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 IN RHYME, 
 
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 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
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HISTORY OF FRANCE 
 
 IN RHYME. 
 
 BY 
 
 MRS. CHARLES H. GARDNER, 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF .SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIKS, 
 
 603 FIFTH AVENUE, 
 
 NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 1886. 
 
 U W I V I U !; I r Y 
 I l.:KAkY 
 

 4^/'? 7^5^^ 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year l886, by 
 
 Mary Rttssell Gardner, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Press of William R. Jenkins, 
 Sjo Sixth Ave.. N. Y. 
 
 ,i:i::KiSio:! 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The " English History, in Rhyme", has met with so great ac- 
 cep'.ance, among teachers and students of history, that the author 
 is encouraged to continue the proposed series, and to pub- 
 lish, from time to time, metrical summaries, which are designed 
 to convey, in concise terms, and easily memorized verse, a clear 
 and continuous outline of the history of the particular country, 
 under consideration. 
 
 The genealogy contained in the book of English History 
 has been especially commended. That of the French is still 
 more -elaborate, and the important inter-marriages of the 
 sovereigns, and of their children, have made it easy to introduce 
 much related information which is not found in other text 
 books, but which throws a great deal of light upon historical 
 events, and which imparts a new interest to the reading of large 
 and general histories. 
 
 Mary Russell Gardner. 
 
HISTORY OF FRANCE IN RHYME. 
 
 ANCIENT GAUL AND THE ROMAN PERIOD. 
 
 In fifty-five, ere Christ was born, went Caesar to enthrall 
 The rude and warlike Celtic clans that peopled ancient Gaul. 
 When Rome declined, Teuto lic tribes fair Gallia overran, 
 Impetuous Frank and Visigoth and fierce Burgundian. 
 The "Scourge of God," wild Attila, amid the tumult came : 
 At his approach, the heavens grew dark ; earth trembled at his 
 
 name. 
 The Romans joined the natives, to repel the fiery Hun, 
 And, at Chalons, repulsed the foe, four hundred fifty-one. 
 
 THE MEROVINGIAN LINE (48 I -7 5 2). 
 
 Then Clovis, Salian Prankish chief, attaining princely power, 
 
 Invoked Clotilda's God to aid in battle's trying hour. 
 
 He won the day : baptized at Rheims, he marched throughouJ 
 
 the land. 
 And crushed the misbelieving Goth beneath his iron hand. 
 From Rhine to Rhone, from Pyrenees to stormy northern main. 
 The sturdy Frank, before his death, acquired secure domain. 
 His four unworthy sons succeed, and, in their turn, give plac9 
 To other weak do-nothings of the Merovingian race. 
 
 THE CARLOVINGIAN LINE (752-987). 
 
 A " Mayor of the Palace" climbs to undisputed sway, 
 And phantom kings to Pepin's nod a ready homage pay. 
 His son, intrepid Charles Martel, the Saracens o'erthrew. 
 
 Julius Caesar 
 (55 B. C). 
 
 Attila. 
 
 Battle 
 
 of Chalons. 
 
 (4B1). 
 
 Clovia. 
 («6). 
 
 Pepin. 
 Cbas. MarteL 
 
Battle On Tours' historic battle-field, seven hundred thirty-two. 
 
 of Tours L 
 
 (732). ' Then Pepin, son of Charles, presumed from grateful Pope to 
 
 claim. 
 That, with the rank of sovereign, he too should have the name. 
 Weak Childeric was set aside, seven hundred fifty-two. 
 The Carlovingian line began ; to great distinction grew, 
 fliarlemagiie. In Pepin's son, wise Charlemagne, seven hundred sixty-eight. 
 Who rose to be, through constant war, a mighty potentate ; 
 And, in the year eight hundred, at Pope Leo Third's behest. 
 This soldier-statesman was proclaimed the " Emperor of the 
 
 West." 
 
 ■Battle of the His heir, weak Louis Debonnaire, divides the vast domain 
 ■^"^"aMj!"*'" Among his sons, who fight for might, on Fontenoy's red plain. 
 
 Treaty o£ '^^^ Treaty of Verdun assigned to Louis, Germany ; 
 
 ^fsii'i"'' Lothaire, the Emperor, received Lorraine and Italy, 
 
 While Charles had Francia, in which our modern France we see. 
 
 Charles the 
 Simple. 
 (892-929). 
 
 Louis T. 
 (986-87). 
 
 Hugh Capet. 
 (987-996). 
 
 Eobert. 
 
 Henry I. 
 
 Philip. I. 
 Louis VL 
 Louis TIL 
 
 The plundering Danes and Normans soon infested all the land. 
 
 One Rollo, noted leader of a predatory band. 
 
 From Charles the Simple had a grant, on which he settled 
 
 down, 
 And Neustria, or Normandy, became of high renown. 
 With Louis Fifth, the Carlovingians end their base career ; 
 With Hugh Capet, nine eighty-seven, Capetians first appear. 
 
 THE CAPETIAN LINE (987 tO 1 328). 
 
 The saintly Robert wore the crown, and Henry First, his son; 
 While, in the time of Philip First, the Normans Britain won. 
 ' 'Tis in the reign of Louis Sixth, the Communes first are seen. 
 Proud Eleanor leaves Louis Seventh, to shine as England's 
 queen. 
 
 The Second Philip, who controlled for more than forty years, 
 
7 
 
 In Third Crusade, with Lion Heart, a gallant knight appears. 
 
 To crush the lords, uplift the throne, the cunning monarch 
 aimed : 
 
 He measured swords with England, and its choicest fiefs re- 
 claimed. 
 
 At Bouvines, glorious victory came ; the Albigenses slain, 
 
 In fair Toulouse no more was heard the troubadour's refrain. 
 
 King Louis Eighth a few years ruled ; St. Louis, forty-four, 
 ^nd, in the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, the sacred emblem 
 
 wore. 
 To France, with wealthy Philip Third, rich provinces accrue : 
 Sicilian Vespers mark his time, twelve hundred eighty-two. 
 
 Till thirteen-fourteen, Philip Fourth, the cold and crafty, reigned. 
 
 And with Pope Boniface, the Eighth, a bitter fight maintained. 
 
 He curbed the strong and free communes, and heavy taxes 
 laid: 
 
 The first States-General was called ; the law supreme was made. 
 
 At Courtrai, Flemings plied their staves on knightly mail and 
 crest: 
 
 By plunder, torture and the flames, the Templars were sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 And when the starry crozier was on Clement Fifth bestowed. 
 
 The Popes began, at Avignon, their seventy years' abode. 
 
 With Louis Tenth and Philip Fifth and Charles the Fourth, 
 "The Fair,' 
 
 The sons of Phihp, end the kings who name "Capetian" bear. 
 
 THE VALOIS BRANCH (1328-I498). 
 
 Period of the Hundred Years' War (1328-1453). 
 Their cousin, Philip of Valois, in thirteen tweniy-eight, 
 Disputes with grasping Edward Third the sovereign estate. 
 
 Philip II. 
 Augustus. 
 (1180-1223). 
 
 Louis VIII. 
 
 (1223-26). 
 
 Louis IX. 
 
 (1226-70). 
 
 Philip. III. 
 (1270-85). 
 
 Philip IV. 
 
 (1285-1314. 
 
 Louis X. 
 (1314-16). 
 Philip V. 
 (1316-22). 
 
 Charles IV. 
 (1322-28). 
 
 Philip VI. 
 
 (1328-50), 
 
8 
 
 John. 
 
 (1360-64). 
 
 Charles T. 
 
 (1364-80). 
 
 The English win at Cr^cy, then besiege and take Calais, 
 While knights of France to bowmen yield, on field of Poitiers. 
 In nominal captivity, King John in England dies : 
 His son assumes the diadem, — far-sighted Charles the Wise. 
 Du Guesclin's bold free lances, fierce and eager for the fray. 
 Bear down rebellious vassals ; sweep the English foe away. 
 
 In thirteen eighty, Charles the Sixth begins a troubled reign : 
 Burgundians strive with Armagnacs, while he becomes insane. 
 O'er the kingdom, thus distracted, Henry Fifth his flag uprears, 
 And as Regent, after Agincourt, the vanquished country steers. 
 At Charles's death, the double crown King Henry is to wear : 
 Both die, in fourteen twenty-two ; young Henry Sixth is heir. 
 The Dauphin, Charles " the Well Belov'd," to God appeals his 
 
 cause : 
 In his behalf, the "Maid of Arc" the sword of justice draws. 
 Invested Orleans was saved, andCharles, atRheims,was crowned.. 
 But a dungeon and a martyr's death his brave deliverer found. 
 
 Louis XI. The "Universal Spider," false and cruel Louis Eleventh, 
 
 Untimely hurried to the grave his father, Charles the Seventh. 
 He aimed at autocratic sway; old feudal rights o'erthrew ; 
 But France extended her frontiers, and strong and wealthy grew. 
 When Charles of Burgundy's career at Nancy darkly closed. 
 The union of his heiress withthe Dauphin was proposed. 
 Though the Duchy was transferred to France, to Maximilian's 
 
 hands 
 The choice of Mary gave in trust the priceless Netherlands. 
 
 Charles VIII. Ungainly Charles the Eighth succeeds, in fourteen e'ghty-three; 
 (1483-98). "With pious Anne, his wife, secures the State of Briitany. 
 By martial feats in Italy, he seeks a deathless fame, 
 And Florence, Rome and Naples bow to his all-conquering name: 
 
But European States combine, to check his daring schemes ; 
 In disappointment and defeat, d'ssolve his brilliant dreams. 
 
 THE VALOIS-ORLEANS BRANCH (1498-I589). 
 
 In fourteen hundred ninety-eight, wise Louis Twelfth was 
 
 crowned : 
 The people in this able prince a friend and father found. 
 Before him, too, fair Italy the land of promise rose, , 
 
 And on Milan and Naples he would fain his rule impose. 
 By Ferdinand of Aragon, a sly, false-hearted friend. 
 His Neapolitan campaign was brought to direful end. 
 In League of Cambrai, Julius Second, Louis, Ferdinand, 
 With the Emperor Maximilian, the fall of Venice planned. 
 The French won Agnadello ; but against them soon combined 
 The Pope, Venetians, Spaniards, Swiss, and " Holy League " 
 
 was signed. 
 Though victory o'er Gaston's sword a passing splendor threw. 
 The Powers, by Treaty of Madrid, stayed Louis's steps anew. 
 With Leo Tenth and Henry Eighth his enemies' allies. 
 And Guinegate lost, — the weary king renounced the glittering 
 
 prize. 
 
 Ill fifteen-fifteen, Francis First, of Valois-Angouleme, 
 Brave-hearted and luxurious, to royal honors came : 
 He centralized authority, and made his will supreme. 
 The glories of the Renaissance adorn this new regime ; 
 The Alps are scaled ; from hardy Swiss is Marignano won ; 
 And noble Bayard knights the king, for deeds of valor done. 
 Eighth Henry, Francis, Charles the Fifth, imperial rank would 
 
 hold; 
 And fleur-de-lis and red cross vie, on "Field of Cloth of Gold." 
 With England, Spain arose in arms ; the Alps again were crossed; 
 On Pavia Francis poured his troops, and all save honor lost. 
 
lO 
 
 Released, by Treaty of Madrid, from th' Alcazar's gloomy tower. 
 
 He entered into " Holy League," to break the Spanish power. 
 
 Then came the dreadful sack of Rome ; the Treaty of Cambrai ; 
 
 Another war ; a partial peace ; the singular array 
 
 Of Frenchmen joined with infidel, the Turkish Solyman ; 
 
 While Barbarossa, wild corsair, Italian shores o'erran. 
 
 This war of two-and-twenty years with Peace of Crespy ends, 
 
 And Francis dies in forty-seven : his son the throne ascends. 
 
 Henry II. 
 
 (1547-59). 
 
 Of feeble-minded Henry Second — worthless libertine ! 
 Was Catherine de Medici — an evil spirit — queen. 
 The king with German Protestants engaged in deep design. 
 To wrest from Charles the Emperor, the boundary of the Rhine. 
 He seized Verdun and Toul and Metz, but Philip's arms pre- 
 vailed, 
 When by the Anglo-Spanish force St. Quentins was assailed. 
 With brilliant dash, the Duke of Guise surprised and took 
 
 "Calais. 
 ' ' Cateau-Cambresis " stilled the strife. Then came the fatal day 
 Of princely feast and tournament : the glancing of a spear 
 Arrested bv its mortal stroke the monarch's short career. 
 
 The leadership to Henry's sons in order was transferred, — 
 ^'[f5fl9-60)'''' '^° Francis Second, Charles the Ninth and vicious Henry Third. 
 
 Young Francis had a brief control, and married Queen of 
 Scots ; 
 **J"'6s IX. The realm was torn with civil war and ceaseless counterplots 
 
 Of Huguenot and Catholic, of Guise against Conde : — 
 
 For two-and-thirty years, the land in bloody ruin lay. 
 
 The wily Regent Catherine is friend or foe by turns ; 
 
 But towards the hapless Calvinists her fiercest anger burns. 
 
 So, weak, unwilling Charles is led, in fifteen seventy-two. 
 
 To crush them in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 
1 1 
 
 With Henry Third a rival prince contends for place and power, — Henry III. 
 The ' ' Leader of the Holy League, " and passion rules the 
 
 hour : 
 This " King of Paris," Duke of Guise, a treacherous blade lays 
 
 low, 
 And Clement's dagger deals the king a swift, avenging blow. 
 
 THE BOURBON HOUSE (1589-I789). 
 
 The nearest heir of Valois kings, whose annals ended are, 
 And ninth removed from Louis Ninth, was Henry of Navarre. 
 This Henry Fourth, the founder of the famous Bourbon line, 
 Began his struggle for the throne, in fifteen eighty-nine. 
 Against him were the Pope, the League and Ferdinand of 
 
 Spain ; 
 But snow-white plume to glory led, on Ivry's battle-plain. 
 The king forsook his ancient faith, to quell the party storms, 
 And wrought with faithful Sully his far-reaching, wise reforms. 
 The "Edict" closed the warfare; but Ravaillac's murderous 
 
 hand, 
 In sixteen-ten, cut Henry down, with all the schemes he planned. 
 
 His son, young Louis Thirteenth, who succeeded to the throne. 
 Was too weak-brained and indolent, to guide the realm alone. 
 His selfish mother held the reins; then, crafty Richelieu. 
 This able politician had these three designs in view : — 
 To overthrow the Huguenots, the nobles to suppress. 
 And check the House of Austria : so, in the storm and stress 
 Which ravaged, during thirty years, the wretched Fatherland, 
 To the Protestants of Germany he gave a helping hand. 
 Admired, detested, Richelieu died, in sixteen forty-two. 
 And, closely following, to his end dependent Louis drew. 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 (1689-1610). 
 
 Edict of 
 Nantes. 
 (1598). 
 
 Louis XIII. 
 (1610-43). 
 
 Thirty Years' 
 
 War. 
 
 (1618-18). 
 
 At the crowning of her little son, the self-willed mother, Anne, 
 
12 
 
 Louis XIV. With Mazarin, as minister, her regency began. 
 (1643-1715). g^.jj iijjggj.gjj Qjj jjjg ^^j. ^l^ich led to Austria's decline, 
 
 And gave to proud, exultant France the boundary of the Rhine. 
 The battle-fires of Lens, Rocroi, Fribourg and Nordlingen, 
 Shed lustre on the great Conde and idolized Turenne. 
 At last, in sixteen forty-eight, to German Protestants 
 The Treaty of Westphalia gave religious tolerance. 
 
 The " Fronde," an insurrection of the nobles who rebelled. 
 War of Provoked for years chaotic strife, but finally was quelled. 
 UBCT-e^sT' The king claimed Flanders, at the death of Philip Fourth of 
 
 Spain, 
 And drew the sword, 
 campaign. 
 
 ' Aix-la-Chapelle " cut short the new 
 
 To crush persistent Holland, Louis spent himself in vain : 
 The Dutch, to save their country, let the sea o'erspread the plain. 
 War of the Against the half of Europe was the strength of France displayed, 
 ^fiSa^Tsf "'^ ■'^"'^ lovely Rhineland shook, beneath the tramp of hosts arrayed. 
 O'er fair fields wasted, to and fro, the surging armies pressed : 
 Exhaustion fell upon the realm, and Europe longed for rest. 
 By truce accorded, France received Alsace and Franche-Comte, 
 And Louis, vain and haughty, held his enemies at bay. 
 
 Distrust of such preeminence among the nations spread. 
 
 And the famous League of Augsburg rose, by England's 
 
 „, , , William led. 
 
 War of the 
 Second -Coali- Fleurus, Steinkirk, Neerwinden gave to Luxembourg renown ; 
 
 But the French, in Peace of Ryswick, laid their blood-bought 
 
 trophies down. 
 
 War of the The Eighteenth century was born in battle flame and smoke, 
 cession. " When claimants to the Spanish realm the pact of nations broke. 
 (iTOi- 3,. To Philip, Louis's grandson, Charles the Second wills the throne; 
 
13 
 
 But Charles, the son of Leopold, demands it as his own. 
 
 In league against a Bourbon rule, most heartily concur 
 
 The Empire, Holland, Denmark, Prussia, England, Hanover. 
 
 At Ramillies and Oudenarde, Blenheim and Malplaquet, 
 
 By Mar'borough and Prince Eugene, the French are swept 
 
 away. 
 The Treaty of Utrecht proclaimed that Philip might have 
 
 Spain, 
 Provided French and Spanish crowns should separate remain. 
 To England fell Acadia, Gibraltar, Newfoundland ; 
 The Netherlands and Italy to Austria's heavy hand. 
 
 The "Golden" or "Augustan" Age had many brilliant men : 
 Racine, Corneille, and Moliere, Descartes and La Fontaine. 
 But Louis's later years were fraught with suffering and shame : 
 The cruel ' ' Revocation Act " obscured his splendid fame : 
 The persecuted Huguenots to other lands conveyed 
 That wondrous industry and skill, which France supreme had 
 made. 
 
 Treaty of 
 
 Utrecht, 
 
 (1713). 
 
 EevooBtion 
 
 of the 
 
 Edict of 
 
 Nantes. 
 
 (1686). 
 
 This reign of two and seventy years, in seventeen-fifteen ends : 
 
 Upon a puny great-grandson the country's fate depends. , 
 
 Against the Regent Orleans, the Spmish king conspires, 
 
 But other States combine to check his covetous desires. 
 
 The war confirms to Austria her hold on Italy, 
 
 And England's hand, unchallenged, wields the sceptre of the sea. 
 
 Louis XV. 
 
 {1715-48). 
 
 Augustus, King of Poland, dies : for his uneasy seat 
 Augustus Third, of Saxony, and Stanislaus compete. 
 1 he Treaty of Vienna gives to Stanislaus, Lorraine ; 
 The Sicilies, to Carlos, son of Philip Fifth, of Spain. 
 
 Upon the death of Charles the Sixth, in seventeen forty-one. 
 To vindicate his daughter's right, a contest is begun : 
 
 War of 
 the Polish 
 Buceession. 
 
 (1733-35). 
 
14 
 
 Bavaria's Elector claims imperial estate ; — 
 Theresa's husband, Francis, is the rival candidate. 
 
 theSstrian. Silesia falls an easy prey to Prussian Frederick's greed. 
 
 ^?ml-48)"^' '^^^ French-Bavarian forces to Vienna's gates proceed ; 
 
 From Prague's blockade the routed French with- shattered 
 
 legions fiy : 
 At Dettingen, King George achieves a signal victory. 
 But Mar.-hal Saxe and Louis their triumphant banners wave, 
 At Fontenoy, Raucoux, Lawfelt, o'er many a soldier's grave. 
 The Empire fell to Francis, and Aix-la-Chapelle decreed, 
 That Louis to his enemies should all his gains concede. 
 
 Seven Years' In seventeen hundred fifty-six, when "Seven Years' War "broke 
 War 
 (1766-63). out, 
 
 Between the Austrians and the French a league was brought 
 
 about ; 
 But Englandjoined with Prussia; whose stout-hearted king defied, 
 Unaided save by her, the powers engaged on Austria's side. 
 Rosbach, Crevelt and Minden see King Frederick's genius ri se. 
 And 'Wolfe, on Heights of Abraham, a conquering hero dies. 
 Thus Canada is lost to France : in seventeen sixty-three, 
 The Paris Peace determines that the English gains shall be, 
 In India and America, possessions rich and great ; 
 While Prussia takes her station as a European State. 
 
 Amid accumulating woes, in seventeen seventy-four, 
 Foreseeing the impending storm, which threatened more and 
 more, 
 LouisXTI. T'he ignominous Louis dies : his grandson takes the crown, 
 (1774-89). j^jj(j (.pjgg (.Q gg^gg ti^^g burdens, which hav,e weighed the people 
 down. 
 As ministers, Turgot, Calonne, Brienne and Neckar fail, 
 And only the States-General can henceforth aught avail. 
 
15 
 
 By the National Assembly — as the ' ' Tiers Etat " is named — '^ i'ssembl "^' 
 Is forine'd a Constitution ; sweeping measures are proclaimed ; (1789). 
 Chateaux are sacked, the nobles slain, the gloomy Bastile 
 
 burned ; 
 The taxes all are equalized, old feudal rights o'erturned. 7^ 
 
 The Jacobins — Danton, Marat, ferocious Robespierre, 
 Wild spirits of the stormy times, no high-born captives sparfe, 
 
 The first Assembly is dissolved, the " Legislative " meets, TheLegisla- 
 
 While " Feuillants," "Mountains." "Girondists," select their *'" (^fffjf"'^ 
 
 special seatp. 
 The king appeals to brother kings ; is torn from palace halls : 
 Around him and his loved ones close the " Temple's " prison 
 
 walls. 
 September massacres commence ; for blood the people cry ; 
 At Valmy, Prussians are dispersed ; at Jemmapes, Austrians fly. 
 The "National Convention" meets — then vanish king and throne, The National 
 And stately Marie Antoinette awaits her doom alone. (1792). 
 
 The ' ' Reign of Terror " ceases with the death of Robespierre. 
 To turn the stranger from the soil the eager French prepare. 
 For Europe's fresh, embattled hosts are threatening the frontier: 
 Great generals — Carnot, Moreau and Pichegru appear. 
 Both Belgium an 1 Holland won, a partial peace ensues. 
 Two Councils, formed to legislate, the ruling factions choose — 
 The "Ancients'' and "Five Hundred," while executive con- 
 trol 
 Is lodged in a Directory. Again the war drums roll. The Directory 
 
 To quell the rising anarchy, the new " Convention " calls 
 The young lieutenant Bonaparte : all opposition falls. 
 
 And thus began that strange career, which lasted twenty years, 
 Disturbed the peace of Europe, and dissolved a world in tears. 
 
i6 
 
 ^^"^a/^^ *^ Despatched to Northern Italy, where Austrian forces swarm, 
 (1796-97. Napoleon breaks upon their lines in unimpeded storm. 
 
 Sardinia, trembling, bends the knee ; the Emperor yields to 
 
 fate ; 
 Signs ' ' Campo Formio ; " Venice drops from her time-honored 
 
 state. 
 To Austria the treaty terms her sea-girt isles assign. 
 And France receives, with Belgium, the boundary of the Rhine, 
 
 The Egyijtiaii The brief Egyptian war comes on ; the Mamelukes's defeat, 
 (1798-99')°'^' And famous ' ' Victory of the Nile, " by Nelson's British fleet : 
 The gorgeous dream of Eastern rule, the profitless advance, 
 Through desert wilds, on Syria ; and, then, — the flight to 
 France. 
 
 At Paris, welcomed with delight, the hero of the hour, 
 The Consul- Invested with the Consulate, has autocratic power. 
 (1799-1804). Abroad, his friendly overtures are scornfully ignored. 
 And once again, in Italy, is drawn the tireless sword. 
 War against Proud Austria is humbled, on Marengo's level site, 
 
 (1800). ' And Linden's field^ all blood-stained lie, beneath the morning 
 light. 
 The ' ' Peace of Luneville " was pledged : when William Pitt 
 
 resigned, 
 King George gave Bonaparte the hand, and ' 'Amiens" was signed. 
 
 Napoleon I. Assuming the Imperial robes, in eighteen-hundred four, 
 (™04-iS!^' Napoleon, across the Rhine the conquering eagles bore. 
 
 OnUlm his fire-charged columns burst, and "Sun of Austerlitz" 
 Goes down in blood, while in the dust ill-fated Austria sits. 
 Trafalgar won, in Victory's arms exultant Nelson dies. 
 By "Presburg Treaty," Francis Second, peace and pardon 
 
 buys. 
 The " Holy Roman Empire " ends, new kingdoms rise apace, 
 
I? 
 
 The Emperor's brothers mount their thrones and govern by his 
 grace. 
 
 In eighteen-six, the Prussian monarch, Frederick William 
 
 Third, 
 The facile dupe of Bonaparte, for battle gave the word. 
 Unfit to cope with such a foe, he saw his country's name. 
 At Auerstadt and Jena, sink in misery and shame. 
 " Berlin Decrees " from foreign ports the English flag shut out. 
 And with the dread artillery was Poland girt about. 
 'Mid blinding snow was Eylau fought. From Friedland's gory 
 
 field 
 The Emperors' of the North and West, the Peace of Tilsit 
 
 sealed. 
 
 Napoleon inlerfered in Spain, where Charles and Ferdinand 
 Gave up the helm to Joseph, at the Corsican's demand. 
 The old Castilian pride awoke, the kingdom was aflame. 
 From Albion, grim Wellesly with his battalions came : 
 He drove the French from Portugal, and Joseph from the 
 
 throne. 
 Napoleon to the rescue speeds ; the field is all his own ; 
 But calm and resolute, like fate, stood dauntless Wellington, 
 And, with Vittoria victory, his glorious work was done. 
 
 Again, the Austrians menace France. Napoleon northward 
 
 hies ; 
 Wins Wagram, and ' ' Vienna Peace " with Francis ratifies. 
 The faithful, loving Josephine must now be set aside : 
 A haughty Hapsburg princess stoops to be the soldier's bride. 
 The master's rule is absolute, in Europe and at home ; 
 To crown his triumph there is born a son, the King of Rome. 
 
 War with 
 Prussia. 
 
 (1806). 
 
 War with 
 Bussia. 
 
 (1807). 
 
 War in Spatn. 
 
 (1809-10). 
 
 War with 
 
 Austria, 
 
 (1809). 
 
 But under all this splendor, lurked the symptoms of decay : 
 
i8 
 
 War vnth 
 
 Bussia. 
 
 (1812). 
 
 The autocrat had dared too much, — to have unquestioned sway. 
 
 The Emperor Alexander chose his mandate to defy ; 
 
 And, when the myriad French appeared 'neath Russia's frozen 
 
 sky, 
 He lured them on to dismal death, and fought the foe with fire, 
 Till Moscow's flaming tongues became the Empire's funeral pyre. 
 What untold horrors gather round the desperate retreat, 
 'Mid famine gaunt, and bitter cold, and snow and driving sleet, 
 And lances keen of Cossack bands, swift darting o'er the plain, 
 Where weary men lie down to die amid th' unburied slain ! 
 
 Battle of 
 
 Dresden. 
 
 (Oct. 7, 1813). 
 
 Battle of 
 
 Leipsie. 
 
 (Oct. 18, 1813. 
 
 Waterloo, 
 
 Uuue 18, 1815), 
 
 North Germany arose in arms, with English, Russians, Swedes. 
 At Liitzen and at Bautzen, Gallic valor still succeeds. 
 The star of destiny emerged from clouds of angry mien : 
 Then Austria joined the hostile league, and France alone was 
 
 seen 
 At bay, before the serried ranks of Europe's strength arrayed. 
 And, after Dresden victory, the eagle's flight was stayed. 
 
 The " Battle of the Nations" is at Leipsie fought and lost : 
 ) The glittering realm of Bonaparte now melts away like frost 
 To Paris hurrying aliens swarm, and crowd her open gates ; 
 The Eighteenth Louis is proclaimed ; Napoleon abdicates, 
 Retires to Elba, comes again, when violets return : 
 Once more the gay tri-color blooms ; all hearts with ardor burn. 
 A million warriors cross the Rhine, to crush the dreaded foe. 
 And Wellington and Blucher give the last decisive blow. 
 On June eighteenth, eighteen-fifteen, on field of Waterloo, 
 Napoleon's star forever set, and he, e.xpelled anew. 
 Was sent to St. Helena, — where, in twenty-one, he died. 
 The exiled Bourbons re-appeared, in all their wonted pride ; 
 But, ere the European powers would war-worn France release. 
 The Congress of Vienna wrung severest terms of peace. 
 
19 
 
 King Louis governed prudently, and died, in twenty-four ; ■'^"usis'S*)''''''" 
 
 But Charles the Tenth, his brother, was determined to restore Charles X. 
 The old despotic Bourbon rule ; when followed rioting. 
 The three tempestuous July days, — the downfall of the king. 
 
 Louis 
 Philippe. 
 
 (1830-48). 
 
 And now, in eighteen-thirty, is enthroned in royal state 
 Louis Philippe of Orleans, the people's candidate. 
 Unwilling to be liberal, and fearing to be strong. 
 He sees in many a hostile camp the seething masses throng. 
 In forty-eight, a revolution shakes the tottering throne. 
 And of a new Republic, then, is laid the corner-stone. 
 
 The "Reds," disdaining government, hold revel wild and high, 
 
 With ' ' Liberty I Equality I Fraternity ! " their cry. 
 
 Though Cavaignac puts down the mob, by general assent. 
 
 The son of Louis and Hortense is chosen President. 
 
 A "Coup d'Etat" prolongs his rule; in fifty-two, is heard 
 
 The nation's voice, and he is crowned Napoleon the Third. 
 
 By wise reforms, by dazzling show, and measures grand and (I862-70), 
 
 vast, 
 He sought to bring again to France the glories of her past 
 
 Napoleon III 
 Emperor, 
 
 Sardinians, English and the French, in eighteen fifty-four. 
 
 To Turkey, in " Crimean War, "a friendly service bore. 
 
 From Alma, Balaklava and contested Inkermann 
 
 Their troops drew near Sebastopol, whose famous siege began. 
 
 O'er Russia's boasted citadel her foemen's banner blew. 
 
 But the pledges of the " Paris Peace " harmonious terms renew. 
 
 Crimean War. 
 (1854-66). 
 
 In crushed, divided Italy, by Austrian tyrants cursed. 
 The smouldering, patriotic fires, in fifty-nine outburst. 
 Victor Emmanuel takes the field ; Napoleon lends his sword : 
 Magenta, Solferino, brilliant victories afford. 
 Hostilities are ended by the Villafranci Peace : 
 
 War of 
 Italy. 
 (I8sg). 
 
20 
 
 War with 
 
 Germany, 
 
 (1870-71 J 
 
 Sardinia has Lombardy ; and France, Savoy and Nice. 
 The treaty left to Austria Venetia's fair domain, 
 And a cry went up o'er Italy, of anger and of pain. 
 With Garibaldi spring to arms the patriot volunteers ; 
 From Sicily, so long oppressed, the Bourbon disappears. 
 In sixty-one, Emmanuel rules a land, united, free. 
 In seventy, Rome is capital of rescued Italy. 
 
 The growth of Prussia's landed wealth and military power 
 
 Aroused the jealousy of France ; and, in an evil hour. 
 
 The die was cast. " On to Berlin ! " became the rallying call, 
 
 But, swiftly moving on their prey, the arm6d Teutons fall. 
 
 At Weissenburg, at Worth, Courcelles, Gravelotte and Vionville 
 
 The baffled French go reeling back from bristling walls of 
 
 steel. 
 His sword surrendering at Sedan, the Emp'ror sees cast down, 
 In one brief, agonizing day, his dynasty and crown. 
 The " Third Republic " is installed ; the German lines con- 
 verge, 
 And near invested Paris is the furious battle surge. 
 Bazaine capitulates at Metz ; the thundering foreign gun 
 Compels the Capital to yield, in eighteen seventy-one. 
 
 Thiers. 
 
 (1871-73). 
 
 MaoMahon. 
 
 (1873-79). 
 
 GrevT. 
 9). 
 
 (1879). 
 
 The ' ' Peace " exacts a heavy fine, with Metz, Alsace, Lor- 
 raine ; 
 But, ere the enemy is gone, the Commune rules again. 
 Destruction, anarchy and death hold Paris terror-bound : 
 Th'- Assembly takes the city, and revolt in blood is drowned. 
 Thiers was chief executive, till eighteen seventy-three ; 
 MacMahon then was called upon to take the regency : 
 The pressure of Republicans obliged him to resign, 
 And Grevy was the President in eighteen seventy-nine. 
 
21 
 
 GENEALOGY. 
 
 Table No. i. — ^The Merovingians. 
 
 Table No. 2. — The Carlovingians. 
 
 Table No. 3. — The Capetian Dynasty. 
 
 Table No. 4. — The Houses of Valois and Valois-Orl6ans. 
 
 Table No. 5. — ^The House of Bourbon, from Henry IV. 
 
 Table No. 6. — ^The Bourbon-Orl6ans Family. 
 
 Table No. 7. — The Bonapartes, with the relationship of Queen 
 
 Victoria to the King of Portugal and the King of the Belgians. 
 Table No. 8.— The Houses of Anjou and Bourbon, in Naples 
 
 and Sicily. 
 Table No. 9. — The Dukes of Burgundy. 
 Table No. 10. — The House of Bourbon to Henry IV. 
 Table No. ii. — The House of Navarre, showing maternal 
 
 descent of Henry IV. 
 Table No. 12. — The claims of the Spanish Succession, with the 
 
 Reigning Family of Austria. 
 Table No. 13. — The Bourbon Family of Spain, with Reigning 
 
 Sovereigns. 
 Table No. 14. — The Reigning Families of Portugal, Brazil and 
 
 Sweden. 
 Table No. 15. — The Houses of Lorraine and Guise. 
 Table No. 16. — The House of Savoy. 
 
22 
 
 TABLE No. I. 
 THE MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY. 
 
23 
 
 
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24 
 
 TABLE No. 2. 
 THE CARLOVINGIANS, 
 
25 
 
 
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26 
 
 TABLE No, 3. 
 THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY. 
 
27 
 
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 TABLE No. 4. 
 :OUSES OF VALOIS AND VALOIS-OR 
 
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30 
 
 TABLE No. 5. 
 
 ;e of bourbon, from henry iv. 
 
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32 
 
 TABLE No. 6. 
 JOURBON-ORLEANS FAMILY. 
 
33 
 
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34 
 
 TABLE No. 7. 
 
 ites, with the relationship 
 :toria to the king of portu- 
 d the king of the belgians. 
 
35 
 
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36 
 
 TABLE No. 8. 
 
 THE HOUSES OF ANJOU AND BOURBOH 
 
 IN NAPLES AND SICILY. 
 
 Henry VI. (1190-98), Emperor of Germany, of the House of 
 Hohenstaufen, gained the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, In right 
 of his wife, Constantia, the last heiress of the Norman kings. His 
 son and successor, Frederic II., was, from his unusual talents, 
 called the " Astonishment of the World." During his reign, the 
 University of Naples was founded, and, at his court, modern Italian 
 received its first literary form. 
 
 In his time, the contentions of the Guelfs and Ghibellines raged 
 fiercely, and, when, after the death of Frederic and his son, 
 Conrad IV., Manfred (a son by an Italian mother) became Regent 
 of Naples, he was excommunicated by Innocent IV., and the 
 Sicilian kingdom was offered to Charles of Anjou. Manfred was 
 killed, at the Battle of Beneventum ; his sons died in prison, and 
 young Conradin(son of Conrad IV.), the last representative of the 
 Hohenstaufen, went to Italy to claim his inheritance. He was 
 defeated by Charles of Anjou, captured, and beheaded with five 
 of his faithful friends. On the scaffold, he bequeathed his Italian 
 kingdom to his cousin, Constance (daughter of Manfred), who had 
 married Peter III., of Aragon. 
 
 Charles of Anjou ruled the Sicilians with a rod of iron, and, after 
 the frightful massacre of the " Sicilian Vgspers, " the island was 
 seized by a fleet sent by Peter III. (1282), and Naples alone re- 
 mained to the House of Anjou. 
 
Joanna succeeded her grandfather, Robert the Wise, and married 
 her cousin, Andrew of Hungary. The assumed claims of Andrew 
 to the throne of Naples alarmed Joanna's counsellors, and he was 
 murdered (1345). To avenge his death, his brother, Louis the 
 Great, of Hungary, invaded the kingdom, but was not successful 
 in his attempts on the throne. Urban VI., in revenge for Joanna's 
 adherence to his rival, Clement VII., bestowed her kingdom on 
 Charles of Durazzo (1381). Charles was the rightful heir, but 
 Joanna, displeased at this disposal of her kingdom before her 
 death, adopted Louis of Anjou, and he was crowned King, at 
 Avignon, by Clement VII. Charles of Durazzo took up arms, and 
 Joanna was captured, imprisoned and, finally, murdered (1382). 
 
 The Duke of Anjou, as uncle of the minor, Charles VI., King of 
 France, was appointed one of his guardians. He made use of his 
 power to seize upon the royal treasures, and marched into Italy, 
 but, with most of his army, died of the plague. His adoption 
 cost France more than a century of war, which resulted in no 
 permanent conquest. 
 
 Joanna II. adopted, at different times, Louis III., of Anjou, and 
 Alfonso v., "the Magnanimous," of Aragon. She finally be- 
 queathed her crown to Rene. He was expelled from Naples by 
 Alfonso v., who reunited the two parts of the old monarchy, 
 Sicily and the continental portion of the kingdom (1435). At his 
 death, he left Naples to his natural son, Ferdinand, who disputed 
 the right of John, of Calabria. Sicily and Aragon fell to the lot of 
 John II., brother of Alfonso and father of Ferdinand, the Catholic. 
 Ferdinand united Naples to the Spanish monarchy, and, till the 
 beginning of the eighteenth century, the Kingdom of the Two 
 Sicilies was a part of the Spanish Empire. 
 
 During the War of the Spanish Succession, the Austrians made 
 themselves masters of Sicily and Naples, and, though Sicily was 
 ceded by them, in 1713, to the House of Savoy, and, in 1718, con- 
 quered by Spam, they became again, in 1720, possessors of both 
 kingdoms. The War of the Polish Succession gave monarchial 
 independence, once more, to the Sicilies ; for, in 1735, Don Carlos, 
 a younger son of Philip V., after a successful campaign against the 
 Austrians, was crowned sovereign of the two kingdoms, at 
 
38 
 
 Palermo. He founded the Bourbon line, which reigned in Sicily 
 and Naples, until 1861, interrupted only by the disturbances of the 
 French Revolution, and the reigns of Joseph Bonaparte and Murat. 
 
 When Ferdinand, King of Spain (1746-59), died, Charles suc- 
 ceeded ; as the crowns of Spain and the Sicilies were never to be 
 united, he resigned the latter to his third son, Ferdinand (1759-1825). 
 Ferdinand was dethroned, in 1805, by a proclamation issued by 
 Napoleon, and Joseph was made King of Naples (1806). Sicily 
 was beyond Napoleon's reach, as the English controlled the sea ; 
 and it remained under the sway of the Bourbon princes. 
 
 By the Congress of Vienna (1814), the old dynasties were restored; 
 but the Bourbons were not reinstated, in Naples, until 1815, as 
 Murat had secured possession of the state, for a while, by his de- 
 sertion of Napoleon. When the Bourbons, under the protection 
 of the English, returned to Naples, the Neapolitans, who had ac- 
 cepted office under the French government, were the victims of 
 the wrath of Ferdinand and his cruel queen, Caroline, and by an 
 infamous tribunal, organized on Lord Nelson's ship and under his 
 supervision, an entire government, which had legally succeeded to 
 a banished king, was brought to the scaffold. Francis I. succeeded 
 his father, Ferdinand, as King of the Two Sicilies, in 1825, and was 
 followed, in 1830, by his son Ferdinand V., of Naples, and II., of 
 Sicily (King Bomba, or Puff-Cheek). He lost his kingdom as a 
 result of Garibaldi's victories, and the Bourbon family fled from 
 Naples, Sept., i860. 
 
39 
 
 
 CIS 
 
 <3^ 
 
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40 
 
 TABLE No. 9. 
 THE HOUSE OF BURGUNDY. 
 
 In 877, Charles the Bold made his brother-in-law, Richard, the 
 first Dulce of Burgundy. In 938, the duchy passed to Hugh the 
 Great, Count of Paris. Henry, his grandson, on becoming King 
 of France, gave it to his brother, Robert, and it remained in his 
 family, until the death of Philip de Rouvre, in 1363. As Philip left 
 no issue. King John, who was the nearest of blood, took possession 
 of the duchy, and gave it to his fourth son, Philip. By his 
 marriage with Margaret, Philip the Bold obtained the County of 
 Burgundy (Franche Comte), as a fief of the Empire, and, on the 
 death of his father-in-law. Count Louis, the counties of Flanders, 
 Artois, Rhetel, Auxerre and Nevers, fiefs of the crown of France 
 were added to his dominions. 
 
 Philip the Good purchased the county of Namur, inherited the 
 duchies of Brabant and Limbourg, and obtained by treaty the 
 counties of Hainault, Holland, Zealand and Friesland, as well as the 
 Duchy of Luxembourg. By these acquisitions, he became a more 
 powerful sovereign than the King of France, and, during his 
 reign. Burgundy was the most wealthy, prosperous and tranquil, 
 of all the states of Europe. His vast possessions, however, were 
 neither geographically nor politically united, and it was the design 
 of Charles the Bold to form a consolidated realm and found a 
 great Gallo-Belgium kingdom. He perished miserably at Nancy, 
 and his mortal enemy, Louis XL, of France, seized upon the 
 duchy. As a part of the soil of France, it was subject to the Salic 
 law. Other possessions belonging to Mary, the Low Countries 
 and Franche-Comte, fell, by her marriage, to Austria. The contests 
 brought on by the conflicting claims to the Burgundian domain 
 were the origin of the prolonged wars between France and Austria. 
 
41 
 
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42 
 
 TABLE No. lo. 
 HOUSE OF BOURBON TO HENRY IV. 
 
 (i.) Constance, daughter of • Peter the Cruel and Blanche, mar- 
 ried John of Gaunt. Their great granddaughter was Isabelle, who 
 married Ferdinand, of Aragon. 
 
 (2.) Isabella, dau. of Charles, Duke of Bourbon, married Charles 
 the Bold, Duke of Burgundy : her sister, Margaret , married Philip 
 II., of Savoy. 
 
 (3.) Charles, Constable of France, was the most wealthy prince 
 in the kingdom, — inpowernext to the king. With him ended the 
 elder branch of Bourbon. 
 
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44 
 
 TABLE No. II. 
 
 KINGS OF CHAMPAGNE AND NAVARRE, FROM 1150, 
 
 GIVING MATERNAL ANCESTRY OF HENRY IV. 
 
 Champagne was, once, a part of the Kingdom of Burgundy, and 
 was governed by counts, from the tenth century, till it was united 
 to Navarre, in 1234, Count Theobald becoming king. Jeanne, 
 Countess of Champagne and Navarre, married Philip IV., of 
 France, in 1284, and brought these countries into a personal union 
 with the French crown. 
 
 Navarre remained united to France, until the death of Charles IV. 
 (without male issue), and the accession of Philip VI., of Valois. It 
 then returned to its own sovereigns ; and Jeanne II., daughter of 
 Louis X., was crowned Queen of Navarre, in 1329, and brought her 
 crown to the house of Evreux. Her great granddaughter, Blanche, 
 married, first, Martin of Sicily, and afterwards John of Aragon. 
 The latter, after the death of Blanche, made himself King of 
 Navarre, in spite of the claims of his son Charles, who is supposed 
 to have been poisoned by John's second wife, Joanna Henriquez 
 (mother of Ferdinand the Catholic). 
 
45 
 
 The Kingdom of Navarre now rightfully belonged to Blanche, 
 but it had been promised by treaty to the Count de Foix, who 
 married Eleanor, the next younger sister. Eleanor caused Blanche 
 to be poisoned, but died, during the year of her accession. Her 
 grandson, Francis Phoebus, was crowned in 1482, and at his death, 
 in 1483, his sister Catherine, wife of John d'Albret, should have 
 succeeded ; but John, having fallen underthe papal ban, Ferdinand 
 the Catholic, in 1512, seized the whole of what is now Spanish 
 Navarre, and only the small portion of the kingdom, on the French 
 side of the Pyrenees, known as French, or Lower, Navarre, was 
 retained by Henry II., son of Catherine. Ferdinand sought to 
 strengthen his claims upon Navarre, by his marriage with Germaine 
 de Foix, who brought to him, as her dowry, the French claim to 
 Naples. 
 
 By the marriage of Duke Anthony to Jeanne d'Albret, Navarre 
 was acquired by the House of Bourbon, and the successors of 
 Henry IV., till 1830, styled themselves Kings of France and 
 Navarre. 
 
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48 
 
 TABLE No. 12. 
 
 THE CLAIMS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, WITH 
 
 THE REIGNING FAMILY OF AUSTRIA. 
 
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50 
 
 TABLE No. 13. 
 
 THE BOURBON FAMILY OF SPAIN, WITH REIGNING 
 
 SOVEREIGN. 
 
 Alfonso XII., Francisco de Asis Fernando-Pie-Jean-Maria de la 
 Concepcion-Gregoria, born Nov. 28, 1857 ; declared king, Dec. 30, 
 1874 ; married, Jan. 23, 1878, Maria de las Mercedes (b. June 24, 
 i860 : d. June 26, 1878). 
 
 He married, secondly (Nov. 29, 1879), Maria Christine Desire 
 Henriette Felicite R^niere (b. July 21, 1858), dau. of the late Arch- 
 duke Charles Ferdinand, of Austria. Alfonso died Nov. 25, 1885. 
 Children by Christine : Maria de las Mercedes-Ysabel-Teresa- 
 Cristina-Alfonsina-Jacinta, Princess of the Asturias, bom Sept. 11, 
 1880 ; Infanta Maria-Teresa- Ysabel, born Nov. 12, 1882. 
 
 (The heir apparent to the Spanish throne is called the ' ' Prince 
 of the Asturias.") 
 
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52 
 
 TABLE No. 14. 
 
 REIGNING FAMILIES OF PORTUGAL, BRAZIL, AND 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 Louis-Felipe-Maria- Fernando-Pedro de- Alcantara- Antonio-Mig- 
 5l-Rafael-Gabriel-Gonzaga-Javier-Francisco de Asis Juan-Julio- 
 ug^isto-Valfando de Braganza. King of Portugal, Lord of 
 uinea, Duke of Saxony. 
 
53 
 
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54 
 
 TABLE No. 15. 
 THE HOUSES OF LORRAINE AND GLHSE. 
 
 Lorraine was made a kingdom under Lothaire (son of the 
 Emperor Lothaire L), about 855. At his death, it was divided and 
 part of it was made a duchy. The first hereditary duke, Gerard, 
 was nominated bythe Emperor Henry III., in 1048 ; from him de- 
 scended the House of Lorraine. 
 
 The duchy was given to Stanislaus (father-in-law of Louis XV.), 
 for life, and was, at his death, in 1776, united to France. It was tne 
 seat of war, in Aug., 1870, and part of it, including Metz and 
 Thionville, was annexed to Germany, Feb., 1871. 
 
55 
 
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56 
 
 TABLE No. 16. 
 THE HOUSE OF SAVOY. 
 
 The House of Savoy was one of the most ancient sovereign 
 families, in Europe. The founder of its power was a baron of the 
 Burgundian kings, in the eleventh century. Ever since, it has, 
 through many vicissitudes of fortune, steadily gained power and 
 influence, while other great mediaeval Italian families have dis- 
 appeared. 
 
 Charles III. (1504-53), during the contests of Francis I. and 
 Charles V., displeased the former by attending the coronation of 
 the Emperor, at Bologna. Francis invaded Piedmont (which be- 
 longed to Savoy), and, by a royal edict, in 1537, declared it a French 
 possession, which had been unlawfully detached from the kingdom. 
 
 Emanuel Philibert, son and heir of Charles, having by his 
 wisdom and valor assisted the Spaniards, in gaining the victory of 
 St. Quentins, was, by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, reinstated 
 in his paternal dominions. 
 
 Victor Amadeus (1675) was almost constantly at war with France 
 or Spain. When the War of the Spanish Succession broke out, 
 he, at first, took the part of the French, but, indignant at the 
 treatment he received from Louis XIV., he declared for the allies, 
 in 1703. The victory of the imperial army, at Turin, obliged the 
 French to withdraw from Italy, and, by the Treaty of Turin, in 
 1707, the possessions which France held in Italy, by virtue of the 
 rights and in the name of Spain, were surrendered to Austria. 
 Austria then ceded to Victor Amadeus several districts, which ex- 
 tended the power of the House of Savoy into Lombardy. By the 
 Peace of Utrecht, Sardinia was given, by Spain, to the Emperor, 
 and Sicily to Victor Amadeus, who became King of Sicily. 
 
57 
 
 After the death of Louis XIV., Spain tried, by war, to recover 
 her losses, and seized Sicily and Sardinia. The Quadruple Alli- 
 ance, formed against her by France, England, the Emperor and 
 the Republic of Holland, compelled her, in 1720, to a peace ; Aus- 
 tria retained Naples — to which Sicily was added — and Sardinia 
 was given to Savoy. 
 
 In 1805, Sardinia was merged in the Kingdom of Italy, of which 
 Napoleon was crowned king. May, 1805. Until i8i4, when Victor 
 Emanuel was restored, the continental possessions of the Kingdom 
 of Sardinia remained apart of the French Empire. In i860, by 
 universal suffrage, Tuscany was annexed to Sardinia, and Nice and 
 Savoy to France. In Oct., i860, Naples and Sicily voted for 
 annexation to Sardinia. Victor Emanuel II. was declared King of 
 Italy, March 17, 1861. Rome was made the capital, July 3, 1871. 
 
 Humbert Charles Emanuel Jean Marie Ferdinand Eugene, born, 
 March 14, 1844 '> succeeded, Jan. 8, 1878 ; married, April 22, 1868, 
 Marie Marguerite Therese Jeanne (b. Nov. 20, 1851). Issue : 
 Prince Royal Victor Emanuel Ferdinand Marie Janvier, Prince of 
 Naples ; born at Naples, Nov. 11, I869. Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, 
 married Maria Victoria, daughter of Prince Charles Emanuel, of 
 Pozza della Cisterna. 
 
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 MARRIAGES AND CHILDREN 
 
 FRENCH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
62 
 
 MARRIAGES AND CHILDREN OF FRENCH SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 THE MEROVINGIANS AND CARLOVINGIANS. 
 
 Clovis married Clotilda, daughter of Chilperic, Duke of Bur- 
 gundy. She was a Christian, and Clovis, adopting her faith, 
 became the first great Teutonic prince who was a Catholic 
 Christian. 
 
 Childeric and Sigebert, grandsons of Clovis, married the two 
 daughters of Athangild, King of the Goths in Spain, Gals- 
 winth and Brynhild. Fredegonde, a slave girl belonging to 
 Childeric, caused Galswinth to be put to death, and afterwards 
 Sigebert, her husband, and all his children except her own son, 
 Clotaire IL, who came to the throne and ruled the western part 
 of the kingdom, while Brynhild, and her descendants, ruled the 
 •eastern. Clotaire, after killing the great-grandchildren of Bryn- 
 hild, caused the latter to be tied to the tail of a wild horse and 
 ■dragged to death. He thus became King of all the Franks. 
 
 Charlemagne married Hildegard, daughter of Childebrand, 
 Duke of Swabia. 
 
 Louis le Debonnaire married, first, Hermengarde ; secondly, 
 Judith. Issue by Hermengarde : Lothaire, Emperor ; Pepin ; 
 Louis. 
 
 Issue by Judith, Charles the Bald. 
 
63 
 
 Charles the Bald married, first, Hermentrudis, daughter of 
 Odo, Count of Orleans ; secondly, Richildis or Judith, daugh- 
 ter of Bosco, King of Burgundy. 
 
 Issue by Hermentrudis : Louis le B^gue ; Charles ; Carlo- 
 man. 
 
 Issue by Richildis : Judith, who married, first, Ethehvolf, 
 King of England ; 'secondly, Ethelbald, his son ; thirdly, Bald- 
 win, Count of Flanders ; Rothilda, who married Hugh Mag- 
 nus, Count of Paris. 
 
 Louis le Begue married, first, Ansgard ; secondly, Adelheid. 
 
 Issue by Ansgard, Louis III. and Carloman, who ruled 
 jointly as kings. 
 
 Issue by Adelheid, Charles the Simple. 
 
 Charles the Simple married Egwina, daughter of Edward the 
 Elder, King of England.- Egwina afterwards married Heri- 
 bcrt. Count of Champagne, Veimandois and Blois (the Counts 
 of Vermandois were descended from Pepin, King of Italy, 
 second son of Charlemagne). 
 
 Charles died in prison, in 929. During his imprisonment, 
 Robert, Duke of France, and Rudolph, of Burgundy, succes- 
 sively obtained the crown. The wife of Charles, with her in- 
 fant son Louis, took refuge in England, at tl.e court of her 
 brother, Athelstan. Upon the death of King Rudolph, in 
 936, three great nobles united to recall the young prince, who, on 
 account of his exile, was called Louis d'Outremer. Louis 
 married Geberga, daughter of Henry Auceps, Emperor. 
 
64 
 
 Lothaire married Emma, daughter of Lothaire, King of 
 Italy. 
 
 Louis v., le Faineant, the last of the Carlovingians, married 
 Blanca, daughter of William, Duke of Aquitaine. 
 
 THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY. 
 
 Hugh the Great married, iirst, Judith, sister of Louis le 
 Begue ; secondly, Ethelda, daughter of Edward the Elder, 
 King of England ; thirdly, Hadwige, Duchess of Lorraine, 
 daughter of Henry I. , King of Germany. 
 
 Issue by Hadwige : Hugh Capet ; Emma, first wife of 
 Richard I., Duke of Normandy ; Otto and Eudo, d. y.; Henry, 
 Duke of Burgundy ; Beatrice, who married Frederick L, Duke 
 of Upper Lorraine. 
 
 Hugh Capet married Alisa, daughter of William, Duke of 
 Aquitaine. 
 
 Issue. — Robert ; Hadwiga ; Alice ; Giselle. 
 
 Robert II. married, first, Susanna, daughter of Berengarius, 
 King of Italy ; secondly. Bertha, daughter of Conrad, Duke of 
 Burgundy ; thirdly, Blanche, daughter of William, Count of 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Issue by Blanche : Hugh ; Henry ; Alisa, who married, first 
 Richard III., Duke of Normandy; secondly, Baldwin V., 
 Count of Flanders (their daughter, Matilda, married William 
 the Conqueror) : Eudo ; Robert, Duke of Burgundy. Robert 
 founded the first Burgundian line, and began a family of dukes 
 
65 
 
 which lasted four hundred years. His daughter, Constance, mar- 
 ried Alfonso VI., of Castile, and from them are descended the 
 Kings of Castile anS Leon. From the marriage of Theresa, 
 daughter of Alfonso and Constance, with Henry, Count of 
 Portugal (1093-1112), come the Kings of Portugal 
 
 Henry, born ion, married, first, Agnes, daughter of George, 
 King of Russia ; secondly, Maud, niece of the Emperor 
 Henry II. 
 
 Issue by Agnes : Philip I.; Robert, d. y.; Hugh the Great, 
 Count of Vermandois-Valois. Hugh was one of the leaders of 
 the First Crusade, and married Adelaide, heiress of Vermandois. 
 
 Philip I., born 1053, married, first, Bertha, daughter of 
 Florence I., Count of Holland ; secondly, Bertrade, daughter 
 of Simon de Montfort, a lord of Normandy. 
 
 Issue by Bertha : Louis VI. ; Constantia, who married secondly 
 Boemond, Prince of Taranto, Prince of Antioch (their son, 
 Boemond II. was also Prince of Antioch). Boemond was the 
 son of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, who was the Norman 
 founder of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. 
 
 Issue by Bertrade : Phihp, Count of Mantes ; Florus ; 
 Cecilia who married first, Tancred, Princeof Antioch ; secondly, 
 Pontius, Count of Tripoli ; Eustachiswho married John, Comte 
 d'Etampes. 
 
 Louis VI., le Gros, born 1081, married Adelaide, daughter 
 of Humbert II., Count of Savoy (1072-1108). 
 
 Issue. Philip, d.y. ; Louis VII. ; Henry, Archbishop of 
 
 Rheims • Robert I., Count of Dreux ; Philip, Archdeacon of 
 
66 
 
 Paris ; Hugh ; Constantia, who married Ra3mond V., Count of 
 Toulouse ; Peter, who married Isabelle, Ijeiress of Courtenay. 
 Their son, Peter, was elected Emperor of Constantinople in 1216, 
 and married lolande, sister of Baldwin IX., of Flanders, first Latin 
 Emperor of Constantinople (1204-05). Their son, Robert, was 
 Emperor (1221-28), and another son, Baldwin II. (1228-61). 
 
 The first husband of Constance was Eustace, son of Stephen, 
 King of England. 
 
 Louis VII., born 11 20, married, first, Eleanora, daughter of 
 William V, Duke of Aquitaine ; secondly, Constance, daugh- 
 ter of Alfonso VIIL, of Castile (1126-5?) ; thirdly, Alice, 
 daughter of Theobald II., Count of Champagne. 
 
 Issue by Eleanor : Mary, who married Henry, Count of 
 Champagne and Blois (he was the brother of Alice, third wife of 
 Louis VII. ). Their daughter, Mary, married Baldwin, Eastern 
 Emperor (i 204-05). Her son, Theobald III., married Blanche, 
 heiress of Navarre, daughter of Sancho VI., the Wise; Ahce 
 married Theobald V., Count of Blois. 
 
 Issue of Louis VII., by Constance — Margaret, who married 
 first, Bela, King of Hungary ; secondly, Henry, son of Henry II., 
 King of England. 
 
 Issue by Alice : Philip II. ; Aliza, who was promised by treaty 
 to Richard, the Lion-Heart, and sent to England to be educated. 
 When Richard became king he broke the treaty and married 
 Berengaria. Aliza married William II., Count of Ponthieu ; 
 Agnes, who married, first, Alexius II., Comnenus, Emperor of 
 Constantinople (1180-83) > secondly, Andronicus Comnenus 
 (1183-85), who had caused Alexius to be strangled, and had 
 usurped the Empire ; thirdly, Theodoric, Lord of Adrianople. 
 
6; 
 
 Philip II., Augustus, born 1165, married, first, Isabella, 
 daughter of Baldwin, Count of Hainault and Flanders (by 
 this marriage, Artois was re-annexed to the crown) ; second y, 
 Ingelburga, daughter of Waldemar I., King of Denmark. He 
 put her aside to marry Agnes, daughter of Berthold, Duke of 
 Moravia, an Austrian province. Innocent III. compelled the 
 king to recall Ingelberga and send away Alice. 
 
 Issue by Isabella ; Louis VIII. 
 
 Issue by Agnes : Philip, Count of Boulogne ; Mary, who 
 married, first, Philip, Count of Namur; secondly, Henry IV., 
 Duke of Brabant. 
 
 Louis VIII., Coeur de Lion, born 1187, was by his mother, 
 Isabel of Hainault, descended in the direct line from Hermen- 
 garde, daughter of Charles of Lorraine. The claims of the 
 dynasties of Charlemagne and of Hugh Capet were united in 
 his person. 
 
 Louis married Blanche, daughter of Alfonso IX., King of Cas- 
 tile ('1158-1214), and Eleanor of England, sister of Richard 
 the Lion-Heart. 
 
 Issue. — Philip, d. 1218 ; Louis IX. ; Robert, Count of 
 Artois ; Philip and John, d.y. ; Alfonso, Count of Poitiers, who 
 married Jeanne, daughter of Raymond VII., Count of Tou- 
 louse : they died without issue, and the county of Toulouse was 
 united to the French monarchy in 1271 ; Charles, Count of 
 Anjou, founder of the first royal house of Naples and Sicily, 
 who married Beatrix, heiress of Provence ; Stephen ; Isabella, 
 a nun. 
 
 The House of Anjou vied with royalty in splendor and 
 
68 
 
 power. Its heritage was Provence, Anjou, Maine and 
 Lorraine. 
 
 When Raymond Berenger had married his eldest daughter 
 to Louis IX. ; his second daughter, Eleanor, to Henry III., of 
 England, and the third daughter, Sancie, to Henry's brother, 
 Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King of the Romans, he con- 
 sidered that his elder children were provided for, and consti- 
 tuted his youngest daughter heiress of all his estates. Her 
 suitors were numerous, but Charles of Anjou carried off the 
 prize and secured her noble heritage from going into hostile 
 hands. Provence was united to France, in the reign of Louis XL 
 
 Louis IX., St. Louis, b., 12 15, married Margaret, daughter 
 of Raymond Berenger, Count of Provence, a girl twelve years 
 of age. 
 
 Issue. — Louis, d.y. ; Philip III.; Isabel, who married Theobald 
 II., Count of Champagne, and King of Navarre ; Louis ; John 
 of VaJois, who married lolanthe, daughter of Eudcs, Count of 
 Nevers ; Blanche, who married Ferdinand delaCerda, Princeof 
 Castile, and son of Alfonso X. (1252-84). From her, in the seventh 
 generation, came Ferdinand of Aragon and of Spain (1479- 
 1516) ; Peter, Count of Alenfon, who m.irried Jeanne, daugh- 
 ter of John, Count of Blois ; Robert, Count of Clermont, who 
 married Beatrix, the only heiress of Bourbon, and thus became 
 at the head of the great family of Bourbon ; James, Count of 
 Chartres; Margaret, who married John I., Duke of Brabant ; 
 Agnes, who married Robert II., Duke of Burgundy (i 272-1305). 
 
 Philip III. the Bold, born 1245, married, first, Isabel, 
 daughter of James I., King of Aragon (1213-76); secondly, 
 Mary, daughter of Henry, Duke ofBrabant. 
 
69 
 
 Issue by Isabel : Louis ; Philip IV. ; Charles of Valois, 
 Count of Aleiifon ; Robert, d.y. 
 
 Philip III. ceded to Pope Urban IV. the county of Venaissin, 
 ■with its capital, Avignon, which the court of Rome claimed by 
 virtue of a gift from Raymond VII., Count of Toulouse. It 
 remained in possession of the Holy See, until it was reunited 
 to France, in 1797. 
 
 The county of Valois was given by Philip III. to his younger 
 son Charles. 
 
 Issue by Mary : Louis, Count of Evreux ; Blanche, who 
 married thirdly Rudolph, Duke of Austria, son of Albert I., 
 Emperor (1282-1308). He was elected King of Bohemia 
 (1306); Margaret, who married Edward I., King of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Philip IV., the Handsome, born 1268 ; married, first, Jeanne, 
 daughter of Henry, Count of Champagne and King of Navarre. 
 These countries were united to the crown, and remained so, 
 until 1327, when Navarre passed to Jeanne, daughter of Louis 
 X., and was separated from France. 
 
 Philip married, secondly, Constance, daughter of Charles II., 
 King of Sicily (1285-1309). 
 
 Issue by Jane : Louis X. ; Philip V. ; Charles IV. ; Robert ; 
 Blanche ; Margaret ; Isabel, who married Edward II., of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Louis X., the Quarreler, born 1289, married, first, Margaret, 
 daughter of Robert II., Duke of Burgundy, and Agnes, daughter 
 
70 
 
 of St. Louis (he had her strangled for her infamous life) ; 
 secondly, dementia, daughter of Charles Martel, King of 
 Hungary. 
 
 Issue by Margaret, Jane, who married Philip, Count of 
 Evreux. 
 
 Issue by Clementia, John, d. 13 16. 
 
 Philip v., the Long, married Jane, heiress of Otto IV., Count 
 
 of Burgundy and Artois (1279-1303^. 
 
 Issue. — Louis, d.y. ; Jane, who married Eudes IV., Duke of 
 Burgundy (1315-50) ; Margaret, who married Louis II., Count 
 of Flanders; Isabelle and Blanche d.y. 
 
 Charles IV., the Handsome, married, first, Blanche, second 
 daughter of Oito IV., Duke of Burgundy (1279-1303); 
 secondly, Mary, daughter of the Emperor, Henry VII. 
 (1308-13) ; thirdly, Jane, daughter of Louis, Count of Evreux, 
 
 Issue by Mary, Louis, d.y. 
 
 Issue by Jane : Jane and Mary d.y. ; Blanche, who married 
 Philip, Duke of Orleans. 
 
 HOUSE OF VALOIS. 
 
 Charles, Count of Valois, Anjou, Maine, and Alen9on (son 
 of Philip III., King of France) married, first, Margaret, 
 daughter of Charles II., King of Naples and Sicily (1285-1309) ; 
 secondly, Catherine, daughter of Philip de Courtenay, titular 
 Eastern Emperor ; thirdly, Matilda, daughter of Guy (ie 
 Chatillon, Count of St. Pol. 
 
71 
 
 Issue by Margaret : Philip VI., Charles de Valois, Count of 
 Alen9on, who married Mary, daughter of Ferdinand (the son of 
 Ferdinand de la Cerda and Blanche, daughter of Louis IX.) ; 
 Jeanne, who married William III., Count of Holland (their 
 daughter, Philippa, married Edward III., of England); Mar- 
 garet, who married Guy de Chatillon, Count of Blois ; Isabella, 
 who married John III., Duke of Brittany. 
 
 Issue by Catherine : John ; Catherine d.y. ; Isabel ; Jeanne, 
 who married Robert d'Artois ; Catherine, who married Philip, 
 Prince of Tarentum (their daughter Margaret married Edward 
 Balliol). 
 
 Issue by Matilda : Louis, Count of Chartres ; Mary, who 
 married Charles, Duke of Calabria (their daughter was Joan I., 
 Queen of Naples and Sicily (1343-82) ; Blanche, who married 
 Charles IV., Emperor (1347-78) ; Isabella, who married Peter 
 I., Duke of Bourbon. 
 
 Philip VI., the Fortunate, born 1293, married, first, Jane, 
 daughter of Robert II., Duke of Burgundy (she died of the 
 plague). At the age of sixty, Philip married Blanche, sister of 
 Charles the Bad, King of Navarre, a young girl, reputed the 
 loveliest woman of her time, whom he, at first, sought in 
 marriage, for his eldest son. 
 
 Issue by Jane: John; Louis; Louis and John, d.y. ; Philip, 
 Duke of Orleans, who married Blanche, daughter of Charles 
 IV. ; Mary, who married John of Brabant. 
 
 Issue by Blanche ; Blanche, betrothed to John. King of 
 Aiagon. 
 
72 
 
 John II., the Good, bom 13 19, married, first. Bona, 
 daughter of John, King of Bohemia ; secondly, Jeanne, 
 daughter of William, Count of Auvergne. 
 
 Issue by Bona : Charles V. ; Louis, Duke of Anjou, titular 
 King of Naples. (Anjou had been conquered by Edward III., 
 of England and rehnquished, at the Peace of Bretigny, in 1360. 
 Charles V. gave it to his brother with the title of duke) ; Jane, who 
 married Charles II., the Bad, King of Navarre (her grandfather 
 thus became her brother-in-law) ; Agnes ; Margaret ; Mary, who 
 married Robert, Duke of Bar; Isabel, who married Gian Gale- 
 azzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (John consented to the marriage, 
 in order to raise money from this rich and powerful lord, to 
 pay his ransom to the King of England. Petrarch visited Paris, 
 on this occasion) ; John, Duke de Berri et d' Auvergne, who 
 married, first, Jeanne dArmagnac ; secondly, Anne de Bour- 
 bon ; Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, who married Mar- 
 guerite, daughter of Count Louis of Flanders, and heiress to 
 the countship. 
 
 Charles v., the Wise, born 1337, married Jeanne, daughter 
 of Peter I., Duke of Bourbon. Charles was the first Dauphin. 
 Humbert II., last Count and Dauphin, of Dauphine and the 
 Viennois, abdicated his principality in favor of Prince Charles, 
 in 1349, on condition that the prince should be styled, 
 Dauphin. 
 
 Issue. — Charles VL; Louis, Duke of Orleans, who married his 
 cousin, Valentina Visconti, daughter of Gian Galeazzo, Duke 
 of Milan, by his second wife, Catherine ; John d.}'. ; Jane, 
 Bona, Jane, Mary d.y. ; Isabel ; Catherine, married her cousin 
 John, son of John, Duke of Berri, Count of Montpensier. 
 
n 
 
 Charles VI., the Beloved, born 1368, married Isabel, 
 daughter of Stephen, Duke of Bavaria. 
 
 Issue. — Louis (d. 14 15) married Margaret, daughter of John 
 the t"earless, Duke of Burgundy; John (poisoned, 1417) 
 married Jacqueline, daughter of William VI., Count of Flanders, 
 the richest heiress in the world (she married, afterwards, a gentle- 
 man of her country, and Philip, Duke of Burgundy, by im- 
 prisoning him and by threats, induced Jacqueline to surrender 
 to h:rc all her estates) ; Charles and Jane d,y. ; Charles VII. ; 
 Mary, a nun ; Jane ; Philip d.y. ; Jeanne, who married John 
 v., Duke of Brittany ; Michaelis, who married Philip the 
 Good, Duke of Burgundy ; Catherine, who married, first, 
 Henry v., of England; secondly, Owen Tudor; Isabel, who 
 married, first, Richard II., of England ; secondly, Charles, 
 Duke of Orleans. 
 
 Charles VII., the Victorious, born 1402, married Mary, 
 daughter of Louis II., Duke of Anjou, King of Naples (grand- 
 son of John, King of France) and Yolande of Aragon. 
 
 Issue. — Louis XL ; Philip and James d.y. ; Charles, Duke 
 of Berri and Guienne ; Violante, who married Amadeus IX., 
 Duke of Savoy (1465-72) ; Catherine, who married Charles 
 the Bold, Duke of Burgundy ; Jeanne, who married John II., 
 Duke of Bourbon ; Madeleine, who married, first, Ladislas 
 Posternus, King of Hungary (1450), King of Bohemia (1454), 
 only son of Albert, Emperor (1404-39) ; secondly, Gaston, son 
 of Gaston IV. , King of Navarre ; four others, d.y. 
 
 Louis XL, born 1423, married, first, Margaret, daughter of 
 James I. of Scotland, a charming princess, whose life Louis 
 made so wretched that she died, at the age of twenty-one, re- 
 
74 
 
 fusing to take remedies which would have cured her, and ex- 
 claiming, " Oh, fie ! on life ! Speak to me no more of it." 
 
 Louis married, secondly, Charlotte, daughter of Louis, , Duke 
 of Savoy (1451-65). 
 
 Issue by Charlotte : Charles VIIL ; John, Francis and 
 Louisa, d.y. ; Anne, who married Peter II., Duke of Bourbon ; 
 Jeanne, who married Louis, Duke of Orleans, afterwards Louis 
 XII. ; three others. 
 
 Charles VIIL, the Affable, born 1470, married Anne, 
 daughter of Francis II., Duke of Brittany. 
 
 Issue. — Charles (died 1495) ; Charles (d. 1496) ; Francis 
 
 and Anne d.y. 
 
 Louis XII., born, 1462, married, Jane, daughter of Louis 
 XI. ; secondly, Anne, Duchess of Brittany ; thirdly, Mary, 
 daughter of Henry VII., of England. 
 
 Louis looked upon the Milaness as his patrimony. His 
 grandmother, Valentina Visconti, widow of the Duke of Orleans, , 
 had been the last to inherit the Duchy of Milan, which the 
 Sforzas, in 1450, had seized. 
 
 A few months after the death of Anne, Louis, being fifty- 
 two years old, married Mary, then sixteen. He survived the 
 marriage three months. In the train of Mary, as a maid of 
 honor, was Anne Boleyn. 
 
 Issue by Anne. — Two sons d.y. ; Claude, who married 
 Francis, Count of Angouleme ; Ren6e, who married Hercules 
 li., Duke of Ferrara. 
 
75 
 
 Francis I., born 1494. His father was Cbiarles, Count of 
 Angouleme, and his mother, Louise, daughter of Philip, Duke 
 of Savoy. His sister Margaret married, secondly, Henry II., 
 of Navarre, and was the mother of Jeanne d'Albret She was 
 the protector of Calvin. 
 
 Francis married, first, Claude, daughter of Louis XIL ; 
 secondly, Eleanor, sister of the Emperor, Charles V 
 
 Issue by Claude. — Louise and Charlotte, d.y. ; Frances 
 (d. 1536); Henry H.; Madeleine, who married James V., of 
 Scotland ; Charles, Duke of Orleans and Angouleme ; Marga- 
 ret, who married Emanuel Pailibert, Duke of Savoy, "the 
 Prince with a hundred eyes. " Her son was Charles Emanuel 
 L, from whom descended the Dukes of Savoy, and the Princes 
 of Carignan. 
 
 Henry n., born 1522, married Catherine de Medici, daughter 
 of Lawrence, Duke of Florence, and niece of Clement VIL 
 
 Issue. — Francis II.; Louis, Duke of Orleans, d.y.; Charles 
 IX.; Henry, King of Poland (1573-74) afterwards Henry III., 
 Elizabeth, third wife of Philip II., King of Spain ; Claude, who 
 married, Charles II., Duke of Lorraine ; Victoria and Jeanne, 
 twins, d.y. ; Francis, duke of Anjou and Alen9on ; Margaret, 
 who married Henry of Navarre, afterwards, Henry IV., of 
 France. 
 
 Francis II., bom 1543, married Mary of Guise, Queen of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Charles IX., born 1550, married Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Maximilian, Emperor (1564-76). 
 
76 
 
 Henry III.; born 1551, married Louisa, daugliter of Nicholas, 
 Duke of Mercceur, Comte de Vaudemont. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 
 
 Antoine, Due de Vendome and King of Navarre, married 
 Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (1555-72). Whien his son 
 Henry IV., came to the throne, his kingdom, which comprised 
 only that part of Navarre which lay north of the Pyrenees, was 
 permanently united with France. 
 
 Issue. — Henry IV., the Great, Prince of Beam, King of 
 Navarre, founder of the House of Bourbon, born 1553, married, 
 first, Margaret, daughter of Henry II.; secondly, Marie de 
 Medici, daughter of Francis, Grand Dukeof Tuscany and Jane, 
 Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, daughter of 
 the Emperor Ferdinand. Marie died m poverty, at Cologne. 
 
 Issue by Marie. — Louis XIII. ; Elizabeth, who married 
 PhiUp IV., of Spain (1621-65) >" Christina, who married Victor 
 Amadeus I., Duke of Savoy (1630-37) ; Gaston, Duke of 
 Orleans, who married, first, Mary de Montpensier, the richest 
 heiress in France (their daughter was Anne Maria Louise, "La 
 Grande Demoiselle"); secondly, Marguerite, sister of Charles 
 IV., of Lorraine ; Henrietta Maria, who married Charles I., of 
 England. 
 
 Louis XIII., the Just, born 1601, married Anne, daughter of 
 Philip III., of Spain (1598-1621). 
 
 Issue.— Louis XIV.; Philip, Duke of Orleans, who married, 
 first, Henrietta Maria, daughter of Charles I., of England ; 
 
11 
 
 secondly, Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Lewis, Duke 
 of Bavaria, Elector Palatine. 
 
 Children of Philip, Duke of Orleans by Henrietta Maria : 
 Louise, who married Charles IL, of Spain (1665-1700) ; Anna 
 Maria, who married Victor Amadeus IL, of Savoy (1675-1730). 
 
 Children of Philip by Charlotte Elizabeth : Philip, Duke of 
 Orleans, Regent of France, during the minority of Louis XV. ; 
 Elizabeth Charlotte, who married Leopold Joseph, Duke of 
 Lorraine. 
 
 Louis XIV., the Great Dieudonne, born 1638, married 
 Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV., of Spain. 
 
 Issue. — Louis the Dauphin, who married Maria Anne, daugh- 
 ter of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (her mother was 
 Henrietta, daugter of Victor Amadeus I. , of Savoy) ; Maria ; 
 Anne; Elizabeth d.y.; Maria Anne, d.y. ; Maria Theresa ; 
 Philip, Duke of Anjou (d. 1671); Louis Francis, Duke of 
 Anjou (d. 1672). 
 
 Children of Louis the Lauphin : Louis, Duke of Bergundy, 
 who married Mary Adelaide, daughter of Victor Amadeus, Duke 
 of Savoy ; Philip, Duke of Anjou and King of Spain (1700-46), 
 who married, first, Maria Louisa, daughter of Victor Amadeus 
 II. , of Savoy ; secondly, Elizabeth Farnese, ultimately heiress 
 of Parma ; Charles, Due de Berri, who married Marie Louise, 
 daughter of Philip of Orleans, Regent. 
 
 Issue. — Louis, Duke of Brittany (d.y. 1705); Louis, Duke 
 of Brittany (d.y, 171 2) : Louis XV. 
 
78 
 
 Louis XV., born 1710, married Mary, daughter of Stanislaus 
 Leczinsky, ^ing of Poland. 
 
 Issue. — Louis the Dauphin, who married, first, Maria Theresa, 
 of Spain ; secondly, Maria Josepha, daughter of Frederic Augus- 
 tus, King of Poland and Saxony ; Louise Elizabeth, who married 
 Philip, Duke of Parma, fourth son of Philip V., of Spain ; 
 Louise Maria ; Maria Adelaide, Duchess of Lorraine and Bar ; 
 Victoria Louise ; Sophia Philippina ; Louisa Maria, a nun. 
 
 Issue of Louis the Dauphin by Maria Josepha ; Louis XVI. ; 
 Louis Stanislaus Xavier, Count of Provence, afterwards Louis 
 XVIII.; Charles Philip, Count of Artois, afterwards Charles X.; 
 Maria Adelaide, who married Charles Emanuel, Prince of Pied- 
 mont ; Elizabeth, b, 1764, guillotined 1794. 
 
 Louis XVI., born 1754, married Maria Antoinette, daughter 
 of the Emperor Francis I., and Maria Theresa ; dethroned 
 July 14, 1789; guillotined Jan. 21, 1793, his Queen, Oct. 16, 
 
 following. 
 
 Issue. — Louis Joseph (d. 1789) ; Charles Louis, or Louis 
 XVII. He never reigned, and died of ill-treatment, in 1795 ; 
 Maria Theresa Charlotte was imprisoned with her parents in the 
 Temple. She married her cousin, Louis, Duke of Angouleme, 
 and returned to France, when Louis XVIII. came to the throne. 
 
 Louis XVIII. , Comte de Provence, born 1755, "by the grace 
 of Goa, King of France and Navarre," married Maria Josepha 
 Louise, daughter of Victor Amadeus II., King of Sardinia ; 
 took possession of the throne May 3, 1814 ; was obliged to 
 flee, March 20, 1815 ; returned July 8, and died without issue, 
 Sept. 6, 1824. , 
 
Charles X., Comte d'Artois, born 1757, married Maria 
 Theresa, daughter of Victor Amadeus IL, King of Sardinia 
 (1773-96); was deposed July 30, 1830. The family v/ent to 
 Holyrood ; then to Prague ; from Prague to Goritz, where 
 Charles died, 1836. 
 
 Issue. ■ — ■ Louis, Dut d'AngouIeme, who married Maria 
 Theresa, daughter of Louis XVI, ; Charles Ferdinand, Due 
 de Bjrri, who married Caroline, daughter of Francis I., of the 
 Two Sicilies. Charles was stabbed at the opera house (Feb. 
 1820), by Lovell, a fanatic Bonapartist, who wished to destroy 
 the Bourbon dynasty. 
 
 Issue. — Henry, born after the death of his father ; Louisa, 
 who married Charles III., Duke of Parma. 
 
 Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne de Bourbon, 
 Fils de France, Due de Bordeaux, Comte de Chambord (born 
 1820, died 1883), married Theresa, daughter of Francis IV., 
 Duke of Modena. He was the last surviving representative of 
 the elder branch of the Bourbons. 
 
 HOUSE OF ORLEANS. 
 
 Louis Philippe, Due d'Orleans, King of the French, born 
 1773 , married 1809, Maria Amelia, daughter of Ferdinand I., 
 King of the Two Sicilies; abdicated 1848; died in exile, in 
 England, 1850. 
 
 Maria Theresa, sister of Maria Amelia, married Francis II. , 
 Emperor of Austria ; another sister, Maria Antonia, married 
 Ferdinand VII., of Spain. 
 
 Issue. — Ferdinand ; Louise Marie Th6r^se ; Louis Charles ; 
 
8o 
 
 Marie Christine ; Marie C16mentine ; Fran9ois ; Henri ; 
 Antoine. 
 
 , Ferdinand, Due d'Orl&ns (born 1810, ded 1842) married 
 Helena Louise, Ducliess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He was 
 thrown from his carriage and killed, as he was about to start for 
 Algeria. His death was considered a national calamity. 
 
 Issue. — Louis Philippe, Comte de Paris ; Robert, Due de 
 Chartres. During the exile of Louis Philippe, the two lads were 
 members of the staff of General McClellan. 
 
 Louis Philippe, Comte de Paris, born Aug. 24, 1838, married 
 his cousin, Maria Isabelle, daughter of the Due de Mont- 
 pensier. 
 
 Issue. — Mane Am^lie, born 1865 ; Louis Philippe, born 
 1869; Helene Louise, born 1871. 
 
 Robert Philippe, Due de Chartres, born 1840, married Fran- 
 9oise Marie Amelie d'Orleans, daughter of the Prince de Join- 
 ville. 
 
 Issue. — Marie Amelie, born 1865; Robert Fran9ois, born 
 1866; Henri, born 1867; Margaret, born 1869; Jean Pierre, 
 born 1874. 
 
 The second son of Louis Philippe, Charles, Due de Nemours, 
 born 1814, married Victoria Augusta, daughter of the late 
 Ferdinand, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 
 
 Issue. — Louis Philippe Gaston d'Orldans, Comte d'Eu, born 
 1842, married Isabelle, daughter of Peter II., Emperor of 
 Brazil. 
 
8i 
 
 Their children are Pierre and Louis Philippe. 
 
 Ferdinand Philippe, Due d'Alen9orn, born, 1844, second 
 son of the Ducde Nemours, married Sophia Charlotte, daughter 
 of Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria. 
 
 Issue. — Louis; Philippe; Margaret; Blanche. 
 
 Louise Marie Th^rese, eldest daughter of Louis PhilippCi 
 married Leopold L, of Belgium (his first wife was Charlotte, 
 daughter of George IV., of England). Her son is Leopold 
 II., born April 9, 1835, present King of the Belgians; her 
 daughter is the unfortunate Carlotta, ex-empress of Mexico^ 
 widow of the Archduke Maximilian (brother to the Emperor 
 of Austria). They were married in 1857. Maximilian accepted 
 the crown of Mexico in 1864, and was shot, June 19, 1867 
 
 Marie Christine married Prince Frederick, of Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Marie Clementine married Augustus, Prince of Saxe-Coburg 
 aud Gotha. 
 
 Francois Ferdinand, Prince de Joinville, born 18 18, married 
 Fran<;oise Caroline, daughter of Pedro I., Emperor of Brazil. 
 
 Ibsue. — Fran9oise, born 1844, married Robert, Prince 
 D'Orleans, Due de Chartres ; Pierre Philippe, Due de Pen- 
 thievre. 
 
 Henry Eugene, Due d'Aumale, born 1822, married Marie 
 Caroline, daughter of Prince Leopold deSalerne. He inherited 
 the vast wealth of the Condds, bequeathed by the last Prince de 
 Conde, the father of the Due d'En^h'en. 
 
82 
 
 Issue. — Louis Philippe, Prince de Cond6, born 1845, died 
 1866 ; Fran9ois, Due de Guise, born 1854, d. 1872. 
 
 Antoine, Due de Montpensier, born 1824, married Marie 
 Louise, daughter of Ferdinand VIL, and Isabella of Spain. 
 
 Issue. — Marie Isabelle, born 1848, married her cousin, Louis 
 Philippe, Comte de Paris; Antoine Louis, born 1866 ; Maria 
 de las Mercedes, d. 1878, married Alfonso XII., King of Spain ; 
 others, who died in infancy. 
 
 THE BONAPARTE FAMILY. 
 
 Charles Bonaparte (d. 1785), a native of Corsica, married 
 Lsetitia Ramolino (d. at Rome 1836). They had thirteen 
 children, five of whom were destined to wear crowns. 
 
 Issue. — Joseph; Napoleon I. ; Lucien ; Eliza; Louis; Pau- 
 line ; Caroline ; Jerome ; others who died in infancy. 
 
 Joseph, King of Naples (1806-08) and of Spain (1808), 
 married Mdlle. Marie Julie Clary, the daughter of a retired 
 soap-boiler, and one of the richest heiresses of the south. Her 
 sister, Mdlle. Desiree, married Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's 
 generals, who, changing his religion, was called to the throne of 
 Protestant Sweden. 
 
 Issue. — Zenaide Julie, who married her cousin, Charl&s 
 Lucien, Prince of Canino, the eldest son of Lucien, by his first 
 wife. They had twelve children, one of whom, Charlotte 
 married Napoleon Louis, elder brother of Napoleon III, 
 
 After Waterloo, Joseph escaped to the United States, and 
 passed as the Comte de Survilliers. He bought a beautiful 
 
83 
 
 country seat in Bordentown, New Jersey, where he lived in 
 oppulent retirement, but died in Florence, in 1824. 
 
 Napoleon I., Emperor of the French, was born, Aug. 15, 
 1769, and died, May 5, 1821. He is buried at the Invahdes, in 
 Paris, with the cloak of Marengo and the sword of Austerlitz, 
 on his cofl&n. 
 
 He married, first, Marie Rose Joseph Tascher de la Pagerie, 
 daughter of Madame de la Pagerie, of Martinique. She was 
 the widow of General Beauharnais (The Beauharnais had been 
 governors in Martinique). The General distinguished himself, 
 in the War of the American Revolution, under Count Rocham- 
 beau. He married Josephine, in 1779. During the French 
 Revolution, they were imprisoned, and Beauharnais was executed 
 ( 1 794). His widow was released from prison, after the death of 
 Robespierre, and her son, Eugene, was apprenticed to a car- 
 penter, while her daughter, Hortense, was bound to a milliner. 
 
 Hortense married Louis Napoleon, King of Holland. 
 
 Eugene (b. 1781), died, in 1824, of apoplexy. He married 
 Augusta, daughter of Maximilian Joseph, King of Bavaria. 
 Napoleon made him Viceroy of Italy. After the fall of the 
 Emperor, Eugene returned to the court of his father-in-law, and 
 became Prince of Eichstadt, Duke of Leuchtenburg, and first 
 nobleman in the kingdom. His six children made brilliant 
 marriages. 
 
 Issue. — Maximilian Joseph, who married Maria, sister of Alex- 
 ander II., of Russia; Josephine, who married Oscar I., son of 
 Bernadotte, King of Sweden ; Eugenie Hortense, who married 
 Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern ; Emilie Augusta, who married 
 
84 
 
 Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil (His first wife was the sister of 
 Maria Louise) ; Auguslus Charles, Due de Leuchtenberg, who 
 married Maria II., daughter of Dom Pedro IV. , of Portugal, who, 
 in 1826, delegated the government of Portugal to his daughter, 
 and, in 1831, gave the crown of Brazil to his son, Pedro II. 
 (Augustus survived his marriage, only two months) ; Theolinda 
 Louise, who married the Count of Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Oscar II. (b. Jan., 1829), the son of Josephine and Oscar I., 
 succeeded to the throne of Sweden, in 1872. He married 
 Sophie Wilhelmine, daughter of William, Duke of Nassau. 
 The present heir 10 the throne of Sweden and Norway is his 
 son. Prince Gustaf, Duke of Wermerland, born June, 1858; 
 married Sophia Marie Victoria, daughter of the Grand Duke of 
 Baden and the Grand Duchess Louise, Princess of Prussia. 
 
 Charles XV., of Sweden, another son of Josephine and 
 Oscar I., married Louise of Holland. 
 
 The House of Bernadotte, in Sweden, is the sole surviving 
 dynasty of those that were made out of French marshals and 
 princes, in the time of Napoleon. 
 
 Napo90n married, secondly, Maria Louise, Archduchess of 
 Austria, daughter of the Emperor, Francis I. . She returned, 
 with her son, to Austria, after the fall of Bonaparte, and, after his 
 death, married Count Neipperg, an Austrian general. In 1816, 
 she was invested with the government of the Italian duchies of 
 Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. 
 
 Issue of Napoleon and Marie Louise. — Joseph Francis 
 Charles, Napoleon II., King of Rome (b. March, 1811, d. at 
 Vienna July, ,1832). 
 
85 
 
 After the collapse of the French Empire, Francis deprived his 
 grandson of the name of Napoleon, and of the title, ' ' King of 
 Rome.'' He was made Duke of Reichstadt and colonel of an 
 Austrian cavalry regiment. His constitution was delicate, and 
 his devotion to his military duties hastened his death. 
 
 Lucien, born 1775 (called Prince of Canino, from his estate 
 on the borders of Tuscany), was the only brother of Bonaparte, 
 who did not become a king. He married, first, Christine Boyer, 
 the daughter of a well-to-do inn-keeper ; secondly, against his 
 brother's positive prohibition, the divorced wife of the great 
 broker, Jouberthon. 
 
 Lucien had, by his first wife, two daughters ; by his second, 
 ten children. Several members of his family became famous, 
 in the world of literature and science, and married with some of 
 the highest aristocracy of Italy. The shooting, by his son 
 Prince Pierre Napoleon, of the journalist, Victor Noir, contrib- 
 uted powerfully to shake the popularity of the Bonaparte 
 dynasty, in 1870. Pierre afterwards went to.England, in straight- 
 ened circumstances, and his wife opened a millinery shop, in 
 L'lndon. Lucien left his title to his eldest son, Charles Lucien 
 Bonaparte, who resided several years in the United States, and 
 published a splendid continuation of Wilson's American Orni- 
 thology. 
 
 Marie-Anne Eliza (b. 1777, d. 18 20), married Felix Bacciochi, 
 a poor Corsican officer, though belonging to a noble family. 
 When the Kingdom of Italy was united to the Empire, in 1805, 
 the Emperor bestowed upon her the State of Piombino. Lucca 
 was afterward added, and the princess governed these states with 
 so much skill and energy that she was called the " Semiramis 
 
86 
 
 of Lucca." In 1 809, she was made Grand Duchess of Tuscany. 
 When the fall of the Empire came, she, assumed the title of 
 Countess of Campignano. Her daughter, Napoleone, married 
 Prince Camerata, one of the richest proprietors of the Marshes 
 of Ancona. 
 
 Louis Napoleon, King of Holland (b. 1778, d. 1846), mar- 
 ried Hortense, daughter of Josephine. 
 
 Issue. — Napoleon Charles (d. 1807); Napoleon Louis (d. 
 1 831) ; Louis Napoleon. 
 
 Napoleon Louis married Charlotte, daughter of Joseph. No 
 children. 
 
 Louis Napoleon, or Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, 
 was born, April 20, 1808, and died, at Chiselhurst, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 9, 1873. He married Eugenia Maria de Guzman, 
 Comtesse deTeba (b. May 5, 1826). Her maternal grandfather 
 was a Mr. Kirkpatrick, an Irishman, who, under the presidency of 
 Andrew Jackson, was United States Consul, at Malaga. Her 
 mother, Maria Manuela, married a Spaniard, Comte de Mon- 
 tijo ; the elder sister married the Due d'AIba. 
 
 The only child of Napoleon III. was Napoleon Eugene 
 Louis Joseph, Prince Imperial, born March, 16, 1856; killed, 
 June, 1879, in the war of England against the Zulus. 
 
 Pauline, Princess of Guastalla (b. 1780, d. 1825), married, 
 first, General Victor Emanuel Leclerc, who served with Napoleon, 
 in the seige of Toulon and was a great favorite ; secondh-, 
 Prince Camillo Borghese, who was appointed, in 1808, governor- 
 general of Piedmont, Genoa and Parma. In 1806, the Emperor 
 
87 
 
 settled upon Pauline the Duchy of Guastalla. She left no 
 children. Pauline was very beautiful, and posed to Canova, for 
 his ' ' Venus Victrix." 
 
 Caroline Marie Annonciade married, first, Joachim Murat, 
 the son of an inn-keeper, and one of Napoleon's generals. He 
 was made, successively, Marshal, Lord High Admiral and Grand 
 Duke of Berg. He afterwards ascended the throne of Naples 
 as Joachim Napoleon (1808). Though Murat was present at 
 the fatal battle of Leipsig, he entered into negotiations with the 
 Court of Vienna, which guaranteed him his throne. The Pope 
 favored the restoration of the Bourbons. 
 
 When Napoleon made his escape from Elba, the King of 
 Naples cast in his lot with his brother-in-law. On the second 
 fall of the Empire, Murat escaped to Corsica. He made a fool- 
 hardy attempt to regain his crown, was captured, tried by 
 court-martial and shot, Oct, 1815, by order of Ferdinand of 
 Naples. Being offered a chair, and a handkerchief to bandage 
 his eyes, he replied, " I have braved death long and often 
 enough, to face it with my eyes open and standing." 
 
 Caroline married, secondly. General Macdonald, who had 
 served un the staff of Murat, and had accompanied her, in her 
 exile. 
 
 The Murats had two sons and a daughter. The eldest. 
 Napoleon Achille Charles Louis Murat, after the execution of 
 his father, went to Florida, where he married the grand-niece of 
 Washington. 
 
 The second son, Prince Lucien Murat, joined his uncle 
 Joseph, in America, and married a Miss Fraser, of Philadelphia. 
 
88 
 
 Jerome, King of Westphalia (b. 1784, d. i860), married, 
 first, Elizabeth, daughter of William Patterson, of Baltimore. 
 Jerome was sent with General Leclerc, in the expedition fitted 
 out to suppress, in St. Domingo, the rebellion of the slaves, 
 headed by the celebrated Toussaint I'Ouverture. On his return 
 to France, he came to the United States, and received much 
 attention in New York and Baltimore. 
 
 He first met Miss Patterson, at the house of Samuel Chase, 
 tsne of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 The marriage was declared null, by an Imperial decree 
 (March, 1 805). The wife obtained a divorce in 1813, and died 
 in 1878, aged 94. After the separation, Jeiome offered her an 
 allowance of 200,000 francs a year if she would give up their 
 son, "Bo." She refused, although she accepted 60,000 francs 
 a year from Napoleon. She said she preferred ' ' being sheltered 
 under the wings of an eagle, to being suspended to the bill of a 
 goose." 
 
 Their son, Jerome Bonaparte (b. July, 1805, d. June, 1870), 
 rmarried Miss Sarah May Williams, of Roxbury, Mass. 
 
 Issue. — Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte ; Charles Joseph Bona- 
 parte. 
 
 Jerome married Caroline Le Roy Appleton, a granddaughter 
 of Daniel Webster. He distinguished himself as a soldier in the 
 War of the Crimea, the Italian War, and the Franco-Prussian. 
 -A " Decree " was issued, in 1854, recognizing the son of Miss 
 Patterson as legitimate ; another decree conferred upon young 
 Jerome the rank of lieutenant, in the French army. He 
 afterward obtained the title of Colonel for, gallant conduct in 
 
89 
 
 the Crimean War. Until the fall of the Empire, he received a 
 pension of $6,000. 
 
 Charles Joseph married Miss Ellen Channing Day, grand- 
 daughter of William EUery Channing. He is a prominent 
 lawyer, in Baltimore. The Baltimore Bonapartes are not in- 
 cluded, in the order of succession. 
 
 Jerome married, secondly (1807), the Princess Frederica 
 Catherine, daughter of Frederick L, King of Wiirtemberg. The 
 king abhorred this marriage, but dared not refuse, as he owed 
 his crown to Napoleon. After the marriage, Jerome was made 
 King of Westphalia. He lived in the chateau of Wilhemshohe, 
 where Napoleon HI. was imprisoned, after Sedan. He died in 
 i860, and, as Governor of the Invalides, he has a tomb close to 
 the mausoleum of his great brother. 
 
 Children of Jerome by his second marriage : Jerome Napoleon 
 Charles, who died young ; Mathilde Letitia, who married the 
 Russian Prince, Anatole Demidoflf ; Napoleon Joseph Charles 
 Paul (Plon-Plon), born 1822, who married the Princess Clotilde 
 Maria Theresa, daughter of Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, 
 and sister to the present King of Italy. 
 
 Issue. — Napoleon Victiir Jerome Frederick, b. 1862. (This 
 prince is the hope of those Imperialists who cannot accept the 
 liberal and anti-clerical views of his father) ; Napoleon Louis 
 Joseph Jerome (b. 1864) ; Marie Letitia Eugenie Catherine 
 Adelaide (b. 1866). 
 
 The Bonapartists are confined, in their choice of a leader, to 
 Prince Napoleon Jerome and his sons ; all the other Bonapartes 
 are excluded, by sex or by the will of the great Napoleon from 
 
90 
 
 the succession. When the heirs of Napoleon and Louis became 
 extinct, the choice was narrowed down to those of Lucien and 
 Jerome. The descendents of Lucien being excluded by the de- 
 liberate act of the Emperor, the heirs of Jerome are alone lelt ; 
 Jerome's marriage with Miss Patterson being annulled, the 
 leadership of the Imperialists is confined to Prince Napoleon 
 Jerome and his sons, Victor and Louis. 
 
 Plon-Plon is universally disliked and despised. Even the 
 Bonapartists dare not put forward his claims. He opposes the 
 transfer of their allegiance to his son. Prince Victor, whom the 
 Prince Imperial appointed his heir. 
 
 Third Republic 
 presidents. 
 
 Louis Adolphe Thiers, born April i6, 1797; appointed chief 
 of the executive power, February 17, 1871, and President of 
 the French Republic, by the National Assembly, August 31, 
 1871 ; resigned, May 24, 1873 ; died, September 3, 1877. 
 
 Marshal M. E. Patrice Maurice MacMahon, Due de Magenta ; 
 elected President, May 24, 1873 ; nominated, for seven years, 
 Nov. 29, 1873 ; resigned, Jan. 30, 1879. 
 
 Frangois Paul Jules Grevy, born August 15, 1813 ; elected, 
 January 30, 1879; re-elected, December 28, 1885. 
 


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