-celled, with stipitate placentae, circumscissile just below the calyx-lobes, which fall with the lid. Seeds very numerous, oblong. Tribe II. CAMPANULEiE. Corolla mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, and stamens free or adnate to its very base. Style below the stigmas clothed with pollen- collecting hairs. Inflorescence mostly centrifugal, sometimes centripetal. # Capsule opening by a perforation at the apex within the calyx. 3. GITHOPSIS. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Tube of the calyx club-shaped, strongly 10-ribbed, adnate up to the very summit of the ovary ; limb of 5 long and linear foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the base : anthers long, linear. Ovary 3-celled : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule club-shaped, cori- aceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own length, strongly striate-ribbed, many- seeded, opening when the persistent base of the style falls away by a round hole in its place. Seeds fusiform-oblong. — Annual. # # Capsule dehiscent by one or more small valvular openings on the sides, usually over a partition, rarely disposed also to split septicidally. 3. SPECULARIA. Flowers in Amer. species dimorphous ; the earlier ones smaller, with undeveloped corolla, and close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx-lobes in these flowers com- monly 3 or 4, in the ordinary corolliferous flowers 5, narrow : calyx-tube more or less elon- gated and narrow, usually prismatic. Corolla short and broad, rotate whe'n expanded or nearly so, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Anthers linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3, some- times 2 or 4. Capsule prismatic or elongated obconical, or cylindraceous ; the valvular openings either near the summit or near the middle. — Annuals. 10 CAMPANULACEJ3. Sphenoclea. 4. CAMPANULA. Flowers all alike and eorolliferous. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, its tube short and broad. Corolla campanulate or nearly rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Filaments dilated at base : anthers oblong or linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. Cap- sule mostly short, opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves or Derforations. # # # Capsule bursting indefinitely on the sides by the giving way of the thin walls. 5. HETEROCODON. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of Specularia. Calyx with large and leaf-like ovate lobes, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later flowers, much longer than the obpyramidal tube. Corolla open campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens, style, &c, as in Campanula. Capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, very thin and membranaceous. Seeds numerous, oblong, obscurely triangular. — Annual. 1. SPHENOCLEA, Gfertn. (2(fr t v, a wedge, and xtelai, to shut up, the bases of the crowded capsules becoming wedge-shaped by mutual pressure.) — A single species, native of tropical Africa or Asia, dispersed over the warmer parts of the world. S. ZetlAsica, Ga^rtn. Glabrous and somewhat succulent annual, a foot or more high: leaves entire, from obovate to lanceolate, tapering into a petiole : flowers closely sessile in a dense terminal pedunculate spike, small, each subtended by a short bract and pair of bractlets : corolla white, a line or so wide, slightly exceeding the calyx. — S. Pongatium, A.DC. Prodr. vii. 548. Pongatium Indicum (Juss.), Lam. — Low grounds, nat. in Louisiana. 2. GITH6PSIS, Nutt. (From the resemblance of the calyx to that of Githago, the Corn Cockle.) — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 258 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 559 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. 446. — Single species. G. specularioid.es, Nutt. Small annual, 2 to 10 inches high, hirsute or glabrate : leaves small, linear-oblong, coarsely toothed, sessile : flowers simply terminating the stem or branches, or becoming lateral, strictly erect : corolla blue ; rigid capsule tapering into a very short and stout peduncle. — G. calycina, Benth. PI. Hartw. 321. G. pulchella, Vatke in Linn, xxxviii. 714. — 'Open grounds, California, toward the coast, and Oregon. Calyx- lobes from near half to three-fourths inch long, rigidly 1-nerved, sometimes few-toothed. The form named G. calycina has short corolla, exceeded by the long calyx-lobes ; the G. pulchella, longer corolla surpassing the calyx-lobes. 3. SPECULARIA, Heister, A.DC. (Speculum Veneris, i. e. Venus's Looking-GIass, an early popular appellation of the common European species.) — Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile or short-peduncled flowers, 1-2- bracteolate, terminal or in the axils of the leaves. Corolla blue or purplish. The American species, differing from those of the Old World chiefly in the dimorphism of the flowers, are not to be generically separated. — Triodanis (not Triodallus), Raf., founded on specimens with only the close-fertilized flowers yet appearing. Dysmicodon, section of Specularia, Endl., but the true character unnoticed. Dys- micodon Sf Campylocera, Nutt. 1. c. § 1. Campylocera, Gray. Flowers dimorphous. Stigmas 2 to 4. Capsule slender, straight or curved, occasionally twisted, in the close-fertilized flowers at least disposed to split longitudinally into valves, sometimes by abortion one- celled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 82. Campylocera, Nutt. 1. c. S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute and roughish or nearly glabrous : stems (a span or two high) virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base: leaves lanceolate: flowers closely sessile in their axils : stigmas 2 or 3 : cells of the ovary as many, or in the lower close-fertilized flowers only one with a parietal placenta : calyx-lobes of the lower flowers 3: capsules nearly cylindrical (half to three-fourths inch long, only a line thick), inclined to curve and rarely to twist, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit ; the lowest also often spliting longitudinally from the summit : seeds oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Campylocera leptocarpa, Nutt. 1. c. Specularia (Campanula) Campanula. CAMPANULACE.E. H Linsecomii, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 460. — Arkansas to W. Texas and Colorado. Leaves an inch long or less. Expanded corolla half to three-fourths inch wide. S. Lindheimeri, Vatke. Larger than the last : stems erect or diffuse (1 to 3 feet long), paniculately branched above : leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower oblong or spatulate : flowers subsessile or short-peduncled, commonly terminating branchlets : stigmas 3 or 4 : cells of the ovary as many : calyx-lobes even in close-fertilized flowers 5, about the length of the ovary : capsules angular, narrowed to the base, mostly straight, not twisted, opening by 2 or 3 downwardly turned or irregularly bursting small valves below the summit, and afterwards somewhat disposed to be septicidal : seeds almost orbicular, flattened. — Linn, xxxviii. 713 ; Gray, 1. c. Campanula Coloradoense, Buckley, 1. c. — W. Texas, on the Colo- rado and Guadaloupe, &c. Larger leaves two inches long. Expanded corolla sometimes an inch broad. § 2. DYSMicdDOX, Endl. Flowers dimorphous. Capsule rather short, straight, not disposed to split. — Dysmicodon, Nutt. 1. c. S. biflora, Gray. Stem slender, mostly simple or branched from the base, minutely and retrorsely serrulate-hispid on the angles : leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, or the upper re- duced to lanceolate bracts, sparingly somewhat crenate : flowers sessile, singly or in pairs in the axils : the lower and close-fertilized ones with 3 or 4 short subulate or ovate calyx- lobes; the upper with 4 or 5 longer lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes shorter than the developed corolla : capsule oblong and eylindraceous or slightly fusiform, obscurely ribbed, the 2 or 3 valvular openings close under the calyx : seeds lenticular. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Campanula biflora, Ruiz. & Pav. Fl. Per. ii. 55, t. 200, f. 6. C. Motitei.idensis, Spreng.? C. Lu- doviciana, Torr. ined. C. intermedia, Engelm. in Nutt. 1. c. Dysmicodon Calif ornicum & D. ovation, Nutt. 1. u. Specularia ovata, Vatke, 1. c. — Open grounds, often with the next, S. Carolina to Texas and Arkansas ; also in California. Leaves half an inch or less in length, the uppermost shorter than the flowers. (S. Am.) S. perfoliata, A.DC. Stems commonly stouter and simple (8 to 20 inches high), very leafy throughout, hirsute or hispid on the angles, sometimes smoother : leaves round-cordate and clasping, mostly crenate, veiny : flowers sessile singly or clustered in the axils : calyx- lobes of the close-fertilized flowers 3 or 4 and short, of the later and corolliferous flowers as long as the ovary : capsule oblong or somewhat obconical ; the 2 or 3 valvular open- ings at or below the middle: seeds lenticular. — Torr. FI. N. Y. i. 428, t.65. Campanula perfoliata, L. ; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. t. 265. C. iimplexieaiilis, Michx., &c. Dysmicodon perfoliatum, Nutt. 1. c. — Open gravelly ground, Canada to Texas, Utah, and Oregon. (Ilex., &c.) 4. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bell-flower, Hare-bell. (Italian Oam- pana, a bell.) — Flowers mostly showy or pretty and blue or white, in summer. Seeds smooth. A very large genus, dispersed over the northern hemisphere, but scanty in North America. Ours all have a 3-celled ovary, and all but one on our north-western borders have naked sinuses to the calyx. " Canterbury-bells " of the gardens, C. Medium, represents the section with reflexed appendages in the sinuses of the calyx, covering the tube, and the cells to the ovary as many as lobes to the corolla. § 1. Calyx with deflexed appendages at the sinuses more or less covering the tube : our species perennial and the stigmas and cells of the ovary 3. C. pilosa, Pall. Stems an inch to a span high, 1-flowered, when young woolly-pubescent : leaves mainly radical, from ovate to spatulate-lanceolate, crenate ; the cauline from lan- ceolate to linear : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate : corolla an inch or more long, open-cam- panulate, internally soft-bearded ; its tube longer than the lobes and surpassing the calyx. — Roem. & Sch. Syst. v. 148; Ledeb. Ic. t. 209; Herder in Radde, Reis. iv. 6. C. dasyantha, Bieb. Cauc. ; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. i. t. 85; A.DC. Camp. t. 10, f. 4. C. Pallasiana, Roem. & Sch. 1. c. C. Altaica, A.DC. 1. c. 229, 1. 10, f. 3. — Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and northward. (Kamtschatka and Siberia.) 12 CAMPANULACEJi. Campanula. § 2. Calyx wholly destitute of appendages at the sinuses : stigmas and cells of the ovary 3, rarely varying to 4 or even 5. * Style not longer than the corolla, straight: root perennial in all the North American species. •+- Openings of the capsule near its summit: low and mostly one-flowered, arctic-alpine or subalpine. C. lasiocarpa, Cham. An inch to a span high, rather slender : leaves denticulate or laciniate with subulate salient teeth ; the radical spatulate or oblong, mostly acute, and slender-petioled ; cauline few and lanceolate or linear : calyx-tube obeonical, villous ; its lobes lanceolate-linear, laciniate-toothed : corolla between half and an inch long, broadly oblong-campanulate, glabrous within ; its tube twice the length of its lobes and surpassing the calyx : capsule turbinate. — Linn. iv. 39 ; Hook. PI. ii. 28. C. algida, Fischer in A.DC. Camp. 338, t. 11, 1.4. — Summit of high northern Rocky Mountains (Drummond) ; N. W. Coast and Islands. (Kamtschatka.) C. uniflora, L. Chiefly glabrous, l.to 4 inches high: leaves small (an inch or less long), entire or nearly so, thiekish ; the lowest spatulate or oblong, obtuse, uppermost linear : flower small (4 to 6 lines long), rather slender-peduncled : calyx-tube often pubescent, nearly as long as the lobes, which are from fully to half the length of the bluish corolla : capsule cylindraceous or clavate (half inch long). — Fl. Lapp. t. 9; Fl. Dan. t. 1512. — Arctic regions from Labrador to Aleutian Islands, and south to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. (N.W. Eu.,N. E.Asia.) H— -i— Openings of the capsule at or near its base. -H- Rather coarse and large, pubescent, many-flowered European species, escaped from cultivated ground and sparingly naturalized near the Northern Atlantic coast. O. EAPUNCtrLoiDES, L. Minutely roughish-pubescent : stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or at length branching : leaves more or less crenate and acuminate ; the lower and radical ones cordate and long-petioled ; upper lanceolate and passing into bracts of the loose virgate mostly one-sided true raceme : corolla oblong-campanulate deeply 5-lobed (an inch long), blue: capsule globular, nodding on a short pedicel. — Fl. Dan. t. 1327. — Roadsides and fields, Canada to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) C. glomerata, L. Pubescent, a foot high : leaves serrulate ; the lowest and radical cor- - date-oblong and slender-petioled; the others closely sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong: flowers sessile in a few terminal and upper axillary clusters, exceeding the leafy bracts :. corolla (an inch long) oblong-campanulate: capsule erect, opening near the base. — Fl. Dan. t. 1328. — Roadsides, E. Massachusetts : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) •H- ++ Slender or low species, with filiform rootstocks, mostly glabrous, one-several-flowered (in- florescence centrifugal): peduncles or pedicels slender, = When several racemosely disposed on the simple smooth stem : capsule nodding: radical leaves roundish or ovate and often cordate, at least on sterile shoots. (HARE-r>ELi.s.) 0. Soheuchzeri, Vill. Stem a span to a foot high, 1-4-flowered, more commonly 1- flowered: cauline leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, not rarely denticulate; lowest cauline spatulate : flower-bud nodding : campanulate corolla half to three-fourths inch long, little or moderately exceeding the slender linear-subulate calyx-lobes. — Prosp. 22 (1779), & Dauph. ii. 503, t. 10; Koch, Syn. 538. C. linlfolia, Willd. ; A.DC. 1. c, &c, in part, not Lam. (1785). C. duhia, A.DC. Camp. 286. C. Langsdorffiana, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 254. — Alpine and subalpine or subarctic, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Alaska ; Rocky Mountains down to Colorado, Parry, E. Hall. The latter specimens strictly 1-flowered, with the base or lower part of the leaves hirsute-ciliate, and calyx-lobes spar- ingly denticulate. (Eu., N. Asia.) Var. heterodoxa. Stems more diffuse and leafy : cauline leaves from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (2 or 3 to even 5 lines wide), often sharply denticulate, nearly all tapering into margined petioles ; the radical round-cordate or ovate (sometimes an inch in diameter) : corolla two-thirds to a full inch long : slender calyx-lobes more spreading or even reflexed, especially in fruit. — Vest in Roem. & Sch. Syst. v. 98 ; Bong. Sitk. 144. C. Langsdorffiana, Fischer. C. linifolia, var. Langsdorffiana, A.DC. Camp. 279, in part. C. linlfolia, var. hetero- doxa, Ledeb. FL Ross. ii. 888. C. pratensis, A.DC. 1. u. 287? excl. var. — Newfoundland, Pylaie ; Alaska and islands to the Shumagins. C. rotundifolia, L. Stems diffuse or erect, a foot or two long, or sometimes dwarfer, 1-9-flowered : orbicular or cordate slender-petioled leaves only on radical shoots ; cauline Campanula. CAMPANULACEjE. 13 leaves linear : flower-buds erect on the slender pedicel : campanulate corolla from half to even an inch long: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate. — Fl. Dan. t. 855 & 1086. — C.petiolata, A.DC. 1. c, is apparently this rather than the foregoing. — Rocky banks through the sub- arctic regions, and common northward, ranging soutli to the Alleghany Mountains, New Mexico, and the northern borders of California. Calyx-lobes from a. third to half the length of the bright blue corolla, and erect or spreading ; or sometimes nearly equalling it, almost filiform, and widely spreading after the flower opens. (Eu., N. Asia.) = = Peduncles when several cymose or paniculate, erect in blossom and fruit: angles of the weak stem and midrib or margins of leaves commonly retrorsely scabrous : flowers small. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, almost filiform, equally leafy to the top ; its sharp angles rough with almost prickly short retrose bristles : so also the midrib beneath and the margins of the lanceolate or linear sessile leaves : flower-buds drooping : corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft (the lobes 2 lines long or less): calyx-lobes tri- angular, short, about equalling the tube of the pale blue or whitish corolla. — Fl. i. 159. C. eiinoides, Muhl., Nutt., &c, not L. — Wet grassy grounds, Canada to Georgia, and from the Saskatchewan to the mountains in Colorado. Leaves varying from linear, and 20 lines long by one wide, to lanceolate-oblong, less than an inch long and 3 lines wide. C. Floridana, Watson, in herb. Glabrous and smooth throughout : stems filiform, simple or sparingly branched, a span high ; leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, re- motely serrulate, almost sessile, about half an inch long : flowers few, terminating the stem or branches : corolla 5-parted, blue, somewhat rotate ; the divisions ovate-lanceolate, equalled by the slender lanceolate-linear smooth ajid spreading calyx-lobes. — E. and S. Florida : Pease River, Dr. Feay ; and Indian River, &c, Dr. E. Palmer. Calyx lobes 2 to at length 4 lines long. C. linnseif olia, Gray. A span to a foot high, simple or sparingly branched at summit : leaves from roundish to ovate-oblong, obtuse, crcnately serrate, nearly sessile, half inch or less long; the margins and the sharp angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate : flowers solitary terminating the branches : corolla pale blue, campanulate, 5-cleft (barely half inch long), its tube somewhat exceeding the broadly lanceolate calyx-lobes, which arc retrorsely ciliolate like the leaves: capsule globular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, & Bot. Calif . i. 448. Wahlenbergia Californica, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 158 ? — Swamps, Mendocino Co., California, Bolander, &c. * * Style filiform and straight, exceeding the narrow campanulate corolla: capsule hemispherical or short-turbinate, the openings near the middle or base : leaves sharply or laciniately serrate : root perennial : inflorescence centrifugal, -i— Kacemiform. Pacific species. C. Scouleri, Hook. Glabrous or a little pubescent, stems slender, a span to a foot or so long, at length spreading, often branching : leaves from ovate to lanceolate, mostly taper- ing at base into a margined petiole : flowers more or less panicled, on long filiform pedicels : corolla oblong in the bud, rather longer than the slender calyx-lobes, somewhat deeply 5-cleft (4 lines long) ; its lobes ovate-oblong. — A.DC. Camp. 312; Hook. Fl. ii. 28, t. 125. — Open coniferous woods, Puget Sound to the mountains in N. California. C. prenanthoides, Durand. Glabrous or roughish-puberulent : stems more erect, a foot or two high: leaves more numerous and shorter (half to an inch or so long), more copiously and sharply serrate, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; the cauline mainly sessile : flowers racemose, scattered or clustered, generally numerous, short-pedicelled : corolla slender-cylindrical in the bud, twice the length of the slender calyx-lobes (5 or 6 lines long), almost 5-parted ; its lobes narrowly lanceolate and 2 to 4 times the length of the tube. — Jour. Acad. Philad., n. ser. ii. 93 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 448. C. JUiflora, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 5. C. Raedi, Regel, Animad. PI. Hort. Petrop. 1872, 6. — Coniferous woods and open grounds, California, along the coast from Monterey to Mendocino Co., and through the northern part of the Sierra Nevada. Capsule thin- walled, and with broad and refuse base. -t— H— Effusely paniculate. Alleghany.species. C. divaricata, Michx. Glabrous : stems paniculately branched, 1 to 3 feet high, slender : leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, strongly or laciniately serrate in the middle, slightly petioled (2 or 3 inches long) : panicle very open arid compound : filiform pedicels as long as the flowers : corolla pale blue, campanulate, barely 3 lines long ; its 14 CAMPANULACEiE. lobes and the subulate calyx-teeth considerably shorter than its tube. — C.flexuosa, Michx. Fl. i. 109, appears to be only a low form of this from the higher mountains. — Rocks and banks, along the Alleghanies from Virginia and E. Kentucky to Georgia. # # * Long filiform style declined and upwardly curved, much exceeding the rotate corolla: cap- sule oblong-clavate, sessile, erect; the openings close to the summit: inflorescence truly spicate (centripetal) : root annual or at most biennial. C. Americana, L. Sparsely hairy or almost glabrous : stem mostly simple, a yard or two high : leaves thin and large, ovate and ovate-lanceolate or the lowest cordate, petioled ; upper passing into bracts of the elongated and loosely many -flowered virgate spike : corolla white or blue, almost 5-parted; its lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, half an inch long, exceeding the divergent subulate-setaceous calyx-lobes : capsules half an inch long. — C. obliqua, Jacq. Schcenb. t. 336. C. acuminata, Michx. Fl. i. 108. C. declinata, Moench. C. llUnoensis, Fresenius, a branched state with paniculate leafy spikes, which is not uncom- mon. — Shaded low ground, W. New York to Iowa, south to Georgia and Arkansas. C. planiflora, Lam. (C. nitida, Ait.), long ago described from cultivated specimens, vaguely attributed to North America, is wholly unknown in the wild state ; apparently allied to C. persiccefolia, L., and not N. American. 5. HETEBOC6DON, Nutt. ('Erepos, different, and xoioW, a bell, from the two kinds of campanulate flowers.) — A single species, near Campanula, to which Bentham joins it. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 255. H. rariflorum, Nutt. A delicate little annual, sparsely hirsute : stems filiform, diffusely spreading, leafy, branching : leaves orbicular with cordate partly clasping base (a fourth to half inch long), coarsely many-toothed : flowers solitary, terminal and lateral, also axil- lary ; the later ones only with well-developed pale blue corolla, which barely exceeds the ovate and sparingly toothed foliaceous calyx-lobes ; these one to three lines long. — Shady and grassy places, Vancouver's Island to California and Nevada, along the coast ranges and the Sierra Nevada. Oedek LXXVII. ERICACE,E. Trees, shrubs, or some perennial herbs, with simple and undivided leaves des- titute of stipules and commonly alternate, symmetrical (4-5-merous) and perfect flowers, either regular or occasionally irregular, stamens free or nearly free from the corolla and as many or more commonly twice as many as its lobes or petals, the anthers 2-celled and in most opening by pores (in many awned or otherwise appendaged), the pollen composed of 4 united grains (except in the fourth suborder and a part of the third), and the style single. Calyx imbricated or sometimes valvate in the'bud, free and the corolla and stamens hypogynous, except in the first suborder. Corolla not rarely 5- (or 4-) petalous, in the bud imbricated or in some convolute. Anthers introrse, or in the Pyrolinece primarily and normally extrorse, but in an thesis introrsely inverted ! Ovary 4-lQ-celled (or the cells rarely 3 or 2 and fewer than the petals), with placentae in the axis (a tribe of Monotropees excepted) ; the ovules numerous, generally very numerous, sometimes solitary, anatropous. Stigma not rarely girt with a ring, entire or merely lobed ; only in Clethra is the apex of the style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular, baccate, or dru- paceous. Embryo small or minute, in fleshy albumen ; the cotyledons small and short or undeveloped. (Ericacece, Vacciniacece, Pyrolacea, & Monotropecs of authors, all merging into one large family.) Suborder I. VACCINIEiE. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary (or to the greater part of it), which in fruit is baccate, either a true berry or drupaceous, crowned with the calyx-teeth. Corolla always gamopetalous, and with the disk ERICACEiE. 15 epigynous. Anthers erect, introrse; the cells partly separate or prolonged at apex into a tip or a tubular appendage, where they open by a pore or chink. Pollen-grains compound, of four united grains. Stigma not indusiate. Seeds with a close and firm coat. — Shrubby or suffrutescent, with scaly buds : leaves all alternate. # Ovary wholly inferior : herbage not aromatic. 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 10-celled, 10-ovuled. Fruit baccate-drupaceous, with 10 seed-like nutlets. 2. VAOCINIUM. Ovary 4-5 celled, or by false-partitions from the back of these cells 8-10 celled : ovules numerous. Fruit a berry ; its cells scvornl-many-seedud. # # Ovary at first one third to one half superior: herbage aromatic as in Gaultheria. 3. CHIOGENES. Ovary and white berry 4-celled, many-seeded. Corolla short-campanu- late, 4-cleft. Stamens 8 : anthers awnless, 4-cuspidate at apex. Suborder II. ERICINEJE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamo- petalous, rarely polypetalous or nearly so, hypogynous. Disk generally annular or 8-10-lobed. Anthers upright, introrse. Pollen-grains compound. Shrubs or small trees. Tribe I. ARBUTEJE. Fruit fleshy, either baccate or drupaceous. Corolla urceo- late or globular, 5-toothed or rarely -1-toothed, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes, included. Buds scaly. Leaves alternate. 4. ARBUTUS. Anthers compressed, bearing a pair of reflexed awns on the back, each cell opening at the apex anteriorly by a terminal pore. Ovary. 5- (rarely 1-) celled, ripen- ing into a granular-coated and many-seeded berry, with firm endocarp. 5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Ovary 4-10-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, in fruit forming a drupe with as many seed-like nutlets or a solid stone. Tribe II. ANDROMEDEiE. Fruit a loculicidal chiefly 5-celled and many-seeded capsule ; the valves usually bearing the partitions, which separate from the per- sistent placentiierous axis or columella. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous. Stamens twice the number of the corolla-lobes (mostly 10) , more or less included. Leaves mainly alternate. # Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged : stigma 5-Iobed ; the lobes adnate to a surrounding ring or cup. 6. EPIG.35A. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct and strongly imbricated dry and scarious sepals. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, mostly equalling the tube of the corolla : fila- ments filiform : anthers linear-oblong, blunt. # # Anthers opening only at the top : stigma usually entire. -t— Calyx becoming fleshy and baccate in fruit, enclosing the small capsule. 7. GAULTHERIA. Calyx 5-cleft ; its lobes imbricated. Corolla ovate-ur«olate to cam- panulate. Stamens 10 : filaments dilated towards the base : capsule deeply umbilicate ; placentae ascending. -t— -t— Calyx unchanged and dry under the capsule. •h- The lobes or sepals valvate or open in the bud, never overlapping. 8. ANDROMEDA. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Ovary and capsule 5-celled, umbiflcate : placentae borne on the summit or middle of the columella ; the seeds pendulous or spreading in all directions. ++ ++ Sepals or calyx-lobes more or less imbricated, at least in the early bud. = Corolla cylindraceous or conical-urceolate, 5-toothed : anthers fixed toward their base : leaves plane, usually large and broad : capsule not thickened at the dorsal sutures. 9. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx short, early open, naked at base. Corolla minutely canes- cent. Anthers linear, unappendaged, narrower than the broadly subulate filaments ; the cells opening by a long chink. Capsule ovoid-pyramidal : placentas on the short columella at the base of the 'cells. Seeds all ascending or erect, scobiform, with loose reticulated eoat extended at each end much beyond the linear nucleus. Bracts and bractlets minute and deciduous. 16 ERICACEAE. 1 0. LETJCOTHOE. Calyx slightly or in one section much imbricated. Filaments sub- ulate : anthers oblong, obtuse, blunt ; the cells opening by a terminal pore or chink, either pointless, or 2-mucronate, or sometimes 1-2-awned from the apex : filaments subulate. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed ; valves mostly thin,' entire ; placentas borne on the summit or upper part of the columella. Seeds pendulous or in all directions ; the coat various but usually loose. 11. CASSANDRA. Calyx of rigid and much imbricated ovate sepals, subtended by a pair of similar bractlets. Filaments subulate (glabrous): anthers awnless; the cells tapering into a tubular beak, which opens by a pore at the apex. Capsule depressed- globose : pericarp in dehiscence separating into two layers ; the chartaceous epicarp locu- Bcidally 5-valved ; endocarp cartilaginous, at length 10-valved ; sutures not thickened ; placentse on the summit of the short columella. Seeds imbricated in 2 rows, compressed and obtusely angled ; the smooth and shining coat much thickened on the side next the placenta. = = Corolla open-campanulate, 4-5-lobed or parted : anthers short, fixed nearly by their apex : fruticulose and heath-like, with small thick or acerose mostly imbricated leaves. 1 2. CASSIOPE. Calyx ebracteolate, of ovate imbricated sepals. Anther-cells each open- ing by a large terminal pore, and tipped by a slender recurved awn. Capsule globose or ovoid, 4-5-valved ; the valves 2-clef t. Seed-coat thin and close. Tribe III. ERICE.ZE. Fruit a loculicidal or sometimes septicidal 4- 5-celled capsule. Corolla gamopetalous, marcescent-persistent; the lobes convolute in the bud. Sta- mens twice the number of the corolla-lobes (8, rarely 10). Heath-lite le*ves com- monly opposite or verticillate. 13. CALLUNA. Corolla campanulate, 4-parted, shorter and less conspicuous than the 4 concave colored sepals, both scarious and persistent. Anthers with a pair of auriculate appendages on the back ; the cells opening by a long chink. Ovary 8-angled : ovules numerous, pendulous : style filiform. • Capsule gIobose-4-angular, septicidally 4-valved. Tribe IV. RHODODENDREJE. Fruit a septicidal capsule ; the valves (except in Leiophyllum, &c.) in dehiscence separating from the pei'sistent placentiferous colu- mella. Corolla deciduous, its lobes or petals chiefly imbricated in the bud. Anthers destitute of awns or appendages. Stigma not rarely surrounded by a ring or border. (Rhodorece Don, name changed by Maximowicz, because Rhodora falls into Rhododendron.) * Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell, -t— Corolla gamopetalous : scaly leaf-buds none : flowers from the axils of coriaceo-foli- aceous persistent j[«eldom scale-like or scarious) bracts, or rarely from those of ordinary leaves : filaments and style filiform : capsule globular, 4-5-valved from above. 14. BRYANTHUS. Corolla from campanulate to ovoid, 4-6-lobed; the lobes simply imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 10, straight. Leaves heath-like, alternate but crowded. 15. KALMIA. Corolla crateriform or saucer-shaped, with a short narrow tube, 5-lobed, 10-saccate below the limb. Stamens 10 ; the short anthers lodged in the sacs of the corolla in the bud, so that the filaments are strongly recurved when this expands. Cap- sule tardily septicidal. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, flat. -i— -K- Corolla gamopetalous : buds, at least flower-buds, scaly-strobilaceous ; the thin or scarious scales caducous or deciduous : capsule 4-5-valved (or sometimes more) from apex to base : seeds usually (but not always) scobiform, having the loose coat produced or appendaged at both ends : calyx often much reduced or obsolete. 16. MENZIESIA. Flowers usually 4-merous. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylin- draceous, 4-toothed or lobed. Calyx bristly-ciliate. Stamens included, mostly 8 : filaments subulate : anthers mostly linear-sagittate ; the cells opening by an oblique pore or short chink. Style included : stigma truncate. Capsule short. 17. RHODODENDRON. Flowers almost always 5-merous. Corolla various (but not con- tracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly of twice the number, usually de- clined : filaments filiform or slender-subulate : anthers short ; the cells opening by a ter- minal orbicular pore. Style filiform : stigma capitate or somewhat lobed. -I— -i— -i— Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so : filaments filiform : seeds scobiform or linear : placenta borne on the summit of the persistent columella. 1 8. LEDUM. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, small. Petals oval or obovate, widely spreading. Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule oval or oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward ; the columella slender. Flowers umbellate or corymbose from separate strobilaceous buds. ERICACEAE. 17 19. BEJARIA. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals obovate or spatulate, somewhat erect. Stamens 12 or 14. Capsule depressed-globose, (i-7-lobed, 0-7-valved from above; the columella short. Flowers (in ours) racemose : no strobilaceous buds. # * Anthers opening longitudinally from the apex nearly or quite to the base of the cells : corolla of distinct petals, or in Loiselewia 0-eleft : no thin-scaly strobilaceous buds: leaves entire: capsule 3-5- (rarely 2-) valved from above. +- Low and small-leaved evergreens : coriaceous persistent leaves mostly opposite : flowers small, corymbose or fascicled : pedicels subtended by coriaceous l'oliaceous persistent scales or bracts: calyx 5-parted: style and slender filaments not declined: anthers globose-didymous : seeds oval, with a thin close coat. 20. LEIOPHYLLUM. Petals 5, obovate-oblong, spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments and style filiform, exserted. Placenta; borne on the middle of the columella, but carried away with the 2 or 3 valves in dehiscence. 21. LOISELETJRIA. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5: filaments and style stout-filiform and included. Capsule 2-3-valved, and valves at length 2-cleft ; the placenta; left on the columella. +- +- Erect shrubs, with deciduous alternate leaves : flowers larger, from leafy shoots of the season : anthers oblong : filaments flat and subulate or linear : style long, more or less declined and incurved, thickened at the apex and annulate around the discoid stigma : placentae persistent on the short columella : seeds with a loose cellular or fungous coat. 22. ELLIOTTIA. Petals (3 to 5) mostly 4, long and narrow. Stamens as many or twice as many : filaments short. Flowers in conspicuous terminal racemes or panicles. 23. CLADOTHAMNUS. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, equalled by the somewhat folia- ceous sepals. Stamens 10 : filaments dilated below. Capsule 5-0-celled, depressed-glo- bose. Flowers solitary, terminating short leafy branches or sometimes axillary. Suborder III. PYROLIXEiE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla poly- petalous, hypogynous, deciduous. Anthers erect and extrorse in the bud, with apex often pointed, emarginate or 2-horned at base, where each cell opens by a pore, in anthesis mostly introrsely resupinate on the filament, so that the really basal pores become apical and the point or apex basal. Disk obsolete or obscure. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a loose cellular coat. Sepals and petals imbricated in the bud ; the former persistent. (Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 61.) TitusE I. CLETHRE^E. Shrubs or trees. Pollen-grains simple. Ovary and cap- sule of the 5-merous flower 3-celled. Stigmas 3, distinct, over the placenta;. Em- bryo eylindraceous, as in Ericinece. 24. CLETHRA. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate. Stamens 10: anthers sagittate and pointed, after inversion obsaggitatc, the diverging lobes opening by a chink or large pore. Style filiform, persistent, commonly 3-cleft at the apex : stigmas thickish and truncate. Capsule globose or 3-lobed, 3-valvcd, and the valves at length 2-cleft; the many-seeded porrect placenta; remaining attached to the upper part of the columella. Tribe II. PYROLEiE. Herbs or nearly so, from perennial slender rootstocks, glabrous, with evergreen foliage, one species leafless. Pollen-grains compound. Cells of the ovary and capsule as many as the petals or sepals (5, or rarely 4): valves of the capsule remaining attached to the columella. Seed-coat very loose and cellular, enclosing a small nucleus. Embryo very minute. * Stems leafy : flowers corymbose or sometimes solitary : stigma orbicular-peltate, barely 5-crenate, concealing the very short obeonical style, which is immersed in the umbili- cate summit of the ovary and capsule : the latter dehiscent from above downwards : valves not woolly on the edges. 25. CHIMAPHILA. Petals 5, widely spreading, regular, orbicular, concave. Stamens 10 : filaments short, dilated and mostly hairy in the middle. # # Scape naked or leafy only at base : style mostly elongated. 26. MONESES. Flowers solitary, sometimes 4-merous, regular. Petals widely spreading, orbicular. Stamens 10, or sometimes 8 : filaments subulate, naked. Style straight : stigma large, peltate, and with 5 or sometimes 4 narrow (at first erect, at length radiating) lobes. Valves of the capsule not woolly on the edges. 2 18 ERICACEAE. 27. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or less converging. Stamens 10, often declined : filaments subulate, naked. Style often de- clined or turned downward : stigma 5-lobed or toothed and annulate. Capsule depressed- globose and 5-lobed, umbilicate at apex and base, dehiscent from the base upward; the edges of the valves cobwebby when opening. Suborder IV. MONOTROPEiE. Calyx free from the ovary. Pollen- grains simple. Capsule loculicidal. — Herbaceous root-parasites or saprophytes, scaly, destitute of all green herbage, one closely related to Pyrolea, one to Eri- cinece, the others more peculiar. (Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370.) Tribe I. EUMONOTROPEiE. Ovary 5-celled, or sometimes 4-celled ; the pla- centae projecting from the thick central columella. * Anthers extrorse, in flower becoming introrsely pendulous : corolla none. 28. ALLOTROPA. Calyx of 5 roundisli sepals, marcescent under the capsule. Stamens 10 : anthers didymous, on long and slender filaments : cells opening by a chink from the apparent apex to the middle. Disk none. Style short : stigma large, peltate-capitate. Capsule globose. Seeds scobiform, linear. # # Anthers introrse or introrsely pendulous from the first : corolla gamopetalous, and with the calyx persistent or marcescent, •*— Globular-ovate, with 5 short recurved lobes or teeth : anthers 2-awned. 29. PTEROSPORA. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular-urceolate ; the lobes con- volute or mostly so in the bud. Stamens 10, included : filaments subulate-filiform : anthers ovate-didymous, introrse, erect, or in bud horizontal-inflexed, fixed near the base, there dorsally 2-awned ; the slender awns deflexed; the cells opening lengthwise. Disk none. Style short : stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed. Seeds broadly winged from the apex. H— -i— Corolla campanulate, with barely spreading lobes, rather fleshy : anthers mutieous : seed-coat reticulated, but conformed to the nucleus : sepals 5, oblong, erect, nearly equal- ling the corolla, persistent : filaments slender. 30. SARCODES. Stamens 10, shorter than the cylindraceous-campanulate corolla: anthers linear-oblong, erect, inserted above the base; the two cells strictly combined throughout, the whole apex opening by a large introrsely oblique terminal pore. Disk none. Ovary low-conical and 5-lobed: style columnar, rather long: stigma capitate and somewhat 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-5-lobed. Seeds oval and witli a small conical protuberance at the apex. 31. SCHWEINITZIA. Stamens 10, hardly shorter than the oblong-campamdate corolla, this 5-gibbous at base : anthers short, somewhat didymous, introrsely pendulous, being attached dorsally near the apex ; the saccate cells opening by the whole apex as a large pore. Disk 10-crenate. Ovary globose-ovate: style short and thick: stigma large, 5-sided, umbilicate. # # # Anthers innate or transverse on the apex of the filament, opening across the top ; the cells more or less confluent : corolla 4— 5-petalous and with the sepals or hractlets tardily deciduous. 32. MONOTROPA. Sepals of 2 to 5 lanceolate bract-like scales. Corolla of 4 to 6 erect and oblong or spatulate scale-like fleshy petals, which-'are gibbous or saccate at base. Stamens twice the number' of the petals : filaments filiform-subulate : anthers somewhat rcniform ; the valves moderately or very dissimilar. Disk 8-12-toothed ; the teeth deflexed. Style columnar, tubular: stigma funnelfonn, with obscurely crenate margin. Capsule ovoid; the columella very thick and fleshy. Seeds innumerable, very small, scobiform ; nucleus minute in the loose-cellular elongated coat. Tribe II; PLEURICOSPORE.E. Ovary one-celled or spuriously 4-5-celled; the 4 or 5 placentse parietal and 2-lamellate. Disk none or obscure: anthers linear or oblong, erect, introrse, fixed by the base to the long and slender filaments, opening longitudinally. 33. PLETJRICOSPORA. Calyx complete, of 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate scale-like sepals, their margins fimbriate-laciniate. Corolla of 4 or 5 oblong and fimbriate-lacerate plane petals, resembling but rather shorter than the sepals. Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous : fila- ments ligulate-filiform : anthers linear, apiculate ; the cells opening from base to apex into two equal valves. Ovary ovate, strictlyone-celled : style columnar: stigma depressed- capitate or somewhat funnelfonn. Capsule fleshy « Seeds obovate, with a smooth or polished close coat. Gaylussacla. ERICACEAE. 19 34. NEWBERRYA. Calyx incomplete, of 2 bract-like entire sepals. Corolla tubular- urceolate, 4^5-lobed, marcescent. Stamens 8 or 10 : filaments filiform, long-hairy above the middle : anthers oblong ; the cells opening from apex to base into two unequal valves. Ovary ovate, contracted at apex into a long style, tipped with a depressed-capitate um- bilicate and pervious stigma : placentae 4, with broad divergent lamellae, which meet at adjacent edges, ovuliferous on botli sides, giving the appearance of four exterior cells surrounding a central larger one. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. Huckleberry. (In honor of a distin- guished French chemist, Gay-Lussac.) — Shrubs (of Eastern X. and S. America) ; with either evergreen or deciduous leaves, commonly glandular or resinous-atomi- ferous, flowers in lateral racemes from separate scaly buds, bracteate and often bracteolate pedicels, reddish or greenish or white corolla, and edible fruit. Flowering in spring ; fruit ripe in summer, blue or black. — Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 448 ; Gray, Chloris (Mem. Am. Acad, iii.), 51, ec Man. Bot. Decachce?ia, r £ovr. & Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 43 (1841). Decamerium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 260 (1843). § 1. Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, destitute of resinous atoms. G. brachycera, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, the young parts barely puberulent, a foot high or less : brandies angled : leaves oval (half to full inch long) : racemes in the axils, short, almost sessile, of few crowded flowers : bracts and bractlets scaly, caducous : corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, white or flesh-color, 2 lines long : anthers slightly pointed, shorter than the filiate filament. — Man. ed. 1, 259. Vaccinium brac/u/cerum, Michx. Fl. i. 234. V. buxifolium, Salisb. Farad, t. 4 ; Bot. Mag. t. 928 • Bot. Cab. t. 048. — Wooded hills, Alleghanies, from Perry Co., Penn. (Baird), to Virginia. Sussex Co., Delaware, A. Commons. Leaves like those of Dwarf Box. § 2. Leaves deciduous, entire, more or less sprinkled with minute resinous or waxy atoms : racemes from axils of the former year. # Leaves thickish and almost coriaceous, green both side*, the upper face shining : bracts foli- aceous and persistent: anthers with filiform tubular appendages longer than the cells and almost equalling the corolla. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high from a creeping base, somewhat hairy and glandular : leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate-spatulate, veiny, conspicuously ran- cronate : racemes loose : bracts oval, as long as the slender 2-bracteolate pedicels : ovary either glandular-pubescent or hairy : corolla campanulate, white or rose-red: fruit black, mostly pubescent, watery and rather insipid. — Gray, Man. 1. c. G. hirtellu, Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 448. Vaccinium dumosum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 112 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1106 ; Dunal in DC. Prodr. rii. 566. V. fmndomm, Michx. 1. c, not L. Diramerium dumosinn, Xutt. 1. c. — Sandy swamps, Newfoundland, and along the coast to Florida and Louisiana; southward espe- cially passing freely into Var. hirtella, Gray, 1. c. Branehlets and especially racemes and ovary, and some- times the leaves, glandular-hirsute or hispid. — O. hirtellu, Klotzsch in Linn. xiv. 48. Vac- cinium hirtellum, Ait. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 357 ; Dunal, 1. c. — Chiefly Southern States. * *= Leaves thinner, dull or paler: bracts much smaller, deciduous. ■*— Branches slender and widely spreading ; flowers in very loose racemes, on long filiform pedi- cels: corolla between globular and campanulate, greenish-purplish, 2 lines or less in length. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or puberulent when young, from 3 to (i feet ' high, with light gray branches : leaves oblong or oval-obovate, obtuse or retuse, pale, whitish and very veiny beneath : bracts tardily deciduous : anthers with rather long tubular tips: fruit dark blue and glaucous, sweet and edible (Blue Tangle or Blue Huckleberry). — Vaccinium frondosum, L. ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 140. V nenustam. Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 11. V. alaucum, Michx. 1. c. V. ducanteracar/mn, Dunal, 1. c. excl. syn. Wang. Decamerium frondosum, Nutt. 1. c. — Low and shaded grounds, coast of New Hampshire and mountains of Penn. to Kentucky, Louisiana, and Florida. Var. tomentosa, a form with foliage and shoots tomentose-pubescent. — Vaccinium tomentosum, Pursh, ined. — Georgia, Ens/in. E. Florida, Dr. E. Palmer. 20 ERICACEAE. Vaccinium. G. ursina, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves green and membranaceous, lanceolate-obovate or oblong, acuminate (2 to 4 inches long), loosely veiny: bracts rather scaly, caducous: anthers with very short tips: fruit reddish, turning black, insipid (Bear Huckleberry). — Gray, Chloris, 49, t. 10; Chapm. Fl. 258. Vac- cinium ursinum, M. A. Curtis in Ainer. Jour. Sci. xliv. 82. — Moist woods, confined to the mountains of the southern part of North Carolina and adjacent parts of South Carolina, Curtis, Buckley, &c. -K- -i— Branches erect : flowers short-pedicelled in short sessile racemes : corolla ovate-conical and 5-angular, becoming campanulate or cylinclraceous, reddish, as are the scale-like caducous ovate bracts. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot to a yard high, rigid, glabrous or minutely pubes- cent, when young very clammy : leaves yellowish-green, from oval to lanceolate-oblong, commonly obtuse, mucronulate, of rather firm texture and paler beneath when mature : racemes secund, drooping, 5-8-flowered : corolla 2 or 3 lines long : anthers with tubular tips : fruit black, rarely varying to white, without bloom, pleasant (the common Huckle- berry or Black Huckleberry of the market). — Vaccinium resinosum, Ait. Kew. 1. c. ; Michx. Fl. i. 232 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1288. V. parviflorum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 125. Andromeda baccata, "Wang. Amer. Ill, t. 30, fig. 69. Decamerium resinosum, Nutt. 1. c. — Rocky wood- lands and swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and south to Upper Georgia. The only species in the northern Mississippi States, where it is rare. 2. VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry, Bilberry, or sometimes Huckle- berry, and Cranberry. (Classical Latin name.) — Shrubs or suffruticose plants (chiefly of the northern hemisphere), with either deciduous or evergreen leaves ; the flowers white or reddish, either solitary in the axils, or in racemes or fascicles, mostly nodding. Corolla small, of thinnish texture, and various in form. Sta- mens 8 or more, commonly 10 : filaments usually hairy or ciliate : anthers awned on the back or awnless, opening by a terminal hole or slit of the tubular apex of each cell. Flowers in spring: berries ripe in summer or autumn, sweetish or sometimes acid, mostly edible. — Vaccinium & Oxycoccus, Pers. ; Benth. & Hook, Gen. ii. 573, 575. The following are excluded, viz. : — V. mucronatum, L., which was founded, not on " one of the Mespilus or Pyrus tribe," as Smith opined, but on a fruiting specimen of Nemopanthes Canadensis. V. album, L., founded on a specimen of Lonicera ciliala, from Kalm, who sent it as a Vac- cinium with white berries. V. ligustrinum, L., founded on a specimen of Andromeda panicidala, also from Kalm. V. glabrum, Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 125, d., probably Gaijlussacia resinosa. V. obtusum, Pursh, from Oregon, collected by Menzies, probably Gaultheria Myrsinites. V. humifusum, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1831, 8, probably also Gaultheria Myrsinites. §1. Batodendron, Gray. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed : anthers tipped with long and slender tubes, and 2-awned on the back : ovary and (hardly edible or mawkish) berry spuriously 10-celled (ripening in autumn) : leaves decidu- ous, but of rather firm texture : flowers axillary and solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slencler-pedicelled : bractlets minute or none. — Chloris, 1. c. 52. # Flower articulated with its pedicel: anthers included: berrv black, manv-seeded. (Batode?idron, Nutt. Tvans. Am. Phil. Soc, sev. 2, viii. 261.) V. arboreum, Marshall. (Farkle- or Sparkle-berry.) Shrub 6 to 25 feet high, with spreading branches, glabrous or somewhat pubescent : leaves thinnish-coriaceous, very smooth and shining above, reticulate-veiny, obscurely glandular-denticulate or entire, from obovate or round-oval to oblong : flowers profuse, axillary along the branches and leafy- racemose : corolla white, moderately 5-lobed : awns of anthers more than half the length of the tubular tips : berry globose, small, with a dry rather astringent pulp. — Arbust. 157 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. 1. 1885. V. diffasum, Ait. ; Bot. Mag. t. 1607. V. mucronatum, Walt., not L. Vaccinium. ERICACEAE. 21 Batodendron arboreum, Nutt. 1. c, & Sylv. iii. 43. — Sandy soil, Florida and Texas to N. Carolina and S. Illinois. There is an unusually narrow-leaved form in Texas. # # Flower not articulated with the pedicel : anthers much exerted: hi-rry greenish or yellowish, ripening few and proportionately large seed:.. {Picrococcus, Nutt. I. c.) V. stamineum, L. (Deerueury.) Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with divergent branches, minutely pubescent, or at length glabrous: leaves pale and dull or glaucous, especially beneath, from oval to lanceolate-oblong : ovary glabrous : flowers nearly all axillary : corolla dull purplish or yellowish-green, deeply 5-cleft : awns of the anthers very much shorter than the elongated tubes : berry large, pear-shaped or globular, mawkish. — Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 263. V. etevatum, Solander; Dunal, in IK 1 . 1. c. 507 (excl. var.) V. album, I'ursh, Fl. i. 28, not L. Picrococcus stamineus, elecatus, & Floridanus, Nutt. 1. c. — Dry woods, Maine to Michigan and south to Florida and Louisiana: rare west of the Alleghanies. ( I". Kunthianum, Klotzsch, the V. stamineum, HBK. t. 303, has much shorter anther-tubes, and a hairy ovary.) § 2. Cyanococcus, Gray. (Blueberry.) Corolla from cylindraceous to campanulate-oblong or ovoid, 5-toothed : filaments hairy : anthers included, awn- less : ovary and berry completely or incompletely 10-celled by a spurious par- tition or projection from the back of each carpel : berry blue or black with a bloom, juicy, sweet and edible, many-seeded : flowers (white or rose-color) in fascicles or very short racemes, developed with or a little before the leaves from large and separate scaly buds, short-pedicelled : scaly bractlets as well as bracts mostly caducous or deciduous. (Atlantic Xurth- American with one exception.) # Evergreen leaves coriaceous : bracts of tinner texture, reddish, and tardily deciduous. V. nitidum, Andr. Diffusely much branched and very leafy, a foot or two high : leaves tlrick-coriaeepus, shining, at least above, slightly veined, from obovate to oblanceolate- oblong, a fourth to half inch long, obscurely denticulate and glandular: calyx-teeth and almost persistent bracts mm, idi.ii and very obtuse: corolla rose-red or turning white, rather short and broad (2 lines long) : berry " somewhat pear-shaped, black." — Bot. Rep. t. 480 ; Dunal in DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 239. — Low pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Near to or passing into the next. V. Myrsinites, Lam. A span to 2 feet high, much branched : branchlets, &c, when young puberulent : leaves from obovate and obtuse to oblong-lanceolate and acute or spat- ulate, often cuspidate, from -a third to a full inch long, sometimes denticulate, moderately coriaceous, mostly shining above, dull or paici and sometimes glaucous underneath, more veiny: bracts from ovate to lanceolate, less persistent; calyx-teeth acute or aeulUh : corolla at length cylindraceous, 2 or 3 lines long, soon white: "berry globose, blue." — Diet. i. 73; Michx. Fl. i. 233; Pursh, Fl. i. 200 (with vars. lanceokitum and aldusum) ; Dunal, I.e.; Chapm. 1. c. V. nitidum, var. decumbens, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1550"? — Sandy pine • barrens, Florida to Louisiana and N. Carolina. Var. glaucum. A low form, with small leaves dull or glaucous above and very glaucous beneath, at least when young. — New Orleans 1 (Drummond) to Alabama, &c. # # Leaves thinner, deciduous : scaly bracts more deciduous. +- Corolla when developed cylindrical or cylindraceous. Southern species, the leaves far south- ward sometimes persisting until flowering the next spring. V. formosum, Andr. Two or 3 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong, entire (an inch or two long), smooth and bright green above, either glabrous or pubescent beneath, of firmer texture than in the others of the section : flower-clusters loose : calyx and tardily decidu- ous bracts red or reddish : corolla rose-red, 4 or 5 lines long. — Bot. Rep. t. 97. — Georgia or Florida, " Win. Yomf/,'' James Heed: specimens by the latter with flower-clusters in the axils of persistent leaves. Related to large-leaved forms of the preceding, and may probably pass into the next. V. virgatum, Ait. Low, or a yard or so high, more or less pubescent : leaves from ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, usually acute or pointed and minutely serrulate, thinnish, lucid at least above, commonly an inch or so in length : flower- clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches : bracts more deciduous : corolla rose-color, 22 ERICACEAE. Vaccialum. 3 or 4 lines long : berry black, sometimes with a bloom. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 12 ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 181 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3522. V. ligustrinum, Pursb, not L. V.fuscatum, Ker. Bot. Reg. t. 302 (not Ait.), a form with deep rose-colored flowers, and red pedicels and bracts, approaching V.formosum. — Swamps, Florida to S. Carolina and Louisiana. Var. tenellum, a low form, mostly small-leaved, with nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters : corolla barely 3 lines long and less cylindrical. — V. tenellum, Ait. Kew. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 260. V. galezans, Michx. Fl. i. 232. V. galiformis, Smith in Rees. Cycl.— Virginia to Arkansas and southward. Var. parvif olium, a peculiar form, with leaves half to three-fourths inch long, entire or nearly so, mostly oblong and obtuse ; stem slender, 3 to 8 feet high : flowers also small. — V. myrtilloides, Ell. Sk. i. 500, not Michx., nor Hook. V. Elliottii, Chapm. 1. c. — S. Caro- lina to Arkansas and Louisiana. An ambiguous form. -i— -t— Corolla shorter and broader, from ovate-urceolate to at most oblong-campanulate, white or obscurely rose-colored. ++ Ovary and berry glabrous, as in the genus generally : scarious bracts and bractlets early de- ciduous. ( Edible Blueberries or Blue Huckleberries. ) V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf, a span to a foot or more high, with green and warty stems, mostly glabrous, and branches : leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, green and someWhat shining both sides, glabrous, or not rarely hairy on the midrib beneath, dis- tinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth : flowers very short-pedieelled : corolla cam™ panulate w ! tb orifice slightly contracted, barely 2| lines long: berries ripening early, large and sweet, bluish-black and glaucous. — Diet. i. 72 ; Michx. Fl. i. 223 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3434; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 261. V. myrtilloides, Michx. 1. c. V. tenellum, Pursh, Fl. i. 288, not Ait. V. ramulosum & V. humile, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 20 ? V, mulliflorum, Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 125 ? — Dry hills and woods, from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and southward to New Jersey and Illinois ; commoner northward. The lowest and earliest-fruited of the blueberries. Var. ahgustif olium, Gray, 1. c. (V. anyustifoliujn, Ait. 1. a), a more dwarf form, a span or less high, with lanceolate leaves. — V. salicinum, Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 319, not Cham. — Labrador and Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, and alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. ^ V. Canadense, Kalm. A foot or two high, with brancblets and both sides of the elliptical or oblong-lanceolate entire leaves downy with soft spreading pubescence : flowers few in the clusters : corolla shorter (2 lines long), greenish-white, and more open-cam- panulate : otherwise as in the preceding. — Richards, in Frankl. ed. 2, 12 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 32, & Bot. Mag. t. 3446. V. album, Lam. 1. c, not L. — Swamps or low woods, Hudson's Bay to Bear Lake and the northern Rocky Mountains, south to N. New England, mountains of Penn. and Illinois. Named by Kalm in herb. Leche, now in herb. Banks. V. vacillans, Solander. A foot or a yard high, glabrous : branchlets yellowish-green : leaves obovate, oval, or broadly oblong, entire or nearly so, pale or dull, commonly glau- cous, at least beneath : flowers in rather loose clusters : corolla oblong-campanulate or with obscurely narrowed orifice, 2 or 3 lines long, about the length of the pedicel: calyx- lobes proportionally large and roundish : berries bluish-black with a bloom, ripening later than the common low blueberries. — Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 445. V. virypium, Bigelow, not Ait. V. Pennsylvanicum, Torr. Fl. N. U. S. i. 416, excl. char., not Lam. — Dry or sandy woodlands and rocky places, New England to N. Carolina and Missouri. Flowers generally on the leafless summits of the twigs, more greenish or yellowish than those of the next, and apt to be tinged with red. The commoner species of the Northern and Middle States west of the Alleghany Mountains. V. corymbosum, L. Tall, 5 to 10 feet high : branchlets yellowish-green turning brown- ish : leaves from ovate or oblong to elliptical-lanceolate : flowers more commonly race- mosely than corymbosely disposed on the naked twigs : corolla from turgid^ovate- to cylindraceous-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, commonly shorter than the pedicels, 3 or 4 times the length of the lax calyx-lobes : berries blue-black with a copious bloom (except in one var.), ripening later than the preceding. — Smith in Rees Cycl. no. 13; Gray, Man. I.e. V. disomorphum, Michx. 1. c. — Swamps and low woods, from Newfoundland and Canada through the Atlantic U. S. to Louisiana, but rare in the Mississippi region. The typical form of this, the common Tall Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry, is minutely Vaccinium. ERICACEiE. 23 more or less pubescent when young, sometimes perfectly glabrous (var. glabrum, Gray, Man.), and commonly soon becoming so; the leaves with naked entire margins. There are numerous gradations between the following forms : — Var. amoenum, Gray, a form with ciliate-serrulate or bristly-ciliate leaves, rather bright green both sides: pubescence slight or sparse. — Man. ed. 5, 292. V. amanum, Ait. 1. c. ; Andr. Bot. "Rep. t. 138 ; Bot. Keg. t. 400. V. corgmbosum, var. fuscatum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3433? V. Marhmum, grandiftorum & elongalum, Wats. Dendr. Brit.? — Mainly in the Middle Atlantic States. Var. pallidum, Gray, 1. c, a pale and very glaucous or glaucescent form, with or without some pubescence, generally low ; otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — V. pal- lidum, Ait. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. V. albiflorum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3428. V. Con- slabhei, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 42 ; Chapm. 1. c. — Common through the Alleghauies southward, mostly on the tops of the higher mountains, and 2 to 4 feet high. Var. fuscatum, a tall form, with the mature and entire leaves fuscous-pubescent beneath : flowers virgately somewhat spicate on the naked flowering twigs. — V. fuscatum, Ait. 1. c. — Alabama and Florida to Arkansas and Louisiana. Var. atrococcum, Gray, 1. c, the most distinct form, with the permanently and at length rusty pubescent leaves of the foregoing, but with a more diffuse habit, rather smaller flowers, and berries purplish-black, without any bloom. — I '. fuscatum, Gra3 T , Man. ed. 1, 262. V. dtsocarptmi, Bigelow, Bost. ed. 2, 151. — Common from N. "England to Penn. ■H- ++ Ovary and berry glandular-hirsute : bracts less scarious and more persistent. V. hirsutum, Buckley. A foot or two high : branchlets, entire ovate leaves, and even the ovoid-eampanulate corolla pubescent with soft and short persistent spreading hairs : style hairy: hirsute berries bluish-black. — Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 175; Chapm. 1. c. — Moun- tains of Cherokee Co., N. Carolina, Buckley. Rare and little known : the local name is Beak Hcckleberky. § 3. Euvacci'nium, Gray. (Bilberry.) Corolla from ovate to globular and more or less urceolate, 4— 5-toothed, rose-color or nearly white : filaments glabrous : anthers 2-awned on the back, included : ovary and berry 4-5-celled, with no false partitions : leaves deciduous : flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or two to four together, developing with or soon after the leaves. # Flowers 2 to 4 in a fascicle, or sometimes solitary, from a distinct scaly bud, in the manner of Cyunacvccus, more commonly 4-merons and 8-androus: leaves quite entire, and usually almost sessile : limb of the calyx deeply 4-5-parted : berries blackish-blue with a bloom. V. uliginosum, L. A span to a foot or two high, much branched, glabrous or minutely puberulent : leaves thickish, mostly pale or glaucescent, obovate, oval, or oblong-cuneate, obtuse or retuse, reticulate-veiny, especially beneath, half inch or more long : corolla ovate- or globular-urceolate : berry proportionally large, sweetish. — Fl. Dan. t. •68**; Reichenb. Ie. Germ. xvii. t. 1168. V. pubescens, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1516. V. gaultherioides, Bigel. — Arctic America to the alpine region of the mountains of New England, New York, and shore of Lake Superior, westward to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) In our northern regions low, in Oregon sometimes even 4 feet high. Var. mucronatum, Herder. Depressed-cespitose : leaves small, bright green both sides, conspicuously reticulated, usually roundish, abruptly mucronate or cuspidate. — Alaska and Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits. V. Occidentale, Gray. A foot or more high, glabrous : leaves thinner, glaucescent, obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or aeutish (half to three-fourths inch long) : flower mostly solitary from the scaly bud: corolla oblong-ovate (1 or 2 lines long) : berry small, barely 3 lines in diameter. — Bot. Calif, i. 451. — Sierra Nevada of California at 5-7000 feet, from Mariposa to Mt. Shasta, and Uinta Mts., Utah. V. salicinum, Cham. Depressed-cespitose : leaves cuneate-lanceolate and acuminate (4 to 8 lines long), tapering into a kind of petiole, bright green, coarsely reticulated beneath, entire: flowers solitary: "corolla cylindraceous-urceolate, 3 lines long." — Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 147, & Linn. i. 525 (not Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 369). — Unalaschka, in moss, Chamisso. Perhaps this is only a remarkably narrow-leaved form of V. uliginosum, var. mucronatum. 24 ERICACEAE. Vaccinium. * # Flowers solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and 10-andi'ous : calyx less or very slightly lobed. H— Dwarf and cespitose : branches not angled. V. csespitosum, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves from obo- vate to euneate-oblong, obtuse or rarely aeutish, thickly serrulate, Bright green both sides, reticulate-veiny (one to three-quarters inch long): corolla ovate or ovoid-oblong: berry proportionally large, blue with a bloom, sweet. — Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 126 ; & Bot. Mag. t. 3429. — Hudson's Bay and Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains of New Hamp- shire, and Colorado Rocky Mountains to Alaska. Var. arbuscula. Erect and a foot high, much branched : leaves obovate, thicker, little exceeding half an inch in length : flowers and berries rather smaller. — Sierra Nevada, California, in Plumas Co., Mrs. Austin. In Oregon passes into the ordinary form and into the following. Var. cuneifolium, Nutt. A span to near a foot high, bushy : leaves spatulate- cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form (var. angustifolimn, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 393) to spatulate-lanceolate and acute ; the earliest not rarely entire. — Mem. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 262. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah to California, British Columbia, and east to Lake Superior. -i— H— Low : branches sharply angled and green : leaves small. V. Myrtlllus, L- (Whortleberry, Bilberry.) A foot or less high, glabrous: leaves ovate or oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a prominent narrow midrib (in ours half to two-thirds inch long) : limb of calyx almost entire : corolla globular-ovate : berries black, nodding. — Schk. Handb. t. 107 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 1. u. t. 1169; Hook. Fl. ii. 33. V. myrtilloides, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 209, not of others.— Rocky Mountains, extending as far south as Colorado and N. E. Utah, and north-west to Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) Var. microphyllum, Hook. 1. c. ; a remarkable diminutive form, 3 to 6 inches high: leaves -2 to 4 lines long: corolla proportionally small, a line long: berries at first " light red." — Higher Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado and Utah, and in the Sierra Nevada, California, down to 7000 feet. +— H— -I— Mostly taller or tall, with spreading branches. V. myrtilloides, Hook. (Gray). Glabrous or glabrate, 1 to 5 feet high : branchlets slightly angled : leaves ovate or oval and oblong, sharply serrulate, membranaceous, green both sides, but not shining, loosely reticulate-veiny, an inch or two long, the larger or later mostly acute or acuminate : limb of calyx entire : corolla depressed-globular or semi- globose-urceolate (nearly 2 lines long and broad, yellowish or greenish-white with a purple tinge): pedicel erect in fruit: berry purplish-black, rather acid. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 291. V. myrtilloides, partly, Hook. EI. ii. 32, & Bot. Mag. t. 34^f(exel. syn. Ait., &c. and var. rtgidum), not Michx.! (which is V. Pennsyhanicum, var. anijuslifolium). V. membranaceum, Dougl. ined. ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 377, the larger-leaved coast form ( V. myrtilloides,va.r. membrcmaceum, Hook. 1. c). — Damp woods, Lake Superior to the coast of Oregon and British Columbia. — There is nothing to prevent the retention of this specific name, going back only to Hooker, and excluding the original of Michaux. V. ovalifolium, Smith. Glabrous and glaucescent, 4 to 12 feet high, straggling: branchlets more or less angled : leaves oval, mostly obtuse or rounded at botli ends, merely mucronulate, entire or with a few irregular serratures, pale or glaucous, at least beneath (one or two inches long): corolla globose-ovoid: pedicel nodding in fruit: berries blue with a bloom. — Rees Cycl. 1. o. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 127; Gray, Man. 1. c. V. Chamissoius, Hong. Sitk. 525. — Woods, Lake Superior (on the south shore, Robbbis), and Oregon to Unalaschka. (Japan. ) V. parvif olium, Smith, 1. c. Glabrous, glaucescent, 6 to 12 feet high and straggling : branches and branchlets slender, sharply and conspicuously angled, green, articulated : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or rounded at both ends, pale and dull, especially beneath, entire, one to three-quarters inch long : calyx 5-lobed : corolla globular : pedicel nodding in fruit : berries light red, rather dry, hardly edible. — Hook. 1. c. t. 128. — Shady and low woods, northern part of California, near the coast, to Alaska and Aleutian Islands. § 4. Vitis-IdjSea, Koch. Corolla, ovary, &c, as in the preceding section : filaments hairy : anthers awnless (at least in ours) : leaves coriaceous and per- Vaccinium. ERICACEAE. 25 sistent : flowers in short racemes or clusters from separate buds : bracteate and 2-bracteolate. # Flowers 5-merous, 10-androus. V. OVatum, Pursh. Erect evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, rigid : branehlets pubes- cent: leaves thick aud firm, very numerous, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely and acutely serrate, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides, an inch or so long; the veins obscure or hidden: flowers in short and close axillary clusters : bracts raid bractlets deciduous: corolla carapanulate, 2 lines long, rose-color or flesh-color,. barely thrice the length of the triangular acute reddish calyx-lobes : berries reddish turning black, small, sweetish. — Fl. i. 290; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1304. V. lanceolatum, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 570, a narrow-leaved form. Metagonia (Pyxothamnus) ooata, Nutt. I.e. — Vancouver's Island to Montevey, &c, California, on hills near the coast. V. crassifolium, J^ndr. Procumbent, the trailing slender stems 2 or 3 feet long, glabrous or nearly sn : leaves small, a quarter to half inch long, from oval to narrowly oblong, sparsely mucronate-serrulate or entire, shining : flowers few and almost sessile in small axillary cluster : bracts scaly-coriaceous, persistent : corolla globose-campanulate, nearly white : anther*? oils barely pointed at apex : berries black. — Bot. Rep. t. 105 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1152 ; Chapm. FL 250. V. curnosum, Pers. Syn. i. 479. V. myrtifolium, Michx. Fl. i. 229. Metagonia myrtifolia, Nutt. 1. c. — Sandy bogs, N. Carolina to Georgia, near the coast. Habit of Cranberry. # # Flowers 4-merous, 8-androus. V. Vi.tis-Id.8ea, L. (Cowberry, Mocntain- Cranberry.) Almost glabrous, tufted, 3 inches to a span or more high from creeping stems: leaves crowded, obovate or oval, emarginate (a quarter to over half inch long), shining above, paler and bristly dark-dotted beneath; the margins revolute, entire or obscurely serrulate : flowers crowded in a short and terminal secund and nodding raceme : bracts reddish, nearly persistent : corolla white or rose-color, o'pen-campanulate, rather deeply 4-lobed : berries dark red, acid and bitterish, edible when cooked (a fair substitute for cranberries). — Fl. Dan. t. 40; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 010. V. punctalum, Lam. — Round the Arctic circle, south to the coast and mountains of N. New-England, and Lake Winipeg ; on the western coast south to British Columbia. (Greenland to Japan.) § 5. £)xyc6ccus. (Oxycoccus, Pers.) Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted; the lobes linear or lanceolate-oblong and reflexed : anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes : ovary and berry 4-celled, destitute of false partitions : (lowers axillary and terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels, appearing in early summer ; fruit maturing in autumn. h # Erect shrubs, with deciduous membranaceous leaves and berries of Euvaccinium, but corolla of true Oxycoccus: flowers solitary in the axils : pedicel bractless but minutely 2-bracteolate at base: corolla conical-rostrate in the bud, deeply 4-cleft: filaments villous. ( V. Japmikum of Miquel is a very nearly related Japanese species.) — Vaccinium § Oxycoccoides, Benth. & Hook. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Divergently branching shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, slightly pubescent : leaves oblong lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate with bristle- tipped teeth, thin, bright green both sides, veiny, acute or merely obtuse at base (1J to 3 inches long) : pedicel about half the length of the leaf: corolla flesh-color (about half inch long) : berry light red, turning nearly black at full maturity, watery, slightly acid. — Fl. i. 227. Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh, Fl. i. 264. O. erythrocarpus, Ell. Sk. i. 447. — Damp woods in the higher Alleghanies, Virginia to Georgia. # # (Cranberry.) Trailing and creeping lignescent plants, with filiform stems, and small per- sistent leaves with entire revolute mar-gins and the lower face whitened: filiform pedicels 1 to 4 from a terminal scaly bud, erect, and bearing a flesh-colored or pale rose-colored flower nod- ding from its apex : corolla conical-cylindraccous in the bud, deeply 4-parted: filaments puberu- lent: berry red and acid. — Oxycoccus (Pers.), Benth. & Hook. V. Oxycoccus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender, creeping: leaves ovate, acute JL 2 to 4 lines long; the margins much revolute: pedicels 1 to 4 in a fascicle from a terminal and not proliferous thin-scaly bud : filaments commonly fully half the length of the anthers : berry globose, a quarter to a third of an inch in diameter, often spotted when 26 ERICACEAE. Vaccinium. young. — Fl. Dan. t. 80. Oxycoccus palustris, Pers. 1. c. 0. vulgaris, Pursh, 1. e. Schollera Oxycoccus, Roth. — Sphagnous swamps, around the subarctic zone, from Newfoundland and Labrador south to mountains of Pennsylvania, to the Saskatchewan district, and to Alaska. (Greenland to Japan. ) V. macrocarpon, Ait. (Large Amer. Cranberry.) Stems stouter, 1 to 4 feet long, and with more ascending branches : leaves oblong or narrowly oval, obtuse, a third to half inch long ; the margins less revolute ; veins, evident : pedicels several and somewhat race- mose, the firmer scaly bracts separating as the bud develops above into a proliferous leafy shoot : filaments one third the length of the anthers : berry ovoid or oblong, half to three- / fourths inch long (variable in shape and size, much larger than in the preceding). — Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 13, t. 7 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2flflfi ; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2, t. 30. V. Oxycoccus, var. oblong if olius, Michx. 1. c. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pursh,. 1. c. ; Bart. Fl. i. t. 17. — Bogs &c, Newfoundland to N. Carolina, through Northern States and Canada to Saskatchewan. Said by Hooker to abound at the mouth of Columbia River "> 3. CHIOG-ENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberrt. (From ^icor, snow, and ys'vog, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) — Flowers very small and inconspicuous, solitary in the axils of the small Thyme-like leaves, on short nodding peduncles ; a pair of large ovate persistent bractlets under the calyx. Tube of the latter adnate to the lower half of the ovary, or rather more ; the limb 4-parted. Corolla little exceeding the calyx, 4-cleft, greenish-white. Sta- mens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk : filaments very short and broad : cells of the anther ovate-oblong, separate, neither awned on the back nor pro- duced into tubes, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle or lower. Style columnar. Berry globular, crowned by the 4 short calyx teeth, largely inferior, the calyx-tube being now almost wholly adnate. Seeds rather numerous, obliquely obovate, with a close and firm coriaceous minutely reticulated coat. — Genus naturally related rather to Gaultheria and Pemettya than to Vaccinium, except in the adnation of the calyx. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. A slender trailing or creeping evergreen, with the habit of Cranberry, the aroma and taste of Wintergreen or Sweet Birch: filiform branches strigose-hispid : leaves ovate, with rounded or obtuse base and revolute margins, thick- coriaceous, 2 to 4 lines long, short-petioled, glabrous, except the scattered rusty bristles of the margins and lower surface: bractlets foliaceous and almost equalling the flower: white berry also minutely bristly, slight ly spicy but otherwise insipid, ripe late in summer. — Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 450, t. 68 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. '94. Vaccinium hispidulum, L. (excl. syn.); Michx. Fl. i. 228, t. 23. Arbutus filiformis, Lam. Diet. i. 228. A. thymifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 72. Oxycoccus hispidulus, Pers. ; Nutt. Gen. i. 251. Gaultheria serpyllifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 283, t. 13 (bad). G. hispidula, Mulil. Cat. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 36. Glyci/phylla hispidula, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Phuterocurpus serpyllifohus, G. Don, Syst. iii. 841 ; Dunal in DC. 1. e. 577 ; Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 67 (char, bad). — Sphagnous swamps and damp woods, Newfoundland to the northern Rocky Moun- tains, and in the Atlantic States south to the cooler parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, thence along the Alleghanies to North Carolina. C. Japonica, a second species (C. hispidula, Miquel), the representative in Japan, has obovate or oval leaves, all acute or tapering at base. 4. ARBUTUS, Tourn. (Classical Latin name.) — Low trees or shrubs (of S. Europe and W. America from Oregon to Mexico) ; with evergreen and cori- aceous alternate petiolate leaves, and white or flesh-colored small flowers in a terminal cluster of racemes or panicles. Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx small, o-parted. Corolla from globular to ovate. Ovary on a hypogynous disk: ovules crowded on a fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angle of each cell. Style rather long : stigma obtuse. Berry more or less eatable. Arctostaphjlos. ERICACEAE. 27 A. lacbifolia, L. f. Suppl. 238, may be Pnmus Caroliniana, but is indeterminable. A. i.axceolata, Lam. Diet. i. 227, is possibly the same, but has no valid foundation, having been described solely from a sterile branch of some cultivated shrub of uncertain origin. A. Aoadiensis, L., founded on a, phrase cited from Tournefort, which cannot be found, is wholly obscure. A. Menziesii, Pursh. (MadboSa.) Tree 80 to 100 feet high, with trunk a foot or two in diameter iu northern habitats, a shrub in its southern : bark close and smooth by exfoli- ation, turning brownish-red : leaves oval or oblong, entire or serrulate, paler beneath, 3 to 5 inches long : spicate racemes minutely pubescent : corolla globular, white : berries dry, somewhat drupaceous, hardly eatable, orange-color. — Hook. Fl. ii. 36 ; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 42, t. 95; Newberry in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 23, fig. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 452. A. procera, Dougl. Bot. Reg. t. 1753. A. laurifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 07 (small-leaved Mexican form), not L. f. A. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 1861 ; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, U. S. 17, the small-leaved form of Texas and Mexico, possibly distinct, but apparently a mere form of the Pacific species. — Puget Sound and southward through the coast-region of California to Arizona? and W. Texas. (Mex.) 5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry, Manzanita. (Com- posed of aoxrog, a bear, and araq.vh';, grape or berry.) — Shrubs or small trees ; with alternate leaves, and small mostly white or rose-colored flowers, chiefly in racemes, spikes, or panicles, both bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers nearly as in the preceding genus, but less rarely 4-merous, and ovules solitary in the cells, which become bony nutlets or combine into a few-several-celled stone ; the drupes somewhat bitter or astringent, or in Californian species subacid and more or less edible. Leaves in the erect species almost always more or less vertical by a twisting of the petiole. Fl. spring. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 581. § 1. Arctous. Flowers preceding the thin and deciduous leaves: fruit juicy. A. alpina, Spreng. Depressed or prostrate and tufted, rising little above the ground, glabrate : leaves obovate with a tapering base, conspicuously rugose-reticulated, ciliate when young : flowers few in a fascicle from a terminal lax-scaly bud : drupe rather large, black, containing 4 or 5 stones. — Syst. ii. 287 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 584. Arbutus alpina, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. 73 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2030. — Arctic America, south to Newfoundland and alpine summits in New England ; also northern Rocky Mountains and Aleutian' Islands. (Arctic- alpine round the Old World.) § 2. UvA-tTRSi. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, in erect species inclined to be vertical, and the bark mahogany-color : drupe smooth, mealy ; its nutlets separate or s'eparable, or irregularly coalescent : bracts persistent and usually becoming rigid. — Xerobotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 267. Daphnido- staphylis, Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 80. # Depressed-trailing or creeping, green, glabrous or minutely pubescent, no bristly hairs : flowers rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long : ovary and reddish fruit glabrous : nutlets 1- nerved on the back. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (Beareerry.) Leaves oblong-spatulate, refuse, an inch or less long, tapering into a petiole : fruit insipid. — A. officinalis, Wimmer, Koch. Arbutus Uva- ursi, L. Fl. Lapp. t. 6; Bigel. Med. Bot. t. 6. Daph.nidostaphyl.is Fendkriana, Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 81. — Rocky or sandy ground, Penn. to New Mexico, N. California, and north to the arctic circle. (Arctic-montane Eu. & Asia.) A. Nevadensis. Leaves obovate or oval to lanceolate-spatulate, cuspidate-mucronate, thicker, abruptly petioled : berries subacid. — A. pungens, var. (small Manzanita), Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 453. — Sierra Nevada, California, common at 8-10,000 feet. Rising only a few inches, or at most a foot above the surface of the ground, from rigid procumbent main stems : apparently there are no transitions into A. pungens, which is sometimes found at the same altitudes. 28 ERICACEAE. Arctostaphylos. # # Ei'ect low shrubs, with mostly clustered short racemes or spikes: flowers only a line or two long : leaves half inch or at most an inch long. A. pumila, Nutt. A foot or less high, tomentulose : leaves pale, oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse, sometimes obscurely mucronulate, entire, short-petioled : fruit unknown. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 266 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Daphnidostapkylis pumila, Klotzsch, I.e. — Monterey, California, Nuttall, Rich. Not yet met with by recent col- lectors. A. Hookeri, Don. A foot or two high, diffuse, puberulent or glabrate : leaves green, ovate or oval, cuspidately mucronate or acuminate, sometimes spinulose-denticulate, slen- der-petioled : fruit glabrous, 2 lines in diameter, reddish. — Syst. iii. 836. Arbutus pungens, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 144. Andromeda ? venulosa, DC. Prodr. vii. 607. Xerobotrys venulosus & Arctostaphylos acuta? Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1. c. A. pungens, partly, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 453, into which it may pass. But the smaller forms seem quite distinct, and the drupes are very small. — Monterey, &c, California. A. nummularia, Gray. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, excepting scattered setose bristles on the branches and short petioles, very leafy : leaves mostly broadly oval with both ends rounded or the base slightly cordate, usually entire, bright green : fruit unknown. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Mendocino plains, California, Bolander. # # # Erect shrubs or low trees, with short. clustered racemes: flowers 3 or 4 lines long and drupes 4 or 5 lines in diameter, yellowish turning reddish : leaves 1 to 3 inches long. A. Andersonii, Gray. Long and spreading bristles copious on the branchlets, &c. (along with fine pubescence) : leaves thin, bright green, glabrous, lanceolate-oblong to ovate-lan- ceolate, with a sagittate or cordate base, sessile or very short-petioled, conspicuously spinulose-serrulate or rarely entire : drupes depressed, densely clothed with exceedingly viscid-tipped bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Santa Cruz, California, under Redwoods, Anderson. A. tomentosa, Dougl. Tomentose or pubescent when young, and the branchlets, &c, usually bristly : leaves pale, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, entire or sparingly spinulose-serrulate, petioled ; the base acutish, rounded or subcordate : ovary hirsute : drupes minutely puberulent or becoming glabrous. (Runs into endless forms, of which one has narrow-oblong and rather small leaves, acutish at base, apparently connecting with the next species.) — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1791. A. cordifolia, Lindl. 1. c. Arbutus tomentosa, Pursh. PI. i. 282 ; Hook. PI. ii. 36, t. 130, & Bot. Mag. t. 3320. Andromeda 1 bracteosa, DC. Prodr. vii. 607. Xerobotrys tomentosus, cordifolius, & argutus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 268. — Dry hills, from Puget Sound to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. The berries are used in California in infusion for a subacid drink. Nutlets 8 to 10, either all separate or some united in pairs. A. pungens, HBK. Glabrous or minutely tomentose-pubescent, 3 to 20 feet high : leaves thick and rigid, green or glaucescent, oblong-lanceolate to round-ovate, commonly mucro- nate-cuspidate, entire, obtuse or rounded at base, slender-petioled : pedicels glabrous : drupes smooth and glabrous : nutlets thick-walled, carinate or thickened on the back, sometimes firmly coalescent. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 278, t. 259; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2937; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 17 ; Torr. in Emory Rep. t. 7 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 453, in part. DaphnidosUiphylis pungens, Klotzsch, 1. c. — Arizona and S. Utah to California. (Mex.) Var. platyphylla, the commoner Manzanita in California, especially northward, reaching Oregon, Nevada, and Utah : leaves pale or glaucescent, oblong to orbicular, 1 to 2 inches long, commonly muticous. — Arctostaphylos glauca, Watson, pot. King, 210, &c, not Lindl. A. pungens, Gray, 1. c, partly. § 3. Xylococctjs. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, entire : drupe not warty, ovoid-globose, with a thin pulp and a thick completely solid woody or bony 1-6- celled putamen. — Xylococcus, Nutt. 1. c. vii. 258. A. glauca, Lindl. Erect, 8 to 24 feet high, wholly glabrous except the glandular-pubes- cent slender pedicels : leaves, &c, as of A. pungens, var. platyphylla, or paler : drupes half an inch or more in diameter, minutely glandular, sometimes viscid, with a thin flesh around the solid mucronate-apiculate stone: seeds and cells 4 to 6, or by abortion fewer, very small in proportion to the size of the putamen. — Bot. Reg., under 1791 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 454 — Calif ornia, commoner from Monterey southward. Except by the larger and solid drupe hardly distinguishable from the common glaucous variety of A. pungens. Epigcea. ERICACEAE. 29 A. bicolor, Gray. Shrub 3 or 4 feet high : leaves petioled, not vertical, oblong-oval, thin-coriaceous, pinnately-veined, 1 or 2 inches long, white-tomentose beneath, as are the ovate obtuse bracts and much imbricated sepals : pedicels very short : corolla rose-color, 3 or 4 lines long : filaments filiform : drupe 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Xi/loaitvtts bicolor, Nutt. 1. c. — San Diego Co., California, Nuttalt, Cooper, Cleveland, &c. Fl. February. A. Cleveland!. More pubescent : leaves sessile, narrower, acuminate, margins more revolute : inflorescence leafy : bracts and sepals acute : corolla 4 lines long, equalled by the pedicels : fruit unknown. (When the fruit becomes known.it may refer this recently discovered species to the following section.) — Potrero, San Diego Co., California, Cleve- land. Fl. Sept. § 4. Comarostapiiylis. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen : drupe with granulate or warty surface and a solid few-celled putamen. — Comarostaphylis, Zucc. A. polifolia, HBK. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceolate, pale beneath : flowers in a loose terminal raceme or panicle : calyx-lobes triangular and acute : corolla reddish, ovoid : drupe dark purple, small. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 277, t. 258 ; Torr. Mex. Bound. 108. — California, on the southern boundary, and Mexico. 6. EPIG-^SA, L. Mayflower. (Formed of '«rt, upon, yij, the earth, from the mode of growth.) — Prostrate or somewhat creeping ; the short slender stems barely shrubby, rusty-bristly, leafy only toward the summit of the flowering shoots ; the leaves petioled, alternate, thin-coriaceous, veiny, pale green, persistent, round-oval or elliptical, mostly cordate, entire. Flowers in earliest spring, almost sessile in a short and close terminal cluster, bracteate and 2-bracteolate ; the somewhat scale-like persistent bracts equalling the calyx. Sepals ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, nearly scarious and often purplish. Lobes of the corolla oval, either quincuncially imbricated in the bud or imbricate-convolute. Qarjsuje o, depressed-globose and somewhat 5-angled, bristly, thin-walled. Seeds numerous on the much-projecting placenta?, round-oval, with a close and thin reticulated coat. The flowers are heteromorphous and inclined to be dioecious or dicecio-dimor- phous. Those with fully polliniferous anthers seldom set fruit : their stigmas short, erect, slightly projecting beyond the margin of the 5-toothed ring (to the teeth of which they severally are adnate) ; the style sometimes longer than the stamens and projecting, sometimes shorter and included. Fully fertile flowers on other plants ; their style (as in the former sort sometimes long and exserted, sometimes shorter and included) with stigmas elongated and much surpassing the ring, short- linear, glutinous, radiately divergent ; their stamens either slightly polliniferous, or reduced to abortive filaments, or even wanting. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 293, & Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xii. 74. B. repens, L. (Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus, Ground Laurel.) Flowers mostly numerous or several in the cluster, spicy-fragrant : corolla rose-color to almost white, bearded inside; its tube more or less exceeding the calyx. — Lam. 111. t. 367; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 102 ; Bot. Beg. 3, t. 201 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 384. — Gravelly or sandy wood- lands in- the shade of evergreens, Newfoundland westward to Saskatchewan, and south to Kentucky and Florida. (The other and very nearly related species is E. Asialica, Maxim., of Japan.) 7. GA.ULTHERIA, Kalm, L. Aromatic Wintergreen. (Dedicated by Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier " of Quebec, whose name, as appears from the records, was written Gaultier. The genus therefore should not be written Gualtheria, (Scop., &c), nor Gualteria, Gautiera, &c, as by others. If changed at all, the right 30 ERICACEAE. Gaultheria. orthography would be Gaultiera.) — Shrubs or almost herbaceous plants (Asiatic and American) ; with broad evergreen leaves, shining above, and usually spicy- aromatic in flavor, axillary white or rose-colored nodding flowers in early summer, succeeded by red or blackish " berries," consisting of the at length baccate calyx enclosing the capsule. Cells of the anthers opening by a terminal pore, and commonly tipped with two points or awns. Stigma truncate or obtuse, entire. Disk 10-toothed or of 10 scales. Ovary and capsule depressed, umbilicate, com- monly 5-lobed : placentas ascending, although often borne toward the summit of the short columella. Seeds very many, with a close shining coat. Pedicels or calyx bracteolate. # Corolla short- campanulate, 5-lobed: filaments glabrous : apex of the anthers obscurely 4-pointed. G. Myrsinites, Hook. Cespitose-procumbent or depressed, a few incites high : leaves orbicular or ovate, denticulate with minute bristle-tipped teeth (half inch to inch and a half long) : pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3-5-bracteolate : fruit scarlet, with pine-apple flavor. — Fl. ii. 35, t. 129. Vaccinium humifusum, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1831, 8. — Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward and in Utah, and northern borders of California, to Brit. Columbia. One form glabrous or nearly so, with small round leaves; another with rusty hirsute hairs on the stem and calyx, and larger ovate leaves. # # Corolla ovate or urceolate, 5-toothed : filaments hairy : anthers 4-awned at the summit. G. procumbens, L. (Wintergreen, Checkerberry, Boxberry.) Nearly glabrous and as if herbaceous : slender but ligneous stems extensively creeping, generally under- ground, sending up flowering shoots a span high : leaves crowded towards the top, obovate and oval, mucronate, more or less serrulate with bristly-tipped teeth : pedicels mostly soli- tary in the axils, 2-bracteolate close under the calyx : fruit red, this and the foliage aromatic-tasted, with flavor as of Sweet Birch, but warmer. — Lam. 111. t. 367; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 316 ; Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii. 27, 1. 12 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1966. Gautiera procumbens, Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 433. — Low woods under evergreens, Newfoundland to L. Superior and sub- arctic Amer., and through the Atlantic States southward to upper Georgia. G. Shallon, Pursh. (Salal.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with rather stout spreading stems: branches, pedicels, and even the corollas - glandular-hairy or pubescent: leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, acuminate, strongly serrulate (2 to 4 inches long) : racemes from large both terminal and axillary chartaceous-scaly buds, elongated, many-flowered, secund : scaly bracts persistent : pedicels 2-bracteolate below the middle : corolla large for the genus (3 or 4 lines long), viscid : fruit purple becoming black, eaten by Indians under the name of "shallon" (Lewis & Clark) or sahl. — Fl. i. 284, t. 12; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2843, & Fl. ii. 35 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1411. — Shady woods, Brit. Columbia along aud near the coast to the mountains behind Santa Barbara, California. 8. ANDE6MEDA, L. (Fancifully named in allusion to the fable of An- dromeda. See the poetical account by Linnaeus, under the original species, in Fl. Lapp. 126.) — Shrubs ; with evergreen or deciduous and broad or rather nar- row mostly petioled leaves, and umbellate-fascicled or paniculate racemose flowers, in spring or early summer ; all of the northern hemisphere. Calyx naked at base, usually very early open in the bud, 5-parted or of nearly separate sepals, the edges of which do not overlap even at the base. Corolla white or rose-color. — Gray, Man. ed. 2, 253, & ed. 5, 295. Andromeda, Zenobia (Don), Pieris (Don), & Lyonia (Nutt.), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 587. §1. Euandro.meda. Corolla globose-urceolate : calyx small, deeply 5-parted, early open : filaments bearded and not appendaged : anthers short ; each cell surmounted by a slender ascending awn : placentas attached next the summit of the columella : seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a smooth and shining crustaceous coat. — Andromeda, Don, DC, Benth. & Hook. Andromeda. ERICACEAE. 31 A. polifolia, L. Shrub a foot or so high, glabrous and glaucous : the firm-coriaceous and evergreen Rosemary-like leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, with strongly revo- lute margins, white beneath: flowers (early spring) in a small terminal umbel: pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts, naked. — Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f . 3 ; Fl. Dan. t. 54. A. rosmarinifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 291. A. glaucoplu/lht , Link, Enum. i. 394. — Wet bogs, &c, from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on the Pacific side from Norfolk Sound to tlie arctic coast. Capsule in the American specimens more or less depressed, in the European higher than broad. (Eu., N. Asia.) §2. Zexolua. Corolla opeu-campanulate, obtusely 5-lobed: calyx barely 5- p.u-ted, thicklsh, with the thiii margins valvate in the early bud : filaments naked, abruptly dilated at base: anthers lanceolate; each cell surmounted by a pair of slender ascending awns : capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-lobed, and some- what carinate at the dorsal sutures : placentas on the middle of the very short columella : seeds oval, angled, with a rather soft minutely reticulated coat. — Zenobia, Don, &c. A. speciosa, Michx. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, glabrous, often glaucous : leaves cori- aceous, but deciduous, oval or oblong (an inch or two long), commonly crenulate or sparsely serrulate, reticulate-veiny : flowers in umbel-like fascicles from axillary buds, mostly racemose on naked branches of the preceding year: pedicels naked, drooping: calyx-lobes triangular, short: corolla white (a third of an inch high and wide). Varies from bright green to chalky-white with a dense glaucous bloom. — Fl. i. 250 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 294; Lodd. Cab. t. 551. A. nitida, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 970. A. cassinefolia nuda, Vent. Cels., 1. 60. Zenobia speciosa, Don, 1. c. The following relate to the var. pulverulenta, Michx., i. e. the white glaucous form : Andromeda pulvendenta, Bartr. Trav. 476, with plate ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 667. A. cassinefolia pulverulenta, Vent. Malm. t. 79. A. dealbata, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1010, a state with corolla 5-parted. — Low pine-barrens, Florida to N. Carolina. § 3. PoRTtJNA. Corolla ovate-urceolate, 5-toothed : calyx deeply 5-parted ; the lobes firm-coriaceous and thick-edged, ovate-lanceolate, strictly valvate in the bud : filaments not appendaged : anthers oblong ; the cells each with a slender deflexed awn on the back at the junction with the filament : capsule globose, not thickened at the sutures : placenta; borne on the summit of the columella : seeds mostly seobiform : flowers in axillary and terminal racemes, formed during the preceding summer, remaining naked until early the following spring, when the (white) blossoms unfold: pedicels minutely bracteate and 2-3-bracteoIate : leaves coriaceous, evergreen. — Portuna, Nutt. 1. c. Pleris § Portuna & § Phillyreoides, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Here also belong A. Cubensis, Griseb., A. Japonica, Thuub., and A. formosa, Wall.) A. floribunda, Pursh. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, very leafy : young branchlets, &c, strigose with rusty or dark hairs : leaves thinnish-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, minutely serrulate and bnstly-ciliate, rounded at base, somewhat glandular- dotted beneath (2 inches long) : racemes crowded in a terminal short panicle, densely flowered : corolla (3 lines long) strongly 5-angled and at base 5-saccate, twice the length of the calyx : seeds linear-oblong with a very loose cellular coat, large, all pendulous from the summit of the cell. — Fl. i. 293; Bot. Mag. t. 1566; Bot. Reg. t. 807. A. {Leucothoe) montana, Buckley in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172. Leucothoe floribunda, Don, 1. c. Zenobia floribunda, DC. 1. c. Portuna floribunda, Nutt. 1. c. — Moist shaded hills, in the Allegha- nies, Virginia to Georgia. A. phiUyreifolia, Hook. Shrub a foot or two high, nearly glabrous : branches slender, alternately leafy and sealy-bracteate : leaves firm-coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, more or less serrulate or few-toothed near the apex (an inch or two long) : racemes solitary and axillary, loosely 4-12-flowered : bracts deciduous : corolla ovoid, not angled, twice the length of the calyx : seeds small and short, borne on all sides of the placenta?, which occupy the middle of the cells of the depressed-globular umbilicate capsule ; the 32 ERICACEAE. Andromeda. minutely reticulated coat conformed to the nucleus. — Ic. PI. t. 122 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 36; Chapm. Fl. 262. Pieris plullyreifoUa, DC. Prodr. vii. 599. — Wet pine barrens, W. Florida, especially Apalachicola. § 4. Pieris. Corolla from ovate-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed : calyx of 5 nearly distinct and early open sometimes herbaceous sepals : filaments nar- row, usually pubescent orciliate, 2-setose or 2-toothed at or below the apex (these teeth or awn-like appendages spreading or recurved, rarely obsolete) : anthers oblong, awnless : dorsal sutures of the 5 -angular capsule with more or less of a thickened ridge (sometimes separating in dehiscence) : placentae usually borne about the middle of the columella and of the cells : seeds scobiform or oblong and with a loose thin coat. — Pieris § 1 & § 4, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. — Original Pieris, Don, is Asiatic, with racemes chiefly terminating leafy branches ; and the seeds pendulous. The two American, of subsection Maria (Pieris § Maria, Benth. & Hook.), bear the flowers in axillary umbels or fascicles, the pedicels scarious- bracteate and bracteolate at base ; and the placenta? as low as the middle of the columella ; the seeds therefore in all directions. All combine into one subgenus in structure of flower, capsule, and bisetose filaments. # Leaves thick-coriaceous and evergreen : sepals thickish and rigid, purplish : flowers honey- scented, in early spring. A. nitida, Bartr. (Fetter-bush.) Very glabrous, 2 to 6 feet high, and with acutely triangular branched : leaves Myrtle-like, rigid, bright green, very shining above, pune- tieulate beneath, ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, the minutely revolute edge "bordered by an intramarginal nerve : flower-clusters in the axils of the persistent leaves of the preceding year : corolla ovoid-cylindraceous with contracted orifice (3 or 4 lines long, from white to rose-red) : filaments nearly glabrous, bearing the setiform small appendages close to the summit : style abruptly fusiform-thickened above the middle : capsule ovoid- globose, little exceeding the calyx. — Bartram, Cat. & in Marsh. Arbust. (1785) 8; Walt. Car. 137 ; Michx. Fl. i. 252. A. lucida, Lam. Diet. i. 157 (1783), not Jacq. A. conacea, Ait. Kew. ed. 1 (1789), ii. 70 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1095. A. Mariana, Jacq. Ic. Rar. hi. t. 465, not L. A. marginata, Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. 188, t. 40. A. myrtifolia, Salisb. A. obovata, Raf., a form with smaller and rhombic-obovate obtuse leaves. Lyonia marginata, Don. Leucothoe coriacea, DC, excl. syn. A. rhomboidalis ? L. marginata, Spach. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. (Cuba: A. lacuslris, C. Wright.) # # -Leaves almost membranaceous, deciduous: flowers (late spring or summer) consequently on leafless branches of the previous }'ear, in the manner of Zenobia : sepals thinner, larger, and nearly foliaceous, deciduous with the leaves! (Leucothoe § Maria, DC.) A. Mariana, L. (Staggek-busii.) Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute at both ends, entire, loosely veiny (1 to 3 inches long) : fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots : corolla cylindraceous-cam- panulate with slightly narrowed orifice, white or pale rose-color (almost half inch long) : filaments hairy outside ; their very small setose appendages below the summit, occasionally obsolete or wanting : capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex ; the pla- centa; low down. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1579 ; Duham. 1. c. t. 37 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 296. A. pulchella, Salisb. Lyonia Mariana, Don, 1. c. Leucothoe Mariana; DC. I. c. — Low grounds, Rhode Island to Florida along the low country ; also Arkansas and Tennessee. Foliage said to be poisonous to lambs and calves. § 5. Lyonia. Corolla from globular to urceolate, pubescent or glandular ; calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft ; the valvate lobes early open, short : filaments flat, pubescent ; these and the short anthers both destitute of appendages or awns : capsule as in the preceding section, i. e. with ribs at the dorsal sutures which are more or less separable in dehiscence : placentae on the apex of the columella and at the top of the cells : seeds all pendulous, narrow, scobiform, having a loose Leucothoe. EKICACEiE. 33 and thin cellular-reticulated testa : flowers (small and white) racemose or fascicled : bracts minute and deciduous. — Lyonia, Nutt. Gen. i. 2GG ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 587. # Lepidote-scurf}', not pubescent : flowers fascicled in the axils of persistent coriaceous leaves. A. ferruginea, Walt. Low shrub, or taller and arborescent : leaves rigid, cuneate-obo- vate, rhombic-obovate, or cuneate-oblong, entire, with rcvolute margins (1 or 2 indies long), smooth and shining above, or obscurely lepidote when young, grayish or ferrugineous- lepidote beneath, much exceeding the flower-clusters: capsule oval-pentagonal, barely 2 lines long. — Car. 138; Michx. Fl. i. 252 ; Vent. Malm, t. 80. A. ferrur/inm & A. rigida, Pursh, Fl. i. 295; Lodd. Cab. t. 430. Li/onia ferruginea & L. rigida, Nutt. 1. c. — Michaux's two forms are pretty well marked, viz. var. arborescens, with narrower less reticulated leaves, usually crowded ; and var.fruticosa, with sparser leaves conspicuously reticulated, mostly cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal. To this belongs A. rhomhoidalis, " Veill." in Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. 192, therefore Leucothoe rhomboidutis, Don, 1. c. — Sandy pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida. ' (W. Ind. & Mex. ? ) # # Somewhat pubescent, but not scurfy : leaves deciduous : flowers racemose-panicled. A. liglistrma, Mubl. Shrub 3 to 10 feet high, much branched : pubescence minute : leaves from obovate or broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong (1 or 2 inches long), thinnish, obscurely serrulate or entire : racemes few-leaved at base, or mainly from separate buds (in summer), crowded in naked or leafy panicles : pedicels either scattered or fascicled : corolla globose, barely 2 lines long : capsule globular : seeds oblong, obtuse at each end. — Ell. Sk. i. 490; Torr. Fl. 421; Gray, Man."l. >:. A. panicu/ala, Ait.; Michx. Fl. i. 254, partly, not L. (except as to syn. Pluk.). A. racemosa, Lam., not L. Vnccinium liguslrimaii, L. Spec. i. 351. Lyonia paniculala, Nutt. I. c. L. ligustrina, DC. 1. c. L. paniculala, caprnrfolia, salicifolia, & multiflora, AVats. Dendr. t. 37, 127, 128. — Wet grounds, Canada to Florida and Arkansas. Var. pubescens. A form cinereous with dense and soft fine pubescence. — A.fron- dosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 295 (anthers not awned in specimen of herb. Enslin) ; Ell. 1. c. A. imnicufalct, var. foliosiflom, Michx. 1. c, in part. Li/onia frondusa, Nutt. I. c. — Virginia? to Georgia. 9. OIYDfiNDRUM, DC. Soruel-tree, Soor-wood. (Composed of 61*vg, sour, and ds'rdnov, tree, from the acid foliage. Oxydendron, Benth. & Hook., but DeCandolle's form follows the analogy of Epidendrum.) — A single species, with Peach-like foliage : fl. summer. O. arboreum, DC. Tree 15 to 40 feet high: leaves membranaceous and deciduous, oblong or lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long), acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, or at first glaucous, veiny, slender-petioled : inflorescence a panicle of many-flowered racemes terminating the leafy shoots of the season, appearing in early summer : flowers tardily opening : corolla from cylindraceous- to ovate-conical (3 lines long), white, minutely pubescent. — Prodr. vii. 001. Andromeda arborea, L. (Catesb. Car. t. 71); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 905; Michx. f. Sylv. iii. t. 7; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. 1, t. 30. Li/onia arborea, Don, 1. c. — Rich woods, Penn., Ohio, and along the Alleghany region to Florida. 10. LEUCOTHOE, Don. (Mythological ; the name of one of the fifty daughters of Nereus.) North and South American and Japanese shrubs, of various habit ; with entire or serrulate leaves, and racemose chiefly white flowers. — Don in Edinb. Jour. xvii. 159 ; Gray. Man. 1. c. Leucothoe & Agarista (at least mainly), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 584, 586. (Agarista of Don is evidently founded on the Mauritius and Bourbon species, the section Agauria, DC, genus Agauria, Benth. & Hook., to which are added S. American species, all or chiefly belonging to Leucothoe.) §1. Euleucothok. Calyx not bracteolate, 5-parted; the divisions usually only early or slightly overlapping, herbaceous or membranaceous : anthers awn- 3 o4 ERICACEAE. Leucothoe. less : leaves coriaceous and evergreen : bractlets at or near the base of the pedi- cels ; these articulated with the flower. # (Nearest Gaultkeria.) Racemes dense and spike-like, sessile in the axils of persistent leaves of the former season, developing in spring, at first resembling catkins; the ovate concave scalv persistent bracts being imbricated, little shorter than the pedicels : filaments minutely scabrous" nearly straight: anther-cells obscurely or manifestly bimucronate: stigma large, depressed-capi- tate and 5-rayed. Glabrous shrubs with green erect and recurving branches, and serrulate leaves bright green and shining above and loosely pinnately veined. L. axillaris, Don. Stems 2 to 4 feet high; often minutely pubescent when young: leaves from oval to oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), mostly with an abrupt acumi- natum, serrulate mainly toward the apex with cartilaginous or somewhat spinulosc teeth : petioles very short : sepals broadly ovate and obviously imbricated. — Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 261 ; also DC. Prodr. vii. 601, excl. var. & habitat. Andromeda axillaris, Lam. Diet. i. 157; Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 69; Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. t. 39. — Low grounds, Vir- ginia to Florida and Alabama toward the coast ; not in the mountains. L. Catesbsei, Gray. Shoots longer (3 to 6 feet) and more recurving, glabrous : leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate and tapering into a long and slender acumination, serrulate throughout with appressed strongly ciliate-spinulose teeth (4 to 7 inches long), conspicu- ously petioled : sepals ovate-oblong, not overlapping in the flower : capsule chartaceous, depressed, strongly lobed : seeds oval, flat, with a loose cellular-reticulated coat much larger than the nucleus. — Man. ed. 2, 252, & ed. 5, 294. Andromeda t'utestxei, Walt. Car. 137 ; Willd. Spec. ii. 613 (excl. syn. Catesb.) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1955 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1320. A. Walleri, Willd. Enum. 453. A. lanceolate, Desf. ? A. axillaris, Michx. Fl. i. 253, chiefly. A. axillaris, var. lontjifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 293; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2357, hardly Lam. A. s/iinulosa, Pursh, 1. c, excl. habitat. Leucothoe spinulosa," Don, 1. c. ; DC. 1. c, excl. syn. Duham, &c. — Moist banks of streams, Virginia to Georgia, along and near the mountains. (Pursh characterized the two species, but transposed the habitats.) Flowers later than the other, and with the unpleasant odor of chestnut-blossoms. # # Racemes loose and few-flowered in the axils of the persistent reticulated leaves: bracts and bractlets minute: pedicels slender: filaments pubescent, sigmoid-curved toward the apex (in the manner of Brazilian species) : anthers nearly pointless: stigma small. L. acuminata, Don. (Pipe-wood.) Shrub 3 to 12 feet high, with spreading hollow branches, glabrous, or puberulent when young: leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually acu- minate, with callous entire or obscurely serrulate margin, rounded at base, short-petioled ; the midrib only prominent; the veins and veinlets all minute and finely reticulated: racemes shorter than the leaves : calyx very short and small at base of the cylindraceous (4 or 5 lines long) corolla: capsule coriaceous: seeds oblong, pendulous. — Andromeda aruminala, Ait. 1. c. ; Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 89. A. lunula, Jacq. Ic. liar. i. t. 79. A. pojmli- folia, Lam. Diet. i. 159. A. reticulata, Walt. Car. 137. A. laurina, Michx. Fl. i. 253.— Sandy swamps, coast of S. Carolina to E. Florida. # * * Racemes clustered in a terminal naked panicle : bracts and bractlets small and scarious or whitish: pedicels short: filaments glabrous, slender, straight: anther-cells 2-mucronate: stigma rather small, 5-rayed. L. Davisise, Torr. Shrub 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy, nearly glabrous : leaves oblong, obtuse at both ends, obscurely serrulate, bright green (1 to 3 inches long) : racemes nearly sessile, slender, many-flowered : flowers recurved-pendulous (3 lines long) : divisions of the deeply parted whitish calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse, not overlapping in the flower: seeds pendulous, oblong, flat, scobiform, the thin reticulated coat being much larger than the oval nucleus, and its margin densely fimbriate with clavate-oblong hair-like cells. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, & Bot. Calif, i. 455 ; Hook, f . Bot. Mag. t. 6247. — California, in the Sierra Nevada, Plumas and Nevada Counties, Lobb, Miss N. J. Davis, &c. § 2. Ecbotrys. Calyx bibracteolate ; the persistent bractlets and distinct sepals firm-chartaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much imbricated, (whitish or reddish) : corolla cylindraceous: filaments glabrous, straight: anther- cells 1-2-awned from the apex : stigma merely truncate : placentas short and por- rect : leaves membranaceous and deciduous : flowers in secund spike-like racemes, which mostly terminate the branchlets, formed early in summer, remaining naked Cassiope. ERICACEAE. 35 and undeveloped until late in the ensuing spring, when the flower-buds complete their growth and the blossoms expand: bracts foliaceous-subulate, deciduous at flowering : the short pedicels articulated with the rhachis. — Gray, Man. 1. c. JEubotrys, Xutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 269. (Between Euleucothoe and the genus Cassandra. The two Japanese species agree with this subgenus only in foliage.) L. racemosa, Gray. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high : branches erect : leaves oblong or oval- lanceolate, acute, serrulate, somewhat pubescent when young and on the midrib beneath : racemes or spikes mostly solitary, erect or ascending : sepals lanceolate-ovate, very acute : anther-cells each 2-awned : capsule coriaceous, not lobed : seeds angled and wingless, the shining smooth coat conformed to the nucleus. — Man. ed. 2. 202, ed. 5, 2!)4. Andromeda racemosa & A. paniculuta (chiefly), L. Spec. 394. ^4. spicata, Wats. Dendr. t. 36. Li/onia racemosa & Leucotkoe spicata, Don, 1. c. Zenobia racemosa, DC. 1. c. Cassandra racemosa, Spach, Hist. Veg. ix. 478. Eubotrys racemosa, Xutt. 1. c— Varies with awns of anthers very short. — Moist thickets (Canada, Pursh, but most doubtful), Massachusetts near the coast to Florida and Louisiana. L. recurya, Gray, 1. c. Lower than the foregoing, and with divaricate branches : leaves more acuminate : racemes spreading or recurved : sepals ovate : anther-cells 1-awned : capsule ehartaceous, strongly depressed and 5-lobed : seeds flat, with a broadly winged loose cellular coat. — Andromeda (Zenobia) recurm, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172.— Dry hills in the Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama. 11. CASSANDRA, Don. Leather-Leaf. (Mythological: Cassandra was the daughter" of Priam and Hecuba.) ■ — A single good species. C. calyculata, Don. A low and much branched shrub, a foot or two high, with re- curving branches : leaves coriaceous and persistent, very short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, obsoletely serrulate, dull green and lepidote-scurfy, an inch or so in length : flowers on short recurved pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, these becoming gradually smaller and bract-like : calyx and bractlets rusty depidote : flowers formed in summer and expand- ing early the next spring : corolla cylindraceous-oblong, 5-lobed, white, 2 or 3 lines long : capsules small. — Andromeda cali/culata, L. ; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 71 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1280; Lodd. Cab. t. 530 & 862. Chamcedaphne aili/culata, Mcench. Lipmia ralijculata, Reichenb. — Bogs, through the cooler parts of the Northern Atlantic States, and in the Alleghanies to Georgia; N. Illinois to Newfoundland; Kotzebue's Sound. (X. Eu. & N. Asia.) Var. angustifolia is a remarkable form, unknown in an indigenous condition : leaves linear-lanceolate, and the somewhat revolute margins undulate or crisped : bractlets acute : sepals more pointed. — Andromeda culi/cnlala, var. anr/ustifoliu. Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 70. A. an- ijustifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 201. A. crispa, Desf. Cat. ; Guimp., Otto, & Ilayne, Holz. t. 51. — " North America and Siberia," Hort. Kew. " Carolina to Georgia," Pursh ; but that is a random guess. 12. CASSfOPE, Don. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.) — Arc- tic-alpine fruticulose evergreens, resembling Heaths or Lycopodium ; with small or minute and imbricated or crowded entire and veinless leaves, often opposite or whorled, and solitary flowers nodding on the apex of an erect naked peduncle. Sepals ovate, thickened at base. Corolla white or rose-color. Style thickened at base or conical. Placentae many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the short columella: seeds with a thin close coat. — DC. Prodr. vii. G10. # Leaves loose or spreading, Darrow, flattish: peduncle terminal : corolla deeply cleft: style conical. C. Stelleriana, DC. Diffusely spreading, with the habit of Empetrum: leaves oblong- linear, obtuse, widely spreading, obscurely serrulate (less than 3 lines long) : peduncle very short : corolla 4-5-parted. — Andromeda Stelleriana, Pall. Fl. Ross. 58, t. 74 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 37, t. 131. Erica Stelleriana, Wilkl. Menziesia empetri/ormis, Pursh, Fl. i. 265, not Smith. Bri/anthus Stelleri, Don, Syst. iii. 833. — N, W. Coast, Sitka to Behring Straits. 36 ERICACEAE. Cassiope. C. hypnoid.es, Don. Cespitose, 2 to 4 inches high, with the habit of a moss or small Lycopodium: leaves somewhat erect, loosely imbricated, linear-acerose, a line long: pe- duncle slender : corolla deeply 5-clef t. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. xvii. 157. Andromeda hypnoides, L. Spec. 393, & Fl. Lapp. t. 1 ; Fl. Dan. t. 10; Pall. I. c. t. 73; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2936.— Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New England and New York, Labrador, &c. (Green- land, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.) # # Leaves appressed-erect, closely imbricated in four ranks, thick, boat-shaped or triangular, ovate or oblong in outline: peduncles lateral: corolla 5-lobed: style slender, but slightly thickened downward. C. lycopodioid.es, Don. Very low or creeping stems filiform : leaves barely a line long, roundish on the back, not ciliate : peduncles filiform. — Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 912. Andro- meda lycopodioides, Pall. 1. c. t. 72 ; Hook. 1. c. —Aleutian Islands to Oregon, Cuskk. C. Mertensiana, Don. Stouter, with rigid ascending stems and fastigiate branches, a foot or less in height, resembling the next : leaves 14 or 2 lines long, glabrous, carinate and not furrowed on the back : pedicels rather short. — DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 456. Andromeda Mertensiana, Bong. Sitk. 152, t. 5. A. cupressina, Hook. Fl. ii. 38. — Sitka, &c, northern Rocky Mountains, and along the Cascade Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, Cali- fornia, as far south as Mount Dana. C. tetragona, Don. Stems ascending, a span or two high, with fastigiate branches: leaves H to 2 lines long, thick, and with a deep furrow on the back, often pubescent when young : parts of the flower sometimes in fours. — Andromeda tetragona, L. ; Fl. Dan. 1. 1030 ; Pall. 1. c. t. 73, f. 4 ; Hook. 1. c. & Bot. Mag. t. 3181. — Northern Rocky Mountains, and Cascade Mountains in Oregon, to the arctic regions. (Greenland round to Kamtschatka.) 13. CALLTTNA, Salisb. Heather, Ling. (From xallyvw, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of it.) — Grayish-evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, minute opposite leaves imbricated in four ranks on the branches, and very numerous small flowers in the upper axils, subtended by two or three pairs of bractlets, the inner scarious. — Single species. C. vulgaris, Salisb. A foot or less high, in broad tufts, more or less whitish-tomentose or glabrate : branches 4-sided by the imbricated leaves : these minute, 3-sided, grooved on the back : flowers appearing in summer, crowded on the branchlets, as if spicate or racemose, commonly secund, rose-colored or sometimes white. — Linn. Trans, vi. 317; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1162 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 297. C. Atlantica, Seem. Jour. Bot. iv. 305, t. 53. Erica vulgaris, L. ; Lam. 111. t. 287 ; Engl. Bot. t. 1013. — Low grounds, Massa- chusetts, at Tewksbury (T. Dawson) and W. Andover (James Mitchell); Cape Elizabeth, Maine (Piekard) ; and less rare in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, &c. (Iceland, the Azores, N. Eu. to W. Asia.) EEfcA cinerea and E. Tetralix, European Heaths, have been found wild on Nantucket, Mass., in one or two small patches : singular waifs. 14. BRYANTHUS, Steller, Gmelin. (Bqvov, moss, and avdog, flower, because growing among mosses.) — Heath-like fruticulose evergreens (all arctic- alpine) ; with alternate much crowded linear-obtuse leaves (half an inch or less in length), articulated with the stem, grooved beneath or margins revolute-thick- ened. Flowers umbellate or racemose-crowded at the summit of the branches : the pedicels glandular and bibracteolate at base. Sepals 4 or 5, sometimes 6, imbricated, persistent. Anthers -oblong, opening at top by oblique chinks. Seeds oval or oblong ; the coat close and rather firm. Flowers in summer, from purple to ochroleucous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377, & Bot. Calif, i. 456. Bry- anthus & Phyllodoce, Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 4, 5 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 595. B. Gmelini, Don, the typical species, and the only one not yet found in America, may be expected on the American, as it belongs to the opposite, side of Behring Straits. It has the cluster of few flowers raised on a naked peduncle, and an open 4-parted corolla. Kalmia. ERICACEAE. 37 § 1. Parabryanthus. Corolla open-campaaulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed : calyx glabrous : flowers racemose-clustered : pedicels subtended by foliaceous and ri, an ape, and o\j/is, appearance, but the likeness is not apparent.) — Trees of the tropics; with coriaceous leaves, having slender and inconspicuous transverse veins and minutely reticulated vein- Diospijros. EBENACE-E. 69 lets, pedicels in axillary fascicles, corolla immersed or nearly so in the double calyx, and a plum-like edible fruit. M. Sieberi, A.DC. Tree 30 feet high : leaves elliptical-oblong or inclining to obovate, retuse, glabrous and green both sides (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioiedj midrib stout : fascicles several-flowered : corolla whitish, 6-parted ; its slender appendages 12 : staminodia short, triangular, nearly entire : fruit the size of a pigeon's egg, brownish or yellowish when ripe, pleasant. — Prodr. viii. 204; Chapm. Fl. 275. M. dissecta, Griseb. 1. u., as to W. Ind. pi. Achras mammosa, Sieber, Coll., not L. A. Zajjotitla, var. parviflma, Xutt. Sylv. iii. 28, t. 90. — Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. Said to be common ; probably indi- genous. (W. Ind.) Achras Sapota, L., the Saffadilla or Naseberry of the West Indies and Central America (for a variety of which Suttall mistook the above tree), appears not to have reached Florida. Oedek LXXXIV. EBENACE.E. Trees or shrubs, with limpid juice, alternate entire leaves, and dioecious or polygamous (rarely completely hermaphrodite) regular flowers ; the staminate with at least twice or thrice as many stamens as there are lobes to the short gamo- petalous hypogynous corolla (usually convolute in the bud), and inserted on its tube or base, their anthers introrse ; the pistillate flowers mostly with some im- perfect stamens ; the several-celled ovary with one or two auatropous ovules suspended from the summit of each cell ; the fruit a berry, maturing one or more large and bony-coated seeds. These have a cartilaginous albumen, and a rather small straight embryo, with foliaceous cotyledons and a mostly slender radicle. Calyx persistent, often foliaceous and accrescent. Filaments short. Hypogynous disk wanting. Styles as many or hulf as many as the cells of the ovary, 2 to 8, distinct or partly united : stigmas sometimes 2-parted. Stipules none. Flowers axillary, articulated with the pedicels. Wood very hard ; that of several species of Diospyros furnishes ebony. — Iliern, Mon. Eben. in Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. xii. part i. — A small order, of warm regions, nearly two thirds of the species belonging to the following genus. 1. DIOSPYROS, L. Date-Plum, Persimmon. (J/o,-, tmwoV, Jove's grain.) — Calyx 4— 5-lobed, enlarging under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, short- salverform or urceolate. Ovary 4—1 2-celled ; a pair of ovules in each cell. Berry maturing only 4 to 8 oblong bony flattened seeds. Flowers essentially dioecious ; but the fertile flowers (commonly solitary in the axils) may have sterile stamens more or less polliniferous ; the sterile flowers much smaller, usually racemose or clustered, and with more numerous stamens. — A large genus, widely dispersed, but the greater portion Asiatic : fruit edible. D. Virginiana, L. (Common Persimmox.) Tree 20 to 70 feet high, with a rough bark : leaves thickish-membranaceous, more or less pubescent when young, commonly soon glabrate, oval (2 to 5 inches long) : sterile flowers in threes : calyx 4-parted : corolla 4-lobed, greenish-yellow, thickish, glabrous : stamens 16, in pairs, somewhat pubescent ; the sterile ones of the fertile flowers 8 : styles 4, 2-lobed at apex : ovary 8-celled, nearly glabrous : fruit plum-like, an inch in diameter, excessively astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and when frosted sweet and luscious. — Gsertn. f. Carp. Suppl. t. 207 ; Michx. f. Sylv. ii. t. 93 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 76). D. concolor, Mcench. D. pubescens, Pursh, Fl. i. 265 (var. microcarpa, Kaf. Med. Fl.). — Woods and fields, Rhode Island ? and New York near the coast, also from Ohio to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana : fl. early summer: fr. Oct. (Too near the N". Asiatic D. Lotus, L.) 70 EBENACE.E. Diospyrc D. Texana, Scheele. (Mexican Peksimmon.) Shrub or tree 10 to 29 feet high, widely much branched, with smooth bark and heavy white wood : leaves cuneate-oblong or ob- ovate, rounded at apex, often retuse (an inch or two long), almost sessile, tomentose as also the branchlets : flowers silky-tomentose outside ; sterile few in a fascicle : calyx 5-6- parted : stamens 16 to 20 in two ranks, glabrous ; none in the fertile flowers : ovary and young fruit pubescent, 8-celled : stigmas 4, each 2-lobed : fruit globose, black, luscious (ripe in August), with 3 to 8 triangular seeds. — Linnsea, xxii. 145 ; Torr. Mex. Bound. 109 • Hiern, Mon. Eben. I. c. 239. — Woods along streams, Southern and Western Texas. (Ad- jacent parts of Mex.) Oedeb LXXXV. STYRACACEiE. Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, and mostly perfect regular flowers, having at least twice as many stamens as the petals or lobes to the corolla, borne on its tube or base, or sometimes inserted with it ; the filaments monadelphous or 4— 5-adelphous at base ; style and stigma one ; calyx more or less adnate to the 2-5-celled ovary ; the fruit or its cells one-seeded ; seed anatropous, with a mostly straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen. Calyx either imbricated or open in bud.' Anthers introrse or innate. Disk none. Ovules solitary, in pairs, or few in each cell, most of them aborting in the fruit. Style filiform. — A small order, in warm regions ; but nearly half the genera are represented in the United States. — Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. v. 334; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 667. Tribe I. SYMPLOCINEiE. Stamens in several series : anthers short, innate. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Pubescence simple. Embryo terete. 1. SYMPLOCOS. Calyx 5-lobed; the tube adnate to the 2-5-celled ovary. Corolla 5-parted, or nearly 5-petalous. Stamens very numerous, with filiform filaments, usually a cluster adnate to the base of each petal. Ovules mostly a pair suspended from the sum- mit of each cell. Fruit a small dry drupe or nut-like, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded. Tribe II. STYRACE2E. "Stamens definite in a single series : anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Pubescence more or less stellate or scurfy. Calyx-lobes or teeth mostly very short or obsolete, open in the bud. Cotyledons flat or foliaceous. 2. HALESIA. Calyx-tube obconical or obpyramidal, 4-ribbed, adnate to the 2-4-celled ovary ; the short truncate limb 4-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes nearly 4-petalous, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 16 : filaments flat- tened, more or less monadelphous in » ring at base and somewhat adnate to the base of the corolla. Ovules 4 in each cell, the upper pair ascending, the lower pendulous. Fruit dry-drupaceous or at maturity nut-like, 2-4-winged, within bony, 1-4-celled, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Seeds single in each cell, cylindrical, with a thin coat. 3. STYRAX. Calyx-tube campanulate; its base adnate only to the lower part of the primarily 3-celled ovary : the truncate limb of very small or obsolete teeth. Corolla 5- petalous or 5-parted, or rarely 4-8-parted ; the lobes or petals imbricate, or nearly con- volute, or valvate in the bud. Stamens double the number of the lobes of the corolla or rarely fewer : filaments flat, in ours borne on the base of the corolla, either monadelphous or nearly distinct : anthers linear. Ovules several in each cell, ascending. Fruit usually globular, becoming one-celled and dry, coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes 3-valved from the top. Seed mostly solitary, filling the cell, erect, with a bony smooth coat. 1. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Sweet-leaf. {Zv\mkov,oi;, connected, referring to the stamens, which in some are highly monadelphous.) — Shrubs or small trees (American and Asiatic) ; with pinnately veined leaves, which commonly turn yel- lowish in drying and yield a yellow dye ; the flowers axillary and yellow. — Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 166; L. Gen. 677. Hopea, Garden; L. Mant. 15. . S. tinctoria, L'Her. Shrub 4 to 18 feet high: leaves rather coriaceous, oblong, acute or acuminate, obscurely more or less serrate (4 or 5 inches long), soon glabrate and shining Slyrax. STYRACACEiE. 71 above, pale and pubescent beneath, tardily deciduous, or far south more persistent : flowers in sessile fascicles from the axils of the preceding year, 6 to 16 in a cluster, scaly-bracteate the scales deciduous : calyx-tube turbinate : petals oblong, obtuse, barely connected at base and bearing the stamen-clusters : ovary .'i-celled : fruit nut-like, oblong, half inch or less long. — Linn. Trans, i. 176; Willd. Spec. iii. 1436. Hopea tinctoria, L. Mant. 105; Michx. f. Sylv. iii. 9. — In rich soil, Delaware ( Commons) to Florida and Louisiana ; rl. spring. Flowers fragrant. Leaves sweet to the taste and in autumn greedily devoured by cattle and horses (hence called Hobse-Sugab) ; also used for yellow dye. 2. HAL^SIA, Ellis. Ssowdrop or Silver-bell Tree. (Commem- orates Stephen Bates of England, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) — Small trees of the Atlantic United States ; with partly stellate soft pubescence : leaves rather large, ovate-oblong, acuminate, more or less denticulate, slencler-petioled, deciduous ; flowers showy, drooping on slender pedicels, in fascicles (or rarely very short racemes) from the axils of fallen leaves of the preceding year, pro- duced in spring at leating-time ; corolla white. Thin testa of the seed adherent to the pericarp ; the delicate inner coat adherent to the albumen. — (Pterostyrax, Sieb. & Zucc , of Japan, referred to this genus by Beutham and Hooker, although nearly related, is better kept distinct, on account of the terminal paniculate inflo- rescence, quinary flowers, and thinner small fruit.)- Ellis in Phil. Trans, li. t. i'l ; L. Gen. no. 596. H. diptera, L. Tall shrub or small tree: leaves ovate or inclined to obovate, when full- grown thinnish and venulose-reticulated (4 to 6 inches long) : corolla three-fourths inch long : stamens 8 to 16, mostly 8, sometimes free : ovary rarely 4-celled : fruit oblong (2 inches long), 2-winged; its strongly angled body tapering into a long stipe within the wing. — Spec. ed. 2, 636; Cav. Diss. vi. 1. 187; Lodd. Cab. 1. 1172. H. reticulata, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860. — Rich woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Flowers larger and more numerous and showy than in the next. H. tetraptera, L. Small tree (or in the mountains even a large tree) : leaves oval or ovate-oblong : corolla half inch long : stamens 10 to 16 : ovary 4-celled : fruit ellipsoidal, equally 4-wing-angled, over an inch long. — (Catesb. Car. i. t. 64.) Lam. 111. t. 204 ; Cav. 1. c. t. 186 ; Bot. JIag. t. 910 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1173. — Woods and along streams, \X. Virginia and Illinois to Florida, mostly along and near the mountains. H. parviflora, Michx. Foliage of H. tetraptera, but smaller : corolla 4 or 5 lines long : fruit an inch or less in length, narrowly 2-winged, the oblong-clavate body with stipe included in the acute base of the wing. — Fl. ii. 40, not Lindl. Bot. Reg., which is Styrax Americana. — Georgia and Florida. 3. STYRAX, Tourn. Storax. (Greek Zrvoa'S, ancient name of the tree which yields to' gtvquS, storax.) — Shrubs or small trees, the pubescence when present scurfy or stellular. Leaves deciduous, at least in our species ; the flowers (in spring) racemose, subcorymbose or somewhat eymulose, or sometimes solitary, from the axils or summit of the branchlets. Corolla white, in ours campanulate or more open, of petals distinct to the base or nearly so, soft and tomentulose or puberulent, at least outside. Ovary 3-celled at base, with a thick placenta, which divides and becomes obsolete at the summit. A widely dispersed genus, chiefly of warm regions. — Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 1. c, Proc. vi. 326, & Man. ed. 5, 309 ; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. # Petals nearly valvate in the bud, a third to barely half inch long. S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, glabrous or nearly so throughout : leaves small (1 to 3 inches long), bright green, commonly entire, oblong or oval, mostly acute at both ends, often acuminate : flowers single or in very few-flowered racemes, nodding : peduncles or branchlets minutely glandular, not hoary : 5-toothed calyx and sometimes 72 STYEACACE^. Styrax. the pedicel glandular-dotted : petals lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous. — Diet. i. 82 ; Gray Man. 1. c. S. leave, Walt. Car. 140. S. glabrum, Cav. Diss. vi. 500, t. 188 ; Miehx. Fl. ii. 4L S. losvigatum, Ait. Kew. ii. 75; Bot. Mag. t. 921. Halesia parviflora, Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 952? — Along streams, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas. # # Petals lightly but decidedly imbricated or convolute in the bud, minutely soft-puberulent out- side, barely half inch long : calyx and inflorescence with the lower face of the leaves more or less canescent. S. pulverulenta, Miohx. Low shrub : leaves as in the preceding, but more or less pubescent or scurfy and hoary beneath, rarely 2 inches long on flowering stems : flowers geminate in the axils on short branchlets and in short terminal racemes, fragrant : pedicels not longer than the calyx: petals oblong-lanceolate. — Fl. ii. 41; Ell. Sk. i. 505. — Pine- barren swamps, S. Virginia to Florida and Texas. S. grandifolia, Ait. Shrub from 4 to 12 feet high : leaves membranaceous, oval or ob- ovate, usually denticulate, green and glabrous above, canescently pubescent or tomentose beneath, the larger 3 to 6 inches long : flowers mainly in loose naked racemes of 3 to 6 inches in length, or some in leafy-bracted clusters, larger than in the preceding: petals more overlapping in bud, oblong, fully half inch in length. — Lodd. Cab. t. 1016 (poor) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 41, as S. grandiflorum. S. officinale, Walt., not L. — Kich woods, S. Virginia to Florida. # # * Petals conspicuously overlapping in the bud, obovate or broadly oblong, two thirds to three fourths inch long: short peduncle terminating the branches or short lateral branchlets, corym- bosely 1-4-flowered : bracts minute : style long and filiform. S. platanifolia, Engelm. Shrub 12 feet high, green and glabrous or nearly so : leaves roundish, with subcordate or truncate broad base and slender petiole, undulate or angulate- toothed, or even sinuate-lobed, sometimes abruptly acuminate, reticulate-veiny (2 to 4 inches in diameter) : even the pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so. — Torr. in Smiths. Contrib. vi. 4, note. — Wooded bottoms, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. S. Calif ornica, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with scurfy stellular pubescence, at first hoary, sometimes soon green and glabrate : leaves oval, entire or sparingly undulate (an inch or two long), short-petioled : pedicels with the calyx and corolla minutely canescent : style becoming an inch long. — Smiths. Contrib. 1. c. & Pacif . B. Eep. iv. 118 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 470. — W. side of the Sierra Nevada, California, Fremont, &c. Bony seed as large as a small cherry. Order. LXXXVI. OLEACEtE. Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with colorless bland juice, opposite (rarely alternate) leaves destitute of stipules, perfect or dioecious and regular flowers (gamopetalous, 2-4-petalous, apetalous, or even achlamydeous) ; with stamens 2 to 4, mostly 2 and fewer than the parts of the corolla, distinct ; the free ovary 2-celled ; style one or none ; anatropous ovules mostly one or two pairs in each cell ; seeds with a rather large straight embryo (its cotyledons flat or plano- convex) in firm fleshy albumen, or sometimes exalbuminous. Forsythia vieidissima and F. strspENSA, of Japan and China, cultivated ornamental shrubs, noted for their very early yellow blossoms, are peculiar in having numerous ovules. Syringa, the Lilac, of the Old World, becomes spontaneous in a few places. LiGnsTRUM vui.gare, the Privet, used for ornamental hedges, is also occasionally found wild in the vicinity of towns in the Eastern Atlantic States, and may claim to be a really natu- ralized plant. Olea Europ^ea, the Olive, has long been planted in the southern part of California. Tribe I. FBAXINEiE. Fruit entire, dry, indehiscent, winged, a samara. Seed suspended. 1. FRAXINUS. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small, 4-cleft or irregularly toothed, or entire, or wanting. Petals none^ or 4 and either separate Fraxinus. OLEACE.E. 73 or united in pairs at the very base. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4. Fruit by abortion mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded ; the wing mainly terminal. Tribe II. OLEIXE.E. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a drupe or rarely a berry, not lobed. Seed suspended or pendulous. Leaves simple. # Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous. 2. FORESTIERA. Calyx minute, 4-parted or toothed, sometimes wanting or deciduous. Corolla none, or rarely one or two small deciduous petals. Stamens 2 to 4 : anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary ovate, with 2 ovules in each cell: style slender: stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe 1-seeded. * # Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous : parts of the calyx and corolla 4. 3. CHIONANTHTJS. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, which are plane in the bud with slightly induplicate margins, and united only and often slightly at the base. Stamens 2, rarely 3, short. Style short. Ovules a pair in each cell. Drupe mostly 1-seeded. Embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. 4. HESPEREL-SA. Calyx of 4 somewhat colored sepals, imbricated in the bud, decid- uous. Corolla of 4 spatulate unguiculate petals, imbricated at summit in the bud, accres- cent, deciduous. Stamens 4, hypogynous : filaments subulate : anthers oblong, mueronu- late. Style stout : stigma thick, 2-lobed. Ovules a pair in each cell. 5. OSMANTHUS. Calyx 4-cleft, short, persistent. Corolla short, 4-cleft; the lobes broad and obtuse, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 (rarely 4), on the short tube of the corolla, included: anthers ovate. Style short: stigma small, entire. Ovules u, pair in each cell. Drupe globose or ovoid, mostly 1-seeded. Tbibe III. JASMIXEiE. Fruit didymous or septioidally 2-partible. Seeds ascend- ing or erect. Parts of calyx and corolla o or more. 6. MENODORA. Calyx 5-15-cIeft, persistent ; the lobes mostly linear. Corolla from rotate to salverform; limb 5-6-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2, rarely 3 : anthers oblong or nearly linear. Ovai-3- emarginate : style slender : stigma usually capitate or 2-lobed. Ovules 4 (or in a. S. Amer. species only 2) in each cell. Fruit a didymous or 2-parted at length membranaceous capsule, eircumscissile at or near the middle. Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer coat : no albumen. Leaves often alternate ! 1 . FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. (Classical Latin name.) — Trees ; with rather light tough wood, chiefly opposite and odd-pinnate leaves, and small flowers, in panicles, developed in spring. Petals when present narrow, induplicate-valvate in the bud, white : anthers yellow, large in proportion. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules a pair from the summit of each cell, only one usually fertile ; the oblong seed fill- ing the cell of the samara or key-fruit. Bark of shoots ash-color. Winter-buds of few and usually dark-colored thickish scales. (Shape of the wing of samara variable, not rarely some are 3-winged and 3-celled.) Ornus Americaxa, Pursh, &c, is probably only Fraxinus Ornus, L., and wrongly thought to be American. A host of nominal species of Ash which were named by Bosc, character- ized mainly by the foliage, and upon which his herbarium throws little or no light, must pass unnoticed. § 1. 6rxus, Pers. Flowers 2-4-petalous, polygamous (many perfect), in loose panicles, which mostly terminate leaf-bearing branches or spring from the axils of new leaves. # Petals 2 : style manifest : Californian. P. dipetala, Hook. & Arn. Small tree, glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9, oval or oblong, obtuse, serrate, mostly petiolulate, an inch or two long : panicles usually clustered on short lateral spurs, naked or subtended by one or two leaves : calyx truncate and somewhat toothed : petals oblong-obovate, equalling the linear anthers : fruit from linear-oblong to spatulate-oblong (usually an inch long), the flat body several-nerved on each side and with sharp edges.— Bot. Beech. 362, t. 87; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 472. Ornus dipetala, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 66, t. 101. Chionanthus fraxinifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 18. — Western part of California. 74 OLEACEiE. Fraxinus. Var. brachyptera, a form with short obovate fruit, only half to three-fourths inch long, and the terminal part of the wing only half the length of the body. — Borax Lake California, Torrey. Var. trifoliolata, Torr. Leaves (only the uppermost known) 1-3-foliolate : leaflets small, an inch or less long, coriaceous, obsoletely serrate : fruit rather small. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 167. — Mountains south of the boundary between Upper and Lower California Parry. # # Petals (always ?) i : style none or hardly any : North Mexican and Texan species, with small and minutely punctate leaflets, and small panicles chiefly terminating short 1-2-leaved lateral branchlets : flowers of the second species unknown. F. CUSpidata, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slender branches, glabrous : leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually acuminate into a cuspidate tip, or some of them ovate or oval and obtuse or even emarginate, acutely and sparsely few- toothed or entire, petiolulate (half to a full inch or more in length) : petiole slightly mar- gined between the leaflets : calyx deeply 4-clef t or 4-toothed : corolla 4-parted, half inch long ; the lobes long-linear, several times exceeding the oblong anthers : stigma sessile : fruit spatulate-oblong or obovate-oblong (half inch long), its wing rather shorter than the flattened nerveless body. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 166. — South-western Texas, on the Rio Grande from the great canon upwards, Parry, Wright, &c, in fruit. New Mexico, Palmer, in flower. F. Gr^ggii, Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous, with slender mostly terete branches : leaflets 3 to 7, from narrowly spatulate to oblong-obovate, obtuse, obtusely few-toothed or entire, plane, firm-coriaceous, veinless or nearly so (a half to nearly an inch long), sessile : petiole wing-margined between the leaflets : fruit 6 to 8 lines long, oblong-linear, the retuse apex tipped with a very short distinct style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 64. F. Schiedeana-, var. parvifolia, Torr. I.e. — On limestone, S. W. Texas, Schott, &c. Adjacent parts of Mexico, Gregg, Bigelow, Parry. § 2. FraxinIster, DC. Flowers apetalous, in mostly denser panicles (espe- cially the staminate), which are developed from separate buds from upper axils of the preceding year, or on the leafless base of shoots of the season. # Flowers polygamous : leaves mostly simple! F. anomala, Torr. Shrub or low tree, more or less soft-pubescent when young: leaves thin-coriaceous, ovate, rotund, or cordate, rarely obcordate, entire or partly serrate, many- veined (an inch or two long), sometimes 2-3-foliolate with similar sessile leaflets : panicles short: calyx campanulate, erose-toothed, longer than the ovary: anthers linear-oblong: fruit oblong (7 to 10 lines long), winged from. the base, the flattened striate-nerved body as long as the terminal part of the wing. — Watson, Bot. King, 283. — S. Utah, Newberry, Palmer, Bishop, &c. # # Flowers dioecious ; the pistillate rarely with abortive stamens ; the staminate reduced to 2 or 4 stamens with a minute or obsolete calyx or none : leaves 3-11- (mostly 5-9-) foliolate. -I— Leaflets petiolulate : anthers linear-oblong, mucronate or apiculate : small calyx to fertile flowers present and persistent, sometimes deciduous in F. quadrangulata. •w- Fruit winged only from the summit or upper part of the terete or nearly terete body, = Which is marginless ; the wing wholly terminal. F. pistacisefolia, Torr. Small tree, either velvety-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaf- lets 5 to 9, short-petiolulate, sometimes subsessile, small (one or two inches long), from lanceolate to oval, entire or somewhat serrate : fruits small and crowded, spatulate (either broadly or narrowly), the terete body (3 to 5 lines long) somewhat clavate, about equal- ling and sometimes exceeding the wing. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 166. — S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. coriacea. A rigid form of arid districts : leaflets 3 to 5, firm-coriaceous, usually more serrate. — F.velutina, Torr. in Emory, Bep. 1848, 149, a velvety-tomentose form. F. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii. 302\ excl. pi. coll. Bigelow. — Arizona, Emory, Wheeler. F. Americana, L. (White Ash.) Large timber-tree : branchlets and petioles glabrous: leaflets 7 to 9, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparsely serrate or denticulate (3 to 5 inches long), pale or whitish and often pubescent beneath : fruit usually about an inch and a half long ; the body oblong and cylindraccous, completely Fraxinus. OLEACE^. 75 terete, barely acute at base, merely 1-nerved at what would be the margins, half or thrice shorter than the lanceolate or oblanceolate wing. — Spec. ed. 2, 1.310, excl. syn. Catesb. ; Muhl. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. (1801) ; Michx. f. Sylv. 1. 118 (excl. fruit, which is apparently that of F. viridis); Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 125, t. 89 (on plate F. acuminata); Emerson, Rep. Trees, ed. 2, t. 12. F. acuminata, Lam. Diet. ii. 542. F. Xwv, tube, in reference to the corolla.) — Erect suffrutescent or more woody plants (of Mexico, Texas, and Brazil) ; with rather simple stems or branches, numerous opposite or sometimes verticillate leaves, and proportionally large showy flowers, either ter- minal or becoming lateral, on short peduncles or pedicels ; the corolla commonly soft-puberulent or tomentose outside. Follicles erect. — Mart. Fl. Bra's, vi. 137, t. 42, 4o ; Benth. & Flook. Gen. ii. 727. — Flowers in ours white or externally tinged with rose-color, vespertine, fragrant, in spring or summer ; the leaves very short-petioled. M. Berlandieri. A foot or two high, shrubby, white-tomentose : leaves from oval or cordate-ovate to orbicular (an inch and more long), becoming greenish and merely pubes- cent above, the diverging veins at length conspicuous : corolla merely puberulent outside, its slender tube (with the cylindraceous-dilated throat) 3 to 5 inches long, many times exceeding the calyx and the round-obovate (nearly inch long) lobes. — Echites macrosiphon, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 158, t. 43. — Rocky soil, W. Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico, Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer. M. Wrightii. Slender, branching, a foot high, soft-puberulent : leaves narrowly lan- ceolate, acute, white-tomentulose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above : tube of the corolla and its cylindraceous throat each half inch or more in length, tomentulose, the lobes half inch long. — W. Texas, in mountains beyond the Limpio, Wright. M. brachysiphon. A span to a foot high, branching, minutely puberulent, green or barely cinereous : leaves oblong or ovate, acute or mucronate-pointed, or some rounded at 84 APOCYNACEiE. Echites. the apex (half to barely an inch long) : corolla minutely puberulent outside ; its somewhat funnelform throat and the obovate lobes as well as the narrow tube each about half an inch in length. — Echites brachysiphon, Torr. I.e. — Southern New Mexico and Arizona Wright, Schott, Tliurber, Palmer, Rothrock. 8. ECHf TES, P. Browne, L. ('E%itti<; is the serpent-stone ; application to this genus obscure.) — Twining woody plants ; with opposite leaves, and ter- minal or lateral peduncles, bearing racemosely or sometimes simply cymosely dis- posed flowers, of ample size ; the corolla white, rose-color, or more commonly yellow. Nearly all tropical American, barely reaching the south-eastern shores of the United States, in three species belonging to as many genera of Mueller, hesitatingly adopted by Bentham ; perhaps better as two, viz., the following, here arranged as subgenera. § 1. Mandevillea. Corolla with cylindrical or cylindraceous tube abruptly dilated above into an inflated- or oblong-campanulate wide throat. — Mandevillea, Lindl. {Amblyanthera, Muell.), with Rhabdadenia & Vrechites, Muell. E. Andrewsii, Chapm. Glabrous or occasionally pubescent, low, usually twining: leaves oval or oblong, ofteji mucronate (about 2 inches long) : peduncles corymbosely 3-5-flowered : lobes of the calyx as long as the proper corolla-tube, linear-subulate : corolla yellow (2 inches long and the limb as broad) ; the much enlarged throat oblong-campanu- late, hardly thrice the length of the narrow tube, little longer than the ovate spreading lobes : anthers abruptly produced at apex into a long linear-filiform appendage : seeds with a long filiform beak, the lower half of which is naked, the upper plumosely comose. — Fl. 359 (1860). Echites suberecta, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 187; Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1064, not Jacq. E. neriandra, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415 (1864). E. Catesbcei, Don'? Neriandra sub- erecta, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 422. Vrechites suberecta, Muell. in Linn. xxx. 444, in part? — S. Florida and Keys, Blodyett, Palmer. — E. suberecta, Jacq. & Griseb., is hardly distinguish- able except by the longer throat and shorter lobes of the corolla, and the unappendaged anthers! (W. Ind.) E. Sagrsei, A.DC. Much smaller than the preceding: leaves half to barely an inch long, the margins more revolute : peduncles longer than the leaves, somewhat racemosely flowered : calyx-lobes ovate-subulate and much shorter than the tube of the yellow (barely inch long) corolla, the lobes of which are half the length of the throat : anthers bluntish, unappendaged : beak of the seed plumosely-cotnose to the base. — Prodr. viii. 450 ; Griseb. 1. u. Rhabdadenia Sagrmi, Muell. 1. c. 435. —Pine Key, Florida, Blodgett. (W. Ind.) § 2. Euechites, A.DC. Corolla truly salverform, i.e. cylindrical up to the limb, but the upper half (above the insertion of the stamens) abruptly somewhat larger. — Ulchites & Stipecoma, Muell. B. umbellata, Jacq. Glabrous, twining : leaves ovate or oval (2 inches long), mucro- nate or short-pointed, slightly cordate : peduncles exceeding the leaves, somewhat umbel- lately 3-7-flowered : calyx short : corolla greenish-white, 2 inches long, narrow-tubular : the tube abruptly swollen a little below the middle, thence tapering upwards, 4 times the length of the roundish lobes : anthers rigid, slender-hastate, bluntish and unappendaged at tip: coma sessile on the top of the seed. — Amer. Pict. t. 29 (Catesb. Car. i. t. 58); Chapm. 1. v. ; Griseb. 1. c. — S. Florida. (W. Ind.) 9. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire. {TQaffllog, anegjia, i.e. seed with a neck : unhappily it has none or hardly any : the proposer, ignorant of this, gave the name in reference to Rhynchospermum.) — Twining shrubby plants ; with oval or oblong opposite short-petioled leaves, and small or smallish flowers in terminal or lateral loose cymes : corolla white or greenish-white. — " Lemaire, Jard. Fleur. i. t. 61 ; Moore & Henfr. Mag. Bot. ii. 113 ;" Benth. & Hook. Gen. Trachelospermum. APOCYNACEiE. 85 ii. 720 ; name changed from Rkynchospermum, Lindl. (not Reinw., nor A.DC, nor is there a beak to the seed). Parechites, Miq., Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403. To this (Japanese, Himalayan, and Malayan) genus is here referred, somewhat dubiously, the following. T. difforme. Climbing 10 or 15 feet high, somewhat pubescent when young or glabrous : stems slender: leaves from ovate or oval to lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous (1| to 3 inches long) : peduncles shorter than the leaves : flowers rather numerous in open cymes, short-pedicelled : corolla cream color, 4 lines long ; the ovate lobes much shorter than the cylindraceous tube with its considerably dilated throat : style obscurely dilated under the narrow membranous ring of the stigma: follicles long (6 to 9 inches) and slender. — Echites difformis, Walt. Car. 98 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 10. E. puberula, Michx. Fl. i. 120. Forsteronia difformis, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 437. Secondatia, Benth. & Hook. 1. u. — River- banks, Virginia to Florida and Texas : fl. spring and summer. Order LXXXVIII. ASCLEPIADACE.E. Characters of Apocynacea; as to herbage and general structure of flowers and fruit ; distinguished by the peculiar aggregation and cohesion of the pollen into granulose or waxy masses (pollinia), one or sometimes two in each anther-cell, and connected with the stigma or rather stigmatic disk in pairs or fours by means of 5 glands or corpuscles, which alternate with the anthers. ^Estivation of the corolla often valvate or nearly so. A corona (crown) of five parts or lobes usually present between the corolla and the mostly monadelphpus stamens, and adnate either to the one or the other. Hypogynous disk within the stamens none. Styles distinct up to the common stigmatic mass, or none. Fruit always of 2 follicles, or by abortion of one ovary solitary, several-many-seeded ; the seeds almost always bearing a long and soft coma at the apex. Radicle superior. Stems herbaceous or merely shrubby, not rarely twining. Leaves almost always opposite or whorled, destitute of stipules. Inflorescence terminal, pseudo-axillary, or sometimes axillary, cymose, often umbelliform. Bracts small or minute. The tube of monadelphous filaments, commonly named gynostegium (a term which has been applied also to the anther-portion), we call the column. PEiifrLOCA Gileca, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental culti- vation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents the tribe or suborder Periplocece, with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell. All the American genera have a single firm-waxy pollen-mass to each anther-cell, i. e. they belong to the suborder Asclepiade^:. Tribe I. CYNAXCHE^E. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane ; the polliniferous cells lower than the top of the stigma : pol- linia suspended, attached in pairs (one of each adjacent cell of different anthers) to the corpuscle or gland. # Crown (corona) or appendages to the corolla or androecium none. 1. ASTEPHANUS. Calyx destitute of glands. Corolla urceolate or short-campanulate, 5-cleft ; the lobes slightly and dextrorsely convolute : stamens inserted on the base of its tube. Top of the stigma obtusely conical or more elevated. Follicles smooth. * # Crown double ; the exterior annular, interior of 5 flat fleshy or hood-like scales or processes. 2. PHILIBERTIA. Calyx minutely 5-glandular within. Corolla open-campanulate or (in all ours) rotate; the lobes dextrorsely convolute, narrowly overlapping. Exterior crown a membranaceous ring adnate to the base of the corolla ; interior of 5 scales adnate to the base of the usually very short stamen-tube or column. Top of stigma flat or um- bonate, or with a short 2-cleft beak. Follicles rather thick, smooth, acuminate. 86 ASCLEPIADACEiE. # # # Crown single, sometimes with accessory processes or denticulations alternate with the anthers : calyx 5-parted, mostly small, commonly bearing some minute glandular processes at base within. 4— Stems erect or merely decumbent, never twining : corolla rotate, 5-parted, dextrorsely valvate-convolute in the bud (the lobes obscurely or more manifestly overlapping by their edges, or at least by their tips) : body of the stigma 5-angular or 5-lobed, flat- topped : crown consisting of distinct cucullate or hollowed nectariferous appendages (cuculli or hoods), one opposite each anther : anthers margined with mostly corneous and salient wings. ++ Hoods remote from the anthers, at the base of the long column. 3. PODOSTIGMA. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 5-parted nearly to the 5-angular base • the lobes erect, oblong, obtuse. Hoods of the crown short, somewhat incurved, and the margins involute, forming pitcher-shaped nectariferous bodies. Column (andenclosed styles) slender, almost as long as the corolla : five small processes under and alternating with the short anthers. Wings of the latter widening downward to the truncate acute- angled base. Follicles linear-fusiform, unarmed. ++ ++ Hoods approximate to the anthers : corolla in anthesis patent or reflexed. = Hoods cristate- or corniculate- appendaged within. 4. ANANTHERIX. Corolla reflexed in anthesis. Column under the hoods very short but distinct. Hoods as long as the corolla and far longer than the anthers, ascending, oblong-clavate with incurved summit, mainly solid, with narrow bilamellate ventral mar- gin widening to and rounded at the summit, there enclosing a narrower and pointless lamelliform crest. Anthers of membranous texture throughout ; their papery (instead of corneous) wings much broadened downward and horizontally truncate at base. Cau- dicles almost capillary, more than double the length of the oblong pollinia ! Leaves J opposite. 5. ASCLEPIODORA. Corolla rotate-spreading in anthesis. Hoods basilar, inserted over the whole very short column, spreading and arcuate-assurgent, little surpassing the an- thers, slipper-shaped and the rounded apex fornicate, hollow and with a thickish fleshy back, traversed (at least the upper part) by a salient crest which near the apex divides the cavity. Anther-wings ( corneous ) narrowed at base, angulate above the middle if at all. Caudicles shorter than the pyriform pollinia. Leaves commonly alternate. 6. ASCLEPIAS. Corolla almost always reflexed in anthesis. Hoods involute or com- plicate, not fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like (pointed or rarely pointless) process from the back or toward the base within, either sessile next the corolla or elevated on a column which is shorter than the anthers. Corneous anther-wings widening down to the base, usually triangular, the salient base being truncate or semihastate, or not rarely broadly rounded. Leaves opposite, sometimes varying to alternate or verticillate. = = Hoods wholly destitute of crest or appendage within : corolla reflexed in anthesis. 7. ACERATES. Hoods involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped. Anther-wings widened or angulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base. Otherwise as Asclepias. Leaves prevailingly alternate or scattered. 8. SCHIZONOTUS. Hoods saccate, dorsally bivalvular, cleft posteriorly from apex to base, the ventral side adnate to the whole length of the column. Leaves opposite. An- thers, &c, of Acetates. 9. GOMPHOCARPUS. Hoods various, open ventrally or at the top. Anthers, &c.,of Asclepias. •*— -t— Stems twining (at least in ours) : corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft : crown of dis- tinct or united plane or concave processes, or rarely cup-shaped. ++ The 5 divisions abruptly pointed, 2-3-lobed or appendaged at the apex. 1 0. ENSLENIA. Corolla erect-campanulate ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, slightly dextrorse- overlapping in the bud. Crown nearly sessile at base of the anthers ; its divisions dis- tinct, thin, oblong, the abrupt or truncate apex bearing a long-ligulate or awnlike (single or) double appendage. Pollinia elliptical. Stigma with an elevated 2-lobed tip. Anther- wings, follicles (smooth, ovate), seeds, &c.,' nearly of Asclepias. 11. ROULINIA. Corolla rotate-spreading. Crown 5-parted; its divisions simply and abruptly acuminate or ligulate-tipped. Anther-wings tuberculiform and short. Stigma flat-topped. Otherwise nearly as the preceding. ++ ++ Divisions or lobes of the crown not tipped with any appendage or prolonged mid- dle lobe : follicles smooth. IS. METASTELMA. Calyx short and the lobes obtuse. Corolla usually campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-parted; the lobes strictly valvate in the bud, commonly papillose-puberulent Philibertia. ASCLEPIADACE2E. 87 or bearded within. Crown of 5 flat or slender and distinct scales or processes, borne either on the corolla or the column. Stigma with flat top or with a mere apiculation at the centre. 13. MELINIA. Calyx-lobes narrow and acute. Corolla with thin-edged lobes slightly- overlapping in the bud. Crown of 5 distinct fleshy scales at the base of the column. Stigma abruptly long-rostrate, the beak entire. 14. VINCETOXICUM. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-parted; the lobes dextrorsely overlapping or nearly valvate in the bud. Crown on the short column or at its junction with the corolla, cup-shaped or annular and usually 5-10-lobed or parted, or of 5 distinct plane scales, not appendaged. Stigma with flat or obtusely conical top. Tribe II. GONOLOBEiE. Anthers usually with short if any scarious tip, and borne on the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma ; the cells opening more or less transversely. Pollinia horizontal or nearly so, otherwise as in the pre- ceding tribe, but usually smaller. 15. GONOLOBUS. Corolla rotate or rarely campanulate, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud : crown annular or cupulate, entire or lobed, rarely di- vided. Stigma flat-topped. AST^PHANUS, E. Br. (^artqjawg, crownless.) — Slender and small- ered herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, chiefly of the southern hemisphere. "~ th. & Hook. Gen. ii. 747. iahensis, Engelm. Perennial from a thick root, low, nearly glabrous : stems filiform, twining : leaves filiform-linear, acute : short peduncles umbellately 3-5-flowered : corolla dun yellow, little longer than the calyx, campanulate (a line high and wide) ; the lobes ovate, somewhat cucullate with points inflexed, papillose-puberulent internally : fol- licles long-acuminate : surface of the seed rough-granulate. — Am. Naturalist, ix. 349. — Dry sandhills, St. George, S. Utah, Parry. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer. 2. PHILIBfiRTTA, HBK., Benth. & Hook. (J. 0. Pldlibert, author of some French elementary botanical works.) — Perennial herbaceous or shrubby twining plants (of warmer X. and S. America) ; with petiolate leaves, and usually dull-colored or parti-colored fragrant flowers : peduncles umbellately several- many-flowered : fl. summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 750. Sarcostemma, as to spec. Amer., HBK., Decaisne in DC, &c. Corolla in our species deeply 5- cleft or parted (= Sarcostemma, HBK.), the lobes commonly ciliate. # Column manifest, rather longer than the tumid scales of the inner crown on its summit. P. undulata, Gray. Low-twining, glabrous or cinereous-puberulent, pale : leaves thickish, from lanceolate and gradually acuminate to linear from a hastately cordate base (2 or 3 inches long), the margins undulate-crisped : peduncle 6-10-fiowered, longer than the petiole and pedicels : corolla dull purple, glabrous above, half inch in diameter ; the lobes ovate ; outer crown saucer-shaped : follicles 4 or 5 inches long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 95. Sarcostemma undulata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 161. — W. Texas and New Mexico, Parry, Bigelow, Wrigld, &c. # * Column none or very short and inconspicuous : peduncles about equalling or surpassing the plane leaves : follicles tomentulose or glabrate. P. Torreyi, Gray. Preely twining, densely pubescent with soft spreading hairs : leaves cordate-lanceolate and acuminate or sagittate, an inch or more long : peduncle 10-15- flowered : corolla apparently white, two-thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter ; the lobes little shorter than the pedicel, broadly ovate, obtuse, externally puberulent, strongly vil- lose-ciliate, outer and inner crowns contiguous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 64. Sarcostemma elegans, Torr. 1. c, not Decaisne. — Pocky hills, S. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande -and its tributary the Cibolo, Parry, Bigelow. — P. elegans is less pubescent, with smoother corolla purple in part within, the lobes narrower, and a short column developed between the thick and prominent outer crown and the inner. P. cynanchoides, Gray, 1. c. Tall-climbing (8 to 40 feet), glabrous or glabrate : leaves from deeply cordate to sagittate or almost hastate, abruptly cuspidate or short-acuminate, 88 ASCLEPIADACEjE. PMlibertia. 1 to 2-J inches long : peduncle 15-25-flowered : .pedicels filiform and much longer than the flowers : corolla white or whitish, scarcely half inch in diameter, smoothish ; the lobes oblong-ovate, acutish, somewhat ciliate : crowns separated by a very short column. — Sar- costemma cynanchoides, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 540. S. bilobum, Torr. 1. c, not Hook. & Arn. 1 Gonolobus viridiflorus, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, not Nutt, and probably not from " St. Louis." — Along rivers, Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) P. linearis, Gray, 1. c. Slender, low twining or when young erect, puberulent or gla- brate : leaves narrowly linear, acute or nearly so at both ends, short-petioled (an inch long) : peduncle exceeding the leaves, 8-10-flowered : corolla yellowish, purplish, or whitish, barely puberulent, a third inch in diameter ; the lobes ovate : crowns contiguous. — Sarcostemma lineare, Decaisne, 1. c, & in PI. Hartw. 25. — S. Arizona. (Mex.) Var. hirtella. Cinereous-pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs, little climbing: leaves as in the original species in form and size : sepals more slender. — Sar- costemma heterophyllum, var. hirtellum, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 478. — Port Mohave, California, on sandy river-banks, Cooper, &c. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer. Var. heterophylla. More twining, glabrous, merely puberulent or above pubescent : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, some tapering into the petiole, some with rounded and more with somewhat dilated or auriculate-cordate or truncate base : corolla smoother, half inch in diameter. — Sarcostemma heterophyttum, Engelm. in Torr. Pacif. R. Pep. v. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. (with var. ? ) ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, from San Luis Rey, San Diego, &c. to Arizona. P. viminalis, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or nearly so, freely twining : leaves thickish, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, obtuse or rounded at base, short-petioled (an inch or two long), shorter than the many-flowered peduncle : corolla half an inch or more in diameter, white; the lobes ovate, puberulent outside. — Asclepias viminalis, Swartz, Prodr. 53; Willd. Spec. i. 1270 (Sloane, Jam. t. 131, f. 1). Sarcostemma Brownii, G. P. Meyer, PI. Esseq. 139 ; Griseb. PI. W. Ind. 419. S. clausum, Decaisne, 1. c. S. crassifotium, Chapm. Fl. 368. — Keys of Florida. (W. Ind. to Guiana.) 3. PODOSTlG-MA, Ell. (Ilovs, noSog, foot, and oziypu, i. e. stalked stigma.) — Sk. i. 326. Stylandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 170. — Single species. P. pub6scens, Ell. 1. c. Perennial herb, a span to a foot high from a thickened root : stem erect, simple or sparingly branched : leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile : peduncles terminal and axillary, short, umbellately several-flowered: flowers greenish- yellow, fragrant, 4 lines long : follicles tomentulose. — Deless. Ic. v. t. 65 ; Chapm. Fl. 366. Asclepias pedicellata, Walt. Car. 106. Stylandra pumila, Nutt. 1. c. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida : fl. summer. 4. ANANTHERIX, Nutt. (Composed of a, privative, and dvdfag, awn, i.e. destitute of the horn of Asclepias.) — Single species, being Anantherix, Nutt. Gen. i. 169, not of Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201, except as to the first species. A. connivens, Gray. Stem erect, 2 feet high from a perennial root, minutely pubes- cent above : leaves opposite, sessile, oblong (1|- to 2-J inches long), or the uppermost small and lanceolate, transversely veined, rather fleshy : umbels 2 to 6 along the naked summit of the stem, several-flowered : lobes of the greenish corolla ovate, 5 lines long : hoods whitish, incurved-conniving over the stigma ; a pair of small and narrow internal appen- dages before the base of each : hyaline anther-tips elongated : follicles not seen. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Asclepias connivens, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 320 (1817). Anantherix viridis, Nutt. Gen. 1. c. (1818), but not Asclepias viridis, Walt. Acerates connivens, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 521. — Wet pine barrens of Georgia and Florida : fl. summer. 5. ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. (Jiaxhptiog and Swqov or Sooqeu, the gift of Asclepios.) — Perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America), rather low and stout, often decumbent ; distinguished from Asclepias by the anther-wings and hood, the latter with a crest answering to the horn of that genus, from the original Anan- Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE^. 89 therix by the same characters. Leaves mainly alternate or scattered. Flowers proportionally large : corolla-lobes ovate, greenish. Follicles ovate or oblong and acuminate, usually bearing some scattered soft-spinulose projections, arrect on recurved or sigmoid pedicels. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Anantherix in part, Xutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Acerates in part, Decaisne, 1. c. A. viridis, Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, almost glabrous, very leafy to the top : leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, short-petioled, 3 or 4 inches long: umbels few and corymbose or clustered, sometimes solitary : corolla globular-ovate in bud; the lobes a third to half inch long : hoods purplish or violet, about half the length of the corolla-lobes, lower than the anther-column : wings of the anthers narrow, hardly angulate above, and below less prominent than the connectives : pollinia narrow, little longer than their caudicles. — Asclepias viridis, Walt. Car. 107. Podostigma ? viridis, Ell. Sk. i. 327. Anantherix pam'culatus, Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. A. Torreyanus, Don, Syst. iv. 146. Asclepias lonaipetala, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 757. Acerates paniculata, Decaisne, 1. c. 521. — Prairies and dry barrens, S. Carolina to Texas, New Mexico, and westward of the Alle- ghanies north to Illinois. Var. angrtistior, a lower form, with smaller and oblong-linear leaves, and rather more assurgent hoods. — Anantherix paniculatus, var. angustior, Engelm. ined. — Texas, Lindheimer, E. Hall. A. decumbens, Gray, 1. u. Scabrous-puberulent : leaves firmer in texture, from lan- ceolate to linear, tapering to the apex : umbel solitary : corolla depressed-globular in bud, i or 5 lines long, hardly twice the length of the yellowish or dark-purplish hoods, which overtop the somewhat depressed anther-column : anther-wings salient, especially at the broader and strongly angulate upper portion: pollinia pyriform, short-caudicled. — Anan- therix decumbens, Xutt. 1. c. (& in Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, without name). — A. Nut- tallianus, Don, Syst. iv. 147. Acerates decumbens, Decaisne, 1. c. Asclepias brevicornu, Scheele, 1. c. 756. — Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Utah. Follicles always smooth 1 (Adjacent Mex.) 6. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed, Silkweed. ('Ao-/cA»/?rids, latinized jffisculapius, applied by the ancient herbalists to various plants of the present and the preceding order.) — Herbs, rarely woody at base (American, mainly North American with one or two African) : upright or merely spreading stems from deep and thickish perennial roots : leaves opposite varying to verticillate, or sometimes alternate or irregularly scattered. Flowers (in summer) umbellate ; the peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles. Stem often marked with decurrent lines of pubescence. Follicles soft-echinate or warty in two or three species, otherwise naked. Coma of the seeds often wanting in A. perennis. Corolla not reflexed in A. Feayi. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. § 1. Hoods sessile, broader or at least not attenuate at base ; the horn or crest various, but conspicuous : anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base. # Corolla and hoods, orange-color : follicles arrect on a deflexed fruiting pedicel, naked : leaves mostly irregularly alternate, seldom truly opposite : juice of stem not milky ! ■ .A. tuberosa, L. (Butterfly-weed, Pleurisy-root.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, a foot or two high, very leafy to the top : leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceo- late, sessile or slightly petioled : umbels several and mostly cymose at the summit of the stem, short-peduncled : column short: hoods narrowly oblong, erect (2 or 3 lines long), deep bright orange, much surpassing the anthers, almost as long as the purplish- or slightly greenish-orange oblong corolla-lobes, nearly equalled by the filiform-subulate horn: follicles cinereous-pubescent. — (Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 34.) Bot. Reg. t. 76 ; Bart. Med. t. 22; Bigel. Med. t. 26. Dry and especially sandy soil, Canada to Florida, Texas, and Arizona. 90 ASCLEPIADACEJE. Asclepias. Var. decumbens, Pursh, a form with reclining stems, broader and more commonly opposite leaves, and umbels from most of the upper axils, racemosely disposed. — A. decumbens, L. Spec. 216 ; Sweet, Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 24, but flowers too red. — Ohio to Georgia, &c. (A hybrid between A. tuberosa and A. incarnata was found in South Carolina by Dr. Mellichamp.) * # Corolla bright red or purple : follicles naked, fusiform, avrect on the deflexed fruit-bearing pedicel, except in the first and last species : leaves opposite, mostly broad. {A. quadrifolia might be sought here.) -)— Hoods bright orange, raised on a distinct column : plants glabrous. A. Curassavica, L. A foot or two high, becoming somewhat woody at base : leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, short-petioled, 2 to 4 inches long : peduncles not longer than the leaves : lobes of the scarlet corolla ovate : hoods ovate, equalling the anthers, shorter than their subulate incurved horn: follicles and fruiting pedicels erect. — (Herm. Par. t. 36; Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 33.) Bot. Reg. t. 81. — S. Florida and Louisiana: perhaps introduced from Tropical America. A. paupercula, Miohx. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, remotely leafy above or naked at the peduncle-like summit, which bears solitary or few pedunculate naked umbels : leaves elon- gated-lanceolate or linear and tapering to both ends, 4 to 10 inches long, nearly sessile, thickish, very smooth except the roughish margins : flowers rather few (5 to 12) in the umbels, large (fully half inch long when the narrowly oblong lobes of the deep red corolla are reflexed) : bright orange hoods obovate or broadly oblong, not twice the length of the anthers, much exceeding the incurved horn. — A. lanceolata, Walt. Car. 105. — Marshes near the coast, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. -K- -j— Hoods purple or purplish : umbel mostly many-flowered. ++ Flowers rather large; the hoods about a quarter inch long and double the length of the anthers: lobes of the corolla dull-colored outside, deep-colored within : leaves transversely veined, 3 to 8 inches long. A. rubra, L. Glabrous, 1 to 4 feet high, somewhat remotely leafy : leaves from ovate to lanceolate, sessile or almost so, tapering from near the rounded or obscurely cordate base to an acuminate apex, bright green : umbels solitary (terminal and from the uppermost axils) or 2 to 4 raised on a naked common peduncle : corolla-lobes and hoods lanceolate- oblong, purplish-red, or the hoods obscurely orange-tinged ; the horn . of the latter long, very slender, straightish : column short but manifest. — Spec. 217 (founded on pi. Clayt. no. 263, Gronov. Fl. Virg., with upper leaves accidentally alternate) ; Gray, in DC. Prodr. & Man. ed. 1, 368. A. polystachia, Walt. ? A. cordata, Walt. ? A. laurifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 117. A. acuminata, Pursh, Fl. i. 182. A. periplocifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 167. — Moist grounds, New Jersey and Penn. to Florida and Louisiana. A. purpurasoens, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to top : leaves ovate-oval or oblong, short-petioled, tomentulose beneath, soon glabrous above : peduncles shorter than the leaves: corolla dark and deep (sometimes dull) purple within; the lobes oblong: hoods pale red or purple, oblong or somewhat ovate ; the horn short-subulate from a broad base, falcate-incurved: column extremely short. — Spec. 214 (Dill. Elth. 32, t. 28, f. 31); Willd. Spec. i. 1265; Decaisne in DC. viii. 464; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 120, t. 85. A. amama, L. Spec. 217 (pi. Dill. 1. c. 31, t. 27, f. 30) ; Michx. 1. c. ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 82.— Dry ground, New England to Wisconsin and Tennessee. Habit of A. Cornuti. ++ -w* Flowers small ; the hoods a line long and equalling the anthers : veins of the leaves ascend- ing: milky juice scanty. A. incarnata, L. Nearly glabrous or a little pubescent : stem 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy to the top, sometimes branching : leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled (3 to 5 inches long), obtuse or acutish at base: peduncles somewhat corymbose at or near the _ summit of the stem, shorter than the leaves : corolla from deep rose-purple to flesh-color ; the lobes oblong (2 lines long) : column narrow, more than half the length of the broadly oblong obtuse pale hoods ; these a little exceeded by their slender uneinate-iricurved horn : follicles only 2 or 3 inches long, erect on erect pedicels. — (Cornuti, Canad. t. 93.) Jacq. Vind. t. 107; Bot. Reg. t. 250; Decaisne, 1. c. excl. syn. in part. A. amama, Brongn. in Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv. t. 13, anal. — Swamps, Canada to Saskatchewan and Louisiana. Var. pulchra, Pers., the form with copious and somewhat hirsute pubescence, and usually broader leaves (lanceolate to oblong) often subcordate at base. — A. incarnata, L. Asrtepias. ASCLEPIADACE^G. 91 as to Hort. Cliff. ; Michx. 1. c. A: pulchra, Ehrhart ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 18. — With the smooth form. Var. longifolia. Leaves elongated- or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 7 inches long, a third to half inch wide, glabrous or with minute pubescence : stems 4 to 6 feet high : flowers paler. — A. tuberosa, Torr. in Pacif. E. Rep. vii. 18. — Texas to New Mexico. # * # Corolla and crown greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged : leaves opposite or sometimes whorled, or the upper rarely alternate or scattered. ■ir- Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes and densely tomentose, large (3 to 5 inches long) and ventricose, ovate and acuminate, arrect on deflexed pedicels : leaves large and broad, short- petioled, transversely veined: stems stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet high. A. speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose, rarely glabrate with age : leaves from suhcordate-oval to oblong, thickish : peduncles shorter than the leaves : pedicels of the many-flowered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomentose : flowers purplish, large : corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, 4 or 6 lines long : hoods 5 or 6 lines long, spreading, the dilated body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-ligulate thrice longer termination: column hardly any : wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 218. A. Douglasii, Hook. Fl. ii. 53, t. 142, & Bot. Mag. t. 4413. — Along streams, Nebraska to Arkansas, and west to S. Utah, California, and 'Washington Territory. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (Common Milkweed.) Finely soft-pubescent or tomentulose : leaves green and early glabrate above, oval or oblong, obtuse or roundish at base : pe- duncles little longer than the very numerous pubescent pedicels : corolla dull purple or greenish-purple, rarely almost white ; the lobes ovate, three or four lines long : hoods whitish, ovate, rather longer than the anthers, with a tooth on each side below the middle ; the subulate horn short and incurved : column short. — Prodr. 1. c. 564 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 119. A. Syriaca, L. (Cornuti, Canad. t. 90) ; Spenner inNees Gen. Germ. fasc. 21, t. 1-3. — Canada to Saskatchewan and N. Carolina, chiefly in fields. •*— -i— Follicles minutely warty-echinate along the tapering apex, otherwise as in the succeeding: wings of the anthers emarginately bicorniculate at base. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Glabrous throughout, a yard high, leafy to the top : leaves opposite, thickish, oblong, with subcordate or rounded base, nearly sessile (4 or 5 inches long) : umbels terminal and from the uppermost axils, short-peduncled, rather, many- flowered : flowers flesh-colored : corolla-lobes oval, 5 lines long : column short : hoods oval, with a gibbosity on each side near the base, almost truncate at summit, a third longer than the anthers ; the falcate-subulate horn rising from near the base, horizontally and slightly exserted from the middle. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 366, ed. 5, 395. — Low grounds, Ohio (Sullivant) to Kansas (Fremont). Follicle 3 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, nearly glabrous, smooth, except small and soft conical warty processes scattered along the beak. +- -i— -t— Follicles wholly unarmed and smooth throughout, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubes- cent. ++ Arrect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fructiferous pedicels. = Umbel solitary on the perfectly simple strict stem, elevated on a naked terminal peduncle : leaves all closely sessile, broad, transversely veined : plant glabrous and pale or glaucous : follicles fusiform : anthers either bicorniculate or salient-angled at base of the wing. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves undulate, oblong or elliptical, 3 to 5 inches long, with rounded or refuse apex and cordate-clasping base : peduncle 2 to 12 inches long : umbel loosely many-flowered : corolla dull greenish-purple ; the lobes oblong, 4 lines long : column as high as broad : hoods flesh-color, erosely truncate and somewhat toothed at the broad summit, hardly exceeding the anthers, shorter than the falcate-subulate incurved horn : anther-wings bicorniculate at base in the manner of A. Sullivantii — Fl. i. 113; Decaisne, I.e. 565. A. purpurascens, Walt. Car. 103. — Dry or sandy soil, New England to Florida, Texas, and Nebraska. A. Meadii, Torr. A foot or two high : leaves plane and even, ovate-lanceolate, or rarely lanceolate, obtuse or acute, rounded at the sessile base, rough-margined, li to 3 inches long : peduncle 2 to 4 inches long : umbel 6-20-flowered : corolla greenish-yellow ; the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long : column very short : hoods purplish, with rounded-trun- cate entire summit and a tooth at the inner margins, exceeding the anthers and the subu- late inflexed horn : anther-wings with entire but descending salient angle at base. — Gray, Man. ed. 2, addend. 704, ed. 5, 397. — Dry ground, Illinois, S. B. Mead, Iowa, Vasey, &c. 92 ASCLEPIADACEiE. Asdepias. = = Umbels usually more than one and on peduncles overtopping or equalling the leaves: stem tall and simple : leaves broad, resembling those of the three preceding species. A. glaucesoens, HBK. Glabrous up to the peduncles, and inclined to be glaucous : leaves as of A. obtusifolia, but only slightly undulate, 2-J to 4 inches long : umbels 2 to 4 or rarely solitary, many-flowered : pedicels pubescent or villous, rather short : corolla greenish- white ; the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long : column very short : hoods obovate-truncate, about equalling the anthers, with fleshy gibbous-incurved back and (white t ) petaloid sides, the whole length within occupied by a broad and thin crest, which is 2-lobed at the sum- mit, the outer lobe broad and rounded, the inner a short and triangular-subulate nearly included horn. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 190, t. 227 ; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 565. A. Sullivantii, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, wholly 1 — S. W. Texas and New Mexico (but the only specimen in herb. Torr. from " Plains near the Rio Limpio "), Bigdow. (Mex.) = = = TJmbels more than one, on peduncles longer than the orbicular leaves or than the much abbreviated stem. A. nummularia, Torr. Clustered stems an inch or two high : leaves in 2 or 3 approxi- mated pairs, orbicular, mucronate, thickish, canescently tomentose, glabrate with age : peduncles 1-J- to 2 inches long, many-flowered : corolla greenish-white ; the lobes ovate, '2 lines long : column hardly any : hoods ovate, a little longer than the anthers : the horn short and stout : follicles ovate-lanceolate, tomentulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 163, t. 45. — New Mexico, Bigdow, Thurber, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) = = = = TJmbels mostly more than one: peduncle not overtopping the leaves (except per- haps in A. cinerea), sometimes none. a. Leaves broad (from orbicular to oblong-lanceolate), proportionally large: hoods broad, little if at all overtopping the anthers : stems from a foot to a yard or more in height, except the first species. 1. Glabrous or some minute pubescence or tomentum on young parts, no floccose wool. A. cryptoceras, 'Watson. A span or two high, almost completely glabrous : stems decumbent : leaves 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-orbicular with mucronate apiculation, glaucescent, 1 or 2 inches long, very short-petioled : flowers large, all at the summit, few in each of the 2 or 3 umbels : the lateral of these sessile, the terminal short-peduncled : lobes of the greenish-yellow corolla ovate, 5 lines long : column none : hoods flesh-colored, saccate- ovate, abruptly and minutely bi-acuminate, equalling the anthers, enclosing the falcate- subulate horn : follicles ovate. — King Exped. 283, t. 28. Acerates latifolia, Torr. in Prem. Rep. ed. 2, 317. — Utah, W. Nevada, and Idaho, Nuttatt, Fremont, Watson, &c. A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Glaucous and glabrous : stems decumbent, a foot or two long : leaves in numerous rather crowded pairs, cordate-ovate and clasping, obtuse, suc- culent, whitish-veiny, 3 to 5 inches long : peduncles about half the length of the leaves, longer than the numerous slender pedicels : lobes of the greenish-purplish corolla oblong, 3 lines long : column very short : hoods white, obovate-truncate, nearly enclosing the tri- angular-arcuate crest-like horn : follicles ovate-lanceolate. — PI. i. 113 ; Ell. Sk. i. 322. A. humistrata, Walt. Car. 105, except " floribus rubris." — Dry sandy barrens, North Carolina to Florida. A. Jamesii, Torr. Farinose-puberulent when young, soon green and glabrous : stem stout, erect or ascending, a foot or more high : leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, re- markably thick and large (when dry coriaceous, the larger 4 to 6 inches long), orbicular or broadly oval, often emarginate and with a mucronation, subcordate at base, nearly sessile, copiously transversely veined : umbels 2 or 3, all or mostly lateral, densely many- flowered, on peduncles shorter than the pedicels : flowers greenish : lobes of the corolla ovate, 4 or 5 lines long : column very short but distinct : hoods barely equalling the an- thers, broad, with truncate entire summit, which is equalled by the upper margin of the falciform-triangular crest, the apex of which extends into a short . subulate horn partly over the top of the stigmatic disk : follicles turgid-ovate, barely acute, 2£ or 3 inches long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. A. obtusifolia, var. latifolia, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 117. — Plains of Colorado to W. Texas and E. Arizona. A. phytolaccoid.es, Pursh. Bright green and glabrous : stem 4 or 5 feet high : leaves membranaceous, from oval to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, 4 to 8 inches long: peduncles (1 or 2 inches long) seldom longer than the numerous fili- form lax pedicels : corolla greenish ; the lobes ovate or oblong, 4 lines long : column short : Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 93 hoods white or pale, flesh-colored, broad and erect, rather shorter than the anthers, trun- cate horizontally, the truncate margin somewhat erose or toothed and with a slender tooth at the inner angles, much surpassed by the erect or slightly incurved slender-subulate horn : follicles fusiform and slender-acuminate, at length glabrous. — Fl. i. 180; Decaisne in DC. I.e. A. Syriaca, var. exaltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 313. A. nivea, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1181, not L. A. exaltata (acuminata), Muhl. Cat. 28. — Shaded and moist ground, New England to Wis- consin and south to Georgia in the mountains. A. variegata, L. A foot or two high: leaves 3 to 7 pairs, thinnish (the middle ones sometimes 4-nate), oval or ovate, or the upper oblong, obtuse at both ends, mucronate- apiculate or short-acuminate, not rarely somewhat undulate, bright green and glabrous above, pale and sometimes tomentulose beneath (at least when young), 3 to 6 inches long, conspicuously petioled : peduncles 1 to 3, terminal and subterminal, short, equalling or exceeding the very numerous pedicels of the compact umbel, both usually tomentulose : flowers white with some pink or purple at the centre, i. e. on the distinct column aDd base of the corolla : lobes of the latter ovate or -oval, 3 lines long : hoods globular-ventricose from a narrow base, spreading, overtopping the short anthers and stigmatic disk ; the semilunate subulate horn horizontally short-exserted : follicles fusiform and long-acuminate. —Spec. 215, &, ed. 2, 312 (founded on syn. Dill. & Pluk.) ; Walt. Car. 10-t ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1182 ; Ell. 1. u. ; Decaisne, 1. c. (excl. syn. Hook.) ; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Torr. El. N. Y. t. 86. A. nivea, L. as to syn. Gronov. & herb. A. citrifolia, Jacq. Coll. & Ic. Rar. t. 343. A. hybrida, Michx. 1. c. — Dry shaded grounds, S. New York and Ohio to Florida, Arkansas, and W. Louisiana. 2. Tomentose or pubescent, South Atlantic States or New Mexican species : umbels all lateral, short-peduncled : flowers greenish : follicles tomentose or canescent. A. tomentosa, Ell. Tomentulose or merely soft-pubescent, sometimes minutely so : stems a foot or sometimes a yard high, very leafy above : leaves from oval-obovate to oblong-lan- ceolate, obtuse or short-acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, rather conspicuously petioled : umbels 3 to 10 in alternate axils, very short-peduncled, loosely many-flowered : lobes of the corolla ovate, 3 or 4 lines long : column very short : hoods oval-obovate, obliquely truncate, decidedly shorter than the broadly-winged anthers ; the broadly subu- late horn ascending and moderately exserted at the upper interior angle : " follicles lan- ceolate." — Sk. i. 020 ; Chapm. Fl. 363. A. aceratoides, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, vii. 407. — Dry sandy barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. A. arenaria, Torr. Lanuginous-tomentose, in age glabrate : stems about a foot high, stout, ascending, thickly leaved: leaves coriaceous when old, obovate or oval and retuse or the lower ovate, with rounded or subcordate base, somewhat undulate, distinctly petioled, 2 to 4 inches long : umbels rather densely many-flowered, shorter than the leaves : lobes of the greenish-white corolla oval, 5 lines long : column nearly half the length of the anthers : hoods about as broad as high, surpassing the anthers, truncate at base and sum- mit, the latter oblique and notched on each side near the inner angle, which forms an obtuse tooth ; horn with included ascending portion or crest broadly semilunate as high as the hood ; the abruptly incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontally exserted, or the slender termination ascending: follicles oblong-ovate and long-acuminate, tomentulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 102. — Colorado, on sand-banks of the Upper Canadian and Red Rivers (Bigelow, Marc;/) to New Mexico, Wis/izenus, &c. — Allied to A. Jamesii. 3. Floccose-lanuginous or tomentose-canescent, Western species ; the dense wool not rarely decidu- ous with age : stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves occasionally alternate, large (2 to 6 inches loug): umbels terminal and lateral, many-flowered : follicles (where known) ovate. A. Premonti, Torr. Caneseently tomentose with short and fine wool, or the stem (a foot or less high) puberulent : leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, retuse, or apiculate-acute, often subcordate, smooth-edged, distinctly petioled : umbels 1 or 2, on peduncles not longer than the lanuginous pedicels : lobes of the whitish corolla oblong-ovate,- 3 lines long : column very short : hoods nearly erect, equalling the anthers, somewhat evenly truncate and the inner angles produced into an acute or obtusish tooth, with no notch behind it ; the subulate apex of the broad horn inflexed and a little exserted. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 87, name only. — California, on the Upper Sacramento, Fremont, Newberry, &c. Follicles when young densely canescent-tomentose, in age glabrate. Herbage with the pubescence of the preceding rather than of the following species. 94 ASCLEPIADACEa). Asclepias. A. erosa, Torr. Canescent with fine and appressed white wool when young, or the stem only puberulent : leaves glabrate and green with age, sessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, the base rounded or slightly cordate, the margin scarious-cartilagi- nous and rough with minute irregular denticulation or erosion : umbels numerous, oh pe- duncles equalling (or the lower exceeding) the lanuginous pedicels : lobes of the greenish- white corolla oval, fully 3 lines long, merely hoary and soon glabrate outside : column distinct : hoods yellowish, with a duplication on each side at the edge below, erect and nearly horizontally truncate, rather surpassing the anthers; the falcate or claw-shaped horn attached below the middle and longer than the hood, incurving over the disk of the stigma : ovaries glabrous : follicles canescent when young, often glabrate at maturity. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, glabrate state. A. leucophylla, Engelm. in Am. Naturalist, ix. 349 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 476, in the canescent-lanuginous state. — Arizona on the Gila (Schott, Thurber) to S. Utah (Parry) and San Diego Co., California, Cooper, Palmer. Var. obtusa, a form with elliptical and very obtuse leaves and scanty woolliness. — A. leucophylla, var. obtusa, Gray, I.e. — Bartlett's Cafion, interior of Santa Barbara Co., California. A . eriocarpa, Benth. Densely floccose-woolly, even to the calyx, the loose wool hardly deciduous except from the angled stem below : leaves not rarely ternate and the upper- most alternate, elongated-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse or subcordate at base, short-petioled, 4 to 8 inches long : umbels few or several, all on stout peduncles mostly longer than the pedicels : flowers dull white : corolla at first woolly outside ; the lobes ovate, 3 lines long : column short but distinct : hoods shorter than the anthers, rather spreading, ventricose, oblately semiorbicular in outline and open round to near the middle of the back, the summits produced inwardly into an acute angle or tooth, barely enclosing the falciform acute horn : ovaries glabrous or merely the summit or the styles villous : " follicles densely woolly," according to Benth. PI. Hartw. 323. — California, in dry ground, from near Monterey (Hartweg) to San Diego Co. A. vestita, Hook. & Arn. Densely floccose-woolly, usually even to the outside of the corolla, the white wool deciduous in age : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, very acute or acuminate, often subcordate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 4 to 6 inches long : umbels 1 to 4, the terminal usually peduncled, the lateral all sessile : corolla green- ish-white or purplish ; the lobes ovate, 3 lines long : column very short : hoods nearly erect, ventricose, slightly surpassing the anthers, entire at the back of the somewhat trun- cate summit, auriculate-extended at the inner angle, the auricles or angles' involute ; the vomer-shaped crest rather than horn attached up to the summit of the hood, blunt, not exserted : an interior crown of 10 tooth-like processes in pairs between the hoods : ovaries glabrous : follicles at first canescent. — Bot. Beech. 363 (not Bot. Mag. t. 4106) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 476. A. eriocarpa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128, not Benth. — Dry ground, Cali- fornia, from the Sacramento to San Diego Co. and the Mohave. b. Leaves narrow (lanceolate or linear, 1 to 3 inches long), green and nearly glabrous ; the veins oblique : stems branching, ascending, a span or two high : hoods obtuse, shorter or little longer than the anthers : corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, about 2 lines long : column hardly any : follicles ovate, acute or acuminate, when young tomentose-canescent. A. brachystephana, Engelm. Stems 6 to 10 inches high, very leafy, cinereous-puber- ulent or tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccose-tomentose : leaves from lanceolate with a broader rounded base to linear, short-petioled (sometimes 3 inches long), when young often cinereous-tomentulose beneath, very much surpassing the (3 to 8) few- flowered umbels : peduncles as long as the pedicels or much shorter : flowers lurid-purplish : hoods only half the length of the anthers, erect, strongly angulate-toothed at the front ; the tip of the erect subulate horn exserted. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163. — Dry sandy soil, from Wyoming Terr, and Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) A. involucrata, Engelm. Minutely pubescent when young, glabrate, a span or less in height : clustered stems spreading : leaves from lanceolate with roundish or subcordate base to linear, with acute base, short-petioled (occasionally alternate), tomentose on the margins ; the uppermost involucrating the mostly solitary sessile or short-peduncled 10-20- flowered umbel and commonly overtopping it : flowers greenish-white or purplish-tinged : hoods ovate, moderate-longer than the anthers ; the short incurved horn slightly exserted from about their middle. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163. — Sandy soil, New Mexico and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 95 c. Leaves extremely narrow, sessile : hoods thrice the length of the anthers, slender, acute, open. A. macrotis, Torr. Glabrous or nearly so : stems barely a span high, numerous and much branched from a sufirutescent thickened base : leaves narrowly linear with revolute margins, almost filiform, an inch or more long : umbels 3-o-flowered, terminal and lateral, short-peduncled or sessile : pedicels little longer than the purplish or greenish flowers : corolla-lobes ovate, 2 lines long : column hardly any : hoods with ovate erect base as long as the anthers, above contracted into a gradually attenuate twice longer subulate spreading portion, the apex incurving ; the broad horn short and blunt, with barely exserted apex : follicles ovate-lanceolate, an inch long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 104, t. 45. — Rocky hills along the Eio Grande, borders of Texas, Xew Mexico, and Chihuahua, especially near El Paso, Bigelow, Parry, Wright. d. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly pubescent or puberulent : stems erect, a foot or more high : hoods obtuse, twice cr thrice the length of the anthers, not tapering to base, entire at summit, 1. Involute-concave or more open; the falcate or subulate horn free at or below the middle of the hood, and incurved or inflexed over the stigmatic disk : follicles tomentose or soft-pubescent. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne. Tomentulose-pubescent : stem rather slender : leaves thin- nish, from ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded at base, distinctly petioled (1-J- to 3 inches long), glabrate with age, at least the upper face, the midrib as well as primary veins slender, and veinlets reticulated : umbels few, loosely 10-18-flowered, on peduncles which seldom equal the pedicels, or sometimes sessile : corolla greenish-white with purplish outside ; the lobes oblong-ovate, 2 or 3 lines long : hoods oval or broadly oblong in outline, not auriculate at base, the inner margins below the middle extended into a large acute tooth or lobe ; the horn broad and rather short : anther-wings rounded and entire or minutely and obscurely notched at the prominent base. — DC. Prodr. viii. 567 (excl. habitat) ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 396. A. variegata, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 262, t. 141. A. Nut- talliana, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 352, 704. — Saskatchewan, Lake Winnipeg, and Dakotah to N. Illinois and Wisconsin, in oak-openings and prairies. A. Hallii, Gray. Puberulent, glabrate : stem stout : leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex (3 to 5 incites long), short- petioled, the stout midrib and the slightly ascending straight veins prominent underneath : umbels few and corymbose, many-flowered, on peduncles somewhat longer than the pedicels : corolla greenish-white and purplish ; the lobes oblong, 3 lines long : hoods elon- gated-oblong in outline (3 lines long), entire, hastately 2-gibbous above the narrower base, a little surpassing the sickle-shaped horn : anther-wings even and unappendaged at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 69. A. ovalifolia, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. March, 1863, 75, coll. E. Hall. n. 480. — Colorado, near Denver i. E. Hall. Head-waters of the Arkansas, Brandegee, &c. Follicles tomentulose, glabrate. In aspect resembles A. Sullivantii, but with some pubescence, and base of the anther-wings destitute of the corniculation. A. obovata, Ell. Cinereous with soft pubescence or tomentum on the lower face of the leaves : stem a foot or two high : leaves oval or oblong, only the lower obovate, somewhat undulate, mucronate-apiculate, rounded or subcordate at base, very short-petioled (1-J to 3 inches long), the midrib stout, the veins transverse and slender : umbels (3 or 4 at the upper axils) almost sessile, densely 10-14-flowered : lobes of the yellowish-green corolla oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, half the length of the pedicels : hoods purplish, oblong, strictly erect (3 or 4 lines long), involute so that the thin inner edges meet for almost their whole length, dorsally hastately bigibbous above a short contracted base, thence narrowly wing- appendaged upward and inward for some length, a pair of broad and short fleshy internal auricles at very base within ; horn narrowly falcate, fleshy ; the exserted upper part of the free portion strongly inflexed, subulate ; upper or dorsal face canaliculate-concave : anther-wings bicorniculate at the basal angle (in the manner of A. obtusi folia and A. Sul- livantii).— Sk i. 321 ; Decaisne, 1. c. 570 (excl. syn. Torr.) ; Chapm. Fl. 363. — Dry ground, S. Carolina, near the coast, to Florida and Louisiana. 2. Hoods laterally much compressed, mainly solid, with a narrow dorsal keel and a broader ventral wing; the latter bearing two semi-obovate lamella, its broad upper part enclosing a lamelliform crest of equal width, which bears a short subulate exserted horn at the inner angle. A. nyotaginif61ia, Gray. Roughish-puberulent, apparently a foot high and ascending : leaves rhombic-ovate, with ascending and branching veins, 2 or 3 inches long, rather long- petioled : umbels all lateral, very short-peduncled, 4-20-flowered : pedicels equalling the 96 ASCLEPIADACE.E. Asclepias. petiole : lobes of the greenish corolla oblong (half inch long) : column hardly any below the greenish white hoods, which are little shorter than the petals, almost thrice the length of the anthers, barely retuse at apex ; the truncate upper edge of the crest erose ; the exserted horn from its inner angle thin-subulate, a line long : auricles at base of the hood very small, roundish : anther-wings broadly rounded at base: follicles not seen. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 70. — Rock Spring, Providence Mountains, S. E. California, Palmer. ++ ++ Follicles pendulous on recurving pedicels, at least not erect: leaves subulate-filiform or wanting on the junciform naked stems : hoods elongated, broader upward. A. SUbulata, Decaisne. Cinereous-puberulent or soon glabrous and glaucous : stem 3 or 4 feet high, naked and rush-like or bearing a few nearly filiform leaves, usually few- branched above : umbels terminal and lateral, 5-20-flowered, on peduncles mostly shorter than the pedicels : flowers yellowish-white : lobes of the corolla oblong, 4 or 5 lines long : column distinct : hoods purplish, narrowly oblong-panduriform, erect, twice the length of the column, entire, a narrow crest adnate up to the apex, above dilated and inwardly pointed by a very short and blunt subulate horn ; 10 short internal appendages forming a pair of fleshy auricles within the base of each hood : follicles fusiform and long-acu- minate, 4 inches long, smooth. — DC. Prodr. viii. 571 ; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 362, t. 7. — Desert region of S. E. California and W. Arizona. (Lower Calif., W. Mex.?) ++ ++ -H- Follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, fusiform : leaves not rarely verticillate, in one species commonly alternate : hoods moderately if at all exceeding the anthers. = Leaves from ovate to broadly lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so, thin, rather slender-petioled : corolla white or pinkish. A. quadrifolia, L. A foot or two high, simple, usually leafless below : leaves 3 or 4 pairs, or commonly a whorl of four in place of each middle pair, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long : umbels 2 to 4, loosely many-flowered : peduncle seldom longer than the slender pedicels : corolla from light pink to almost white ; the lobes 2} lines long, oblong : column short : hoods white, twice the length of the anthers, ovate- oblong, a salient tooth or lobe on each margin toward the base ; horn short, very broadly falcate-subulate, incurved over the anther-tips. — Jacq. Obs. t. 33 ; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept.- ii. t. 43; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1258. A. vanilla, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. iv. 39 (1818), ex Neob. 62. — Dry soil, Canada and Wisconsin to N. Carolina and Arkansas. A. perennis, Walt. Stem a foot or two high, commonly branching, leafy throughout, sometimes rather woody at base : leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long : umbels several and rather small, on peduncles of about twice the length of the pedicels : flowers white throughout : lobes of the corolla 1 or 2 lines long, oblong : column narrow, half to three-fourths of a line long: hoods oval, entire, erect, not twice the length of the column, hardly surpassing the an- thers, one third shorter than their straightish or falcate almost filiform horn : seeds not rarely destitute of coma. — Car. 107 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 396 ; Chapm. Fl. 365. A. debilis, Michx. PI. i. 116, in part ; the Obs. relates to A. quadrifolia. A. parviflora, Ait. Kew. i. 307 ; Pursh, PI. i. 180; Decaisne, 1. c. Matalea 1 Icevis, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 291. — Muddy shores, &c., from S. Indiana and Illinois, and from Carolina to Florida and Texas. Var. parvula, barely a foot high, and leaves an inch or two long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 164. — Head of Rock Creek, W. Texas, Bigelow, Wright. A. nIvea, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 29, & Plum. Ic. t. 30), is a W. Indian species (Griseb. Fl. W. Ind., excl. syn. Bot. Mag.), very near A. perennis, but corolla greenish-white, hoods longer than the anthers, the wings of which become auriculate-undulate next the base, and are not overtopped by the horn. " Louisiana," Grisebach, 1. c. ; but this is probably a mistake. A. virgata, Lag. Gen. & Spec. 14, Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 85 [A. angustifolia, Hort. Berol., Roem. & Sch., & A. linearis of gardens, A. linifolia, HBK. ?) is a nearly related species, with white or rose-tinged corolla, anther-wings plane, and narrow leaves as of the succeeding section, probably only Mexican. See Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 70. = = Leaves from elongated-lanceolate to filiform, sessile or nearly so, glabrous. a. Corolla reflexed (as in the genus generally) : horn of the hoods subulate and exserted. 1. Column conspicuous, at length about half as long as the anthers. A. Mexioana, Cav. Stem 3 to 5 feet high : leaves in whorls of 3 to 6, or uppermost and lower opposite, sometimes -also in axillary fascicles, linear or narrowly lanceolate (3 to 6 Asctepias. ASCLEPIADACE2E. 97 inches' long, 2 to 6 lines broad) : umbels corymbose, densely many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels : flowers greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple : corolla- lobes oblong, 2 lines long : hoods broadly ovate, entire, shorter than the anthers, exceeded by the stout-subulate incurved horn. — Cav. Ic. i. 42, t. 58; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. A.fascicularis, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 569 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 475. A. macrophylla, Nutt., PI. Gamb. 180. — Dry or moist ground, Oregon and California, to Nevada and Arizona. ( Ilex. ) A. verticillata, L. Stems a foot or two high, slender, very leafy : leaves mostly in whorls of 3 to 6, or some scattered, filiform-linear and with revolute margins (2 to 4 inches long) : umbels numerous, small, many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels : corolla greenish-white ; the lobes oblong, 2 lines long : hoods white, broadly ovate and entire, with somewhat auriculate involute base, barely equalling the anthers, much shorter than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn. — (Pluk. Aim. t. 330. ) Hook. Fl. 1. 144 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1067 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 144 ; Decaisne, 1. c. (excl. var. linifolia) ; Torr. Fl. X. Y. t. 87. A. ijalioides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 188. —Dry soil, Canada to Nebraska and south to Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. (Mex.) Var. pumila, Gray, 1. c. A span or more lugh, many-stemmed from a fascicled root : leaves much crowded, filiform ; peduncles seldom longer than the pedicels. — Dry plains, Nebraska to Kansas and New Mexico. Var. subverticillata, Gray, 1. c. Stems single, 1 to 24 feet high : leaves all oppo- site or barely in threes, 3 to 5 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide, flatter, the margins less or little revolute : horns sometimes rather less exserted. — A. verticillata, var. galioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, chiefly, hardly of Decaisne. -1. linearis, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 758. A. verticillata, var. linifolia, Engelm. ined., but not A. linifolia, HBK. (which may rather be A. virgata, Balb.), nor of Decaisne, 1. c, which seems to be a mixture of two or three species. — W. Texas and New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) A. Lixaeia, Cav., with the aspect of the foregoing, has the horn short and nearly in- cluded in the hood, a very short column, and turgid-ovate follicle arrect on the deflexed pedicel : enumerated in Torr. Mex. Bound. 1. c, from Northern Mexico, but not yet found very near the U. S. boundary. 2. Column manifest, but not higher than broad. A. quirtquedentata, Gray. A span or two high : leaves all opposite, narrowly linear and elongated, resembling those of A. verticillata, var. subverticillata : umbels 4-10-flowered : peduncle longer than the pedicels : lobes of the greenish-white corolla oval, 2+ or 3 lines long : hoods white, about the length of the anthers, conduplicate, somewhat quadrate in outline, the keeled back ending below in a truncate salient base, the truncate summit prominently and acutely 5-toothed ; horn adnate up to the summit, falcate, ending in a. small acute dorsal tooth and in an inflexed and moderately exserted subulate proper apex. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. A. verticillata, var. galioides, Torr. 1. c. in part. — Prairies or rocky hills on the San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright (1689). Fruit unknown; but, according to Engelmann, it may be arrect on a decurved pedicel, as in A. Linaria. A. angustifolia, Ell. Minutely puberulent, or the foliage glabrous : stems a span to n foot long, decumbent or ascending, very leafy : leaves irregularly alternate or the lower .opposite, narrowly linear (1£ to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), the margins little if at all revolute : umbels 1 to 3, terminal, many-flowered : peduncle usually much longer than the pedicels : lobes of the greenish corolla oval, barely 2 lines long : hoods (purplish, " nearly orange-colored," Ell.) ovate, entire, considerably surpassing the anthers, longer than the broad subulate horn, which is inflexed-exserted from the middle. — Sk. i. 325. A. tnherosa ? Walt, fide Ell. A. longifolia, Michx. herb., in part. A. Michauxii, Decaisne, 1. u. 569 ; Chapm. Fl. 365. (Elliott's name was published in 1817, earlier than the homonyms.) — Low pine barrens and sand-hills, S. Carolina to Florida. A. viridula, Chapm. Nearly glabrous : stem slender, erect, a foot or two high : leaves all opposite, narrowly linear or (when witli revolute margins) filiform, erect or ascending (1 to 3 inches long), surpassing the short-peduncled 5-12-flowered umbels : lobes of the yellowish-green corolla oblong, 2 lines long : hoods oblong, one third longer than the an- thers, the margins with an auriculate incurved tooth below the middle, otherwise entire, longer than the subulate incurved horn. — Fl. 362. — Wet pine barrens near Apalachicola, Florida, Chapman. 7 98 ASCLEPIADACE^. Asdepias. 3. Column none. A. cinerea, Walt. Glabrous or nearly so : stem very slender, a foot or two high : leaves all opposite, spreading, very narrowly linear (1 to 3 inches long, half to a line wide); umbels terminal and subterminal at the naked summit of the stem, loosely 5-7-flowered : filiform drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle : corolla dull purplish outside, ash-color within ; the lobes tardily reflexed, oval, 3 lines long : hoods considerably shorter than the anthers, broader than high, truncate at the Tbaek, the involute inner angles extended in a triangular acute ascending lobe, which exceeds the broad triangular horn. — Car. 105 ; Ell. Sk. i. 325 ; Cliapm. 1. c. — Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida. b. Corolla and calyx merely rotately spreading, not reflexed. A. Feayi, Chapm. Stem filiform, erect, a foot or two high : leaves all opposite, in 4 to 6 pairs, spreading, linear-filiform (2 to 4 inches long, barely half a line wide), glabrous, often wanting above at the 2 or 3 approximate short-peduncled 3-5-flowered umbels : corolla white ; the lobes oblong or at length narrower, 3 or 4 lines long : column none : hoods white and petaloid except a thickish midrib, barely as long as the sagittate-based anthers,' spread- ing, concave, entire ; in place of horn a semioval entire crest or plate adnate to the middle of ths back within : follicles not seen. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. — Tampa, Florida, Leavenworth (in herb. Torr.), Dr. Feay, Dr. Garber. § 2. Podostemma, Gray. Hoods long-stipitate, their stalks adnate to nearly the whole length of the antheriferous column, surpassing the anthers ; the crest- like process adnate to the nearly open lamina : anther-wings broader and some- what angulate about the middle : umbels all lateral. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. A. longicornu, Benth. A span to a foot or more high, minutely and somewhat hir- sutely pubescent : leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 2 to 4 inches long, petioled : umbels short-peduncled or nearly sessile, several-many-flowered : flowers yellowish-green : corolla-lobes a fourth to half inch long, oblong : hoods with stalk-like portion twice the length of the gradually dilated whitish somewhat 2-3-lobed or toothed lamina ; the process infra-apical and divided into 2 short subulate and fleshy horns, ; the exterior horn barely equalling the apex of the hood ; the inner twice longer, incurved and somewhat exserted : follicles arrect on the deflexe'd pedicel, ovate-oblong, acuminate, at first canescent or pubescent or roughish. — PI. Hartw. 24 ; Decaisne, 1. c. 570. A. Lindheimeri, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 42. — Texas and New Mexico. (Mex., Nicaragua.) § 3. Nothacerates, Gray. Anther-wings widening to the broadly rounded base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it : hoods sessile, with a narrow wholly adnate internal crest terminating in a minute horn : habit of Acerat.es : pollinia short and thick, arcuate-obovate. A. stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous : stems slender, a foot or two high, simple : leaves long and narrowly linear (3 to 7 inches long, 1 to 2-J- lines wide), with scabrous and more or less revolute margins and a strong midrib ; the upper alternate and the lower opposite : umbels several, short-peduncled or subsessile, 10-15-flowered : pedicels about twice the length of the greenish flowers : corolla-lobes oblong, 2 lines long : column very short : hoods whitish, erect, equalling the anthers, oblong, conduplicate-concave, the base of each inner margin appendaged by a cuneate erosely truncate lobe, the apex 2-lobed and the narrow internal crest exserted in the sinus in the form of an intermediate tooth: interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed processes between the bases of the anthers : follicles slender-fusiform and long-acuminate, erect on the ascending pedicel. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. Polyotus angustifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. ser. 2, v. 201. Acerates angusti folia, Decaisne, 1. c. 522. — Dry prairies, W. Arkansas and N. Texas to Nebraska and Colorado. Connecting link between Asclepias and Acerates. 7. ACERATES, Ell. (Formed of «, privative', and aeijag, a horn.) —At- lantic U. S. perennial herbs, resembling Asclepias ; with comparatively small flowers greenish or barely tinged with purple, in summer. Umbels many-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled. Distinguished only by the total absence of horn or Acerates. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 99 crest to the hoods, and by the wings of the anthers not angulate nor dilated (but rather tapering) at base. — Ell. Sk. i. 31G (1817); Engelm. mss. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Polyotus, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Gomphocarpus in part, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754. # Mass of anthers and stigma globular, not equalled by the hoods : columu below the hoods evi- dent: leaves mainly alternate-scattered, very numerous. A. auriculata, Engelm. Glabrous up to the inflorescence : stem 2 or 3 foet high, slender: leaves linear-filiform (4 to 6 inches long, a third to a line and a half wide), their scabrous margins not revolute : umbels several, lateral : pedicels short : column below the hoods very short : hoods oval or quadrate, emarginately or sometimes 3-crenately truncate, the involute margins at base appendaged with a pair of remarkably large and broad auricles : anther-wings narrow and of equal breadth from top to bottom : pollinia elongated- oblong, not tapering upward. — Engelm. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 160. — Prairies and rocky ground, from S. Texas and New Mexico to Colorado. Unless the characters are noted, very likely to be confounded with Asclepias (Nothacerates) stenophijlla. A. longifolia, Ell. Minutely hirsutely scabrous-pubescent, or smoothish : stems 1 to 3 feet high, erect or ascending : leaves from linear to elongated-lanceolate (3 to 8 inches long, 1 to 6 lines wide) : umbels few or numerous, terminal and lateral : pedicels slender : column rather conspicuous below the hoods :• these purple or purplish, oval, obtuse, entire, unap- pendaged, adnate by the ventral margins to the whole upper half of the column, therefore pitcher-like, rising barely to the middle of the - anthers: anther-wings semi-rhombic, more attenuate to base: pollinia (as generally in the genus) with tapering apex. — Sk. i. 017; Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. .322. Asclepias longifolia, Miclix. Fl. i. 116, mainly. A. Flori- dana, Lam. Diet. i. 284. A. incamata, Walt. Car. 106, not L. Polyotus loivjifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 522. — Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Florida to Texas, and north to Ohio and Wisconsin. Varies greatly in height, length of peduncles, foliage, &c. : a Florida form has few or single slender-peduncled umbels, and smaller flowers. # * Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods, the short inser- tion of which covers the very short column : leaves not rarely opposite, mostly broader. A. viridiflora, Ell. Tomentose-puberulent, becoming glabrate, or the foliage somewhat scabrous : stem a foot or two high : leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse (one or two inches long), or sometimes narrower and longer and also acute, commonly mucronate, occa- sionally undulate : umbels 2 to 5 or sometimes solitary, mostly lateral and subsessile, dense : pedicels little over double the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish corolla : hoods somewhat fleshy, lanceolate-oblong, with small auricles at base much in- volute and concealed, otherwise entire, alternated by as many short and roundish or gland- like small internal teeth : anther-wings semi-rhomboid above, with a much longer tapering base. — Asclepias viridiflora, Raf. in Med. Rep. xi. 360, & Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 227 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 181 ; Torr. Fl. 284 (excl. var. obovata) ; Hook. Fl. ii. 53, 1. 143. Polyotus helerophyllus, Nutt. 1. c. — Dry sterile soil, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and south to Florida and Texas. Runs into Var. lanceolata, with lanceolate leaves 24. to 4 inches long. — Asclepias lanceolata, Ives in Amer. Jour. Sji. iv. 252, with plate. A viridiflora, var. lanceolata, Torr. 1. c. ; Hook. 1. c, dextral figure. With the broader-leaved form. Var. linearis, with elongated linear leaves and low stems : umbels often solitary. — Winnipeg Valley to New Mexico. A. lanuginosa, Deoaisne. Hirsute rather than woolly : stems a span or two high, terminated by a single pedunculate umbel : leaves frequently alternate or scattered, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long), with roundish base : pedicels 3 or 4 times the length of the oblong lobes of the greenish corolla : hoods purplish, broadly oblong, obtuse and entire, involute auricles at base obscure if any ; the alternating internal teeth or lobes small and emarginate : anther-wings broadest and obtusely angulate below the middle (approaching those of Asclepias) : fruit not seen. — Gray, Man. ed. A, & ed. 5. A. monocephala, Lapham in Gray, Man. ed. 2, addend. Asclepias lanuginosa, Nutt. Gen. i. 168. A. Nuttalliana, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 218. Polyotus lanuginosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Prairies, Wisconsin and N. Illinois, Lapham, Vasey, &c, to the Missouri at White River, Nuttatt, and the Yellowstone, Mr. Allen. 100 ASCLEPIADACE.E. Schizonotus. 8. SCHIZONCJTUS, Gray. {2%!,&, I cleave, vwmi, the back, the hoods of the crown open posteriorly as if split down the back ; in which it differs from Acerates.) — Single species. S. purpurascens, Gray. Herb a span to a foot high, canescently puberulent: leaves opposite, cordate (an inch or. more long), thickish: umbels 2, terminal, densely many- flowered on peduncles longer than the pedicels : corolla reddish purple outside, flesh-color within ; the oblong lobes a line and a half long ; the pale hoods about the same length : anther-wings lunate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Gomphocarpus purpurascens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 76, & Bot. Calif, i. 477 (§ Schizonotus). — California, on an open mountain sum- mit in Lake Co., Greene (Mr. Towle) : fl. June. 9. G-OMPHOCARPUS, R. Br. (rdficpog, a peg or club, and zajwoV, fruit.) — Old World and chiefly African genus, to which these two Californian species are technically referred ; distinguished from Asclepias merely by the absence of horn or crest to the hoods. — Benth. & Hook. 1. c, excl. Acerates & Anantherix. G. cordifolius, Benth. Glabrous : stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate with cordate clasping base, acute, opposite or rarely in threes, 2 to 5 inches long : umbels 1 to 4, loosely many-flowered ; slender filiform pedicels equalling or shorter than the peduncles : calyx villous-pubescent : corolla dark red-purple ; the lobes oval or oblong, 3 or 4 lines long : hoods erect on the summit of the short column, purplish, thin, ventricose, with dorsally truncate summit produced at the ventral margins into subulate slender ascend- ing cusp, equalling the anthers, a narrow fissure down the ventral side : follicles ovate- lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, arrect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 477. Acerates cordifolia, Benth. PI. Hartw. 323. A. atropurpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 65. Asclepias " ecornutum," Kellogg, 1. c. 55. — California, common in dry ground through the great valley and foot-hills. G. tomentosus, Gray, 1. c. Tomentose up to the calyx or outside of the corolla with soft floccose matted wool, resembling Asclepias vestita : stem 2 or 3 feet high, angled : leaves opposite (rarely somewhat scattered), ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate (2 to 4 inches long), mostly rounded at base, short-petioled : umbels terminal and lateral, sessile or nearly so, loosely several-flowered : corolla greenish or dull purplish; the lobes 4 lines long: hood attached to the summit of the short distinct column, ventricose and rounded, spreading, reaching to near the middle of the anthers, pointless, open, and as if 2-valved across the top and to the middle of the back. — Acerates tomentosa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160, t. 44. — Dry hills, California, from Monte Diablo to San Diego Co. Var. Xanti, Gray, 1. c, distinguished only by the hoods ; these somewhat oval, and depending, so that the fissure becomes as if dorsal, and extends two-thirds down. — Fort Tejon, Xantus. Ojai, Santa Barbara Co., Dr. Peckham. 10. ENSLISNIA, Nutt. {Aloysius Enslen, an Austrian botanist, who col- lected in the Atlantic U. S. early in the century.) — Perennial twining herbs (N. and S. American) ; with membranaceous and cordate opposite leaves, and whitish flowers in small axillary pedunculate cymes. E. albida, Nutt. Tall-climbing, glabrous, with some slight pubescence : leaves some- what hastately cordate, slender-petioled, acuminate-tipped : cymes 15-30-flowered : appen- dages of the crown 2-awned : anther-tips erect, longer than the body of the anther : ligulate awn-like appendages of the crown geminate. — Gen. i. 164 ; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 518 ; Deless. Ic. v. t. 63. — River banks, S. Pennsylvania and Virginia to Illinois, Mis- souri and Texas : fl. summer. 11. ROULlNIA, Decaisne. (Dr. Roulin,& French naturalist.) — Twining plants (Texas to Buenos Ayres), with the habit of Enslenia. — DC. Prodr. viii. 516; Deless. lev. t. 62. R. Unifaria, Bngelm. Aspect and growth of Enslenia albida: leaves deeply cordate, with rounded basal lobes of the larger ones incurved, abruptly slender-acuminate : cymes Melinia. ASCLEPIADACE^. 101 10-20-flowered, somewhat paniculate or racemiform : flowers greenish-white, hardly 3 lines in diameter : corolla-lobes oblong, thiekish-edged : divisions of the crown short (hardly at all exceeding the anthers), merely and obtusely 3-lobed at the apex; the middle lobe at most twice the length of the lateral ones, obtuse or emarginate : follicles oblong, thick, 3 or 4 inches long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160. Gonolobus umfurius, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 760, the insignificant specific name from the pubescence in a line down the stem, in a manner most common in the order. — Along streams, Texas, Lindlieimer, Wright, &c. 12. METASTELMA, R. Br. (Formed of /And, change of, and artlpu, girdle or crown, having 5 processes or scales in place of the ordinary crown.) — Twining perennial herbs or somewhat woody plants (American and mainly tropical), usually slender, and with small opposite leaves. Flowers small in axillary umbelliform clusters, white or sometimes greenish. § 1. Eumetastelma, Benth. & Hook. Crown borne on the base of the corolla or of the short or else obsolete column. M. FrAseki, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 513, " Carolina 1 Fraser," was probably West Indian, perhaps same as M. albijiorum, Griseb., doubtless not Carolinian. M. barblgerum, Scheele. Glabrous : stems slender : leaves from ovate-oblong to nar- rowly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded at base, glandular at base of midrib : peduncles shorter than the petiole and the 3 to 5 pedicels, often very short : corolla (nearly 2 lines long, greenish outside), 5-parted; the lobes linear and strongly white-villous inside : scales of the crown slender-subulate, on the base of the corolla, a little surpassing the anthers : column extremely short. — Linn. xxi. 760 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. — Open woods and rocky banks, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) M. Blodgettii, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform : leaves narrowly lanceolate, very acute (half inch or more long, a line or so wide), rounded at base, short-petioled : peduncle very short or obsolete, 3-6-flowered : pedicels about the length of the flower (one line) : corolla cleft almost to base ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, within densely penicillate-bearded just below the apex, glabrous or with a few sparse hairs below : scales of the crown slender-subulate, inserted on the base of the corolla, half the length of its lobes, hardly surpassing the anthers : column distinct but shorter than the anthers. — Proc. Am. Acad, xii. 73. M. parviflorum, Chapm. Fl. 367, not R. Br. — Pine Key, S. Florida, Blodgett. (Prob- ably also W. Indian.) M. Califoknicum, Benth. Sulph. 33, t 18, is from Bay of Magdalena, Lower California, nearly under the tropic. § 2. Epicion, Griseb. Crown borne on the summit of the elongated column close to the anthers. M. Bahamense, Griseb. Nearly glabrous : leaves round-oval to oblong (an inch or less long), mucronate-cuspidate, slender-petioled : peduncles equaling or slightly surpassing the petiole, 3-6-flowered : corolla 2 lines long, campanulate ; the lobes ovate-oblong, densely puberulent along the broad thickened margins : column 3 or 4 times the length of the anthers, 5-wing-angled at base : scales of the crown oblong-falcate, laterally compressed and internally carinate, equalling the anthers. — Cat. Cubens. 174. M. Cubense, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 417, not Decaisne. M. Schlechtendalii, Chapm. Fl. 366, not Decaisne. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett. (Bahamas.) 13. MELlNIA, Decaisne. (From (xt'jhvog, yellowish, the color of the small flowers.) — Two or three extra-tropical S. American species, which have cordate leaves and slender peduncles ; to which is appended the following, doubtfully, for its habit is that of Metastelma. M. angUStif olia, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform, branching from a ligneous base, a foot or two long, spreading, more or less twining : leaves opposite, narrowly linear (9 to 20 lines long, a line or less wide), acute, distinctly petioled : peduncles 1-2-flowered, hardly longer than the flowers : calyx-segments lanceolate-acuminate, nearly equalling the cam- panulate 5-parted corolla : scales of the crown spatulate-oblong, nearly plane, half the 102 ASCLEPIADACE.E. Vincetoxicum. length of the corolla-lobes, surpassing the column under the anthers : terminal membrane of the latter oblong, longer than their cells, slightly surpassed by the slender columnar entire beak to the stigma : young follicle tapering from the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 73. Metastelma? angustifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. — Kavine at Santa Cruz, Sonora, near the southern boundary of Arizona, Wright. Corolla a line long, smooth within, except a minute and apparently glandular tuft at the base of the midrib, and the obscurely puberulent recurved tips ; the sides below narrowly but distinctly convolute- overlapping in sestivation. Scales of the crown wholly separate, inserted at the junction of the corolla with the column. 14. VINCETOXICUM, Mcench. (Old herbalist name of the typical species, from vinceus, that which serves for binding, and toxicum, a poison, i. e. poisonous bindweed.) — Herbaceous perennial or under-shrubby plants (of the Old and New Worlds) ; with twining or erect stems, mostly opposite leaves, and small or minute flowers, usually dull-colored. — ; A polymorphous and rather loosely defined genus, as extended in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 761 ; the indigenous North American (and most other American) species forming a distinct Subgenus. § 1. Setjtera. Crown of 5 thin or thinnish scales or processes, either dis- tinct or barely united at base : corolla-lobes narrowly or sometimes obscurely overlapping. — Lyonia, Ell., not Nutt., but rather earlier. Seutera, Reichenb. Consp. 131. Amphistelma, Griseb. V. palustre. Stems filiform, herbaceous, freely twining upon rushes and saline grasses : leaves linear, acute, fleshy (an inch or two long, a line or two wide) : peduncles longer than the leaves, umbellately several-many-flowered: corolla greenish, with ovate-lanceolate acuminate lobes nearly 2 lines long : scales of the crown oblong-obovate, refuse or eroar- ginate, nearly half the length of the corolla, slightly surpassing the deeply sagittate-based anthers, distinct or very nearly so : stigma with obtusely conical apex. — Ceropegia palustris, Pursh, Fl. i. 184. Lyonia maritima, Ell. Sk. i. 316. Cynanchum angustifolium, Nutt. Gen. i. 164. Seutera maritima, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 590. Amphistelma salinarum, C. Wright in Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 175. — Salt marshes along the coast from North Carolina to Texas : fl. summer. (W. Ind.) V. Scoparium. Stems filiform, much branched, ligneous below, the branches diffuse and more or less twining, becoming leafless and rush-like : leaves slender-linear, thin, very acute: umbels sessile and few-flowered: flowers very small (only a line long), greenish: corolla-lobes lanceolate, almost valvate in the bud : scales of the crown much shorter than the anthers, ovate, hardly united at base. — Cynanchum scoparium, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. (1822) 291. Cynoctonum ? scoparium, Chapm. Fl. 367. Amphistelma fiiforme, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 418. A. ephedroicles & graminifolium (probably), Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 174. Meta- stelma fiiforme, C. Wright, in Sauvalle, Fl. Cubana, 120. — Dry soil, E. Florida. ( W. Ind., Mex. 1 ) § 2. Vincetoxicum proper. Crown more fleshy and cup-like, almost entire, lobed, or sometimes 5-parted : stems erect or feebly twining. V. nigrum, Moench, of Europe, with feebly twining stems, ovate acute leaves, and peduncled cymes of blackish-purple flowers (3 or 4 lines in diameter), the saucer-shaped crown cre- nately 5-lobed and with obscure interposed denticulations — sparingly occurs as a weed in and near gardens, New England to Penn., but does not deserve a place in our flora. 15. G-ONOLOBUS, Michx. (Formed of ymvia, angle, and lofioq, pod, one of the original species having costate-angled follicles.) — Perennial herbs, or in warmer regions shrubby (all American) ; with twining or trailing stems, usually cordate opposite leaves, and mostly umbellate cymes or small fascicles of dull or dark-colored flowers, produced in summer, succeeded by follicles which generally resemble those of Asclepids. — Fl. i. 119 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 73, 74. Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACE2E. 103 § 1. Dictyolobus, Gray, I.e. Corolla reticulated and sometimes rugulose with a fine network of colored veins ; the lobes commonly broad or roundish : crown single. (The species mainly tropical and rather large-flowered.) G. reticulatus, Engelm. High-climbing, hirsute (especially the stems) with spreading and reddish bristly hairs, minutely somewhat glandular : leaves (14- to 4 inches long) deeply cordate with incurved auricles, acute or acuminate : peduncles equalling or exceeding' the slender petiole and sometimes longer than the leaf, 6-9-flowered, tlu-ice the length of the flower : corolla lurid green, with purplish venation, half inch in diameter, glabrous within, somewhat hairy without ; the lobes broadly ovate or obovate : crown a narrow entire ring around the base of the distinct column : stigma circular : follicles fusiform and long-acu- minate, 3 to 5 inches long, strongly muricate. — Gray, 1. c. G. granulatus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1G5, not Scheele. — Thickets and rocky banks, Texas to E. Arizona. (Monterey, Mex.) § 2. Eugoxolobus, G-ray, 1. c. Corolla not venulose-reticulated (at least not conspicuously) ; the lobes from ovate-acuminate to linear : crown simple, un- appendaged within, inserted at the junction of corolla and column or higher on the latter : angles of the stigma little or not at all salient : stems herbaceous, usually freely twining. (Pubescence variable, especially the hirsute and spread- ing or reflexed hairs, which often occur on the stems, petioles, and sometimes on the leaves.) # Peduncles nmbellately or sometimes more cymosely few-many-flowered : corolla rotate, 5- parted ; the lobes stellately spreading or recurving, -i— Thickish in texture, dull or dusky yellowish-green, sometimes turning lurid-purplish within, at least toward the base ; the bud conical-acuminate, at least the outside (as well as calyx, pedicels, and short peduncle) glabrous : crown a low and undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk at base of short column under the stigma : anthers narrowly bordered at summit with a scarious membrane which overlies the edge of the stigma : follicles" unarmed, glabrous, 3-5-costate or angled, fleshy and when mature and dry of spongy texture. G. SUberosus, It. Br. Leaves cordate with an open and shallow or sometimes deeper and narrow sinus, acuminate, minutely pubescent, glabrate, or sometimes hairy (3 to 5 inches long) : umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole : corolla broadly conical and with abrupt acumination, twisted in the bud ; its lobes ovate or becoming triangular- lanceolate, acute, of thickish and firm texture, dusky, minutely whitish-pubescent inside, but sometimes glabrate, hardly double the length of the calyx-lobes. — Mem. Wern. Soc. (name only) & Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 82 (1811) ; Gray, Proc. 1. c, not Decaisne. Cgnanchum suberosum, L. Spec, as to Dill. Elth. i. 308, t. 229, f. 290. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, at least in part. Gonolobus macrophyllus, Chapm. Fl. i. 368, not Michx. — Virginia to Florida, along and near the coast. G. leevis, Michx. Usually less pubescent or hairy : leaves (in the typical form) oblong- cordate with a deep and narrow but open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3 to 6 inches long) : umbels 5-10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole : corolla rather elongated-conical in the bud, not twisted; its lobes (3 to 5 lines long) narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. — Fl. ii. 119; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 399. — Mississippi to Arkansas and E. Texas. Passes freely into Var. macrophyllus. Leaves broadly cordate, and with the rounded basal lobes approximate or even overlapping, abruptly acuminate, the larger often or 10 inches long and 7 or 8 broad, the under side commonly soft with a fine and short or sometimes granular- glandular pubescence : calyx-lobes often ciliolate toward the apex. — G. macrophyllus, Michx. 1. c. G. viridiftorus, Nutt. Gen. i. 103 ; therefore G. Nattallii, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 598. G. tilicefolius, Decaisne, 1. c. 596. G. granulatus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 759. Vince- toxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, in part. — Virginia and Carolina to Texas, Kentucky and Missouri. +- -t- Corolla thinner in texture, mostly purple or whitish ; the lobes obtuse : crown cupulate, as high as the anthers : membrane of the' latter inconspicuous or obsolete, or not inflected oyer the edge of the stigma: peduncle with the umbel or cymofe cluster equalling or surpassing the petiole : follicles ovate-lanceolate, terete, muricate : steins in all variably hirsute : calyx and out- side of the corolla more or less pubescent or puberulent. 104 ASCLEPIADACEiE. Gonolobus. •H- Crown fleshy, the border merely erenate. G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves from rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate (3 to 8 inches long) : umbel many-flowered, sometimes cymosely com- pound or geminate : corolla in the bud oblong-conical; its lobes Iinear-ligulate (5 or 6 lines long, barely a line wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent outside : margin of the crown 10-crenulate, with the intermediate crenatures sometimes 2-dentate. — Item. & Schult. Syst. vi. 64; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 99; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 399. G. hirsutus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163, not Michx. G. macrophyllus, Decaisne, 1. c, chiefly, not Michx. Gonolobium hirsutum, Pursh, Fl. i. 179. Cynanchum obliquum, Jacq. Coll. i. 148, & Ic. Ear. t. 341. C. discolor, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1273; therefore Gonolobus discolor, Roem. & Schult. 1. c. C. hirtum, L. ?, as to Apocynum scandens Virginianum, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 611, t. 3, fig. 61. — Mountains of Virginia (and Carolina 1 ) to Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky. Anthers with a distinct dorsal membrane which barely reaches the edge of the stigma. Var. Shortii, apparently a form with dull purplish and larger flowers (corolla-lobes a line and a half wide), said to have the scent of Calycanthus-blossoms. — Dry woods, near Lexington, Kentucky, Short, Peter. G. hirsutus, Michx. Commonly more hairy : leaves nearly as the preceding, the basal lobes sometimes overlapping : peduncles fewer-flowered : corolla in the bud ovate ; its lobes elliptical-oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-purple : margin of the crown obtusely 10-crenate. — PI. i. 119 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Gray, Man. 1. c, excl. syn. in part. Apocynum hirsutum, etc., Pluk. Aim. 37, t. 76. — Maryland and Virginia to Tennessee and Florida. Corolla in dried specimens showing some reticulate venation. -H- ++ Crown of thinner texture, 5-lobed and with intermediate geminate or 2-clef t longer teeth : peduncle commonly longer and inflorescence more cymose or umbellate-clustered : leaves, &c., as in the preceding species : flower-bud oblong, barely puberulent outside. G. Carolinensis, R. Br. Corolla brownish-purple ; the lobes oblong or linear-oblong, 4 or 5 lines long : crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a' longer bifid subulate process in each sinus which equals or somewhat surpasses the stigma. — Roem. & Schult. 1. c. 62 ; Ell. Sk. i. 328 (excl. fruit) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. G. hirsutus, Sweet, Br. Fl. Gard. 1. 1. Cynanchum Carolinense, Jacq. Coll. ii. 228, & Ic. Rar. t. 342. Vincetoxicurn acanthocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, ex char. — S. Carolina to Louisiana and Arkansas. G. Baldwinianus, Sweet. Corolla whitish, thin in texture ; the lobes less spreading, oblong or becoming spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long : crown almost membranaceous, deeply cleft ; the 5 broader lobes quadrate, with the summit commonly emarginate ; in their si- nuses a pair of slender linear-subulate processes of about double the length, which promi- nently surpass the stigma. — G. macrophyllus, Ell. Sk. i. 327 (" corolla obscure, yellow "), not Michx. G. Carolinensis, Nutt. Gen. i. 163 ("flowers yellowish"), not R. Br. G. hirsutus, Lodd. Cab. t. 365 % — Georgia and Alabama (Buckley, " flowers white ") to N. W. Arkansas, Engelmarm ; " flowers whitish with offensive odor." Transition to Polymeria of Decaisne. # # Flowers solitary and subsessile in the axils : corolla deply 5-cleft : anthers prominent and more separate from the stigma. Gr. sagittifolius, Gray. Barely puberulent, small and low, but twining : leaves rather fleshy (a quarter to half inch long, and with petiole of half the length), sagittate, with auricles obtuse or rounded : corolla " yellow," glabrous, 2J lines long ; the lobes lanceolate- linear : crown at the base of corolla, entire and saucer-shaped : follicles lanceolate, smooth and nearly glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 77. — Mountain sides along the Rio Limpio, Western Texas, Wright. A peculiar species, in Bot. Mex. Bound, confounded with G. parvifolius. § 3. Chthamalia, Gray, 1. c. Corolla not conspicuously venulose-reticulated, campanulate or rotate : crown appendaged or crested within, or else double (the internal appendages being free), inserted at the junction of the column with the corolla, or more adnate to one or the other : anthers more prominent and distinct from the stigma (not rarely with short corneous wings in the manner of Asclepias) ■ flowers small : stems mostly low and little or not at all twining. — Chthamalia (at least in part) & Lachnostoma, in part, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. Lachnostoma, Benth. & Hook, in part, not HBK. (The first species nearly wants the technical character.) Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACE^. 105 # Peduncles none, or merely a terminal one by the reduction of uppermost leaves to bracts : pedicels 2 or 3 in a fascicles as long as the flower : stems a foot or two long-, procumbent or diffuse, not twining. G. pubiflorus, Engelm. Soft-pubescent and somewhat hirsute : leaves (about an inch long) broadly cordate or reniform, on petioles hardly longer than the basal lobes, the upper acute or sometimes acuminate : pedicels rather shorter than the flower : corolla campanu- late, 5-cleft barely to the middle (3 lines long) ; its lobes oblong-ovate, very villous inside: crown globular cup-shaped, higher than the anthers and acutely 5-angled stigma, thinnish, obscurely 5-lobed at the involute somewhat plaited summit ; the lobes undulate-truncate and with a prominent callous tip, obscurely glandular within, and the tube within traversed with 5 light salient (or almost obsolete) ribs or crests ; also 5 small adnate auricles at very base within : follicles " oval, smooth." — PI. Lindh. i. 44 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165. 67. pros- tratus, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 329, not R. Br. Ckthamalia pubiflora, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 605. Georgia, on sandhills of the Altamaha River, &c, Lyon, Baldwin, Le Conte : rare. G. biflorus, Nutt. Hirsute-villous : leaves cordate (an inch or so in length), on slender petioles much longer than basal lobes, the upper triangular-cordate, uppermost occasionally reduced and bract-like : pedicels in pairs or sometimes solitary, nearly equalling the petiole : corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, dark dull-purple (2£ lines long) ; the lobes oblong, sparsely pubescent both sides : crown saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, and the sinuses occasionally 2-3-den- ticulate ; the lobes traversed within by a salient canaliculate crest, which at base is adnate to the base of the column and at summit extends into a conspicuous callous acuminatum which incurves over the edge of the stigma : follicles muricate. — Torr. 1. c. 165. Chtliamalia biflora, Decaisne, 1. c. — Arkansas (Nuttall, &c.) and Texas. Var. W rightii, a form with corolla almost 5-parted into oblong-linear lobes : the callous acumination of the crown shorter, and the large and stout follicles hirsute as well as muricate. — E. Texas, Wright. G. cynanchoides, Engelm. Pubescent and somewhat hirsute : leaves cordate (an inch or two long) on short petioles mostly longer than the basal lobes, the upper often ovate-lanceolate and subcordate, uppermost not rarely reduced to bracts ; the inflorescence thus becoming somewhat racemose-clustered at naked summit : pedicels also in pairs from a few of the axils below, rather longer than the petiole : corolla rotate-campanulate, dark greenish-purple (2 lines long), almost 5-parted ; its lobes ovate or oblong, somewhat pubes- cent outside, glabrous within : crown saucer-shaped, thick, 5-lobed ; the lobes broad and rounded, with a callous obscurely 3-crenulate margin, appendaged inside by a prominent crest or ligule ; which is free and obtuse at apex, channelled below, and at base decurrent on the column: anther-tips (as in preceding) partly inflexed over the stigma: follicles ovate, sparsely short-muricate, pubescent. — PI. Lindh. i. 43; Torr. I.e. — Dry prairies, Arkansas and Texas, Berlandier, JJrummond, Lindheimer, &c. * # Peduncles none: flowers solitary (or rarely geminate) and nearly sessile in the axils of the very small and somewhat hastate leaves : stems low but twining. G. parvif olius, Torr. Puberulent, much branched, sparingly climbing : leaves thickish, deltoid or hastate, 2 to 5 lines long, and rather Iong-petioled : corolla globose in the bud, barely a line and a half long, dull yellow, glabrous throughout, nearly rotate, deeply 5-lobed ; . the lobes ovate, obtuse : crown at the base of the very short column, fleshy, deeply 5-lobed ; the lobes broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate, spreading, almost equalling the undivided portion of the corolla, concave, appendaged by a broad and wholly adnate thin crest which is connected with the base of the very short column, and at tip within is extended into a minute projecting tooth. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 166 (excl. fruit) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xii. 78. — S. W. Texas, in a canon of the Rio Grande below Mount Carmel, Parry. Pruit unknown, that described belonging to G. sar/ittifoUus. G. hastulatus, Gray, 1. c. Canescently pubescent : filiform stems freely twining : leaves mostly hastate, 2 or 3 lines long, slender-petioled : corolla narrowly oblong in the bud, 2 lines long, whitish, glabrous, 5-parted ; the lobes ligulate-linear : crown borne on the summit of the distinct column close to the anthers, of 5 white and thinnish Asclepias-like hoods, which are complicate-concave, acutely 3-toothed at summit, its internal crest free at the apex, falcate, and extended into a subulate process which is inflexed over the stigma : follicles fusiform, sparsely muricate. — Lachnostoma hastdatum, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 620. — Tantillas Canon, below the southern boundary line of California, Palmer. 106 LOGANIACEiE. Gonolobus. # # # Peduncles at the axils shorter than the leaf and umbellately 3-S-flowered : corolla 4 lines long : crown cup-shaped, crenately lobed : stem twining or trailing, 2 to 4 feet long. G. pro&ULCtus, Torr. Minutely pubescent : leaves sagittate-cordate, or the broadest with somewhat reniform base, and above gradually tapering-acuminate (an inch or two long), the rounded and mostly incurved auricles much shorter than the slender petiole : peduncles about the length of the petiole : corolla oblong-campanulate, as long as the pedicel, dull greenish-purple, puberulent outside, nearly glabrous within, 5-cleft to rather below the middle ; the lobes linear-oblong, somewhat erect : crown nearly equalling the anthers and stigma, thinnish, inserted at base of the short column, and connected with it by 5 membranaceous lamella? or crests (2-toothed at the upper edge, which only is free) opposite the short lobes, the cavity of the crown thus as it were 5-celled : follicles ovate, smooth. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 185. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) # # # # Peduncles atthe axils and terminal, filiform, surpassing the leaves, somewhat racemosely several-flowered : corolla a line long : crown laciniate and double : stems not twining. G. parviflLorus, Gray, 1. c- Hirsute-pubescent : stems much branched from the tuber- ous base, a span or more high : leaves thinnish, ovate or the lower almost orbicular, not cordate, often undulate, an inch or less long, short-petioled, the upper acute or acuminate : slender peduncles 1 to 4 inches long : flowers short-pedicelled : corolla rotate, purplish, glabrous, 5-parted ; the lobes ovate, becoming lanceolate : crown free from the column, membranaceous, 5-parted; the lobes each deeply cleft into a pair of slender subulate pro- cesses and before their base each augmented with a similar and rather longer free one, all of them surpassing the stigma and more or less connivent over it : follicles large, ovate, pubescent, tuberculate-muricate. — Lachnostoma ? parviflorum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165. — S. W. Texas, Wright, Scliott. Obdee LXXXIX. LOGANIACE.E. Herbs, shrubs, or within the tropics trees, a few climbing, destitute of milky juice ; distinguished by having, along with a free 2-celled ovary and axile pla- centa?, opposite (occasionally verticillate) simple leaves, and stipules between their bases, or a stipular line or narrow membrane in their place ; the flowers regular and 4-5-merous, with stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with its lobes ; pollen of ordinary loose grains ; style one ; stigma terminal ; amphi- tropous or anatropous seeds, and embryo rather small in copious albumen. There- fore mainly like Bubiacece, but with a superior ovary, while they also variously approach Apocynacece, Gentianacece, and even Scrophulariacece. The greater part tropical. Tkibe I. GELSEMIE2E. Stigmas 4, the apex of the style being twice 2-cleft. 1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted-, imbricated. Corolla open-funnelform, 5-lobed; the lobes broad and imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, on the tube of corolla : anthers linear or oblong and sagittate. Style filiform ; the 4 lobes stigmatose inside. Ovules numerous in each cell, on linear placenta?. Capsule elliptical, compressed contrary to the narrow partition, septicidal ; the conduplicate valves at length 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds several or numerous in each cell, winged. Embryo straight or slightly curved in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle. Tribe II. LOGANIE2E. Stigma single, entire or barely 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. * Corolla valvate in the bud, 5-lobed : capsule didymous or 2-lobed : herbs. 2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes narrow, usually very slender. Corolla tubular- funnelform or salverform, 15-nerved. Stamens 5 : anthers linear or oblong, 2-lobed at base. Style filiform, articulated near or below the middle, the upper part often hollow, above puberulent or pubescent. Ovules numerous in each cell, on a peltate stipitate pla- centa. Capsule didymous, somewhat compressed contrarj r to the partition, circumscissile above the cupule-like persistent base, and 2-coccous, the carpels soon loculicidally 2- valved. Seeds few, peltate, angled by mutual pressure, closely packed on the placenta into a globular mass. Embryo short and straight in fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. Spigelia. L0GANTACEJ2. 107 3. MITREOLA. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes lanceolate. Corolla small, urceolate, bearded in the throat. Stamens 5, short : anthers cordate. Ovary 2-celled and with a broad tip : style short, early dividing into two from the base, united by n common stigma, soon wholly separate and divergent. Capsule divaricately 2-lobed or 2-horned at summit, de- hiscent by the ventral suture of each lobe. Seeds numerous, small, on stipitate placentas. Embryo linear, nearly the length of the fleshy albumen. * # Corolla imbricated in the bud, 4-lobed, sometimes 5-lobed: embryo small and straight in fleshy albumen. Pentamerous flowers occasionally occur. -l- Calyx deeply 4-5-parted : capsule loculicidal : annual herb. 4. POLYPREMUM. Corolla campanulas, bearded in the throat, shorter than the subu- late foliaceous sepals. Stamens 4, inserted low on the tube of the corolla, included : anthers ovate. Style short: stigma capitate, entire or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule glo- bular-ovoid but slightly compressed contrary to the partition and didymous, loculicidally 2-valved and at length somewhat septicidal. Seeds numerous on oblong placentae ascend- ing from near the base of the partition, minute, smooth. 4— +- Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft : capsule septicidal, globose or oblong ; valves mostly 2- cleft at apex and separating from the united placentae : shrubs, with leaves often dentate ! 5. BXJDDLEIA. Calyx campanulate. Corolla rotate-campanulate (or sometimes salver- form) ; the lobes ovate or orbicular. Anthers 4, sessile or almost so in the throat or tube of the corolla, ovate or oblong-cordate. 6. EMORY A. Calyx oblong, 4-cleft ; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverform, with tube somewhat enlarged above ; the short lobes ovate. Stamens exserted : filaments fili- form and elongated, inserted on the middle of the tube : anthers cordate-oblong. Style very long and filiform. 1. G-ELSifiMIUM, Juss. " Yellow Jessamine " of S. States. ( Gelsemino, an Italian name of the Jessamine.) — Twining and glabrous shrubby plants, with a mere line marking the place of the minute glandular caducous stipules, con- necting the bases of the opposite or sometimes ternate entire leaves ; the flowers showy, in ours heterogone-dimorphous, fragrant, produced in spring. — Two E. Asian species and the following. G. sempervirens, Ait. Stems slender, climbing high : leaves evergreen, thin-coriaceous, shining, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate (1-J- to 2J inches long) : peduncles very short, axillary, scaly-bracteolate, cymosely 1-3-flowered : corolla deep yellow, over an inch long : stigmas of one form and anthers of the other protruding : capsule deeply sulcate down the flat sides, cuspidate-pointed. — Gelseminum seu Jasminum hiteum odoratum, etc., Catesb. Car. i. 53, t. 53. Bignonia sempervirens, L. Spec. ii. 623. Anonymos sempervirens, Walt. Car. 99. Gelsemium nitidum, llichx. Fl. i. 120. G. lucidum, Poir. " Herb. Amat. 3, t. 169." — Woods and low grounds, E. Virginia to Elorida and Texas. (Jlex.) 2. SPIG-EIjIA, L. Pink-root. (Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, a Dutch botanist of the 17th century.) — Herbs, rarely suffruticose (all American), usually low ; with membranaceous and more or less pinnately veined entire leaves, and small interpetiolar stipules or a transverse membranous line. Upper portion of the style usually, but not always, furnished with pollen-collecting hairs : the stigma terminal, usually emarginate or 2-lobed : lower part or base of the style persistent. — Our species glabrous, or merely scabrous-puberulent on the veins, &c. : stems 4-angled : flowering in early summer. § 1. Flowers showy, unilateral-spicate on the single or sometimes geminate or umbellate and naked terminal peduncles of a scorpioid inflorescence: bracts minute and subulate or wanting : corolla red or pink, elongated-tubular, not plicate and the edges of the lobes slightly or not at all turned outward in the bud : anthers and especially the summit of the style exserted ; the articulation of the latter low down : root perennial, fibrose. 108 LOGANIACE^E. Spigdia. S. Marilandica, L. Indian Pink, &e. Stem a foot or two high : leaves from ovate- lanceolate to ovate and acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long, closely sessile by a rounded base one or two pairs of veins basal : inflorescence 1-2-spicate, short-pedunculate : corolla scarlet outside, yellow within, an inch and » half long ; the tube somewhat clavate, four times the length of ovate-lanceolate lobes. — Mant. 338 ; Bot. Mag. t. 80 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 930 ; Bigel. Med. ii. 1. 14. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 78.) Lonicera Marilandica, L. Spec. — Woodlands, New Jersey to Wisconsin and Texas. § 2. Flowers smaller, naked spicate as in the preceding : corolla white or pur- plish, funnelform ; the limb more or less plicate in the bud with the edges of the lobes turned outward : anthers and style included. S. gentianoid.es, Chapm. Stem a span to a foot high from a perennial root, rough- ish : leaves ovate and the lower roundish, an inch or more long : spike few-flowered : corolla an inch long; the ovate-lanceolate lobes rather erect. — A.DC. Prodr. ix. 5; Chapm. Fl. 182. — Light soil, W. Florida, Chapman. § 3. Flowers small, terminal and in the forks of leafy branches, mostly short- peduncled : corolla nearly salverform, white or nearly so ; the limb plicate in the bud and the edges turned outward : anthers and style included ; the latter articu- lated in the middle, its tubular upper portion beset with collecting hairs fully half way down : root annual ? — CcelostyUs, Torr. & Gray. S. loganioides, A.DC. A span or more high, ascending: leaves oval, sessile (half to three-fourths inch long) : sepals narrowly linear and with the scarious margins denticulate : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, somewhat funnelform : capsule with minutely granulate surface (not lineolate) : seeds smoothish. — Prodr. ix. 4. CcelostyUs loganioides, Torr. & Gray in Endl. Iconogr. t. 101 (beard on the style represented too short), & Fl. N. Am. ii. 44. — E. Florida, near Fort King, &c, Dr. Burrows, Rugel, Buckley. S. Lindheimeri. A span high, diffusely much branched from the base, puberulent- scabrous : leaves from ovate-oblong to lanceolate (an inch or less long), acutish at base, the lower somewhat petioled : sepals linear and the scarious margins conspicuously den- ticulate : corolla salverform. 4 lines long : capsule minutely lineolate : seeds at maturity tuberculate-rugose as well as minutely pitted. — Prairies of W. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright. S. Texana, A.DC. 1. c. About a foot high, nearly smooth and glabrous : leaves ovate- to lanceolate-oblong, thinner and larger (one or two inches long), mostly acute at both ends, the lower somewhat petioled : sepals setaceous-subulate, only one-nerved ; the margins very obscurely serrulate-scabrous : corolla salverform, half inch long : capsule smooth, not lineolate : seeds minutely rugulose and punctate. — Ccdostylis Texana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — E. Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. 3. MITRfiOLA, L. (Diminutive of mitra, a turban or mitre, from the shape of the capsule.) — Glabrous low herbs (E. American, Asiatic and Austra- lian), ours annuals ; with entire leaves, small entire stipules between them, and very small white flowers unilaterally spicate on the naked branches of the ter- minal cyme : fl. summer. — Gynoctonum, Gmelin. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high : leaves membranaceous, from ob- long-lanceolate to ovate (1 to 3 inches long), acute, narrowed at base into more or less of a petiole. — Fl. N Am. ii. 45 ; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 8 ; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. t. 82, fig. 1. Ophiorhiza Mitreola, L. Spec. i. 150 ; Swartz, Obs. t. 3. O. lanceolata, Ell. Sk. i. 238. Anony- mos petiolata, Walt. Car. 108. Cynoctonum petiolatum, Gmel. Syst. 4. Mitreola ophiorhizoides, A. Rich. Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist. Par. i. 63, t. 3, includes both our species. — Wet grounds, E. Virginia to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) M. Sessilifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Stems more simple and virgate : leaves thicker and firmer in texture (half inch or more long, and veins more prominent), roughish-mar- gined, from round-oval to oblong, sessile : flowers and fruit smaller and more crowded. — Anonymos sessilifolia, Walt. 1. u. Cynoctonum sessUifolium, Gmelin, 1. u. Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Buddleia. LOGANIACEiE. 109 Michx. Fl. i. 148. 0. ovalifolia, Muhl. Cat. 0. Croomii, Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 128. Var. angustifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, is a depauperate state of the narrower-leaved form. — Moist ground, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 4. POLYPRfiMUM, L. (Name altered from nalmgepvog, with many trunks, from the diffuse branching next the ground.) — Single species, an insig- nificant weed : fl. late summer. P. prooumbens, L. A span or more high, much branched from an annual (sometimes almost ligneous) root, glabrous; the rigid stems erect or ascending rather than procum- bent, 4-angled, repeatedly branching : leaves narrowly linear or almost acerose, half inch or more long, the uppermost gradually reduced to bracts, their margins obscurely scabrous, their bases united by a membranous stipular line : flowers sessile in the forks or somewhat cymose at the summit of the branches : inconspicuous corolla barely a line long, white. Act. Ups. 1741, p. 78 ; Lam. 111. t. 71. P. Linncei, Michx. Fl. i. 83. — Sandy soil, Penn. (adventive), Maryland to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind.) 5. BUDDLEIA, Houston. (Adam Saddle, an early English botanist, who corresponded with Ray.) — Shrubs, or some arborescent, a few herbaceous (mainly tropical), usually canescent or tomentose with floccose or furfuraceous stellate down ; the leaves sometimes dentate, the petioles connected by a transverse stipular line, or by more evident stipules. Flowers commonly small, and crowded into capitate clusters or cymules, which are variously disposed ; rarely some are S-merous ; the corolla in our few (chiefly Mexican) species very short. * Flowers in comparatively loose and very numerous clusters, disposed in an ample and naked terminal panicle. B. Humboldtiana, Roem. & Schult. Minutely ferrugineous-tomentose : leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 3 inches long, rounded at base, rather long-petioled, copiously pinnately-veined, in age glabrate above : flowers a line and a half long. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 438. B. acuminata, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 349, t. 187, not Poir. — Mexican borders of S. "W. Texas and New Mexico, Thurber, &c. (Mex.) B. lanceolata, Benth., with smaller and narrower leaves tapering to base, and simpler contracted inflorescence, also inhabits Northern Mexico, and may reach the boundary. B. ckoton-oides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165, is from Lower California, under the tropic. * # Flowers in numerous and small dense pedunculate heads, disposed in a virgate raceme. B. racemosa, Torr. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branching, nearly glabrous : leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a truncate or obscurely hastate base, irregu- larly crenate-dentate, mostly obtuse, thinnish, 2 to 4 inches long, short-petioled, green and glabrous above, puberulent-canescent beneath : raceme of heads a span to a foot long : heads about a quarter inch in diameter, on shorter or longer peduncles : corolla little exceeding the tomentulose calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 121. — Rocky banks, W. Texas. Lindheimer, Riddell, Wright, &c. Var. incana, Torr. 1. c. Leaves barely an inch long, fulvous-canescent-tomentose beneath. — San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright. # # # Flowers in solitarj' or geminate heads or capitate clusters : leaves, branches, and heads densely soft-tomentose throughout. B. marrubiifolia, Benth. 1. c. Much branched, canescent or ferrugineous : leaves obo- vate or oval with cuneate base, arcuate, about half inch long, short-petioled, the dense tomentum somewhat velvety : flowers in a globose terminal head (half inch in diameter) on a short peduncle, " odorous : corolla golden yellow turning orange red." — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 121. — S. Texas on the Rio Grande. (Mex.) B. SOOrdioides, HBK. Much branched, ferrugineous-tomentose : leaves narrowly oblong or cuneate-linear, nearly sessile, obtuse, coarsely crenate, rugose, an inch or less long : dense clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of all the upper leaves, the pair com- bined around the stem into a globular head. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. 1. c. t. 183; Torr. 1. c. — S. E. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 110 GENTIANACEiE. Emorya. 6. EMORY A, Torr. (In honor of Major, now General, W. H. Emory, the U. S. Commissioner of the Mexican Boundary Survey in which the plant was discovered.) — Single known species. B. suav^olens, Torr. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, somewhat pulverulent or puberulent : the leaves canescent beneath, somewhat deltoid or hastate, sinuate-dentate with a, few coarse teeth, obtuse, petioled, half inch or more long : inflorescence a nar- row and pedunculate thyrsus or panicle : flowers pedicellate, loose and rather few, sweet- scented : corolla over an inch long, " greenish-white or yellowish ; " the roundish lobes only a line or two long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 121, t. 36 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 794. — Canons of the Rio Grande, Texas, below Presidio, Parry. Order XC. GENTIANACEIE. Herbs, with bitter colorless juice, and (the Menyanthece excepted) with opposite or rarely verticillate simple and entire sessile leaves, no stipules, perfect and reg- ular flowers, persistent calyx and often marcescent corolla, the latter (with one or two exceptions) dextrorsely convolute in the bud, a one-celled free ovary with two parietal many-ovuled placentas, or the whole parietes ovuliferous, a single style with usually 2-lobed or 2-lamellate stigma, and the capsule dehiscent through the placentas. Seeds indefinitely numerous, or rarely few, anatropous, commonly , small, and with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Stamens, as in all the related orders, borne on the tube or base of the corolla, as many as its lobes and alternate with them : anthers in our genera 2-celled and opening longitudinally. Style rarely cleft, at least the divisions stigmatose down the inner face of the lobes. Plants almost all glabrous and smooth throughout, and the flowers cymose or simply terminal. Ovary in all our genera one-celled, or half two-celled by introflexion of the placentas (in some exotic genera 2-celled). The Menyanthece differ almost ordinally in the foliage and aestivation. Obolaria and Bartonia are remarkable for the imbricated aestivation of the corolla : the sepals of the latter are reduced to two : their lower leaves or scales are often alternate. Suborder I. GENTIANEiE. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile (except some radical ones), never alternate, except in one Swertia. ^Estivation of the corolla never valvate. * Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. •f— Style filiform, usually deciduous from the capsule : stigma bilamellar or bicrural, but the divisions at first often connivent as if united, the flowers being proterandrous : seeds numerous, with a close and reticulated or foveolate coat. ++ Calyx 4-toothed and 4-angled : anthers cordate-ovate and unchanged in age. 1. MICROCALA. Corolla short-salverform, bearing the 4 short stamens in its throat. Stigma as if compressed-capitate, but of 2 flabelliform lobes which at length separate. ■h- ++ Calyx 5-12- (or in Erythraa sometimes 4-) cleft or parted : anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age : placentas more or less intruded. 2. ERYTHRJEA. Parts of the flower 5 or sometimes 4. Calyx-lobes narrow and carinate. Corolla salverform with either a short or rather long tube. Filaments slender: anthers oblong or linear, commonly exserted, twisting spirally in one or two turns after anthesis. Style filiform : stigmas from oblong to flabelliform. Capsule from oblong-ovate to fusiform. 3. SABBATIA. Parts of the flower 5 to 12. Corolla rotate. Filaments filiform, rather short : anthers linear or elongated-oblong, soon arcuate, recurved, or revolute. Style 2- clef t or 2-parted ; the lobes filiform, compressed-clavate or spatulate, introrsely stigmatose for most of their length. Capsule globose or ovoid, thick-coriaceous or at first fleshy. GENTIANACEiE. Ill 4. EUSTOMA. Parts of the flower 5, rarely 6. Calyx-lobes long-acuminate, the midrib carinate. Corolla campanulate-f unnelform. Filaments filiform-subulate : anthers oblong, versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent : stigma of 2 broad oblong or oval lamellae. Capsule oval or oblong. +- -i— Style short or subulate and persistent, or none : anthers remaining straight. ++ Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands : flowers usually 4-5-merous. 5. GENTIANA. Calyx commonly with a membranous or spathaceous tube. Corolla funnelform, eampanulate, or salverform (or some rotate) ; the sinuses with or without plaits or appendages. . Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style very short or none: stigma of 2 spreading (rarely united) lamellae, persistent. Seeds very numerous, not rarely covering the whole parietes of the thin capsule. 6. PLEUROGYNE. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted ; the divisions acute, a pair of scale-like appendages on their base. Stamens on the base of the corolla : anthers introrse, versatile. Style none : stigmas decurrent down the sutures. Capsule lanceolate or oblong, not stipitate. Seeds extremely numerous, near the two sutures. -H- ++ Corolla with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adnate scale to each lobe : calyx 4-5-parted : seeds comparatively large. 7. SWERTIA. Corolla rotate, 5- (rarely 4-) parted; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud. Style none, or very short : stigma 2-lamellate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovate ; the pla- centa? not intruded. Leaves sometimes alternate. 8. FRASERA. Corolla rotate, 4-parted; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud, bearing a single or double fringed gland, and sometimes a fimbriate crown at base. Sta- mens on the very base of the corolla : filaments subulate, often monadelphous at base, occa- sionally with some interposed small bristles or scales. Ovary ovate, tapering into a dis- tinct and often slender (but sometimes very short) persistent style : stigma small, 2-lobed or nearly entire. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened ; the placentae or edges of the valves not intruded. Seeds comparatively few, compressed, commonly smooth and mar- gined. Leaves verticillate or opposite. 9. HALENIA. Corolla eampanulate, 4-5-cleft ; the lobes sinistrorsely convolute, mostly erect ; underneath each a hollow nectariferous spur or gibbous projection, which is gland- ular at bottom (sometimes obsolete) : no fringes nor crown. Filaments slender, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary and capsule ovate-oblong ; the placentae more or less intro- flexed : style very short or none : stigmas 2. Ovules and close-coated seeds oval or glob- ular, in a single series on the margin of the valves. * * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud, i.e. 4, two exterior and two interior: no appendages : ovules and extremely numerous minute close-coated seeds covering the whole parietes of the ovary and capsule : stamens inserted in or little below the sinuses of the corolla : anthers ovate-sagittate : foliage hardly any or discolored. 10. BARTONIA. Calyx deeply 4-parted ; the sepals lanceolate-subulate, carinate. Cor- olla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat eampanulate. Filaments slender, much longer than the anthers. Stigma nearly sessile, of 2 erect or closed short lobes. Capsule oblong, acute, 2-valved. 11. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals! Corolla oblong-campanulate, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong or in age spatulate. Filaments not longer than the anthers. Ovary rather thick-walled, and with four thicker equidistant projections, making the cavity cruciform : style distinct : stigma bilamellar. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved or rupturing irregularly. Suborder II. MENYANTHEiE. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, , sometimes trifoliolate, or crenate. ^Estivation of the corolla induplicate-valvate. Seed-coat crustaceous. Marsh or aquatic perennials : flowers heterogenous. 12. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnelform or eampanulate, 5-cleft; the lobes widely spreading, fimbriate-bearded or crestecTbn the face. Stamens on the tube of the corolla : anthers sagittate, versatile.' ' Hypogynous glands 5. Ovary surmounted by a lpngstyle: stigma bilamellate, 2-lobed. Capsule globular, tardily 2- valved or irregularryDufstuTg across the top. Seeds rather few and large, orbicular and compressed ; the close crustaceous coat smooth and shining. Flowers on a scape. 13. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost rotate and deeply 5-cleft; the lobes naked on the face (but sometimes fimbriate on the""broadly induplicate mar- gins). StarnenYlfilerEcron" the base of the corolla. Style short or none. Capsule ovoid or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Flowers fin burs) as if borne on a filiform petiole. 112 GENTIANACE^. Microcala. 1. MICR6CALA, Link. Compounded of fuxgog, small, and ttqli] or xcdos, beautiful : should have been Microcalia, but that proper form of the name was preoccupied. — One European species and the following : fl. in spring. M. quadrangularis, Griseb. A little annual, with simple or branching filiform stem, 2 or 3 inches high : branches or peduncles 1-flowered : leaves 2 or 3 pairs, oval or oblong, 2 or 3 lines long : calyx at first oblong-eampanulate ; in fruit broader, truncate at top and bottom, strongly 4-angled ; the teeth short and subulate : corolla saffron-yellow, 3 lines long. — DC. Prodr. ix. 63; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 213, t. 58, fig. 3; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 480. Exacum quadrangulare, Willd. Spec. i. 636. E. inflation, Hook. & Arn. in Jour. Bot. i. 283. Cicendia quadrangularis, Griseb. Gent. 157. — Open moist ground, coast of California, from Mendocino Co., southward. (S. Amer.) 2. ERYTHRJEA, Renealm. Centaury, Canchalagua. (From sqvOqos, red, the flowers being mostly red or rose-color.) — Low herbs (of various parts of the world), mainly annuals and biennials; the flowers small or middle-sized, but commonly numerous, in summer. Corolla-lobes becoming narrower with age. E. chieonioides and E. speciosa, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 479, are Mexican species, not yet found near our borders, forming a section (the genus Gyrandra of Grisebach) with tube of the corolla rather shorter than the ample lobes, and an oval capsule. All our species have a longer and narrower capsule (elongated-oblong or cylindraceous), and a longer tube to the corolla. Our E. venusta, as to the corolla, is the connecting form. # Flowers spicately disposed along the rather simple branches and sessile in the few forks. E. spicAta, Pers. Strictly erect, a foot or less high: leaves oblong: tube of the rose-col- ored corolla hardly longer than the calyx-lobes, twice the length of the rather narrow lobes. — E. Pickeringii, Oakes in Hovey Mag. Chironia spicata, Smith, Fl. Grzec. t. 238. — Coast at Nantucket, Mass. (Oakes), and Portsmouth, Virginia (Bugel). (Nat. from Eu.) # # Flowers cy mose or paniculately scattered ; ours all rose-red, and with broad stigmas. -1— European species sparingly naturalized in the Atlantic United States : stigmas broadly oval or obovate : lobes of the corolla oblong, obtuse. E. Centaurium, Pers. Strictly erect, a span to a foot high : leaves oblong, the lowest form- ing a rosulate tuft at the root : flowers cymose-clustered, at least the middle ones sessile : lobes of the corolla 2-J- or 3 lines long. — Waste grounds, shores of Lake Ontario (Oswego, New York) and Lake Michigan, Babcock: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) E. EAMOsfssiMA, Pers. Lower, more slender, diffusely branched: leaves from oval to lanceo- late, the lowest not rosulate : flowers effusely cymose, pedicelled : lobes of the corolla only 2 lines long. — E. pulchella, Fries, Novit. ii. 31 (Grisebach's var. pulchella, merely a small form). E. MuUenbergii, Griseb. in DC Prodr. ix. 60, as to pi. N. Y. and Penn. Exacumpul- chellum, Pursh, Fl. i. 100'! Chironia pulchella, Muhl. Cat. 23. — E. Pennsylvania, New Jer- sey, &e. : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) H— -j— Species indigenous from Texas to California : stigmas cuneate or flabellif orm and truncate : no rosulate tuft of radical leaves. ++ Flowers small: lobes of the corolla only 1J to 2£ lines long, much shorter than the tube : an- thers oblong. E. Texensis, Griseb. Slender, diffusely much branched above into a loose paniculate- corymbose cyme : leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate and the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts: flowers all slender-pedicelled : corolla (apparently light rose-color) with very slender tube (4 or 5 lines long), and lanceolate-oblong lobes (2 lines long), which be- come lanceolate-linear, longer, and acute : seeds globose-ovoid. — DC. 1. c. 98. — Texas, common on rocks and hills. E. floribunda, Benth. Almost a foot high, corymbose-cymose at summit, rather strict and closely flowered : leaves oblong or the upper lanceolate : flowers short-pedicelled or in the forks nearly sessile : lobes of the light rose-colored corolla oblong and becoming lan- ceolate, at most 2 lines long and 3 or 4 times shorter than the tube : anthers short-oblong (shorter than in any other of this section and the stigmas smaller) : seeds globular-ovoid. — PI. Hartw. 322; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 480. — California, on the Sacramento and its tribu- taries, Hartweg, &c. E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb. A span or less high, at length f astigiately branched from the base, cymosely flowered at summit : leaves oblong, obtuse ; the floral lanceolate : ped- Erythrasa. GEXTIANACExE. 113 icels short or hardly any in the forks ; the lateral often as long as the flower, but 2-bracteo- late at summit : lobes of the rose-red corolla oval, very obtuse or retuse, in age merely oblong, 2 or almost 3 lines long: seeds short-oval. — DC. 1. c. 60, as to California plant only; Benth. PI. Hartw. 322; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 480.— Western part of California, and south-east to the Mohave. B. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, loosely and paniculately branched, usually sparsely flowered : leaves from oblong to linear, mostly acute : flowers all on strict and slender peduncles or pedicels : lobes of the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines long, nearly half the length of the tube : seeds globular. — Bot. Calif, i. 480. E. Nuttallii, Watson, Bot. King, 270, partly ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 398. Cicendiu exaltata, Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 69, 1. 157, wrongly described. — Oregon and California to Utah and Wyoming. E. Nuttallii, Watson. Like the preceding: lobes of the rather larger corolla more ovate, acutish, sometimes nearly 3 lines long : seeds fewer, and much larger ( a third of a line long), oblong. — Bot. King, 276, t. 29, mainly. — Nevada, Idaho, and Utah, Nuttall, H. Engelmann, Watson. , ■k- ++ Flowers larger: corolla-lobes 3 J to 6 lines long, but more or less shorter than the tube : anthers linear. = Corolla-lobes narrow, in age by involution becoming acuminate : branching and inflorescence fastigiate-cymose : filaments and style very slender. E. trichantha, Griseb. A span or less high : leaves from oblong-oval to lanceolate : flowers in dense cymes, those in the forks all sessile or nearly so : corolla-lobes oblong- lanceolate becoming linear-lanceolate, 34 or 4 lines long : stigmas small : seeds oval-oblong. — DC. 1. v. 60 (excl. var.) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 479. — Dry ground, W. California. E. Beyrichii, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high, slender, at length fastigiately much branched: leaves linear (an inch or more long, a line or much less in width), the uppermost nearly filiform : flowers very numerous and all pedicellate : corolla-lobes linear- oblong and becoming linear, 5 lines long : seeds globular. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. 291, t. 13. E. trichantha, var. angustifolia, Griseb. in DC. I.e. — Arkansas, Bet/rich, Marcy. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer. = = Corolla-lobes broader and obtuse, little shorter than the tube : inflorescence loose : flowers all pedicellate : seeds globular. E. oalycosa, Buckley. Paniculately or somewhat cymosely branched, a span to 2 feet high : leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate or linear : pedicels mostly as long as the calyx or the whole flower : lobes of the corolla oval or oblong, 3J to 5 lines long ; the tube usually equalled by the calyx. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 7. — W. Texas and New Mexico, Wright, Buckley, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. nana. A span high, with leaves all linear and inflorescence corymbose-cymose : approaching E. Beyrichii, but corolla-lobes only 3 or 4 lines long and broadly oblong. — Stony hills, W. Texas, Wright (no. 1662), Woodhouse. Var. Arizonica. Stems or branches a foot or so long, lax : inflorescence racemosely paniculate or as if racemose : calyx-lobes mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla. — S. Utah and Arizona, Wheeler?, Palmer, &c. E. venusta, Gray. A span or so high : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate : flowers somewhat cymose or paniculate, on short or sometimes long pedicels : lobes of the corolla oval or obovate, becoming oblong, deep pink, 4 to 6 lines long, about the length of the yel- lowish tube, which is equalled by the calyx. — Bot. Calif, i. 479. E. trichantha, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. t. 9, not Griseb. E. chironioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 156, t. 42, mainly, excl. syn. — Dry hills, California, common from Plumas Co. southward. 3. SABBATIA, Adans. (Liberatus Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) — Atlantic North American biennials or annuals; with mostly showy rose-colored or white flowers (in summer and autumn), terminating the branches or in cymes. Calyx in most species deeply parted. Corolla usually with a yellowish or dis- colored eye. Style closed in early anthesis, and commonly turned to one side of the flower (and sometimes spirally twisted), later erect and its branches or stigmas diverging. Seeds very numerous and small, globular, pitted. 114 GENTIAJSTACEiE. Sabbatia. § 1. Flowers 5-merous (or only occasionally some of them 6-7-merous) : an- thers from apically recurved to helicoid. * Branches all opposite : flowers corymbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled. -1— Calyx very small, merely 5-toothed. S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous : stem simple, terete, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves rather distant, thickish, nearly erect, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with cordate-clasping 3-5-nerved base, acute or mucronate-acuminate (1 to 3 inches long) ; the uppermost reduced to small subulate bracts : cymes flat-topped, naked and in a naked terminal corymb or compound cyme : pedicels short and filiform : teeth of the small calyx subulate and shorter than the tube : corolla white ; the lobes oblong, 3 or 4 lines long : style not cleft to the middle. — Hook. Comp. to Bot. Mag. i. 171; G^lseb. in DC. 1. c. 50; Chapm. Fl. 353. — Wet pine bar- rens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. -I— 4— Calyx with long and slender or linear lobes : stem more or less 4-angled. ++ Corolla white, fading yellowish : style 2-parted, its divisions spatulate-linear. S. lanoeolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high, bearing a terminal and naked corymbose cyme : leaves much shorter than the internodes (an inch or so long), from ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, the floral reduced to subulate bracts : pedicels mostly short but slender : calyx-lobes almost filiform, more than half the length of the corolla : lobes of the latter obovate-oblong, a third to half inch long. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 356 ; Chapm. Fl. 353. Chironia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 95. C. cymosa, Lam. 111. i. 479, therefore Sabbatia cymosa, Don, Syst. C. paniculata, Michx. Fl. i. 146, partly. Sabbatia paniculata, var. latifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 138. S. corymbosa, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 283. — Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey to Florida. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, freely branching ; the branches cy- mosely few-many-flowered and uppermost cymes corymbose : leaves from linear to lanceo- late-oblong, obtuse ; the floral mostly linear and acute : pedicels very short to the central flowers : calyx-lobes not more than half the length of the corolla : lobes of the latter spatulate-oblong, 3 lines long. — Fl. 1. u. (var. angustifolia, & excl. syn. Swertia difformis, L.) ; Gray, 1. c, not Ell. Chironia paniculata, Michx. 1. c. partly, and as to char. — Moist or dry ground, Virginia to Florida. ++ ++ Corolla rose-color, varying to white : style cleft to the middle, its lobes slightly clavate. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, a foot or two high : leaves from lanceolate- oblong to linear, mostly obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at base : inflorescence thyrsiform-pan- iculate ; the lateral cymes naked-pedunculate and about 3-flowered : calyx-lobes narrowly linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the light rose-color or nearly white corolla : lobes of the latter obovate-oblong, half inch long. — Sk. i. 284 ; Chapm. 1. c. S. concinna, Wood, Class-Book, 451. Chironia annularis, var. angustifolia, Michx. 1. c. — Dry or low grounds, Indiana and N; Carolina to Louisiana and Florida. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem quadrangular with sharp angles, 2 feet high, paniculately branched above ; the branches leafy : leaves cordate-ovate and clasping, 3-5-nerved : numer- ous and crowded branches few-flowered, pyramidally or somewhat corymbosely cymose : calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla : lobes of the latter deep rose-color, obo- vate, fully half-inch long. — Ell. 1. c. ; Bigel. Med. t. 57; Bart. Med. t. 24; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 83. Chironia angularis, L. ; Michx. 1. c, var. latifolia. — Rich soil, W. Canada to Florida and Louisiana. # # Branches alternate or the lower opposite : foliaceous calyx-lobes longer and hardly narrower than the lobes of the corolla : flowers not rarely 6-7-merous :" style 2-parted. S. Calycosa, Pursh. Stem a span to a foot long, loosely branching : leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, narrowed at base : peduncles scattered, 1-flowered, mostly elongated, occasionally short : calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate, resembling upper leaves, half inch or more long, not rarely double the length of the obovate-spatulate lobes of the rose- colored or almost white corolla. — Bot. Mag. t. 1600. Chironia dichotoma, Walt. Car. 93. C. calycosa, Michx. 1. c. Gentiana calycina, Lam. Diet. ii. 638. Sabbatia gracilis, var. Cubensis, Griseb. PI. Wright. Cub. ii. 521. — Sea-coast and near it, Virginia to Texas. (Cuba.) # # # Branches alternate : calyx-lobes slender, seldom exceeding the obovate lobes of the corolla : peduncles more or less elongated and scattered, naked, 1-flowered. Sabbatia. GENTIANACE2E. 115 -t— Calyx-tube prominently 5-costate, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule : corolla 1J to 2 inches in diameter. S. campestris, Nutt. A span or two high, divergently branched above : leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base, somewhat 3-o-nerved, one-half to an inch long, those of the branches lanceolate : peduncles about 2 inches long : calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceo- late, acute, half to three-fourths inch long, equalling the broad lobes of the lilac- colored corolla ; angles of its campanulate tube below the sinuses acute and wing-like in flower, thickened in fruit : style very deeply 2-cleft. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 197 ; Hook. Bot. 3VI,ag. t. 5015. S.formosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 7. — Prairies of Arkansas and Texas. Very showy. j— -j— Calvx-tube verv short, girding the base of the capsule, not conspicuously costate : plants loosely paniculate-branching : corolla bright rose-color or pink, with white varieties, or the last white. S. stellaris, Pursh. Leaves rather fleshy, from oblong to lanceolate and the uppermost narrowly linear: calyx-lobes subulate-linear, from half to nearly the full length of the corolla-lobes: eye or star of the corolla conspicuous : style nearly 2-parted. — Fl. i. 137. S. gracilis, Ell. 1. c, not Salisb. Chironia stellata, lluhl. Cat. — Brackish marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Florida. Appears to pass into the next. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stems more slender : branches and peduncles filiform : leaves linear and the uppermost filiform or setaceous : calyx-lobes very slender and as long as those of the corolla (6 to 9 lines long) : style 2-cleft to the middle. — Parad. Lond. t. 32; Pursh, 1. c. ; Griseb. in DC. I. u. 49 ; Chapm. Fl. 354. Chironia gracilis, Michx. 1. u. C. campanu- Utta,~L. Spec. 190?, but not from "Canada." — Brackish marshes and river banks, Nan- tucket (an ambiguous form), and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, extending inland to the mountains of Georgia. (Cuba.) Var. gran.difl.6ra. Stem more rigid and erect : lower leaves fleshy : flower much larger; the corolla-lobes from three-fourths to nearly a full inch long. — Coast of E. Flor- ida, Leavenworth, Buckley, Palmer, &c. S. Blliottii, Steud. Effusely and paniculately much branched, a foot or two high : leaves small ; the lower cauline (half inch or less long) thickish, from obovate to lanceo- late; upper narrowly linear and rather longer; those of the filiform flowering branches setaceous-subulate : flowers numerous : lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, about twice the length of the tube, very much shorter than the spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate lobes of the (apparently always white) corolla ; the corolla-lobes only 5 or 6 lines long : style 2-parted. — Chapm. Fl. 534. 5. paniculata, Ell. Sk. i. 282 (ex char.), not Pursh. Swertia difformis, L. Spec. i. 226 ? — Pine barrens on the coast (S. Virginia'?) S. Carolina to Florida. (Bahamas.) § 2. Flowers 8-12-merous, most commonly 9-11-merous, large and showy, # Solitary on naked somewhat paniculate peduncles : anthers at length coiled into a helix. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, loosely and sparingly branched above : leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong-spatulate and the uppermost linear : calyx- lobes subulate-linear, about half the length the spatulate-obovate lobes of the (rose-purple or sometimes white) corolla : divisions of the deeply-cleft style linear-clavate. — Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 84. Chironia dodecandra, L. Spec. i. 190 ; Walt. 1. c. C'Mora dodecandra, L. Syst. Chironia chloroides, Michx. Fl. i. 147. — Margin of pine-barren ponds along the coast, Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama. Corolla about 2 inches in diameter. Var. stricta. Stem more rigid, 1-few-flowered : leaves all linear. — Chironia decandra, Walt. 1. c. 1 — S. Carolina ? Alabama, and Florida. # Capitate-clustered or sometimes solitary flowers sessile and leafy-bracted : calyx-tube turbinate : anthers of Arm texture, slightly curved. — L'ij>ithea, Gviseb. S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem strict, a foot or two high : radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, obovate or oblong: cauline very narrowly linear, 1-J to 3 inches long, a line or two wide ; the uppermost involucrating the terminal cluster of 3 to 5 or sometimes one or two nearly sessile flowers ; occasionally one or two in lower axils: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, very much shorter than the spatulate corolla-lobes, these 6 to 10 lines long : style 2-cleft at the apex, the lobes spatulate. — Sk. i. 286 ; Chapm. Fl. 354. S. oligophyUa, Featherman in Univ. Mississip. Rep. 1871. Lapitlma gentianoides, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 48. — Margin of pine-barren ponds, Georgia and Florida to Texas. 116 GENTIAN ACEiE. Sabbalia. S. Boykini, Gray. A foot high, nearly simple : cauline leaves lanceolate-oblong or the lower elliptical, 3-nerved (an inch or two long) ; the uppermost lanceolate : flowers 1 to 7 in the cluster ; the bracts oval or oblong : calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla; lobes of the latter oblong-obovate, half inch long. — Chapm. Fl. 354. — Middle or Upper Georgia, Boykin (in herb. Torr.) ; also in herb. Muhl. Little known. S. sfiHPLEX, Bertol. Misc. x. t. 3,. is Rhexia stricta. 4. E "tTSTOMA, Salisb. (From ev, azojia, good mouth, i.e. mouth of good size, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.) — Glaucous and large-flowered an- nuals ; with more or less clasping and connate thickish leaves, slender terminal and more or less paniculate one-flowered peduncles, and bluish purple corolla vary- ing to white ; the lobes commonly erose-denticulate. — Only the following species. E. exaltatum, Griseb. Lower than the next species: leaves oblong: lobes of the corolla nearly oblong (barely an inch in length), twice the length of the tube: style little longer than the stigmas: capsule elliptical-oblong, very obtuse. — DC. Prodr. ix. 51; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxi. t. 13 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 621. Gmtiana exaltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 331 ; Descourt, Ant. t. 15. Lisianthus exaltatus, Lam. III. i. 478. L. glaucifolius, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 33. Eustoma silenifolium, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 34; Don, Syst. iv. 211, excl. syn. Nutt. Uranantlws f/laucifolius, Benth. PI. Hartw. 46. — Southern borders of the United States, from Florida and Texas to California. (Mex., W. Ind.) B. Russellianum, Griseb. I.e. Afoot or two high: leaves from ovate- to lanceolate- oblong: lobes of the ample lavender-purple corolla obovate (inch and a half long), 4 times longer than the tube : style elongated : capsule oblong, usually pointed : anthers hardly curving in age. — Lisianthus glaucifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 197, not Jacq. L. Russellianus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3626. — Nebraska to Texas. Very showy. • Var. graoile. Smaller: leaves lanceolate : capsule not pointed. — E. gracile, Engelm. in Fl. Calif. 1. c. — S. Texas, Berlandier, &c. (Mex.) 5. GENTIAN" A, Tourn. Gentian. ( Gentius, king of Illyria.) — Erect herbs (of the cooler parts of the world) ; with chiefly sessile leaves, and con- spicuous flowers of various ^colors, produced in summer or autumn ; commonly expanding only in sunshine or at mid-day. Seeds in most of our species exceed- ingly numerous and borne over the whole inner surface of the capsule (as first remarked by the late Prof. H. J. Clark, in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 1856, 345). Herb- age and especially the roots very bitter. § 1. Gentianella. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses : anthers usually versatile (introrse, at length retrorsely reversed) : stigmas distinct or only casually united : root annual in all ours except in G. barbellata. — Gentianella, &c, Borkhausen. # (Fringed Gentians.) Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, mostly 4-merous: corolla cam- panulate-funnelform, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose. not crowned: a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. — § Crossopetalum, Frcelich, Grisebach. -i— Flower on a naked and usually long peduncle terminating the stem or branches, not bracteate at base : filaments naked : root annual : calyx (except in 67. simplex) ovate-acuminate in the bud and with acutely carinate lobes, the two exterior longer as well as narrower and more acuminate, the tube sharply angled by the decurrent keels. ++ Corolla enclosed in the ventricose wing-angled calyx? G. ventrioosa, Griseb. A foot high : leaves ovate-oblong : calyx ovoid and 4-wing- angled ; the two external lobes much acuminate ; the two internal barely acute, rather longer than the campanulate deeply 4-cleft corolla : ovate-oblong lobes of the latter regu- larly " crenate-fimbriate " (or in the figures sharply serrate) : ovary not stipitate. — Gent. 259, in Hook. Fl. ii. 65, 1. 152, & DC. Prodr. ix. 102. — Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan, between Cumberland House and Hudson's Bay, Drummond. Little known and not since collected : apparently described and figured from undeveloped specimens, perhaps nearly related to G. crinita. Gentiana. GENTIANACE^E. 117 -H- -w- Corolla (sky-blue, occasionally white) conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx: autumn-flowering. G. crinita, FrcaL. A footer two high, often paniculate-corymbose, leafy : leaves lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolatelfrom a rounded or subcordate partly clasping base : salient narrow keels of the calyx-lobes conspicuously decurrent on the tube : corolla 2 inches long ; its lobes cuneate-obovate, strongly fimbriate around the summit, less or hardly so down the narrowing sides : capsule fusiform, conspicuously stipitate : seeds squamulose-roughened. — Gent. 112; BotJ&ag., t. 2031; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 80. G. cilkita Americana, L. G.fimbriata, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 509. Gentlanetta crinita, Don, Syst. iv. 179. — Low grounds, Canada to Dakotah and southward to the mountains of Georgia. _G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3 to 18 inches high : leaves linear or lanceolate-linear: ■f - - corolla an inch to an inch and a half long; its lobes oblong or spatulate-obovate, erosely fimbriate or toothed around the summit aud sides, or sometimes either part nearly bare : capsule short-stipitate : seeds and calyx nearly as in G. crinita. — Fl. Norveg. 10 (also '"""^tunder G. ciliata, 88, t. 2), & Fl. Dan. t. 317 ; Fries, Summ. Scand. 190; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. ,.+,.481. GLdetonsa, Rottb. Act. Hafn. x. 264, t. 1 ; Griseb, 1. ,c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 82. G. ciliata, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 92, not L. Q. barbata^ Jrcel. Gent. 114. G. brachypetala, Bunge, ^ Consp. Gent, in Mem. Mosq. 1829, 225, t. 1. — Wet grounds, Newfoundland, Canada, and ',, ,N. W. New York to Saskatchewan and northward, and west to Colorado and W. Nevada, mainly the larger and most fimbriate form, G. detonsa, var. barbata, Griseb., &c. ( Siberia to Norway and Greenland.) Var. grandis, a form with stem 2 feet high or more, and corolla 2 inches long, a por- tion only of the sides of the lobes coarsely fimbriate. — G. detonsa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157. — S. E. Arizona, between Barbacomori and Santa Cruz, Thurber, Wright. (Perhaps 67. crinita, var. Cervantesii, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. Mexico.) Var. holopetala, Gray, a small or slender form, 2 to 16 inches high, with compara- tively long peduncles : corolla an inch or more long, its lobes entire or merely erose-den- ticulate round the summit. — Bot. Calif, i. 481. — Sierra Nevada, California, at 5,000 to 10,000 feet, and Oregon. G. simplex, Gray. Stem 2 to 10 inches high, simple, bearing 2 to 4 pairs of lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves (3 to 9 lines long) and a single slender-pedunculate flower : calyx- tube and lobes hardly at all angled or carinate ; the latter nearly equal and similar : corolla an inch long; its oblong-spatulate lobes entire or erose-dentate and sometimes a fringe of a few bristly teeth low down on the sides : capsule stipitate : seeds smooth but longitudi- nally striate, narrow, wingless when mature, except a cellular appendage at both ends. — Pacif. R. Rep. v. 87, t. 16, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, Califor- nia, to adjacent portion of Oregon. •i— -*— Flower 2-bracteate under or near the calyx : filaments ciliate-bearded below the middle : calyx hardly at all angled or carinate : root perennial. G. barbellata, Engelm. Stems single or in pairs from the slender fusiform root or caudex, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves rather thick and fleshy, obtuse, with roughish callous margins; the radical spatulate (an inch or two long) or slender-petioled ; the 2 or 3 cau- line pairs spatulate-linear, or the uppermost narrowly linear and connate at base : flowers one to three, sessile or nearly so between the involucrate foliaceous bracts : calyx-lobes subulate-triangular : corolla bright blue, an inch to an inch and a half long, about twice the length of the calyx, deeply 4-cleft ; the lobes oblong, erose-denticulate above, conspicu- ously fimbriate along the middle : capsule short and not stipitate : seeds squamulose- roughened. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 216, t. 2. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Parry, &e. Related to 67. ciliata of Europe. * # Flowers smaller, 4-5-merous : corolla somewhat funnelform or salverform when expanded ; the lobes entire (rarely with a few denticulations), their base sometimes crowned with setaceous filaments: capsule seldom stipitate: seeds with a very close thin and smooth coat. — Endotncha, etc., Froel. § Amarella, Arctophila, &c, Griseb. +- Peduncles elongated and naked from a very short stem, 1-flowered: throat of corolla crowned; no glands at its base : edges of leaves and sepals smooth. G. tenella, Rottb. An inch to a span high : leaves (2 to 6 lines long) oblong or the lowest spatulate: calyx deeply 5- (sometimes 4-) parted; the lobes foliaceous, oblong to ovate, usually unequal : corolla 2J- to 4 lines long, double the length of the calyx (more lengthened in fruit), blue; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, little shorter than the 118 GENTIANACEiE. Gentiana. tube : fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat. — Act. Hafn. x. 436, t. 2, fig. 6 ; Froel. 1. c. 96; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1045. G. glacialis, A. Thomas in Vill. Delph. ii. 532. G. Koenigii, Gunner, Fl. Norv. 102. G. dichotoma, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 116. G. borealis, Bunge, Gent. 1. c. 251, t. 10, fig. 2. — High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (Parry), Utah (L. Ward), and Idaho, Nuttall. Unalaschka and Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Kamtschatka to Greenland.) -t— -I— Peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on a comparatively elongated stem, the angles of which are acute or wing-margined. -H- Setaceous-fimbriate crown on the base of the corolla-lobes usualty conspicuous and rather copious, sometimes reduced to a few setse, or rarely evanescent : glands at the base of corolla obscure or wanting : margins of the leaves and of the conspicuous foliaceous calyx-lobes minutely scabrous. G. auriculata, Pall. A span or two high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate : calyx-tube turbinate, longer than the 5 (or rarely 4) lobes ; these nearly equal and similar, cordate-ovate, or the inner merely ovate : corolla violet-blue, 9 or 10 lines long ; its lobes ovate. — Fl. Ross. ii. 102, t. 92, fig. 1 ; Griseb. 1. c. — Islands between N. E. Asia and Amer- ica, and even on the N. W. American coast, according to Pallas ; but not since found. (Kamtschatka, E. Siberia, &c.) G. heterosepala, Engelm. A span or two high, rather simple and racemosely few- flowered : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong : calyx very unequally 5-parted ; two of the lobes large and foliaceous, ovate, acute, equalling the tube of the pale blue corolla (4 to 6 lines long) ; the other 3 linear-subulate and shorter : setse of the crown copious, united below into a membrane on the base of each corolla-lobe : capsule sessile. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 215, t. 8 ; Watson, Bot. King, 278. — Utah, in Uinta and Wahsatch Mountains, H. Engelrnann, Watson. New Mexico in the Sandia Mountains, Bigelow. G. "Wrightii. Nearly 2 feet high : stem virgate, simple, with strict racemiform inflores- cence : leaves thickish, ovate-oblong or elliptical (less than an inch long), erect, most of the (about 12) pairs below the flowering portion nearly equalling the internodes, connate at base : flowers rather numerous, 10 lines long : calyx very deeply 5-cleft ; its short tube 10-costate (the ribs answering to the sinuses stronger) ; the lobes somewhat unequal and with strongly scabrous margins, all lanceolate, rather shorter than the tube of the campan- ulate-f unnelform white corolla : the latter not glandular at base ; its lobes ovate, one-third the length of the tube, each with a crown of about 15 long and distinct setse: capsule short-stipitate. — Accidentally named G. quinqueflora in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157. — S. E. Arizona, in springy ground near Santa Cruz, Wright. G. Amarella, L. From 2 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate : inflorescence disposed to be racemiform : calyx 5-cleft (or rarely 4-cleft) below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them longer, all shorter than the mostly blue corolla : the latter half inch or more long ; its lobes oblong, obtuse, or becoming acute : capsule sessile. — Fl. Dan. t. 328 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 1. 1046; Griseb. I.e. ; Herder in Radde, iv. 145. G. pratensis, Frcel. 1. c. (Eu.,Asia.) * Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted : crown usually of fewer and some- times very few setas. — Engelm". 1. u. ; Herder, I. c. G. acuta, Michx. Fl. i. 177 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Engelm. 1. c. 214, t. 9, fig. 6 (var. nana, a depauperate high alpine form). G. Amarella, Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ; Watson, Bot. King, 1. c. G. plebeja, Cham, in Bunge, Gent. 1. c. 250, t. 9, fig. 5. — Labrador and Lower Canada to Alaska, and south along the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, in the Sierra Nevada of California, and thence far north- ward. (N. Asia, &c. Mex.) Var. stricta, "Watson, 1. c. Stem (sometimes 2 to 4 feet high) and branches strict, remotely leafy : leaves thickish, the cauline lanceolate-linear : flowers numerous, commonly 4-merous, smaller : calyx rather less deeply cleft : corolla 3 to barely 5 lines long, whitish, little longer than the unequal calyx ; setae of the crown sometimes very few or even want- ing ; glands at base of the tube not rarely evident : seeds smaller. — G. acuta, var. stricta, Griseb. in Hook. Fl. & DC. 1. c. G. arctophila, var. densiflora, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94, not Griseb. — Mountains of Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. (Mex.) Var. tenuis. Same as var. stricta, but calyx very deeply parted, according to figure and description of G. tenuis, Griseb. Gent. & in Hook. Fl. 1. c. 63, t. 151. — Mackenzie River and Bear Lake, Richardson. Not since found. Setas of the crown 3 to each lobe and conspicuous, or wanting. Gentiana. GENTIANACE^. HQ ^.i** „^n= e0US " fimbr , iate Cr °^ n ' &e -' , as '? , the P recedin g subdivision ; but glands on the base of fube manifest: calyx-lobes very small and short on the truncate spathaceous G. Wislizeni, Engelm. A foot or less high, with the habit and many-flowered thyrsoid- paniculate inflorescence of G. quinqueflora, but smaller in all its parts : leaves from lanceo- late to ovate (an inch or less long), with obtuse or subcordate base : calyx barely half the length of the tube of the corolla ; its scarious tube (1J lines long) split down one side, in age sometimes dejected, much longer than the 5 unequal linear herbaceous teeth : corolla nearly saberform, pale purplish, 4 or 5 lines long ; its lobes oblong-ovate, copiously fringed above the base: capsule sessile: seeds globose. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 215 t. 7. Sierra Blanca, S. Arizona, Rothrock, a broad leaved form, the glands less evident. (Ad- jacent Mex., Wislizenus. ) ++++++ No crown to the corolla; but its lobes tipped with a setiform point or sharp acumination and the glands at bottom of the tube manifest. — § Arctophila, Griseb. = Dwarf species of high northern or alpine regions : cauline leaves only 2 to 4 rather distant pairs : calyx 4-5-parted. G. aurea,-L. Leaves ovate, 5-7-nerved ; the margins and those of the spatulate-lanceolate calyx-lobes smooth : corolla yellow, violet, or commonly white, 4 lines long, little surpass- ing the calyx ; its lobes almost as long as the campanulate tube. — Fl. Dan. t. 344 ; Herder, 1. c. 155. G. involucrata, Rottb. in Act. Hafn. x. 344, t. 1, fig. 2. G. Aleutica, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 175, fide Herder. G. Unalaschkensis, Cham, in Bunge, 1. c. 240, t. 9, fig. 2. — Unalaschka, &c. Also Sitka, according to Herder. (High northern Siberia to Lapland, Iceland, and Greenland.) G. propinqua, Richards. Stem slender, 2 to 7 inches high, mostly branched from the base : leaves from oblong to lanceolate and the lowest spatulate, obscurely 3-nerved, the edges and those of the calyx smooth : flowers chiefly 4-merous and rather slender-pedi- celled : lobes of the calyx unequal ; two of them ovate or oblong, the others linear-lanceo- late, the larger rather shorter than the tube of the corolla : the latter bluish, narrow,-4 to 9 lines long, its lobes ovate or in age lanceolate, sometimes erose-denticulate. — App. Frankl. Journ. 734 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. t. 150 ; Herder, 1. c. G. Rurikiana, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 176. G. setiflora, Bunge, 1. c. t. 9, fig. 4.— Labrador to Bear Lake, the northern Rocky Mountains, Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Adjacent Asia.) Var. densiflora, Griseb, 1. c, in alpine swamps of the Rocky Mountains (Drum- mond), a more condensed and leafy plant, occurring with the ordinary form, is said to differ from the preceding species only in the inequality of the calyx-lobes. G. arctophila, Griseb. Stem an inch to a span high : leaves ovate-oblong or the low- est obovate ; the edges and especially those of the calyx-lobes scabrous : corolla 7 to 10 lines long ; the round-ovate lobes more acuminate-cuspidate : otherwise very like large- flowered G. propinqua (to which Herder refers it). — Gent. 251, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 61, t. 149, with a var. densiflora, having cordate-ovate leaves, and two of the calyx-lobes unusually large. — Arctic sea-coast, Richardson. The variety in the alpine region of the northern Koeky Mountains, Drummond. == = Taller and leafy : calyx 5-cleft : capsule slender-stipitate. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Aiaot_oi two high ; the larger plants branching : leaves ovate- lanceolate, with subcordate partly clasping base, 3-7-jierved, the upper acute or cuspi- date-acuminate : inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate ; the cba§teis_.3-5-nowered: calyx one fifth or fourth the length of the narrow funnelform bright blue corolla ; its lobes linear- subulate : corolla half to three fourths inch long ; its lobes ovate-triangular, short. — Diet, ii. 643 ; Froel. Gent. 51 ; Griseb. 1. c. G. quinquefolia, L., doubtless meant for quinqueflora. G. amarelloides, Pursh, Fl. i. 186. — Moist hills, Canada, Maine to Michigan, and along the Alleghanies to Florida. Var. OOCidentalis, Gray. Sometimes 2 or 3 feet high and paniculately much branched : irrflorescepce more open : calyx-lobes more f oliaceous, linear or lanceolate, un- equal, reaching to the middle of the broader funnelform corolla. — Man. ed. 1, 359, ed. 5, 387. G. quinqueflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3490, mainly. — Ohio to Minnesota and south to Ten- nessee and Louisiana. Var. parviflora, Raf ., collected in Virginia, Kentucky, &c. (Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 100), is a depauperate and small-flowered state of the preceding variety, and is G. amarelloides, Michx. Fl. i. 175. 120 GENTIANACE2E. Gentiam. § 2. Pneumonanthe. Corolla (funnelform or salverform) plicate at the si- nuses, the plaits more or less extended into thin -membranaceous teeth or lobes : no crown nor glands : stigmas distinct : flowers almost always 5-merous : capsule more or less stipitate. — Pneumonanthe, Necker. § Pneumonanthe, Chondrophylla, Ccelanthe, Tretrorhiza, &c, Griseb. # Eoot annual, and habit of the preceding section: leaves marginless: flowers eymose: calyx short, 5-cleft : anthers oblong-linear, introrse, remaining erect. G. Douglasiana, Bong. A span high, slender, eymosely branched : leaves ovate ; the lowest rosulate ; the cauline of few remote pairs and somewhat cordate (2 to 4 lines long) : corolla white, a third to half inch long ; its lobes oblong, shorter than the funnelform tube, ' not double the length of the conspicuous and equally broad 2-cleft accessory lobes in the sinuses: capsule stipitate, obovate, ancipital above: seeds proportionally large (a line long), elongated-oblong, with a close coat, apiculate at both ends. — Veg. Sitka, 38, t. 6; Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 60, t. 148. — Alaska to Oregon. # # Root annual or biennial in our species: dwarf and small plants: leaves small and with white cartilaginous or scarious margins: flowers solitary jajjd terminal: calyx narrow, 4-5-toothed: 60xaiJa,-aalverfgrm when expanded ; the lobes or plaiFs'TnTEe sinuses broad and emarginate : anthers cordate, versatile: seeds oblong, with a close coat. — § Chondrophylla, Bunge, Griseb. G. rrtimilis, Stev. Stems single or numerous from the slender root, 1 to 5 inches long, erect or ascending : leaves glaucescent and broadly white-margined ; the radical orbicular or ovate and rosulate (a quarter to half inch long) ; cauline linear-oblong, erect, connate- sheathing, 2 or 3 lines long : corolla whitish or dull-colored ; its tube little exceeding the calyx ; the limb half inch in diameter : capsule clavate-obovate, at length exserted on a long and stout stipe much bej'ond the flower. — Act. Mosq. iii. 258 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Engehn. in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 217, t. 9, fig. 1-5. G. aquatica, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 97, fig. 2, not L. G. Fremontii, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94. — Grassy banks of streams in the Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado. (Asia.) G. prostrata, Hsenke. Stems weaker than in the preceding and when elongated the lateral ones often procumbent : leaves ovate, less erect, greener, and less white-margined : flower (in the American plant always ? and in the European sometimes) 4-merous7" corolla azurgJiLue,.. in. fruit enclosing the linear-oblong rather sjlortstipitate capsule.'— Jacq. Coll. ii. 66, t. 17, fig. 2 ; Griseb. 1. c.'; Engelm. 1. c' t""9, fig. 9-14. (var. Americana) ; Herder, 1. c. G. nutatis, Bunge, 1. c. 1. 11, fig. 2. — Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado northward, and to Kotzebue Sound, Aleutian Islands, &e. (N. E. Asia to Tyrolese Alps. Antarc. Amer.) # # # Root perennial : flowers comparati vely large, mostly... short-peduncled or -sessile : anthers linear or oblong, more or less extrorse, remaining erect : usually a pair of bracts under the flotfer. — § Pneumonanthe, Griseb. -1— Rocky-Mountain and Pacific species: anther s unconnected, seldom connivent. ++ Dwarf, 1-5-flowered : cauline leaves only 2 to 4 pairs. G. glatica, Pall. Stem 2 to 4 inches high : leaves oval, glaucous, 3 to 5 lines long : calyx campanulate ; its teeth shorter than the tube : corolla blue, half inch or more long ; its tube cylindraceous, and ovate obtuse lobes short ; the short lobes of the plaits ovate and entire : seeds oval, irregularly 3-4-wing-crested. — Fl. Ross. ii. 104, t. 93, fig. 2 ; Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 58, t. 147. — Higher and northern Rocky Mountains to Kotzebue Sound. (Kamts. to Siberia.) » G. frigida, Hsenke. Stems 1 to 5 inches high, 1-3-flowered : leaves linear, varying to lanceolate or jspatulate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long, the Jjairs connate-sheathing at base : calyx-tube obconical, longer than the oblong-linear lobes : corolla funnelform, an inch and a half long, yellowish-white or tinged with blue, purplish-dotted ; the lobes short and broad ; the plaits entire and broad but slightly extended at summit : seeds with a loose cellular coat extended into crested longitudinal ridges. — Jacq. Coll. ii. 13; Froel. Gent. 39, t. 1 ; Griseb. in DC. 1. c, with var. algida. G^ulffida, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 107, t. 95, a large form. G. Romanzovii, Ledeb. in Bunge, 1. e. 1. 11, fig. 1. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Utah, Parry, &c. St. Paul and Shumagin Islands, Harrington, Elliott, &c. (Kamts. to Carpathian Mts.) G. Newberryi, Gray. Stems 1-flowered, 2 to 4 inches long, and ascending from the axils of the rosulate-radical leaves : these obovate or spatulate, an inch or more long ; Gentiana. GENTIAN ACEiE. 121 cauline leaves much smaller, connate-sheathing ; the lowest obovate, the uppermost lanceo- late : calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, nearly the length of the oblong-campanulate tube : corolla broadly f unnelform, inch anrl a half long, pale blue, white within, greenish dotted ; its lobes ovate, mucronate ; the interposed appendages 2-cleft or laciniate, subulate-tipped : seeds round-oval, smooth, broadly Ayinged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot. Calif, i. 482. G. calycosa ? Gray in Pacif. E. Rep. vi. 86. — Sierra Nevada, California, in or near the alpine region, from Mariposa Co. north to S. Oregon, Newberry, Brewer, &c. ++ ++ Low: stems several from the same caudex : cauline leaves G to 16 pair<, more or less con- nate or even sheathing at base; the uppermost involucrate around the sessile terminal flower or 3-5-flowered cluster: corolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, 1£ to 1J inches long; the lobes broadly ovate, and the appendages at the sinuses 2-cleft or lacerate. G. setigera, Gray. Stems stout, about a foot long, decumbent : leaves thick and pale, oval or the upper oblong, very obtuse, an inch or less long ; the pairs all with a connate- sheathing base, the two uppermost involucrate around and covering the base of the soli- tary flower : calyx-lobes oval, about the length of the tube : corolla almost campanulate ; the appendages of the plaits small and short, produced into 2 or 3 capillary bristles which nearly equal the lobes : forming seeds orbicular, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, on Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., in damp soil, Bolander. G. calycosa, Griseb. Stems erect, a span to a foot high : leaves ovate (6 to 15 lines long), commonly equalling or exceeding the internodes ; the lowest pairs usually smaller and with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly so ; the involucrate uppermost leaves somewhat exceeding the calyx of the commonly solitary flower: calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, or even subcordate, about the length of the turbinate tube : corolla oblong-funnel- form, its appendages in the sinuses triangular-subulate, laciniate, or 2-cleft at the tip, shorter than the broadly ovate lobes : seeds lanceolate, acuminate, wingless. — Gent. 1. c. & Hook. Fl. t. 146 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Varies with stems only 2 to 4 inches high, and small leaves crowded (var. stricta, Griseb. 1. c.) ; also with taller and more slender stem 2-3-flowered, occasionally with one or two axilliary conspicuously pedunculate flowers subtended by a pair of smaller bracts. — California (Sierra Nevada, Bridges, Brewer, Lem- mon), Oregon (Tolmie), and Rocky Mountains, lat. 42°-49°, Porter, Lt/all. G. Parryi, Engelm. A span or more high : leaves glaucescent, thiekish, ovate, varying to oblong-lanceolate, three-fourths to inch and a half long, most of the pairs with some- what sheathing base; the upper 2 or 3 involucrating the 1 to 5 flowers, concealing the calyx and sometimes almost equalling the (bright purple-blue) corolla: lobes of the calyx short-linear, small, moderately or much shorter than the campanulate (sometimes spa- thaceous-clef t) tube : appendages at the sinuses of the corolla narrow, deeply 2-cleft, little shorter than the obovate lobes : seeds lanceolate, wingles s, obtuse or less acute than in G. calycosa, which the broad-leaved forms of this much resemble. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 218, t. 10; Watson, Bot. King, 279. G. calycosa, var. Parryi, Herder, 1. c. 178. — Alpine and subalpine regions in the Rocky Mountains, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and N. E. Nevada, Parry, &c. ++++++ Stems either tall or low, many-leaved : flowers not involucrate: style manifest. = Corolla (blue or bluish) oblong-campanulate, with broadly ovate lobes more or less narrowed at base, and the intervening plaits or lobes entire : calyx-lobes usually from ovate to lanceolate, equalling or longer than the tube : seeds wingless. G. platypetala, Griseb. Stems a span high, ascending, densely leafy above, bearing a single sessile flower: leaves ovate-roundish, recurved-spreading : lobes of the 5-parted calyx ovate, acute : campanulate tube of the blue corolla twice the length of the calyx ; its short lobes somewhat reniform, mucronate (2 lines long and 3 wide), double the length of the triangular acute and entire plaits. — Gent. 191, & in Hook. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. — " Sitka, Kotzebue." The char, from Grisebach. Referred to G. calycusa by Herder, and it must resemble its smaller form ; but the sinus-plaits are said to be entire. G. Menziesii, Griseb. 1. n- Stems » foot or less high, slender: leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate (inch and a half or less long), somewhat 3-nerved : flowers one or two, short peduncled or sessile : calyx according to Grisebach spathaceous and the lobes obso- lete, in our specimens with oblong-lanceolate foliaceous lobes (5 lines long) equalling the turbinate-oblong tube : corolla an inch long ; its lobes 3 lines long and wide ; its plaits truncate and obscurely 2-3-crenate : seeds ovate-lanceolate or oblong, barely acute or both 122 GENTIANACEiE. Gentiana. ends otyuse. — G. sceptrum, var. humilis, Engelm. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 483. — Bogs, W. Oregon (Memoes, E. Hall) to Mendocino Co., California, Bolander. G. sceptrum, Griseb. 1. e. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, simple or short-branched above, few-several-flowered: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate (1-J- to 3 inches long), indis- tinctly 3-7-nerved : calyx-lobes unequal, lanceolate to ovate-oblong : corolla 1£ to 2 inches long, sometimes greenish-dotted; its lobes nearly 4 lines long and wide; its plaits truncate or with barely rounded entire summit : seeds narrowly lanceolate and with searious acu- minatum. — Hook. Fl. t. 145 ; Gray, Bot. Calif., excl. var. — W. Oregon to Brit. Columbia. = = Corolla (blue or bluish) funnelform, with ovate lobes not narrowed at base; the plaits extended into conspicuous laciniate-toothed or cleft appendages, which sometimes almost equal the lobes : margins of the leaves scabrous : seeds surrounded by a distinct and rather broad wing, ovate or oblong. * G. Oregana, Engelm. Stems erect and rather stout, a foot or two high, sometimes more slender and ascending: leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-oblong (1 to 11 inches long): flowers few at the summit, or occasionally several and racemose-scattered : bracts oblong or ovate : calyx-lobes from oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, as long as the tube : corolla broadly funnelform, over an inch long ; its short lobes roundish. — Engelm. in herb. G. affinis, var. ovata, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 483. — Brit. Columbia and W. Idaho (Lyall, Spalding) to Oregon [Nevias, &c.) and W. California. Foliage and corolla somewhat as in G. calycosa, but the smaller forms nearly approaching G. affinis. G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span to a foot high, mostly ascending: leaves from oblong or lanceolate to linear : flowers from numerous and thyrsoid-racemose to few or rarely almost solitary : bracts lanceolate or linear : calyx-lobes linear or subulate, une- qual and variable, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shorter sometimes minute : corolla an inch or less long, rather narrowly funnelform ; its lobes ovate, acutish or ran- cronulate-pointed, spreading. — Gent. 1. c. & DC. 1. c. 114 ; Watson, Bot. King, 279 ; Gray, 1. c, excl. var. — Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Colorado, and from the Sierra Nevada, California, to British Columbia, thence east to the Saskatchewan. H— -i— Upper Mississippi-valley species: flowers almost sessile, 2-bracteate under the calyx: corolla open-f unnelform with conspicuously spreading lobes : anthers merely conniyent, soon separate : seeds conspicuously winged, oblong, all attached at or near tTfe sutures. G. puberula, Michx. About a foot high, mostly single-stemmed from the root, very leafy, at least the upper part of the stem, with the margins and midrib of leaves and sepals minutely puberulent-scabrous : leaves rigid, from oblong-lanceolate (or the lower oblong) to lanceolate-linear, an inch or two long : flowers solitary or several and clustered : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate-linear, about the length of the tube : corolla bright blue, 1£ to 2 inches long ; the ovate lobes (a fourth to even half inch long) widely spread- ing in anthesis, twice the length of the 2-cleft and sometimes laciniate-toothed appendages. — Fl. i. 176 (descr. not good as to corolla) ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 347, ed. 5, 389. ( G. Saponaria, var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio, Kentucky, and Kansas to Wisconsin and Minnesota. -I— -H- -I— Atlantic U. S. species (one or two crossing the Mississippi) : seeds covering the whole parieties of the capsule : style manifest, in most conspicuous. ++ Corolla campanul&te-f unnelform, with the short lobes Jhtle if at all^jireadiiig.in anthesis: an- ihexs cohering in a ring or short tube: stein - usually sevefaT-nowered : flowers sessile or very short-peduncled and 2-bracteate under the calyx, clustered at summit and often in upper axils. = Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous: seeds winged or appendaged. G. Blliottii, Chapm. Puberulent-roughish in the manner of the preceding, a span to n foot or more high, slender : leaves from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, an inch or less long, the broadest subcordate : flowers 1 to 3 terminal, and sometimes also in the axils, sessile, leafy-bracted : calyx-lobes lanceolate or broader, foliaceous, twice or thrice the length of the tube, ciliolate-scabrous: corolla bright blue, 1 to 1£ inches long; the broadly ovate obtuse lobes (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the broad and 2- cleft erose-dentate or somewhat fimbriate appendages : seeds conspicuously winged, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate in outline. — Fl. 356, specially the var. parvifolia, " G. Catesbmi, Ell. not Walt." according to Chapman. Perhaps an extreme form of the next ; but the Florida plant appears to be quite distinct. — S. Carolina ■? to Florida. G. Saponaria, L. Stem a foot or two high, smooth, or somewhat scabrous above : leaves from ovate-lanceolate or oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, more or less nar- Genliana. "- ) GENTIAN ACE JE. 123 rowed at base : calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate or oblong, mostly equalling and some- times exceeding the^ube : corolla light blue, an inch or more long, its broad and roundish short lobes erect, little and often not at all longer than the 2tclcf t and many-toothed inter- vening appendages : seeds nearly as in the preceding. — Spec. i. 228 (Moris. Hist. iii. 484, sect. 12, t. 5, fig. 4; Catesb. Car. i. t. 70); Griseb. 1. c. (excl. var.) G. Catrsbcei, AValt. Car. 109; Bot. Mag. t. 1039. G. Elliottii, var.? latifolia, Chapm. I.e. — Moist woods, W. Canada and New York to Florida and Louisiana. A somewhat polymorphous species. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Stems stout, a foot or two high, smooth : leaves from ovate- to broadly lanceolate, gradually acuminate, contracted at base, 2 to 4 inches long: calyx- lobes lanceclate to ovate, usually spreading or recurved, shorter than the tube : corolla as the preceding but more oblong and the lobes obliterated or obsolete, the truncate and usually almost closed border mainly consisting of the prominent fimbriate-dentate inter- vening appendages: seeds with a conspicuous wing, oblong in outline. — Gent. 287, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 55 (with var. linearis, which is merely a narrower-leaved state) ; Gray, Man. 1. c. G. Saponariu, Froel. Gent. 32 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 79. G. Catesbcei, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 418. — Moist ground, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and south to the upper parts of Georgia. Corolla from bright to pale blue, with white plaits, ' sometimes all white. = = Calyx-lobes and bracts (also leaves) smooth and naked on the margins (or sometimes very minutely ciliolate-scabrous under a lens, especially the lower part of the bracts): seeds distinctly willed: flowers in a leaf\ r -involucrate capifate cluster, and often bolliaiy or clustered in upper axils. G. alba, Muhl. Smooth throughout: stem stout, 2 feet high: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate and gradually acuminate from a cordate-clasping base, 2 to 4 inches long : flowers usually rather numerous in the compact terminal cluster : calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, acute, reflexed-spreading, shorter than the tube : corolla dull white and commonly tinged with yellowish .or -greenish, gften an inch and a half long, like that of G^Saponaria, but more campanulate and open ; its ovate lobes twice the length of the broad and erose-toothed appendages. — Cat. ed. 2, 29, & Fl. Lancast. ined. ; Nutt. Gen. i. 172 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360, ed. 5, 388. G. ochroleuca, Sims, JBot. Mag. t. 1551 ; Griseb. in DC. 1. c, in part ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1. c, not Froel. G.flavida, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, i. 80. — Low grounds and mountain meadows, "W. Canada and Lake Superior, south to Illinois, Kentucky, and the mountains of Virginia, east to Penn. and New York 1 Begins to flower early in August. G. linearis, Froel. Smooth throughout : stem slender and strict, a foot or two high : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1-J- to 3 inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide, and with some- what narrowed base : flowers 1 to 5 in the terminal involucrate cluster, and often solitary in one or two axils below : calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube : corolla blue, an inch or more long, narrow-funnelf orm ; the erect lobes roundish-ovate and obtuse, 2 lines long, a little longer than the triangular acute and entire or slightly 1-2-toothed appendages. — Gent. 37; Pursh, Fl. i. 186, excl. syn. Michx. G. Pneumonanthe, Michx. Fl. i. 176; Bigel. Bost. ed. 2, 105, not L. G. Pseudo-pneumonanthe, Roem. & Sch. Syst. vi. 140. G. Saponaria, var. linearis, Griseb. 1. c. (excl. syn. G. Catesbcei, Ell., & G puberula, Michx., & char, foliis margine scabris) ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 106, t. 81 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 389. G. Saponaria, var. Frodichii, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360. — Bogs, along the Alleghanies of Maryland and Penn. to northern New York and New England, New Brunswick (Fowler), and towards Hudson's Bay (Michaux). Distinctly different from G. Pneumonanthe of the Old World in inflores- cence, corolla, and distinctly winged seeds. ' Var. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long and even half inch wide) : appendages of the sinuses of the corolla sometimes very short and broad. — G. rubricatdis, Schwein. in Keating, Narr. Long Exped. Mississip. — Minnesota and along Lake Superior. Also Herkimer Co., New York, Paine. Approaches narrow-leaved forms of G. alba. = = = Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth or nearly smooth margins : seeds oval and com- pletely w ingles s, even marginless. G. ochroleiica, Frcel. Smooth, rather stout, a span to a foot high, often branching : leaves obovate or the upper oblong, all conspicuously narrowed at base, 1 to 3 inches long, pale : flowers sessile or nearly so in terminal and sometimes lateral leafy clusters : calyx- lobes linear, unequal, longer than the tube ; the longer little exceeded by the somewhat 124 GENTIAXACE^. Gentiana. open-funnelform greenish-white corolla, which is greenish-veiny and often purplish-striped (and 1| inches long) ; its lobes triangular-ovate and acute, much exceeding the triangular oblique and entire or sparingly toothed appendages. — Gent. 35 ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell. Sk; i. 340 ; Griseb. 1. c. partly ; Gray, Man. 1. c. G. Virginiana etc., Pluk. Aim. t. 186 (poor). G. vittosa, L. Spec, i. e. pi. Gronov., but it is glabrous. G. Saponaria, Walt. Car. 109 not L. G. incarnata, Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1856. G. intermedia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2303. G. serpentaria Raf . Ann. Nat. 13 ? — Dry or damp grounds, Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. ++ ++ Corolla more funnelform and with longer spreading lobes : anthers connivent but not con- nected : flowers solitary on the stem or occasional branches, commonly peduncled and naked. G. angustifolia, Michx. Smooth : stems scattered, a span or twoTong, slender, ascend- ing, commonly simple : leaves narrowly linear, thickish, an inch or two long, a line or two wide ; the lower narrowed downward; the uppermost smaller and sometimes forming bracts to the flower : calyx-lobes resembling the uppermost narrow leaves, longer than the tube : corolla 2 inches long, deep and brilliant azurej£!ue,.£oroewJiaJ_bri^^ a snow-white variety with a greenish hue outside) ; the lobes ovate, half inch long, widely spreadihg'in anthesis, much longer than the broad and conspicuous laciniate appendages : seeds slender, wingless. — Fl. i. 177 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 356. G. purpurea, Walt. Car. 109, not L. G. porphyris, Gmelin. G.frigida, var. Drummondii, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. Ill the white-flowered variety from Florida. — Low pine-barrens, New Jersey (not "Canada") to Florida. A most beautiful species. 6. PLEUROG-YNE, Eschsch. (Formed of tiIevqov, rib or side, and yvvri, female ; from the remarkable stigmas, which, instead of terminating the ovary, occupy the greater part of the length of the two sutures below its apex.) — Small annuals of cold regions in the northern hemisphere, of three or four nearly related species. Genus more related to Swertia than to Gentiana, the appendages to the corolla, as in the former, adnate and apparently glandular at base. Linnsea, i. 188 (1826). Lomatogonium, Braun in Flora, 1830, 221. P. rotata, Griseb. Stems 2 to 10 inches high, the smaller simpler and 1-flowered; the larger either simple and racemosely several-flowered or f astigiately much branched : leaves linear or lanceolate, or the radical ones short and spatulate : sepals similar to the upper leaves, in ours mostly narrowly linear ; the longer equalling the blue or whitish corolla : lobes of the latter ovate becoming oblong-lanceolate, 4 or 5 lines long, bearing at base a pair of glandular and scale-like processes : ovary and capsule linear-oblong or lanceolate, nearly marginless. — Griseb. Gent. 309, & Hook. Fl. ii. 65 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 122 ; Herder, 1. c. 181. Swertia rotata, L. ; Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 89, fig. 1, 2. Gentiana sulcata, Willd. Spec, i. 1351. G. rotata, Froel., Bunge, &c. — Labrador and Hudson's Bay to the high north-west coast, Kotzebue Sound, &c, and Rocky Mountains south to lat. 39° : in the latter always the slender-leaved form, var. tenuifolia, Griseb. (Kamts. to Greenland.) P. Carinthiaoa, Griseb. Low, few-flowered : leaves shorter and usually ovate : sepals from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla : ovary and capsule oblong- ovate, distinctly margined. (Alps of Eu., east to N. E. Asia.) Var. pusilla. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate : sepals oblong-lanceolate, after anthe- sis becoming as long as the ovate corolla-lobes and the oblong-ovate capsule. — (Near var. Stelleriana, Griseb., G. Stelleriana, Cham., Swertia rotata, Pall. 1. c. as to fig.- 3; but leaves not ovate, &c.) Swertia pusilla, Pursh, Fl. i. 101. Pleurogyne Purshii, Steud. Nom. — Lab- rador and alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, according to Pursh, the latter station very doubtful. Riviere du Loup, E. Canada, Dr. Thomas. (Himalayas, Lapland.) 7. SWERTIA, L. (Emanuel Sweert, a German herbalist.) — The genuine species are simple-stemmed perennials, occasionally with alternate leaves, the lower tapering at base into a margined petiole ; the inflorescence thyrsoid ; the flowers blue, varying to white, in summer. Seeds flat, commonly margined. S. perennis, L. A span to foot or more high : lowest leaves oblong or obovate-spatu- late (2 to 4 inches long), tapering into a long petiole ; upper cauline few and narrower, Frasera. GENTIAN ACEJ3. 125 sessile ; some commonly alternate : inflorescence racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few- many-flowered : flowers 5-merous : sepals narrowly lanceolate : lobes of the corolla (4 to 6 lines long) oblong-oyate becoming lanceolate, the base bearing a pair of nectariferous pits which are crested with a fringe. — Engl. Bot. t. 1041; Fl. Dan. t. 2047; Jacq. Fl. Austr. iii. t. 243. — Ours the var. obtusa, Griseb. (S. obtusa, Ledeb.), with obtuser lower leaves and corolla-lobes, but passing into the other and European form. — Rocky Mountains in Colo- rado, Utah, &c, and Alaska. (N. E. Asia to Eu.) 8. FRASERA, Walt. (John Fraser, of Great Britain, made collections in this country 1785-96, published Walter's Flora Caroliniana.) — Large and stout herbs, or some smaller and more slender ; with single erect stem from a mostly biennial and thick bitter root, verticil late or opposite leaves, the broader ones commonly somewhat nervose, tbyrsoid or paniculate-cymose inflorescence, and copious flowers, produced in summer. Calyx-lobes from linear to ovate. Corolla dull white, yellowish, or bluish, and commonly dark-dotted, mostly of firm texture, not '• deciduous " but marcescent. Flowers seldom, if ever, 5-merous. Species all N. American, and all but one western ; the genus mostly well marked in aspect, but in floral character distinguished from Swertia only by the distinct style ; and this is very short iu F. Parryi and F. thyrsiflora. * Leaves marginless : a single round gland upon each corolla-lobe ; no crown at base : capsule (as far as known) strongly flattened parallel with the valves: seeds orbicular, wing-margiced : stem large and stout : sepals narrow, almost the leugth of the corolla. F. thyrsiflora, Hook. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves in pairs or threes, oblong or spatulate-obovate, the cauline 3 or 4 inches long : flowers in a dense interrupted thyrsus : sepals subulate-linear (4 lines long) : lobes of the pale blue corolla ovate-oblong, thin, bear- ing the gland near the base : style short and conical, in some flowers hardly any ! — Kew Jour. Bot-. iii. 288, where the flowers are said to be 5-merous ! F. Carolinensis, Hook. Fl. ii. 66. Swertia fastigiata, Pursh, Fl. i. 101. — Idaho and interior of Oregon, on the tributaries of the Columbia, Lewis, Douglas, Geyer, Spalding. Rare and little known. Pursh's plant seen in herb. Lambert, where the true station is recorded : " in moist and wet places on the Quamash flats, June 4, 1806," at which date Lewis and Clarke were on the Kooskooskie (now Salmon) River, near which the species was collected by Spalding : the flowers in both 4-merous. Douglas's and Geyer's specimens not seen. F. Carolinensis, "Walt. Stem 3 to 8 feet high : leaves mostly in fours, 12 to 4 inches long ; the radical and lowest spatulate-oblong ; uppermost lanceolate ; those of the ample and open thyrsoid-paniculate inflorescence often only opposite and small or reduced to bracts : flowers mostly slender-pedicelled : sepals narrowly lanceolate : corolla ochroleucous and with brownish-purple dots ; its broadly oblong lobes bearing the large and long- fringed gland below the middle : style slender-subulate : stigma of 2 oval lobes. — Car. 87 ; Torr. Fl. 187, & Fl. N. T. ii. 89. F. Wakeri, Micbx. Fl. i. 97 ; Bart. Med. ii. t. 35. Swertia difformis, L. herb., not Spec. — Rich dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Georgia. Thick bitter root has been used as a tonic, under the name of American Columbo. * # Leaves marginless : a pair of oblong glands on each corolla-lobe and a separate crown below them: capsule compressed contrary to the deep-boatshaped or almost conduplicate valves: seeds oblong, flat, margined : sepals narrow-linear, equalling the corolla. F. speciosa, Dougl. Stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy : leaves in fours and sixes, nervose ; the radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long ; the upper lanceolate and at length linear : flowers very numerous in a long leafy thyrsus : the slender pedicels and peduncles at length strict : lobes of the greenish-white or barely bluish and dark-dotted corolla oval-oblong, acutish, half inch long, bearing the pair of contiguous and densely long-fringed glands about the middle, and a distant transversely inserted and seta- ceously multifid scalelike crown near the base : usually some minute setas between the bases of the filaments: style subulate, shorter than the ovary. — Griseb. Gent. 329, in Hook. Fl. ii. 66, t. 153, & DC. 1. c. 131 ; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 484. Tessaranthium radiatum, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, ii. 142. — In the mountains, Wyoming to Oregon, and south to New Mexico and the Sierra Nevada of California. 126 • GENTIANACE^E. Frasera. # # # Leaves with cartilaginous white margins, thickish, lanceolate or linear : glands on the corolla-lobes solitary, but sometimes 2-lobecl. •)— Capsule turgid; its valves strongly convex: seeds elongated-oblong, thickish, scabrous, mar- ginless: corolla-lobes with a double longitudinally adnate crown confluent with the gland : in- florescence loosely paniculate. P. paniculata, Torr. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : cauline leaves linear, opposite (about 3 pairs) : flowers in a loose and ample panicle, slender-pedicelled : sepals ovate, barely half the length of the whitish corolla : lobes of the latter oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long, bearing a plane and roundish discolored gland about the middle, which is lightly fringed round the border, its base confluent with a pair of coronal crests, which are adnate down the lobe, bilamellate and strongly ciliate fimbriate above, tapering and tubular below : filaments distinct to the base : style slender-subulate : stigma very small. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126. — N. Arizona, sand bluffs at Inscription Rock in the Zuni country, Bigehw. Habit of the two following species. What was described as a pair of glands rather belongs to the crown. -t— H— Capsule compressed parallel with the flat or flattish valves : seeds as far as known flat, smooth, and acute-margined. ++ Inflorescence ample and effusely paniculate ; the pedicels longer than the flowers : corolla white or yellowish with scattered dark clots, of rather firm texture and enduring ; the lobes acuminate or mucronate, longer than the ovate j lanceolate sepals. F. Parryi, Torr. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, including the large and very compound pyramidal or corymbose panicle : leaves in pairs or occasionally in threes, lanceolate, or the radical oblong, 3-nerved, 3 or 4 inches long ; the upper becoming much shorter, often ovate-lanceolate, and soon reduced to small bracts : lobes of the white corolla ovate, be- coming oblong, half inch long, bearing a large and lunate-obcordate conspicuously fringed gland about on the middle, the base naked and destitute of a crown : some very minute setae at the base of the filaments : style distinct, but only one fourth the length of the ovary : stigma small. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 156, & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 484. Southern and eastern part of San Diego Co., California, to the borders of Ari2ona, Coulter, Parry, Palmer. F. albomarginata, Watson. Stem more slender, 1 to 3 feet high, including the ample and very compound broad cymose panicle : leaves in fours and sometimes opposite, linear, or the lower and radical oblanceolate, and the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts subtending the long branches of the panicle : lobes of the greenish-yellow corolla ovate, becoming oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the sepals, bearing the obcordate moderately villous-fringed gland about on its middle, this decurrent into a longitudinally adnate crown with fringed free margins and a somewhat hooded base : style slender : stigma small. — Bot. King, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — S. Utah and S. Ne- vada, Palmer, Miss Searls, Parry. Leaves with conspicuous silvery-white and commonly undulate border. ■H- -H- Inflorescence a virgate interrupted thyrsus of 3 to 5 pairs of sessile (or the lower short- peduncled) dense cymes, forming a series of' glomerate clusters : pedicels very short: leaves nar- row and gramineous, merely opposite; the cauline only 3 to 5 pairs: corolla lavender-blue, of thin texture: the lobes ovate or oblong becoming narrower, 3 or i lines long, rather longer than the subulate-lanceolate sepals; the fringed gland elongated, extending from the base to near the middle, saccate and with a longer and coarser fringe at base : crown stamineal, consisting of a conspicuously laciniately parted or nearly entire scale between the filaments : style slender, twice the length of the ovary: stigma entire: capsule flat, few-seeded. F. nitida, Benth. Completely glabrous, a foot or more high, slender: leaves linear- lanceolate (2 to 4 lines wide, the upper 2, and the radical 6 or 8, inches long), those subtending the upper flower-clusters reduced to small bracts : corolla sometimes greenish- spotted ; the lobes barely acute, bearing an elongated oblong obtuse gland : thin scales between the filaments ovate or oblong-linear, entire or sparingly laciniate, longer than the ovary. — PI. Hartw. 322 ; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. —Foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California, to the Dalles in Oregon. F. albicalilis, Dougl. Very minutely pruinose-puberulent : sepals rather longer and narrower : corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate and acuminate ; the gland oblong-linear : scales between the filaments more or less dissected into setif orm processes : otherwise as the pre- ceding. — Griseb. 1. u., & Hook. Fl. ii. 67, t. 151. — Interior of Oregon and Idaho, on the eastern waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Geyer, Spalding. Obolaria. GENTIANACEiE. 127 9. HALfiNIA, Borkh. (John Halen, who wrote of Kamtschatka plants.) — Low herbs (of N. Asia and America) ; with opposite leaves, and small terminal and axillary often panicled cymes of usually 4-merous flowers ; the corolla whitish, bluish, or yellowish. Occasionally or in some flowers the spurs or nectariferous gibbosities are wanting or nearly so. H. deflexa, Griseb. Annual, 6 to 18 inches high : radical leaves obovate or spatulate and petioled; cauline oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved (an inch or so long) : sepals lanceolate or spatulate and acuminate : corolla dull whitish or purplish, 3 or 4 lines long ; the lobes triangular-ovate and acute ; spurs deflexed or obliquely descending, thick- ish, considerably shorter than the corolla. — Gent. 324 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 07, t. 155. Swertia corniculata, Michx. Fl. i. 07, not L. 5. deflexa, Smith in Rees. Cycl. S. Michauxiana, Roein. & Sch. Syst. vi. 130. — Damp and cool woods, N. Maine and ^'e\v York to Lake Superior and northern Rocky Mountains, Labrador, &c. Var. Brentoniana, a depressed form, with rather shorter and thicker spurs. — H. Brentoniana, Griseb. 1. c. ; Hook. 1. c. t. 156. — Newfoundland and Labrador. H. Iieterantha, Griseb. 1. c, & Hook. 1. c. 1. 156, also Newfoundland, appears to be nearly the same, with some corollas spurless. H. Rothrockii, Gray. Annual, a span or two high, loosely flowered : leaves linear : pedicels slender : sepals linear-lanceolate : corolla bright yellow, 4 or 5 lines long ; the lobes ovate ; spurs divaricate and slightly ascending, shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 21. — Arizona, on Mount Graham, Rothrock. 10. BARTONIA, Muhl. (Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia, one of the earliest teachers of botany in the U. S.) — Small and -filiform annuals or biennials, of Atlantic U. S. ; with fibrous root, simple or paniculately branch- ing stems, leaves reduced to subulate appressed scales or bracts, and small pedun- culate scattered flowers with white corolla. — Willd. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. 144 (1801) ; Torr. Fl. 185 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 818. Centaurella, Michx. Fl. i. 97, 1803. Andrewsia, Spreng. Syst. i. 428. B. tenella, Muhl. A span to a foot high, rather rigid : flowers racemose or racemose- panicled, barely 2 lines long : lobes of the yellowish-white corolla oblong, little longer than the calyx (sometimes twice as long) : ovary 4-angled and the cell somewhat cruci- form. — Willd. I.e.; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 389. Sayina Virginica, L. Centaurella panicutata, Michx. 1. c. 1. 12, fig. 1. C. autumnalis, Pursh, Fl. i. 100 ; Griseb. 1. c. Centaurhim autumnale, Pers. Syn. i. 137. Andrewsia autumnalis, Spreng. 1. c. Centaurella Moseri, Steud. Nom. ; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 121, an occasional form, with leaves or scales and branches mostly alternate. — Open woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin and Louisiana; flowering late. B. verna, Muhl. A span high or less, corymbosely or racemosely 1-9-flowered, the stem weaker or less rigid : lobes of the white corolla obovate-spatulate, 3 or 4 lines long, very obtuse, thrice the length of the calyx : ovary compressed. — Centaurella verna, Michx. 1. c. fig. 2 ; Griseb. 1. c. C. vernalis & C. cestivalis, Pursh, 1. c. Centaurium vernum, Pers. 1. c. An- drewsia verna, Spreng. 1. c. — Bogs, S. Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; flowering in early spring. 11. OBOLABJA, L. (Opolog, a small Greek coin, from the rounded leaves.) — Gray, Chloris, 21, t. 3. — Single species. O. Virginica, L. Herb a span or less in height from a tufted fibrous perennial root, of dull purplish-green hue and rather fleshy texture, simple or sparingly branched above : lower leaves reduced to obtuse loose scales ; upper ones cuneate-obovate, about half inch long and wide : flowers usually in threes and nearly sessile in the axils and terminating the stem and branches, white or purplish, 4 lines long, produced in spring. — Spec. ii. 632 (Gronov. Tirg.); Darl. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 2], t. 2 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 90; Reuter in DC. Prodr. xi. 45; Gray, 1. c, & Man. ed. 5, 390. Orobanche Vircjiniana, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 504, sect. 12, 1. 16, fig. 23 ; Pluk. Aim. t. 209, fig. 6. — Moist woods, New Jersey to Illinois and south to Georgia and Texas. 128 GENTLANACEJ3. Menyanthes. 12. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbean. (Ancient name, from firjv, month, and civdog, flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) — Bog- perennials (of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere) ; with long and thickish creeping rootstocks, bearing either trifoliolate or reniform leaves on long petioles, with scarious sheathing base, and a naked erect several-many-flowered scape ; fl. in spring or early summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 819. M. trif oliata, L. Petioles and scape a span or two high, stout : leaf divided into 3 oval or oblong-obovate pinnately veined entire or repand leaflets : flowers racemose : corolla white or tinged with rose ; the tube longer than the calyx ; the upper surface of the lobes copiously fimbriate-bearded. — Lam. 111. 1. 100 ; Fl. Dan. t. 541 ; Bigel. Med. t. 46 ; Eeichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1043. — Bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Penn., Ohio, and northward: also Rocky Mountains to California and Aleutian Islands. (Japan to Eu. and Greenland.) M. Crista-galli, Menzies. Petioles and scape at length slender and a foot or two high : leaf reniform and sometimes emarginate, crenate ! (2 to 4 inches wide) : flowers in a simple or 1-2-f orked cyme : corolla white ; its tube not longer than the calyx ; the lobes naked but with a medial crest. — Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 45, t. 24. Villarsia Crista-galli, Griseb. 1. c. — Marshy ground, coast of Br. Columbia to Alaska, Menzies, Mertens, &c. 13. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Floating Heakt. (From U m , marsh or pool, and tlvde{iov, blossom.) — Perennial fibrous-rooted water-plants (of temperate and tropical regions) ; with proliferous or stoloniferous growth ; the leaves orbicular or ovate and deeply cordate, entire or repand, floating ; the flowers in our species as if umbellate-fascicled on the petiole, produced all summer, some- times polygamous. Stolons sometimes tuberiferous. L. lacunosum, Griseb. Petioles and stolons filiform, much elongated : leaves orbic- ular-cordate, an inch or two long, mostly quite entire : umbel of flowers borne near to the base of the leaf, often accompanied by a fascicle of thickened and short spur-like rootlets : corolla white, a third to half inch in diameter; its broadly oval lobes naked (except a crest-like yellowish gland at base), twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes : style none: seeds numerous, smooth and even. — Gent. 347, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 141, in part; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 363, ed. 5, 390. Villarsia lacunosa, Vent. Choix, 9 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 139, excl. syn. V. cordata, Ell. Sk. i. 230, a fitter name. — Shallow- ponds, Sac., Canada to Florida and Louisiana. L. trachyspermum, Gray, 1. c. Larger : petioles, &c, stouter : leaves cordate-orbicu- lar, 2 to 6 inches in diameter, with margins sometimes repand, of thick texture, the dis- colored lower surface reticulate-veined, spongy and pitted: umbel usually destitute of thickened rootlets : expanded corolla three-fourths inch wide : style none : seeds roughened. — L. lacunosum, var. australe, Griseb. Gent. 1. c. Anonymos aquaiica, Walt. Car. 109. Villarsia aquatica, Gmel. Syst. i. 447. V. trachysperma, Ell. 1. c. Menyanthes trachysperma, Michx. Fl. i. 126. — Ponds and streams, Maryland (Canby) and Virginia to Florida and Texas. Order XCL POLEMONTACEtE. Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with bland colorless juice, simple or di- vided leaves and no stipules, perfect and regular 5-merous flowers except that the free ovary is trimerous (3-celled with placentae in the axis) ; the persistent calyx imbricated, and the corolla dextrorsely convolute (and not plicate) in the bud ; the fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule, usually with a thick placental axis ; the few or many seeds small, amphitropous or nearly anatropous, with a thin or soft coat, commonly developing mucilage when wetted ; the embryo straight and rather large in the axis of a fleshy or harder albumen, the cotyledons flat or flattish and rather broad. Stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes, distinct. Phlox. POLEMONIACE^E. 129 Style one, 3-lobed or cleft ; the introrse stigmas (or lobes of the style stigmatic down the inner face) slender. Hypogynous disk generally manifest. Almost exclusively American, and remarkable among the hypogynous gamopetalous orders for the 3-merous pistil, but in 2 or 3 species of Gilia 2-merous. The corolla is not always perfectly regular, and the 5 stamens are very commonly unequal in length or insertion. Cobcea, common in cultivation, is very exceptional in the order, climbing by tendrils belonging to pinnate leaves, and" its capsule septicidal. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 247 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 820. # Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, not declined. 1. PHLOX. Corolla strictly salverform, with slender tube and narrow orifice. Filaments very short and unequally inserted : anthers mostly included. Ovules solitary or few in each cell. Seed unaltered when wetted. Leaves opposite and entire. 2. COLLOMIA. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, with an open orifice, from which the unequally inserted filaments commonly protrude. Ovules solitary or numerous. Seed-coat developing mucilage and projecting uncoiling spiral threads (spiricles) when wetted, except in one species. Leaves mostly alternate, and pinnately incised or divided. * * Stamens equally inserted in or below the throat or sinuses of the corolla. 3. LCESELIA. Corolla tubular or funnelform, somewhat irregular, the limb being more or less unequally cleft ; the naked filaments declined. Otherwise as Gilia. 4. GILIA. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform and salverform, regular. Filaments not declined, naked (rarely pubescent) at base. Ovules and seeds from solitary to numer- ous. Leaves various. 5. POLEMONIUM. Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate, regular. Filaments more or less declined and usually pilose-appendaged at base, slender. Ovules and seeds few or several in eacn cell. Calyx herbaceous, not scarious below the sinuses nor the lobes cos- tate, accrescent. Leaves all alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted. 1. PHLOX, L. (Ancient Greek name of Lychnis, from (jptaij, flame.) — N. American herbs, or a few suffrutescent, chiefly perennials, many cultivated for their ornamental blossoms. Cauline leaves sessile and opposite, or some of the upper varying to alternate. Flowers cymose, showy, from blue-purple or lilac to crimson and white ; the calyx narrow, and the corolla strongly convolute in the bud. Most species with long filiform style about equalling or surpassing the corolla-tube, but some with short included style, perhaps by dimorphism ; but only in P. subulata have both forms been found in the same species. § 1. Perennial herbs of the Atlantic States, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves, and solitary ovules. # Stem strictly erect (smooth or sometimes rough): cymules compact, numerous, in a pyramidal or corymbose panicle or elongated thyrsus : pedicels very short : corolla with entire rounded lobes : fl. summer. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, tapering at base, or the uppermost more or less cordate : panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbose : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous : corolla pink-purple varying to white. — Spec. i. 151; Lam. 111. t. 108; Gray, 1. c. 249. P. undulate. Ait. Kew. i. 205. P. cordata, Ell. ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 13. P. acuminata, Pursh ; Bot. Mag. t. 1880. P. corymbosa, Sweet, 1. c. t. 114. P. scalrra, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 248. P. Sickmanni, Lehm. in Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. t. 46. P. decussata, Hortul. (Some of the above smooth, others rough or hairy forms.) — Open woods, Penn. to Illinois, Louisiana, and Florida. P. maculata, L. Stem more slender, H to 2 feet high, commonly purple-spotted: leaves very smooth, thiekish ; the lower lanceolate and the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or cordate base: panicle narrow and usually long: calyx-teeth triangular- lanceolate, short: corolla pink-purple. — Spec. i. 152; Lam. 111. t. 108; Jacq. Vind. t. 127. P. pyramidalis, Smith, Exot. ii. t. 87 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 233, with P. reflexa, Sweet, 1. c. t. 232, & P. penduliflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 46, robust cultivated forms. — Rich woodlands and along streams^ N. Penn. to Iowa and Florida. 130 POLEMONTACE^. Phlox. Var. Candida, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. — P. suaveolens, Ait. 1. c, fide Benth. P. tardiflora, Penny, fide Benth. P. longiflora, Sweet,' 1. c. ser. 2, t. 31. With the ordinary form. , # # Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect : eymides corymbed or sometimes sim- ple : flowers chiefly pedicelled : lobes of the corolla broad, obovate or obcordate. H— Calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular-subulate : whole plant glabrous or nearly so, never viscid : stems ascending or erect : pedicels equalling or shorter than the calyx : lobes of the pink or rose- red corolla rounded and entire : fl. early summer. P. OVata, L. Stems rather low, ascending from a decumbent or creeping base: leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost often subcordate and the lowest tapering into a margined petiole: calyx-teeth short and broad, ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute. — Bot. Mag. t. 528 ; Gray, 1. k. P. Carolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 216 ; Bot. Mag. t~I^£) a taller form, with narrower more tapering leaves and pointed calyx-teeth, approaching the next species. P.latifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 143. P. triflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 29. — Open woods, from Alabama northward in the mountain region to Pennsylvania. P. glaberrima, L. Stems taller and erect : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, or the uppermost narrowly ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to an acute point, firm in texture, almost veinless, bright green and glossy above, often with revolute margins : calyx-teeth triangular- or lanceolate-subulate, very sharp-pointed. — Spec. 1. u. 152 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 36; Benth. in DC. 1. c. P. revoluta, Aikin in Eaton, Man. — Prairies and open woodlands, N. Virginia and Ohio to "Wisconsin and south to Florida. Var. suffruticosa, a form with more rigid stems, either smooth or scabrous, or the inflorescence strongly roughipuberulent, and the upper leaves broadly lanceolate, verging to narrow-leaved forms of the preceding species. — P. suffruticosa, Will d. Enu m. 200 ; Bot. Reg. t. 68. P. nitida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 730. P. Carolina, Sims, Bot. Mag. t\134jj Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 190, not L. P. triflora, Michx. Fl. i. 143 ? P. carnea, Sims,' Bot. Mag. t. 2155, smooth form. P. Carolina, var. nitida & var. puberula, Benth. in DC. 1. e. — Georgia and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. H— -[— Calyx-teeth long and slender : flowering stems erect, ascending, or sometimes spreading, at least the summit and the calyx more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent : fl. in spring. ++ No runners or prostrate sterile shoots. P. Ploridana, Benth. Stems erect and strict, a foot or two high, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous below, as are the lanceolate-linear or broadly linear rather rigid leaves, the summit and the corymb glandular : teeth of the glandular-pubescent calyx lanceolate- setaceous : lobes of the light purple corolla roundi'sh-obovate, entire. — Prodr. I.e. 304; Chapm. Fl. 309. — Dry open woods, Florida, Chapman, Rugel. Foliage, &c, nearly as in the preceding, the calyx approaching the following. P. pilosa, L. Villous-hairy, pubescent, or sometimes glabrate : stems erect, slender (a foot or two high) : leaves linear or lanceolate, usually tapering gradually from near the sessile base to the acute point : corymb at length loose : teeth of the hairy more or less viscous calyx subulate-setaceous or awn-like : lobes of the (pink, purple, rose, or sometimes white) corolla obovate and_entire. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1307 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1251. P. aris- tata, Michx. ; Lodd: Cab. ,t, 1731 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 80. P. cuspidata, Scheele in Linn, xxiii. 139. — Dry or sandy woods, prairies, fc., from New Jersey to Iowa and Saskatche- wan, and south to Florida and Texas. Very variable as to foliage and pubescence. Slender southern forms pass into Var. detonsa, Gray. Smoother or almost glabrous, but corymb and calyx more or less pubescent : except in the calyx nearly approaches narrow-leaved forms of P. glaberrima. — Proe. Am. Acad. 1. c. P. aristata, Benth., partly. — Alabama and Florida to Texas. P. amdena, Sims. Softly villous-pubescent, or sometimes hirsute: stems ascending, simple (a span or two high) : leaves erectish, short, oblong-lanceolate or nearly linear, seldom acute, the uppermost subtending or involucrating the compact cymose cluster: calyx-teeth narrow-subulate, very acute, but not awn-tipped : lobes of the (purple or pink, seldom white) corolla (half inch long) almost equalling the tube, obovate, entire, or rarely emaginate. — Bot. Mag. t. 1308; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 251. P. pilosa, Walt., Michx., &c, not L. P. pilosa, var. Waited, Gray, Man. ed. 2. P. Walteri, Chapm. Fl. 1. c. P. procumbens, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 372, not Lehm. P. inmlucrata, Wood, Classbook, 1861, 568. — Hills and dry barrens, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida. Phlox. P0LEM0NIACE2E. 131 ++ -H- Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent : leaves comparatively broad, and with the stems and calyx softly more or less viscid -pubescent : pedicels rather slender. P. divaricata, L. Stems cliff use or ascending, the sterile shoots decumbent or somewhat creeping and bearing ovate sessile leaves : cauline leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, rather acute : cyme open : calyx-teeth slenderly linear-subulate : lobes of the bluish or lavender- colored (1 to \\ inches wide) corolla cuneate-obcordate or barely emarginate (Bot. Mag. t. 163, & P. Canadensis, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 221), or not rarely quite entire (var. Laphamii, Wood. P. tjlutinosa, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 177, as to specimens, but flowers not "red or scarlet.") — Damp woods, W. Canada and New York to Iowa, Florida and Arkansas. Corolla with the sinuses open. Style (always ? ) very short. P. reptans, Miohx. Stems weak and slender ; the sterile long and prostate or creeping, runner-like, bearing obovate or roundish leaves with narrowed base ; the flowering erect, a span or more high, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of oval or oblong mostly obtuse leaves : cyme sim- ple, few-flowered : calyx-teeth linear-subulate : lobes of the purple or violet corolla round- ish, mostly entire, about half the length of the tube. — Vent. Malm. t. 107. P. stolonifera, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 563 ; Sweet, Brit. FI. Gard. ser. 2, t. 293. — Damp woods of the Alle- ghany region and near it, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and Georgia. Corolla-tube an inch long; style long, the stigmas and some of the stamens often more or less projecting. # # # Stems diffuse and branching, slender, low (a span high): flowers scattered or barely cymulose, peduncled ; the peduncles often elongated : lobes of the corolla narrowly cuneate and bifid : calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate : fl. spring. P. bifida, Beck. Minutely pubescent : leaves linear (an inch or two long, a line or two wide), glabrate : lobes of the pale violet-purple corolla 2- (rarely 3-) cleft to or below the middle into oblong or nearly linear diverging segments. — Am. Jour. Sci. xi. 167 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 373. — Prairies of Illinois and Missouri. P. Stellaria, Gray. Very glabrous : leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (an inch or two long, a. line or more wide), acute, rather rigid: flowers scattered, mostly long- peduncled : lobes of the " pale blue or almost white " corolla bifid at the apex into barely oblong lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 252. — Cliffs of Kentucky River (above Lexington t ), in fissures of the most precipitous rocks, Short. S. Illinois, G. H. French, &c. Bases of the filiform and tufted or creeping stems rigid and persistent. § 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, east of the Mississippi, with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves : lobes of the corolla at most obcordate : fl. early spring. P. subulata, Li. (Ground or Moss Pink.) Depressed, forming broad mats, pubescent, when old glabrate ; leaves squarrose-spreading, ciliate, varying from lanceolate- or subu- late-linear to almost acerose, 4 to 10 lines long : flowers mostly slender-pedicelled : calyx- lobes subulate : lobes of the (pink, purple, or white) corolla obcordate or rarely entire : ovules solitary or in pairs (or rarely 3) in each cell. (Style generally long and ovules solitary.) — Jacq. Fragm. t. 44; Bot. Mag. t. 411, & t. 415 (as setacea). P.setacea, L., form with slender leaves. P. nivalis, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 780 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 185 : style short; and ovules commonly (but not always) 2 or rarely 3 in each cell, and corolla white. P. Henizii, Nutt., a state of the last with lobes of the corolla entire or nearly so. P. aris- tata, Lodd. 1. c. 1. 1731, a white-flowered variety. — Rocky bare hills and sandy banks, S. New York to Michigan, Kentucky and Florida. Very variable species. P. PROctbiBExs, Lehm. (Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1828 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 7 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1722 ; P. subulata, var. latifolia, Benth. in DC. 1. c), is unknown as a wild plant, and is apparently a hybrid between P. subulata and P. amama. § 3. Suffruticulose or suffrutescent, rarely herbaceous to the ground, natives of the Rocky Mountain region and westward, chiefly with narrow or minute and thickish-margined leaves, and branches or peduncles mostly one-flowered, in spring and summer. (Species most difficult, passing into one another.) # Densely cespitose and depressed, mostly forming cnshion-like evergreen mats or tufts ; the short leaves (1J to 5 lines long) crowded up to the solitary and sessile (or in the last species short-pe- duncled) flowers, and also fascicled, scarious-connat'e at base, the old ones marcescent: ovules solitary in each cell. The earlier species of the series most depressed, pulvinate, and imbricate- leaved ; the last looser, longer-leaved and approaching the next subsection. 132 POLEMONIACE^E. Phlox. •)— Leaves moie or less beset or ciliate with cobweb-like or woolly hairs, ++ Very short, broadish or scale-like, soft, barely mucronate, appressed-imbricated : plants very depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts : lobes of the corolla entire. P. Richardsonii, Hook. Rather loosely tufted : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 lines long, sparsely lanate above, and with thickened reflexed margins ; the marcescent older ones lax and spreading : tube of the " brilliant lilac " corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx, the broadly cuneate-obovate lobes 3 lines long. — Hook. El. ii. 73, 1. 160. — Arctic sea- coast, Richardson, Pullen. P. bryoides, Nutt. Habit somewhat of Selaginetta rupestris, copiously lanate : leaves (even the marcescent ones) very densely appressed-imbricated in 4 strict ranks on the loosely tufted branches, scale-like, ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, minute (only 1} lines long), with rather inflexed margins : tube of the corolla considerably longer than the calyx, its cune- ate lobes barely a line and a half long. — PI. Gamb. 153. — High Rocky Mountains in "Wyoming, lat. 42°-45°, Nuttall, Parry. P. muscoides, Nutt. Like the preceding, more resembling some canescent moss ; the branches much tufted, very short ; leaves less strictly quadrifarious and less lanate, ovate- lanceolate, mucronulate : tube of the corolla not' surpassing the calyx. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 42, t. 6, fig. 2. — Rocky Mountains, at the sources of the Missouri, Wyeth. ++ ++ Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, less appressed : plants forming broad mats, 2 to 4 inches high. P. Hoodii, Richards. Sparsely or loosely lanate, becoming glabrate ; leaves subulate, rather rigid, erect, somewhat loosely imbricated : tube of the (white ? ) corolla not exceed- ing the calyx ; its lobes obovate, entire, 2 to 2f lines long. — Erankl. Journ. Appx. t. 28. — Sandy plains and hills of the Saskatchewan, &c, from lat. 54°, and along the Rocky Mountains down to the south-west part of Wyoming. P. canesoens, Torr. & Gray. More lanate and canescent: leaves subulate, imbri- cated, soon recurved-spreading above the appressed base (3 to 5 lines long) ; tube of the white corolla at length exceeding (often about twice the length of) the calyx; the obovate lobes entire or emarginate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Paeif. R. Rep. ii. 8, t. 6; Watson, Bot. King, 259. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado to the Sierra Nevada in Califor- nia and New Mexico. Apparently passes into the preceding. •t— •*— Leaves rigid (one third to half inch long), destitute of woolly or cobwebby hairs, the mar- gins naked or ciliate with rigid or rather soft hairs : plants either densely or loosely tufted ; the leaves mostly less crowded. P. csespitosa, Nutt. Leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly much crowded, hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or with some short glandular-tipped rigid hairs : corolla with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx; its lobes obovate, entire, 3 lines long.. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 41, t. G, fig. 1. — Var. rigida, Gray, in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 254, is a de- pressed form, with acerose-subulate at length recurved-spreading rigid leaves. P. rigida, Benth. in DC. — Var. condensata, Gray, 1. c, is a very dwarf, pulvinate-tufted form, with short and erect closely imbricated leaves, only 2 or 3 lines long ; and is P. Hoodii, Gray, Enum. PI. Parry (298) in Am. Jour. Sci. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Montana, &c, to Oregon and the high Sierra in California. Laxer narrow-leaved forms pass into the next. P. Douglasii, Hook. Less densely tufted, either pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves acerose or narrowly linear-subulate, less rigid and usually less crowded, often spreading, their margins hirsutely-ciliate next the base or naked : flowers subsessile or short-pedun- cled: corolla (purple, lilac, or white) with tube more or less exceeding the calyx, and obovate entire lobes about 3 lines long. — Hook. PI. ii. 73, t. 158 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Eastern and western sides of the Rocky Mountains, from Montana to Utah, west to Oregon and the borders of California. Passes into the subjoined forms. Var. diffusa, Gray, 1. c., with more loosely spreading or cespitose-decumbent stems, and lax spreading leaves, growing in moister places. — P. diffusa, Benth. PI. Hartw. 325. — Western slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, California to British Columbia. Var. longif olia, Gray, 1. c, a rigid form, of more arid regions, and long and narrow less fascicled leaves (linear-filiform or acerose, 5 to 8 lines long, either ascending or spread- ing), approaching P. longifolia. — W. Nebraska to Oregon and N. E. California. Phlox. POLEMONIACEA 133 * * Loosely tufted ot many-stemmed from a merely woody-persistent base, or wliolty herba- ceous, with linear or lanceolate (or rarely ovate) spreading (approximate or sometimes distant) leaves, which are little if at all fascicled in the axils: flowers slender-peduncled, solitary or somewhat cymulose. -i— Style long and slender, often equalling or almost equalling the tube of the corolla. ++ Arctic, with rather flaccid leaves and stems. P. Sibirica, L. Mostly villous-pubescent, especially on the margins of the narrow linear leaves, depressed and loosely cespitose, less than a span high : tube of the corolla little longer than its obcordate or emarginate lobes, seldom surpassing the calyx : ovules 2 in each cell. — (Gmel. Fl. Sib. iv. t. 46, fig. 2.) Trautv. Imag. t. 24. — Kotzebue Sound. (N. E. Asia.) . ++ ++ Temperate, inhabiting the plains and mountains from the borders of British Columbia south- ward : leaves and commonly erect or ascending stems more firm or rigid : calyx-tube between the strong ribs scarious, inclined to be membranaceous and more or less replicate, forming intervening angles : the narrowly subulate and mostly rigid teeth shorter than the tube of the rose-colored or sometimes white corolla. P. linearif olia, Gray. Glabrous, above sometimes minutely hirsute-pubescent, corym- bosely much branched from a ligneous base, a span or more high : leaves very narrowly linear (an inch or two long, about a line wide) : calyx-tube mostly saliently 5-angIed from the broader base by the strong replication of the white-membranaceous sinuses ; the lobes nearly acerose : tube of the corolla little exceeding the calyx ; the obovate-cuneate lobes entire or barely retuse : ovules 2 in each cell. — P. speciosa, var. lineari folia, Hook. Kew. Jour. Bot. iii. 289, mostly. P. speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Beg. 1. 1351 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. — From the Dalles to the upper waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Spalding, Geyer, &c. P. longifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous or pubescent, much branched or many-stemmed from a ligneous base, 3 to 8 inches high : calyx more or less angled by' the white-mem- branaceous replicate sinuses : leaves mostly narrowly linear (1 to 2-J- inches long) : lobes of the corolla obovate- or oblong-cuneate, entire or retuse : ovules almost always solitary in each cell. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 41. P. speciosa, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 72. P. kumilis, Dougl. ; Benth. 1. c. . a small and short-peduncled form, sometimes apparently passing into P. Douglasii, var. longifolia. — From the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, Montana to Colorado, west to Nevada and Oregon, and north to British Columbia or nearly : south- westward passing into Var. Stansbliryi, Gray, 1. c. Conspicuously pubescent throughout, or sometimes glabrate, generally stouter and more open in growth : leaves from linear to linear-lanceo- late : pubescence of the branches and calyx viscid or glandular : corolla mostly pink or rose-color, and its tube commonly- twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes emarginate or erose at the apex : ovules sometimes a pair in one or two of the cells. — P. speciosa, var. 1 Stansburyi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 145 — Utah and Nevada to New Mexico and Arizona. Passes into Var. brevif olia, Gray, 1. c, a depressed or dwarf form ; with leaves 9 to 4 lines long, rigid and with more cartilaginous margins, at least the lower lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late: peduncles either short or none, or elongated. — From Dakotah (Black Hills) to N. California and Arizona. P. adslirgens, Torr. Glabrous, except the slender peduncles and scarcely replicate- angled calyx, which are glandular-pubescent : stems diffuse and ascending, slender (a span or two long) : leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, 5 to 10 lines long, all but the lower much shorter than the internodes : tube of the corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx; its lobes obovate, entire (about 5 lines long) : ovules solitary in each cell. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 256. — Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Prof. A. Wood, C. W. Cusich. ■)- +- Style very short, mostlv shorter than the ovary and the linear stigmas : calyx-tube cylin- draceous, the thin-membranous portion between the ribs not projecting into salient angles. P. speciosa, Pursh. Above somewhat viscid-puberulent or glandular, below often gla- brous, a foot to even a yard high ; the branches ascending from a shrubby base : leaves lanceolate or linear (an inch or two long) ; the upper especially broadest at base : flowers corymbose : corolla rose-pink or nearly white ; its tube little exceeding the calyx ; its lobes obcordate : ovules solitary. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 486. P. speciosa, var. latifolia, Hook. Kew. Jour. Bot. 1. c. P. divaricata, Durand. PI. Pratten., not Michx. P. occidentalis, Durand. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 125 : a broad-leaved form. —Interior plains of 134 POLEMONIACE^. Phlox. the upper Columbia to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California. In the larger Cali- fornian specimens, the corolla is an inch or more in diameter. Var. Sabini, Gray, 1. c. Differs only in the lobes of the corolla being entire or barely retuse (obovate with a narrowed cuneate base). — P. Sabini, Dougl. in Hook. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. P. speciosa, var. elatior, Hook. Fl. ii, 72. — Spokan River, Douglas, Lyall. Var. Woodhousei, Gray, 1. c. Small form, a span high, with linear leaves not broadened at base, and a much smaller corolla ; its cuneate-obcordate lobes only 4' lines long. — P. nana, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep., not Nutt. — Arizona, near Williams Mountain, Dr. Woodhouse. P: nana, Nutt. Glandular and roughish-pubescent, loosely and copiously branching from a somewhat ligneous base, a span or more high : leaves linear (an inch or two long), those of the branches often alternate : flowers scattered. or somewhat corymbose: corolla rose, " red " or " white," with tube somewhat exceeding, the calyx ; its ample and broadly cuneate-obovate or roundish lobes entire or nearly so (about 1 half inch long) : ovules 2 or often 3 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. 153 ; Gray, Proc. 1. c. 256. P. triovulata, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound; 145. — Var. glabella, Gray, 1. c, is merely a less pubescent or glabrate form, less branched and more erect, the leaves narrower and all opposite. — New Mexico, es- pecially on the Rio Grande, and adjacent borders of Colorado and Texas. § 4. Annuals, all Texan, more or less pubescent with' viscous or glandular many-jointed hairs.: leaves linear or oblong, most of the upper ones alternate : calyx at length splitting almost to the base, the linear or subulate-lanceolate lobes setaceous-tipped : style shorter or not longer than the stigmas : ovules in each cell 1 to 5 : seeds with somewhat wing-like angles. P. Drummondii, Hook. Loosely branching, villous and: glandular: leaves mostly oblong or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed ; the upper commonly half-clasping by a broader somewhat cordate base : flowers. mostly in crowded cymose clusters : calyx-lobes lanceolate- subulate, soon recurved : corolla red, varying to rosey purple, or white ; the lobes broadly obovate, entire or nearly so (about half inch long) ; the tube usually pubescent : ovules solitary in the cells. — Bot. Mag. t. 3441 ; Bot. Reg. t, 1949 ; Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 316.— Texas, especially in the eastern districts, and everywhere familiar in gardens. Var. villosissima, Gray. A very villous and viscous form, with more scattered flowers of. large size, and barely spreading calyx-lobes : lobes of the pale corolla half inch long and broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1; c. 257. — S. Texas on the Nueces, Wright'. Var. tenuis, Gray, 1- c. A small and slender form, much less pubescent; with mostly linear or almost glabrous leaves (about an inch long), rather narrower instead of dilated at the base, and an open cyme of small flowers : lobes of the pink or purple corolla only 2 to 4 lines long. — Common in Eastern Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright. Seem- ingly very distinct. P. Rcemeriana, Scheele. Loosely branched from the base, a span or more high, sparsely hirsute or glabrate (except the calyx-tube): leaves lanceolate, or the oblong- or spatulate lower ones often glabrous except the margins : flowers solitary or sparse : calyx- lobes linear, merely spreading : corolla pink or rose-colored ; the glabrous tube not exceed- ing the calyx, about half inch long, shorter than the ample roundish-obovate entire lobes : ovules in each cell 4 or 5 ! — Linnsea, xxi. 752. P. maorantha, Buckley, in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 5. — Texas, near San Antonio, &c., on high prairies. Commonly with most of the leaves alternate ! 2. COLLOMIA, Nutt. (Kollct, glue or gluten, the seeds when, wetted mu- cilaginous.) — Annuals or biennials of the western region, some with showy flowers worthy of cultivation. Lower leaves usually opposite. — Nutt. Gen. i. 126 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 258. § 1 . Eucollomia, Gray. Ovules solitary or in the last species 2 or 3 in each cell: corolla salverform or almost so: annuals, more or less viscid-pubescent or glandular,— Oollomia, Benth. in DC. Prodr., with one Navarretiai. (C. graeihs CoUomia. POLEMONIACEiE. 135 alone wants the spirlcles, which are so conspicuous on the seed-coat of the gen- uine species, in which they were first detected.) # Calyx obCouical : leaves sessile, entire ot- sometimes sparingly incised. •)— Flowers dapltate-Crowded and leafy-bracted, or a few of them scattered. C. gra.lidifl.6ra, Dougl. Erect, a foot or two high : leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, or uppermost lance-ovate : calyx-lobes broad' and' obtuse : corolla buff or salmon-color, nar- row-furinelform, an inch long, showy. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1174 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2894. — Plains, &c., from the Rocky Mountains, lat. 48°, to Nevada and California. Var. tenulfolia, Berith., is a form with more slender corolla. C. linearis, Nutt. More branching and in age spreading, a span or two high : calyx- lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute : corolla half inch long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, little enlarged at the throat ; the limb small. — Gen. i. 126 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1166; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2893. — Lake Winnipeg and Mackenzie River (and even New Brunswick, on the coast, Fowler, perhaps a chance introduction), west to the Pacific, and south to California and Colorado. Passes into Var. subulata, Gray, 1. «:. A low and slender form, diffusely branching from the base : leaves narrow and acute : flowers few in the lower forks : calyx-lobes attenuate- subulate; the tips almost awnlike from a broad base, rather longer than the tube. — C. tinc- torial, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, iii. 17, t. 2. — Nevada and adjacent parts of California and Oregon. ■•— +^ Flowers scattered, all solitary in the forks. C. tenella, Gray. Slender, 3 or 4 inches high, loosely branched, viscid : leaves linear with a long tapering base, obtusish : flowers solitary in all the forks, remote, almost ses- sile : calyx-lobes rather broadly triangular, acute, shorter than the broadly turbinate tube, about half the length of the narrow purplish corolla, this 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King, 262, & Bot. Calif, i. 488. — Dry hills, Utah and Nevada to eastern and northern parts of California. # # Calyx rounded at base : leaves sessile, entire, the lower oftener opposite : flowers rather loosely cymose or scattered. The mucilage-cells of the seed-coat wholly destitute of spiral fibres ! C. grUeiliS, Dougl. At length corymbosely much branched and spreading, 2 to 6 inches High : leaves lanceolate, or linear or the lowest oval or obovate : corolla 5 lines long, pur- ple or violet; the narrow tube yellowish and seldom longer than the subulate-linear lobes of the deeply-cleft calyx. — Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. Prodr. ix. 308. Gilia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924. CoUomia micrantha, Kellogg, 1. c. fig. 3. — Colorado and New Mexico and from Brit. Columbia south to Arizona. (W. S. Amer.) # * # Calyx obtuse or acute at base : leaves all alternate and mostly incised or pinnately divided, all the lower petioled: corolla pinkish-purple, slender, half inch or less long, twice or thrice the length of the calyx. C. gilioides, Benth. Stems loosely branching, erect or diffuse, a span to 2 feet long : leaves nearly simply cut or parted into lanceolate or narrowly oblong divisions : flowers loose or scattered : calyx obtuse or rounded at base, deeply cleft ; the lobes linear-subu- late : stamens moderately unequal in insertion : ovules solitary or rarely in pairs : capsule globular. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. I.e. (with var. glutinosa) & Bot. Calif. 1. c. C. gilioides & 0. glutinosa, Benth. 1. c, the latter a more viscid state of this variable species. Gilia divariedta, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 155, a slender form. C. heterophylla; Hook. Low, diffuse : leaves thin, mostly pinnatifid with the lobes again incised, or bipinnatifid, some of the uppermost less cut or even entire arid bract- like, subtending the more or less capitate or looser clusters of flowers : calyx acute at base, cleft barely to the middle ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate : stamens very unequally in- serted: ovules 2 or 3 in each cell: capsule ellipsoidal. — Bot. Mag. t. 2895; Bot. Reg. t. 1347. Courtoisia Upinndtifida, Reichb. Tc. Exot. t. 208. Gilia Sessei, G. Don. Navarretia hZterbptyUa, Benth. in DC. 1. C. — Brit. Columbia to California: common. § 2. PhlogXnthea, Gray, 1. c. Ovules numerous, i. e. 6 to 12 in each cell: filaments unequal as well as unequally inserted, sometimes a little declined : biennials (sometimes perhaps perennials), or annuals, slightly if at all viscid. (Species of Gilia, sect; Ipomopsis, Benth.) 136 POLEMONIACE^. Collomia. # Cauline leaves simply pinnately parted into few (3 to 7) narrow-linear or often almost filiform divisions, very numerous, all alternate: inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled: corolla salverform with tube little if at all dilated upward. C. Cavanillesiana, Don. Biennial (or perhaps perennial southward) with a somewhat woody base, more or less pubescent, virgately branched : flowers in small clusters in a narrow or raceme-like leafy thyrsus : pedicels very short or none : corolla white, ochroleu- cous, or tinged with purple, only half inch long ; the tube 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx ; the sinuses somewhat unequal ; lobes oblong : filaments moderately unequally inserted high in the considerably f unnelform-expanded throat : anthers roundish : ovules 5 to 7 in the cells. — Syst. iv. 247; Gray, 1. c. 260. Phlox pinnata, Cav. Ic. t. 528. Cantua glomeriflora, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. iii. 119. Gilia glomeriflora, Benth. 1. c. G. multiflora, Nutt. PI. Ganjb. 1. c. — New Mexico and W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) C. Thlir/beri, Gray. Resembles the preceding in foliage and growth, but only minutely pubescent : inflorescence more spicate : flowers much larger : corolla blue or lilac, showy, salverform ; the tube an inch or rather more in length, very slightly and gradually dilated upwards, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx and of its orbicular lobes : filaments in the throat : anthers short-oblong : ovules 8 or 9 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 261. — New Mexico, near the Santa Bita coppermines, and in Arizona, Thurber. C. longiflora, Gray, 1. c. Annual, glabrous, loosely paniculate-branched: divisions of the leaves long and slender : flowers loosely somewhat corymbose on slender peduncles : corolla white, strictly salverform and Phlox-like, showy ; the tube often an inch and a half long, with narrow orifice; lohes orbicular or ovate (sometimes abruptly pointed): filaments very unequally inserted into the upper part of the tube, or 2 or 3 of them in the throat : anthers elongated-oblong : ovules 10 or 12 in each cell. — Cantua longiflora, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 221. Gilia longiflora, Don, Benth., &c. — W. Nebraska and Colorado to borders of Texas, and Arizona ; common in pine forests. # # Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear, scattered : corolla truly f unnelf orm. C. leptalea, Gray. Slender annual, 2 to 18 inches high, minutely glandular, otherwise glabrous, branching into an effuse panicle : leaves 6 to 20 lines long, or the uppermost reduced to small subulate bracts, the lower sometimes with 2 or 3 small lobes : peduncles filiform or capillary : calyx small ; its lobes subulate : corolla pink-red, 5 to 10 lines long ; its slender tube longer than the calyx, and rather abruptly expanded into a wide funnel- form throat of about the length of the oval spreading lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 6 Bot. Calif, i. 488. Gilia capillaris, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. — California ; com- mon on moist or wet banks in the Sierra Nevada, &c. A delicate species ; the corolla in shape like that of Gilia tenuiflora. 3. LQES^LIA, L. (John Lcesel, of the 16th century, author of a Flora Prussica, &c.) — Somewhat shrubby or suffruticulose plants (of Mexico and ad- jacent districts) ; with more or less rigid and commonly spinulose-toothed or spinulose-ciliate leaves, and the uppermost forming conspicuous bracts to the clustered flowers. But the following species form a section, Giliopsis, connect- ing with Gilia, having more scattered flowers, hardly any bracts, and very nar- row leaves (all alternate), merely with rigidly mucronate tips. Limb of the corolla irregular by one of the lobes being separated by deeper sinuses from the others ; the cuneate lobes erosely truncate or 3-denticulate : filaments incurved below the apex. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86. L. tenuif olia, Gray. Much branched from a somewhat woody perennial base, a span to a foot high, nearly glabrous : leaves linear-aeerose, entire, or the lower and larger with 2 or 3 spreading subulate lobes : flowers rather crowded at the summit, the branches short-pedi- celled : calyx-lobes subulate : corolla bright red, narrowly tubular-funnelform, an inch long ; the tube 3 or 4 times the length of the lobes : capillary filaments and style conspicuously exserted: ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. — Bot. Calif, i. 500, & Proc. 1. c. — Cantillas Moun- tains, on the lower border of San Diego Co., California, Mr. Dunn, Palmer. L. efftisa, Gray. Diffusely much branched and rigid from an apparently annual root, a foot high, nearly glabrous : leaves all entire and filiform or very narrowly linear, short GUia. POLEMONIACEiE. 137 (a quarter inch or less long) : flowers effusely paniculate : calyx-teeth short and broadly triangular : corolla pink purple, short-funnelform, 5 lines long ; its lobes fully as long as the tube, unequal, about equalling the incurved filaments and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot. Calif, i. 621. — With or near the preceding species, Palmer. 4. GlLIA, Ruiz. & Pav. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, who helped Xuarez to write a treatise on exotic plants cultivated at Rome.) — North American, chiefly Western, with a few S. American species ; several cult, for ornament. Flowers in some species, especially in § 3 and § 9, tending to dimorphism, mainly in the length of the style. A polymorphous genus : most of the sections have been taken for genera, but they lack definiteness. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 261. Series I. Leaves either opposite or palmately divided to the sessile base, usually both ; their divisions from narrowly linear to filiform : seed-coat in many species mucilaginous when wetted, but destitute of spiricles. § 1. Dacttlophtlluh, Gray, 1. c. Corolla campanulate, rotate, or short-fun- nelform ; the lobes obovate : filaments slender : ovules numerous or sometimes few in each cell : seed-coat when wetted developing more or less mucilage-cells from beneath the epidermis : low or slender annuals, loosely and mostly rather small-flowered : leaves opposite or the upper alternate. # Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the forks of the stem, at length crowded: calyx deeply cleft or parted, the lobes unequal : corolla campanulate with hardly any proper tube (the filaments inserted on its base); lobes entire or nearly so: plants barely 2 inches high, with 3-7-parted leaves. G. Parryae, Gray. Pubescent, much branched from the base, forming a tuft : leaves short, 5-7-parted; the divisions linear-ace rose (barely quarter inch long) : calyx deeply 6- cleft; lobes acerose with broad thin-scarious margins: corolla (white, yellowish or purple, half an inch long) with broadly ovate somewhat pointed lobes as long as the undivided portion ; the throat below each crowned as it were by a broad adnate and emarginate or obcordate scale : anthers oblong : capsule oval-oblong, many-seeded : seeds angular, not mucilaginous when wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. G. Kennedyi, Porter in Bot. Gazette, ii. 77. — Desert Plains, S. E. California : near the head of the Mohave, Lemmon, Parry, Pal- mer. Kern Co., W. L. Kennedy. Dedicated to Mrs. Parry, one of the botanical party which discovered it. A handsome pygmy annual ; remarkable for having appendages to the corolla not unlike those of many Hydrophyllacece. Or. demissa, Gray. Less pubescent, diffusely branching, forming a depressed tuft: leaves 3-parted, or some of them simple (half inch long) ; the divisions acerose : calyx 5- parted: corolla (white, sometimes purplish, 3 lines long) with obovate obtuse lobes and a naked throat : anthers oval : ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 263, & Bot. Calif, i. 489; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 1. 19. — Desert plains, S. E. California and W. Arizona to S. Utah, first collected by Fremont, next by Cooper. # # Flowers loose or scattered on slender or capillary pedicels : calyx barely 5-cleft: corolla shorl- funnelform or approaching rotate, and with entire lobes: the filaments inserted in the throat: anthers oval : leaves 3-7-parted, more or less hispidulous, or rarely glabrous. — GUia § Dactylo- phyllum, Benth. in DC. I/' G. liniflora, Benth. Erect, at length diffuse, 6 to 18 inches high, nearly glabrous : leaves Spurrey-like ; the divisions nearly filiform : flowers paniculate: pedicels 5 to 15 lines long : corolla white or barely flesh-colored, somewhat rotate ; its throat pubescent at base of the filaments ; the obovate lobes thrice the length of the narrow tube, 3 to 5 lines long in the larger forms : ovules in the cells 6 to 8. — Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. 1. c. 315 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5895. — California ; rather common ; passing freely into Var. pharnaceoides, Gray, 1- c, a smaller form, with capillary diffuse branches and flowers of only half the size. — G. pharnaceoides, Benth. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 74, t. 161. — California to Brit. Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Mountains; the smallest states strikingly different from the original G. liniflora. G. pusilla, Benth. 1. c. Small, diffuse, 2 to 6 inches high, very slender : divisions of the leaves filiform-subulate or acerose (3 to 5 lines long) : capillary pedicels 5 to 10 lines long : 138 P0LEM0OTACE.3E. Gilia. corolla purplish with yellow throat or nearly .white, .broadly shor-t-jfunnetlifqiim, 2 lines or more long ; the oboyate lqhes equalling or longer than the campanulate throat and short proper tube : filaments nearly glabrous at base, inserted , below the sinuses : ovules 3 to 5 in each cell. — Gray, Prqc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Tiie proper species, with ,corolla barely exceeding the calyx, Guadalupe Island and Lower California, Palmer, Orcutt, &c. (Chili.) Var. Californica, Gray, 1- c Corolla with larger lobes, 2 or 3 lines lqng, and twice the length of the calyx. — Bot. ,Calif. ;. 490. G. Jilipes, Benth. PI. Hartw. 325. — California to Oregon. G. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Like the variety of the foregoing ; but the tube of the (blue- or purple-tinged) corolla long and narrow, almost equalling the narrow cylindra- ceous calyx-tube, rather longer than the oblong dobes along wi,th the very short and slightly .dilated throat : filaments inserted just bel,ow the sjnuses, gla"brous : ovules 2 to 5 in each cell. — California, on dry hills, Sonoma Co., to the Sierra Nevada, Bolander, A. Wood, Mrs. Austin, Mrs. Ames. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, but the comparatively small lobes only aline and a half long. Longer pedicels an inch or so in length. G. aurea, Nutt. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high : divisions of the hispidulous leaves narrowly linear, barely 3 lines long : pediqels seldom longer than the flower, some- what cymose : corolla mostly yellow, open and short-funnelform ; the r,ounded pbovate widely spreading lobes about as long as the obconical throat and the very short proper tube : filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous at base : ovules about 10 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. 155, t. 22; Gray, 1. c. — Prom Sta. Barbara, California, to Arizona and New Mexico. Corolla with the limb a third to half inch in diameter when fully expanded, bright or light yellow, sometimes purplish in the throat ; or, in Var. decora, Gray, 1- c, white or pale violet, with pr without bpjwn-purple in the throat. — California {Fremont, Brewer, ,&c.) and through Arizona to New Mexico. # # # Flowers terminating the branches, rather short-pedicelled : corolla short-funnelform, its ample lobes fringe-toothed or denticulate: leav.es all undivided and opposite. —Fendici, Bentlj. Gilia § DJMiikQides, Endl. G. dianthX)iides, Endl. Branching from the base, 2 to 5 inches high, more or less pubescent : leaves narrow-linear : corolla an inch or more long, lilac or purplish usually with darker or yellowish throat ; the slender nearly included glabrous filaments inserted towards its base : ovules 12 t,o 20 in each cell. — Atakt. t. 29 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4876. Fendia diantkiflora, Benth. in Bot. Beg. 1. c. F. speciosa (a large-flowered form), & F. concinna (a depauperate state), Nutt. Gamb. 157. — California, from Santa Barbara and the islands southward. A showy little plant, varying greatly in the size and hue of the flowers ; the corolla-lobes in one form (coll. Cojjter) only minutely erose-denftculate. § 2. LinXnthus, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform ; the narrow tube about equalling the cylindrical tube of the calyx (which is white-scarious, except the rite, prolonged into acerose-linear teeth) ; the broadly cuneate-ofeovate Jobes com- monly minutely or obsoletely erose or crenulate, strongly convolute in the bud : stamens included in the tube of the corolla : filaments inserted below its middle, slender : ovules 20 to 40 in each cell : capsule cylindraceous or oblong : erect and slender glabrous annuals, about a span high or taller, with leaves all opposite, filiform or nearly so, 3-5-divided, or the lower simple, sometimes nearly all simple, especially in depauperate specimens : flowers mostly showy, white or nearly so, terminal or in the forks and subsessile. — Z««aw$?«s, Benjlj-, formerly. G. diohotoma, Benth. Plowers showy; the lobes of the corolla from half to nearly an inch long : anthers linear : seeds roundish, with a very loose arillif orm external coat, not developing mucilage when wotted. — DC. 1. c. 314; Gray, 1. c. Linanthus dichn&miis, Benth. in Bot. Keg. I.e. Gilia Linanthus, Steud. Nom. — California and Arizona; common westward. Leaves all entire only in some depauperate specimens. G. Bigelavii, Gray. Flowers inconspicuous ; the lobes of the corolla not over 2 lines long, hardly surpassing those pf the calyx and only half or one-third the length of its tube : anthers oval : seeds oval or oblong, with a close coat, freely developing mucilage when wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 265; Watson, Bot. King, t. 25. G. ^ichqtqma, var, pjir%- fiora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147. — W. borders of Texas to E. California. GiHa. FOLEMONIACE.E. 139 § 3. Lept6siphon, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverfonn, with the tube mostly filiform and elongated; the very short throat commonly abruptly more or less cyathiform-dilated : stamens inserted in the throat or orifice : anthers short : ovules numerous : annuals, mostly low or slender, with opposite narrow leaves, and handsome but commonly small flowers crowded into a capitate leafy-bracted cluster. (Style either very long and more or less exserted, or rather rarely short and included, in different individuals of the same species.) — Leptosiphon, Benth. * Palmately-leaved genuine species, hairy leafy-stemmed; commomV with leaves fascicled in the axils and all 5-7-parted; their divisions linear-filiform: filaments slender, exserted more or less from the throat of the corolla, shorter than its entire lobes : ovules 6 to 10 in each cell. H— Large-flowered, and the tube of the corolla only equalling or little exceeding the obovate lobes. G. densifiora, Benth. Rather stout and large, often strict : numerous divisions of the leaves filiform, somewhat rigid : tube of the lilac or nearly white corolla (half inch long) little if at all exserted beyond the calyx, and villous-hirsute bracts. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. Leplosiphon densiflorus, Benth. in Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1725; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3578. Gilia Leptosiphon, Steud. Nom. Varies with corolla-tube a little more exserted, when it is G. grandiflora, Steud. & Benth. 1. c. and Leptosiphon grandiflorus, Benth. in Bot. Reg. — California; common towards the coast. ■*- ■*— Slender-flowered; the filiform tube of the corolla 2 to 6 times the length of the lobes; these from 4 to less than 2 lines long, oval or ovate. Species difficult to define. Gr. forevicula, Gray. A span high, corymbosely branched, minutely pubescent and above glandular : leaves few and short (quarter of an inch long) : tube of the corolla only 5 to 9 lines long, but much exceeding the calyx and bracts, hardly twioe the length of the (purple or violet) lobes : otherwise much like the next. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79. — Southeastern California, on the Mohave River, Palmer. G. androsacea, Steud. A span to a foot high: corolla much exserted beyond the hirsute or villous-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves, lilac, pink, or nearly white with yel- low or dark throat ; its tube an inch or less long, thrice the length of the lobes (limb 8 to 10 lines in diameter). — Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 491. Leptosiphon androsaceus, Benth. in Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3491 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1710. — California ; common west of the Sierra Nevada. Var. rosacea, Gray. A dwarf and tufted form, with rose-red corolla, varying however into other hues. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. Leptosiphon parviflorus, var. rosaceus, Hook, f. Bot. Mag. t. 5863. — Xear San Francisco, Kellogg. Var. detonsa, Gray, 1. c. Slender and almost glabrous form, the bracts and leaves merely hispidulous-ciliate. — Western part of California, Bridges, Brewer. A less marked form occurs on the borders of Nevada, Anderson. G. micrantha, Steud. Slender, a span or so high: tube of the corolla extremely slender, three-fourths to inch and a half long, 4 to 6 times longer than the lobes ; these 2 or 3 lines long : pubescence of the bracts, &c, short and soft, rarely hirsute-ciliate. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. excl. syn. var. rosaceus, Bot. Mag. Leptosiphon paroiflorus & L. luteus, Benth. in Bot. Reg. Gilia micrantha & G. lutea, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — California ; common through the western part of the State. Flower from purplish or lilac to cream-color, sulphur-yel- low, and even golden yellow (var. aurea, Benth. PI. Hartw.). Var. longituba (G. longituha, Benth. PI. Hartw. 324) is one of the larger-flowered forms, apparently passing into 67. androsacea. — Monterey, Hartweg, &c. G. tenella, Benth. Mostly depressed, small : tube of the corolla less slender in propor- tion to the size of the limb (6 to 9 lines long, the lobes only 1$) : bracts and leaves hispidu- lous-ciliate. — PI. Hartw. .325. Leptosiphon bicolor, Nutt. PI. Gamb., chiefly. — Puget Sound to Santa Barbara, California. Has been confounded with the two foregoing. Corolla dull purple, or pink, with yellow throat. G. ciliata, Benth. Rigid, rough, 4 to 12 inches high, the taller stems virgate : tube of the corolla slightly or not at all exserted beyond the very hirsute or hispid-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves (6 to 9 lines, and the lobes only 1| lin e 9 long) : calyx-lobes acerose. — PL Hartw. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. — California, reaching into Nevada, &c. Greyish with short pubescence on the stems, and longer both rigid and softer spreading hairs fringing the leaves and bracts. Corolla rose or violet, fading to white. 140 POLEMONIACE-E. GUia. * * Entire-leaved, wholly glabrous, very dwarf : anthers sessile in the throat of the corolla, the cuneate lobes of which are somewhat undulate-toothed or 1-3-dentate at the broad apex : ovules 10 to 16 in each cell. G. nudicaulis, Gray. Very glabrous, an inch to a span high, at length branching from the base: stem (a long intemode) leafless from the cotyledons up to the inflorescence, which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre of several ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate foliaceous bracts : corolla white, pink, or yellow ; the tube 3 or 4 lines long and thrice the length of the calyx, rather longer than the lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 266; & Bot. Calif, i. 492. Collomia nudicaulis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369. — Sandy plains, in spring, interior of Oregon and Nevada to Colorado. § 4. Siphonblla, Gray. Like Leptosiphon, but tube of corolla not surpassing the calyx, and its throat more funnelform, ovules only 2 or 4 in each cell, and flowers less glomerate : perennials, more or less woody or suffrutescent at base, cinereous-puberulent or the 3-7 -parted leaves glabrate : calyx cylindraceous, firm- herbaceous, soon 5-parted ; the abrupt margins of the lanceolate-subulate lobes and the sinuses not at all scarious : corolla white, with yellow throat, obovate lobes (3 or 4 lines long), and tube externally puberulent: filaments short, slightly exserted : anthers short. — Siphonetta, Nutt. herb. G. Nuttallii, Gray. Stems or branches a span to a foot high, rather simple, terminated by a dense leafy cluster of flowers : divisions of the leaves narrowly linear (6 to 9 lines long), mucronate : ovules a pair in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267;. Watson, Bot. King, 265, t. 26. — Western side of the Bocky Mountains of Colorado and Utah to Arizona, , S. California, and Washington Terr. G. floribunda, Gray. Taller and more slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched ; the copious flowers in rather loose cymose clusters, often pedicelled . divisions of the leaves very slender, . almost acicular or filiform : ovules i in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot. Calif, i. 492. — San Diego Co., California, on the southern borders, and east to Arizona, Coulter, Palmer, &c. Upper leaves rarely alternate. § 5. Leptodactylon, Benth. Corolla salverform, with tube more or less ex- ceeding the calyx ; the throat somewhat funnelform-dilated : filaments short, inserted in or below the throat : anthers short, included : ovules numerous in each cell : seeds with a close coat, developing neither spiricles nor mucilage when wetted : jD§rennials_or undershrubs, commonly tufted, very leafy : leaves all alter- nate, except in one species, and much fascicled in the axils, palmately 3-7 -parted, acerose or subulate, rigid and pungent : flowers showy (rose, lilac, or white), soli- tary and sessile or few in a cluster at the summit of short branches or branchlets. — Leptodactylon, Hook. & Arn. ss * Leaves all opposite : stems or branches almost herbaceous from a woody base. G. Watsoni, Gray. Eoughish-puberulent and glandular, or at length smoothish : slender branches a span high from the woody caudex : leaves not much fascicled, widely spread- ing ; the slender acerose divisions (6 to 8 lines long) often shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes barely half the length of the tube : corolla nearly white (with purplish throat) ; its tube and lobes each half inch long : anthers at the orifice : ovules 10 or more in each cell. —Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King, 265, t. 26. — Rocky hills, Utah, Watson. * * Leaves all alternate, or sometimes the lower opposite : stems decidedly woody. G. Californica, Benth. Branches and very crowded soon widely spreading leaves tomentose-pubescent, or rather villous when young: corolla (rose or lilac, its ample limb an inch and a half in diameter) with broadly wedge-obovate lobes, their margin often minutely erose : anthers linear-oblong, included in the upper part of the tube : ovules 20 or more in each cell. — DC. Prodr. 1. c. Leptodactylon Californicum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 349, t. 89; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4872. —Dry hills, W. California, south to San Bernardino Co. G. piingens, Benth. Branches and mostly erectish or little-spreading leaves viscid- pubescent, puberulent, or glabrate : corolla rose, white, or " yellow " (Dougl. ), the lobes Gilla. POLEMONIACEiE. 141 narrower and only half as large as in the preceding : anthers in the throat, oblong : ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. G. pungens & G. Hookeri, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Plains of the Upper Platte and Columbia to Arizona and E. California. Widely varia- ble. The original Cantuu pungens, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 26 (sEgochloa Torregi, Don), of the Platte, is a low glabrate form. Var. CSBSpitosa, Gray, I.e. (Leptodactylon ccespitosum, Nutt. PI. Gamb.),is a low and dense form, imitating Phlox Douglasii in growth. — Scott's Bluffs, Wyoming, Nuttall. Var. Hookeri, Gray, 1. c. (Phlox Hookeri, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 73, t. 159, & G. Hookeri, Benth.), is taller, with sparser more rigid leaves, and viscid-pubescent flowering shoots. — Interior of Oregon, California, &c. Flowers not found to be "yellow." Var. squarrosa, Gray, 1. c' A foot or two high, with virgate branches, beset with stouter and more rigid recurved-spreading pungent leaves. — Dry interior region, Nevada to Idaho and Washington Terr. Series II. Leaves alternate and pinnately incised, cleft, or divided, or rarely- entire, occasionally some of the lowermost opposite: filaments slender: seed-coat (as in Collomia) when wetted mucilaginous and sending out threads containing each a spiral coil (spiricle), except in a few species. § 6. Navarretia, Gray, 1. c. Flowers capitate-crowded and densely foliaceous- hracted (in the last species less so) : lobes of the calyx and of the mostly (some- times nearly palmately) multifid bracts rigid and acerose-pungent or spinulose, often laciniate or unequal : corolla slender, tubular-funnelforrn or almost salver- form, and with rather small oval or oblong lobes : filaments inserted in or below the throat : anthers short : stigmas and cells of the ovary sometimes reduced to 2 : low and much-branching annuals, sometimes glandular-viscid, never white-woolly ; with chiefly 1-2-pinnately divided or cleft leaves, their lobes commonly subulate and pungent. — Navarretia, Ruiz & Pav., Benth. * Leaves and bracts, or some of them, more than once pinnately parted, i. e. their primary divisions incised or parted. ■f- Ovules and seeds numerous (8 to 12) in each cell: stamens included in the throat of the corolla, commonly unequal in length and slightly so in insertion: herbage very glandular-viscid and unpleasantly aromatic-scented. G. squarrosa, Hook. & Arn. Bather stout and rigid, often a foot high : upper leaves and bracts spinescent: tube of the small blue (or sometimes whitish) corolla rather shorter than the mostly entire calyx-lobes. — Bot. Beech. 151; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 209. G. pungens, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2977. Hoitzia squarrosa, Esch. JEgocUoa pungens, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. Navarretia squarrosa, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 368. N. pungens, Hook. Fl. ii. 75. Plains of California and Oregon ; a common fetid weed. •i— •(— Ovules varying from 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 in each cell : stamens exserted out of the throat of the corolla, at length mostly equalling the lobes : herbage less viscid or glandular, in some not at all so. G. COtulEeiolia, Steud. Rigid, a span to a foot high, pubescent or below glabrate, above mostly minutely glandular : leaves chiefly 2-pinnately parted ; the subulate divisions of the upper and of the bracts spinescent : tube of the violet-blue or white corolla hardly longer than the lobes of the sparsely villous calyx ; the throat funnelform : ovules solitary or rarely a pair in each of the (frequently only 2) cells of the ovary. — sEgochloa pubescens & cotukefolia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. Navarretia pubescens & cotulmfolia. Hook. & Arn. 1. c. ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. — California ; common westward, on dry hills : exhales the odor of AntJte- mis Cottda. G. intertexta, Steud. Erect or widely branched, low and rather stout, neither viscid nor glandular : stem retrorsely pubescent : leaves mainly glabrous, with divaricate acerose- spinescent divisions sparingly divided or simple : flowers densely glomerate : tube of the calyx and base of the bracts strongly villous with white spreading hairs ; its lobes equalling the white corolla : ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — Navarretia intertexta, Hook. 1. c. — Plains of Columbia River to California and the Rocky Mountains. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, the stamens equalling its lobes. 142 POLEMOWIACE-E. QMa. G. minima, Gray. Depressed, often forming broad tufts (half inch to 2 inches liigh), ,glabrate : leaves aoicular and with simpler and fewer divisions than the preceding : tube of the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the unequal lobes, which equal or exceed the white corolla : ovules 1 to 3 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. ; Waitson, Bot. King, 266. Navarretia minima, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 160. — Interior of Oregon and Nevada to Colorado and Dakota, in very arid districts. Corolla a line and a half long; the .stamens mostly shorter than its lobes. G. Breweri,' Gray. Erect or at length much branched and diffusely spreading, an inch to a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent all over: flowers less -glomerate: leaves with mostly simple acicular-subulate divisions : calyx-lobes similar to these, narrowly subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla, 3 or 4 times the length of the .tulxe .(Which is even shorter than the capsule) : ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Aoad. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 494; Watson, 1. c. — Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, &c), and through the in- terior to Utah and Wyoming. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long. G. leuoooephala, Gray, 1. c. Slender, a span or less higb, seldom rigid, not glandular, glabrous, except some woolly pubescence at the summit of the stem and of the thin calyx- tube : leaves soft ; their often simple divisions islender ; those of the bracts barely pungent : corolla white, longer than the calyx (4 lines long) : stamens considerably exserted: ovules 2 in each cell. — Navarretia leucocephala, Benth. PI. Hartw. 324. — California, on the Sacra- mento and its tributaries, and Mendocino Co., in low grounds. # # Leaves simply pinnatifid or ineised, or many of them entire. -1— All slender and filiform, except the bracts of the small head*, which are more or less pahnately 3-5-cleft : corolla rather slender, 3 or 4 lines long : stems slender, not over a span high, diffusely branched: often with proliferous filiform branches. G. divaricata, Torr. Not glandular-viscid, glabrate; the bracts and especially the calyx woolly-pubescent : divisions of the uppermost leaves and the similar bracts acerose : corolla purple or apparently yellowish : ovules 5 to 7 in each cell. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, viii 270, & Bot. Calif, i. 494. — California, from Lake Co. to Mariposa Co, up to 3000 feet in the Sierra Nevada. G. filicalSlis, Torr. More paniculate, glandular-viscid but not pubescent : upper leaves filiform or setaceous and entire : bracts somewhat cuneate and the lobes pungent ; the inner shorter than the violet corolla : ovules solitary or at most a pair in each cell. — Gray, 1. c. — California, Mariposa Co. to Butte Co. +- +- Leaves broader and rigid, linear or lanceolate, with spinutose lobes ; the floral ones dilated at base and often cartilaginous : stems stout, 2 to 8 inches high: flowers densely glomerate: corolla violet or purple, a third to half inch long, about twice the length of the subulate spinescent calyx-lobes. G. visoidula, Gray, I.e. Viscid-pubeseent, at length much branched: canline leaves slen- der and laciniate-pinnatifld or parted into setaceous-subulate ascending lobes ; the floral and bracts only moderately dilated : ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. — Navarretia viscidvla, Benth. PI. Hartw. 325, a small form. — Dry hills, California, from Santa Barbara to the Sacramento and east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. G. atractyloides, Steud. Pubescent and very viscid, also very rigid, especially the leaves and bracts ; these lanceolate or the uppermost even ovate, all pinnatifid, and witli divaricate subulate-spinescent lobes : flowers less glomerate : ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. — yEgochloa atractyloides, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. Navarretia atractyloides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 368 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 310. — California, from Santa Cruz to San Diego Co., in open and dry ground. H — M — n — Depressed, an inch or two high, at length prostrate, hardly if at all viscid : leaves up- wardly dilated : flowers comparatively loose and scattered: corolla half to two thirds inch long, tubular-funnelform, much exceeding the calyx. G. setosissima, Gray. Pubescent or glabrate, strikingly setose ; the very long white bristles terminating the lobes of the calyx and the 3 to 7 lobes or teeth of the narrowly cuneate or linear leaves, and scattered or sometimes clustered down their sides : corolla white, purple, or mottled: the limb slightly irregular: ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. — Proc. Am . Acad. 1. c, 271, & Bot. Calif. 494. Navarretia setosissima, Torr. & Gray, Bot. Ives Colorad. 22. N. Schottii, Torr. Mex. Bound. 145 ( G. Schottii, Watson, Bot. King) ; an early and depauperate form. — Deserts of S. B. California, to W. Arizona and S. Utah, first col- lected by Coulter. Gilla. POLEMONIACE^. 143 § 7. Hu&iiiA, Gray. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliaceous-bracted : the 3-5-cleft bracts and calyx densely iniplexed-woolly ; lobes of the latter acerose or subulate and cuspidate or pungent : corolla salverform ; the lobes ovate or oblong : filaments filiform, exserted : anthers deeply sagittate : herbage floccose- lanate, at least when young, neither glandular nor viscid : leaves or their simple divisions very narrow and mostly rigid. — Hugelia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. Gilia § Collomioides & § PseudocoUomia, Endl., Benth. in DC. * Woody-based and rigid perennial : corolla violet-blue : ovules few or several in eacli cell. G. densif olia, Benth.. Canescent-lanate when young, glabrate with age : tufted stems a span to a foot or more high from a ligneous base, leafy to the top, simple or sparingly branched : leaves rigid, mostly pinnatifid or incisely laciniate into short-subulate spinu- lose lobes : flowers densely capitate-glomerate : tube of the corolla (half inch long) twice or thrice the length of the calyx : anthers sagittate-linear. — DC. Prodr. ix. 311 ; Gray, 1. c. (Hugelia densifolia, Benth. in Bot. Reg.), a short and stout form, with crowded leaves. G. etongatu, Steud. ; Benth. 1. c, a taller and looser form, with cells of the ovary usually only 2-3-ovulate. — California near the coast, from Santa Clara Co. southward, and thence to W. Arizona and S. Nevada. # * Herbaceous, and the root annual or biennial : "leaves or divisions nearly or quite filiform. -1— Corolla violet, blue, or purple, or fading to white : ovules few (but seldom if ever solitary) in the cells. G. vjrgata, Steud. White-floccose becoming glabrate : stem slender, either simple and yirgate (a span to a foot high) or with virgate branches from the base and paniculately branched above : leaves slender-filiform ; the lower mainly entire and the upper rarely more than 3-parted : flowers usually in rather small capitate clusters : corolla blue or lav- ender ; the tube 4 to 6 lines long, surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes : anthers linear-sagit- tate, a line long. — Hugelia virgata, Benth. 1. c. ; Hook. Ic. t. 200. -r- Calif ornia, on dry hills from Monterey southward, and east to Arizona. Var. floribunda, Gray. A remarkable form, with corymbose branches terminated by much larger and very many-flowered capitate clusters : most of the leaves (even the lower) pinnately 3-7-parted: corolla-lobes 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot. Calif, i. 495. — Santa Clara Co. to San Diego Co., Wallace, Brewer, Palmer. G. floccosa, Gray. More branched and generally lower than the foregoing, 2 to 12 inches high, similarly floccose-woolly, at length diffuse or spreading : corolla from violet- blue to whitish ; its tube 3 or 4 lines long, surpassing the subulate calyx-lobes : anthers narrowly oblong, fully half a line long. ^- Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 495, excl. syn. " Hugelia lutea, Benth." — Dry plains and desert, southern and eastern portions of Cali- fornia and S. E. Oregon to Utah and Arizona. G. filif olia; Nutt. Flowers smaller ; the lobes of the corolla seldom over a line in length, and its tube hardly if at all exceeding the calyx and bracts : anthers cordate-oval, a quar- ter or third of a line long: otherwise like small forms of the preceding. — PI. Gamh. 156; Gray, 1. c. — Santa Barbara and San Isabel, California, to the Bio Colorado. Var. diffusa, Gray, 1. c. A diffuse form, barely a span high ; the leaves commonly rather shorter and less slender. : — Interior of Nevada and Arizona to the western frontier of Texas. H— -l— Corolla yellow : ovules solitary in the cells. G, lutescens, Steud. A span high, closely resembles G. floccosa except in the above particulars, and the bright sulphur-yellow corolla only 3 lines long ; its tube not exserted and lobes hardly exceeding a line in length : anthers elongated-oblong : capsule oval, 3- seeded. — Benth. in DC. 1. c. 311. Hugelia lutea, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. — W. California; bapk of Monterey ? Douglas. Back of San Simeon, Palmer, confirming the yellow color of the corolla. | 8. Elaphocera, Nutt. Flowers capitate-congested or sometimes more loosely cymose, more or less foliaceous-bracted : bracts and calyx-lobes commonly cuspidate or aristulate (but not pungent), and pubescent or ciliate with long and many-jointed somewhat viscid hairs : corolla (white or barely purplish) salver- 144 POLEMONIACE.E. Gilia. form ; the tube little exceeding the calyx ; its lobes oval or oblong : stamens shorter than the corolla-lobes, inserted in or near the sinuses : biennials, short- lived perennials, or annuals, low or dwarf, more or less woolly-pubescent when young : leaves simply pinnatifid or entire. # Leaves all entire, acerose-subulate or filiform : filaments slender. (Approaches § Huge.Ua.) G. Wrightii, Gray. Stems rigid, virgate, a foot high from an indurated or woody base or perennial ? root, very leafy to the top : leaves rigid, cuspidate-tipped : flowers capi- tate-crowded : braets ovate-lanceolate, the larger ones sparingly laciniate, tipped with an awn-like cusp, as are the subulate calyx-lobes ; these slightly shorter than the tube of the corolla : ovules 3 or 4 in each cell (4 lines long) . — Proc. Am. Acad, viij, 273. — W. Texas, on the Rio Grande 40 to 60 miles below El Paso, Wright. G. Gunnisoni, Torr. & Gray. Annual, a span high, slender, at length almost glabrous, loosely paniculate-branched : leaves scattered, linear-filiform : bracts short, lanceolate, entire, tipped (like the triangular calyx-lobes) with a short cusp: flowers capitellate; the heads terminating slender peduncle-like branches : tube of the corolla slightly longer than the calyx and longer than its lobes : ovules 2 or sometimes 3 in each cell. — Pacif . R. Rep. ii. 129, t. 9. — S. E. Utah, Kreus/eldt, Newberry, Brandegee. # # Leaves all or most of them pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or sometimes all entire: filaments short: tube of the corolla not at all or at length slightly exceeding the calyx: flowers densely capitate-clustered: perennials of short duration or biennials; the base of the ■ simple or clustered stems or root hard and ligneous. G. spicata, Nutt. Stems rather stout, erect, simple, or several from the fusiform root, a span or two high : capitate flower-clusters crowded in an elongated virgate and spike-like thyrsus : leaves thickish, almost filiform, some about 3-cleft, occasionally all entire, barely mucronate : corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, shorter than the tube : anthers subsessile in the throat : ovules 4 to 6 in the cells. — Benth in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290 ; Gray, 1. c. G. spicata & G. trifida, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 156. — Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. Var. capitata, Gray, 1. c. A dwarf form : leaves nearly all entire : thyrsus short and capitulif orm : filaments as long as the anther : approaches the next species. — Alpine region, from Black Hills in Dakota to Colorado. G. oongesta, Hook. Stems erect or spreading (3 to 12 inches high) from a tufted base, bearing single terminal or few and corymbose capituliform cymes : leaves with 3 to 7 mu- cronate divisions, or some of them entire : lobes of the corolla oval, nearly as long as the tube, which does not exceed the usually aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes : exserted filaments at length as long as the anthers : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — Hook. PI. ii. 75, & Ic. t. 235. — "Wyoming and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and the Sierra Nevada, California. Tube of the white corolla not over 2 lines long. Var. crebrifolia, Gray, 1. c. Depressed; the tufted stems 2 or 3 inches long, crowded with small entire leaves, and terminated by a single capitate cluster. — G. crebri- folia, Nutt. 1. c — Mountains of Colorado and Utah. Connected with G. congesta by some intermediate forms. G. iberidifolia, Benth. Leaves more rigid than in the preceding and the lobes cuspi- date-tipped, as also the bracts : capitate cymes corymbose : filaments shorter : ovules soli- tary in each cell. — Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290. — Scott's Bluffs and Blackwater, North Platte, Nebraska and Wyoming, Geyer, H. Engelmann. Perhaps only a form of G. congesta. # # # Leaves pinnatifid, trifid, or some of them entire : flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy bracted, or at length loose : low annuals, branching from the base, only a span high : calyx-lobes aristulate-cuspidate. G. pumila, Nutt. Stems loosely woolly, at least when young, leafy : leaves narrowly linear, entire or most of them 2-4-parted into diverging linear lobes, mucronate : tube of the corolla slender, about thrice the length of its lobes and twice the length of the aristu- late-tipped calyx-lobes : filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the lobes of the corolla : ovules about>6 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. 156 ; Gray, 1. c. G. trifida, Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 291. — W. Texas, and New Mexico to W. Nebraska, and west to the Sierra Nevada. Tube of the corolla 3 or nearly 4 lines long ; the limb small. G. polycladon, Torr. Stems puberulent or sparsely pubescent, diffuse, very few-leaved : leaves pinnatifid or incised ; the lobes short, oblong, abruptly spinulose-mucronate, those Gilia. P0LEM0NIACE2E. 145 subtending the cymose cluster longer than the flowers : tube of the corolla hardly exceeding the aristulate-mucronate calyx-lobes : anthers in the throat, on very short filaments : ovules 2 in each cell. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 147 ; Watson, Bot. King, 268. — Western Texas to Utah and W. Nevada. Corolla u, line or two long, white with a tinge of rose-color. § 9. Ipomopsis, Benth., partly. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate : corolla scarlet or red, with white varieties, narrowly tubular- funnelform, gradually and regularly enlarging upward, very much surpassing the subulate calyx-lobes and its own ovate or lanceolate spreading or recurving lobes : stamens inserted in the throat or below the sinuses of the corolla, not longer than its lobes : anthers oval or short-oblong : ovules numerous : biennials, not woolly, and usually showy-flowered. — Ipomopsis, Michx. Jpomeria, Nutt. # Stem virgate, leafy : leaves pinnately parted into filiform or narrowly linear divisions : inflores- cence contracted. G. coronopif olia, Pers. (Standing Cypress.) Glabrous or barely pubescent : stem 2 to 6 feet high, very leafy throughout : divisions of the leaves and rhachis nearly filiform, acute and mucronate : flowers very numerous in a long and narrow compact thyrsus or panicle, inodorous : calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, as long as the tube : corolla an inch or an inch and a half long, scarlet (within yellowish and dotted with red) ; the lobes ovate, mode- rately spreading, • barely exceeding the slender filaments : seeds not developing mucilage nor spiral threads when wet, but with a lax reticulate-cellular outer coat! — Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1691. Polemonium rubrum & Ipomcea rubra, L. Cantua thgrsoidea, Juss. C. pinnatifida, Lam. C. coronopifolia, Willd. C. elegans, Poir. Ipomopsis elegans, Michx. ; Smith, Exot. t. 13. Ipomeria coronopifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 124. Gilia Floridana, Don (Cantua, Nutt.), & G. Beyrichiana, Bouche, are mere forms. — Dry sandy soil, South Carolina and Florida to Arkansas and Texas. Common in gardens. G. aggregata, Spreng. Somewhat pubescent : stems 2 to 4 feet high, less leafy, some- times loosely branching : leaves thickish, with narrowly linear mucronulate divisions : thyrsoid narrow panicle loose or interrupted ; the (fragrant) flowers sessile in small mostly short-pedunculate clusters : calyx commonly glandular ; its lobes subulate : corolla from scarlet to pink-red (rarely white), with narrow tube ; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, widely spreading, soon recurved : filaments slender : seeds when wetted devel- oping mucilage and spiricles. — Syst. i. 626 ; Don, Brit. FI. Gard. ser. 2, t. 218 ; Gray, 1. u. Cantua aggregata, Pursh. (Ipomeria aggregata, Nutt.) C. coronopifolia? & C. aggregata, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 220. Ipomopsis elegans, Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 1281. Gilia pulcliella, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 74 ; Benth. 1. c. — W. Nebraska to W. Texas, New Mexico to Oregon, E. California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) More or less heterogone-dimorphous : both stamens and style included (and the style shorter) in some individuals, both exserted (and the style longer) in most. Varies greatly : the extremes being Var. attenuata. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tapering gradually from the very base into a slender acumination : calyx-lobes equally slender. — Colorado, in Middle Park, Parry. A white-flowered form, with stamens and style included. Var. Bridgesii, Gray, 1. c. Stems low (6 to 18 inches) and diffuse or spreading, as if from a perennial root : corolla bright red ; its lobes oblong-ovate and merely acute : calyx-lobes shorter and broader, from subulate-lanceolate to deltoid : lobes of the leaves thicker and obtuse. — California, through the Sierra Nevada. # # Stem low, loosely paniculate-branched : upper leaves reduced to bracts. G. subntida, Torr. Glandular-puberulent, a span or two high : leaves all undivided, mainly crowded at the indurated base, spatulate or oblong and tapering into a margined petiole, sparsely and irregularly dentate ; the few upper linear and entire ; the uppermost subulate and minute : flowers rather crowded in a few small clusters : calyx-lobes subulate, about the length of the campanulate tube : corolla orange or scarlet ; the tube (half inch long) thrice the length of the ovate obtuse lobes : anthers included in the throat on very short filaments : seeds developing mucilage and spiricles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. — Arizona and S. Nevada to New Mexico, Newberry, Stretch, Palmer. G. Haydeni, Gray. Almost glabrous, above slightly glandular, a span or more high, effusely much branched, somewhat corymbose : radical leaves pinnatifid ; those of the 10 146 POLEMGNIACEiE. Gilict. branches linear and subulate, bract-like; entire : flowera mainly pedicellate : calyx-lobes subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla rose-red, slender; the tube (half inch long) several times longer than the obovate lobes : anthers subsessile in the throat : ovules only 6 in each cell : seeds fewer, neither spirilliferous nor mucilaginous when wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79. — S. W. Colorado or adjacent Utah, on the San Juan, Brandegee. § 10. GilijCndra, Gray. Flowers thyrsoid-panieulate and hardly bracted; rather small : corolla bluish or white, salverform ; the tube hardly double the length of the calyx and little longer than its own obovate lobes : these surpassed by the slender and much exserted filaments: anthers short: ovules about 6 in each cell : seeds destitute both of mucilage and spiricles : g-landular-puberulent and rather low biennials, with simply pinnatifid leaves, the radical in a dense rosulate tuft : calyx-lobes triangular. G. stenothyrsa, Gray. Stem simple, virgate, very leafy up to the raeemiform narrow thyrsus : leaves pinnately cleft ittto short oblong lobes : bracts small and entire : stamens moderately exserted: corolla somewhat funnelform, apparently white,' nearly half inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. — Uinta Mountains, Utah, Fremont. G. pinnatlflda, Nutt*. Stem simple or loosely branching, a span to 2" feet high : inflores- cence open-paniculate, often" compound : leaves pinriately parted into linear or 1 narrowly oblong 'lobes ; these sometimes again 1-2-lobed; stameiis conspicuously exserted (3 lines long, inserted just Under the sinuses) : corolla strictly salverforitl, pale blue or violet, or the narrow tube white (this and the lobes 2 or 3 lilies long). — Gray, 1. c. — Rocky Moun- tains, common from S. Wyoming through Colorado (and Utah ?) to New Mexico. §11. Microgilia, Benth. Flowers scattered, very small: corolla white, sal- verform: stamens inserted on and included in the tube: ovules solitary in the cells: much-branched annuals, with filiform or slender-subulate and entire (or sometimes 3-parted) small leaves : calyx short-campartulate, 5-toothed. G. mmutiflora, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely glandular-puberulent above : stem erect, a foot or two high, with many virgate and rigid slender branches : upper leaves all'reduced to minute subulate appressed bracts ; the lower longer and some of them 3-parted : flowers terminating and also sparsely spicately disposed along the branchlets, 2 lines long : tube of the corolla about twice the length of the calyx and of its own lobes : filaments slender : capsule oval: seed oblong. — DC. Prodr. ix. 315. Collomia (Picrocolla) linoides, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 159. — Interior of Oregon (or now Idaho, not "California"), Douglas. Wyoming on the Upper Platte, Nuttatt, Fremont. - G. tenerrima, Gray. Minutely and sparsely glandular, low, effusely much branched : branches filiform : leaves entire : flowers loosely panicled, on slender divergent pedicels, minute : capsule globular (barely a line long) : seed turgid oval. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 277 ; Watsori, Bot. Kirlg, 270. — Utah, Bear River Valley, near Evanston (in fruit), Watson. § 12. Eugilia, Benth., Gray. Flowers scattered* crowded, or rarely capitate- glomerate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate : corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate : stamens usually inserted in or jitst below the sinuses of the corolla, not exceeding its lobes (or rarely moderately so) : filaments slender : leaves various, all or chiefly alternate. # Ovules solitary in the cells : corolla funnelform with slender elongated tube and rather abruptly dilated throat (in the manner of § Navarretia, but no pungent or even mucronate tips to calyx- lobes or leaves) : sinuses of calyx somewhat replicate : very depressed small perennials; with fili- form rootstocks and crowded leaves, among which the violet or purplish flowers are solitary and subsessile in the forks or axils. G. Larseni, Gray. Filiform creeping rootstocks elongated : stems rising only an inch or two above ground : leaves pedately 5-7-parted or the upper 3-clef t, rather surpassing the flowers, soft-pubescent: corolla half inch long, with tube slightly exceeding the Calyx; its rounded lobes somewhat surpassing the stamens and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot. Calif, i. 497. — California, on Larsen's Peak, in loose volcanic ashes, Lemmon, John Larsen. Gilia. . POLEMOXIACE-S:. 147 G. debili3, Watson. An inch or two high, minutely pubescent : leaves ohlong, 2-3- lobed or entire, tapering into a short petiole, shorter than the flowers : corolla two thirds inch long ; the tube exceeding the calyx : lobes of the latter conspicuously 3-nerved : stamens more or less and the style prominently exserted : " seed without mucilage or spi- ricles." — Am. Naturalist, viii. 302 ; Rothrock, in Wheeler Rep. t. 19. — S. Utah, Wheeler. # * Ovules and seeds few or numerous in the cells. H— Root annual. ++ Cbrolla more or less funnelform, having a distinct tube : corolla from blue to purplish or some- times white : flowers in the first species much crowded and short-pedicelled, in the last scattered. = Seeds developing mucilage and spiricles when wetted, mostlv numerous : leaves once to thrice pinnately divided or cleft : herbage somewhat pubescent or glabrate. G. capitata, Dougl. Stem slender, a foot or two high, nearly glabrous : leaves 2-3-pin- nately divided into slender or even filiform-linear lobes : flowers numerous in dense capitate clusters terminating long naked peduncles : calyx glabrous or nearly so : corolla light blue (4 or 5 lines long) ; its tube about the length of the narrowly oblong or lanceolate-linear lobes and the nearly glabrous calyx, only slightly dilated at the throat : stamens inserted in the very sinuses of the corolla. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2698 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1170 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 287. — W. California and Oregon. Common in gardens. G. achillesefolia, Benth. Generally more pubescent and rather stouter than the pre- ceding, and the head-like flower-clusters larger and less compact : flowers larger : calyx more or less woolly ; its lobes with short recurved tips : lobes of the violet-blue or lavender purple corolla obovate or broadly oblong ; its throat abruptly and amply dilated. — Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & Prodr. 1. c. 311; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5939; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 447.— Gammon throughout W. California. G. multicaulis, Benth. 1. c. A span to a foot high, at length diffuse : leaves mostly twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes : flowers fewer and in a less dense shorter- peduncled cluster than the preceding, some of the pedicels in fruit equalling the calyx : corolla (4 lines long) violet ; its proper tube shorter than the calyx, and its obovate or ovate lobes not longer than the funnelform throat : capsule ovoid. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 498. G. acHUecefolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1682 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3440 ; Brit. FI. Gard. n. ser. t. 280, not Benth. G. millefoliata, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 35, a dif- fuse and small-flowered form. G. stricta, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 755. Polemonium capitatum, Eschsch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1826 ? — California, very common throughout the western part of the State. Var. tenera, Gray, I. c, a depauperate and attenuated form, in dry and poor soil, with peduncle more loosely 3-5-flowered, or even 1-flowered. — 67. stricta, Liebm. Ind. Sem. Hafn. 1853 ? — With the ordinary form. G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two high, mostly slender, paniculately branched, at length diffuse : leaves (as of the preceding or more slender) and calyx, &c, usually more viscid-pubescent: flowers few or several and short-pedicelled or snbsessile in cymulose rather short-peduncled clusters : corolla (half inch long) twice or thrice the length of the calyx, with very short and yellowish proper tube, ample campanulate-funnelform throat , marked with deep brown-purple, and lilac or violet roundish lobes which surpass the stamens. — Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1704; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 264 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3463. — California, throughout the western part of the State : common in cultivation. G. latiflora. A span or two high, eff usely paniculate, glabrous, and the inflorescence and calyx sparsely glandular : radical leaves simply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (an inch or two long), with short ovate ot triangular and cuspidate-tipped lobes ; the cauline few and small or minute, all but the lowest entire and subulate : paniculate cyme very loose : pedicels equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla (7 to 11 lines long) purple with yellowish or brownish throat, dilated-funnelform, abruptly contracted below into a narrow tube which slightly exceeds the calyx; its lobes rounded-obovate : capsule ovoid. — G. tenni flora, var. latiflora, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 278, &Bot. Calif. 1. c. —California, San Diego and Los Angeles Co., Fremont, Wallace, Palmer (402). G. tenuiflora, Benth. A foot or more high, slender, loosely paniculate above : radical and lower leaves bipinnately parted or divided, or simply divided and the narrow divisions 148 POLEMONIACEiE. Gilia. incised, the lobes short ; the upper becoming simple, small and entire : branches loosely few-flowered: pedicels shorter than the flower : corolla (7_to9 lines long) rose-color with violet throat, narrowly f unnelform or even trumpet-shaped ; its slender tube fully thrice the length of the calyx : capsule ovoid-oblong. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1888 ; Gray, 1. c, excl. var. — California, from Monterey southward. G. inoonspioua, Dougl. Mostly low, a span to a foot or more high, usually with slight woolly pubescence when young, and viscid glandular, branching from the base : leaves mostly pinnatifid or pinnately parted, or the lowest bipinnatifid, with short mucronate-cus- pidate lobes ; the uppermost becoming small, subulate, and entire : flowers either somewhat crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled and some of them slender-pedicelled : corolla violet or purplish (3 to 5 lines long), narrowly funnelform, with proper tube shorter or slightly longer than the calyx. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2883 (corolla too salverform) ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. G. parviflora, Spreng. Syst. i. 626. Cantua parviflora, Pursh, Fl. ii. 730. Ipomopsis inconspicua, Smith, Exot. 1. 14. — "Wyoming to the western border of Texas, and west to California and British Columbia. Very variable in size and form of corolla, passing into Var. sinuata, Gray, 1. c. Corolla larger, at least in proportion to the calyx, becom- ing thrice its length, with tube more exserted and throat and lobes more ample. — G. sinuata, Dougl. ; Benth. in DC. 1. v. G. armaria, Benth. 1. c. — Oregon and California to New Mexico. Some fqyms approaching the two preceding. = = Seeds destitute of mucilage and spiricles when wetted, numerous : leaves nearly all radical, barely pinnatifid or toothed; the cauline mainly reduced to small subulate bracts of the open compound panicle, which is about a span high : some flowers with very short, others with slender pedicels, in the manner of G. inconspicua and related species. G. leptomeria, Gray. Minutely somewhat .glandular-viscid : radical leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate (an inch or more long), incisely toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid ; the ob- tuse teeth or lobes minutely mucronate-cuspidate : cymose panicle effuse : flowers incon- spicuous : corolla whitish, 2 or 3 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx, slender- funnelform, and with very small acute lobes : capsule ovoid, equalling or surpassing the triangular acute calyx-teeth. — Proc. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 498; "Watson, Bot. King, 270, t. 26, fig. 6-11. — Interior desert region, Nevada and Utah, Watson, Parry, Lemmon. G. latifolia, Watson. Viscid-pubescent and above glandular : radical leaves oval or roundish (an inch or two long), distinctly petioled, repand-dentate and the broad short teeth slender-spinescent : panicle loosely many-flowered: corolla pinkish, 2£ lines long, cylindraceous, little longer than the calyx ; its lobes acute : capsule oblong, comparatively large (3 lines long), somewhat exceeded by the spinescent-subulate calyx-lobes. — Am. Nat- uralist, ix. 347. — S. Utah, Parry. -H- ++ Corolla campanulate or rotate : pedicels slender or filiform, scattered. = "Western species, diffuse and slender, barely a span high: pedicels becoming horizontal or at length refracted. G. microm^ria, Gray, 1. c. Nearly glabrous, glandless, effusely much branched: branches filiform : radical and lower leaves pinnatifid, and the lobes obtuse ; the upper linear and entire : pedicels capillary, half inch long, axillary or opposite the leaves : flower barely a line long : corolla campanulate, white, a little longer than the 5-clef t calyx : cap- sule globular : seeds few, not mucilaginous. — Watson, 1. c. fig. 12-14. — N. W. Nevada, Watson, Lemmon. G. fllif ormis, Parry. Completely glabrous and smooth : stem erect ; the branches fili- form and spreading : leaves all filiform or nearly so and entire : scattered capillary pedi- cels (from 1 to 11 lines long) at length refracted : corolla cream-color, very open-campanu- late, 2 lines long, deeply 5-cleft, exceeding the 5-parted calyx; its lobes truncate and obscurely erose-dentic'ulate : capsule globular : seeds rather few, mucilaginous but not spirilliferous when wet. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75. — St. George, S. Utah, Parry. Perhaps this species belongs to the § Dactylophyllum ; but all except the lowest leaves are alternate. G. campanulata, Gray. Minutely pubescent when young, obscurely viscid, diffusely branched from the base, depressed: leaves lanceolate; the lower sparingly pinnatifid- toothed ; the upper small and entire : pedicels not longer than the flower : corolla white, oblong-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the 5-parted calyx, moderately Polemonium. P0LEM0NIACE.2E. 149 5-lobed : stamens inserted next the base : anthers oblong : ovules about 7 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 279 ; Watson, 1. c. fig. 16-18. — W. Nevada, on the banks of the Truckee River, Watson. = = Texan and Mexican : pedicels erect or ascending, loosely and effusely paniculate : seeds mucilaginous and spirilliferous when wetted, rather numerous. G. incisa, Benth. Merely puberulent : stems slender and weak, diffusely branched from the base, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves thin ; the radical and lower cauline slender- petioled, roundish-ovate or obovate, acutely and incisely toothed or lyrately cleft; the upper lanceolate, sparsely laciniate ; uppermost linear, more entire, sessile, and gradually reduced to subulate bracts : pedicels an inch or two long, rigid : corolla rotate, deeply 5- cleft (white or blue, half inch or less in diameter), deeply 5-lobed; the lobes ovate: fila- ments filiform : anthers oblong-oval. — DC. Prodr. ix. 312. G. Lindheimeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 763. — Shady banks and thickets, Texas. (Mex.) -1— -i— Eoot perennial or base of stems lignescent. ++ Corolla (as far as known) rotate and blue: leaves rigid. G. rigidula, Benth. Glabrous or viscid-glandular : stems a span or so high, slender and diffusely branched from a stout lignescent base: leaves mostly pinnately (or the upper- most nearly palmately) parted or cleft into few or several lanceolate-linear or subulate lobes : pedicels scattered, an inch or less long : corolla completely rotate (f to li inches in diameter), 5-parted ; its lobes obovate : filaments filiform : anthers elongated-oblong : ovules and seeds several in each cell. — DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 280. G. gtandulosa, Scheele, 1. c, one of the viscid-glandular forms. (Corolla opening wide in after- noon sunshine, closing at sunset, Lindheimer.) — Rocky plains and hills, Texas and New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. acerosa, Gray, 1. c. More dwarf, rigid, and suffruticose : branches very leafy : the leaves all with slender-subulate or acerose and somewhat pungent divisions : pedicels short : flower rather smaller : anthers barely oblong. — Northern New Mexico and borders of Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) G. CEespitosa, Gray. Depressed-cespitose. with a stout lignescent caudex : leaves nearly all densely crowded on the very short tufted/ shoots, viscid-puberulent, spatulate or some- what lanceolate, entire, thickish, half inch long or less : flowering shoots scape-like, 1 to 3 inches high, 1-5-flowered : flowers short-pedicelled : calyx narrow, 2 lines long, 5-cleft ; the lobes slender-subulate : corolla and stamens not seen : ovules few in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 80. — Rabbit Valley, Utah, on barren sandstone cliffs, at 7000 feet, L. F. Ward. — Its proper plaoe in the genus quite uncertain, perhaps next G. subnuda. ■k- ++ Corolla tubular-f unnelform : habit and foliage wholly of Polemonium conferium, var. melli- tum, but stamens straight. G. Brandegei, Gray. Very viscid with glandular pubescence, pleasantly odoriferous, cespitose : stems a span to near a foot high, simple : leaves all pinnate, elongated-linear in circumscription ; the radical crowded and with short dilated and scarious sheathing petiole ; the cauline scattered and similar : leaflets very small and numerous, 2 lines long, from oval to oblong-linear, sessile, some simple, others 2-parted and so appearing verticillate : flowers several in a short,and racemiform leafy thyrsus : corolla golden yellow, trumpet-shaped, an inch or less long, more than twice the length of the oblong or cylindraceous obtusely 5- lobed calyx; its lobes oval and short: the stamens included in its throat (not declined or curved) : anthers roundish : ovules few in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 85. — San Juan Gap, and Waggon-wheel Gap, on the Rio Grande, S. W. Colorado, on the face of high per- pendicular cliffs, T. S. Brandegee. Var. Lambornii. Corolla lurid-yellowish or greenish. — Alpine region of Sierra Blanca, S. Colorado, R. H. Lamborn, A. Gray. 5. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Grhek Valerian, Jacob's Ladder. (Ancient name, from nole/xng, war, or more probably from the philosopher TloU- pmr.) — Herbs, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, and one in the southern ; the leaflets or divisions of the pinnate leaves sessile and not serrate. . Inflorescence racemiform, thyrsiform, or cymulose-panieulate ; the upper pedicels ebracteate. Flowers blue or white, rarely purplish, usually showy, produced in 150 POLEMONIACE.E. Polemonium. summer. Anthers commonly oblong in the bud, oval in the blossom. Hypogy- nous disk fleshy and saucer-shaped, somewhat crenate. Seed-coat developing mucilage and spiricles when wetted. Genus marked rather by habit than char- acter, the first and last sections too near Gilia. § I. Corolla strictly or even narrowly funnelform ; its tube more or less ex- ceeding the oblong or cylindraceous calyx, prominently longer than the lobes : fila- ments naked or nearly so and not dilated at base, usually inserted on the middle of the tube, or occasionally adnate higher : leaflets very small and crowded, so as seemingly to be verticillate : inflorescence capitate-congested or spiciform : cespi- tose perennial. (Transition to Gilia.) P. confertum, Gray. A span or more high from a tufted rootstock, glandular-pubes- cent and viscid, musky-fragrant : radical petioles conspicuously scarious-dilated and sheath- ing at base : leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, mostly 2-3-divided, and so appearing as if in fascicles or whorls ; the divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear : flowers densely crowded, honey- scented : corolla deep blue, from half to a full inch long ; its roundish lobes 2-J or 3 lines long: ovules about 3 in each cell. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 280, & Bot. Calif, i. 500 ; Watson, Bot. King, 271 ; Robinson, Garden, 1876, with a colored plate. P. viscosum, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 154, in small part. — Alpine region of the Rocky Moun- tains from lat. 49° southward to Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and in the high Sierra Nevada, California. Var. mellitum, Gray, 1. c. Usually a taller form : inflorescence more lax and leafy, becoming spiciform or racemose : corolla pale or sometimes white, fully an inch long, more narrowly funnelform ; the lobes only one third or fourth the length of the tube. — With the ordinary form in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. § 2. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, with tube not surpassing the open cam- panulate calyx and shorter than the ample spreading limb : filaments usually dilated and pilose-appendaged at base : inflorescence open and with very few bracts : leaflets simple and entire, sometimes confluent : root perennial. * Low, about a span high from cespitose-branching and mostly thickened rootstocks : flowering stems only 1-3-leaved: flowers cymulose: leaflets seldom half an inch long. P. viscosum, Nutt. Dwarf and with thick densely tufted rootstocks, viscid-puberulent : leaflets very numerous and crowded or even imbricated, thickish, ovate or roundish, at most a line and a half long : flowers in a rather close cymulose cluster : corolla blue or whitish, barely twice the length of the calyx, its rounded lobes (2 lines long) about the length of the included tube: filaments not appendaged at base. — PI. Gamb. 154 (mainly, excluding what relates to the " elongated lanceolate segments of the calyx ") ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — High Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte, NuttaU. P. humile, Willd. More slender, and from somewhat creeping rootstocks, more or less viscid-pubescent : leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to oblong, 2 to 6 lines long : flowers rather few in the clusters : corolla blue or purplish ; its ampler rounded lobes much longer than the short included tube : filaments pilose at the dilated base : ovules 2 to 4 and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. — Roem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 792; Cham, in Linn. vi. 562. A polymor- phous or complex species, of which the large-flowered high northern form, with rather long viscid pubescence about the calyx, &c, may be taken as type, after Chamisso, viz. his P. humile and his var. macranthum. P. Richardsonii, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2800. P. lanatum, Fischer. P. capitatum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317, mainly (excl. syn. Lindl. Bot. Reg., which belongs rather to P. cceruleum ; also excluding the original of Eschscholtz, from Cali- fornia, which must be Gilia multicaulis or G. achillew folia). P. pulchellum, var. macranthum, Ledeb. PI. Ross. iii. 85. — Arctic coast to St. Paul's and Shumagin Islands. (Kamts. to Spitzbergen.) Lobes of the corolla often 5 lines long. Var. pulchellum. Viscid pubescence mostly minute, or the leaflets often nearly glabrous and naked : flowers smaller : the lobes of the corolla only 3 or 2 lines long, violet or lavender blue, in some forms nearly white. (Varies in small-flowered forms with style and even stamens exserted.) — P. pulchellum, Bunge, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 233, & Ic. Ross. Polemonium. POLEMONIACE^. 151 t. 20. P. moschatum, Wormskiold. P. humile, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1304. P. pulcherrimum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2979, a more viscid, lax or diffuse, and small-flowered form ; the corolla' violet^ varying to white, its lobes narrower. — N. W. and Arctic coast, and southward along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada. (Kamts. & Siberia.) # # Taller, from slender rootstocks or roots : leaves and leaflets larger, -f- Ovules 6. to 12 in each cell: stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high: leaflets numerous and mostlv approxi- mate, not rarely confluent or the rhachis winged : seeds in the same species either wing-angled or marginless : corolla blue, varying to white. P. cseruleum, L. Either glabrous or viscid-pubescent : stem mostly strict and virgate, 1 to 3 feet high, 5^10-leayed : leaflets from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate (9 to 20 lines long) : flowers numerous in a naked and narrow thyrsus or panicle : calyx cleft to or be- yond the middle : corolla an inch or considerably less in diameter : elongated style usually considerably and stamens often somewhat longer than the corolla. — Fl. Dan. t. 255- Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1004 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 371. — Wet or moist ground ; very rare in the N. Atlantic States (in swamps in New York, viz. Schoharie Co., Dr. Howe, Delaware Co., B. D. Gilbert, Herkimer Co., Clinton, also Warren Co., New Jersey, Porter ; a form with rather open-panicled inflorescence and broadish leaflets) ; but common in western wooded mountain districts, viz. from Colorado Rocky Mountains to California, Oregon, and far northward. (N. Asia, Eu.) Var. acutiflorum, Ledeb., is a high northern and reduced form, a foot to a span high, with few and large flowers, and ovate more or less acute corolla-lobes, which exceed the stamens and sometimes even the style. — P. acutiflorum, Willd. in Rcem. & Sch. 1. c. ; DC. Prodr. I.e. — High N. W. coast and Aleutian Islands, &c. (Siber., N. Eu.) P. foliosissimum. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong-scented : stem a, foot or more high, very_Jejafy throughout : leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (seldom an inch long) : flowers corymbose-cymose, smaller than those of the preceding : corolla commonly whjte or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx, which is 5-cleft to or beyond the middle : style and stamens not protruding. — P. cceruleum, var.? pterosperma, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317 ; but the seeds, as in P. cceruleum, are either mar- ginless or wing-margined. P. cceruleum, var. foliosissimum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 281. — Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to Utah and Idaho. Some forms approaching the preceding species; but it is more like P. Mexicanum, Cerv., which is loosely branched, and has the violet corolla little exceeding the calyx, the lobes of the latter barely half the length of the tube. +- -f— Ovules only 3 or 4. in each cell : stem lax or with diffuse branches and open corymbiform or paniculate inflorescence: leaflets fewer (5^ to 15) and rather large, membranaceous, only the ulti- mate at all confluent: herbage glabrous of slightly pubescent, neither viscid nor glandular: style and stamens rather shorter than the corolla. P. carneum. A foot or two high, rather stout : leaflets from ovate to oblong-lanceolate (often an inch and a half long) : branches somewhat umbellately 3— 5-flowered : calyx deeply 5-cleft; the lobes ovate-oblong: corolla salmon-color or flesh-color (fading to pur- plish), 8 to 12 lines long (the ample limb sometimes 1A inches in diameter when fully expanded); its lobes rounded-obovate. — In mountain woods, Siskiyou Co., California, Greene. Also near San Francisco, Kdlotjg, G. R. Vasey. P. reptans, L. A foot or less high, slender, weak and at length diffuse or spreading (but never creeping) : leaflets ovate- or lanceolate-oblong : flowers several and loosely panicu- late-cymulose on the branches : calyx with ovate lobes shorter than its tube : corolla light blue, half inch or less in length. — Lam. 111. 1. 106 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1887. — Open woods, New York to Alabama and west to Minnesota and Missouri. § 3. Corolla almost rotate, shorter than the broad and open deeply 5-cleft calyx : filaments almost naked at base : flowers scattered : root annual. (Another transition to Gilia.) P. micranthum, Benth. Much branched from the base, slender, diffuse, more or less viscid-pubescent : stems or branches 3 to 8 inches long : leaflets 5 to 13, obovate or lanceo- late (2 to 4 lines long) : peduncles mostly solitary opposite the leaves : corolla whitish, a line or two long: ovules 2 or 3 in each cell. — DC. Prodr. ix. 318 ; Gray, 1. c. — Springy ground, British Columbia to California and Nevada : fl. in spring. (S. Chili, P. antarcticum, Griseb. ex Benth.) 152 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Okdbr XCII. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with watery insipid juice, alternate or sometimes oppo- site leaves, no stipules, mostly a scorpioid inflorescence in the manner of Borra- ginacece, regular 5-merous 5-androus flowers, with the stamens borne on the base or lower part of the corolla alternate with its lobes, a 2-merous ovary, and the two styles distinct or partly united (in Romanzojfia completely united into one) : stigmas terminal. Ovules amphitropous or anatropous, from 4 to very many, pendulous, or when numerous almost horizontal. Hypogynous annular disk at the base of the ovary often conspicuous. Fruit a capsule, one-celled with two parietal placenta?, or incompletely 2-celled by the approximation or meeting of the placentae (borne on semisepta), or even completely 2-celled by their union in the axis. Seeds with a close and usually reticulated or pitted testa, and a small or slender embryo in cartilaginous or firm-fleshy albumen. Scorpioid cymes sometimes complete, more commonly reduced to geminate or solitary false spikes or racemes (which in description may be termed spikes or racemes) '; the pedi- cels bractless. Calyx 5-parted, or of nearly distinct sepals. — Benth. in Linn. Trans, xvii. 267 ; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 287 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 312, & Bot. Calif, i. 501. Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEiE. Ovary and capsule strictly 1-celled, lined with a pair of expanded, at first fleshy, at maturity thin and membranaceous placentae, which form a lining to the pericarp, and enclose the 4 or more amphitropous ovules and seeds. Calyx sometimes appendaged at the sinuses. Corolla mostly convolute in the bud. Style more or less 2-cleft. Ovary hispid, at least at the apex. Capsule globose, loculicidal, i. e. dehiscent by the- dorsal sutures. Seeds by abortion commonly fewer than the ovules, globular, or angled by mutual pres- sure : albumen cartilaginous. # Stamens and style mostly conspicuously exserted : calyx nearly unchanged in fruit : root perennial or biennial : leaves alternate. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx early open, with or without a small appendage at each sinus. Corolla campanulate; the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage opposite each lobe, with infolded edges, forming a nectariferous groove. Filaments and style long and filiform, the former bearded at the middle : anthers linear or oblong, in- flexed in the bud. Seeds 1 to 4 ; the ovules only 4. # # Stamens shorter than the corolla : calyx accrescent in fruit : root annual : lower and sometimes all the leaves opposite. 2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx with a reflexed appendage at each sinus. Corolla rotate or approaching campanulate, usually longer than the calyx; the base within mostly with 10 appendages. Anthers usually sagittate-oblong. Ovules 4 to 20. Seeds commonly with a deciduous or more persistent caruncle. 3. ELLISIA. Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, shorter or little longer than the calyx; the internal appendages minute or obsolete ; lobes in asstivation either all convolute, or one exterior, or rarely quincuncial. Anthers oval or oblong. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds not carunculate. Tribe II. PHACELIEjE. Ovary either strictly 1-celled or 2-celled by the meeting of the linear or lanceolate placentae in the axis ; these separating in the loculicidal dehiscence, and borne on the middle of the semiseptiferous valves, or sometimes falling away. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Corolla imbricated in the bud. Style from 2-parted to (rarely) entire ; the branches at the apex or the stigmas obscurely if at all thickened. Ovary mostly hispid or pubescent, at least its apex. Albumen cartilaginous or firm-fleshy. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 153 * Leaves all opposite, entire : flowers cymose : style 2-cleft at the apex. 4. DRAPERIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals narrow-linear, equal. Corolla tubular-f unnelform, with 5 short lobes, not appendaged within. Stamens unequal and somewhat unequally inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, included. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of collateral ovules pendulous from near the apex of each cell. Style long and filiform. Capsule globose-didymous, membranaceous ; the thin semi-septa commonly adnate to each valve, and the membranaceous central or placental portion falling with the four seeds. # * Leaves all or all but the lowest alternate : flowers cymose, scorpioid-racemose or spicate, or rarely in the forks. H— Style 2-cleft, at least at the apex. f 5. PHACELIA. Calyx-lobes all similar or nearly so. Corolla deciduous, not yellow. Stamens equally inserted low down on the corolla. Inflorescence scorpioid. (Ovules and seeds when reduced to a pair collateral and nearly as long as the cell.) r 6. EMMENANTHE. Corolla (yellow or yellowish and campanulate) persistent! Other- wise as Phacelia. Seeds several. 7. CONANTHUS. Calyx-lobes all similar, narrow. Corolla deciduous, funnelform, not appendaged ; the slender filaments unequally inserted more or less high up on its tube. Stigmas capitellate. Seeds with a thin smoothish testa, 10 to 20. Flowers solitary and subsessile in the leafy forks of the stem. Habit of Nama. 8. TRICARDIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals very dissimilar ; 3 outer large and cordate, 2 inner linear. Corolla broad-campanulate, deciduous. Stamens equally inserted on the base of the corolla. Ovary glabrous : ovules and seeds about 8. Flowers racemose. +- -4— Style and even the stigma entire : ovary glabrous. 9. ROMANZOFFIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals similar. Corolla funnelform or almost cam- panulate ; the stamens inserted on the base of its tube, unequal. Style filiform : stigma small. Inflorescence scapiform, loosely racemose. Leaves round-reniform and crenate- lobed. # * * Leaves (alternate) and 1-flowered peduncles all radical : style 2-cleft at apex. 10. HESPEROCHIRON. Calyx 5-( rarely 6-7-)parted; the lobes linear-lanceolate, occa- sionally unequal. Corolla campanulate or rotate, deciduous ; the stamens inserted on the base of its tube. Ovary pubescent. Leaves spatulate or oblong, entire. Tribe III. NAME2E. Styles 2, distinct to the base ; their tips or stigmas commonly clavate-thickened or capitate. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Cap- sule loculicidal ; the valves bearing the (usually placentiferous) half-dissepiments on their middle. Seeds with firm fleshy albumen. Corolla imbricated in the bud, not appendaged within. Leaves simple, alternate, or sometimes imperfectly oppo- site. (Closely connected with the foregoing tribe through Draperia and Conanlhus on the one hand, and Lemmonia on the other.) * Ovules and seeds only 2 in each cell, one above the other : placentas not transversely dilated or bilamellar. 1 1. LEMMONIA. Corolla short-campanulate. Filaments and styles short and included, subulate : the former equally inserted, abruptly dilated or as it were appendiculate at the very base : anthers cordate-didymous. Stigmas small. Capsule membranaceous, 2- valved. Seeds proportionally large, globular-obovate. Depressed annual. * # Ovules and seeds numerous or several, on transverse lamelliform placentas, which approximate or cohere in the axis of the ovary, but separate in the loculicidai dehis- cence and are borne on the half-dissepiments or half-valves of the capsule. 12. NAMA. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform. Filaments and styles filiform, more or less included; the former commonly unequal and often unequally inserted, slightly and gradually if at all dilated at base. Capsule membranaceous ; the valves and placentas undivided. Ovules and usually the seeds numerous. Mainly low herbs or suffrutescent. 13. ERIODICTYON. Corolla funnelform or approaching campanulate. Filaments and style more or less included. Capsule crustaceous, 4-valved, i. e. first loculicidal, then sep- tieidal, thus splitting into 4 half -carpels, which are closed on one side, owing to the widely dilated placentas, and partly open on the other. Seeds rather few, pendulous. Shrubby, with leaves mostly dentate. Tribe IV. HYDROLEEiE. Ovary and capsule completely 2-celled, and with large and fleshy inseparable placentae; the dehiscence septicidally septifragal, or often 154 HYDR0PHYLLACE.3J. Hydroplyllum. irregular, leaving the thin dissepiment with the central placenta. Styles 2. Corolla nearly rotate, imbricatsd in the bud. Seeds very numerous, with fleshy albumen. Leaves all alternate, simple and entire. 14. HYDROLEA. The only genus. 1. HYDROPHtLLUM, Tourn. Waterleaf. (Formed of tftoop, water, and cpvhXov, leaf, a name of no obvious application.) — - North- American herbs ; with petioled ample and lobed or divided alternate leaves, and cymose clusters of violet-blue or white flowers, in early summer. § 1. Htdeopiiyllcm proper. Perennial, with fleshy horizontal rootstocks : calyx naked at the sinuses, except occasionally in the last species. * Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate : at least the calyx and inflorescence hispid. -I— Peduncles shorter than the petioles, generally shorter than the mostly dense inflorescence: anthers short-oblong. H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Hispid or rough-hirsute, stout, 2 or 3 feet high : lower leaves commonly a foot long ; the divisions oval or oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 inches long, in- cisely toothed ; the upper ones confluent : stout peduncles commonly forked : cymes very dense : calyx white-hispid, not deeply parted ; its divisions triangular-subulate, tapering gradually from the broad base, loosely spreading : corolla dull white, half an inch long. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111. — Rich woods, Ohio to Virginia and Alabama, and west to the Mississippi. H. capitatum, Dougl. Only a span or so in height, tufted : copious fascicled roots fleshy and almost as large as the short rootstocks : leaves longer than the stem, and with blade mostly shorter than the petiole, ovate or roundish in general outline, 2 or 3 inches long, softly hirsute or pubescent, pinnately 5-7-parted or at base divided ; the divisions 2-3-lobed or cleft ; the lobes oblong, obtuse and mucronate : flowers capitate-cymose : calyx very hispid. — Benth. in Linn. Trans, xvii. 273 (excl. Calif, pi. &c.) ; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 289; Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 202 (var. pumilum) ; Watson, Bot. King, 249. — Hillsides, &c, Washington Terr, to the Sierra Nevada, California, and Utah. Var. alpinum, "Watson, 1. c. Nearly acaulescent in dense tufts : flowers distinctly pedicellate in a somewhat open cyme close to the ground : calyx densely white-hairy, but less hispid. — Eastern California and Nevada, in the higher Sierra Nevada and Humboldt Mountains. -1— -s— Peduncle elongated, surpassing the petiole and often surpassing the subtending leaf : anthers oblong-linear. ■H* Cauline leaves elongated-oblong in general outline, pinnately parted or divided into 7 to 15 divisions. H. occidentale, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute, or sparingly hispid, a foot or two high: divisions of the leaves oblong, an inch or two long, mostly incised or few-cleft, obtuse : peduncles rather slender: cymes mostly dense or capitate: calyx deeply parted, its divi- sions lanceolate and rather obtuse, more erect: corolla violet-purple, varying to white, a third inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 314, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. H. capitatum, Torr. Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 125, not Dougl. — Oregon (Nuttall) and N. & W. California. Var. Watsoni, Gray, 1. c. Commonly low, sometimes almost stemless, soft-pubes- cent, especially the lower side of the leaves (which is sometimes canescent), as also the sparsely hispid calyx : cyme sometimes open. — H. macrophyllum, var. occidentale, Watson, Bot. King, 248, mainly. — Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah, Anderson, Bolander, Watson, &c. Var. Fendleri, Gray, 1. c. Pubescence mainly hirsute or hispid, not at all canescent or cinereous : divisions of the leaves inclined to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, in- cisely serrate : peduncle shorter: cyme rather open: corolla white or nearly so. — Shady ravines, Santa Fe", New Mexico, to Colorado, Fendler, Greene, T. M. Coulter, &e. ■H- ++ Cauline leaves ovate in general outline, 3-5-parted or divided. 1^. Virginicum, L. Stem (a foot or two high) and bright green leaves almost glabrous, or with some scattered hairs : divisions of the leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate or rhomboid-ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely incised-toothed ; the lowest commonly 2-cleft and the terminal one often 3-lobed : peduncle usually once or twice forked : cyme NemopMa. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 155 at length open : calyx 5-parted to the very base into narrow linear and spreading hispid- ciliate divisions : corolla nearly white or sometimes deep violet, about a fourth of an incli long. —Lam. 111. t. 97; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 35; Bot. Reg. t. 881. — Kich woods, Canada to the mountains of Carolina and through the western States northward to Washington Terr, and Alaska (violet-flowered form). — Fleshy rootstock strongly toothed by the per- sistent bases of former radical petioles. # * Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed: calyx often bearing minute teeth in the sinuses. H. Ganadense, L. A foot or less high from thickish and scaly-toothed rootstocks, nearly glabrous or very slightly and sparsely hirsute even on the calyx : stems simple and naked below, 1-2-leaved at the summit : leaves bright green, rounded and with a cordate base, 5-7-cleft to near the middle ; the larger ones 5 to 7 inches wide ; the radical ones on stout petioles as long as the stem, not rarely furnished with several small and distant pinnately arranged lateral divisions : peduncles mostly shorter than the cauline petioles, commonly forked : small cymes rather open : divisions of the deeply 5-parted calyx narrowly lan- ceolate-linear : corolla open-campanulate, mostly greenish-white : filaments very villous. — Lam. 111. t. 97; Bot. Reg. t. 242. — Damp woods, Canada to the mountains of Carolina, and west to the Mississippi. § 2. Dgcemium, Raf. Biennial : calyx appendaged with a reflexed lobe at each sinus, and somewhat accrescent under the fruit (in the manner of Nemophila, to which genus this approaches) : stamens little longer than the open-campanulate corolla. — Viticella, Mitch. Nov. Gen. 62. H. appendiculatum, Michx. A foot or so high, loosely brandling, hirsute with long soreading hairs, and above minutely somewhat viscid-pubescent : radical leaves pinnately 5-7-parted or divided; cauline rounded, with truncate or cordate base, palmately 5-7- angulate-lobed or the lower deeper cleft, somewhat dentate ; the lobes very acuminate : peduncles exceeding the upper leaves : cymes loosely paniculate : pedicels filiform, equal- ling or longer than the calyx ; the divisions of the latter lanceolate-subulate, spreading, broadening at base under the one-seeded fruit. — Fl. i. 134. H. (Decemium) trilohum, Raf. Fl. Ludov. 33. Decemium hirtum, Raf. Med. Fl. ii. 215. Nemophila paniculata, Spreng. Syst. i. 569 ; Beck, Bot. 256. — Damp woodlands, Upper Canada to mountains of Carolina, and west to Missouri and Wisconsin. 2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. (Nifiog, a grove, and cpilta, I love.) — N. Amer- ican annuals, in California chiefly winter-annuals, diffuse, more or less hirsute, of tender texture ; with opposite or alternate and usually pinnatifid leaves, one- flowered terminal or lateral peduncles, in one or two species inclined to be race- mose, and white, blue, or violet corolla, which in one species only is shorter than the calyx. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 179 ; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 61 ; Gray, 1. c. 314, & Bot. Calif, i. 503. (The larger-flowered species are common ornamental annuals in gardens.) # Ovules 8 to 24, maturing 5 to 15 seeds : leaves all or almost all opposite, surpassed by the slender peduncle. (All Califorman.) 4— Seeds globular, smooth or minutely pruinose, with a very prominent papillteform caruncle. N. maculata, Benth. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 short lobes, or the upper- most somewhat cuneate and 3-lobed : corolla white, with a deep violet blotch at the apex of each of the broad lobes ; its very broad scales partly free, hirsute-ciliate with long sparse bristles.— Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. iii. 319, & fig.; PI. Hartw. 326; Paxt. Mag. xvi. t. 6 ; Fl. Serres, v. t. 431. — California, valley of the Sacramento to the Sierra Nevada. Corolla varying from 9 to 20 lines in diameter. 4— -1— Seeds oblong-oval, at maturity usually more or less tuberculate-corrugated or rugose: caruncle more deciduous. N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 9 oblong and often 2-3-lobed divisions : corolla bright clear blue ; the scales within its base short and roundish, partly free, hirsute with short hairs. — Benth. I.e. 275, & Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 479; Bot. Reg. 156 HYDROPHYLLACEJE. Nemophila. t. 1713; Bot. Mag. t. 3485. N. Menziesii, rar., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 372. — Common nearly throughout California, flowering, like the other species, from early spring onward. Corolla from an inch or more down to little over half an inch in diameter. N. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. Mostly smaller than the preceding : leaves phinatifid into 3 to 9 lobes : rotate corolla from light blue to white, and commonly with dark dots or spots, especially towards the centre, or sometimes with a dark eye ; the scales at its base narrow, wholly adherent, their free edge densely hirsute-ciliate : appendages to the calyx usually small. — Bot. Beech. 152, & 372, first form ; Gray, 1. c. N. liniflora, Fisch. & Meyer, Sert. Petrop. fol. & t. 8, a large blue-flowered form, the corolla an inch wide. N. pedun- culata, Benth. 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 142 (as to char. & pi. coll. Coulter), a small- flowered form. N. atomaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Petrop. 1835, & Sert. Petrop. 1. c. ; Bot. Reg. t. 1940 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3774. N. discoidalis, Hortul. ; Fl. Serres, ii. t. 75, a cult, form, with the dark spots confluent into a uniform dark brown-purple eye, or almost covering the corolla (Regel, Gartenfl. 1864, t. 442). — Common in California, extending to Oregon. Co- rolla from half an inch to at most an inch in diameter ; the larger forms many-ovulate and much resembling N. insignis ; the smaller passing towards N. parviflora, and sometimes only 7-9-0 vulate. # # Ovules only 4, i. e a pair to each placenta: leaves all or mainly alternate : flowers mostly large : internal scales of the corolla very broad and partly free, conniving or united in pairs at the base of the filaments : seeds globose, with inconspicuous caruncle or none : peduncles rarelv exceeding the leaves, or the later ones forming as it were a naked few-flowered corymb or raceme. N. phaoelioides, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute, a foot or two high : leaves all but the earliest alternate, with naked petioles, 5-9-parted ; the divisions oblong or oval, the larger ones 2-5-lobed : appendages of the calyx oblong or ovate, almost half the length of the lobes : corolla ample, blue ; the appendages in throat hairy outside : seeds obscurely im- pressed-punctate. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 179, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 192 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 61 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2373 ; Bot. Reg. t. 740 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 32. N. Nuttallii, Colla, Hort. Rip. App. i. t. 5. N. hirsuta & N. pilosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. — Low grounds, Arkansas and Texas. Corolla an inch or more in diameter, with white or pale centre. N. aurita, Lindl. Hirsute, and the weak stems usually retrorsely hispid, a foot or two long : leaves all with dilated clasping base or winged petiole ; the lowest opposite, deeply pinnatifid ; the 5 to 9 oblong or lanceolate divisions more or less retrorse : appendages of the calyx small : corolla violet, from two-thirds to nearly an inch in diameter ; its internal scales with erose and somewhat ciliate margins: seeds favose-reticulated. — Bot. Reg. t. 1601 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 338. — California, from the Sacramento Valley to San Diego. Upper peduncles almost always bractless and at length racemose. N. racemosa, Nutt. More slender and weak than the preceding : leaves shorter and with fewer divisions and a naked petiole destitute of auricled base : flowers only half the size, the upper ones racemose. — Gray, Proc. I.e. & Bot. Calif. 1. c — San Diego, Nuttall; Island of Catalina, Dall and Baker. Leaves of ovate rather than linear outline. Corolla little longer than the calyx, only 4 or 5 lines wide. # # # Ovules only 4, i. e. a pair to each placenta : lower leaves opposite, and the upper commonly alternate : flowers small or minute : corolla more campanulate ; its internal scales delicate and nearly glabrous, or obsolete : seeds oval or globose, the caruncle at length evanescent : peduncles shorter than the leaves : plants small or slender, diffuse or prostrate, hirsute-pubescent. -f— Corolla, as in all preceding species, longer than the calyx. N. parviflora, Dougl. Leaves pinnately 3-9-parted or cleft, or below divided; the divisions obovate or oblong ; the distinct lower ones either sessile or petiolulate, the upper confluent :' appendages of the calyx rather conspicuous : corolla light blue or whitish, 3 to 5 lines in diameter; its lobes considerably longer than the tube; its oblong append- ages manifest, wholly adherent by one edge : anthers oblong-sagittate : filaments filiform, inserted on the very base of the corolla. — Benth. 1. c. 275 ; Gray, 1. c. N. parviflora & N. pedunadata, Hook. Fl. ii. 79. N. heterophylla, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. ; a larger-flowered form. — Shady places, British Columbia to California ; common, and exceedingly variable in the foliage, size of corolla, &c. Seeds from one to four, smooth and even, with obscure im- pressed punctures or pits, or becoming rather deeply, pitted or scrobiculate. All but the upper leaves mostly opposite. Ellisia. HYDR0PHYLLACE.2E. 157 N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Leaves pinnately 3-5-parted or divided, or the upper only 3-eleft ; divisions obovate or cuneate, 2-3-lobed or incised, all approximate, commonly the whole leaf with a triangulate-reniform or cordate general outline : appen- dages of the calyx small and inconspicuous, in flower less evident than in fruit : corolla whitish or bluish, 1 to 2 lines long ; its lobes shorter than the campanulate tube ; the append- ages (always ? ) obsolete : filaments short, inserted rather high on the tube of the corolla : anthers oval. — Sert. Petrop. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. 368. N. evanescens, Darby, S. Bot. N. parviflora, A. DC. 1. c, as to Louisiana plant. Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 172. E. ranuncidacea, Nutt. 1. c, ex char. — Moist woods, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. Leaves prevailingly and often all but the lowect opposite. Seeds either globular or oval, when young minutely and sparsely pruinose with little papillae, when old with impressed punctures. +- -t— Corolla decidedly shorter than the calyx. N. breviflora, Gray. A span or more high, at length diffuse : leaves sometimes all alternate, pinnately 3-5-parted ; the divisions approximate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, (3 to 9 lines long) : peduncles seldom exceeding the petioles ; appendages of the calyx nearly half the length of the proper lobes, both ciliatc with long hirsute bristles : corolla whitish or tinged with violet, broadly short-campanulate ; the lobes considerably shorter than the tube; internal appendages cuneate, the broad free summit fimbriate-incised : style minutely 2-clef t at apex : seed solitary, almost filling the cell, globose, nearly smooth and even; the caruncle evanescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 315. N. parviflora, Watson, Bot. King, 249, excl. char. — Utah, in Parley's Park, Watson. Interior of Oregon, Tolmie, W. C. Cusick. "When full grown, the habit is somewhat that of Flarkea. Seed nearly 2 lines in diameter. 3. ELLISIA, L. (In honor of John Ellis, an English correspondent of John Bartram and of Linnaeus, and who published the first account of Dionesa, &c.) — North American annuals, with tender herbage, somewhat hirsute ; the once to thrice pinnatifid leaves either all opposite or the upper alternate ; peduncles soli- tary or racemose ; corolla whitish, mostly small in comparison with the at length stellate calyx. § 1. Euellisia, Gray. Ovules in the manner of the tribe all on the inner face of the placentae, a pair to each : seeds globose, uniform, alveolate-reticulated : leaves once pinnately parted. E. Nyctelea, L. A span to » foot high, at length very diffuse : leaves on naked or barely margined petioles, the upper mostly alternate ; the divisions 7 to 13, lanceolate, acute, mostly 1-3-toothed or lobed : peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves, or some of the later ones racemose and secund : calyx-lobes lanceolate or at length ovate- lanceolate, gradually acuminate, longer than the capsule : corolla cylindraceous-campanu- late, rather shorter than the calyx: seeds very minutely reticulated. — (Moris. Hist. iii. 451, sect. 2, t. 28; Ehret in Act. Ups. i. 97, t. 5; Trew. PI. Sel. t. 99.) Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 1662. E. ambigua, Nutt. Gen. i. 118, merely a slender form. Polemonium Nyctelea, L. Spec. ed. 1, &c. — Damp and shady places, New Jersey to Virginia and west to Saskatchewan and Missouri ; flowering through spring and summer. E. membranacea, Benth.. Weak, a foot or two long, sparsely beset with short hirsute or hispid hairs or bristles, otherwise glabrous : leaves mostly opposite, on narrowly winged or margined petioles ; the divisions 3 to 9, linear, obtuse, entire, or sometimes with a lobe : flowers chiefly bractless and becoming racemose on a terminal peduncle : calyx-lobes oblong or at length obovate, very obtuse, rather shorter than the open-campanulate corolla, not exceeding the capsule: seeds rather coarsely reticulated. — Benth. 1. c. 274; A. DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Hot. Calif, i. 505. — California, from the Bay of San Francisco to San Diego. Flow- ers very much smaller than in the preceding : corolla 4 lines in diameter, one lobe outside in aestivation. Ovary beset with a few subulate bristles. § 2. Eucrt'pta, Gray, 1. c. Ovules a pair on the back as well as on the face of each placenta ; the seeds of the two dissimilar, oval ; the outer ones (usually 158 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. Ellisia. solitary) flattened and hidden between its placenta and the valve : leaves twice or even thrice pinnately parted. — Eucrypta, Nutt. PL Gamb. 159. B. chrysanthemifolia, Benth. 1. c. A foot or two high, erect, paniculately branched, more or less hirsute and scabrous : leav.es opposite or the uppermost alternate, on short petioles auriculate-dilated at base, finely twice or thrice (or the uppermost once) parted or cleft into small and short lobes : flowers loosely racemose, the short filiform pedicels bract- less : calyx-lobes ovate or broadly oval, about equalling the small striate-nerved capsule, shorter than the open-campanulate corolla : seeds oval ; the ordinary ones (2 to 4 maturing) rugose-tuberculate, terete, discharged upon dehiscence ; a posterior one (or sometimes a pair) enclosed between each valve and the placenta which lines it, meniscoid, smooth, usually rather larger than the others. — Eucrypta paniculata & E. foliosa, Nutt. 1. c. Phacelia micran- tha, var.? bipinnatificla, Torr. in Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21. — California, from Contra Costa Co. to San Diego and to the borders of Arizona. Corolla and fruiting calyx about 3 lines in diameter, sometimes smaller. (Islands of Lower Calif.) 4. DRAPJCRJA, Torr. (Dedicated to Professor John William Draper of New York, chemist and historian.) — A single species. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, vii. 401, x. 316, & Bot. Calif, i. 505. D. systyla, Torr. 1. c. Low and diffuse or decumbent perennial herb, branching from slightly lignescent base, silky-hirsute and somewhat viscid, leafy : leaves all opposite, ovate, uitire, pinnately veined, slender-petioled : flowers crowded in a pedunculate terminal once or twice 2-3-fid cyme ; the unilateral spikes or racemes of which slightly elongate in age : sepals narrow-linear : corolla light purplish, 4 or 5 lines long : capsule thin ; the oval placental portion usually separating from the dissepiment in dehiscence : seeds oval and angled; the coat very minutely or obscurely reticulated. — Nama systyla, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 37. — California, ravines and shaded hillsides, along the Sierra Nevada ; first col- lected by Lobb. 5. PHACELIA, Juss. (From cpuxeXo*; a cluster or fascicle, alluding to the crowded flowers of the original species.) — Annual or some few perennial herbs (all American, chiefly N. American) ; with alternate simple or compound leaves, and more or less scorpioid cymes or so-called racemes or spikes. Corolla deciduous (as generally in the order), at least thrown off by the enlarging capsule (ex- cept in P. sericea !), blue, purple or white, never yellow, except the tube of certain species ; the tube with or sometimes without appendages within ; these when present generally in the form of 10 vertical folds or lamellar projections (borne on a lateral vein), in pairs, either adnate to or free from and alternate with the base of the slender filaments. Calyx-lobes commonly narrow, often wider up- wards, more or less enlarging in fruit. Seed-coat reticulated or pitted. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, p. 369, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 316. Phacelia, Cosmanthm (Nolte), Eutoca (R. Br.), & Microgenetes, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 292, 297. § 1. Euphacblia, Gray. Ovules 4, i.e. a pair to each placenta: seeds as many or by abortion fewer, vertical ; the testa areolate-reticulate or favose : lobes of the campanulate corolla entire (or rarely erose-dentate) ; the tube with 10 lami- nate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. — Phacelia, Juss., A.DC. # Lower leaves and all the branches opposite : no hispid or hirsute pubescence : spikes or branches of the cyme hardly at all scorpioid: pedicels much shorter than the calyx. (An anomalous species.) P. namatoides, Gray. Annual, a span high, brachiately branched, glabrous and glau- cous below, above glandular-pubescent: leaves narrowly -lanceolate, entire, tapering at base, obscurely petioled ; only the uppermost alternate, equalling or surpassing the rather loose spikes or branches of the cyme : sepals spatulate-linear, a little shorter than the Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 159 narrow-campanulate blue corolla, exceeding the globular sparsely hirsute-pubescent cap- sule : stamens and at length deeply 2-parted style included : appendages at base of fila- ment short : seeds alveolate-reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 317, & Bot. Calif, i. 506. Narna racemosa, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, v. 51. — California, in the Sierra Nevada from Calaveras to Nevada Co., at Cisco, Summit Station, &c, Bolander, Kellogg. Gorolla and capsule a line long. # # Leaves (as in the rest of the genus) all alternate : pubescence or some of it hispid or hirsute : spikes or branches of the cyme scorpioicl and dense : pedicels short or hardly any ( except in P. pedicettata) : appendages of the corolla broad aud salient, usually more or less united at the base of the filament. -f— Leaves all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately 3-5-parted or divided; the segments or leaflets entire : capsule ovate, acute : seeds densely alveolate-punctate, upper end acutish. P. circinata, Jacq.. f . Hispid and the foliage strigose, and either green or canescent, a span to 2 feet high from a perennial or biennial root : leaves from lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely straight-veined ; the lower tapering into a petiole and com- monly some of them with one or two pairs of smaller lateral leaflets : inflorescence hispid ; the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested : corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes : filaments much exserted, sparingly bearded. — Eclog. 135, t. 91 ; Benth. 1. c. ; A. DC. Prodr. 1. c, where see the older synonymy. {Aldea circinata, Willd. Enum.) P. heterophijlla, Pursh, Fl. i. 140. P. 'California!, Cham, in Linn. iv. 495. P. hastata, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 80. P. leucophi/lla, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 93. P. canescens, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 159, a dwarf very canescent state. — Dry ground, Dakota to British Columbia, New Mexico, and California. (S. to the Straits of Magellan.) Very variable : dwarf forms sometimes with a naked scape-like stem. Var. oalycosa, Gray, 1. c. Divisions of the calyx more foliaceous and ample, and in fruit with narrowed base, oblong to obovate-spatulate, reticulated. — California ; not rare in the western part of the State, under otherwise varying forms. P. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Resembling the preceding but smaller and slender, from an annual root : corolla blue or violet, more broadly campanulate, nearly twice the length of the linear ealyx-lobes : filaments glabrous, a little shorter than the corolla. — Monte Diablo, California, on dry and soft sandstone, Brewer. Leaves seldom an inch long, exclusive of the petiole of the lowermost ; many of them 3-5-parted ; the lanceolate lobes ascending. Corolla barely 3 lines long. P. humilis, Torr. & Gray. Annual, diffusely branched from the base, a span high, pubescent, or the inflorescence often hirsute : leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, rather obtuse ; the lower rarely with one or two lateral ascending lobes, the veins branch- ing : spikes loosely paniculate or solitary, in age rather slender : pedicels either all very short, or the lower sometimes almost as long as the calyx : corolla indigo-blue, rather deeply lobed, surpassing the usually linear calyx-lobes : filaments moderately exserted, glabrous or sparingly bearded above. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122, t. 7 ; Watson, Bot. King, 250. — Sierra Nevada, California, from Siskiyou to Mariposa Co., and E. Nevada. Leaves an inch or two in length. Corolla 2 or 3 lines long. Var. calycosa, Gray. A strict and slender form : corolla apparently pale : calyx- lobes larger and spatulate, as in the similar variety of P. circinata. — Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif, i. 507. — E. side of the Sierra Nevada, near Mono Lake, Bolander. +- -i— Leaves simple, all petioled, rounded-cordate, somewhat palmately lobed or incised, the lobes serrate. P. malvaefolia, Cham. Rather tall and stout, from an annual 1 root, hispid with spread- ing or reflexed stinging bristles, and the foliage more or less pubescent : leaves (1 to 3 inches in diameter) green and membranaceous, round-cordate, incisely 5-9-lobed, acutely toothed : somewhat palmately ribbed at base : spikes solitary or geminate : corolla (3 or 4 lines long) white, longer than the unequal linear and spatulate calyx-lobes : stamens ex- serted : seeds alveolate-scabrous. — Linn. iv. 494; Gray, 1. c. — California, Bay of San Francisco, Chamisso, Kellogg, G. R. Vasey. -f~ +. +_ Leaves oblong or narrower in outline, pinnately toothed, lobed, or compound, and the lobes or divisions toothed or incised : capsule globular or ovoid, obtuse : seeds with excavated ventral face divided by a salient ridge: annuals, or rarely biennials (or one perennial?), mostly with cymosely or umbellately or thyreoid congested spikes. ++ Calyx, &c, not setose-hispid : stamens and style more or less exserted. 160 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacdia. == Pedicels short, when any, and erect in the fruiting spike : divisions of the calyx entire, little exceeding the capsule : seeds minutely reticulated. P. integrifolia, Torr. A span to 2 feet high, strict, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, very leafy : leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sessile or the lower short-petioled with a com- monly subcordate base, simply or mostly doubly crenate-toothed, sometimes incised : spikes crowded, at first thyrsoid : corolla narrow-campanulate, whitish or bluish : stamens and style long-exserted ; the latter cleft to the middle : capsule short-ovoid. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 222, t. 3, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 143 ; Watson, 1. c. — Gypseous soil, Colorado and N. W. Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. Palmeri, Gray, 1. c. A strict form, apparently from a biennial root, more hir- sute and viscid : leaves more acutely sinuate-toothed : inflorescence thyrsoid-contracted. — S. Utah, Palmer, Siler, and intermediate forms by Parry and Ward. P. crenulata, Torr. A span or two high, often branched from the base and somewhat spreading, viscid-pubescent or hirsute : leaves mainly petioled, spatulate-obong, crenately toothed or pinnatifid, sometimes lyrate and the lowest divisions distinct or nearly so ; the lobes crenulate-toothed : spikes soon open and spreading : corolla rotate-campanulate, bright violet or paler ; the internal appendages very broad : stamens moderately exserted : style cleft far beyond the middle : capsule globular. — Watson, Bot. King, 251 ; Gray, 1. c. — Eocky slopes, New Mexico to Arizona and N. W.Nevada. Flowers commonly deep- colored, half-inch in diameter, and showy, sometimes considerably smaller and paler. P. glandulosa, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent and glandular, softly if at all hirsute, a span to a foot or more high : leaves irregularly and interruptedly twice pinnatifid, or below divided ; the numerous lobes small, oblong, somewhat incised, obtuse : calyx-lobes oblong or spatu- late : corolla (2 lines long) bluish, purplish, or white, with lobes shorter than the tube : stamens and 2-cleft style moderately or conspicuously exserted : seeds with the minute reticulations even. — Nutt. PI. Gamb.. 160 (very pubescent and viscid form); Gray, I.e. P. Popei, Torr. & Gray, Pacif . R. Rep. ii. 172, t. 10 (less pubescent form, with corolla lobes quite entire). Eutoca glandulosa, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 293. — Gravelly soil, N. W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona. (Mex.) Var. Neo-Mexicana, Grray, 1. c. Lobes of the corolla either slightly or conspicu- ously erose-denticulate. — P. Neo-Mexicana, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. — Colorado and New Mexico. P. COngesta, Hook. Pubescent arid commonly cinereous, hardly in the least viscid or glandular, a foot or more high : leaves pinnately 3-7-divided or parted, and with a few interposed small lobes ; the main divisions oblong or oval, incisely pinnatifid or irregularly lobed ; the lower ones mostly petiolulate and the upper confluent : calyx-lobes linear or somewhat spatulate : corolla blue (3 lines long) ; the lobes as long as the tube : stamens more or less exserted : seeds reticulate-scabrous, the fine sharp meshes being as it were toothed at the junctions. — Bot. Mag. t. 3452 ; A: DC. 1. c. 249. P. conferta, Don. P.tana- cetifolia, A. DC. 1. c, as to pi. Tex. Berland. — Margin of thickets, &c, throughout Texas. Not rarely cultivated. = = Pedicels slender and horizontal, or divisions of calyx 3-5-lobed, much longer than the cap- sule, villous. Extva-limital species, of Lower California. P. pedioellata. A foot or less high, villous or soft-hirsute and glandular : root annual : leaves pinnately 3-5-divided ; the divisions oval or oblong, incised and numerously toothed ; the lower nearly sessile, the uppermost, confluent or larger and 3-cleft: flowers much crowded in short panicled or cymose-clustered racemes, small : pedicels filiform, about the length of the flower, somewhat deflexed in fruit : calyx-lobes linear or in age oblanceolate, entire, villous (as also the pedicel), hardly twice the length of the globular capsule : corolla apparently white (little over 2 lines long), moderately surpassed by the stamens and 2-cleft style ; the internal appendages short and rounded : seeds rugose-reticulated and somewhat tuberculate at maturity. — Lower California, Dr. Thomas H. Streets. P. phyllomanica, Gray. A foot or two high from a rigid (and possibly perennial) base, very leafy, canescent with soft-tomentose and some longer villous pubescence, not glandular: leaves elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately parted or below divided; the divisions 9 to 18 pairs, linear-oblong, pinnatifid ; the short lobes 1-2-toothed or entire : con- densed spikes thyrsoid-crowded : flowers nearly sessile : calyx-lobes foliaceous, all or 2 or 3 of them pinnately 3-5-parted : corolla violet, a little longer than the calyx ; the expanded Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. \Q\ limb 3 lines in diameter: stamens and style slightly exserted : fruit not seen. — Proc. Am Acad. xi. 87. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond our limits), Palmer. Var. interrupta, Gray, 1. c. Lower, and with pubescence more villous or hirsute ■ leaves with fewer and sparser divisions (the larger crenately pinnatifid) and some very small interposed lobes. — With the other form. ■H- -H- Calyx more or less setose-hispid, in fruit usually much surpassing the capsule • the divisions entire, but often dissimilar: seeds favose-pitted or in age tuberculate • style 2-pa'rted (Species running together or difficult to discriminate: leaves mostly 1-3-pinnately "divided and incised: corolla light violet or bluish, varying to white.) " P. tanacetif olia, Benth. Erect annual, roughish-hirsute or hispid, not glandular, or above slightly so, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves pinnately 9-17-divided into linear or oblong- linear once or twice pinnately parted or cleft divisions, all sessile or nearly so ; the lobes mostly linear-oblong : spikes cymosely clustered, at length elongated: very short fruiting pedicels ascending or erect : calyx-lobes linear or linear-spatulate, not twice the length of the ellipsoidal capsule : stamens and style conspicuously exserted : seeds with very narrow pits bounded by thick walls. — Bot. Reg. t. 1696 ; Bot, Mag. t. 3703 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 360. — California, very common, at least near the coast. Variable in foliage: the var. tenuifolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound., is a common form, with fine Tansy-like foliage. Common garden annual. P. ramosissima, Dougl. About 2 feet high, decumbent or ascending from a perennial root (according to E. L. Greene) ; the branches divergent, pubescent and more or less viscid or glandular, or above hispid : leaves 5-9-divided or parted into oblong or narrower pinnatifid-incised divisions : spikes glomerate, short and dense, little elongated in age : flowers subsessile and in fruit ascending on the rhachis : stamens and style usually mode- rately exserted : appendages to the corolla with a merely acute free apex : calyx-lobes from linear-spatulate to obovate, twice or thrice the length of the ovate or short-ovoid capsule: seeds oblong. — Benth. in Linn. Trans. I.e. 280; Hook. Fl. ii. 80 (but ovary not glabrous in original specimens) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 319, & Bot. Calif, i. 508, excl. var. P. tanacetifolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. — "Washington Territory and Oregon (through the dry interior) to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. In some forms very near the foregoing. P. hispida. A foot or less high from an annual root, diffusely branching, hardly viscid, setose-hispid with long and slender white bristles : leaves with fewer and coarser divisions than the preceding, the uppermost sometimes merely laciniate-incised : spikes soon loose and loosely paniculate, 2 or 3 inches long in fruit : flowers nearly all on short but manifest and slender horizontal pedicels : stamens and style equalling or barely surpassing the corolla : calyx-lobes narrowly linear with attenuated base, nearly equalling the corolla, in fruit 4 to 6 lines long and about 4 times the length of the globose capsule : seeds short- oval. — P. ramosissima, var. hispida, Gray, I.e. — Western part of California, from Santa Barbara to San Diego, Nultall, Wallace, Torrey, Cleveland. Bristles resembling those of Borage. P. ciliata, Benth. Erect or ascending, a span to a foot or more high from an annual root, more or less pubescent or sparingly hirsute above : stems scabrous : leaves pinnately parted, or the lower divided and the upper merely cleft ; the divisions or lobes oblong, pinnatifid-incised: spikes rather short and in fruit rather loose: pedicels short or hardly any, ascending : stamens and the 2-parted style shorter than or not surpassing the corolla : appendages of the latter with pointed tips : calyx-lobes from lanceolate to ovate, more or less shorter than the white or bluish corolla, accrescent and becoming venose- reticulated in age, then sparsely ciliate with short rigid bristles, 4 or 5 lines long, only twice the length of the ovate mucronate capsule : seeds- oval, favose. — Linn. Trans. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. — California, from the Sacramento and the vicinity of San Francisco to Monte- rey, apparently in shaded moist soil. » # * Flowers in loose and only slightly scorpioid racemes ; the pedicels equalling or surpassing the flowers : appendages of the very open corolla long and rather narrow, villous on the edge, approximate between the stamens, from which they are remote: seeds with a rather fleshy obscurely areolate testa. P. bipinnatinda, Michx. A foot or more high from a, slender biennial root, erect, paniculately branched, hirsute-pubescent and above mostly viscid and glandular : leaves slender-petioled, green and thin, pinnately 3-7-divided ; the divisions ovate or oblong-ovate, 11 162 HYDROPHYLLACEiE. Phacelia. acute, coarsely and irregularly incised or pinnatifid ; the lower short-petiolulate and the uppermost confluent : racemes loose, 7-20-flowered : pedicels spreading or in fruit recurved : calyx-lobes linear, loose, longer than the globular capsule : corolla rotate-campanulate violet-blue, over half an inch in diameter, with rather short rounded lobes and very con- spicuous internal appendages : stamens (bearded) and style usually more or less exserted. — Fl. i. 134, t. 16 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 369. — Shaded banks of streams, Ohio and Illinois to Alabama : flowering in June. Var. brevistylis, Gray. A remarkable form, with corolla about one half smaller : style and especially the stamens not exserted. — P. brevistylis, Buckley, in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. (1843) 172. — Alabama, Buckley, Nevius, &c. § 2. CosmXnthus, Gray. Ovules and seeds oiEuphacelia: corolla destitute of internal appendages, almost rotate ; its lobes fimbriate : filaments (villous- bearded) rarely longer than the corolla : ovary villous-hispid at the summit, otherwise glabrous : low annuals, with loosely racemose flowers in the manner of the last preceding species and of earliest, of the next section. — Man. Bot. ed. 2, 328, & 5, 369. Cosmanthus, Nolte. Gosmanthus § Eucosmanthus, A.DC. in part. P. Purshii, Buckley. A span to a foot high, diffusely branched from the base, sparsely hirsute : cauline leaves pinnately 5-11-parted, the upper closely sessile ; lobes oblong or lanceolate, acute: racemes rather many-flowered, sometimes forking: calyx-lobes linear: corolla light blue varying to white (half inch in diameter). — Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172 ; Gray, Man. 1. c. P. fimbriata, Pursh, &c. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 297. — Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Missouri, North Carolina and Alabama. — Pedicels filiform, 6 to 10 lines long. Perhaps only a variety of the next. Seeds as in the preceding. P. fimbriata, Miohx. Weak and diffuse, a span high, less hirsute : cauline 3-7-cleft or lobed or the lower lyrately divided ; the lobes obtuse or roundish : racemes few-flowered : pedicels filiform : calyx-lobes linear-oblong or spatulate : corolla white (only 3 or 4 lines broad), rather shorter than the stamens. — Fl. i. 134; Gray, Man. 1. u. In woods of the higher Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama ; flowering early. Var.? Boykini, Gray. More robust, evidently growing in more exposed soil : racemes rather many-flowered, at length strict, with fruiting pedicels erect and not longer than the calyx : corolla far less fimbriate, bluish. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320. — Upper part of Georgia, Boykin. Perhaps a distinct species, more likely a state of P. fimbriata, growing in a lower and warmer region. § 3. Cosmanthoides, Gray. Ovules and seeds 3 to 8 (rarely only a pair) on each placenta, the latter with reticulated testa : appendages of the rotately or open-campanulate corolla wanting, or very inconspicuous and remote from the stamens : capsule globular and pointless : low annuals of the Atlantic United States, early-flowering, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, the upper closely sessile, simply racemose flowers, and somewhat villous-bearded filaments about the length of the blue or white corolla. * Ovules 2 to 4 on each (at length deciduous) placenta: globose capsule thin-walled: slender and smoot.hish little annuals, with the aspect of Cosmanthus, but lobes of the corolla entire, its base with no appendages or only obscure vestiges. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320. P. glabra, Nutt. Slender, 3 to 8 inches' high, glabrous except a few hirsute short hairs chiefly on the margins of the leaves and calyx: corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter : calyx- lobes in fruit little longer than the capsule, mostly oblong or oval : otherwise as in P. par- viflora. — Trans. Araer. Phil. Soc. u, ser. v. 192 ; Gray, 1. c. — Low prairies, Arkansas and Eastern Texas. Very like slender and smoother forms of the next, into which it probably passes. Ovules 4 in some flowers, 5 to 7 or 8 in others. P. parviflora, Pursh. A span or more high, sparsely hirsute or glabrate, branched from the base : radical and lowest cauline leaves lyrately pinnate, with 3 to 5 roundish leaflets or divisions, or sometimes simple and entire ; the upper mostly sessile and 3-9- parted or cleft into oblong or linear-lanceolate lobes : racemes loose, several-many-flowered ; Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 163 the spreading filiform pedicels longer than the fruiting calyx : corolla light blue or nearly white, 4 to 6 lines in diameter : calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, in fruit nearly twice the length of the capsule (this only a line and a half long). — Fl. i. 140; Gray, Man. I.e. (Pluk. t. 245, fig. 5.) Polemonium dubium, L. Eutoca parci flora, R. Br. in Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. 30; Benth. I.e. Cosmanthus parviflorus, A.DC. 1. c. Phacelia pusilla, Buck- ley, 1. c, ex char. — Shaded places, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Carolina, Missouri, and Texas : the south-western and also Virginian forms passing into Var. hirsuta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing in more open or dry soil : corolla larger, 5 to 7 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. u. P. hirsuta, Nutt. 1. c. 191. — Prairies and barrens, south-western part of Missouri to eastern Texas. Also similar forms from Giles Co., Virginia, and Stone Mountain, Georgia, Canby. Well developed capsule 2 lines long. Ovules only 4 in some flowers, 8 in others. * * Ovules (and commonly the seeds) about 8 on each placenta: plants stouter, with less divided leaves : vestiges of appendages to the corolla sometimes manifest, in the form of very narrow lamella? approximate in pairs between the stamens. P. patuliflora, Gray. Rather softly cinereous-hirsute or pubescent, and the inflorescence somewhat glandular, branched from the base, a span to a foot high, erect or diffuse : leaves obovate or oblong (an inch or two long) ; the lowest lyrate-pinnatifid ; the upper commonly only pinnatifid-incised, sessile : racemes lax, at length elongated : pedicels spreading or nodding, especially in fruit, 4 to 7 lines or more long : corolla deep blue with yellow base, from half to three quarters inch in diameter ; the lobes somewhat erose-denticulate : calyx- lobes lax or spreading, linear or somewhat lanceolate, occasionally becoming spatulate or obovate, sometimes twice the length of the rather thin-walled capsule. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 321. Eutoca patuliflora, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 45. Phacelia hispida, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 463. — Low prairies and thickets, Texas along and near the coast, Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, Buckley, &e. Capsule 2^ lines long : placentae at length deciduous : seeds apparently as in the next. P. strictiflora, Gray, 1. c. Shorter and stouter than the preceding, more cinereous-hir- sute : leaves rather more pinnatifld (an inch or so long) : racemes in fruit strict and mostly dense, with pedicels erect and not longed than the capsule : corolla similar or rather larger : calyx-lobes usually becoming spatulate : capsule firm-coriaceous (3 lines long) : seeds round-oval, minutely alveolate-reticulated and coarsely more or less tubereulate-rugose ! — Eutoca strictiflora, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c. — Sand-hills, San Felipe and Austin, Texas, Drum- mond, Lindheimer, E. Hall. Also Mississippi, SpiUman. Perhaps a variety of the last, growing in more exposed soil. Capsule of firmer texture ; the placenta? inclined to be adnate. In the seeds alone there is some approach to the character of the Mirrorjenetes section. § 4. Gtmnobythus, Gray. Ovules and seeds very numerous on the dilated placentae, descending or nearly horizontal ; the testa favose-pitted : appendages of the rotate-campanulate corolla wholly abseut : capsule ovate and pointed : style 2-parted: very glandular and viscid Californian annuals, with ovate dentate leaves, simple or sometimes geminate loose racemes, and very slender filaments (usually a little bearded at base) about the length of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 321. Cosmanthus § Gymnobythus, A.DC. P. viscida, Torr. A foot or two high, branching, hirsute at base, very glandular above : leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, doubly or incisely and irregularly dentate (an inch or two long) : corolla deep blue with purple or whitish centre, from half to nearly an inch in diameter. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Gray, I.e. & Bot. Calif, i. 513. Eutoca viscida, Benth. in Bot. Reg. t. 1808 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3572. Cosmanthus viscidus, A.DC. 1. c. 296. — Open soil, along the coast of California, from Santa Barbara southward. Calyx-lobes linear or be- coming obscurely spatulate, about the length of the abruptly cuspidate-pointed capsule ; the firm placentae of which persist on the valves. Var. albiflora, Gray, 1. c, differs only in its white corolla. — Eutoca albiflora, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 158. — Same range. P. grandiflora, Gray, 1. c. Very like the preceding, or disposed to be more hispid and robust : corolla purplish or white, an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. — Eutoca 164 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Phacelia. grandijlora, Benth. in Linn. Trans. I.e. 278. E. speciosa, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 1. c. Cosmanthus grandiflorus, A.DC. I.e. — California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward, Douglas, Nuttall, Peckham, &e. Capsule 4 lines long, the cuspidate persistent and indurated base of the style a line in length. § 5. Whitlavia, Gray. Ovules and seeds numerous or rather few ; the testa f avose-pitted : appendages of the corolla reduced to 5 small truncate or emar- ginate scales, one adnate to the inner base of each capillary somewhat exserted filament : style 2-cleft above the middle : Californian annuals, with inflorescence and habit of the preceding section, but less glandular, and with longer petioles and pedicels, and looser racemes, the flowers showy. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 321. # Corolla large (purple or blue, varying to white in cultivation), with tube longer than the rounded lobes and much longer than the linear calyx-lobes : placentae and seeds of preceding section. — Whitlavia, Harvey. P. "Whitlavia, Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, loosely branching, hirsute and glandular : leaves ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed : corolla with cylindraceous ventricose tube usually an inch long, thrice the length of the lobes : appendages to the filaments hairy. — Whitlavia grandijlora (and W. minor), Harvey in Lond. Jour Bot. v. 312, 1. 11, 12 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4813. — S. California, Coulter, &c. Cultivated as an ornamental annual. P. campanularia. Lower : leaves subcordate, less deeply dentate : tube of the truly campanulate corolla half inch long, expanded at throat, barely twice the length of the lobes : appendages to the filaments glabrous and smaller ; otherwise much resembles the preceding, and almost as showy. — S. California, San Bernardino Co., Parry and Lemmon. San Diego Co., Cleveland. # Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply-lobed, hardly twice the length of the narrow calyx-lobes : racemes very loose : pedicels filiform, widely spreading : herbage hirsute or somewhat hispid and glandular. P. Parryi, Torr. A span or two high, rather slender : leaves ovate, irregularly and in- cisely doubly toothed or laciniate, or the lowest sometimes pinnately parted ; the upper cauline longer than their petioles : corolla cleft beyond the middle, deep violet, two-thirds inch in diameter : filaments bearded : ovules on each placenta 20 or 30 and seeds 15 to 20. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 144 ; Gray, 1. c. — California, near Los Angeles and San Diego, Parry, Cooper, Davidson, &c. P. longipes, Torr. Slender, loosely branched : cauline leaves roundish-oval or subcor- date, coarsely and obtusely 5-8-toothed, about half inch long, all shorter than the petioles : corolla hardly half an inch long, apparently white, 5-cleft barely to the middle ; ovules on each placenta 8 or 10, and the seeds fewer — Gray, 1. u. — Santa Barbara Co., California, Torrey. § 6. Eutoca, Gray. Ovules and seeds several (6 to 12) or more numerous on each placenta ; the testa areolate-reticulated or favose-pitted, but not trans- versely rugose : appendages of the mostly campanulate corolla in the form of 10 vertical salient lamella;: capsule ovate or oblong. (Chiefly occidental, one or two boreal ; habit very various, several distinguished from analogous Euphacelite, &c, only by the ovules and seeds.) — Man. ed. 2, 329, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 322. Eutoca, R. Br., excl. spec. Eutoca § Ortheutoca, A.DC. # Perennials, or annuals, with conspicuously (in P. Bolanderi and P. Mohavensis more slightly) exserted stamens and dense scorpioid inflorescence : appendages of the open-campanulate corolla conspicuous and usually broad, more or less oblique, at base united in pairs with or across the base of the filament, forming a kind of sac behind it. -i— Root annual : spikes solitary terminating the branches, or geminate : ovules only 4 to 9 on each placenta : anthers oval. ++ Low, a span or more high, diffusely branched, merely hirsute and with finer somewhat viscid pubescence : leaves from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely 1-2-toothed or incised, tapering at base into a short petiole : appendages to the corolla elongated-oblong and adnate up to the truncate summit : capsule ovate, acute. P. Mohavensis. Barely a span high : leaves lanceolate or the lowest linear-oblong (about an inch long) : racemes at length an inch or two long and strict: short pedicels erect: Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^). 165 calyx-lobes spatulate-linear : glabrous filaments and 2-parted style (3 or 4 lines long) slightly surpassing the purple corolla : ovules only 4 or 5 to each placenta. — South-eastern California, on the Mohave Eiver, May, 1876, Palmer. Habit somewhat of P. Menziesii, but lower, more diffuse, less hispid, and with different appendages to the corolla, tliis fully 4 lines long. Var. exilis, a slender form, more erect : leaves and calyx-lobes all linear and slightly- broader upward : corolla only 3 lines long : seeds as in the next species. — Bear Valley on the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, Pang & Lemmon. P. grisea, Gray. A span or two high, more cinereous with a sparse hirsute and a close finer pubescence, rather stout : leaves ovate or oblong : spikes more densely hirsute or even hispid, at length i to 6 inches long, densely flowered : calyx-lobes obovate-spatulate, little exceeding the capsule : corolla nearly white : filaments and 2-clef t style conspicuously exserted ; the former minutely and sparsely retrorsely papillose or hirsute : ovules 5 or 6 to each placenta : seeds coarsely alveolate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 80. — W. California, on Pine Mountain, back of San Simeon Bay, Palmer, 1876. ++■ *H- Taller, setose-hispid : leaves pinnatifid and incised, petioled : appendages to the corolla large, free and pointed at apex. P. loasaef olia, Torr . A foot high, somewhat viscid-pubescent as well as hispid with long and stiff spreading bristles : leaves ovate or oblong, rarely subcordate, more or less pin- natifid, and the lobes acutely toothed or incised : spikes geminate : corolla short-campanu- late (3 lines long), little exceeding the linear-spatulate calyx-lobes ; its internal appendages transverse and auriculate-incurved, with the free apex acuminate or cuspidate : naked fila- ments and 2-parted style conspicuously exserted : ovules 6 to 9 on each placenta : seeds angled, alveolate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. I.e. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 323, & Bot. Calif, i. 509. Eutoca loasavfolia, Benth. 1. c. — California, near Monterey, Douglas, Parry. Little known, in aspect between P. malvcefolia and P. ramosissima. •t— 4— Root probably perennial : scorpioid inflorescence at length open and geminate-racemose : ovules and seeds about 50 on each dilated placenta: stamens hardly surpassing the very open corolla : leaves conspicuously petioled, incised. P. Bolanderi, Gray. Hispid with slender bristles, also viscid-pubescent, especially above : stem stout, erect, a foot or two high, freely branching : radical and lower cauline leaves lyrate and oblong in outline, with one or two pairs of small and incised lateral divi- sions ; the terminal division and the short petioled upper leaves ovate or oval (2 or 3 inches long), coarsely incised or lobed, truncate or subcordate at base : corolla nearly rotate when expanded and almost an inch in diameter, white ; its appendages semi-obovate, almost as broad as long, distinctly connected at base in front of the adnate and sparingly bearded filaments: anthers oblong: style cleft nearly to the middle: capsule broadly ovate, acute, shorter than the lanceolate or at length spatulate lobes of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 322, & Bot. Calif, i. 509. — Cottonaby Creek, 20 miles north of Noyo, Mendocino Co., Cali- fornia, Bolander. Lowest leaves 4 inches long, exclusive of the petiole. Cymes once to thrice forked ; the short racemes at length open : pedicels 1 or 2 or sometimes the lower 3 lines long. Calyx 3 or at length 4 lines long, decidedly shorter than the ample corolla. 4- H— -H- Root perennial : spikes of the congested cyme once to thrice geminate or crowded at the summit of a terminal peduncle, short and densely-flowered : ovules and seeds rather few : appendages of the corolla very broad and obtuse : stamens and style conspicuously exserted : anthers linear or oblong : leaves all petioled, incisely lobed. P. hydrophylloid.es, Torr. A span or two high from slender subterranean shoots proceeding from a thickened stock or root, canescently pubescent, and above hirsute or hispid as well as glandular : leaves silky-pubescent both sides, slender-petioled, ovate or rhomboidal, an inch or two long, obtuse, incisely few-toothed or lobed, or sometimes the lowest lyrate, having one or two nearly detached small basal lobes or divisions : short spikes or racemes of the glomerate cyme not elongating : corolla violet-blue or whitish ; its appendages semi-oval, united at base with that of the naked filament : anthers short- linear : style almost 2-parted : capsule about the length of the calyx, abruptly mucronate- pointed : seeds 6 to 8, angled. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, x. 323, & Bot. Calif. 1. c — Dry sandy or gravelly soil in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-9,000 feet, from Mariposa to Sierra Co., Brewer, Bolander, Lemmon, &c. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long: the appendages as in the following species, but hardly connected in front of the base of the filament. 166 HYDROPHYLLACE^I. Phacelia. P. procera, Gray. Erect, 3 to 7 feet high, minutely soft-pubescent ; the summit of the simple stem glandular, but even the calyx not hispid : leaves green and membranaceous 2 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, mostly laciniate-pinnatifid or cleft • the lobes 2 to 4 pairs and acute : spikes of the glomerate or bifid cyme somewhat length- ened with age : corolla white or bluish ; the semi-obcordate oblique appendages united over the base of the sparsely bearded filament : anthers oblong : style 2-cleft above the middle: capsule globular-ovate, hardly mucronate : seeds 10-18, wing-angled. — Proc. Am. Acad, x. 323, & Bot. Calif, i. 509. — In mountain meadows of the Sierra Nevada, California, Nevada to Siskiyou Co., Bolander, Lemmon, Greene. Flowers at length very short pedicelled : corolla cleft to the middle. # # Perennial, with long exserted stamens and spiciform-thyrsoid inflorescence : appendages of the campanulate marcescent-persistent corolla conspicuous, ofilong, vertical, wholly free from the filament : ovules moderately numerous. P. sericea, Gray. A span to a foot high from a branching caudex, silky-pubescent or canescent, or the simple virgate stems and inflorescence villous-hirsute, rather leafy to the top : leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow-oblong numerous and often again few- cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silky-canescent or sometimes greenish ; the lower petioled ; the uppermost simpler and nearly sessile : short spikes crowded in a naked spike-like thyrsus : corolla violet-blue or whitish, very open-campanulate, cleft to the middle : anthers short-oval : style 2-cleft at the apex : capsule ovate, short-acuminate, a little longer than the calyx and marcescent-persistent corolla, 12-18-seeded : seeds oval-oblong, terete, acutish, longitudinally costate and transversely alveolate, reticulated. — Am. Jour. Sci; ser. 2, (1862) xxxiv. 254, & Proc. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King, 252. Eutoca sericea, Graham ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3003 ; & Fl. ii. 79. E. pusilla, Lehm. Pugill. — Higher mountains of Colorado and Nevada, and north to British Columbia and the arctic region. Corolla 3, and stamens and style 7 to 10 lines long. Shallow alveolations of the seed in vertical rows. Var. Lyallii, Gray. Low, less silky : leaves green and sparsely hirsute-pubescent, more simply pinnatifid; the lobes short and broad : inflorescence thyrsoid-capitate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 323. — Rocky Mountains in lat. 49°, at 6-7,000 feet, Lyall, &c. # *= * Annuals, with stamens about the length of the rotate-campanulate corolla, and the densely- flowered spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-cymose or paniculate : appendages of the corolla long and narrow, free at apex, and at base free from the (glabrous or slightly hairy) filaments: anthers short : calyx-lobes linear : style 2-cleft at apex : capsule, ovate, acuminate or acute. P. Franklinii, Gray. A span to a foot or more high, soft-hirsute or pubescent : stem erect, simple or corymbose at summit : lower leaves petioled and pinnately or somewhat bipinnately divided or parted into numerous and short linear-oblong divisions or lobes, the upper sessile and less divided : spikes cymose-glomerate or crowded, little elongated in age : corolla pale blue or almost white : ovules 40 or more : capsule about the length of the calyx : seeds oval, minutely alveolate in vertical lines (nearly as in P. sericea, but the lines less conspicuous). — Man. ed. 2, 329, & ed. 3, 370. Eutoca Franklinii, R. Br. 1. c. t. 27 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2985. — Shores of Lake Superior to Bear Lake, and on Snake River, south- western Idaho. P. Menziesii, Torr. A span to a foot high, at length paniculate-branched, hispid or roughish-hirsute, usually also minutely cinereous-pubescent : leaves mostly sessile, linear or lanceolate and entire, or some of them deeply cleft ; the lobes few or single, linear or lanceolate, entire : spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-paniculate, at length elongated and erect : corolla bright violet or sometimes white : ovules 12 to 16 : capsule shorter than the calyx : seeds oblong, coarsely favose-reticulated. — Watson, Bot. King, 252. Hydrophyl- him lineare, Pursh, Fl. i. 134. Eutoca Menziesii, R. Br. 1. c. t. 27, fig. 1-5; Hook. Fl. I.e. & Bot. Mag. t. 3762 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 334. E. muUiflora, Dougl. in Lehm. Pugill. & Bot. Reg. t. 1180. E. heterophylla, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. — Open soil, Montana to Utah, and west to British Columbia, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada in California. Very floriferous and handsome : corolla half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter. # # # # Annuals, with stamens shorter than (in P. divaricata sometimes equalling) the corolla, and spicif orm or racemiform inflorescence. ■i— Leaves pinnately compound, and seeds excavated and ridged on the ventral face, in the manner of F. congesta, tanacetifolia, &c. P. infundibuliformis, Torr. A foot or so high, villous-hirsute or somewhat hispid, . viscid-glandular : leaves all petioled and pinnately divided ; the divisions 5 to 11, oval or Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 167 oblong, ineisely pinnatifid ; the short lobes very obtuse or retuse, sometimes 1-2-lobed : spikes mostly cymose or geminate, elongated in fruit, dense; the pedicels very much shorter than the calyx: corolla pale purple or white, funnelform ; the rounded and some- what erose lobes not half the length of the tube ; its appendages narrow-oblong, free from the stamens : ovules 8 to 12 on each dilated placenta : style 2-cleft at the tip : capsule oblong, very obtuse or retuse, membranaceous, about the length of the narrow spatulate calyx-lobes: seeds (about 20) oval, reticulated. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 144. — New Mexico, near the Santa Rita copper mines, Wright, Bigelow (and south into Chihuahua, Bigelow). Habit of P. congesta, &c. Corolla nearly 3 lines long, narrow. Capsule 3 lines long. ' -)— •*— Leaves simply pinnatifid ; the lobes short and obtuse. ++ Flowers crowded in at length elongated spikes : corolla small, white or nearly so. P. brachyloba, Gray. A foot or two high, erect, roughish-pubescent, viscid-glandular above : leaves elongated-oblong or spatulate, short-petioled ; the 7 to 15 lobes entire or obtusely few-toothed : spikes solitary or geminate, at length much elongated and slender : pedicels very short : corolla campanulate ; the lobes about half the length of the tube ; its long and narrow appendages nearly free from the stamens : ovules about 6 on each pla- centa : style 2-clef t above the middle : capsule oblong-oval, very obtuse, membranaceous, shorter than the narrow spatulate calyx-lobes : seeds oval, reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Eutoca brachyloba, Benth. 1. c. — California, near Monterey and Santa Barbara (Douglas, Brewer, Torrey), to San Diego Co. ( Cleveland) and the Mohave region, Palmer. ++ ++ Flowers loosely racemose, long-pedicelled : corolla (blue or purple or varying to white) open- campanulate, twice the length of the calyx ; the appendages elongated, nearly free from the base of the usually sparsely bearded filament: low and diffuse, a span or less high, with the leaves mostly at or near the base. P. Douglasii, Torr. Diffuse, pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs : leaves elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into several or numer- ous pairs of lobes ; the terminal lobe not larger nor parallel-veined : racemes at length elongated : pedicels filiform, mostly longer than the flower : calyx-lobes spatulate : append- ages to the tube of the ample corolla semi-oblanceolate : style 2-cleft above the middle : ovules to each dilated placenta 12 to 14 : capsule ovate, mucronate : seeds roundish-oval, scrobiculate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143 ; Gray, 1. c. Eutoca Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. — California, apparently rather common in the western part of the State south of Monterey. Habit somewhat of Nemophila insignis. Pedicels half an inch to an inch long, spreading. Corolla generally half an inch high, and proportionally broad when expanded. P. Davidsonii, Gray. Resembles the preceding, but more hairy and hoary, the foliage with strigose, the racemes and calyx with villous-hirsute and spreading pubescence : leaves deeply pinnatifid into 2 to 4 triangular entire lateral lobes and a much larger oblong ter- minal one, the evident veins of which are nearly parallel with the midrib (in the manner of P. humilis and of the succeeding) ; some of the upper leaves occasionally entire : pedi- cels seldom longer than the fructiferous calyx, in age inclined to be recurved-ascending or sigmoid : calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate : appendages to the tube of the corolla semi-oval : ovules to each placenta 8 or 10. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324, & Bot. Calif, i. 510, a. depau- perate and small-flowered form. — California, in Kern Co., Prof. Davidson, the small form above mentioned. Sah Bernardino Co., a larger form, with flowers fully the size of P. Douglasii, and limb or lobes of the corolla bright purple, Parry and Lemmon. +- -i— -i— Leaves entire (or the lower rarely 1-2-lobed or toothed), petioled, not fleshy nor cordate, the veins somewhat parallel or converging: pubescencfi not glandular : flowers spicate-racemose : calyx hirsute or hispid with long spreading hairs: appendages of the tube of the corolla broader at base and united with the base of the (usually pubescent or sparsely bearded) filaments : capsule ovate, acute or mucronate, 6-lG-^eeded, much shorter than the linear or linear-spatulate enlarging calyx-lobes : seed with favose-pitted or scrobiculate testa. ++ Corolla narrow, somewhat funnelform, little longer than the calyx, apparently pale or white, much exceeding the stamens. P. circinatiformis, Gray, 1. c. Erect, a span or so high, hispid and puberulent : leaves ovate and oblong-lanceolate, parallel-veined, somewhat strigose-hispid : racemes or spikes dense : style 2-cleft above the middle : ovules 4 (or rarely more) to each placenta. — Eutoca phacelioides, Benth. 1. c. — California, Douglas (from whose collection only is the species yet known), probably from the vicinity of Monterey. Aspect of a small form of P. circinata. Corolla 2i to 3 lines long. Fruiting calyx 5 lines long. 168 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Phacelia. ++ ++ Corolla broadly open-campanulate, violet or blue, not rarely nearly equalled by the stamens and style. P. Ctirvipes, Torr. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high, hirsute and puberulent: leaves from oval to lanceolate, mostly shorter than the slender petiole : racemes simple, at length loose, the lower pedicels as long as the calyx : style cleft to the middle : ovules 8 or 10 to each placenta. — Watson, Bot. King, 252 ; Gray, 1. c. — Foothills of the desert region W. Nevada (Carsou City, Watson), and Owens Valley, California, Dr. Horn. Habit of P. humilis. Blade of the leaf 6 to 10 lines long. Corolla barely 3 lines high. Hispid calyx . in fruit becoming 4 and 5 lines long. Pedicels from a line to 5 lines long in fruit ; the lowest sometimes sigmoid-curved (deflexed and then ascending) ; and petiole sometimes " more or less abruptly curved," whence the specific name, which ordinarily seems rather inappropriate. P. divaricata, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely spreading, a span high, more or less hirsute and pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, mostly longer than the petiole, occasionally 1-2-toothed or lobed at base, the veins curving upwards : spikes or racemes at length loose ; the pedi- cels usually much shorter than the calyx : style 2-cleft at the apex : ovules 12 to 20 on each placenta (or rarely fewer ? ). — Eutoca divaricata, Benth. 1. c. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1784 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3706. E. Wrangeliana, Fiseh. & Meyer ; Don, Brit. El. Gard. ser. 2, t. 362, a form (var. Wrangeliana, A.DC.) with leaves inclined to be lobed or 1-2-toothed. — California, common about San Francisco Bay. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers pretty large ; the expanded corolla often three-fourths of an inch broad. -H- -t— -K- H— Leaves entire or somewhat crenate-Iobed or toothed, slender-petioled, the veins di- vergent or commonly obsolete : pubescence viscid or glandular : corolla narrow-campauulate or somewhat funnelform, the appendages of the tube linear or oblong and nearly free from the unequal glabrous filaments: style 2-cleft only at the apex. (Species peculiar to the interior desert region.) ++ Flowers and the very dense short spikes closely sessile : calyx equalling the narrow corolla : leaves thickish, spatulate-oblong. P. oephalotes, Gray, 1. c. Divaricately branching from the very base, nearly prostrate, more or less viscid-pubescent and the calyx, &c, hispid-hirsute : leaves chiefly radical and at the bifurcations, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, nearly veinless, oblong or spatulate, entire (about half an inch long and tapering into the commonly longer petiole) : sessile spikes or heads radical and in all the forks, at length oblong : calyx-lobes spatulate-linear, twice the length of the oval obtuse 8-10-seeded capsule : seeds with a lax cellular-reticu- lated pellicle. — P. curvipes, Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 16, not Torr. — Southern Utah, Bishop, Mrs. Thompson, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long, cylindraceous, white or yellowish, with the short limb blue or purplish ; the internal appendages linear. Earliest spike radical, much shorter than the subtending leaves ; the first internode of the prostrate branches 2 to 4 inches long. ++ ++ Flowers not so crowded, more or less racemose : calyx conspicuously shorter than the some- what open-funnelform or campanulate corolla, a little longer than the obtuse capsule: leaves thickish, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, roundish or oval, the veins mostly obscure. P. demissa, Gray, 1- c. Diffusely branched from the base, less than a span high, viscid- puberulent or glabrate : leaves from orbicular to obscurely reniform or subcordate, entire or repand, half inch in diameter : flowers rather few and short-pedicelled in a sessile or very short-peduncled spike which is mostly shorter than the petioles and the internodes of the branches : corolla apparently white, barely 2 lines long, little exceeding the linear calyx-lobes; its short appendages narrowly oblong : capsule (2 lines long) short-oval, very obtuse, about 10-seeded : seeds oblong, proportionally large, alveolate-reticulated. — New Mexico, Palmer. P. pulohella, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely branched, barely a span high, merely viscid-puberu- lent : leaves roundish-ovate or obovate, entire or crenate-toothed, obtuse or acutish at base, half an inch or less in length : flowers numerous in the at length elongated panicled racemes : pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx : corolla deep purple ( with a yellowish base), commonly thrice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes : capsule narrowly oblong, very obtuse, about 30-seeded. — P. crassifolia, Parry in Am. Naturalist, 1. c, not Torr. — Southern Utah, on gypseous clay knolls, Parry. A showy vernal species. Corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with an ampler limb than in the related species ; the appendages conspicuous, semi-oval. Seeds not half the size of those of the preceding species, short-oval, pitted. Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 169 P. pusilla, Torr. Very small, not over 3 inches high, simple or loosely branching, glan- dular-pubescent : leaves broadly oval or oblong, entire, a quarter to half an inch long : flowers few in a loose raceme, on filiform pedicels : corolla white, not twice the length of the narrow linear or obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes : capsule narrow-oblong, obtuse and mucronulate, 18-24-seeded. — "Watson, Bot. King, 253; Gray, 1. c. — Western part of Nevada to the borders of California, " under sage-brush and junipers,'' Watson. Corolla hardly but capsule fully 2 lines long. Seeds somewhat pyriform, roughish-scrobiculate. Pedicels 1 to 5 lines long. ++ ^-{- ++ Flowers loosely racemose in fully developed inflorescence : calyx shorter than the eam- panulate corolla, rather longer than the short-pointed capsule : leaves round-cordate and crenately lobed or repand, obscurely palmately veined. P. rotundifolia, Torr. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high, glandular-hirsute : leaves crenately 7-13-toothed or even lobed, mostly with a deep-eordate base (a quarter to a full inch long), usually much shorter than the petiole : pedicels shorter than the linear-spatulate calyx-lobes : corolla white : style obscurely 2-cleft at apex : capsule oval-oblong, abruptly pointed, 60-100-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King, 253 ; Gray, 1. c. — S. E. borders of California, near Fort Mohave, to S. Utah and Arizona, Cooper, Palmer, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long. Capsule 2 lines long. Seeds globular, scrobiculate. § 7. Microgenetes, Gray. Ovules and seeds of the preceding section ; but the latter oblong and strongly corrugated transversely (vermiculiform !) : style 2-cleft only at the apex : stamens unequal, included : corolla with internal appen- dages present or rarely wanting : low annuals, all W. American : leaves mostly pinnatifid. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 326. # Corolla short, almost rotate ; the appendages 10 transverse plicse in the throat, remote from the stamens ! — § Helmintkospermum, Ton", in herb. P. micrantha, Torr. Slender, paniculately branched, a span or more high, minutely hirsute-glandular : leaves membranaceous, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 obovate or oblong very obtuse and mostly entire lobes ; the lower with margined petiole, the upper with dilated and sometimes auriculate partly clasping base : racemes geminate or panicled, very loose : pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla (bright blue with a yellowish tube, or sometimes pale)- little exceeding the obovate or spatulate and enlarging calyx-lobes : cap- sule globular, obtuse, 20-24-seeded. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 144; Gray, I.e., & Bot. Calif. i. 511. — New Mexico and Arizona, from the Rio Grande near El Paso to S. Utah, and the borders of California. Corolla barely 2 lines in diameter when expanded: no vertical appendages at the base of the stamens and on the intermediate veins, but a pair of com- pletely transverse short and narrow folds high upon the short tube, stretching from the mid- vein of each lobe nearly to the lateral vein which springs from near its base. Style short, glabrous. Calyx in fruit 2 lines long. Seeds cylindraceous, incurved, very deeply rugose transversely and tuberculate. # * Corolla f unnelform or cylindraceous ; the appendages vertical, long and narrow, united more or less to the base of the filaments (in the Chilian P. Cumingii obsolete): style more or less hairy below in our species : seeds minutely reticulated as well as coarsely corrugated : leaves chiefly pinnatifid. and the petioles naked. — Microgenetes, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 2D2. Phaceha § Euglypta, Watson, Bot. King, 1. c. -K- Corolla white or pale purple, slightly longer than the little-dilated calyx-lobes, 2 or at most 3 lines long. P. Ivesiana, Torr. About a span high, diffusely much branched from the base, hirsute- pubescent and glandular : leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 15 linear or oblong and entire or incisely few-toothed lobes, rarely bipinnatifid : racemes loose, 6-20-flowered : narrow appendages of the corolla adnate to the filament only at base: capsule oblong, 16-24- seeded. — Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21; Watson, Bot. King, 254. — Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, from Salt Lake to the south-eastern borders of California. This species most resembles P. Cumimjii, the Microgenetes Cumingii, A.DC. Narrow calyx-lobes becoming 3 or 4 lines long, and conspicuously surpassing the capsule. Seeds over half line long, strongly rough-corrugated. .,_ +_ Corolla conspicuously longer than the calyx; the limb violet or blue-purple ; the throat and tube yellow or whitish. 170 HYDROPHYLLACEiE. Phacelia. ++ Leaves deeply once or twice pinnatifid : short fruiting pedicels erect : corolla half inch long : pubescence minute, more or less viscid. P. Fremontii, Torr. 1. c. A span to a foot high, much branched from the base : leaves once pinnatifid into 7 to 15 oblong or obovate entire or obtusely 2-3-lobed divisions : flow- ers crowded in the at length elongated spiciform raceme : corolla broadly f unnelform, double the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes ; the long and narrow appendages united below with the filament or almost free from it : capsule oblong : seeds 20 to 30, strongly and somewhat evenly corrugated. — Watson, Bot. King, 253 ; Gray, 1. c. — S. Utah and Nevada to W. Arizona and Kern Co., California. P. bicolor, Torr. Lower and more diffuse : leaves pinnately parted and tho divisions again irregularly pinnatifid into small nearly linear lobes : spiciform racemes loosely 10-20- flowered: corolla narrowly f unnelform (sometimes 7 lines long), thrice the length of the narrowly linear and obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes; the long and narrow appendages united for more than half their length with the filament, forming a long tubular cavity behind it : capsule oval-oblong : seeds about 16, shorter, minutely corrugated. — Watson, Bot. King, 255 ; Gray, 1. c. — W. Nevada and adjacent parts of California in the Sierra Nevada, first collected by Anderson. The handsomest of the section. ++ -M- Leaves merely pinnatifid-dentate : corolla only 3 or 4 lines long. P. gymnoclada, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, a span or less high, some- what viscid-pubescent ; the primary branches decumbent and with long naked internodes : leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, coarsely and obtusely toothed (an inch or less long), mostly shorter than the petiole : spike several-flowered : short-f unnelform corolla (rarely white) not twice the length of the linear or obscurely spatulate-hirsute calyx-lobes; its appendages united with the lower part of the filament : capsule globose-ovate, 8-16-seeded. — Watson, 1. e. ; Gray, 1. c. — W. Nevada and E. California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and Humboldt Mountains, Watson, Lemmon. P. crassifolia, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, 3 or 4 inches high, viscid- pubescent : leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong-ovate, scabrous (3 to 6 lines long), tapering into a short petiole ; the lower with a few short obtuse teeth ; the cauline entire : racemes ra ther loosely few-flowered ; the short pedicels spreading : f unnelform corolla fully twice the length of the linear calyx-lobes ; the obscure appendages free, from all but the very base of the filament: capsule ovoid, 6-8-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King, 255. — Reese Biver Valley, Nevada, Watson. Seeds rather strongly rugose, oblong, half a line long. 6. EMMENlNTHE, Benth. (From t^svm, I abide, and avdog, flower, the corolla persisting.) — Low annuals (of California and Nevada), with much the habit and general character of certain sections of Phacelia, but the yellow or cream-colored campanulate corolla persistent (not carried off by the enlarging capsule). — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 328, & Bot. Calif, i. 514. § 1. Mii.titzia, Gray. Diffuse or depressed, and with the general characters of Phacelia § Microgenetes, except the persistent corolla : flowers small : calyx- lobes broader upward : seeds more or less rugose transversely or obliquely, as well as minutely reticulated. — Miltiizia, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 296. * Corolla bright yellow, merely 5-lobed, exceeding or at least equalling the calyx both in blossom and fruit, withering-persistent and enclosing the capsule; the tube within mostly with 10 narrow appendages : style persistent : herbage pubescent. E. parviflora, Gray. Depressed, densely pubescent and viscid : leaves deeply pinnatifid : flowers crowded in short spikes or racemes, on very short pedicels : corolla not longer than the linear obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes : style hardly longer than the ovary : ovules 20 to 40: seeds 15 to 20. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 85, 1. 15. — Shores of Klamath Lake, borders of California and Oregon, Newberry. Specimen poor. Except for the greater number of ovules and the shorter style (which may be inconstant), this would be referred to the next. B. Mtea, Gray. Diffusely branched, decumbent-spreading, more minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid but hardly or slightly glandular : leaves oblong or obovate, incisely few- lobed or toothed or pinnatifid : flowers rather crowded in short racemes ; the lower pedi- cels often longer than the calyx : corolla exceeding the spatulate-linear calyx-lobes : style Conantkus. IIYDROPHYLLACEiE. 171 filiform, much longer than the ovary : ovules about 12. — Eutoca 1 lutea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 373; Hook. Ic. t. 354. MUtitzia lutea, A. DC- 1. c. Emmenantlte parviflora, Watson, Bot. King, 257, not Gray.— S. E. borders of Oregon (Tohnie), and W. Nevada to the bor- ders of California, Anderson, Watson, Lemmon. Corolla nearly 3 lines long: the linear appendages (like those of many Phacelioz) plainly discernible in this and the preceding, but readily overlooked, slightly confluent below with the adnate base of the filaments. Hypogynous disk conspicuous, saucer-shaped, much larger and more free than in the pre- ceding. E. glan&ulifera, Torr. Very slender, 3 or 4 inches high, diffusely branched, minutely glandular-pubescent and viscid: leaves'small (a quarter to half inch long), oblong or spat- ulate, incisely few-toothed or the upper entire : flowers numerous in slender spikes or racemes, mostly on very short pedicels : corolla narrow-campanulate, exceeding the linear calyx-lobes: style filiform: ovules 6 to 12. — Watson, Bot. King, I.e. — W. borders of Nevada, Anderson, Watson. Corolla 2 lines long : the appendages not found. Probably a mere form of the preceding. * * Corolla apparently nearly white, 5-cleft, short-campanulate, usually shorter than the calyx and capsule, investing the base of the latter at maturity , its internal appendages not manifest : leaves mostly entire : capsule 8-10-seeded. E. glaberrima, Torr. Wholly glabrous and glandless, diffuse or decumbent, a span or less high, much branched : leaves thickish, somewhat succulent, oblong-spatulate or obovate, entire, or the lower incisely 2-4-toothed (half an inch or more long), tapering into the pe- tiole : flowers few or several, in short or at length elongated often geminate spikes or racemes ; the short pedicels appressed : corolla not exceeding the spatulate or oblong thick calyx-lobes : style not longer than the wholly glabrous ovary : ovules 8 or 10 : capsule pointed with the subulate indurated base of the style. — Watson, Bot. King, 1. c. — Nevada, in the lower Humboldt and Reese River Valleys, Watson. Also N. Arizona, Newberry, being, according to Watson, the Eutoca aretioides of the botany of the Ives Expedition. E. pusilla, Gray. Pubescent, an inch or two high, at length diffusely branched : leaves spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so (2 to 5 inches long), tapering into a peti- ole of equal length : peduncles slender, loosely and racemosely 3-7-flowered ; the earliest ones scapif orm : pedicels spreading : corolla about half the length of the linear obscurely spatulate calyx-lobe's and of the ovoid very blunt capsule : style very short, at length deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87, & Bot. Calif, i. 515. — North-western Nevada, Watson, Lemmon. Calyx in blossom one line, in fruit 2 lines long. § 2. Ejijiexaxthe proper. Erect, with comparatively large and very broad cream-colored corolla : divisions of the calyx ample and broader downward (ovate- lanceolate) : style deciduous : placentae conspicuously dilated in the axis : seeds somewhat rugosely alveolate-reticulated. E. penduliflora, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous-puhescent and somewhat viscid : leaves pinnatifid into numerous short and somewhat toothed or incised lobes : racames panicled, mostly short and loose, at base occasionally bracteate : pedicels filiform, as long as the at length pendulous flowers : filaments slightly adnate to the very base of the broadly campanulate corolla : ovules about 16. — Linn. Trans, xvii. 281. — California, not rare from Lake Co. to San Diego, and east to S. Utah. (South to Guadalupe Island.) Corolla 5 lines long, with short rounded lobes, and no trace of internal appendages. Seeds oblong-oval, a line long. 7. CONANTHUS, S. Watson. Hutoca? § Conantkus, A.DC. (Name not happily chosen, formed of y.avog, cone, and uvdog, flower, referring to the elon- gated funnelform corolla.) — A single species, which would be referred to Nama except for the united styles ; the flowers apparently 2-3-morphous as to length and insertion of style and stamens. C. aretioides, "Watson. A small and depressed winter-annual, 2 or 3 inches high, repeatedly forked from the very base, forming a matted tuft, hirsute-hispid, copiously flowering through a long season : leaves spatulate-linear : flowers comparatively large and 172 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Tricardia. conspicuous, sessile in the forks, fully half inch long : corolla purple, funnelform, with rather long narrow tube and ample limb : calyx-lobes filiform-linear, not widehing upward, hispid with long spreading hairs : stamens unequally inserted : style 2-clef t at the apex, sometimes only slightly so : ovules about 20 : seeds usually fewer ; the testa thin and translucent, smooth, or in age obscurely and sparsely excavated. — Bot. King, 256 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 329, & Bot. Calif, i. 585. Eutoca aretioides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 374; Hook. Ic. t. 355. E. 1 (Conanthus) aretioides, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 295. Nama demissa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, in part. — Through the dry interior region, from Oregon to Arizona along the eastern borders of California. Style and filaments sometimes long and sometimes short in different plants, but not reciprocally so. 8. TRICARDIA, Torr. (From tqi- three, and xagdiu, heart, referring to the shape of the three larger sepals.) Sepals thin ; the three exterior much enlarging after flowering, becoming somewhat scarious and finely reticulate-veiny. Corolla with the 10 narrow internal appendages free and rather distant from the filaments. — A single (Nevadan) species : — T. "Watsoni, Torr. Perennial herb, branched from the base ; the ascending stems a span high, pubescent with long and soft cottony hairs, more or less glabrate with age : leaves all alternate, glabrate, entire ; the radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate, an inch or two long, and tapering into a conspicuous margined petiole ; the upper much smaller, short-petioled or sessile and more oblong : flowers rather few, loosely racemose : short pedicels in fruit recurved : corolla purplish, about 3 lines wide, moderately 5-lobed : stamens and style included : larger sepals of the fruiting calyx becoming two-thirds of an inch long and wide, strongly cordate, much longer than the ovate pointed incompletely 2- celled capsule : ovules 4 to each placenta : " seeds a line long, oblong, slightly roughened." — Watson, Bot. King, 258, t. 24. — Western Nevada, at Truckee Pass, Watson. Rio Virgen, S. Utah, Parry. 9. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham. (Dedicated to Count Nicholas Romanzoff, the promoter of Kotzebue's voyage, in which the original species was discovered.) — Low and delicate perennial herbs, with the aspect of Saxifrage ; the leaves mainly radical, all alternate, round-cordate or reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, long- petioled ; the lobes glandular-mucronulate. Scapes or flowering stems a span or less in length, racemosely or sometimes paniculately several-flowered ; the pedicels filiform. Calyx-lobes oblong-linear or lanceolate. Corolla pale pink or purple, varying to white, delicately veiny. Ovary and retuse capsule 2-celled or nearly so : the placentas narrowly linear, many-seeded. Seeds oval : the testa alveolate- reticulated. R. Unalaschkensis, Cham. Loosely somewhat pubescent : rootstock not tuberifer- ous : scape erect, 3 to 5 inches high ; the erect or ascending pedicels shorter than the flow- ers : calyx-lobes herbaceous, a little shorter than the very short-f unnelform corolla and equalling or surpassing the capsule : style short. — Cham, in Hor. Phys. Berol. 71, t. 14 ; Chois. Hydrol. t. 3; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Saxifraga nutans, Don. — Unalaska and adjacent islands, Chamisso, Nelson, Harrington, Dall, &c. R. Sitchensis, Bongard. Slightly and sparsely pubescent or glabrate : slender root- stocks tuberif erous : scapes filiform; weak, a span long ; the spreading pedicels longer than the flowers : calyx-lobes very glabrous, much shorter than the funnelform corolla, and shorter than the capsule : style long and slender. — Veg. Sitk. 41, t. 4 ; Torr. in Pacif . B. Rep. iv. t. 25 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6109 ; Gray, 1. c. — Sitka to the coast range of California, as far south as Redwoods occur, viz. to Monterey Co. 10. HESPEROCHlRON, S. Watson. (Hesperus, evening, used for western, and Chiron, a Centaur distinguished for his knowledge of plants, i. e. Western Centaury, the plant having been supposed to belong to the Gentian Nama. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 173 family). — Dwarf stemless perennials, or possibly biennials (W. N. American), soft-pubescent ; with entire spatulate or oblong leaves, on mostly elongated mar- gined petioles, crowning the caudex or rootstock ; and from their axils sending forth naked one-flowered peduncles, equalling or shorter than the leaves. Parts of the flower occasionally in sixes or sevens. Corolla purplish or nearly white ; the tube and the base of the subulate filaments more or less hairy or hirsute ; the lobes often slightly unequal. Disk none. Base of the calyx obscurely adnate to the broad base of the conical-ovate ovary, which tapers into the rather stout style : stigmas minute. Ovary 1-celled ; the narrow placentae projecting more or less on incomplete half-dissepiments: ovules 20 or more to each placenta. Capsule loculicidal, 15-20-seeded. Seeds pretty large, with a somewhat fleshy minutely reticulated testa. — A genus of doubtful affinity, but most probably Hydrophyl- laceous. — Watson, Bot. King, 281 : Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330, & Bot. Calif, i. 516; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 829. H. Califomicus, "Watson. Leaves copious in a rosulate radical tuft : corolla some- what oblong-campanulate ; The lobes shorter than the tube. — Bot. King, 281, t. 30. Ourisia Californica, Benth. PL Hartw. 327. Hesperocliiron latifulius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 44, a large form. — Hills and meadows, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite north- ward to Washington Terr., and east to the mountains of Utah. — Leaves an inch or two long, besides the petiole, into which the blade abruptly contracts or gradually tapers. Corolla from nearly half to three-fourths of an inch long in the largest specimens; the lobes oblong. Here belongs Nicotiana nana, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833. H. pumilus, T. C. Porter. Leaves fewer, crowning the rather slender rootstock : corolla nearly rotate ; its lobes longer than the tube, which is densely bearded within. — Hayden, Geol. Rep. 1872, 768 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Villarsia pumila, Dougl. ; Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 70, 1. 157. — Springy and marshy ground, mountains of Idaho to Oregon, Douglas, Geyer, Hayden, &c. Also Plumas Co., California, Mrs. Austin. 1 1 . LEMMONI A, Gray. (Named after John Gill Lemmon, the discoverer, a most ardent and successful explorer of E. Californian and Nevadan botany.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 1 62. Single species. L. Californica, Gray, I. c. Small and depressed winter-annual, canescently pubescent, and the calyx white-villous : stem branched from the base, divergently and repeatedly dichotomous : leaves alternate, rosulate at base, and crowded at the summit of the branches ; entire, spatulate and tapering into a short petiole, nearly veinless, 3 to 5 lines long : flow- ers sessile, solitary in the lower forks, cymose-glomerate at the leafy extremity of the branches : sepals very narrowly linear, not widening upward, in fruit 2 lines long and exceeding the short-oval retuse capsule : corolla apparently white, a. line long, not surpass- ing the calyx, moderately 5-lobed : styles shorter or not longer than the ovary : placentae or half-dissepiments narrow, adhering to the valves : seeds half a line long, somewhat rugose- foveolate in the manner of Conanthus. — Desert region of San Bernardino Co., California, about the sources of the Mohave River, May, 1876, J. G. Lemmon. 12. NAMA, L. (Nafiu, a stream or spring, in allusion to supposed place of growth of the original species.) — Chiefly low herbs, some few suffrutescent or woody-based (N. & S. American and one Hawaian), of various habit; the corolla purple, bluish, or white ; the stamens sometimes equally, oftener unequally adnate to the base or lower part of the tube. (Besides the following there are several species in the bordering parts of Mexico.) — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 337, viii. 282, x. 330, & Bot. Calif, i. 517, 621. § 1. Low annuals, merely pubescent or hairy : leaves entire : flowers terminal or lateral, or in the forks of the stem. 174 HYDROPHYLLACEiE. Kama. # Leaves decurrent on the stem. N. Jamaioense, L. Diffusely spreading or prostrate, soft-pubescent: leaves membrana- ceous (an inch or two long), broadly obovate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole-like base which is continued into wing-like margins of the stem : flowers mostly solitary, terminal and soon extra-axillary, short-pedicelled : corolla white, hardly longer than the narrow linear sepals: capsule narrow oblong. — Lam. 111. t. 184; P. Browne, Jam. t. 18. — Low grounds, Texas, Florida. (W. Ind., Mexico.) # # Leaves not decurrent. -I— Cauline leaves all sessile, the upper by a more or less clasping base : villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid: seeds very numerous. N. undulatum, HBK. Erect, diffusely branched, at length procumbent, leafy : branches a span to a foot long : leaves oblong ; the upper with a broad sessile base, the lower spatu- late : flowers commonly subsessile : corolla funnelform, somewhat longer than the linear- spatulate sepals : capsule oblong, more or less shorter than the sepals : seeds oval, with a smooth and thin diaphanous coat, which is obscurely striate lengthwise and minutely pitted under a strong lens. — HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 130. (Mexico.) Var. maoranthum, Chois. (Hydrol. 18, t. 2, fig. 1) ; a looser and less leafy form, with flowers (solitary or 2 and 3 together) on pedicels which vary from 1 to 5 lines long: corolla (4 or 5 lines long) almost twice the length, and capsule only about half the length of the spatulate-tipped sepals. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. N. Berlandieri, Gray, ProC. Am. Acad. viii. 282. — Texas, along the Bio Grande near its mouth, and on the Mexican side of the river. N. stenooarpum, Gray. Like the preceding, or sometimes with narrower leaves : pedicels, if any, short and rigid in fruit : capsule cylindrical, nearly linear (3 lines long), nearly equalling the narrow linear sepals : seeds short, angled by mutual pressure, with a thickish and opaque strongly reticulated and somewhat alveolate coat (only a quarter of a line long). — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 331. N. undulatum, Gray, 1. c. viii. 282, not HBK. — Texas near the mouth of the Bio Grande, Berlandier. Along the northern borders of Mexico to the province of Sonora on the borders of Arizona, Palmer. -t— -t— Leaves not at all clasping, more or less tapering at base, at least the lower petioled. •h> Corolla narrow-funnelform, mostly much longer than the calyx : seeds oval, with a thin and diaphanous close coat: flowers subsessile or short-peduncled. N. hispidum, Gray. A span to a foot high, repeatedly forked, hispid or hirsute: leaves broadly or narrowly linear-spatulate, most of the cauline ones sessile : flowers lateral and solitary, or 3 to 5 in terminal unilateral nearly bractless clusters : sepals nar- rowly linear, very little if at all broadened upwards: capsule narrowly oblong, 30-40- seeded : seeds smooth, very obscurely rugulose when highly magnified. — Proc. Am. Acad, v. 339, & Bot. Calif, i. 517. N. Jamaicensis, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh., not Linn. iV. dichotoma & N. biflora, var. spathulata, partly, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147, &c. — Plains and prairies, Texas to Arizona, and south-eastern borders of California. The extreme western form, with softer pubescence, sometimes has 3 or 4 styles and placentae. N. demissum, Gray. Dwarf, diffuse or depressed, 2 or 3 inches high, hirsute-pubescent, sometimes hispid : leaves linear-spatulate, all or most of them tapering into a petiole : flowers subsessile in the forks : sepals very narrowly linear, not at all broader upwards : capsule short-oblong, 10-16-seeded : seeds much larger than in the preceding (oval or oblong, a quarter to a third of a line long). — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283 (mainly) ; Watson, Bot. King. 259, 460; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 517. — Interior desert region, Washington Terr, to Nevada, and Utah (form with corolla, only 3 lines long) ; also S. Utah, Arizona, and the south-eastern borders of California; the latter forms with ampler purple or crimson corolla, 4, 5, or nearly 6 lines long. Filaments very unequally inserted, their adnate bases with somewhat free margins. N. Coulteri, Gray. Diffusely branched from the base, ascending, a span high, hirsute- pubescent, somewhat viscid : leaves oblong-spatulate, the lower tapering into a petiole : flowers mostly in the forks and short-pedicelled : sepals with spatulate-dilated tips, not half the length of the narrow funnelform corolla: capsule narrowly oblong, 50-60-seeded : seeds short-oval, obscurely rugulose-pitted. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, & Bot. Calif. 517. — "California," Coulter. But probably from Arizona or the adjacent part of Mexico. Corolla 5 lines long. Eriodictyon. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 175 •h- ++ Corolla short-f annelform, hardly exceeding the calvx : seeds with a thickish opaque coat, coarsely pitted or sculptured. N. dichotomum, Ruiz & Pav. A Mexican and South American species, with oval or oblong-lanceolate leaves. Var. angustif olium, Gray. Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular : stem repeatedly forked and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork : leaves narrow, linear or nearly so (an inch or less long, a line or two wide) : sepals narrowly linear and slightly broadened upwards : capsule oblong-oval (nearly glabrous) : seeds oval-oblong, marked with about 5 longitudinal rows of large pits, from 4 to 6 in each row. — Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 2S4. — New Mexico, Fendler, Wright. Also Colorado, Haydcn, Rothrock, Brandegee. Possibly a distinct species. Sometimes a weed of cultivated ground. § 2. Suffruticose and cespitose-procumbent, silky-woolly : leaves entire : flowers thyrsoid-glomerate : ovary and styles hirsute. N. Lobbii, Gray. Leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile (an inch or two long), more or less persistent ; the older with revolute margins and becoming glabrate ; the younger white with the soft villous wool : flowers clustered in the upper axils and at the summit, nearly sessile : sepals subulate-linear, more than half the length of the narrow f unnelform (purple) corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 37, viii. 285, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Sierra Nevada, California, Lobb, Kellogrj, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Lemmon, &c. Forming dense and broad tufts, the older stems rigid and woody. Corolla half an inch long: the filaments unequally adnate high up. Fruit not seen. § 3. Perennial or woody-stemmed, erect, hirsute or hispid : leaves sessile, un- dulate or sinuate-dentate : flowers glomerate or spicate. (Approaching Wigandia, but with the narrowly f unnelform corolla (also the capsule) of Nama.) N. Rothrockii, Gray. A span or two high from an apparently deep perennial root, her- baceous, cinereous with a fine and somewhat viscid roughish pubescence, at least the inflores- cence and calyx hispid with sharp spreading bristles : leaves lanceolate-oblong, almost pinnatifid ; the pinnate veins running straight to near the sinuses between the strong teeth, there forking : flowers numerous in a capitate terminal cluster : sepals hardly dilated upward, half inch long, nearly equalling the corolla : ovary and capsule slightly hirsute : seeds rather few (almost a, line long), oval, minutely reticulate-pitted. — Bot. Calif, i. 621 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 1. 18. — Meadows on S. Kern River, California, Rothrock. N. Parryi, Gray, 1. c. Stem 6 feet high ! below woody, over half inch in diameter and with a large brownish pith: leaves (as far as seen) linear, 2 or 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines broad, villous-hirsute, numerously pinnate-veined, somewhat bullate ; the margins revolute and undulate or repand : flowers unilateral and the fruit densely spicate on the few branches of the compact seorpioid cyme : sepals nearly filiform, little surpassing the oval capsule, barely 2 lines long: seeds oval (half line long), minutely reticulated. — S. E. Cali- fornia, on the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains (seen only in winter ves- tiges), Parry. 13. ERIODfCTYON, Benth. (Formed of sqiov, wool, and dixrvov, net- work, on account of the netted veins and woolliness of the under surface of the leaves.) — Low shrubs (California to New Mexico) ; with alternate pinnately veined and finely reticulated leaves, of firm or coriaceous texture, their margins mostly beset with rigid teeth, at base tapering into more or less of a petiole ; the flowers scorpioid-cymose, forming a terminal usually naked thyrsus. Sepals nar- row, not enlarging upwards. Corolla violet or purple, or sometimes white. Filaments adnate variably and sometimes very extensively to the tube of the corolla, usually sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or completely 2-celled by the meeting of the dilated placentee in the axis. Capsule small (a line or two long), globose-ovate, pointed. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 35; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 313, 331, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. 176 HYDROPHYLLACEiE. Eriodictyon. E. tomentosum, Bentll. 1. c. White-tomentose with a dense c,oat of short villous hairs, sometimes rusty-colored with age, 6 to -10 feet high: branches leafy to the top: leaves oblong or oval, rigid, obtuse (2 to 4 inches long) : cymes at length broad : calyx densely and corolla slightly villous, the latter somewhat salverform and about twice the length of. the former. — Torr. Mex. Bound. 148, &c. E. crassifolium, Benth. 1. c, described from flowers with imperfect corollas. — Southern part of California, San Gabriel to San Diego and Tejon. B. glutinosum, Benth. 1. c. Glabrate, glutinous with a balsamic resin, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long), irregularly more or less serrate, sometimes entire, whitened beneath between the reticulations by a minute and close tomentum, above glabrous : cymes in an elongated naked thyrsus : corolla tubular-funnelform (half an inch long), thrice the length of the slightly and sparsely hirsute calyx. — Wigandia Californica, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 364, t. 88. — Dry hills, rather common in California. Infusion of the leaves in spirit used as a tonic, under the name of Yerba Santa. E. angustif olium, Nutt. Glabrate and glutinous : leaves narrowly linear or narrowly lanceolate, rigid, and the margins at length revolute : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, short-f unnel- form or approaching campanulate : otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — PI. Gamb. 181. E. glutinosum, var. angustifolium, Torr. 1. c. — S. Nevada, Arizona, and adjacent parts of New Mexico. Leaves 1£ to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide. 14. HYDR6LEA, L. (TBcqq, water, the plants inhabiting wet places.) — Herbs, or rarely suffruticose plants (widely diffused in warm climates) ; with ovate or lanceolatevpinnately veined entire leaves, numerous on the stems, often with a spine in the axils, and clustered blue or rarely white flowers. Sepals dis- tinct to the base. Corolla rotate or very open campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens about the length of the corolla : filaments dilated at the insertion. Capsule globular ; the fleshy or spongy placentas very large. Seeds minute, generally striate-ribbed. Styles and placentae occasionally varying to 3. — Ours appear to be perennials, flowering through the summer. H. corymbosa, Ell. Spineless or nearly so : stem slender, a foot or two high, above minutely pubescent: leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile (an inch or so long), glabrous: flowers in a terminal corymbose cyme : sepals linear-lanceolate, villous-hispid ; shorter than the corolla : filaments and styles long and filiform. — Sk. i. 336 ; A. W. Bennett in Jour. Linn. Soc. xi. 275. — Pine-barren ponds, S. Carolina to Florida. Expanded corolla two-thirds of an inch in diameter. H. affinis, Gray. More or less spiny, glabrous throughout or nearly so : stems ascend- ing : leaves lanceolate, somewhat petioled (2 to 5 inches long) : flowers in short axillary leafy-bracted clusters : sepals ovate, equalling the corolla : styles shorter than the capsule. — Man. ed. 5, p. 370. H. leptocaulis, Featherman, Louisiana Univ. Rep. 1871. — S. Illinois to Texas. Often confounded with the next. H. Caroliniana, Michx. More or less spiny, sparsely villous-hispid or the leaves nearly glabrous : stem ascending : leaves lanceolate, short-petioled (3 or 4 inches long) : flowers in short axillary clusters, or solitary in the upper axils : sepals linear or linear- lanceolate, about the length of the corolla: styles shorter than the capsule. — Fl. i. 177. H. quadrivalvis, "Walt. Car. 110, an older but false and deceptive name. H. paniculata, Raf. Neobot. 64. — N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana ? (S. Amer.? ) H. ovata, Nutt. Spiny, minutely soft-pubescent and above slightly hirsute: stems a foot or two high, paniculately branched at summit : leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-lan- ceolate (8 to 20 lines long) : flowers clustered at the end of the branches : sepals lanceolate, very villous-hirsute, shorter than the corolla ; this an inch broad when expanded : filaments and especially the styles long and filiform. — Fl. Arkans. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 196; Chois. Hydrol. t. 1 ; A. W. Bennett, 1. c. 270. H. ouatifolia, Raf. % Neobot. (1836), 64. H. Ludoviciana, Featherman, I. c. — Margin of ponds, Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas. (S. Amer.) BORRAGINACEiE. 177 Oedee xciii. borraginace^e. Mostly scabrous or hispid-hairy plants, with watery juice, entire and alternate (or partly opposite) leaves, no stipules, prevalently scorpioid inflorescence, and regular flowers (in Eckiurn the corolla, &c, irregular), the 5 or sometimes 4 stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla, as many as and alternate with its lobes, a single style rising between the divisions of a deeply 4-parted ovary, or from the summit of an undivided one, the cells or lobes of which contain a solitary ovule, the seed with little or no albumen, the embryo straight or rarely curved, its radicle superior or centripetal. Flowers perfect, generally 5-merous. Calyx and corolla free ; the lobes of the latter imbricated, convolute, or sometimes plicate or induplicate in the bud. Hypogynous disk usually present, but inconspicuous. Pistil of 2 biovulate carpels, although seemingly of 4 and uniovulate. Ovule anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit of 4 nutlets (or by abortion fewer), or a drupe containing 2 to 4 nutlets or cells, rarely reduced to one. — Some of the first great division have serrate and even incised leaves, and are trees or shrubs, of tropical or subtropical regions : these well distinguished from related orders by the superior radicle. The true Borraginacece are almost all herbs, mainly of temperate climates, with undivided style and eyen stigma, surrounded at base by the four distinct divisions of the ovary. Inflorescence and its nomenclature as in the preceding order. I. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-lobed) and surmounted by the style. Tkibe I. CORDIE2E. Style twice bifid: stigmas terminal, not annular. Fruit drupaceous. Cotyledons longitudinally plicate or corrugated. Trees or shrubs, with leaves sometimes dentate. 1. CORDIA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, merely toothed or lobed. Corolla funnel- form or salverform ; the lobes and stamens sometimes more than 5. Stigmas clavate or capitate. Ovary and drupe 4-celled, 4-seeded, or fewer by the abortion of some of the cells and seeds of the hard stone. Tribe II. EHRETIEiE. Style once bifid or 2-parted (the divisions sometimes coalescent to the top) : stigmas more or less capitate. Cotyledons plane. Trees, shrubs, or low herbs. # Fruit drupaceous : ovules mostly amphitropous : trees or shrubs. 2. BOURRERIA. Calyx globular or ovoid, closed in the bud, valvately splitting at the summit into 2 to 5 teeth. Corolla campanulate or short-funnelform. Drupe containing 4 more or less separable one-seeded nutlets. 3. EHRETIA. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, imbricated or open in the bud. Corolla from short-funnelform to rotate. Drupe usually containing 2 two-celled two-seeded nutlets. # # Fruit dry : ovules anatropous, pendulous : herbaceous or suffruticulose plants. 4. COLDENIA. Calyx 5-parted, or in original species 4-parted; the divisions narrow. Corolla short-funnelform or nearly salverform, seldom much surpassing the calyx ; the lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes partly convolute in the bud. Stamens included. Style 2-clef t or 2-parted. Ovary entire or laterally 4-lobed, 4-celled. Fruit separating at maturity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer, or in one species by suppression one-celled and one-seeded. Cotyledons thickish. Albumen none. Tribe III. HELIOTROPIEiE. Style entire, sometimes wanting : stigma peltate- annular? forming a complete ring, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed (from hemispherical to subulate) tip or appendage. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a straight or incurved embryo, in sparing or copious albumen. Leaves entire, rarely denticulate. Inflorescence more or less scorpioid. 12 178 BORRAGINACE^E. 5. TOURNEFORTIA. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or woody twiners, or rarely almost herbaceous. Otherwise nearly as Heliotropium. 6. HELIOTROPIUM. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or funnel- form, plaited and mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens included : filaments short or none : anthers connivent, sometimes cohering by pointed tips. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit dry, 2- or 4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Seed sometimes with rather copious albumen, and, with the embryo, curved. — Low herbs or undershrubs ; the flowers almost always small. « II. Ovary 4-parted (rarely 2-parted) from above into one-celled one-ovuled divisions surrounding the base of the undivided (rarely 2-lobed) style: stigma not annular, terminal. Tribe IV. BORRAGEiE. Style entire, in Echium 2-cleft at the apes: stigma trun- cate or depressed-capitate, in a few species of Lithospermum tipped with a rudi- mentary terminal appendage. Ovules amphitropous or almost orthotropous and commonly ascending or erect, or when anatropous mostly pendulous. Nutlets 4 (or by abortion f,ewer), distinct, or sometimes at base united in pairs. Radicle superior or centripetal. Albumen none. Chiefly herbs, with somewhat mucilagi- nous watery juice and entire leaves. Flowers mostly near, but not in the axil of leaves or bracts, or bractless in scorpioid so-called spikes or racemes. ./Estivation of the corolla imbricated, except when otherwise indicated. (The depressed or elevated disk, receptacle, or axis on which the nutlets are inserted, and from which they fall away, is called the gynobase.) * Corolla and stamens regular : style entire, or sometimes barely 2-cleft at the very apex. . -f— Ovary only 2-parted : fruit involved in a bur-like transformed portion of the calyx. 7. HARPAGONELLA. Calyx at first slightly but in fruit exceedingly unequal ; three of the lobes nearly distinct : the remaining two more united, closely enwrapping the fruit, and becoming cornute with 7 to 9 divergent long and uncinately glochidiate soft-spinous processes, forming a bur. Ovule erect, anatropous. Nutlets one or sometimes both maturing, obovoid-oblong, thin-coriaceous, very smooth, obliquely fixed by the narrowed base to the small depressed gynobase. Seed filling and conformed to the nutlet, erect or ascending. Eadicle directed to the gynobase. Corolla, stamens, style, &c, as in Pectocarya. -k- -K- Ovary -4-parted or 4-lobed: fruit of 4 nutlets, or by abortion fewer, subtended or surrounded by the unchanged or merely accrescent calyx. ++ Nutlets divergent or divaricate (either radiately or in pairs), outwardly or baekwardly extended much beyond the insertion (which is by a roundish or oblong areola or scar) : seed accordingly horizontal or obliquely ascending, with radicle centripetal : but the anatropous ovule (and ovary-lobes) in flower erect or ascending. (Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted, spreading or reflexed in fruit : corolla appendaged with strong fornicate processes almost closing the throat: stamens short, included.) 8. PECTOCARYA. Nutlets flat and thin (depressed-obcompressed), attached at the inner end underneath to the small depressed gynobase. either winged, laciniate-bordered, or pectinately setose around the thin margin ; the bristles or prickles simply uncinate at tip. Style short : stigma capitate. Annuals, with minute white flowers imperfectly opposite the leaves. 9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets equally divergent, horizontal or obliquely ascending on a depressed or pyramidal gynobase, turgid, wingless, all over glochidiate-muricate, mostly separating (by an ovate or roundish scar at the upper end of the inner face) and carrying away an exterior portion of the indurated style from below upward, by which they are for a time pendulous. Stigma small, on a comparatively long style. Perennials or bien- nials, with flowers in usually bractless racemes. -H- ++ Nutlets erect and parallel with the style, or sometimes incurved, = Obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or pro- longation of it, to u. The more or less elevated (from low-conical or globular to subulate) gynobase which supports the style (and when narrow has been termed the base of the style), not stipi- tate, and the scar not excavated. BORRAGLNACEiE. 179 10. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets armed (either along a distinct margin or more or less over the whole back) with glochidiate prickles, forming burs. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed or open in fruit. Corolla short-salverform or somewhat f unnelform, white or blue ; the throat closed with prominent fornicate appendages. 11. ERITRICHIUM. Nutlets unarmed or rarely with a row of (non-glochidiate) prickles around the back, very rarely wing-bordered. Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, closed or not spreading in fruit (rarely circumscissile-deciduous). Corolla with or occasionally without fornicate appendages at the throat, white or blue, in one species yellow ! 12. AMSINCKIA. Nutlets crustaceous or coriaceous, unappendaged, triquetrous or ovate- triangular, attached below the middle to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase. Corolla salver- form or tubular-funnelf orm, with a slender tube and open throat ; the limb sometimes plicate at the sinuses, yellow. Style filiform : stigma capitate or 2-parted. Cotyledons each 2-parted. b. Nutlets conspicuously stipitate, and the stipe more or less hollowed at the insertion upon the broadly pyramidal or globular gynobase. 13. ECHIDIOCARYA. Calyx 5-parted, lax in fruit. Corolla between short-salverform and rotate, slightly constricted at the more or less appendaged throat ; the tube not exceeding the calyx, shorter than the roundish lobes. Filaments very short, inserted on the middle of the tube : anthers oblong, included. Style short : stigma capitate. Nut- lets ovate-trigonous, oblique, acutely cristulate-muricate or rugose, dorsally and ventrally carinate, incurved-ascending on a stout stipe ; the stipes either united in pairs or distinct. Leaves all alternate. Flowers white. c. Nutlets sessile or obscurely stipitate on a flat or merely convex receptacle. 14. ANTIPHYTUM. Corolla (short), &c, of Eritrichium. Nutlets crustaceous, ovate, rounded on the back and granulate or rugulose, carinate ventrally down to the flat roundish scar close to the base, which is either slightly protuberant and rather large, or smaller and somewhat stipitate : gynobase plane or barely umbonate by the base of the style. Flowers racemose, white, mostly bracteate. Leaves commonly opposite ! 1 5. MERTENSIA. Corolla from tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped to almost cam- panulate, with open throat, bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds for crests. Stamens with either flattened or nearly filiform filaments. Style filiform : stigma entire. Nutlets from somewhat fleshy to coriaeeo-membranaceous, attached by a small or short scar just above the base to a barely or sometimes strongly convex gynobase. Peren- nials, often smooth and glabrous, with blue or rarely white flowers, mostly bractless. = = Nutlets sessile and directly (usually centrally) attached by the very base to a plane gynobase ; u. The flat scar not excavated or perforate and bordered with a ring, mostly small. 16. MYOSOTIS. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate; its throat contracted by transverse crests ; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud ! Anthers ovate or oblong. Nutlets small, ovoid, smooth and shining, thin-crustaceous ; the scar small. Racemes mainly ebracteate. 17. LITHOSPERMTJM. Corolla salverfdrm, funnelform, or sometimes approaching campanulate, either naked or with pubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low trans- verse crests at the throat. Filaments mostly very short : anthers short, included. Style slender : stigma mostly truncate-capitate or 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished and white or dull and rough. Flowers all subtended by leaves or bracts. 18. ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and wholly unappendaged throat ; the lobes erect or hardly spreading, mostly triangular and acute ; the sinuses more or less inflexed. Stamens not surpassing the corolla-lobes : filaments flat or dilated : anthers oblong-linear or sagittate, erect (sometimes in Mexican species becoming transverse). Style filiform or capillary, very long : stigma small and truncate, exserted before the corolla opens. Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished, wliite. Flowers all subtended by leafy bracts. 6. The scar large and excavated, bordered by a prominent margin. (Old World plants.) 1 9. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla oblong-tubular, ventricose above the insertion of the sta- mens, or with campanulate-dilated limb, and with 5 short nearly erect lobes or teeth ; the throat closed by 5 prominent lanceolate or linear papillose-margined scale-like appendages. Anthers lanceolate, more or less included. Style filiform : stigma small. Nutlets obliquely ovoid, crustaceous or coriaceous, the cartilaginous prominent ring den- ticulate at the edge. # # Corolla irregular with limb oblique and lobes unequal. (Old World genera.) 20. LYCOPSIS. Corolla somewhat salverf orm ; the tube curved at the middle; the more or less spreading lobes rather unequal ; the oblique throat closed with hispid for- 180 BORRAGINACE^. Cordia. nicate scales. Stamens and style included: stigma 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, oblique, coriaceous, coarsely reticulate-rugose, erect, almost laterally attached to a thickened protuberant gynobase ; the scar large, oval, excavated or perforate, bordered by a thickened cartilaginous ring. 2 1 . ECHIUM. Corolla f unnelform, with dilated throat oblique and not at all appendaged ; the lobes unequal, roundish, erect or slightly spreading. Stamens unequal and exserted : filaments filiform. Style long and filiform, 2-cleft at apex : stigmas small. Nutlets car- tilaginous, rough or rugose, ovoid, acute, erect, fixed to the flat gynobase by a plane and marginless scar. Bokhago officinalis, L. (Borage), with very rotate blue corolla, is a not uncommon annual in country gardens, but does not run wild. Omphalodes linifolia, Mcench, of S. Europe, is given in Hooker's Flora Boreali-Americana, on the strength of a specimen re- ceived from Newfoundland, to winch it cannot be native, and the plant is rare in gardens, in which 0. verna is a hardy perennial, but it does not escape. 1. CORDIA, Plumier, L. ( Valerius Cordus, a German botanist of the 16th century.) — Tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs, the greater portion American. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 838. § 1. Corolla large, an inch or two long, f unnelform, deciduous ; the tube longer than the cylindraceous calyx; its lobes and the stamens 5 to 12 : drupe enclosed in the enlarged calyx: inflorescence open-cymose. — § Sebestenoides, DC. C. Sebestena, L. Tall shrub or small tree, scabrous-pubescent or smoothish: leaves ovate (4 to 8 inches long) : flowers pedicelled : calyx not striate; the teeth irregular and obtuse : corolla v arying from orange to flame-color, 5-8-lobed. — Bot. Rep. 1. 157. C. speciosa, Willd., DC — Keys of Florida. (W. Indies, &c.) ' C. Boissieri, A.DC. Soft-tomentose : leaves oval or oblong-ovate, when old minutely rugose and somewhat scabrous above : calyx not pedicelled, somewhat campanulate and striate ; the teeth often acute : corolla white with a yellow centre, 5-lobed, externally downy. — DC. Prodr. ix. 478 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. — Southern frontier of Texas and New Mexico, Berlandier, Gregg, Schott, &c. (Mex.) § 2. Corolla small or proportionally large, salverform or funnelform, deciduous : calyx short, not sulcate-striate ; its lobes and those of the corolla as well as stamens no more than 5, sometimes 4 : flowers in our species capitate-glomerate, and the leaves serrate ! — § Myxa, Endl. C. globosa, HBK. Shrub hirsute or somewhat hoary : branches slender, spreading : leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely serrate (an inch or two lon'g), the pinnate veins rather con- spicuous and the upper surface often rugose: peduncle mostly short: calyx-teeth nearly filiform, longer than the tube: corolla funnelform, white (2 to 4 lines long), about twice the length of the calyx. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 76. Varronia globosa, L., & V. bullata in part. Cordia bullata, DC. Prodr. ix. 496 ; Chapm. El. 329. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c. (W. Ind. to Isthmus.) C. podocephala, Torr. A foot or two high, woody only at base, minutely strigose- hirsute, scabrous : branches slender, erect: leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, coarsely serrate (an inch or two long) : peduncles filiform, 2 to 4 inches long, bearing a small and very dense head : calyx- teeth triangular-subulate or ovate, very much shorter than the tube : corolla broadly fun- nelform, white or pale purple (half inch or more long), its narrow tube hardly exceeding the calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. — Lower Rio Grande, Texas to the borders of New Mexico, Wright, Bigelow, Schott, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) C. Gkeggii, Torr. 1. c, which is hardly of this section, is a Mexican species, found only at a considerable distance from our frontiers. 2. BOURRiERIA, P. Browne. (Named after one Bourrer, a Nuremberg apothecary, not JBeurrer, therefore the orthography Beurreria, Jacquin and others, is not to prevail over the original form.) —Tropical American trees and shrubs; Coldenia. BORRAGINACE.E. 181 with white flowers in open terminal cymes. Lobes of the style not rarely coales- ced even to the stigma. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 840, excl. syn. Hymen- esthes, Miers, which is a Cordia. Bourreria & Crematomia, Miers, Bot. Contrib- ii. 230, 242. B. Havanensis, Miers. Shrub or small tree, glabrous or nearly so : leaves mostly obovate-oblong and acute at base (about 2 inches in length), bright green and shining above, coriaceous, entire : cyme loose : calyx at length campanulate, glabrous or puberu- lent, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla : style cleft only at the apex, or even quite entire: drupe as large as a pea, orange. — Bot. Contrib. ii. 238, t. 30 (Ehretia Havanensis, Willd.), with B. recurva & B. ovata, Miers, 1. c. B. tomentosa, var. Hauanensis, Griseb. (Ehretia tomentosa, Lam.), is probably a pubescent form of the same species. Pittonia similis, Catesb. Car. ii. t. 79. Eliretia Beurreria, Chapm. Fl. 329, not L. (the B. succulenta, Jacq.). — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c, a glabrous and smooth form. (W. Ind.) Var. radula. Upper face of the leaves tuberculate-scabrous or hispidulous from papillosities, the lower and the branchlets either glabrous or minutely pubescent. — B. radula, Don, Syst. iv. 390 ; Chapm. 1. c. ; Miers, 1. c. B. virgata, Griseb., not Swartz, ex Miers. Eliretia radula, Poir., ex Miers. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, Palmer, &c. (W. Ind.) 3. EHRETIA, L. ( George Dionysius Ehret, a gifted botanical painter of the 18th century.) — Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical; with small white flowers in open cymes or panicles, or rarely almost solitary. — Benth. & Hook. 1. c. E. elliptica, DC. Tree 15 to 50 feet high : leaves oval or oblong, sometimes serrate, nearly smooth and glabrous or (with the branchlets and open cymes) minutely hirsute-pu- bescent and the upper face very scabrous : divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate, acu- minate, as long as the campanulate tube of the corolla : drupes yellow, globose, of the size of small peas (the thin pulp edible). — Prodr. ix. 503; Torr. Mex. Bound. 136 ; Miers, Contrib. ii. 228, t. 85. — River-bottoms South-western Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) 4. COLDENIA, L. (Br. Cadwallader Golden, Colonial Lieut.-Governor of New York, a correspondent of Linnaeus.) — Low herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, canescent or hispid ; with small and mostly white flowers sessile and usually in clusters; the original species a prostrate annual, with usually 4-merous flowers and coarsely toothed leaves, the strong simple veins of which run to the sinuses. (Lam. 111. t. 89 ; Gajrtn. Fruct. t. 68, embryo wrongly figured.) Genus extended by the addition of several North and W. South American species, diverse in habit and minor characters, which might well form more than half as many subgenera as there are species, but may be ranked under three. (Insertion of stamens probably both high and low in the same species.) — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 340, viii. 292, x. 48, & Bot. Calif, i. 520 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 841. §1. Edcoldenia, Benth. Fruit merely 4-sulcate ; the nutlets with plane contiguous sides and thick crustaceous walls, or in one species reduced by abortion to a single cell : corolla not appendaged within : stamens equally inserted : veins of the leaves straight and simple. — Steynocarpus & Ptilocalyx, Torr. C. canescens, DC. Prostrate or procumbent, with somewhat ligneous perennial base, white-sericeous or tomentose : leaves (barely half inch long) ovate or oblong, entire, petioled, obscurely veined : flowers solitary or in small clusters at the axils or forks : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : fruit depressed-globose ; the four thick-walled nutlets smooth and rounded on the back, obscurely rugose on the plane sides, pointless: embryo slightly curved. — Prodr. ix. 559 (§ Stegnocarpus) ; Gray, 1. c. Slegnocarpus canescens, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 169, t. 7. — S. Texas to Arizona, Berlandier, Wright, &e. (Adjacent Mex.) 182 BORRAGINACE^I. Coldenia. C. Greggii, Gray. Suffruticulose, a foot or two high, tomentose-canescent : ldaves ovate or oval (2 to 4 lines long], short-petioled, almost veinless, entire, the margins revolute : flowers capitate-glomerate at the summit of the branches : calyx-lobes filiform from a broader base, elongated-plumose with long villous hairs : ovary obscurely 4-lobed ; but the fruit even, ovate-oblong, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, the walls comparatively thin showing mere vestiges of three abortive cells : embryo straight. — Ptilocalyx Greggii, Torr. 1. c. 170, t. 8. — Rocky ravines, New Mexico, and south-western borders of Texas, Gregg, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) § 2. Eddya, Gray. Fruit deeply 4-lobed ; the mature uutlets rounded and ' only ventrally united, thin-walled but crustaceous, rough-granulate: corolla not appendaged : stamens unequally inserted : narrow leaves with very thick midrib, veinless. — Eddya, Torr. 1. c. C. hispidissima, Gray, 1. c. Suffruticulose, diffuse, soon procumbent, a, span or two high, very setose-hispid, and with some minute cinereous pubescence : leaves fascicled, rigid, lanceolate, soon linear or acerose by strong revolution of the margins, dilated at base ; the lower or primary ones petioled : flowers scattered : calyx-lobes linear, resembling the leaves i embryo straight. — Eddya hispidissima, Torr. I.e. 170, t. 9. — Dry hills, &c, W. Texas ( Wright, &c.) to Arizona and S. Utah. § 8. Tiquilia, DC. Fruit deeply 4-lobed (or by abortion occasionally fewer) ; the thin-walled nutlets rounded and united only at the centre, smooth and shining : stamens equally inserted : leaves entire, petioled, veined. — Tiquilia, Pers. Gala- pagoa, Hook. f. — In our species (§ Tiquiliopsis, Gray, 1. c), the corolla is appen- daged within, and the cotyledons either 4-parted around or incumbent upon the radicle. C. Nuttallii, Hook. Prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently dichotomous, canes- cently pubescent, also sparsely hirsute or hispid : leaves ovate or rhomboid-rotund, 2 to 4 lines long and on longer petiofes, witli two or at most three pairs of strong and somewhat curving veins, and margins somewhat revolute : flowers densely clustered in the forks and at the ends of the naked branches : calyx-lobes linear, sparsely hispid, equalling the tube of the pink or whitish corolla : filaments shorter than the anthers, inserted nearly in the throat of the corolla, the tube of which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base : nutlets oblong-ovate, marked with a linear and rhaphe-like ventral scar : embryo straight : cotyle- dons very deeply horseshoe-form, their elongated bases almost enclosing the radicle. — Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 296; Watson, Bot. King, 248; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 520. Tiquilia brevifolia, Nutt. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136, & Wilkes Exped. xvii. 417, t. 12, under the name of T. Ore.gana. — Arid plains, Arizona through Utah and E. California to Wyoming and Washington Terr. C. Palmeri, Gray. Apparently perennial or even suffruticulose at base, less prostrate, more canescent but not hispid or even hirsute : leaves obovate or ovate, about the length of their petiole, plicate-lineate by about 6 pairs of straight and strong veins : flowers fewer in the clusters : calyx less deeply cleft ; the lanceolate lobes about half the length of the bluish corolla, which bears 5 salient plates above the base of the tube, extending to the insertion of the slender filaments : nutlets only one or two maturing, globular, with an orbicular scar : cotyledons very thick, somewhat hemispherical, not even cordate, incum- bent on the radicle. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 292, & x. 49 ; Watson, 1. c. Tiquilia brevifolia, var. plicata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136. — Sandhills on the Mohave and Colorado, E. California and W. Arizona, Emory, Schott, Cooper, Palmer. 5. TOURNEFORTIA, L. (Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, of France, the great botanist of the 17th century.) — -Shrubby, arborescent, or rarely nearly herbaceous plants ; a rather large genus all round the world in and near the tropics, one or two extratropical. Flowers white, small, unilateral and as it were spicate on the scorpioid cyme-branches, usually destitute of bracts. A polymor- phous and artificial genus, in a few species too nearly approaching the next. Heliotropium. BOKRAGINACE^E. 183 # Lobes of the small white corolla slender-subulate, valvate-induplicate in the bud. T. volubilis, L. Slender shrub, with filiform sarmentose more or less twining branches, and minute usually rusty pubescence : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, slender-petioled : spikes of the loose cyme filiform and divaricate : slender flowers merely 2 lines long : drupe 1-3-seeded. — Messersmidlia volubilis, Roem. & Sch. Syst. iv, 544 ; Miers Contrib. ii. 210. — Keys of Florida. (W. Ind., &c.) # # Lobes of the white corolla broad, more or less plicate in the bud and undulate. T. mollis, Gray. Erect from a, suffrutescent base, a foot or less in height, branching, canescently silky-tomentose : leaves deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, and with undulate margins, rather long-petioled : flowers middle-sized, crowded in a pair of naked peduncled spikes : tube of the corolla a little longer than the calyx, and longer than the rounded un- dulate or crenulate lobes : drupe globose-ovate, minutely tomentose, excavated at base, by abortion about 2-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum molle, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 138. — On the Rio Grande, Texas, at or opposite Presidio del Norte, Biijelow. Leaves about 2 inches long, including the petiole. Corolla apparently white, 3 lines long, the limb rather ample. Fruit probably fleshy in the living plant. T. gnaphalodes, R. Br. Somewhat fleshy shrub, very white silky-tomentose through- out, thickly leafy : leaves spatulate-linear, obtuse : flowers densely clustered : corolla fleshy, downy outside : drupe ovate-conical, deeply excavated at base, with thin flesh, and 2 two-seeded nutlets. — Heliotropium gnaphalodes, Jacq. Amer. 25, t. 173. (Pluk. Aim. t. 193, fig. 5.) — Coast of Florida. (W. Ind.) 6. HELIOTR6PIUM, Tom-n. Totjrnsole, Heliotrope. (Ancient Greek name, not indicating that the flowers turn to the sun, but that they begin to appear at the summer solstice.) — Herbs, or low more or less shrubby plants, belonging mainly to the warmer parts of the world, represented in cultivation by the vanilla-scented H. Peruvianum, and in the southern part of the United States by several indigenous and two or three naturalized- species : fl. all summer. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 843. § 1. Eupi.oca, Gray, 1. c. Fruit didymous, solid ; the two carpels each split- ting into two almost hemispherical one-seeded nutlets, their internal face flat and smooth : embryo semicircular in rather copious albumen : corolla large, naked and not appendaged, strongly plicate in aestivation : anthers slightly cohering by their minutely bearded tips : style long and filiform : cone of the stigma truncate and bearded with a penicillate tuft of strong bristles : flowers scattered. — Ea- ploca, Nutt. H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Low spreading annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched : leaves lanceolate, or sometimes nearly ovate and sometimes linear, short-peti- oled : flowers generally opposite the leaves and terminal, short-peduncled : limb of the bright white corolla ample, angulate-lobed ; the strigose-hirsute tube about twice the length of the linear sepals : anthers inserted at or above its middle. — Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403, & Proc. v. 340. Euploca convolvulacea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 180 ; Hook. Ic. t. 651 ; Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 15. E. grandiflora, Torr. in Emory Rep. 147. — Sandy plains, Nebraska to W. Texas. Soda Lake, S. E. California, Dr. Cooper. A showy plant; the sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset (Nutlull), in cultivation open nearly all day: tube of corolla (including the abruptly somewhat dilated throat, constricted at orifice) 4 lines long; the rotate border about half an inch broad ; the wide sinuses not produced into teeth or appendages, but obscurely emarginatc. Style fully thrice the length of the ovary : annular stigma obscurely 4-lobed ; its strongly bearded terminal appendage rather longer, truncate or obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat pubescent or hairy. § 2. Euheliotropium. Fruit 4-lobed and separating at maturity into 4 one- celled one-seeded nutlets : style usually short : cone or tip of the stigma slightly bearded or naked, rarely obsolete : corolla plicate or induplicate in the bud ; the 184 BORftAGINACEiE. Heliotropium. lobes obtuse (with one exception) and usually broad : inflorescence in most species either distinctly or indistinctly scorpioid. — § Euheliotropium & Orthostachys, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844. Heliotropium & Schkidenia (Endl.), Fresenius in Fl. Bras. viii. 31, 33. * Flowers all or some of them accompanied by bracts or leaves; when spicate, the so-called spikes not naked, nor conjugate or forking to form a cyme, nor strongly coiled : anthers generally with tips connivent or cohering over the stigma. — "§ Orthostachys, E. Br.; A.DC.; Benth. &"Hook. Preslea, Mart. Schhidenia, Endl. -I— Stigma-tip elongated (sometimes 2-cleft): anther-tips lightly or only at first cohering: corolla with naked and open throat, white : leaves narrowly linear : nutlets globular, beakless, externally hispid or pubescent. ■H- Divisions of the calyx similar, more or less shorter than the tube of the corolla: nutlets with a pair of pits on the inner face. H. Greggii, Torr. A span high, diffusely spreading from a slightly woody hase, strigose- cinereous : slender branches leafy : leaves narrowly linear, flat, about an inch long and a line wide : flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile in an at first crowded and short scor- pioid spike, with 'or often mainly without bracts : corolla with an ample and slightly 5-lobed limb: anthers long, acuminate, minutely bearded at tip: stigma-tip subulate- conical, much thicker than the very short style, as well as much longer. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 137 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49. — Sandy or gravelly soil, western borders of Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent part of Mexico, first collected by Dr. Gregg. Flowers very fragrant : corolla a third to nearly half an inch broad when expanded. H. angustifolium, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect and densely branched from a woody base, strigose-canescent : branches rigid, very leafy : leaves very narrowly linear, with revolute margins, almost filiform when dry (4 to 9 lines long) : spike few-flowered, at length slender, nearly straight, bracteate at base or without bracts : flowers small, short- peduncled : corolla salverform, with narrow canescent tube and 5-parted limb ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate (.acute !) ; hardly a line long, or half the length of the tube : anthers with mucronate glabrous tips : stigma-tip slender-subulate, longer and hardly broader than the rather long style. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 137. — South-western borders of Texas, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Gregg.) ++ ++ Divisions of the calyx very unequal, the larger about the length of the corolla : nutlets without pits on the inner face : inflorescence not in the least scorpioid. H. tenellum, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect from an annual root, paniculately branched, slender, strigose-canescent : leaves narrowly linear, with more or less revolute margins (about an inch long and a line wide) : flowers scattered, terminal, becoming lateral and axillary, on rather slender peduncles, many of them bractless : limb of the corolla rather shorter than the narrow canescent tube; the lobes oblong or obovate, a line long: anthers oblong and with nearly naked blunt tips scarcely at all cohering : stigma-tip nar- rowly subulate, 3 or i times the length of the short style. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 14, St, Bot. Mex. Bound. 138. Lithospermum tenellum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 189. L. angustifolium, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 225, not Michx. — Open dry ground, Kentucky to Alabama, west to Kansas and throughout Texas. •i— -t— Stigma-tip conical or more slender: anthers cohering by minutely bearded tips: corolla appendaged and throat sometimes almost closed by a pubescent projection or gibbosity at or below the base of each fold of the sinuses : divisions of the calyx usually of unequal breadth : nutlets in our species beakless. ++ Diffuse or tufted, a span or less high: internal appendages of the corolla small roundish puber- ulent gibbosities low in the throat. H. OOnf ertifolium, Torr. Suffruticulose, very much branched and tufted, silvery-white with a dense silky-hirsute pubescence : leaves crowded throughout and imbricated along the upper part of the branches, from narrowly oblong to linear, 2 or 3 lines long, equally white both sides, the margins somewhat revolute : inflorescence not in the least scorpioid : flowers sessile among the leaves, mainly glomerate with them at the end of the branches and hardly surpassing them : corolla pale purple ; its silky-hairy tube hardly longer than the calyx ; limb angulate-5-lobed, only 2 lines in diameter : style thrice the length of the ovary : annular stigma much broader than the subulate-conical tip. — Herb. Torr. H. Urn- latum & var. confertifolium, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 138, not H. Umhatum, Benth. — South- western borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) Heliotropium. B0RRAGIXACE;E. 185 H. phyllostachyum, Torr. Annual, diffusely spreading, strigulose-hirsute : leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, plane (3 to 7 lines long), obtuse, contracted abruptly at base into a short petiole, those subtending flowers similar : flowers small, loosely unilateral- spicate along the branches, very short-peduncled, some bractless, others at the axils of leaves : calyx-divisions unequal, lanceolate, in fruit one of them mostly ovate-lanceolate and larger: corolla white, hardly exceeding the calyx, its lobes ovate and the folds at the sinuses sometimes more or less extended into teeth : style very short : nutlets with 2 deep pits. — Bot. Mex. Bound. I.e., in part (1859). H. myosotoides, Chapm. Fl. 330(1800).— Rocky hills, southeastern part of Arizona, Wright. Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. Flowers barely a line long. Fruiting-calyx becoming 2 lines long, the larger sepal fully twice the length of the depressed-globose fruit. The Mexican specimens of Berlandier referred to this by Dr. Torrey seem rather to belong to //. hispidum, HBK. = = Erect, about a foot high : internal appendages of the throat of the corolla prominent and deflexeil. H. polyphyllum, Leh.ni. Many-stemrned from a ligneous base or root, minutely stri- gulose-cinereous : stems very leafy throughout : leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, 3 to 7 lines long, very short-petioled or sessile : flowers approximate in a leafy slightly scorpioid spike : divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate or one lanceolate-ovate : tube of the (mostly white) corolla not longer than the calyx, nearly equalling the moderately 5-lobed limb (this 3 or 4 lines in diameter) ; the strong folds of the sinuses produced at base into conical and pouch-like appendages : style short : nutlets 2-pitted on the inner face. — Lehm. Asper. 63, & Ic. t. 8 ; Gray, 1. c. H. glomeratum, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 550 1 H. bursiferum, C. "Wright in Griseb. Cat. Cub. 211. Schleidenia polyphjlla, Fresen. in Fl. Bras. I.e. — E. Florida, Buckley, Palmer, &c. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) Var. Leavenworth]!, Gray, 1. c. Stems a foot or two high, the larger plants de- cidedly shrubby : corolla golden yellow ! — H. Leacenworthii, Torr. ined., at least as to the original specimen. — Everglades of S. Florida, Leavenworth, Palmer, Garber. Appears to differ only in the yellow color of the corolla, which is remarkable. # # Flowers bractless, in distinct unilateral scorpioid spikes, which are commonly in pairs or once or twice forked, forming the scorpioid cyme of this and related orders : anthers free. (Style none and the corolla mainly white in our species.) — § Euheliotropium, DC., &c. Heliotropium, Fresenius, 1. c. -*— Pubescent annuals, not fleshy : anthers pointless or mucronulate. H. Europium, L. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent, loosely branched : leaves oval or obovate, long-petioled : spikes in pairs or single, becoming slender : flowers small, scent- less : stigma-tip long and slender-subulate, 2-clef t at apex. Waste grounds of Southern and rarely in Northern Atlantic States : nat. from Eu. H. inundatum, Swartz. A foot or two high, strigose-cinereous, branching from the base : leaves spatulate-oblong, varying to oblanceolate (commonly an inch long), rather slender-petioled : spikes 2 or 4 in a cluster, filiform, hirsute : flowers very small, crowded (corolla barely a line or so long) : stigma thick, surmounted by a short obtuse cone. — Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 343 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 539. H. procumbens, canescens, & cinereum, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. t. 206. — Texas to the frontiers of California {Coulter). (S. Am. & W. Ind.) The stems may become indurated, but the root is annual. -f— -f— Wholly glabrous perennial (or sometimes annual ?), fleshy and glaucous : anthers acuminate. H. Curassavicum, L. Diffusely spreading, a span to a foot high : leaves succulent, oblanceolate, varying on the one hand to nearly linear, on the other to obovate (an inch or two long) : spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely flowered : corolla with a rather ample 5-lobed limb (3 lines broad) and open throat (white, with a yellow eye, sometimes changing to blue !) ; the lobes round-ovate, rather shorter than the,tube : stigma umbrella- shaped, as wide as thefllabrous ovary, flat, not surmounted by a cone! — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2669. — Sandy seashore from Virginia (or farther north as a ballast-weed), and from Oregon southward.; also in the interior, chiefly in saline soils. (Widely distributed over most warmer parts of the world.) § 3. Tiariditjji. Fruit at maturity more or less 2-lobed, and separating into 2 two-celled and two-seeded (or by abortion one-seeded) carpels, which may at length each split into 2 nutlets, with or without empty cavities or false cells : 186 BORRAGINACEjE. Heliotropium. style very short or none : flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes, which are either solitary, geminate, or collected in a cyme. — Tiaridium, Lehm. Asper. 13 (1818) ; Cham. Heliophytum, DC. Heliotropium § Heliophytum with Cochranea (Miers), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844. # Fruit didymous ; the nutlets parallel. H. anchcs^ef6lium, Poir. ; Fresen. in Fl. Bras. viii. 46 (which is Tournefortia heliotropioides, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3096, and probably also Heliophytum sidmfolium, DC), is a low perennial, with oblong or lanceolate repand leaves, and a pedunculate close cyme of 3 or 4 spikes of bright violet-blue flowers, much resembling those of the Sweet Heliotrope (H. Peruvianum), but not sweet-scented, and the nutlets when fresh with a thin fleshy exocarp : stigma sessile and with a depressed cone. It is a, native of Buenos Ayres and S. Brazil, is cultivated for ornament, occasionally appears among ballast-weeds at Philadelphia, and is becoming spon- taneous in East Florida. H. parviflorum, L. Annual, or becoming woody at base, more or less pubescent, a foot or two high : leaves oblong_-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, ■ pinnately veined, slender-petioled, some of them opposite : spikes single or sometimes in pairs, filiform, 2 to 6 inches long : flowers small and crowded (a line long), white : fruit hardly a line long, blunt, commonly with no distinct empty cell. — Heliophytum parviflorum, DC. ; Fresen. 1. c. 45, t. 10, fig. 6. — Keys of Florida and southern borders of Texas. (Mex., Trop. Amer.) H. glabriu.SOU.lum, Gray. A span high, diffusely branching from a perennial and per- haps rather woody base, minutely and sparsely strigulose-pubescent : branches slender, leafy to the top : leaves green and except the midrib beneath nearly glabrous (an inch or less long), rather obtuse and sometimes undulate, hardly veiny, short-petioled : spikes rather short, solitary or forking : corolla white with a green eye ; its tube longer than the calyx and about the length of the oval lobes (these a line long) : fruit cinereous-pubes- cent ; the nutlets turgid, by abortion often only 1-seeded, 3-4-toothed at summit, commonly with 3 empty cells or spaces. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum glabriusculum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 139. — W. borders of Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adjacent Mex.) # # Fruit mitre-shaped (whence the name Tiaridium, founded on the following species); its two lobes diverging: style deciduous. H. Indictjm, L. Coarse annual, hirsute, erect : leaves ovate or oval, sometimes rather cor- date, on margined petioles, obscurely serrate or undulate : spikes mostly single, densely- flowered (becoming a span to a foot long) : corolla bluish, the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter : fruit glabrous ; the nutlets acutely ribbed on the back, within a pair of large empty cells. — Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1837. Tiaridium Indicum, Lehm. ; Cham, in Linn. iv. 452, t. 5. Helio- phytum Indicum, DC. ; Fresen. 1. c, 1. 10, f. 4. — Waste grounds of the Southern Atlantic States, reaching to Illinois along the great rivers. (Nat. from India, &c.) 7. HARPAG-ONfiLLA, Gray. (Diminutive of harpago, a grappling- hook.) — Single species with. the aspect of Pectocarya, in company with which it grows. Corolla only a line long, white ; the rounded lobes imbricate-convolute in the bud. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 88, & Bot. Calif, i. 531 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 846. H. Palmeri, Gray, 1- c. Small and insignificant annual, diffusely and rather simply branched from the base, striguf&se-hirsute : leaves linear ; the upper or bracts lanceolate : flowers soon lateral and scattered, a little above and partly opposite the leaf, on short at length strongly recurved and rigid peduncles : body of the bur-'''^3 fruiting calyx, oblong or fusiform, completely enclosing the solitary nutlet, or sometimes a pair. — (Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Palmer. ) Arizona, near Tucson, E. L. Greene. The two globu- lar lobes of the ovary are unilateral, on the side of the style next the enveloping calyx- robes, and distinct ; they apparently belong to different carpels, each of which wants the .other half. Both carpels uniovulate and alike in flower, and both, according to Bentham, are sometimes fertile and enclosed together in the calyx. Sometimes one is excluded and naked, but falls away without maturing. Cynoglossum. BORRAGINACEiE. 187 8. PECTOCARYA, DC. (Compounded of mxtot, combed, and y.ciQva, in place of xccqvov, nut, referring to the pectinate border of the nutlets.) — Dim- inutive annuals, of the western coast of America, diffuse, strigose-hirsute or canes- cent ; with narrow linear leaves, and small and scattered flowers along the whole length of the stem, on very short and sometimes recurved pedicels : corolla white, minute. — Meisn. Gen. 279 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. S-17. § 1. KTENOsPEmira. Nutlets bordered with a coriaceous undulate orlaciniate wing, geminately divergent. — Ktenospermuin, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1837, without char. Pectocarya, DC. Prodr. x. 120. P. linearis, DC. Diffuse : nutlets with narrowly oblong body (one or two lines long), surrounded by a broad wing, which is peetinately or laciniately and often irregularly parted or cleft into subulate teeth, ending in a delicate uncinate-tipped bristle : cotyledons ob- long. — Benth. Gen. 1. c. P. linearis & P. Chilensis, DC. Prodr. 1. u. P. Chilensis, C. Gay, Fl. Chil. t. 52, bis, fig. 2. P. Chilensis, var. California!, Torr. Pacif. K. Eep. v. 121. P. lateriflora, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 531, &c, not DC. (.'//j»»//uss««i lineare, Buiz & Pav. Fl. ii. 6. — Dry gravelly soil, southern part of California, Utah, and Arizona. (Chili.) One form, answering to P. linearis, DC, has coarsely cleft nearly plane wings; another, answering to P. Chilensis, DC, has narrower and more pectinate teeth to a somewhat incurved wing, and the nutlet arcuate-recurved in age. P. penicillata, A. DC, 1. c. Very diffuse and slender : nutlets with oblong body (aline long) surrounded by a merely undulate or pandurate wing (incurved in age), its rounded apex thickly and the sides rarely or not at all beset with slender uncinate bristles : cotyle- dons oblong-obovate. — Cynoglossum penicillatum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. :J71. — British Columbia (Macoun) to California and W. Nevada. (The Missouri habitat and the syn. of Nuttall, cited by A. DeCandolle, belong to Echinospermum Redowskii.) P. lateriflora, DC, of Peru, has broadly obovate and less geminate nutlets, as noted by Bentham, with the wing dentate in the manner of P. linearis. § 2. Gruvelia. Nutlets broadly obovate and equably divergent (a line long), the wing or margin entire : cotyledons broadly obovate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xii. 81. Gruvelia, A.DC Prodr. x. 119. P. setosa, Gray, 1. c. Hispid, as well as minutely strigose-pubescent, rather stout : calyx-lobes armed with 3 or 4 very large divergent bristles : nutlets bordered by a broadish (entire or obscurely undulate) thin-scarious wing; the faces as well as margins beset with slender uncinate-tipped bristles. — S. E. California, on the Mohave desert, Palmer. P. pusilla, Gray, 1. c. Strigulose-canescent, slender : nutlets cuneate-obovate, wingless, and with a carinate mid-nerve on the upper face, the acute margin beset with a row of slender uncinate-tipped bristles. — Gruvelia pusilla, A.DC. Prodr. x. 119; C Gay, Fl. Chil. 1. c. fig. 3. — Common about Yreka, in the northern part of California, apparently native, Greene. (Chili.) 9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. ^^CjNgfc-gg^jirjE. (A"iW, dog, and ylaaaa, tongue, from the shape and soft surface of t^jp leaves of the commonest species.) — Mostly stout and «mmiw&*« M)&h^$f$!R$3M$l&Mlii> scfcat, and usually broad leaves, the lower ( j^d^M*ff>ilfiWS» fflj^jai^E^^riJiiKiWadtl'Bss racemes ^rfo^iRwffiStBMMOii-. raisea margin, emt^iawiBov tUfti^iviMmiUafgynobftse, and after sepa/4 from the base<>f «#M$|jj 1 ££Mt 10. ECHW'© > SIS9^KMp3!% , S^'i 1I i|i w *«f**tei5Kib*. (Formed of invog, a hedgeho^^d,i^^^y^lifi^ t ^^^}W|i^^ Annuals, biennials, or occaaiqaiiil)aqoeirbHi»l:»la.i(Ae(lgrett!bar 4lsa , teoJiR^^fi^lflpp^tel l )i either pubescent or JgMMggMto <„ muoj$ 1 #<}flj#jp4 A •' 3J^8^fr Pfaa.'.' ' "Prickles of the fruit glochidiat^^MKctte te •'apex, naked PHpr only marginal sometimes confluent by'raH ■H^^a wing.) — % Mcench. Echinospermum § Hbmalocaryum &i|ftT™* \ Echinospermum. BORRAGIXACE.E. 189 * Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate only at base, minutely bracteate or bractlcss above : slender pedicels recurved or dehexed in fruit: calyx-Mica lanceolate or oblong, shorter than the fruit and at length reflexed under it: scar of the nutlets ovate or triangular, medial or infra-medial : gynobase short-pyramidal : biennials or annuals, some perhaps perennials, pubescent or hirsute, not hispid. r ' -i- Corolla short-funnelform (blue) ; the tube surpassing the calyx, about the length of the lobes. B. diffdsum, Lehm. A foot or so high : leaves oblong-lanceolate ; or the lowest spatu- late, narrowed at base into long wing-margined petioles ; the upper sessile, from oblong- lanceolate to ovate or cordate, passing into small bracts : racemes commonly loose and spreading : fruiting pedicels 3 to 5 lines long : limb of the bright blue corolla from half inch in diameter to much smaller : style slender : fruit a globose bur; the nutlets 3 lines long, densely muriculate-seabrous, rather sparsely armed throughout with long and flat- tened prickles ; the scar large and broadly ovate: gynobase broadly pyramidal. — Pug. ii. 23, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 83. E. nervosum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 146, fig. 42. E. deflexum, \a.r. floribundum, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 541, in part. — Open woods, &c, Oregon, and California, along the Sierra Nevada, where it is common. •K- +- Corolla rotate (from blue to nearly white); its tube shorter than the calyx and the lobes. B. floribundum, Lehm., 1. c. Rather strict, 2 feet or more high, or sometimes smaller : leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate ; the lowest tapering into margined petioles : racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict : nutlets with elongated triangular back naked (2 lines long), merely scabrous ; and the margin armed with a close row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent ; scar smaller and narrowly ovate. — Hook. Fl. ii. 84, t. 164. E. deflexum, v ar. floribundum, Watson, Bot. King, 246; Gray, 1. c, mainly. E. subdecumbens, Parry in Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 148, a small form, said to be perennial. — Lake Winnipeg to British Columbia, and south to New Mexico and Cali- fornia. Limb of corolla varying from 2 to 5 lines in diameter. E. deflexum, Lehm. Diffusely branched, a foot or so high : leaves from oblong to lanceolate : racemes lax, loosely paniculate : flowers soon sparse, smaller than in the pre- ceding : nutlets smaller, and the mostly naked back (a line long) broader. — Asper. 120, & in Hook. 1. c. Myosotis deflexa, Wahl. Act. Holm. 1810, 113, t. 4 ; Fl. Dan. 1. 1568. — Sas- katchewan, and Winnipeg Valley, Drummond, Bourgeau. Brit. Columbia, Lijall. Habit intermediate between the preceding and following ; the American specimens having occa- sionally some few prickles developed from the rough-granulate dorsal face of the nutlets. Fruit as well as flowers about half the size of that of E. floribundum. ( Siberia to Eu. ) E. Virginicuni, Lehm., 1. c. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, erect, with long and widely spread- ing branches : radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline (3 to 8 inches long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends ; uppermost passing into lanceolate bracts : loosely paniculate racemes divaricate, filiform : pedicel and flower each about a line long : corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, pale blue or white : fruit globular, 2 lines in diameter, armed all over with short prickles. — Mi/osotis Virginiana, L. Spec. 189. M. Virginica, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1*89 (Moris. Hist. iii. 449, sect. 11, t. 30, fig. 9). Ci/noglossum Morisoni, DC. Prodr. x. 155. — Borders of woods and thickets, Canada to Alabama and Louisiana. * * Spikes leafy-bracteate : pedicels erect or merely spreading, stout, shorter than the calyx : lobes of the latter little shorter than the small corolla, becoming foliaceous and often unequal, mostly exceeding the fruit : scar of the nutlets long and narrow, occupying most of the ventral angle, corresponding with the subulate gynobase: annuals, with rough or hispid pubescence: leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate. B. Lappula, Lehm., 1. c. Erect, a foot or two high, branched above ; nutlets rough-granu- late or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender and distinct prickles, or these irregular over most of the back. — Fl. Dar* t. 692. — Waste and culti- vated grounds, from the Middle Atlantic States to Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) E. Redowskii, Lehm., 1. c. Erect, a span to 2 feet high, paniculately branched : nut- lets irregularly and minutely muricately tuberculate ; the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles, which are not rarely confluent at base. — Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 165; Watson, Bot. King, 246, t. 23, fig. 9-12. Mi/osotis Redowskii, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. i. 174. E. intermedium, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. & Ic. ii. t. 180. (N. Asia.) Var. occidentals, Watson, I. c, the American plant, is less strict, at length diffuse, and the tubercles or scabrosities of the nutlet are sharp instead of blunt or round- 190 BORRAGINACEiE. Echinospermum. ish, as in the Asiatic plant. — E. patulum, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 84 ; Torr. in Wilkes Exp. xvii. 418. E. Lappula, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech., not Lehm. E. pilosum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861. Cynorjlosswn pilosum ? Nutt. Gen. i. 114. — Plains, Saskatchewan and Minnesota to Texas, and west to Arizona and Alaska. Var. cupulatum, Gray. Prickles of the nutlet broadened and thickened below and united into a wing or border, which often indurates and enlarges, forming a cup (the disk becoming depressed), with margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes only the tips of the prickles free. — Bot. Calif, i. 530. E. striatum, Nees in Neuwied, Trav. App. 17 ; Torr. in Pacif. R. Eep. ii. 15, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c, not Ledeb. E. Redowshii, var. strictum, Watson, 1. c. E. Texanum, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 260. E. scabrosum, Buckley, 1. c. — Nebraska to Texas and Nevada, with the common form, into which it passes. § 2. Echinoglochin, Gray. Prickles of the marginless nutlets (disposed without order over the back) beset for their whole length with short retrorse barbs; the scar next the base, ovate: calyx open but not reflexed in fruit: aesti- vation of the white corolla between convolute and imbricate (i. e. convolute ex- cept that one lobe is wholly interior) ; the fornicate appendages small: pedicels of the partly bracteate raceme erect, apparently articulated with the axis. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 163. B. Greenei, Gray, 1. c. Annual, with the habit of Eritrichium fulvum, diffusely branched from the base, a span high or more, strigulose-pubescent with whitish hairs, and the calyx silky-hirsute with fulvous-yellow hairs : leaves linear .(a line or more wide, the lower an inch or two long), obtuse : racemes simple or forked, rather loose, leafy or bracteate at base and occasionally above : flowers 2 lines long : calyx-lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, nearly equalling the corolla : dilated limb of the latter 2 lines wide or nearly : stamens low on the tube : nutlets a line and a half long, shorter than the calyx, ovate-trigonous, obtusely carinate on the back, acutely carinate ventrally down to the low scar, minutely tuberculate-scabrous throughout ; the scattered barbed prickles terete, rather slender, a third to half line long. — Northern part of California, common about Yreka, E. L. Oreene. An additional link between Echinospermum and Eritrichium, perhaps deserving the rank of a genus. 11. ERITRICHIUM, Schrader. (Composed of sqiov, wool, and Tfjfytov, small hair, the original species being woolly-hairy.) — Now a large genus of wide distribution, but most largely W. N. American, between Myosotis on one hand and Echinospermum on the other, not quite definitely distinguished from the latter. Lower leaves not rarely opposite. Flowers (spring and summer) white, in a few blue, only in the last species yellow. Calyx circumscissile and deciduous from the fruit in a few species, otherwise persistent. — A. DC. Prodr. x. 124, excl. spec. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 55 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 850. Krynitzkia, Plagiobothrys, &c, Fisch. & Meyer. § 1. Eueritri'chium, Gray, 1. c. Nutlets obliquely attached by the base of inner angle to a low-conical or pyramidal gynobase ; the scar roundish or oblong, small : seed amphitropous. ascending : tube of the corolla not exceeding the calyx : pedicels not articulated with the rachis. # (EcHiNOSPERMOiDEA.y. Nutlets with a pectinate-toothed Jr spinulose dorsal border : cespitose dwarf perennials. — Eritrichium, Schrader. . J* E. nanum, Schrader. * Cespitose in pulvinate tufts, rising an inch or two above the surface, densely villous with long and soft white hairs : leaves oblong, 3 to 5 lines long : flowers terminating very short densely leafy shoots, or more racemose on developed few- 'leaved stems of an inch or more in height, short-pedicelled, some of them bracteate: corolla with limb very bright ca5rulean blue, 2 or 3 lines in diameter : crest-like or wing- like border of the nutlet various, mostly cut into slender teeth or lobes. (Alps of Eu.) Var. aretioides, Herder. More condensed : leaves varying from ovate to lanceo- late : long villous hairs sometimes with papillose-dilated base. — Radde, Riesen, iv. 253 ; EritricMum. BORE, AGIN ACE2E. 191 Gray, 1. c. E. aretioides, DC. Prodr. x. 125 ; Seemann, Bot. Herald, 37, t. 8. E. villosum, yar. aretioides, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73; Watson, Bot. King, 241. Myosotis nana, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 225. M. aretioides, Cham, in Linn. iv. 410. —Highest Eocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, and north-west arctic coast and islands. Teeth or spines of the nutlets not rarely with a few bristly points, so that they would be gloehidiate in the manner of Echinospermum if retrorse. The Rocky Mountain plant is very near the European, but whiter-villous. The form on the N. W. coast more sparsely and less softly villous, passing into Var. Chamissonis, Herder, 1. c. A stouter form, with broader leaves imbricated on the stems, and the grey hairs commonly with papillose-dilated base. — E. Chamissonis, DC. I. c. Myosotis villosa, Cham. 1. c. — Island of St. Paul. (Adjacent Asia.) * * (Myosotidea.) Nutlets not appendaged, ovate, oblong, or trigonous : low and mostly diffuse or spreading annuals (in South America some perennials), sparsely or minutely hirsute : leaves linear ; the lower commonly opposite : flowers white, some bracteate, others racemose or spicate and bractless. •I— Flowers very small : corolla only a line long; the folds or appendages in its throat inconspic- uous and smooth : stems diffuse or decumbent, a span or so in length. B. plebeium, A.DC, Sparsely and minutely hirsute or glabrate : leaves lax (the larger 2 inches long and 2 lines wide) : flowers scattered, on pedicels shorter than the calyx, which is open in fruit and the divisions foliaceous-accrescent : nutlets ovate-trigonous, a line long, coarsely rugose-reticulated, glabrous, sharply carinate ventrally down to the large ovate scar and dorsally only along the narrowish apex. — Gray, 1. c. Lithospermum plebeium, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iv. 446. — Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Harrington. E. Californicum, DC. Slender, more or less hirsute : leaves mostly smaller and nar- rower : stems flowering from near the base : flowers almost sessile, most or all the lower accompanied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered : calyx lax or open in fruit : nutlets ovate-oblong, transversely rugose and minutely scabrous or smooth, small ; the scar almost basal. — Prodr. x. 130 ; Watson, Bot. King, 242. Myosotis Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835. — Springy or muddy ground, through California and Oregon to New Mexico and Wyoming. Passes into Var. subglochidiatum, Gray. Slightly succulent : lower leaves inclined to spatulate : nutlets when young minutely more or less hirsute or hispid, especially on" the crests of the rugosities, some of these little bristles becoming stouter and appearing glo- ehidiate under a lens! — Bot. Calif, i. 526. — E. California to Wyoming and Colorado. -I— -f— Corolla surpassing the calyx, with comparatively ample limb 2J to 4 or even 5 lines in diameter, therefore appearing rotate; the appendages in its throat conspicuous and yellow- puberulent: inflorescence more racemose: most of the lower leaves opposite, merely sparsely hirsute : calyx when young often ferrugineous-hirsute. B. Scouleri, A.DC. Slender, mostly erect, a span to a foot high : leaves narrowly linear (an inch or two long) : flowers in geminate or sometimes paniculate slender naked spikes, most of them bractless : pedicels erect or ascending, from very short to at most a line long: calyx erect in fruit: nutlets rugulose, glabrous, half line long; the scar small. — Gray, 1. e. Myosotis Chorisiana, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 83, not Cham. M. Scouleri, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 370. Eritrichium plebeium, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 124, not DC. E. Chorisianum, plebeium, & part of Californicum, Gray in Proc. Am. Aead. viii. 397. — Compara- tively dry soil, W. Oregon and California. Seems to pass into the next. E. Chorisianum, DC. At first erect, soon diffusely spreading or decumbent: larger leaves 2 to 4 inches long : flowers in lax usually solitary racemes, many of them leafy- bracted: pedicels spreading, sometimes filiform and 2 to 9 lines long, sometimes even shorter than the calyx : corolla more funnelform, its ample limb 3 to 5 lines in diameter : nutlets (half line long) minutely rugose-tuberculate ; the scar narrow. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 56, & Bot. Calif, i. 525. E. connatifolium, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 103, fig. 51. Myosotis Chorisiana, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c. — Wet ground, California along the coast and the bays of Monterey and San Francisco. § 2. Plagiobothets, Gray, 1. c. Nutlets broadly ovate-trigonous, incurved (the narrowed tips conniving over the short style), rugose, attached by the middle of the concave or seemingly hollowed ventral face to a globular or short-conical gynobase, by means of a salient caruncle-like portion, which at maturity separates 192 BORRAGINACE^E. Eritrichium, from a corresponding deep cavity of the side of the gynobase, and persists on the nutlet in place of the ordinary areola or scar (when only one nutlet matures it becomes incumbent) : seed amphitropous, attached above the middle of the cell : herbage villous-hirsute : calyx in the original species at length circumscissile above the base ! — Plagiobothrys, Fisch. &. Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 46; not well characterized, the fruit being probably immature. # (Genuina. ) Mature nutlets very concave ventrally ; the caruncle narrow and pro'ecting,u9uallv oval, each fitting into an* orbicular cavity of the globular gynobase: low annuals, with small flowers, and villous or silky-hirsute but not hispid calyx. -i— Nutlets dull or slightly shining, cartilaginous or coriaceous; the lines or ribs narrow and ele- vated, bounding depressed areolae; the dorsal keel more or less salient. E. fulvum, A.DC. A span to a foot high; slender, branched from the leafy base, loosely hirsute or merely pubescent : leaves linear or the lower and larger lanceolate or spatulate ; the upper sparse and small : spikes at maturity nearly filiform, bracteate only at base : calyx, &c, densely clothed with dark-ferruginous and some merely fulvous hairs, circum- scissile from the mature fruit ; the lobes narrow-lanceolate : limb of corolla 2 lines in diameter : nutlets (a line long) rugose with broad and shallow areolations. — Prodr. x. 132 ; Gray, 1. c. 57. Myosotis fulva, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 38 (the Chilian plant, which has rather longer and narrower calyx-lobes), & 369. Plagiobothrys rufescens, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c ; A.DC. 1. c. 134. P. canescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 397 (no. 411, Hall). — Open grounds, California and Oregon, toward the coast. (Chili.) E. canescens, Gray, 1. c. Stouter and generally larger than the preceding, leafy, vil- lous-hirsute; the pubescence whitish, even that of the calyx barely fulvous : leaves linear: calyx larger and with broader lanceolate lobes, less closed over the fruit and hardly if at all circumscissile: nutlets usually with more prominent transverse ribs. — Plagiobothrys ca- nescens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 326. — W. California and north to the Columbia River. H— -i— Nutlets crustaceous, vitreous-shining or enamel-like at maturity ; the lines bounding the long transverse and closely packed rug£e very slender and impressed : low plants, seldom a span high: limb of corolla a line or two in diameter: calyx hardly if at all circumscissile at maturity. E. tenellum, Gray, 1. c. Hirsute with rather soft hairs ; those of the calyx more or less fulvous or rusty-yellowish : stems slender and erect : radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, oblanceolate or broadly linear; the cauline rather few and small: spike few-flowered and interrupted, leafy only at base: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate: nutlets (a line long) very shining, somewhat cruciate from the abrupt contraction at both base and apex, hol- lowed on the ventral face, the close and straight transverse wrinkles either smooth or sparsely and sharply muricate. — E. fulvum, Watson", Bot. King, 243 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 397, not A.DC. Myosotis (Dasymorpha) tenella, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. y. 295. — Northern California to. British Columbia, Nevada, and Idaho. E. Torreyi, Gray, 1. c. More hispidly hirsute, the hairs even of the calyx greyish, much branched from the root : stems diffuse or decumbent, leafy ; the flowers mainly leafy- bracteate : leaves broadly oblong : nutlets rather larger than in the preceding and less shining, broadly ovate, not cruciate nor muricate but smooth (or next the margins obscurely tuberculate), the straight wrinkles rather broader; caruncle not projecting. — California, Sierra Nevada, near Yosemite Valley, Ton-ey. Sierra Valley, Leminon; the latter a de- pressed and very leafj- form, with scattered flowers, accompanied throughout by leaves. # # (Ambigua.) Mature nutlets moderately incurved, affixed to the obtusely conical or_ pyra- midal gynobase by a vertical narrow crest (answering to the caruncle) which occupies the middle third of the concave face of the nutlet (tei-minating above in the sharp ventral keel which ex- tends to the apex); the cavities of the gynobase oblong-ovate in outline: calyx, &c, more or less setose-hispid. E. Kingii, Watson. Apparently biennial, villous-hirsute and more or less hispid : stems a span or so, high, rather stout: leaves from spatulate or oblong to spatulate-linear : inflo- rescence at first thyrsoid; the flowers in short spikes or clusters which are commonly leafy at base : tube of the corolla not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; its limb 4 lines in diameter, or sometimes one-half smaller : nutlets coriaceous, dull, irregularly rugose, not distinctly carinate on the back, fully a line long. — Bot. King, 243, t. 23 (in flower) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 60, & Bot. Calif, i. 528. — Eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada, in Ne- Eritrickium. BORRAGLNACE/E. 193 vada and California ; Truckee Pass, Watson, a larger-flowered form. Sierra Valley, Lemmon, a smaller-flowered form and with some fruit. Connects Plagiobothrys with the following section. § 3. Kktnitzkia, Gray. Nutlets ventrally attached from next the base to the middle or to the apex to the pyramidal or columnar or subulate gynobase ; the scar mostly sulcate or slightly excavated : seed from amphitropous to nearly anatropous, commonly pendulous : corolla (except in the last species) white : calyx 5-parted, closed in fruit. — Krynitzkia, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1841, 52. § Krynitzkia & § Piptocalyx, Gray, 1. c. # (EuKRTSitzKiA.) Nutlets without acute lateral angles or margins, the sides more commonly rounded: corolla mostly small; the tube not surpassing the mostly setose-hispid calvx : anthers oval: root annual. -1— Calyx early circumscissile; the 5-cleft upper portion falling away, leaving a membranaceous somewhat crenate-margined base persistent around the fruit: corolla with naked and open throat: anthers mucronate : flowers all leafy-bracteate and sessile. — Piptocalyx, Torr. B. circumscissum, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched from the annual root, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout: narrow linear leaves (a quarter to half inch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of the branches : nutlets oblong-ovate, smooth or minutely puncticulate-scabrous, attached by a narrow groove (with transverse basal bifurcation) for nearly the whole length to the pyra- midal-subulate gynobase. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & Bot. Calif, i. 527. Litliospermum cir- cumscissum, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 370. Piptocalyx circumscissus, Torr. in Wilkes Exp. xvii. 414, 1. 12. — Desert plains, E. California to Utah, Wyoming, and Washington Terr. -i— -t— Calyx neither circumscissile nor disarticulating from the axis in age; the lobes linear- oblong, obtuse, nearly nerveless: the bristles short and even, not setose or pungent: corolla with minute if any appendages at the throat: nutlets attached for the whole length to a slender columnar gynobase by a groove which does not bifurcate nor sensibly enlarge at base: flowers all leafy-bracteate, short-pedicelled : style at length thickened ! E. micranthum, Torr. Hirsute-canescent, slender, 2 to 5 inches high, at length dif- fusely much branched : leaves linear, only 2 to 4 lines long : flowers in the forks, and much crowded in short leafy spikes, about equalling the upper bracts : corolla barely a line high, and its lobes one to two-thirds of a line long, obscurely appendaged at the throat : nutlets oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth and shining or dull and puncticulate-scabrous ( half to two-thirds of a line long) : style becoming thicker than the gynobase, or even pyramidal. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 141; Watson, Bot. King, 244. — Dry plains, western border of Texas through Utah and Arizona to E. California, where larger flowered specimens connect with Var. lepidtun. Less slender and more hirsute : corolla larger, its expanded limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter ; the appendages or folds in the throat very manifest : nutlets nearly a line long, puncticulate-scabrous. — California, in San Diego Co., D. Cleveland. •f— -i— J r— Calyx not circumscissile, 5-parted, conspicuously and often pungently hispid with large stiff bristles, and the lobes usually with a stout midnerve; the whole calyx (or short pedicel) in several species inclined to disarticulate at maturity and to form a sort of bur, loosely enclosing the nutlets: inflorescence scorpioid-spicate. without or partly with bracts. ■h- Gynobase slender and narrow: nutlets with narrow grooved scar, or continued into a groove above the attachment and so running the whole length of the ventral face : spikes when developed mainly bractless : leaves in all linear. = Lobes of the fructiferous calyx very narrow; the strong bristles below reflexed and partly unci- nate: appendages in the throat of the small corolla obsolete or wanting: only one nutlet usually maturing. B. oxycaryum, Gray. Somewhat canescently strigulose-pubescent or above hirsute, slender, 6 to 20 inches high : leaves narrow : spikes dense in age, but slender, becoming strict, and with the sessile fruiting calyx apprcssed : this at most 2 lines long, thickly beset toward the base with stout reflexed bristles (of a line or less in length), the tips of some of them curving: nutlet ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, very smooth and shining, fully a line long, much surpassing the subulate gynobase and style, affixed to the latter only by the lower half or third of the narrow ventral groove. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & Bot. Calif, i. 526. Myosotisfiaccida, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 369, ex Benth., not Dougl. Krynitzkia leiocarpa, Benth. PI. Hartw. (no. 1872), 326, not Pisch. & Meyer. — Common in W. California. (Not seen from Oregon.) 13 194 BORRAGINACE^E. Eritrichium. = = Lobes of fructiferous calyx very narrowly linear, twice or thrice the length of the nutlets, armed with remarkably long and straight spreading bristles : appendages in throat of corolla evident. B. angustifolium, Torr. Hispid with spreading bristles, a span high, diffuse : leaves narrowly linear : spikes often geminate, dense and slender : corolla barely a line long and with a small limb : calyx-lobes almost filiform in age, seldom over a line long, beset with divaricate bristles of the same length : nutlets half a line long, ovate-triangular, with mi- nutely granulate surface, all four maturing, little longer than the conical-subulate gyno- base, to which they are attached by a narrow grooved scar with somewhat broader base. — Pacif. E. Rep. v. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 141. — South-eastern California and Western Arizona. (Lower Calif.) E. barbigerum. Hispid and hirsute, stouter, a span to a foot high, freely branching : leaves broader : spikes solitary or paniculate, elongating ; the flowers at length rather sparse and less secund : limb of the corolla sometimes 3 lines in diameter : calyx-lobes linear-attenuate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, thickly beset with long shaggy bristles (of 1| to 2 lines length), which are sometimes accompanied with long white-villo.us hairs: nutlet commonly by abortion solitary, and a line or more in length, surpassing the style, ovate- trigonous and somewhat acuminate, muricate-papillose, attached by the lower half and more to the subulate-columnar gynobase, the scar dilated at base (infertile ovary-lobes remaining on the gynobase, attached for almost their whole length). — S. California, from Santa Barbara Co. to S. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer, Smart, Rothrock, &c. Has been confounded in imperfect specimens with the preceding and some of the following. = = = Lobes of the fructiferous calyx less attenuated, and the bristles less elongated : appen- dages of the throat of the corolla conspicuous : all four nutlets usually maturing. B. leiocarpum, Watson. Roughish-hirsute or hispid, with mostly ascending hairs, a span to a foot high, usually branching freely : spikes when elongated becoming rather loosely-flowered : limb of corolla 2 lines or less in diameter : fructiferous calyx-lobes sel- dom over 2 lines long, from narrowly lanceolate to narrow-linear : nutlets ovate and oblong- ovate, very smooth and shining, a line or less long, somewhat surpassing the persistent style, attached from the middle downward to the subulate gynobase by a very slender scar which is divergently bifurcate at the very base. — Bot. King, 244; Gray, 1. c. — Edam- spermum leiocarpum, Pisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 36. Krynitzlcia leiocmya, Pisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1841, 52 ; A.DC. 1. c. Myosotis flaccida, Dongl. in Hook. PI. ii. 82. — California to borders of British Columbia, and east to New Mexico and Saskatchewan. A wide-spread and also variable species. B. muriculatum, A.DC. Stouter, leafy, more hirsute-hispid with spreading hairs, a foot or two high : spikes often geminate or collected in a 3-5-radiate pedunculate cyme : limb of corolla 2 or 3 lines in diameter : calyx-lobes lanceolate, in fruit only \\ to 2 lines long and seldom twice the length of the nutlets : these ovate-triangular, obtuse, a line long, not equalling the style, dull or nearly so, muricate-papillose on the back and some- times on the inner faces also, attached to the subulate gynobase for two-thirds of their length by a grooved scar which widens downward and is transversely dilated at base. — Prodr. ix. 132. Myosotis muricata, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369. — California, Douglas (specimen, in flower only, wrongly referred, in Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59, to E. canescens), Brewer, Palmer (in fruit, San Buenaventura and back of San Simeon Bay), Coulter, Xantus, &c. Var. ambiguum. Pruit of E. muriculatum, or usually sparsely and more minutely muriculate, equally dull, equalling and usually somewhat surpassing the persistent style, yet occasionally shorter : in whole habit, sparse spikes, and generally the longer and nar- rower calyx-lobes agreeing with E. leiocarpum, of which there is also a form with lanceolate and shorter calyx-lobes. — E. muriculatum, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 416, t. 13; Gray, 1. c, mainly. E. angustifolium, Watson, Bot. King, 241, not Torr., at least not the original plant. — California and Nevada to Washington Terr. 4-f. -H- Gynobase broader, pyramidal or conical: nutlets with a correspondingly broader scar [B. Texanum excepted): corolla small or minute (the limb only a line or two in diameter): calyx very hispid with yellowish or fulvous bristles : rough-hispid annuals, with spikes loose in fruit, and mostly leafy-Dracteate at base. = Nutlets all fertile and alike, small : midrib of calyx-lobes not thickened. E. pusillum, Torr. & Gray. Low (2 or 3 inches high) and slender : linear leaves mainly clustered at the root : flowers rather crowded in small spikes : calyx-lobes ovate- Eritrichium. BORRAGINACE.E. 195 lanceolate : crests in throat of corolla inconspicuous : nutlets half a line long, ovate-tri- angular, strongly muricate-granulate on the rounded back, which is bordered by acute angles ; the inner faces very smooth and concave when dry ; the ventral angle beveled by the deltoid-lanceolate scar which terminates below the apex in a narrow groove : gynobase subulate-pyramidal. — Pacif . R. Eep. ii. 171. — North-western borders of Texas and adjacent New Mexico, Pope, Wright. Calyx in fruit about a line long, apparently not deciduous with the fruit. B. hispidum, Buckley. A span or more high, greyish-hispid, diffusely much branched, even the loose paniculate spikes mostly leafy : leaves linear : flowers rather scattered : calyx-lobes lanceolate : crests in throat of the corolla rather conspicuous : nutlets half to two-thirds of a line long, triangular-ovate, without lateral angles, coarsely granulate (sometimes almost smooth) round to the deltoid or triangular-lanceolate excavated scar. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 402 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59. E. heliotropioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 140, mainly, excl. syn. DC. — Plains and sandy banks, W. Texas to New Mexico, extending into Mexico. Calyx a line long, closed at maturity, and deciduous with the enclosed fruit, like a bur. = = Nutlets either solitary or dissimilar: calyx-lobes linear, obtuse, thickish, closed over -the fruit (2 or 3 lines long) ; the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated. E. Texanum, A. DC. About a foot high, loosely branching, rough-hispid : leaves obovate- , oblong or spatulate, or the uppermost linear : spikes mostly leafless : flowers nearly sessile : calyx in fruit separating by an articulation : nutlet usually only one maturing, fully a line long, oblong-ovate, rounded on the back, smooth and even, but minutely puncticulate, fixed by a narrow scar from base to below the middle to a small conical-columnar gynobase. — Gray, 1. c. — Texas, about Austin, &c, Drummond, Wrigld, E. Hall. Flowers smaller and midrib of the sepals less thickened than in the next. B. crassisepalum, Torr. & Gray. A span high, diffusely much branched from the base, very rough-hispid : leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate : flowers short-pedicelled, many or most of them bracteate : lobes of the persistent calyx greatly thickened below in fruit : nutlets ovate, acute, rounded on the back, dissimilar, three of them muricate-granu- late and one larger and smooth or nearly so (fully a line long), fixed to the conical-pyra- midal gynobase from base to middle by an ovate-lanceolate excavated scar. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 171 ; Gray, Proc. 1. c. — Plains, Western Texas and New Mexico to Nebraska and Saskatchewan. The larger and smooth nutlet, like the similar and only fertile one of E. Texanum, appears to be unusually persistent. Short pedicel thickened and indurated with the calyx at maturity, disposed to separate tardily by an articulation. # # (Ptf.rygium.) Nutlets and flowers of the foregoing subsection ; but the former (either all or three of them) surrounded by a conspicuous firm-scarious crenate or lobcdwing: crests in the throat of the corolla rather small. E. pterocaryum, Torr. Annual, slender, loosely branching, hirsute : leaves linear, or the lowest spatulate, often hispid : inflorescence at first cymose-glomerate, usually develop- ing a pair of short spikes, mostly bractless : calyx-lobes oblong and in fruit ovate, erect, and with rather prominent midrib : corolla very small (its limb less than a line in diam- eter) : nutlets oblong-ovate, rough or granulate-tuberculate on the rounded back, affixed for nearly the whole length to the filiform-subulate gynobase by a narrow groove which widens gradually to the base; one of them commonly wingless and rounded at the sides ; the others with lateral angles extended into a broad radiately striate wing with toothed or crenulate margins. — Wilkes Exp. xvii. 415, t. 13 ; Watson, Bot. King, 245 ; Gray, 1. u. — Dry interior region, from the plains of the Columbia River, Washington Territory, through Nevada and the borders of California to Arizona, New Mexico, and the borders of Texas. Fruiting calyx 2 lines long, rather sparsely hispid, very short-pedicelled, apparently not falling with the fruit. Nutlets a line and a half long, including the surrounding broadly ovate wing. Var. pectinatum, Gray, 1. c, has all the nutlets winged, and the wings pectinately cleft half way down. — S. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer. * # # (Pseudo-Myosotis.) Nutlets triangular or triquetrous, with acute or even winged lateral angles, attached by half or nearly their whole length to the subulate or slender-pyramidal gyno- base; the scar very slender and usually with transversely dilated base: corolla with prominent fornicate crests at" the throat, and near'the base within annulate: biennials or perennials, mostly with thyrsiform and leafy-bracteate inflorescence. 196 BORRAGINACE^. Eritrichium. -t— Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any longer than the lobes ; a ring of 10 small scales or glands above the base within: anthers oval or oblong: style rather short. ++ Nutlets margined all round with a firm entire wing: plant setose-hispid: corolla small. B. holopterum, Gray. About a foot high, perhaps from an annual root, loosely pan- iculate-branched, rather slender : leaves linear, an inch or so long, very rough with the papilliform bases of the rigid short bristles- paniculate spikes rather few- and at length loosely flowered : calyx and corolla about a line (and the former becoming 2 lines) long: immature nutlets ovate-trigonous, a line long, muriculate on the convex back, abruptly wing-margined (the wing nearly the breadth of the dorsal disk), attached for nearly the whole length to the conical-subulate gynobase. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81. — Ehrenberg, Arizona, Palmer. E. setosissimum, Gray. Stem robust, 2 feet or more high from an apparently biennial root, nearly simple, very hispid (as is the whole plant) with long and stiff but slender spreading bristles (with or without papilliform base), also cinereous with fine spreading hairs : leaves lanceolate-spa tulate, the lower 4 or 5 inches long (including the tapering base or margined petiole) : spikes in fruit elongated (3 or 4 inches long), dense and strict in a naked thyrsus : corolla 2 or hardly 3 lines long : anthers on short and thickened inflexed filaments : fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, carinate by a strong midrib : nutlets obcompressed, almost 3 lines long, broadly ovate in outline, dull, merely scabrous on the back ; the conspicuous wing much narrower than the disk and ex- tended round the base ; the scar narrow at base : gynobase elongated-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Shores of Pish Lake, Utah, at the elevation of 8,700 feet, L. F. Ward. Known only in fruiting specimens, which so much resemble E. glomeratum, var. virgatum, that intermediate forms may occur, and the great size, flatness, narrow-based scar, and con- spicuous wing of the nutlets may prove inconstant. ++ ++ Nutlets acutely triangular, wingless. E. Jamesii, Torr. A span or two high from a perennial root, rather stout, branched from the hard or lignescent base, canescently silky-tomentose and somewhat hirsute, be- coming strigose-hirsute or even hispid in age : leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear, obtuse : spikes somewhat panicled or thyrsoid-crowded, moderately elongating, bracteate : limb of the short and broad corolla about 3 lines wide : fruiting calyx mostly closing over the depressed-globular fruit, which consists of 4 closely fitting very smooth and shining broadly triangular nutlets (hardly higher than wide). — Marcy Rep. 294, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 140 ; Gray, 1. c. E. multicaule, Torr. 1. c, a more hispid form. Myosolis suffruticosa, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 225. — Plains and sandy shores, western borders of Texas and New Mexico to Arizona and Wyoming. — Nutlets almost exact quarters of a sphere, or with angles more acute and sides rather concave, attached by the inner angle, also with a short transverse scar at base. E. glomeratum, DC. A span to a foot or more high from a biennial root, greyish-hirsute and hispid : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate : inflorescence thyrsiform and mostly dense ; the short and often forked lateral spikes at length commonly exceeding the subtending leaves : calyx very setose-hispid : limb of the corolla 3 to .5 lines in diameter : the crests truncate : nutlets forming an ovoid-pyramidal fruit ; each triangular-ovate, sparsely more or less tuberculate-rugose on the back (a line long), with sharp lateral edges, and sulcate ventral angle extending into a broad basal scar. — Watson, Bot. King, 242, t. 23 ; Gray, 1. c. Cynoglossum glomeratum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729. Myosotis glomerata, Nutt. Gen. i. 112 ; Hook. El. ii. 82, 1. 162. Rochelia glomerata, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1. c. ; Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 45. E. glomeratum, var. hispidissimum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 140, may be taken for nearly the original of Nuttall and Bradbury, of the Upper Missouri. — Plains of Saskatchewan to New Mexico and Utah. Two varieties mark the opposite extremes. Var. humile, Gray. Barely a span high, often tufted on an apparently perennial root : pubescence less hispid and generally canescent, at least the lower leaves ; these spatulate, an inch or more long : thyrsus spiciform : pubescence and bristles of calyx either whitish or tawny yellow. — Proc. Am. Acad. a. 61. — Rocky Mountains from the British Boundary to Utah, at 8000 feet, and higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, California. Passing on one hand into the typical form, on the other approaching the next species. Var. virgatum, Porter. Very hispid, not at all canescent : stem strict, a foot or two high, flowering for most of its length in short and dense nearly sessile clusters, which Amsinckia. BORRAGLNACEiE. 197 are generally much shorter than the elongated linear subtending leaves and forming a long virgate leafy spike : nutlets less or slightly rugose on the back, at most a line and a half long. — Porter & Coulter, PI. Colorado, 102 ; Gray, 1. c. E. glomeratum, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 225. E. virgatum, Porter in Hayden Eep. 1870, 479. — Along the base and eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains up to 8000 feet, Colorado, Parry, Rail, Porter, &c. A well marked form, clearly biennial. -I— -t— Tube, of the salverf orm corolla longer than the calyx, and twice or thrice the length of the lobes; the ring within (at base of the tube\ inconspicuous and truncate, its glands indistinct;' crests of the throat large, often elongated : anthers linear-oblong: style long and filiform; silky- canescent perennials, with contracted thyrsoid inflorescence. — § Pseudomyosotis, A. DC. E. ftllvocaneseens, Gray. A span or so high, cespitose : leaves linear-spatulate or oblanceolate, silky-strigose or even tomentose ; the lower with bright white and soft hairs ; the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate inflorescence and calyx with fulvous-yellow more hirsute hairs and some hispid bristles : corolla white : nutlets roughish or granulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 91, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. E. glomeratum, var. ? fulvocanescens, Watson, Bot. King, t. 23, fig. 7. — Mountains of New Mexico (Fendler, &c.) to those of Nevada, and north to Wyoming. Habit of the dwarf and hoary forms of the preceding species, with longer corolla, style, and anthers of the next. B. leucophseum, A.DC. A span to a foot high, many-stemmed from the lignescent base or root : leaves silky-strigose and silvery-canescent, lanceolate and linear, acute : spicate-glomerate inflorescence and calyx hirsute and. hispid with spreading whitish or yel- lowish hairs and slender bristles : corolla cream-colored or yellow : style very long : nutlets ovate-triquetrous, smooth and polished, ivory-like, large (1-J- or 2 lines long) : gynobase very slender. — Gray, I. c. Myosotis leucophoza, Dougl. in Hook. PI. ii. 82, 1. 163. — Barren grounds, interior of British Columbia and Oregon, Southern Utah, and near Mono Lake, E. Cali- fornia. Anthers (always?) borne on the tube of the corolla close below the throat. Rochelia patens, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 44, founded on a specimen collected by Wyeth on "Plat-Head River" in the Rocky Mountains, would seem to be an Eritrichium, but has not been identified, nor is the specimen to be found in the Academy's herbarium. 12. AMStNCKIA, Lehm. (In memory of Win. Amsinck, a burgomaster of Hamburg and benefactor of the botanic garden.) — Rough-hispid annuals (W. N. American and one Chilian) ; with oblong or linear leaves, and scorpioid-spicate flowers, sometimes the lowest and rarely (in the last species) all leafy-bracteate ; the corolla yellow, slender, with open throat, either wholly naked or with minute bearded crests. Stout bristles of the herbage commonly with pustulate-dilated base. Calyx-lobes in several species disposed to be occasionally united 2 or 3 together almost to the top. Flowers in most species all heterogone-dimorphous, at least in the insertion of the stamens ; when these are high the throat of the corolla is quite naked. — Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1831, 7 ; Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, (1) 26 ; DC. Prodr. x. 117; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 851. § 1. Nutlets (resembling those of Eritrichium leucophceum, which is peculiar in its long and yellow corolla) ovate-triquetrous, straight, at maturity very smooth and polished, attached at the lower part of the sharp inner angle by a narrow scar, all three faces plane or nearly so. A. verrucosa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or more high, erect, sparsely setose-hispid : leaves from linear to ovate-lanceolate : tube of the light yellow corolla slightly longer than the calyx. — Bot. Beech. 370; DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54, & Bot. Calif. i. 525. — California, near the coast, Douglas, Coulter, &c. Nutlets almost 2 lines long, in shape resembling a grain of buckwheat. Var. grandiflora, Gray. Robust, strongly setose-hispid, remarkably large-flowered, the more exserted and funnelform tube of the corolla almost half an inch long, and the limb ample : nutlets broader, rather concave on the back. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Lower Sacramento, at Antioch, Kellogg. 198 BORRAGINA.CEJE. Ammekia. § 2. Nutlets (not unlike those of Eritrichium § Plagiobothrys) rugose or muricate, dull, ovate-trigonous and somewhat incurved, carinate ventrally down to the short and broad usually somewhat protuberant scar. # Nutlets crustaceous, tessellate-rugose : calyx-lobes obtuse. . A. tessellata, Gray. Coarsely and strongly hispid, stout, a foot or two high : leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse : tube of the orange-yellow corolla some- what longer than the ferrugineous-hispid calyx (about 3 lines long) and much longer than the lobes : nutlets very broadly ovate, with narrowed apex and flattish back, thickly covered with granulate-warty projections which fit together in age, forming more or less conspicuous transverse lines or wrinkles ; the scar toward the middle of the ventral face. — Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. l-. A. lycopsoides, Watson, Bot. King, 240, partly. — Dry grounds, California from the Contra-Costa range througli the interior to Nevada and S. Utah. Calyx-lobes either narrowly or rather broadly lanceolate. # * Nutlets muricate or sharply scabrous, in age sometimes loosely rugose. (Species difficult to discriminate.) -t— Calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear, acutish, all over hispid and hirsute: leaves linear or lanceolate. A. ecbinata, Gray, 1. c. Stem strict, 2 or 3 feet high : corolla light yellow, about twice the length of the fulvous-hispid calyx, little dilated at the throat ; the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter : immature nutlets with the strongly convex and carinate back muricate with soft slender prickles and intermediate scabrous points, not rugose. — S. E. California in the Mohave region, Cooper. A. intermedia, Fisoh. & Meyer, 1. c. A foot or two high, branching: bristles even of the calyx whitish or barely fulvous : leaves from oblong-lanceolate to linear : corolla not above 3 lines long, little exceeding the calyx ; the small limb hardly at all plaited : nutlets very convex and carinate on the back, muricate-scabrous and at maturity obliquely more or less rugose. — DC. I.e.; Gray, Bot. Calif. I.e. A. lycopsoides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54, in part; and of gardens. Benthamia lycopsoides, Lindl. (Introd. Nat. Syst.) in Hort. Soc. Lond. 1828, &c., thence becoming A. lycopsoides of cultivation, but probably not of Lehm. — California and W. Nevada to the borders of Brit. Columbia ; a common and variable species. A. spectabilis, Pisch. & Meyer, 1. c. Mostly slender, a span (when depauperate) to a foot high : leaves mostly linear : tube of the bright orange corolla twice or thrice the length of the linear lobes of the ferrugineous-hispid calyx, nearly half inch long, or some- times shorter ; the throat enlarging, and the limb conspicuously plaited in the bud (a third to half inch wide) ; anthers when high protruded from the throat : nutlets granulate-rugose, carinate and roundish on the back. — A. spectabilis & A. Douglasiana, DC. I.e. — Open ground, California from San Diego to Plumas Co. -l_ h_ Calyx loosely enclosing the fruit, more sparsely setose-hispid, greener and soft-herbaceous in texture ; the lobes lanceolate or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 2 or 3 of the lobes not rarely united. A. lycopsoides, Lehm. Loosely branched, soon spreading, sometimes decumbent, sparsely but strongly setose-hispid, the bristles on the foliage at length with very pustulate base : leaves greener, from lanceolate to ovate, the margins commonly undulate-repand : upper flowers mainly bractless : corolla light yellow, about 4 lines long, with tube little or considerably exceeding the calyx ; the throat little enlarged and limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter : anthers short, included : nutlets reticulate-rugose. — Del. Sem. Hamb. 1. c, name only; DC. Prodr. x. 117 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 524. — Coast of California, from San Simeon Bay northward to Oregon. Passes into Var. braeteosa, a smaller-flowered and more decumbent form (corolla 2 or 3 lines long and the linib a line or two broad), with most of the flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract. — Liihospermum lycopsoides, Lehm. Pug. ii. 28, & in Hook. PI. ii. 89, therefore properly the original of Amsinchia lycopsoides, Lehm. 1. c. — San Francisco Bay to Puget Sound. 13. ECHIDIOCARYA, Gray. ('EjjjoW, a diminutive viper, and -mqvov, nut, the nutlets with the stalk resembling the head and neck of a snake or other reptile.) — Annuals or biennials of two species, with the habit of Eritrichium Mertensia. BORRAGINACExE. 199 § Plagiobothrys, intermediate between that group and Antiphytum, hirsute, hardly- hispid, branched from the base ; the stems or branches diffuse, a span or two high ; leaves spatulate-linear, all alternate ; scorpioid spikes slender and at length remotely flowered, bractless, or with some scattered foliaceous bracts : white corolla with lobes sometimes almost convolute in the bud. — Gray in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 854 ; Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89, xii. 163. B. Arizonioa, Gray, 1. c. Lobes of the corolla a line or less long ; the throat somewhat narrowed by very small and rather obscure intrusive folds : nutlets attenuate and much compressed at apex, sparsely cristate-muricate, hardly longer than their thick basal stipes, which are united at base in pairs over the prominent receptacle, the pair with a very large excavated scar. — Arizona, on the Verde Mesa, Dr. Smart. Also near Tucson, Greene. E. Calif ornica, Gray. Corolla larger ; the orbicular lobes a line or two in length ; the throat closed by strong andpuberulent intrusive appendages : nutlets smaller (a line long), less acute, coarsely rugose-alveolate and the sharp elevated rugosities often echinulate ; the stipes supra-basal, all four wholly distinct, laterally compressed, shorter than the diameter of the nutlet ; the small caruncular scar concave. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164. — San Bernardino Co., S. E. California, Parry & Lernmon, no. 278, coll. 1^70'. 14. ANTfPHYTtnVI, DC., partly. (Jlrti, opposite, and cpvTOv, plant; the leaves in the typical species being all opposite, in this unlike most of the order.) — Restricted in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 859 to Brazilian species, all suffruticose and opposite-leaved, with short-stipitate areola to the nutlets. But the subjoined species exhibit the characters of the genus in a lesser degree. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. (In separating from the insertion, a delicate funicle-like process, which penetrated a minute central perforation of the scar, persists on the flat gynobase.) A. lieliotropioid.es, A.DG. Woody perennial ? a foot or two high, panieulately much branched, softly strigose-hirsute and at least when young canescent : leaves linear, an inch or less long; the lower mainly opposite : flowers rather small and scattered, on filiform pedicels much longer than the calyx, the lobes of which are oblong-linear : corolla almost rotate, with conspicuous crests in the open throat : stigma capitate : scar of the nutlets large and sessile, but edged with an acute salient margin ; the minute perforation above its centre. — Prodr. x. 122; Gray, 1. c. Eritrichium heliotropioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 140, as to the plant of Berlandier only. — San Carlos, on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande, close to Texas. Turgid nutlets only half a line long, not (as in the next) con- tracted behind the scar. A. floribundum, Gray, 1. c. Herbaceous from a " perennial " or perhaps biennial root, a foot or two high, panieulately branched above, cinereous witli fine and close and with a coarser nearly hispid pubescence : leaves perhaps all alternate, narrowly linear, an inch or so long ; the upper gradually diminished to linear-subulate bracts : flowers very short- pedicelled, in short panicled racemes or spikes : lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acu- minate : corolla rotate-campanulate (3 lines in diameter), not appendaged in the throat: filaments longer than the anthers : stigma 2-lobed : nutlets granulate, acute ; the salient ventral edge terminated a little above the base of the nutlet by the small and protuberant or slightly stipitate scar. — Eritrichium floribundum, Torr. I.e. — South-western Texas, on or near the Rio Grande, in the mountains of Puerte de Paysano, Bigelotc. Flowers some- times 6-merous. 15. MERTfiNSIA, Roth. (Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist, 1797.) — Perennials, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, either gla- brous and remarkably smooth, or with some soft or moderately scabrous pubes- cence ; the leaves commonly broad, and the lowermost petioled ; the flowers commonly handsome, blue, purple, or rarely white, paniculate-racemose or cymose, 200 BOKRAGINACEiE. Mertensia. all pedicellate, the lowest occasionally leafy-bracteate. Fl. spring and summer. — DC. Prodr. x. 87 ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 52 ; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Stamens, in all but one of our species, pro- truding from the throat, but shorter than the limb of the corolla.) § 1. Stenhammaria. (Steenhammera, Reichenb., wrongly written.) Nutlets very smooth and shining, acute, fleshy-herbaceous, in age becoming utricular ; the scar small : corolla short, 5-lobed ; the crests in the throat evident. M. maritima, Don. Very smooth, pale and glaucous, much branched and spreading : leaves fleshy, ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong, an inch or two in length, upper surface sometimes becoming pustulate : flowers small (3 or 4 lines long) on long and slender pedi- cels : tube of the blue or whitish corolla hardly as long as the limb and shorter than the ovate-triangular lobes of the calyx : filaments rather narrower and much longer than the anthers. — Syst. iv. 320. Cerinthe maritima, Dill. Elth. t. 65. Pulmonaria maritima, L. ; Ligbtf oot, Fl. Scot. i. 134, t. 7 ; Fl. Dan. t. 65. P. parviflora, Michx. Fl. i. 132. Lithospermum maritimum, Lehm. Asper. 291. Steenhammera maritima, Reich. Fl. Excurs. i. 387. Stenham- maria maritima,Fiies, Summa, 12 & 192. Hippoglossum maritimum, Hartw. ex Lilja in LinnaBa, xvii. 111. — Sea-shore, Cape Cod to Hudson's Bay, and Puget Sound to Polar coasts. (Greenland, N. Eu., & Asia.) § 2. Eumert£nsia. Nutlets dull and with obtuse angles if any, wrinkled or roughish when dry. (Corolla commonly villous inside near the base, and below sometimes with a 10-toothed ring.) # Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading border nearly entire; the plicate crests in the throat obsolete : filaments slender, much longer than the oblong-linear anthers : hypogynous disk pro- duced into two opposite narrow lobes which become as high as the ovary. M. Virginica, DC. Very smooth and glabrous, pale, a foot or two high : leaves obovate or oblong, veiny, or the lowest large and rounded and long-petioled : racemes at first short and corymbose : flowers on nodding slender pedicels : corolla purple and blue, an inch long, between trumpet-shaped and salverform, many times exceeding the short calyx. — M. pulmonarioid.es, Roth, Cat. Pulmonaria Virginica, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 160. (Trew, PI. Sel. t. 42.) — Alluvial banks, New York to Minnesota, S. Carolina in the mountains, and Tennessee : fl. spring ; not uncommon in gardens. # # Corolla (blue, rarely white) with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, which above the throat (i. e. the whole expanded upper portion) is usually opeii-campanulate ; the small crests in the throat obvious and commonly puberulent or pubescent. H— Filaments enlarged, as broad as the anthers and shorter or only a little longer, always inserted in the throat of the corolla nearly in line with the crests : style long and capillaryi generally somewhat exserl ed. (There are traces of some dimorphism as to reciprocal length of filaments and st3'le, at least in one species.) ++ Tube of the corolla twice or thrice the length of the limb and of the calyx. M. oblongifblia, Don, 1. c. A span or so high, smooth or almost so : leaves mostly oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rather succulent, and veins very inconspicuous : flowers in a somewhat close cluster : lobes of the 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft calyx lanceolate or linear, mostly acute : tube of the corolla 4 or 5 lines long, narrow ; the moderately 5-lobed limb barely 2 lines long. — Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 295 ; Watson, Bot. King, 238. Pulmonaria oblongifolia, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 43. Lithospermum marginatum, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 86. — Mountains of Montana to the borders of British Columbia, and south to Nevada, Utah and Arizona, at 6-9,000 feet. On moist slopes ; flowering early. ++ ++ Tube of the corolla little or not twice longer than the throat and limb. = Stems mostly tall, 1 to 5 feet high: leaves ample and mainly broad, veiny; the upper with very acute or acuminate apex; the lowest ovate or subcordate (usually 3 or 4 inches long and long-petioled) : calyx deeply 5-parted. M. Sibirica, Don, 1. c. Pale and glaueescent, glabrous and smooth or nearly so, very leafy : cauline leaves oblong- or lanceolate-ovate, hirsute-ciliolate : short racemes panicled : calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, commonly ciliolate, half or a quarter the length of the tube of the bright light-blue corolla (this and the limb each about 3 lines long). — Gray, 1. c. Pulmonaria Sibirica, L. Spec. i. 135, not Pall. P. denticulata, Rcem. & Mertensia. BORRAGIXACE.E. 201 Sch. Syst. iv. 746. P. ciliata, James in Long Exped. ; Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 224. Mertensia denticulata, Don, 1. c. M. ciliata, Don, 1. c. ; DC. Prodr. x. 02. M. stomatechoides, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 147, fig. 43. — Along mountain streams from the Rocky Mountains in Colorado to the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, California, and far north- ward. (E. Asia.) Var. Drummondii, Gray, 1. c. Dwarf, a span high : leaves oblong, sessile, only about an inch long, with barely denticulate-scabrous margins and obsolete veins : corolla only 5 lines long ; the tube little if at all longer than the limb and hardly twice the length of the ovate-oblong obtuse lobes of the calyx. — Lithospermum Drummondii, Lehm. Pugill. ii. 26, & in Hook. El. ii. 86. Mertensia Drummondii, Don, Syst. iv. 319. — Arctic sea-shore, Richardson. Formerly and wrongly referred to M. alpina; but apparently an arctic variety of M. Sibirica. M. paniculata, Don, 1. u. Greener, roughish and more or less pubescent : cauline leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate : racemes loosely panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear and mostly acute, hispid-ciliate or throughout hirsute, equalling or only half shorter than the tube of the purple-blue (6 or 7 lines long) corolla. — Gray, 1. c. Pulmonaria paniculata, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 181 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2680. P. pilosa, Cham, in Linn. iv. 49. P. pubescens, Willd. in Rcem. & Sch. iv. 744 % Lithospermum Kamtschaticum, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1840, 75. Mertensia paniculata, pilosa, pubescens ? & Kamtschatica, DC. 1. c. M. Sibirica Torr. in Wilkes Exp. xvii. 412. Lithospermum corymbosum, Lehm. Pugill. ii. 27, therefore M. corym- bosa, Don, 1. c. (Some forms connect with the preceding species, which is on the whole quite distinct.) — Hudson's Bay and Lake Superior, thence to the Rocky Mountains (south to Utah and Nevada), Alaska, Behring Straits. (X. E. Asia.) Var. nivalis, "Watson, an alpine form, a, span or so high, with thicker leaves only an inch long, and rather slender tube to the corolla: ambiguous between this species, M. oblongifolia, and the next. — Bot. King, 239. — High mountains of Utah, up to 12,000 feet, Watson. = = Stems from a foot down to a span high : leaves smaller (one or two inches long), nearly veiuless, obtuse or barely acute, pale or glaucescent. M. lanceolata, DC. Either glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, simple or paniculately branched : leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear : racemes at length loosely panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, sometimes obtuse, ciliate or hirsute, or rarely gla- brous, more or less shorter than the tube of the blue (5 or 6 lines long) corolla, which is hairy near the base within : filaments generally longer than the anthers. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 53. Pulmonaria lanceolata, Pursh, El. ii. 729, rather large form. P. marginata, Nutt. Gen. i. 115. Lithospermum marginatum, Spreng. Syst. i. 547. Mertensia alpina, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c., in part ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6178. — Hillsides, along the lower Rocky Mountains and their eastern base, from Dakota and Wyoming to northern New Mexico. A variable species ; the largest forms approaching too near the preceding; the smaller extremely different in appearance. Seemingly occurs in two forms as to length of style and filaments, the latter conspicuous in both forms. Var. Fendleri, Gray, 1. c, is a (commonly hirsute) state, with calyx 5-cleft only to the middle. — M. Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. — New Mexico (Fendler, Palmer) and Colorado. •h- -i— Filaments extremely short and narrower than the anthers, inserted either on the margin of the throat or about the middle of the tube (evidently heterogone-dimorphous) : style in bothKinds included. M. alpina, Don, 1. c. A span or more high, either nearly glabrous and smooth or pubes- cent : leaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the cauline sessile (1 or 2 inches long) : flowers in a close or at length loose cluster: calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft ; its lanceolate lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla, which hardly ever exceeds its Umb : anthers nearly sessile, in the low-inserted form scarcely equalling the conspicuous crests of the corolla : style in this form reaching only to about the base of the anthers, in the other reaching almost to the mouth of the tube. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c, mainly, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 53. Pulmonaria alpina, Torr. in Ann. Lye. 1. c. Mertensia brevistyla, Watson, Bot. King, 239, t. 23, fig. 1, 2, the form with low anthers and short style. — Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 9-11,000 feet, and at lesser eleva- tion in those of Utah. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long. 202 BORRAGINACE.E. Myosolis. 16. MYOS6TIS, L. Fokget-me-not. (From fivg, mouse, and ovs, wwc, ear, i. e. mouse-ear, to which the leaves of some species are likened.) — Low and small or spreading herbs, usually soft-hairy ; with sessile cauline leaves, and small mostly blue flowers in at length elongated racemes, destitute of bracts. Stamens and style in the genuine species included. Fl. summer or spring. # Calyx open in fruit, beset with fine and short appressed hairs, none of them hooked or glandular- tipped: racemes very loose, with widely spreading pedicels: herbage green; the pubescence being rather sparse and short. M. palustris, Withering. (Foeget-me-not.) Perennial by subterranean stolons: stems soon decumbent, rooting at base : leaves lanceolate-oblong : calyx-lobes triangular, much shorter than the tube : corolla with flat limb (3 or 4 lines in diameter), sky-blue with yel- lowish throat : nutlets somewhat angled or carinate ventrally. — Koch, Germ. 504 ; Syme, Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1104. M. scorpioides, var. palustris, L. &e. — In wet ground, probably only where it has escaped from cultivation, and not indigenous. (Nat. from Eu.) M. laxa Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots, or perhaps annual : stems very slender, decumbent : pubescence all appressed : leaves lanceolate-oblong or somewhat spatulate : pedicels usually double the length of the fruiting calyx : lobes of the latter as long as the tube : limb of the corolla rather concave (2 or 3 lines broad, paler blue) : nut- lets about equally convex both sides. — Asper. 83 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 338. M ■ ccespilosa, var. laxa, DC. Prodr. x. 105. M. palustris, var. micrantha, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 81. M. palustris, var. laxa, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 365. M. hngulata, Lehm. Asper. 110 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 252 (M. ccespitosa, Schultz; Syme, Engl. Bot. 1. c t. 1103), a European form. — In water and wet ground, New York and Canada to Newfoundland. (N. Asia, Eu.) # # Calyx closed or with lobes erect in fruit, beset with looser and some bristly hairs having minutely hooked tips. M. sylvatica, Hof&Il. Perennial, not stoloniferous, hirsute-pubescent, either green or t cinereous : stems erect : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate ; the radical conspicuously petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx or longer : calyx almost 5-parted, hirsute with erect hairs mixed near the base with some more spreading and hooked ones ; the lobes merely erect or slightly closing in fruit : corolla with (blue or at first purple) flat limb, 3 or 4 lines in diameter : nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. — Perhaps none of the typical form in N. America. (Eu., N. Asia.) Var. alpestris, Koch. Stems tufted, 3 to 9 inches high : racemes more dense : pedicels shorter and thicker, ascending, seldom longer than the calyx : nutlets larger. — M. alpestris, Schmidt ; Lehm. Asper. 86 & in Hook. Fl. 1. c. ; Syme, Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1106. M. rupicola, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 2559. — Rocky Mountains, from Colorado (in the higher alpine regions) and Wyoming (mainly with short pedicels) northward, and north- west to Kotzebue Sound. (N. Asia, Eu.) M. arvensis, Hoffm. Annual or sometimes biennial, loosely hirsute: stem erect, loosely branching, often a foot or more high : leaves oblong-lanceolate : racemes loose, naked and peduncled : pedicels spreading in fruit, longer or twice longer than the equal 5-cleft calyx, which is copiously beset with spreading hooked hairs : corolla blue (rarely white) ; the con- cave limb a line or so in diameter : calyx closed in fruit. — Lehm. Asper. 1. c. ; Syme, 1. c. t. 108. M. scorpioides, var. arvensis, L. M. intermedia, Link., DC . — Fields in low grounds, New Brunswick to Louisiana (1), rare, perhaps not native. (Eu., N. Asia.) M. versicolor, Pers. Annual, slender, hirsute : leaves narrowly oblong : racemes slender, mostly naked at base : pedicels much shorter than the deeply and equally 5-cleft calyx : corolla yellowish, then blue, at length violet, not larger than in the preceding species, which it otherwise resembles. — Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 480 ; Syme, 1. c. t. 1110, not Lehm. in Hook. Fl. — Fields, sparingly introduced (Delaware, Canby). (Nat. from Eu.) M. verna, Nutt. Annual or biennial, roughish-hirsute or hispid: stems erect, 3. to 9 inches high : leaves spatulate or linear-oblong : racemes strict, leafy at base : pedicels erect or appressed below but spreading toward the apex, equalling or shorter than the 5-cleft hispid unequal calyx : corolla white, small. — Gen. ii. in addit. unpaged ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 365. Lycopsis Virginica, L. Spec. i. 139, the plant of Gronov. Virg. Myosotis striata, Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Link. M. inflexa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. 98. — Dry ground, E. New England to Florida, Texas, Missouri, &c. Lithospermum. BORRAGINACE.E. 203 Var. maorosperma, Chapm. Taller, looser, often a foot high : pedicels rather more spreading : flowers larger : the calyx sometimes 3 lines long, with lower calyx-lobes twice the length of the upper : nutlets larger in proportion. — Fl. 333. M. macrosperma, Engelm. 1. c. M. versicolor, Lehm. in Hook. PI. ii. 81. — Florida to Texas: also W. Idaho, Oregon, and British Columbia ; sometimes passing into the typical form. 17. LITHOSPfiRMUM, Toura. Gromavell. (From XiOoa, a stone, aud ansgfia, seed.) — Chiefly herbs ; with reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or subaxillary or leafy-bracted flowers, developed in spring and summer, sometimes dimorphous as to length of style and height of insertion of anthers reciprocally. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens in our species with very short filaments. Stigma com- monly single and truncate-capitate, sometimes as in § 3, capitate-2-lobed ; in L. arvense there is a pair of stigmas below a slender bifid apex, a transition toward the mode in Heliotropieoe. § 1. Annuals, with small at length widely scattered flowers : corolla white or whitish, little longer than the calyx. L. akvense, L. Slightly canescent with minute appressed hairs : stem loosely branching from the base, erect, a span to 2 feet high : leaves linear or lanceolate, with prominent midrib and obsolete lateral ribs : corolla f unnelform, about 3 lines long ; the throat with puberulent lines : nutlets dull, coarsely wrinkled and pitted, brownish. — Spec. 132 ; Fl. Dan. t. 450 ; Engl. Bot. 123. — Waste sandy grounds, not rare from Canada southward. (Sat. from Eu.) L. Matamorense, DC* Hirsute or hispid : stems much branched from the base and diffusely spreading, slender: leaves oblong, very obtuse (an inch or so long), at length rough : pedicels very short : corolla almost campanulate, 2 lines long, a prominent trans- verse crest at base of each lobe : nutlets at length shining but usually brownish and uneven, also coarsely pitted. — Prodr. x. 76. L. prostratum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861. — Plains and river-banks, Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c. § 2. Perennials, with small or rather small flowers : corolla greenish-white or pale yellow, short ; its tube hardly if at all longer than the calyx : mature nutlets bony, white and polished. # Corolla with intruded crests in the throat: flowers sparse, or at least the fruits scattered : nutlets ' apt to be solitary. *- Pubescence soft, fine, and short, only the upper face of the leaves becoming scabrous. L. officinale, L. Copiously branching, 2- or 3 feet high: leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, acute, pale (2 inches or less long) ; a pair of lateral ribs more or less manifest: tube of the dull-white corolla considerably longer than the limb : style nearly equalling the stamens: nutlets less than 2 lines long. — Engl. Bot. t. 134; Fl. Dan. t. 1034. — Road- sides, Canada and New England. (Nat. from Eu.) L. latifolium, Mdchx. More sparingly and loosely branched : leaves greener, ovate and broadly oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, all acute and the lower tapering at base (2 to 5 inches long), with 2 to 4 pairs of ribbed veins : tube of the corolla little longer than the limb : style shorter than the stamens : nutlets globose-ovate, over 2 lines long. — Fl. i. 131 ; Jacq. Eclog. t. 136. L. officinale, var. latifolium, Willd., &c. — Open ground and borders of thickets, Upper Canada to "Wisconsin and south to Virginia and Tennessee. ' Flowers yellowish-white, or sometimes light yellow, when it is L. lutescens of N. Coleman in Cat. PI. Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1874, 29. •i— -f— Pubescence hispid or rough-hirsute. L. tuberosum, Rugel. Stem at first low, in age often more than 2 feet high, with some spreading branches : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, or the large radical ones obovate- oblong, mostly obtuse ; the upper triple-ribbed, the others nervose-veined ; bristles of the upper and even of the lower face at length with pustulate base : flowers short-pedicelled : corolla "yellowish-white," 2 or 3 lines long: nutlets globular, much shorter than the at 204 BORRAGINACE^E. Lithospermum. length elongated-linear calyx-lobes: "roots bearing oblong tubers." — DC. Prodr. x. 76; Chapm. Fl. 332. — Florida, on rocky river-banks, Rugel, Chapman. Texas, Wright, Lind- heimer, only in fruit. Larger leaves at length 4 to 6 inches long, and calyx-lobes in the Texan plant becoming almost half inch long. -# # Corolla nearly naked at the throat, but obscurely puberulent and thickened under each lobe : inflorescence dense and very foliose. L. pilosum, Nutt. Soft-hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent : stems numerous from a stout root, a foot high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy : leaves linear and linear-lanceo- late, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly tapering from near the base to apex ; the lateral ribs or veins obscure : flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus : corolla campanulate-funnel- f orm, almost half an inch long, silky outside, dull greenish-yellow : style slender : nutlets broadly ovate, acute, smooth and polished, 2 to 2-J- lines long. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 43^ Wats. Bot. King, 238. L. Torreyi, Nutt. 1. c. L. ruderale, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 89. — Hills and canons, Montana and British Columbia to Utah and the eastern bor- ders of California. § 3. BItschta, Endl. (Puccoon.) Perennials, with long and deep red roots (filled with dyeing matter), very leafy stems, and mostly showy flowers : corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx (except in cleistogenous or depauperate blossoms), more or less appressed-pubescent outside; the lobes commonly undulate or crenulate and sinuses plicate-infolded : pubescent crests in the throat apparent: stigma capitate— 2-lobed : nutlets white, smooth and polished, the inner face rather conspicuously carinate. — Batschia, Gmelin. # Corolla light yellow, rather small; later floral leaves reduced to bracts, not surpassing the calyx. L. multiflorum, Torr. Minutely strigose-hispid : stems virgate, of ten paniculate at sum- mit, a foot or two high : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate : flowers numerous, short-pedicelled, the later spieate : corolla narrow (5 or 6 lines long), with very short rounded lobes and tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the crests or folds in the throat inconspicuous. — Watson, Bot. King, 238 (remark) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 51. L. pilosum, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 256, not Nutt. — Lower Rocky Mountains, Colorado to Arizona and W. Texas. Expanded limb of corolla 5-cleft, the minutely undulate rounded lobes only a line and a half long : ring at base of the tube sparingly bearded. Anthers in all known specimens inserted high in the throat and the style only half the length of the corolla ; but a, counterpart form may be expected. * # Corolla bright and deep yellow or orange ; the tube from one half to twice longer than the calyx, and the crests at the throat little if at all projecting or arching; the lobes barely undulate or entire : floral leaves or foliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calyx. (Dimorphism as to height of insertion of stamens and length of style manifest.) L. Californioum, Gray. Soft-hirsute, a foot high : leaves lanceolate or oblong : corolla hardly an inch long ; its proper tube hardly twice the length of the calyx ; its f unnelform throat considerably longer than the very short lobes, almost destitute of crests ; the glan- dular ring at base of the tube inconspicuous and naked. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot. Calif, i. 522. L. canescens, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 124, not Lehm. — California, in Nevada and Plumas Counties, Bigelow, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. Short-styled and high-sta- mened form only known. L. canescens, Lehm. (Puccoon of the Indians.) More or less canescent when young: stem hirsute, a, span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-linear or the upper varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, softly silky-pubescent, greener with age but not rough : corolla orange-yellow, with rather ample deeply 5-cleft limb, prominent crests in the throat, and glandular ring at the base naked : flowers nearly sessile. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. L. canescens, & L. sericeum, Lehm. Asper. 305, 306. Batschia canescens, Michx. Fl. i. 130, 1. 14 ; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. t. 58. Anchusa canescens, Muhl. Cat. —Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, Upper Canada and Saskatchewan to Alabama, New Mexico, and Arizona. Tube of the corolla 3 or 4 lines long ; the well-developed limb about half an inch in diameter ; in one form style about the length of the tube and stamens, inserted below its middle. — To this species also belongs L. sericeum, Lehm., but not Anchusa Virginica, L., which as to the Lin- nasan herbarium is not identified, as to the plant of Clayton's herb, is an Onosmodium, as to Morison's is probably L. hirtum, and as to Plukenet's may be cither of the Puccoons. Onosmodium. B0RRAGINACEJ3. 205 L. hirtum, Lehm., 1. e. Hispid or hirsute, and at length rough, a foot or two high: leaves lanceolate or the lower linear and floral ovate-oblong: corolla bright orange, with ample and rotate deeply 5-clef t limb and prominent crests in the throat ; the ring at base within bearing 10 very hirsute lobes or teeth : flowers mostly pedicelled : calyx-lobes elongated and linear-lanceolate. — Bii'schia Caroh'nensis, Gmel. "p'yst. i. 315. B. Gmelini, Michx. 1. c. Anckusa hirta, Muhl. Cat. Lithospermum decumbens, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 225. L. Bejariense, DC. 1. u. 79. — Pine barrens, &c, Michigan to Minnesota, Virginia, Florida, Texas, and Colorado. — Tube of the intense orange corolla 4 or 5 lines iong, the outspread limb sometimes almost an inch in diameter, but often half smaller. In some specimens, the stamens are inserted on the middle of the corolla and the style rises to the throat ; in others, the style rises only to the middle and the stamens are in the throat. # # # Corolla bright yellow, salverform; its tube in well-developed flowers 2 to 4 times the length of the calyx ; the crests in the throat conspicuous and arching ; the lobes undulate and more or less erose: later flowers cleistogenous. — Pentalophus, A. DC. L. angustif olium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, a span to a foot or more high, minutely seabrous-strigose and somewhat cinereous : leaves all linear : flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts ; the earlier and conspicuous kind with tube of the corolla an inch or less in length and the rounded lobes commonly crenulate-erose ; later ones, and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous, the style shorter than the nutlets ; in these the pedicels are commonly recurved in fruit : nutlets usually copiously impressed-punctate, conspicuously carinate ventrally. — Michx. Fl. i. 130 (the state with inconspicuous flowers) ; Bebb in Am. Naturalist, vii. 691. L. linearifolium, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1822, 319, the same state (unless possibly Goldie's plant is L. arcense). L. brevi- florum, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 44, a similar state. Long-flowered plant is Batschia longi/iora (Pursh, Fl. i. 132), & B. decumbens, Nutt. Gen. i. 114. Lithospermum longiflorum, Spreng. L. incisum, Lehm. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. t. 165. L. Mcmdane.nse, Spreng. ; Hook. 1. c. t. 166, a small and smaller-flowered form. Pentalophus longiflorus & P. Mandanensis, A.DC. Prodr. x. 87. — Dry and sterile or sandy soil, prairies and banks of streams, Illinois and Wisconsin to Saskatchewan and Dakota, south to Texas, and west to Utah and Arizona. Koot thick and deep, abounding in violet-colored dye. Glandular ring at base of corolla naked. In the state with large and showy flowers, as far as known, the stamens are always borne at the upper part of the tube, and the filiform style is slightly exserted : but perhaps there is some heterogone-dimorphism. There are seemingly all stages between these conspicuous and the cleistogenous blossoms which are produced through the season. 18. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. ("Ovoafia, and eldos, likeness, from the re- semblance to the Old- World genus Onosma.) — Perennials (of the Atlantic States and Mexico, &c), rather stout and coarse, rough-hispid or hirsute; with nervose or costate-veined leaves, and leafy-bracteate flowers crowded in scorpioid spikes or racemes, when fruiting more separated ; the bracts resembling the leaves. Fl. spring and summer, strongly proterogynous, the style early exserted. Corolla greenish-white or yellowish-green: a glandular 10-lobed ring adnate to the base of the tube within. Nutlets as in most Lithosperma. — Michx. Fl. i. 132. Onosmodium and Macromeria in part, Don ; DC. Prodr. x. 68 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 859. True Macromeria (exserta) has versatile anthers on capillary and long exserted filaments. § 1. Mackomerioides. Corolla 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx, narrow ; the sinuses plane : filaments slender, longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. — Macromeria, Don, & DC. partly. (One or two Mexican species have the anthers promptly versatile or transverse ; in ours they remain erect.) O. Thurberi. Somewhat sparsely strigose-hispid with short bristles (at least on the foliage) and minutely appressed-pubescent or when young canescent : stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves pinnately 5-7-ribbed ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate or oblong (4 or 5 206 BORRAGLNACE^E. Onosmodium. inches long), passing into ovate bracts (at length an inch or two long) : leafy-racemose inflo- rescence in age elongated, many-flowered : pedicels 4 or 5 lines long : calyx parted to the base into narrow linear lobes (often an inch long) : corolla narrowly trumpet-shaped, 2 inches long, whitish and densely villous outside, yellow inside ; the lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse, nearly equalled by the erect anthers. — Macromeria viridiflora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 139, not DC, according to Ic. Mex. t. 904, which has broadly subcordate-ovate and acute corolla- lobes, giving the appearance of " excised sinuses," shorter and versatile anthers, &e. — New Mexico, Thurber, Bigelow, Wright. Arizona, in dry woods, Rothrock. The portions of base of the corolla lobes which are interior in the bud are roundish-auriculate. § 2. Onosmodium proper. Corolla seldom twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes somewhat conduplicate in the bud ; the sinuses gibbous-inflexed : filaments shorter (in our species very much shorter) than the mostly sagittate glandular- mucronulate or acuminate anthers : leaves piunately nervose-ribbed. — Onos- modium, Michx. O. Bejariense, DC. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, hispid with spreading bristles : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-7-ribbed (the lower obtuse, upper acutish); upper surface appressed strigose-hispid, the lower more or less canescent with fine and soft pubescence : flowers short-pedicelled : corolla funnelform (6 to 9 lines long), about twice the length of the calyx, white ; the greenish ovate-triangular acuminate lobes about one quarter the length of the tube, minutely pubescent externally and with some long hirsute hairs. — Prodr. x. 70. 0. Carolinianum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c, not DC. — Border of thickets, nearly throughout Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier. O. Carolinianum, DC, 1. c. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid : leaves ovate-lan- ceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides : flowers nearly sessile : corolla short (4 or 5 lines long), yellowish-white, oblong-f unnelform ; its ovate- triangular acute lobes very hairy outside, and nearly half the length of the tube. — Litho- spermum Carolinianum, Lam. 111. & Diet. Suppl. ii. 837. Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 383. — Alluvial grounds, Upper Canada to Georgia and Texas. Var. molle. A foot or two high ; the pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed : leaves mostly smaller (about 2 inches long), when young softly strigose-canes- cent beneath. — Onosmodium molle, Michx. El. i. 133, t. 15 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 362. Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 382. — Illinois to Saskatchewan, Utah, and Texas. O. Virginianum, DC, 1- c. Strigulose-hispid throughout with mostly appressed short bristly hairs : stems rather slender, a foot or two high, often paniculate : leaves narrowly oblong or somewhat lanceolate, obtuse (1 to 2-J- inches long), 3-5-ribbed: corolla yellowish, small (4 lines long) ; the lobes lanceolate-subulate, sparingly long-bristly outside, little shorter than the cylindraceous tube. — 0. hispidum, Michx. 1. c. Purshia hispida, Lehm. 1. c. Lithospermum Virginianum, L. — Hillsides and banks, New England to Florida and Louisiana. The specific names conferred by Michaux on this and the preceding species were replaced in the Prodromus by earlier ones under Lithospermum ; which may be agreed to, Michaux's 0. hispidum being far less hispid than 0. Carolinianum, and 0. molle is a misnomer except for the western variety (which cannot be separated) on which Michaux's species is founded. 19. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfret. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) — Coarse perennial herbs ; with large and thick bitterish roots, mucilagi- nous juice, and loose or nodding racemose flower-clusters : bracts small or none. Fl. early summer. All of the Old World. S. officinale, L. (Comfkey.) Two or 3 feet high from very thick roots, branching, rather soft-hirsute : cauline leaves Iong-decurrent on the branches, ovate-lanceolate and narrower, large : corolla yellowish-white, half inch long : style exserted : nutlets wrinkled or almost smooth. — Escaped from gardens into moist grounds sparingly in N. Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) S. asperrimum, Sims, a Caucasian species, with almost prickly stems, very scabrous leaves, and blue-purple flowers, is cultivated both as an ornamental and as a forage plant, and is not unlikely to run wild. EcMum. CCXNTOLVULACEJS. 207 20. LYCOPSIS, L. Bugloss. (Jvxog, wolf, and oipte, face or likeness; from some fanciful resemblance.) — Coarse setose-hispid annuals, of the Old World, small-flowered and leafy -bracted, one species sparingly introduced into the Eastern Atlantic States. L. arvexsis, L. Rough and inelegant weed, a foot or two high, with spreading bristly hairs at length pustulate at base : leaves lanceolate, undulate-margined : flowers more or less racemose : corolla blue, or at first purple ; the tube not longer than calyx ; lobes barely a line long. — Dry waste grounds, Canada to Virginia : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 21. ISCHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bcgloss, Bltjewekd. (Old Greek name, from fyig, a viper ; the shape of the nutlets likened to a snake's head.) — Bien- nials (or rarely shrubs), of the Old World ; flowering in summer. One species an introduced weed. E. tdlgAke, L. Rough-hispid herb, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate, or the upper linear, sessile : flowers in short lateral spikes disposed in a raceme-like thyrsus : corolla almost an inch long, showy, purple changing to deep blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) Order XCIV. CONVOLVULACEiE. Herbs or shrubs, with stems generally twining or trailing, and many with milky juice; the leaves alternate and petioled, destitute of stipules; peduncles truly axillary, 1-flowered or cymosely 3-many-flowered ; flowers regular and perfect, 5-merous or rarely 4-merous, except as to the gyncecium which is almost always 2-carpellary ; calyx mostly of distinct and imbricated sepals, persistent ; corolla either plicate and the plaits convolute, or induplicate-valvate, or sometimes im- bricated in the bud, the limb either lobed or entire ; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, usually inserted low down on the tube ; hypogynous disk commonly annular and manifest; ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled, with a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, or spuriously 4-6-celled (each cell being more or less divided into a pair of 1-ovuled half-cells by a false partition), or rarely 2-4-parted from above around the style in the manner of Borraginacece ; style single or once or twice divided ; stigmas terminal or introrse ; fruit capsular or sometimes fleshy ; seeds comparatively large, filled by a crumpled or plaited embryo involving or partly surrounded by a little muci- laginous or fleshy albumen, its cotyledons ample and foliaceous, or in Ouscuta a spiral embryo and no cotyledons. Ouscuta moreover is leafless. Nolanem form an exceptional tribe with several or many indehiscent carpels, narrow cotyledons, &c, but are all South American, and connect with the following order. The present large order is well distinguished from all its allies by the character of the solitary or geminate seeds, size and nature of the embryo, and inferior radicle, along with the usually twining or trailing growth, alternate leaves, &c. Tribe I. DICHONDREiE. Ovary divided into 2 or 4 carpels or almost separate lobes, surrounding a pair of basilar styles. 1. DICHONDRA. Corolla deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, not plicate; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments and anthers short. Ovary 2-parted, forming 2 indehiscent or irreg- ' ularly bursting utricles in fruit : styles 2 or at base united into one, filiform : stigmas capitate. Seed by abortion solitary, globular, smooth. Embryo biplicate : cotyledons elongated-oblong. Creeping herbs. 208 CONVOLVULACE.E. Diclondra. Tribe II. CONVOLVULE^. Ovary entire. Plants with ordinary foliage, not parasitic. # Corolla plicate at the sinuses and the plaits dextrorsely convolute : cotyledons broad, often eniarginate. 2. IPOMCEA. Style undivided, terminated by a, single capitate or 2-3-globose stigma. Corolla from salverform or f unnelform to nearly campanulate. Capsule globular, 4-6- (or by abortion fewer-) seeded, 2-4-valved. 3. JACQUEMONTIA. Style undivided : stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, thick but somewhat flattened. Otherwise as Ipomaa and Convolotlus, and intermediate between the two. 4. CONVOLVULUS. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex : stigmas 2, from linear- filiform to subulate or ovate, when broad sometimes flatfish. Stamens included. Corolla from funnelform to campanulate. Capsule globose, 2-eelled, or sometimes imperfectly 4-eelled by spurious partitions between the two seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2-4-valved. 5. BREWERIA. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted ; the divisions simple, each bearing a capitate stigma. Corolla, stamens, and capsule of Convolvulus. 6. E VOLVULUS. Styles 2, distinct or sometimes united below, each 2-elef t : stigmas linear-filiform or somewhat clavate. Corolla from funnelform to almost rotate. Otherwise like Convolvulus on a small scale, not twining. # # Corolla not plicate in the bud, 5-cleft : cotyledons linear, biplicate, entire. 7. CRESSA. Styles 2, distinct, entire : stigmas capitate. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals, equalling the oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla ; the limb of the latter 5-parted into oblong-ovate lobes, lightly convolute-imbricate and somewhat induplicate in the bud. Filaments filiform, exserted from the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule by abortion often 1-seeded. Stems not twining. Tribe III. CUSCUTEiE. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, destitute of foliage and of all green color ; the spirally coiled filiform embryo even destitute of cotyledons. Corolla imbricated in the bud, appendaged below the stamens. 8. CUSCUTA. The only genus. 1. DICHONDRA, Forst. (Formed of 84', double, and %6v8jjog, grain or roundish mass, from the twin fruit.) — Small prostrate and creeping perennials (found almost all round the warmer parts of the world, but most in America) ; with filiform stems, slender petioles to the reniform or round-cordate entire leaves, and naked peduncles bearing a single small flower. Corolla greenish or yellowish- white. Carpels pubescent. — Char. Gen. 39, t. 20. The following maybe the only species. D. repens, Forst. Soft-pubescent or slightly sericeous, but green or greenish : leaves mostly with a deep basal sinus : sepals obtuse, at length obovate with narrowed base or spatulate : corolla-lobes ovate, nearly glabrous. — Lam. 111. t. 183 ; Smith, Ic. Ined. t. 8. D. sericea, Swartz, Prodr. 54, & Fl. Ind. Occ. t. 11, a small and silky form. D. Carolinensis, Michx. Fl. i. 136, a large and greener form. D. repens, macrocalyx, & sericea, Meissn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vii. 357. — Wet ground, Virginia to Texas, near the coast, and Arizona. (Trop. & S. Am., Asia, Oceanica, Australia, S. Africa.) D. argentea, "Willd. Canescently sericeous and silvery : leaves mostly with a shallow sinus or even truncate, and with comparatively short petioles : sepals from oblong-oval to lanceolate : corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate, acutish, villous outside. — Hort. Berol. 297, t. 81; Meissn. 1. c. — S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex., S. Amer.) 2. IPOMC&A, L. Morning Glory. (According to Linnaeus, composed of i'tp, inog, and opoiog, like ; but ixp is a worm.) — A large genus, mainly of twining herbs, some prostrate, diffuse, or even erect: fl. summer. Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Limb of the corolla entire or barely 5-angulate, or slightly 5-lobed. Valves of the capsule usually septifragal. Cotyledons broad, commonly 2-lobed. Genus here taken in the Ipomma. CONVOLVULACE.E. 209 extended sense, as in Meissn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vii. 215, & Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 870. I. leucaxtha, Jacq., a South American species, is mentioned by Choisy in DC. Prodr. as haying been collected by Charpentier in Arkansas ; but we have it not. I. Carolina, L. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 91), belongs to the Bahamas and other West Indies, not Carolina. Aniseia aukea, Kellogg, in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 229, with plate, is a 5-foliolate Ipomma of Lower California, perhaps undescribed, and the same as no. 81 in the collection of Xan- tus, in the same district, which was referred to /. sinuula, var. Jolils integris, in Proc. Am. Acad. ,.165. § 1. Calontction, Griseb. Corolla salverform, ample, with very long tube, flat limb, and throat not dilated ; in aestivation contorted : sepals herbaceous, becoming coriaceous, the outer sometimes cornute-tipped : style capitate-didymous : ovules 4, geminate in 2 cells, or commonly solitary in 4 : flowers white, opening at evening and for one night, fragrant. — Calouyction, Choisy. I.'Bona-n6x, L. Extensively twining, glabrous: stem lactescent, usually becoming muricate-tuberculose : leaves from ovate-cordate to hastate, entire or3-5-lobed, acuminate : peduncles 1-7-flowered : outer sepals commonly with an infraterminal cusp or horn : corolla with slender tube 3 or 4 inches long and limb 4 or 5 inches wide, green externally between the plaits : stamens and style short-exserted : capsule ovate-conical, acute : seeds glabrous. — Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 403 ; Bot. Mag. t. 752. Calonyction speciosum, Choisy, Convolv. 59, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 345. -r S. Florida, perhaps indigenous : cult, for ornament, especially south- ward. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer., and scattered through most tropical regions.) § 2. Quamoclit, Meissn., &c. Corolla salverform or with somewhat funnelform but narrow tube ; the limb not contorted in the bud : sepals membranaceous or herbaceous : stamens and style more or less exserted : ovules solitary in the 4 cells, i. e. the 2 cells bilocellate by a spurious partition : flowers red, opening by day. (Ours glabrous annuals.) — Quamoclit, Tourn., Choisy. I. Quamoclit, L. (Cypress- Vise.) Slender: leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform divisions, short-petioled or sessile : peduncles few-flowered : corolla over an inch long, scarlet-red ; the tube narrowly funnelform above ; lobes ovate : sepals merely mucronate or blunt. (Hybridizes with the following.) — Lam. 111. t. 104: Bot. Mag. t. 244. Quamo- clit vulgaris, Choisy, &c. — Cult, and sparingly spontaneous in S.Atlantic States. (Trop. Amer., &e.) I. COCCinea, L. Rather tall-climbing : leaves slender-petioled, cordate, or with somewhat sagittate or hastate base, conspicuously acuminate, entire, or angulate, or 3-5-toothed : peduncles few-several-flowered : corolla 9 to 20 lines long, scarlet or verging to orange ; the tube clavate ; limb obscurely lobed, half to two-thirds inch wide : sepals mostly with slender appendage below the tip. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 221 ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 400. /. luteola, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 35, with orange-colored corolla. Quamoclit coccinea, Mcench, Mcth. 453 ; Choisy in DC. — River-banks, &c, Middle and S. Atlantic States (apparently introduced, but well naturalized), and New Mexico and Arizona, where it is probably indigenous. (Trop. Amer., &c.) Var. hederifolia. Leaves from angulate (or the earlier quite entire) to 3-lobed or even 3-parted, or sometimes pedately 5-parted : corolla usually rather larger. — I. hederifolia, L. ; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. t. 76, fig. 1. /. sangvinea, Vahl, Symb. iii. 33 ; Bot. Reg. t. 0; Bot. Mag. t 1769. Quamoclit hederifolia, Choisy. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Trop. Amer.) § 3. Euipomcea. Corolla funnelform or nearly campanulate : stamens and style not exserted. — Ipomcea, Batatas, PhaMtis, & Aniseia, Choisy. Ipomma & PharUtis, Meissn. # (Mokxisg Glory.) Lobes of the stigma and cells of the ovary 3 (rarely varying to 2): sepals long and narrow, acuminate or attenuate upward, herbaceous, mostly hispid or hirsute below: corolla funnelform, purple, blue, and white : seeds glabrous. — PharUtis, Choisy. 14 210 CONVOLVULACEiE. Ipomcea. •*— Root annual : flowers opening early in the morning, soon closing under sunshine. (All in- cluded under Convolvulus hederaceus, L., Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ed. 1.) I. hederacea, Jacq. Leaves deeply 3-lobed and deeply cordate; the lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, and the middle one narrowed at base, lateral ones sometimes repand- 2-lobed : peduncles either short or very short, 1-3-flowered : pedicels none or hardly any : sepals (two-thirds to near an inch long) linear-attenuate from a dilated and densely long villous-hirsute base, in age the upper part recurved-spreading : corolla short-funnelform sky-blue with whitish tube, less than 2 inches long. — Ic. Ear. t. 36 ; Bot. Reg. t. 85 ; Meissn. 1. c. 228; but not the Convolvulus hederaceus, L. Spec. ed. 2, 219, at least as to the cited figures of Dill. Elth., but clearly C. Nit, L. 1. c, as to the lower figure cited (fig. 92), and therefore of Amer. authors. I. harbata, Roth, Cat. i. 37. Pharbitis hederacea, Choisy, 1. c. — Waste and cult, grounds, Penn. to Florida and Louisiana, barely naturalized northward, perhaps indigenous far southward. (Trop. Amer. and now widely dispersed.) I. Nil, Roth, Cat. i. 16, and of most botanists who distinguish 7". hederacea, ( Conrolmdus Nil, L. 1. c, only as to fig. 91 in Dill. Elth., & Bot. Mag. t. 188, and doubtless C. hederaceus, L., as to Dill. Elth. t. 81, fig. 93), is an Old World species with larger and longer corolla (2 or 3 inches long), attenuate and erect calyx-lobes an inch long, the peduncle and pedicels short but distinct, the leaves less lobed, &c. To this belongs Pharbitis triloba, Miq., and P. Nil, var. limbata, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5720, a cultivated plant. To it properly belongs the Oriental name Nil, I. Mexicana. Slender : earlier leaves angulate-3-lobed or some entire ; the others as in I. hederacea, or the middle lobe often broadest at base : peduncles slender ( from half inch to 3 inches long), commonly equalling or even surpassing the petiole : fruiting pedicels (1 to 3) as long as the calyx : sepals (only half inch long) lanceolate, rather sparsely hirsute or hispid with comparatively short hairs, erect : corolla violet-purple, only an inch long, and limb an inch or so in diameter. — Convolvulus flore purpureo, &c, Dill. Elth. t. 83, fig. 96, therefore in part C. hederaceus, L. ; it might have taken this specific name had not another of the confused species been early taken up by Jaequin in Ipomcea. I, Nil, var. diversifolia, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 343, viz. Plmrbitis diversifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1988. I. Nil, Meissn. in Fl. Bras. 1. c. 228, in part, & t. 79, fig. 1. — New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, Wright, Thurber, &c. (Mex., &c.) Nearer to the following than to the preceding. I. purpurea, Lam. (Common Morning Glory.) Leaves cordate, entire : peduncles elongated (2 to 5 inches long), 1-5-flowered : umbellate pedicels fully twice the length of the calyx, thickened and usually refracted in fruit : sepals lanceolate, half inch long, less hirsute : corolla about 2 inches long, violet, purple, or pink, varying to white and diversely variegated. — Convolvulus purpureus, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 113, 1005, 1682. Plmrbitis his- pida, Choisy, 1. u. — Cult, grounds, an escape from cultivation in the Atlantic States. Texas, Berlandier. San Diego Co., California {Cleveland), where it' may be indigenous. (Mex., &c, and widely dispersed.) -t— -4— Root perennial : flowers more diurnal? I. Lindheimeri. Finely appressed-pubescent (the stem retrorsely so), when young canescent : leaves deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, all or the 3 interior lobes ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate with a much contracted base, the contracted portion often half the length of the dilated. lobe : peduncle slender, 1-2-flowered (1 to 3 inches long) : pedicels a quarter to half inch long : sepals lanceolate-linear from an at length broadish base, fully an inch long, erect, sparsely hirsute (all alike) : corolla light blue, elongated-funnelform with narrow tube, about 3-j- inches long. — I. heterophijlla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Ortega. — Rocky soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Lindheimer, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Gregg.) I. cathartioa, Poir. Glabrous or nearly so, even to the calyx: leaves cordate, acu- minate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed or deeply cleft : peduncles equalling the petiole, 1-5-flowered : outer sepals larger and ovate-lanceolate, the inner narrowly lanceolate, all long-acuminate : corolla 24- or 3 inches long, pink-purple or crimson. — Diet. Suppl.iv. 633; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 473. I. fastigiata, Chapm. Fl. 433, not Sweet. Convolvulus pudibundus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 999. Pharbitis cathartica, Griseb. 1. c. — S. Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. Per- haps introduced. (Bahamas to Brazil.) # # Stigma 2-lnbed or entire : ovules only 4 and proper cells of the ovary only 2 , but these in some divided by cellular matter forming an additional partition between the two seeds: sepals membranaceous", or rather fleshy, or becoming coriaceous, mostly very much imbricated. Ipomcea. CONVOLVULACEJE. 211 -i— Creeping (or at least prostrate and not twining) perennials, glabrous or nearly so : flowers rather large, opening at morning. I. Pes-caprae, Sweet. Herbage succulent : leaves orbicular, mostly emarginate at both ends, 2-glandular at base, fleshy, pinnately many-veined, 2 or 3 inches long, about equalled by the petiole : sepals oval, obtuse : corolla (nearly 2 inches long) broadly short- funnelform, purple : mature capsule 2-celled : seeds rusty-pubescent. — " Hort. Lond. ed. 2, 2S9 ; " Koth, Xov. PI. 109 ; Desc. Ant. ii. t. 130. I. maritime, 11. Br. ; Bot. Reg. t. 319. I. orbicularis, Ell. Sk. i. 257. Convolvulus Pus-caprce & Brasiliensis, L. — Drifting sands of the coast, Georgia to Texas. (Most tropical coasts.) I. acetossefolia, Rcem. & Sch. Stem slender, extensively creeping and freely rooting : leaves slightly succulent, slender-petioled, exceedingly various ; the earlier oblong or sub- cordate, or emarginate at both ends, either entire or panduriform or 3-lobed ; the others sometimes linear, sometimes deeply 3-5-lobed or parted, and the lobes narrowed at base ; lobes obtuse : peduncles 1-flowered : sepals oblong, mucronate or acuminate : corolla oblong-f unnelform, white with yellowish throat, 1J to 2 inches long : capsule globose, thin- walled, half inch broad, 4-eelled : seeds densely villous-woolly, globular. — Syst. iv. 246 ; Desc. Ant. ii. 1. 145 ; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 255, t. 94. I. carnosa, R. Br. Prodr., ex Benth. El. Austr. iv. 420. Convolvulus littoralis, L. C. acetosw/oUus, Vahl, Eel. i. 18. C. stoloniferus, Desr. in Lam. Diet. iii. 550 ; Cyr. PI. Rar. i. 14, t. 5. C. obtusilobus, Michx. Fl. i. 139 ; Ell. 1. c. Batatas acetoscefolia & littoralis, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 338, excl. syn. I. longifolia, Benth. — Sandy sea-coast, S. Carolina to Texas. (Most tropical shores.) I. longifolia, Benth. Prostrate stems stout, 6 to 10 feet long : leaves thickish, short- petioled, pinnately-veined, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, merely obtuse at base, mucronate at tip, 2 to 5 inches long : peduncle 1-flowered : sepals broadly oblong or oval, very obtuse : corolla very broadly open-f unnelform, white with purple throat, 4 inches long, or when widely expanded 3 or 4 inches in diameter : capsule ovate, 2-celled, with firm-coriaceous valves, an inch long : seeds oblong, rather minutely hairy at the angles. ■ — PI. Hartw. 16 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 21 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149. I. Shumardi, Torr. in Marcy Rep. 191. — S. E. Arizona, Thurber, C. Wright. (Adjacent Mex.) I. BatAtas, Lam., the Sweet Potato of cultivation, belongs here, although it has the fleshy roots of the following, and the stems trail rather than creep : the leaves vary from cordate-hastate to deltoid, and from nearly entire to laciniate-lobed or parted. Origin un- known, unless from I. fastigiata of Trop. Amer. 4— -f— Twining, or at first trailing, but not creeping: leaves cordate or sagittate, or with divisions broader than linear. ++ Perennials, with immense fleshy-farinaceous roots : leaves cordate, entire, or some of them 3-5- lobed: peduncles one -several-flowered : sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse or merely mucronate, over half inch long : corolla over 2 inches long. I. Jalapa, Pursh. Freely twining from a napiform or thick fusiform root (white, some- times weighing 40 or 50 pounds), tomentulose-pubescent, at least the lower face of the shallow-cordate plicate-veiny repand or sometimes lobed leaves (these 3 to 5 inches long) : corolla "opening at night," 3 or 4 inches long, white or light pink-purple ; the narrow tube and throat 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx and deep purple : ovary imperfectly 4-celled : seeds densely clothed with long villous wool. — Fl. i. 146 ; Bot. Reg. t. 342, 621 ; Griseb 1. c. Convolvulus Jalapa, L. Mant. 43 ; Desf. in Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 126, t. 40, 41 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1572. Ipomcea macrorhiza, Michx. Fl. i. 141. Convolvulus macrorhizus. Ell. Sk. i. 352. Ipomcea Mechoacan, Xutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 289. 7". Mirhaurii, Sweet, 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 343. I. Purskii, Don, Syst. 1. c. Batatas Jalapa, Choisy, Convolv. & DC. 1. c. 338. — Light sandy soil along the coast, S. Carolina to Florida. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) Apparently same as the Mexican false or Mechoacan Jalap, but root of the U. S. plant hardly purgative. I. pandurata, Meyer. Glabrous or nearly so : stems trailing or twining : root very long and large (at length weighing 10 to 20 pounds) : leaves (2 to 4 inches long) usually cordate and entire, or some of the later angulate or panduriform-cordate, occasionally hastate-3-lobed : corolla rather broadly funnelform, 2 or 3 inches long, white with a dark- purple throat : ovary only 2-celled : seeds woolly on the angles. — Essoq. 100, as to name only; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 588; Choisy, I. c. 381. Convolvulus me.galorhizos, etc., Dill. Elth. 100, t. 85, fig. 99. C. pandwatus, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1939 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Barton, Med. t. 23. C. candicans, Solander in Bot. Mag. 1. 1603, with some minute pubescence of leaves. Var. 212 CONVOLVULACEiE. Ipomcea. rubescens, Choisy, I.e., is merely a longer-flowered form, from Kentucky; and Convolvulus ciliolatus, Michx. 1. c, from Knoxville, Tennessee, is probably the same. — Dry ground Upper Canada to Florida and Texas. There is a double-flowered state. ++ ++ Perennial with a thick root: leaves all sagittate: peduncle mostly 1-flowered: sepals as of the preceding but barely half inch long : corolla proportionally very large. I. sagittata, Cav. Glabrous : stems slender : leaves deeply sagittate, otherwise entire acute or acuminate ; some with linear-lanceolate lobes ; some (at least the earlier) larger and broader, with ovate-lanceolate outline and oblong obtuse basal lobes : corolla pink- purple, 2 or 3 inches long; the tube with the narrowish throat very much exceeding the calyx : seeds somewhat villous on the back or sides. — Ic. ii. 4, t. 107 ; Desf. Fl. Atl. i. 177. /. sagiuifolia, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 437 ; Chapm. Fl. 344. Convolvulus Carolinensis, Sea., Catesb. Car. i. 35, t. 35. C. speciosus, "Walt. Car. 93. C. sagittifolius, Michx. Fl. i. 138. — Salt marshes on the coast, N. Carolina to Texas. (Cuba, Spain and Barbary.) ++++++ Perennials with roots not very large and thick, or annuals : corolla an inch and a half long or smaller. = Calyx almost an inch long, large for the size of the corolla. I. sinuata, Ortega. Boot perennial : stem (rather woody at base) and petioles hirsute with long spreading hairs from a papilliform base : leaves nearly or quite glabrous, 7-parted ; the divisions lanceolate or narrowly oblong, sinuately and Iaciniately pinnatifid or incised : calyx equalling the throat of the open-funnelform corolla (white with purple eye) : seeds glabrous. — Dec. vii. 84 ; Choisy, 1. c. ; Chapm. 1. c. /. dissecta, Pursh, not "Willd. Convol- vulus dissectus, L. Mant. 204; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 28, & Vind. ii. 1. 159. — Near the coast in Georgia to Texas. (Trop. Amer.) = = Calyx in fruit over half inch long, setose-hispid. I. barbatisepala. Apparently annual, glabrous except the calyx : leaves pedately 5-7- parted ; the divisions lanceolate with narrowed base, an inch or two long, or the lateral ones mostly short, entire : peduncles 1-2-flowered, not longer than the petiole : sepals attenuate-linear from a broader base, nearly equal, in fruit 7 or 8 lines long, a third longer than the 2-celled 4-seeded globular capsule, the back strongly hispid with long and stout spreading bristles : corolla purple, less than an inch long : stigmas 2, globose : seeds gla- brous or minutely scurfy. — W. borders of Texas ; declivity of mountain near EI Paso, Wright (1849, no. 507). Calyx nearly as of I. hedemcea, Jacq., but withstiffer beard. = ==== Calyx 5 to 9 lines long, completely glabrous : root perennial. I. Thurberi. Glabrous throughout, apparently with only low twining stems from a thick- ened root or tuber : leaves palmately or pedately and deeply 5-7-clef t (an inch or more in diameter) ; the widely divergent lobes triangular-lanceolate, or the one or three middle ones somewhat caudately prolonged, the narrow tip obtuse : peduncle short, 1-flowered, clavate in age : corolla, &c, not seen : sepals in fruit 8 or 9 lines long, lanceolate-attenuate from a broader base, nearly twice the length of the 4-celled 4-valved globular coriaceous capsule : seeds clothed with fine brownish somewhat furf uraeeous pubescence. — South- . eastern border of Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Thurber (no. 966), Wright. I. triflda, Don. Much resembles 2". commutata ; but the root perennial, the pubescence shorter and softer, peduncles longer, and calyx glabrous. — Convolvulus trifidus, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 107. (Trop. Amer.) Var. Torreyana. Nearly glabrous throughout, freely twining : leaves cordate, about 2 inches long ; some entire or merely angulate : most 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, .the lateral externally rounded : peduncles surpassing the leaves, umbellately 3-10-flowered : pedicels in age muriculate-scabrous : sepals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, chartaceous, 5 lines long, not at all ciliate : corolla f unnelform, pink or lilac-purple, over an inch long : capsule globular, chartaceous, simply 2-celled, either glabrous or sparingly pilose at tip, about equalling the calyx: seeds glabrous and very smooth. — /. commutata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Roam. & Sch. /. fastigiata ? Torr. 1. c, not Sweet. — W. and S. Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Lindheimer, Schott. Var. Berlandieri. Perhaps only a depauperate form : leaves smaller and deeper cleft, some almost 3-parted ; the middle lobe lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and longer, giving a somewhat hastate outline ; the lateral divisions often 2-lobed or 2-3-cIeft and their lobes acute: peduncles only an inch long. — Bejar, Texas, Berlandier. Referred by Choisy to I. commutata. Ipomcea. COXVOLVULACEJE. 213 == = = = Calyx 3 to 6 lines long, thiunish, pilose or at least ciliate with some long and soft hairs rising from a more rigid or papilliform base, more or less longer than the small and thin- walled globular 2-cclled capsule, which is sparsely pilose but sometimes glabrate at the upper part : seeds glabrous : stems freely twining : root annual. I. commutata, Roem. & Soh. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves (2 or 3 inches long), cordate, some entire, some strongly 3-lobed with middle lobe ovate-lauceolate and acuminate ; the lateral usually shorter and broader, sometimes again 2-lobed : peduncles slender, 1£ to 3 inches long, 1-3-flowered : sepals oblong, acuminate, 5 lines long : corolla an inch or more long, purple or pink. — Syst. iv. 228 ; Choisy, 1. c. Convolvulus Carolinus, L. Spec. i. 154 (Dill. Elth. 100, t. 84, fig. 98) ; Michx. Fl. i. 139. Ipomcea Carolina, Pursh, Fl. i. 145, not L., which is W. Indian. /. Irichocarpa, Ell. Sk. i. 258, which slightly antedates the name commutata, but is misleading, the fruit being not rarely glabrate or glabrous. — Dry or low grounds, S. Carolina to Texas. I. lacunosa, L. Slightly pubescent or hirsute, or nearly glabrous : leaves as the pre- ceding or less lobed, more commonly ovate-cordate and entire, conspicuously acuminate : peduncles shorter : sepals commonly broader and mostly naked, except the long-ciliate margins : corolla half inch or so in length, narrow-funnelform, white or with a purple acutely 5-angulate border : globose capsule more turgid and pilose. — Spec. i. 161 (Dill. 1. c. t. 87, fig. 102) ; Michx. 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. Convolvulus micranthus, Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 70. — River banks and low grounds, Penn. to Illinois, S. Carolina, and Texas. I. triloba, L. Stems slender, sparsely pubescent : leaves usually glabrous, very deeply 3-lobed or almost 3-parted ; the divisions mostly entire ; the middle ovate or lanceolate- ovate with narrowed base ; the lateral semicordate : peduncles usually elongated : sepals 3 lines long, oblong-ovate : corolla narrow, two-thirds inch long, resembling that of the preceding, but purple. — Choisy, 1. c. 383 ; Chapm. Fl. 343. — Key West, Florida ; perhaps introduced. (Trop. Amer.) = = = = = Calyx only 2 lines long, naked and glabrous, shorter than the glabrous simply 2-celled thin-walled capsule : herbage glabrous throughout : root not seen. I. W right]!. Stems very slender : leaves all digitately divided into 5 narrowly lanceolate entire leaflets (all 12 to 18 lines long, or the lateral shorter, obtuse or acutish and mucro- nulate) : peduncles slender, 1-flowered, not exceeding the petiole : sepals ovate, very obtuse, equal : corolla pink or purple, narrowly f unnelform, half inch long : capsule ovoid, 4 lines long : seeds globular, minutely and densely puberulent. — Texas, Wright, probably from the southern part of the State. Habit of /. quinquefolia, but leaves, corolla, &c, different. A plant resembling it was collected by Dr. Palmer on the Yaqui River, in the north- western part of Mexico, in which the leaves seem to be pedate, and the long filiform peduncles coil in the manner of tendrils. I. cardioph^lla. Very glabrous : leaves broadly cordate and with basal lobes somewhat incurved, entire, acuminate, an inch or two long : peduncles mostly 1-flowered and shorter than the slender petiole : sepals ovate, acute, thickish but scarious-margiued, more or less muriculate-glandular on the back : corolla purple, three-fourths inch long, campanulate- funnelform above the narrow tube, which barely equals the calyx : capsule ovoid, half inch long ; the thin valves finely lineolate : seeds oval, brownish-puberulent. — Western borders of Texas, in the mountains near El Paso, Wright. In calyx and foliage considerably resembling I. violacea. -! — H — -i — Stems erect or diffuse, feebly if at all twining, never creeping or even prostrate : leaves or their divisions all linear or narrower and entire. ■w- Leaves simple and entire: flowers large: root perennial, immense, weighing from 10 to 100 pounds. I. leptophylla, Torr. Very glabrous : stems erect or ascending (2 to 4 feet high), 'and with recurving slender branches : leaves linear (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide), short- petioled, acute : peduncles short, 1-2-flowered : calyx 3 or 4 lines long ; the sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter : corolla pink-purple, funnelform, about 3 inches long : capsule ovate, an inch long : seeds rusty-pubescent. — Frem. Rep. 95, & Emory Rep. 148, t. 11. Convolvulus Caddoensis, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862. — Plains of Ne- braska and Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico : a striking and showy species, first col- lected, in Long's Expedition, by Dr. E. James, who singularly mistook it for an annual. Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 223. (Convolvulus.) 214 CONVOLVULACE^E. Ipomaa. ++ ++ Leaves palmately or pedately divided or parted, = Almost sessile and the divisions all simple : root perennial, an oblong tuber. I. muricata, Cav. A span or two high, erect, loosely branched, glabrous, slender : leaves of 5 (or sometimes pedately 7) narrowly linear or filiform mucronate-acute divisions or leaflets (6 to 10 lines long) : peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered : sepals lanceo- late-ovate, tuberculate-muricate on the back or midrib: corolla narrowly funnelform, crimson-purple, an inch long : capsule globose, nodding, hardly 3 lines long : seeds almost glabrous. — Ic. v. 52, t. 478, fig. 2 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. Convolvulus capillaceus, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 97. — New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., &c.) = = Leaves distinctly petiolate : root annual : stems diffuse, filiform. I. leptotoma, Torr. Diffuse or procumbent and feebly twining, a foot or two long, glabrous up to the pedicels : leaves pedately 5-7-parted into narrowly linear attenuate- acuminate or acute divisions ; the middle and longer one an inch or two long : peduncles slender, equalling or exceeding the leaf, 1-2-flowered : pedicels and lanceolate attenuate- acuminate 3-nerved sepals hirsute : corolla funnelform, purple, over an inch long : capsule globose-ovoid, shorter than the calyx : seeds glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. — Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Palmer. I. costellata, Torr. 1. c. Erect and diffuse, at length procumbent or slightly twining, glabrous or minutely hirsute : leaves pedately 7-9-parted into linear or somewhat spatulate (or the upper into filiform) divisions of somewhat equal length (half to an inch long) : peduncles filiform, surpassing the leaf, 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, glabrous (as is the pedicel), carinately 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved ; the keel of the outer ones salient and often undulate-cristate or tuberculate : corolla narrowly funnel- form, approaching salverform, a third or hardly half inch long, twice or thrice the length of the calyx, pink-purple or paler, with 5 short mucronate-pointed lobes : capsule globular, as long as the calyx : seeds minutely puberulent. — S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 3. JACQUEMONTIA, Choisy. ( Victor Jacquemont, a French naturalist and traveller, died in India.) — A rather small genus, tropical or subtropical, mostly with the aspect of Convolvulus. Fl. summer. Seeds in ours roughish. J. ABUTiLofDES, Benth., to which belongs Dr. Kellogg's Aniseia azurea, is of Lower Cali- fornia. It is doubtful if either of the following are indigenous. J. violacea, Choisy. Twining, pubescent or almost glabrous : leaves cordate or ovate- lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate : peduncles slender, umbellately or cymosely several- flowered : sepals ovate, acuminate ; the outer larger and subcordate : corolla short-funnel- form, half inch long, violet. — Chapm. Fl. 344. Convolvulus violaceus, Vahl. C. pentanlhos, Jacq. Ic. Rar. ii. t. 316 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2151. — Key West, Florida, Blodgett. (Trop. Amer.) J. tamnif olia, Griseb. Erect or at length twining, fulvous-hirsute : root annual : leaves cordate and ovate, long-petioled, pinnately veiny : peduncles elongated, capitately many- flowered : glomerate cluster involucrate with foliaceous bracts : sepals subulate-linear, fer- rugineous-hirsute, 5 lines long, nearly equalling the violet corolla. — Fl. W. Ind. 474 ; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 302. Ipomaea tamnifolia, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 318, fig. 414.) Convolvulus ciliatus, Vahl. C. tamnifolius, Ell. Sk. i. 258. — Cult, and waste grounds, from S. Carolina and Arkansas southward. (Trop. Amer.) 4. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. (From convolvo, I entwine.) — Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants (of many species, most of them in the Old World), either twining, erect, or prostrate ; with small or rather large flowers (in summer), some opening at dawn, some in bright sunshine. — Convolvulus & Caly- stegia, R. Br. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 874. § 1. Calystegia.. Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, thickish : solitary flower involucellate by a pair of persistent membranaceo-foliaceous broad bracts, which are close to the calyx and enclose or exceed it : corolla open in sunshine : ovary and capsule commonly somewhat one-celled by the imperfection of the par- Convolvulus. CONTOLVULACEiE. 215 tition : perennials, with filiform creeping rootstocks. — Calystegia, R. Br., Hook. & Benth., &c. Calystegia paradoxa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, which was described from Sherard's herbarium, and supposed to come from Virginia or Carolina, is not recognizable, and is certainly no true Calystegia. C. Soldanella, L. Glabrous, fleshy : stems low and mostly short, creeping or trailing : leaves reniform, entire or obscurely angulate, often emarginate, an inch or two wide, long- petioled : bracts roundish and obscurely cordate, not longer than the sepals : corolla pink- purple, 12 to 18 lines long, short-f unnelform : stigmas ovate. — Spec. i. 159 ; Engl. Bot. t. 314; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 533. Calystegia Soldanella & C. reniformis, R. Br. Prodr. 433. — Sands of the Pacific coast, Puget Sound to California. (Most Pacific shores, Eu., &c.) C. spithamseus, L. Soft-pubescent or tomentose : stem erect or ascending, or sometimes decumbent, a, span to 2 feet long, mostly simple and not twining : leaves short-petioled, oblong, with rounded or subcordate or sometimes short-sagittate base : bracts ovate, not auricled at base : corolla white, campanulate-f unnelform, 1-j- to 2 inches long : stigmas oval. — Spec. i. 158 ; Ell. Sk. i. 251. C. stans, Michx. El. i. 136. Calystegia spithamoza & C. tomen- tosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 434. C. spithamaia, Hook. Exot. t. 97, but stigmas too narrow. — Dry and sandy or rocky soil, Canada to Wisconsin and south to Florida. C. sepium, L. Glabrous, or more or less pubescent, freely twining : leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate (2 to 5 inches long), acute or acuminate ; the basal lobes or auricles either entire or angulate-2-3-lobed : peduncles mostly elongated : bracts cordate-ovate or somewhat sagittate, commonly acute : corolla broadly f unnelform, 2 inches long, white or tinged with rose-color: stigmas from oval to oblong. — Curt. Fl. Lond. t. 32 ; Engl. Bot. t. 313 ; Fl. Dan. t. 458. Calystegia sepium, R. Br. Prodr. 483 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ, xviii. t. 1340. — Moist alluvial soil, or along streams, Canada and N. Atlantic States to Utah. (Eu., &c.) Var. Americanus, Sims. Corolla pink or rose-purple: bracts obtuse. — Bot. Mag. t. 732. C. sepium of Am. authors in large part. Calystegia sepium, var. rosea, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 433. — Canada to Carolina and Oregon. (N. Asia.) Var. rep ens. Corolla from almost white to rose-color,: bracts from very obtuse to acute : herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent : sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate : leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire. — Convolvulus repens, L. Spec. i. 158 (as to pi. Gronov., excl. syn. Plum. & Rheede) ; Michx. 1. c. Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 376. C. Catesbeiana, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729 ; Choisy, 1. c. — Canada 1 to Texas, and west to Dakota and New Mexico, on banks and shores. Sometimes with almost glabrous and thickish leaves; Calystegicusepium, var. maritima, Choisy, in part. (The species widely diffused over the world and variable.) § 2. Stigmas linear or oblong-linear, flat : bracts at the base of the calyx as in the preceding section or smaljer, or various at the base of a short pedicel. Cali- fornian species. C. occidentalis, Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent : stems freely twining : leaves slender-petioled, from angulate-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus to sagittate or the upper hastate ; the posterior lobes often 1-2-toothed : peduncles elongated, surpassing the leaf, sometimes proliferously 1-3-flowered : bracts at base of calyx ovate or obscurely cor- date, membranaceous, equalling it or rather longer, mostly obtuse : corolla campanulate- f unnelform, white or pinkish, 12 to 24 lines long : stigmas linear. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89, & Bot. Calif, i. 533. — Dry hills, W. California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego. Var. temiissimus, Gray, 1. c, a form with narrowly hastate or sagittate leaves (only an inch or two long), the middle and mostly the basal lobes narrowly lanceolate : bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. — Santa Barbara and San Diego, Nuttall, Cooper, &c. C. Californieus, Choisy. Minutely and often densely pubescent : stems very short and erect from filiform rootstocks, flowering close to the ground, or at length with prostrate branches a span or even a foot long : leaves slender-petioled, from ovate or round-obovate to deltoid or subcordate and obtuse, or the later somewhat sagittate or hastate and acute 216 CONVOLVULACEiE. Convolvulus. (an inch or so long) : peduncles shorter than the petiole : bracts at base of calyx oblong, obtuse, about equalling and somewhat resembling the outer very obtuse sepals : corolla broadly funnelform, li to 2 inches long, white, cream-color, or flesh-color : stigmas linear- oblong. — DC. Prodr. ix. 405 ; Gray, 1. c. Calystegia subacaulis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 363. — W. California, on hills, &c, from San Francisco Bay southward. C. villosus, Gray, 1. c. Densely velvety-tomentose throughout, mostly silvery-white, low : stems decumbent or prostrate, feebly if at all twining : leaves slender-petioled, from renif orm-hastate to sagittate, an inch or less long ; the basal lobes often angulate-toothed : peduncles shorter than the leaf : bracts at base of and equalling the calyx, oval or ovate, white-tomentose : corolla campanulate-f unnelform, cream-color, an inch long : stigmas nar- row-linear. — Calystegia villosa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17. — Dry and sandy soil, California, Monterey Co., and Plumas Co. to Tejon. C. luteolus, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or soft-pubescent : stems a span or two long and ascending or more elongated and twining : leaves slender-petioled, from triangular- or del- toid-hastate to sagittate, an inch or two long : peduncles equalling or surpassing the leaves : bracts about their own length distant from the calyx, narrowly oblong varying to linear- lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines long, much smaller than the chartaceo-coriaceous very obtuse unequal sepals, a second flower rarely in the axil of one of them (occasionally the bracts alternate) : corolla 12 to 18 lines long, campanulate-funnelform, pale yellow (sometimes purplish or fading to purple 1 ) : stigmas linear. — Ipomcea sagittifolia, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 151 (as to Calif, plant) ; Torr. in Pacif . R. Rep. iv. 127, the stigmas certainly linear ! Convolvulus Californicus, Benth. PI. Hartw. 326, not Choisy. — California, from around San Francisco Bay northward, and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Var. fulcratllS, Gray, 1. c. Soft-pubescent : bracts foliaceous, hastate or sagittate, and short-petioled, resembling diminutive leaves, 3 to 6 lines long, about their length dis- tant from the calyx or sometimes closely subtending it. — Convolvulus arvensis, var. villosus, Torr. 1. c. — Foothills of the Sierra Nevada from the Stanislaus southward. § 3. Stigmas filiform or narrowly linear : no bracts at or near the base of the calyx. # Procumbent or low-twining perennials : bracts of the 1— 3-flowered peduncle small or minute and subulate: corolla an inch or less long, broadly short-funnelform. -i— Introduced species, nearly glabrous : leaves broad and entire. C. arvensis, L. Mostly procumbent : leaves oblong-sagittate or somewhat hastate, an inch or two long ; the basal lobes short and acute : bracts a pair at the base of the pedicel, small, subulate : corolla white, commonly tinged with rose : stigmas filiform. — Fl. Dan. t. 459 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ, xviii. 1. 1337. — Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Sparingly nat. from Europe.) +- -H- Indigenous Texan species, cinereous-pubescent or canescer.t: leaves commonly lobed or dentate : flowers opening in afternoon sunshine : corolla ferrugineous-silky-hirsute outside in the bud. C. hermannioid.es. Sericeous-tomentulose : stems 3 to 5 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, and with sagittate or narrowly cordate base, li to 3 inches long, repand- or sinuate-dentate, sometimes obsoletely so, rather short- petioled ; the veins not plicate-impressed above nor prominent beneath : peduncles rather longer than the leaves, 1-2-flowered : sepals half inch long or nearly so, oval-oblong, mucronate and obtuse or barely acute : corolla white, an inch long, the border merely angulate. — C. Hermannioz, Choisy in DC. 1. c. as to Texan plant ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 148, not of L'Her., which is Peruvian and Chilian. — Texas, in dry prairies. Narrow-leaved forms approach the next. C. incanus, Vahl. Cinereous or canescent with a close and short silky pubescence (rarely greener and glabrate) : stems filiform, 1 to 3 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves polymorphous ; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate (1 or 2 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide, obtuse and mucronate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes entire or 2-3-toothed) ; some pedate, having narrowly 2-3-cleft lateral lobes or divisions, some more coarsely 3-5-parted, with lobes entire or coarsely sinuate-dentate ; some of the early ones ovate- or oblong-cordate and merely sinuate-dentate : peduncles 1-2-flowered, as long as the leaf : sepals a quarter inch long, oval, obtuse, or merely mucronate-tipped : Breweria. CONVOLVULACE,E. 217 corolla white or tinged with rose, half inch long, the angles salient-acuminate. — Symb. iii. 23 (1790). C. Bonariensis & C. dissectus, Cav. Ic. v. t. 480 (1799). C. equitans, Benth. PI. Hartw. 16. C. kastatus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 194. C. lobalus, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 44. C. glaucif alius, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 412, but probably not Ipomcea glaucifolia, L., viz. Dill. Elth. t. 87, fig. 101, which is " glaucous and glabrous." — Dry prairies and hills, Arkansas and S. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (Mex., Extra-trop. S. Amer.) # * Erect and much branched feebly twining perennial, glabrous throughout, small-leaved. C. longipes, Watson. Stems slender, loosely much branched, a foot to a yard high : leaves mostly linear-hastate, short-petioled (an inch or two long, a line or two wide), thickish, veinless, entire, cuspidate-mucronate, the upper gradually reduced to linear- subulate bracts ; these on the 1-flowered peduncles mostly alternate : sepals ovate, obtuse, often mucronulate, the outer shorter : corolla fully an inch long, broadly f unnelform, glabrous throughout, white or cream-color : stigmas very narrowly linear : seeds globular, minutely tuberculate. — Am. Naturalist, vii. 302; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 534; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 20. — Arid desert region, S. Nevada and S. E. California, Lieut. Wheeler, Dr. Horn, Palmer. 5. BREWERIA, E. Br. (Samuel Brewer, an English Botanist or ama- teur of the 18th century.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, some suffxuticose, of the warmer parts of the world, resembling Ipomcea and Convolvulus; with simple entire and usually short-petioled leaves, and the corolla mostly silky-pubescent or silky-hirsute outside in the bud, with angulate or obscurely lobed border: fl. summer and autumn. — Prodr. 487; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 877. Stylisma, Raf. in Ann. Sci. Phys. viii. 268 ; Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 450. Bonamia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 336, & Man. ed. 5, 376, not Thouars, in which the corolla is lobed and not plicate. # Procumbent: peduncles very short and 1-flowered : capsule large: seed glabrous. B. OValif olia. Sericeous-canescent : leaves ovate or oval, mostly subcordate, an inch long : style 2-clef t above the middle : capsule globose, half inch in diameter, about the length of the broadly ovate sepals, by abortion 1-seeded. — Evolvulus ? ovalifolius, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. — S. W. borders of Texas, on the Rio Grande (the Mexican side) below San Carlos, Parry. Corolla not seen. # # Procumbent slender perennials : peduncles slender and elongated, 1-5-flowered : flowers small : corolla almost campanulate : capsule small. — Stylisma, Raf., &c. B. humistrata. Sparsely pubescent or glabrate : leaves from elliptical and subcordate to narrowly linear (an inch or two long), mucronate, and the broader emarginate : peduncles 1-7-flowered : bracts shorter than the pedicels : sepals glabrous or almost so, oblong-ovate, acuminate : corolla white, half inch long : filaments hairy : styles united at base. — Con- volvulus humistratus, Walt. Car. 94. C. patens, Desr. in Lam. Diet. iii. 547. C. trichosanthes, Michx. El. i. 137, partly. C. Sherardi, Pursh. El. ii. 730 ? C. tenellus, Lam. 111. i. 459 ; Ell. Sk. i. 250. Evolvulus ? Sherardi, Choisy. Stylisma erohuloides, Choisy, 1. c, in part. S. humistrata, Chapm. El. 346. Bonamia humistrata, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 376. — Dry pine bar- rens, Virginia to Louisiana. B. aquatica. Soft-pubescent or cinereous-tomentulose : leaves from elliptical to subcor- date-lanceolate, very obtuse, seldom over an inch long : peduncles 1-3-flowered : sepals strongly sericeous-pubescent, acute or acuminate : corolla rose-purple : filaments glabrous : styles distinct nearly to base. — Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. C. trichosanthes, Michx. 1. c, partly. C. erianthus, Willd. in Spreng. Syst. i. 610. Stylisma aquatica, Chapm. 1. c. Bonamia aquatica, Gray, 1. c. — Wet pine barrens and margin of ponds, North Carolina to Texas. B. Pickeringii. Pubescent, or the leaves glabrate : these from narrowly spatulate- linear with acute and subsessile base to filiform-linear : peduncles seldom surpassing the leaves, 1-3-flowered : bracts foliaceous and exceeding the flowers : sepals villous-sericeous, ovate, obtuse, half the length of the ovate-conoidal capsule : corolla white, a third of 218 CONVOLVULACE.E. Eoolvulus. an inch long, equalled by the almost glabrous filaments and the moderately 2-cleft style. — Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr. ; M. A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 129 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 349. Stylisma evolvuloides, var. angustifolia, Choisy in DC. 1. c. S. Pickeringii, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 335 ; Chapm. 1. c. Bonamia Pickeringii, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 376. — Dry pine barrens and prairies, New Jersey to North Carolina; Louisiana and Texas; also W. Illinois, H. N. Patterson. 6. EVOLVULUS, L. (From evolvo, I unroll, the name a counterpart of Convolvulus.) — Low and small herbaceous or suffrutescent plants (of the warm parts of the world, largely American) ; with erect or commonly diffuse or pros- trate stems, not twining, entire leaves, one-few-flowered and sometimes paniculate peduncles, and small flowers, produced in summer and autumn. Corolla in ours almost rotate, white, rose-colored, or blue. E. MrjHLENBERGii, Spreng. Pugill. i. 27, habitat not given, is something not identified, and by "peduncles opposite the leaves" not of this order. # Peduncles filiform, 1-3-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves : either perennials or annuals ? B. alsinoides, L. Villous or' hirsute, commonly with some long and spreading hairs: stems slender, diffuse or decumbent, a foot or two long : leaves from oval or oblong to lanceolate, somewhat petioled : pedicels at length nodding or refracted on the peduncle : corolla about 3 lines broad. — (Pounded on the Asiatic plant, Burm. Zeyl. ii. t. 6, fig. 1, & t. 9, fig. 1, and Rbeede, Malab. xi. t. 64, apparently also indigenous to the New World, and diverse.) E. alsinoides, var. hirticaulis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. E. diffusus, Chapm. PI. 345. — S. Plorida and Texas, Blodgett, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (All trop. regions ?) E. linif olius, L, Too like narrow-leaved and slender forms of the preceding, but the fine sericeous pubescence all appressed : leaves small and linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile : blue corolla only 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 392, founded on Convolvulus herbaceus, erectus, &c, P. Browne, Jam. 152, 1. 10, fig. 2, not Choisy in DC. — S. Arizona, near Tucson, Greene. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) B. Arizonicus. Minutely sericeous or cinereous with fine appressed pubescence, pani- culately branched : stems very slender, erect and diffuse or decumbent-spreading : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subsessile or short-petioled (6 to 12 lines long, 2 or 3 wide) ; the upper reduced to bracts so that the inflorescence becomes paniculate : peduncles mostly 1-flowered : sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute : corolla blue or bluish, half inch in diameter when expanded. — E. alsinoides, Torr. 1. c, partly. E. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Torr. 1. c, partly, excl. syn. — Sandy or dry prairies, Arizona and New Mexico ; a common species of the region. (Adjacent Mex.) E. mucronatus, Swartz. Glabrate and green, or when young sparsely villous-seri- ceous with appressed pubescence : stems decumbent or prostrate : leaves thickish, oval or round-ohovate (about half inch long), short-petioled, the obtuse or retuse apex mucronate : peduncles barely surpassing or some shorter than the leaves : corolla pale blue or white, 4 lines in diameter. — Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 475 ; Meissn. 1. c. 345. E. glabriusculus, Choisy, Conv. 156, & in DC. 1. c. 448 ; Chapm. 1. c. — South Plorida, Blodgett. Perhaps E. nummu- larius, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (not L.), on the Mississippi below New Orleans. (Trop. Amer.) # # Peduncles or rather pedicels (bibracteolate at base, solitary and one-flowered) short, usually very short ; the lower sometimes half the length of the leaf, recurved in fruit : very low peren- nials. 4— Upper surface of the leaves green and glabrous, otherwise sericeous : corolla white or pale blue. B. sericeus, Swartz. Stems slender or filiform, a span or two high : leaves subsessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (6 to 10 lines long), erect or ascending, mucronate-acuminate or acute ; silky pubescence fine and close-pressed, sometimes' short, whitish or fulvous : sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Prodr. 55, & PI. Ind. Occ. i. 576 ; Nutt. Gen. i. 174 ; Chapm. 1. c. ; Choisy, 1. u. ; Meissn. in PI. Bras. vii. 353. Convolvulus erectus, herbaceus, &c, P. Browne, Jam. 153, t. 10, fig. 3. E. holosericeus, Torr. 1. c. partly, not HBK. — Pine woods, &c, Plorida to Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona. The western forms with looser and longer hairiness. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer.) Cuscuta. C0XV0LVULACE2E. 219 E. DfsooLOK, Benth. (E. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Choisy, 1. c), of Mexico, with shorter and procumbent or prostrate stems, Ovate or oblong obtuse leaves, more villous pubescence and larger corolla, seems to be a good species, as Meissner also supposes ; but is not found on our immediate borders. Dr. Torrey's plant so referred is mainly E. Arizonicus. H— -i— Both sides of the leaves, stems, and calyx densely silky-villous. B. argenteus, Pursh. Stems numerous from a lignescent base, rather stout and rigid, erect or ascending, a span or so high, very leafy : dense pubescence sometimes silvery- canescent, usually fulvous or ferruginous : leaves from spatulate and obtuse to linear- 1 lanceolate and acute (a quarter to half inch long) : pedicels very short : sepals lanceolate- subulate : corolla purple or blue (not " yellow " as says Pursh), 3 to G lines in diameter. — Fl. i. 187, not R. Br. ; Choisy, 1. c. ; Torr. 1. c. E. pilosus, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (as additional name), & in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 195, not Lam. E. Xuttallianus, Rcem. & Sch. Syst. vi. 198. — Sterile plains and prairies, Nebraska to Texas and west to Arizona. Pine Key, Florida, Blodgett, in small and insufficient specimens. (Adjacent ilex.) 7. CRESSA, L. (Greek name for a female Cretan.) — Genus apparently of a single but very variable and widely diffused species. C. Cretica, L. Low canescent perennial, much branched from a lignescent base, erect or diffuse, a span or two high, very leafy : leaves entire, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, sessile, 2 to 4 lines long : flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the upper axils, or the upper crowded as if in a leafy-bracteate spike : corolla white, 2 or 3 lines long, sericeous- pubescent outside. — Lam. 111. t. 183; Sibth. Fl. Graca, t- 256. (S. Eu., Afr., S. Asia, Australia, &c.) Var. TrnxiUertsis, Choisy. A more silky-villous and stouter form, mostly larger- leaved: capsule larger, 2 or 3 lines long. — Choisy in DC. 1. c. 440; Torr. 1. c. C. Truxil- lensis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 119. — On or near the sea-shore or in saline soil, Cali- fornia, and from Arizona to S. Texas. (Hawaian Islands, S. Amer., &c.) 8. CTJSCUTA, Tourn* Dodder. (Name said to be of Arabic derivation.) — Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-merous, white or whitish, small, in loose or dense cymose clusters, usually produced late in the season. Calyx cleft or parted. Corolla from campanulate or somewhat urceolate to short-tubular, with the mostly spreading lobes between convolute and imbricated in the bud, not plicate, marcescent-persistent either at base or summit of the capsule. Sta- mens inserted in the throat of the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate appendages (scales) ; these rarely absent. Ovary globular, 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles distinct, or rarely united, persistent: stigmas globose, or in Old-World species filiform. Capsule 1-4-seeded, circumscissile or transversely bursting, or iudehiscent. Seeds large, globular, or angular by mutual pressure. Embryo filiform, spirally coiled in the firm-fleshy albumen, wholly destitute of cotyledons, but the apex, or plumule, often bearing a few alternate scales, germinating in the soil, but not rooting in it, developing into filiform and branching annual stems of a yellowish or reddish hue, which twine dextrorsely upon herbs or shrubs, and become parasitic by means of suckers which penetrate the bark in contact, the base soon dying away. Small scales of the same color as the stem take the place of leaves and bracts. — Choisy in Mem. Genev. 1841 (cited " Cusc") & DC. Prodr. ix. 452 (1845) ; Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. (1842), 333, Gray, Man., & Trans. St. Louis Acad. i. 453 (1859), here cited as " Cusc." § 1. GrjCmmica, Engelm. 1. c. Styles (more or less unequal) terminated by peltate-capitate stigmas. — Grammica, Loureiro. (Comprises the greater part of the species of this large genus, almost all of them American and Polynesian.) * Contributed by Dr. George Engelmann. 220 CONVOLVULACEiE. Cuscuta. * (Clistogrammica, Engelm. 1. c.) Capsule indehiscent. •*— Calyx gamosepalous. ++ Ovary and capsule depressed-globose. = Flowers in dense or globular clusters : corolla with short and wide tube, in age remaining at base of the capsule : styles mostly shorter than the ovary. C. obtusiflora, HBK. Stems orange-colored, coarse : lobes of calyx and corolla rounded, as long as the tube : scales various. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 122 ; Engelm. Cusc. 491. (Cosmop.) Var. glandulosa, Engelm. I. c, the only form in our flora, has all parts of the flower (1 to 1£ lines long) dotted: scales large, equalling or exceeding the tube, deeply fringed. — Wet places, Georgia to Texas, on Polygonum, &c. (W. Ind.) C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored : lobes of calyx and corolla acute, often longer than the tube : scales small, 2-clef t, often reduced to a few teeth. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378; & Cusc. 494. C. Pohjgonorum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 342, t. 6, fig. 26-29. — Wet places in the Mississippi Valley from Arkansas to Wis- consin ; also in Penn. and Delaware, often on Polygonum. Flowers white, 1 to li lines long ; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow. 0. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low : flowers smaller (scarcely a line long) : calyx-lobes obtuse, mostly very broad : those of corolla acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points : scales large, deeply fringed. — Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 336, ed. 5, 378, Cusc. 494, &F1. Calif, i. 535. Calyx often large and angled (var. pentagona, Engelm. 1. c, & C. pentagona, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 340, t. 6, fig. 22-24), sometimes smaller and papillose or glandular-verrucose (var. verrucosa, & C. verrucosa, Engelm. 1. c. fig. 25), and in a western form (var. calycina, Engelm. 1. c.) larger-flowered, approaching the preceding species. — Rather dry soil, on various low plants, New York to Florida and Texas, Illinois and Missouri, California and Oregon : the varieties principally in Texas. (Mex., S. Amer.) = = Flowers in paniculate often compound cymes : styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary. C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing : flowers (a line or less long) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous : lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse ; the latter mostlj- shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube : scales shorter than the tube, fringed : marcescent corolla capping the large capsule. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378, & Cusc. 497. C. Cephalanthi, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. fig. 1-6. — On tall herbs or shrubs, such as Cephalanthus, in wet places, Penn. (Porter) to Wisconsin, north to Saskatchewan, and south to Texas and Arizona. Eeadily distinguished from small-flowered forms of C. Gronovii by the depressed capsule covered by the corolla. C. Californica, Choisy. Capillary stems low : flowers rather small, delicate, in loose cymes : lobes of the calyx acute : those of corolla lanceolate-subulate, as long as the cam- panulate tube or longer : scales none or rudimentary. — Cusc. 183 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 364 ; Engelm. Cusc. 498, & Bot. Calif, i. 535. (Independently published, in the same year, 1841, by Choisy and by Hook. & Arn.) — California, on arid herbs, Eriogomm, &c, in dry soil. Among various forms the following are the extremes. Var. breviflora, Engelm. 1. c. Flowers scarcely over a line long, on shorter pedicels : calyx-lobes acuminate, equalling or surpassing the tube of the corolla : filaments ■ and anthers short : style hardly longer than ovary : corolla marcescent at base of or around the 2-4-seeded capsule. — From the coast at Monterey, &c, to the Sierra Nevada. Var. longiloba, Engelm. 1. c. Flowers longer-pedicelled and larger (1£ to 2 J lines long) : calyx-lobes often with recurved tips : corolla-lobes often twice the length of the tube : filaments and anthers more slender : styles much longer than ovary : capsule mostly 1-seeded, enveloped by the corolla. — Principally S. California and Arizona., •h- +* Ovary and capsule pointed ; the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla. = Flowers short-pedicelled or clustered. C. salina, Engelm. Stems slender, low : flowers (1-J- to 2-J lines long) delicate white : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the similar but mostly broader and over- lapping denticulate lobes and as the shallow-campanulate tube of the corolla : filaments about as long as the oval anthers : fringed scales mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE.E. 221 incomplete : styles equalling or shorter than the ovary : capsule surrounded (not covered) by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded. — Bot. Calif, i. 530. V. subinclusa, var. ab- breviata, & C. Californica, var.? squamigera, Engelm. Cusc. 4'.)'.), 500. — Saline or brackish marshes of the Pacific coast, on Salicornia, Suceda, &c, California to Brit. Columbia, and eastward to Arizona and Utah. Intermediate between the preceding and following, distin- guished from the former by larger flowers and the presence of infra-stamineal scales; from the latter by less crowded flowers, more open, and of more delicate texture. C. subinclusa, Durand & Hilgard. Stems rather coarse : flowers sessile or short- pedicelled, at length in large (half to full an inch thick) and compact clusters, 2-J- to 3| or 4 lines long : calyx cupulate, fleshy ; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, overlapping, much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla : lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, much shorter than the tube : oval anthers nearly sessile : scales narrow, fringed, reaching only to the middle of the tube : slender styles longer than the ovary : capsule capped by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 42, & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11 ; Engelm. Cusc. 500, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, the most common species throughout the State, on shrubs and coarse herbs. The long and narrow tube of the corolla, only partially covered by the thick and mostly reddish calyx, readily distin- guishes this species. C. denticulata, Engelm. Low stems capillary: flowers (about a line long) on short pedicels, in small clusters : tube of the broadly campanulate corolla included- in the round- lobed denticulate calyx, and as long as its round-ovate lobes : oval anthers on very short filaments : scales reaching to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip : styles as long as the ovary : stigmas very small, not much thicker than the style : capsule covered by the marcescent corolla, 1-2-seeded. — Am. Naturalist, ix. 348, & Bot. Calif, i. 536. — South-western Utah, in dry soil, on herbs and low shrubs, Pairy. = = Flowers more pedicelled, in paniculate cymes. b. Acute tips of corolla-lobes indexed or corniculate. C. decora, Choisy (but name altered). Stems coarse: flowers fleshy and more or less papillose : lobes of the calyx triangular, acute ; those of the broadly campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading : scales large, deeply fringed : capsule enveloped by the remains of the corolla : seeds usually 4. — Engelm. Cusc. 502 ; Gray, Han. ed. 5, 378, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; the negative prefix in C. indecora, Choisy, omitted. (U. S. to Brazil.) , Var. pulcherrima, Engelm. 1. c. The larger form, with coarser stems, and con- spicuous flowers 1|- to 2^ lines long and wide : anthers and stigmas yellow or deep pur- ple. — C. pulcherrima, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 750. C. neuropetala, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 75. — Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs, principally Ler/uminosas and Compositce (the largest-flowered forms in brackish soil on the Texan coast), Florida and especially in Texas, north to Illinois, and west to Arizona and California. ( W, Ind., Mex., Brazil.) Var. indecora, Engelm. 1. c. Stems lower and more slender : flowers smaller, in looser paniculate clusters, often warty ( C. verrucosa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. xliii. 341, fig. 25) or papillose-hispid (C. hispidula, Engelm. 1. c. xlv. 75). C. indecora, Choisy, Cusc. 182, t. 3, fig. 3, & DC. 1. c. 457. — Texas, &c, first collected by Berlandier. C. inflexa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding : flowers of the same structure, but smaller (only a line long), generally 4-merous : corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule : scales reduced to a few teeth. — Cusc. 502, & Gray, Man. ed. 5. C. Coryli, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 337, fig. 7-11. C. umbrosa, Beyrich, in part ; Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 1, 351. — Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, &c.) or coarse herbs, S. Xew England to Arkansas, and Nebraska. C. racem6sa, Martius, var. Chiliana, Engelm. Stems coarse : flowers (1| to 2 lines long) in loose panicles, thin in texture : tube of corolla deeply campanulate, widening upward ; the spreading lobes shorter, acutish : scales large, deeply fringed. — Cusc. 505, & in Bot. Gazette, ii. 69. C. suaveolens, Seringe ; Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 448. C. corymbosa, Choisy, Cusc. 180, not R. & P. C. Hassiaca, Pfeiffer in Bot. Zeit. i. 705. — Introduced into California with seeds of Medicayo satica, as also 40 years ago into Europe, whence, after causing much damage for several years, it has now disappeared. (Adv. from Chili.) b. Obtuse lobes of the corolla spreading. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high : corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube : scales copiously fringed : capsule globose, umbonate. 222 CONVOLVULACEiE. Cuscuta. — Willd. Rel. ex Roem. & Seh. vi. 205; Choisy, Cusc. t. 4, fig. 1; Engelm. Cusc. 507, & in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. C. Americana, L. Spec. i. 124, as to pi. Gronov. Virg. C. vulgivaga, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 338, t. 6, fig. 12-16. C. umbrosa, Beyrich, ex Hook. El. ii. 78. — Wet shady places, Canada to Iowa and south to Florida and Texas ; the commonest and most diffused Atlantic species. Flowers sometimes 4-merous (from less than a line to 2 lines long, usually about 1-J lines) : calyx usually thick and warty, and corolla glandular- dotted, very variable in size and compactness of clusters (sometimes 2 inches thick), and size of capsule (mostly 2 lines, sometimes 3 lines in diameter). Var. latiflora, Engelm. 1. c, is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. — C. Saururi, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. fig. 17-21. — Common northward. Var. calyptrata, Engelm. 1. c, distinguished by the corolla eventually capping the capsule. — Louisiana and Texas. Var. curta, Engelm. 1. c, perhaps a distinct species, representing C. Gronovii west of the Rocky Mountains, and imperfectly known, has smaller flowers, with broad lobes of the corolla and calyx half the length of its tube, very short bifid scales, and styles much shorter than the ovary. — C. umbrosa, Hook. 1. c, in part. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding : flowers larger (2 or 3 lines long), more delicate and whiter: lobes of the corolla and calyx shorter than its tube: slender styles longer : ovary bottle-shaped : capsule long-pointed. — Engelm. in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 225, Cusc. 508 ; & Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. — Shady valleys in the AUe- ghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward, on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. 4— H— Calyx of 5 distinct and largely overlapping sepals, surrounded by 2 to 5 or more similar bracts: styles capillary: scales of corolla large and deeply fringed : capsule mostly 1-seeded, capped by the marcescent corolla. ++ Flowers on bracteolate pedicels, in loose panicles. C. CUSpidata, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers (1£ to 2J lines long) thin, membra- naceous when dry : bracts and sepals ovate-orbicular and oblong lobes of the corolla cuspi- date or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube : styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted. — Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 224, & Cusc. 1. c. — "Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosai, &c, Texas to Nebraska, occa- sionally straying down the Missouri as far as St. Louis (H. Eggert). The northern form has laxer inflorescence and fewer bracts under the calyx. s ++ -H- Flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters. = Bracts and sepals concave and appressed. C. squamata, Engelm. Orange-colored stems slender : glomerules few-flowered, often contiguous : flowers white, membranaceous when dry (2-} to 3 lines long), cuspi- date or obtuse sepals and lanceolate acute lobes of the corolla, both shorter than the cylindrical upwardly widening tube : styles many times longer than ovary. — Cusc. 510. — W. Texas and New Mexico. Common in the bottomlands on the Kio Grande from El Paso to Presidio del Norte. — Similar to the last, but the larger and . whiter flowers are closely sessile. C. compacta, Juss. Stems coarse : flowers (nearly 2 lines long) at length in continuous and often very thick clusters : orbicular bracts and sepals crenulate, nearly equalling or shorter, and ovate-oblong lobes much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla : styles little longer than the ovary. — Choisy, Cusc. t. 4, fig. 2, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 458; Engelm. 1. c. C. remotiflora & C.fruticum, Bertol, Misc. x. 29. — Canada to Alabama along and west of the Alleghany Mountains, west to Missouri and Texas, in damp woods, almost always on shrubs. The original C. compacta of Jussieu's herbarium is a slender form, with smaller flowers and more exserted corolla : it is found from N. New York southward along the Alleghanies. The var. adpressa, Engelm. Cusc. 511 (Lepidanche adpressa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 77, and probably C. acaulis, Baf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13), is the common form westward. = = Bracts (8 to 15) and sepals with recurved-spreading and crenate tips. C. glomerata, Choisy. Stems coarse, orange-colored, soon withering away, leaving dense flower-clusters closely encircling in rope-like masses the stems of the foster plant: sepals nearly equalling and its oblong obtuse lobes much shorter than the cylindrical up- wardly widening tube of the corolla : styles several times longer than the ovary. — Cusc. Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACEiE. 223 184, t. 4, fig. 1, & DC. 1. c. ; Engelm. Cusc. 510. C. paradoxa, Eaf. 1. c. 1 Lepidanche com- positanim, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. .344, fig. 30-85. — Wet prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kansas and Texas, mostly on Helianthus, Vernonia, and other tall Composite;. The rope-like twists, half to three-fourths inch thick, of white flowers with golden yellow anthers im- bedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance and justify Rafinesque's name, which probably belongs here. # # (ElgrammiCa, Engelm. Cusc. 476.) Capsule more or less regularly circumscissile, usuallv capped by the remains of the corolla: styles capillary and mostly much longer than the depressed ovary. H— Lobes of the corolla acute. C. odontolepis, Engelm. Stems slender : flowers conspicuous (24/ to 3 lines long), on short pedicels in large clusters : lobes of the campanulate calyx and of the tubular corolla ovate, acute, rather shorter than the cylindrical tube: scales hardly reaching to the base of the anthers, incisely dentate toward their rounded apex. — Cusc. 486. — Arizona, Wright, on Atnaranthus. A large-flowered species, distinguished from the large-flowered Mexican forms of C. corymbosa by its acute lobes of calyx and corolla. C. leptantha, Engelm. 1. c. Stems low and capillary : flowers (2 to 2£ lines long), 4-merous, on slender fascicled pedicels : papillose calyx and lanceolate lobes of the corolla much shorter than the slender tube : scales incisely dentate and much shorter than the tube. — Mountains of W. Texas, on a prostrate Euphorbia (albo-marginata), Wright. The only N. American species (as far as known) with uniformly 4-merous flowers. C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low and capillary : flowers (14/ to 2 lines long) few together in umbel-like clusters, usually shorter than their pedicels : acute calyx-lobes and lance- olate-subulate lobes of the corolla longer than its shallow tube : scales deeply fringed and exceeding the tube : styles mostly little longer than the ovary. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 121 ; Engelm. Cusc. 487. — Dry places, on low herbs (PoHulaca, &c), from S. E. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (Mex., &c.) -i— h— Lobes of the corolla broad and obtuse. C. applanata, Engelm. Stems low and slender : flowers (a line or rather more in length) clustered on short pedicels: rouuded lobes of calyx and corolla thin in texture, as long as the wide and shallow tube: scales deeply fringed, often exceeding the tube : styles scarcely longer than the ovary : marcescent corolla enveloping the depressed capsule. — Cusc. 479. — On weeds, such as Ambrosia, Mirabilis, &c, S. Arizona, Wright. Glomerules 3 or 4 lines thick, often strung together like beads. Capsule much broader than high. C. AmekicAna, L. (Sloane, Jam. 85, & Hist. i. 201, t. 128, fig. 4, and the plant in herb. L.) Coarse stems climbing high : flowers (a line or two long) very abundant, on short pedicels in globose clusters : calyx globular-cupulate, almost enclosing the corolla ; the lobes of which are much shorter than the slender tube : anthers globular and almost sessile : scales short, more or less dentate : seed usually solitary. This S. American and AVest Indian species, easily known by its proportionally large calyx and small corolla, is here characterized be- cause it may be looked for in South Elorida. § 2. Monogtnella, Engelm. 1. c. Styles united into one : stigmas capitate : capsule circumscissile. — Mcmogynella, Desmoulins. (Consists of few species, of the largest size, mostly Asiatic, extending to Europe, S. Africa and N. America.) C. exaltata, Engelm. Stems thick, climbing high : lobes of the fleshy calyx and corolla orbicular, the former covering and the latter half the length of the corolla-tube : anthers sessile : scales small, bifid or reduced to a few lateral teeth : styles two-thirds united. — Cusc. 513. — S. W. Texas, from the Colorado to the Rio Grande, on trees, such as Diospyros Texana, Ulmus crassifolia, Live Oak, &c. Stems a line or two thick, climbing 10 to 20 feet high. Elower 2 lines long. Capsule 34/ to 5 lines long. § 3. Eucuscuta, Engelm. 1. c. Styles distinct, equal, bearing elongated stigmas : capsule circumscissile. (Old-World species.) C. EpfLiNDM, "Weihe. Stems slender, low: globular flowers (half line long) sessile in dense heads : corolla short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute calyx-lobes, surrounding the capsule : scales short and broad, denticulate : stigmas longer than the 224 SOLANACE.E. styles. — Archiv. Apoth. viii. 54; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. t. 693; Choisy, I.e. C. densiflora, Soyer-Willem. in Act. Soc. Linn. Par. iv. 28L. — Flax-fields of Europe, doing much injury, occasionally appearing in those of the Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.) Oedee XCV. SOLANACE^E. Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, commonly rank-scented, with watery juice, alternate leaves and no stipules ; the inflorescence properly terminal and cymose, but variously modified, sometimes scorpioid-racemiform in the manner of Borraginacece and Hydrophyllacem, the pedicels either not accompanied by bracts or not in their axils ; flowers perfect and regular (or only slightly irregular) and 5-4-merous ; the stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla-lobes ; these induplicate- valvate or plicate (rarely merely imbricate) in the bud ; ovary wholly free, nor- mally 2-celled with indefinitely many-ovuled axile placenta?, and surmounted by an undivided style : stigma entire or sometimes bilamellar ; ovules anatropous or amphitropous ; fruit either capsular or baccate ; embryo terete and incurved or coiled, or sometimes almost straight, in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons rarely much broader than the radicle. The leaves, although never truly opposite, are often unequally geminate, so as to appear so. Obviously distinguished from Gon- volvulacece by the greater number and the character of the seeds, less definitely so from Scrophulariacece by the regular flowers with isomerous stamens and plicate or valvate aestivation of the corolla, and centrifugal inflorescence, but in the last tribe nearly confluent with that order by the imperfection or abortion of one or three of the stamens, and some obliquity and bilabiate imbrication of the limb or lobes of the corolla. Nicandra has a regularly 3-5-celled ovary ; that of Lycoper- sicum, &c, becomes several-celled in cultivation ; that of Datura is spuriously 4-celled. Bassovia ? hebepoda, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 407, characterized from a specimen com- municated to De Candolle by Teinturier of New Orleans, in fruit only, is a mere riddle. It is said to resemble Bassovia lucida. Withania Moeisoni, Dunal, 1. c, is doubtless not a Virginian or even a Mexican plant. Erom the figure it is likely to have been W. somnifera, as Dunal suggested. Tribe I. SOLANEiE. Corolla (mostly short) with the regular limb plicate or val- vate in the bud, usually both, i.e. the sinuses or what answers to them plicate and the edges of the lobes induplicate. Stamens (normally 5) all perfect. Fruitbaccate or at least indehiscent, sometimes nearly dry. Seeds flattened: embryo curved or coiled, slender ; the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle. * Anthers longer than their filaments, either connivent or connate into a cone or cylinder: corolla rotate : calyx mostly unchanged in fruit : parts of the flower 5 or varying to more, especially in cultivation. 1. LYCOPERSICUM. Anthers connate into a pointed cone, tipped with an empty closed acumination ; the cells dehiscent longitudinally down the inner face. Otherwise as in the next, but leaves always pinnately compound. 3. SOLANUM. Anthers connivent or lightly connate : the cells opening at the apex by a pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally dehiscent even to the base; the con- nective inconspicuous or obsolete. # # Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores, dehiscent longitudinally. +- Calyx not investing the fruit, nor much changing under it. 3. CAPSICUM. Calyx short, either truncate or merely 5-6-dentate. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-6-cleft, valvate in the bud, not plicate. Anthers oblong or somewhat cordate. Berry, or juiceless and thin-coriaceous pericarp, acrid-pungent, girt only at base by the ■ nearly unchanged calyx. SOLANACEiE. 225 4. SALPICHROA. Calyx 5-parted or 5-clef t ; the divisions narrow, herbaceous. Corolla from tubular to (in ours) short-urceolate, 5-lobed; the lobes short, valvate-induplicate in the bud. Stamens inserted high on the tube of the corolla! Berry globular or'oblong. 5. ORYCTES. Calyx deeply 5-clef t ; the lobes narrow, herbaceous. Corolla short-tubu- lar or oblong, 5-toothed ; the triangular lobes plicate in the bud, apparently erect. Sta- mens inserted on the base of the corolla, included : filaments filiform, unequal : anthers didymous. Berry apparently dry, globose, 10-20-seeded. Embryo apparently of this tribe, but not seen mature. -i— -i— Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not angled. 6. CHAM^SARACHA. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments fili- form : anthers oblong. Berry globose, filling the investing calyx, and its summit usually more or less naked. Pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted -or recurved in fruit. •f— -t- -i— Calyx becoming much enlarged and membranaceous-inflated, enclosing the fruit, reticulate-veiny, ++ Five-toothed or lobed, vesicular in fruit : ovary 2-celled. 7. PHYSALIS. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, plicate in the bud, 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens not connivent. Calyx in fruit 5-angled or 10-costate, and the teeth or short lobes connivent, completely and loosely enclosing the juicy berry. Pedicels solitary. 8. MARGARANTHUS. Corolla urceolate-globose and 5-angular-gibbous above a short narrow base, and with minutely 5-toothed contracted orifice, including the connivent stamens. Otherwise as Physalis. -w- -M- Five-parted calyx connivent-vesicular in fruit : ovary 3-5-celled. 9. NICANDRA. Corolla open-campanulate, with entire or obscurely lobed border, strongly plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform, included, dilated into a pubescent scale at base. Calyx strongly 5-angled ; the scarious-membranaceous and reticulated divisions cordate-sagittate, the deflexed auricles at the sinuses acuminate. Fruit globose, dry or nearly so at maturity. Pedicels solitary, recurved. Tribe II. ATROPE.33. Corolla with the regular limb imbricated in the bud, the sinuses little or not at all plicate. Stamens (4 or 5) all perfect. Baccate fruit and seeds as in trie preceding. 1 0. L YCIUM. Calyx campanulate, irregularly 3-5-toothed or cleft, or somewhat truncate, valvate or nearly so in the bud. Corolla from campanulate to tubular-funnelform or salverform ; the lobes oblong or roundish, plane. Stamens often exserted : filaments filiform: anthers short. Style filiform: stigma capitate or broadly 2-lobed. Berry globular or oblong, subtended by the calyx, few-many-seeded, rather dry. Seeds reni- form or rounded, flattened. Flowers either 5-merous or 4-merous. Tribe III. HYOSCYAJIEiE. Corolla with the limb either plicate or imbricated in the bud. Stamens (5) all perfect. Fruit a capsule. Seeds and embryo as in the preceding tribes. 1 1. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-toothed, in ours at length circumscissile near the base, the base remaining as a peltate border under the fruit (rarely splitting length- wise). Corolla funnelform, with ample spreading border 5-10-toothed, convolute-plicate in the bud. Stamens included or slightly exserted : filaments long and filiform. Style long: stigma bilamellar. Capsule muricate or prickly (rarely smooth), commonly firm and 4-valved from the top, sometimes fleshy and bursting irregularly at the top, 2-celled ; the large many-seeded placentae projecting from the axis into the middle of the cells and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the ovary and fruit are 4-celled except near the top, and the placentas as if borne on the middle of the abnormal partitions. Seeds large, reniform-orbicular. 12. HYOSCYAMTJS. Calyx urceolate or tubular-campanulate with a 5-lobed limb, en- larged and persistent, becoming many-costate and reticulate-veiny, enclosing the capsule. Corolla short-funnelform, with an oblique 5-lobed limb, plicate-imbricated in the bud ; the lobes sometimes conspicuously unequal, those of one side being smaller ! Stamens more or less exserted and declined. Style filiform : stigma capitate-dilated. Cap- sule membranaceous, circumscissile towards the summit, which separates as a lid. Seeds less flattened. Tribe IV. ' CESTRINEvE. Coiolla (usually elongated) with the regular limb in- duplicate-valvate or induplicate-imbricated in the bud. Stamens (mostly 5) all perfect. Fruit either baccate or capsular. Seeds little or not at all flattened. Em- 15 226 SOLANACEiE. Lycoperskuni. bryo either straight or only slightly curved ; the cotyledons usually broader, than the radicle. 13. OESTRUM. Corolla salverform or tubular-f unnelform ; the short lobes induplicate- valvate in the . bud. Filaments filiform : anthers short, explanate after dehiscence. Ovary usually short-stipitate, few-ovuled. Fruit a rather dry globular berry. Seeds few, or by abortion solitary, with a smooth testa : cotyledons usually broad and flat. 14. NICOTIANA. Corolla funnelform or salverform, plicate and somewhat imbricate in the bud. Filaments filiform, mostly included : anthers ovate or oblong, often explanate after dehiscence. Ovary normally 2-celled, with large and thick placentas, bearing very numerous ovules and seeds. Style filiform : stigma depressed-capitate and often 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule, more or less invested by the persistent calyx, septicidal and also usually loculicidal at summit; the valves or teeth thus becoming twice as many as the cells, i.e. usually 4. Seeds very small, with granulate or rugose-foveolate testa : cotyledons little broader than the radicle. Tribe V. SALPIGLOSSIDE^3. Corolla with lobes (either regular or somewhat irregular) plicate or induplicate and also more or less bilabiately imbricated, the two superior external. Stamens 5, conspicuously unequal, four being didynamous and the fifth smaller, the latter (and even one pair of the others) sometimes imperfect or abortive. Seeds globular or angular, not compressed. Embryo curved, or nearly straight, with cotyledons usually broader than the radicle. (Transition to Scrophula- riacew.) # Stamens all five perfect (or rarely the fifth wanting), inserted low down on the funnel- form or salverform corolla, included. 15. PETUNIA. Calyx 5-parted. Anther-cells distinct. Hypogynous disk fleshy. Stigma dilated-capitate, unappendaged. Capsule with 2 undivided valves, parallel with and sepa- rating from the placentiferous dissepiment. 16. BOUCHETIA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, 5-cleft, with narrow lobes. Corolla short- f unnelform. Anthers connivent; their cells somewhat confluent at summit. Hypogy- nous disk none or obscure. Stigma transversely dilated, somewhat reniform. Capsule at length 4-valved. Seed-coat minutely reticulated. * # Stamens 4, didynamous, the fifth a sterile filament, included in the throat of the long- tubed corolla. 17. LEPTOGLOSSIS. Calyx 5-cleft or 6-toothed. Corolla salverform, with slender tube and more or less gibbous ventricose throat, at base of which the stamens are in- serted. Anthers somewhat reniform, confluent at summit; the upper pair much smaller, sometimes imperfect. Stigma or the style under it petaloid-dilated. Capsule membra- naceous, 2-valved ; the valves at length 2-cleft. 1. LYCOPfiRSICUM, Tourn. Tomato, &c. {Jixog, wolf, nsQaaw, peach.) — Chiefly annuals, natives of the warmer parts of America ; with once or twice pinnate leaves, rounded petiolulate leaflets, racemes (so called) of small flowers becoming lateral or opposite the leaves, articulated pedicels reflexed in fruit, and red or yellow pulpy berries, in cultivation esculent and often becoming several-celled. L. esculentum, Mill., var. cerasif6rme. (Cheery-Tomato.) Annual, hirsute on the branches and more or less glandular : leaves interruptedly 1-2-pinnate ; the larger leaflets incised and toothed, the interposed small ones rounder and often entire : calyx little shorter than the yellow corolla : inflorescence bractless : berry globose and even, small. — L. cerasi- forme, Dunal. Solanum Lycopersicurn, var., L. >S. Pseudo-Lycopersicum, Jacq. Vind. t. 11. — The normal form, probably, of the Tomato of the gardens: spontaneous on the southern borders of Texas (Berlandier, &c): introduced from Trop. Amer. . 2. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nightshade, &c. (Late Latin name of Night- shade, probably from solamen, solace.) — Herbs or sometimes shrubs, of various habit; with the leaves (as in many other genera of the order) often geminate, the proper leaf being accompanied by a smaller lateral or extra-axillary (rameal) Solanum. SOLANACEiE. 227 one, and the peduncles also extra-axillary or lateral. Flowers cymose, mostly after the scorpioid manner, or by unilateral suppression in appearance racemose, or rarely solitary, sometimes polygamous through the abortion of the pistil of many of the flowers. A vast genus, generally diffused over the temperate and warmer parts of the world, but sparingly represented in North America. S. Virginiaxum, L. (founded on Dill. Elth. t. 267, and Pluk. Aim. t. 62, fig. 3), is some one of the very prickly exotic species and not of Virginian origin. S. mammosum, L., a West Indian species, attributed to Virginia by Linnjeus and succeed- ing authors, is unknown in the country. The less hairy S. aculeatissimum may sometimes have been taken for it. In Chapman's Flora a form of S. Melongena seems to represent it. S. Texanum, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 359, is probably not Texan, although raised from seed said to have been collected there. It is a plant of the Melongena (Aubergine or Egg- plant) type, and is probably 5. integrifolium, Poir. (S. ^Ethiopicum, Jacq. Vind. t. 2, not L.), and according to Tenore his 5. Lobelii. It has a 7-8-clef t calyx, and the fruit (from a solitary fertile flower) 5-10-celIed. S. Floridaxum, Dunal, 1. c. 306, taken up from an imperfect specimen so named by Shut- tleworth in herb. DC, collected by Rugel at St. Mark's, Florida, is not identified, is prob- ably some waif of ballast ground, and, having long-hairy and retrorse-prickly stems and pinnately parted leaves, caimot be a variety of S. Carolinense, to which Chapman referred it. § 1. Fruit naked, i. e. not enclosed in the accrescent calyx (in one species somewhat so) : stamens all alike. * Tuberiferous-perennial, pinnate-leaved : anthers blunt. S. tuberosum, L. (Potato-plant), var. boreale. Low, more or less pubescent : tubers about half an inch in diameter, sending off long creeping subterranean stolons : leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or oval, and with only one or two interposed small ones, or sometimes none at all: peduncle few-flowered: corolla blue or sometimes white, angulate-5-lobed. — S. Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxii. 285; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 151. — New Mexico, especially in the mountains, and southward: apparently not specifically distinct from the Potato-plant, which extends along the Andes to Chili and Buenos Ayres. S. Jamesii, Torr. Low, » span or so in height : leaflets 5 to 9, varying from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, smoothish ; the lowest sometimes much smaller, but no interposed small ones : peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered : corolla white, at length deeply 5-cleft : otherwise as in the last. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227; Gray, 1. c. — Mountains of Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mexico, probably under several names.) Seems on the whole distinct ; but Fendler's no. 669 belongs here, at least in part. # # Annuals (at least in our climate), simple-leaved, never prickly, but the angles of the stem sometimes minutely denticulate-asperate : anthers blunt: pubescence when present simple: flowers and globose berries small. +- Leaves deeply pinnatifid. S. triflorum, Nutt. Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low and much spreading : leaves oblong and pinnatifid, with wide rounded sinuses ; the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, 3 or 4 lines long, entire or sometimes 1-2-toothed : peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowered : pedicels nod- ding : corolla small, white, a little longer than the 5-p:irted calyx : berries green, as large as a small cherry. — Gen. i. 128. — Plains from Saskatchewan to New Mexico, chiefly as a weed near habitations and in cultivated ground. +- -t— Leaves varying from coarsely toothed to entire : flowers in small pedunculate umbel-like lateral cymes : corolla white and sometimes bluish : berries usually black when ripe, rarely red or yellowish, only as large as peas. (Section Morella, Dunal.) S. nigrum, L. Low, green and almost glabrous, or the younger parts pubescent: leaves mostly ovate with a cuneate base, irregularly sinuate-toothed, repand, or some- times entire, acute or acuminate : calyx much shorter than the corolla. — Includes many and perhaps most of the 50 and more species of Dunal in the Prodromus, weeds or weedy, plants, widely diffused over the world, especially the warmer portions. A. Braun's charac- ters for several species, founded on the hairiness or smoothness of the filaments, length of the anthers and of the style, and whether the calyx is loosely appressed to the ripe berry or reflexed, do not hold out. Our common form, the true S. nigrum, has corolla only 228 SOLANACE^. Solanum. 3 or 4 lines in diameter, filaments more or less hairy inside, style little if at all projecting, and fruiting calyx merely spreading. To this belongs mainly the following, referred to N America by Dunal : viz. S. pterocaulon, Dunal. (Dill. Elth. t. 275, fig. 356), S. crenato-dentatum, ptycanthum, and probably inops, DC. — Common in damp or shady, especially cultivated and waste grounds, appearing as if introduced. (Cosmopolite.) Var. viLi.6suM,jyMll.^Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous: leaves conspicu- ously angulate-dentate, small : filaments glabrous to the base : berries yellow. — S. vil- losum, Lam. — Ballast-grounds, Philadelphia, &c — Var. alAtum (S. datum, Moench, S. mimatum, Benth.), a similar form, but with angled branches and red berries, has reached the shores of San Francisco Bay, California. (Adventive from S. Eu.) Var. Dill^nii. Taller and leaves mostly entire or merely repand : filaments more or less bearded, at least at the base : style exserted or sometimes not exceeding the stamens. — Dill. 1. c. fig. 355. S. Dillenii, Schult, Dunal, 1. c. ; A. Braun, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1853. — Florida to S. America. Entire-leaved forms differ from the next only in the hairy filaments. S. Americanum, Mill. Diet., with glabrous leaves, should be the same, but S. Besseri, Weinm., to which Dunal refers it, is a canescently-puberulent variety, with rather large and entire leaves. (S.American.) Var. nodiflorum. Slender, often tall : leaves entire, rarely few-toothed, acuminate : filaments glabrous : style generally exserted : calyx in fruit reflexed. — S. nodiflorum, Jacq'. Ic. Rar. t. 326. — Texas and New Mexico to S. America. Seems to pass into Var. Douglasii, Gray. Either herbaceous and annual, or southward decidedly with lignescent stem 3 to 5 or even 10 feet high : leaves variously angulate-toothed, or some nearly entire : flowers larger : corolla 5 to 8 lines in diameter, white, or sometimes light blue : filaments hairy inside : fruiting calyx erect. — Bot. Calif, i. 538. S. Douglasii, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 48. S. umbelliferum, var. tracliycladon, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 17, a remarkably large form. — W. California. 8. gracile, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2 or 3 feet high), with virgate spreading branches : leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse, entire or nearly so : corolla white or bluish (about 5 lines in diameter) : filaments slightly hairy inside : style exserted beyond the anthers : stigma rather large : calyx somewhat appressed to the (black) berry. — Hort. Berol.; Dunal, 1. c. 54, not Sendt. — Coast of N. Carolina, Curtis. Ballast-grounds near Philadelphia. (Nat. or adv. from Extra-trop. S. Amer.) # * # Perennial and more or less woody, at least the base, never prickly : anthers merely oblong or linear-oblong, not tapering but very blunt at apex : leaves rarely geminate. H— Pubescence of simple or in one species of branching hairs, never stellate: cells of the anther opening by a short vertical slit at the apex, which extends downward usually for the whole length. ++ Corolla 5-parted : pedicels solitary or few in a lateral fascicle : common peduncle hardly any : berry large, scarlet. S. Pseudo-Capsicum, L. (Jerusalem Cherry.) Low erect shrub, with spreading branches, very leafy, glabrous : leaves oblanceolate or oblong, often repand, bright green and shining, narrowed at base into a short petiole : corolla white : berry globose, scarlet, rarely yellow, half inch or so in diameter. — Cult, for ornament, nat. in Florida, &c, from Madeira, where probably it is not indigenous. ++ -H- Corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft, violet, purple, or sometimes white : peduncles slender,' ter- minal or soon lateral, bearing several flowers in a paniculate or umbel-like cyme; the pedicels nodose-articulated at base : stems or branches mostly sarmentose or flexuous : leaves inclined to be cordate and often 3-lobed : berries small, red. S. Dulcamara, L. (Bittersweet.) More or less pubescent: shrubby stems climbing and somewhat twining several feet high : leaves ovate and acuminate, mostly slightly cordate, some with an auriculate lobe on one or both sides at base, which are sometimes nearly separated into small leaflets : corolla half inch in diameter : berry oval. — Curt. Lond. ii. t. 5; Bigel. Med. t. 18. — Near dwellings and in low grounds, Northern Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) S. triquetrum, Cav. Nearly glabrous : stems suffruticose, flexuous or sarmentose, hardly at all climbing, a foot to a yard high : branches angled but hardly triquetrous : leaves deltoid-cordate (and the larger 2 inches long), varying to hastate, and in smaller forms to hastate-3-lobed or even 5-lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate or linear and prolonged (an inch or only half an inch long) : cymes commonly umbellately few- Solarium. SOLANACEiE. 229 -flowered : pedicels in fruit clavate-thickened at summit : corolla nearly as the preced- ing: berry globose. — Ic. iii. 30, t. 259; Dunal, 1. c. 153, with the small-leaved variety. S. Lindkeimerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 766. — Low grounds and thickets, W. Texas (Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. ) to Arizona 1 Coulter. (Mex.) ++++.++ Corolla angulate-5-lobed, ample and widely rotate, blue or violet, varying to white : peduncles mostly short, terminal or becoming more "or less lateral, thickened often as if into a cupulate node at the articulation of the slender pedicels: "berries purple," the base covered by the appressed moderately accrescent calyx. S. Xanti, Gray. Herbaceous nearly to the base, viscid-pubescent with simple hairs, or glabrate : branches slender : leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, thinnish, entire or undulate- repand, occasionally auriculate-lobed at the base, which is obtuse or rounded, or some of the upper acute, or the larger subcordate : cyme often forked : corolla about an inch in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 90, & Bot. Calif, i. 539. — Calif ornia, throughout the length of the State and into the borders of Nevada : confused in collections with the fol- lowing species. Calyx lobes (as in that) ovate or triangular, equalling or shorter than the short and broad tube. Style much exserted. Pubescence of jointed viscid hairs, some of them gland-tipped. Var. Wallacei, Gray, I.e. Leaves and flowers much larger; the former sometimes 4 inches long, and the violet corolla fully an inch and a half in diameter : branches and the forking cyme villous. — Island of Santa Catalina off San Pedro, California, Wallace. (Coulter's no. 586, without flowers, may be a glabrous form of this.) S. umbelliferum, Esch. Woody below, tomentose-pubescent and cinereous with short many-branched hairs, sometimes glabrate : flowering branchlets mostly short and leafy : leaves rarely ovate and acute, commonly obovate and oblong, obtuse, entire, half inch to an inch or two long, more or less acute or narrowed at base, or the lower and larger ones rounded, on short petiole : umbels short-peduncled, few-several-flowered : corolla about three-fourths inch in diameter. — Esch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. x. 281. S. Californicum & S. genistoides, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 86 ; the latter a starved and twiggy very small-leaved form, of arid soil or the dry season. — California, common from the foot-hills to the coast, pro- ducing handsome blue (rarely white) flowers throughout the season. -I— -i— Pubescence of stellate hairs or down: cells of the anther opening only by a short terminal transverse slit or hole: corolla 5-parted, downy outside: peduncles usually terminal, erect, rather long and stout, bearing a many-flowered cyme. S. verbascifolium, L. Shrub erect, very soft-tomentose throughout: leaves ovate, rounded at base (4 to 10 inches long), entire, very hoary beneath : corolla white, its lobes ovate : ovary woolly. — Jacq. Vind. i. t. 13. — Key West, Florida; also in Mexico near the Texan borders. (Tropics.) S. Blodgettii, Chapm. Shrub spreading, with rather slender branches, hoary with a fine somewhat furf uraceous and roughish pubescence : leaves narrowly oblong, obtusish at both ends (3 to 5 inches long), greenish and roughish above, soft and caneseent beneath, entire : cyme twice or thrice forked : pedicels as long as the flower, erect in fruit : corolla white, deeply 5-parted, its lobes lanceolate (4 lines long) : ovary glabrous : berry green, turn- ing red. — Fl. 349. — Key West, &c, South Florida, Dr. Easier, Blodgett, Palmer. Perhaps merely an unarmed form of some normally prickly species, allied to S. lancecefolium and S. igneurn. # # * # Perennials, or one or two introduced weeds here annuals, more or less prickly : anthers more or less elongated and tapering at the apex; the cells opening only by a terminal hole: berries in all our species glabrous. +- Corolla deeply 5-parted and not plaited : leaves entire : scurfy down stellate : calyx 5-toothed : peduncles terminal or soon lateral: berries red. S. Bahamense, L. Shrubby, beset with straight and subulate tawny prickles : leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtusely pointed or obtuse (2 to 4 inches long), sometimes repand, stellate-scurfy with a minute roughish pubescence, which is denser but scarcely caneseent beneath: flowers racemose, on slender pedicels which are recurved in fruit: divisions of the purplish or whitish corolla (3 or 4 lines long) linear with tapering tips, a little hairy. — Dill. Elth. t. 271, fig. 250. S. radula, Chapm., 1. c. not Vahl. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. (W. Ind.) +- -f— Corolla 5-parted and not plaited: leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid: no scurf, and the pubescence all of simple hairs: calyx deeply 5-cleft: anthers broadly lanceolate: peduncles 230 SOLANACE^E. Solarium. lateral, short, few-flowered : berries smooth, becoming red or yellow. (Tropical American, spar- ingly introduced as weeds on and near the coast of Southern Atlantic States, growing as annuals.) S. ACr/LEATfssiMUM, Jacq. Villous with scattered long and weak jointed hairs, or soon nearly glabrate, beset (even to the calyx) with slender-subulate straight prickles : leaves pretty large, membranaceous, ovate or slightly cordate, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid : corolla white, its lobes ovate-lanceolate : berry globose : seeds very flat and thin, with a membra- naceous border. — Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 41. — Waste grounds, a weed near dwellings, from N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. (Nat. from tropics.) -1— H— H— Corolla 5-cleft or angulate-5-lobed, plicate in the bud : pubescence all or partly stellate. ++ Indigenous perennials, a foot or two high, with deep running rootstocks : corolla violet, rarely white: anthers lanceolate or linear-lanceolate: pedicels recurved or reflexed in fruit: mature berries naked, merely subtended by the calyx. S. elaeagnifolium, Cav. Silvery-canescent all over by the dense and close scurf-like pubescence, composed of many-rayed stellate hairs : stems often woody at base : prickles small and acicular, sometimes copious, sometimes nearly or wholly wanting: leaves lan- ceolate and varying to oblong and to linear, rather obtuse, sinuate-repand or entire : cymes at first terminal, short-peduncled, few-flowered: pedicels rather long: calyx 5- angled, with slender lobes fully as long as the tube : corolla moderately 5-lobed, about an inch in diameter ; the lobes triangular-ovate : ovary white-tomentose : berry globose, seldom half an inch in diameter, yellowish, or at length black. — Ic. iii. t. 243. S. leprosum, Ort. Dec. ix. 115; Dunal, Sol. t. 12, a prickly and sinuate-leaved form. S. Jlavidum, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227. S. Hindsianum, Benth. Sulph. 39. S. Texense, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 45. S. Rosmerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 767. — Prairies and plains, Kansas to Texas, and west to S. Arizona. (Lower Calif., Mex., Extra-trop. S. Amer.) S. Torreyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close furfuraceous pubescence composed of about equally 9-12-rayed hairs : prickles small and subulate, scanty along the stem and midribs, or sometimes nearly wanting : leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, sinuately 5-7-lobed (4 to 6 inches long); the lobes entire or undulate, obtuse, unarmed : cymes at first terminal, loose, 2-3-fid : lobes of the calyx (often 6) short-ovate with a long abrupt acumihation : corolla an inch and a half in diameter ; its lobes broadly ovate : berry globose, an inch in diameter, yellow when mature. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 44. S. platyphyUum, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227, not HBK. glabrous or merely puberulent up to the more or less viscid-pubescent strict thyrsus : stems slender : cauline leaves mostly linear-lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long, the serrations when present very acute or subulate) ; the radical spatu- late or oblong : peduncles 2-several-flowered : corolla tubular-funnelform or almost cylin- 268 SCROPHULARIACE^E. Pentstemon. draeeous, lilac-purple or sometimes whitish, three-fourths to nearly an inch long ; the throat open. — Gen. ii. 52 ; Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2945 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1541 ; Benth. 1. c. P. pubescens, var. gracilis, Gray, Proc. 1. c. partly. — Saskatchewan to Wyoming, and south in the mountains to Colorado. Intermediate between the preceding and following: distinguished from slender forms of the latter by the open mouth and nearly terete throat of the narrow corolla. t P. pubescens, Solander. Stem a foot or two high, viscid-pubescent, or sometimes glabrous up to the inflorescence.: cauline leaves from oblong to lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), usually denticulate ; the lowest and radical ovate or oblong : thyrsus loosely-flow- ered, mostly naked, narrow : flowers drooping : corolla dull violet or purple, or partly whitish, an inch long, very moderately dilated above the short proper tube, carinate- angled for the whole length of the upper and deeply plicate-bisulcate on the lower side, the upper part of the intrusive portion villous-bearded and forming a sort of palate ; orifice crescentic or almost closed ; the lips and their lobes short : sterile filament densely bearded far down. — Ait. Kew. ii. 360; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1424; Gray, 1. u. excl. syn. P. laevigatas. Chelone hirsute/,, L. C. Pentstemon, L. Mant. 415. Asarina caule erecto, &c, Mill. Ic. t. 152. Pentstemon hirsutus, Willd. Spec. iii. 227. P. Mackayanus, Knowles in Fl. Cab. ii. 117, t. 74. P. longifolius, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 764 % — Dry or rocky grounds, from Canada to Iowa and south to Florida and Texas. P. lsevigatus, Solander, 1. c. Mostly glabrous up to the glandular inflorescence : stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves of firmer texture and somewhat glossy ; cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate with subcordate-clasping base, 2 to 5 inches long: thyrsus broader: corolla about an inch long, white and commonly tinged with purple, abruptly cainpanulate- inflated above the proper tube, more or less obliquely ventricose, obscurely angled down the upper side, not at all intruded on the lower; orifice widely ringent, sparingly slender- bearded at base of the lower lip : sterile filament thinly bearded above. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1425 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 21 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 427. Chelone Pentstemon, L. Spec. ed. 2, 850, excl. syn. Arduin, Moris. &c. ; Lam. 111. t. 528. P. pubescens, var. multiflorus, Benth. in DC. 1. u. (P. Digitalis, var. multiflorus, Chapm.) ; a small-flowered and small-fruited form, answering to the figure by Lam. P. glaucophyllus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 763'? — Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Florida and westward, where the commoner form is Var. Digitalis. Stem sometimes 5 feet high : corolla larger and more abruptly in- flated, white. — P- Digitalis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 181 ; Keichenb. Exot. v. t. 292 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2587 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 327 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 328. Chelone Digitalis, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 120. Penn. to Illinois, Arkansas, &c. P. glallCUS, Graham. Glabrous up to the inflorescence, more or less glaucous : stems dwarf or ascending, a span to a foot high : leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate or the radical oblong-ovate (one or two inches long), entire or denticulate: thyrsus short and compact, either simple or compound, villous-pubeseent and viscid or glandular : corolla dull lilac or violet-purple, less than an inch long, campanulate-ventricose above the very short proper tube, gibbous, not at all plicate-sulcate ; the orifice widely ringent; the broad lower lip sparsely villous-bearded within : sterile filament bearded mostly at and near the apex only. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1829, 348; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1286; Gray, Proc. 1. c. P. glaber, var. stenosepalus, Regel in Act. Petrop. iii. 121 ? — Rocky Mountains north of 49° (Drummond) to Wyoming and Utah ; southward, chiefly in the form of Var. stenosepalus, Gray, 1. c. Sometimes over a foot high : thyrsus compara- tively small and glomerate : sepals attenuate-lanceolate : corolla dull whitish or purplish. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah near the upper borders of the wooded region. = = Sterile filament, beardless (rarely with a few minute short hairs), sometimes completely antheriferous in certain flowers. P. "Whippleanus, Gray. Glabrous up to the inflorescence or nearly so : stems slender, a foot long, ascending from a decumbent base, leafy : leaves, membranaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong, entire or repand-denticulate, acute or acuminate, commonly 2 inches long; lower petioled ; upper cauline closely sessile or partly clasping by a broad base : thyrsus loosely few-flowered: peduncles 2 to 5, slender, 2-3-flowered: pedicels and the narrowly linear-lanceolate lax and attenuate sepals villous, somewhat viscid : corolla an inch long, campanulate-ventricose above the short proper tube, decidedly bilabiate ; the lower lip longer than the nearly erect 2-lobed upper one, sparsely long-bearded within : sterile fila- Penlstemon. SCR0PHULARIACE2E. 269 ment dilated, uncinate at tip. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 73. — New Mexico, Sandia Mountains, Bigelow. Corolla in size and shape, and probably color, resembling that of P. glaucus. P. deiistus, Dougl. Completely glabrous; the calyx at most obscurely granular-prui- nose or glandular : stems a span to a foot high in tufts from a woody base, rigid : leaves coriaceous, from ovate to oblong-linear or lanceolate (an inch or two long), irregularly and rigidly dentate or acutely serrate, or some of them entire ; upper cauline closely sessile : thyrsus virgate or more paniculate, mostly many-flowered: peduncles and pedicels short: sepals from ovate to lanceolate, nearly niarginless : corolla ochroleucous or dull white, rarely with a tinge of purple, half inch or less long, either narrowly or rather broadly fun- nelform; the short lobes widely spreading. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1318; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c, & Bot. Calif, i. 559 ; Watson, Bot. King, 222, who has seen the " filament bearded with yellow hairs." P. heterander, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 123, t. 8, a narrow- leaved form having the fifth filament in some flowers antheriferous. — Dry interior region, California, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, and north to the borders of Brit. Columbia and Montana. P. heterodoxus. A span or more high, leafy, glabrous nearly up to the inflorescence : leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, entire ; the cauline closely sessile : thyrsus short, compact, viscid-pubescent : sepals lanceolate : corolla 7 lines long, narrow-tubular, hardly dilated up to the small limb, probably purplish : fifth filament filiform, resembling the others, in some flowers completely antheriferous. — P. Fremonti, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 022, not of Torr. & Gray. — High mountain near Donner Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, California, Torrey. Species imperfectly known, from insufficient specimens. •w- -H- Leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, entire : stems low-cespitose or spreading, leafy to summit, often suffrutescent at base, few-flowered : corolla over half inch long, mostly purple or blue, narrowly f unnelform : sterile filament bearded down one side. = Leaves green and mostly glabrous, broad, half to quarter inch wide. P. Harbourii, Gray. Tufted nearly simple stems 2 to 4 inches high, puberulent : leaves about 3 pairs, thickish, obovate, oval, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, these sessile by a broad base: thyrsus reduced to 2 or 3 crowded short-pedicelled flowers : sepals ovate- oblong, villous and somewhat viscid : corolla little bilabiate, with rather broad cylindra- ceous throat and tube, barely twice the length of the round-oval lobes; lower lip bearded within. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. — High alpine region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, Hall & Harbour, Parry. — = Leaves cinereous or canescent, a line or two wide : sepals lanceolate : corolla narrowly fun- giform, mostly three-fourths inch long : flowering along the short stems in the axils of the leaves : short peduncles leafy-bracteolate, 1-3-flowered. P. pumilus, Nutt. Canescent (even to the marginless sepals) with a dense and fine short pubescence : stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy : leaves lan- ceolate or the lower spatulate (the latter, including the attenuate base or margined petiole, an inch or more long) : corolla with regularly funnelform throat, glabrous within : sterile filament sparsely short-bearded, or more abundantly at the tip. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 46 ; Gray, 1. c. 67. — Rocky Mountains in Montana? " on Little Goddin River," Wyeth. A small and few-flowered plant. Var. Thompsonise. Cespitose, from half inch to 4 inches high, suffrutescent at base: stems copiously flowering for their whole length: lowest leaves obovate; upper lanceolate : corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long. — S. Utah, Mrs. Thompson, dipt. Bishop (a dwarf and depressed form), also Siler, Palmer, a more developed and elongated form, with corolla apparently bright blue. Var. incanus. A small and very white-hoary form, few-flowered : leaves only 2 or 3 lines long, spatulate and obovate, more mucronate : corolla half inch long, slightly hairy within down the lower side, somewhat as in the next.— Pahranagat Mountains, S. J5. Nevada, Miss Searls. S. W. Utah, Siler. P. OEespitosus, Nutt. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, spreading, forming depressed broad tufts 2 to 4 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear (3 to 8 lines long, including the tapering base or margined petiole) : peduncles mostly seeund and horizontal, but with the flower upturned : sepals more acuminate, and the margins below obscurely scarious : corolla tubular-funnelform, and the lower side biplicate, the narrow folds sparsely villous within : sterile filament strongly and densely bearded. — Gray, Proc. 270 SCK.OPHULARIACE.3E. Pentstemon. Am. Acad. vi. 66; Watson, Bot. King, 219. — Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, W. Colorado, and Utah, Nuttall, Hall & Harbour, Parry, Watson. Var. sufiruticosus. A span or more high from a stouter woody base : leaves from spatulate to obovate and more petioled, thicker, glabrate : sepals less acuminate : corolla and stamens not seen : probably a distinct species. — Utah near Beaver, Palmer, in fruit. ++++++ Leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate with tapering base or linear-spatulate to filiform, entire : stems or branches racemosely several-many-fluwered. = Stem herbaceous to the base, very simple, a foot or two high : corolla broad : sterile filament glabrous : peduncles mostly opposite. P. virgatus, Gray. Minutely glandular"-pruinose or glabrous : stem strict and elongated : thyrsus virgate : leaves all linear-lanceolate (1£ to 4 inches long) : peduncles short, 1-3- flowered : sepals ovate : corolla lilac with purple veins, three-fourths inch long, abruptly dilated into a broadly campanulate funnelform throat (as wide as long), distinctly bilabi- ate; the broad lips widely spreading: stamens nearly equalling the lips. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 112, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 66. — New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, Wright, &c. Inflorescence and corolla in the manner of P. secundifloms. = = Stems or tufted branches mostlv simple from a woody base (or herbaceous in the last species), low : sterile filament longitudinally bearded : short peduncles commonly alternate. P. linarioid.es, Gray, 1. c. Cinereous, minutely pruinose-puberulent : stems much crowded on the woody base, filiform, rigid, very leafy, 6 to 18 inches high : leaves 6 to 12 lines long, from oblanceolate-linear (at most a line wide) to nearly filiform, mucronulate; the floral short and subulate : thyrsus racemiform or sometimes paniculate ; only the lower peduncles 2-4-flowered : pedicel shorter than the ovate or oblong acuminate sepals : corolla lilac or purple, half inch or more long, with dilated-funnelform throat, less bilabiate than in the preceding; lower lip conspicuously bearded at base. — Arid grounds, New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Parry, &c. Var. Sileri. A dwarf and suff ruticulose form, with smaller and fewer flowers, mostly 1-flowered peduncles subtended by proportionally longer floral leaves, and the lower lip less bearded. — P. cmspitosus, var., Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 346, a much reduced form. — S. Utah, Siler, Parry. P. Gairdneri, Hook. Cinereous-puberulent : stems a span high, rigid : leaves linear or the lower more or less spatulate, obtuse, half to full inch long : thyrsus short and simple : peduncles usually one-flowered : sepals oblong-ovate, glandular-viscid : corolla half inch long, narrowly funnelform, obscurely bilabiate, purple. — Fl. ii. 99; Gray, 1. c. — Dry inte- rior of Washington Terr., Oregon, and W. Nevada. P. larioifolius, Hook. & Arn. Glabrous : lignescent caudex not rising above the soil : leaves very slender, when dry filiform (the larger a fourth of a line wide, and with margins revolute, an inch or less long), much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on the (2 or 5 inch long) filiform flowering stems : flowers few, loosely racemose, slender- pedicelled : sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla tubular-funnelform, half inch long ; the small limb obscurely bilabiate. — Bot. Beech. 376 ; Gray, 1. c. — Interior of Oregon and Wyoming. = = = Stems paniculately branching and slender, woody toward the base : corolla between funnelform and salverform: sterile filament glabrous: peduncles slender, opposite, all the upper one-flowered. P. ambiguus, Torr. Glabrous, a foot or two high, diffuse and often much branched : leaves filiform, or the lowest linear and the floral slender-subulate : inflorescence loosely paniculate : sepals ovate, acuminate : corolla rose-color and flesh-color turning to white ; the rotately expanded limb oblique but obscurely bilabiate ; lobes orbicular-oval ; throat or its lower side somewhat hairy: sterile filament sometimes imperfectly antheriferous. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 228, & Marcy "Rep. t. 16; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 64. — Plains of E. Colorado and New Mexico to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. foliosus, Benth. I. c, is an. undeveloped state. Corolla in the typical form with a narrow and somewhat curved tube and throat, of half inch in length : but it passes into Var. Thurberi, Gray, 1. c. (P. Thurberi, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 15), with shorter tube and more dilated throat/ The two extremes of this have, in the larger forms, limb of corolla half inch in diameter with tube and throat together only 3 lines long (Ari- zona, Palmer, &c); in the smallest, corolla-limb only half the size, with tube and throat 2 or 3 lines long (Arizona and adjacent Mex., Wislizenus, Rothrock). New Mexico, Arizona, and S. Utah. Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 271 ++++++++ Leaves pinnatety parted into narrowly linear divisions ! P. dissectus, Ell. Merely puberulent : stem slender, 2 feet high : leaves in rather dis- tant pairs; radical and lowest not seen; upper with 7 to 11 obtuse entire divisions, of barely half line in width, on a rhachis of equal breadth : thyrsus long-peduncled, umbelli- form or triradiate, few-flowered: pedicels slender: sepals ovate-oblong: corolla '-purple," 9 lines long, oblong-f unnelf orm ; the limb obscurely bilabiate : sterile filament bearded at the apex. — Sk. i. 129; Gray, 1. c — Middle Georgia, "Jackson," Darby. , § 2. Saccanth^ka, Benth. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped ; the cells confluent at the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends down both cells only to the middle ; the base remaining closed and saccate, some- times hirsute, never lanate. Pacific-States species, herbaceous or some rather woody at base, mostly with ample and showy flowers. * Soft-pubescent and viscid, with broad and thinnish leaves mostly serrate or denticulate. P. glandulosus, Lindl. Stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : radical leaves ovate or oblong, 6 or 8 inches long, dentate : cauline from cordate-clasping to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, usually denticulate or few-toothed : thyrsus contracted and interrupted, leafy below : cymes short-pedunculate, few-several-flowered : sepals attenuate-lance- olate, lax : corolla lilac, over an inch long, with f unnelform-inflated throat, and rather short broad and spreading lips : sterile filament glabrous. — Bot. Reg. t. 1262 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3688; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 330; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 74. P. staticifolius, Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 1770. — Mountain woods and along streams, Oregon and Washington Terr, to Idaho. # * Glabrous or merely puberulent : leaves serrate, incisety dentate, or sometimes Iaciniate : sterile filament more or less hairy above : corolla funnelform and moderately bilabiate, lilac, purple, or light violet, -I— Over an inch long : calyx remarkably small. P. venustus, Dougl. Very glabrous : stems rather strict and simple, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves thickish in texture, oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, closely and subulately serrate (about 2 inches long) : thyrsus naked, mostly narrow : pe- duncles 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, only a line or two long, much shorter than the proper and narrow tube of the corolla : upper part of fertile filaments and of the sterile one (as also usually anthers and lobes of the corolla within) sparsely pilose. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1309 ; Benth. 1. u. ; Gray, 1. c. P. ammnus, Kunze in Linn. • xvi. littbl. 107? — Oregon and Idaho. -)— -i— Corolla barely or less than an inch long : calyx and pedicels mostly puberulent or viscid- glandular : stems (a foot or two high) ascending or diffuse : thyrsus paniculate. P. diffusus, Dougl. Leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper subcordate, sharply and unequally and sometimes laciniately serrate (1| to 4 inches long): thyrsus commonly interrupted and leafy : pedicels mostly shorter than the ovate or lanceolate and acuminate (sometimes laciniate-toothed) sepals: corolla three-fourths inch long: anthers glabrous: sterile filament villous-bearded above. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1132; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3645 ; Gray, 1. c. P. serrulatus, Menzies in Hook. Fl. ii. 95. P. argutus, Paxt. Mag. Bot. vi. 271, appears to be a form of this, connecting with the next species. — Wooded or rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. P. Richardsonii, Dougl. Stems often loosely branching: leaves ovate- to narrowly lanceolate in outline, from incised to laciniate-pinnatifid ; the upper commonly alternate or scattered: thyrsus loosely panicled: sepals (ovate or oblong) and pedicels often gland- ular and viscid : corolla three-fourths to an inch long : sterile filament sparingly villous- bearded at apex. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1121 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3391 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1641. — Bare rocks, &c, Oregon and Washington Terr. P. triph^llus, Dougl. Stems slender, about a foot high, usually simple : cauline leaves lanceolate or linear (an inch or so long), rigid, from denticulate to irregularly pin- natifid-laciniate ; the upper sometimes ternately verticillate, sometimes alternate : thyrsus narrow, loosely paniculate : sepals lanceolate, acuminate: corolla comparatively small and narrow, half to two-thirds inch long: sterile filament densely bearded at apex. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1245; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. — Rocks, &c, Oregon to British Columbia. 272 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Penlstemon. * * # Glabrous or merely puberulent : leaves all entire, -t— Corolla blue or violet, half inch long, slender-funnelform, moderately bilabiate: sterile filament lightly bearded. P. gracilentus, Gray. Stems slender from a lignescent base, a foot or more high, rather few-leaved, naked above, terminating in a loose and rather simple paniculate thyr- sus : leaves glabrous and green, lanceolate, or the upper linear and the lowest sometimes oblong, all narrowed at base: peduncles (and calyx) viscid-puberulent, 2-5-fl.owered; the lower elongated : pedicels short : corolla-lobes only 2 lines long, moderately spreading. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 83, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 75, & Bot. Calif, i. 561. — Mountains; N. Cali- fornia and adjacent parts of Oregon and Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet. +- ■+— Corolla blue to purple, more ventricose-funnelform, short-bilabiate, two-thirds to an inch and a half long: sterile filament glabrous. (Species too nearly allied, mostly , lignescent or rather shrubby at base.) ++ Inflorescence and calyx glandular or viscid-pubescent: thyrsus open-paniculate. P. lfetus, Gray. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, above glandular- pubescent : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and the lowest spatulate : sepals ovate or oblong, herbaceous: corolla an inch long, blue. — Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 147, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Open and dry grounds, California to the mountains above the Yosemite and apparently even to Siskiyou Co. P. Rcezli, Regel. Smaller, a span to a foot high, below glabrous or minutely puberu- lent : leaves all lanceolate or linear, or the lower oblanceolate : thyrsus either narrow or more diffuse and compound, with the branches divergent : corolla smaller (from half to two-thirds inch long) and narrower, pale blue or violet. — Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 326, & Gartenfl. 1872, t. 239 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 567. P. heterophyllus, var.? Torr. & Gray in Pacif. K. Rep. ii. 122. — Drier parts of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Kern Co. to frontiers of Oregon and adjacent Nevada. Approaches smaller forms of the preceding. ■H- ++ Inflorescence and calyx, as well as foliage, perfectly glabrous or else minutely puberulent without glahdulosity : thyrsus usually narrow. P. Kliigii, "Watson. Hardly glaucous: stems a span or so high from the depressed ligneous base, leafy to the top, erect or ascending : leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate-linear, acutish or obtuse, mostly narrowed to the base, an inch or so long : thyrsus strict, 1 to 5 inches long : sepals ovate-lanceolate and slender-acuminate, equalling the capsule : corolla comparatively small (two-thirds inch long), '"purple." — Nevada and Utah, from the W. Humboldt to the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains, Watson, &c. P. azureus, Benth. Glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent : stems erect or ascending, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves from narrowly to ovate-lanceolate or even broader, the uppermost wider at base : thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated : sepals ovate, with or without a conspicuous acumination : corolla from 1 to 1-J- inches long, azure-blue verging or changing to violet, the base sometimes reddish ; the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter. — PI. Hartw. 327; Gray, 1. c. ; "Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 64; Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 211; Moore, Mag. 1850, t. 209." — Dry ground, California, apparently through the length of the State, com- mon on the Sacramento, &c. Founded on a rather narrow-leaved form, but varies greatly in the foliage. Var. Jaflrayanus, Gray, 1. c. A low form : leaves oblong or oval, or the upper ovateJanceolate or ovate, very glaucous : peduncles 1-5-fIowered : flowers large. — P. Jaffraxjamus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5045. P. glaucifolius, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82. P. heterophyllus, var. latifolius, Watson, Bot. King, 222 ! — Northern part of California and through the Sierra Nevada, also eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains in Utah, if the syn. Bot. King is rightly referred. Var. parvulus. Less than a foot high : leaves oblong and oval, barely an inch long : many-flowered thyrsus rather open : sepals broadly ovate : corolla hardly three-fourths inch long: would be referred to the preceding variety, except for the smaller flowers; — Northern part of California, in mountains above Jackson Lake, at 8,000 feet, Greene. Var. angustissimus, the extreme narrow-leaved form : leaves narrowly linear or sometimes the uppermost narrowly lanceolate from a broad base. — Yosemite Valley, &c. Var. ambigUUS, a rather tall form, paniculately branched and slender, with lanceo- late and linear leaves all narrowed at base in the manner of the following species, but pale and glaucescent, and the corolla violet-blue (only an inch or less long) : sepals remarkably Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 273 small, ovate, merely mncronate. — P. heterophyllus, Watson, Bot. King, 222. — Canons of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, viz. of the Provo and American Fork, Watson, &c. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Green, seldom glaucescent : stems or branches 2 to 5 feet high from a woody base, slender : leaves lanceolate or linear, or only the lowest oblong- lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base : corolla an inch or sometimes more in length, with narrow tube rose-purple or pink, sometimes changing toward violet ; the bud often yellow- ish : otherwise hardly distinguishable from narrow-leaved forms of the preceding. — Bot. Reg. t. 1899; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 376; Bot. Mag. t. 3853; Gray, 1. c — Dry banks, through the western and especially the southern part of California. -i — H — H — Corolla scarlet-red, tubular-funnelform, conspicuously bilabiate, an inch long: sterile filament glabrous. P. Bridgesii, Gray. A foot or two high from a lignescent base, glabrous up to the vir- gate secund thyrsus, or pruinose-puberulent : leaves from spatulate-lanceolate to linear; the floral reduced to small subulate bracts: peduncles (1-5-flowered) and pedicels short: these and the ovate or oblong sepals glandular-viscid : lips of the narrow corolla fully one- third the length of the tubular portion; the upper erect and 2-lobed; the lower 3-parted and its lobes recurved : anthers deeply sagittate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379, & Bot. Calif. i. 560. — Rocky banks, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite southward, on Wil- liams Mountain, N. Arizona, and S. W. Colorado (Brandegee). P. Nuttallii, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 120, is wholly doubtful, perhaps P. lazvigatus. P. Cerrosexsis, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 19,jErom Cerros Island, off the coast of Lower California, is said to have a tubular yellow corolla, 3-nerved sepals, &c. Probably not of this genus. P. canoso-barbatum and P. rostriflorum, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 15, Californian species, remain wholly obscure. 12. CHIONOPHILiA, Benth. (Xicov, snow, and epilog, beloved, growing on snow-capped mountains.) — DC. Prodr. x. 351 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 942. — Single species : fl. summer. C. Jamesii, Benth. 1. c. Dwarf perennial, glabrous or nearly so : leaves thickish, entire, mostly radical in'a tuft, spatulate or lanceolate, tapering into a scarious sheathing base; those on the scape-like (1 to 3 inches high) flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally alternate, linear : spike few-many-flowered, dense, mostly secund, imbricate-bracteate : bracts shorter than the flowers : corolla over half inch long, dull cream-color, in anthesis twice the length of the calyx, at length more nearly enclosed by it. — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 252. — Colorado Rocky Mountains, in the high alpine region, first col- lected by Dr. James, in Long's Expedition, on James', now Pike's Peak. 13. MiMULUS, L. Monkey-flower. (Latin diminutive of mimus, a mime, from the grinning corolla.) — Large genus, of wide dispersion, but far most largely N. American ; with opposite simple leaves, and usually showy flowers from the axils, or becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper leaves to bracts. Chiefly herbs, one polymorphous species shrubby; fl. in summer; sev- eral cultivated for ornament. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 563, & Proc. Am. Acad, xi. 95; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Mimulus, Diplacus (Nutt.), Eunanus, & Herpestis § Mimuloides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. § 1. EcNixus, Gray. Annuals, mostly very low, glandular-pubescent or viscid : flowers sessile or short-pedicelled : calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed ; the angles and teeth more or less plicate-carinate : corolla in the typical species with long and slender tube : anthers approximate in pairs, forming crosses : upper part of style pubescent or glandular : stigma variable, not rarely f unnelform or peltate-petaloid : placentee separated in dehiscence and borne by the half -dissepiment on the middle of each valve. — Eunanus, Benth. in DC. 18 274 SCROPHULAKIACE^. Mlmulm. # Capsule cartilaginous, 2-4-sulcate, tardily dehiscent, oblique or gibbous at base : calyx gibbous nt base and very oblique at the orifice : corolla purple or violet, with spotted or variegated throat : leaves entire or obscurely few-toothed. -1— Corolla-tube filiform and long-exserted, in the earlier state much longer than the stems, an inch or more in length. — (Enoe, Gray in PI. Hartw. 329. Mimulus § (Enoe, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 503. M. tricolor, Lindl. Leaves from oblong to linear, obscurely nerved, with narrowed base nearly sessile : calyx hardly gibbous at base, ampler toward the very oblique orifice : corolla about inch and a half long, with short-funnelform throat, lips of about equal length, and lobes similar : capsule short-oval or ovate, slightly compressed rather acutely angled before and behind : seeds obovate, oblique, much larger than in related species. — Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 222 (June, 1849) ; Gray, 1. u. Eunanus Coulteri, Gray in Benth. PI. Hartw. 329, Aug. 1849. — California, from the valley of the Sacramento to Mendocino Co. and eastward, Plumas Co. Stem when beginning to flower only a quarter inch high, at length may reach 3 inches. Var. angustatus, Gray, 1. c. Leaves small and linear or nearly so : more slender tube of corolla sometimes nearly 2 inches long. — Plumas to Placer Co., Bolander, &c. M. Douglasii," Gray, 1. c. Leaves ovate or oblong, the 3-5-nerved base contracted into a petiole : calyx soon very gibbous at base on upper side : lower lip of corolla very much shorter than the ample erect lower one, or even obsolete ; the throat more amply funnel- form : capsule linear or linear-oblong, terete, 4-sulcate, gibbous or somewhat inflexed at tlie very base : seeds oval, small, apiculate at both ends, as in all the following species of the section : stigma very variable. — M. nanus, var. subunijlorus, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 378. Eunanus Douglasii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 374. — California, on gravelly banks, throughout the length of the State. Stem from a quarter of an inch to 6 inches high : corolla an inch to one and a half inches long, -f— -i— Corolla-tube hardly exserted from the calyx : flowers not surpassing the subtending leaf. M. latifolius, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-pubescent : stem a span high, loosely branching : leaves all broadly ovate or oval, slightly petioled, membranaceous, 6-nerved at base, 9 to 12 lines long : calyx in flower hardly oblique, in fruit very gibbous : corolla pink-purple, half to three-fourths inch long ; the funnelform throat as long as the tube : capsule narrowly oblong, laterally sulcate. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Palmer. # # Capsule coriaceous or membranaceous, symmetrical : calyx equal at base, campanulate or short-oblong : stigma peltate-f unnelform, and entire or obscurely 2-lo13e"d. — § Eunanus, Grav, Bot. Calif, i. 564. 4— Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines long; the tube slender and exserted: calyx-teeth nearly equal. M. leptaleus, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-puberulent, 1 to 3 inches high, at length much branched : leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 6 lines long : calyx-teeth ovate or triangular, not equalling the oblong-ovate obtuse capsule : corolla crimson, with filiform tube, small throat, and oblique limb 1J to 3 lines wide. — California, in gravelly soil of the Sierra Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet. H— - -4— Corolla ampler, half to fully three-fourths inch long, funnelform, with widely spreading limb and throat gradually narrowed downward into the included or partly exserted tube : stems from an inch to a span or more high. (Species nearly related.) ++ Calyx hardly at all oblique ; the teeth almost equal in length. M. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Leaves oblong ; the upper ovate, acute or acuminate : calyx- teeth very acutely subulate from a broad base (2 or less lines long), half the length of the broadly campanulate tube, the anterior ones narrower ; throat of the corolla cylindraceous, and the ample limb rotate (crimson with yellow centre) : capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish, a little exceeding the calyx; the valves membranaceous. — Eunanus Bigelovii, Gray in Pacif, R. Rep. iv. 121. — S. California, W. Nevada, and S. Utah. M. nanus, Hook. & Arn. Leaves from obovate or oblong to lanceolate : calyx-teeth broadly lanceolate or triangular, acute (a line long), a quarter of the length of the tube : corolla sometimes rose-purple, sometimes yellow : capsule with tapering apex rather exceeding the calyx; the valves chartaceous. — Bot. Beech. I.e. 378, (var. pluriflorus) ; Gray, 1. c. Eunanus Tolmiosi, Benth. 1. c. E. Fremonti, Watson, Bot. King, 226, not Benth. — Hills, &c, Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent parts of Nevada and Oregon to Wyoming. Mirnulus. SCROPHULAPJACE^. 275 Var. bicolor, Gray, 1. c. A doubtful and insufficiently known form ; with throat of corolla short and abruptly dilated, dark purple; the limb yellow. — Eunanus bicolor, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 381. — High Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co., Brewer. M. Fremonti, Gray, 1. e. Leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest spatulate, obtuse : calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse or acutish (less than a line long), less than a quarter the length of the tube, surpassing the proper tube of the crimson corolla. — Eunanus Fremonti, Benth. 1- c. — California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward and eastward, first coll. by Fremont. ++ ++ Calyx decidedly oblique at the orifice; the teeth unequal, reaching to the base of the fun- nelform throat of the" corolla: stem rather slender: leaves quite entire. M. Parryi, Gray, 1. c. Not pubescent, minutely glandular, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves oblong or oblanceolate, half inch long : teeth of the campanulate calyx acute ; the upper and larger one ovate; the others subulate from a broad base, a third or fourth the length of the tube : corolla yellow or pink, two-thirds inch long : capsule oblong-lanceolate, not surpassing the calyx. — St. George, S. Utah, on gravelly hills, Parry. M. Torreyi, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-pubescent, a span to a foot high, simple or loosely branching: leaves oblong or almost lanceolate, sometimes an inch long: calyx-teeth all broad and obtuse ; the posterior one larger and barely a line long : corolla half to three- fourths inch long, pink-purple : capsule chartaceous, lanceolate-oblong. — Eunanus Fremonti, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 83, not Benth. — California, through the Sierra Nevada, at 4,000 feet and upwards, from Mariposa Co. northward, first coll. by Newberry. ■+— -f— -f— Corolla large and wide, an inch or more long, with proper tube very short and included in the calyx: teeth of the latter very unequal: stem simpler and taller: leaves often acutely dentate or denticulate with salient teeth. (Transition to Eumimulus.) M. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. A foot or less high, viscid-pubescent : leaves oblong, an inch or two in length ; the lower surpassing the flowers : teeth of the very oblique calyx lan- ceolate ; the posterior and longer one 3 lines long and half the length of the oblong tube : corolla purple, an inch long, cylindraceous : capsule fusiform-subulate, somewhat coriaceous. — M. brevipes, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, not Benth. — California, in foot- hills and lower part of the Sierra Nevada. M. brevipes, Bentll. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent : leaves from lanceo- late to linear, 1 to 4 inches long : calyx-teeth very unequal, acuminate ; the posterior fully half the length of the broadly campanulate tube : corolla yellow, sometimes 1£ inches long, and the expanded limb nearly as broad, campanulate, with ample rounded lobes : capsule ovate, acuminate, firm-coriaceous. — DC. Prodr. x. 309; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 116. — California, from Monterey to San Diego and San Bernardino. § 2. Diplacus, Gray. Shrubby, glutinous; with flowers as of the following and capsule of the preceding section : tube of the funnelform corolla about the length of the narrow prismatic carinate-angled calyx : style glandular : stigma bilamellar : placentae meeting but even in the ovary not united in the axis, in dehiscence borne on the linear firm-coriaceous valves. — Diplacus, Nutt. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. i. 137 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 368. M. glutinosus, Wendl. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous but glutinous : leaves from narrowly oblong to linear, from denticulate to entire (1 to 4 inches long), at length with revolute margins :. flowers 1J to 2 inches long, short-pedicelled : corolla usually buff or salmon-color, obscurely bilabiate ; the spreading lobes laciniately toothed or notched. — Obs. 51 ; Jacq. Schcenbr. iii. t. 364 ; Gray, 1. c. M. aura.ntia.cus, Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 354. Diplacus glutinosus & D. latifolius, Nutt. I. c. D. stellatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 18. — Rocky banks, &c. f California, common from San Francisco southward. Runs into many varieties, such as , Var. puniceUS, Gray, 1. c. Flowers from orange-red to scarlet, often slender-pedi- celled: corolla-lobes commonly obcordate. — Diplacus puniceus, Nutt. I.e.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3655. D. glutinosus, var. puniceus, Benth. in DC. 1. c. W. California. Var. linearis, Gray, 1. c. Flowers very short-pedicelled, red-brown to salmon- color : calyx commonly pubescent : leaves linear, more rigid, and revolute-margined. — if. linearis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 27. Diplacus leptanthue, Nutt. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c — From Mon- terey southward. 276 SCROPHULARIACE^E. Mimulus. Var. brachypus, Gray, 1. c. Flowers very short-pedicelled, salmon-color, large: calyx viscid-pubescent or villous : herbage often pubescent : leaves linear-lanceolate, mainly entire. — Diplacus longijiorus, Nutt. 1. c. — Prom Santa Barbara southward. § 3. Eumimtjlus, Gray. Herbaceous : proper tube of the corolla mostly included in the plicately carinate-angled 5-toothed calyx (the teeth traversed by the strong nerve) : style glabrous : stigma bilamellar, the lobes or lips ovate or rotund and equal : placentae remaining united in the axis of the capsule (or partly dividing, in M. rubellus completely), from which the thin and usually membra- naceous valves tardily separate. # Large-flowered and perennial western species : corolla 1£ to 2 inches long, red or rose-color, with cylindrical body longer than the limb : calyx oblong-prismatic; the short teeth nearly equal : anthers either villous or almost glabrous in the same species: pedicels elongated: capsuleoblong: leaves several-nerved from the base: seeds with a dull, and loose epidermis, longitudinally wrinkled. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Villous and viscid, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, or the lower obovate-lanceolate ; the upper connate ; all erose-dentate : corolla scarlet, with remarkably oblique limb ; upper lip erect and the lobes turned back ; lower reflexed : stamens ex- serted. — Lindl. Hort. Trans, ii. 70, t. 3 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 358 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3560. — Along watercourses, through Oregon and California to Arizona. M. Lewisii, Pursh. More slender, greener, and with minute or finer pubescence : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate : corolla rose-red or paler, with tube and throat proportionally longer; roundish lobes all spreading: stamens included. — Fl. ii. 427, t. 20; Gray, 1. c. M. roseus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1591 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3353; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 210. — Shady and moist or wet ground, Brit. Columbia to Califor- nia along the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, east to Montana and Utah. # * Moderately large flowered eastern species, perennial, glabrous : corolla violet, at most an inch long, with narrow tube and throat more or less exceeding the nearly equal calyx, and personate limb : fructiferous calyx oblong : leaves throughout pinnately veined : seeds not wrinkled. ( Corolla rarely varying to white, not very rarely with the lateral lobes of the lower lip exterior in the bud ! ) M. ringens, L. Stem square, 2 feet high : leaves oblong or lanceolate, closely sessile by an auriculate partly clasping base, serrate : pedicels longer than the flower : calyx-teeth subulate, slender : seed-coat rather loose, cellular. — Hort. Ups. 176, t. i. ; Lam. 111. t. 523 ; Bot. Mag. t. 283. — Wet places, Canada to Iowa and south to Texas. M. alatus, Solander. Stem somewhat wing-angled : leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, less acutely serrate, tapering at base into a margined petiole : pedicels shorter than the calyx : teeth of the latter short and broad with abrupt mucronate tips : seed-coat close and smooth. — Ait. Kew. ii. 361 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 410 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 94. — Wet places, W. New England to Illinois, and south to Texas. # # # Small- or moderately large-flowered mainly western species : corolla from yellow or some- times partly white to brown-red or crimson ; the throat broad and open: seeds with a thin and smooth or shining (or in M. luteus duller and reticulate-striate) coat. H— Leafy-stemmed, not villous, nor leaves pinnately veined, but with 3 to 7 primary veins from or near the base, and hardly any, or only weak ones, from above the middle' of the midrib. ++ Calyx oblique at the orifice ; the posterior tooth largest: leaves mostly broad, dentate, at least the lower petioled : root fibrous. = Perennial by stolons or creeping branches : upper leaves sessile by a broad or somewhat clasp- ing base : lower lip of the corolla bearded at the throat. M. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse and creeping, freely rooting, glabrate : leaves roundish and often reniform, from denticulate to nearly entire (4 to • 12 lines long), all but the uppermost with margined petioles: flowers all axillary and slender-pedicelled : corolla light yellow, 4 to 6 lines long : fructiferous calyx campanulate, about 3 lines long : seeds oval, shining, almost smooth. — Benth. in DC. I.e. 371 (with var. Fremontii); Gray, Man. ed. 2, 287. M. glabratus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 116, partly, hardly of HBK.— In water or wet places, usually in springs, Illinois to Upper Michigan and Minnesota, west to the Rocky Mountains in Montana, thence south to New Mexico and Arizona. (Adja- cent Mex.) Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 277 Var. Texensis. Larger : leaves more ovate, seldom subcordate, usually more strongly or even laciniately dentate ; the uppermost sometimes reduced, so that the later flowers become somewhat racemose. — M. glabratus, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c, mainly. — Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Probably in drier soil : near M. glabratus, of S. Am. and Mex. M. ltiteus, Li. Glabrous or puberulent : stems erect, ascending or with later branches spreading ; the larger forms 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval-oblong, roundish, or sub- cordate ; the upper cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ; all usually acutely dentate or denticulate ; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate : inflores- cence chiefly racemose or terminal : pedicels equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted within, and the protuberant base of lower lip blotched with brown-purple or copper-color, in the largest forms from 1 to 2 inches long : calyx ven- tricose-campanulate, half inch or less long: seeds oblong, rather dull, striate-reticulated longitudinally. — Spec. ed. 2, 884; Bot. Mag. t. 1501, 3363; Bot. Reg. 1. 1030, 1796; Andr. Bot. Bep. t. 661; Gray, I.e. M. guttatus, DC. Cat. Monsp. 127; Hook. Fl. ii. 99. M. variegatus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1872. M. rivularis, Lodd. 1. c. t. 1575 ; Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47. M. lyraius, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 28, form with lower leaves laciniate at base. M. Scovleri, Hook. Fl. ii. 100 ; a narrow-leaved form. M. Smithii, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1674. — Moist or wet ground, Aleutian Islands and Alaska to California, and east to and through the Rocky Mountains. (Along the Andes, &c., to S. Chili.) Most variable and polymorphous : extreme forms are the following Var. alpinus, Gray. A span or so high, lax, leafy to top : stem 1-4-flowered : corolla f to 1J inches long : seeds oval : some leaves rather distinctly pinnate-veined above the middle! — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 71; Watson, Bot. King, 224; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 567. M. dentatus, Nutt. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 372, appears from an original specimen to be between this and M. moschatus, var. longiflorus. M. Tilingii, Regel, Gartenfl. 1869, 321, t. 631 ; plant which developed next year into a large many-flowered form, as figured in Gartenfl. 1870, 290, t. 665 (corolla distinctly personate by a palatine protuberance of base of lower lip, as is often seen in other forms). M. cupreus, Regel, 1. u. 1864, t. 422 (throat of the corolla wide open). M. luteus, var. cuprea, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5478. — Alaska to high Sierra Nevada, California, and Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Chilian Andes.) Var. depauperatus, Gray. Includes reduced or depauperate forms, flowering as slender annuals, 2 to 10 inches high, with leaves 3 to 6 lines long, fructiferous calyx 2 or 3 lines long, and corolla 3 to 7 lines long. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. microphallus, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 371. — Washington Terr, to California and the Rocky Mountains. = = Apparently only annual : leaves all petioled : pedicels long and filiform. M. alsinoides, Benth. Very glabrous : stems slender, at length diffusely branched, 3 to 12 inches long : leaves from rotund- to rhombic-ovate (from 4 to 16 lines long, besides the abruptly long-attenuate base or margined petiole), thin, the upper part salient denticu- late : pedicels at length divaricate : corolla light yellow (or lower lip with a brown spot), 3 to 6 lines long ; the limb small : calyx in flower narrow-cylindraceous, in fruit narrow- oblong; its teeth all very short. — Benth. 1. c; Gray, 1. c — Wet shady places, Oregon to British Columbia, &c. Var. minimus, Benth. 1. c, consists of very small and depauperate forms, half inch to 2 inches high, with corolla 2 to 4 lines long. — Same range. M. laciniatus, Gray, I. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent: filiform stem diffusely branched, a span or less high : leaves on filiform petioles, which mostly exceed the (quarter to half inch long) hastately 3-lobed or laciniately 3-5-cleft and obscurely 1-nerved blade, about equalling the pedicels : corolla yellow, 2 lines long : calyx in fruit ovate, 2 lines long: the teeth rather conspicuous. — Sierra Nevada, California, on a branch of the Merced at Clark's. ++ ++ Calyx equal or nearly so at the orifice, and the teeth almost alike : root annual. = Cauline leaves contracted at base into margined petioles. M. Pulsiferse, Gray, I. c. Viscid throughout, but hardly pubescent, a span high, loosely branching : leaves from broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong, sparsely denticulate or entire, 3-nerved at base (half inch or more long), equalled or surpassed by the pedicels : corolla yellow, 5 lines long : calyx cylindraceous-campanulate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, with short ovate-triangular teeth. — California, in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, on rocks, from Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co., Bolander, Mrs. Pulsifir-Am.es, Greene. 278 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Mimidus. = = Canline leaves mainly closely sessile by a broad base. M. inconspioUUS, Gray. Glabrous, 2 to 7 inches high, simple or branched from the base: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 'entire, somewhat 3-5-nerved (quarter to half inch long) : pedicels as long as flower : corolla 6 lines long, with rather small limb, yellow or rose-color : fructiferous calyx oval, 4 or 5 lines long, appearing as if truncate ; the teeth very short. — Pacif . R. Rep. iv. 120, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Damp hillsides or rocks, Los Angeles to the Sacramento, California, Bigehw, &c. = = = Cauline leaves sessile or nearly bo by a narrowed obscurely 3-nerved base : plants minutely viscid-pubescent or glandular, erect, branched from the base, from 2 to 10 inches high. M. bioolor, Benth. Viscid-pubescent: leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, sometimes spatulate, mostly denticulate, an inch long or less ; the upper shorter than the pedicels : corolla half to three-fourths inch long, with ample limb, yellow, or lower lip commonly white : calyx narrowly oblong, purple-dotted, in fruit 4 lines long; the teeth comparatively large (a line long), triangular, acute. — PI. Hartw. 328; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 568. M. Prattenii, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 98. — California, through the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. M. Palmeri, Gray. Viscid, but hardly at all pubescent : leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate, mostly entire, half inch or so long, all shorter than the filiform pedicels : corolla nearly three-fourths inch long, ample-funnelform, crimson, thrice the length of the calyx; the lobes all about equal and equally spreading: fructiferous calyx 3 or 4 lines long, narrowly oblong ; the teeth broad and obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82. — S. E. California, on the Mohave River, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon. Corolla in shape and color as of the Eunanus section, foliage, aspect, and capsule of the present group. M. rubdllus, Gray. Viscid and sometimes pubescent : leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear, entire, rarely with a few salient teeth, a quarter to two-thirds inch long, commonly equalling the pedicels ; the lower sometimes obovate or ovate : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, from one-third to twice the length of the calyx, yellow or rose-color, sometimes yellow varying or changing to crimson-purple : fructiferous calyx oblong, 3 lines long ; its teeth mostly short and obtuse. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 116, & Bot. Calif. I.e.; Watson, Bot. King, 225. if. montioides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, in part. — Gravelly moist banks, "Washington Terr, to Arizona, Colorado, and E. New Mexico, chiefly in the mountains. Var. latiflorus, W^atson, 1. c. Stems an inch or two high : leaves from linear to oblanceolate : corolla yellow, half to two-thirds inch long, with slender exserted tube, funnel- form throat spotted with brown-purple, and comparatively large limb, resembling that of if. bicolor.^ — if. montioides, Gray, 1. c, mainly. — W. Nevada, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, &c, Anderson, &c. Adopted in this form in Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; but probably a distinct species. -I— -t— Leafy-stemmed, villous and viscid, diffuse : leaves membranaceous, more or less pinnately- veined and petioled, denticulate or serrate : corolla narrow, light yellow : calyx slightly if at all oblique ; the teeth nearly equal. M. floribundus, Dougl. About a span high from an annual root, flowering from almost the lowest axils, at first erect, the lateral branches diffusely spreading: leaves ovate and the lower subcordate, an inch long or less ; the upper shorter than the some- what racemose pedicels : calyx short-campanulate, becoming ovate or oblong and truncate in fruit, 3 or 4 lines long ; the teeth short and triangular : corolla 3 to hardly 6 lines long, about twice the length of the calyx: capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1125 ; Benth. in DC. I. c. 372 ; Gray, 1. c. M. peduncularis, Dougl. in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 29. Capraria pusilla, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 36. — Moist soil, Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to California and Oregon. M. moschatus, Dougl. (Musk Plant.) More villous and viscous, musk-scented: stems spreading and creeping, thus perennial, a foot or so long : leaves oblong-ovate, an inch or two long, mostly exceeding the pedicels : calyx short-prismatic, oblong-campanu- late in fruit, 4 or 5 lines long; the teeth half the length of the tube, broadly lanceolate and acuminate, somewhat unequal : corolla usually two-thirds inch long and barely twice the length of the calyx : capsule ovate, acute. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. — Wet places, along brooks, British Columbia to California and Utah. Var. longiflorus. Corolla elongated, reaching an inch in length, thrice the length of the calyx: later peduncles surpassing the leaves. — The usual form in California, also in Oregon. » 4 Conobea. SCROPHULARIACE^. 279 •+-••— -t- Scapose, i.e. peduncles scape-like: leaves 3-5-nevved, sessile. M. primuloides, Beuth. Perennial by filiform stolons : leaves all radical in a rosulate tuft, or crowded on an upright stem of 1 to 3 inches in height, soft-villous when young, glabrate with age, from obovate to oblanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate or nearly entire, from 5 to 10 lines long : filiform and often solitary pedicels (1 to 4 inches long) and cylindraceous calyx glabrous : corolla golden-yellow, f unnelform, a quarter to three-fourths inch long. — Scroph. Ind. 1. c, & DC. 1. c. ; Regel, Gartenfl. 1872, t. 739 ; Gray, 1. c. — Wet soil, through the Sierra Nevada, California, at 6-10,000 feet, extending to the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Like the other species varies greatly in size of flower as well as in stature. § 4. Mimuloides, Gray. Annual, with corolla of Eamimulus, capsule with the divided placentae of Eunanus, but the calyx campanulate and 5-cleft ; its tube not prismatic nor even carinate-angled, but almost nerveless ; its lobes plane : stigma bilamellar. — Herpestis § Mimuloides, Benth. M. pilosus, "Watson. A span to a foot high, at length much branched, leafy, soft-vil- lous and slightly viscid, rarely glabrate, flowering from near the base : leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, sessile, entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base ; the lower surpassing and the upper hardly equalling the pedicels : calyx oblique at orifice ; the tube somewhat 5-sulcate below the sinuses ; the posterior tooth equalling and the others shorter than the tube ; all oblong or ovate, rather shorter than the bright yellow (3 or 4 lines long) rather obscurely bilabiate corolla : lobes of the latter nearly equal, usually a pair of brown-purple spots on the lower: capsule oblong-ovate, acute. — Bot. King, 225; Gray, I.e. M. exilis, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, t. 12. Herpestis (Mimuloides) pilosa, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 57, & DC. 1. c. 394. — Gravelly soil along streams, nearly throughout California, and along the borders of Nevada to Arizona. 14. STEMODIA, L. (Name shortened by Linnaeus from P. Browne's Stemodiacra, meaning stamens with two tips, in reference to the disjoined stipi- tate anther-cells.) — Chiefly tropical species, herbaceous or slightly shrubby, one reaching our borders. S. durantifolia, Swartz. Annual with indurated base, or sometimes perennial, viscid- pubescent : leaves either opposite or 3-4-nate, from oblong- to linear-lanceolate, serrate or denticulate, narrowed below and with somewhat dilated partly ^clasping base : inflorescence spiciform, leafy below: calyx 2-bracteolate : corolla purplish, quarter inch long. — Obs. p. 240; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 383. Capraria durantifolia, L. Stemodia verticillaris, Link; Reichenb. Ic. Exot. ii. t. 149. — Wet grounds, S. Arizona. (Trop. Am.) 15. CONOBEA, Aublet. (Unexplained name.) — Low or spreading an- nuals, all American ; with opposite leaves, and small flowers on axillary pedicels, 2-bracteolate under the calyx. — Our species belong to § 1. Leucospora. Leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into cuneate-linear divisions : anther-cells completely disjoined but contiguous : seeds striate-costate. — Leuco- spora, Nutt., with Schistophragma, Benth. in Endl. Gen. & DC. Prodr. x. 392. C. multiflda, Benth. 1. c. A span high, diffusely branched, minutely viscid-pubescent : pedicels as long as the greenish-white and purplish corolla : sepals very slender : capsule ovate: seeds small, white, longitudinally costate. — Capraria multiflda, Michx. PI. ii. 22, t. 35. Stemodia rmdtifida, Spreng. Syst. ii. 811. Leucospora multiflda, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 87. Sutera multiflda, Walp. Rep. iii. 271.— Along streams and shores, Ohio to Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas : also adventive below Philadelphia. C. intermedia, Gray. More viscid-pubescent : pedicels shorter than the calyx : sepals narrowly linear-lanceolate ; the posterior one rather longer : corolla larger (3 lines long) : capsule ovoid-lanceolate: seeds ltfrger, spirally costate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 117. — New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock. 280 SCROPHULARIACEiE. Herpestis. ' 16. HERPESTIS, Gsertn. f. ('EQTtrjoTqg, a creeping thing, the original species creeping.) — Low herbs (chiefly American), commonly glabrous ; with opposite leaves, and mainly axillary flowers, in summer. § 1. Corolla obviously bilabiate ; the two posterior lobes being united to form the upper lip : pedicels and calyx ebracteolate : style dilated and 2-lobed at the apex, or stigma bilamellar. — § Mercadonia, Mella, & Chcetodiscus, Benth. in DC. Prodr. & Gen. ii. 952. # Erect or ascending glabrous perennials, drying blackish : leaves pinnately veined, mostly petioled and serrate or crenate : anther-cells divergent : style curved at apex : stigmas obovate. H. nigrescens, Benth. A foot or two high, mostly erect, very leafy: leaves from oblong to cuneate-laneeolate, serrate, with entire tapering base (1 or 2 inches long) : pedi- cels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves : upper sepals oblong-lanceolate, not much broader than the narrowly-lanceolate lower ones : corolla whitish or purplish : valves of the capsule often 2-cleft. — Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 56, & DC. Prodr. x. 394. Gratiola acuminata, Walt. Car. 61 ; Ell. Sk. i. 15 ; Curtis, PI. Wilmingt. in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. i. 130. — G. incequalis, Walt. 1. c. 1 Gerardia cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. Matourea nigrescens, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 173. — Wet places, Maryland (A. Hay), and North Carolina to Texas, along and near the coast. TT, ohamsedryoid.es, HBK. A span or two high, generally diffuse or decumbent : leaves ovate or oblong, serrate (half or three-fourths inch long), mostly surpassed by the pedicels : upper sepal ovate ; the lower ones ovate or oblong : corolla yellow. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 369; Benth. 1. u. Erinus procumbens, Mill. Diet. Mercadonia ovata, Ruiz & Pa v.. ■? Lindernia dianthera, Swartz. Microcarpcea Americana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 368. — Moist ground, Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer.) Var. peduncularis {H. peduncularis, Benth. 1 c.) is founded on a form with erect and simpler stems, smaller and narrower leaves, and filiform pedicels of thrice their length. — Texas, Drummond, also Berlandier, &c. A similar form, but with diffuse or procumbent stems (H. peduncularis, Chapm. FI. 291), is from Key West, Florida. * * Creeping, or ascending from a creeping base, stoloniferous-perennial, rather succulent: stems villous-pubescent or glabrate : leaves closely sessile and partly clasping, nervose from the base, entire or obscurely crenulate : capsule 4-valved: corolla blue or violet, varying to white. +- Leaves pellucid-punctate, aromatic when bruised : ovary girt by a slenderly 10-12-toothed hypo- gynous disk : anthers somewhat sagittate : stigma dilated, obscurely 2-Iobed : upper lip of corolla obcordate. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems a span to a foot or two long, creeping at base, then ascending and nearly simple, very leafy : leaves ovate, obtuse, half to nearly, an inch long, sometimes a little pubescent: pedicels shorter than calyx or hardly any: upper sepal cordate: corolla 5 lines long, ephemeral. — Fl. ii. 413; Benth. I.e. Obolaria Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 166. Monniera amplexicaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 22. — Margin of pine-barren ponds, New Jersey (?) and Maryland to Louisiana. H— +- Leaves not punctate : hypogynous disk obscure and entire or none : anthers parallel : stigma 2-lamellar : upper lip of corolla merely emarginate. H. repens, Cham. & Sohl. Glabrous, or summit of the creeping stems puberulent: leaves oval and with broad clasping base (quarter to half inch long) : pedicels about the length of flower and fructiferous calyx: upper and lower sepals broadly oval or sub- cordate, reticulate-veiny, in flower almost equalling the white or whitish corolla. — Linnsea, v. 107 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 430. R. micrantha, Benth. 1. c, mainly (not Pursh, which is chiefly Micrantkemum) ; Ell. Sk. ii. 105, ex char. Gratiola repens, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 39, & Ic t. 3. — Wet soil, S. Carolina, &c. (W. Ind., Brazil.) H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Larger : spreading and creeping stems usually villous-pubes- cent - leaves obovate or rotund, with cuneate-narrowed but partly clasping flabellately many-nerved base, often an inch long: pedicels longer than the flower (commonly in threes) : corolla blue, almost twice the length of the ovate and oval sepals. — Fl. ii. 418; Benth. 1. c. Monniera rotundifolia, Michx. 1. c. — Margin of ponds, Illinois and Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. (Possibly also in " S. Carolina and Georgia," but H. rotundifolia of Elliot is probably the H. amplexicaulis.) Gratiola. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 281 Hvdhanthei-ium Egense, Poepp. of Brazil, with aspect of Herpestis, was picked up in New Orleans by the late J. Hale, and is enumerated in Mann's Catalogue, also by Chapman in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10 : but it is probably a ballast waif and transient. § 2. Corolla obscurely bilabiate ; the limb being almost equally 5-lobed ; tube somewhat campanulate: stamens hardly didynamous : anthers sagittate: stigma capitate. — Bramia, Lam. § Bramia, Benth. H. Monniera, HBK. Glabrous perennial, prostrate and creeping, somewhat fleshy : leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or obsoletely somewhat toothed, sessile (4 to 8 lines long), nearly veinless : pedicels at length longer than the leaves, 2-bracteolate at apex : upper sepal ovate : corolla (4 or 5 lines long) pale blue. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2557. H. cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 418. H. Brownei, Nutt. Gen. ii. 42. Gratiola Monniera, L. Monniera cuneifolia, Michx. 1. e. — River-banks and shores near the sea, Maryland to Texas. (Cosmopolite near the tropics.) 17. G-RATiOLA, L. Hedge Hyssop. (From the Latin gratia, grace or favor, i. e. Herb-of-grace.) — Low herbs, of wide distribution ; with opposite and sessile entire or dentate leaves, and solitary axillary pedicels, usually 2-brac- teolate under the calyx : fl. summer. § 1. GrattolXria, Benth. Anther-cells transverse and separated by a mem- branaceous dilated connective : capsule ovate or globular : soft-herbaceous and diffusely branching, either annuals or fibrous-rooted perennials from a creeping base, growing in wet soil. # Sterile stamens wanting or reduced to minute rudiments. +- Calyx ebracteolate : Pacific species. G. ebracteata, Benth. A span high or less, erect, nearly glabrous, obscurely viscid : leaves lanceolate, entire, or sometimes sparingly and acutely denticulate : pedicels slender, in fruit strict : sepals foliaceous, 3 or 4 lines long, equalling the yellowish corolla, mostly surpassing the globular and somewhat 4 angled capsule : seeds oblong. — DC. Prodr. x. 595; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 570. — Oregon and N. California. •)—-!— A pair of foliaceous bractlets close to the calyx and equalling it: Atlantic species, one extending westward to die Pacific. ++ Pedicels filiform, equalling or exceeding the leaves : seeds oblong or oval. = Corolla golden yellow : capsule ovate-conical, acute, much exceeding the reflexed or spreading calyx. G. pusilla, Torr. Minutely viscid, almost glabrous, slender, 2 or 3 inches high : leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, entire (1£ to 4 lines long): corolla 4 lines long; lobes retuse or emarginate : capsule 2 lines long : seeds comparatively large, obliquely obovate-oblong. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 402. — Arkansas and the adjacent parts of Texas, Leavenworth, Wright, &c- = = Corolla yellowish or whitish, commonly with a tinge of purple : capsule broadly or globose- ovate, equalled by the calyx. G. gracilis, Benth. 1. c. Glabrous or nearly so,' small and slender, erect : leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate : corolla 3 lines long : capsule globular, but acutish. — E. Texas, Drummond, &c. Little known. G. Floridana, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, a span or two high : leaves oblong- lanceolate or broader, entire or repand, sometimes remotely dentate, narrow at base (an inch long) : corolla 8 lines long, with yellowish tube 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx, and the rather large white lobes all emarginate: capsule broadly ovate. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 103 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. ( with var.? intermedia, a form verging to next species) ; Chapm. Fl. 292. — Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. Tennessee, Gattinger. G. Virginiana, L. Viscid-puberulent or more pubescent, or below nearly glabrous, divergently branched from the base, a span or less high: leaves commonly glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticulate-serrate, mostly narrow at base (the larger an inch or two long) : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish tube barely twice the 282 SCROPHULARIACEJE. Gratiola. length of the calyx ; lohes nearly white, the two upper emarginate : capsule ovate. — Spec, i. 17 ; Torr. El. 18; Benth. 1. c. G. officinalis, Michx. El. i. 6, not L. G. Carolinensis, Pen. Syn. i. 14. G. neglecta, Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. G. Missouriana, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. x. 253, the viscid form. Conobea borealis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 771. — Canada to Elorida and Texas, and west (chiefly northward) to British Columbia, Oregon, and the eastern part of California. ++ ++ Pedicels short, mostly shorter than the calyx : seeds linear. G. sphserocarpa, Ell. Glabrous or nearly so : stem thick, erect or ascending from a procumbent creeping base, a span to a foot high : leaves from oblong-lanceolate to obovate- oval, from acutely dentate to repand, narrow at base (an inch or two long) : corolla 5 or 6 lines long, white : capsule globose, large (2 lines in diameter), pointless, usually somewhat surpassed by the calyx and bractlets. — Ell. Sk. i. 14 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 292. G. acuminata, Vahl, Enum. i. 92, not Walt. G. Virginica, Pursh, 1. c, as to short pedicel, excl. syn. Gronov., &c. G. Carolinensis, LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 105. — Maryland and Illinois to Elorida and Texas. Remarkable for the size and rotundity of the capsule, and the short pedicel. (Mex.) # * Sterile stamens conspicuously represented by a pair of filiform filaments with a minutely capitate tip : cauline leaves seldom at all narrowed at the partly clasping base : pedicels slender : stems all more or less creeping at base, and somewhat quadrangular above. -I— Corolla golden yellow. G. aurea, Muhl. Glabrous or obscurely viscid-puberulent : leaves lanceolate, mostly entire (5 to 10 lines long) : upper pedicels equalling the leaves : bractlets equalling the calyx, longer than the globose-ovate capsule : corolla half an inch long : sterile filaments short. — Cat. ed. 1, 1813 ; Pursh, El. i. 12 (but the sterile filaments overlooked), excl. syn. ; Ell. Sk. i. 13; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1399; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 404.— Lower Canada to Elorida, chiefly eastward. ■+— -H- Corolla white or purplish-tinged, and the tube yellowish within. ++ Bractlets conspicuous, either surpassing, equalling, or little shorter than the calyx. G. officinalis, L. Wholly glabrous : stem quadrangular, a foot or more high : leaves lanceolate, distinctly 3-nerved, entire or sparingly serrulate (an inch or more long), all ex- ceeding the pedicels and flower : bractlets usually exceeding the calyx : corolla 8 or 10 lines long : sterile filaments elongated : capsule ovate, acute. — Schkuhr, Handb. t. 2 ; Fl. Dan. t. 363; Benth. 1. c. ; Chapm. 1. c. (but corolla not "pale yellow"), not Michx. — Georgia, Le Conte, in herb. Torr. As this specimen is the only known authority, it is ques- tionable whether it is really of American origin. (Eu., N. Asia.) G. viscosa, Schwein. Viscid-puberulent or pubescent, a span high, rather simple : leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acutely dentate or denticulate, conspicuously clasping (one or two-thirds inch long), shorter than the pedicels : sepals and bractlets broadly or ovate-lanceolate : corolla 5 lines long : sterile filaments short : capsule shorter than calyx. — LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 106; Benth. 1. c. — N. Carolina and Kentucky to Georgia, in the upper country. G. Drummondi, Benth. 1. c. Puberulent and somewhat viscid, a span or two high : leaves lanceolate, acute, sparsely and acutely serrate (6 to 10 lines long), about equalling the pedicels : sepals and bractlets linear-subulate, much longer than the capsule : corolla from 5 to 6 lines long : sterile filaments short. — Chapm. Fl. 293. — Georgia to Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. ++ ++ Bractlets minute or obsolete. G. ramosa, "Walt. Minutely viscid-puberulent, a span or more high : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate with sharp coarse teeth (6 to 10 lines long), equalling or shorter than the pedicels : sepals linear (2 or 3 lines long), half the length of the corolla : sterile filaments filiform. — Car. 61. G. Virginica, Lam. 111. t. 16, fig. 2. G. qwdridentata, Michx. Fl. i. 6; Ell. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. (this specific name later and no better than that of Walter). — S. Carolina to Florida. § 2. SophronXnthe, Benth. I.e. Anther-cells vertical, contiguous ; the con- nective not dilated: herbs with erect and strict rigid stems, hirsute or hispid, growing in less wet soil : flowers subsessile, small : sterile filaments manifest, Ilysanthes. SCROPHULAPJACE.E. 283 filiform, with minutely capitate tip : capsule oblong-conical, acuminate, about the length of the 2-bracteolate calyx : seeds oval or short-oblong : corolla white or purplish-tinged. Gr. pilosa, Michx. Stem a foot or two high from an apparently annual root : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly and acutely denticulate, closely sessile by a broad base : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx ; the tube oblong. — Fl. i. 7 ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 293. G. Peruviana, Walt. 1. c, not L. — New Jer- sey to Florida and Texas. G. Slibulata, Baldw. A span high from a ligneous perennial root, very leafy : leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with revolute margins, rigid: corolla half inch long, somewhat salverform ; its slender tube nearly thrice the length of the calyx, marcescent and recurving in age. — Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. 1. c. Sophronanthe hispida, Benth. in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445. — Coast of Florida, in sandy pine barrens. 6. megalocXrpa, Ell. Sk. i. 16, is a factitious species, established by Elliott wholly upon Pursh's G. acuminata, which is based upon Walter's character, but evidently confused with some other plant. G. micraxtha, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 287 (E. Florida, Ware), is characterized as hav- ing an erect angulate stem, a foot high, lanceolate and serrate acute leaves attenuate at base, peduncles shorter than the leaves, ebracteolate calyx 4-parted, and stamens 4. Prob- ably Scoparia dulcis. 18. ILYSANTHES, Raf. ("Ilvg, mud, and uvOrj, blossom.) — Low and rather small flowered annuals, or chiefly so, glabrous, branching ; with opposite undivided leaves, all but the lowest sessile, and flowers on filiform ebracteolate pedicels, which are either axillary or by reduction of the leaves racemose or paniculate, in fruit usually refracted. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla violet or bluish, or partly white. Sterile filaments in ours glandular with a glabrous lateral lobe. Flowering all summer, in wet soil. — Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 418. I. grandiflora, Benth. 1. c. Stems creeping at base, leafy throughout : leaves roundish, entire, thickish : peduncles all much surpassing the leaves: corolla (3 or 4 lines long) about thrice the length of the calyx : lobe of sterile filaments rather long and borne below the middle. — Lindernia grandiflora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 43. — Eastern Georgia and Florida, Nuttall, Garber, &c. I. gratioloid.es, Benth. 1. c. Diffusely spreading from the base, or at first Bimple and erect, leafy : leaves ovate or oblong, often slightly and acutely few-toothed ; the later ones reduced to bracts : corolla (3 lines long) hardly twice, the length of the calyx : lobe of sterile filaments short: capsule ovoid, equalling the 'calyx. — Capraria gratioloides, L. Spec. ed. 2, 876. Gratiola anagaUidea, Michx. Fl. i. 5. G. dilalata, Muhl. Cat. G. atten- uata, Spreng. Syst. i. 39. G. tetragona, Ell. Sk. i. 15 ? Lindernia pijxidaria, Pursh, Fl. ii. 419, not Allioni. L. dilatata & L. attenuata, Muhl. in Ell. Sk. i. 16; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 31. Herpestis callitrichoides, HBK. Ilysanthes riparia, Raf. 1. c. — Canada to Florida and Texas; also Oregon and California. (S. Am., E. Asia, and nat. in W. Eu.) I. refracta, Benth. 1. u. Stems a span or two high, erect from a rosulate tuft of spatu- late-oblong or obovate radical leaves (of an inch or less in length), filiform, below bearing one or two pairs of small and oblong or oblong-linear entire or obscurely serrate leaves, and above only linear-subulate bracts, which are many times shorter than the almost capillary racemose pedicels : corolla narrow (3 to 6 lines long), four times the length of the calyx : capsule oblong, from one half to twice longer than the calyx : root perhaps biennial. — Lindernia refracta, Ell. Sk. i. 579. L. monticola, Nutt. Gen. addend. — Mostly on dripping rocks, Western N. Carolina to Florida. Var. saxicola. Apparently only a smaller form, barely a span high, with more leafy stems, shorter internodes, and capsule (as far as seen) little surpassing the calyx. — Lindernia monticola, Muhl. Cat. 61 ? L. saxicola, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. xliv. 83. Ilysanthes saxicola, Chapm. Fl. 294. — Mountains of S. W. North Carolina to E. Florida. 284 SCROPHULARIACE^E. Micranthemum. 19. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Composed of pixgog, small, and avds(iov, flower.) — Creepiug or depressed small (American) annuals, in mud or shallow water, glabrous, branching, leafy throughout ; the leaves opposite, rounded or spatulate, sessile, usually 3-5-nerved, entire. Flowers solitary in alternate axils, white or purplish, inconspicuous. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 330. Hemianihus, Nutt., includes the species with limb of cofolla as it were halved, the upper lip wanting or nearly so. M. orbiculatum, Michx. Creeping freely : leaves roundish, 2 to 4 lines long : pedi- cels shorter than calyx : corolla white, hardly equalling the 4-clef t calyx ; its upper lip or lobe manifest : stigma capitate. — PI. i. 10, t. 2. M. emarginatum, Ell. Sk. i. 18. — N. Caro- lina to Texas. (S. Am.) M. Nuttallii, Gray. Creeping, with ascending branches an inch or two high : leaves oblong-spatulate or oval-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long : pedicels equalling the eampanulate 4-toothed calyx : corolla purplish or white, with obsolete upper lip ; middle lobe of the lower lip linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones : appendage of the stamens nearly equalling the filament itself : stigma of 2 subulate lobes. — Man. ed. 5, 831. Herpestis micrantha, Ell. Sk. ii. 105 ? Hemianthus micranthemoides, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. i. 123, t. 6. — Tidal mud of rivers, New Jersey to Plorida : fl. late summer and autumn. 20. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. (A^t, on both sides, avdog, a flower ; a blossom produced both at base and apex of the stem.) — Single species. A. pusillus, Torr. A minute annual, glabrous, bearing a radical tuft of oblong or obo- vate leaves (each a line or two long) and a subsessile flower, also sending up a capillary scape an inch or two high and terminated by another similar flower subtended by a pair of leaves: corolla white. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 82; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 425. — Shallow pools on flat rocks, Upper Georgia, particularly on Stone Mountain, Leavenworth, Canby, &e. . fl. early spring. 21. LIMOSfiLLA, L. Mudwort. (Limus, mud, and sella, seat.) — Small annuals, or proliferous-perennial by stolons, glabrous (of wide distribution) ; with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy leaves at the nodes of the stolons, and short scape-like naked pedicels from the axils, bearing a small and white or purplish flower, in summer. L. aquatica, L. Tufts an inch or two high : clustered leaves longer than the pedicels, when scattered on sterile shoots alternate, in the typical form with a spatulate or oblong blade on a distinct petiole ; this. in mud rather short, in water elongating to the length of 2 to even 5 inches. — Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1722. — From Hudson's Bay to S. Colorado and the Sierra Nevada, California, in brackish mud, and in fresh water ; also on the Pacific coast? (Eu., N. Asia, Australia, S. Am.) Var. tenuif olia, Hofftn. Leaves subulate or filiform, with little or no distinction of petiole and blade, seldom over an inch or so in length. — Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 1. e. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 43. L. subulata, Ives in Am. Jour. Sci. i. 74, with plate. L. australis, R. Br. Prodr. 443. — Brackish river-banks and shores. Canada to New Jersey. (S. Am., Australia, Eu., &c.) 22. SCOPARIA, L. (Scopes, twigs used for brooms.) — Tropical Amer- ican undershrubs or herbs, much branched ; with small and slender-pedicelled flowers in the axils of the opposite and verticillate leaves. S. dlUcis, L. Annual or suffrutescent, almost glabrous : leaves from oblong-spatulate to narrowly lanceolate, tapering at base, the larger serrate and incised : sepals 4 : corolla white, 3 lines wide. — Lam. 111. t. 85. Gratiola micrantha, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 287 ? — S. Plorida and perhaps on the Mexican border. (Mex., Trop. & Subtrop. Am., and now in Asia, &c.) Synthyris. SCROPHULAKIACE^J. 285 23. C APRARI A, L. ( Caprarius, relating to goats, i. e. Goat-weed. — Tropical American herbs or undershrubs ; with rather small white or flesh-colored flowers, on slender often geminate pedicels, in the axils of the alternate serrate leaves. One species barely reaches our southern border. C. biflora, L. Suffruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, pubescent or glabrous : leaves oblong-lanceo- late, sharply serrate above the middle: sepals linear-subulate, equalling the capsule.— Key West, and S. Texas on the coast ; the glabrous form, mostly 5-androus, C. Mexlcana, Moricand in DC. (Tropical shores.) 24. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. (From air, together, and dv G ig, little door or valve, the valves of the capsule long adhering below to the short placentiferous axis.) — W. North American perennials, nearly related to Wulfenia of S. E. Europe and the Himalayas ; but the anther-cells not confluent and seeds discoidal. Leaves largely radical and petioled ; those of the simple stem or scape and the bracts all alternate. Flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike or raceme ; in summer. Stamens inserted close to the sinuses of the corolla. — DC. Prodr. x. 454, & Gen. ii. 963. § 1. Ovules and seeds only a pair in each cell, on a short partition : capsule divaricately 2-lobed ; the cells transversely oblong : seeds with thickish margins incurved at maturity : acaulescent, with naked scapes. S. rotundif olia. Rootstock short and creeping, bearing a tuft of cordate-orbicular doubly crenate or crenate-incised leaves (glabrous or slightly hairy), and weak scapes hardly exceeding the petioles (3 _or 4 inches long) : pedicels of loose short raceme longer than the bluish flowers (about half inch long): sepals spatulate : corolla campanulate. — 5. reni- formis, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 571, chiefly, not Benth. — Oregon, in shady coniferous woods of the Columbia and "Willamette, Nuttall, E. Hall; and probably first collected in woods N. E. of Fort Vancouver by Gairdner. Var. cordata, a form with smaller and thicker almost simply crenate leaves of cord- ate outline. — S, reniformis, var. cordata, Gray, I.e. — Gravelly hillsides, Mendocino Co., California, Kellogg & Harford. § 2. Ovules and usually seeds several or numerous in each cell : capsule merely emarginate : seeds plane or meniscoidal, thin-edged. # Flowers racemose rather than spicate : leaves of the preceding section : capsule orbiculate, much compressed, acute-edged. S. reniformis, Benth. 1. c. A span or so high : leaves orbicular-reniform, crenate and crenately somewhat incised, an inch or two in diameter: surpassed by the somewhat bracteate slender scape : pedicels mostly shorter than the bluish flowers : capsule trun- cate-emarginate. — Wulfenia reniformis, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 102, t. 71. (Fig. 3 repre- sents the capsule much too long and too turgid.) — Oregon and Washington Terr. "Grand Rapids of the Columbia and Blue Mountains," Douglas. Var. major, Hook. Leaves of thicker texture and with multilobulate margin, the lobelets crenate : raceme spiciform : capsule strongly emarginate. — Kew Jour. Bot. v. 257. — Idaho. Fertile northerly slopes of snowy mountains, highlands of Nez Percez, Geyer, in fruit. Porphyry Peak, Prof. Marcy, in flower. # # Flowers in a dense spike terminating a stouter and more or less bracteate or leafy scape or stem : rootstock or caudex short, thickish, not creeping: capsule turgid, from short-oval to ellip- tical, slightly emarginate or refuse. +- Leaves laciniately cleft or divided, all radical : corolla cylindraceous, considerably longer than the calyx, deleft to the middle. S. pinnatifLda, Watson. Tomentulose-pubescent and glabrate: leaves slender-peti- oled, from round-reniform to oblong in circumscription, from palmately to pinnately 3-7- parted or below divided, and the divisions again laciniately cleft or parted : scape spar- ingly bracteate, a span high : spike narrow : flowers subsessile : corolla whitish. — Bot. 286 SCROPHULARIACE^. Synthyrk. King, 227, t. 22, wrongly depicted with 2 styles ! — Utah, in Wahsatch Mountains at 9,000 feet, Watson. S. Idaho, on mountains near Virginia City, Hayden. Var. laciniata. Leaves all- of roundish or reniform outline, and laciniately many- cleft to the middle or less. — Fish-Lake Mountain, Utah, 11,700 feet, L. F. Ward. -)— -I— Leaves undivided, merely crenate or crenulate : scape or stem Ieafy-bracteate. •h- Corolla mostly 2-parted, rarely 3-parted, and stamens inserted on its very base. S. alpina, Gray. A span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate except the very lanuginous inflorescence : radical leaves oval or subcordate, an inch or so long on a longer petiole : base of stem or scape naked : spike very dense, oblong or cylindraceous : bracts and lanceolate sepals very long-woolly- villous at margins: corolla violet-purple, very unequal ; its broad upper lip twice the length of the calyx, the 2-3-parted lower one small and included. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251. — Colorado Rocky Mountains in the alpine region, first collected by Parry. S. plantaginea, Benth. A foot or less high, rather stout; tomentulose-pubescent when young, tardily glabrate : radical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse at base, pale or dull, 2 to 4 inches long : scape very leafy-bracteate : dense spike 3 to 5 inches long : bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-eiliate : corolla purplish; its upper lip little exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2-3-lobed lower one. — Prodr. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, in subalpine woods, first collected in Long's expedition, by James. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. A foot or two high, pubescent : radical leaves cordate or ovate, 2 or 3 inches long : scape or stem strict, very leafy-bracteate : spike 4 to 8 inches long, dense, or at base open : bracts and oblong-lanceolate sepals soft-pubescent : corolla greenish or dull yellowish, not longer than the calyx, variously 2-4-parted ; the divisions almost equal in length. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 331. — Oak-barrens and prairies, Michigan and Wisconsin to W. Illinois. Rarely with 3-celled ovary, or 5-merous calyx, or 4 stamens, the additional pair later. ++ ++■ Corolla wanting: stamens inserted on the outside of the hypogynous disk. S. rubra, Benth. 1. c. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout, more or less pubes- cent, and the spike (2 to 5 inches long) tomentose : radical leaves ovate or obscurely cordate (1 to 3 inches long), thickish; the cauline similar, but small and sessile: sepals oblong : capsule turgid. — Gymnandra rubra, Dougl. in Hook. PI. ii. 103, t. 172. — Along streams, interior of Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana, and N. Utah. Name inappropri- ate : perhaps the stamens are reddish. 25. VER6NICA, L. Speedwell, Brooklime. (Flower of St. Vero- nica ?) — Herbs in all the northern temperate regions, &c. (in Australia and New Zealand, in a peculiar section, shrubby or even arborescent, and with a turgid septicidal capsule), of various habit; the leaves opposite or verticillate, or some- times the upper alternate, as are the bracts. Flowers small, racemose, spicate, or solitary in the axils, never yellow ; in spring or summer. § 1. LeptXnbra, Benth. in DC. Corolla salverform; the tube longer than the lobes : stamens and style much exserted, the former inserted low on the tube : capsule ovate, turgid, hardly at all compressed, not at all emarginate, dehiscent at apex by all four sutures, at length more loculicidal : seeds numerous, oval and terete, with minutely reticulated coat : tall perennials : leaves mostly verticillate : flowers in dense terminal and also upper axillary spikes, minutely bracteate. — Leptandra. Nutt. Gen. i. 7. Eustachya & GaUistachya, Raf. Leptandra angustifolia, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1839 ( Veronica angustifolia, Steud.), mistakenly said to have been raised from New Orleans seed, is V. tubiflora, Fischer & Meyer, of E. Siberia. V. Virginica, L. (Culver's Physic.) Nearly glabrous, or foliage pubescent: simple stems 2 to 6 feet high : leaves in whorls of 3 to 9, lanceolate and slender-acuminate, some- Veronica. SCEOPHULARIACE^. 287 times oblong, very closely and sharply serrate, 3 to 5 inches long : terminal spike 6 to 10 inches long, with commonly several shorter ones from upper axils : corolla white, some- times bluish. — Spec. i. 9 (Pluk. Aim. t. 70, fig. 2) ; Hoffm. Coram. Gcett. xv. t. 1 ; Thunb. Fl. Jap. 20 ; Michx. Fl. i. 5. Eustachija alba & purpurea, & Cuilistachya Virginica, &c, Raf . Leptandra Virginica, Nutt. 1. c. L. purpurea, Raf. Med. Bot. t. 69. Veronica Sibirica, L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 12. V. Japonica, Steud. ; Miq. Prol. Jap. 50. — Moist woods and banks, from Canada and Winipeg Valley to Alabama and Missouri : fl. summer. (Japan and E. Siberia.) § 2. Veronica proper. Corolla rotate with very short tube : stamens at the upper sinuses : capsule from emarginate to obcordate-2-lobed : seeds more or less compressed anteriorly and posteriorly, or plano-convex, or the inner face hollowed : low herbs. # Perennials, stoloniferous or creeping at base : racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves. +- Capsules many-seeded, turgid, orbicular and mainly emarginate: seeds merely compressed or plano-convex : lower part of stems rooting in shallow water : racemes commonly from opposite axils, loose and elongated : pedicels slender, widely spreading : corolla pale blue, often purple- striped. V. Anagallis, L. Glabrous, or inflorescence glandular-puberulent : leaves sessile by broadish somewhat clasping base, and tapering gradually to the apex, oblong-lanceolate, entire or obscurely serrate. — Fl. Dan. t. 903; Engl. Bot. t. 781. — Canada to Illinois, New Mexico, and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Asia.) V. Americana, Schwein. Glabrous : leaves all or mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, truncate-subcordate at base, usually obtuse : pedicels more slender. — Herb. Hook. ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. V. intermedia, Schwein. in Am. Jour. Sci. viii. 268, name only. V. Beccabunga of older Am. authors. V. Anagallis, Bong. Veg. Sitk., &c. — Canada and N. Atlantic States to New Mexico, California, and Alaska. -1— 4— Capsule several-seeded, strongly compressed contrary to the partition : seeds very flat : racemes or spikes from alternate or sometimes from opposite axils: corolla mostly pale blue. V. SCUtellata, L. Glabrous : stem slender, ascending from a stoloniferous base, a span or two high : leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate (2 or 3 inches long) : racemes several, filiform, flexuous : flowers scattered on filiform elongated and widely spreading pedicels : capsule biscutelliform, being deeply emarginate at apex and slightly at base. — Fl. Dan. t. 209; Engl. Bot. t. 782; Michx. 1. c. — Swamps, Hud- son's Bay and N. Atlantic States to British Columbia and N. California. (Eu., N. Asia.) V. Cham^edkys, L. Stem ascending from a creeping base, pubescent, at least in two lines : leaves ovate or cordate, incisely crenate, subsessile : racemes loosely-flowered : pedicels little longer than calyx : blue corolla rather large: capsule triangular-obcordate. — Engl. Bot. t. 673. — Sparingly introduced into Canada, New York, and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) V. officinalis, L. Soft-pubescent throughout : stems creeping and procumbent : leaves short-petioled or subsessile, obovate-oval or oblong, obtuse, serrate, pale (an inch long) : spikes few, alternate or solitary, rarely from opposite axils, densely many-flowered : pedi- cels shorter than calyx : capsule obovate-triangular or cuneate, with a broad and shallow notch at the apex.— Fl. Dan. t. 248; Lam. 111. t. 13; Engl. Bot. t. 765; Michx. 1. c — Dry hills and open woods, New England to Michigan, and south to the mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessee. (Eu., N. W. Asia.) V. Kamtchatica, L. f . Villous with somewhat viscid hairs : stems ascending, 1 to 3 inches long, bearing 3 to 5 pairs of leaves separated by short internodes : leaves 6 to 18 lines long, broadly oval, obscurely serrate, contracted into a short petiole-like base : pedun- cles 1 to 3, erect, surpassing the leaves, somewhat corymbosely 3-8-flowered : pedicels about the length of calyx and bracts: corolla half inch or more in diameter, perhaps bright blue. — Suppl. 83. V. grandiflora, of Gsertn. in Conrai. Act. Petrop. xiv. t. 18, not of Don, &c. V. aphylla, var. (Willd. Spec. i. 60; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 556) gran- diflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 476 ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 245. — Kiska, one of the Aleutian Islands, Doll. (Kamtschatka and adjacent islands.) * # Low perennials, with ascending or erect flowering stems terminated by a single raceme : cauline leaves above passing into bracts : seeds numerous, much compressed or somewhat mems- coidal. (Specimens disposed to turn dark in drying.) V. fruticulosa, L., of Europe, is in Greenland, beyond our limits. 288 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Veronica. +- Capsule ovate, elliptical, or oblong, merely emarginate : stems erect from a slender creeping rootstock : leaves all sessile or nearly so : corolla blue or violet. V. Cusiokii. A palm high, glabrous or pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, entire (half to three fourths inch long) ; the pairs crowded up to the naked peduncle of the 3-9-flowered raceme : pedicels slender, often as long as the flower and longer than the oblong-linear bracts : corolla 4 or 5 lines in diameter, with ample rounded lobes : these surpassed by the filiform filaments and style; the latter thrice the length of the deflorate calyx. — Alpine region of the Blue Mountains, W. Oregon, W. C. Cusick, a form with glabrous thickish leaves. Scott Mountains in N. California, at 8,000 feet, E. L. Greene, form with narrower and hirsute-pubescent leaves, rarely with a denticulation or two. Nearly related to V. macrostemon of Bunge. V. Stelleri, Pall. A palm high, hirsute, leafy up to the sessile corymbose raceme : leaves ovate, copiously crenate-serrate (three fourths inch long) : pedicels slender, longer than the flowers : corolla as in the foregoing : stamens barely equalling its lobes : slender style not surpassing the calyx: "capsule ovate, hardly emarginate." — Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. i. 102; Cham, in Linn. ii. 557; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 481. — Unalaska and other Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka and Curile Islands.) V. alpina, L. A span or rarely a foot high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves mostly shorter than the internodes of the simple stem, ovate to oblong, crenulate-serrate or entire (half to full inch long) : raceme spicif orm or subcapitate, dense, or interrupted below : pedicels erect, shorter than the calyx (at least in flower), much shorter than the bracts : corolla with comparatively small limb, 2 or 3 lines in diameter, surpassing the stamens and short style: capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate. — Fl. Lapp. 7, t. 9, fig. 4; Spec. i. 11 ; Fl. Dan. t. 16 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 248. V. Warmskiddii, Rcem. & Sch. Syst. i. 101 (villous inflorescence) ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2975 (as var. of alpina), the larger-leaved and villous-pubescent form, commonest in N. America. V. nutans, Bong. Veg. Sitk. 39. — Alpine regions, White Mountains of New Hampshire, Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada for nearly their whole length, and north to Labrador, subarctic regions, and Aleutian Islands. (Eu., Asia, Greenland.) -1— -I— Capsule oblately orbicular and obcordate : lower leaves short-petioled ; upper sessile : corolla usually bluish or pale with blue stripes. V. serpyllifolia, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems creeping and branching at base, with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high : leaves oval or roundish, entire or crenulate (half inch or less long) ; the upper passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform raceme: pedicels erect, as long as the calyx. — Fl. Dan. t. 492; Engl. Bot. t. 1075. — Open and grassy grounds. Labrador to the mountains of Georgia, New Mexico, and across the continent to California and Aleutian Islands. (Eu., Asia, S. Am.) # # Low annuals : flowers in the axils of ordinary or of the upper more or less reduced and com- monly alternate leaves : corolla mostly shorter than the calyx. (All but the first naturalized from the Old World.) -I— -i— Seeds flat or flattish, small and numerous: flowers very short-pedicelled, appearing some- what spicate, the floral leaves being reduced or unlike the others. V. peregrina, L. (Neckweed.) Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandular: stem and branches erect, a span or two high : leaves thickish ; lowest petioled and oblong or oval, dentate; the others sessile, from oblong to linear-spatulate, mostly alternate; uppermost more hractlike and entire : capsule orbicular and slightly obcordate. — V. Mari- landica, Murr. Comm. Gcett. 1782, 11, t. 3, not L. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 61. V.Xala- pensis, HBK. — Low grounds, and a weed in damp cultivated soil, throughout the U. S. and Canada to Brit. Columbia. (S. Am., and now almost cosmopolite.) V. arvensis, L. Pubescent, a span or two high, soon spreading : lower leaves ovate, cre- nate, short-petioled: floral sessile, lanceolate, entire: capsule broadly obcordate. — Cult, and waste ground, Atlantic States to Texas : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 4_ ^_ Seeds fewer, cyathiform, much hollowed on the ventral face (§ Omphalospora, Bess.): pros- trate or spreading annuals: flowers on slender at length recurving pedicels from the axils of ordinary and petioled leaves. V. agrestis, L. Pubescent : leaves from round-ovate or subcordate to oblong, crenate-ser- rate, about equalling the pedicels: sepals oblong, surpassing the small corolla: ovules numerous : capsule orbicular with a deep and narrow emargination, maturing few or soli- tary seeds. — Sandy fields, New Brunswick to Louisiana : rare. (Nat. from Eu.) Seymeria. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 289 V. BuxbaiJmii, Tenore. More pubescent": leaves mainly roundish, crenate-dentate, shorter than the filiform pedicels: corolla larger, nearly half inch in diameter, blue: sepals divaricate in fruit, ovate-lanceolate : capsule broadly obcordate-triangular, with a widely open emargination, ripening several or rather numerous seeds. — Waste grounds, rare in Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) V. heder*:f6lia, L. Hairy : leaves roundish, often subcordate (half inch long), somewhat 3-5-lobed, commonly shorter than the pedicels: sepals triangular-subcordate, acute, at length erect: corolla small: capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 4-ovuled, 2-4-seeded. — Moist banks, New Jersey, Penn., &c. ; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) V. MabilAndica, L. Spec. i. 14 (PI. Gronov. Fl. Virg.) is Polypremum procumbens. V. Caroliniana, Poir, Diet. viii. 520, appears to be Mitreola petiolala. V. rexiformis, Raf. in Med. Rep. & Jour. Bot. i. 228, is not made out: perhaps V. hede- rmfolia, but its flowers are not " subsessile," nor are they said to be so in the original char- acter in Med. Repository. V. Pti rshii, Don, Syst. iv. 573 ( V. reniformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 10), collected by Lewis and Clark " on the banks of the Missouri," is not identified, although described in detail ; probably not of this genus. 26. BUCHNERA, L. (/. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.) — Erect perennials or biennials (of both worlds), drying blackish, scabrous; with un- divided leaves, the lower opposite, and the upper gradually reduced to subulate bracts of a terminal spike ; the flowers white, bluish or rose-purple, produced in summer. B. Americana, L. Rough-hispid : stem strict, 2 feet high : lowest leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse ; the others from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, coarsely and sparsely dentate, somewhat veiny, sessile : spike short, rather dense, or interrupted : calyx not half the length of the tube of the purple (inch long) corolla : lobes of the latter euneate-ob- ovate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Spec. ii. 360 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 18 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 498. — Moist sandy or gravelly ground, Western New York and Wisconsin to Virginia, Arkansas, and Louisiana. B. elongata, Swartz. Scabrous, but seldom hispid, slender, a foot or more high, long- naked above : radical leaves obovate ; lower oblong or lanceolate, obscurely or rarely den- tate; upper linear: spike slender, often few-flowered: tube of purple ("blue or white ") corolla not twice the length of the calyx ; its rounded lobes not over 2 lines long. — Fl. Ind. Occ. ii. 1061 ; Benth. 1. c. — Pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida and Texas. (W. Ind., S. Am.) 27. SEYM3SBJA, Pursh. (Henry Seymer, an English amateur-naturalist.) — Erect and mostly branching herbs (mainly of Atlantic States and Mexico, one in Madagascar !) ; annuals or some perennials ; with copious and mostly opposite incised or dissected leaves, the uppermost reduced to bracts of the somewhat race- mose or spicate and comparatively small yellow flowers, produced in late summer. § 1. Style filiform and long : stigma simple or slightly capitate : corolla gla- brous within, except a line at the insertion of the stamens : anthers dehiscent from the apex and tardily to near the base : leaves small : stems paniculately much branched. # Leaves filiformlv dissected : corolla very deeply clef t ; the lobes oblong. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Glabrous, or the branches puberulent, very slender, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves (half inch long) copiously 1-2-pinnately parted: pedicels filiform: corolla about 3 and capsule 2 lines long : calyx-lobes setaceous : filaments minutely woolly at base: anther-cells acutish. — Fl. ii. 737 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 511. Anqnymos cassioides, Walt. Afzelia cassioides, Gmel. Syst. 927. Gerardia Afzelia, Michx. Fl. ii. 20. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. * # Leaves or their divisions linear or broader: corolla-lobes obovate or oval, about the length of the tube and throat : pedicels short. 10 290 SCROPHULARIACE.&. Seymeria. +— Capsule ovate and gradually acuminate, 4 or 5 lines long, glabrous or nearly so: anthers sagit- tate, the cells very acute. S. scabra, Gray. Hispidulous-seabrous, not glandular, slender, 2 feet high : leaves sparingly pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or the upper few-lobed or entire : calyx-lobes subulate-linear : corolla glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. — Mountains near Rio Limpio, S. W. Texas, Wright, ■h- +- Capsule broadly ovate and merely acute, 2 lines long, glandular-hairy : anthers very obtuse. S. peotinata, Pursh, 1. c. Minutely viscid-pubescent or glabrate, about a foot high, slender : leaves pinnately parted into rather few short- or oblong-linear divisions, or the upper incisely few-toothed or entire : calyx-lobes linear : corolla hairy outside, especially in the bud. — Ell. Sk. ii. 122 ; Chapm. FI. 297. — Dry sandy soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Alabama, and perhaps to Texas. S. bipinnatisecta, Seem. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high, stouter : leaves rather copiously 1-3-pinnately parted ; the divisions from linear to oblong, small, often incisely toothed ; even the bracts and sometimes the oblong-linear calyx-lobes lobed or incised : corolla somewhat glandular-pubescent outside. — Bot. Herald, 323, t. 59 ; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 117, as var. Texana, with short pedicels, &c. ; but early flowers more slender-pedicelled. — W. and S. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, Bigelow, &c. (N. Mex.) § 2. Style short, with enlarged and compressed tip : corolla densely woolly within above the insertion of the very woolly filaments : anthers oblong, freely dehiscent to base : leaves ample. — § Brachygne, Benth. S. macrophylla, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or glabrate ; stems rather simple, 4 or 5 feet high : lower leaves pinnately parted, and the divisions lanceolate and incisely toothed or pinnatifid ; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire : flowers very short-pedi- celled in the axils of the upper leaves and bracts : calyx-lobes from oval to lanceolate, about the length of the tube : corolla barely half inch long ; the ovate lobes not longer than the tube: capsule globose-ovate, with a flat mucronate point. — Gen. ii. 49; Benth. in DC. 1. c. Gerardia macrophylla, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 205. — River banks and copses, Ohio to Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas. 28. MACRANTHfiRA, Torr. (Molxqos, long, and dvdtjgd, word used for anther, but it is here the filaments which are long.) — Genus of a single species, most related to Esterhazya of Brazil. Fl. autumn. M. fuchsioides, Torr. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or glabrate, 3 to 5 feet high, with some strict virgate branches : leaves all opposite, short-petioled, from entire to pin- natifid or pinnately parted (the larger 4 to 8 inches long) ; uppermost reduced to linear or lanceolate bracts of the elongated virgate raceme : pedicels (near an inch long) divaricate or decurved with incurved apex, so that the flowers are erect : tube of the calyx very short and broad ; the divisions distant, narrowly linear or somewhat spatulate, often pin- natifid-incised, rather shorter than the minutely puberulent orange-colored corolla : tube of the latter cylindrical, half to three-fourths inch long, slightly curved at summit ; the lobes ovate, about 2 lines long: filaments with short and lax glandular beard: anthers less bearded or glabrate ; the linear cells mucronate-pointed at base. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 203, 6 Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 81 ; Benth. 1. c, & DC. Prodr. x. 513; Chapm. Fl. 297. Conradia fuchsioides, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 88, t. ] 1, 12. Dasystoma tubulosa, Bertol. Misc. 13, t. 3. — Pine barrens, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida (not "Louisiana"), Dr. Gates, &c. Var. Lecontei, Chapm. 1. c. Calyx smaller, with subulate wholly entire lobes usually much shorter than the tube of the corolla : but passing into the preceding form. — M. Lecontei, Torr. 1. c. 83, t. 4. — Lower Georgia, LeConte. Middle Florida, Chapman. 29. G-ERARDIA, L. (John Gerarde, the English herbalist of the 16th century.) — Annual or perennial erect and branching herbs (all American and mostly of Atlantic U. S.) ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost reduced to bracts of the racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Corolla rose-purple or yel- low ; the former color rarely varying to white. Fl. late summer and autumn. Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 291 § 1. Dasystoma, Gray, Man. Corolla more or less funnelform, yellow ; the proper tube within, as also anthers and filaments, pubescent or villous-woolly : anthers all alike, hardly included ; the cells aristate at base : rather tall and large- flowered perennials or biennials ; with calyx-lobes sometimes foliaceous and incised, and comparatively broad leaves often incised or pinnatifid. (For root- parasitism, see Gray, Struct. Bot. 1. 145.) — Dasystoma, Raf. in Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 99 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 520. # Pubescence partly glandular and viscid, especially on the slender pedicels and calyx; corolla pubescent outside : root biennial or annual. G. pedicularia, L. Paniculately much branched, 2 or 3 feet high, soft-pubescent or villous and viscid, or the foliage hardly so : leaves mostly sessile, an inch or two long, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate in outline, all pinnatifid ; the divisions crowded and incisely pinnatifid or toothed : pedicels 4 to 12 lines long : calyx-lobes foliaceous, from linear to oblong, equalling or longer than the tube, often denticulate or incisely serrate : corolla from 1 to 1^ inches long. — Spec. ii. 611; Lam. Diet. ii. 529; Ell. Sk. ii. 121. Dasystoma pedicularia,Benih. in DC. 1. c. — Canada and west to the Mississippi, south to Florida. Var. pectinata, Nutt. A southern more villous and glandular form, with rather narrower leaves, and more foliaceous lobes of the calyx longer than its tube. — Gen. ii. 48. G. pectinata, Torr. in Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 206. Dasystoma pectinata, Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 298. — N. Carolina to Florida and Arkansas. # * No glandular pubescence : corolla glabrous outside : root perennial. G. grandiflora, Benth. Densely cinereous-puberulent : stem much branched, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy to the top : leaves somewhat petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate in out- line, incisely and often lyrately pinnatifid, or the lower more divided and the upper merely laciniate-dentate ( 2 inches long) : inflorescence leafy : pedicels shorter or rarely twice longer than the turbinate calyx-tube : lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, equalling or shorter than the tube ; corolla inch and a half long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 335. Dasystoma Drummondii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Oak openings, &c., Wis- consin and Iowa to Tennessee and Texas. Var. integriuscula. A form with slender branches, bearing either sparsely serrate or entire leaves ; or the lower laciniate-pinnatifid. — G. serrata, Torr., Benth. 1. c. Dasy- stoma Drummondii, var. serrata, Benth. in DC. — W. Louisiana, Hale. G. flava, Li. Densely puberulent and somewhat cinereous : stem nearly simple, 3 or 4 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower sparingly sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid (2 to 4 inches long) ; pedicels very short : calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, entire, about the length of the tube : corolla inch and a half long, much dilated upward. — Spec. ii. 610, as to syn. Gronov. & Pluk., not herb. ; Michx. Fl. ii. 19 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 423 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 47, t. 74. Dasystoma pubescens, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Open woods, Canada to Wisconsin and Georgia. G. quercif olia, Pursh. Glabrous : stem at first glaucous, 3 to 6 feet high, simple or commonly branching : lower leaves once or twice pinnatifid or incised (3 to 5 inches long) and the lobes acute ; the upper often entire and lanceolate, acute : pedicels equalling or shorter than the calyx : corolla not rarely 2 inches long, more funnelform and narrower below than in the preceding. — Fl. ii. 423, t. 19. G. flava, L., as to herb. Rhinanthus Vir- ginians, L., as to Syn. Gronov. G. glauca, Eddy, Cat. ; Spreng. Syst. ii. 807. Dasystoma quercifolia, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Dry woods, from New England and W. Canada to Illinois and south to Florida and Louisiana. G. leevigata, Raf. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, not glaucous : stem slender, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate (1-J- to 4 inches long) ; all the upper entire ; the lower often incised or irregularly pinnatifid : pedicels and lobes of the calyx shorter than its tube : corolla much dilated above the short tube, an inch long and the limb fully as broad. — Ann. Nat. (1820), 13. G. integrifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 307, ed. 5, 335. Dasystoma querci- folia, var. ? integrifolia (& var. intermedial), Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Oak barrens, &c, Penn. to Illinois and the mountains of Georgia. G. patula, Chapm. Obscurely pubescent or glabrate, not glaucous : stem weak and slender, loosely branching above, 2 or 3 feet long : leaves as of the preceding, but thinner : 292 SCROPHULABIACE^). Gerardia. pedicels filiform, 8 to 15 lines in length, widely spreading, mostly longer than the bracts or upper floral leaves : calyx-lobes about twice the length of the tube, spreading : corolla funnelform, an inch and a quarter long. — Chapm. in herb. Dasystoma patula, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10, 1878. — Upper Georgia, in the mountains, on the banks of Horse-leg Creek, a tributary of the Coosa River, Floyd Co., Chapman. § 2. Otofhylla, Benth. Corolla short-funnelform with very ampliate throat, purple (rarely white), naked within, as also the filaments : anthers muti- cous, glabrous or sparingly villous ; those of the shorter stamens smaller : scabrous- hispid or hirsute annuals ; with sessile entire or divided leaves, sessile flowers, and deeply cleft calyx. — Otophylla, Benth. in DC. 1. c. G. auriculata, Miohx. A foot or two high, branching above : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, an inch or two long, sessile by a broad base, entire, or some (at least the upper) bearing an oblong or lanceolate lobe on each side at base : corolla seldom an inch long. — Fl. ii. 20 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 335. Seymeria auriculata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 810. Otophylla Michauxii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 512. — Prairies and low grounds, W. Penn. to W. North Carolina, and west to Wisconsin and Missouri. G. densiflora, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy: leaves rigid, pinnately parted into 3 to 7 narrowly linear acute divisions ; those subtending the densely spicate flowers similar and much crowded : corolla over an inch long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 206. Otophylla Drummondi, Benth? in DC. 1. c. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas. § 3. Eugerardia, Benth. Corolla from short-funnelform to nearly campanu- late, purple or rose-color (with one exception), varying occasionally to white : calyx-teeth or lobes short : anthers all alike ; the cells either muticous or mucro- nulate_at base : cauline leaves linear or narrower and entire, rarely reduced to mere scales ; the radical rarely broader and sometimes incised : flowers from middle-sized to small ; the corolla externally and the anthers usually more or less pubescent or hairy : herbage glabrous or merely hispidulous-scabrous. # Root perennial: leaves erect, very narrowly linear, acute: pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves: calyx truncate : anther-cells mucronate-pointed at base. G. Wrightii, Gray. Very scabrous-puberulent : stems (a foot or two high) and virgate branches strict : leaves nearly filiform, with revolute margins : calyx-teeth short and subu- late : corolla glabrous within (and stamens nearly so), three-fourths inch long, light yellow ! — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. — Valleys and hillsides along the Sonoita, &c, Arizona, Wright, Bigelow, Rothrock. G. linif olia, Nutt. Glabrous and smooth : stems 2 or 3 feet high, sparingly or panicu- lately branched : leaves flat, thickish, a line wide : calyx-teeth minute : corolla an inch long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate : anthers and filaments very villous. — Gen. ii. 47 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. (not of Comp. Bot. Mag.) ; Chapm. Fl. 299. — Low pine barrens, Delaware to Florida. (Cuba, C. Wright.) * # Root annual : stems more or less leafy: herbage blackish in drying except in the last. +- Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule : inflorescence racemose or spiciform. •h- Calyx-lobes as long as the turbinate tube, and the sinuses very acute. G. heterophylla, Nutt. Nearly smooth, a foot or two high, paniculately branched, or the branches virgate : leaves rather erect, thickish or rigid ; the lowest 3-clef t or laciniate (according to NuttaU) ; the others narrowly linear, mucronate-acute, scabrous on the mar- gins ; those of the branchlets short and somewhat subulate : pedicels very short, alter- nate : calyx-lobes subulately attenuate from a broad base, very acute, in age spreading : corolla an inch or less long. — Trans.Am. Phil. Soc. a. ser. v. 180 ; Benth. Comp.. Bot. Mag. i. 207, & Prodr. 1. u. 517. — Prairies, Arkansas (NuttaU) and Texas. ++ ++ Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, and mostly separated by broad or open sinuses. G. aspera, Dougl. Stem and branches strict: leaves rather erect, strongly hispidulous- scabrous, all filiform-linear : pedicels mostly equalling and sometimes moderately exceed- ing the calyx, erect, most of them alternate : calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or triangular- lanceolate from a broad base, acute, about half the length of the tube : anthers obscurely Gerardia. SCROPHULAKIACEiE. 293 if at all mucronulate at base : capsule elliptical in outline, '4 lines long : otherwise nearly- like a scabrous form of the next, into which it may pass. — Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. 1. c. G. longifolia, Benth. in Conip. Bot. Mag. i. 208, not Nutt. — Plains and prairies', from Saskatchewan and Dakota to W. Arkansas, and east to Wisconsin and Illinois. Gr. purpurea, L. Commonly a foot or two high, with virgate rather spreading branches : leaves usually spreading, narrowly linear, either somewhat scabrous or smooth with merely scabrous margins: pedicels shorter than calyx, mainly opposite: teeth of the calyx acute, from very short and distant to half the length of the broad tube (then with broad base and narrower sinuses): corolla an inch or less long: anther-cells cuspidate- mucronate at base : capsule globular, 2 or 3 lines long. — Spec. ii. G10, in part (confounded with 67. tenuifolia), & of syn. Pluk., &c. ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 97. G. maritima, var. major, Chapm. Fl. 300. — Low and moist grounds, Canada to Florida and Texas near the coast, also Great Lakes to Illinois, &c. (Cuba.) A polymorphous species, of which the following are extreme forms. Var. fasciculata, Chapm. Usually taller, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves (and mostly branches) often alternate (and the cauline fascicled in the axils), very scabrous, narrowly linear or nearly filiform: pedicels in great part alternate : corolla commonly a full inch long. — Fl. 300. G. fasciculata, Ell. Sk. ii. 115. — S. Carolina to Florida, Texas, and Ar- kansas, usually in brackish soil. Var. paupercula. A span to a foot high, smoother : stem more simple or with stricter branches : pedicels mainly opposite : flowers decidedly smaller : corolla usually only half inch long, lighter rose-purple : calyx-teeth deltoid-subulate from a broad base, leaving com- paratively narrower sinuses, sometimes over half the length of the tube. — G. purpurea, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2048 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 204. G. intermedia, Porter, in herb., a name to be adopted if a distinct species. — Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, and southward from coast of New England to Penn., N. Illinois and Wisconsin. A maritime form has many spreading branches. G. maritima, Raf. A span or two high, with short branches from below, smooth: leaves fleshy, obtuse ; the floral small : flowers accordingly in a more naked simple raceme : pedicels about the length of the calyx : teeth of the latter broad, short, and very obtuse : corolla glabrous, half inch, or in a Texan form (var. grandiflora, Benth., G. spici- flora, Engelm. PI. Lindh. i. 19), three-fourths inch long : anther-cells mucronulate at base : capsule globular or ovoid, 2 or 3 lines long. — N. Y. Med. Rep. ii. 361; Nutt. Gen. ii. 46; Benth. 1. c. G. purpurea, var. crassifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. — Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Florida and Texas. ■*— ■+— Pedicels from once to thrice the length of the calyx, always much shorter than the corolla : inflorescence or ramification paniculate; some flowers appearing terminal: anthers mucronulate at base. G. Plukenetii, Ell. Commonly 2 feet high, with many slender spreading branches : leaves all filiform, smooth or barely scabrous, seldom in fascicles, only some of the upper alternate : pedicels 2 to 4 lines long and alternate in upper axils, and solitary terminating leafy filiform branchlets : calyx truncate and with very short subulate teeth : corolla three-fourths to near an inch long, loosely long-villous in throat, as are the filaments and anthers. — Sk. ii. 114. Antirrhinum purpureum, &c, Pluk. Aim. 34, t. 12, fig. 4, poor. G. linifolia, Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209, not Nutt. G. JUifolia, var. Gatesii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. G. setacea, Chapm. Fl. 300, not Walt. ? nor Ell.? nor Pursh, nor Nutt., &c. — Sandy or wet pine barrens, Middle Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Larger leaves an inch long. Var. microph^lla. Slender : cauline leaves setaceous, half inch or less long, rather few, and on the- branchlets reduced to minute subulate bracts (mostly less than a line long) : corolla half to two-thirds inch long. — 67. aphylla, var. grandiflora, Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. c. — Louisiana, Drummond, Hale. Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c. Plukenet's figure (Aim. t. 12, fig. 4) may be rightly referred here ; but it is not character- istic. -I— -i— +- Filiform pedicels about equalling or commonly exceeding the corolla in length : woolly anthers cuspidate or almost aristate at base. ++ Leaves all but the lowest cauline alternate and copiously fascicled in the axils. G. filif olia, Nutt. Smooth, often 2 feet high, paniculately branched above, very leafy up to the loose paniculate-racemose inflorescence : leaves numerous in the fascicles, filiform 294 scrophulariace^;. Gerardia. and slightly clavate, rather fleshy, less than an inch long : pedicels mostly from an inch to half inch long: calyx-teeth short, triangular-subulate: corolla an inch or three-fourths long. — Gen. ii. 48; Ell. Sk. ii. 116; Benth. 1. c. (excl. var.); Chapni. 1. c — Low pine barrens, S. Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. ++ ++ All or most of the cauline (or even the rameal) leaves opposite, and few or none fascicled in the axils, = Blackening more or less in drying: capsule globular, hardly surpassing the calyx. G. setacea, Walt. Mostly scabrous, at least the setaceous-filiform leaves, and loosely and paniculately much branched : inflorescence more or less paniculate : pedicels ascend- ing, from half to an inch and a half long : calyx-teeth subulate, from minute to a fourth of the length of the tube : corolla three-fourths to about an inch long, often pubescent out- side; the margins of the lobes thickly lanose-ciliate : anther-cells short-aristate. — Car. 170 ; Pursh, EI. ii. 422, excl. hab. ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 47 ; Ell. 1. c. ; not Benth., nor Chapm. G. filifolia & tenuifolia, var. JUiformis (leptophylla in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209), Benth. 1. c. in part. G. tenuifolia, var. filiformis, Chapm. Fl. 300. — Pine barrens, &c, South Carolina to Florida and Texas. Var. longifolia ( G. longifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180, G. filifolia, var. longifolia, Benth. in DC. 1. c.) is described from simple-stemmed specimens, collected on the "banks of the Arkansas," Nuttall, which have long (but not "2 inch") leaves, setaceous- subulate calyx-teeth about half the length of the tube (not "nearly its length") as in some Texan specimens, and corolla barely three-fourths inch long. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Smooth or usually so, about a foot high, paniculately much branched, but the inflorescence racemose : leaves mostly narrowly linear and plane, equal- ling the lower but mostly shorter than the uppermost (half to inch long and commonly spread- ing) pedicels : calyx-teeth very short : corolla about half inch long, nearly glabrous outside, except the minutely ciliate margins of its nearly equal lobes : anther-cells cuspidate- mucronate at base. — Symb. iii. 79, excl. syn. Pluk. ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Nutt. 1. c. ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 82. G. purpurea, L. in part (as to ped. filiformibus, &c). G. erecta, Walt. 1. c.1 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 20. — Low or dry ground, Canada and Minnesota to Georgia and Louis- iana. This sometimes has very narrow leaves, approaching filiform : it varies on the other hand into Var. macroph^lla, Benth. Stouter: larger leaves 1J to 2 inches long and almost 2 lines wide, scabrous: pedicels ascending: calyx-teeth usually larger: corolla little over half inch long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209. — Western Iowa to Colorado and W. Louisiana. G. strictiflora, Benth. Obscurely scabrous, excessively paniculate-branched, rigid, a foot or more high": leaves filiform-linear passing on the branches into subulate ; these erect and half to quarter inch long, rigid, shorter than the erect or ascending (half to three-fourths inch) pedicels: calyx-teeth short but conspicuous, subulate, very acute: corolla half inch long or more : anther-cells aristulate at base. — Comp. Bot. Mag. & Prodr. 1. c. — Texas, Drummond, &c. G. divarioata, Chapm. Smoothish throughout, very slender, a foot or so high, with numerous lax and long branches and elongated racemose inflorescence : leaves filiform, widely spreading; the larger over half inch long; upper gradually reduced to small seta- ceous bracts : pedicels opposite, divaricate, capillary, about inch long : calyx-teeth minute : corolla barely half inch long ; the " two posterior lobes shorter, truncate, and erect : " anther-cells abruptly aristulate at base. — Fl. 299. G. Mettaueri, Wood, Class Book, 1861. — Low sandy pine barrens, W. & S. Florida, Chapman, &c. = = Herbage drying green. G. Skinneriana, "Wood. Somewhat scabrous : stem simple or paniculately branched, strongly striate, a span to 18 inches high, slender: leaves mostly filiform, ascending; the larger an inch long ; those of the branches much smaller, the uppermost reduced to small bracts : pedicels racemose-paniculate, ascending, 4 to 8 lines long : calyx-teeth mostly minute : corolla a third to half inch long, glabrous outside, delicately ciliate, usually rose- color. — Class Book, 1847, excl. syn. G. setacea, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. &DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Man., &c, not of Walt., nor of Chapm. G. parvifolia, Chapm. Fl. (1860) 200. — Sandy low ground, coast of Massachusetts ( W. E. Davenport, Mrs. Piper, but rare north-east- ward), and Penn. to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana. Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACEjE. 295 # * * Root annual : stems leafless : cauline leaves represented by minute subulate scales. G. filicaulis, Chapm. 1. c. Smooth, glaucescent, apparently leafless : stem about a foot long, filiform and weak, diffusely much branched ; the elongated paniculate branch- lets terminated by a flower or bearing a few short lateral pedicels : minute scales or bracts mostly opposite : calyx-teeth minute : corolla 3 to 5 lines long ; the two posterior lobes more erect and shorter : anther-cells aristulate at base. — 67. aphylla, var. filicaulis, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 210. 67. Mcttaueri, var. nuda, Wood, Class Book, 1861, 530, & later 67. nuda, Wood. — Low and grassy pine barrens of Florida and Louisiana, Lh-ummond, Chapman, &c. G. aphylla, Nutt. Smooth : slender stem 1 to 3 feet high, strict and simple below, about 4-angled, simple or mostly paniculate-branched above; radical leaves (rarely seen) small and oval or oblong, thickish, hispidulous, half inch or less long ; cauline reduced to appressed subulate and mostly scattered minute scales : pedicels short, rather crowded in virgate mostly spiciform naked racemes : calyx-teeth minute : corolla G to 8 lines long, vil- lous within ; " the upper lobes reflexed : " anther-cells hardly mucronulate at base. — Gen. ii. 47; Ell. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. excl. varieties ; Chapm. 1. c. — Low and sandy pine barrens, coast of N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 30. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Painted-Cup. (Z>. Castillejo, a botanist of Cadiz.) — Herbs (American, mostly N. American, and two in N. Asia) ; with alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually more incised and mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike ; the flowers solitary in their axils and ebracteolate, red, purple, yellowish, or whitish ; but the corolla almost always duller-colored than the calyx or bracts, mostly of yellow or greenish tinge. Fl. in summer. (Primary divisions generally received are not distinct enough for subgenera, except JEpickroma of Mexico, with a fannelform calyx. Ours accordingly may all be embraced in § Euchroma, Euchroma, Nutt. Gen. ii. 55.) — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 335, & Bot. Calif, i. 573. # Annuals or some biennials with fibrous root: at least the upper part of the bracts and sometimes of the calyx petaloid (bright red or scarlet, occasionally varying to yellowish) : pubescence vil- lous or soft-hirsute. -i— Atlantic species, flowering in spring or earl}- summer, a span to a foot high : floral leaves or bracts' dilated : calyx equally cleft before and behind into 2 broad or upwardly dilated entire or retuse lobes: galea' (upper lip) shorter than the tube of the corolla, little surpassing the calyx, much exceeding the short lower lip. C. COCCinea, Spreng. (Painted-Cup.) Biennial, at least northward: rosulate radi- cal leaves mostly entire, obovate or oblong; cauline and bracts laciniate or 3-5-cleft; the middle lobe of latter dilated : calyx-lobes quadrate-oblong. — Syst. ii. 775 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 259. Bartsia coccinea, L. Spec. ii. 602. (Pluk. Aim. t. 102, fig. 5.) Euchroma coc- cinea, Nutt. 1. c. — Low sandy ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas. C. indivisa, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate-linear and entire, or sometimes with 2 or 3 slender lateral lobes : bracts and calyx-lobes obovate-dilated, bright red. — PI. Lindh. i. 47 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. Winter-annual, flower- ing in spring, no tuft of radical leaves surviving. -i— -)— Ultramontane and Pacific annuals, with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender: leaves 'and bracts all linear-lanceolate and entire ; the latter or at least the upper with petaloid (red) linear tips : flowers all pedicellate, the lower rather remote in the leafy spike : calyx gibbous and broadest at base, ovoid or oblong in fruit, wholly green, about equally cleft before and behind to near the middle ; the segments lanceolate and acute or acutely 2-cleft at apex : galea of the narrow and straight corolla very much longer than the small not callous lip : capsule oblong. C. minor, Gray. A foot or two high : corolla half to three-fourths inch long, yellow : the oblong galea much shorter than the tube. — Bot. Calif, i. 573. C. affinis, var. minor, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. — Wet ground, New Mexico and Nebraska to W. Nevada. C. stenantha. Taller, 1 to 5 feet high : corolla linear, double the length of that of the preceding species ; the slightly falcate and commonly reddish galea one-half longer than the tube.— C. affinis, Benth. PI. Hartw. 329, in part (no. 1897); Gray, 1. c. in part.— 296 SCROPHULARIACE^i. Castilleia. Moist grounds, California from Monterey to San Diego, and through the southern part of the Sierra Nevada. # # Perennials. +- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, tubular-cylindraceous, mostly colored red, as are a part of the bracts : corolla large, an inch or two long, well exserted from the lower side of the spatha- ceous calyx and at length somewhat arcuate or falcate, exposing the protuberant and very short callous lip; its galea about equalling the tube : lower flowers commonly pedicellate. C. affinis, Hook. & Am. A foot or two high, mostly strict, villous-pubescent or gla- brate : leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire, or some of the upper laciniate-toothed at apex ; lower floral or bracts similar ; upper shorter and broader, red : spike or raceme lax below : calyx narrowly cylindrical, red, an inch long, its anterior fissure hardly twice the depth of the posterior ; narrowly oblong lobes acutely 2-clef t at apex : corolla 1J to 1£ inches long. — Bot. Beech. 154, 380; Benth. in DC. 1. c, & PI. Hartw. no. 1896 ; Meyer, Sert. Petrop. ii. t. 15 f — California, in moist grounds about San Francisco Bay, on the Sacramento, and south to Tejon, &c. C. laxa, Gray. A foot high, weak and slender, short-pubescent : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, barely 2 inches long, 3-nerved, spreading : bracts similar or broader, the upper red- dish : flowers few and crowded : calyx broadly cylindraceous, inch long, its anterior fissure not twice the depth of the posterior, both short ; the lobes broad and broadly 2-toothed : corolla inch and a half long, nearly straight; its galea shorter than the tube. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 119 & Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. — Mountain side, southern border of Arizona near Santa Cruz, Wright. C. oblongifolia. Two feet or more high, very leafy, densely villous or pubescent : leaves widely spreading, 5-nerved, 1 or 2 inches long, narrowly elliptical and very obtuse, or the uppermost oblong-ovate and acute : bracts similar, the upper reddish : spike many- flowered : calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear : corolla 2 inches long ; somewhat falcate narrow galea as long as the tube ; lip very protuberant and fleshy globular-saccate, its minute lobes subulate. — Southern borders of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Col- lected along with C. miniata. C. linariaef olia, Benth. Mostly tall and strict, 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous below, the sev- eral-many-flowered spike somewhat pubescent or villous : leaves linear, entire, or some of the upper sparingly laciniate, and the uppermost and bracts 3-parted, 1-3-nerved ; divisions not dilated : calyx narrowly cylindrical, over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, some- times pale ; the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior ; the long upper lip acutely 4-toothed or 2-clef t and the lobes 2-toothed : corolla 1 J or 2 inches long ; its nar- row falcate and much exserted galea as long as the tube. — DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c, & Bot. Calif, i. 573. C. candens, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, a. pubescent form. — Through the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to New Mexico, Arizona, and Sierra Nevada of California. -K- -t— Calyx about equally cleft before and behind : floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and petaloid-colored (red or crimson, varying to yellowish or whitish). ++ Pubescence never tomentose nor cinereous-tomentulose. = Galea equalling or longer than the tube of the corolla ; the lip very short. C. latifolia, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, diffusely branched from the base, villous-hirsute and viscid: leaves short (half inch or more), dilated-obovate or oval, very obtuse, some 3-5-lobed : spike leafy : calyx 2-clef t to the middle ; the oblong-obovate lobes entire or emarginate, almost equalling the small (8 lines long) corolla. — Bot. Beech. 154. — Coast of California. • C. parviflora, Bong.' A span to 2 -feet high, villous-hirsute, at least above: leaves variously laciniately cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or sometimes the cauline mainly entire and narrow (rarely oblong) : calyx-lobes oblong arid 2-cleft at apex or to below the middle : corolla an inch or less long ; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted ; the small lip not protuberant. — Veg. Sitk. 157 ; Gray, 1. c. C. Toluccensis, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 579? . C. coccinea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t, 1136. C. hispida, Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii. 105, & DC. 1. c. 532. C. Douglasii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 530 ; narrow-leaved and large-flow- ered form of coast of California. Euchroma Bradburii, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47. E. angustifolia, Nutt. 1. c, a low and small-flowered subalpine form : same as C. desertorum, Geyer, in Hook. Kew Jour. v. 258. — Dry or moist ground, Sitka to S. California and Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACE^. 297 mountains of Arizona, east to Dakota and Colorado. A most polymorphous species, and the oldest name not a good one. Bracts, as in other species, varying from red to yellow or white. C. miniata, Dougl. A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire (rarely laciniate-3-clef t) : spike dense and short : bracts from lanceolate to oval, mostly bright red, rarely whitish," seldom lobed : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-clef t : corolla over an inch long ; the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube ; very short lip protuberant and callous, as deep as long, with ovate short teeth involute. — Hook. Fl. ii. 106 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 574. C. pallida, var. Unalaschensis, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. u., partly. C. pallida, var. miniata, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 337. — Alaska to Sas- katchewan and southward along the higher mountains through Colorado, Utah and Cali- fornia. = Galea decidedly shorter than the tube of the corolla and not over twice or thrice the length of the lip. C. pallida, JKunth. A foot or so high, strict, commonly villous with weak cobwebby hairs, at least the dense and short leafy-bracted spike, or below glabrous, not glandular or viscid : leaves membranaceous, mainly entire ; the lower linear ; upper lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate: bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equalling the (half to inch long) corolla : calyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less 2-cleft ; the lobes oblong or lanceolate : galea 2 to 4 lines long, barely twice the length of the lip, its base not exserted from the calyx. — Syn. PI. JEquin. ii. 100 : Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 575. C. Sibirica, Lindl. Bot. Reg. under 925. Bartsia pallida, L. Spec. ii. 602. — Subarctic N. W. coast and islands, Chamisso, &c. (Siberia.) Passes into Var. septentrionalis, Gray. A span to 2 feet high, sometimes almost glabrous : bracts greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red : lip smaller, from half to hardly a third the length of the galea. — Bot. Calif. I.e. C. septentrionalis, Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 925 ; Benth. 1. c. C. pallida, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. v. 258. C. pallida, var. Unalaschensis, latifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c. C. acuminata, Spreng. 1. c. Bai-tsia acuminata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 429. — Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains and Green Mountains of New Eng- land, and north shore of Lake Superior, to the Rocky mountains of Colorado and Utah, and north-westward to Alaska, Aleutian Islands, &c. Some larger forms appear to pass into C. miniata. Var. occidentalis, Gray. Dwarf and narrow-leaved form, 2 to 6 inches high: bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers whitish : lip about half the length of the rather broad galea. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. C. occidentalis, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 230 ; Benth. 1. c. — High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, Colo- rado, and Sierra Nevada, California. Var. Haydeni. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high : linear leaves sometimes with one or two slender-subulate lobes : bracts merely ciliate-pubescent, laciniately 3-5-cleft into linear lobes, bright crimson: lip not half the length of the galea. — Alpine region of the Sierra Blanca, S. Colorado, Hayden, Hooker, & Gray. Seemingly very distinct from C. pallida, but connected through the preceding variety. C. viscidula. A span high, tufted, pubescent with very short stiff mostly glandular- tipped hairs and somewhat viscid, only the dense naked spike with some short villous hairs: stems slender: leaves linear, attenuate, entire, or uppermost 3-cleft: bracts 3-5- cleft, more or less dilated ; the upper rather shorter than the flowers, with reddish or whit- ish lobes : calyx-segments shorter than the cylinrlraceous tube, 2-parted into linear-lanceo- late lobes : corolla three-fourths inch long ; galea hardly one-third the length of the tube, twice the length of the lip ; lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, equal in length to the ventricose obscurely 3-carinate but not callous lower portion. — Nevada, in the E. Hum- boldt Mountains, at 9,000 feet, Watson (part of no. 810). C. Lemmoni. A span or more high, pubescent, and the dense oblong spike somewhat hirsute-villous, not glandular: leaves narrowly linear, entire or 3-cleft; uppermost more dilated and cleft : bracts 3-cleft, the upper with reddish lobes and equalling the flowers : calyx-segments as long as the tube, oblong, petaloid, emarginate or barely 2-cleft at apex : corolla fully three-fourths inch long ; galea oblong, about a quarter the length of tube, hardly twice the length of the ventricose lip ; lobes of the latter ovate, rather shorter than 298 SCROPHULARIACEiE. CasMMa. the saccate portion, the 3 narrow obtuse keels or plicae of which terminate under the lobes in as many conical gibbosities. — Sierra Co., California, probably in the alpine region, Lem- mon. Referred in Bot. Calif, to C. pallida, var. occidentalis. One of the transitions to the first section of Orthocarpus. ++ ++ Herbage white-woolly throughout; the tbmentum loose or flocculent with age : leaves linear and entire: bracts 3-parted; the divisions more or less spatulate-dilated and petaloid: calyx- lobes broad and with rounded entire or slightly 2-lobed summit : corolla almost included, 7 to 9 lines long, slender ; the narrow galea little shorter than the tube ; lip very short. C foliolosa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, and many-stemmed from a woody base: woolly hairs intricately branched: leaves narrowly linear (inch or less long), crowded below and fascicled in lower axils : spike close : galea shorter than the tube of the corolla. — Bot. Beech. 154 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 574. — Dry hills, coast of California from San Diego to Mendocino Co. C. lanata, Gray. Apparently herbaceous to base, branching, white with appressed arachnoid wool: leaves larger (inch or two long) ; tlie galea longer than the tube: flowers larger, more scattered in the spike : corolla rather more exserted. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. — S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) •h- ++ ++ Tomentulose or einereous-puberulent, or the stem only lanate-tomentose : bracts, &c, conspicuously petaloid : primary calyx-segments 2-cleft or 2-parted into narrow usually acute lobes : corolla more exserted, inch long or over ; galea shorter than the tube ; = Lip very short; its lobes not longer than the more or less callous saccate portion. C. integra, Gray. A span to a foot high : stem rather stout, tomentose : leaves cine- reous-tomentulose, linear {li to 3 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), entire: bracts of the short spike linear- or oboyate-oblong, red or rose-color, entire or sometimes incised : corolla inch and a quarter long; galea rather broad; lip strongly tri-callous, its lobes very short. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. C. angustifolia, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 118, in part, not Nutt. C. tomentosa, Gray, 1. c, a more tomentose form. — Dry grounds, W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona. C. Lindheimeri. A span or two high, branched or many-stemmed from the base, cine- reous-puberulent or the stem tomentulose : leaves narrowly linear, entire or sparingly laciniate, or the upper 3-5-cleft, as are the bracts of the dense spike ; these mostly peta- loid and dilated, from brick-red to rose-color or sulphur-yellow : calyx equally colored : corolla (inch or so in length) rather slender ; the lobes of the lip ovate, not longer than the callous saccate portion — C. purpurea, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338, not Don & Benth. — Stony or fertile mountain prairies, on the Pierdenales and Guadalupe, W. Texas, Lind- heimer, &c. Much more showy than the next, and with different corolla. = = Lip of corolla with longer and narrow lobes, and base less saccate. C. purpurea, Don. A foot or less high, minutely cinereous-pubescent and the stem appressed-tomentose : leaves narrowly linear and entire, or mostly once or twice 3-clef t or laciniate, with divisions and lobes all narrowly linear : bracts similar or with cuneate- dilated base ; the broader lobes of the upper and the calyx magenta-color or purple : corolla (over an inch long) narrow ; galea very much shorter than the tube, only twice the length of the lip : lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, plane and petaloid, very much longer than the obscurely saccate and not callous basal portion. — Syst. iv. 615 ; Benth. I.e. Euchroma purpurea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180. — Hilly prairies, Arkansas, Nuttall. E. Texas, Drummond (iii. no. 286 in part), Miss Hobart, Reverchon. H I— •»— Calyx deeper cleft before than behind: corolla either slender or small, with galea much shorter than its tube and lip comparatively long: bracts and calyx if colored at all yellowish: leaves or their divisions narrowly linear, rather rigid : stems numerous from the root. ■h- Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisacculate and little if at all callous below the narrow lobes : flowers yellowish or greenish white : clefts of the calyx moder- ately unequal. = Cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly 3-5-cleft and the slender divisions sometimes again 2-3- cleft : bracts similar or with more dilated base, not even their tips colored. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. A span or two high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent: leaves 2 inches or more long, with slender lobes, rarely entire : lobes of the tubular calyx slender : corolla exserted, about 2 inches long : lip with linear-lanceolate lobes very much longer than the obscurely saccate base. — Fl. ii. 738-; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. C. grandiflora, Spreng. Syst. ii. 775. Euchroma grandiflora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 55. — Prairies, Wisconsin and Illinois to Saskatchewan, Dakota, and south to W. Texas and New Mexico. Orihocarpus. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 299 C. breviflora, Gray. Barely span high, more pubescent : lower leaves often entire and upper only 3-5-parted, an inch or so long : bracts of the dense spike more dilated, not sur- passing the flowers : calyx ovoid-oblong ; its lobes lanceolate : corolla little exserted, less than inch long : lip with somewhat callous oblong plicae or saccate keels about the length of the oblong obtuse lobes. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, in the alpine region, Nuttall, Parry, &c. = = Very glabrous up to the merely pubescent naked dense spike : cauline leaves all entire : bracts shorter than the flowers, dilated and 3-clef t ; the lobes with petaloid yellowish tips. C. linoid.es. Stems strict, a foot high, rigid, branching at summit, very smooth, as also the rigid leaves (these 1 or 2 inches long, a line or less wide) : calyx and corolla nearly of C. brevi/iora, the former with narrower lobes and the latter only half inch long. — Clover Mountains, Nevada, Watson. In Bot. King, included under " C. pallida, var." ++ ++ Lip of corolla very short, globular-saccate and callous, and with very short ovate lobes : anterior cleft of calyx deeper. C. flava, ^7atson. A foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinereous-puberulent, at least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent : leaves entire or the upper with one or two lobes : bracts 3-clef t and with dilated base ; the upper and calyx yellowish : corolla hardly an inch long; narrow galea little shorter than the tube. — Bot. King, 230. — Mountains of E. Utah and Wyoming, in and near the Uintas, Watson, Porter. 31. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. ('OpOog, upright, and xaQTtog, fruit; the capsule not oblique as in Melampyrum.) — Low herbs, almost all annual (W. North American and one Chilian) ; with mainly alternate entire or 3-5-parted and laciniate leaves ; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not rarely colored, as also the calyx-lobes ; the corolla yellow, or white with purple or rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. Seeds numerous or rather few. Fl. spring and summer. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 535 ; Watson, Bot. King, 230, 457 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 575. § 1. Castilleioi'des, Gray. Corolla with lip (i. e. lower lip) simply or some- what triply saccate, and with conspicuous mostly erect lobes ; the galea (i. e. upper lip) either broadish or narrow : anthers all 2-celled : bracts with more or less colored tips : seeds with very loose and arilliform cellular-favose coat. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. # Root perennial : lips of the short and yellowish corolla more equal and less dissimilar than in any of the following ; lower one rather obscurely saccate; galea broadish, obtuse : filaments gla- brous. Transition to Castilleia. O. pallescens, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not hairy: leaves 3-5-parted into linear lobes, or the lower entire : bracts similar with dilated base, or upper with shorter obscurely whitish or yellowish lobes : calyx deeply 2-cleft, with broad lobes merely 2-cleft at apex : corolla over half inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 384, in part, but only as to Nuttall's Euchroma pallescens in herb. 0. Parryi, Gray in Am. Naturalist, viii. 214. — Kocky Mountains of N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon, Nuttall, Parry, C'usick. O. pilosUS, Watson. From soft-villous to hirsute-pubescent, a span or two high, very leafy : leaves of the preceding or more divided : bracts usually more dilated and colored, from yellow or whitish to dull crimson : calyx-segments deeply cleft or parted ; the lobes linear. — Bot. King, 231; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 576. 0. pallescens, Gray, 1. a, except as to Nuttall's plant. — Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-10,000 feet, to Oregon. Varies with lax and with rather rigid leaves, with soft-villous and with hirsute pubescence. &c. # # Root annual : filaments glabrous : galea narrow and nearly straight, lanceolate-triangular or broadly subulate, naked: lip moderately ventricose and somewhat plicate-trisaccate for its whole length ; the teeth or lobes conspicuous, erect, oblong-linear : capsule oblong or oval. O. attenuatus, Gray. Erect, slender, a span or two high, hirsute-pubescent above : leaves linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes : spike virgate : lower flowers scattered : bracts with slender lobes barely white-tipped : corolla narrow throughout, 300 SCROPHULARIACE2E. Orthocarpus, half inch long, white or whitish : narrow teeth of purple-spotted lip nearly equalling the galea. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Moist ground, San Francisco Bay to Puget Sound. O. densiflorus, Benth. Erect or diffusely branched from base, 6 to 12 inches high, above soft-pubescent : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, attenuate upward, entire or with a few slender lobes : spike dense, many-flowered, at length cylindrical, or lowest flowers rather distant: bracts 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers ; their linear lobes and (8 to 10 lines long) corolla purple and white : teeth of the lip shorter than the galea. — Scroph. Ind. 13, & DC. Prodr. x. 536; Gray, I.e. — Coast of California, in low grounds, San Luis Obispo to Sonoma Co. O. castilleioid.es, Benth. 1. c. At length diffuse and corymbosely branched, 5 to 12 inches high, minutely pubescent, or below glabrate and above somewhat hirsute: leaves from lanceolate to oblong, commonly laciniate ; the upper and bracts cuneate-dilated and incisely cleft, herbaceous, or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish : spikes dense, short and thick : corolla nearly inch long, dull white or purplish-tipped ; lip ventricose-dilated : seeds longer or larger than in the preceding. — Pine woods and low grounds near the sea- shore, from Monterey, California, to Puget Sound or nearly. # # # Eoot annual: filaments mostly pubescent: galea attenuate upward, densely bearded on the back with many-jointed hairs, uncinate or incurved at the obtuse tip, rather longer and very much narrower than the open-saccate hp, the summit of which under the short and small recum- bent lobes is trisacculate and the middle sacculus didymous: stigma very large, depressed-capi- tate: capsule ovate. (Transition to § Triphymria.) O. purpurascens, Benth. 1. c. Erect, rather stout, at length much branched from base, 6 to 12 inches high, hirsute : leaves with lanceolate base or body, and laciniately 1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform lobes, or the upper palmately cleft : spike thick and dense : bracts equalling the (inch or less long) flowers, somewhat dilated : their lobes and calyx-lobes with upper part of corolla crimson to rose-color, or sometimes paler and duller. — California, common along and near the coast from Humboldt Co. southward. Var. Palmeri. Flowers smaller: galea more linear: filaments glabrous or almost so. — Arizona, near Wickenberg, Palmer. § 2. True Orthocarpus, Benth. Corolla with simply saccate lip incon- spicuously or obsoletely 3-toothed, and moderately smaller ovate-triangular galea ; its small tip or mucro usually somewhat inflexed or uncinate : stigma small, entire : anthers all 2-celled : seed-coat very loose, costate-reticulated : root an- nual. — Orthocarpus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 56. Oncorrhynchus, Lehm. # Bracts abruptly and strikingly different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower with narrow lateral lobes, more or less petaloid (purplish), becoming papyraceous and imbricated in the dense fructiferous (oblong or at length cylindrical) spike, toward base often hispid-ciliate, other- wise naked : corolla mostly rose-color : cauline leaves linear-attenuate ; lower mostly entire and upper 3-5-parted. O. paohystachyus. A span high, scabrous-puberulent and the stem hirsute : bracts an inch long, all the upper entire and oblong, rose-purple as is the (1J inch) glabrous corolla: tube of the latter much longer than the calyx : galea with conspicuous and slender incurved tip : anther-cells linear-lunate, mucronate-attenuate at base, glabrous. — N. Cali- fornia, near Yreka, Siskiyou Co., Greene. O. tenuifolius, Benth. More slender, taller, somewhat pubescent or hirsute : bracts about half inch long, oblong or oval, partly purplish : corolla purplish, half inch long, puberulent ; the tube little surpassing the calyx ; inflexed tip of galea minute and incon- spicuous : anther-cells oblong, sparsely pubescent. — Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 577. 0. imbricatus, Torr. in "Watson, Bot. King, 458. Bartsia tenuifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 429, excl. "flowers deep yellow," which must refer to 0. luteus. — Dry ground, Mon- tana to Brit. Columbia and south to the Sierra Nevada, California. # # Bracts herbaceous, not colored, less or little different from the leaves, all 3- (rarely 5-) cleft and with acute lobes. -I— Spike dense or close, mostly many-flowered : seeds costate. O. bracteosus, Benth. 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent: stem strict, a foot or less high : leaves as of the preceding or the upper broader : bracts of the thickish and dense spike broadly Orlhocarpus. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 301 cuneate-dilated, shorter than the flowers, the divergent lobes broadly lanceolate : corolla rose-purple, half inch long ; tube moderately longer than the calyx : galea with minute indexed tip. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c — Dry ground, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and northern portion of Sierra Nevada, California. O. luteus, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid : stem strict, a span to a foot high : leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft : bracts of the dense spike broader or with more dilated base, completely herbaceous, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers : corolla golden yellow, less than half inch long, twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; tip of galea obtuse and straight. — Gen. ii. 57. 0. striclus, Benth. 1. u. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 104, t. 172. — Plains, &c, N. Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Colorado, eastern borders of California, and Brit. Columbia. O. Tolmiei, Hook. & Arn. Puberulent, a span or two high, loosely branched : leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear, chiefly entire : bracts of the small and short spikes little dilated, often 3-cleft,' the upper shorter than the flowers : corolla bright yellow, half inch long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx ; minute tip of galea indexed. — Bot. Beech. 379 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 536 ; Watson, Bot. King, 230. — Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains, to S. Idaho. -t— Spike looser, few-flowered : seeds with loose reticulated coat. O. purpureo-albus, Gray. Minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid, simple or branched, a span or two high : leaves entire or mostly 3-cleft, filiform : bracts similar or somewhat dilated at base : corolla three-fourths inch long, purple and often partly white, with tube twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; tip of galea mucroniform, inflexed. —Watson, Bot. King, 458; Bot. Calif. 1. c. — New Mexico and S. Utah, Woodhouse, Newberry, Parry, Mrs. Thompson. § 3. Triphysaria, Benth. Corolla with conspicuously trisaccate lip very much larger than the slender straight galea ; its teeth minute or small ; tube fili- form or slender : stigma capitate, sometimes 2-lobed : bracts all herbaceous and similar to the leaves (or with somewhat colored tips in two species) : root annual. — Triphysaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. ii. 52. * Anthers 1-celled: lip of corolla saccately 3-lobed from the end: seed-coat close, conformed to the nucleus, apiculate at one or both ends. -1— Stamens early escaping from their enclosure in the less involute oblong-lanceolate galea. O. pusillus, Benth. Small and weak or diffuse, branched from the base, a span or less high, somewhat pubescent : leaves once or twice pinnatifid and bracts 3-5-parted into fili- form or setaceous divisions : flowers scattered, small and inconspicuous, shorter than the bracts: corolla purplish, 2 or 3 lines long; tube not surpassing the calyx; lip moderately 3-lobed, beardless : capsule globose. — Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 578. — Bow ground, San Francisco Bay to Oregon. O. floribundus, Benth. 1. c. Erect, a span or more high, branched above, almost glabrous : upper part of leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform divisions, some again cleft : bracts of the mostly dense many-flowered spike 3-5-eleft and dilated at base ; upper ones not surpassing the calyx: corolla white or cream-color, half inch long; tube twice the length of calyx ; lip with 3 divergent oval sacs, 2 hairy lines within ; the teeth lanceo- late, erect, scarious. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. CMoropyron pahistre, Behr in Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 02, 66 ? — Hillsides, California, around San Francisco Bay, &c. -i iv, snout, and avdog, flower, now meaningless, for the species with beak to the upper lip of the corolla have been removed to another genus.) — • Comprises a very few annuals of northern temperate zone ; with erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow subsessile flowers in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secund in a leafy- bracted spike ; in summer. Seeds when ripe rattle in the inflated dry calyx, whence the popular name. R. Crista-galli, L. About a foot high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above : leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate; bracts more incised and the acumi- nate teeth setaceous-tipped : corolla barely half inch long, only the tip exserted ; trans- verse appendages of the galea transversely ovate, as broad or broader than long : seeds conspicuously winged. — Spec. ii. 603, mainly ; Engl. Bot. t. 657. R. minor, Ehrh. Beitr. vi. 144. — Coast of New England, rare, and perhaps introduced. Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Labrador and Newfoundland, Lake Superior, Rocky Moun- tains, extending south to New Mexico, and north-west to Alaska and TJnalaska; clearly indigenous. (Greenland, Eu., Asia.) Varies much in size, but apparently we have no R. major, Ehrh. 38. MELAMPfRUM, Tourn. Cow- Wheat. (The name, from ftsla? and rtVQog, means black wheat : in Europe some species are weeds in grain fields.) — Low and branching annuals ; with opposite leaves ; chiefly European, one Atlantic N. American : fl. summer. M. Amerioanum, Michx. Nearly glabrous, a foot or so high, loosely branched: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled ; lower entire ; upper with abrupt base and one or two bristly-acuminate teeth, or nearly hastate : calyx-teeth longer than the tube, subulate-filiform, one-third the length of the slender pale yellow (barely half inch) corolla : flowers scattered in the axils of ordinary leaves. — Fl. ii. 16; Gray, Man. 338. M. Uneare, Lam. Diet. iv. 23. M . latifolium, Muhl. Cat. ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. M . si/hatkum, Hook. Fl. ii. 106, not L. M. pratense, var. Americanum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 584. M. brachiatum, Schwein. in Keating, Narr. St, Peter R. Appx. 115, a slender form. — Thickets, &c, Hud- son's Bay to Saskatchewan, and through Atlantic States, chiefly eastward, to the moun- tains of N. Carolina. Order XCVII. OROBANCHACE^E. Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage (whitish, yellowish, reddish or brown), with alternate scales in place of leaves, the two (single or double) multi- ovulate placentas parietal, and ovary consequently one-celled, the very small and innumerable seeds with a minute embryo having no obvious distinction of parts, otherwise nearly as Scrophulariacece. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous as to Orobanehe. 0R0BANCHACE2E. 311 perianth, with didynamous stamens and the dimerous pistil of all the related orders, but the stigmas and the placenta? sometimes divided or separated so as apparently to be four : all the flower commonly marcescent-persistent. Corolla ringent. Anthers always 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, pointed with a mostly long style : stigma sometimes peltate or disc-shaped and entire, often bilabiate, occa- sionally 4-lobed, i. e- the anterior and posterior stigma each 2-lobed, and some- times these lobes or half-stigmas combine laterally, forming two right and left stigmas which therefore are superposed to (instead of alternate with) the parietal placenta?. When the latter are four, it is because the half-placenta? are borne more or less within the margin of each carpel. Capsule 2-valved, each valve bearing on its face a single placenta or a pair. Hypogynous gland not rarely at the base of the ovary on one side. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or scales, sometimes on scapiform peduncles, sometimes collected in a terminal spike : evolution always centripetal. # Flowers all alike and fertile. -i— Anther-cells deeply separated from below, mucronate or aristulate at base. •h- Foreign, sparingly introduced from Europe. 1. OROBANCHE. Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or quite to the base into a pair of lateral and usually 2-cleft divisions. Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens included. Lobes of the stigma when distinguishable right and left. ++ ++ Indigenous and peculiar to North America. 2. APHYLLON. Flowers pedunculate or pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid- spicate. Calyx 5-cleft ; lobes nearly equal, acute or acuminate. Corolla somewhat bila- biate ; upper lip more or less spreading, mostly 2-lobed, lower spreading. Stamens included. Stigma peltate or somewhat crateriform. or bilamellar, the lobes anterior and posterior. Style deciduous. Placentae 4, either equidistant or contiguous in pairs. 3. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, 2-braeteolate. Calyx spathaceous, deeply cleft in front, posteriorly about 4-toothed. Corolla ventricose-tubular, strongly bilabiate ; upper lip fornicate and emarginate ; lower shorter, spreading, 3-parted. Stamens somewhat exserted; the pairs little unequal (rarely the 5th stamen present). Stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lobed ; the lobes anterior and posterior. Placentas 4, almost equidistant. Seeds oval, with a thick coat. ■f— -f— Anther-cells closely parallel and muticous at base. 4. BOSCHNIAKIA. Flowers sessile in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, ebracteolate. Calyx short, cupuliform, posteriorly truncate or obliquely shorter, and with 3 distant teeth in front. Corolla ventricose ; upper lip erect or fornicate, entire ; lower 3-parted. Stamens slightly exserted. Stigma dilated and bilamellar (the lobes right and left) or 4- iobed. Seeds with a thin reticulated coat. # * Flowers dimorphous ; lower cleistogamous ; upper commonly infertile. 5. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers subsessile and spicately scattered along slender paniculate branches. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla cylindraceous, slightly curved and upwardly enlarged, almost equally 4-lobed at summit ; the rather larger upper lobe or lip fornicate or concave, barely emarginate. Stamens slightly exserted : anther-cells parallel, mucro- nate at base. Broad gland adnate to base of the ovary on the upper side. Style filiform : stigma capitate-2-lobed. Cleistogamous flowers short unopened buds : style hardly any. Capsule 2-valved at apex : a pair of contiguous placentae on each valve. Seeds with a thin and shining striate-reticulated coat. 1. OROBANCHE, L. Broom-Rape. ("OQofiog and ayxovrj, a vetch- strangler.) — Old-World parasites, on roots of various plants, very numerous in species or forms, one species sparingly and probably recently introduced into the Atlantic United States. O. srftfOR, L. Parasitic on clover, New Jersey to Virginia, a span to a foot high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike : corolla half inch long. (Nat. from Eu.) 312 OKOBANCHACE^E. Aphyllon. 2. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Cancer-root. (From « privative, and cpvllov, foliage, i.e. leafless.) — North American and Mexican, brownish or whitish, low, commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular, and with violet-purplish or yellowish flowers. — Nov. Gen. in Act. Phys.-Med. Acad. Nat. Cur. viii. (1748), 221 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 290, & Bot. Calif, i. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 983. § 1. Gtmnocaulis, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Peduncles or scapes long and slen- der from the axils of fleshy loose scales of a short and commonly fasciculate root- stock or caudex, naked, not bracteolate under the flower : calyx regularly 5-lobed : corolla with elongated somewhat curved tube, and widely spreading somewhat equally 5-lobed limb, only obscurely bilabiate : stigma peltate and slightly bila- mellar, broad and thin : placenta? nearly equidistant : seed-coat thin and minutely reticulated. Fl. summer. — Aphyllon, Mitchell, 1. c. Orobanche § Gymnocaulis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 59. 0. § Anoplon, Wallr. Orobanch. 66. Anoplanihus § Euano- plon, Endl. Gen. 727. A. uniflorum, Gray. Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean, bearing few scapes (a span high): calyx-lobes mostly much longer than the tube, subulate, usually attenuate : corolla violet-tinged ( and flower violet-scented, inch long) ; the lobes obovate and rather large. — Man. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 584. Orobanche uniflora, L. ; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 50. 0. biflora, Nutt. 1. c. Phelipoia biflora, Spreng. Syst. ii. 818. Anoplanihus uniflorus, Endl. Iconogr. t. 72 (stigma wrong); Renter in DC. Prodr. xi. 41. Anoplon biflorum, Don, Syst. iv. 633. — Damp woodlands, Newfoundland to Texas, California, and Brit. Columbia : flowers early. A. fasciculatum, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent and glandular : stem often emergent and mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely shorter : calyx-lobes broadly or triangular-subulate, not longer than the tube, very much shorter than the dull yellow or purplish corolla ; lobes of the latter oblong and smaller. — Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt. 1. c. ; Hook. PI. ii. 93, t. 170. Phelipcea fasciculata, Spreng. 1. c. Anoplanthus fasciculatus, Walp. Repert. iii. 480 ; Reuter in DC. 1. c. — Sandy ground, Lake Michigan and Saskatchewan, southward west of the Mississippi to Arizona, and west to Oregon and California; on Artemisia, Eriogonum, &c. Var. luteum, a very caulescent and short-peduncled form, with sulphur-yellow corolla, and whole plant light yellow. — Phelipoia lutea, Parry in Am. Naturalist, viii. 214. — Wy- oming, Parry. Parasitic on roots of grasses. § 2. Nothaphyllon, Gray. Caulescent, and the inflorescence racemose, thyr- soidal, or spicate : pedicels or calyx 1-2-bracteolate : corolla manifestly bilabiate ; upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft : stigma sometimes crateriform : seed-coat favose-reticulated : placentas approximate in pairs. # Flowers all manifestly pedicellate: corolla lobes oblong, spreading; upper lip less so. A. comosum, Gray. Low, puberulent : short stout stem branching close to the ground : pedicels corymbose or paniculate-racemose, shorter than the (inch or more long) flower: bractlets one or two on the pedicel or sometimes at the base of the flower : calyx deeply 5-parted ; lobes subulate-linear and attenuate, about half the length of the pink or pale purple corolla: anthers woolly. — Bot. Calif, i. 584. Orobanche comosa, Hook. PI. ii. 93, t. 169 (but lobes of lower lip seldom so notched). Anoplanthus comosus, Walp. 1. c. Phelipcea comosa, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118. — Dry hills, parasitic on Artemisia, &c, Washington Terr, to California. A. Calif omicum, Gray, 1. u. More pubescent and viscid, and with stouter and simpler stem, about a span high : flowers crowded in an oblong dense raceme or thyrsus : pedicels shorter than calyx : bractlets close to the calyx, and with the subulate-linear lobes of the latter almost equalling the yellowish or purplish corolla ; the lobes of which are shorter and less spreading: anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. — Orobanche Californica, Cham. & Schlect. in Linn. iii. 134. Phelipcea Californica, Don. 1. c. P. erianthera, Watson, Bot. King, 225, not Engelm. — California and W. Nevada. Lower pedicels sometimes half inch long ; upper very short. Boschniakia. OROBANCHACEiE. 313 * i*k FI ° w ? r ? ne , ar '- v , sessile or the lower ones shovt-pedicelled, simplv spicate or thyreoid: calvx bibracteolate deeply 5-cle ft into linear-lanceolate lobes: upper lip or all the lobes of the more tubular corolla less spreading: whole plant viscidly pruinose-puberulent. A. multiflorum, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high : calyx almost 5-parted, fully half the length of the ample (inch or more long) purplish corolla : anthers very woolly. — Orobanche nudtiflora, Nutt. 11. Gamb. 179. Pltelipcea Ludoekiana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110, in part. P. erianlhera, Engelm. in Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372. — Gravelly plains and pine woods, W. Texas, New Mexico, and S. Colorado, to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) A. Ludovicianum, Gray, I. u. Rather less pubescent : spikes more frequently com- pound: calyx less deeply and somewhat unequally 5-cleft: corolla about half smaller; upper lip sometimes almost entire: anthers (before dehiscence) glabrous or nearly so. — Oiobanche Ludoviciana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. Phelipaa Ludoviciana, Walp. 1. c. ; Reuter in DC. 1. c. — Illinois and Saskatchewan to Texas, thence west to Arizona and the south-eastern borders of California. (Adjacent Mex.) * * * Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled, thvrsoid-paniculate. small, otherwise nearly as in the preceding section: stems with a thickened tuber-like squamose base: anthers glabrous: corolla yellowish, half inch long. A. tuberosum, Gray, 1. c. Pruinose -puberulent, seldom a span high: short and dense spikes corymbose-glomerate at the summit of the thick stem : calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer than the tube. — Phelipcea taberosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. — Dry ridges, Califor- nia, from Monterey to San Diego, and San Bernardino Co., Brewer, Palmer, Parry. A. pinetorum, Gray, I. c. More pubescent : stem rather slender above the large tuber- ous base, a span to a foot high : flowers in a rather loose elongated panicle : calyx-lobes subulate from a broad base, not longer than the tube. — Orobanche pinetorum, Geyer in Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 297. — Oregon to British Columbia, on the roots of Fir-trees. 3. CON6PHOLIS, Wallr. Squaw-root. {Kavog, cone, and qpoiUV. scale, the young plant, clothed with the imbricated dry scales and bracts, not unlike a slender Fir-cone.) — Single species. C. Americana, Wallr. Glabrous, simple, 3 or 4 and in fruit becoming 6 to 10 inches long, as thick as the thumb, light chestnut-colored, and with yellowish flowers : scales at first rather fleshy, at length firm-chartaceous. — Orobanch. 78 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 81. Oro- banche Americana, L. f. Suppl. 88. — Oak woods, in clusters among decaying fallen leaves, New England to Michigan and Florida : fl. summer. (Mex.) 4. BOSCHNIAKIA. C. A-. Meyer. (In memory of Boschnialci, a Rus- sian botanist.) — Short and thick, simple-stemmed from a tuberous caudex, brown, glabrous, scaly ; the sessile flowers each subtended by a scaly bract nearly equal- ling the corolla ; the whole forming a mostly dense cylindrical spike. W. N. American, E. Asian and Himalayan : fl. summer. # Calyx-teeth short and broad: placentas 2: scales (acutish) and corolla-lobes somewhat ciliate. B. glabra, C. A. Meyer. A span to a foot high : scales ovate : anterior calyx-tooth larger : lower lip of the ovoid ventricose corolla almost obsolete : filaments merely gland- ular at base. — Bong. Veg. Sitka, 158, where the genus was first described. Orobanche, &e., Gmel. Sibir. iii. 216, t. 46. 0. Rossica, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn, iii. 132. 0. (Bosch.) glabra, Hook. Fl. ii. 92, t. 167. — Aleutian Islands and east to Slave Lake. (Japan, Siberia.) The reference in DC. Prodr. to E. United States and Mexico was an oversight. B. Hookeri, "Walp. Smaller : scales oblong, rather sparse : spike short : lower lip of the oblong corolla fully half the length of the upper ; its lobes ovate-oblong : filaments bearded at base. — Rep. iii. 479 ; Reuter in DC. 1. c. 39. Orobanche tuberosa, Hook. Fl. ii. 92, t. 168. — N. W. Coast, Menzies: not since seen. # # Calyx-teeth linear-subulate and longer than the tube : scales very broad and obtuse : pla- centa? 4, equidistant. B. strobilacea, Gray. A span high or less, stout and thick, brownish-red, flowering almost from the base : scales much imbricated, orbicular and round-obovate : lower lip of 314 LENTIBULARIAQEJG. Epiphegus. the oblong (white and brownish-striped) corolla about as long as the upper; its lobes oblong, widely spreading : filaments densely bearded at base. — Paeif. R. Rep. iv. 118, & Bot. Calif, i. 585. — California; on dry steep hills, S. Yuba, Biyelow. Santa Lucia Moun- tains, parasitic on Manzanita-roots, Brewer. San Bernardino Co., Lemmon. (Mex.i?) 5. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. (Written Epifagus.) Beech-drops, Cancer- root. (Composed of inl, upon, and yijyog, Beech, being parasitic on the roots of that tree.) — Single species. B. Virginiana, Bart. Annual, slender, a foot or so high, witli thickened base produc- ing short fibrous matted roots, glabrous, dull purple or yellowish-brown, paniculately branched: scales and bracts minute and sparse : cleistogamous flowers a line and capsules 2 lines long : developed corolliferous flowers along the upper part of the branches 3 to fl lines long, purplish and whitish. — Comp. Fl. Philad. ii. 50 ; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Reuter in DC. 1. c. 4. E. Americanus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 60; Endl. Iconogr. t. 80. Orobanche Virginiana, L. Leptamnium Virginianum, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Mylanche, Wallr. Orobanch. 75. — Beech woods, New Brunswick to Florida and Missouri : fl. autumn. Order XCVIII. LENTIBULARIACE^E. Herbs, growing in water or wet soil, when terrestrial acaulescent, with scapes or scapiform peduncles simple and one-few-flowered, calcarate corolla always and calyx usually bilabiate, a single (anterior) pair of stamens, confluently one- celled anthers contiguous under the broad stigma, no hypogynous disk, and a free one-celled ovary with free central multiovulate placenta (either sessile or stipi- tate) which becomes a globular many-seeded capsule ; the anatropous seeds with a close coat, no albumen, and filled by the apparently solid ellipsoidal or oblong embryo. Style short or none : stigma bilamellar, or the smaller anterior lip sometimes obsolete. Upper lip of the corolla commonly erect or concave, or the sides replicate, from entire to 2-lobed, interior in the bud ; lower larger, spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into the throat and a nectariferous spur beneath. Flowers always perfect. Capsule commonly bursting irregularly. — The following are the two principal genera. (For action of bladders of Utri- cularia and leaves of Pinguicula, see Darwin, Insectivorous Plants, p. 368-453.) 1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-lobed ; lobes mostly entire, nearly equal. Upper lip of strongly bilabiate and more or less personate corolla erect. Filaments thick, strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous. Dissected foliage or stems of aquatic species bladder-bearing. 2. PINGUICULA. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft or parted. Corolla ringent or less personate, and the lobes all spreading. Filaments straighter : anthers nearly transverse. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground. 1. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort. (Utriculus, a little bladder.) — Cosmopolitan small herbs : terrestrial species with inconspicuous or fugacious radical leaves ; aquatic with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing little bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with a few bristles at orifice. Scapes one-flowered or racemosely several-flowered, in summer. — Lentibularia, Vaill. § 1. Scape bearing an involucriform wliorl of dissected leaves, which are buoyant by ample inflated-bladdery petioles filled with air : cauline leaves of the immersed branching stems capillary-dissected and bladder-bearing, in the manner Qf the fol- lowing section : roots few or none. Ulricularia. LENTIBULARIACEiE. 3 IS U. inflata,"Walt. Inflated petioles of the whorled leaves oblong or clavate, tapering to each end, the bases of the lower divisions also inflated; setaceous divisions pinnately multifid : scape 3-10-flowered, a span or so long : pedicels recurved after flowering : flow- ers rather large, yellow : spur conical-lanceolate, emarginate, appressed. to and half the length of the lower lip : capsule apiculate with a short distinct style : seeds globular, squamose-echinate. — Car. 64; Ell. Sk. i. 20; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 4; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 318. U. ceratophylla, Michx. Fl. i. 12 ; LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 73, t. 6, fig. 1. — Floating in still water, Maine to Texas along the coast. § 2. Scape leafless, emersed from submersed or floating leafy stems, which are free swimming and mostly rootless in deep water, or in some sparingly rooting where the water is shallow : leaves dissected into capillary or filiform divisions, some or many of them (as also stems) bearing small bladders : chiefly perennial, or continued by hybernacular tuber-like buds set free in autumn. # Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves of the slender stems repeatedly forked : scapes slender, 3 to 5 inches high, 3-5-flowered: corolla yellow, 3 lines long; lips nearly equal in length, the lower broader, somewhat surpassing the approximate thick and obtuse spur : cleisto- gamous flowers scattered on the leafy stems ; their short peduncle soon deflexed : seeds (from the clandestine blossoms) depressed-globular; the coat minutely reticulated. — Herb. Greene, & in Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 287. U. striata, Tuckerm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 29, not of LeConte. U. i/eminiscapa, Benjamin in Linn. xx. 305 7 But that may be a form of U. intermedia. — Ponds, from New Brunswick and New England to New Jersey, near the coast. # # No cleistogamous flowers. +— Pedicels (few or several) recurved in fruit: corolla yellow. TJ. Vulgaris, L. Stems long and rather stout, densely leafy : leaves 2-3-pinnately divided, very bladdery : bladders about 2 lines long : scapes a foot or less long, 5-16 -flow- ered: corolla (half inch or more broad) with sides of lips reflexed ; upper nearly entire, hardly longer than the prominent palate : spur conical, porrect toward the slightly 3-lobed lower lip, shorter than it, in the N. American plant (var. Americana) commonly narrower and less obtuse than in the European. — Lam. 111. t. 14 ; Engl. Bot. t. 253; Fl. Dan. t. 138; Gray, Man. 1. c. U. macrorluza, LeConte, 1. c. — Slow streams, &c, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to California and Brit. Columbia. (X. Asia, Eu. ) TJ. minor, L. Leaves scattered on the filiform stems, repeatedly dichotomous, small, se- taceous : bladders barely a line long : scapes slender, 3 to 7 inches high, 2-8-flowered : corolla pale yellow, 2 or 3 lines broad, ringent ; upper lip not longer than the depressed palate of the lower : spur very short and obtuse. — Fl. Dan. t. 128 ; Engl. Bot. t. 254 ; A. DC. I. c. U. setacea, Hook. Fl. ii. 118, ex char. — Shallow still waters, Canada and Saskatchewan to New Jersey, mountains of Utah and Nevada, northern Sierra Nevada, and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Siberia.) +- -t— Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender: corolla yellow. ++ Spur of corolla thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to it. U. gibba, L. Branches delicate, root-like : leaves sparse, sparingly dissected, capillary, sparingly bladder-bearing : scape filiform, 1J to 3 inches high, 1-2-flowered : corolla 3 lines broad ; the lips broad and rounded. — Spec. i. 18 (Gronov. Fl. Virg.) ; Pursh, Fl. i. 116. U. pumila, Walt. Car. 64? Benjamin in Linn. xx. 313. U. fornicala, LeConte, 1. c. U. minor, Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 21, not L. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to Alabama and Illinois. Apparently in a subalpine pond in Colorado, Greene. TJ. bipartita, Ell. Sk. i. 22, from St. John's, S. Carolina, said to have "spur scarcely half as long as the corolla, very obtuse," and " lower lip of the calyx generally 2-cIeft, sometimes divided to its base " (an anomalous character), has not been identified. ++ ++ Spur of corolla narrower, equalling or little shorter than the lower lip. — Scapes 2 to 4 inches high, 1-3-flowered : corolla less than half an inch bread. TJ. biflora, Lam. Floating or submersed stems filiform, small : dichotomously dissected leaves delicately capillary, usually copiously bladder-bearing: spur narrowly oblong, 316 LENTIBULARIACEiE. Utricularia. obtuse, porrect or curved upward: seeds somewhat scale-shaped, imbricated, smooth. — 111. i. 50 ; Poir. Diet. viii. 272 ; Vahl, Enum. i. 200 ; Ell. Sk. i. 23. U. pumila, Walt. 1. c. 1 a rather earlier name, but uncertain. U. integra, LeConte, I. c. ex Ell. U. fibrosa, Chapm. ■ Fl. 283, not Walt. & Ell. — Ponds and shallow waters, S. Virginia? and S. Illinois to Texas. = = Scapes 4 to 12 inches high, slender, few-several-flowered: corolla over half inch broad: leaves dichotomously dissected: bladders wholly or mostly borne along leafless portions of the slender stems. U. fibrosa, W^alt. Leaves somewhat scattered, small and capillary, sometimes bladder- bearing: scape 2-6-flowered : lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded; upper undulate, concave, plicate-striate in the middle ; lower slightly 3-lobed, with projecting emarginate palate and refiexed sides ; equalled by the nearly linear obtuse or emarginate spur: seeds minutely muricate. — Car. 64 (ex char.); Vahl, 1. c. ? Ell. Sk. i. 20. V. longirostris, LeConte in Ell. 1. c. 21. U. longirostris & U. striata, LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1. c. U. bipartita, Chapm. Fl. 283. — Shallow ponds and pine-barren swamps, Long Island and New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded, 2-ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, rigid ; the divisions filiform-linear, flat, with margins not rarely setaceous-serrulate : scape 1-4-flow- ered : lower lip of corolla very broad and with large palate, larger than the upper, some- what exceeding the conical-subulate acute spur. — Schrad. Jour. i. 18, t. 5, & Fl. Germ, i. 55 ; Vahl, 1. c. ; Engl. Bot. t. 2489 ; Reichenb. Ie. Germ. 1. 1824. U. vulgaris, minor, L. ; Oeder, Fl. Dan. t. 1262. — Shallow water, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Ohio, and thence far northward. Also Plumas Co., in the Sierra Nevada, California, Mrs. Austin. (N. Eu., N. Asia.)* -K- -l— +- Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long : corolla violet-purple. U. purpurea, "Walt. Leaves verticillate on the rather long and large free-floating stems, petioled, decompound; the divisions capillary, rather copiously bladder-bearing: scape a span or two long, 2-4-flowered : corolla over half inch broad ; lower lip 3-lobed, its lateral lobes saccate and the central larger, about twice the length of the conoidal com- pressed spur: seeds globular, chaffy-muricate. — Car. 64 ? (doubtful, because the flowers are said to be small) ; Pursh, Fl. i. 15; LeConte, 1. c. ; A.DC. 1. c. 5. U. saccata, Ell. Sk. i. 21, said to have been so named by LeConte. — Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Florida, mainly near the coast. (Cuba.) § 3. Scape leafless and solitary, the base rooting in the mud or bog, usually rising from or producing filiform and root-like creeping shoots, which bear slender subulate-gramineous (occasionally septate) simple leaves, or branches which take the place of leaves, to the lower part of which, as also tcf the colorless shoots, bladders are sparingly attached, usually fugacious or unnoticed, so that the flower- ing plant appears to be a leafless and naked scape only. # Flower violet-purple, solitary and transverse on the summit of the scape: leaves of the rooting shoots sometimes furnished with a few capillary lobes. TJ. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Scape filiform, a span high : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, deeply 2-parted ; lips almost entire ; upper narrowly spatulate ; lower dilated and with a small palate : spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, ascending, shorter than and remote from the corolla, which appears as if resupinate : leaves an inch or so long, attenuate. — Hitch- cock, Cat. PI. Mass. ; Bigel. Bost. ed. 3, 10 ; A.DC. Prodr. 1. c. 11 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 286, ed. 5, 310. U. Greenei, Oakes in Hovey, Mag. Hort. 1841. — Sandy bogs and borders of ponds, Maine to Rhode Island near the coast, B. D. Greene, Oakes, Olney. # # Flowers mostly yellow, solitary or several : spur descending: leaves entire, terete : these and the bladders seldom seen. U. subulata, L. Filiform radical shoots and leaves rather copious, but commonly evan- escent: scape filiform, an inch to a span high, 1-9-flowered ; the raceme becoming zigzag: pedicels slender : corolla 2 or 3 lines broad ; lower lip plane or with margins recurved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one, nearly equalled by the oblong acutish appressed spur. — Spec. i. 18 (Gronov. Virg., ex herb. Clayt.) ; Pursh, 1. c. ; A. DC. 1. o. 16. U. setacea, Michx. Fl. i. 12 ; Vahl, 1. c — Wet places in pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Texas near the coast. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) Pinguecula. LENTIBULARIACE.ZE. 317 Var. cleistogama. An inch or two high, bearing one or two evidently cleistogamous purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head : capsule becoming a line long. (Gray, Man. ed. 5, 320; Ell. Sk. i. 24.) — With the ordinary form. Pine barrens of New Jersey, J. A. Paine. Evidently also seen in Georgia by Elliott. U". COrnuta, Michx. Filiform radical shoots apparently none : leaves fasciculate, evan- escent, rarely at all seen : scape strict, a span to a foot high, 1-10-flowered : pedicels very short, 2-bracteoIate at base : corolla an inch long, including the long subulate acute spur ; lower lip very large, the sides strongly recurved, and the central palate-like portion as if galeate, merely equalled by the obovate upper lip : seeds nearly smooth. — Fl. i. 12; Pursh, 1. c. ; A. DC. 1. c. U. personata, LeConte, 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. viii. 21. — Sphagnous or sandy- swamps, Newfoundland to L. Superior and south to Florida and Texas. (Cuba, Brazil.) 2. PING-UlCULA, Tourn. Butterwort. (From pinguis, fat, in allu- sion to the greasy-viscid surface of the leaves.) — Terrestrial acaulescent herbs, of moist or wet ground (in northern hemisphere and the Andes) ; with fibrous roots, broad and entire leaves in a rosulate radical tuft, their upper surface with a coat- ing of viscid glands, to which insects, &c, adhere, the margins slowly infolding under irritation ; scapes naked, 1 -flowered, circinate-coiled in vernation. Upper lip of the corolla 2- and lower 3-lobed or parted ; the lobes sometimes incised ; the base anteriorly saccate, and the bottom of the sac contracted into a nectari- ferous spur. * Corolla distinctly bilabiate, purple, violet, or rarely whitish ; upper lip decidedly smaller, 2-lobed or parted; lower 3-parted; lobes mostly quite entire : boreal species. P. villosa, L. Small : leaves oval, nearly glabrous, half inch long or less : scape villous- pubescent, inch or two long: corolla (pale violet with yellowish-striped throat) 2 lines long, and with a slender spur of nearly the same length or half shorter. — Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 2 ; FI. Dan. t. 1021; E. Meyer, Labrad. 39; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t. 82 ; Cham, in Linn, vi. 568. P. acutifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 11, the erect-rosulate oval and very acute leaves described are really the scales of a hybernacular bud, and the plant (with mature fruit) had lost its leaves. — Labrador, Hudson's Bay, Northern islands and shores of the N. W. Coast. (Greenland, Arctic Eu., & Asia.) P. alpina, Li. Somewhat glabrous : leaves oblong, barely inch long : scape 3 or 4 inches high: corolla (whitish) 4 lines long, and with a conical obtuse divergent incurving spur of less than half the length of the lower lip. — Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 3 ; Fl. Dan. t. 453 ; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 81 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2747. — Labrador, Sleinhamr. Given by LeConte to herb. Collins. Specimen not wholly satisfactory, but apparently of this species, not else- where detected in America. (Eu. to Siberia.) P. vulgaris, L. Minutely puberulent or almost glabrous : leaves ovate or oval, an inch or two long, soft-fleshy : scape 1 to 4 inches high: corolla (violet) about half inch long, with campanulate or sbort-funnelform body abruptly contracted into a narrow linear- cylindraceous (acutish or obtuse) and mostly straight spur (of about 2 lines in length). — Oeder. Fl. Dan. t. 93; Engl. Bot. t. 70; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 84; Hook. Fl. ii. 118; Herder in Radde, iv. 96. P. grandifiora, Hook. 1. c. P. macroceras, Willd. ; Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. i. 168 ; Cham, in Linn. vi. 568 ; A. DC. 1. c. 30 ; a longer-spurred and commonly larger- flowered form (corolla from two-thirds to almost an inch long). P. microceras, Cham. 1. c {P. macroceras, Reichenb. 1. c. t. 82, fig. 169, 170), a depauperate small-flowered and shorter- spurred form of high northern region. — Wet rocks, Labrador, Northern New England and New York, L. Superior, &c., to Alaskan coast and islands, and northward ; the macro- ceras and microceras forms north-westward. (N. E. Asia to Europe and Greenland.) # # Corolla light violet, varying occasionally to white, less bilabiate, the sinuses equal except between the two lobes of the upper lip; the "three lower lobes usually emarginate or obcordate: palate conical or cultriform, very protuberant, clothed with a dense yellow or sometimes white beard: spur abrupt and narrow from base of a short conical sac: upper lip of stigma small, nar- rowly triangular; lower semi-orbicular: fl. spring. (P. carulea, Walt. Car. 63, covers one or both the following species, but the character is insufficient to secure the adoption of the name.) P. pumila, Michx. Leaves half to full inch long, oval or ovate : scapes filiform, weak, , 2 to 6 inches high : corolla a quarter to half inch long ; spur acute, longer than the rather 318 LEXTIBULARIACEiE. Pinguicula. narrow saccate base; lobes retuse or emarginate; palate puberulent-bearded, conical, salient. — Fl. i. 11; Pursh, Fl. i. 14; Ell. Sk. i. 19. P. auslralis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 103, the spur by no means "very short." — Low pine-barrens, Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. P. elatior, Michx. Leaves oblong or spatulate-obovate, 1 to 3 inches long : scapes 6 to 12 inches high : corolla an inch long or considerably smaller ; spur obtuse, mostly shorter than the saccate base ; lobes obcordate ; palate oblong, parallel with the throat, the short free apex more conspicuously bearded. — Fl. 1. u. ; Vahl, Enum. i. 191; Pursh, I.e.; Ell. 1. c. — Wet soil, Carolina to Florida and Alabama in the low country. * # * Corolla golden yellow, not bilabiate, except that the two upper lobes are commonly more united, all or most of the lobes incisely 2-4-cleft, equal : stigma of the preceding, or lips less unequal. — Brandonia, Reichenb. P. llitea, Walt. Leaves from ovate to oblong-obovate, an inch or two long : scapes 5 to 12 inches high : corolla an inch or less long ; the lobes longer than the short-campanulate tube with the saccate base, all or the lower and lateral usually 4-lobed or 2-cleft with the divisions obcordate, or variously sinuate ; spur subulate, as long as the sac and tube ; palate oblong, very salient, densely bearded. — Car. 63 ; Michx. 1. u ; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 126; Ell. 1. c; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 32. P. campanulata, Lam. in Jour. Hist. Nat. 1792, 336, t. 18, fig. 1. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. Var. edentula, A.DC, I.e. (P. edentula, Hook. Exot. Bot. t. 16, cult, from Savan- nah), has lobes of corolla all simply and equally obcordate, shorter than the tube. Possibly a hybrid of P. luiea and P. pumila. Order XCIX. BIGNONIACEjE. Trees or shrubs, either erect or scandent (very rarely herbs), with mostly oppo- site leaves, and large and showy flowers, with more or less bilabiate corolla, tetra- dynamous or diandrous stamens, single style and bilabiate stigma, and numerous anatropous ovules of the preceding orders ; distinguished from them by the large and flat usually winged and transverse exalbuminous seeds, indefinitely numerous, on parietal placentas, or usually on a partition which separates from the two valves of the capsule in dehiscence, although in the ovary and when the ovules are in many rows the placentation often appears to be central ; the cotyledons broad and thin, plane, commonly emarginate or 2-lobed, and the short straight radicle included in the basal notch. Capsule either loculicidal or septicidal, often silique- like. Anthers 2-celled : suppressed stamens commonly represented by rudimen- tary filaments. Corolla bilabiately imbricated in the bud (in our genera, in a few others valvate) . Calyx gamosepalous. Leaves compound, or in two of our genera simple ; sometimes a pair of basal leaflets and sometimes an axillary pair of leaves imitate stipules. Chiefly a tropical and rather large order; but few JSTorth American. # Leaves opposite, compound : perfect stamens 4 : seeds transversely winged, hypogynous disk conspicuous : stems mostly scandent. 1. BIGrNONIA. Calyx with undulate or barely 5-toothed margin. Corolla campanu- late or cylindraceous-ampliate above the narrow and short proper tube, somewhat equally bilabiate-5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent, glabrous. Capsule linear, compressed parallel with the flat valves and partition, marginicidal and septifragal, a filiform margin usually separating all round both from the edges of the valves and the partition. Seeds attached in a single series on each side of both margins of the partition ; the thin wing entire. Ten- dril-climbers. ' 2. TECOMA. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Corolla f unnelform or somewhat campanulate above the short proper tube, somewhat bilabiately 5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Capsule narrow, somewhat terete or turgid, loculicidal and septifragal ; the valves contrary to the partition. Seeds imbricated in one or two or more series on each side of the margins of the partition ; the wing hyaline. Rootlet-climbing or erect shrubs ; flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. Catalpa. BIGNONIACE^E. 319 # * Leaves simple and entire : erect trees or shrubs : calyx closed in the hud, bilabiately or irregularly dividing or bursting in anthesis : corolla-lobes undulate-crisped, hardly unequal : anthers glabrous ; the cells narrow, divaricate : hypogynous disk obsolete : capsule long-linear, loculicidal, terete ; valves contrary to the partition : seeds narrow, in 2 or more series on each side of partition ; lateral wings dissected into copious long hairs. 3. CATALPA. Corolla ventricose-ampliate above, somewhat oblique, bilabiate-5-lobed. Antheriferous stamens 2, anterior, with filaments arcuate, and 3 rudimentary filaments (rarely 4 stamens antheriferous). Leaves mainly opposite and ovate or cordate. 4. CHILOPSIS. Corolla more funnelform ; the lobes erose. Antheriferous stamens 4; also a rudimentary filament. Leaves oftener alternate or irregularly scattered, linear. 1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. (Commemorates the Abbe Bignon.) — A large tropical-American genus, with the following more northern one : fl. spring. B. capreolata, L. (Cross-vine.) Extensively climbing, glabrous: transverse section of older stems exhibiting a medullary cross : leaves of a single pair of ovate or oblong acuminate and subcordate entire leaflets and a compound tendril; accessory leaves or leaflets in some axils imitate foliaceous stipules : pedicels in fascicles of 2 to 5 on axillary spurs : calyx membranaceous : corolla 2 inches long, orange-red without, yellow within : capsule G inches long, 9 lines wide; valves 1-nerved. — Spec. ii. 624 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 82); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 864; Jacq. Schoenb. t. 363; Michx. Fl. ii. 25. B. cruciijera.'l.. as to syn. Clayt. & Gronov. Virg. ; Walt. Car. 1G9. — Woods, in low grounds, Virginia and S. Illinois to Florida and Louisiana. 2. TfiCOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower, or Trumpet-creeper. (Abridg- ment of the Mexican name, Tecomaxochitl.) — Genus (of late divided into several by monographers, but retained nearly intact by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1044, digitate species excluded) of several species, widely dispersed; ours impari- pinnate and the leaflets serrate, ovate, and acuminate. They have been referred to different genera or subgenera on account mainly of the number of ranks of seeds. Fl. summer. T. radicans, Juss. Climbing by aerial rootlets: leaflets 9 to 11: flowers corymbose: corolla tubular-funnelform, orange and scarlet, 2 J or 3 inches long : stamens not exserted : capsule lanceolate, slightly stipitate; valves very convex, acutely narrowly margined: seeds several-ranked. — DC. Prodr. ix. 223 ; Nutt. Sylv. iii. t. 104 ; Bureau, Mon. Bign. t. 14. Bignonm radicans, L. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 65) ; Wangenheim, Amur. t. 26; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 48-5; Schk. Handb. t. 175. Ccimpsis radicans, Seem. Jour. Bot. &c. — Moist soil, Penn. and Illinois to Florida and Texas : common in cultivation. T. stans, Juss. Erect shrub: leaflets 5 to 11, narrower or lanceolate, more incisely serrate : flowers racemose or paniculate : calyx small : corolla more campanulate, yellow, inch and a half long: fifth stamen often with abortive anther : capsule linear, elongated, sessile ; valves carinate-convex : seeds single ranked. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3191 ; DC. 1. c. 224. Dkjnonitt skins, L. (Plum. Ic. Amer. t. 54) ; Jacq. Stirp. Amer. t. 176. Slenolobium stuns, Seem. Jour. Bot. i. 87; Bureau, 1. c. t. 13. — S. Florida (introduced ?) and S. Texas to Arizona. (W. Ind., Mex., &c.) 3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. (Aboriginal name.) — There are a N. China and a Japanese species allied to our own, and a few somewhat anomalous West Indian species. Fl. summer; showy. C. bignonioid.es, "Walt. Low or large tree, with spreading branches : leaves pubes- cent, at least beneath, ample, cordate, acuminate, rarely somewhat angulate-lobed, long- petioled: panicle large and loose, compound: lips of the calyx obovate, mucronate : corolla inch long and broad, white or nearly so, dotted with purple and yellow in the throat: pendulous slender capsules a foot long. — Car. 64; DC. 1. c. 226; Bureau, Mon. Bign. t. 25. C. cordifolia, Jaume in Duham. Arb. t. 5 ; Ell. Sk. i. 24. C. si/rmr/iefolla, Sims, 320 BIGNONIACE^E. CMloptis. Bot. Mag. t. 1094; Pursll, Fl. i. 10. Bignonia Catalpa, L. (excl. syn.) ; Catesb. Car. i. t. 49; Miehx. f. Sylv. ii. 04. — River banks, S. Illinois to Georgia, W. Florida, and Louis- iana. Cult, north to New England. . 4. CHILOPSIS, Don. (Xstlog, lip, and orpig, resemblance; name of no particular application.) — Single species. C. Saligna, Don. Shrub or low tree, 10 to 20 feet high, with hard wood, pubescent when young, soon glabrous : branches slender : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 to C inches long, of firm texture: lower leaves often opposite or verticillate: flowers in a short terminal raceme : corolla an inch or two long, white and purplish : capsule to 10 inches long. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. ix. 261: G. Don, Syst. iii. 228; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 587. C. linearis, DC. Prodr. ix. 227. Bignonia linearis, Cav. Ic. iii. 35, t. 269. — Water-courses in dry districts, S. Texas to S. California. (Mex.) Ckescentia Cujete, L., the Calabash tree of the West Indies, the type of an anomalous tribe of this order, with indehiscent eueurbitaceous-like fruit, has been introduced on the Keys of Florida, and in consequence has been figured by Nuttall, Sylv. iii. 1. 103 ; but it has no claim to a place in our flora. Order C. PEDALIACE^E. Herbs, with mucilaginous or watery juice, chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the preceding order (to which it has more usually been annexed), except in the structure of the ovary and fruit. Ovary either one-celled with two parietal intruded placenta? expanded into two broad lamella? or united into a central columella, or variously 2-4-celled by the extension of the placenta? and by spurious partitions from the wall. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, or nucumentaceous, few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, mostly with a thick and close coat, filled by the large embryo ; the cotyledons thickish. — • A small extra-European and mainly African order, or suborder, of warm climates, represented in the United States by one sparingly naturalized, and one or two probably indigenous species. 1. SESAMTJM. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ventricose-campanulate or f unnelform ; limb bilabiately 5-parted, spreading ; upper lobes smaller. Stamens didy- namous: anther-cells parallel. Stigmas linear. Fruit an oblong quadrangular and 4-sul- cate capsule, septicidal at summit, spuriously 4-celled, a false partition from the dorsal suture of each of the two carpels reaching the columnar placenta at the centre. Seeds numerous in a single series in each half-cell. 3. MARTYNIA. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate, membranaceous, somewhat bladdery-campanu- late, 5-eleft, sometimes splitting anteriorly to base, deciduous. Corolla ventricose-funnel- form or campanulate, somewhat oblique or decurved; the lobes of the bilabiately 5- parted limb broad, somewhat undulate, slightly unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didy namous, or sometimes only the anterior pair antheriferous : anthers tipped by a gland; the cells divaricate. Stigma bilamellar. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal placenta; which meet in the axis and there diverge in broad lamellae, bearing single or double rows of ovules. Fruit fleshy-drupaceous, tapering into an incurved beak : fleshy exocarp at maturity 2-valved and deciduous : endocarp fibrous-woody, scrobiculate, cristate at the sutures, 2-valved through the slender~beak to the summit of the cells, indehiscent below ; the cavity by the extension of the placentae to the walls 4-locellate, and with a small empty central cavity. Seeds rather numerous, oblong, large, with a thick and somewhat spongy tuberculate-rugose coat. Cotyledons obovate, fleshy : radicle very short. 1. SfiSAMUM, L. Bene, Oil-plant. (From the Arabic semsen.) — Chiefly African annuals ; the following widely dispersed through cultivation. S. Indicum, L. Somewhat pubescent annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with mucilaginous juice and oily seeds : leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, petioled ; lower often 3-lobed or divided : corolla white or tinged with rose, inch long: capsule velvety-pubescent. — Bot. Mag. Marlynia. PEDALIACEjE. 321 1. 1688 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 70 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 249. S. Indicant & S. orientals, L., &c. — Spar- ingly naturalized in the Gulf Atlantic States. Seeds yield a useful oil. (Adv. from Old World.) 2. MARTTfrKTIA, L. Unicorn-plant. {Prof. John Martyn, of Cam- bridge.) — Diffuse and rank viscid-pubescent herbs (natives of America), of heavy odor ; with ample rounded and subcordate petioled leaves, the lower usually oppo- site and upper alternate, and large flowers in short and loose terminal racemes : pedicels subtended by small bracts or none. Fl. summer. — Our species belong to § Proboscidea, having 4 perfect stamens and beak longer than the body of the fruit, and the calyx is more cleft anteriorly. M. proboscidea, Glox. Coarse and heavy-scented annual: leaves cordate, roundish, often oblique, entire or obscurely undulate-lobed (4 to 12 inches in diameter) : bractlets oblong-linear : corolla 1 i or 2 inches long, dull white, spotted within with some yellowish or purplish, also varying to light yellow : endocarp crested on the posterior suture only. — Obs. 14, ex DC. Prodr. ix. 25:1 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1056 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 428. M. annua, L. excl. syn. & hab. M. Louisiana, Mill. Diet. & Ic. t. 286. Banks of the Mississippi and lower tributaries to New Mexico. Also naturalized or cultivated about gardens farther north. (Mex., &c.) M. fragrans, Lindl. Less stout : leaves from roundish to oblong-cordate, somewhat lobed and sinuate-dentate, 3 to 5 inches broad : corolla more campanulate, 1 or 2 inches long and wide, sweet-scented, from reddish- to violet-purple. — Bot. Reg. xxvi. misc., & xxvii. t. 6 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4292. M. violacea, Engelm. PI. Wisl. 101 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110, partly. — South-western borders of Texas and southern part of New Mexico, Wright, Biijelow. (Northern Mex.) M. althesefolia, Benth.. Low and small : leaves seemingly all alternate, long-petioled, roundish-ovate and cordate, sinuately 3-7-lobed, 1 or 2 inches broad : bractlets linear- oblong or oval : corolla inch and a half or less long, from buff- to chrome yellow, or whit- ish, mottled or dotted with brown and orange : endocarp armed with teeth on both sutures. — Bot. Sulph. 37. M. arenaria, Engelm. PI. Wisl. 101; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110. — S. W. Texas to S. Arizona, Wright, Bigelow, Palmer. (Lower California.) Order CI. ACANTHACEiE. Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, no stipules, and didynamous or dian- drous more or less, bilabiate or irregular flowers with the general characters of Scrophulariacece, &c. ; but corolla not rarely convolute in the bud ; the anatropous ovules few and definite (from 2 to 8 or 10 in each of the two cells); fruit always capsular, 2-celled, elastically loculicidal scattering the seeds ; seeds without albumen (except sparingly in the first tribe) , either globose, or orbicular and com- pressed and the hilum marginal, wingless, in most supported on the upper face of curved processes from the placenta? (indurated and persistent funiculi ?) called retinacula, the close coat not rarely developing mucilage and spiricles when wetted, in the manner of Polemoniacece. Cotyledons plane, orbicular with cordate base : radicle straight or accumbently incurved. Hypogynous disk conspicuous. Style filiform, undivided, with one or two small stigmas. Corolla from almost regular and 5-lobed (and then convolute in the bud) to deeply bilabiate (or in Acanthus with only a lower lip). Calyx persistent, of 5 or sometimes 4 sepals, commonly unequal and more or less imbricated, sometimes united. Inflores- cence various : flowers usually conspicuously bracteate and often 2-bracteolate. Stems commonly quadrangular. Cystoliths abound in the foliage. — A large 21 322 acanthacEjE. and mainly tropical or subtropical order, one strongly marked tribe of which is represented in ornamental cultivation by Thunhergia, another sparingly so by the Acanthus of the Old World ; the others have several North American repre- sentatives. Tribe I. NELSONIEiE. Corolla imbricated in the bud ; upper lip exterior. Seeds small and globular, attached by a small ventral papilliform funicle, without reti- nacula, not mucilaginous when wetted: embryo in a thin layer of albumen ! (In char, nearest to Scrophulariacece, but capsule and habit of Acanthacece.) 1. ELYTRARIA. Calyx 4-parted; lower division sometimes 2-toothed. Corolla with eylindraceous tube, funnelform throat, and 5-lobed or somewhat bilabiate limb. Stamens 2 : filaments very short, inserted low in the throat : anther-cells equal and parallel. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 6 to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong, thinner and contracted at base, acute at tip. Seeds globular. Bracts of the solitary or fasciculate-clustered spikes and the similar scales of the scape imbricated, glumaccous. Tribe II. Ruellietg. Corolla convolute (sinistrorsely) in the bud, either bilabiate or nearly regular. Seeds flat, attached by the edge to retinacula. (Stamens in ours didynamous, the long and the short filament on each side contiguous or united at base by a membrane ; the anthers 2-celled, and the cells equal and parallel : style with linear or subulate stigmatose apex, the posterior lobe wanting or reduced to a- minute tooth, or rarely 2 equal narrow stigmas.) # Corolla deeply bilabiate : capsule terete and 2-celled to the very base.' 2. HYGROPHILA. Calyx deeply and almost equally 5-eleft or parted. Corolla narrow ; lips erect at base and above (at least the lower) spreading, 2- and 3-lobed. Anthers oblong, muticous. Capsule oblong-linear, several-seeded. Flowers sessile in the axils. # # Corolla not obviously or only moderately bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading : capsule with the base more or less contracted into a solid short stipe. 3. CALOPHANES. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted ; lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate or aristiform. Corolla funnelform, with ample limb, either somewhat manifestly bilabiate, or with 5 equal broad and spreading lobes, the two posterior a little higher united. An- thers mucronate, or at least mueronulate, or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2-4-seeded. 4. RUELLIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Corolla with funnelform or campanulate throat on a narrow and sometimes elongated tube ; the 5 ovate or rounded lobes nearly similar and spreading, or the posterior rather more united. Anthers muticous, oblong-sagittate. Ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong- linear or clavate, several- (G-20-) seeded. Tribe III. JUSTICTE/E. Corolla imbricated in the bud ; the posterior lobes or lip interior. Seeds and capsule of the preceding tribe ; in the last twO genera the placentiferous half-portions separating betow from the valve after dehiscence. # Stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla : filaments short : anthers one-celled, ovate-lan- ceolate or oblong, muticous at base, their tips sometimes lightly cohering by a minute beard : corolla with 5 plane obovate lobes, the two posterior usually united a little higher : stigma naked, truncate or obscurely funnelform : ovules 2 in each cell : calyx 5-sepalous or 5-parted into narrow nearly equal divisions. 5. STENANDRIUM. Lobes of the salverform corolla all equally spreading. Low herbs. 6. BERGINIA. Posterior lobes of the corolla nearly erect, forming an upper lip, the 3 others larger and widely spreading. Anterior pair of filaments bearded on the inner side: anthers ovate-lanceolate. Seeds (mostly 2) rugose. Frutieulose. # * Stamens 2 and no rudiments : anthers 2-celled : ovules 2 in each cell ; capsule usu- ally more or less obcompressed, and with a conspicuous stipe-like solid base. -i— Placentae not separating from the valves of the capsule. ++ Anther-cells equal, parallel and contiguous, muticous : limb of corolla somewhat equally 4-parted : shrubby plants : bracts and bractlets small and narrow or minute : calyx small, 5-parted or 5-cleft; the divisions narrow: stigma obscurely capitate or eniarginate : filaments filiform, inserted in the throat. 7. CARLOWRIGHTIA. Corolla with narrow tube shorter than the lobes ; throat not dilated; limb 4-parted down to the tube; lobes entire, oblong, nearly similar, widely Elytraria. ACANTHACE.E. 323 spreading and plane, or the posterior (interior in the bud) at first concave-infolded and less spreading. Stamens nearly equalling the corolla-lobes. Capsule ovate, acuminate, obcompressd, on a slender clavate stipe. Seeds very flat, minutely scabrous. 8. ANISACANTHUS. Corolla with elongated tube gradually somewhat wider at the throat; the 4 lobes similar, lanceolate, entire, erectish recurving; the posterior (or upper lip) rather more deeply separated. Stamens and style equalling or exceeding the corolla- lobes. Capsule ovate on the long clavate stipe. Seeds smooth or rugulose. *+ ++ Anther-cells unequal or unequally inserted, one lower than the other or oblique ; = The lower calcarate or mucronate at base : corolla manifestly bilabiate ; upper lip erect and more or less concave, merely emarginate or 2-lobed at apex, not surpassed by the stamens; these inserted in or near the throat : calyx 5-parted (sometimes 4-parted), small. 9. SIPHONOGrLOSSA. Corolla with long-linear or filiform tube and short limb ; lower lip broad and spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel, but one higher. 10. BELOPERONE. Corolla deeply bilabiate, but with tube much longer than limb; throat narrow ; lower lip 3-lobed at apex, erect-spreading. Anther-cells somewhat unequal and oblique, on a more or less dilated connective. Seeds globular or thickened ! 1 1. JUSTICIA. Corolla with short tube, and rather ampliate throat seldom longer than the limb ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Anther-cells oblique and disjoined. Seeds, as far as known, flat. = = Anthers muticous, or both cells rarely mucronulate at base: calyx deeply 5-parted into narrow or subulate divisions, the fifth commonly smaller : stamens not surpassing the corolla. • 12. DIANTHERA Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip erect and concave or fornicate, entire or 2-toothed; lower spreading and 3-lobed, with a rugose or venose-reticulated convex base or palate. Anther-cells ovate or oblong, not parallel, moderately or conspicuously dis- joined on a dilated connective. Seeds glabrous, smooth, or echinulate-scabrous. Bract- lets small. 13. GATESIA. Corolla with slender tube, somewhat ampliate throat, and almost equally 4-lobed spreading limb ; lobes nearly similar, plane, ovate. Anther-cells oblong, contig- uous and similar, but one a little lower and oblique. Stigma capitellate. Seeds gla- brous, minutely rugulose. Spikes short and dense : bracts and bractlets membranaceo- foliaceous, 1-nerved and pinnately veined or triplinerved. -f— H— Placenta;, by rupture of half-partition from the base upward, at length separating and diverging or incurving : anther-cells muticous, or rarely one or both mucronulate at base: calyx small, dry, or somewhat glumaceous, 4-5-parted ; the divisions subulate or linear-lanceolate, equal, or the innermost (posterior) smaller : corolla with narrow tube : filaments filiform. 14. TETRAMERIUM. Flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3) covered by a large and herbaceous primary bract, and subtended by two small and narrow bractlets. Corolla with an almost equally 4-parted limb, or somewhat bilabiate ; the 3-parted and widely spreading lower lip rather more separated from the less spreading or rather erect and slightly concave entire and obovate or oblong upper lip. Anther-cells equal and parallel or nearly so, either contiguous or separated by a slightly dilated connective. Seeds flat, murieulate or papillose. Spikes strobilaceous, quadrifarious. 15. DICLIPTERA. Flowers not covered by primary bracts (of main axis), but involu- crate (either singly or in a fascicle) by 2 valvately opposed and nearly equal or 4 less dilated and unequal herbaceous bractlets. Corolla deeply bilabiate ; upper lip erect, con- cave or plane, entire or emarginate; lower spreading, entire or 3-lobed at apex. Anthers with a narrow connective. Seeds either smooth or murieulate. Inflorescence various, not strobilaeeous-spicate. 1. ELiYTRARIA, Michx. ("FJ.vrnov, a case or cover, the scape or pe- duncle and spike covered with imbricated bracts.) — Low perennial herbs (chiefly tropical American) ; with leaves crowded at base of a naked scape or at summit of a short naked stem, tapering to the base, thinnish ; flowers small, solitary and sessile under' the bracts ; these and the scales of the scapes rigid-chartaceous or glumaceous, alternate ! — Michx. Fl. i. 8 (1803); Vahl, Enum. i. 106 (1804), excl. spec. E. virg'd.ta, Michx. Acaoileseent : leaves from oblong to elongated spatulate, obtuse (2 to inches long), with usually undulate margins : scape a foot or less high, bearing a short 324 ACANTHACEiE. Elytraria. spike or a cluster of spikes : bracts ovate, cuspidate-acuminate : corolla white (3 or 4 lines long): seeds nearly smooth and even. — Fl. i. 9, t. 1 ; Vahl, 1. c; not " E. Vahliana," as says Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 63. Anomjmos Carolinensis, Walt. Car. 69. Tubiftora Caroli- nensis, Gmel. Syst. E. cupressina, Nees, 1. c. 65, if N. Amer. ? — Low grounds, S. Carolina to Florida : fl. summer. E. tridentata, Vahl, 1. c. Acaulescent or with proliferous low stems : leaves lanceolate or oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, clustered, as are the hardly longer peduncles or scapes, either at the root or at the summit of naked stems : spikes slender: bracts ovate, mostly searious- margined ; the upper commonly tricuspidate or aristate : corolla purple. — Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 451 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. E. ramosa, frondosa, fasciculate, &c, HBK. ; Nees, 1. c. — Arizona and New Mexico, along the Mexican border. (Mex. to W. Ind. & S. Brazil.) 2. HYG-ROPHILiA, R. Br. (From 'vygog, moist, and cpiXla, affection ; plants which affect wet places.) — A large tropical genus, of which a single species reaches the southernmost Atlantic States. H. lacustris, Nees. Nearly glabrous : stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high from a creeping base: leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire (about 4 inches long), scabrous-ciliolate : flowers small, white : calyx-lobes and bracts subulate-lanceolate : anthers of the shorter stamens smaller. — DC. Prodr. xi. 86. JRuellia lacustris, Schlecht. in Linn. v. 96. R. justickeflora, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 170. — Swamps, Texas and Louisiana, Drummond, Riddell, Lind- heiiher, &c. W. Florida, Saurman. (Mex.) 3. CALdPHANES, Don. {Kalog, beautiful, and qaiva, to appear.) — Low perennials, branched from the base, pubescent or hirsute, usually with pro- portionally large or showy axillary flowers, either solitary or usually clustered and nearly sessile ; the corolla blue or purplish, rarely white ; its tube not longer than the calyx. Seeds as in Ruellia, or the hairs nearly destitute of rings or spiral fibres. Fl. summer. * Eastern-Atlantic species : calyx deeply 5-parted : stems from slender creeping base or rootstocks : flowers solitary or few in the axils. C. humistrata, Nees. Glabrous or almost so throughout, no hirsute hairs : stems weak, erect or decumbent from the creeping base : leaves thinnish, oblong-obovate or the upper- most oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole (6 to 18 lines long) : corolla white, barely half inch long, seldom longer than the obovate or oblong foliaceous bractlets ; the tube very short : sepals setaceous-aristiform from an oblong-lanceolate base, little shorter than the corolla : anther-cells oblong, barely mucronulate. — DC. Prodr. xi. 108. Ruellia humistrata, Miclix. Fl. ii. 23. Dipteracanthus ( Calophanes) riparius, Chapm. Fl. 303, a luxuriant form. — Low grounds, S. Georgia and Florida. C. oblongifolia, Don. Pubescent or soft-hirsute, sometimes glabrate: stems usually erect and simple, a span to a foot high : leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (an inch or less long) : corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom an inch long, twice the length of the narrowly oblong bractlets ; the tube shorter than the ample throat : sepals distinct almost to the very base, filiform-setaceous, hirsute, more than half the length of the corolla: anther-cells oblong-linear, aristulate. — Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 181; Nees, 1. c. (Ruellia biflora, L. Spec. ii. 635, may be this, but it rests on a mere mention by Dillenius, without character.) Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 23; Pursh, Fl. ii. 420. Dipteracanthus biforus, Nees in Linn. xvi. 294. D. ob/onr/ifolius, Chapm. 1. c. — Sandy pine barrens, S. Virginia to Florida. An almost glabrous large form in Florida. Var. angusta. A reduced form, a span or so high, nearly glabrous, very leafy : leaves and flowers only half inch long, most of the former oblong-linear. — Dipteracanthus linearis, Chapm. 1. c. — S. Florida; Key West and Biscayan Bay, Blodgett, Palmer. # # Texano-Arizonian species : calyx 5-cleft. C. linearis. Hirsute with somewhat rigid and short hairs, or glabrate, not cinereous : stems erect and strict (a span to a foot high), or branched and diffuse: leaves from linear- oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate (9 to 20 lines long)', rather rigid : flowers usually foliose- glomerate : bracts and bractlets similar to and equalling the subtending leaves and about Ruellia. ACANTHACE.E. 325 equalling the corolla : calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, more or less hispid-eiliate, hardly more than twice the length of the narrow tube : corolla purple ? (10 lines long) ; the tube not longer than the abruptly ampliate throat: anther-tells linear-oblong, aristulate. — Dipteracanlhus (Cellophanes) linearis, Torr. & Gray in PI. Lindh. i. 50. C. ovata, Benth. PI. Hartw. 89, as to Texan sp. ; Noes, 1. c. ; surely not Ruel/ia ovata, Cav. C. oblongifolia, var. Texensis, Nees, 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. — Dry ground, Texas (Berlandier, Drum- mond, Wright, &e.) to the border of New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) C. deciimbens. Cinereous-puberulent throughout, not at all hirsute, nor scabrous : stems mostl}- spreading on the ground : leaves spatulate, or the lowest obovate and the uppermost oblanceolate, with attenuate base, but hardly petioled (6 to 14 lines long) : flowers few in the foliose-bracteolate clusters : setaceous-subulate calyx-lobes hardly twice the length of the tube : corolla purple (8 or 10 lines long) ; its tube double the length of the throat, nearly equalling the calyx-lobes: anther-cells oblong, mucronate. — Calophanes oblongifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 123, not Don. — Dry soil, western borders of Texas ( Wright, &c.) to S. Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Rollirock, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) 4. RUELLIA, Plum. (/. Ruel, or de la Ruelle, of France, early herbalist.) — Large genus, chiefly American and tropical, perennials ; with mostly entire and broad leaves, and rather large flowers (in summer), usually violet or lilac- purple, solitary or commonly clustered in the axils or in evolute cymes ; in several species the earlier or later blossoms cleistogamous. Seeds in many clothed with fine appressed hairs, which when wetted diverge and elongate, either marked with fixed spiral bands or developing spiricles. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1077. — Our species all rank under Ruellia proper (Cryphiacanthus and Dipteracanthus, Nees in DC), with straight tube and almost or quite regular limb to the corolla, and included stamens. Both stigmas equally developed occasionally in R. strepens and 7?. ciliosa. Five stamens have been found in the latter. # Flowers in open pedunculate cymes from upper axils and forming a terminal panicle : bracts and bractlets small, linear or subulate: capsule 8-12-seeded, narrow: hairs of the seed developing long spiricles when wetted. R. tuberosa, L. Glabrescent or minutely pubescent, a foot or two high, with somewhat tuberous-thickened roots : leaves (2 or 3 inches long) with undulate or obscurely repand- dentate margins, ovate-oblong or elliptical, and with base cuneate-contracted or decurrent into a rather long petiole : primary and secondary peduncles of the loose cyme slender : calyx-lobes subulate-filiform (half inch or more long), much exceeding the bractlets, hardly equalling the slender tube of the (inch and a half long blue or sometimes white) corolla, which is about as long as the funnelform-campanulate throat : capsule narrowly subcla- vate, 7 to 9 lines long, the stipitiform solid base mostly short but manifest. — Spec. ii. 0o5 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 452, but hardly of Desc. Ant. ii. 1. 113. R. clandeslina, L. 1. c. (Dill. Elth. 328, t. 248.) R. humilis, etc., Plum. Nov. Gen. Amer. 12, t. 2. Cryphiacanlhus Barbadensis, Nees in DC. 1. c. 197. Dipteracanlhus nudiflorus, Engelm. & Gray, PL Lindh. i. 21. — River- bottoms, Texas. (W. Ind., Mex., S. Am.) Var. OCCidentalis. Rather large and tall : inflorescence and calyx conspicuously viscid-pubescent; tiie latter usually shorter than the tube of the (1£ to fully 2 inch) corolla : leaves from glabrate to velvety-pubescent, mostly ovate and with more abrupt or even subcordate base, sometimes 6 or 7 inches long. — W. & S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright. S. Arizona, RoUirock. " California " (or probably Arizona), Coulter. The two latter glabrate forms. (Mex.) # # Flowers solitary or 3 and crmulose on an axillary peduncle as long as the leaf: bracts foli- aceous: seeds and capsule of the succeeding: stems branching. R. pedunculata, Torr. Slightly puberulent, 2 feet high, with spreading branches : leaves ovate-oblong, acute, short-petioled (1| to 3 inches long): peduncles spreading, slender, 1 or 2 inches long, bearing a pair of bracts similar to the leaves (half inch or more long) and equalling the calyx and capsule of the single flower, or shorter than the similarly 2-bracteolate pedicels when they are developed : calyx-lobes subulate-filiform, pubescent, about the length of the narrow tube of the corolla : throat of the latter dilatcd-f unnel- 326 ACANTHACEiE. Ruellia. form: capsule puberulent. (Torr. in lierb., unpublished.) — Dry woods, in W. Louisiana, J. Hale. Arkansas, Bigelow, Mrs. Harris. Corolla about an inch and a half long. # * # Flowers subsessile and commonly glomerate in the axils, when short-peduneled with foliaceous primary bracts or bractlets: stamens of almost equal length: capsule at most 8-seeded: short hispid hairs of the seed spreading when wet, containing a fixed spiral fibre or band, but no uncoiling spiricles. +- Suffrutescent : leaves rigid : corolla white : capsule oblong, with hardly any stipe-like base. R. Parryi. A span high, much branched from the lignescent base : leaves obovate-oblong, or the upper oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a distinct petiole, hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrate, an inch or less long (the older have cystoliths) : flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on a peduncle shorter than the petiole or subsessile : bractlets oblong, surpassing the slender-subulate often unequal calyx-lobes: tube of the corolla (inch long) slender, dilated at the summit into a small narrowly funnelform throat, which is shorter than the lobes. — Dipleracanthus suffruticosus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122 (but there is a R.suffru- licosa, Roxb.). — South-western borders of Texas: at Presidio del Norte, Parry, in flower. Valley of the Pecos, in fruit, Wright. -(— H— Herbaceous : stems mostly simple : corolla usually blue or violet, except in li. tubiflora: capsule more broadly clavate and obcompressed. ■w- Calyx-lobes filiform-attenuate, longer than the capsule : cleistogamous flowers seldom seen. R. noctiflora. Puberulent, or very young parts soft-villous, a foot or less high : leaves narrowly oblong (1 to 3 inches long), mostly with tapering base, but sessile: bracts and bractlets of the solitary or few flowers linear-lanceolate : calyx generally soft-puberulent ; its lobes somewhat linear-filiform and hardly widened at base (sometimes 18 lines long), barely half the length of the elongated (fully 2 inch) tube of the white corolla, the throat of which is funnelform. — R. tubiflora, LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 142, not HBK. Dipleracanthus noctiflorus, Nees in DC. 1. c, partly; Chapm. Fl. 304. — Low pine-barrens, Lower Georgia, LeConte. W. Florida, Rugel, Chapman, &c. S. Mississippi, Ingalls. Night- blooming 1 R. ciliosa, Pursh. Usually hirsute with long spreading hairs, especially the (about inch long) filiform attenuate calyx-lobes : leaves oblong or the lower oval (an inch or two long), almost sessile : tube of the blue corolla commonly twice the length of the calyx and of the limb with the obconical throat, the whole not rarely 2 inches long. — Fl. i. 420 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 339. Dipleracanthus ciliosus, Nees in Linn. xvi. 294, & Prodr. 1. c, with var. hijbridus, mainly. — Dry ground, Michigan and Illinois to Florida and Louisiana : in various forms. Var. longiflora. Pubescence sometimes cinereous, with or without long hirsute hairs : stems sometimes flowering when 2 or 3 inches high, sometimes tall and slender : leaves narrowly oblong or the lower obovate-spatulate, usually small: slender tube of corolla 1 or 2 inches long. — R. humilis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil, Soc. n. ser. v. 182. Jus- ticia, with char. & no name, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 235. Dipleracanthus Drummondii, Torr. & Gray in PI. Lindh. i. 50. D. noctiflorus, Nees, in DC. 1. i:., as to Texan pi. and var. humilis, also D. ciliosus, var. hijbridus, in part. — Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. Var. hybrida. Either hirsute or cinereous-pubescent, sometimes almost velvety- pubescent: leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly with distinct petioles : tube of the corolla shorter than the throat and limb, sometimes shorter than the linear-setaceous calyx-lobes, which often want the hirsute hairs. — R. hybrida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 420; LeConte in Ann. Lye. 1. c. R. steepens, L. as to Dill. Elth. t. 249, at least in part. R. Ursula, Ell. Sk. ii. 109. Dipteracanthus ciliosus, var. hybridus, in part, & D. Mitclullianus, Nees, 1. c. D. steepens, var. Di/knii, Nees, 1. c. — S. Carolina to Florida. Verges to the two following species. Var. amblgua. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves ovate-oblong, usu- ally short-petioled, larger: tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.— Dipleracanthus ciliosus,va.r.parvifloru.s,~Nces, 1. e. — Virginia and Kentucky to Alabama. As if a hybrid between R. ciliosa and R. steepens, with aspect of the latter, but the calyx of the former. R. Drummondiana. Cinereous-puberulent, .tall : leaves ovate, 3 to 6 inches long, peti- oled: filiform-setaceous and canescent calyx-lobes (commonly an inch or more long) more or less shorter than the tube of the (inch and a half long) corolla. — Dipleracanthus Drum- mondianus, Nees in DC. 1. c. D. Lindheimerianus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 764, 1848. — Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer. Carlowrightia. ACANTHACE^. 327 ++ ++ Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear, hardlv surpassing the capsule: cleistogamous flowers common. R. strepens, L. Green and almost glabrous or pubescent, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong- ovate or oblong, 2 to 5 inches long, mostly contracted at base into a short petiole : calyx sparingly soft-hirsute or ciliate : well-developed corolla 1£ or 2 inches long, with tube about the length of the campanulate-funnelform throat and limb. — Spec, ii. 634 (partly) & Mant. 422 ; Schk. Handb. 1. 177 ; Pursh, 1. c. Dipteracanthus strepens, Nees, 1. c, mainly. — Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin, Florida, and Texas. Var. cleistantha. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong : flowers for most of the season cleistogamous. — Dipteracanthus (Meiophanes) mlcranlhus, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 49. D. strepens, var. strictus, Nees, 1. c, mainly. Hygrophila lllinoiensis, Wood in Bull. Torrey Club, v. 41. — Common with the ordinary form. 5. STENANDBIUM, Nees. (Composed of o-i-evo's, narrow, and avSpuov, the hall for men, alluding to the narrow corolla ?) — Low and small perennials, all American, commonly with leaves all at base of scapiform flowering stems ; the flowers spicate; corolla rose-colored or purple. S. dulce, Nees. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves all radical, oval or oblong, thick- ish, 9 to 10 lines long, either narrowed or abruptly contracted into a rather long naked petiole : scape equalling or shorter than the leaves, capitately few-flowered : bracts lanceo- late, longer than the calyx, usually hirsute-ciliate (either nerveless or 3-nerved) : tube of the corolla narrow, rather longer than the calyx, the limb half inch or more in diameter : capsule clavate-oblong, somewhat terete. — DC. Prodr. xi. 282, with S. trinerve. Ruellia diJcis, Cav. Ic. vi. 62, t. 58-3, fig. 2. (Mex. to S. Chili.) Var. Floridanum. Glabrous, only the upper bracts and bractlets lightly hirsute- ciliate. — Indian River, E. Florida, Palmer. S. barbatum, Torr. & Gray. Very hirsute with long and shaggy white hairs, many- stemmed from the root ; a span or less high : leaves crowded, oblanceolate, attenuate at base into an indistinct petiole, above passing into the lanceolate and crowded foliaceous bracts of the rather many-flowered spike, which nearly equal the corolla : tube of the latter hardly longer than the calyx ; limb over half inch in diameter : capsule ovate, obcompressed, not attenuate at base: seeds hispid. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 168, t. 4, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. — Hillsides, western borders of Texas and adjacent parts of New Mex- ico, Wriyht, Gen. Pope, &c. 6. BERG-lNIA, Harvey. (In honor of Mr. Bergin, of Dublin.) — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1096. A single species. B, virgata, Harvey. Low and branching, apparently suffruticose, minutely cinereous- puberulent : branches slender : leaves linear-oblong, nearly sessile (half inch long) ; the upper smaller and passing into obscurely 3-nerved bracts of the loose and interrupted spike: calyx rather longer than the bracts, 2-bracteolate : corolla probably white, less than half inch long ; its lower lobe bearded at and below the base. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 588. — " California," Coulter. Probably Arizona : not since found. 7. CARLOWRlG-HTIA, Gray. (Charles Wright, the discoverer of one species, the earliest explorer of the district it inhabits, a most assiduous and suc- cessful collector and investigator of the botany of several parts of the world.) — Much branched undershrubs, minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrate ; with slender branch! ets, small and narrow entire leaves, and rather small loosely spicate or paniculate-racemose flowers : corolla purple. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 364. C. linearif olia, Gray, 1. c. A foot high, ericoid-leafy : leaves filiform-linear, 4 to 8 lines long ; uppermost passing into similar bracts and bractlets of the somewhat paniculate in- florescence : calyx deeply 5-parted; the divisions similar to and equalled by the bractlets : 328 ACANTHACE^E, Carlowrightia. lobes of the purple and almost rotate corolla oblong, 2^ lines long, twice the length of the tube: filaments hirsute-puberulent : anthers sagittate, the cells at base very obtuse or retuse : stipe as long as the body of the capsule. — Shaueria linearifolia , Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 123 : referred by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114, to Dianthera, but it cannot properly be included in that genus. — Western Texas ; on hills between the Limpio Pass and the Eio Grande, Wright. Burro Mountains and Great Cafion of the Kio Grande, Bigelow, Parry. C. Arizonioa, Gray, 1. c. Apparently low, diffuse : leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2 or 3 lines long: flowers sparsely spicate on filifqrm branchlets : bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx : bractlets minute or none : calyx deeply 5-cleft; the lobes subulate : lobes of the bright purple corolla 4 lines long, thrice the length of the narrow tube, narrowly oblong, or the posterior broader above and with a yellow spot on the face, contracted below : fila- ments glabrous : anthers oblong : stipe shorter than the body of the capsule. — Arizona, on rocks near Camp Grant, Palmer, 18G7. 8. ANISACANTHTJS, Nees. Qiviaoq, unequal, and axavdog, the Acan- thus.) — Suffruticose or shrubby plants (of Mexico and its borders) ; with mostly lanceolate and entire petioled leaves, and usually loosely spicate or scattered red (an inch or more long) flowers : branches apt to be pubescent in alternate lines, — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1117. A. pumilus, Nees. Low shrub, nearly glabrous : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (about 18 lines long) ; the larger short-petioled : calyx pubescent or tomentulose, 5-parted ; the subulate or linear lobes about equalling the stipe of the capsule, which is not longer than the body : corolla red or reddish. — DC. Prodr. xi. 445. Drejera puberula, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 123 S. Arizona, Wright, Wheeler. Probably not distinct from A. virgularis, Nees, the Justicia coecinea, Cav. and J. virgularis, Salisb. (Mex.) A. Thurberi. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high : young parts minutely hirsute : leaves oblong or lanceolate (an inch or less long), thickish, subsessile : flowers more pedicellate, in short leafy clusters at the axils : calyx-lobes long-attenuate, equalling the pointed capsule, twice the length of its stipe : corolla red, more f unnelform ; its lobes little shorter than the tube. — Drejera Thurberi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 124. — S. New Mexico and Arizona, Thurber, Capt. Smith, Palmer. A. "Wrightii. Suffruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or the foliage glabrous, panicu- latel); branched : leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (an inch or two long) : spikes loosely paniculate, naked : lobes of the deeply 5-cleft calyx oblong-lanceo- late, obtuse, very much (commonly thrice) shorter than the stipe of the pointed capsule (stipe 3 to 5 and capsule 3 or 4 lines long) : corolla purplish-red, inch and a half long, with lobes considerably shorter than tube. — Drejera Wrightii, Torr. 1. c. — S. and W. Texas, between the Guadaloupe and the Rio Grande, Wright, &c. A. Greggii, Drejera Greggii, Torr. 1. c, of northern part of Mexico, has leaves as the last species, but more pubescent and veiny, longer and slender corolla, with linear lobes longer than the tube, tomentose calyx 5-cleft only to the middle, and the single capsule seen is obovate and obtuse or retuse, on a stipe of thrice its length and double the length of the calyx. 9. SIPHONOGL6SSA, Oersted. (Zlcpcov, tube, and ylmaaa, tongue.) — Herbaceous or barely suffrutescent, chiefly Mexican. S. Pilosella, Torr. Low, branching from a suffrutescent base, hirsute with scattered spreading hairs : leaves ovate or oval, subsessile (5 to 15 lines long) : flowers mostly soli- tary in the axils : sepals 5, subulate : corolla pale blue or purple, with tube 8 or 9 and limb 3 or 4 lines long : lower anther-cell conspicuously mucronate-calcarate at base ; upper less so at apex : seeds cordate-orbicular, rugulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 134. Adhaloda diptera- cantha, Nees in DC. 1. c. 396. Monechma Pilosella, Nees, 1. c. 412. — Dry ground, Texas and S. New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) S. longiflora. Glabrous, or the slender stems cinereous-puberulent, barely a foot high : leaves lanceolate, glabrous, short-petioled, an inch or two long: flowers clustered in upper Dianihera. ACANTHACE.E. 329 axils: corolla (white or yellowish-white) with tube inch and a half long: lower anther- cell mucronate-appendaged at base. — Adhatoda ? longiftora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125.— S. Arizona, Schott, Rothrock. 10. BELOPERONE, Nees. (Belog, an arrow or dart, and Heyovq, some- thing pointed.) — Shrubby plants ; with red flowers, all but the following tropical American. B. Californica, Benth. Low shrub, with spreading often leafless branches, tomentose or cinereous-pubemlent : leaves ovate, oval, or subcordate, petioled : racemes terminating the branches, short, several-many -flowered : bracts and bractlets small, deciduous : calyx deeply 5-parted ; lobes subulate-lanceolate : corolla dull scarlet, an inch long ; both the lips oblong and truncate ; lower 3-lobed at apex : anther-cells oval ; lower mucronate at base : capsule obtuse, with broad and long stipe-like base obcompressed : seeds turgid, glabrous, coarsely rugose. — Bot. Sulph. 38; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 588. Jacobinia Californica, Nees in DC. 1. c. 729. Sericographis Californica, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. — Desert region along the southern borders of California, and Lower California. 11. JTTSTlCIA, Houston, L. (James Justice, a Scotch cultivator and ama- teur.) — A large and widely distributed genus, chiefly tropical, represented here by a single anomalous and little known plant. J. Wrightii. A span or less high and much branched from a suffrutescent base, cinereous- puberulent : leaves rigid, 3 or 4 lines long, sessile ; lowest obovate ; upper linear-lanceolate, mucronate-acute : flowers solitary and sessile in the upper axils ; bractlets similar to the sub- tending leaf : corolla purplish, 4 lines long, somewhat campanulate ; upper lip with a broad emargination and two short narrow- lobes ; lower larger with oval-obovate lobes : anther- cells oblong ; the lower abruptly short-calcarate ; the upper smaller and mucronate at base (fruit nut seen : ovules 4). — Calcareous hills along the San Felipe, W. Texas, Wright (no. 445 of 1st coll.). 1 2. DIANTHERA, Gronov. (At?, double, and av6t]po., blooming, used for anther.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, mostly American and of warm regions, various in inflorescence and habit : fl. summer. — Rhytiglossa, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 335. § 1. Eudianth^ka. Flowers capitate or spicate on a long and naked axillary peduncle : bracts and bractlets subulate or linear : tube of the (purple or violet) corolla shorter or not longer than the limb : glabrous perennials. D. crassifolia, Chapm. Stem barely a foot high, simple or sparingly branched : leaves few in distant pairs, fleshy, linear, or the lowest spatulate-lanceolate and short, and the upper filiform and elongated (4 to 6 inches), about the length of the 2-6-flowered peduncles: corolla an inch long, bright purple: capsule (with the long stipe) of the same length. — Fl. 304. — Apalachicola, Florida, in wet pine barrens, Chapman. D. Americana, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sulcate-angled : leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3 or 4 inches long, tapering at base, subsessile : peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves, capitately several-flowered : corolla pale violet or whitish, less than half inch long ; base of lower lip rugose. — Spec. i. 27 ; Gray, Man. ed. i. 293. D. ensiformis, Walt. Car. 63. Justicia linearifolia, Lam. 111. i. 41. J. pedunculosa, Michx. Fl. i. 7. ./. Americana, Vahl, Enum. i. 140. Rhytiglossa pedunculosa, Nees in DC. 1. c. 339. — In water, Canada to South Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas. D. humilis, Engelm. & Gray. Stems a span to a foot high from a creeping base or rootstock, mostly slender : leaves from oblong or obovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, ses- sile or slightly petioled, 1 to 3 inches long : flowers at length scattered in slender spikes on a peduncle shorter than the leaf : bract and bractlets much shorter than the 5 equal subu- late-linear calyx-lobes : corolla violet or pale purple, 4 or 5 lines long : anther-cells more or less mucronate at base. — PI. Lindh. i. 22. D. ovata, Walt. Car. 63 ; Chapm. Fl. 304 (with var. lanceolata & angusta), a misleading name, as the leaves are never so broad 330 ACANTHACE^E. Dianthera. as ovate. Justlcia humilis, Michx. Fl. i. 8 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 13 ; Vahl, Enum. i. 43. Bhyti- glossa humilis, Nees, 1. c. 340. JR. obtusifolia, Nees, 1. c. 338, as to N. Am. plant ? — Muddy borders of streams, S. Carolina, near the coast, to Texas. Narrowest leaved forms much resemble the tropical D. pectoralis, which has smaller flowers and fifth sepal small. D. parviflora, Drejera parviflora, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 1861, is like the preceding, so far as an imperfect specimen shows : but leaves shorter (an inch or so long), lanceolate from a broader and rounded subsessile base, the younger with a few hairs, and the inflorescence puberulent, with also some short-stipitate glands. — W. Texas, Buckley. § 2. Anomalous species, cinereous-pubescent : flowers small, in the axils of ordinary leaves and in slender spikes terminating the branches. (D. Sagrceana, Griseb. with somewhat similar habit, is Justicia Sagrmana, the lower anther-cell calcarate.) D. parvifolia. Much branched from a somewhat woody root or base, a span or more high, erect or diffuse : leaves ovate, 3 to 8 lines long, petioled ; upper axils florif erous : flowering branches mostly extended into slender sparsely-flowered spikes : bracts with bractlets and sepals subulate, small : corolla white or purple, 4 lines long ; the lips nearly equal and about the length of the rather broad tube : anther-cells separated by a narrow connective, somewhat oblique and one a little lower. — Shaueria parvifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. — Dry soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Wright, Schott, Lindheimer, &c. Re- ferred to this genus on the authority of Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114. 13. GATESIA, Gray. (In memory of Dr. Hezekiah Gates, who almost half a century ago made and distributed a collection of Alabama plants, upon one of which, viz. Petalostemon corymbosus, mistaken for a Composita, Bertoloni founded his genus Gatesia.) — Single species : fl. summer. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 365. Gr. laete-virens, Gray, 1. c. Perennial herb a foot or two high, puberulent or almost glabrous : stem when dry with a contracted ring above each node, as if articulated : leaves bright green, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or oval and acuminate at both ends (2J to 5 inches long), petioled : flowers in oblong and somewhat strobilaceous usually short- peduncled spikes, both terminal and axillary : bracts oval or obovate with narrowed base, mucronate, hirsute-ciliate (half inch long) : bractlets similar but smaller, about half the length of the clavate-oblong firm-coriaceous capsule : calyx somewhat glumaceous, deeply 5-parted; lobes setaceous-subulate, sparingly hirsute-ciliate, the innermost smaller: corolla white or flesh-color, almost salverform (about half inch and the lobes 2 lines long) : stipe- like base shorter than the body of the 4-seeded capsule. — Justicia Icete-virens, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 176 (1843). Khytiglossa viridiflora (meant for viridifolia), Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 346. Dicliptera Halei, Eiddell, Cat. Fl. Ludov. in N. Orl. Med. Jour. 1852 ; Chapm. Fl. 305. — Shady damp ground, Northern Alabama, Buckley, Cabell, Beaumont. Lookout Moun- tain, Tennessee, A. H. Curtiss. W. Louisiana, Hale. Eastern Texas, Wright. " Flowers open- ing in the night : corolla dropping early next day," Dr. Cabell. More allied to, Tetramerium than to Dianthera, having only the capsule of the latter, and the bractlets of Dicliptera. 14. TETRAMERIUM, Nees. {TezQ«[iSQ^s, quadripartite, limb of corolla 4-parted.) — Low perennial herbs, or barely suffrutescent at base (of and near JMexico) ; with oblong or ovate and petioled leaves, dense spike terminating stem and branches, its 4-ranked bracts imbricated and little exceeded by the (white or purplish) corollas. — Bot. Sulph. 147, & DC. Prodr. xi. 467. {Henrya, Nees, referred here in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1121, is distinguished by its small primary bract, or ordinary leaf in place of it, and conspicuous herbaceous bractlets, as of Dicliptera, which are usually vaginate and connate.) T. hispidum, Nees, 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent, and the ovate or oblong strongly 3-5- nerved spinulose-pointed bracts hispid : leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long : calyx 4-parted : lobes of the corolla shorter than its tube : seeds muriculate. — T. nervosum, var., Torr- Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. — S. Arizona to the borders of Texas. (Mex.) Didiptera. ACANTHACEiE. 331 T. platystSgium, Torr. 1. c. Scabrous-puberulent, not at all hirsute : leaves oblong- lanceolate : bracts subcordate, mucronate-acuminate (half or two-thirds inch long), lightly 3-5-plinerved and veiny : bractlets minute and subulate : calyx 5-parted : tube of purple corolla longer than the narrowly oblong lobes : seeds muriculate-scabrous. — S. borders of Texas, near Ringgold Barracks on the Rio Grande, Schott. 15. DICLIPTERA, Juss. (/Ji-/.h\; two-valved, and titsqov, wing : applies to the involucre of the typical species, but was explained to relate to the bipar- tition and separation of the two parts of each valve of the capsule after dehiscence.) — Chiefly herbs, dispersed over the warmer regions of the world. Fl. summer. Corolla often seemingly resupinate as relates to primary axis, on account of the cymose inflorescence or the evolution of more than one flower in the involucre. Leaves petiolate. In the disruption of the valves of the capsule, the sides are usually carried away with the placentae, leaving only a stalk-like base. § 1. Eudiclipteha. Bractlets of the flat involucre a single pair and broad, opposite : internal bractlets small and thin like the sepals : anther-cells oval, dis- joined, one nearly over the other. D. resupinata, Juss. A span to a foot or two high from an annual or perennial root, nearly glabrous : stem 6-angled : leaves from ovate to lanceolate or oblong : involucres on naked simple or commonly trifid peduncles, 1-3-rIowered, rotund- or deltoid-subcordate, rarely round-obovate, very flat, a third to half inch long and nearly as wide : lobes of the purple corolla obovate. — Ann. Mus. ix. 268 ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 474 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. Justicia sexa?igularis, Cav. Ic. iii. 2, t. 203. ■/. resupinata, Vahl, Enum. i. 114. Didiptera thlaspwides, Nees, 1. c. \ S. Arizona (and California ? Coulter), Thurber, Schott, Wright, &c. (Mex.) D. brachiata, Spreng. A foot or two high, from almost glabrous to pilose-pubescent : stem G-angled, rather slender, with numerous spreading branches : leaves oblong-ovate, mostly acuminate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioled : involucres clus- tered in the axils and more or less paniculate, short-peduncled and subsessile, somewhat convex, or at length ventricose, its valves narrowed at base, 3 to 5 lines long, from broadly obovate with rounded summit to spatulate-oblong, often unequal, frequently mucronate or mucronulate : lobes of the purple or flesh-colored corolla elongated-oblong, half inch or less long, about the length of the slender curved tube. — Syst. i. 80 ; Nees, 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 305. D. resupinata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 183, not Vald. D. glandulosa, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 705, a villous-pubescent form. — Shady and moist ground, N. Caro- lina to Florida and Texas. Var. attenuata, a form with the involucral valves narrower, spatulate or oblong, and cuspidate-acuminate; and attenuate-acuminate leaves on long (sometimes 2 inch) petioles. — E. Texas, Wright. Also Arkansas, Nultall: therefore his D. resupinata, in part; but not according to his character " bracteis bivalvibus subcordatis." § 2. Dactylostegium. Bractlets 2 and narrow, and at base supplemented by and sometimes partially concreted with a smaller and alternate pair, being the outer and larger of the internal bractlets : anthers oblong-sagittate, the cells usually parallel and equal : flowers loosely secund-spicate or paniculate : primary bracts small and subulate. — Dactylostegium, Nees in Fl. Bras., Oersted. § Dac- tylostegice, Nees in DC. Prodr. D. assiirgens, Juss. 1. c. Glabrous or puberulent : stem 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate branches : leaves ovate, acuminate, or the smaller upper ones oblong and obtuse : invol- ucres chiefly sessile and rather sparse in the slender simple or paniculate spikes : principal bractlets of the involucre linear-spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long, 1-nerved, mucronate, nearly twice the length of the slender-subulate interior ones : corolla much cxserted, an inch long, red or crimson, arcuate ; the nearly entire lanceolate-oblong lips shorter than the upwardly ampliate tube. — Nees in DC. 1. c. 489 ; Chapm. Fl. 305. Justicia assurgens,~L. (P.Browne, Jam. 110, t. 2, fig. 1.) —Eastern S. Florida. (W. Ind., Centr. Am,) 332 SELAGINACEJS. Gymnandra. Order CII. SELAGINACEJE. Shrubs or herbs, of various habit, confined to the southern hemisphere, except two anomalous northern genera of dubious association, in character most like Verbenacece, but the solitary ovules anatropous and suspended, and the radicle of the terete straight embryo superior. 1. G-YMNANDRA, Pall, (rvp'61;, naked, olvi)q, man ; stamens somewhat protruding.) — Calyx spathaceous, cleft anteriorly, entire or 2-3-toothed pos- teriorly. Corolla tubular, ampliate at the throat ; limb 2-labiate ; upper lip entire, erose- 2-3-crenulate, or 2-cleft; lower usually longer, 2-3-cleft. Stamens 2, inserted in the throat of the corolla, not surpassing its lobes : anthers versatile, confluently 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovulate : style filiform and elongated: stigina subcapitace or 2-lobed. Fruit dry or slightly drupaceous, small, included in the calyx and marcescent corolla, separating into two akene-like nutlets, or one of them often abortive. Seed suspended : embryo a little shorter than the fleshy albumen. — Perennial and subcaulescent glabrous herbs ; with the aspect of Syn- thyris in Scrophulariacece (p. 285) ; rootstock somewhat creeping: leaves alter- nate ; the radical obovate or oblong and petioled ; those of the scapiform and simple flowering stem sessile : flowers in a dense terminal spike, each solitary and sessile in the axil of a bract : corolla bluish. A few montane and arctic Asiatic species, two of them reaching N. America. — Pall. It. iii. 710 ; Choisy in DC. Prodr. xii. 24; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1130. Gr. Gmelini, Cham. & Schl. Somewhat robust, a span to a foot high : radical leaves ovate or oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends, repand-crenate (2 to 4 inches long) : eauline smaller, passing into bracts of the dense and thick oblong spike : stamens much shorter than the upper lip of the corolla, exceeding the style. — Linn. ii. 501; Hook. Fl. ii. 102. G. borealis, var., Pall. 1. c. G. ovata & reniformis, Willd. Lagotis glauca, Gaertn. in Nov. Com in. Petrop. xiv. 533, t. 18, fig. 2. (Bartsia gymnandra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 430, referred here as to plant of Columbia River, is probably Syntliyris rubra.) — Unalaska, Popoff Islands, &c, recently coll. by Harrington and Elliott. (Kamts., &c.) G. Stelleri, Cham. & Schl. 1. u. Slender and smaller: radical leaves oblong, acute, more attenuate at base, unequally and obtusely serrate : stamens about equalling the upper lip of the corolla, shorter than the style. — Hook. 1. c. G. minor, denlata, & gracilis, Willd. — Kotzebue Sound, Lay & Collie. Arctic coast, Richardson. Perhaps Island of St. Lawrence, Chajnisso. St. Paul's Island, Elliott. (Arctic Asia.) Order OIII. VERBENACECE. Herbs or shrubs (in tropical regions some are trees), with chiefly opposite or verticillate leaves, no stipules, bilabiate or almost regular corolla, with lobes imbricated in the bud, mostly didynamous stamens, single style with one or two stigmas, an undivided mostly 2-carpelIary but more or less completely 2-4-celled (rarely 8-locellate) ovary, a pair of ovules to each carpel (one to each locellus or half-carpel) ; the fruit either drupaceous and 2-4-pyrenous, or dry and separating at maturity into as many nutlets ; embryo straight, and in true Verbenaceee with the radicle inferior. Phryma, appended to this order for lack of other affinity, is a notable exception. Albumen in our genera scanty or none. Inflorescence various. Foliage sometimes aromatic. VERBENACEiE. 333 Tribe I. PHRYMEJE. Ovary one-celled, and with a single erect or ascending orthotropous ovule. Seed without albumen. Radicle superior: cotyledons broad, convolute round their axis. Inflorescence centripetal. 1 . PHRYMA. Calyx cylindraceous, bilabiate ; upper lip of 3 setaceous-subulate teeth ; lower of 2 short subulate teeth. Corolla with cylindrical tube equalling the upper lip of the calyx, and a bilabiate limb: upper lip almost erect, emarginatu ; lower much larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous, included : anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Style slender : stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a dry akene in the bottom of the calyx. Calyx abruptly reflexed on the axis of the spike in fruit, strongly ribbed, and closed by the narrowing of the orifice : the long slender teeth hooked at the tip. Tribe II. YERBEXE^E. Ovary, or at least the fruit, with 2 to 8 cells or nutlets : ovules anatropous or nearly so, erect. Radicle accordingly inferior. Inflorescence centripetal and simple; the flowers in the spike commonly alternate: bractlets none. Leaves simple, sometimes divided, but not compound. Stamens in our genera included and distinctly didynamous. # Flowers spicate or capitate, -t— Calyx ampliate-globular and closed over the fruit. 2. PRIVA. Flowers slender-spicate. Calyx at first cylindraceous, with 5 ribs produced into short teeth, membranaceous and enlarging with and closely investing the dry indu- rated fruit, which splits into a pair of 2-locellate or by abortion 1-locellate nutlets. Corolla salverform, 5-lobed, obscurely bilabiate. -t— -i— Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angIed, 5-toothed, mostly enclosing the dry fruit : corolla salverform ; limb somewhat equally or unequally 5-lobed : akene-like nutlets 1-celled, 1-seeded. 3. ST ACHYTARPHE TA. Perfect stamens 2 (the anterior pair) and with divaricate vertical anther-cells : posterior reduced to sterile filaments. Stigma terminal, orbicular, subcapitate. Fruit separating into 2 oblong-linear nutlets. 4. BOUCHEA. Perfect stamens 4 : anthers ovate, the cells parallel. Stigma 2-lobed, one lobe abortive, the other subclavate-stigmatose. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets. Seed linear. 5. VERBENA. Perfect stamens 4 : anthers ovate ; the cells nearly parallel. Stigma mostly 2-lobed ; anterior lobe larger ; posterior smooth and sterile. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets. -K- -K- ■*— Calyx small and short: anthers short, the cells parallel: cells of the ovary and nutlets of the fruit 2, one-seeded : style mostly short : stigma thickisli, mostly oblique. 6. LIPPIA. Calyx 2— t-cleft or toothed, ovoid, oblong-campanulate or compressed and bicarinate, enclosing the dry fruit, which separates into 2 nutlets. Limb of corolla oblique or bilabiate, 4-lobed. 7. LANTANA. Calyx very small and membranaceous, truncate or sinuate-toothed. Limb of the corolla not bilabiate, obscurely irregular, 4-5-parted ; the broad lobes obtuse or retuse ; tube slender. Fruit drupaceous, merely girt at base by the calyx, fleshy or juicy ; its nutlets bony, mostly roughened. * * Flowers in open racemes, minutely bracteate : calyx tubular-campanulate, with trun- cate minutely 5-toothed border : corolla salverform ; the 5-parted limb somewhat oblique or unequal : anther-cells parallel: ovules amphitropous : drupe juicy, containing 2 to 4 bilocellate 2-seeded bony nutlets : subtropical and tropical shrubs or trees. 8. CITHAREXYLUM. Calyx in fruit girting the base of the drupe. Stigmas 2. Nut- lets 2. ' Sterile fifth stamen present, rarely antheriferous. 9. DXJRANTA. Calyx in fruit ampliate and enclosing the drupe. Corolla commonly curved. Stigma unequally 4-lobed. Nutlets 4 : seeds therefore 8. Tribe III. VITICEzE. Ovary, embryo, &c, of the preceding tribe. Ovules later- ally affixed, amphitropous. Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose. 1 0. CALLICARPA. Flowers 4-merous (rarely 5-merous in calyx and corolla), nearly regu- lar. Calyx short, sinuately toothed. Corolla with short or campanulate tube. Stamens 4, equal, exserted: anthers short; cells parallel. Style elongated: stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Baccate drupe small, the base subtended by the calyx, containing 4 small 1-seeded nutlets or by abortion fewer. Cymes axillary. Tribe IV. AVICENNIEiE. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, with a central 4-winged columella bearing 4 pendulous amphitropous ovules, these and the solitary seed des- 334 VERBENACEiE. Phryma. titute of any coats. Fruit fleshy-eapsular. Seed consisting solely of a large embryo, which begins germination at or before dehiscence: radicle villous, inferior: cotyledons large, amygdaloid, conduplicate longitudinally: plumule conspicuous. Flowers glomerate (inflorescence centrifugal) ; the capituliform clusters variously disposed. 11. AVICENNIA. Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla with short campan- ulate tube, and slightly irregular 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 4, somewhat unequal and exserted. Style short or none. Stigmas 2. Fruit compressed, 2-valved. 1. PHRfMA, L. Lopseed. (An unexplained name, substituted by Lin- naaus for Leptostaehya, Mitch, in Act. Phys.-Med. Nat. Cur. viii. 212, 1748.) — Single species. P. Leptostaehya, L. Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, somewhat pubescent : leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate ; lower ones long-petioled : flowers small and inconspicuous, sessile in slender and filiform at length much elongated terminal spikes, purplish, each in the axil of a setaceous bract and subtended by a pair of minute bractlets, at length strictly reflexed ; the fructiferous calyx, detaching at maturity, apt to adhere to fleece and clothing by the hooked tips of the awn-like teeth in the manner of a bur. — Gsartn. Fr. t. 75; Lam. 111. t. 516; Schauer in DC. Frodr. xi. 520. — Moist and open woods, Canada to Florida and Missouri: fl. summer. (Japan to Nepal.) 2. PRf ~VA, Adans. (Name of unknown derivation.) — Homely perennial herbs of warm climates ; with petioled coarsely serrate leaves, and terminal spikes of small dull flowers, in summer. P. echinata, Juss. Somewhat pubescent : leaves ovate, somewhat cordate : flowers alternate in the slender spike : fruiting calyx hirsute with small hooked hairs : fruit ovate, 4-angled, splitting into 2 nutlets, each 2-seeded, spiny-toothed on the back. — Jacq. Obs. t. 24; Sloane, Jain. t. 110; Chapm. Fl. 206. — S. Florida. (Trop. Amer.) 3. STACHYTARPHfiTA, Vahl. (Name formed of ma, bladder, and ariyt], covering ; from the turgid fruiting calyx, but more applicable to the inflated corolla.) — Perennial erect N. American herbs, almost glabrous ; with lanceolate or oblong and callose-denticulate or serrate leaves ; the upper ones sessile, lowest tapering into a petiole, floral reduced to small subulate bracts of the simple or panicled spikes, most of them shorter than the calyx. Flowers cataleptic (remaining in whatever position they may be turned ou the short pedicel, either right or left of the normal position). Corolla showy, rose or flesh- color, often variegated : in summer. P. Virginiana, Benth. 1. c. Stem in larger forms 3 or 4, in smaller 1 or 2 feet high, terminated by a simple virgate or sometimes several panicled spikes : leaves thickish : calyx tubular-campanulate or somewhat turbinate-campanulate, in fruit broader and with a narrowed base ; its teeth ovate-triangular and very acute, only half the length of the tube : corolla commonly an incli long. — Dracocephalum Virginianum, L. Spec. ii. 594 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 467. D. lancifolium, Moench, Meth. 410. D. variegatum, Vent. Cels, t. 44. Prasium purpureum & P. coccineum, Walt. Car. 166. — Wet grounds, N. Vermont, W. Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida and Texas : common in gardens. Varies greatly ; the extremes are Var. speciosa, a tall form, with very acutely serrate lanceolate leaves, and dense and panicled spikes. — Dracocephalum speciosum, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 93, with horizontal flowers. Physostegia imbricata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3386 (not Benth.), a Texan form, with erect imbricated flowers. Var. denticulata, a more slender and commonly low form, with crenulate-denticu- late or obscurely serrate leaves, and more slender or loosely-flowered spike. — Dracocepha- lum denticulatum, Ait. Kevv. ii. 317 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 214. — Middle Atlantic States. Var. obovata, with oblong or obovate and often obtuse leaves. — Dracocephalum oboualum, Ell. Sk. ii. 86. — Georgia to Arizona. P. intermedia, Gray. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, remotely leaved : leaves linear- lanceolate, repand-denticulate : spikes filiform, commonly rathet remotely flowered : calyx short and broadly campanulate; the triangular acute teeth about as long as the tube: corolla 5 or 6 lines long, much dilated upwards. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. Dracocephalum intermedium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 187. — Barrens, W. Kentucky and Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. P. parvifiora, Nutt. Stem rather slender, leafy, afoot or two high : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate; spikes short (1 to 4 inches long) : calyx short-campanulate, inflated-globular in fruit and with short mostly obtuse teeth : corolla rather narrow, half inch long. — Nutt. (ex Benth., under P. imbricata, Benth. 1. c, not Hook. Bot. Mag.) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. — Banks of streams, Saskatchewan and Wyoming to Brit. Columbia, and Oregon. 41. MACBRfDEA, Ell. (In memory of Br. James Macbride.) Gla- brous or sparsely hirsute perennials (of S. Atlantic States) ; with simple stems, a foot or more high, lanceolate or spatulate-oblong repand-toothed or entire minutely punctate leaves ; the floral becoming thickish and rounded imbricated bracts of a terminal and rather few-flowered capitate inflorescence. Flowers showy (corolla over an inch lone), in late summer. (Anthers not pilose within the cell, as stated, but mainly on the inner face.) — Ell. Sk. ii. 56 ; Chapm. Fl. 324. M. pulchra, Ell. 1- ^ Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends, tapering into a petiole, thinnish ; floral ones or bracts ovate, acute : lateral lobes of the calyx entire or 384 LABIATE. Macbridea. emarginate: corolla rose-purple (streaked with a deeper hue and white); its upper lip entire. — M. pulchella, Benth. Lab. 505, & DC. Prodr. xii.»435. Thymbra Carol iniana & Pra- sium incarnatum, "Walt. Car. ex Benth. Melittis Caroliniana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 700. — Pine- barren swamps, southern borders of N. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. M. alba, Ckapm. 1. c. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, thickish, all but the lowest sessile ; floral ones round-ovate or orbicular : lateral lobes of the calyx strongly emarginate or 2-clef t : corolla white ; its upper lip emarginate. — Low pine-barrens, W. Florida near the coast, Chapman. 42. SYNANDRA, Nutt. (2vv, together, and dvi]Q, for anther, the pos- terior and sterile anthers connate.) — Single species, large-flowered, and with the aspect of Lamium. S. grandiflora, Nutt. Fibrous-rooted biennial, a foot or two high, hirsute : leaves mem- branaceous, cordate, coarsely crenate, all but the floral long-petioled ; these reduced to ovate sessile bracts, each subtending a single flower : corolla inch and a half long, white or nearly so : filaments bearded. — Gen. ii. 29 ; Benth. 1. c. — Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio to Illinois and Tennessee : in spring. ' 43. MARRLTBIUM, Tourn. Horehound. (From Hebrew word, mean- ing bitter.) — Perennials; all natives of the Old World, but one species widely dispersed and naturalized, viz. M. vulgAre, L. Hoary-woolly, branched from the base, aromatic-bitter (hence used in popular medicine) : leaves roundish, crenate, very rugose-veiny : flowers verticillastrate- capitate in the upper axils : calyx with 10 short recurving teeth, these and the bracts at length hooked at the tip. — Escaped from gardens into waste or open ground : fl. late summer. (Nat. from Eu. ) 44. BALLCJTA, L. Black Horehound. (Greek name, of obscure derivation.) — Weedy perennials of the Old World ; with bitter and unpleasant scented herbage ; fl. summer. B. nIgra, L. Soft-pubescent, but not hoary, spreading : leaves ovate, crenate or toothed, slightly rugose, slender-petioled : flowers numerous in rather loose axillary verticillastrate cymes : bracts setaceous : calyx with dilated somewhat foliaceous mucronate-tipped teeth, equalling the purplish corolla. — Sparingly in waste places, New England, Penn., &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 45. PHLOMIS, Tourn. Jerusalem Sage. (Ancient Greek name of a woolly plant, perhaps of this genus.) — Perennials, of the Old World, one spar- ingly introduced, viz. P. tuber6sa, L. Tall, 3 to 5 feet high, from a thick tuberous root, somewhat glabrous : lower leaves ovate and cordate, crenate, slender-petioled, rugose-veiny ; floral oblong-lan- ceolate and mostly sessile, subtending dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters : bracts seta- ceous, hirsute : calyx-teeth setaceous-subulate from & short and dilated truncate-emargi- nate base, divaricate : corolla pale purple, its upper lip densely white-bearded. — S. shore of Lake Ontario, New York : fl. early summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 46. LEONOTIS, R. Br. (Amr, lion, and o'vg, cozcg ear, from the corolla.) — African plants; with dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters of showy scarlet or orange flowers ; sparingly naturalized on our southern borders : fl. summer. L. nepet;ef6lia, R. Br. Tall annual, minutely soft-pubescent : leaves long-petioled, ovate, coarsely serrate or crenate, veiny ; upper floral lanceolate : verticillastrate heads large and dense : calyx about 8-toothed : corolla an inch long, orange-red, densely hirsute. — Bot. Keg. t. 281. — Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. (Nat. from Afr.) Galeopsis. LABIATE. 385 47. L.EONTJRUS, L. Motherwort. (Jmv, a lion, and oiigd, tail ) — Herbs of the Old World, weeds or escapes from gardens in the New : herbage bitter : flowers small, in summer. L. Cardiaca, L. (Common Motherwort.) Tall perennial, more or less pubescent : leaves long-petioled, palmately cleft; the lower rounded; floral rhombic-lanceolate, 3-clef t ; lobes lanceolate : flowers much shorter than the petioles; corolla pale purple ; its upper lip very villous outside, narrowed at base, hardly galeate, at length often recurved ; lower deflexed, spotted : stamens often recurving outwards after anthesis : anther-cells parallel. — Waste and cult, ground, in manured soil. (Nat. from Eu.) L. MarrubiAstrum, L. Tall biennial, minutely soft-pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, or the floral lanceolate, coarsely serrate or incised : calyx-teeth slender, rather aristiform than spinescent : corolla minute, whitish, almost glabrous ; its lips less divergent : stamens little exserted beyond the throat : anther-cells diverging. — Cliaiturus Ma-n-ubiastrum, Ehrh. — Waste grounds, New Jersey to Delaware, and southward; rare. Related as much to Sideritis as to Leonurus; might be placed next to Marrubium. (Nat. from Eu. ) Li. SmfRicus, L. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous: leaves 3-parted; the divisions 2-5-cleft, or deeply 3-7-clef t and incised : corolla purplish, twice the length of the calyx ; upper lip fornicate, lower little spreading. — Waste grounds, Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia, Martindale), New Mexico, &c. (Sparingly nat. from Eu. & Asia.) 48. L AMIUM, Tourn. Dead-Nettle. (From latpos, the throat, alluding to the ringent corolla.) — Spreading or decumbent herbs, with mostly cordate incised or doubly toothed leaves ; the lower long-petioled ; upper becoming sessile or roundish at base, subtending sessile and loose or capitate clusters of purple or sometimes white flowers. Anthers in our species hirsute. Natives of the Old World, some naturalized in waste places or fields, eastward. Li. amplexicaule, L. Biennial or winter annual, weak and slender, low : leaves distant ; lowest small, roundish-cordate, coarsely crenate, long-petioled ; upper subsessile or clasping, cre- nately lobed and incised : corolla slender, purple, with spotted lower lip, truncate lateral lobes, and upper lip villous on the back. — Rather common, Canada to Florida. (Nat. from Eu.) Li. purpureum, L. Resembles the. last, but with leaves (even the upper floral) all petioled and only crenate-serrate : calyx-teeth more slender : small lateral teeth to the orifice of the corolla. — Penn. and New England. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) L. album, L. Stouter, a foot or two high, more leafy and hirsute-pubescent : root peren- nial : leaves ovate, cordate or truncate at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate, mostly peti- oled : corolla white, an inch long, with tube curved upwards and throat rather narrow ; upper lip oblong ; a long slender appendage at each side of the throat. — E. New England. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 49. G-ALE6PSIS, L. Hemp-Nettle, {ralit), a weasel, and oxpig, re- semblance, " very like a weasel " to a lively imagination only. The popular name is little less natural.) — Annual weeds of Europe: naturalized in waste places and garden soil : fl. late summer. G. TetrAhit, L. Hispid : stem swollen below the joints : leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate : corolla light purple, variegated, 6 to 10 lines long. — Common. (Nat. from Eu.) G. LAdanum, L. Pubescent, lower and smaller : leaves oblong-lanceolate : corolla red or rose- color. — E. New England, in few places. (Barely nat. from Eu.) 50. STACHYS, Tourn. Woundwort. (Ird%vg, a spike, primarily a spike or ear of corn, and the ancient Greek name of this genus or of some similar plants, from the spicate inflorescence.) — A large genus, widely dispersed ; ours all herbs, with the flowers verticillastrate-capitate or clustered, or sometimes few 25 386 LABIATE. Stachys. or solitary in the axils of the floral leaves, forming usually an interrupted spicate inflorescence ; in summer. # Root annual : corolla with short tube, mostly purplish or reddish. -t— Even the lower lip hardly exceeding the subulate or aristulate tips of the calyx-teeth : leaves obtuse, crenate, an inch or less long; lower subcordate and slender-petioled : upper subsessile : stems a span or two high : lower flower-clusters remote. S. arvensis, L. Hirsute, often decumbent : upper leaves ovate with cuneate base : verti- cillastrate clusters in their axils few-flowered : calyx oblong-campanulate, 3 lines or more long, almost hispid, in fruit declined; the lanceolate teeth aristulate. — Waste grounds, E. Mass. (Locally nat. from Eu.) S. agraria, Cham. & Schl. Hirsute pubescence finer and softer: stems slender, erect: upper leaves subcordate or oval ; upper floral shorter than the small and several-flowered clusters : calyx even in fruit not over 2 lines long and not declined, short-campanulate ; the subulate teeth cuspidate-aristulate. — . Linn. v. 100 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 479. S. Grahami, Benth. Lab. 551. — Moist or shady places, common in Texas. (Mex.) •*— Lips of the corolla surpassing the slender-subulate and aristulate calyx-teeth : fructiferous calyx 4 lines long: stem a foot or two high. S. Drummondii, Benth. Soft-hirsute : leaves ovate and oval, obtuse, crenate, all the lower cordate : upper pairs distant ; floral with narrowed ba.se, the uppermost lanceolate or subulate and shorter than the flowers : these mostly in sixes : calyx-tube in fruit glob- ular-campanulate and rather shorter than the setaceous-attenuate teeth : upper lip of the corolla nearly 2, and lower 3 or 4 lines long. — Lab. 551, & DC. 1. c. — Moist ground, Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer. (Mex.) S. Annua, L., an Old- World species, with glabrous leaves not cordate, and whitish flowers only four lines long, sparingly occurs as a ballast weed, near Philadelphia. * * Root perennial. -*— Corolla white or whitish, with tube shorter or hardly longer than the calyx-teeth ; lips only 2 or 3 lines long ; the upper villous-bearded or woolly on the back : flowers sessile or nearly so : herbage from soft-hirsute to white-tomentose. (Californian and one New Mexican species.) S. Rothrookii, Gray. A span high, branched from the base, canescently lanate-pubes- cent throughout : leaves all sessile and lanceolate, obtuse, almost entire (inch long) ; floral gradually smaller and oblong, subtending about 3 flowers : spike rather dense and short : calyx campanulate; the teeth ovate- or subulate-deltoid, with very acute but soft tips: corolla 4 or 5 lines long; the tube included. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82. — Zuni village, New Mexico, Rothrock. S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous with very soft white hairs : leaves oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 1 to 3 inches long, roundish or acutish at base ; the lower petioled; upper sessile ; even the upper floral as long as the (about 3) subtended flowers : clusters mainly distant : calyx short-campanulate or in fruit turbinate, very silky- villous ; the teeth triangular-ovate, aristulate-acuminate, barely equalling the tube of the corolla. — Linn. vi. 80 v & DC. I. c. 474 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 605. — California, common in moist ground. Also (in a dubious form) Willow Spring, Arizona, Rothrock. S. albens, Gray. Tall (1 to 5 feet high), soft-tomentose or lanate with white or whitish wool, leafy : leaves oblong or ovate, usually with more or less cordate base, acutish, cre- nate, 2 or 3 inches long ; lower short-petioled ; upper nearly sessile ; most of the floral shorter than the dense interrupted capitate clusters of the virgate spike : calyx turbinate- campanulate ; the teeth triangular and aristulate, nearly equalling the tube of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. S. pyaiostachya (meaning S. pycnantha, Benth.), Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 408. — Wet ground, mountains and foot-hills of California, from Shasta to Kern Co. S. pycnantha, Benth. Soft-hirsute with somewhat fulvous hairs, leafy, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves oblong-ovate and subcordate, obtuse, crenate, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly rather long-petioled ; floral all reduced to small bracts of the dense oblong or cylindraceous spike (of 1 to 3 inches long), each subtending about 3 flowers : calyx-teeth deltoid, mucronulate, very hirsute, fully equalling the tube of the corolla : upper lip of the latter strongly bearded. — PI. Hartweg. 331 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 605. — California, in the Coast Range, from Monterey to above San Francisco, Hartweg, Kellogg. Stachys. LABIATE. 387 +— -t— Corolla purple or rose-red (not scarlet-red), with tube equalling or longer than the calyx : flowers sessile or subsessile, ++ Not over half inch long: tube of the corolla not exceeding the tips of the calyx-teeth : spike mostly much interrupted : stems erect from filiform and sometimes tubcriferous rootstocks. { At- lantic species, one extending north-wesl ward to the Pacific.) = Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short petioled. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, or sometimes a hirsute ring at the nodes : stems slender, about a foot high : leaves linear, sometimes oblong-linear (1 or 2 inches long, 1£ to 3 lines wide), entire or merely denticulate, even the lowest nar- rowed at base and sessile: spike rather short and slender; the clusters 2-6-fiowered : calyx 2 or 3 lines long, occasionally with a few bristly long hairs ; teeth broadly subulate : corolla glabrous. — Fl. ii. 4; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 317, ed. 5, 358. S. palustris, Walt. Car. 162, not L. — Wet and sandy soil, coast of Mass. to Michigan and Florida. Var. ambigua. Stouter, 1 or 2 feet high, sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the stem : leaves broader, 3 to 6 lines wide, serrulate. — Georgia, LeCoute. Kentucky and Illinois, Short, Buckley, E. Hall, &c. S. palustris, L. From densely soft-pubescent to roughish-hirsute, leafy : stem 1 to 3 feet high, hirsute or hispid : leaves from ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, mostly acute or acuminate (1| to 3 inches long), sessile or subsessile by a broad and abrupt or obscurely subcordate base ; the lowest little petioled ; all sometimes almost velvety- tomentose beneath : clusters of the spike mostly approximate, 6-10-flowercd : calyx pubes- cent or hirsute ; the teeth subulate, nearly the length of the tube : upper lip of corolla distinctly pubescent. — Spec. ii. 580; Fl. Dan. t. 1103; Engl. Bot. t. 1075 ; Benth. 1. c. — Wet ground, Newfoundland to the Pacific in Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, and in the Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico, north to Mackenzie River. (Eu., N. Asia.) S. aspera, Michx. 1. c. Taller, 2 to 4 feet high, usually less leafy, sparsely hirsute or hispidulous-pubescent to nearly glabrous : stem mostly retrorse-hispid on the angles : leaves thinner, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate (1| to 4-J- inches long), acute or acuminate, rather obtusely serrate, nearly all distinctly petioled and with truncate or merely subcordate base : calyx glabrous or glabrate, or with some scattered bristles ; the tube obscurely striate when dry : corolla glabrous throughout. — Benth. 1. c. S. arvcnsis, Walt. Car. 162, not L. S. hispicla, Pursh, Fl. ii. 407. S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray, 1. u. — Wet ground, Canada to Florida and W. Louisiana. Too near S. palustris. (Japan.) Var. glabra. Even the angles of the stem smooth and naked or nearly so : leaves more conspicuously petioled, acuminate, and serrate. — S. annua, Walt. Car. 161, not L. S. tenuifolia, Willd. Spec. iii. 100. S. glabra, Riddell, Cat. Ohio PI. Suppl. (1836), 16. S. aspera, var. glabrala, Benth. 1. c. S. palustris, var. glabra, Gray, Man. I. c. — W. New York to Illinois and southward. Filiform stolon-like rootstocks more or less tuberifcrous. = = Most of the leaves distinctly petioled : lower all long-petioled and cordate : corolla glabrous or nearly so throughout, barely 5 lines long. J3. Floridana, Shuttlew. Barely a foot high, with filiform stolon-like rootstocks termi- nated by a moniliform tuber (of 2 or 3 inches in length), nearly glabrous, or the slender stem minutely hirsute, at least the angles : lower leaves cordate-oblong, very obtuse, cre- nate-dentate (three-fourths to 3 inches long), slender-petioled ; floral small and with cunc- ate subsessile base, hardly surpassing or shorter than the rather remote clusters of the short spike : calyx-teeth aristulate-subulate, little shorter than the oblong-campanulate tube. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 478 ; Chapm. Fl. 327, but root not annual. — E. Florida, Rugel, Buckley, Canby, Palmer, Curtiss. S. cordata, Riddell. Two or three feet high, rather weak, hirsute : leaves all ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2 to 5 inches long), nearly all long-petioled; the floral mostly minute : spikes slender, of numerous and small few-flowered clusters : calyx (only 2 lines long) with broadly subulate teeth much shorter than the campanulate tube. — Cat. Ohio PI. Suppl. (1836), 15. S. sylvatica, Nutt. Gen. ii. 30, not L., but near it. S. Nuttallii, Shuttlw. in DC. 1. u. 469. 5. palustris, var. cordata, Gray, Man. 1. c. — Thickets, S. Ohio to Virginia and Tennessee.. — Not rarely leaves as broad at the base as in S. sylvatica. ++ *+ Flowers half inch long: tube of corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx. (Pacific species.) S. bullata, Benth. A foot or two high from a slender rootstock, hirsute-pubescent, varying to villous or to somewhat hispid: leaves mostly petioled, ovate to oblong, usually 388 LABIATE. StacJiys. obtuse, cordate or roundish-truncate at base, crenate, sometimes bullate-rugulose, not rarely villous-canescent, especially beneath : spike naked, interrupted : teeth of the calyx deltoid-subulate and aristulate-acuminate, fully half the length of the campanulate tube : corolla with the little or more manifestly exserted tube about 4 lines long, nearly equalled by the widely spreading lower lip ; the short upper lip villous or pubescent on the back. — Lab. 547, & DC. 1. c. 474 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 606. S. California!, & S. Nuttallii, var. % occidentalis, Benth. in DC. 1. e. 469. S. Nuttallii, var. leptostachya, Benth. PI. Hartw. 331. S. rigida, Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. I. c. 472. S. coccinea, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 156, ex Benth. S. sylvatica & S. agraria, Torr. in Wilkes's Exped. xvii. 408. — California to Oregon, near the coast, and south-eastward to the Mohave. — A variable species : leaves thinner and not rugose when growing in shade. ++++++ Flowers ample : tube of the rose-red corolla over half inch long, fully twice the length of the lower lip and of the cylindraceous-campanulate calyx : leaves mostly ample (3 to 5 inches long), petioled, oblong-ovate and subcordate, crenate, veiny : stems 2 to 6 feet high, almost always retrorsely hispid on the angles : verticillastrate clusters of the spike mostly 6-flowered. S. Chamissonis, Benth. Leaves softly villous-canescent beneath, sericeous-hirsute above, oblong-ovate, rather obtuse, rugose-veiny ; petioles retrorsely hispid : short spike mostly naked ; the floral leaves reduced to bracts and shorter than the flowers: calyx densely hirsute-pubescent ; teeth deltoid and cuspidate : tube of corolla commonly three- fourths inch long; outside of the lips (at least of the upper) hirsute-pubescent. — Linn. vi. 80 ; & DC. 1. c. 468 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 155 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 606. — California, in swamps along San Francisco and Bolinas Bay, &e. S. oiliata, Dougl. Green and glabrate, or sparsely pilose-pubescent : leaves thin, ovate, mostly acute or acuminate : petioles and angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate : lower floral leaves often similar to the cauline and much surpassing the flowers ; upper- most reduced to small bracts, merely equalling the calyx, which is more tubular than in the preceding, either nearly, glabrous or pilose-pubescent, and the teeth narrower : corolla rather smaller, nearly glabrous. — Benth. Lab. 539, & DC. I.e. 467. — Oregon to Brit. Columbia along the coast, in damp and shady places. Var. pubens. Soft-pilose-pubescent or villous-hirsute, especially the calyx and lower face of the leaves : flowers commonly rather smaller or shorter. — S. Riederi, Cham. & Benth. 1. u. t S. palustris, var., Torr. in Wilkes Exped. 1. c. — Washington Terr, to Eraser Biver, &c. Connects S. ciliata with S. Chamissonis. ^— H— H— Corolla scarlet-red, with narrow cylindrical tube much exceeding the calyx and the lips : flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile : cauline leaves slencler-petioled : pubescence short and soft. S. COCCinea, Jacq. Bather slender, a, foot or two high : leaves ovate-lanceolate with cordate base, or oblong-deltoid, obtuse, crenate (inch or two long) ; floral sessile ; the upper very small : spike interrupted : flowers generally distinctly pedicelled : calyx in flower cylindraceous, with tube twice the length of the slender-subulate teeth (in fruit more cam- panulate), a third to nearly half the length of the (9 to 12 lines long) corolla. — Hort Schoenb. iii. 18, t. 284 ; Bot. Mag. t. 666 ; Andr. Bot. Eep. t. 310 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 467. S. cardinalis, Kunze in Bot. Zeit. ii. 645, ex Benth. — W. Texas to S. Arizona. (Mex.) S. Bigelovii, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent, slender : foliage, &c, nearly of the preceding: flowers fewer in the clusters, almost sessile : calyx (only 3 lines long) oblong- campanulate ; its teeth broader : tube of the (red ? ) corolla only half inch long ; lower lip 3 lines long, much larger than the upper. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. — S. W. Texas, in crevices of basaltic rocks, Wright, Bigelow. Bet6nica officinalis, L., or Stachys Betonica, Benth., Wood Betony, of Europe, has been found in thickets near Boston, an escape from gardens. Order CV. PLANTAGINACE^E. An anomalous order of Gamopetalse, chiefly acaulescent herbs with one-several- ribbed or nerved radical leaves, simply spicate inflorescence, and regular 4-merous flowers having a free ovary, a filiform and entire long-stigmatose style, amphi- tropous and peltate ovules and seeds, a - mostly straight embryo in firm-fleshy albumen, the cotyledons little broader than the radicle, and the corolla scarious Hantago. PLANTAGINACEjE. 389 and veinless, mostly marcescent-persistent. Consists chiefly of the two following genera ; the principal genus of many species and widely dispersed over the world, but most largely European and Asiatic; the other of a single species widely dissevered in habitation. 1. PLANT AGO, Tourn. Plantain, Ribwort. (The Latin name.) — Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, each subtended by a bract. Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals, persistent. Corolla salverform with a short tube, or nearly rotate ; limb 4-parted ; lobes imbricated in the bud, two lateral exterior. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, on the tube of the corolla : filaments commonly capillary : anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 2-celled (or rarely falsely 3-4-celled), with one or more ovules in each cell. Style or stigma mostly hairy. Capsule (pyxidium) circumscissile toward the base, and with a loose partition falling away with the lid; the seeds attached to its face. Seed-coat developing copious mucilage when wetted. Scape from the axils of the radical or subradical leaves, mostly bearing a single simple spike or head of greenish or whitish small flowers, in summer. § 1. Stamens 4: flowers all perfect: corolla not closed over the fruit. * Flowers dichogamous, proterogynous ; the style projecting from the apex of the unopened corolla; the anthers long-exserted on capillary filaments after the corolla has expanded. •)— Corolla glabrous (as also the whole inflorescence, except in P. macrocarpn) : seeds not hollowed (or barely concave) on the inner face: leaves 3-8-nerved or ribbed, plane: root perennial. ■h- Eibs or nerves of the broad leaves mainly confluent with the thick and dilated lower portion of the midrib: ovules only 2 in each cell : seeds by abortion sometimes solitary. P. cordata, Lam. Very smooth : leaves cordate or ovate (3 to 8 inches long), sometimes repand-dentate, long-petioled, 7-9-ribbed : scape fistulous, stout, a foot or two high, includ- ing the narrow spike : bracts rotund-ovate, very obtuse, as are the ovate and obovate sepals and the corolla-lobes : capsules broadly ovoid, twice the length of the calyx : seeds 4 to 2, large, oblong. — HI. i. 338 ; Jacq. Eclog. t. 72. P. Kentuckensis, Michx. Fl. i. 94. — Along streams (Canada ■? Pursh), New York to Wisconsin and Louisiana, common only westward. ++ -H- Ribs or nerves of the leaf free quite to the contracted base. = Leaves ovate or oval, or in small forms oblong, rarely subcordate, several-ribbed, base abruptly contracted into a distinct petiole, not fleshy, glabrous or pubescent, from entire to sparingly re- pand-dentate : ovules and seed's at least 2 in each cell : scapes with the spike a span to 2 feet high. P. major, L. (Common Plantain.) Spike commonly dense, obtuse at apex : sepals rotund-ovate or obovate, scarious-margined ; the exterior and the bract more or less cari- nate : ovules 8 to 18: seeds as many or by abortion fewer, small, angled by mutual press- ure, usually light brown, minutely reticulated : capsule ovoid, very obtuse, circumscissile near the middle and near the level of the summit of the sepals. — Waysides and near dwellings throughout the country, doubtless introduced from Europe, but also native from Lake Superior far northward. Runs into some monstrosities and several varieties, an extreme in saline soil being var. minima, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. xiii. 695 (P. minima, DC), with scapes 2 to 5 inches high, and leaves proportionally small. (Cosmop.) Var. Asiatica, Decaisne. Capsule usually more broadly ovoid, circumscissile near the base and much within the calyx. — P. Asiatica, L. Spec. i. 113; Franchet & Savatier, Enum. PI. Jap. 384. (Includes perhaps P. Kamtschatica, Cham, and Link, or plants cultivated as such, with 4, 5, or 6 seeds.) — A very large indigenous form, coast of California near San Francisco (capsule globose-ovoid) to the borders of British Columbia; Saskatchewan to the Arctic Sea. Perhaps a distinct species. (N. Asia, Himalaya.) P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves paler, commonly thinner : spikes long and thin, atten- uate at the apex : sepals oblong, all as well as the similar bract acutely carinate : cap- sules erect in the spike, cylindraceous-oblong (somewhat over 2 lines long, one-sixteenth 390 PLANTAGINACEjE. Plantago. inch in diameter), about twice the length of the calyx, circumscissile much below the middle : ovules 6 to 10 : seeds 4 to 9, oval-oblong (about a line long), opaque and dull brown, not reticulated. — Prodr. 1. c. 700, founded on a small and slender 4-seeded form. P. major, Ell. Sk. i. 201 ; Torr. Fl. 183, & PI. N. Y. ii. 14; Darlingfe. PI. Cest. ed. 2, 110. P. Kamtschatica, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 61 ; Gray,'Man. ed. 5, ill, not Cham. — Can- ada, Vermont to Illinois, and south to Georgia and Texas : truly indigenous. = = Leaves mostly narrower, 3-7-ribbed, entire or barely denticulate, tapering at base into more or less of a petiole : ovules and seeds never over 2 in each cell. u. Not maritime nor montane, thin-leaved: ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. P. sparsiflora, Michx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate (4 to 9 inches long), villous-pubescent or glabrous : scape with the filiform sparsely-flowered spike 8 to 20 inches long : bracts ovate, shorter than the oval rather rigid coriaceous sepals : capsule oblong, umbilicate, fully twice the length of the calyx. — Fl. i. 94 ; Decaisne, 1. c. 721 . P. Virginica, "Walt. Car. 85 ? P. interrupta, Poir. Diet. v. 375. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl. i. 98, not Walt. — Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida. b. Montane, thin-leaved : ovules and mostly seeds a pair in each cell. P. Tweedyi. A span or two high from a slender root or rootstock, destitute of wool at the crown : leaves membranaceous, lanceolate-spatulate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, ob- scurely 3-5-nerved, 1 to 3 inches long, attenuate into a shorter margined petiole : spike slender but densely flowered, an inch or more long : bracts and sepals short (only a line long), pale with greenish midrib, little over half the length of the oblong capsule. — N. W. "Wyoming, on grassy slopes of the East Fork of the Yellowstone River, Frank Tweedy, Aug., 1885, in fruit. c. Maritime or in saline soil: leaves thickish and somewhat fleshy: ovules a pair in each cell. P. eriopoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the crown : leaves oblanceolate to oval-obovate, 3 to 6 inches long and with short or stout petiole, mostly glabrous : scapes pubescent or glabrate, and with the dense or sparsely-flowered spike a span to a foot high ; bracts broadly ovate or roundish, convex, scarious-margined, sometimes pubescent-ciliate : sepals roundish-obovate, scarious except the fuscous or greenish midrib : corolla-lobes broadly oval or ovate: capsule (2 lines long) ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 237 ; "Watson, Bot. King, 212. P. attenuata, James in Long Exped. i. 445, not Wall. P. glabra, Nutt. Gen. i. 100 1 but no specimen extant. P. lanceolata, var. y & /3 in part, Hook. Fl. ii. 123. P. virescens, Barneoud, Monogr. 33 ; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 721. P. Richardsonii, Decaisne, 1. c. 698. — Moist and saline soil, Colorado, N. California, and north to Mackenzie River. Also on the Lower St. Lawrence and the Gulf (Pringle, Allen, Macoun), where a large form emulating P. Cornuti is probably P. cucullata, Pursh. P. macrocarpa, Cham. & Sohl. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 4 to 15 inches long, 4 to 12 lines wide, gradually tapering into long margined petioles : scapes equalling or surpassing the leaves, bearing an oblong dense spike (in fruit 2 inches long) ; the rhachis, &c, tomen- tose or pubescent : bracts round-ovate or oval, fleshy-herbaceous and scarious-margined : sepals similar : corolla-lobes oval : mature capsule ovoid-oblong (3 or 4 lines long), sepa- rating from the base and then fissile : seeds narrowly oblong. — Linn. i. 106 ; Bong. Veg. Sitk. 42. P. macrocarpa & P. longifolia, Decaisne, 1. c. — Coast of Washington Terr, to Alaska and the farthest Aleutian Islands. ■*— -t— Corolla with tube externally pubescent: capsule 2-4-seeded (in ours seldom incompletely 3-4-celled): seeds not excavated nor concave on the face: leaves linear or filiform, fleshy; ribs usually indistinct: commonly some wool developed from bases of leaves. (Maritime species.) P. maritima, L. Root perennial : leaves mostly obtuse : spike dense, oblong or cylin- drical : bracts mostly rotund and shorter than the calyx : sepals oval, more or less acutely carinate : corolla-lobes obtuse or hardly acute. — P. juncoides, Lam. 111. i. 342 (Magellan) ; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 731, partly. P. pauciflora, Pursh, Fl. i. 99 ; a dwarf form, with short and few-flowered spike, from Labrador; therefore P. oliganthos, Roem. & Sch. Syst. iii. 122. P. borealis, Lange in Bot. Not. 1873, 129, & Fl. Dan. t. 2707, a similar few-flowered form. — Atlantic coast north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the abbreviated form. Pacific toast from California to the Aleutian Islands and Behring Straits. (Eu., Asia, Patagonia.) Plantago. PLANTAGINACE.E. 391 P. decipiens, Barneoud. Root annual (perhaps sometimes biennial) : leaves from fili- form to rather broadly linear and plane, attenuate-acute : spike slender, with flowers either sparse or dense (with the scape from 3 to 15 inches high) : lower bracts commonly ovate- subulate and equalling or exceeding the calyx : sepals ovate-orbicular : corolla-lobes very acute. — Monogr. 16, poorly characterized on a specimen from Labrador, but marked as an annual. P. juncoides, Decaisne, 1. c. in part. P. maritima, of U. S. authors generally. P. pauciflora, Pursh, 1. c. in part. P. maritima, var. juncoides, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 31 1. — Salt marshes, Atlantic coast from Labrador and New Brunswick to New Jersey ; flowering late. ■t— ■*— +- Corolla glabrous, nearly rotate: ovules and seeds 2, solitary in each cell; the latter hollowed on the face : leaves strongly 3-5-ribbed, not fleshy. P. lanceolAta, L. (Ripple- or Ribgkass, English Plantain.) Root biennial or short- lived perennial : herbage villous or glabrate : leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole, usually much shorter than the (foot or two long) slender deeply sulcate and angled scape : spike at first capitate, in age cylindrical, dense : bract and sepals broadly ovate, scarious, brownish ; two of the latter usually united into one. — Commonly natural- ized in fields, from Eu. (Varieties said in Hook. Fl. ii. 123, to be indigenous far north- ward ; but some or all of these plants belong to P. eriopoda.) # * Flowers heterogenous, in the greater number of individuals cleistogamous, but with normal corolla: this with broad cordate or ovate widely expanding lobes nearly equalling the tube: ovules solitary in the two cells: seed cymbiform, deeply excavated on the face: inflorescence and commonly the narrow leaves silky-pubescent or lanate. P. Patagonioa, Jacq. Annual, silky-lanate or glabrate : leaves from narrowly linear to oblanceolate, acute or callous-pointed, tapering below into a petiole, entire or sparingly denticulate, 1-3-nerved : scape terete, 3-12 inches high including the dense cylindrical or oblong spike : sepals very obtuse, scariously margined from a, thickish and firm central herbaceous portion ; the anterior oblong, posterior oval : lobes of the corolla usually a line long, roundish : seeds oblong-oval. (Filaments in the long-stamened individuals capillary and much exserted, and the anthers of usual ample size ; style less exserted ; apparently not proterogynous. Stamens and style in the other and more fruitful form short, included, or the effete anthers barely protruded from the throat ; these very small, in the cleisto- gamous manner.) — Gray, Man. ed. 2, 269, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot. Calif, i. 661. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 306, & Coll. Suppl. 35 ; Barneoud, Monogr. 38 ; Decaisne iu DC. 1. c. 713 ; to which add most of the dozen species of this subdivision in the Prodromus, and their synonyms. — Prairies and dry plains, from Kentucky, Illinois, and Saskatchewan, south to Texas, and west to California and Brit. Columbia. (Mex., S. Am.) Var. gnaphalioides, Gray, may be taken as the commoner N. American type, canescently villous ; but the wool often floccose and deciduous : leaves from oblong-linear or spatulate-lanceolate to nearly filiform : spike very dense, 1 to 4 inches long, varying to capitate and few-flowered, lanate : bracts oblong or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest deltoid- ovate, hardly surpassing the calyx. — P. Lagopus, Pursh, Fl. i. 99, not L. P. Purshii, Roem. & Sch. Syst. iii. 120. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt. Gen. i. 100. P. Hookeriana, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 39. — Runs through Var. spinulosa, Gray, 1. u. (P. spinulosa, Decaisne, 1. c), a canescent form with aristately prolonged and rigid bracts, and Var. nuda, Gray, 1. c. (P. Wrightiana, Decaisne, 1. c), with sparse and loose pubes- cence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts, to Var. aristata, Gray, 1. c. Loosely villous and glabrate : leaves green : bracts attenuate-prolonged to twice or thrice the length of the flowers. — P. aristata, Michx. Fl. i. 95. P. gnaphalioides, var. aristata, Hook. Fl. 1. c. A slender and depauperate form is P. squarrosa, Nntt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 178, and P. Nuttallii, Rapin ex Barneoud, 1. 1 ., also P. filiformis, Decaisne, 1. c. — All the forms most abound west of the Mississippi. § 2. Stamens 4 or 2 : flowers subdicecious or polygamo-cleistogamous ; the corolla in the fertile or mainly fertile plant remaining closed or early closing over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted : seeds flat or barely concave on the face. (American species.) 392 PLANT AGIN ACEM. # Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or Subsessile: stamens 4: ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. P. Virginica, L. Small winter-annual or fibrous-rooted' biennial, soft-pubescent or more villous with spreading articulated hairs : leaves spatulate or obovate-oblong, entire or repand-denticulate, thin, obsurely ay^-nerved : scapes 2_to J5 inches high, slender : spike fiiostly dense, and an inch- or two long : bracts equalling or snorter than the calyx : sepals ovate or oblong, more or less hairy on the back : corolla-lobes subcordate-ovate : substerile flowers widely open, with capillary filaments, style long-exserted (the style commonly ear- lier), and large oval anthers : flowers of the fully fertile spikes with corolla, remaining closed, small anthers on short filaments, and short style not protruded. — Spec. i. 1 13 f&ronov. Virg. 16 ; Moris. Hist. iii. 259', sect. 8, t. 15, fig. 8)7 Michx. PI. i. 94 ; Gray in Pacif. B. Rep. iv. 117. P. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 84. P. purpurascens, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; the staminate and substerile plant. — - Sandy fields, &c, S. New Eng- land and S. Illinois to Florida and Arizona. A depauperate form (perpusilla) has a filiform Scape an inch high, from an annual root, much exceeding the leaves, and 2-5-flowered : Florida, Chapman. Var. longif olia. Coarser : leaves oblong-spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole, often with strong salient teeth : scapes with the spike 5 to 12 inches long: flowers larger. — P. purpurascens, Nutt. 1. c. P. occidentalis, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. — Arkansas to S. Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) P. hirtella, HBK. Root perennial, thick : leaves oblong-ovate or oblong-spatulate, glar brate, rather fleshy, entire or sparsely denticulate, 5-7-nerved, 4-10 inches long : scape and long dense spike a foot or two high, stout, hirsute : flowers longer than in the preceding (i3 lines long), with corolla-lobes ovate, acute ; those of the fertile closed form with apex of slender style commonly protruding and the anthers perhaps sterile. (Staminate and open- flowered form, not yet seen from California.) — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 229, t. 127 ; Decaisne, in DC. 1. c. 723. P. Hartwegi, Decaisne, 1. c. 724. P. Uroillei, Delile, Cat. Hort. Monsp. ? & P. Candollei, Rapin ? P. Durvillei, var. Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. P. Kamtschatica, Hook. & Am. Hot. Beech. 156? P. Virginica, var. maxima, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 611. — Coast of California, from San Francisco Bay southward. CMex., Chili.) * * Leaves linear or filiform: flowers very small: stamens only 2: small and slender annuals, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous: the individuals having exserted stamens and style and open corolla not rarely fully fruitful. •+- Spike short, thick, and dense, in fruit an inch long : mature capsule 2 lines long. P. Bigelovii, Gray. Mostly glabrous and green : leaves \\ to 4 inches long, rather fleshy, obtuse, entire, shorter than the scapes : mature caipsule ovoid-oblong, half longer tfhan the calyx, 4-seedcd : only form known fully fertile, with style conspicuously and the two stamens slightly exserted from the open corolla. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot. Calif. i. 612. — Saline marshes, W. California and Brit. Columbia, first coll. by Bigelow. .!_ -|_ Spike filiform or slender, at length sparse-flowered, and half-inch to three inches long: capsule about a line long: leaves occasionally with a few d'enficulations or divergent lobes. P. pusilla, Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent: leaves about an inch long and half- line wide : capsule short-ovoid, little exceeding the bract and calyx, 4-Seeded : seeds elon- gated-oblong. — Gen. i. 110, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. (excl. syn.) ; Torr. Fl. 184, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 16. P. elongata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, proves to be this, a bad name. P.linearifolia, Mnhl. Cat. 15 ? P. hybrida, Bart. Fl. Philad. & Fl. Am. Sept. ffi. t. 98, fig. 1. P. Bigelovii, Watson, Bot. King, 212, not Gray, a rather larger-flowered form. — Sandy or gravelly soil, S. New York to Virginia, Utah, and Oregon. P. heteroph^lla, Nutt. Greener or nearly glabrous, often taller, and with spikes 2 to 5 inches long : leaves sometimes 4 inches long and 1 or 2 lines wide : capsule conoidal-oblong and at length considerably surpassing the bract and calyx, 10-28-seeded : seeds oblong, usually angled by mutual pressure, obscurely rugose-pitted. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 177 (char, imperfect) ; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 278. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl. i. 98 ? not Walt. 'P. perpusilla, Decaisne, in DC. 1. c. 697. P. Califomka, Gteette, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 123. — Low sandy ground, Penn. to Florida, Texas, and California. Littorella. PLANTAGINACEJ3. 392 1 P. m^dia, L., enumerated by Muhlenberg as of the United States, has once been found by Underwood, in the streets of Syracuse, New York. P. Coe6nopus, L., is a rare and fugitive ballast plant. 2. LITTOR^LiIjA, L. (Litus or littus, shore, from place of growth.) — Flowers monoecious ; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape : calyx 4-parted, membranaceous, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla ; stamens exserted on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at base of scape ; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals : corolla urceolate, with a 3-4- toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally stigmatic rigid style, maturing as an akene. Single species. L. lacustris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless little perennial : leaves terete, linear- subulate, an inch or two long. — In water on gravelly shores, Upper Canada, Macoun, Lake Champlain, Vermont, Pringle, Nova Scotia, Mrs. Britton, and Lake Utopia, St. George, New Brunswick, J. Vroom. All recent discoveries. (Eu., Antarc. Amer.) SUPPLEMENT TO VOL. II. PART I. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. LOBELIACE^E. The following are additions and corrections to the generic characters of this order, on p. 2 : — I. NEMACLADTJS. Filaments either partly or almost wholly monadelphous. Seeds oval or globular, obscurely costate or striate longitudinally and somewhat favose or transversely reticulate between the ribs. I I . PARISHELLA. Calyx. 5-cleft, with campanulate tube wholly adnate to the ovary and shorter than the spatulate foliaceous lobes. Corolla almost rotate, shorter than the calyx, deeply and nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens free from the corolla : filaments distinct at base only, above connate into a slender tube with inflexed summit. Style filiform : stigma de- pressed-capitate, 2-lobed, not annulate. Capsule turbinate, inferior, except the low-conical apex, which is circumscissile close to the base of the calyx-lobes and falls off as a lid. Seeds globose, smooth and nearly even. Otherwise nearly as Nemacladus. I 2 . HOWELLIA. (Under tribe Lobeliece.) Flowers of two forms ; the emersed corolliferous, submersed with undeveloped corolla. Calyx with linear-clavate tube adnate for its whole length to the ovary, and a limb of five nearly equal slender-subulate or filiform segments. Corolla even in emersed flowers not surpassing the calyx ; its very short tube divided nearly to base on the (apparently) upper side ; lobes oblong, almost equal, three united higher. Stamen-tube nearly free, and with the included style slightly incurved : anthers oval ; two smaller trisetulose, three larger naked. Ovary strictly one-celled, with two filiform parietal placentae, each 3-5-ovulate. Upper ovules ascending ; lower pendulous. Capsule clavate- oblong or fusiform, with contracted apex, membranaceous at maturity and bursting irregu- larly on one side. Seeds few and large, linear-oblong, smooth, callous-apiculate at the chaiaza. Aquatic herb. 1. NEMACLADUS, Nutt. Genus now increased in number of species and forms. N. ramosissimus, Nutt., p. 3. Rarely a little puberulent : filaments usually monadel- phous for. most of their length, sometimes separating below in age. Nuttall's original is the more slender and very diffuse form, most abundant in Lower California, W. Arizona, and S. W. Utah, with very small white corolla little surpassing the calyx, and roundish seeds. — N. tenuissimus and N. capillaris, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 198, 196. Var. pinnatifidus (N. pinnatifidus, Greene, 1. c.) is less diffuse and has the (glabrous) radical leaves irregularly pinnatifid, and their small lobes commonly 1-2-toothed. — Sierra Madre Mountains, Los Angeles Co., 0. D. Allen. (All Saints' Bay, Lower Cali- fornia, Greene.) Var. montanus {N- monlanus and N. rubescens, Greene, 1. c). More erect, a span or two high, with larger flowers and fruit, on less divaricate or ascending pedicels : column more 394 SUPPLEMENT. elongated and protruded in age (carried up by the enlarging capsule): seeds from short-oval to oblong-oval. — N. rarnosissimus, Torr. Hot. Mex. Bound, t. 35, is one of the forms of this. — From Middle and through S. E. California to the S. W. border of Texas. N. longiflorus, Gray, p. 3. Habit of the last preceding form, well marked by its longer corolla and elongated free capsule. N. rigidus, Curran. Stout and coarse for the genus, rather fleshy and thickish-leaved, purplish : calyx with triangular-subulate lobes somewhat surpassing the short corolla, and tube adnate quite to the middle of the remarkably large (2 lines wide) globular capsule : seeds (nearly half-line long) oval, under a good lens broadly costate and the ribs cross-barred as in N. rarnosissimus, var. montanus. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 154. — Nevada, on Geiger's Grade, near Virginia City, Mrs. Layne-Curran. This might throw some doubt on the following genus ; but it has the bivalvular dehiscence of Nemacladus. 1 1 . PARISHfiLLA, Gray. (The discoverers, Samuel B, and William F. Parish, of San Bernardino, California.) — Bot. Gazette, vii. 94, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 83. — Single species. P. Californica, Gray, 1. c. A very small and depressed winter annual, almost glabrous, with leaves and flowers glomerate in a radical tuft, whence proceed radiately spreading and . naked branches bearing similar tufts : leaves spatulate, the primary ones 3 to 5 and the later only 2 lines long : flowers short-peduncled : corolla white. — Rabbit Springs, in the Mohave Desert, California, May, 1882, the brothers Parish. 1 2 . HCWfiLLI A, Gray. (The discoverers, Joseph and Thomas T. Howell.') — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 43. — Single species. H. aquatilis, Gray, 1. c. Aquatic herb, with iVaias-like foliage, submersed, or summit of the stem and uppermost flowers emersed, with some scattered or verticillate branches : submersed leaves linear-setaceous and elongated, mostly alternate, entire; emersed ones shorter and broader, sometimes 1-2-toothed : flowers axillary, short-peduncled : only submersed capsules known, these half-inch long. — In stagnant ponds on Sauvies Island, Columbia River, at the mouth of the Willamette, Oregon, J. Sf T. T. Howell. 2. LOBELIA, L. L. paludosa, Nt/tt., p. 5. Exclude the statement, "even four feet high," and add : — Var. Floridana. The larger form, 2 to 5 feet high : tube of corolla 3 or 4 lines long. — L. Floridana, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 9. — Common in Florida, also Louisiana accord- ing to coll. Drummond. L. Gattingeri, Gray. (Next to L. appendiculata.) Flowers smaller than in L. appendicu- lata : lobes of the calyx attenuate-subulate, not at all ciliate, obscurely appendaged at base only by a minute callus on each side, in fruit equalling or longer than the mature capsule (not " shorter ") : pedicels often bracteolate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 221. — Cedar barrens of Middle Tennessee, Gattinger. L. Cliffortiana, L. Transfer the reference "Michx. Fl.," and therefore the syn. L. Mi- chauxii, to the var. Xalapensis. 3. PALMEEELLA, Gray. P. (Mbilis, Gray, p. 8. Not rare from mountains near Santa Barbara (Mrs. Cooper, 1878) and San Bernardino Co. to Lower California. An interesting addition to the generic char- acter, detected by Mr. Nevin, is that the throat of the corolla on the (apparently) upper side bears a nectary, as if an adnate spur, forming a narrow imperfectly tubular cavity, reaching down to the insertion of the filament-tube on that side. CAMPANULACEiE. 395 5. DCWNlNGIA, Torr. P. 9, add : — D. bicorntita. Most like D. pulchella, more ascending or erect, short-leaved : corolla intensely blue with white centre ; lip with short lobes, and a strong constriction above the auriculate base, the face of which bears a pair of conspicuous conical hollow appendages. — Not rare in northern part of California, coll. by Mrs. Bidwell in 1879, and in 1885 by Rattan, who indicated the characters. CAMPANULACEJ3. 2. G-ITHOPSIS, Nutt. P. 10, add: — Gr. diffusa, Gray. Slender and diffusely much branched, small-leaved, glabrous and smooth : calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate from a broad base, about equalling the small corolla and half the length of the linear closely sessile capsule : seeds short-oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 221. — Cucamonga Mountain, San Bernardino Co., California, Parish. 4. CAMPANULA, Tourn. After O. uniflora, p. 12, add : — C. scabrella, Exgelm. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely scabrous to nearly or quite gla- brous : numerous stems from the multicipital caudex 2 to 5 inches high ; larger ones 2-4-flowered : leaves thickish ; radical spatulate, upper cauline linear : flowers more erect and rather larger than in C. uniflora : lobes of corolla ovate-lanceolate, as long as its cam- panulate tube : capsule oblong-turbinate, not narrowed at summit. — Bot. Gazette, vi. 237. — Higher mountains of N. California and Washington Terr., Engelmann (1880), Pringle, Suks- dorf, Howell, Brandegee. C. Parryi. . A span to a foot high from elongated and creeping filiform rootstocks, mainly smooth and glabrous : stem slender, erect, simple and with slender-peduncled flower, or with some lateral leafy branches : leaves thinnish, entire or sparingly callous-denticulate, some- what veiny ; radical and lower spatulate or lanceolate with tapering base hirsute-ciliate ; upper linear-lanceolate from a sessile base, attenuate-acute : flower erect in anthesis : corolla almost crateriform, 5-lobed to middle, spreading to a full inch in diameter, violet-blue or even purplish, little surpassing the linear-subulate often callous-denticulate calyx-lobes : ovary turbinate : capsule nearly obovate, opening close under the base of the erect calyx-lobes. — C. Langsdorffiana, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 254, not Fischer. C. Scheuchzeri, Gray, Syn. Fl. ed. 1, excl. var., not Vill. C. planiflora, Engelm. in Bot. Gazette, vii. 5, not Lam. — Mountains of Colorado, especially southward, subalpine and along lower streams, common, first coll. by Parry, then by Hall & Harbour. Also S. Utah mountains, Siler, and near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, Matthews. C. planifl6ka, Lam., on p. 14, a species long ago in cultivation, was wrongly guessed to be American. It is very near C. pgramidalis, L., of S. E. Europe, perhaps a variety of it. C. rotundifolia, L. To this polymorphous species refer all the forms assembled under " C. Scheuchzeri" (not Vill.), excepting what belongs to C. Parryi, and (to avoid the ques- tion as to what is truly C. linifolia, Lam., and C. Scheuchzeri, Vill.) adopt the nomenclature of Lange, viz. : — Var. arctica, Lange, Fl. Dan. xvi. 8, t. 7211 (C linifolia, var. Langsdorffiana, A. DC, and probably his C. dubia and C. pratensis, also C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 244, not Wahl. Fl. Lapp.), for the more rigid and one-few-flowered form, with corolla usually inch long, and very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed. — Common from Canada and Labrador to the arctic regions. Var. Alaskana. Leafy to the top : radical leaves cordate; lowest cauline ovate, the succeeding ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, nearly all petiolate: calyx-lobes attenuate, soon deflexed : corolla an inch to nearly an inch and a half long. — C. heterodoxa, Bong. Veg. Sitk. 144, not of Vest, by the character. C. linifolia, var. heterodoxa, Ledeb., and C. Scheuchzeri, 396 SUPPLEMENT. var. heterodoxa, Syn. Fl. 12, chiefly. — From the northern Aleutian Islands, Harrington, Dall, &c, to Sitka, Mertens, and Kodiak, Kellogg, — the latter most broad-leaved and peculiar ; the narrower-leaved passing into the preceding variety. Var. velutina, DC. Fl. Fr. Suppl. 432, with whole herbage canescently pubescent. — Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Michigan, E. J. Hill. C. Reverchoni. (In a separate subdivision before C. aparinoides.) Annual, hirsutulous below, glabrous above : stem a span high, slender, erect, cymosely and effusely much- branched : leaves sparingly dentate, half-inch long ; radical spatulate, lower cauline lanceo- late, those of the upper branches almost filiform and entire : flower and fruit erect on almost capillary peduncles: corolla blue, oblong-campanulate, with ovate-lanceolate lobes rather shorter than the tube : capsule obovate, crowned with the somewhat shorter narrowly linear- lanceolate erect calyx-lobes, opening near the base % — On granite rocks, House Mountain, Llano and Burnet Co., Texas, Reverchon, May, 1885. 5. HETEROCODON, Nutt. P. 14, add: — H. MfNiMUM, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. Ill, by the character is clearly Alchemilla arvensis. ERICACEAE. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. G. frond6sa, Torr. & Gray, p. 19. To this is to be added : — Var. nana. Stems lower and strict, only a foot or so high : leaves more reticulated in age and smaller than in the ordinary plant : racemes and their pedicels shorter. — Pine bar- rens of Florida, &c. Apparently there the commoner form, of which the var. tomentosa is a downy-leaved state. 2. VACClNIUM, L. V. OxyooCCUS, L., p. 25. To the slender and chiefly high-northern form of this belongs Oxycoccos microcarpa, Turcz. Fl. Baic.-Dahur. ii. 195. To this (as being the original species), rather than to V. macrocarpon, is referred the connecting form of the Pacific coasts, viz. : — Var. intermedium. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, » third to half inch long : flowers strictly umbellate from the scaly bud, but this not rarely proliferous into a leafy shoot (in the original of the species very rarely so) : berry 4 or 5 lines in diameter. — Washington Territory and N. Oregon, Suksdorf, Henderson. Also, doubtless, Douglas, in Hook. Fl. ii. 35, referred to V. macrocarpon, very naturally, as leaves of the specimen are elliptical, oblong, very obtuse, even more so at apex than base, obviously veiny beneath, and margins hardly at all revolute. (N. E. Asia, Sachalin, Japan, &e.) V. macrocarpon, Ait., p. 26. Pedicels becoming scattered along the base of a leafy shoot proliferous from the scaly bud, either squamaceous- or leafy-bracted. 4. Arbutus, Toum. p. 27, add: — A. Laurifolia L. f. The original of this is probably a specimen of A. Unedo (doubtless of the Old World), in the herbarium of Linnaeus, on which Smith has written this name. The A. laurifolia, Lindl. Bot. Peg. xxv. t. 67, is surely A. Xalapensis, HBK., a variable Mexican species. The North American forms, other than the A. Menziesii of the Pacific coast, are very difficult, but seem to be best disposed as follows : — A. Xalap6nsis, HBK., var. Arizonica. Tree 20 to 40 feet high, with a whitish and thickish scaly bark on the main trunk, but with the reddish close and thin bark of ^4 . Men- ■ ERICACEAE. 397 siesii on the tranches : leaves from oblong to lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, rather pale or thinnish, entire or minutely denticulate : ovary (as in A. Menziesii) glabrous. — A. Xalapen- sis, Sargent, Census Rep. Forest Trees, 97. A. Menziesii, Rothrock in Wheeler Eep. vi. 183, &c. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Thurber, Rothrock, Sargent & Engelmann, Pringle. Var. Texana. Low tree, with older bark mostly deciduous in the manner of A. Men- ziesii: leaves from lanceolate-oblong to oval or ovate, more coriaceous, 2 or 3 inches long : ovary pubescent. — A. Texana, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861 , 460 ; Sargent, 1. c. A. Menziesii, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108. A. Xalapensis in part, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 111. — Limestone hills of W. Texas, first coll. by Wright. Passes into similar Mexican forms on one hand, and is too like A. Menziesii on the other. 5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. A. nummularia, Gray, p. 28. This grows 2 to 6 feet high, has been collected on the Mendocino plains by Pringle, and near Santa Cruz by Anderson, by the latter with fruit ; an oblong drupe, only 2 lines long, the thiu pulp dry at maturity, and the whole splitting up into the (mostly 4) thin-shelled nutlets. On this account, Parry, in monograph of Arctostaphylos, in Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 30, makes this the type of a new section, Micrococcus. A. tricolor, Gkat, p. 29. Add syn. . A. Veatchii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 19. Also A. Clevelandi, p. 29, & Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 61, appears to be an abnormal and autumn- flowering state of this species. A. polifolia, in § 4. Comaristaphylis, to be replaced by A . diversif olia, Parry , in herb. Shrub 6 to 1 5 feet high : herbage minutely canescent- tomentose when young, the inflorescence sometimes hirsute-pubescent and with some small glandular bristles : leaves glabrate, firm-coriaceous, short-petioled ; those of flowering branches mostly spatulate-lanceolate, entire or spinulose-serrulate ; of sterile shoots oblong or oval, either finely or coarsely spinulose-dentate : racemes solitary or clustered, loose : bracts lanceolate-subulate : calyx 5-parted into subulate divisions : corolla ovate : filaments long- bearded at base : drupe only 2 lines in diameter and with solid 5-celled putamen. — A. arguta, var. diversifolia, Parry in Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 35, not A. arguta, Zucc, which has a different calyx. — Southern borders of California, below San Diego and adjacent Lower California, 0. X. Sanford, Parry, Orcutt. A . oppositifolia, Parry. An anomalous species : leaves opposite or in threes, linear, entire, with revolute margins, much resembling those of Andromeda polifolia : flowers pa- niculate : corolla globular, a line or two long : ovary canescent : drupe smooth, depressed- globose ; the putamen separable at maturity into five perfectly or incompletely 2-celled nutlets. — Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 36. A. polifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108, not HBK. — On or very near the boundary between San Diego Co. and Lower California, and southward, Parry, Orcutt, Pringle, &c. 7. QAULTHERIA, Kalm. G. Myrsinites, Hook., p. 30. Strike out the last sentence, and add: Glabrous: leaves oval or rounded, not ovate, mostly only half-inch long : corolla depressed-campanulate, little surpassing the calyx. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 84. Gr. ovatifolia, Gray, 1. t. Larger, with ascending branches ; and with some at length rusty-colored hairs, at least on the calyx : leaves broadly ovate or even subcordate, the lar- gest an inch and a half long, more serrulate : corolla campanulate, double the length of the calyx- lobes. — Cascade Mountains, British Columbia to Oregon, Lyall, E. Hall, S. Watson, Suksdorf, the last of whom indicated the characters. 10. LEUCOTHOE, Don. L. Catesbeei, Gray, p. 34. The words " (4 to 7 inches long) " in line 3, are misplaced : they relate to the leaves. To this, and not to L. acuminata, belongs Andromeda acuminata, Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 89. 398 SUPPLEMENT. 17. RHODODENDRON, L. P. 41, after E. Ehodora, add : — R. Vaseyi, Gray. Shrub 5 to 15 feet high, nearly glabrous : branchlets wholly destitute of strigose bristles : flowers rather preceding the leaves, from few-scaled buds : leaves oblong, acute or acuminate at both ends, sparsely hirsute, at least the midrib and margins when young, when adult 3 to 5 inches long and 1 or 2 wide : corolla pale rose-color, rotate- campanulate, but irregular, somewhat unequally 5-parted ; upper lobes shorter and overlap- ping, somewhat spotted, three lower diverging and widely spreading, alfb'roadly obovate : stamens 5 to 7, commonly 7 : capsule minutely glandular, oblong, acutisb. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48. — Mountains of Jackson Co., N. Carolina, " seven miles southwest of Webster," George R. Vasey, and Chimneytop Gap, Donnell Smith, flowering in May. Nearest R. Al- brechtii of Japan. Requires some extension of the Rhodora subsection. R. Calif omicum, Hook., p. 41. Extends north to Brit. Columbia; and the syn. R. maximum, Hook. Fl., as to the Pacific coast plant, belongs in part, if not wholly, here. R. macrophylluni, Don, p. 42. This is not yet well made out ; but it was originally described (from the collection of Menzies) as having corolla smaller than of R. maximum, and white, and leaves large. It should therefore be to R. Californicum what R. maximum is to R. Catawbiense. But it is doubtful if there are two true species on the Pacific coast. 31. SCITWEINfTZIA, Ell. Two species, characterized thus : — S. odorata, Ell., p. 49. Scales of the stem broadly ovate, imbricating : flowers in a short spike, hardly nodding : sepals oblong, about equalling the flesfccolored corolla. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 301. S. Reynoldsise, Gray, 1. c. More slender, with smaller and remoter scales : flowers more numerous and smaller, slightly fragrant, soon nodding and mostly secund in the narrow spike : sepals ovate or lanceolate, half the length of the white corolla. — E. Florida near the coast, on Indian River, &c , first found by Miss Mary C. Reynolds, flowering in winter. 33. PLEURICOSPORA, Gray. P. 50 and 18, add : No hypogynous disk-glands. Placentas apparently double the petals in number, commonly 8. Seed-coat close and alveolate. P. finibriolata, Gray. Extends to Oregon : coll. at Waldo by Howell, and on the Colum- bia at Hood River by Mrs. Barrett. 34. NEWBERRY A, Torr. P. 50 and 18, add : Bract-like sepals 2 or 4, linear. Disk of short and deflexed glands alternating with the stamens. Now two species : N. congesta, Torr., p. 50. Flowers densely crowded in a corymbiform glomerule : lobes of the corolla ovate, one third the length of the cylindraceous or slightly urceolate tube : fila- ments equalling the slender style : anthers narrowly oblong, the line of dehiscence close to the connective: cauline scales ovate, obtuse, only slightly erose. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xv. 44. Besides Dr. Newberry's original specimens in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, now found in coniferous forests of Mad Biver, N. W. California, Rattan. N. spioata, Gray, 1. c. Flowers spicately crowded : corolla more campanulate, with oblong lobes half the length of the tube : filaments not equalling the short style : anthers short- oblong, the line of dehiscence somewhat remote from the connective : cauline scales narrowly oblong, acntish, fimbriate^rose. — Woods, in the mountains of Humboldt Co., California, Rattan. PRIMULACE.E. 399 DIAPENSIACE.E. 3. SH6RTIA, Torr. & Gray. S. galacifolia, Tore. & Gray, p. 53. Add : Leaves oval-orbicular, the base slightly and occasionally cordate : corolla white ; the lobes lightly erose-crenulate at the rounded apex : anther horizontally inflexed on the filament. — Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xvi. 483, & Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 6, vii. 171, t. 15; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers of Amer. 107, t. 24; Masters, Gard. Chron. ser. 2, xv. 596, f. 109. — Rediscovered near Marion, N. Carolina (very local), by G. M. Hyams. PRIMULACE^E. 3. PRfMULA, L. P. boreallS, Duby, p. 58. Strike out the closing sentence in parentheses, and add the following species : — P. Bgaliksensis, Horjtem. Slender, not at all mealy : leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or margins merely undulate, mostly slender-petioled : umbel 3-6-flowered : pedicels in fruit elongated and strict : calyx narrow, in fruit oblong-cylindraceous, with short teeth : limb of the corolla very small ; the lobes only a line or two long, much shorter than the tube, cleft nearly to the middle into oblong-linear segments. — El. Dan. t. 1511; Lehm. Prim. 63, t. 7 ; Lange, Medd. Grcenl. 71. — Northern Labrador, Lieut. Turner. (Greenland.) P. angustifolia, Torr., p. 58. Strictly 1-flowered, or very rarely 2-flowered in largest plants : involucre a single minute or small bract, sometimes the rudiment of a second bract : calyx green. Add the following nearly related species : — P. Cusickiana. Larger: leaves oblong-spatulate or narrower, 2 inches long, entire, or rarely a denticulation : scapes 3 to 6 inches high, 2-4-flowered : involucre of 2 or 3 conspicu- ous unequal bracts : ealyx green and with a whitish line down from the sinuses of the cam- panulate tube ; its lobes from lanceolate to subulate, about the length of the tube and nearly equalling the tube of the violet (rarely white) corolla; lobes of the latter retuse. — P. angus- tifolia, var. Cusickiana, ed. 1, 393. — Rocky hills, Union Co., E. Oregon, flowering in earliest spring, Cusick. P. Rusbyi, Greene. Still larger: leaves 2 to 5 inches long (including the margined petiole), thinner, oblong-spatulate, mostly callous-denticulate : scapes 5 to 10 inches high, 6-10-flowered : involucre of 3 or more small subulate or ovate bracts : calyx-tube white and as if farinose at base, campanulate, longer than the ovate-triangular lobes : corolla " deep purple, with yellow eye " ; its tube longer than the calyx ; lobes obcordate. — Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 122. — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby, and summit of Mount Wright- son, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Pringle. 4. DOUGL ASIA, Lindl., p. 59. — Species re-characterized and augmented. Pubescence (when there is any) of the pedicels and steins of 3-4-forked or stel- late short hairs. Flowers in most species occasionally unibracteolate under the calyx. D. nivalis, Lindi.. Leaves, &c. canescent with minute and dense 2-3-forked pubescence, not ciliate, linear, mostly quite entire, mainly in rosulate clusters, from which the stems are repeatedly and commonly umbellately proliferous : flowers in 3-7-rayed umbels, with involucre resembling a leaf-cluster or reduced to ovate or subulate bracts : corolla-tube hardly exceeding the calyx. — To references add: Hook. Ic. PL ii. 130. — Montana, Brandegee, &c. Var. dentata. A coarser form, with larger (4 to 6 lines long) and broader leaves often spatulate, either entire, or with a few denticulations or coarse teeth. — D. dentata, 400 SUPPLEMENT. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 375. — Higher Cascade Mountains, on the eastern side, Washington Terr., Watson, Brandegee. D. laevigata, Gray. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes with a few minute and scurfy decidu- ous branched hairs, not at all ciliate, quite entire, thick, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mainly in rosulate radical or simply proliferous clusters : flowers in 2-5-rayed pedunculate umbels : bracts of the involucre oval or ovate, short : corolla-tube almost twice the length of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 105. — Mountains of Oregon, Howell, Mrs. Barrett, Suksdorf. D. montana, Gray, p. 60. Leaves wholly destitute of forked hairs, glabrous or nearly so, but margins ciliolate with short simple bristles, linear or lanceolate, small (1 to 3 lines long), very crowded on the crowns of the pulvinate-cespitose branches, or in the larger and looser plants in successively proliferous tufts : peduncles solitary and simple (or rarely in pairs from the rosulate tuft), naked and 1 -flowered, and the calyx often unibracteolate (in one case a second flower sessile in the axil of the bract) : tube of the corolla barely or hardly equal- ling the calyx. — Common in N. Montana, recently coll. by Canhj, Brandegee, Scribner, &c, both in pulvinate-depressed and in rather open and proliferous forms. D. arctica, Hook., p. 59. Like the preceding in the ciliate leaves, but said to have the habit (of inflorescence 1) of D. nivalis. 5. ANDR6SACE, Tourn. P. 60, before A. occidentalis, add: — A. Arizonica, Gray. Exiguous : scapes filiform, some erect, some decumbent and as if stoloniform, bearing few or several elongated capillary pedicels : radical leaves lanceolate or oblong, thin : calyx-lobes foliaceous and much accrescent in fruit, ovate, longer than the short-campanulate whitish tube : corolla minute : seeds 5 or 6, comparatively large. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 222. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Pringle, along with A. occidentalis, its near relative. 8. L YSIMACHIA, Tourn. After L. Fraseri, p. 62, add : — L. vulgaris, L., — a coarse and tall European species of this section, pubescent and branching, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, leafy panicle, and glandular filaments united to near the middle, — has escaped from gardens and become naturalized in one or two places in Eastern Massachusetts. 11. CENTtTNCULUS, Dill. P. 64, add: — C. pentandrus, E. Br. Pedicels equalling or surpassing the ovate leaves : flowers com- monly 5-merous. — Prodr. 427; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 390. C. tenellus, Duby in DC. Prodr. viii. 72; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10, & Fl. ed. 2, 634. Anagallis pumila, Swartz, Fl- Ind. Occ. i. 345. Micropyxis pumila, Duby, I.e. — S. Florida, Chapman, &c. (Trop. Am., E. Ind., Australia.) SAPOTACE^. For changes in Bumelia, see on p. 68. i APOCYNACE^l. 6. CYCLADENIA, Benth. C. hlixailis, Benth., p. 83. An intermediate form, found in Southern Utah, by Siler, shows that the pubescence is inconstant, and requires Var. tomentosa to take the place of the second species, C. tomentosa, Gray. ASCLEPIADACEiE. 401 8. ECHlTES, P. Browne. P. 84, before E. Andrewsii, add : — B. paludosa, Vaiil. Habit of the succeeding : peduncle elongated, 1-3-flowered : corolla white, 2 inches long or more ; tube slender, as long as the obconieal-campahulate throat, about thrice the length of the oblong and mucronate spreading calyx-lobes : anthers oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, not appendaged : beak of the seeds plumose to the base. — Eel. Am. ii. 19, & Ic. t. 5 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415. Rhahdadenia paludosa, Muell. Arg. — Mangrove swamps, S. Florida, Chapman (published in Bot. Gazette as E. biflora), Garber, Curtiss. ASCLEPIADACE^. The synoptical characters of the genera, on p. 85 and p. 87, to be augmented as follows : — 5. ASCLEPIODORA. To character of hoods, add : At the sinuses between them are auriculate lobes, alternate with the anthers, simulating an inner corona. 14 1 . ROTHROCKIA. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes oblong, dextrorsely over- lapping in the bud. Crown simple, inserted at the junction of corolla and stamen-tube, 5-parted ; the lobes opposite the anthers, thick, slightly cuneate, barely concave. Anthers short : pollinia oval, affixed just below their apex to a short caudicle, pendulous. Stigma abruptly produced from the top into a column having a 3-crested apex ; namely, two divari- cate and. muricate-papillose crests, with a smaE central emarginate crest interposed. 14 2 . HIMANTOSTEMMA. (In Tribe Gonolobea 1) Corolla deeply 5-parted, soon re- flexed, the broadly lanceolate lobes slightly overlapping dextrorsely, the face (especially toward the base) conspicuously adorned with spatulato and stipitate corolline processes, dis- posed without order. Crown stamineal, borne on the summit of the short column, simple, with membranaceous margin bearing 10 elongated narrowly linear and stipitate liguliform divisions, which are geminately alternate with the anthers and nearly equal the .unex- panded corolla; also 5 subulate and short processes, which are opposite the anthers. Anthers short, inappendiculate in the manner of Gonolobem, applied to the sinuses of the somewhat dilated and flat-topped stigma : cells opening at summit. Pollinia oval, affixed by the pellucid apex to a very short caudicle, introrsely somewhat pendulous. Follicles echinate. 14 3 . LACHNOSTOMA. Corolla between rotate and salverform, with tube about the length of the (in bud) dextrorsely convolute lobes, retrorsely villous-barbate in the throat. Crown belonging to the corolla, adnate to its tube, with free margin 5-10-crenate or lobed. Otherwise near Gonolobus. 6. ASCLEPIAS, L. A - Cornlxti, Decaisne, p. 91. — A. grandifolia, Bertol. Misc. Bot. xii. 47, t. 3, 4, 5, raised from seed from North America, by its flowers and follicles can be no other than this com- mon Milkweed. Pods in this species are sometimes found with hardly a trace of the soft spinous processes, sometimes with very long and shaggy ones. A. obtusifolia, Michx., p. 91, occasionally bears a second umbel at the base of the long terminal peduncle. A. Meadii, Torr., p. 91, has leaves undulate in the living plant, the upper sometimes broadly ovate and subcordate : umbel nodding on the peduncle. A. glaueescens, HBK., p. 92.-^4. data, Benth. PI. Hartw. 290, is not different. — S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. A. brachyst^phana, Exgelm., p. 94. To this belongs Asclepiodora circinat.is, Fournier in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 6, xiv. 369, as to Palmer's 815, & "Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 114, excl. syn. Acerates circinalis, Decaisne. — Between this and the next add : — A. uncialis, Greene. Intermediate between the preceding and the following, dwarf and depressed, glabrate : leaves linear-lanceolate, or small lowest ones ovate : umbel sessile, few- 25 402 SUPPLEMENT. flowered, overtopped by the leaves : corolla dull purple : hoods paler, little shorter than the anthers, the thickish body almost orbicular, equalled or slightly surpassed by the thin and ovate-triangular auricles or lateral appendages, the horn a semi-oval and shorter lamella of similar texture. — Eot. Gazette, v. 64. — Near Silver City, New Mexico, Greene, Colorado, Hall & Harbour, no. 418, and Green River, Wyoming, Parry. These had been referred to A. brachy Stephana. A. involucrata, Engelm., p. 94. The leaves which usually subtend the umbel, like an involucre, are sometimes below it and scattered. The succeeding subsection c. on p. 95 to be altered as follows, the added species all having the follicles arrect on the decurved pedicels. c. Leaves very narrow and slender, sessile: hoods equalling or surpassing the anthers. 1. Leaves opposite. A. macrotis, Torr., p. 95. Filiform branches often a foot or more long, numerous in diffuse tufts from lignescent stem : hoods with very long acumination. The larger speci- mens coll. in S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. A. quinquedentata, Gray ; transfer from p. 97. Follicle slender-fusiform, 4 inches long, barely puberulent. — New Mexico and Arizona, Greene, Lemmon, Pringle, some with rather smaller flowers, var. Neo-Mexicana, Greene in Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 103, but not needing a varietal name. There is really no dorsal tooth to the horn in the original specimen, that so called in the original description being only the middle tooth of the hood, up to which the horn is adnate. 2. Leaves alternate. A. Linaria, Cav. ; transfer from p. 97. Habit nearly of A. verticillata, but with frutescent and branching stems, thickly beset with almost filiform irregularly alternate or at most im- perfectly vertieillate leaves : column hardly any : horn included : arrect follicles ovate and acuminate. — Ic. PI. i. 42, t. 57; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. A. pinifolia, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 5. — Mountains in the southern part of Arizona, Greene, Pringle, Lemmon, Parish. (Mex.) A. Curtissii, Gray. To follow A. obovata, p. 95. Merely puberulent, glabrate: leaves oval, more petiolate than in A. obovata, and distinctly lineate by the ascending-transverse primary veins : umbels few or solitary, short-peduncled, rather few-flowered : flowers yellow- ish green : hoods somewhat hastate-lanceolate, erect, much surpassing the anthers, the thin auriculate supra-basal margins inflexed ; horn falcate-incurved, broad, the tip assurgent : an- ther-wings short, broad, acute-angled: column very short. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 85; Chapm. PI. ed. 2, 643. — S. E. Plorida, A. H. Curtiss. — To follow this, although requiring a new subdivision : — A. Lemmoni, Gray. Tall and robust, leafy, villous-hirsute, but the foliage glabrate : leaves large (5 to 10 inches long), oval or oblong, with- rounded or retuse apex and emar- ginate almost sessile base, transversely veiny : umbels conspicuously peduncled, many- flowered : petals 4 or 5 lines long, ovate, glabrous, yellowish green : stamineal column as broad as high : hoods apparently white, 4 lines long, very much surpassing the anthers, ovate-sublanceolate, spreading towards the summit, angulate-toothed on each side at base ; horn broad and falcate, acutish: follicles 4 inches long, pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 85. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. A. nyctaginifolia, Gray, p. 95. Char, partly corrected on the page. Add : Follicles short, ovate, cinereous-puberulent. — A. Wrightii, Greene, ined. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 102. In Wright's collection partly confounded with A. longicornu, which it approaches. — W. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and borders of California, Wright, Eeverchon, Palmer, Greene, Pringle, Lemmon. A. virgAta, Lag., mentioned p. 96. Name gives place to A. angustif6lia, Schweigger, Emim. PI. Hort. Regiomont. 1812, 13 ; Rcem. & Schult., &c. (A. virgata, Balbi, &c, A. linifolia, HBK., &c), a Mexican species. Consequently A. Michauxii, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 569, is the proper name for the A. angustifolia, Ell. on p. 97. ASCLEPIADACEiE. 403 7. ACERATES, Ell. An extension of the generic character, as to the hoods, is needed to include the following, which in other respects falls under the second division, p. 99. A. bifida, Rusby. Generally resembling A. viridiflora, a foot, or two high, tomentose- puberulent : leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into short petioles : pedicels rather slender : hoods of the crown paler, rather shorter than the anthers, two-parted, the divisions lanceolate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 296. — Arizona, probably in Yavapai Co., Rusby, 1 883. 9. G-OMPHOCARPUS, E. Br. G. tomentosUS, Gray, p. lOO. Hoods dark brown-purple, the solid part not much smaller than the valves : the structure not to be confounded with that of Schizonotus,ioT the 2-valved portion is only apparently dorsal, the whole organ being pendulous or resupinate. It ia similar in G. lanatus of S. Africa, except that the hood is ascending. G. hypoleiicus, Geay. Tomentulose: stem robust, 2 feet high, leafy: leaves all opposite, oval or oblong, short-petioled, green and glabrate above, canescently tomentose beneath : umbels long-petioled, many-flowered : corolla greenish with the upper face dull purple : hoods brown-purple, erect, much surpassing the anthers, Ungulate, fleshy, nearly solid and entire, except a pair of triangular and acute strictly inflexed lobes at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 222. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Pnngle, Lemmon. 12. METASTELMA, R. Br., § Eumetastelma. P. 101, add: — M. Palmeri, Watson. Glabrous : leaves lanceolate, acutish or obtuse at base, about an inch long : cymes loosely 2-6-flowered, subsessile or short-peduncled : calyx-lobes ovate, ob- tuse : corolla not over a line and a half long, 5-parted ; its lobes oblong or narrower, merely puberulent within : scales of the crown lanceolate and acuminate or ovate-subulate, inserted at base of extremely short column, a little surpassing the stigma. — Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 115, as to pi. Palmer only; Gray, Rev. Metastelma in Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. — W. and S. borders of Texas, Palmer, Reverchon. (Adj. Mex.) M. Arizonicum, Geay. Puberulent, lignescent at base : leaves thickish, narrowly linear or some linear-oblong, veinless : flowers fascicled and short-pedicelled : calyx-lobes subulate : corolla 2 lines long, thickish, deeply 5-parted ; lobes linear-lanceolate, densely villous- pubescent inside ; scales of the crown linear-subulate, inserted at base of very short col- umn, surpassing the stigma. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 85. — Hills near Tucson, Arizona, Pringle. 14. VINCETOXICUM, Mcench. (Derivation doubtless from vincere, to overcome, toxicum, poison, as has been well shown.) V. palustre, p. 102. Add. syn. : Cynanchum mantimum, Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petrop. ix. 800. V. SCOparium, p. 102. Leafy plants not rarely bear leaves an inch or two long, a line or two wide. 14 1 . ROTHROCKIA, Gray. (Professor Joseph Trimble Rothrock, authoi of the Botanical Part (vol.vi.) of Wheeler's U. S. Geographical Surveys of the region in which the plant was discovered.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 295. — Single species. R. oordifolia, Geay, 1. c. Perennial herb, lignescent at base, spreading and twining, pu- bescent and more or less hirsute : leaves opposite, slender-petioled, cordate, acutely acumi- nate: flowers in simple or compound racemiform loose racemes in the axils of the leaves: 404 SUPPLEMENT. pedicels bracteate : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate : corolla white or whitish ; the lobes 3 or 4 lines long, thin, glabrous, indistinctly nervose and reticulated : follicles fusiform, glabrous, 4 or 5 inches long. — By water-courses, in mountains of N. W. Sonora, near the borders of Arizona, Pringle. 14 2 . HIMANTOSTlDMMA, Gray. (Name composed of ifidvros, strap, and orc/i/ia, crown.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 294. — Single species. H. Pringlei, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely spreading perennial herb, with branches a foot or so in length, hardly at all twining, puberulent : leaves opposite, small, sagittate-cordate, half-inch to inch long, on petioles of nearly same length : peduncles axillary, 2-flowered : pedicels slender : calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate : corolla-lobes lanceolate, thickish, veinless, 3 lines long, the upper face dark brown-purple, its ramentaceous setse whitish, or those toward the throat purplish and flatter, more spatulate and stipitate : strap-shaped lobes of the crown 2 lines long, erect, purplish : follicles fusiform, armed with rather rigid processes : seeds co- mose. — Water-courses in rocky hills, N. W. Sonora, south of Altar, therefore not very near the Arizona boundary, yet may reach it, Pringle, 1884. 143. LACHNOSTOMA, HBK. (Aa X vo?, wool, o-r6>a, mouth, referring to the throat of the corolla.) — HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 198, t. 232 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 74 ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. ii. 335. — Three good species now known, two of them south of the Isthmus. L. Arizonicum, Gray. Pubescent herb, freely twining : leaves thin, cordate-sagittate, long-petioled : peduncles slender, umbellately few-flowered : corolla white, externally gla- brous, with narrow tube almost as long as the ovate-oblong lobes, these lightly green-reticu- lated ; throat retrorsely villous : crown simple, its thickish free margin 10-crenate : follicles ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, acutely 3-5-costate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 296. — Santa Catalina Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. One specimen from Lemmon, in flower, was mistaken for Gonolobus reticulalvs, another (in fruit only) for Rothrockia, in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 295. 15. GONOLOBUS, Michx. G. obliqilUS, R- Bk., p. 104. The flowers of this are said to have the scent of Calycanthus. The var. Shortii is to be excluded. G. hirsutus, Michx., p. 104. Crown nearly as in G. obliquus, that is, with the intermediate crenatures more or less bidentate, all very short. Varies freely, as shown by Dr. Melli- champ, into Var. flavidulus. Corolla from dingy brown-purplish to greenish and dull straw-color, the reticulated veins more evident as the hue is lighter. — G. flavidulus, Chapm. Fl. 368, & Bot. Gazette, iii. 12; Gray, in ed. 1, 394. G. macrophyllus, Ell. Sk. i. 327. — Common with the darker-flowered plants, from S. Carolina to Florida. G. Shortii, Gray. (To come before G. Carolinensis, in the same subdivision.) Besembles G. obliquus, but commonly larger-leaved, and the flowers also said to have the scent of Caly- canthus blossoms ; the bud conical-oblong : corolla dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate, fully half -inch long: crown with about 10-denta'te margin, the narrow intermediate teeth thinnish, either emarginate or two-parted, a little exserted beyond the alternate broader and thicker ones. — Bot. Gazette, viii. 191. G. obliquus, var. Shortii, Syn. Fl. 104. — Along the mountains, E. Kentucky, Short, N. W. Georgia, Chapman. Probably common. G. Carolinensis, R- Bk., p. 104. Flowers said by Engelmann to have a cimicine odor: crown with more exserted subulate bifid teeth, but these variable. — From near Washington and S. Missouri, southward. G. Baldwinianus, Sweet, p. 104. Corolla clear white, according to Chapman. Where- fore the G. hirsutus, Lodd. Cab., may be the var. flavidulus of that species. GENTIANACE.E. 405 LOGANIACE^E. 5. BUDDLEIA, Houston. After B. racemosa, p. 109, add: — B. Pringlei, Gray. Nearly glabrous and green, partly herbaceous, much branched : leaves oblong or lanceolate, acutish, nearly entire (inch or two long), tapering at base into a short margined petiole : flowers in globular and sessile interruptedly spicate glomerules, the upper naked and approximate, the lower remoter in the axils, some short-peduncled : corolla slightly exserted out of the white-tomentulose calyx, a little hairy in the throat: stigma thickish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 86. — Arizona, in fields near Tucson, Pringle. Inter- mediate between the Globosee and the Verticdlatce. GENTIANACE^E. To characters of genera add, on p. Ill: — — 1. VOYRIA. Corolla salverform, bearing the stamens below the throat. Anthers short. Stigma undivided. Seeds very numerous, tailed at both ends. — 1. VOYRIA, Aublet. (Unexplained name.) — Leafless and colorless (white) little herbs, of Tropical America, parasitic on decaying trunks, &c, bearing small subulate scales for leaves, in the manner of Bartonia. V. Mexicana, Griseb. Stems a span to a foot high, slender, bearing a cyme of several flowers : corolla white or flesh- color, a quarter of an inch long. — Gent. 208, Prodr. ix. 84, & Cat. Cub. 181. — No-name Key, S. Florida, Curtiss. (Cuba, Mex.) 2. ERYTHEMA, Renealm. P. 113, before E. Douglasii, add : — E. nudicaulis, Exgelm. A span or two high, cymosely branched from the conspicuous tuft of rather large roundish radical leaves : cauline leaves few, linear : flowers long- peduncled : tube of corolla not surpassing the calyx ; lobes a little shorter, oblong, obtuse : anthers linear-oblong : style much shorter than the ovary : seeds subglobose, reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 222. — Along streams in Santa Catalina Mountains, S. Arizona, Pringle. E. ventista, Gray. Add : Bot. Mag. t. 6396. — This and all the larger-flowered American species are dichogamous in the manner of Sabbatia, the style in the earlier anthesis declined to one side. 4. EtTSTOMA, Salisb. E. silenifolium, Salisb. (Parad. Lond. t. 34), is the name which should have been retained for E. exaltatum, Griseb. In S. California this certainly becomes perennial, according to Parry and W. G. Wright. 5. G-ENTlANA, Tourn. Add on p. 116 : — G. gracillima, Bertol. Misc. Bot. xiv. 19, t. 3, is Apteria setar.ea,TSutt. — Add on p. 119 : — G. microcalyx, Lemmon. Near G. Wislizeni, but taller (sometimes almost 2 feet high), thinner-leaved, and wholly destitute of crown to the corolla, in this and the habit approach- ing 67. quinqueflora, freely branched : leaves ovate-lanceolate, with subcordate sessile base-: 406 SUPPLEMENT. flowers mostly numerous and crowded in the clusters, slender-pedicelled : calyx small, 5-parted, only one line and the whitish or violet-tinged corolla 5 lines long : ovary subses- sile : seeds globose, smoothish. — Pacif . Rural Press, 1 882, with figure ; Engelm. in Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 222. — Chirricahua Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. Gh nivalis, L. In a subsection, C ijclostigma, of Pneumonanthe, with stigmas surmounting a dis- tinct style, much dilated, forming together a circular disk. A low annual, branching . leaves ovate, quarter-inch long : flower half-inch long : calyx lobes subulate : corolla deep blue, its lobes ovate, acute : ovary sessile : seeds favose. — PI. Dan. t. 17 ; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 103. — Labrador, coll. by Moravian missionaries. (Greenland, Iceland, Eu.) Top. 122, add: — G. Porwoodii, Gray. Very near G. affinis, smooth throughout : stems numerous in the cluster, diffusely ascending, 6 to 1 6 inches high, equally leafy to the summit : leaves oblong or lowest ovate, and upper narrowly lanceolate, about inch long : calyx short (2 or 3 lines long), spathaceous and toothless (rarely one or two small subulate teeth), cleft more or less on one or both sides, or the sphacelate margin undulate-truncate : corolla more narrowly fun- nelform and smaller than in G. affinis. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 86. — Rocky Mountains in Dakota and Montana, Dr. Forwood, Canby, tire. Gr. Bigelovii, Ghat, 1. u. Near G. affinis, very leafy : leaves thicker ; lower lanceolate- oblong, upper linear : stems a foot or less high, minutely scabrous • flowers densely spicate : calyx-teeth filiform or slender-subulate, as long as the tube : corolla hardly inch long, cylin-/ draceous, minutely scabrous outside, especially so along the salient lines which in the bud border the infolded plicae ; lobes short, broadly ovate, mostly erect, double the length of the bifid appendages of the plicse : stipe of the capsule short and fistulous : seeds with a narrow and thickish wing. — C. affinis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157, &c. — Mountains of S. Colorado and New Mexico, Bigelow, Hall & Harbour, Greene. Also those of S. W. Arizona, Lemmon. Gr. Rusbyi, Greene. Between the preceding and the Mexican G. spathacea, HBK. : stem robust, a foot high, scabrous, few-flowered at the summit : leaves thickish, narrowly oblong and upper ones lanceolate ; uppermost subtending and equalling the flowers : calyx-lobes slender-subulate or linear, about the length of the tube : corolla apparently white, over an inch long, campanulate-funnelform, smooth ; the short and broad lobes very obtuse, twice the length of the short teeth of the plica?. — Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Busby. POLEMONIACB^. The genera are very difficult to define. Even Phlox has a species with prevail- ingly alternate leaves and four or five ovules in each cell. The character of unequally inserted stamens, by which to distinguish Collomia, breaks down com- pletely (Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223) ; the declination of the filaments does not hold through Polemonium, and they are much more declinate and curved in sev- eral species of Gilia of different sections. Some, of more than one group, have an obviously but variably irregular limb to the corolla, quite as much so as in any species of Lceselia. So it has become necessary to incorporate Collomia into Gilia, along with certain bractless species which had been taken to form an anomalous section of Lceselia. The principal characters now relied upon for the genera are indicated below. 4. (to be 2.) GriLIA, Ruiz & Pav. — Flowers naked, not involucellate. Calyx partly herbaceous, scarious below the sinuses ; lobes narrow and acute. Corolla from salverform or funnelform to campanulate or almost rotate. Fila- ments not bearded at base. Seeds wingless. — Herbs or a few suffruticose. polemoniacejE. 407 § 1. Dacttlophtllum, p. 137. The last of the following species connects with § Leptosipho-n. G. Hai'knessii, Curran. A span or two high, smooth, extremely like the most slender and depauperate form of 67. liniflora, var. pharnaceoides, but still smaller-flowered : flower and mature capsule only a line long : corolla hardly exceeding the calyx : capsule short- oval and equalling the calyx : ovules and oblong seeds solitary in each cell. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 12. — Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, Parry, Lemmon, Harkness (the latter coll. at Summit Station), and the mountains of Washington Terr., Howell, Suks- dorf. Has been confounded with the above-mentioned variety of 67. liniflora, and with 67. pitsilla. G aurea, Nutt., p. 138, not rarely has pedicels nearly twice the length of the flower. — Next to this the following : — G. bella, Gkay. Stems diffuse from the base, simple or sparingly branched, filiform, few- leaved, glabrous and smooth : leaves very short (2 or 3 lines long), 3-parted, villous at base, thickish, the broadly linear lobes carinate : flowers sessile or short-pedicelled in axils of uppermost bract-like leaves and in the forks : calyx-lobes strongly carinate and hyaline- margined : corolla rotate-campanulate, with yellow tube, purple-spotted throat) and ample violet-colored limb (half-inch in diameter when expanded), the lobes almost flabelliform, entire : filaments a little hairy at base : ovules several in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 301. — Hanson's Eanch, below the boundary of S. California, Orcutt. G. Lemmoni, Gray. Diffusely branching, a span or two high, hirsutely pubescent (at least the foliage) : leaves 3-5-parted into acerose-linear lobes : flowers sometimes solitary and pedicelled in the lower forks, sessile and glomerate in the upper and at the ends of the branches, hardly surpassing the subtending leaves : calyx narrow, 5-costate ; its acerose lobes resembling those of the leaves : corolla mostly white or yellowish, short-funnelform, with throat and tube included in the calyx, and obovate lobes only 2 lines long : capsule narrow, its cells several-seeded. — Ed. 1, 394. — S. California, on the Mohave Desert, Parry & Lem- mon, San Bernardino Co., Parish, Nevin, and below the Mexican boundary, Orcutt. (Guada- lupe Island, Palmer, mixed with G. pusilla. ) G. Rattani. Intermediate between G. Bolanderi, of which it has the foliage and habit, and the section Leptosiphon, from which it is excluded by its scattered and naked flowers on elon- gated and filiform peduncles : stems a span or two high, erect, sparingly branched and pu- berulent above : calyx cylindraceous : corolla salverform, white or whitish with yellow throat; the slender tube a third to half inch long and much exserted, yet sometimes shorter and less so. (Possibly a hybrid.) — On a mountain north of Clear Lake, California, growing in company with 67. Bolanderi, June, 1884, Rattan. § 2. LlNANTHUS, p. 138. G. Jonesii. Near 67. Bigelovii (and seeds similar), smaller, only a span high, more slender and diffuse : leaves filiform, almost capillary ; the upper and especially the oblong (3 lines long) calyx beset with rather stout stipitate glands : corolla (withered) only 3 lines long. — S. E. California, on the Colorado, at The Needles, M. E. Jones, 1884. § 3. Leptosiphon, p. 139. The following species again connects this section with Dactylophyllum. G. Orclittii, Parry. A span high, sparingly branched, nearly glabrous : leaves only 2 or 3 pairs up to the very few-flowered terminal cluster, small (barely quarter-inch long) ; the lobes filiform : corolla with well-exserted tube only 4 lines long, little longer than the limb with its obconical dark-purple throat, its ovate lobes purplish : stamens and style not sur- passing the throat. — Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 40. — Guadalupe Mountains be- low the boundary of S. California, but probably extending to the border, Orcutt. § 5 1 . Collomia, under Series II. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliose- bracteate or scattered: stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the sal- 408 SUPPLEMENT. verform corolla, neither exserted nor declined : ovules solitary in . the cells : seed-coat with abundant spiracles except in one species : annuals, with neither foliage nor calyx-lobes rigid or spinescent ; the leaves sessile and entire (except some laciniation in G. coccinea, Cottomia, Lehm., of Chili), the lower sometimes opposite. — Collomia, Nutt. ; Benth. excl. spec. Gr. grand.ifl.6ra, Gkay, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, not Steud. Collomia grandiflora, Dougl., &c. ; Syn. II. ed. 1, 135. G. linearis, Gkat, 1. c. Collomia linearis, Nutt., &c. — Passes by many gradations, and equally viscid herbage, into Var. SUbulata, G. tinctoria, Kellogg in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 142. Collomia linearis, var. subulata, Gray, in part, of p. 135. G. aristella. A span high, with almost filiform and few-leaved stem and lax branches, mi- nutely pubescent above and viscid : leaves lanceolate-linear and tapering to both ends (inch or less long, a line or two wide) : flowers 1 to 3 in the forks and upper axils : corolla purple, with filiform tube 4 to 6 lines long and small lobes : calyx-lobes (2 lines long) aristiform from a triangular base : capsule obovate-3-lobed with attenuate base. — Collomia linearis, var. subulata, p. 135, as to an attenuate form. — Northern part of California, Greene, &c, and Oregon, Kronkite, Cusick, to Washington Terr., Suksdorf, on bare hillsides. Habit of the following, and of the most diminutive variety of the preceding : calyx-lobes truly attenuate into an awn. G. leptotes, Gray, 1. c. Collomia tenella, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 259, &c. — Known only from Parley's Park, Utah, coll. Watson. The Western plants which have been wrongly referred to it belong to the preceding. Gr. gracilis, Hook. Collomia gracilis, Dougl., Benth., &c. — Peculiar in having so many of the leaves opposite, and in the absence of spiracles in the seed-coat, as mentioned on p. 135. § 5 2 . Cotjrtoisia. Flowers of § Collomia (and as in that either scattered or in foliose-bracteate clusters) ; foliage of Eugilia, the leaves from pinnately com- pound to entire, the larger petioled : ovules from solitary to several in the cells. — Collomia § Gilioides, Benth. in DC. excl. spec, and one Navarretia. Gr. heterophylla, Dougl. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2895. Collomia heterophylla, Hook. 1. c. Gilia Sessei, Don, Syst. iv. 245, fide Benth., but not Mexican. Gr. glutinosa. Collomia glutinosa and C. gilioides, Benth. Bot. Reg. 1833, & DC, &c. C. gilioides, ed. 1, 135. — Very variable in size, form and division of leaves, and degree of viscidity, but apparently all of one species. Gr. capillaris, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. Collomia leptalea, Gray, 1. c. & Syu. IX ed. 1, 136. — Varies extremely in size, some of it answering well to the specific name, some more rigid and smaller-flowered ; the corolla from pink to almost white. Extends north- ward to Washington Terr. § 6. Navarr&ha, p. 141. Limb of corolla sometimes slightly irregular and stamens somewhat unequally inserted : filaments straight, or in the last two species incurved in the bud and somewhat so in anthesis. G. cotulsefolia, Steud., p. 141. Color of the corolla various, sometimes yellow and purple. G. leucocephala, Gray, p. 142. Wholly erect, or with procumbent branches from base of primary stem, on which the first capitulum-like glomerule is more or less elevated : calyx- tube nearly glabrous, except the ciliate fringe at the sinuses. — Add the following closely similar species : — polemoniacEjE. 409 G. prostrata, Gkat. Wholly depressed and humifuse : primary capitulum-like glomerule sessile and as if radical, soon proliferous into prostrate similar flowering branches : calyx- tube sparsely hirsute : corollas (white) only half the size of the preceding : ovules 4 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223. — Low ground, S. California, especially Los Angeles and San Diego Co., Nevin, Parry, Orcutt. G. divarioata, Torr., p. 142. Corolla very small, not surpassing the calyx-lobes : stamens not exserted. — Mariposa Co., California to Washington Terr. G. fiUcatilis, Torr., p. 142. Stamens much exserted. G. visci&ula, Gkat, p. 142. Varies from obscurely to very viscid, and the corolla from violet to whitish : stamens at length fully as long as the corolla-lobes, incurved in the bud : ovules commonly 4 in each cell. — Common in California. Var. heterod6xa, G. heterodoxa, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 10, is a branching form, with more naked and spreading branchlets, broader bracts, and the stamens, according to Greene, " strongly declined." Some indications of this are to be seen in dried specimens of the present and the following species. — Calistoga, Parry, Greene, and elsewhere. G. atractyloid.es, Steud., p. H2. From Santa Cruz to San Diego and southward. Corolla smaller than in the foregoing, from wholly violet to purplish or white, with or without a purple throat : stamens shorter than the lobes. According to Orcutt, a form with white flowers is scentless, while one with deep-colored corollas has a strong scent like that of Pennyroyal or of Pogogyne. § 6 1 . Chjetogilia. Flowers short-peduncled or subsessile in the forks of the leafy-congested dwarf and at length depressed stem and branches, not bracteolate : corolla salverform ; limb comparatively large, either regular or bilabiately irregu- lar : stamens inserted close to the sinuses ; the filiform filaments either straight or strikingly declined-incurved : ovules 3 to 10 in each cell : winter annuals, with pinnately lobed or toothed leaves, their teeth and the sepals and mostly the leaf- margins bearing long and slender white bristles. * Corolla regular and stamens straight, or nearly so. G- setosissima, Gray, p. 142. Slightly pubescent, glabrate : leaves all broader upward, those of the branches cuneate and 3-5-lobed at summit : corolla light v'olet ; its lobes often dotted with purple (conspicuously so only in dried specimens), obovate, obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long, and with the short throat almost equalling the tube : anthers oblong-oval : ovules 6 to 10 in each cell. — Exclude the syn. relating to the following. * * Corolla bilabiately more or less irregular (3 and 2), and the stamens declined-incurved : anthers short. — L&selia, Gray in Bot. Calif, ii. 466. G. Sohottii, Watson. Eoughish-pubescent or below quite glabrous : cauline leaves linear; those of the branches and terminal clusters slightly and gradually dilated upward and rather 3-toothed than lobed at the truncate apex : corolla " white " or " pinkish " ; its lobes small (at most 2 lines long), oblong or lanceolate, acute, not half the length of the tube : stamens moderately incurved : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — Bot. King Exp. 267. 67. setosissima, var. exigua, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 271. Navarretia Schottii, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 145. Lozselia Scliottii, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Desert region of W. Arizona, S. E. California, and S. W. Utah; first coll. by Coulter, then by Schott, in very exiguous specimens, which v hardly show the characters, later and better by Parry, Lemmon, Parish, &c. Also loose and slender specimens, from Sonora near the Gulf of California, are iu the 1884 distribution of Pringle, under the name of G. polycladon. G. Matthewsii. Pubescent or hirsute with crisped hairs, somewhat robust, at length form- ing tufts a span to a foot in diameter : leaves nearly of the preceding : corolla purple or whitish with violet throat or stripes, strongly irregular; its lobes spatulate or cuneate, with obtuse or retuse or tridentate apex, 3 or 4 lines long, nearly equalling the tube : stamens conspicuously incurved : ovules 5 or 6 in each cell. — Lceselia Matthewsii, Gray, Bot. Calif. 410 SUPPLEMENT. 1. c. Has been distributed as G. Schottii. — S. California, from Inyo Co., Dr. Matthews (1877), to the Mohave Desert, Palmer, Lemmon, Parish, Pringle, and near Newhall, Nevin. § 8. Elaphoceea, p. 144. G. Wrightii, Gray, and G. Gunnisoni, are between § Hugelia and § Ipomopsis, and might well be referred to the latter : their filaments are obscurely declined. The following may be appended to the present section, after G. polycladon. G. depressa, M. E. Jones. Small winter annual, divergently branched from the base, depressed-spreading, minutely hirsute-pubescent, slightly viscid, leafy : leaves oblong-lanceo- late or narrower (half-inch or more long), entire or with one or two teeth or short lobes, acute at both ends,.nearly sessile, cuspidate-mucronate : flowers solitary in the forks, short- peduncled or subsessile : calyx comparatively large (2£ to 3 lines long) ; its lobes broadly subulate and attenuate-cuspidate, nearly equalling the small salverform (whitish) corolla: limb of the latter sometimes deeper cleft at one sinus ; its lobes about one third the length of the tube, equalling the stamens : seeds~4 or 5 in each cell, the coat mucilaginous but not spirilliferous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 106. — Arid districts of S. Utah, Nevada, and adjacent borders of California, M. E. Jones, Parry, Shockley. § 9. Ipomopsis, p. 145. — Char, revised. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate and either glomerate or open (rarely diffuse), with narrow if any bracts : these and the calyx-teeth not pungent-tipped : corolla salverform or by gradual dilatation of the tube trumpet-shaped, mostly elongated : stamens inserted in or below the throat, either equally or unequally : filaments not rarely declined-incurved : ovules and seeds few or numerous in the cells. — Includes CoUomia § Phlogan- thea, and Lceselia § Giliopsis, pp. 135, 136, also Gilia § Giliandra, p. 146. G. coronopifolia, Pers., p. 145. — Although the thickened cellular seed-coat does "not develop mucilage nor spiral threads when wet," yet there are such threads in the cells, which can be drawn out. G. aggregata, Spreng., p. 145. Stamens in some plants equally inserted and of equal length, in others unequally inserted, either slightly or excessively. — CoUomia aggregata, T. C. Porter, in ed. 1, 394; Rothrock in Wheeler Pep. vi. 198. The following are additions to this section : — # Transferred from CoUomia § Phloganthea. G. longiflora, Don, CoUomia longiflora, Don, & p. 136. G. Thurberi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, & p. 136. CoUomia Thurberi, Gray, p. 136. — Seemingly a perennial : corolla commonly an inch and a half long : stamens more or less unequal, either very unequally or almost equally inserted, some or all of them ex- serted from the throat, but all sborter than the lobes of the corolla. — Not rare in the moun- tains of S. Arizona, coll. Buckminster, Lemmon, Pringle. G. Macombii, Tore, in herb. Seemingly a suffrutescent-based many-stemmed perennial, puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves rather rigid pinnately 3-7-parted into lobes not wider than the rhachis, or entire and nearly filiform : glomerules of flowers in a narrow virgate thyrsus : corolla violet-purple, salverform, with tube half-inch and the obovate mucronulate lobes 2 lines long : stamens unequally inserted, 2 to 4 of them barely exserted from the throat, with straight filaments: ovules 5 or 6 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 301. — G. multiflora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 146, in part. CoUomia Cavanillesiana, Gray, Syn. PI. ed. 1, 136, in part. — Mountains of Arizona, Newberry in Macomb's Exped., Wright (no. 1647), Lemmon, Pringle. G. multiflora, Nutt. Many-stemmed from a biennial or perhaps perennial root, a foot or two high,, with paniculate or virgate branches ; these cinereous-puberulent and the calyx usually hirsute : inflorescence nearly of the preceding : corolla salverform, purplish with POLEMONIACEiE. 411 slender tube less than half-inch and oblong lobes barely 2 lines long, one or two sinuses com- monly deeper than the others : stamens equally or unequally inserted, conspicuously exserted, and the upper part of the. filaments incurved: ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. 154; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 146, in part ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302. Collomia Cavanilksiana, ed. 1, in part, not the Mexican Gilia glpmeriflora, Benth. — Common in New Mexico and Arizona. Gr. Havardi. Many-stemmed from a perennial root, low, much branched, villous-pubescent : leaves mostly piunately parted (or even those subtending the flowers 3-parted) into Aliform rigid lobes no broader than the rhachis : flowers scattered, mostly short-peduncled : calyx hirsute ; its lobes slender-subulate and almost spinulose, nearly twice the length of the cap- sule :' tube of the nearly salverform corolla barely twice the length of the calyx (a quarter- inch long) and hardly longer than the somewhat irregular or oblique limb; its lobes oval, obtuse, mucronulate : filaments equally inserted, as long as the corolla-lobes, conspicuously declined-incurved : ovules several in each cell. — Losselia Havardi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 87. — Near Presidio del Norte on the Rio Grande, W. Texas, Havard. Probably most allied to G. Wrightii, of the same district. * * Transferred from Lceselia § GUiopsis, p. 136: corolla with manifestly irregular limb, one of the lobes being separated from the others by deeper sinuses; corolla-lobes more or less cuneate and erose-truncate or 3-denticulate : filaments capillary, incurved-declined toward the apex in anthesis, but mostly straightening: low perennials with suffruteseent base. •i— Red-flowered : stamens and style longer than the corolla-lobes. Gr. tenuifolia, Lasselia tenuifolia, p. 136. — Since coll. in southern parts of San Diego and San Bernardino Co., by W. G. Wright, Parish, G. R. Vasey. +— -i— Purplish-flowered : stamens and style equalling in length but not exceeding the corolla- lobes. Gr. guttata. Herbaceous flowering branches a span or two long from a, woody base, glabrous, leafy, paniculately several-flowered : leaves nearly filiform or acerose, all entire : corolla violet or purplish and commonly spotted with deep-colored dots; its slender tube (half-inch or less long) very much surpassing the small calyx, and longer than the narrowly cuneate 3-dentate lobes. — Laselia guttata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302. — Extra-limital, in Lower California, but not far below the border, Orcutt. Gr. Dunnii, Kellogg in Pacif. Rural Press, 1879, & Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 142. Lceselia effusa, p. 136. — Cantillas Mountains, near the boundary between San Diego Co. and Lower Cali- fornia, Palmer, and farther south, Orcutt. § 12. Eugilia, p. 146. G. debilis, Watson, p. 147. G. Larseni, Gray, of the preceding page, is only a smaller and more condensed state of this, growing in loose volcanic ashes, there only with long and filiform root-stocks, instead of a stouter stock : well-developed stems a span or more high, equably leafy to the top. — Extends northward to the mountains of Washington Territory andN.W. Montana, coll. Cusiclc, Suksdorf, Watson, Canby.Brandegee. G. Nevinii. Next to G. multicaulis, p. 147, much more pubescent with short and above with viscid hairs : leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into more numerous lobes which are not broader than the rhachis : flowers several and subsessile in the terminal glomerules : corolla violet, with narrow tube and little dilated throat together 4 or 5 lines long and double the length of the calyx, the limb comparatively small : capsule oblong, with 10 or 12 seeds in each cell. — G. multicaulis, var. millefolia, Gray in Watson PI. Guadalupe, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 118, form with rather small corolla. — San Clemente Island, off San Diego Co., California, Nevin & Lyon. First found on Guadalupe, off Lower California, Palmer, in a form which approaches G. laciniata, Ruiz & Pav. GK latiflora, p. 147. Foliage often lightly tomentulose, when young glabrate : calyx very 'scarious below the sinuses to the base, glabrous or minutely glandular. Varies in size of flowers, &c, down to Var exilis. Slender, effusely paniculate: flowers nearly all on elongated almost capillary peduncles: corolla only 3 to 5 lines in length and of equal breadth of limb.— 412 SUPPLEMENT. Common in S. California and east to Nevada : has mostly been referred to G. inconspicua, var. sinuata, p. 148. G. tenuiflora, Benth., p. 147. Radical leaves often cottony-tomentose when young, soon glabrate : calyx at most 2 lines long : corolla from half-inch to inch and a quarter long (including the lobes) ; the slender tube dilated into the somewhat narrowly funnelform throat. — S. California to S. Utah. G. inconspicua, Dougl., p. 148. The panicles or flowering branches when well developed are rather rigidly erect, at least not effuse ; the lateral peduncles short and erect, at least in fruit. The figures of Smith and of Hooker (from weak plants raised in Eugland, and from which Bentham has mainly drawn the character) do not very well represent the species, although the whole tube of the small corolla is often thus included. Yet it is very commonly more exserted (as in var. sinuata), even before the fructified ovary enlarges, but always sal- verform, having a small and narrow throat, and limb only 2 to 4 lines in diameter. The effusely-flowered plants with ampliate throat, which were included in var. sinuata, are now taken for a small-flowered variety of G. latiflora. Apparently there are connecting forms between all these species. G. Brandegei, Gray, p. 149. Add : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6378. 3. LCESELIA, L. — Flowers involucrate or involucellate ; both bracts and calyx wholly or mainly scarious. Corolla funnelform, either regular or one or two sinuses deeper. Seeds winged or margined, the surface becoming mucilagi- nous when wetted. — Suffruticose, rarely annual, with spinulose-toothed leaves. L. glandulosa, Don. Low, merely suffrutescent, roughish-pubescent with short and partly gland-tipped hairs : leaves mainly alternate, short-petioled or subsessile, lanceolate or nar- rowly oblong, those next the 1-2-flowered clusters similar but small, few-toothed, not scarious nor reticulated, nearly enclosing the involucre of wholly scarious oblong-lanceolate almost entire bracts: corolla violet or bluish, 6 or 8 lines long: filaments more or less declined- incurved : seeds broadly winged. — Syst. iv. 248 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 319, in part (i. c. Hoitzia conglomerata, HBK., H. capitata, Willd., & H. nepetcefolia, Cham.). Hoitzia glan- dulosa, Cav. Ic. Bar. iv. 45, t. 367. //. Cervantesii,"HBK., Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 164. H. spicata, Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. iv. 370. — Santa Rita Mountains, S. Arizona, Pringle. (Mex.) 5. (to be 4.) POLEM6NIUM, To ukn. — Flowers naked. Calyx herba- ceous throughout, soft, usually accrescent. Corolla from rotate to funnelform. Filaments pilose-bearded at base. Leaves simply pinnate, muticous. P. cseruleum, L. p. 151, only recently known at one or two stations in the Atlantic States, has now been detected also at Bethlehem, New Hampshire, by F. S. Beane, and on the moun- tains in Garrett Co., Maryland, by J. Donnell Smith. P. flavum, Greene. Like P. foliosissimum, but with flowers somewhat more paniculate and larger : corolla fully as large as in P. cavruleum, "yellow with tawny red outside," with broadly obconical throat and ovate acuminate lobes ! — Bot. Gazette, vi. 217. — Highest slopes of the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. P. peotinatum, Greene. Glabrous and glandless up to the minutely glandular and pu- bescent inflorescence : leaflets very narrowly linear, hardly wider than the rhachis : corolla probably white : otherwise not unlike narrow-leaved P. foliosissimum, of which it may be an extreme variety. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 10. — Eastern part of Washington Terr., E. W. Hilgnrd, fide Greene. P. carneum, Gray, p. 151. Extends to the southwestern part of Oregon, where it was collected at Chetco by Howell. Var. luteum. Corolla yellow, the lobes (as in the species) broadly obovate, with rounded or retuse apex. — Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Howell, 1885. P. foliosissimum, Gray, p. 151. To this probably belongs P. Mexicanum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 41, from the northern Rocky Mountains. HTDKOPHYLLACEjE. 413 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 2. NEM6PHILA, Nutt. N. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn., p. 156. Apparently tliis produces either cleistogamous or small and self-fertilized flowers at certain seasons. N. modesta, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad, vii. 93 (1877), by the description, should be this species. 3. ELLlSIA, L. E. chrysanthemifolia, Benth., p. 158. Add syn. : Eucrypta chrysantkemifolia, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 200. Originals of Nuttall's two species, of coll. Gambel (ticketed "Angeles"), are quite alike, with finely dissected leaves. Exclude the syn. of Torr. in Ives Colorado Exp., which belongs to the foDowing. E. Torreyi, Gray. Weak and diffuse, with long internodes : leaves pinnately parted into oblong sinuate-pinnatifid divisions (half or full inch long), the upper usually sessile by a con- spicuously auriculate-dilated insertion : racemes sparsely few-flowered : calyx equalling the small corolla and surpassing the capsule. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302. Phacelia micrantha? var. bipinnatifida, Torr. in Ives Colorado Exp. Bot. 21. — S. Arizona, Yampai Valley near the Colorado, Xewberry. Mountains near Tucson, in shade of rocks, Pringle. Var. Orcuttii. Coarser and taller : upper leaves merely pinnatifid with incised or . toothed lobes : calyx in fruit still more ampliate, becoming four lines in diameter. — Eucrypta paniculata, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1. c. — Northern borders of Lower California, Orcutt. 5. PHACELIA, Juss. § 1. EtJPHACELIA, p. 158. P. Pringlei, Gray. Next after P. namatoides, p. 158. More slender and widely branched, glandular-pubescent, little over a span high : leaves linear with tapering base, the lower opposite, all shorter than the slender and strict racemiform inflorescence : sepals linear, about half the length of the rotate-campanulate blue corolla, longer than the globose ca^gule : seeds angled and not hollowed ventrally. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223. — Mountains of N. California, near the sources of the Sacramento, Pringle, and (in the same district "? ) Parry. P. malvsefolia, Cham., has now been detected at various points from the coast of Oregon to Monterey. Next to this, P. Rattani, Gray. Smaller throughout, beset with slender but almost equally stinging bristles : leaves ovate or oval, with base truncate or barely subcordate, incisely somewhat lobed and crenate, only the lower palmately veined at base : spikes slender : calyx of four spam- late and one larger obovate sepals : corolla hardly over 2 lines long, whitish : stamens and style included : seeds not unlike those of P. malvnrfolia but only half the size, less carinate ventrally. — Along streams, N. W. California, Lake Co., and Russian River, Rattan, Mrs. Curran, to S. W. Oregon, Howell — Seeds, as in all the preceding species, pp. 158, 159, des- titute of ventral excavation with median ridge, which is common in the following. The subdivision -f — n 1— , beginning at foot of p. 159, and ending near the foot of p. 161, is here revised and augmented. -I— -t— -i— Leaves from simple (ovate-oblong or narrower) and pinnately dentate or lobod to pin- nately compound: flowers crowded in the scorpioid inflorescence. ++ Seeds cymbiform and the concave face divided by a strong and salient longitudinal ridge: sepals uniform, entire. 414 SUPPLEMENT. = Flowers racemose and much crowded (even in age) on the short axis or branches of the scor- pioid cymes on which the slender and densely loug-villous pedicels are spreading at right angles: sepals linear-spatulate, much longer than the globular capsule. P. pedicellata, Gray, p. 160. Collected in flower, with rounded or mostly subcordate and petiolulate lobes to the leaves, in 1884, at Yucca, Arizona, by Marcus E. Jones. (Lower California, as supposed, Dr. Streets.) = = Flowers spicately disposed, being sessile or short-pedicelled, and the fruit erect on the axis or branches of the inflorescence : sepals equalling or moderately surpassing the capsule: all but the later species more or less viscid or glandular, and heavy-scented, commonly more or less pubescent or somewhat hirsute, not setose-hispid nor long-villous. a. Leaves all undivided, at most crenate-pinnatifid: stem strictly erect: seeds oblong-elliptical, thickly papillose-roughened on the back, but without distinct reticulation. P. integrifolia, Torr., with var. Palmeri, p. 160. b. At least some of the leaves pinnately parted or lyrate : sepals not manifestly surpassing the globular capsule : seeds roughish with obscure reticulations on the back, the ventral ridge or the incurved margins, or both, becoming corrugate-tuberculate at maturity. P. crenulata, Torr., p. 160. A foot or less high : leaves variable, from elongated-oblong to roundish in outline, from crenately pinnatifid or incised to pinnately parted into roundish or oblong lobes, the lower pair often detached and even petiolulate : corolla from deep violet-blue to " pale purple," with expanded limb commonly half-inch broad : stamens and style exserted : seeds elliptical, the largest almost 2 lines long, at maturity corrugate-tuber- culate on the ventral ridge and usually on the incurved margins. P. CSerulea, Greene. A span to a foot high, with the foliage and viscidity of the preceding, less or not at all unpleasantly scented, much smaller-flowered : corolla only 2 lines high, pale blue to purplish : stamens and style not exserted : seeds about a line and a half long, ob- long-oval, nearly like those of P. crenulata. — Torr. Bull. viii. 122 (but seeds not "almost linear," &c). P. invenusta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 303. — Common both in N. and S. Arizona, in dry ground ; first coll. by Wright, &c. P. Arizonica, Gray, p. 394 of ed. 1. Depressed-diffuse, with ascending stems a span or two long, cinereous-puberulent, very slightly viscid : leaves from deeply pinnatifid into closely approximate and regular oblong and entire lobes (of 3 or 4 lines in length) to pinnately divided and the segments pinnatifid: cyme naked-pedunculate, crowded: corolla white (or at most with some blue lines), barely 3 lines high and broad : stamens and style well ex- serted : seeds short-oval, a line or more long, thickly transversely corrugate-tuberculate down the incurved margins and ventral ridge. — Plains of S. Arizona (and adj. Sonora), Greene, Lemmon, Pringle, Parish. v. Leaves mostly pinnately parted, and below divided and the segments pinnatifid or incised: sepals hardly longer than the capsule: seeds oblong or elliptical, flatter and thinner, not at all corrugated or thickened on the margins, the whole surface conspicuously favose-reticulated with smooth and even meshes. P. glandulosa, Nutt. A span to a foot high, rather stout, viscidly pubescent or in the inflorescence hirsute : primary segments of the leaves few-lobed or incised, or some entire : flowers comparatively large : corolla violet or blue, 4 or 5 lines high, with ample rounded lobes quite entire : stamens and style much exserted : capsule short-oval. — P. glandulosa in part, p. 160. — Rocky Mountains of "Wyoming at the head- waters of the Colorado, Nuttall, Geyer, and of S. W. Montana, Watson. Also at the head of the Rio Grande, subalpine, Brandegee. P. Neo-Mexicana, Thurber. A span to 2 feet high, erect and strict, very leafy, viscid- pubescent, sometimes also hirsute : leaves interruptedly twice pinnately parted into small and short lobes : corolla comparatively small, 2 or 3 lines long, bluish or purplish, the short lobes from minutely crenulate to erose-denticulate : stamens and style often no longer than the corolla-lobes, sometimes rather conspicuously exserted. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. P. glandulosa, var. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, p. 160. — Common on the plains, from N. Colorado to New Mexico. A peculiar state of a short-stamened form, with much less dissected leaves and almost oblong capsule, coll. in central part of Colorado by Brandegee, needs further inquiry. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 415 d. Leaves, &c, as of last preceding, but destitute of glands or viscidity: sepals a little or moder- ately surpassing the capsule: seeds with a scabrous reticulation, the uneven meshes being some- what muriculate at the junctions, the ventral ridge and margins not tuberculate nor corrugate. P. Popei, Torr. & Gray. Habit and dissected foliage of P. Neo-Mericana (with which it has been confounded) : corolla-lobes entire, little surpassed by the stamens : sepals spatulate : capsule globose. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 172, t. 10; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 303. On p. 160 wrongly referred to P. glandulosa.-B.igh plains of W. Texas (first coll. by Gen. Pope) to New Mexico and the Mexican borders, coll. Wright, Thurber, Rothrock, Reverchon (in Curtiss distrib. as P. glandulosa), Havard. P. congesta, Hook., p. 160. Calyx-lobes from linear to oblanceolate : capsule ovoid. The common form, with comparatively few and broad lobes to the leaves, passes through that referred by A. DC. to P. tanacetifolia, into Var. dissecta. Leaves more finely once or twice pinnately divided or parted into more numerous segments and lobes, with small interposed lobelets. — P. glandulosa, var. Neo-Mexicana, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 118. — Dallas, Texas, Reverchon (the extreme form in distrib. Curtiss, 2128), to the Rio Grande, Palmer, &c, and adj. Mex. ++ -H- Seed commonly solitary (the other cell and the companion of the fertile ovule aborting), nearly terete and with a closed ventral groove : sepals heteromorphous, surpassing the small cap- sule : pedicels short, ascending or erect when f ructif erous : annual, not setose-hispid. P. platyloba, Gray. Minutely pubescent, or the inflorescence sparsely hirsute, obscurely viscidulous : stem slender, a foot or two high, sparsely leafy : leaves pinnately divided ; the oblong or lanceolate divisions either crenately lobed and toothed or once or twice pinnatifid, small : fructiferous spikes becoming loose and slender : calyx only 2 lines long when in fruit ; sepals all with narrow or petiole-like base, one or two dilated into a rounded or obovate entire or 2-5-cleft lamina, the others narrowly or broadly spatulate : corolla some- what rotate, bluish, little surpassing the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, now extended. — California, in Fresno Co., Parry, and Mariposa Co., Congdon. ■h- -w- ++ Seeds rounded on the back, acute-angled or obtuse ventrally, the two sides slightly when at all concave. (Those of P. phyttomanica unknown.) = Herbage soft-pubescent and partly villous or soft-hirsute, not hispid, and with little or no vis- cidity : sepals or most of them pinnately 3-5-parted or cleft : cymes crowded : insular species. . P. floribunda, Greene. Annual, a foot or two high, freely branched, a little glandular : leaves green, pinnately divided into 6 or 8 pairs of linear-oblong segments (with some inter- posed lobelets), and these nearly bipinnatifid : lobes of the sepals narrowly spatulate, nearly equalling the violet-blue open-campanulate (2 or 3 lines long) corolla: stamens little ex- serted : seeds scrobiculate and somewhat tuberculate, less than a line long. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 200. P. phyllomanica, var. interrupta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87, & p. 161. — Island of San Clemente, off San Diego, Nevin & Lyon, 1885. (Guadalupe Island, Palmer, Greene. ) P. phyllomanica, Gray, p. 160. Perennial, with suffrutescent base, 3 to 6 feet high, very leafy, tomentulose-canescent : flowers nearly double the size of those of P. floribunda. — Still extra-limital, again collected, just coming into blossom, on Guadalupe, by Greene, 1 885. = = Roughish-pubescent, at least the inflorescence beset with some strong-hirsute or setose- hispid hairs: sepals entire (with rare exceptions), longer than the capsule. a. Annual, with coarsely lobed foliage: pedicels (either short or slender) in the at length elongated and. fruiting inflorescence horizontal: sepals very narrow, filiformly attenuate downward, soft- hispid or barbate with very long hairs, very much surpassing the small globose capsule. P. hispida, Gray, p. 161. Common through S. California, extending to Arizona. Corolla purplish or pale rose-color. Seeds roughish-scrobiculate. b. Perennial, with spreading or decumbent steins and rather coarsely lobed foliage: short pedicels ascending in the dense and not much elongated fruiting spikes: sepals spatulate or broader, one or two often much dilated, all fully twice the length of the ovoid or subglobose capsule: corolla- appendages narrowly quadrate-oblong, adnate up to the throat and truncate. P. ramosissima, Dougl., p. 161. A species of considerable diversity in foliage, vis- cidity, &c, and of wide geographical range, now pretty well defined. Capsule in the Northern 416 SUPPLEMENT. typical form short-ovoid, and seeds oblong. The prevalent Southern form, hardly or not at all more indurated or lignescent at base, is Var. suffrut6scens, Parry, in herb. (P. siiffrutescens, Parry in Proc. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Sci. iv.. 38), has capsule globose-ovoid and seeds oval : no other tangible difference. P. tanacetifolia, var. latifolia, Tort. Bot. M*ex. Bound. 143. c. Annual : calyx mostly sessile or nearly so, erect or ascending in the fructiferous spikes, con- siderably longer than the capsule: corolla-appendages short and broad, at or near the base of the tube. 1. Leaves finely and compoundly dissected: calyx not manifestly accrescent nor veiny: seeds rather rugose-tuberculate than scrobiculate. P. distans, Benth. Mostly slender and smaller than the next, but sometimes tall, with similar but usually more finely dissected leaves : sepals unequal, from nearly linear to spatu- late, or one or two more dilated upward (rarely incised or lobed) : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, rotate-campanulate, from sordid-whitish or ochroleucous to violet ; the internal appendages broadly semi-ovate with a free pointed tip : stamens little or not at all surpassing the corolla- lobes : capsule globular.— Bot. Sulph. 37, since wholly overlooked. P. tanacetifolia (var. tenuifolia, Harvey, Thurber, in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143), and P. ciliata, in part, p. 161. — The original from Bodegas Bay, Hinds, common thence to the southern border of California, mostly near the coast, but reaching Arizona. A form with incised sepals, San Clemente Island, Nevin & Lyon. P. tanacetifolia, Benth., p. 161. Stouter and larger: sepals linear, beset with more rigid bristles, in fruit seldom much longer than the oval capsule : corolla open-campanulate, 4 lines long, violet or bluish, its appendages very wide, and with inner margin wholly adnate : stamens much exserted. 2. Leaves less dissected, usually once pinnately parted, or below divided into oblong pinnately in- cised segments : inflorescence less scorpioid : calyx strikingly accrescent and transversely veiny in fruit, the sepals becoming oblong- or ovate-lanceolate and bristly-ciliate : stamens not surpassing the corolla-lobes: seeds scrobiculate but smoothish. P. ciliata, Benth., p. 161. Extends from East Oregon to Lower California. § 5. WhitlXvia, p. 114. P. campanularia, Gray. Add: Bolfe in Gard. Chron. n. ser. xx. 135, with figure; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6735. Now established in cultivation : corolla deep blue. P. Parryi, Tore. Add : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6842. P. glandulosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 92. Commonly (not always) with five bright yellow spots in the throat, opposite to the lobes ; these figured and described as staminodes in Bot. Mag. 1. c. This and the foregoing species are choice introductions to the gardens. P. longipes, Torr. Not rare in canons in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Co., S. Cali- fornia. § 6. Eutoca, p. 164. P. procera, Gray, p. 166. Extends northward to Washington Territory, Howell, Siiks- dorf. Corolla ochroleucous. P. Menziesii, Tore., p. 166. Appendages of the corolla conniving in pairs opposite the lobes, forming five nectariferous grooves alternate with the stamens. The two following species come on p. 167, after P. infundibuliformis, to which the first is most related, but the seeds of both are of the usual form in Eutoca, not excavated and ridged on the ventral face. P. L^oni, Gray. Viscid-pubescent and heavy-scented, a foot or more high, robust : leaves pinnately divided into narrowly oblong and deeply pinnatifid divisions; their short lobes oval and crenate : spikes dense : corolla (pale or ochroleucous) 2 or 3 lines long, broadly campanulate ; the appendages semi-oval, their base united to the filament : stamens and style not exserted : capsule narrowly oblong, many-seeded, nearly equalling the linear- spatulate hispid and viscid sepals: seeds oval, scrobiculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 303. — Santa Catalina, off Los Angeles, Nevin & Lyon, 1884. HYDEOPHYLLACE^E. 417 P. ix6d.es, Kellogg. Viscid and villous, heavy-scented, tall and stout: leaves pinnately parted or below divided, and the coarse divisions sinuate-pinnatifid or merely incised : spikes dense : flowers considerably larger than in the foregoing : corolla open-campanulate, 4 or 5 lines in length and breadth of limb, bluish ; its appendages semi-orbicular, wholly adnate, oblique, and united with the base of the filament : stamens and style not exserted : sepals in fruit 5 lines long, spatulate, a little longer than the oblong many-seeded capsule : seeds oblong, angulate, scrobiculate. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 6 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Ex- tra-limital, first collected on Cedros Island, Lower California, but now found so near the boundary as All Saints' Bay, Orcutt. P. brach^loba, Gray, p. 167. Ovules often as many as 20 in each cell: appendages of the corolla sometimes obsolete. P. circinatiformis, Gray, p. 167. This has been collected on Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara Co., but is still very little known. P. Parishii, Gray. Very like P. pulchella, p. 1 6S, in foliage and habit : peduncles fully as long as the fruiting spike, the primary ones scape-like : flowers almost sessile, crowded : corolla (2 lines long) blue or bluish, hardly at all surpassing the calyx, the appendages ob- scure or none : fructiferous sepals broadly spatulate, equalling the oblong about 20-seeded capsule : seeds over half-line in length (twice the size of those of P. pulchella), narrowly oblong, scrobiculate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 88. — S. E. California, near Babbit Springs, on the borders of the Mohave Desert, May, 1 882, Parish. P. Lemmoni. Near to P. pulchella and the preceding, more leafy and taller : leaves thin- ner and rounder, coarsely angulate-dentate or crenate, lower ones subcordate : spikes short- peduncled, in fruit rather loose and with short pedicels erect : corolla white (2 or 3 lines long), hardly twice the length of the calyx, the appendages semi-oblong; fructiferous sepals spatulate, viscidulous, hardly puberulent, a little longer than the ovoid about 30-seeded cap- sule : seeds short-oval, a third of a line long, minutely scrobiculate. — N. W. Arizona, on plains, at Mineral Park, 1884, Lemmon, coll. no. 3350. P. saxicola, Gray. Near P. pusilla, p. 169, more hirsutely pubescent, a span or less high, diffusely branched from the annual root : leaves narrowly spatulate, the base narrowed into a slender petiole, entire : flowers few and sparsely racemose, short-pedicelled : sepals spatu- late-linear, 2 to 4 lines long, either moderately or very much surpassing the oblong-eampanu- late blue corolla; internal appendages very narrow: capsule small, oval-oblong: seeds globular, smoothish. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 304. — X. W. Arizona, at Kingsman's Station, April, 1884, Lemmon, on rocks, which the insinuating roots cleave off in thin scales. P. gleehomsefolia. Next to P. rotund ifolia, p. 169, larger, merely viscidulous-puberulent (no hirsute pubescence): stem a foot or less high, paniculately much branched: leaves slender-petioled, all but the uppermost cordate-orbicular, coarsely crenate, an inch wide : flowers loosely racemose, on slender and mostly filiform pedicels of half to a quarter inch in length, spreading in anthesis and mostly so in fruit : corolla funnelform, 4 or 5 lines long, lilac-purple, twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; internal appendages narrow : fructiferous sepals spatulate, a little longer than the oval and obtuse many-seeded capsule : seeds globose- oval, deeply scrobiculate, hardly a quarter of a line long. — Between Peach Springs and the Grand Canon of the Colorado, May, 1885, A. Gray. § 7. MlCROGf:NETES, p. 169. P. Ivesiana, Torr. Extends northward in the dry region to the interior of Oregon and Washington Terr., Suksdorf, Hou-ell. — Near this and P. Fremontii come the following : — P. Orcuttiana, Gray. Viscid, puberulent, about a foot high : leaves pinnatifid, somewhat lyrate, the lobes short-oblong and entire : flowers sessile in the at length elongated dense spikes : corolla rotate-campanulate, double the length of the calyx, with limb 3 or 4 lines broad, white with yellow eye, nearly or quite destitute of internal appendages : capsule oval, nearly equalling the narrowly spatulate (barely 2 lines long) sepals, 12-14-seeded : seeds oval, obscurely favose-reticulated between the transverse corrugations. — Proc. Am. Acad. x ix, 88. — Mountains of Lower California not far below the U. S. boundary, Orcutt. P. afflnis. Between the foregoing and P. Fremontii, viscid and puberulent, less than a foot high : leaves pinnately parted mostly into linear-oblong entire or incisely toothed lobes : 27 418 SUPPLEMENT. flowers short-pedicelled, less crowded or sparse in the fruiting spikes : corolla rotate-cam- panulate, about half as large as in the preceding, light blue, a little exceeding the calyx : capsule oblong, shorter than the spatulate-dilated (3 or 4 lines long) fructiferous sepals, 20-30-seeded : seeds oval-oblong, strongly favose-reticulated between the corrugations. — With or near the preceding, Orcutt. P. Fremontii, Toer., p. 170. Add syn. : P. Brannani, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad, vii. 90. P. tricolor, Tore., p. 170. Extends northward as far as to the plains of Eastern Ore- gon, Howell. P. gymnoclada, Toer., p. 170. Specific name not significant. P. Cooperce, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 49, of which only a single specimen is known, sent by Mrs. Ellwood Cooper from Santa Barbara, may well be only a form of this, perhaps not collected in that district. — A wholly peculiar species of this section is the following : — , P. pachyphylla, Gray. Stout, a foot or less high, with widely spreading branches, pu- bescent and very viscid : leaves thick, large (inch or two in diameter), roundish and subcor- date, repand or entire, on stout petioles usually of equal length, uppermost subsessile : spikes dense, pedunculate : corolla campanulate, about 3 lines long, probably blue or purple, a little longer than the calyx: capsule globular, many-seeded, equalling the oblong-linear sepals: seeds oval-oblong, half a line in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 88. — Alkaline soil in the Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Palmer, Parish, Lemmon, Jones. 9. ROMANZ6FFIA, Cham. R. Unalaschkensis, Cham., p. 172. — This has been collected, quite out of supposed range, at Big Plat, Del Norte Co., N. California, by W. H. Shochley and Mrs. Ames, 1880. R. Sitchensis, Bong., is commonly white-flowered, and with slight pubescence of calyx and capsule. 12. NiMA, L. P. 173, add : Gray in Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 360, for the most recent revision of the genus. Stamens not rarely with adnate por- tion of the filaments dilated into more or less free membranaceous margins, which answer to the internal appendages of the Phaceliece, those in one or two species extended above into a free tooth on each side of filament ! No hypogynous disk, but base of calyx obscurely adnate to base of ovary in the original N. Jamai- cense and some others, in W. stenocarpum calyx-tube and capsule much united ! Styles sometimes united below. Valves of capsule either membranaceous or coriaceous, sometimes becoming bifid, as in H. Jamaicense. N. stenocarpum, Gray, p. 174. (Biol. Centr.-Am. etc., & Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 118.) Calyx adherent to the base of the capsule, more or less firmly, sometimes for nearly half the length of the latter ! Styles united at base or even higher, occasionally 3. — Extends to the southeastern border of California. N. depressum, Lemmon. After N. Coulteri, p. 174. Depressed, repeatedly divaricate- dichotomous and with long naked internodes, cinereous-puberulent : leaves crowded at the summit of the branches, spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole : flowers short- pedicelled in the forks : corolla narrow and small (2 lines long), purplish, little longer than the calyx : sepals some linear, some spatulate-dilated at apex, equalling or moderately exceeding the oval-oblong membranaceous torose capsule : seeds (quarter of a line long) oval, with obscurely undulate thin and smooth coat. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 304. — S. E. California, in the Mohave District near Calico, Lemmon. N. pusillvrm, Lemmon. Next the preceding, exiguous, depressed, soft-pubescent : leaves obovate-spatulate or ovate, abruptly contracted into a petiole of nearly same length (both together only a quarter or half inch long) : flowers subsessile in the forks : corolla salverform and narrow (barely a line and a half long), light rose-color, a little longer than the at length HYDROPH YLLACE.E. 419 spatulate sepals, the limb minute : capsule oval, erect : seeds globular, obsoletely rugulose, and with a very smooth thiu coat. — Gray, 1. c. — With the foregoing, Lemikun, N. dichotomuin, Chois., not Ruiz & Pav., who have it as Hydrolea dichotoma. The re- markable var. angustifolium extends well into Mexico. — Next to this species is N. origanifolium, HBK. Perennial, herbaceous from a lignescent base, or suffruticulose, low and small : leaves oblong or spatulate-obovate, sessile by a narrowed base or short- petioled, soft-pubescent, a quarter to half inch long, the margins somewhat revolute : flowers short-peduncled : corolla 3 lines long, surpassing the calyx : sepals linear, moderately dilated upward, nearly twice the length of the ovoid capsule : seeds about 20, oblong, smooth. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 130, t. 218; Gray in Hemsl. 1. c. 362. — Crevices of rocks, Guadalupe Mountains, S. \V. Texas, near the Rio Grande, Haoard. (Mex.) N. Lobbii, Gray, p. 175. — Gray in Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 362. Eriodictyon Lobbii, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 202. Ovules about 8, pendulous. Capsule obovate- globose, thin-coriaceous; valves tardily bifid, the narrow placentas breaking up. Seeds broadly oval or roundish, half a line long, large for the capsule, with a smooth minutely cellular-reticulate coat. N. Havardi, Gray. Near IV. Palmeri and the next, a foot or more high, herbaceous from a lignescent probably perennial root, more, or less cinereous with soft pubescence : stem erect and stout, freely branching : leaves oblong or uppermost lanceolate, acutish, with tapering base, lower somewhat petioled, veins very obscure : flowers cymulose, short-pedicelled : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, salverform, apparently purplish, a little longer than the calyx : filaments adnate to the middle and below membranaceous margined, toothless : capsule oblong-ovoid, membranaceous, much shorter than the narrow-linear slightly dilated sepals : seeds 16 or more, globular or short-oval, with a firm faintly scrobiculate coat. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 304. — S. W. borders of Texas, on alkaline bank of Tornillo Creek, Havard. N. stenoph^Hum, Gray. Suffruticose, a foot or less high, rather stout, strigulose- cinereous or more loosely hirsute : stems very leafy throughout : leaves from narrowly linear to almost filiform, about an inch long : flowers densely cymulose at the summit of the branches : corolla nearly salverform (4 or 5 lines long), more or less surpassing the calyx : margin of the filaments on each side terminating above in a free short denticulation : cap- sule ovoid-oblong, thinnish, much shorter than the narrow linear obtuse sepals : seeds about 40, globular and angulate, a third of a line long, muricate ! — Biol. Centr.-Am. 1. c. (exclud- ing the last line of the character, the printer's error: it belongs to N. stenocarpum) , & Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 118. — S. W. border of Texas, on bluffs of Delaware Creek, east of Guadalupe Mountains, 1882, Havard. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.) N. Rothrockii, Gray, p. 175. Valves of the ovate capsule not splitting in age. N. Parryi, Gray, p. 175. Valves of the short oval capsule splitting into two after dehis- cence, the placenta? breaking up : stem 3 to 6 feet high, at base " pithy and only soft-woody " ; perennial : "tube and throat of corolla white, lobes light purple," Parish. Collected also in the Sierra Madre of Los Angeles Co. by son of J. C. Nevin, 1884. 13. ERIODlCTYON, Benth. P. 175, 176, add: — B. sessilif olium, Greene. Very leafy : pubescence partly villous and hirsute : leaves ob- long or upper ones lanceolate, all closely sessile by a broad and truncate or subcordate base, acutely and closely dentate (in age becoming glabrate and glutinous above) : otherwise nearly like the E. crassifolium form of E. lomentosum. — Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 201 . — Guada- lupe Canon, and elsewhere in Lower California, not far below the U. S. boundary to All Saints' Bay, Parry, Orcutt, and recently Greene. The seeds (with delicate stria and trans- verse reticulation) appear to be quite alike, as far as seen, in all the species and forms, which are very difficult to define. B. tomentosum, Benth., p. 176, is founded on a plant with pannose tomentum and no villous or hirsute pubescence until the inflorescence is reached, such as Greene in Bull. Calif. Acad. 1. c, describes from Monterey Co., but with the corollas seemingly in the same imperfectly developed or deformed condition which Bentham had in his E. crassifolium, in 420 SUPPLEMENT. this state "hardly surpassing the calyx (2 lines long)," and its lobes "very small, erect- spreading." But well-developed flowers of E. crassifolium we know to be even half an inch long and much surpassing the calyx. On Santa Catalina, Lyon got a narrower-leaved form of the true E. tomentosum, with finer tomentum not pannose on the stem, and normally developed salverform corollas. A multitude of forms from Lower and Southern California (including E. angustifolium, var. pubens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224), with and without villous or hirsute inflores- cence, now connect E. angustifolium with E. glutinusum. This extends northward to Oregon, coll. Howell. BORRAGINACE^E. The following changes in the synopsis of the genera are, for brevity and con- venience, based on the North American representatives. ++ (P. 178, line 36.) Nutlets attached above the middle, wholly flat and thin, horizontally divergent, in pairs or radiate; margins pectinately and uncinately setiferous. 8. PECTOCARYA. -H- -h* Nutlets thicker, with ventral or introrse-basal attachment. = Glochidiate-armed : corolla short, with fornicate throat: calyx spreading or reflexed in fruit. 9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets horizontally radiate or barely ascending, much produced below the high ventral insertion upon the low gynobase, on separation each pendulous by a portion of the style which is torn away from below upward. 10. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets erect or much ascending; the insertion supra-basal, central, or from the inside of base to apex. = = Not glochidiate, nor with loose or fleshy pericarp. «.. Corolla short, white or blue (only in an anomalous species elongated and 3'ellow), usually with more or less iornicate throat. 11. OMPHALODES. Nutlets obliquely ascending (or in typical species depressed and nearly horizontal), with depressed or truncate-complanate back bordered by an acute mar- gin or an at length revolute (entire or dentate or spinulose) wing : scar short, from supra- basal to supra-median. II 1 . KRYNITZKIA. Nutlets erect and straight, with wing or border, if any, unarmed and plane, with introrse-basal or also ventral attachment from the base upward, the scar or groove of attachment wholly naked. Fructiferous calyx erect or little spreading. (Includes also no. 14, p. 179.) 12. PLAGIOBOTHRYS. Nutlets crustaceous or rarely coriaceous, ovate or trigonous, oblique or incurved, and often incumbent over the low gynobase, to the depressed areolae of which they are attached by a median and either perforated or solid (sessile or short stipi- tate) false caruncle. 1 3. ECHIDIOCARYA. Nutlets ovate-pyramidal, with ventral keel produced at base into a conspicuous indurated stipe ; the stipes united in pairs below and inserted by a common excavated base to the low gynobase. Otherwise as Plagiobothrys. b. Corolla yellow, with usually more elongated tube and naked open throat. 14. AMSINCKIA. As on p. 179. = ==== Not glochidiate nor appendaged, with loose pericarp soft and thin or fleshj- : corolla from campanulate to trumpet-shaped, with open throat. 15. MERTENSIA. As on p. 179. ++++++ (in place of = =, p. 179.) Nutlets erect, with direct and centrally basal attachment to the depressed gynobase. (16- 21.) Asperugo PROctJMEENS, L., a, European annual, well marked by its much enlarged mem- branaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds around New York and Philadelphia, and at the red pipestone quarry in Minnesota. C6rdia Greggii, Torr., p. 180, remarkable for its large flowers and small leaves, has been found by Pringle not far below the boundary in Sonora, near the Gulf of California. borraginacEjE. 421 2. BOTJRRERIA, P. Browne. B. Havanensis, var. radula, p- I8l. Add syn. : Cordia Floridana, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 83, t. 107, the corolla depicted in the figure and described in letterpress as " yellow." Probably a mistake. 3. EHRETIA, L. E. elliptica, DC, p. 181. Add syn. : E. exasperata and E. ciliata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii. 229, 230, founded on Lindheimer's specimens. 5. tournefOrtia, l. T. mollis, Gray, p. 183. Rediscovered on the arid plains of S. W. Texas, by Havard. T. Monclovana, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xviii. 120, of adjacent Coahuila, appears to be a form of this. 6. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. H. COnvolvulaceum, Gray, p. 183. H. Californicum, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 202, a form of the Mohave plant (coll. Cooper, Parish, Lemmon, which is hispid rather than stri- gose, and dwarf), remarkable for its glabrous nutlets (coll. Mrs. Layne-Curran). They are not so in Cooper's specimens ; those of Parish and Lemmon are not in fruit, nor are those of Palmer of S. W. Utah, which are more strigose in putrescence. 8. PECTOCARYA, DC. P. setosa and P. pusllla, p. 187, both occur northward as far as to Washington Territory; the former collected by Brandegee, the latter by Howell and by Suksdorf. 9. CYNOG-LOSSUM, Tourn. C. grande, Dougl., p. 188. — Forms of this pass freely into the smooth and glabrous form, Var. lseve. — V. lozve, 1. c. Not rare from Tamalpais northward. The two dubious species forming the third division, now known in fruit, are to be excluded: see p. 422, 423. 10. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm., rather than Swartz. § 1. La'pptjla, p. 188. The first division of this section (*) is here re- elaborated. Biennials, perhaps sometimes annuals. ++ Very small-flowered and loosely racemed: corolla and nutlets not over 2 lines long: leaves thin and green. E. Virginicum, Lehm., p. 189. Nutlets of the globose fruit equably short-glochidiate over the whole back : racemes spreading. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224. E. pinetorum, Greene. Nutlets of the hemispherical-subpyramidal fruit marginally gloehidiate with flattened prickles, and the depressed ovate dorsal disk only glochidiate- muriculate : racemes erect : leaves small (cauline an inch or two long), narrowly oblong, radical all acute at base. — Gray, 1. c. — Mountains of New Mexico, Greene, and of Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. E. deflexum, Lehm., var. Americanum, Gray, 1. c, p. 189. Nutlets of the globular- pyramidal fruit only marginally gloehidiate, the flattened dorsal disk unarmed and granu- late-scabrous, rarely a few small prickles on an obscure midnerve. — Extends southward to Iowa on the Mississippi, G. H. Butler. 422 SUPPLEMENT. « ++ ++ Larger- and less sparsely-flowered, erect: dorsal disk of the nutlets flat, ovate or deltoid, unarmed, granulate-scabrous, 2 lines or more in length; marginal prickles flat and subulate. E. ursinum, Geeene. Nutlets with ovate disk nearly plane ; the marginal prickles short, unequal, sometimes confluent into a wing-like border : stem and leaves hirsute or hispid : fruiting pedicels sparse, longer than the fruit. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224. — Moun- tains of New Mexico, Fendler (633), Greene, and of S. Arizona, Lemmon. Also S. Utah, Parry, without fruit. E. floribundum, Lehm. Nutlets with dorsal disk deltoid and with a strong midnerve or keel ; margin armed with long flat prickles : herbage soft-pubescent or the stem soft-hir- sute : pedicels mostly shorter than the fruit: corolla (blue, sometimes white) with limb only 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — Gray, 1. c. E. floribundum in part, p. 189. — Saskatchewan to Colorado and Northern New Mexico, Utah, and Washington Terr. -i— -i— Perennials, usually largev-flowered : pedicels mostly longer than the fruit, •w- Corolla rotate : nutlets with some glochidiate prickles or processes on the flatfish or convex ovate dorsal disk, but these shorter than the flattened subulate and sometimes confluent ones of the margin : leaves usually lanceolate. E. diffusum, Lehm. (not of p. 189). Soft-puhescent, or at most soft-hirsute (occasionally some papillosities on the leaves) : corolla bright blue, varying to white, one-third to two- thirds of an inch in'diameter : marginal prickles of the nutlets subulate and very flat, nearly as long as the width of the dorsal disk, this beset with a few small glochidiate processes : scar nearly central. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. E. floribundum, p. 189, in part. E. subdecumbens, Parry in Proc. Davenp. Acad. i. 48. Rocheha patens, Nntt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 44, in descr. of which the last two sentences obviously belong elsewhere. — Common from the mountains of Utah to those of California, also North Montana and British Columbia. E. hispidum, Guay. Hispid with spreading papillose-based hairs : leaves green ; lowest broadly lanceolate ; upper ones short and small : racemes lax : corolla " greenish white,'" 2 or 3 lines in diameter : marginal prickles of the obcompressed nutlets small and narrow, much shorter than the width of the oval or ovate and either sparsely or copiously glochidi- ate dorsal disk, their bases confluent into a thin margin or distinct wing (which is some- times reflexed or cup-like ) ; inner face smooth and lucid, with scar almost central. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 259. E. diffusum, var. hispidum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. — Eocky hillsides, E. Oregon, Cusick, S. W. Idaho, Wilcox, and probably Montana, Watson. E. ciliatum, Ghat. Cinereous with a much appressed pubescence, and hristly-hirsute, especially along the margins of the linear or narrowly lanceolate leaves : stems strict, a foot or more high : corolla rather large, blue or violet : fruit unknown. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, excl. what relates to Cynoglossum Howardi. Cynoglossum ciliatum, Dougl. in herb. Hook., Lehm. Pug. & in Hook. Fl. ii. 85. — Mountains of Idaho; "near the head-springs of the Columbia," and near the narrows above Kettle Falls on the Columbia and banks of the Spokan River, 1826," Douglas. Not since seen. ++ ++ Corolla short-sal verform, i. e. with tube (surpassing the calyx) about the length of the ample lobes: nutlets armed all over the back with long glochidiate prickles quite like those of the margins: leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, ■thiekish in age, with prominent midrib but no obvious veins or nerves. E. Calif ornicum, Gray, 1. c. E. diffusum, of p 189, not of Lehm. E. nervosum, Kellogg, . Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 146, f. 42, according to specimen ; but the leaves in the species are remarkably nerveless and veinless. E. Bed6wskii, var. occidentals, Watson, p. 190. Add syn. : E. Fremontii, Torr. Pacif. E. Eep. xii. 2 46. 11. OMPHAL6DES,Tourn., § Eeitei'chium. fO/^aXioSjjs, navel-shaped'; unhappily for the name, the navel is on the back of the nutlet.) — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 262. The plants of this subgenus are low or depressed perenni- als, of arctic and alpine or subalpine regions in the Northern hemisphere. BORRAGINACE.E. 423 O. nana, Gray, 1. c. Eritrichium nanum, Schrad., &c, p. 190, with its varieties. To syn. add : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5853, which well exhibits the oblique position of the forming nutlets. O. Howardi, Gray, 1. c. Depressed-caespitose, silky-canescent and silvery : leaves linear- spatulate in the dense tufts, linear on the few -flowered sparsely bracteate (barely span high) flowering stems, half-inch or more long : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla bright blue, 4 or 5 lines in diameter : nutlets very smooth, obliquely truncate on the back, wingless, but the margin of the ovate acutish and flat or slightly depressed dorsal disk with a sharp mar- gin, and its face either smooth or minutely papillose and puberulent. — Cynoglossum How- ardi, Gray, p. 188. — Bocky Mountains in Montana, Winsloiv J. Howard, about 1866. Montana, on Mount St. Helena, Canby, 1883, -with fruit ! Cascade Mountains, Washington Terr., Tweedy, 1882. O. aliesa and O. cardiophylla, Gray, are Northern Mexican representatives, with a difference, of the typical Omphalodes. II 1 . KRYNlTZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer, extended. (Prof. J. Krynitzki, of Cracow.) — Chiefly North American herbs, annuals and some perennials ; with small white flowers, an anomalous species yellow-flowered. — Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. vii. 52 (1841) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 264. Krynitzhia & Eritrichium, sect. 5-7, A. DC. Prodr. x. 128, 134. Eri- trichium § Krynitzhia, & § Eueritrichium Myosotidea, & Antiphytum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 55, & Syn.'Fl. ed. 1, 191-197, 199. § 1. Ambltnotus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 264. Nutlets cartilaginous or crustaceous (almost as in Lithospermum), ovate, with rounded back (mostly not carinate), attached next the base to the low and convex or depressed pyramidal gynobase. K. Parryi, Gray, 1. c, is doubtless North Mexican rather than a Texan species. K. heliotropioid.es, Gray, 1. . Californicum, 191, (423). canescens, (192), 431. Chamissonis, 191. Chorisianum, 191, (424). Chorisianum, 191. circumscissum, 193, (428). connatifolium, 191. Cooperi, 424. crassisepalum, 195, (424). floribwndum, 199. fulvocanescens, 197, (430). fulvum, 192, (431). fulvum, 192, 432. glomeratum, 196. qiomeratum, 197, 429, 430. heliotrqpioides, 194, 199. hispidum, 195, (428). holopterum, 196, (429). intermedium. 426. Jamesii, 196,' (429). Kiugii, 192, (430). leiocurpum, 194, (425). leiocarpum, 425, 426. leucophseum, 197, (430). micranthum, 193, (428). micromeres, 427. molle, 424. multicaule, 196. muricatum, 424. rnuriculatum, 194, (426, 427). ■rnuriculatum, 194. namim, 196, (423). nothojulvum, 432. oxycaryum, 193, (425). oxygonum, 427. plebeiura, 191. plebeium, 191. pterocaryum, 195, (429). pusillum, 194, (428). racemosum, 429. Scouleri, 191, (424). setosissimum, 196, (429). tenellum, 192, (431). Texanum, 195, (424). Torreyi, 192, (431). uliginosum, 424. villosum, 191. virgaium, 197. Erythraa, 110. Beyrichii, 113. calycosa, 113. Centaurium, 112. chironioides, 112, 113. Douglasii, 113. floribunda, 112. Muhlenbergii, 112. Muhlenbergii, 1 12. nudicaulis, 405. Nuttallii, 113. Nultallii, 113. Piekeringii, 112. pulchella, 112. ramosissima, 112. speciosa, 112. spicata, 112. Texensis, 112. tricantha, 113. tricantha, 113. venusta, 113, 405. Erythranthe cardinalis, 446. Erytkrorhiza rotundifolirr, 53. Euboirys, 34. racemosa, 35. Euchroma, 295. angustifolia, 296. Bradburii, 296. coccinea, 295. grandiftora, 298. pallescens, 299. purpurea, 298. Eucrypta, 157. chiysanthemifolia, 413. fohosa, 158. paniculata, 158, 413. Euglypta, 169. Eunanus, 273, 444. tmgustatus, 443. bicolor, 275, 445. Bigelovii, 274. Bolanderi, 446. brevipes, 446. Breweri, 451. Coulteri, 274. Douglasii, 274, 443, 444. Fremonti, 274, 275. Kelloggii, 444. Laynece, 446. mephiticus, 444. Mohavensls, 446. Parryi, 446. pictus, 446. Hattani, 444. Tolmiei, 274. Torreyi, 446. tricolor, 443. Euphrasia, 249, 305. Intbjhha, 305. Odontites, 305. officinalis, 305. Eothhasiejs, 249. Euploca, 183. cunvolvulacea, 183. yrandiflora, 183. Euslachya alba, 287. purpurea, 287. Eustoma, 111, 116. exaltatum, 116. gracile, 116. Russellianum, 116. silenifolium, 116, 405. Eutoca,_16i, 416. albiflora, 163. aretioides, 172. brachylota, 167. divancata, 168. Douglasii, 167. Franhlinii, 166. glandulosa, 160. grandijlora, 164. heterophylla, 166. loascefolia,' 165. teect, 171. Menziesii, 166. multijlora, 166. parvtfiora, 163. patuliftora, 163. phacelioides, 167. pusilla, 166. sericea, 166. specioia, 164. strictiflora, 163. viscida, 163. PTram^e&irafl, 168. Evolvulus, 208, 218. alsinoides, 218. argenteus, 219. Arizonicus, 218. diffusus, 218. discolor, 219, 436. flabriusculus, 218. olosericeus, 218, 219. la;tus, 436. linifolius, 218. mucronatus, 218. Muhlenbergii, 218. nummularius, 218. Nuttalli'inus, 219. ovalifolius, 217. pilosus, 219. sericeus, 218, 436. Bherardi, 217, 436. Exacum inflatum, 112. pulchellum, 112. quadranqulare, 112. Eyebright, 305. Featherfoil, 57. Fenzlia concinna, 138. dianthiflora, 138. speciosa, 138. Fetterbush, 32. Figwort, 258. Fisckeria buxifolia, 43. Floating Heart, 128. Flowering Moss 52. Forestiera. 73, 76. acuminata, 76. angustifolia, 77. Jacquiniana, 77. ligustrina, 76. ligustrina, 76, 77. Neo-Mexicana, 76. phillyreioides, 77. porulosa, 77. reticulata, 77. sphaarocarpa, 77. Forget-me-not, 202. Forsteronia dijf'ormis, 85. Forsythia suspensa, 72. viridissima, 72. Fraxinaster, 73. FKAXINE.E, 72. . Fraxinus, 72, 73. *v»*- i/V (|V*U(, acuminata, 75. orta, 75. albicans, 75. Americana, 74. Americana, 75. anomala, 74. Berlandieriana, 75. Canadensis, 75. Carolinenxis, 75. Caroliniana, 75. concolor, 75. coriacea, 74, 75. Curtissii, 75. cuspidata. 74. dipetala, 73. discolor, 75. epipfera, 75. excelsior, 75. expansa, 75. Greggii, 74. juglandifoRa, 75. laiifolia, 76. INDEX. 479 nigra, 75, 76. nigrescens, 75. Novat-Anglics, 75. Nuttallii, 75. oblongocarpa, 75. Oregana, 76. Ornus, 73. pallida, 75. paucijlora, 75. Pennsulcanica, 75. pistacisefolia, 74. pistaciarfolia, 75. platycarpa, 75. pubesceus, 75. pubescens, 76. quadrangulata, 75. sambucifolia, 76. Sckiedeana, 74. tomevtosa, 75. tHalata, 75. triptera, 75. vetutina-, 74. viridis, 75. *v<- cl. u-i^Lt-, Frasera, 111, 125. fl albicaulis, 126. albomarginata, 126. Carolinensis, 125. Carolinensis, 125. nitida, 126. paniculata, 126. Parryi, 126. speciosa, 127. thvrsiflora, 125- Walteri, 127. Fringe-tree, 77. GALACrNE^E, 52. Galapagoa, 182. Galax, 52, 53. aphylla, 53. Galeopsis, 347, 385. Ladanum, 385. Tetrahit, 385. Gambelia, 254. speciosa, 254. Gardoquia betonicoides, 377. JTookeri, 360. Gatesia, 323, 330. la?te-virens, 330. Gaultheria, 15, 29. hispidula, 26. Myrsinites, 30, 397. v--**" ovatifolia, 397. procumbens, 30. Shallon, 30. Gautiera procumbens, 30. Gaylussacia, 15, 19. brachycera, 19. diunosa, 19. frondosa, 19, 396. hirtella, 19. resinosa, 20. ursina, 20. Gelsemie/E, 106. Gelsemium, 106, 107. nitidum, 107. sempervirens, 107. Gentian, 116. Gentiana, 111, 116, 405. acuta, 118. affinis, 122. alba, 123. Aleutica, 119. algida, 120. Amarella, 118. amarelloides, 119. Andrewsii, 123. angustifolia, 124. aquatica, 120. arctophila, 119. aurea, 119. auriculata, 118. barbata, 117. barbellata, 117. Bigelovii, 406. borealis, 118. brachypetala, 117. calycma, 114. calycosa, 121. calycosa, 121. Catesbwi, 122, 123. ciliata, 117. crinita, 117. detonsa, 117. dichotoma, 118. Donglasiana, 120. Elliottii, 122. exaltata, 116. Jimbriata, 117. jlavida, 123. Forwoodii, 406. Fremontii, 120. frigida, 120. fngida, 124. glacialis, 118. glauca, 120. graciltima, 405. heterosepala, 118. humilis, 120. incarnata, 124. intermedia, 124. Kasnigii, 118. linearis, 123. Menziesii, 121. microcalyx, 405. Newberryi, 120. nivalis, 406. nutans, 120. ocbroleuca, 123. ochroleuca, 123. Oregana, 122. Parryi, 121. platypetala, 121. plebeia, 118. Pneunomanthe, 123. porphyris, 124. pratensis, 118. propinqua, 119. prostrata, 120. pseudo-pneumonanthe, 123. puberula, 122. purpurea, 124. quinqueflora, 119. quinquefolia, 119. Romanzovii, 120. rotahi, 124. Rurihinnu, 119. Kusbyi, 406. Saponaria, 122. Saponaria, 123, 124. sceptrum, 122. serpentaria, 124. serrata, 117. setigera, 121. setifiova, 119. simplex, 117. Stetleriana, 124. sulcata, 124. tenella, 117. tenuis, 118. Unalaschhensis, 119. ventvicosa, 11U. villosa, 124. Vir'/iriiaita, 124. Wi^lizeni, 119. AVrightii, 118. GENTIANACE^E, 110, 405. Gextiane^e, 110. Gentianella ciinita, 117. Gerardk, 248, 290, 482. Afzelia, 289. aphylla, 295. aphylla, 293, 295. aspera, 292. auriculata, 292. cuneifolia, 280. densiflora, 292. divaricata, 294. fasciculata, 293. filicaulis, 295. filifolia, 293. filifolia, 293, 294. flava, 291. fruticosa, 259. glauca, 291. grandiflora, 291. heterophvlla, 292. integnfolia, 291. intermedia, 293. laevigata, 291. linifolia, 292. linifolia, 293. lonyifolia, 293. macrophylia, 290. maritima, 293. Mettauevi, 294, 295. rawtfa, 295. parvifolia, 294. patula, 291. pectinata, 291. pedicularia, 291. Plukenctii, 293. purpurea, 293. purpurea, 293, 294. quercifolia, 291. serrata, 291. setacea, 294. setacea, 294. Skinneriana, 294. spiciftora, 293. Btrictiflora, 294. tenuifolia, 294, 452. Wrightii, 292. Gerardie.e, 248. Germander, 349. Gilia, 129. achilleaifolia, 147. achillemfolia, 147. aggregata, 145, 410. androsacea, 139. arenaria, 148. aristella, 408. atvactvloides, 142, 409. aurea,* 138, 407. bella,_407. Beyrickiana, 145. Bigelovii, 138. Bolanderi, 138. Brandegei, 149, 412. brevicula, 139. Breweri, 142. eajspitosa, 149. Californica, 140. campanulata, 148. capillaris, (136), 408. 480 INDEX. capitata, 147. ciliata, 139. coccinea, 408. congesta, 144. covonopifolia, 145, 410. cotulsofolia, 141, 408. crebrifolia, 144. debilis, 147, 411. dernissa, 137. densiflora, 139. densifolia, 143. depressa, 410. dianthoides, 138. dichotoma, 138. dichotoma, 138. divarieata, 142, 409. divarieata, 135. Dunnii, 411. elongaia, 143. filicaulis, 142. 409. filifolia, 143. filiformis, i48. JWpes, 138. floccosa, 143. floribunda, 140. Flondana, 145. glomeriflora, (136), 408. glutinosa, 408. grandiflora, 408. grandijlora, 139. gracilis, 408. gracilis, 135. Gunnisoni, 144, 410. guttata, 411. Harknessii, 407. Havardi, 411.. Haydeni, 145. keterodoxa, 409. heterophylla, 408. Eookeri, 141. iberidifolia, 144. incisa, 149. ineonspicua, 148, 412. intertexta, 141. Jonesii, 407. Kennedyi, 137. Larseni, 146, (411). latiflora, 147, 411. latifolia, 148. Lemmoni, 407. leptomeria, 148. Leptosiphon, 139. leptotes, 408. leueocephala, 142, 408. Linanthus, 138. Lindkeimeriana, 149. linearis, 408. liniflora, 137. longiflora, (136), 410. longituba, 139. lutea, 139. lutescens, 143. Macombii, 410. Matthewsii, 409. Tnicrantha, 139. micromeria, 148. millefvliata, 147. minima, 142 minutiflora, 146. multicaulis, 147. multicaulis, 411. multiflora, (136, 410), 410. Nevinii, 411. nudicanlis, 140. Nuttallii, 140. Orcuttii, 407. Parryse, 137. pavvifiora, 148. pharnaceoides, 137. pinnatifida, 146. polycladon, 144. prostrata, 409. pulchella, 145. pumila, 144. pungens, 140. pungens, 141. pusilla, 137. Kattani, 407. rigidula, 149. Schottii, (142), 409. Sessei, 135, 408. setosissima, 142, 409. sinuata, 148. spicata, 144. squarrosa, 141. stenothyrsa, 146. stricta, 147. subnuda, 145. tenella, 139. tenerrima, 146. tenuiflora, 147, 412. tenuifolia, 411. Tlmrberi, 410. tinctoria, 408. tricolor, 147. trifida, 144. Tirgata, 143. viscidula, 142, 409. TVatsoni, 140. Wrightii, 144, 410. Giliandra, 146, 410. Githopsis^ 9, 10. calvcina, 10. pulchella, 10. specularioides, 10. Glanaularia, 337. bipinnatijida, 337. Carolinensis, 337. Glaux, 56, 63. maritima, 63. Glechoma hederacea, 378. Glyciphylla hispidula, 26. Gomphocarpus, 86. 100. cordif cuius, 100. hypoleucus, 403. purpurasccns, 100. tomentosus, 100, 403. GoKOI.OBEiE, 87. Gonolobium hirsutum, 104. Gonolobns, 87, 103, 404. Baldwinianus, 104, 404. biflorus, 105. Carolinensis, 104, 404. Carolinensis, 104. cynanchoides, 105. flavidulus, 404. granulatus, 103. hastulatus, 105. hirsutus, 104, 404. hirsutus, 104. lffivis, 103. macroplniUits, 103, 104, 404. Nuttallii, 103. obliquus, 104, 404. parviflorus, 106. parvifolius, 105. pogonanthus, 462. productus, 106. prostratus, 105. pubiflorus, 105. reticulatus, 103. sagittifolius, 104. Shortii, 404. suberosus, 103. tdicef'clius, 103. unifaUus, 101. vir'idif/orus, 88, 103. GOODEttlACM, 1. Grammica, 219, Gratiola, 247. acuminata, 280, 282. anagallidea, 283. attenuata, 283. aurea, 282. Carolinensis, 282. dilalata, 283. Druramondii, 282. ebracteata, 281. Floridana, 281. gracilis, 281. incequalis, 280. megalocarpa, 283. micrantha, 283, 284. Missouriana, 282. Monniera, 281. neglecta, 282. officinalis, 282. officinalis, 282. Peruviana, 283. pilosa, 283. pusilla, 281. quadridentata, 282. ramosa, 282. repens, 280. sphaerocarpa, 282. subulata, 283. Utragona, 283. Virginiana, 281. Virginica, 282. viscosa, 282. Grntiolaria, 281. Gkatiole.e, 246. Greek Valerian, 149. Green Ash, 75. Gregoria, 399. Groniwell, 203. Ground Cherry, 233. Ground Laurel, 29. Gruvelia pusilla, 187. Gualtheria, 29. Gymnandra, 332, (458). borealis, 332. dentata, 332. Gmelini, 332, (458). gracilis, 332. minor, 332. ovnta, 332. reniformis, 332. rubra, 286. Stelleri, 332, (458). Gymnobytkus, 163. Gymnocaulis, 312. Gypsywort, 352. Halenia, 111,, 127. Brentoniana, 127. deflexa, 127. heterantha, 127. Eothrockii, 127. Halesia, 70, 71. diptera, 71. parvifldra, 71. parviflora, 72. reticulata, 71. tetraptera, 71. INDEX. 481 Haplophyton, 80, 82. cimicidum, 82. Harebell, 1] . Harpagonella, 178, 186. Palmeri, 186. Heal-all, 382. Heath, 36. Heather, 36. Hedeoma, 344, 361. acinoides, 362. Arhansana, 360. bracteolata, 359. ciliata, 363. ciliata, 363. costata, 363. dentata. 363. Drummondii, 362. glabra, 360. fraveolens, 363. irta, 362. hispida, 362. hyssopifolia, 363. incana, 361. mollis, 361. piperita, 362. plicata, 363. pulegioides, 362. piupurea, 359. Reverchoni, 460. serpylloides, 365. thymoides, 362. JTechomoides, 364. Hedge Hyssop, 281. Heliophytum, 186. glabriuscidum, 186. gnaphaloides, 183. Indicum, 183. molle, 183. parviflorum, 186. sidcefolium, 186. Heliotrope, 183. Heliotkopie.e, 177. Heliotropium, 178, 183. anehussefolium, 186. angustifolium, 184. bursiferum, 185. Califnrnicum. 421. canescens, 185. cinereuiti. 185. confertiflorum, 184. convolvulaceum, 183, 421. Curassavicum, 185. Europajum, 185. giabriusculum, 186. glomeratum, 185. Greggii, 184. hispidum, 185. inimdatum, 185. Leavenworthii, 185. limbatum, 184. myosotoides, 185. pafviflorum, 183. Peruvianum, 186. phyllostachyum, 185. polyphyllum, 185. procumbens, 185. tenellnm, 184. Hemianthus, 284. micranthemoides, 284. Hemipogon, 3. ffemistenia, 304. Hemp-Nettle, 385. Henbane, 240. Henryn, 330. Herpestis, 246, 280. amplexicaulis, 280. Bniwnti, 281. caUhriehuhhs, 283. chamsedrioides, 280. cuneifolia, 281. micrantha, 280, 284. Monniera, 281. nigrescens, 280. peduncularis, 280. pilosa, 279. repens, 280. rotundifolia, 280, 451. Hesperelrea, 73, 77. Palmeri, 77. Hesperochiron, 153, 172. Californicus, 173. lutijolius, 172. puroilus, 173. Heterocodon, 10, 14, 396. minimum, 396. rariflorum, 14. ffeterosphace, 367. Himantostemma, 401, 404. Pringlei, 404. Hippocjlossum maritimum, 200. Eoitzia capitata, 412. Cervantesii, 412.' conglomeratu, 412. glandulosa, 412. spicata, 412. squarrosa, 141. Holocalyx, 424. Holopogon, 3. Uomalocaryum, 188. Homochilus, 3. Hopea tinctoria, 71. Horehound, 384. Horse-Balm, 351. Horse-Mint, 375. Horse-Sugar, 71. Hottonia, 55. innata, 57. palustris, 57. Hottoxie.e, 55. Houndstongue, 187. Howellia, 393, 394. aquatilis, 394. Huckleberry, 19, 20. Hugelia, 143. densifolia, 143. lutea, 143. virgata, 143. Hydranthelium Egense* 281. Hvdrolea, 154. affinis, 176. Caroliniana, 176. corymbosa, 176. leplocaulis, 176. Ladovicinna, 176. ovata, 176. ovatifolia, 176. pamculata, 176. quadrivalvis, 176. Hydroi,ee;e, 153. HYDROPHYLLACE.E, 152, 413. Hydrophyllk 425. Sconleri, 424. sericea, 430. setosissima, 429. sparsiflora, 425. Texana, 424. Torreyana, 425. trachycarpa, 423. Dtaheusis, 427. virgata, 429. Watsoni, 426. Kienospermum, 187. LABIATE, 341, 459. Labrador Tea, 43. Lachnostoma, 401, 404. Arizonicnm, 404. Balbisii, 462. hastulalum, 105. parvifiorum, 106. Lachnostoma, 104. Lagotis, 458. glauca, (332), 458. Lambkill. 38. Lamium, 347, 385. album, 385. amplexicaule, 385. hispidulum, 462. purpureum, 385. Lantana, 333. 339. Catnara, 340. canescens, 339. horrida, 340. involucrata, 339. macropoda, 339. odorata, 339. parvifolia, 339. Lapithea gentianoides, 115. Lappula, 188. Laurel, 37, 38, 42. Laurentia, 2, 8. carnosula, 8. Leadwort, 55. Leather-leaf, 35. Ledum, 16, 43. buxifolium, 43. Canadense, 43. glandulosum, 43. Gramlandicum, 43. latifolium, 43. palustre, 43. thymifolium, 43. Leiophyllum, 17, 43. buxifolium, 43. prostralum, 43. serpyllifolium, 43. thymifolium, 43. Lemmonia, 153, 173. Californica, 173. Lemon Verbena, 338. Lennoa, 51. LENNOACEjE, 50. Lentibularia, 314. LENTIBULARIACEiE, 314, 455.~ Leonotis, 347, 384. nepetEefolia, 384. Leonurns, 347, 385. Cardiaca, 385. Marrubiasti urn, 385. Sibiricus, 385. Lepidanche adpressa, 222. compositarum, 223. Leptamnium Virginianum, 314. Leptandra, 286. angustifolia, 286. purpurea, 287. Virginica, 287. Leptodactylon, 140. cmspitosum, 141. Calif ornicum, 140. Leptoglossis, 226, 244. Coulteri, 224. Texana, 244. Leptophragma pvostrata, 243. Leptosiphon, 139, 407. androsaceus, 139. bicolor, 139. densiflorus, 139. grandijlorus, 139. luteus. 139. parviflorus, 139. Leptostachya, 334. Lencanthea Rmmemana, 244. Leucophylle^e, 245. Leucophyllum, 245, 250. minus, 250. Texanum, 250. Leucospora multifida, 279. Leucothoe, 16, 33, 397. acuminata, 34. axillaris, 34. Catesbaji, 34, 397., , coriacea, 32. L ( 0-6^ >- floribunda, 31. Mariana, 32. racemosa, 35. recurva, 35. rhomboidalis, 33. spicata, 35. spinulosa, 34. INDEX. 483 Ligustrum vulgare, 72. Limnanthemun, 111, 128. lacunosum, 128. trachyspermura, 128. Limosella, 247, 284. aquation, 284. australls, 284. subulata, 284. tenuifolia, 284. Linanthus, 138, 407. dichotomus, 138. Linaria, 245, 250. Canadensis, 250. Cymbalaria, 251. Elatine, 251. Floridana, 250. genistifolia, 251. spuria, 251. Texana, 250. vulgaris, 251. Linderina attenuate!, 283. dianthera, 280. dilatdta, 283. grandiflora, 283. Montevidensis, 243. monticola, 283. pyxidaria, 283. refracta, 283. saxicola, 283. Ling, 36. Lippia, 333, 338. Berlandieri, 338. citriodora, 338. cuneifolia, 338. geminata, 338. graveolens, 338. lycioides, 338. nodiflora, 339. pallescens, 339. reptans, 339. scorodonioides, 338. Wrightii, 338. Lislantkus exaltatus, 116. glaucifolius, 116. RusseXlianus, 116. Lithospermum, 179, 203. angustifolium, 205. angustifolium, 182. arvense, 203. Bejariense, 205. breviflorum, 205. Calif ornicum, 204. canescens, 204. canescens, 204. Carolinianum, 206. circumscissum, 193. Cobrense, 433. corymbosum, 201. decumbens, 205. Drummnndii, 201. glabrum, 433. hirtum, 205. incisum, 205. Kamtschaticum, 201. latifolium, 203. linearifulium. 205. longijlorum, 205. lutescens, 203. lycqpsoides, 198. Mandanense, 205. marginatum, 200, 201. mamtimum, 200. Matamorense, 203. multiflorum, 204, 433. officinale, 203. pilosum, 204. pilosum, 204. plebeiam, 191. prostratum, 203. ramosum, 428. sericeum, 204. ruderale, 204. Unellum, 184. Torreyl, 204. tuberosum, 203, 433. Virginianum, 206. viride, 433. Littorella, 392. lacustris, 392. Lobelia, 1. Lobelia, 2, 3, 394. amoena, 4. appendiculata, 5. Bttrlandieri, 7. Boykini, 6. brevifolia, 3. Canbyi, 6. cardinalis, 3. carnosula, 8. Criranillesii, 3. Claytoniana, 6. Cliffortiana, 7, 394. colorata, 4. crassiuscula, 4, 5. Dortmanna, 5. Feayana, 7. feuestralis, 6. Floridana, 394. Gattingeri, 394. glandulosa, 5. glandulosa, 4. goodenioidea, 6. gracilis, 7. gruina,_6. hortensis, 4. Kalmii, 7. inflata, 7~. laxiflora, 3. leptostachys, 6. Ludoviciana, 5. Michauxii, 7. nivea, 6. Nuttallii, 7. pallida, 6. paludosa, 5, 394. pectinata, 6. persica [folia, 3. puberula, 4. puberula, 4. spicata, 6. splendens. 3. syphilitica. 4. Texensis, 3. Xalapensis, 7. LOBELIACE^E, 1, 393. LOBEUEJ5, 2. Lochnera, 82. vincoides, 82. Lceselia, 123, 136, 412. effusa, 136, (411). glandulosa, 412. guttata, 411. Matthemsii, 409. nepetce folia , 412. Sckott'ii, 409. tenuifolia, 136, (411). LOGANIACE^E, 10G, 405. LoGANlE/E, 106. Loiseleuria, 17, 44. procumbens, 44. Lomatogonium,] 124. Lonicera il anlandica, 108. Lophanthus, 345, 376. anisatus, 376. nepetoides, 376. scrophulariaifolius, 376. urticifolius, 376. Lophospermum, 254. Lopseed, 334. Lousewort, 305. Lyciastrum, 458. Lycium, 225, 237, 437. Andersonii, 239. Barbarian, 237. barbinoduin, 239. Bevlandierij 239. Berlandien, 239. brachyanthum, 459. brevipes, 239. Carolinianum, 238, 437. Cooperi, 238. exsertum, 437. Fremonti, 239, 437. gracilipes, 239, (437). macrodon, 238, (437). pallidum, 238. Palmeri, 238. Parishii, 437. parviflorum, 239, 437. Pringlei, 437. puberulum, 238. quadrifidum, 437. Kichii, 239, 437. Torreyi, 239. salsum, 238. senticosum, 239. stolidum, 239. vulgare, 237. Lycopersicum, 224, 226. ceras(/b)'me, 226. esculentum, 226. Lj'copsis, 179, 207. arvensis, 207. Virginica, 202. Lycopus, 343, 352. angustifolius, 353. Arkansanus, 353. Europseus, 353. Eurcpieus, 353. exaltatus, 353. Iucidus, 353. macrophyllus, 353. obtusifolius, 353. pumi'lus, 353. rubellus, 353. sessilifolius, 353. sinuatus, 353. unijtorus, 353. Virginicus, 353. vulgaris, 353. Lyonia, 32. arborea, 33 calyculata, 35. capreafolia, 33. ferruqinea, 33. frondosa, 33. ligustrina, 33. marginata, 32. Mariana, 32. maritima, 102. multiflora, 33. paniculata, 33. racemosa, 35. rigida, 33. salicifolia, 33. 484 INDEX. Lysimachia, 56, 62. angustifolia, 62, 63. asperulsefolia, 63. bulbifera, 63. cnpitata, 63. dtiata, 61, 62. decipiens, 62. Fraseri, 62. Hevbemonti, 63. heterophylla, 62. hivsuta, 63. hybrida, 62. lanceolata, 62. longifolia, 62. Lnomisii, 63. nummularia, 63. punctata, 63. quadrifiora, 62. quadrifolia, 62. quadrifolia, 61. racemosa, 63. vadicans, 61. revoluta, 62. stricta, 63. thyreiflora, 63. vulgaris, 400. vulgaris, 63. Macbridea. 346, 383. alba, 384. pulchra, 383. Macranthera, 248, 290. fuchsioides, 290. Lecontei, 290. Macromeria, 205. viridiflora, 206. Macromerioides, 205. Macvosiphonia, 80, 83. Berlandieri, 83. . brachvsiphon, 83. Wrightii, 83. Madrmia, 27. Mandevillea, 84. Manzanita, 27. Margaranthus, 225, 237, 437. Lemmoni, 437. solanaceus, 237. tenuis, 237. Maria, 32. Marjoram, 358. Marrubium, 346, 384. vulgare, 384. Marsh Rosemary. 54. Martynia, 320, 321. althearfolia, 321. annua, 321. arenaria, 321. fragrans, 321. Lovisiana, 321. proboscidea, 321. violacea, 323 . Mataha Icevis, 96. Matourea nigrescent, 280. Matrimony Vine, 237. Maurandella, 253. Maurandia. 245, 254. antirrhinifiora, 254. juncea, 254. personata, 254. Wislizeni, 254. Mayflower, 29. Me'iophanes, 327. Melampyrum, 249, 310. Americannm, 310. brachiatum, 310. latifolium, 310. Uneare, 310. pratense, 310. syh-aticum, 310. Melinia, 87, 101. angustifolia, 101. Melissa, 343. Caroliniana, 360. coccinea, 360. Nepeta, 359. officinalis, 360. pulegioides, 362. Melittis Caroliniana, 384. Afe?/«, 280. Menodora, 73, 78. heterophylla, 78. longiflora, 79. , pubens, 79. scabra, 78. scoparia, 78. spinescens, 78. Menodoropsis, 79. Mentha, 342, 351. alopecuroides, 352. aquatiea, 352. arvensis, 352. borealis, 352. Canadensis, 352. citrata, 352. crispa, 352. gentilis, 352. piperita, 352. rotundif'olia, 352. sativa, 352. sylvestris, 351. sylvestris, 352. viridis, 352. Menyanthes, 111, 128. Crista-galli, 128. trachysperma, 128. trifoliata, 128. Menziesia, 16. 39. Aleutica, 37. cairulea, 37. empetriformis, 35, 37. ferruginea, 39. glabella, 39. glandulijlora, 37. globularis, 39. Grahami, 37. pilosa, 39. Smithii, 39. Mercadonia ovata, 280. Mertensia, 179, 199, 420. alpina, 201. alpina, 201. brevistyla, 201. corymbosa, 201. denticulata, 201. Drummondii, 201 . Kamtschatica, 201. lanceolata, 201. maritima. 200. oblongifolia, 200. paniculata, 201. pilosa, 201 . pubescens, 201. pidmonarioides, 200. Sibirica, 200. Sibirica, 201. siomalechoides, 201. Virginica, 200. Messersmidia, or Messersclimidia volubilis, 183. Metagonia, 25. myrtifolia, 25. ovata, 25. Metastelma, 86, 101, 403. albiflorum, 101. angustifolium, 102. Arizonicum, 403. ' Bahamense, 101. barbigerurn, 101. Blodjrettii, 101. Culifernicum, 101. Cubense, 101. Jiliforme, 102. Fraseri, 101. Palmeri, 403. parvifiorum, 101. Sclilechtendalii, 101. Micranthemum, 247, 284. emarginatum, 284. Nuttallii, 284. orbiculatum, 284. Microcala, 110, 112. quadrangularis, 112. Microcarprea Americana, 280. Ificrogenetes, 169, 417. Cummyii, 169. Microgilia , 146. Micromeria, 343, 359. Arhansana, 360. barbata, 359. bracteolata, 359. Brownei, 359. Douglasii, 359. glabella, 360. purpurea, 359. Xalapensis, 359. Milkweed, 89, 91. Miltitzia, 170- taea, 171. Mimulastrum, 446. Mimuloides, 279, 451. Mimulus, 247. 273, 442. acutidens, 450. alatus, 276, 446. alsinoides, 277, 449. androsaceus, 451. angustatus, 443 atropurpurens, 443. atropurpureus, 443. aurantiacus, 275. bieolor, 278. 450. Bigelovii, 274, 444. Bolanderi, 275, 446. brevipes, 275, 446. brevipes, 275. cardinalis, 276, 446. cupreus, 277, 448. dentatus, (277), 447. dentatvs. 447, 449. Douglas'ii, 274, 443. Douglasii, 443, 444. Eisenii, 449. exiguus, 451. exilis, (279), 451. floribundus, 277, 450. Fremonti, 275, 445. Geyeri, 447. gla'bratus, (276), 277, 447. glaucescens, 448. glutinosus, 275, 442. quttatus, 277, 448. 'JMm, 448. inconspicuus, 278, 449. inodorus, 447. Jamesii, (276), 447. Kelloggii, 443. INDEX. 485 laciniatus, 277, 449. latifolius, 274, 444. leptaleus, 274, 445. Lewisii, 276. linearis, 275. luteus, 277, 448. luteus, 449. lyratus, 277. Madrensis, 447. mephiticus, 444. microphyllus, 277, 448, 449. Mohavensis, 446. moniliformis, 447. monilifoi'mis, 447. montioides, 450. montioides, 238, 451. moschatus, 278, 446. nanus, 274, 444. nanus, 274, 443, 445. uas ut us, 449. nudatus, 449. Palmeri, 278, 451. Parishii, 450. Pari yi, 275, 445. peduncularis, (278;, 450. pictus, 446. pilosus, 279, (451). Pratteni, 278. primuloides, 279, 446. propinquns, 447. Pulsiferae, 277, 450. puniceus, (275), 442. Rattani, 444. ringens, 276, 446. riiyularis, 277. Rtezli, 448. roseus, 276. rubellus, 278, 451. rubellus, 450. Scouleri, (277), 448. Smitkii, 277. subsecundus, 445. Suksdorfii. 450. tenellus, 449. Tilinyii, 277, 448. Torreyi, 275, 446, tricolor, 274, 443. rariegatus, 277. ~Whitneyi, 445. Mimusops, 67, 68. dissecta, 69. Sieberi, 69. Mint, 351. Mitreola, 107, 108. ophiorhizoides, 108. petiolata, 108. sessilifolia, 108. Mohavea, 245, 254, 439. viscida, 254, 439. Monarda, 345, 373. affinis, 374. allophylla, 374. altissima, 374. amplexicaulis, 374. anstata, 375. Bradburiana, 374. ciliata, 376. citriodora, 375, 461. clinopodia, 374. coccinea, 374. didyma, 374. fistulosa, 374. fistulosa, 374. gracilis, 356, 375. hirsuta, 376. involucrata, 374. Kalmiana, 374. Lindheimeri, 374. longifolia, 374. lutea 375. menthwfolia, 374. mollis, 374. oblongata, 374. Oswegoensis, 374. pectiuata, 375, 461. penicilluta, 375. punctata, 375. purpurea, 374. rugosa, 374. Russelliana, 375. scabra, 374. undulata, 374. varians, 374. villosa, 374. MONARDE.E, 344. Monardella, 343, 356, 459. Breweri, 357. caudicans, 358. Caroliniana, 374. Douglasii, 357. hypoleuca, 356, 459. la'nceolata, 357, 459. leucocepbala, 358. liuoides, 357. macrantha, 356, 459. montana, 356. nana, (356), 459. odoratissima. 357. Palmeri, 357. PriDglei, 459. Sheltoni, 357. tenuijlora, 459. thymifolia, 459. undulata, 358. villosa, 357. Monechma Pilosella, 328. Moneses, 17, 46. grandi/lora, 46. reticulata, 46. unifiora, 46. Money-wort, 63. Monkey-flower, 273. Monniera amplexlcaulis, 280. cuneifolia, 281. rotundifolia, 281. Monogynella, 223. Monotropa, 18, 49. fimbriata, 50. Hypopitys, 50. lanuginosa, 50. Movisoni, 49. Morisoniana, 49. uniflora, 49. MONOTEOPEJ5, 18. Monotropsis odorata, 49. Murella, 227. Morning Glory, 208, 209, 210. Motherwort, 3"85. Mountain Cranberry, 25. Mountain Mint, 354. Mudwort, 284. Mullein, 250. Mylanche, 314. Myositidea, 191, 423. Myosotis, 179, 202. alba, 431. albida, 428. alpestris, 202. aretioides, 191. arvensis, 202. 5 202. California!, 191. Chorisiana, 191. defiexa, 189. fiaccida, 193, 194, 425. /ufeo, 192, 431, 432. glomerata, 196. iM/fraa, 202. intermedia, 202. laxa, 202. leucophasa, 197. lingulata, 202. macrosperma, 203. muricata, 194. nana, 191. palustris, 202. palustris, 2U2. JtedowsMi, 189. rupicola, 202. scorpioides, 202. Scouleri, 191. siricta, 202. suffruticosa, 196. sylvatica, 202. (erceMa, 192. verna, 202. versicolor, 202. versicolor, 203. villosa, 191. Virginiana, 189. Virginica, 189. Myrica segregata, 77. Myrsine, 65. fioribunda, 65. Floridana, 65. Rapanea, 65. MYRSINEACE/E, 64. MYRSINE.J5, 65. Afyxo, 180. Naraa, 153, 173, 418. BerUindieri, 174. bi/lorum, 174. Coulteri, 174. demissuni, 174. demissum, 172. depressum, 418. dichotomum, 175. 419. dicliotomum, 174. Havardi, 419. hispidum, 174. Jamaicense, 174. Jamaicense, 174. Lobbii, 175, 419. origanifolium, 419. Parryi, 175, 419. pusillum, 418. racemosum, 159. Rothrockii, 175, 419. stenocarpum, 174, 418. srenophylhim, 419. systyla, "158. undulatum, 174. undulatum, 174. NA3IE.-E, 153. Naseberry, 69. Naumbcrgia, 63. Navarrctia, 141, 408. atvaclyloichs, 142. heterophylla, 135. intertexta, 141 . leucocephala, 142. minima, 142. pubescens, 141. pungens, 141. 486 INDEX. Schottii, 142, 409. setosissima, 142. squarrosa, 141. Neckweed, 288. Nelsonie.e, 322. Nemacladus, 2, 393. aqnllaris, 393. longiflorus, 3, 394. pinnatifidus, 393. ramosissimus, 3, 393. rigidus, 394. ienuissimus, 393. Nemophila, 152, 155, 413. atomaria, 156. aurita, 156. breviflora, 157. discoidalis, 156. evanescens, 157. heterophylla, 156. hirsuta, 156. insignia, 155. linijiora, 156. maculata, 155. Menziesii, 156, 413. microcalyx, 157. modesta, 413. Nuttallii, 156. paniculata, 155. parviflora, 156. parviflora, 157. pedunculnta, 156. phacelioides, 156. pilosa, 156 raceraosa, 156. Nepeta, 345, 377. Catavia, 377. Glechoma, 377. Virginica, 354. Nepete^e, 345. Neriandra suberecta, 84. Nerium Oleander, 79. Newberrva, 19, 50, 398. cong"esta, 50, 398. spicata, 398. Nicandra, 225, 237. phycaloides, 237. Nicotid, 241. Nicotiana, 226, 241, 438. attenuata, 242. Bigelovii, 243. caudala, 241. Clevelandi, 242. glandulosa, 242. glauca, 438. ipomopsiflora, 242. lancifolia, 241. lyrata, 242. multiftora, 242. multivalvis, 243. nana, 243. Palmeri, 242. pandurata, 242. parviflora, 243. plumbaginifolia, 241. plumbaginifolia, 243. quadrivalvis, 243. repanda, 242. Mcemeriana, 242. rustica, 241. Tabacum, 241. trigonophylla, 242. Ybarrensis, 241. Nierambergia anomala, 244. nana, 243. stalicaifolia, 244. viscosa, 244. Nightshade, 226. Nothaphyllon, 312. Nothocerates, 88. Nothochelone, 259. Nycterium, 231. Obolaria, 111, 127. Caroliniana, 280. Virginiana, 127. Virginica, 127. Qcimoide^e, 342. Ocimum, 342, 350. Basilicum, 350. Campechianum, 350. micranthum, 350. Odontites rubra, 305. (E«oe, 274, 443. Oil-plant, 320. Olea, 72. Americana, 78. Europsea, 72. OLEACEjE, 72. Oleine^e, 73. Omphalodes, (180), 420, 422. aliena, 423. cardiophylla, 423. Howardi, 423. linifolia, 180. nana, 423. verna, 180. Oncorrhynchus, 300. Onosmodium, 179, 205. Bejariense, 206, 433. Carolinianum, 206. Carolinianum, 206. hispidum, 206. rnoHe, 206. Thurberi, 205. Virginianum, 206. Opliiorhiza Croomii, 109. hnceolata, 108. Mitreola, 108. ovalifolia, 109. Origanum, 343. incanum, 354. punctatum, 356.- vulgare, 358. Oinus, 73. ^mOTCaran, 73. dipetala. 73. OROBANCHACEjE, 310, 455. Orobanche, 311. ioerieoM, 313, 455. fe'/7ora, 312. dalifomiea, 312. comosa, 312. Jasciculata, 312. glabra, 313. Ludoviciana, 313. minor, 311. pinetnrum, 313. Hossica, 313. tuberom, 313. unifiora, 312. Virginiuna, 314. Virgimca, 127. Oroniium, 251. Oriheutoca, 164. Orthocarpus, 249, 299, 452. attenuatus, 299. Bidwellire, 453. bracteosus, 300. campestris, 302. castilleioides, 300. densiflorns, 300. eriantlms, 301, 453. faucibarbatus, (302), 453. floribundus, 301, 453. gracilis, 302. hispidus, 302, 453. imbricatus, (300), 452. laeerus, 302. lasinrhynchus, 302. linearilobus, 802. Unearifolius, 453. lithospermoides, 302, 453. luteus, 300. pachystachyus, 300, 452. pallescens, '299. pallescens, 299. Parishii, 453. Piirryi, 299. pilosus, 299. purpurascens, 300. purpureo-albus, 301, 453. pusillus, 301, 453. strictns, 301. tenuifolius, 300, 453. tenuifolius, 452. Tolmiei, 301. Orthopodium, 348. Orihostachys, 184. Oryctes, 225, 232. Nevadensis, 232. Osmanthus, 73, 78. Americamis, 78. fragrans, 78. Osmotkammts, 41. Oswego Tea, 374. Otophylla, 292. Drummondii, 292. Michauxii, 292. Ourisia Califomica, 173. Oxy coccus, 25. erectus, 25. erythrocarpus, 25. hispidulus, 26. macrocarpus, 26. microcarpus, 396. palustris, 26. vulgaris, 26. Oxydendrum, 15, 33. arboreum, 33. Painted-Cup, 295. Palmarella, 2, 8, 394. debilis, 8, 394. Parabryanthus, 37. Farechites, 85. Parishella, 393, 394. Californica, 394. Pectocarya, 178, 187, 420. Chilensis, 187. laterifiora., 187. linearis, 187. pusilla, 187, 421. serosa, 187, 421. PEDALIACEiE, 320. Pedicularis, 249, 305, 454. teqtrinoctialis, 367. arctica, 309. attenuata, 310. attollens, 306. auriculata, 307. bracteosa, 308. Canadensis, 307. Canbyi, 454. capitata, 309. centranthera, 309. INDEX. 487 Chaniissonis, 306. contorta, 306. crenulata, 307. densiflora, 310. data, 308. euphrasioides, 307. ilammea, 309. Furbishias, 454. gladiata, 307. Grcenlandica, 306. hivsuta, 309. hirsuta, 309. Howellii, 454. incarnata, 306. Labradorica, 307. lanata, 309. lanceolata, 307. Langsdorffii, 308. Lapponica, 306. Menziesii, 305. rmsuta, 307. Xelsoni, 309. ornithorbyncba, 307. pallida, 307. palustris. 307. Parryi, 306. parviflora, 307. pediceliata, 307. procera, 308. purpurascens, 309. raeemosa, 306. recutita, 308. resupinata, 307. Romanzorii, 306. scopulorum, 308. semibarbata, 309. subnuda, 307. Sudetica, 308. surrecta, 306. versicolor, 309. verticillata, 305. verticillata , 309. Virginica, 307. Wlassovinna, 307. Pennyroyal, 362. _ Pentalophus longiflorus, 205. Mandanensis, 205. Pentastemon, 259- Pentstemon, 246, 259, 439. acuminatus, 263. albidus, 266. albidus, 265. alpinus, 263. ambiguus, 270. amamus, 271. antirrhinoides, 260. argutus, 271. attenuatus, 267. azureus, 272. baccharifolius, 261, 440. barbatus, 261. barbatus, 440. Barretts:, 440. Bradburii, 264. breviflorus, 260. brevilabris, 442. Bridgesii, 273. cseruleus, 264. csesius, 441. caespitosus, 269. cwspitosus, 269. canoso-barbatus, 273, 442. carinatus, 260. Cedrosensis, 441. centrantbifolius, 264, 440. centranthifolius, 262. Cerro$e7isis, 273, 441. Cleveland!, 265, 440. Cobsea, 265. coccineus, 262. caman'henus, 262. confertus, 267. cordifolius, 260. coHaceus, 440. corymbosus, 260. crassifblius, 260. cristatus, 266. Cusickii, 442. cyananthus, 263. dasyphyllus, 266. deustus, 269. diffusus, 271. Digitalis, 268. dissectus, 271. Douglasii, 260. Eatoni, 262. erianthera, 262, 266. Fenileri, 264. Fremonti, 262. Fremonti, 267, 269. frutescens, 261. Gairdneri, 2V0, 440. glaber, 262. glaber, 268. glabra, 262. glandulosus, 271. glauafolius, 272. glauc'ophyllus, 268. glaucus, 268. Gordoni, 262. gracilentus, 272. gracilis, 267. grandiflorus, 264. Hallii, 263. Harbonrii, 269. Havardi, 440. heterander, 269. heterodoxus, 269. heterophj'llus, 273. heteropkyllus, 272, 273. . humilis, 267. Jaffrayanus, 272. Jamesii, 265. labrosus, 440. Iffitns, 272, 442. ltevigatus, 268. lanceolatus, 266, 440. laricifolius, 270. Lemmoni, 261. Lewisii, 259. Iinarioides, 270. Lobbii, 260. Lyalli, 440. Kjngii. 272. Kingii, 262. Kleei, 440. Menziesii, 259, 439. micranthus, 267. microphyllup, 260. miser, 440. Mnrrayanus, 265. nemorosus, 259. Newberryi, 259. nitidus, 264. nudiflorus, 440. Nuttallii, 273. ovatus, 266. Palmeri, 265. Parishii, 440. Parryi, 264. pinifolius, 440. procerus, 267. pruinosus, 266. pubescens, 268. pubescens, 268. pumilus, 269. pimiceus, 264. Kattani, 440. Eichardsouii, 271. Eo3zli, 272. rostrijlorus, 273, 442. Eothrockii, 260, 440. Scoulen, 261. secundifiorus, 263. serrulatus, 271. speciosus, 262. spectabilis, 265. stenophyllus, 266, 440. staticifolius, 271. strictus, 262. tenellus, 442. tereti florus, 266. ternatus, 260, 440. Thurberi, 270. Tolmiei, 267. Torreyi, 261. triphvllus, 271. tubiflorus, 266. venustus, 271. virgatus, 270. viscidulus, 266. Wardi, 263. ^Vatsoni, 267. Wrightii, 264. AVhippleanus, 268. Pepperbusn, 45. Peppermint, 352. Periploca Gra?ca, 85. Periwinkle, 82. Persimmon, 69. Pervinca, 82. Petunia, 22G, 243. parviflora, 243. Phacelia, 153, 158, 413. affinis, 417. Arizonica, 414. bicolor, 170, 418. bipinnatifida, 161. Bolanderi, 165. brachyloba, 167, 417. Brannani, 418. brevistylis, 162. Breweri, 159. Califf.rnica, 159. campanularia, 164, 416. canescens, 159. cephalotes, 168. ciliata, 161, 416. circinata, 159. circinatiformis, 167, 417. conferta, 160. Cooperm, 418. congesta, 160, 415. crassifolia, 170. crassi folia, 168. crenulata, 160, 414. Cumingii. 169. curvipes, 168. Davidsoni, 167. demissa, 108. distans, 416. divaricata, 168. Douglasii, 167. fimbriata, 162. Franklinii, 166. 488 INDEX. Fremonti, 170, 418. floribunda, 415. glabra, 162. glandulosa, 160, 414. glechomzefolia, 417. grandiflora, 163. grisea, 165. fymnoclada, 170, 418. aetata, 159. heterophylla, 159. hirsuta, 163. hispida, 161, 415. hispida, 163. humilis, 159. hydrophylloides, 165. infundibuliformis, 166. integrifolia, 160, 414. Ivesiana, 169, 417. ixodes, 417. Lemmoni, 417. leucqphylla, 159. loassefolia, 165. longipes, 164, 416. Lyoui, 416. malvarfolia, 159, 413. Menziesii, 166, 416. micrantha, 169. micrantha, 158, 413. Mohavensis,' 164. namatoides, 158. Neo-Mexicana, 160, 414. Orcuttiana, 417. pachyphylla, 418. Parishii,°417. Parryi, 164, 416. parviflora, 162. patuliflora, 163. pedicellata, 160, 414. phyllomanica, 160, 415. platyloba, 415. Popei, (160), 415. Pringlei, 413. procera, 166, 416. pulchella, 168. Purshii, 162. pusilla, 169. pusilla, 163. ramosissima, 161, 415. ramosissima, 161. Eattani, 413. rotundifolia, 169. saxicola, 417. sericea, 166. strictiflora, 163. sujjfrutescens, 416. tanacetifolia, 161, 416. tanaceiifolia, 160, 161, 416. viscida, 163. Whitlavia, 164. PHACELIJ5.E, 152. Phalerocarpus serpyllifolius, 26. Pharbitis cathartic", 210. diversifolia , 210. hederacea, 210. hispida, 210. Ml, 210. triloba, 210. Phelipcea biflora, 312. Californica, 312. erianthera, 312, 313. fasciculata, 312. Ludoviciana, 313. lutea, 312. tuberosa, 313. Pherotrichis, 402. Balbisii, 462. Schaffneri, 4C2. Philibertia, 85, 87. cynanchoides, 87. elegans, 87. linearis, 88. Torreyi, 87. undulata, 87. vhninalis, 88. Phillyreoides, 31. Phloganthea, 135. Phlomis, 347, 384. tuberosa, 384. Phlox, 129. acuminata, 129. adsurgens, 133, arncena, 130. aristata, 130, 131. bifida, 131. bryoides, 132. casspitosa, 132. Canadensis, 131. canescens, 132. Carolina, 130. corymbosa, 129. cuspidata, 130. decussata, 129. diffusa, 132. divaricata, 131. divaricata, 133. Drummondii, 134. Douglasii, 132. Floridana, 130. glaberrima, 130. glutinosa, 131. Hentzii, 131. Hoodii, 132. Hoodii, 132. Hookcri, 141. humilis, 133. involucrata, 130. latifolia, 130. linearifolia, 133. longiflora, 130. longifolia, 133. macraniha, 134. maculata, 129. mnscoides, 132. nana, 134. nitida, 130. nivalis, 131. occidentalis, 133. ovata, 130. panioulata, 129. pendulijlora, 129. pilosa, 130. pilosa, 130. pinnata, 137. procumbens, 130, 131. pyramidalis, 129. reflexa, 129. reptans, 131. revoluta, 130. Richardsonii, 132. rigida, 132. Rcemeriana, 134. Sabini, 134. scabra, 129. setacea, 131. Sibirica, 133. Sickmanni, 12'J. speciosa, 133. speciosn, 133, 131. Stellayia, 131. stolonifera, 131. suaveolens, 130. subulata, 131. suffruticosa, 130. tardiflora, 130. triflora, 130. triovulata, 134. undulata, 129. Walteri, 130. Pholisma, 51. arenarium, 51. Phryma, 333, 334. Caroliniensis, 336. Leptostachya, 334. Phbyme^e, 333. Phyllodoce, 37. empetriformis, 37. Pallasiana, 37. taxifolia, 37. Physalis, 225, 233. sequata, 234. Alkakengi, 233, 235. angulata, 234. angustifolia, 236. atriplicifolia, 234. Brasiliensis, 234. cardiophylla, 235. Carpenterii, 233. clienopodifolia, 234. crassifolia, 235. Elliottii, 237. Fendleri, 436. divaricata, 437. glabra, 235. grandiflora, 233. hederarfolia, 235. heterophylla, 235. hirsuta, 235. Jacquini, 236. lanceolata, 236. lanceolata, 236. Linhiana, 234. lobata, 233. longifolia, 237. maritima, 236. minutijlora, 437. mollis, 236. mollis, 235, 236. nyctaginea, 235. obscura, 234. obscuro, 235. Palmeri, 235. Pennsylvania, 235, 236, 237. Peruviana, 233. Philadelphica, 234. Philadelphia, 234. pruinosa, 234. 235. pubescens, 234, 236. pumila, 237. Sabeana, 233. tomentosa, 236. Virginiana, 235. viscosa, 236. viscosa, 235. viscido-jrubescens, 235. Walteri, 236. Wrightii, 234. Physostegia, 346, 383. imbricata, 383. intermedia, 383. parviflora, 383. truncata, 382, 383. Virginiana, 383. Pickeringiapaniculata, 65. Picrococ'cus, 21. elevatus, 21. INDEX. 489 Floridanus, 21. Stamlneus, 21. Picrocolla, 146. Pieris, 32- philhjveifolia, 32. Pimpernel, 63. Pine-drops, 48. Pine-sap, 49. Pinguicnla, 314, 317. acutifolia, 317- alpina, 317. australis, 318, 456. cazrufoa, 317. campanulata, 318. elatior, 318. Floridensis, 456. qrandiflora, 317. iutea, 318. macroceras, 317. m£croce7'as, 317. pumila, 317, 456. villosa, 317. vulgaris, 317. Pipsissewa, 45. Piptocalyx, 193, 428. circumscissuS) 193. Piptolepts, 76- pkillyreioides, 77. Plttonia similis, 181. Plantain, 389, 391. Plagiobothrys, (191), 420, 43U. Arizonicus, 431. canescens, (192), 431. Cooperi, 432. glomeratus, 432. hispidus, 432. Jonesii, 430. Kingii, 430. nothofulvus, 432. rufescens, 431. rufescens, 192. Shastensis, 431. tenellus, 431. Torreyi, 431- ursinus, 432. PLANTAGINACEiE, 388. Plantago, 389. aristata, 391. Asiatica, 389. attenuatcr, 390. Bigelovii, 392. Bigelovii, 392. borealis, 390. Californica, 392. Caroliniana, 390, 392. cordata, 389. Coronopus, 392 1 . cucullata, 390. decipiens, 391. Durvillei, 392. elongata, 392. eriopoda, 390. JlUformis, 391. glabra, 390. gnaphalioides, 391. Hartwegi, 392. heterophvlla, 392. hirtella, 392. Sookeriana, 39J. hybrida, 392. interrupta, 390. juncoides, 390, 391. Lagopus, 391. lanceolata, 391. lanceolata, 390. linearifolia, 392. longifolia, 390. Kamtschatica, 389, 390, 392. Kentuckensis, 389. macrocarpa, 390. major, 389. major, 390. maritima, 390. maritima, 391. media, 392. minima, 380. occkhntalis, 392. oliganthos, 390. Patagoniea, 391. _pa«cytfom, 390. 391. perpusilla, 392. purpurascens, 392. Purshii, 391. pusilla, 392. Richardsonii, 390. Rugelii, 389. sparsiflora, 390. spinulosa, 391. squarrosa, 391. Tweedyi, 390. Crvilki, 392. Virginica, 392. Virginica, 390, 392. vtrescens, 390. Wri(jhtiann , 391. Pleuricospora, 18, 50, 398. fimbriolata, 50, 398- Pleuk i oospores, 18. Pleurisv-root, 89. Pleurogyne, 111, 124. Carinthiaca, 124. Purshii, 124. rotata, 124. PLUMBAGINACE^E, 53. Plumeagine^e, 54. Plumbago, 54, 55. Floridana, 55. scandens, 55. PlUMEEIE^E, 79. Pneumonanthe , 120. Podostemma, 98. Podostigma, 86, 88. pubescens, 88. viridis, 89. Pogogyne, 344, 364. Douglasii, 364. multiflora, 364. nudiuscula, 364. parviflora, 364. serpylloides, 364. tenuiflora, 364. ziziphoroidc^ 364. POLEaLONIACE^E, 126. Polemonium, 129, 149, 412. acutijiorum, 151. antarcticum, 151. cairuleum, 151, 412. c&ruleum, 151. capitatum, 147, 150. carneum, 151, 412. confertum, 150. dub'mm, 163. flavum, 412. foliosissimum, 151, 412. humile, 150. lanatum, 150. Mexicanum, 151, 412. micranthum, 151. moschatum, 151. Nycteha, 157. ^w/t7ie/fom,150. pulclierrimum, 151. repbms, 151. Richardsonii, 150. rubruni, 145. viscosum, 150. viscosum, 150. Poliomintha, 344, 361, 460. glabrescens, 460. incana, 361. mollis, 361. Pobjdiclia, 243. Polydiclis multivalvis, 243. quadrivalvis, 243. Pol^ypremum, 107, 109. Linnaii, 109- procumbens, 109. Polyotus angustifolhis, 98. htterophyllus, 99. lanuginosus, 99. longifolius, 99. Pongatium Indicum, 10. Porterella carnosula, 8. Portuna, 31. Jloribunda, 31. Potato, 227. Prasium coccineum, 383. incarnation., 384. purpureum, 383. Primrose, 58. Primula, 56, 58, 399. angustifolia, 58, 399. borealis, 58, 399. cuneifolia, 59. Cusicluana, 399. Egaliksensis, 399. farinosa, 58. Finmarkica, 58. Hornemanniana, 58. integri folia, 58. Mistassinica, 58. nivalis, 59. Parryi, 59. pusiUu, 58. Rusbyi, 399. saxifra gee folia, 59. Sibirica, 58. Scotica, 58. stricta, 58. suffrutescens, 59. PRIMULACEJL, 55, 399. Peimule^e, 55. Priva, 333, 334. echinata, 334. Proboscidea, 321. Prunella, 382. Pseudocollomia, 143. Pseudokrynitzhia, 429. Pseudo-Myosotis, 195, 197. 429. Ppeudoronfium, 251. PSEUDOSOLANEJE, 245. Pterospora, 18, 48. andromedea, 49. Pterostyrax, 71. Pterygium, 195, 428. Ptilocalyx Greggii, 182. Puccoon, 204. Pulmonaria alpina, 201. ciliata, 201. denticulata , 200. lanceolata, 201. marginata, 201. maritima, 200. oblongifolia, 200. paniculata, 201. 490 INDEX. parvijlora, 200. pilosa, 201. pubescens, 201. Sibirica, 200. Virginica, 200. Purshia mollis, 206. hispida, 206. Pycnanthemum, 343, 354. albescens, 356. aristatum, 354. Arkansanum, 355. Californicum, 355. clinopodioides, 355. dubium, 355. hyssop/folium, 354. incanum, 355. incanum, 356. lanceolatum, 354. leptodon, 355. linifolium, 354. Loomisii, 356. montanum, 356. Monardella, 374. muticum, 355. nudum, 354. pilosum, 355. setosum, 354. tenuifolium, 354. Torrevi, 355. Tullia", 355. verticillatum, 354. Virginicum, 354, 355. Pycnosphace, 366. Pycnothymus, 358. Pyrola, 18, 46. aphylla, 48. asarifolia, 47. bracteaia, 48. chlorantha, 47. corymbosa, 45. dentata, 48. elata, 48. elliptica, 47. grandijlora, 48. Groznlandica, 48. maculata, 45. Menziesii, 45. minor, 46. obovatn, 48. occidentalis, 47. ox)'petala, 47. picta, 48. renijblia, 47. rosea, 46. rotundifolia, 47. secunda, 46. uliginosa, 48. umbellata, 45. uniflora, 45. PTEOLEiE, 17. PyeolinejE, 17. Pyxidanthera, 52. barbulata, 52. Pyxolhamnus, 25. Quamoclit, 209. coccanea, 209. hederifolia, 209. vulgaris, 209. Ramsted, 251. Itanapalus Eiseni, 451. Rapanea Guyanensis, 65 Bed Ash, 74. Rhabdadenia, 84. paludosa, 401. Sagrcei, 84. Rhinanthid'e/e, 248. Rhinanthus, 249, 310, Crista-galli, 310. ?ninor, 310. Virginicus, 291. RHODODENDKEJi, 16. Rhododendron, 16, 39, 398. albiflorum, 40. arborescens, 40. bicolor, 41. calendulaceum, 41. calendulaceum, 40. Californicum, 41, 398. canescens, 41. Catawbiense, 42. Chapmanii, 42. glaucum, 41. hispidum, 41. Kamtschaticum, 40. Lapponicum, 42. macrophyllum, 42, 398. maximum, 42. minus, 42. nitidum, 41. nudiflorum, 41. occidentale, 40. pulcliellum, 41. purpureum, 42. punctatum, 42. Purshii, 42. Ehodora, 41. Vaseyi, 398. viscosum, 40. Rhodothamnus Kamtschaticus, 40. Rhcdora Canadensis, 41. congesta, 41. Rhynchospermum, 85. Rhytiglossa humilis, 330. obiusifolia, 330. pedunculosa, 329. viridi flora, 330. viridy'olia, 330. Ribgrass, 391. Ribwort, 389. Ripple-grass, 391. Rochelia glomerata, 198. patens, 197, 422. Romanzoffia, 153, 172, 418. Sitchensis, 172, 418. TJnalaschkensis, 172, 418. Rose Bay, 39, 42. Rothrockia, 401, 403. cordifolia, 403. Roulinia, 86, 100. unifaria, 100. Ruellia, 322, 325. biflora, 324. ci'liosa, 326, 457. clandestina, 325. Drummondiana, 326. cfata's, 327. kirsuta, 326. humilis, 326. humistrata, 324. hybrida, 326. justiciazflora, 324. lacuslris, 324. noctiflora,326. oblonqifolia, 324. Parryi, 326. pediuiculata, 325. strepens, 327. strepens, 326. tuberosa, 325. tubijlora, 326. Ruelliejs, 322. Sabbatia, 110, 113. angularis, 114. Boyldni, 116. brachiata, 114. eatycosa, 114. campestris, 115. chloroides, 115. concinn'i, 114. corymbosa, 114. cymosa, 114. Elliottii, 115. formosa, 115. gentianoides, 115. gracilis, 115. gracilis, 114. lanceolata, 114. macrophylla, 114. oligopkylla, 115. paniculata, 114. paniculata, 115. simplex, 116. stellaris, 115. Saccanthera, 271. Saccularia Veatcliii, 439. Sage, 366. Sagina Virginica, 127. Sckistophragma, 279. Salal, 30. Salazaria, 346, 382. Mexicana, 382. Salpichroa, 225, 231. Wrightii, 231. Salpiglosside.e, 226. Salpiglossis prostrata, 243. Salvia, 345, 366, 460. acuminata, 369. acuminatissima, 369. albiflora, 370, 461. amabilis, 369. angustifolia, 369. angustifolia, 369. Arizonica, 370. azurea, 369. ballotseflora, 371. Bernardina, 460. Blodgettii, 370. brevvflora, 461. csesia, 369. carduacea, 366. chamanlryoides, 371. CJiammdrys, 371. Chapmani, 370. Claytoni, 370, 372. coccinea, 368. Columbaria?, 367. coriifolia, 367. etoa, 369. elongata, 369. Engelmanni, 366. farinacea, 368. fulgens, 366. gossypina, 366. Greggii, 368, 460. Henryi, 367. Hispanica, 461. lanceolata, 369. fa;ra, 371. Lemmoni, 461. longifolia, 369. lyrata, 367. Mexicana, 369. INDEX. 491 micrantha, 370. obovata, 367. occidentalis, 370. officinalis, 366. Parryi, 371. pentstemonoid.es, 368. Pitcheri, 369. platycheila, 371. polystachya, 461. porphyrantha, 367. porphyrata, 367. privoides, 371. pseudo-coccinea , 368. pidckella, 461. pycnostachya, 461. Kegla, 460. reptans, 369. Roemeriana, 367. Rcemeriana, 367. Sclarea, 372. serotina, 369. spicata, 461. splendens, 366. subincisa, 369. tenella, 370. Texana, 366. trichostemoides, 369. irichostyla, 369. urticifolia, 370. urticifolia, 370. verbenacea, 372. virgata, 369. Salvinsirum, 366. Texanum, 366. Samara Jloribunda, 65. Samodia ebracteata, 64. SAMOLEiE, 56. Samolus, 56, 64. ebracteatus, 64. jloribundus, 64. longipes, 64. Valerandi, 64. Sand Mvrtle, 43. SAPOTACE.E, 66. Sappadilla, 69. Saracha acutifolla, 2j2. Coronnpns, 232. nana, 233. sordida, 232. umbellata, 437. Sarcodes, 18, 49. sanguinea, 49. Sarcostemmn, 87. bilobum, 88. Brownii, 88. clausum, 88. crassifolium, 88. cynanchoides, 87. eleyans, 87. heterophyllum, 88. lineare, 88. undulata, 87. Satureia, 343, 358. coccinea, 360. hortensis, 358. oriqanoides, 354. rigida, 359. Virginiana, 354. Satureixe^e, 342. Saxifraga nutans, 172. Savory, 358. Scasvola, 1. Plumieri, 1. _ Schaueria linearifolia, 328. parvifolia, 330. Schizonotus, 86, 100. pnrpurascens, 100. Schleideniu, 184. polyphylla, 185. Schollera Oxycoccus, 26. Sehwalbea, 249, 305. Americana, 305. Schweinitzia, 18, 49, 398. Carollniana, 49. odorata, 49, 398. Reynoldsia;, 398. Sclarea, 371. Scoparia, 248, 284. dulcis, 284. Scrophiilaria, 246, 258. California, 258. coccinea, 258. lanceolata, 258. Marilandica, 258. nodosa, 258. SCROPHULARIACE.E, 244, 438 Scullcap, 378. Scutellaria, 346, 378, 462. ambigua, 380. augustifolia, 381. antirrhiuoides, 381. arguta. 379. Bolanderi, 381. brevifolia, 380. Californica, 381. canescens, 379. cardiophylla, 380. Cnroliniana, 378, 379. Chamadrys, 379. cordifolia, 378. Drummondii, 380. elllptica, 379. Floridana, 380. galericulata, 381. gracilis, 382. Idrsuta, 379. hyssopifolia, 379. incana, 379. integrifolia, 379, 462. integrifolia, 380. lateriflora, 378. Mississippiana, 462. montana, 379. nana, 380. nervosa, 382. ovalifolia, 379. parvula, 380. pilosa, 379. polymoipha, 379. pubescens, 379. resinosa, 381. resinosa, 381. rugosa, 378. saxatilis, 378. saxatilis, 379. serrata, 379. serrata, 379. sipkocampyloides, 381. teucrifolia, 382. tuberosa, 381. versicolor, 378, 462. villosa, 379. Wrightii, 380. Scutellamxe^e, 345. Sea Lavender, 54. Sea Milkwort, 63. Sea Pink, 54. Sebestinoides, 180. Secondatia, 85. SELAGINACE.fi, 332. Seleucia, 61. Self-heal, 382. ScricograpJiis Californica, 329. neglecta, 457. Sesamum, 320. Indicum, 320. oriented?, 320. Seutera, 102. maritima, 102. Seymeria, 248, 289. auriculata, 292. bipinnatisecta, 290. macrophylla, 290. pectinata, 290. pilosa, 451. scabra, 290. tenuifolia, 289. Shallon, 30. Sheep-Laurel, 38. S bin-leaf, 46. Shooting Star, 57. Shortia, 52, 53, 399. galacifolia, 53, 399. Shutlleworfhia, 337. Sideroxylon, 66, 67. chrysophylloides, 68. decandrum, 68. tere, 68. lanuginosum, 68. lyciuides, 68. mastichodendron, 67. pallidum, 67. reclinatum, 68. sericeum, 68. tenax, 68. Silkweed, 89. Silver-bell Tree, 71. Siphocampylus bicolor, 3. Siphonella, 140. Siphonoglossa, 323, 328. longiflora, 328. Pilosella, 328. Snowberry, 26. SOLAN AC E^E, 224, 436. SoLANE.E, 224. Solanum, 224, 226. aculeatissimum, 230. alatum, 228. Americanum, 228. Bahamense, 229. Balbisii, 231. Bejariense, 231. Besseri, 228. Blodgettii, 229. brancafuliiim, 231. Californicum, 229. Carolinense, 230. citrullifoliuni, 231. conoides, 232. Coronopus, 232. cornutum, 231. crenato-dentatum, 228. decurrens, 231. Dillenii, 228. Dulcamara, 228. Douglasii, (228), 436. elasagnifolium, 230. Fendleri, 227. Jlavidum, 230. Floridanum, 227. genistoides, 229. gracile, 228. heterandrum, 231. heterodoxum, 231. 492 INDEX. Hindsinnum, 230. hirsutum, 230. inflation, 231. inops. 227. Jamesii, 227. leprosum, 230. Lindheimeriimum, 229. Linsecumil, 232. luteoliflorum, 233. Lycopersicum, 226. mammosum, 227, 230. Meltingenn. 227. miniatum, 22S. nigrum, 227. nodijiorum, 228. platypkyllum, 230. Pteei, 230. Pseudo-Capsicum, 228. Pseudo-Lycopersicum, 226. pterocaulon, 228. ptycanthum, 228. Roimerianun, 230. rostratum, 231. Sabeanum, 231. sisymbriifolium, 230. Texanum, 227. Texense, 230. Torreyi, 230. triflorum, 227. triquetrum, 228. tuberosum, 227. umbelliferum, 229. umbellifermn, 228. verbascifolium, 229. villosum, 228. Virginianum, 227. Xanti, 229. Solenandra cor/Hfulia, 53. Sopkronantke, 282. Hspida, 283. Sorrel-tree, 33. Sour-wood, 33. Spearmint, 352. Specularia, 9, 10. biflora, 11. Linsecomii, 11. leptocarpa, 10. Lindheimeri, 11. ovata, 11. perfoliata, 11. Speedwell, 286. Sphacele, 344, 365. calycina, 365. Sphenoclea, 9, 10. Pongatiwn, 10. Zeyianica, 10. Sphenoclea, 9. Spigelia, 106; 107. gentianoides, 108. Lindheimeri, 108. loganioides, 1<>8. Marilandica, 108. Texana, 108. Spondylococcus, 340. Squaw-root, 313. SStachys, 347, 385, 462. agraria, 386. agraria, 388. ajugoides, 386. albens, 386. annua, 386. arvensis, 386. arvensis, 387. aspera, 387. Bigelovii, 388. Betonica, 388. bullata, 387. Californica, 388. Chamissonis, 388. ciliata, 388. coccinea, 388. coccinea, 388. cordata, 387. Drummondii, 386. Floridana, 387. fozniculum, 376. glabra, 387. Grahami, 386. hispida, 387. hvssopifolia, 387. Nultallii, 387, 388. palustris, 387, 462. paluslris, 387, 388. pycnautha, 386. pycnostachya, 386. Bitderi, 388. rigida, 388. liothrockii, 386. sylvatica, 387, 388. velutina, 462. STACHYDEiE, 346. iStackydeoma, 363. Stachytarpheia, 334. Stachylarpheta, 333, 334. Jamaicensis, 334. Stagger-bush, 32. Standing Cypress, 145. Star-flower, 60. Statice, 54. _ Armcria, 55. Bahusiensis, 54. Brasiliensis, 54. Californica, 54. Caroliniana, 54. Limonium, 54. Statice^e, 54. Stegnocarpus caneacen.t, 181. Steironema, 56, 61. ciliatum, 61. floridum, 62. heterophyllum, 62. lanceolatum, 61. longifolium, 62. • radicans, 61. revolutum, 62. Steenhammera, 200. Stemodia, 247, 279. durantifolia, 279. verticillaris, 279. Stemodiacra, 279. Stenandrium, 322, 327. barbatum, 327. dulce, 327. trinerve, 327. Stenhammaria, 200. maritima, 200. Stenolobium stans, 319. Stipecoma, 84. Stickseed, 188. Storax, 71. Stramoninm, 239. Streptopodium, 348. Stytandra pumila, 88. Stylisma aquatica, 217. evolvutoides, 217, 218. humistrata, 217. Plcherinqii, 218. STYKACACEjE, 70. Styraceje, 70. Styrax, 70, 71. Americana, 71. Californica, 72. grandiflorum, 72. grandifolia, 72. tone, 72. laevigata, 72. officinale, 72. platanifolia, 72. pulverulenta, 72. Summer Savory, 358. Sutera multifiota, 279. Sweet-leaf, 70. Sweet Pepperbush, 45. Sweet Potato, 211. Swertia, 111, 124. corniculata, 127. tfe/Zeaw, 127. difformis, 115, 125. fastigiata, 125. Micliauxiana, 127. obtusa, 125. perennis, 124 pusilla, 124. rotata, 124. Symphytum, 179, 206. asperrimum, 206. officinale, 206. SYMPLOCINE.E, 70. Symplocos, 70. tinctoria, 70. Svnandra, 346, 384, 462. grandiflora, 384, 462. Svnthvris, 248, 285. afpina, 286. Houghtoniana, 286. pinnatifida, 285. plantaginea, 286. reniformis, 285. rotundifolia, 285. rotundifolia, 285. rubra, 286. - Tabacum, 241. Tabernaimontana Amsonia, 81. angustifolia. 81. Tecoma, 318, 319. radicans, 319. stans, 319. Tessaranthium radiatum, 127. Tetraclea, 342, 347. Coulteri, 347. Tetramerium, 323, 330. hispidum, 330. platystegium, 331. Teucrium, 342, 349, 459. Canadense, 349. Canadense, 349. Cubense, 349. inflatum, 349. laciniatum, 349. l&viyatum, 349. occidentale, 349, 459. Virginicum, 349. Thelaia, 46. aphylla, 48. asarifolia, 47. bracieosa, 47. elliptica, 47. grandiflora, 47. 'intermedia, 47. occidentalis, 47. spathulata, 48. Theophkastejs, 65. Thcrorhadion, 39. INDEX. 493 Thevetia neriifolia, 79. Thrift, 54, 55. Thorn-Apple, 2SEK Thymbra Carolinians, 384. Thyme, 35S. Thymus, 343. Carotin ianus, 360. Chamissonis, 359. Douglasii, 359. qrandiflorus, 360. lanceolatus, 354 Nepetn, 359. Serpyllum, 358. I'irginicus, 354. Thyrsanthus, G3. Tiaridium, 185- Indicum, l$l>. Tiquilia brevifolia, 182. Oregana, 182. Tiquillopsis, 182. Toad-Flax, 250. Tobacco, 241. Tulmeia occidentalism 44. Tomato, 226. Tonella, 246, 257. collins ioides, 257. floribunda, 257. Tournefortia, 178, 182. enaphalodes, 183. keliotropioides, 186. mollis, 183, 421. Jlonclovann, 421. volubilis, 183. Tournsole, 183. Trachelospermuin, 80, 84. difforme, 85. Trailing Arbutus, 29. Tretrorhiza, 120. Tricardia, 153. 172. < Watsoni, 172. Trickosphace, 366. Trichostema, 342, 347, 459. Arizonicum, 348- brachiatum, 348, 349. dichotomum, 348. dichotomum, 348. lanatum, 348, 459. laneeolatiim, 348. laxum, 348. lineare, 348. micranthum, 348. oblongum, 348. ovatum, 459. Pa/ishii, 459. pilosum, 348. Tridynia, 62. Trientalis, 56, 60. Americana, 61. arctica, 61- Europsea, 61. Europc&t, 61. latifolia, 61. Tripetaleia, 44. Trtpkysari ', 301. versicolor, 301, 453. Trumpet-creeper, 319. Trumpet-flower, 319. Tabiflora Carolinensis, 324. TalUa pycnanthemoides, 355. Turtle-head, 258. Utricularia, 314, 455. biflora, 315, 455. bipartita, 315. bipartite 316. ceratophylla, 315. clandestina, 315. cornuta. 317, 455. coimuta, 456. fibrosa, 316, 455. fibrosa, 316. J'ornicnta, 315. geminiscapa, 315. 'gibba, 315. gibba, 455. Greenei, 316. Integra, 316. intermedia, 316. juncea, 456. longeciliata, 456. longirostris, 316, 455. macrorhiza, 315. minor, 315, 455. occidentalis, 455. personnta, 317, 456. pumila, 315, 316. purpurea, 316, 455, resupinata. 316. saccata, 316. sttacea, 315, 316. simplex, 456. striata, 315, 316. subulata, 316 vulgaris, 315. Unicorn-plant, 321. Uranantlius glaucifolius, 116. Urechites, 84. suberecta, 84. listeria antirrhiniflora, 254. Uva-Ursi, 27. Uwarowia, 337- Vaccine.*:, 14. Vaccinium, 15, 20, 396. albiflorum, 23. «/6kto, 20, 21, 22. ammnum, 23. angustifolium, 22. arboreum, 20. brachycerum, 19. buxifolium, 19. casspitosum, 24. Canadense, 22. carnosum, 25. Ch amissonis, 24. Cunstablwi, 23. corymbosum, 22. crass i folium, 25. decamerocarpon, 19. diffusum, 20. disocarpum, 23. disomorphum, 22. dumosum, 19. elevatum, 21. EUiottii, 22. elongalum, 23. erythrocarpon, 25. formosum, 21. frondosum, 19. j'uscatum, 22, 23. galiformis, 22. glabrum, 20. glaucum, 19. gaullherioides, 23. grandijlorum, 23. hirsutum, 23. hirtellum, 19. hispidulum, 26. humifusum, 20, 30. humile, 22. Kunthianum, 21. lanceolatum, 25. tig ust rinwn, 20, 22, 33. macrocarpon, 26, 396. iVarianum, 23. membranactum, 24. mucronatum, 20. multifiorum, 22. Myrsinites, 21. myrtifolium, 25. myrtilloides, 24. myrtilloides, 22, 24. Myrtillus, 24. nitidum, 21. obtusum, 20. occidentale, 23. ovalifolium, 24. ovatum, 25. Oxveoccus, 25, 396. pallidum, 23. parvifiorum, 20. parvifolium, 24. Fennsylvanicum, 22. Pennsylvanicum, 22. pubescens, 23. ramulosum, 22. resinosum, 20. salicinum, 23. salicinum, 22. stamineum, 21. tenellum, 22. tomentosum, 19. uliginosum, 23. ursinum, 20. vacillans, 22. venustum, 19. virgatum, 21. virgatum, 22. Vitis-Ida?a, 25. Vallesia, 79, 81. chiococcoides, 81. diclwtoma, 81. glabra, 81. Far/'onirt bullata, 180. globosa, 180. Verbasce.e, 245. Verbascum, 245, 250. Blattaria, 250. Claytoni, 250. elongatum, 250. Lychnitis, 250. virgatum, 250. Verbena, 333, 335, 458. angustifolia, 336. .dWcontca, 458. Aubletia, 337. bipinnatifida, 337. b/serrata, 335. Bouariensis, 458. bracteosa, 336. cozrulea, 335. canescens, 336. canescens, 330, 458. Carolina, 335, 336. Caroliniana, 3-^6. Caroliniana, 335. Carolinenns, 335. ciliata, 337. cuneifulia, 336. hastata, 336. Jamaicensis, 334. Lambertl, 337. U'nceolata , 336. lantanoides, 338. lasiostachys, 336. 494 INDEX. Upustrina, 338. httoralis, 458. longiflora, 337. Luc&ana, 335. nodiflora, 339. Obletia, 337. officinalis, 335. officinalis, 337. paniculata, 336. pinnatijida, 336. polystachya, 335. prismatica, 334. prostrata, 336. jffiremmana, 337. remota, (337), 458. rigens, 336. rurjosa, 336. simplex, 336. sororia, 335. spuria, 335. squarrosa, 336. stricta, 336. striffosa, 335. urticaefolia, 335. venosa, 338. veroniccefolia, 335. Wrighth, 337. xntha, 335. VERBENACEJE, 332, 458. VERBENE.E, 333. Veronica, 248, 286. agrestis, 288. ' alpina, 288. Americana, 287.-. Anagallis, 287. Anagallis, 287. apliylla, 287. arvensis, 288. Beccabunga, 287/ JBuxbaumii, 289. Carvliniana, 288. Chamaedrvs, 287. Cusickii, 288. fruticwlosa, 287. grandiflora, 287. hederaifolia, 289. intermedia, 287. Japonica, 287. Kamtchatica, 287. Marilandica, 288, 289. nutans, 287. officinalis, 287. peregrina, 288. Purshii, 289. reniformis, 289. scutellata, 287. serpyllifolia, 288. Sibirica, 287. Stelleri, 288. Virginica, 286. Wormshioldii, 288. Xalapensis, 288. Vervain, 335. Villarsia aquatica, 128. cordata, 128. Crista-galli, 128. lacunosa, 128. pumila, 173. trachysperma, 128. Vinca, 80, 82. minor, 82. rosea, 82. Vincetoxicum, 87, 102, 403. acanthocarpum, 104. gonocarpos, 103. nigrum, 102. palustre, 102, 403. scoparium, 102, 403. Viper's Bugloss, 207. Viscum terrestre, 63. Vitice^e, 333. Viticella, 53, 155. Vitis-Idma, 24. Voyria Mexicana, 405. TTa/i^enJer^ro Californica, 13. Water Ash', 75. Water Horehound, 352. Waterleaf, 154. Water Pimpernel, 64. White Ash, 73. White Mangrove, 340. Whillavia, 164, 416. grandiflora, 164. minor, 164. Wicky, 38. Wigandia Californica, 176. Wild Marjoram, 358. Winter Cherry, 233. YVintergreen, 30, 45, 46. Withania, 232. Coronopus, 232. Morisoni, 224, 233, 436. somnifera, 224, 436. sordida, 232. Woundwort, 385. Wi/i/ema i^era/bram, 284. Xerobolrys, 27. argutus, 28. cordifolius, 28. tomentosus, 28. venulosus, 28. Xylococcus, 28. bicolor, 29. Yellow Jessamine, 107. Zapania, 338. cuneifolia, 339. lanceolata, 339. nodiflora, 339. Zenobia, 31. Jloribunda, 31. racemosa, 35. speciosa, 31. Ziziphora glabella, 360. University Preas : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.