i HiV! 8362 J154 9W\ Q6H CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGLISH COLLECTION THE GIFT OF JAMES MORGAN HART PROFESSOR OF ENGUSH PM 8362!g5|" ""'^'^^''V Library I Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 9240271 1 1 339 vn- ,r ' /r THE GLAN-IK A TRADE LANGUAGE THE G L A N-I K A TRADE LANGUAGE BASED UPON THE ENGLISH, AND UPON MODERN IMPROVEMENTS IN SHORTHAND, TYPEWRITING AND PRINTING PRICE 50 CENTS, PREPAID FOR SAI.E BT G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, NEW TORK HAIili STATIONERY CO., TOPEKA, KANSAS STOI.I. & THAYER CO., LOS ANGEI-ES, OAI,IFORNIA NEW YORK 1906 ,,.v''' Copyrighted by Thb Hai,i, Stationery Co., Topeka, Kansas. 1906 INDEX. CHAPTEE 1. •so. rAOB 1. The Demands of the Age 1 2. The Eequirements of a Trade Language 1 3. The Principles of Oondensa€ion ; 3 4. Illustration of the Principle 3 5. The Slen ik Principle Applied. Metathesis 4 6. Specific Illustrations 4 7. Supply of Monosyllables 5 8. The Genius of Brevity 6 8. The Genius of Brevity — Continued 6 10. Imaginary DifHculties Encountered 7 H. Phonetic Spelling , 8 12. Utility. Unused Sounds 9 13. Unchangeable Words 10 14. Uphony.— Yoof 10 15. Prefixes and Suffixes 11 16. Rough and Smooth Languages 12 17. Ridicule 13 18. Idioms and Slang '. 13 19. A Monosyllabic Sonnet 15 20. Final Observations 16 CHAPTER 2. 21. The Letters of the Alphabet 17 22. The Glan ik Vowels 18 23. The Glan ik Consonants 19 24. Alphabetic changes 19 25. The Glan ik Alphabet 20 26. Illustration of Alphabetic Sounds 20 27. Monosyllables. Classification 21 28. Consonant Sounds 22 29. Reducing Final Consonants 23 30. Vowel Abbreviations 23 31. Final Consonants. Flant ez 24 32. List of Flant ez ~ 26 33. The Combined Consonants 27 34. Parts of Speech. Posh ez 28 36. The Hyphen. Punctuation x 28 (iii) iv gxo. Flax. 36. Prefixes and Suffixes again 28 87. List of Prefixes and Suffixes 29 88. Homonyms 30 89. Rules of Condensation. . . ; 30 CHAPTER 3. 40. The Glan ik Pronouns 31 41. Personal Pronouns. Simple 31 42. Personal Pronouns. Compound 32 43. Relative Pronouns 32 44. Demonstrative Pronouns 33 45. Vocabulary of Pronouns. ( Fron vob) 33 46. The Glan ik Nouns 35 47. The Glan ik Nouns. Number 35 48. The Glan ik Nouns. Case 36 49. The Glan ik Nouns. Gender 36 60. Nouns and Postwords 36 61. Abbreviations Illustrated 37 52. General Recognized Names 87 53. General Principles of Verbs 88 54. Auxiliaries of the Verb. Aurk ez 39 55. Forms of Auxiliaries. Ver ez 40 66. Forms of Auxiliaries. Verl ez 40 67. Modes, Tenses, Classes 41 68. Verbs are Defective only in Idea 41 59. Irregular Verbs. Changes 42 60. List of Irregular Verbs 43 61. The Glan ik Adjectives. Tich ez 46 62. Adjectives. Articles 46 63. Numeral Adjectives. Nrl ez 47 64. Adjectives. Cardinals. Kaarl ez 47 65. Cardinal Adjectives 48 66. Adjectives. Ordinals. Orl ez 48 67. Seotals. Ski ez 48 68. Adjectives. Plectals. Plekl ez 49 69. Adjectives. Kronals. Kroal ez 49 70. The Repetals. Rpl ez 50 71. Adjectives. Comparisons. Komp ez 50 72. Irregular Adjectives 52 73. Adjective Participles 53 74. Adverbial Numbers 53 75. The Glan ik Interjections. Jnk ez 54 76. The Glan ik Adverbs. Wrb ez 64 77. List of Adverbs 55 78. The Glan ik Prepositions. Zish ez 57 79. List of Prepositions 60 80. The Glan ik Conjunctions 61 81. The Glan ik Post- Words. Purdez... 62 82. Definition of the Post- Words 62 83. Irregularities 67 CHAPTER 4. BKO. PAOE. 84. stenographic Bequirements 69 85. Table of Short-hand Frant ez 69 86. Shaded and Crossed Letters 70 87. Short-hand Vowels and "Vowel Positions -. 71 88. Illustrations of Vowelizing 71 89. Skeleton Outlines 73 90. Hooks, Oioles and Contractions 73 91. Abbreviations. Vest-pocket Dictionary 75 92. Dictionary of Foreign Language 76 93. The Glan ik Typewriter 76 94. The Written and Printed Form 78 95. Illustrations — Ornamental 79 96. Illustrations in Letter Writing 80 97. Condensation. Skeleton Outlines 81 98. Abbreviations in this Pamphlet 85 99. Abbreviations (reverse) 95 100. English Monosyllables 104 101. Dictionary, by Terminals 119 THE GLAN-IK LANGUAGE. CHAPTER 1. H^TTEODUOTION. Section 1. — The Demand of the Age. The demand of the present active business age is a trade-language adapted to universal use. The growth of the English-speaking na- tions indicates that the basis of any such new language must be Anglo-American. The futures of England and America, as we faintly discern them, seem to ehow that the two nations may al- most control the business of the earth within the next one hundred years. The great Anglo-American race should have as one of the tools of trade, and as one of the weapons of commercial conquest, an auxili- ary language that can be easily acquired. Such new language need not do away with other languages or dialects, but as it grows and becomes understood its usefulness may expand indefinitely. Any language designed for a trade-language only, must, in order to be easily and quickly learned, be simple in its construction ; and yet it should be susceptible of indefinite ex- pansion and improvement. And it should be made capable of taking on the benefits of all modern devices. Such language must not be expected to supplant the immortal English, but must be intended only as a tool and weapon of trade. And yet it must be capable of meeting the wants of a trade vast in its extension and instrumentalities. Section 2. — The Requirements of a Trade-Language. The requirements of a trade-language are these : Ist. It must be as condensed as possible. 2d. It should not be an inflected language. 3d. It should be regular in all respects, so as to be simple and easy to learn. 4th. It should be capable of unlimited amplification as to the coinage of new words and meanings, so as to meet the wants of the future. 5th. It should be sufficiently euphonious, so that it may serve as an easy vehicle for speech. 6th. It should have a phonetic alphabet which can be easily set up in roman type, so as to be printed. 7th. It should also be capable of being rapidly and accurately written with a pen. 8th. It should possess such qualities that it can take on a stand- ard stenographic form, and one in which every stroke of the pen will make the outline of a word. 9th. The outline of this stenographic form should be one that can go into stenographic type, and be set up and printed, and also used on a type- writer; and upon a linotype, with all the advantages of capitals and italics. 10th. There should be as little as possible to unlearn of our old mother language, so that we can, first, avail ourselves of its idioms, which are necessary in all languages; second, have the mnemonic benefit of the resemblance of the new-coined words to the old. This gives us to start with, easy learners, an ample corps of teachers, a grammar, and a dictionary. Prom the above it follows that a proposed trade-language should be one in which its correspondence may be conducted in a steno- graphic form by hand, or in a simple form by a typewriter. The object of this pamphlet is to suggest an idea as to how the foregoing purposes may be accomplished, and to present the outlines of a plan. What is said here are only brief suggestions — only a be- ginning. No one man or society can do more. To make a complete language requires the care and study of many men for many years. The writer hereof having given the subject some attention and study, and knowing the magnitude of the work, leaves it to younger men, and herein gives only suggestions as to how the desired objects may be attained. What is here written comprises a plan that may stim- ulate somebody to do much more. 3 Section 3. — The Principles of Condensation. The writer has in Europe listened to the languages of many races. In the wilds of America he has listened to the languages of many other races. He has tried to study the languages of many, and in the speech of the Sioux he finds a principle that may be applied to help the formation of a new trade-language. It is a principle which might be called the principle of " selective agglutination." It may be illustrated by the following statement : An old man keeping a ranch on the edge of the Sioux country had a well with a force-pump. He inclosed both in a log house with a hole in the side through which the water was forced out into a trough where horses were watered. The Indians had no name for " pump," but when speaking of the ranchman called him, in order to specify and distinguish him from others, " Min-u-taz-ze-pah-we-chox-cha," which meant, " The old man with the log house in which is the iron thing which shoots out water as bows shoot." In some of the Indian languages new words are being constantly made by taking vowels and consonants from different words and stringing the selections together. The principle of ' ' selective ag- glutination " (I do not like the term) consists in taking sounds from along a word or sentence and making a new word of them. Section 4. — Illustration of the Principle. Let us illustrate it by going back and applying it to our translated Indian name, and by condensation and re-condensation reducing it to a word. First Condensation. Second Condensation. Third Condensation. THe Old maN THon With thE loG Weg TirWinch House IN whiCH hINCH . is thE iEoN THing which SHoots SERn thiSH [ sERsh Tliwerb OUT watEr aS TEs 1 teB Bows shoot Boo Section 5. — The Slen-ik Principle Applied. Metathesis. The foregoing principle, while not bo much applicable to sentences, is applicable to the long foreign words that have been grafted upon our original Anglo-Saxon tongue. Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, as we will hereafter show, were great condensers of language, and in their condensations did not always use the letters in the order of their selection, and they sometimes changed consonants for euphony, the same as ignorant people do now; this is called "metathesis." To illustrate the principle of ' ' metathesis ' ' in the language as applied by our ancestors, we give the following illustrations : Clap-sed (two syllables) became "clasped" (one syllable). Thridda (from "three") became "third." Just as in modern times among ignorant people (of Anglo-Ameri- can lineage) "ask-ed" becomes "ak-sed," pronounced "axt." We will boil down the cumbersome phrase "selective agglutina- tion" and call it "slen," and, adding the adjective terminal, we will call the principle ' ' slen-lk. ' ' We do this in the same way that we condense Anglo-Amebican into "glan," and call our proposed trade-language the " Glan-ik. " The principle of metathesis we will call " tatli-lls;. " Section 6. — Specific Illustrations. The following will illustrate, for the present, the theory of con- densation : Aeroplane erp Corporation korp Electricity tris Examination zam Investigation ves Notwithstanding .... nang Telegrapl; telp Telephone telf As a further illustration of the application of the principle to phrases and expressions, we give the following: Day afteE tOMorrow drom eVEEy Person vurp FoR as much AS fraz iN OrdeB thaT nort PKovIdeD always prldz As involving both the slen-lk and tatli-lk principles, we give : Day before yesterday . . drad Declension klend Each other chetli Demonstration .... mend Meanwhile h.-ween Objection jeb Section 7. — Supply of Monosyllables. We now come to the question : Are there enough monosyllables to do the work ? After some examination into the capacity of our present language for supplying monosyllables, it is found that there are more than can be possibly used. In looking over the condensed monosyllables which have been heretofore given, it will be found that they contain three sounds — that is, two consonantal sounds with a vowel in the middle. There can be only one vowel sound in any monosyllable. Let us take the word " strong." The first sound is " str " : it is really but one letter — one consonant — and is sounded as easily as any other consonant. It is, in the syllable just given, the first con- sonant (frant), and the first question to decide is how many frant-ez there are in the present language that we can well utilize. An investigation shows the number to be fifty-four in a possible eighty. The list will be given in full hereinafter (sec. 25). Of the final consonants (flant-ez) we find a larger number; a complete list of them would reach 300. But some of them are so very harsh that it is not worth while to adopt them. The list of such as are convenient and usable will be given in full hereinafter (sees. 32 and 83). There are also many words composed of a vowel and one conso- nant, or vice versa, as "on," and "no." These have two sounds in one, and we call them twond-ez to distinguish them from the three-sound words called tlirond-ez. The Anglo-Saxon is a monosyllabic (one-syllable-ik, wib-ik) lan- guage, and the question is: Can we reduce its mlb-lk (polysyllabic, many-syllable-ik) additions and accretions to the briefer form ? The Italian and Spanish have become entirely mib-ik, and we can get no help from them, except as we might use occasionally a root dug from beneath the surface of those languages. 6 Of the twond-ez good and bad there are 6,000, and of all pos- sible monosyllabic words there are about 380,000 ; but as we cannot use so many, we may take about fifty of our best frant-ez and one hundred of our best flant-ez, and they, with our vowels, will make us over 80,000 words, which will be ten times more than we need to begin on. Having satisfied ourselves that we have found a mine from which we can quarry all the monosyllables we need, we may now fearlessly proceed. Section 8. — The Genius of Brevity. The genius of our mother language gives us great help. Short words are being invented and used. They are ' ' slang ' ' to-day and are used by the purist to-morrow. We call attention to the recent word " bike " : it is a scientific condensation of "bicycle," and the genius of our ancient tongue has always permitted such spear-thrusts of speech. To illustrate : The Anglo-Saxon word " hlaford " was once an inflected noun, but our ancestors first boiled it down to " lord," and then dispensed with the inflection. It was anciently : Singular. Plural. Norn, hlaford hlaford-as Gen. hlaford-es hlaford-a Dat. hlaford-e hlaford-um Ace. hlaford ]ilaford-as Voc. hlaford hlaford-as Inst, hlaford-e hlaford-um It is now : Singular. Lord, Lord's Plural. Lords, Lords' Thus did our ancestors condense their speech, and in doing so they rejected the inflections, took the root of the word, and preserved it. In the Glan-ik we wish to abolish all inflections. Section 9. — The Genius of Brevity. (Continued.) We may further illustrate this by taking the following list of our ancient words and comparing them with their condensations : Ic lufige . . . I love Leosan . . . to lose Andswarian . to answer Liccian . . . to lick Clifian . . . . . to cleave Mearrian . . to err Cwaoian . . . to quake Meoloo . . . milk Fleogan . . . to fly Sceawian . . to 8ee Geblodigian , . to bloody Seowian . . . to sow Gehreowan . to rue Sewsere . . . a seer Hsegtesse . . a hag Stearfian . . to starve Hatian . . . . to hate Stician . . . to stick Hyrian. . . . to hire Weordthe . . worth We are called upon now to do exactly what our ancestors did to make our language briefer, and we may safely follow in their foot- steps, for the genius of the language is still the same. If printing had not been invented, and the language thereby fixed, and the progress and process of condensation stopped, the language might by this time have become fully monosyllabic. Most of the great list of our common words are now of one syllable, and not so very much is left to do in completing what the centuries began and so patiently carried out. Our English ancestors left to us and we are now using 3,200 monosyllables ; a list is hereinafter given. No language hav- ing so many words is so monosyllabic as the English. Section 10. — Imaginary Difficulties Encountered. A difficulty presents itself to one who for the first time encounters the theory of language herein presented, which is, that the process of condensation reduces the dissimilarity of words to such an extent that one word may be easily understood to be another. The words of the language, as now spoken, differ very greatly in length and sound. It might be supposed that when all are reduced to one syllable each, and when by the adoption of sixteen vowels there may be sixteen words with the same terminals, that the words, as a spoken language, would be only with great difficulty kept under- stood, — especially when the difference between each of the sixteen words is the shade of the vowel only. But the foregoing difficulty does not exist. It is wholly imagi- nary. The shade of the vowel makes a greater difference than the sound of a consonant, and in fact and experience the shade of the vowel is all we need desire. As illustrating this it may be admitted 8 that we never mistake a "mode " for a " maid," and we do not get mixed on "fins " and "fans." The writer for a long while has at- tempted to observe and study vocal mistakes. The field of this study is the telephone. The mistakes all seem to come /rom the con- sonants, and we here confidently ignore the difficulty suggested by the shade of the vowel sounds. Here are a few words, — look them over and see how seldom your ear is ever puzzled with them : fate mayor dame wade fat mare dam wad feet mar deem weed fight mere dime wed fit mire dim wide fought myrrh dome wooed foot moor doom wood Section 11. — Phonetic Spelling. All words, old as well as new, should be phonetically spelled. Not more than 12 per cent, of our words are now spelled as they are sounded. Probably words were once all spelled phonetically, but there seem to be two destructive forces at work on the language — ignorance and philology; and it is hard to keep up with the changes. In the English language one sound often represents several differ- ent things. It is so in all civilized languages. No one ever made more puns than Aristophanes. But these double meanings are de- fects in language, and can be eliminated. There are plenty of mono- syllables with which to accomplish this, and at the same time not greatly change the sound. We will not attempt too much to begin with, and hence will not embarrass our scheme by trying to laundry the language, but, in passing, we will illustrate what might be done. Instead of the word "arc," the letter "c" being abolished, we will use the word "aark" (iirk), and in place of the old word " ark," which is not much used, we will substitute the word " ark." 9 For "steal" we will use the phonetic word "steel," and for the metal " steel " we will use the word " staal " (stal ), from the Ger- man stahl. We will distinguish "would" from "wood," which are both phonetically spelled and pronounced "woed," by calling the first "woed" and the latter "wood." Although the latter under this arrangement would be pronounced as if spelled "wooed," with a vowel sound like " food." Some few of these changes can be adopted in the beginning, but the greater part of them will come afterwards. Nevertheless, the new words — the condensations — must be different in sound from existing words; and this, as we shall see, is no difficulty. Section 12. — Utility. Unused Sounds. Let us now by way of illustration see how by condensation we can make use of material that is now idle. The following list of word- sounds is one-half unused; that is to say, of the sounds presented, eight have meanings assigned and eight have none. We will first give the sixteen word-sounds, and then we will assign meanings for those which are vacant : Word Sounds. Old Words in Use. New Words Suggested. Glen-ik Spelling. Pan pain pain Pan pan pan Pan Vacant. Condense ' ' ponderous ' ' paan Pen Vacant. Condense "penalty" peen. Pen pen pen Pin pine piin Pin pin pin Pon pone poan Pon Vacant. Condense "upon" pon Pun Vacant. Condense " impugn " puin Pun pun pun Paun pawn paun Poin Vacant. Condense "poignant" poin Poon Vacant. Condense "harpoon" poon Poon Vacant. Condense "pudding" poen Poun Vacant. Condense ' ' impound ' ' poun 10 Section 13. — Unchangeable Words. It will be immediately seen that there is a vast number of words that should not be condensed or changed. For instance, the names of men, the names of cities, states, and nations, and the like. Also scientific terms of international usage, and words having a special historical significance, as, the "Revolution," the "Crucifixion," etc. Each of these words we may call "a generally recognized name," which term we will condense to "gren," and consider it a separate part of speech, as much so as a noun or a verb. Of the same character are interjections. They form another part of speech, and must from their very nature be long or short accord- ing to the thought or emotion intended to be expressed. Section 14. — Euphony, (yoof.) There is little done to obtain euphony in our mother tongue. We have a slight pretense of it in the indefinite article "a," and we call it "an" before a vowel, — for instance, "an apple"; and we also have the definite article " the," but we do not say the-n apple, — yet one is as easy to sound as the other. If " a " becomes " an," then "the " should become " theen." We have in our language a very satisfactory letter that can be used in this relation. It is the letter "y " ; it is both a consonant and a vowel. And as a vowel it is both long and short. It is a consonant in "yet." It is a short vowel in "lily," and a long vowel in "try." In the proposed Glan-lk language we can put "y " between two vowel terminals, and say "a-y-apple" or " the-y-apple." And we can place it between harsh consonant terminals whenever we wish, because it cannot be mistaken for anything else; for instance, first-y-blood, and-y-thus. In addition to this, there are some na- tions and people who seem to be almost unable to pronounce a final consonant. They follow theT consonant with a slight vowel. In the Glan-lk this will make no difference, and the vowel "y" can be thus used without obscuring the meaning. The use of the "y" is of course optional, but some such plan as this is necessary in order to enable some inferior races to speak any language. Thus a system of general, optional, and unmisleading euphony can be created, based on the letter "y," and never be misunderstood. " Her words y-clad with wisdoms majestie." {Shake.) 11 Section 15. — Prefixes and Suffixes. We have in our mother tongue syllables called prefixes and suf- fixes, which we have taken from five different languages. They are really separate words, but by custom have been joined to others. We should understand them just as well if they were separate. ' ' To transform" is no clearer than "to trans form." Prefixes are true prepositions. In a future chapter it will be shown that the prefixes that are necessary and available are about sixteen in number, and the suflB.xes aboufeighty ; all others may be abandoned as synonomous or super- fluous. Those retained will represent all the varieties of condition, action, quality, and relation. We will treat of this matter fully hereafter, and will content ourselves at the present with a simple illustration of their use as separate words. ( Sees. 78 and 82.) Prefix. (Preposition, zish..) nurj energy to nurj to energize to kon mirj to energize together to de nur] to deprive of energy to re nurj to energize again to ob nurj to energize against Suffix. (Post-word, purd.) nurj nes a state of energy rnirj ee a person who is energized nurj ful full of energy nurj les with less energy nurj li energetically nurj som comparatively energetic Compound. kon de nurj to deprive of energy together re nurj ful full of renewed energy nurj ful ik . . . . very energetic (adjective) 12 Section 16. — Rough and Smooth Languages. There is a class of mush-and-milk philologists born in England and America, who are continually praising the "Romance" (?) languages, and dilating upon their enchanting rhythm, and their soft and musical flow. These critics speak of the ' ' harsh conso- nants " of their mother tongue, and the "diabolical discordance" of its speech. "The uncouth combinations and the gutturals " grate harshly on their ears. At least, they say so; for there is copper- headism in literature the same as there is in war. In both cases it is a cheap affectation of wisdom. Those who have heard the speech of many nations know that each nation speaks its own language easily. The German speaks his own language with as little effort as the Frenchman speaks French. The sturdy lumberman in Wisconsin hurls his ponderous axe all day into the robust pine trees with as little regard for comfort, and with as little inconvenience, as the critic or the bookkeeper shoves a pen. It is simply a matter of practice. Language may be sturdy or effeminate, the same as men. The world is full of lazy people. There are those who desire to read only novels, because something solid and instructing is tire- some and uninteresting. Some want food that is easy to digest, others wish to be protected from everything that makes them strong; hearty, and self-reliant. It is not a question of which language is the softest, but what language is the ablest. Words are like bullets : the words that are the hardest and will fly the farthest and will do the most execution are the best. Everyone has seen with how much ease men may speak uncouth languages. Gambetta and Garibaldi never spoke French and Italian easier than Gladstone and Bismarck spoke English and German. The writer has heard the Aztec Indians speak of the mountains Popocatapetl and Ixtaxcihuatl, pronouncing them as easily as an American could say "beautiful Seattle." The writer has lis- tened to an- old army comrade, born in Hungary, read the war-songs of Hungarian poets. The words rode like cavalry, and carried with them the clank of sword, the cheer of victory and the yellow sheen of glory. The writer could not understand the language, but the 13 words outran their definitions, and he could recognize their clang- tints. Smooth words are but the phantoms of their definitions; rough words have individualities, like men. They have a soul-tone. Perhaps too much space has been devoted in this section to the subject of consonants, but we do this for the reason that those who have attempted world-languages all seem to desire to get one com- posed as far as possible of labials and vowels. One author leaves out one consonant, another, another, and each seems to consider as a benefit what is in fact a blemish. Section 17. — Ridicule. One of the first criticisms that will be made is that the Glan-ik condensations will sound odd and funny. This will bring out much ridicule and good-natured comment, but it will have no substantial effect, because all new words sound odd and funny. A new word always strikes us. We have so few of them that when they come they catch our ears and we remember when and where we first heard them. But it will be found that we have adopted in Glan-ik no sounds except such as are heard in our mother tongue. To illus- trate: we will call "immediate" meej. The critic in the news- paper will take up "meej," and he will write funny and witty paragraphs about it. He will roll it around and push it over, and lift it up, and then welcome it as a strange sound never heard be- fore, and will ask it where it comes from and how long it intends to stay. Then that evening the critic will go to the theater and listen to words of the immortal Shakespeare, and he will see a stately and extravagantly dressed courtier, bending low, say : "Myliege." The critic will say "leej — leej — why, to-day I met your brother." No, we will not go outside of our mother tongue ; it contains more sounds than we can use. Section 18. — Idioms and Slang. No inconsiderable portion of a language is its idioms. An idiom is a phrase or expression peculiar to a language. Idioms do not m^an what the words which compose them mean. They are often irregular, ungrammatical, and apparently irrelevant. Words have meanings often different from ttieir syllables; sentences have meanings different from their words. To illustrate, a humorous 14 paper has the following definition : " Bargains — the gains or profits of a bar or saloon." So, every language has sentences and forms of expression that mean something separate and apart to themselves — different from their words, and which defy both analysis and verbal translation. For instance, a mayor says, "I must appoint a policeman." A bystander says, "What's the matter with me?" The mayor does not go and feel the man's pulse to find out the matter with him. He knows the man wants the appointment. The word " in-com-pre-hen-si-ble " contains six related sounds that mean separately scarcely anything, together they mean a great deal. The phrase " To-be-or-not-to-be " contains six related words that, outside of their separate meaning, mean something more incompre- hensible than the word ' ' incomprehensible ' ' itself. There are in the English language some two hundred expressions, idiomatic in character, that are used as pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and adverbs. These may themselves be condensed, Ex.: Pronoun. each, and all of them cliem. Conjunction, on the other hand end Preposition, in opposition to nopt Adverb. little by little HI The great difficulty in establishing a new language is, that one cannot make its idioms. Idioms are made by nations through centu- ries, and any new language that tries to weld or fuse other languages together must fail. Attempted languages must be based upon a written and spoken tongue in active use, and on that basis, and on that basis alone, the language must stand or fall. The Glan-ik is founded upon English words and English idioms alone. It must fight its way and force its way, for no other language will consent to a surrender, since surrender means extinction. In addition to the idiom is the " slang " word. Slang is to words what idioms are to phrases and sentences. They each have mean- ings of their own. Every trade, every calling, every profession has its slang. Society could not go without it. Business could not run without it. People notice everybody's slang but their own, and the purist is the faddist. The cowboy who has "busted" a broncho in Oklahoma uses no more slang than the lawyer who has " hung" a 15 jury in New York, but the lawyer in New York is closer to the throne of criticism. The word " starvation " has a strange story, as told in the Century Dictionary. The slangist of to-day says, "Do you catch on?" His ancestor said, " Do you stand under? " Sometime in the future a dictionary may be printed in which the obsolete verb to " understand " will be defined as "kechon."* The Glan-ik caters to no outside language, and begs no adoption. It knows that no " Congress of Nations " will ever get together and adopt a universal form of speech. It knows that such a thing is impossible. One language must force itself by invasion upon the others, or, failing, pursue its lonesome way. Dialects may be blended by war. Languages may be superimposed by conquest, but the idioms fight a battle of extermination, and the strongest survive. Section 19. — A Monosyllabic Sonnet. If anyone thinks a monosyllabic language is weak, let him read the Bible and the early writers. There is no language more strong or more majestic ; the same thought and the same rhythm are pos- sible as when polysyllables are used. We ask permission to reprint here Alexander's celebrated mono- syllabic sonnet : "Think not that strength lies in the big round word. Or that the brief and plain must needs be weak. To whom can this be true who once has heard The cry for help, the tongue that all men speak. When want, or fear, or woe, is in the throat, So that each word gasped out is like a shriek Pressed from the sore heart, or a strange, wild note Sung by some fay or fiend 1 There is a strength Which dies if stretched too far, or spun too fine ; Which has more height than breadth, more depth than length. Let but this force of thought and speech be mine. And he that will may take the sleek, fat phrase, Which glows but burns not, though it beam and shine ; Light, but no heat, — a flash, but not a blaze." * During the Civil War, Artemns Ward In-vented the word "thusly." The people laughed, ridiculed and tised It. In 1900, the U. S. Government, through the Secretary of State, In a State paper of a world- wide diplomatic character, regarding the Chlneae War and the attitude of the European Powers, says : " Believing thusly — ." The slang had become classic. 16 Section 20. — Final Observations. This closes the initial presentation of the Glan-lk language. The chapter which is to follow will go more into the details of the sub- structure, and will outline the parts of speech. Following chapters will show how irregularities may be remedied, and how the language can be deprived of its last lingering elements of inflection.' All of this proposed condensation and approach to brevity and regularity is in consonance with the genius of our mother tongue, and in pursuance of an innate tendency that for centuries has been at work shaping its vocabulary. There is nothing in this pamphlet which is an invention — nothing more than the carrying out of the efforts and suggestions of the past. It is desirable to use the forms and idioms of the Anglo-American as now existing, so that the new language may be easily taught by those who were born to speak the old. To them there is little to learn ; it ■will be easier learned than whist. When the language is condensed and a standard form is adopted, then a still briefer form of writing, known as the "reporting style," can be used for special purposes when great rapidity is required. And let it not be forgotten that the condensation here proposed is for a specific purpose, and leads up to a brief system of writing and printing, without which the task would not have been undertaken. CHAPTER 2. THE STEUCTUEE. Section 21. — The Letters of the Alphabet. There are lexicographers who seem to delight in finding how many different sounds they can describe for the seven established written vowels. There are perhaps thirty real vowels if we take all kinds and shades of pronunciation. But the whole number can be reduced to sixteen. We need not adopt the idea of " a-long " or of " a-short " ; there are no long or short sounds in that sense. The vowel sounds are all separate, like so many consonants. There is really no such thing as a long or short vowel. We might as well say that " b " is " p-short," and that " v " is " f-broad." In describing these sixteen adopted vowels we must use understood signs, and this we have done by such combinations as the old written language furnishes. Diacritical marks might be used, but, in writing or in printing it is more convenient to use vowel combinations than diacritical marks. We must not depart too rapidly from established forms. The printer's case is a substantial fact ; the boxes in which the type are thrown have a fixed arrangement. We cannot, nor is it necessary to, run contrary to the usages of a long-established art. Our alphabet in shorthand, as we shall see farther on, can with perfect ease con- form to present conditions, so that a printer can go to his cases in the dark and set up the G-lan-ik as easily and as accurately as he can now set up the English; and this he can do without preparation. This we accomplish by conforming the new to the old, and as we shall hereafter show, we lose nothing by doing so, nor do we violate rules of English spelling, but on the contrary, we follow well-recog- nized forms ; that is to say, when there are several ways of spelling a sound, we will adopt a form of well-established usage. In explanation of the vowel sounds, we have, as illustrations, in- serted such words of general use as will enable the reader to classify any word or vowel in the language. We also show, with' diacritical marks, the equivalents of the vowel combinations herein used. (17) 16 Section 20. — Final Observations. This closes the initial presentation of the Glan-ik language. The chapter which is to follow will go more into the details of the sub- structure, and will outline the parts of speech. Following chapters will show how irregularities may be remedied, and how the language can be deprived of its last lingering elements of inflection. All of this proposed condensation and approach to brevity and regularity is in consonance with the genius of our mother tongue, and in pursuance of an innate tendency that for centuries has been at work shaping its vocabulary. There is nothing in this pamphlet which is an invention — nothing more than the carrying out of the efforts and suggestions of the past. It is desirable to use the forms and idioms of the Anglo-American as now existing, so that the new language may be easily taught by those who were born to speak the old. To them there is little to learn ; It will be easier learned than whist. When the language is condensed and a standard form is adopted, then a still briefer form of writing, known as the "reporting style," can be used for special purposes when great rapidity is required. And let it not be forgotten that the condensation here proposed is for a specific purpose, and leads up to a brief system of writing and printing, without which the task would not have been undertaken. CHAPTER 2. THE STETJOTUEE. Section 21. — The Letters of the Alphabet. There are lexicographers who seem to delight in finding how many different sounds they can describe for the seven established written vowels. There are perhaps thirty real vowels if we take all kinds and shades of pronunciation. But the whole number can be reduced to sixteen. We need not adopt the idea of " a-long " or of " a-short " ; there are no long or short sounds in that sense. The vowel sounds are all separate, like so many consonants. There is really no such thing as a long or short vowel. We might as well say that " b " is " p-short," and that " v " is " f-broad." In describing these sixteen adopted vowels we must use understood signs, and this we have done by such combinations as the old written language furnishes. Diacritical marks might be used, but, in writing or in printing it is more convenient to use vowel combinations than diacritical marks. We must not depart too rapidly from established forms. The printer's case is a substantial fact ; the boxes in which the type are thrown have a fixed arrangement. We cannot, nor is it necessary to, run contrary to the usages of a long-established art. Our alphabet in shorthand, as we shall see farther on, can with perfect ease con- form to present conditions, so that a printer can go to his cases in the dark and set up the Glan-ik as easily and as accurately as he can now set up the English; and this he can do without preparation. This we accomplish by conforming the new to the old, and as we shall hereafter show, we lose nothing by doing so, nor do we violate rules of English spelling, but on the contrary, we follow well-recog- nized forms ; that is to say, when there are several ways of spelling a sound, we will adopt a form of well-established usage. In explanation of the vowel sounds, we have, as illustrations, in- serted such words of general use as will enable the reader to classify any word or vowel in the language. We also show, with' diacritical marks, the equivalents of the vowel combinations herein used, (17) 18 Section 22. — The Glan-ik Vowels. In any theory of reformed spelling great trouble is found with the vowels. Words were at one time pronounced as spelled, but pronun- ciations change, and now the question is how to best re-adapt the spelling. Various ways have been suggested. There is one consideration that should be deemed paramount, and that is the adoption of such a system as would least change the ap- pearance of the words to the eye. For instance : what form shall we adopt in the words fain, feign, fane? Or what in meat, meet, mete? After experimenting on the 3,200 regular monosyllabic words of our language, the system here given is confidently presented as the one in which the changes are the least. And yet, the best that can be done with the 3,200 monosyllables is to preserve thirty-four per cent, of the words unchanged. Some other systems proffered to the public yield not over twelve per cent. The following are the Glan-lk vowels, as herein adopted : ^1 -^1 Illustrations. a a a au e e i i o do oi 65 ou u ii a aa al au e ee 1 11 o oa oe ol GO ou u ui air, ax, ask, add, bat, bear, dance, have, grass, pair, their, where. arm, far, palm, stahl, ardor, tartar, larceny, idea, baa, era, boa. aid, braid, fade, stayed, ale, eight; prey, pray, neigh, mae, yea. fault, salt, awe, all, talk, haul, cough, swarm, draw, want. ebb, bet, leopard, end, peril, error, melt, head, sweat. eel, beet, cheat, police, eve, pique, machine, seize, ear, flea, be, bee. ill, fit, bisque, coffee, imp, baby, jiffy, jimie, mirror, anti, squid. ice, fight, kite, pie, eye, high, fly, choir, lye, guy, by, hie. on, odd, fob, order, not, stork, form, wander, what, wallow, don. oar, so, old, bore, floor, pour, sew, mower, goal, dough, dole, owe, beau. foot, wolf, would, put, bull, bosom, woman, wool, push, pudding. oil, boy, boil, moist, oyster, exploit, cloister. ooze, food, moon, too, do, coo, move, sou, tomb, through, shoe. out, vowel, rout, flower, thou, vow, owl, plough, ouch, ounce. us, son, her, one, fur, blood,verge, urge , virgin, study , learn,err,myrrh. suit, use, nude, rumor, sue, yule, neuter, feudal, few, adieu, rule. There are two compound vowels: First, the German "o" as in Gothe, which we may represent by " ae " ; and, Second, the French "eu." These two foreign sounds we will not here include, but we will make room in our vowel signs hereafter so that they can be used when needed. The sound " aye " we will not make room for, because it is an interjection and belongs to the " Gren-ik" class, and we will spell it "111." 19 Skction 23. — The Glan-ik Consonants. The front consonants (frant-ez) are divided into two classes — (1) those which will combine with L, R, and W; (2) those which will not. There seem to be sixteen in each group, — the same number, acci- dentally, as there are of vowels. The sixteen uncombinable ones are: Ch, Dh, J, L, M, N, R, Shm, Shn, Sm, Sn, Ts, W, Y, Zh, Zm. The sixteen combinable ones are: B, D, P, G, H, K, P, S, Sh, Sk, Sp, St, T, Th, V, Z. This will be more fully set forth hereafter. It will thus be seen that there are required only twenty-four primary characters to represent the ninety-six combinations and sounds; thus the printer's case is simplified. Of the primary sounds, sixteen are vowels and nineteen are consonants. Section 24. — Alphabetic Changes. It will be noticed that W and Y are dropped as vowels and are used only as consonants; also C, Q, and X are discarded as useless consonants. Ch is put in the place of C with the hard sound of Gh as in Chip. J takes the place of G-soft, for Gr in the Glan-ik is always hard, as in Go. We restore the old Anglo-Saxon sign and sound of Dh as in "this," "that," "then," making them "dMs," "dliat," "dhen." K and S take the places of C-hard and C-soft as in "clay" and "cede." Kh will represent the German guttural. Ks and Gz take the two sounds of X, as in "box" and "ex- ample." Kw takes the place of Q. Lz takes the place of -Is, -Its and -Itz. Ms takes the place of -ms, -mps and -mpz. Ngh has the sound of -ng in "anger." Nk has the sound of -ngk. Ns takes the place of -ns, -nts and -ntz. Sr takes the place of -shr. Ts takes the place of -ts and -tz. 20 Section 25. — The Glan-ik Alphabet. In the following table we give the Glan-ik alphabet and those com- binations we call Frant-ez. Some of these combinations are not very useful except as they re- late to foreign words and to certain stenographic benefits hereinafter set forth. The beginning of every word in the English language is found in the following table, except the Greek sound of " sf " found only in the two words of Sphere and Sphinx (we will find a substi- tute and abolish " sf "). We ask leave also to elide the aspirate in such words as shred and shrub and spell them ered and srub, which is idem sonans. Vowelg. Uncombinable Consonants. Combinable and Combined Consonants. a ch to bl br bw aa dli d dl dr dw al J f fl fr fw au 1 S gl Sr gw e m h. hi hr h^v ee n k kl kr kw 1 r P Pl pr p-w 11 slim s si sr sw o SllTI sh shl shr shw oa sm sk . ski ski- sk-w oe sn sp spl spr sp-w ol ts St stl str st-w oo w t tl tr tw ou y th thl thr tirw u zh V vl vr vw Til zm z zl zr zw A single vowel with no mark is pronounced "short." Section 26. — Illustration of Alphabetic Sounds. As the foregoing are the 96 only sounds with which any word or name will begin, we will arrange them alphabetically; and as the present dictionary must be the book of ultimate reference, until this language is learned, we will arrange the Glan-ik Alphabet in the same order as the Anglo- American, with a typical word beside each of the 96 sounds, so as to give the pronunciation. 21 A . . .Ax Kl. . . Klick Spl . . Spleen Aa . . Arm Kr . . Kremlin Spr . . Spring Al. . .Aid Kw . • Quart Spw . Spwing Au . . Autumn li . . . Less Sr . . . Srink B . . • Bay M . . . Mess St . . . Stay Bl . . . Bless N . . . Nest Stt . . Stlet Br . • Brag O . . . On Str . . String Bw . . Bois (Bwa) Oa . . Oar Stw. . Stwolin Ch . . Chin Oe . . Foot 8w . . Sweet D . . .Dog Oi . . .Oil T . . . Time Dli . . Then Oo . . Ooze Til . . Think Dl. . . Diane Ou . . Out Till . . Thlipsis Dr . . Draw P . . . Pout Tlir . . Thread Dw . . Dwell PI . . • Play Tliw . Thwart E . . .Ex Pr. . . Pray Tl . . . Tlascala Ee. . . .Eel Pw . . Puy(Pwi) Tr . . . Train F . . .Fay B . . .Eide Ta . . . Tsar Fl . . . Flay S . . . Side Tw . . . Twine Fr. . . Fray Sli . . Shine u . . .Up Fw . . Foix (Fwa) sm . . Schloss Ul. . . Suit G . . .Get SllTTl . Schmertz V . . .Vote Gl. . . Glen ShTi . . Schnapps VI. . . . Vladimir Gr . . Green Shr . . Shrewd Vr . . Vredon Gw . . . Gwin Sliw . Schwipe V-w . . Voir dire H . . . Hame Sk . . Skill w . . .Win HI. . . Hlang Ski . . Sclerotic Y . . .Yet Hr . . . Hrissa Skr . . Scrap Z . . . Zone Hw . .When Skw . Squeeze Zli . . Azure I . . .It SI . . . Slide Zl . . . Zlinski li . . . Ice Sm . . Smoke Zm. . . . Zmett J . . . Joke Sn. . . Snug Zr . . . .Zrilla K . . . Keep 8p. . . Spill Zw . . . Zwave Section 27. — Monosyllables. Classification. Before giving a list of final syllables (flant-ez) we will define the term monosyllables as herein used. We include as Glan-ik monosyllables certain combinations such as, in the shorthand language, are treated as monosyllables. The word " otter" is not a true phonetic monosyllable; but, as "otr," it is a true stenographic monosyllable — the " tr " being a consonant, as we shall hereafter see. In daily language we call " elm " a mono- syllable, but it is not. Nor is "chasm" a true monosyllable; to make it such it must be reduced to " kaz " ; but in the Glan-ik we may treat them both as monosyllables by usage. 22 What we shall say, therefore, conoerniag monosyllables herein- after, will be with reference to both the phonetic and the stenographic monosyllables. The difference between the two is in the ending of words with sounds of L and R after other consonants. In the examination of the vocabulary hereinafter found it will be seen that there is surprisingly little change in the accustomed sounds ; and that the stenographic monosyllables as distinguished from the pho- netic monosyllables will not equal three per cent, of the whole list of regular modern English monosyllabic words. These dissyllables, which we call stenographic monosyllables, are words in which the last sound is a first sound — that is, a frant in L or R, and hence stenographically a word of one syllable. Examples : pr-o-pr = proper; kr-a-kr = cracker ; liw-l-tl= whittle; k-a-sl= castle. Section 28. — Consonant Sounds. For certain stenographic reasons, more apparent hereinafter, we give definite names to all of the double and complex consonants; and to all those combinations which we call llant ez. The names of these stenographic characters are as follows : Cll . . chee b. . . bee tol . ■ bel br . . ber b-w . bwee fill . . dhee d. . . dee dl . .del dr . . der dw dwee i ■ ■ .jai .1 . . .ef 11 . .fel fr . .fer Iw . fwee 1 . . .el S- ■ . ghee gl ■ .ghel , gr . .gher gw ghwee m . . em h . ■ hai 111 . .hel lir . . her bw . hwee n . . en k . . kai kl . .kel kr . . ker kw . kwee r . . . aar p. . . pee pi . . pel pr . - per pw . pwee skm . shem s . . . es si . .sel sr . . ser sw . . swee slin . shen sh . . shee sill .shel sbr . sher. sb-w . shwee sm . sem sk . ■ sek ski . skel skr . sker sk^v . skwee sn . . sen sp . ■ Sep spl . spel spr . sper spw . spwee ts ,. . tes St . . set stl . .Btel str . star stw . stwee ■w . . wai t . . . tee tl . .tel tr . . ter tw . . twee y ■ ■ .yai th . . thee thl. . thel thr . ther tbw . thwee zh . . zhee V . . . vee vl . . vel vr . ■ ver vw . vwee zva. . zem z . . . zee zl . .zel zr . . zer zw . zwee 23 Section 29. — Reducing Final Consonants. In order to reduce, for stenographic benefits, the number of final- consonant terminations (flant ez) we find that by simply changing a few of the current monosyllables slightly we cut down twenty per cent, the number of flant ez used, which is a great saving of termi- nal characters. Of the 3,200 English monosyllabic words there are only about thirty that need such change. And the words that do need the change are not Anglo-Saxon, or fundamental English words, — they are not vocal monosyllables and are mostly of foreign origin, as rhomb, nymph, rouge, sphere, sphinx, etc. To illustrate : There is only one regular monosyllabic word in the English language that has the termination of "rid," but it is a very common word, the word "world." By calling it "wurl" we con- flict with no other word and abolish the terminal "rid"; we also make a true stenographic monosyllable, and we substitute no unrec- ognizable sound — a lover can still say, " She is all the wurl to me." Such change would not be proper but for the fact that there are not over thirty of them to be made in over three thousand words and it greatly simplifies our stenographic plan ; and there is nothing lost in sound or recognition. Ex.: By calling "mulct" (one of the thirty words) "mulk" and "rhythm" (another) "rldh." All such changes are shown in the vocabulary (vob) hereinafter. Section 30. — Vowel Abbreviations. Having fixed the sounds of the consonants, and reduced the num- ber of the flant-ez, we now come to the vowels as connected with the said consonantal sounds. We find that we can make large abbreviations in printing and in writing current words, and yet make the abbreviations entirely unambiguous. For instance, if (as shown by Sec. 28) we sound "pi" as "pel," then "apl" would be sounded as "apple." We find that we can elide the sound of e-short (e) after the first conso- nant. Here are a few examples : ftr=fetter bl=bello stl=settle svr=8ever snt=cent ls=:less rsl=wrestle indl=meddle 24 There can be no possible mistake made in the practical operation of this rule ; and as it applies only to e-short (e) all other vowel sounds must be represented. In ordinary conversation there is but little distinction made in the pronunciation of e, i and u before r. Notice the words "per," "fir," and " fur " : in each the vowel is pronounced as u-short ; but this should not be, — each vowel before "r " should be pronounced differently, as we do in " merry," " mirror," and " murmur." It must be understood that the elided vowel is the vowel which follows the /rsf consonant. For instance, st represents " set " ; but if we wish to express est or ste we must so write them. Again, as the elided vowel comes after the first consonant, we must fur- ther understand that "h" and "w," being semi-vowels, are never ( in the Glan ik) final vowels, and hence if they follow a consonant they coalesce and become a part of that consonant, and then, and therefore, the elided vowel comes after the "h" or "w" which joins the first consonant. To illustrate: clist=cheBt li-wii=when kwl=quell slikl=shekel dlirn= therein tlift=theft swl=swell lrwst=quesfc As the elided vowel must be the one following the first single con- sonant, or the first compound consonant as above described, it fol- lows that the same short vowel must be always expressed when found elsewhere in a different position. Therefore "brth" would not mean "breath," but "berth." If we wish to write "breath," we must write it "breth." By the foregoing rule, an absolute certainty is attained, and very many of the monosyllables are shortened by the elision. Section 81. — Final Consonants. (Plant ez.) Having given a list of all the sounds that may begin a word, we now come to the consonantal sounds which may end a word. These are called flant ez, and are indefinite in number. ( If we confine oarselves'to such as are used in the English language, we find in the 25 words " strength," "warmth," "amongst," some long and difficult sounds. On the other hand, there are many sounds that are much easier and are yet not used.) The list we here give is of such as are fairly pronounceable, and comprises every sound in the language, no matter by whom pro- nounced, or in what dialect. The list will be useful for the con- struction of new words. Not one half of them need be used, and in this preliminary treatise not even one third of them are used in the spelling of forty five hundred words ; which shows in what a small compass the form of the language can be condensed. But we make the list large so as to include all consonant sounds of our own lan- guage and a few other sounds of related languages ( leaving out the German guttural, which seems to have been, in our language, finally exterminated). Some of these combinations look strange, and we may ask, when we view the list, why insert such a sound as "-dhz " ? but, on reflec- tion, we find it in the plural of the word " booth " — boodliz. The vowel "e" has been placed in front of each terminal in the following list so as to make a sound and syllable, but it is under- stood that either one of the other sixteen vowels may be similarly used. Of the terminals in the following list, we have put in black type those which we use as flaut ez. ( See also Sec. 33.) 26 Section 82. — List of Flant ez. -eb. . . . -egz -els -enkth -erl.... -esht -ebd -egzh -elsh -enl -erld -esk.. -ebdh -ej.... -elst -enr -erlf -eskr. -ebl.... -ejd -elt.... -ens -erls -esks -ebr -ejl -elth -ensh -erlt -eskt -ebs -ejr -elv -enst -erlth -esl... -ebsh -ejsh -elz -ent — -erlz -esm. -ebst -ek. . . . -elzh -enth — erm -esn.. -ebt -ekch -em. — -enz — -ermd -esp.. -ebth -ekl.... -emb -enzd -ermp -espl. -ebv -ekr -emch -enzh -erms -espr. -ebz -eks .... -emd -ep.... -ermst -esps -ebzh -eksh -emf -epl.... -ermth -espt -ecb — -ekst -emk -epr — -ermz -esr... -echl -ekt.... -eml -eps — — ern -est... -echr -ekth -emp — -epsh -ernch -estr.. -echt -el.... -emr -epst -ernd -et.... -ed.... -elb -ems — -ept — -erns -etb.., -edb... -elbth -emsh -epth -emst -ethd -edhd -elbz -emst -er .... -ernt -ethk -edhk -elch. -emt -erb — -ernth -ethp -edhl -elcht -emth -erbd -emz -ethps -edhm -eld.... -emz -erbs -erp — -etbr. -edhp -eldh -emzh -erbsh -erps -eths -edbr — -ell.... -en — -erbst -erpst -etl... -edhz -elfs -encb... . -ercb. . . . -erpt -etr. . . -edl... -elft -encht -ercht -erpth -ets -edr — -elfz -end — -erd — -ers -ev — -eds -elg -endh -erdh -ersb... . -evd -edst -elj -enf -erdz -ersk -evl -edth -eljd -eng.... -erf.... -ersp -evr.. -edz — -elk.... -engch -erft -erst -evst -et.... -elks -engh -erfz -ert — -evth -efk -elksh -enghd -erg.... -erth . -evz -efl.... -elkt -engs -ergd -erts -evzh -efr.... -elm — -engst -ergs -erv — -ez — -efs -elmz -ength -ergsh -ervd -ezd -eft. . . . -eln -engzh -ergst -ervz -ezh -efth -elp — -enj -er] -erz -ezk -eg.... -elps -enjd -erjd -erzh -ezl -egd -elpsh -enk -erk.... -es.... -ezm. , -egl.... -elpst -enkfl -erks -esb -ezn -egr.... -elpt -enksh -erksh -eshk -ezp -egst -elpth -enkst -erkst -eshl -ezr -egth -elr -enkt -erkfc -eshp -ezt 27 Section 33. — The Combined Consonants. Hereinafter there will be found forty five hundred monosyllables, given by way of illustration. The Glan ik vocabulary is capable of endless extension ; but, for the purpose of this exemplification, we only tabulate forty five hundred of the commonest words. And in their construction we use only one hundred and sixteen sounds. Each of these might be represented by a separate character and learned and taught and used as a letter of the alphabet; but we are not that far advanced as yet. Of these characters, fifty four are Irant ez ; sixteen are touI ez, and forty six are flant ez. With these one hundred consonants and sixteen vowels over 80,000 words can be made. The number of characters can well and easily be increased to one hundred and forty, with a capacity for the con- struction of 100,000 words. As this presentation of the Glam ik language is only experimental, we give herein only the combined elements of the presentation. As some of the frant ez may be used as llant ez, we omit the former from the list of the latter, in the following table : Frant-ez. Voul-ez. Flant-ez. B K Sn a dhr nd rn Bl Kl Sp aa dl ng rp Br Kr Spl ai dz nj rs Bw— Kw— Spr au ft nk rsh Oh L Sr e ks ns rt D M St ee kt nt rth Dh N Str i Ich nz rv Dr P Sw— ii Id ps rz Dw— PI T If pt tl P Pr Th oa Ik rb zm PI R Thr oe Im rch Pr S Tr oi IP rd G Sh Tw— 00 It rf Gl Sk V ou Iv rg Gr Skr Vr u Iz rj H— Skw— W— ui mp rk Hw— SI Y— ms rl J Sm Z nch rm The Frant ez are all used as Flant ez, except the ten marked with dashes following ; making in all 54 Frant ez and 90 Flant ez. 28 Section 84. — PaHs of Speech. ( Posh ez.) The names of these parts of 1 Glan-ik. Mnglish. speech are but little used in or- N dinary conversation, and we f fron for-noun. pronoun. have made such condensations n noun noun. of them (ten in all ) as will give g gren a gen. reo. name. us a different initial letter for V vrb verb. each part of speech. These ini- t ticli adjective. tials pertain to and are used in i jnk interjection. the dictionary only. These dif- w wrb adverb. ferent parts of speech will each z zisli preposition. be hereinafter treated of sepa- k kon] conjunction. rately. P purd post-word, suffix. posb part-of-speech. Section 35. — The Hyphen. Punctuation. Punctuation in the Glan ik should be the same as is commonly used. As the Glan ik is intended to be monosyllabic, and as all ideas are expressed therein by a root-word modified by what precedes or follows it, something should be said about the hyphen. In these pages we have omitted from time to time the use of the hyphen, so as to accustom the reader to the absence of it, and to show how little the hyphen is really needed. It can be used or left out, just as a writer wishes, and no mistake will follow. The eye soon understands it, and as fancy may dictate, the hyphen can be used or not. ( See Sec. 15.) This subject will be alluded to again under the head of prefixes and suffixes ( Sees. 86 and 87.) Section 36. — Prefixes and Suffixes Again. Many words that limit the sense of a following word are called prepositions. Words that limit the sense of a preceding word have no special name among the parts of speech, and we here call them " post words." There are also words that are called "prefixes " and "suffixes," which are attached to the words they limit. Prepositions show the relation of things or thoughts to one another, and are generally placed before a noun or a pronoun. But, in order to simplify the language, we have classed in the Glan ik, with prepositions, those words called "prefixes." There is only an ideal difference. The preposition generally goes before a noun, but does not unite with it, while the prefix generally goes before a verb, and does unite with it. It is not necessary to the sense that the prefix should unite with the word it precedes ; for instance, 29 "He will re take the fort," " That is non sense." It is not neces- sary that there should be a hyphen or a joining. The eye immedi- ately distinguishes the meaning. In order to keep the verb-root separate and distinct, we will there- fore abolish prefixes and suflSxes as such, and make them separate and disconnected words, as there is no loss of sound or sense occasioned thereby. Prefixes then become prepositions, and there are sixteen of them to be added to the list of prepositions. They will be treated of more specifically under the head of prepositions, and their defini- tions there given. Of the suffixes, now separated from their roots and called "post words," there are sixty four. They will be treated more specifically under the head of "post words," and their definitions there given. In the following section is a list of all the prefixes and suffixes of the language that have been here preserved and utilized. The rest are abandoned as being surplusage, unnecessary or obsolete. Section 87.— -Idst of Prefixes and Suffixes. Prefixes. Suffixes. A- -aa -fik -ith -ri Ab- -aard -foald -iv -shon Ad- -aij -ful -izm -sum Am- -al -hoed -kom -sz Be- -an -i -li -teen De- -bul -id -liik -ti Dis- -dom -ig -lit -tri Kon- -e -iit -Is -ul Mis- -ed -iiz -mnt -um Non- -ee -ik -moar -ur Ob- -eng -iks -moast -wrd Pre- -er -im -ns -y Pro- -es -ing -oan -yux Re- -est -is -oas -zlf Un- -ez -ish -pi -zn Vid- -fr -ist -pleks -zoan The retained prefixes are few, because in the Glan ik any combina- tion of words may be used to express an idea. Ex. : kon-stal=to stay with; ad-vou=to vowto. By these combinations nouns can be made into verbs, and verbs into nouns, and parts of speech changed to suit an idea. 30 Section 88. — Homonyms. Allied to the subject under discussion is the subject of Homonyms. The English language is one that gives to each of many words sev- eral different meanings. Perhaps it would be truer to say that they were different words spelled or sounded alike. Any invented lan- guage, or proposed new language, might be expected to comb out all of these double and triple meanings and have a language composed of words each of which had one and only one definite meaning. But this is a matter of future consideration. Of true Homonyms, that is of words having different spellings but the same sound, there are in the English language a little more than one thousand. But there are at least an equal number that are spelled alike and sound alike but with different meanings ; for instance, a " note " is a written ob- ligation, but a man of " note " is not a man who gives notes, but is a man of distinction. Nevertheless, although the foregoing is true, it would not be any very great task to go through the dictionary and by a careful use of synonyms and proper condensation to banish all of the homonyms from the language, and from the idioms of the language. For in- stance : All aul Boy bol Core koar Awl aal Buoy bwee Corps korz Arc aark Buy bwil Die dll Ark ark By bii Dye del Aught aat Cede seeth. Draft . . . .^. . . . draft Ought aut Seed seed Draught draf Beer beer Climb klilm Foul foul Bier bir Clime klim Fowl fou Section 39. — Rules of Condensation. The rules of condensation are few, and may be summed up in the idea of retaining, as much as possible, the sound of the word con- densed. When two forms of condensation are equally available, take the one most euphonious and most easily written in shorthand. If it can be avoided, no noun should end with either " s " or *' z." Root-words of the English language with several forms of prefix may, if condensed, show in the Glan ik, by a terminal consonant, what the prefix was. Example : Quest kwst Bequest kwb Inquest kwi-n Acquest kwk Conquest . . . kwim Request kwrt CHAPTER 8. PAETS OF SPEECH. PRONOUNS. Section 40. — The Glan ik Pronouns. (Fron ez.) As the basis of the Glan ik language is the noun, and as the most important of all nouns are the pronouns, we will begin with the latter. There are, in all, twelve pronouns, divided into three classes, as follows : Personal; mee, yee, liee, sliee, it, tee. Relative ; h.oo, liwlcli, hwot. Demonstrative; dlils, dliat, yon. The following pronouns are abolished, for reasons to be seen: her its thee they us ye hers mine their thine we you him my theirs those whom your his our them thy whose yours I ours these Section 41. — Personal Pronouns. Simple. Of these are mee, — first person; and yee, — second person. The third person is represented by four different words. These four are liee, sliee, It, ("it," special,) and tee ("it," general). The words liee, shee, and it, are meant to be pronouns that are accurate as to gender. The pronoun tee is a common, general, impersonal neuter. It applies to living creatures whose sex is unknown, or not material, and in the plural it may embrace the idea of a combination of genders. For instance: Tee means — some person, certain person, certain one, one, folk, man, somebody, some (man, woman or thing ), some one. Tee-ez, the plural, means — certain ones, some people, folks, per- sons, them, they, etc. It is a general impersonal plural. As there are no declensions of nouns or pronouns, the nominative (nH), and the objective (jif) are the same in form, and the case is shown by the situation in the sentence. We simply follow the analogies of our mother tongue. We say, (31) 32 "John hit George," or " G-eorge hit John." The situation shows the "case." The personal pronouns are therefore as follows : Singular. Plural. mee . I, me mee-ez . . we, us yee •you yee-ez . . you (plural) liee . he, him hee-ez . . they, them (masc.) shee . she, her shee-ez . . they, them (fern.) it. . .it It-ez . . . they, them (neut.) tee . . one, each. any, etc. tee-ez . . . they, them (imp.) The possessive is made by adding "-es the plural. When added to the plural it reoontracted into sez, and is spelled sz, possessive pronouns : Singular. mee-es . . my, mine mee-sz. . . yee-es . . . your, yours yee-sz . . . liee-es . . . his hee-sz . . . sliee-es . . her, hers shee-sz . . It-es . . . . its It-sz . . . . tee-es . . . its tee-sz . . . " to either the singular or becomes "-es-ez " which is The following shows the Plural. . our, ours your, yours their, theirs (masc.) their, theirs (fern.) their, theirs (neut.) their, theirs (imp.) Section 42. — Personal Pronouns. Compound. By adding the word can (own), plural zoan, we get another form of the possessive, which is an intensive form. Singular, Mee-oan=mine, — my own. Plural, Mee-ez-oan=mee-zoan— ours, — our own. By adding the word self, plural zelf , we get another form of the objective. Singular, Mee-slf= myself. Plural , Mee-ez-self = mee-zlf = ourselves . To these may be added a solemn form in the second person : Singular. Plural. dta.ou thou, thee dhou-ez .... ye dtiou-es. . . . thy dbou-sz .... thy dliou-slf . . . thyself dUou-zlf .... thyselves dliou-oan. . . thine dhou-zoan . . . thine Section 43. — Relative Pronouns. These are hoc, hwlch., and liwot. "Whom" is abolished, and we hence say, "That was who I saw." "That," as a relative pro- noun, is abolished, as it only takes the place of lioo and liwicli, and 83 we hence say, instead of "the wind that blows," "the wind which blows." Hwee may be called the solemn form of " who." The relative pronoun becomes an interrogative when used to ask a question. For interrogatives, see note.* Hoo refers to persons, and the possessive hoo-es takes the place of "whose," which is abolished. The relative pronouns may be pluralized if desired, by adding the usual terminal "-ez," and sex may be shown by adding "-aa " and "-e." In the old English were the following : Nef-a — a nephew Nef-e — a niece Han-a — acock Han-e — a hen Widuw-a — a widower Widuw-e — a widow Wice-a — a sorcerer Wice-e — a sorceress Webb-a — a weaver Webb-e — a weaver We can therefore follow the old English by adding the vowels " aa" (a) for the masculine, and "e" (e) for the feminine. These gender terminals can be used after nouns or pronouns, sin- gular or plural. They will be rarely used, because not often neces- sary, but they will be brief and proper. They may be added to qualify adjectives, numerals, or other words, when convenient. Ex.: Hwot-aa speek What man speaks. Dhar bee siks-aa There are six males. Dhar bee fui-e out There are few females out. Section 44. — Demonstrative Pronouns. These are dhls, dhat, yon. Plural: dlils-ez= these; d.liat-ez = those; yoii-ez= yonder persons, people, or things. We may also say, "This and that," = dliant. Plural: These and those = dliant-ez . Section 45. — Vocabulary of Pronouns. (Fron Vob.) This list contains the pronouns of the language so condensed that a single stroke will shape the consonants of any. Where two differ- ent forms of condensation were available, that form has been chosen which was the easier written. *NoTE. — There are certain words used as interrogatives: some are called pronouns, and some are called adverbs. They mostly begin, in form or fact, with the Saxon sound " hw." They are ten in number. hwot .... what hwii why hwen .... when hwee a solemn form of who. hwar .... where hoo who, hoo-es, whose hwich . . . which hwidh .... whither hwens . . . whence tou how Hoo and hou ought to be written hwoo and hwou, in deference to their Anglo-Saxon origin — "hwd" and "hwu." all aul another ■ ■ nudh any .... en anybody . eb anything . otli as az aught . . . aat both .... boatli each .... eech. each and all ) of them f*'*^^"^ each other . clitli either . • • etli else .... elz enough . . nirf every . . - vur everybody . vurp everyone • vurn every person, vurp everything, vurg few .... ful former . . frem-er he liee her (obj.) . sliee her (poss.) sliee-es hers .... sliee-es herself . . . shee-slf him .... Iiee himself . • liee-slf his Iiee-es I mee ilk Ilk it it, tee its . . • it-es, tee-es itself. .It-slf, tee-slf latter . . ■ lat-er many . . • mn me mee mine . . . . mee-es my mee-es myself . . . mee-slf naught • • naat neither . . nth. no . °. • . ■ noa nobody . . nb none . . . . nun bee-ez nothing . . notb they . . . It-ez "one" . . tee sbee-ez other . . .udb tee-ez our . . . . mee-sz thine. . . abou-es ours . . . . mee-sz ( ibou-oan ourselves . mee-zlf thine (pi.) dliou-zoan own . - . . oan thing . . . thing own (pi.) . . zoan this .... dhls "people" . tee-ez this and that, "person" . tee dbant said . . . • sd those . . . dbat-ez same ■ . . saim thou .... dhou self . . . .slf thy .... dbou-es selfsame . slaim thy (pi.) . dbou-sz selves . . . zlf thyself . . . dbou-slf several . . srl thyselves . dhou-zlf she .... . sliee us mee-ez some . . . . sum we mee-ez "somebody," tee what .... hwot something, smlg whatever . b-w^ov such . . . . such. whatsoever, b-wovr sundry . ■ drig whereof . . bwof that . . ■ . dhat whether . . b-wdh the. . . . .dbe which . . . hwlcb thee . . . . dbou whichever . b-wlv h.ee-sz whichsoever, bwlvr their and It-sz who .... boo theirs, shee-sz who (solemn) hwee tee-sz whoever . . boov theirs hee-zoan whom . . . boo and their It-zoan whose . . . b.oo-es own sh.ee-zoan whosoever . boovr tee-zoan ye dhou-ez hee-ez yon .... yon them . . . It-ez yond .... yon sb.ee-ez yonder . . . yon tee-ez you . . . yee, yee-ez bee-zlf your .... yee-es them- It-zlf your (pi.) . yee-sz selves, ' sbee-zlf yours . . . yee-es tee-zlf yours (pi.) yee-sz these . . . dhls-ez yourself . . yee-slf these and those, yourselves, yee-zlf dta.ant-ez 85 NOUNS. Section 46. — The Glan ik Nouns. (Noun ez.) In the Glan-ik the noun, as far as can be, is the beginning and basis of the language ; and this is also the natural order of language. Suppose, for instance, "philosophy" is "flos." Then after examining the list of post-words (Sec. 82) we find the following combinations : philosopher . . . nos-ur philosophism . . flos-izm philosophic . . flos-ik philosophist . . flos-ist philosophical . . flos-al philosophize . . flos-iiz philosophically . flos-li philosophizer . . flos-iiz-ur Thus it is that the noun becomes the root; and the verb, the adjective and the adverb are founded on it. Therefore, in the organization of the language, the first thing to do is to establish the nouns ; by doing so, the other parts of speech are to that extent established. Section 47. — The Glan ik Nouns. Number. We have the following plural forms in the English : -es as in fishes. -ii as in radii, -ren as in children. -ti as in banditti, -en as in oxen. -im as in cherubim. -86 as in formulae. -x as in bureaux, -a as in data. -s as in disks. All of the foregoing can be represented by ez. As the root word of the noun is never changed, the plural is shown by the addition of the word -ez, being the sound as is now generally used. Ex. : Church, Church-ez. We may generally omit the plural as the context will show the number. We say " one deer " and " two deer." Plurals are largely unnecessary. "Three man" is as definite as "three men"; the latter is tautological. The plural ez should be used only when necessary. We say " one sheep " or "ten sheep" without noticing any defect in the meaning ; and there is none. 36 Section 48. — The Glan ih Nouns. Case. Being root words, the nouns have no "Cases." The nominative and the objective or accusative, each so called, depend upon the location of the verb ; the subject precedes, and the object follows the verb. Thus : Dhe man hit dhe hors. Dhe hors hit dhe man. All " cases " are made by the use of prepositions, except that the "ov" case (possessive) may also be expressed by the addition of es. The objective may also be expressed by the post-words ee, or um, when necessary, as shown in Section 82. We may say, "Dhe ov Jon hors," or "Dhe hors ov Jon," or " Jon-es hors." That is, the possessive may be also expressed by using ov as a preposition. The plural possessive "-es -ez" may be condensed into the word sez, spelled sz. Thus, frip-sz= friendships' ; liors-sz feed = the feed of the horses. Section 49. — The Glan ih Nouns. Gender, As there are no declensions to nouns, so there need be no gender change to the root word. All nouns may be called masculine if animate, and neuter if inani- mate, unless they as nouns denote sex; as, King, Nun. When it comes to persons or animals, the generic term may indi- cate that the sex is unknown or immaterial, or else male. If it is necessary in a given case to especially distinguish the sex, it may be done by adding aa or e (see Sec. 43). Or in case of ani- mals by using as a prefix " hee " or " shee," as, " hee-goat." Section 50. — Nouns and Post-words, The meaning of nouns may be modified by many different words which follow them. For instance: the person who does an act is represented by the terminal -ur. Ex. : Sail-ur ; striik-ur — a person 37 who strikes; plural, striik(urez) urz. The objective may be desig- nated by -ee; thus, striik-ee — the person struck. This form of terminal is similar to the old form — Vend-or and Vend-ee. The person who does an act as a business or profession may be shown by -1st, as, "km-ist" = a chemist; "jom-ist"=a geometri- cian. There are many other post-words hereinafter explained, (Sec. 82,) but the above is sufficient to illustrate the form. Nouns are sometimes compounded with adjectives ; for instance, Hoam-lit — a little home=a hamlet. In such compounds, the adjectives must come last. Section 51. — Abbreviations Illustrated. We give here a list of some comm.on nouns, as illustrations ; Months. Week- days. Metals. Jan. Aug. Miind. Goald .Gold Ld. . Lead Fb. Spt. Tooz. SUv . . Silver Staal .Steel Marcli. Okt. Wnz. lirn . . Iron Plam . Platinum Pril. Noav. Tliiirz. Bras . Brass Pultr . Pewter Maitli. Dees. Frlid. Nile . . Nickel Luln . Aluminum Jnin. Satr. Zlnlc . Zinc Kwlll . Quicksilver Juil. STind. Kopr • Copper Tin . -Tin GENERAL NAMES. Section 52. — General Recognized Names. There is a class of nouns and names that should remain un- changed : they are names and places personal, geographical and his- torical. Most of the spelling and pronunciation should be fixed officially. There is a right inherent to the Anglo-American lan- guage which it has exercised for centuries — and which it always will exercise — and that is the right to Anglicize everything domestic or foreign. It will call Cicero either Sisero or Kikero, just as it wishes ; it will call Livorno Leghorn, and it will not call Paris Pahree. For the present, until official pronunciation and spelling are set- tled, these names must go as they are. We may in the Glan ik use the word abt for " abbot," but if we speak of the "Abbot of Glas- tonbury," we must not use abt. 88 It is doubtful whether we should change the spelling, even if it fails to represent the name in sound, as regards geographical and historical names. But, in regard to common domestic names, more latitude might be used, — as, for instance, Tomas instead of Thomas, and Jorj instead of George. VERBS. Section 53. — General Principles of Verbs. A regular verb in English is one which forms its past tense and past participle by the addition of d or ed to its present tense : as. Pres- ent, love; Past, loved; Past Participle, loved. In the Glan ik the regular verb would be, luv, did luv, luv ed. All Glan ik verbs are regular, and consist only of the monosyl- labic root. There is one participle — the present — ending in "-ing." That is to say, there is a post-word named Ing, which following a verb-root gives it a certain present meaning; as, Hee sau mee drink ing. The other participle, called the past participle, formed by the suf- fix -ed, is only used for changing a verb-root into an adjective, and will be omitted here in the discussion of the verb. (See Sec. 73.) So, the verb-root undergoes no change. There is one class of irregular verbs in the language, to which we wish to call particular attention. It is that class in which the three parts (present, past, and past participle) are all alike. beat, beat, beat hurt, hurt, hurt shred, shred, shred bid, bid, bid knit, knit, knit shut, shut, shut burst, burst, burst let, let, let slit, slit, slit cast, cast, cast put, put, put split, split, split cost, cost, cost rid, rid, rid ' spread, spread, spread cut, cut, cut run, run, run sweat, sweat, sweat eat, eat, eat set, set, set thrust, thrust, thrust hit, hit, hit shed, shed, shed wet, wet, wet People use the foregoing simple verbs daily through their lives and seldom make a mistake. This teaches that our present language is too complex — all verbs could be used in the same manner if usage had so dictated. As we have dispensed with the past participle and relegated it to the list of adjectives, we can use all verbs, as above, without change ; or we can form the past by using the word did. 39 Section 54. — Auxiliaries of the Verb. (Aurk ez.) There are in the Glan ik sixteen auxiliaries, viz. bin (am, are, art, be, been, is) dld-bln = was, wast, were, wert blng (being) did (did, didst) du (do, does, dost, doth) hav (have, havest, has, hast, hath) dld-liav = had, hadst kan (can, canst) koed (could, couldst) mal (may, mayst) must (must) sb.al (shall, shalt) sboed (should, shouldst) to (to — infinitive) vlng (having) wil (will, wilst, wilt) weed (would, wouldst) milt (might,mightst) As dld-bln and dld-hav are double words, they may have a short substitute, as follows : had = did-hav, had and hadst. ■woz= did-bin, was, wast, were, and wert. Except as represented by the foregoing sixteen auxiliaries, the. fol- lowing verb-words are abolished : Am canst dost hath mayst should wert Are could doth have might shouldst will Art couldst had havest mightst to wilst Be did hadst having must was wilt Been didst has is shall wast would Being do hast may shalt were wouldst can does The above auxiliaries are unchangeable words of limitation and condition. They are each the inflexible expression of an idea, the same as any other word. Their combinations form all of the various shades of thought which we call modes, tenses, and voices. Am, Was and 7s are not parts of the verb To Be; and the stringing of them together by grammarians into the modes, tenses, and voices of the verb To Be is a mere whim. The said words are not parts of irregular verbs, but are simply words, — words with separate mean- ings, as the words Up, Down, Out, In, are words with separate mean- ings; — that is, the words Am, Was and 7s mean something when preceding a verb, just the same as a preposition means something when preceding a noun. It would be just as sensible to try to conjugate a preposition as to conjugate a word which is employed solely as an auxiliary ; therefore, Bin and Blng are no part of the Glan ik verb to Bee (to be). 40 Did and Du are no part of the Glan ik verb to Doo (to do), Hav and Ving are no part of the Glan ik verb to Haav (to have) . From this it follows that Bin, Did, Du, Hav, &c. , are separate and independent words, and exist by themselves ; and the verbs Bee (to exist) ; Doo (to perform) ; Haav (to possess) are independent regular verbs, the same as any other regular verbs, to the full extent of their meanings. Section 55. — Forms of Auxiliaries. (Ver ez.) Of the auxiliaries there are twenty-seven forms, as hereinafter shown, and each verb, in four different ways, is acted upon by each auxiliary and its combinations, to the extent of all possible meanings. Those four different ways, (which, for convenience, are here marked "a," "b," "c," " d,") we call ver-ea. Ver ez. ( hurt) ( be or been hurt) ( be or been hurting) ( be or been being hurt) Let us now exploit the verb " to hurt." Twenty-seven auxiliary forms, representing various ideas, are to be applied to each of the ver-ez. These twenty-seven forms we call verl-ez (verb-ul-ez), and they make the various combinations of thought required of verbs. (a) liurt (b) bin liurt (c) bin burt ing (d) bin blng burt Section bQ.— Forms of Auxiliaries. to to to bav ... to have du do ving .... having mee du I do mee vlng .... I having mee bav I have mee did I did mee did bav . . I had mee kan I can mee kan bav . . I can have mee koed .... I could mee koed bav- . I could have mee mal I may {Verl ez.) mee mal bav • - 1 may have mee milt .... I might mee milt bav . . I might have mee must .... I must mee must bav . I must have mee sbal I shall mee sbal bav . I shall have mee sboed ... I should mee sboed bav . I should have mee -wll I will mee wil hav . . I will have mee -weed .... I would mee ^voed hav . I would have 41 Apply each of the foregoing to each of the following, respectively : (a) hurt (b) bin hurt (o) bin hurt ing (d) bin bing hurt Section 57. — Modes, Tenses, Classes. The so-called subjunctive mode is nothing but a phrase with " if " in front of it. There is no more right to build a " mode " on the word " if " than upon the words " perhaps," or " suppose," or " may- be," or several others. By combining each of the above twenty-seven forms, verl-ez, with each form "a," " b," "c," "d" of the ver-ez, there are ob- tained one hundred and eight forms of expression, which, further compounded with the twelve pronouns, make more than one thou- sand. Then multiply that number by the negative form, the affirm- ative-interrogative, the negative-interrogative, and the subjunctive, there are obtained over four thousand forms of expression based on the verb "hurt." This seems to be enough. All that is necessary under this system is to learn the meaning of a few words. Section 58. — Verbs are Defective only in Idea. The old grammarians had names for different classes of verbs, but the only difference in verbs is this : Verbs represent ideas, and more things can be affirmed of some verbs than of others ; hence the dif- ference is the fundamental one of idea. Some forms of auxiliary combination may not apply to some verbs. The fault is not in the verb : it is theoretically regular, but the verb-idea will not in some instances permit the auxiliary combination, because the combina- tion would not express anything. We make, in Glan ik, all verbs regular, but still some verbs would be inherently defective, because certain combinations of them would not convey any thinkable idea. For instance, the verb " to sigh " is a regular verb, yet it is defective in the idea-sense, because some combinations are unthinkable. Ex.: "I would have been sighed." Again, it is an unthinkable 42 expression to say: "He would have snowed." Therefore many verbs must be inherently defective, though they be in form theo- retically regular. Section 59. — Irregular Verbs. Changes. There are in the modern English language two hundred and fifty irregular verbs, (including the foregoing auxiliaries, sixteen in num- ber,) almost all of Anglo-Saxon origin. Nine-tenths of these irregu- lar verbs are words of one syllable. These one-syllable words are those most commonly used in every- day life, and are of necessity already condensed. The others are easily condensed, and the whole list, with corrected spelling, is hereinafter given. (Sec. 60.) We wish, however, to note a few changes which we suggest in the irregular verbs, viz. : The word " bear," to bring forth, we retain as bar (sounded like bair). But the verb " bear," to carry, to hold up, we have changed to brup (to bear up). The verb " bare " we have changed to nuld (to nude, to strip). The noun "bear" we have changed to urs, from the Latin " ursus." The verb cleave, to split, we have changed to klalv, so as to dis- tinguish it from kleev= cleave, to adhere, to unite. The verb "sew" we have changed to stlcli, so as to distinguish it from "so" and from "sue." The verb "sow," to scatter, we have changed to scan. The yeih pen — to inclose, means pen-up, and we have changed it to pent; also its noun pen. Ex : plg-piit=pig pen. This prevents it from conflicting with the noun pen — used in writing. The word " write " we can change to rlt, as it conflicts with the word rllt (right) ; and as the noun is " writ," so should the verb be. The verb "buy " is changed to bwll, so as not to conflict with the preposition "by." The verb " lie," to recline, is changed to kllln. The verb " grave," to engrave, is changed to graif. The verb " wring" is changed to reng=rng, so as not to conflict with "ring." 43 We preserve the old obsolete root, -wis, — to know ; and we add to it a negative, nls, — not to know. The noun "wood" is retained, and the auxiliary "would" is changed to -weed; as heretofore seen. The expression " methinks " can be utilized as an active verb, ab- breviated to meth, meaning "to put oneself to thinking." Ex.: "Tee ez kon mth"=they set themselves collectively to thinking. The present word " methinks " would then be mee mth. The defective verb " quoth " can be utilized in forming the active verb kwoatli,= to say in reply. Ex. : "Hwot kwoath yee ez?" = What say you all in reply ? Kwoatli liee=quoth he. We introduce the word to raut (wrought) in the sense of to worh. The imperative verb " beware " may be changed to bwar (pro- nounced bwair) and made an active verb signifying "to be on the alert and have care." The foregoing changes will make all of the irregular verbs of the language unmistakable, and they can then be made regular by treat- ing them the same as any other verb-roots. Section 60. — List of Irregular Verbs. A complete list, as above modified, of all the so-called irregular verbs in the language, is as follows : ant . . ought to bar • bauf bee . beet bid . blld. blind bllt . bUd. bin . blng blai. to bear bring ( forth to befall *° 1 exist to beat to bid to abide to bind to bite to build S "be" *^- \ "been" aux. "being" to belay bid . . to behold bleed . to bleed blend . to blend bles . to bless bloa . to blow bm . . to become bnd . . to bend bralk . to break breed . to breed breev . to bereave bring . to bring ( bear brup . to < bear up bt . . burn burs ( carry to bet to burn to burst bnrtb, . „ S hear ^' *° i birth b-war . to beware bwll . to buy child . cboo . chooz . dar . . deel . did . . dig . . dllv . doo . . dran . dreem to chide to chew to choose to dare to deal aux. "did" to dig to dive to \^° I perform to draw to dream 44 dres . to dress hang . to hang leev ■ to leave drllT . to drive hav . . aux. "have" Hit . . to light drink, to drink lieer . to hear lis . . , { list ^° i listen du . . aux. "do" lieev . to heave dwl. . to dwell liiid . to hide Ind . . to lend lilt . . to hit loos . ■ to loose eet . . to eat hoald . to hold It . . to let iLUl . . to hew lurn to learn faul ,to fall liurt . to hurt feed to feed livrt. to whet mai . aux. "may" feel . to feel maik to make fllnd to find kacta. to catch meen to mean filt . to fight kan . aux. "can" meet to meet flee . to flee kast to cast Tnlit aux. "might" fill . to fly kaust to cost mlt . . to melt fling to fling keep to keep moa . to mow forb to forbear . { cleave mtli . methinks forg to forget '^ klalv *° i split must . aux. "must" fors . to forsake ■ < cleave freez to freeze kleer ^"^ I stick to neel . to kneel ( affright kliim to climb nls . . to know not friit • to ■< fright Hie nit . . to knit ( frighten kliin to < lie down ( recline noa . . to know ( bare gat . . to beget kllng to cling nuid . to < nude gild. . to gild kloadk, to clothe ( strip gin . • to begin koed aux. "could" cud ■ . to outdo giv . . to give kreep to creep gld . ■ to geld kroa to crow pal . . to pay goa . • to go kum to come pas . . to pass graif j engrave kurs to curse pleed . to plead ( grave kut . to cut pn • . to write griind to grind kwlt to quit ( enclose groa . to grow kwoatli, quoth pnt . . to -< pen gt. . . to get ( pen up gurd . to gird lal . to lay poet . to put haark . ( hark ( hearken laid, laus to load . to lose (loss) proof prop . to prove , to prop liaav . to \ ^^""^ ( possess leed leen . to lead . to lean rap . . to rap . { wrought ■ ^ \ work haiv . to behave leep . to leap rant 45 reed . to read sling . to sling STvar . to swear reev • to reeve slink . to slink STveep to sweep rid . . to rid slit . . to slit swim . to swim rlld . . to ride smel . to smell svsrlng to swing rllv . . to rive smiit . to smite swl . . to swell rllz . . . S arise to < . snd . . to send swL . . to sweat ( rise , { scatter ( sow talk. . to take ring . to ring soan . tar . . to tear rit . . to write speed . to speed taus . to toss md . . to rend speek . to speak teeeh . to teach rng . . to wring spel . to spell thft . . to thieve rot . . to rot spend. to spend think. to think rnn . . to run spll . . to spill thriiv to thrive spin . to spin throa . to throw sal . . to say spit . . to spit thrust to thrust sau . to saw split . to split tld . . to betide see . to see spoil . to spoil tl . . . to tell seech to beseech spred . to spread to . . . aux. "to" seedh, to seethe spring to spring tred . to tread seek to seek sred to shred shark to shake sriiv to shrive ving . aux."having" shalp to shape srink to shrink ( wake to < awake shalv to shave St . . . to set walk shal aux. "shall " stai . . to stay ( awaken shd . to shed staiv . to stave ■w^aks to wax sheer to shear stand to stand war . to wear shlln to shine steel to steal , { imagine ° I ween shoa to show ■ { sew ween shoed, aux. "should" stich *0 ] i-'i. 1, ( stitch weep to weep shoo to shoe stik. to stick w^eev to weave shoot to shoot sting to sting w^iind . to wind shut to shut stink to stink wil . aux. "will" sing to sing striib . to bestride w^ln . to win sin If to sink striid . to stride wis . to know sit . to sit strllk . to strike w^oed aux. "would" si . . . to sell striiv . to strive wt . to wet slal . to slay- string . to string WTirk to work sleep . to sleep , { strew ^° I strow sllld . to slide strni . zt . . to beset 46 ADJECTIVES. Section 61. — The Glan ik Adjectives. {Tich ez.) It Ib not necessary that adjectives have either number, gender, or case. The noun can be used as an adjective, and when the ear becomes familiar with it, no attention is attracted by it, nor is any ambiguity felt. We say : A gold dollar, The Chicago press, The State militia. In cases where mistakes might occur, or when euphony would sug- gest it, the word ik could be used. Such use would always be proper. The adjective should precede the noun, and such situation would of itself stamp a noun, so used, as an adjective. Ik may take the place of "-ly," "-ing," "-ant," and many other modern adjective terminals. dhe king-ik kroun the kingly crown dhe chaarm-ik gurl .... the charming girl dhe bril-ik staar the brilliant star Proper adjectives can be formed in the same way ; for instance, from the names of nations. Anglik Jermik Austrik Turkik Frenchik Dauik Hunik Beljik Spanik Sweedik Swisik Jiptik Rusik Poalik Talik Persik Section 62. — Adjectives. Articles. The indefinite article is al (a) ; it is both singular and plural. The definite article is dhe ; it is both singular and plural. Ex. : ai man, ai man-ez. dlie man, dhe man-ez. (The pronoun "thee" is abolished and dhou substituted, so as to avoid a conflict with the article "the. " ) If any euphony is required, it is supplied by the letter y, as hereinbefore described (see Sec. 14). 47 Section 63. — Numeral Adjectives. (N^rl ez.) There are several kinds of adjectives and other words that have reference to numbers, and they may perhaps be named and classified as follows : 1. Cardinals .... Kaarl-ez 4. Plectals .... Plekl-ez 2. Ordinals Orl-ez 5. Kronals .... Kroal-ez 3. Sectals Sekl-ez 6. Repetals . . . Repl-ez These several varieties seem to be necessary in the expression of ideas; and while it would be well if some plan of condensation could reduce the number, there seems no way of doing it. Section 64. — Adjectives — Cardinals. {Kaarl ez) Wun . Tui. . Three Foar . Fif . . Siks . Sf . . Ait . . . . one . . two . . three . . four . . five . . six . . seven . . eight Niin nine Teen ten Wun- teen .... 11 Tui-teen 12 Three-teen .... 13 Foar-teen 14 Fif-teen 15 Siks.-teen 16 Sf-teen 17 Ait-teen 18 Niin-teen 19 Tui-hun Three-hun Foar-hun Fif-hun Siks-hun Sf-hun . Ait-hun Niin-hun Zan . . . 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Tui-zan . Three-zan Foar-zan Fif-zan . Siks-zan Sf-zan . Ait-zan . Niin-zan Teen-zan Tui-ti . . . . . 20 Three-ti . . . . 30 Foar-ti . . . . 40 Fif-ti . . . . . 50 Siks-ti. . . . . 60 Sf-ti .... . . 70 Ait-ti . . . . . 80 Niin-li. . . . . 90 Hun .... . . 100 Tui-ti-zan . .20,000 Three-ti-zan .30,000 Foar-ti-zan . .40,000 Fif-ti-zan. . .50,000 Siks-ti-zan . .60,000 Sf-ti-zan . . .70,000 Ait-ti-zan . .80,000 Niin-ti-zan . .90,000 Hun-zan . . 100,000 Hun-zan 100,000 Tui-hun-zan 200,000 Three-hun-zan 300,000 Foar-hun-zan 400,000 Fif-hun-zan 500,000 Siks-hun-zan 600,000 Sf -hun-zan 700,000 Illustration: Tui-ti-niin yan, sf-hun and siks-ti-foar zan, fif-hun and ait— 29,764,508. 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Ait-hun-zan 800,000 Niin-hun-zan 900,000 Zan-zan, or yan .... 1,000,000 Yan million Zan-yan billion Yan-yan ........ trillion etc., etc. 48 Section 65. — Cardinal Adjectives. Certain adjectives may be formed by adding Ik, as, wnn ik=sin- gular ; ploor ik=plural. Other adjectives are formed by adding ik to the plural of the cardinals, thus : From wun-ez we make wun-ez-ik= composed of ones. From tu.i-ez we make tui-ez-ik= composed of twos. From tliree-ez we make three-ez-ik=composed of threes. From foar-ez we make foar-ez-ik=composed of fours. From hun-ez we make hun-ez-ik= composed of hundreds. Illustrations. Birds fly in pairs, *. e. : in tui-ez. A company of cavalry is formed in foar-ez, and the formation is foar-ez-ik. Section 66. — Adjectives. Ordinals. (Orl ez.) To make ordinals, add Itli. wun-ith first, primary or primal tui-ith second or secondary three-ith third or tertiary foar-ith fourth or quaternary fif-ith fifth in order, place or rank teen-ith tenth hun-ith hundredth in order, place or rank Illustrations. Wun-ith = first in order; first in rank. Wun-ith klor-ez= primary colors. Tui-ith strat-ez= secondary strata. Dhe hun-ith tiim=the hundredth time. Hee woz dhe tui-hun and siks-teen-ith man=he was the 216th man (in order). Section 67. — Sectals. {Sekl ez.) Sectals represent regular equal subdivisions. They are nouns and verbs, and are placed here for convenience and easy reference. To make sectals, add id. Singular. Plural. ai tui-id a half tui-id-ez ai three-id a third three-id-ez ai foar-id a fourth f oar-id-ez ai fif-id a fifth fif-id-ez ai hun and siks-id a hundred and sixth equal part. 49 to tui-id to 'bisect to f oar-id to quadrisect to ait-ti-siks-id to cut or divide into 86 pieces. in wun-id in one piece in tui-id-ez in twain, in halves in three-id-ez in three pieces, in thirds in foar-id-ez in four pieces, in quarters in fif-id-ez in five equal pieces. WTin bii wun one by one tui bii tui two by two foar bii foar four by four. These represent regular equal divisions ; if not, the idea must be otherwise expressed. Ex.: He cut the apple into " three-id-ez " (equal thirds). He cut the apple into " three peez-ez " (unequal ). " Foar-id dhe pii," i. e., Quadrisect the pie (into equal pieces). Section 68. — Adjectives. Plectals. {Plekl ez.) Plectals are formed by adding to the cardinal numbers the words loald, pleks, and pel. Ex.: tui-foald, three-foald, foar-foald; mn-foald=manifold. tui-pleks . f oar-pleks . ait-pleks . niin-pleks . mn-pleks . duplex quadruplex octoplex nonoplex multiplex tui-pl double, dual three-pl triple foar-pl quadruple ait-pl octuple mn-pl multiple Section 69. — Adjectives. Kronals. (Kroalez.) The regular happenings are called Kronals; they are adjectives, and are formed by adding al. wun-al single tui-al dual (regular) yeer-al annual tui-yeer-al biennial three-yeer-al triennial hun-yeer-al every hundred years sf-munt-al every seven months tui-ti-siks-dai-al every twenty-six days. tui-id-yeer-al half-yearly, semi-annual three-id-yeer-al three times a year niin-id-munt-al nine times a month siks-ti-ait-id-dai-al .... sixty-eight times in a day tui-ti-siks-hun-id-our-al. . twenty-six hundred times in an hour. 50 The Kroal-ez indicate happenings at regular intervals; if not reg- ular, they may be expressed otherwise by -im, instead of -Id. Ex. : It happened " niin-id munt-al "=regularly nine times a month. It happened " niin-im munt-al "= irregularly nine times a month. Section 70. — The Repetals. (Bepl ez.) Repetals, commonly called adverbial numerals, but in reality nouns, are formed by adding Im (time) to the cardinal numbers. Ex.: Wun im Once Tui im Twice Three im Thrice Poar im . . . . Four times Hun im . . . . Hundred times Yan im .... Million times The repetals must not be confused with other forms of expression. There is a distinction between the noun and the adjective. Ex. : Hee kum wun im He came once " " dhe wun im . . . . " " the once " " hun im " " [aj hundred times " " aihunithim ..." " a hundredth time " " dhe hun al im . . . " " the [regular] hundredth time. The foregoing vnin-im (once) is different in meaning from the adverbial "once" — as in the expression, Once he was young. The latter word " once " has the meaning of an indefinite past date, and in the Glan-ik is -wuns. Ex.: " Wuns hee woz yung." Section 71. — Adjectives. Comparisons. {Kompez.) Adjectives have three degrees of meanings, called comparisons; viz.: Positive (poz-ik), Comparative (komp-ik), and Superlative (sperl-ik). The old words Mo, Mo-er, and Mo-est (meaning some, more some, most some,) were abbreviated to mo, more, most. The positive "mo" became extinct after the other two words were devoted to purposes of inflection, which was after the Norman Conquest. The words "mo-er " and " mo-est " may be used in the Glan-ik in the form of moar and moast to represent the comparative and su- perlative, but are not necessary. Their principal use might be to 51 form "relative oomparisous," which ought to be perfectly proper, but which, for some unaccountable reason, are not.* There is also a form of comparison ending with isli, as yellow-ish, — which might be augmented by ' ' more " or " most. " Ex. : A more blue-ish sky. The word Isli has a diminutive sense, and is really a sub-comparative. The words moar and moast can be used as the last syllable of compound words in place of "-er " and "-est " ; the latter being mere abbreviations of the former. Such compound words may be formed ad libitum. Ex. : Up up-moar up-moast Top top-moar top-moast Out oTit-moar out-moast In in-moar In-moast Faar faar-moar faar-moast There is no reason why we may not also say — Bad bad-moar bad-moast Neer neer-moar neer-moast Or we may apply the terminals to any other adjective. Ex. : Haard baard-moar baard-moast Hot bot-moar bot-moast Red red-moar red-moast Nor is there any reason why the terminals might not be applied to nouns or verbs when ideas are conveyed thereby. Thus, we might derive from the verb ' ' to talk ' ' the following combination : tauk- ish=inclined to talk; dbe taixk-moast man = the man most given to talking. *NoTE. — Ex. : " The most unkindest cut of all" is a strong expression, and conveys a strong idea. Expression is what words are for, and what language is for. If a writer can with one form of expression convey more than with an- other, the former is correct and grammatical. We have never had any gram- matical trouble with the words uppermost and hindermost, which are words doubly mixed, and mean most upper and most hinder. 52 Section 72. — Irregular Adjectives. There are a few irregular adjectives, but the lost parts may be easily restored. We give them all, with their restorations and condensations, in the following list, together with some suggestions and definitions. Some should be abolished ; these we put in smaller type : bad bad-er bad-est bes (good) bes-er (better) . . . . bes-est (best) eld (old ) eld-er eld-est faar (far) faar-er faar-est faardh (far) faardh-er faardh-est ful (few) fui-er (fewer) .... fui-est (fewest) furdh (distant) furdh-er furdh-est fr em (in front) frem-er (former) . . frem-est ( foremost) goed goed-er goed-est blind (behind in place) biind-er (hinder) . . biind-est(hindest) in in-er in-est lait (late) lait-er (later) . . . . lait-est (latest) lat ( behind in order) . . lat-er lat-est (last) lee ( little in quality) • lee-er lee-est (least) les ( little in amount) . les-er les-est lit (little in size) ■ • . . llt-er lit-est moa (m.o=some) .... moa-er moa-est (most) men (many) men-er men-est mucli mucli-er (more) . . . mucli-est (most) neer (near) neer-er (nearer) nii (nigh) nli-er (nigher) . oald (old) oald-er (older) . out out-er radh (soon, early) . . . radh-er radh-est und (under) und-er und-est up up-er up-est ut (complete) ut-er ut-est -wurs (worse) wurs-er (worser) . . -wTirs-est (worst) yon (distant in view) . . yon-er yon-est yond yond-er yond-est neer-est (nearest) nii-est (uighest) . oald-est (oldest) . out-est 53 Section 73. — Adjective Participles. Imperfect participles used as adjectives may be abolished. Such an adjective is one that is in form a participle, but has lost the idea of time which it once had, and which gave it the form of a participle. A "loving" husband should be a "luv-ik" husband. But if the idea of time is intended, the form of the participle as such should be maintained; as, A dy ing man. The past participle must be maintained, because the idea of time remains. Ex.: "A burst-ed bank." In fact, the past participle is only one form of changing a verb to an adjective. As to participles, see Sec. 53, where, under the head of "Verbs," this matter is further discussed. Section 74. — Adverbial Numbers. Adverbial numbers may be formed by adding 11 to the cardinal, and other forms. wun li first, firstly, primarily, primally tui li second, secondarily, secondly three li third, thirdly foar li fourth, fourthly fif li fifth, fifthly hun li hundredth, hundredthly. tui pi li doubly three pi li triply foar pi li quadruply ait pi li octuply. yeer li annually tui yeer li biennially three yeer li triennially. tui id yeer li semi-annually three id yeer li three times yearly foar id yeer li four times yearly, quarterly. wun al li singly tui al li in twos, or by twos ; dually three al li in threes, or by threes foar al li in fours, or by fours fif al li in fives, or by fives siks al li in sixes, or by sixes hun al li in hundreds, or by hundreds 54 INTERJECTIONS. Section 75. — The Glan ik Interjections. {Jnk ez.) Interjections are used to express emotions of the speaker, and hence may be long or short at will, and no abbreviation can be allowed. Nor can any list be made for a trade language. Therefore "Amen," "Good-bye," and others in the old English, remain as to sound the same as before. Their spelling might be changed so as to conform to the rules, but even this is not necessary. ADVERBS. Section 76. — The Glan ik Adverbs. {Wrb ez.) Adverbs are of several kinds : First. Pure adverbs; as, "soon" in the expression "he came soon." Second. Nouns used as adverbs, " he came hour-ly." Third. Adjectives used as adverbs, " he came slow-ly." Therefore the terminal "-ly " is used to change a pure noun and a pure adjective into an adverb. There are many pure adjectives that are also pure adverbs, and hence do not take the termination -ly. Ex. : " He worked hard, on a hard task." In the Glan ik the adverbial termination is 11. It is only to be used when the sense requires, which will be very seldom, and when used it will be generally to preserve the meaning where a noun is made into an adverb. Comparison : Adverbs are compared the same as adjectives, by the addition of er or est, or the words moar and moast. The latter are also used sometimes for euphony or to strengthen an expression, as with adjectives. For adverbial interrogatories, see note to preceding section No. 43. For list of adverbial numbers, see section No. 74. A list of pure adverbs is given in Sec. 77. There is added to the list some others, which by usage and long adoption have become al- most pure, together with a few adverbial expressions — all abbrevi- ated, and in alphabetical order. 55 Section 77.- aboard about . above . abroad absent. accordingly afar . . . afore . . aft. . . . after . . afterward afterwards again . ago . . alike . almost aloft. . alone . aloof . aloud . already also . . altogether . always . amid . amidst amiss . among . amongst, anon . anyhow anywhere apart as . . as follows , aside assuredly asunder away . aye . . back. . -List of broa bout buv bred zat krU ■ faar • aarf • aft • afr • twrd • twrd •gn ag • kl .moas .alf .loan .lool .lod .aiild .aulz .audbr .walz .mid .mldz .ams .mung .mung .aln .youL .yar .aarp .az .viz . zad . shrd . zou • wg .lU Adverbs. backward . . backwards . because . . . before ( in order) , before ( in time) , behind below . beneath besides best . . betimes better - betwixt both . . but . . by reason of certainly . chiefly. . . consequently . contiguously . continuously . .bak balc-wrd bak-wrd bks bf pre .blind .bol .neeb .bz .bs-est .bms .bs-er .tTvlks . boatb .but .bren . srt-li . cbeef -li .kwon .tlg-li . kTTlu-li daily . . . .dal-li day after tomorrow, drom day before yesterday, drad ~ doubly . . .tul-pl-li down . . . .doun early . . . .url easily . . . .eez-li eastward . .eest-wrd e'en een e'er evr eftsoon . . .zoon eke eek else elz elsewhere . .sttt enough . . .nuf entirely . . .ent-li equally . . .kwaul-li erst ers especially, .spesb-li even een ever evr evermore . . erm. ev-er so . . . erz everywhere .erv extra . . . .straa few first firstly . . . . foremost . . forever . . . forsooth. . . forth . . . . forthwith . . forward . . . forwards . . fourth . . . . frequently . full fully . . . . further . . . furthermost. fui WTin-li wun-li frem-est Irevr frootli foartb. frldli frod frod loar-li frek-li feel foel-li faar-er frums generally . .jrl-li haply . hardly. headlong hence here . hereafter hereby. herein . hereinafter hereinbefore . hereto . . . .balp . haarl .bd-li .bns .beer .brf .brb .hrn .naft .nurb .brt hither. . . .Mdh hitherto. . .hltli hourly . . .our-li how liou howbeit . . .lioub however . . .liouvr ill il immediately ,mee3 indeed . . . • deetli just Just last lat-est late lalt ( lee-est least. • • - •{ Is-est ( lit-est ( lee-er less . . . . ■< Is-er ( lit-er ( lee-er lesser ■ • •] Is-er ( lit-er like liik likewise . . .kwiiz little by litUe. .111 little (in size), lit little ( in amount), Is little ( in quality), lee loud loud low loa may-be • . meanwhile merely . . more . . . moreover . most • . • mostly . . .maib .liween .meer-li .moar .morv . moast . moast-li 56 namely . . .viz nay nai near neer ne'er . . . .nvr never . . . .nvr nevermore . . nrm nevertheless, viz next liks nigh nil not not now nou nowadays . .noudz nowhere . . . near nowise. . . .niiz off auf oft auft often . . . .auft once "wuns only noor onward . . .on-wrd opposite. . .op otherwise . .dlu-z out out overboard . . oord particularly, prul-li partly . . . peradventure perchance . perhaps . . primally . probably . quarterly . quite . . . rather . . . really . . . .part-li .prad .pranch. .praps .wun-li . prbb-li .foar-idli .kwiit .radh. . raul-li seldom . . .slom separately, .sprait-li smce . . sine-die . so ... . somehow sometime somewhat somewhere . soon soon after- ward-s, still straightway. thence. . there . . thereby . therefore therefrom therein . thereof . thereto . thither . thoroughly thrice . . . 'til . . . . to and fro . to-be-sure . today . . . together. . tomorrow . to-wit . . . too . . . . truly . . . twice . . . sms sned soa smou smet smot smer soen snaard stll straut .dhns .dh.ar .dlirb .dhrf .dltrm .dlu'n .dh.rv .dhrt .dliidh. . tliur-li .tliree-im .til .torf .tsli .tal •gdli .trom • viz .too .trul .tu-im unawares . .narz under . . . .und underneath .neetli until . . . .til upmost . . .up-moast uppermost .up-moast upward . . .up-wrd 57 utterly . . .ut-li verily . . . .vurl very vri viz viz well -wl when . . . .liwn whence . . .liwns whence ver . . liwms -evr whencesoever .livms-evr whenever . .liwn-evr whensoever .li-wii-evr where . . . .twar whereabout .Ii-woTit whereabouts ,li-wout-ez whereas . . .h-vvaz whereat . . .liwat whereby. . .liwrb wherefore . .llWTf wherefrom .livvx'm wherein . . .li^viii whereof . . .h.wof whereon . . .llWOll whereso . . .h.wrs wheresoever , Jiwvr whereto . . .h'wrt whereunto . .li-wnin whereupon .liwurp wherever . .h.vrv wherewith . .hvp^ith. wherewithal, liwaul whither . whitherso- ever, while . whilst . wholly why . withal . within . without yea . yes. . yesterday yet. . . yonder hwidli livridli- evr .hwlll . h.wiil . lioel-li .hwii . dliaul .dliin . dlLOUt • yai ■ys • yrd yt .yond PREPOSITIONS. Section 78. — The Glan ik Prepositions. {Zish ez.) There are no rules in the Glan ik concerning prepositions, differ- ent from the common English, except that we detach the words called prefixes and make them also prepositions ; this is discussed in sees. 86 and 37 and a list there given. We here give definitions of the words so used : A — Means a condition, or a form of motion, and is used adverbi- ally. This prefix is from the Anglo-Saxon, and may be combined with adverbs, prepositions, participles, or nouns. Ex. : He was a-wake ; He rode a-far ; He went a-fishing ; He comes a-tired ; He comes a-wheel. (The Greek " a-privative " is not used, it being equivalent to the word "less" — suffix les. The indefinite article "a" is changed to ai.) Ab — A verb prefix meaning — away from, from and away, from and off, off and from. This prefix is of Latin origin, but has be- come fully domesticated and may be used before nouns, pronouns or verbs. 58 Ad — A verb-prefix meaning "to." This prefix is of Latin origin, and in the Grlan ik takes the place of the original prefix and all its modifications, to wit: a, ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at. This prefix may be applied to a verb of any origin. Am — A verb-prefix meaning "around and about." This prefix is of Latin origin, and takes the place of "amb" and "amphi." Thus, am-loek=to look around; am-goa^to go around and about; ani-sall=to circumnavigate. (The verb "am" is abolished. See sec. 54.) Be — A verb-prefix meaning to make or cause to make. This old English prefix takes the place of "em," "en," and "im." Ex.: Be-pour = to empower; be-ricli = to enrich; be-stur. In the first illustration the prefix makes a verb out of a noun. In the second, a verb out of an adjective. In the third, it is used as an intensive. It is much used as an intensive; as, be-spot, be-strew. It must not be confounded with "be" in "beside," for there the " be " means " by." In be-stride, the word should be astride. (The verb " be " is changed to bee. See sec. 54.) De — A verb-prefix meaning "to deprive of." This Latin prefix is used to transform a noun into an active verb ; as, de horn, de throne. Dis — A verb-prefix applying the opposite, the contrary. It is a privitive and negative, and it reverses the meaning of something which precedes it, expressed or implied. Ex. : I trusted, now I dis-trust. This prefix belongs only to verbs, not to nouns or adjec- tives. Ex.: "dis-loyal" should be "un-loyal." See "Un." Kon — A verb-prefix meaning "together," and conveys the idea of position. This prefix is of Latin origin, and in the Glan ik takes the place of the original prefix and all its modifications, viz. : co, cog, col, com, con, cor, cum. It can be used before verbs of any origin. Ex.: Kon-lcaul = to call together; Kon-mlks = to com- mingle. It must not be confounded with Sim, which means siMul- taneously ; that is, together in time but not in position. 59 Mis — A verb-prefix meaning wrong. It means either intentional or unintentional wrong, according to the context. Non — A noun-prefix signifying " not," as non-sens = nonsense. This prefix applies to nouns only, and the combinations when made still continue to be nouns. Ob — A verb-prefix of Latin origin, and takes the place now used by ob, oc, of, op, and means "in the way," "against." Ex.: ob- stand, ob-tauk, ob-akt = to oppose. Pre — A general prefix meaning "before" in time, place, or con- dition. Ex. : pre-juj = prejudge ; a pre-naim — a front name. Pro — A general prefix meaning for, forward, forth, out, before. A valuable preposition of Latin origin. Re — A verb-prefix meaning again, anew, back again, once more; as, re-sing, re-hit. Tin — A general negative, to make adjectives and adverbs. Ex. : un-able, un-born. It has reference to a condition, and must not be confounded with De and Dls. Ex. : A King is de-crowned, and after that he is an un-crowned- King. Once he was crowned, then he was dls-crowned: Warwick was an nn-crowned King; Louis was a de-crowned King. Vld — Means individually, separately, solely. Ex.: Vld-goa, to go separately ; Vld-akt, to act individually. The meaning of Vld is the opposite of Kon and Sim. Ex.: "To sim-vid-tii-chem"=to tie individually and simultaneously each and all of them. All of the prepositions in the language, together with with tho above prefixes, are found in the vocabulary (next section). 60 Section 79.- a — . . ab — . abaft . aboard about . above . abreast absent abutting according across . ad — . afore . aft . . against aloft . along . aloof . am — . amid . amidst among amongst anent . around aslant at. • • athwart atween atwixt back . be— . before behind below . beneath beside between betwixt beyond by . .^ concerning — List of (prefix) (prefix) baft broa bout buv bres zut Tib kring krost (prefix) aarf aft gns alf Ion loof (prefix) mid midz raung miuig nnt roun slan at tliort tween t'svlks bale (prefix) bf Mind bol neeb zlld tween t-wllcs yxmd bit zrn Prepositions. contiguous . tig contra . contrary counter . de— . . despite . dis — . . down . . during . ere . . . except . excepting extra . . far . . . "ferninsf for . . . from . . fronting in ... . in fine . infra . . inside . instead . juxta . . kon — . mal . • ■ minus . mis — . . near . . next . . nigh . . non — . traa ont kotm (prefix) dps (prefix) doun drlng air zp zng straa faar frln for from fring in feen fraa in opposition to, nopt sld stid jutt (prefix) mal mlnz (prefix) neer uks nil (prefix) notwithstanding, nang ob — .... (prefix) of ov off auf on on opposite . . op out out outside . . . ous over . . . past . . . pending . per .... plus . . . pre — . . . pro — . . . providing re — . . . regarding . respecting retro . 'round sans save since sub . super sur . than through . throughout to toward . . towards. . trans . . . ubi supra, un — . . . under. . . underneath until . . . unto . . . up .... upon . . . upside . . versus . . via .... vid — . . . with . . . withal . . within . . without. . oavr past png pr plus (prefix) (prefix) prlng (prefix) gurn speng rt roun sanz saiv sins sub sulpr sur dhan tbroo throot to tord tord tranz blp (prefix) und neeth. til uut up pon ups vrz vaa (prefix) wldb dbaul dhln ouf 61 CONJUNCTIONS. Section 80. — The Glan ik Conjunctions. (Konj ez.) Conjunctions are of three classes : Copulative, Disjunctive, and Corresponsive. Adverbs are also sometimes used as conjunctions. There are no rules concerning conjunctions, except the rule of place; that is, that conjunctions shall connect words and sen- tences and thereby show their dependence. All of the conjunc- tions in the language, together with their abbreviations, are found in the following list. We have added to the list yor as being the disjunctive of "or." Illustration: "He is a New-Englander or Yankee," — the two terms meaning the same thing. "He is a New- Englander yor Canadian" ; that is, he is either one or the other. according . accordingly after . . again . albeit . also . . although and. . . anon . . as. . . . as follows because before . besides . both . . but. . . krlng kril afr gn aulp aulz dlioa and ain az viz bks bf bz boath. but consequently, k"won considering . zing contra . contrary e en . either else . ere . . even . except excepting farther finally for . . traa ont een etti elz air een zp zng furd foin for forasmuchas . fraz further. . . . furd furthermore . frum hence .... lins how bou however . . . houvr if if infra f raa in order that, nort leastwise . . . leez lest 1st likewise . maugre. . moreover namely. . neither. . . . nevertheless . nor notwithstanding, kwiiz maug morv viz nth nlz nor nang now nou only noor on the other hand, end or (conj.) . . or or (disj . ) . . . yor otherwise . . dbrz provided . . . prid provided always, pridz rather .... radh. saving .... salng seeing .... seeng since so . , still suppose than . that . then . thence there . therefore . thither . though . thus together to-wit unless until . viz . . when . whence . where whereas wherefore wherewith whether . while bwiil whilst .... bwlil whither . . . bwidb. why bwii yet yt sms soa stil spoaz dban dbat dbn dims dbar dhrf dbidh. dboa dbus gdb viz nulz til viz hwn bwns h"war bwaz h-vvrf hAvith. bwdb. 62 POST-WORDS. Section 81. — The Glan ik Post-Words. {Furd ez.) The Glan ik post-words are made up from the suffixes of our com- mon speech. The suffixes are much more numerous than the prefixes. We have in our mother tongue a great number of suffixes taken from several languages. Many of the suffixes employed in general use mean the same thing. It is the object of the Glan ik language to take such few as will ex- press all of the necessary ideas, and leave out the remainder. The many plural forms shown in Sec. 47, together with the voices, modes and tenses of verbs, the comparisons of adjectives and adverbs, and the genders and cases of nouns and pronouns, can all be shown by a few suffixes. The list herein given may be added to indefinitely, and we do not expect here to give, on the first attempt, all that may or ought to be used. That is a matter of development. We have selected only 64 to begin with. See Sec. 37. Section 82. — Definition of the Post-Words. -&a Noun. Denotes masculine gender. Haarp-ur-aa=a male harper; ai goed-aa=a good male. -aard Noun. One who is, — in a passive sense; as in sluggard, drunkard. Ex.: drink-aard= drunkard; skool-aard= scholar (formerly schollard). The word has the idea of continuity, — a person may be a drink-ur and yet not be a drink-aard. -alj Noun, (-age) "pertaining to." Ex.: peer-alj= peerage; rek- al]= wreckage. These are always nouns. -al Adj. "Pertaining to," found in the words mental, neutral. Used to change nouns into adjectives of quality or condition. Ex.: heart-al= cardiac; moon-al= lunar. -an Adj. "Made of." Ex.: wood-an= wooden. 68 -bul Adj. Abbreviation of " able " ; means may be, can be, — used in a passive sense : A luv-bul man is one who should be loved — lovable. The suffix "-bul" shows passively what the suffix "-iv" shows actively. Ex.: fleks-bul=able to be bent ; fleks-lv =able to bend something else. -dom Noun. Domain, " territory." Ex. : juj-doni=a judicial dis- trict; Kriist-doia= Christendom; king-doni=kingdom. -eAdj. Denotes feminine gender. Ex.: 8ing-ur-e=a female singer. -ed Adj. Participle, past time of action, luv-ed=loved — indicates a condition. See Sec. 73. -ee Noun. The person who is the object of an act. Striik-ee=one who is struck. Never refers to things. -eng Verbal noun. Ex. : Goed hunt-eiig=good hunting. -er Comparative of adjective and adverb. Ex. : goed-er, strait-er. -es Noun. Possessive case. Ex.: Jon-es= John's. -est Superlative of adjective and adverb. Ex. : goed-est, strait-est. -ez Noun. Plural. Ex.: church-ez=churches. -fer Noun. Means "bearing." Written "fr." Ex.: froot-fr= fruit-bearing ; koan-y-fr= conifer. -f Ik Adj. "Making." Ex.: ter-filc= terror-making — terrific. -foald (-fold) Adj. A plectal. Ex.: Siks-foald=sixfold. -f ul Ad j . ' ' Full . " Ex . : haarm-f ul = full of harm . -hoed Noun. Quality, state, office. Ex. : man-hoed. -lAdj. or adv. A state or condition. Ex.: gloom-l= gloomy; f iit-1 = pugnacious ; wurk-1 = industrious . -Id Adj. A sectal. Ex.: ai three-id = a third; foar-ld= a fourth; hun-ld=a hundredth. -Ig Noun. A neuter active agent — a thing. Ex. : run-ig=a thing which runs ; hold-lg=a thing which holds. This suffix must not 64 be mistaken for either -ul or -yur, because -ul is a neuter passive agent, and -yur a neuter passive object. Ex. : Shoot-ig, a thing to shoot with, as a firearm. Shoot-ul, a thing shot, a shot, a missile. Shoot-ynr, a thing shot at, a target. Shoot-um, an object struck with shot. Shoot-eng, the act or result. -lit Noun, (-ite) Belonging to, or descended from. Ex.: Leev-lit; Belj-llt=a Belgian. -liz Verb. To make or cause to be. Used to change nouns and ad- jectives to verbs. Ex.: lau-ful-llz=to legalize; to mad-llz=to anger; goed-liz=to make good. -Ik Adj. Used to change nouns to adjectives. Ex.: snoa-ik=a " snowy " day; a wind-ik climate. This suffix must not be mis- taken for -al and -an. For instance, a sun-Ik day; a sun-al (solar) eclipse. A goald-ik sunset ; a goald-an ring; a goald-1 aij=a golden age. -Iks Noun. "The written science of." Ex.: plant-Iks = botany; lau-lks=: jurisprudence. Iks has reference to a book, volume, or pamphlet on a specific subject, and must not be confounded with the unwritten knowledge which is called loar (lore), as traid- loar, foak-loar. -imNoun. (Adverbial numeral.) Means "time"; as, wun-lin = once; three-lin= thrice. -ing Present participle. Ex. : run-ing. -Is An abstract noun, formed from an adjective, and meaning that which Is. Ex. : ju8t-ls=justice, that which is just. -IsliAdj. Somewhat like, in low degree. Ex. : sault-lsh., blui-lsh. -ist Noun. A person accomplished in relation to. Ex. : dent-lst, aart-lst. This suffix is different from -ur. A man may be able to do a thing and yet not make a business of it, or be accom- plished in it. Ex. : There may be down on the ice ten skait- (ur-ez)-urz (that is, ten persons who are skating), there may be 65 as spectators ten persons who are skait-urz (that is, ten persona who can skate), but among them there maybe only one skait-lst who is a professional skater or accomplished in skating. So, the suffix ist implies a business or profession, or skill. Ex. : ai drug-lst. -ith. Adv. Ordinal. Ex. : wnn-itli=fir8t in order ; teen-ltli= tenth in order; hun-ltli= hundredth in order. -Iv Adj. Having and exercising a power or quality; to be able to do. Ex.: fiit-lv=able to fight; gress-lv = aggressive ; akt-lv= active. This differs from bul, because the latter has a passive signification, while iv has an active. -Izm Noun. An ism. The doctrine of, the philosophy of, the the- ory of . This must not be mistaken for iks. Ex.: liif-lks=:the science of life ; .liif-iziii=the philosophy of life. The difference between Iks and Izm is that the former is an exact science, or believed to be ; the latter a doctrine or a theory. -kom Noun. A combination of persons or things into a whole. Burd-kom=a flock of birds; fish-kom= a school of fish; ship- kom=a fleet. -les Adj. Means minus, less, without. Written " Is. " H6d-ls = headless; heed-Is =heedless. -11 Adv. (-ly) Adverbial termination. Ex. : bad-ll=badly. -111k Adj. (-like) Resembling in appearance. Prins-lilk=prince- like ; waur-lllk=warlike. -lit Noun. Somewhat small. Ex.: banl-llt= bullet; pil-llt=pel- let. litis an abbreviation of " little" (in size). -ment Noun. A verb-noun, representing the performed act of. Written "mnt." Ex.: pai-innt= payment; juj-mnt=judgment. -moar Adj. More. -moast Adj. Most. Ex.: out-moast. -nes Noun. A present state of condition ( passive). Written "ns." Ex.: slaiv-n8= servitude; braiv-ns= bravery. (See "-shon" and"tri.") -oan Pronoun, (own.) Ex.: shee-oan=her own. -oas Adj. "Abounding in." Ex.: joak-oas= jocose; fish-oas = abounding in fish; teer-oas=lachrymose. -pel Adj. Aplectal. Written "pi." Ex. : tui-pl=twople=double; foar-pl= quadruple; hun-pl=folded a hundred times. -pleks Adj. (-plex.) Aplectal. Ex. : foar-pleks=quadruplex; hun-pleks=a hundred plex. -rlNoun. (-ry.) The place where. Ex.: grain-ri= granary; boek- rl=library. This suffix indicates the place where the thing is kept: trez-rl= treasury; aarm-rl= an armory. -sez Noun. Plural possessive pronoun, compounded of "-es " and "-ez," and written "sz." Ex.: church-sz=churches' ; mee-sz =our. -slion Noun. A performed state of condition. Ex. : voat-slion=: election; wed-slion=matrimony. Differs from trl, because the latter is an adjective. -sum Adj. Means "some," "somewhat." Ex.: bliidh-8tim= blithesome. -teen Cardinal. Tui-teen= twelve; siks-teen= sixteen. -tl Cardinal, Tui-ti=twenty; fif-ti=fifty. -trl Adj. (-tory.) A performed condition relating to. Ex. : praiz- trl= adulatory; far-wel-trl= valedictory. (Differs from nes and shon, because the latter are nouns.) -nl Noun. A thing which is used to do something with. Shoot-ul =a missile, (see ig and yur.) This suffix represents a neuter passive agent. -um Noun. Shows the objective when, if ever, necessary, owing to the convolution of the sentence. It refers to things and never to persons. Ex. : Dhe tree um hit Sam=Sam hit the tree. When under the same circumstances a person is the objective, ee is used. -urNoun. One who does or can do a certain act. Ex.: airunur; ai jump ur. Plural, ur-ez=urz. Ex.: luvurz; striik urz. -werdAdv. Written "wrd." Indicates direction. Ex. : skii-wrd = skyward. 67 -y A general phonic vowel without meaning. -yurNoun. A verb noun. A thing which Is (passive). Pikt-ytu? =picture ; shoot-yur=a target ; miks-yur=a mixture. The suf- fix yur has reference to the effect or product of an act, or the thing upon which the act is expended. ( See Ig and ul.) -zell Plural personal pronoun ez combined with -self, and written "zlf." Ex.: mee-zlf= ourselves; tee-zlf= themselves (mixed genders). -zenAdj. (-scent.) Growing or becoming. Written "zn." Ex.: kwet-zn= quiescent; bad-zn=becoming bad. -zoan Plural possessive personal pronoun -ez combined with -oan. Ex. : mee-zoan=ours and our own. Section 83. — Irregularities. As shown in Sees. 25 and 29, there are certain words that may be changed in order to reduce the number of final consonants. There are also certain nouns that have irregular plurals. There are also certain adjectives that ought to be like their nouns ; as, deep and depth. There are also certain verbs that ought to take the form of their adjective; as, long and lengthen. There are also certain verbs that are formed from nouns but change their final sound ; as, bath and bathe; use and use (uze) ; advice and advise; grief and grieve. The various changes to be made are few in the aggregate, and may be found in the following list, except the regular verbs in "-en"; as, broad — broaden; deep — deepen. Of these latter verbs no account may be made, as we can make a verb out of the adjective, and say : " to brand," or " to deep." All the others are found herein. 68 alms, . . n. . aams bathe, . v. . bath bilge,. . n. . bllcli bower, . n. . bour breadth, n. . brand breathe, v. . breth. brethren, n. brudbr-ez bulb, . . n. . bulp bulge, . n. . bulcb burst, . V. . burs children, n. clime, . n. corps, . n. corpse, . n. corse,. . n. cower, . V. dead, . . v. death, . n. depth, . n. dice, . . n. died, . . V. dower, . n. else, . . w. erst, . . w. ewer, . . n. t. n. n. n. t. n. n. false, . father, feet, . filth, . five, . flower, fowl, . geese, . n. gift, . . n. grieve, . v. growth, n. halves, . n. health, . n. hives, . n. . cbilld- . klim[ez . Icorz . kors . kors . kOTir . dil-ed . dii . deep . dlls-ez . dil, did . dour I elz . ers ' yulr , faulz . f aadlLT . loet-ez , f ilf fll flor f ou goos-ez glv greef groa tul-id-ez hit hildh iron, . . n. kine, . . n. knurl, . n. length, . n. lengthen, V. lice, . . n. loan, . . n. loath, . t. lymph, . n. men mice n. ,. . n. month, . z. mother, n. mouthe. v. mulct, . n. next, . . z. nymph, n. . Urn , kou-ez .. nurl . long . long . lous-ez . Ind . loth . flimp . man-ez mous-ez . munt . mudhr . mouth . mulk . nks . nimp oxen, . . n. . oks-ez peace. n. = pees peas, . n. ; pee-ez pence, . n. - pns-ez piece, . n. . peez plinth, . n. . plimp power, . n. pour prompt. t. . promp prove, V. . proof pulse, . n. pulz quartz, . n. quid, . . n. rhomb, . n. rhythm, n. rouge, . n. sewer, . n. sheathe, v. shelve, . v. shower, n. shrift, . n. kworz kud roim ridh roosh suir sheeth shU shour . srilv shrive, . r. . sieve,. . n. . sift, . . T. . sister, . n. . skewer,, n. . sphere, . n. . sphinx, n. . stealth, n. . steel, . . n. . strength, n. . streDgthen,v. teeth, tempt, text, . these, thief, . thieve, thirst, . n those, . f thought, n thrift, . n thwack, n thwart,. T tillage I tilth \ ° tongs, . n toward,, z towards, z tower, . u trousers, n 'twixt, . t use, warmth, n. warrant, n. wealth,, n. welsh, . n. whilst, . w. width, . n. women,, n. world, . n. wreathe, v. srllT sift sift slstr skulr spoer splnk stelt staal strong , strong . tooth- . tm [eg . tks . dhls-ex . thft-nr . thf t . thurs . dhat-es . think thrllT ■ hwak , thaurt , tlloh . tanng . tord . tord . tour . trooa . twlks . uls ■waurrai waar yrlf . wlch hwlll . wild . woem- . vrurl[e« . reeth CHAPTER 4. STEE"OGEAPHT. Section 84. — Stenographic Requirements. The writer has no special theory of his owu regarding short-hand writing; and what herein appears is but an adaptation, to new con- ditions, of old and well-established systems. A few changes have been made in the interests of simplification, rendered necessary by the peculiarities of the Glan ik. It seems as if the following objects are worthy of being under- taken : — First. — The alphabets of writing, printing and short-hand should be so nearly alike that to learn one would be to learn all. Second. — The alphabet should be one that could be used on the type-writer, or in type, and in order to be so used each letter should have a uniform width, or occupy a uniform space. Third. — In order that the shading may be uniform in the printed letter, (and as some letters in current stenography are distinguished by shadings,) it is desirable that a uniform method be used to desig- nate the shaded letters when used in printing. Fourth. — The system should permit the use of capitals, italics and ornamental letters. In order to meet the foregoing requirements an attempt is m^ade herein to adapt current stenography to the new proposed conditions. That which is here presented is simply a suggestion ; some one may invent something greatly better, as adapted to a Trade-Language, when the test of actual use occurs. SlicnoN 85. — Table of Short-hand Frant ez. We here give a table of the vowels and consonants, that begin all the words of the English Language, with their short-hand equiva- lents. The capitals, italics and lower-case letters will be shown in ■ubsequent illustrations. In print the lower-case letters are of the tame form as the capitals, only smaller. 69 70 VOWELS. UNC COI OMBINABLE 4SONANTS. COMBINABLE CONSONANTS. PRINT- SMORT- HANtl. raiHT* INQ HAND. PIIINT- INO. BHODT-HANO. WITM-n. WHTH-L. WITH-W. A ...*.... N Oh < c< B \ \ \ S \ Aa .. NV... ........ Dh c C O i 1 1 • r Ai ..S!.,.. >.... J ii ■^ F / / tT - E ...Y.... Ml' n r^ H / / - • r* ^ Ee ..M.... tw.....' Ni u \-^ K . ♦ cr- c- a 1 ....1 .__• R L ^ P \ \ % ^ • li ...I.J !. Shm e A S ) o]) ^ r "^ O ...*.... • Shn • J 8h J J J • e Oa ..•.V... ©.^.^ Sm e e~^ 8k fi o — (o ?L_ Ofi ..•/.... 8n « . a... ..(flr.^ ul.. • ■(a)-v on- ae...^(3) — . Section 88. — Illustrations of Vowelizing. Sometimes a word-sign ( Sklen ) can be vowelized in two differ- ent ways. Such occasions are exceedingly rare, but when it occurs it is easy to meet the difficulty by putting the glan ik vowels in the same comparative order that they would sustain in the supposed words. Thus: H can be made to mean fill or tly; therefore in making fill we put the i in front of the fl, and in making fly we put the i after. The following table will show these principles : a " ^ /^ ^-; V- ^ ^V^_ ^: (A V & eRavue rCcn, Wa.sk urkere eaih. Tvtat kivo^tk &|3IX.YV tfloLn,K wrajt aa,^ V^ /T i_o C^ v*^ ->'. sT- \. r. :^ ex. eKa.rm, jjO-Trrv fjjU,0.\ttV mo-Tt Scavjs sWk ieoA/ 5(30.0. ttAr(UX. ttfOfeT at \ /•x ^ 3V N=^ ^^ Q_\ Vov Ns Cv :^ a ^.o-te wWle eatte IjHatl m.e>.|i(e skate ttxu.se sKjj tfiane waist out,' //» 0" "S I efiest uifiente C-en.ee J^tttfce Kelfer meruL se,tt&. sfcetcfi tfvleoi wed^e u - d — -/ 1- c:::^ r^- \ > 6 eWee-k ^e££L A^eoi tXexLTv meavi. nwMt ^£e.(iLie sfiu.^ s[)eaJi/ wvuL i ' »' */^' r' -^ /' ^' J' o-^' (T' -XL %J c a^lxvti flittW. fcitt wAicJv fish. ^uiivce skin. SKiJUL rta*$ urU-K U . slujster urioril/ • N ^ T ^ V^' <*— ■ • Q. •% \rs 2 o e^Lofa ^Totte i«Wt co^rv TLod, sKere-K seot s|>l(it!cK torn uroksfk CO.- ^ >^ ^- ^- /^ C^ o^- •CK > ■^- elurtA. s^Ma lArkoo. v^ 3v v"^ OIL (oumA. h.ovot' ^OlUlt erourd. toun^fe IUoulSC ^oimi. Sout/ trouTice ureunJL U " ^ ^ 7 , . V "^ "^ V^ ^ CA "^" it eluirn. fla^tw. furze euit motKtv ^Xun^e ttuj^K. sWivt butuvtr oh^ X66v > (T^ \OiA V^v V %»v vV^ Lv fv ^ . il 1 tu.xc £tu*«. ivtuU. {}lunve| JvuAt l|>TlL«e s|}umi tune itiur uAiiur 78 Section 89. — Skeleton Outlines. (Sklen ez.) The consonants of-each Glan-ik word, when written in short-hand, form what may be called the " Si;eleton-outline " of the word. We have condensed the phrase to Sklen, as representing the characters so formed. The Glan-ik Sklen-ez can be more accurately formed and more easily read than the ordinary short-hand from the fact, and fot the reason, that each word of Glan-ik is a single syllable with only one vowel, and hence the Sklen-ez can vary much with individual hand- writing and still be legible. For instance, the letters pn in Glan-ik can only represent one word with a vowel between them, and is one sound. But outside of the Glan-ik, "pn" might also represent o-pen, pe-an, pen-ny, and np-on, which makes the vocalization vastly more difficult to accurately make and read. If we place a vowel sound anywhere with pn we know exactly what the Glan-ik word is, because it must be pronounced in one syl- lable. Herein lies one of the great advantages which make it pos- sible to have a Glan-ik short-hand system that anyone can learn to easily write, and when written, easily read. As there is great divergence among short-hand systems, and among short-hand writers of the same system, one writer cannot read the writing of another, — but in Glan-ik this can be remedied because the combinations are exceedingly simple, owing to their monosyllabic character, and it is easy to have a form for every word already de- signed according to the structure of the language, so that everyone will make the same combinations, and in the best and shortest forms. Thus the monosyllabic character of the words will permit the ec- centricities of hand-writing to exist and yet not obscure or destroy the structure of the Sklen-ez. How easy this is, may be seen from the tables which follow in Section 97, which consist of only three pages, and yet on these three pages are the structural outlines of 80,000 words, one-tenth of which is all we may dream of needing. Therefore the said three pages (composing Section 97) are a diagram of the entire language, and amount to a dictionary or manual of spelling. To these word-skeletons the vowel sounds may be easily affixed with as much latitude as is allowed in the dotting of an i or crossing of a * in ordinary writing. Section 90. — Hooks, Circles, and Contractions. An examination of the Sklen-ez found in the table of three pages herewith will show that some consonants are often in combination 74 with others. A description of such consonants in combination is as follows : « « CH ' ' Frant and Flant. Shown by a loop. " D " Plant. Shown by a light tick. "DHR" Flant. Light stroke, left hook. (No Flant THE.) "F" Flant. End half-circlet, down, " H " Frant. Shown by a light tick. ' ' HW ' ' Compound letter made by H-tick on W. ' « HW ' ' Frant. Half -circlet, front end. "J" Flant. Light stroke. (No Flant W.) "L " Frant. Right front hook on straight letter. " Ij " Flant. Left rear hook on straight letter. "L" Frant and Flant. Thickened with M, N, R, and SH, or crossed. « ' L " ( E xception . ) Top hook with TH . "M" (Exception.) When thickened, adds L. "MP" Flant. Made by half-M thickened or crossed. "N" Flant. Rear hook on curved, right rear hook on straight letters. **N" (Exception.) When thickened, adds L. "NG " Flant. Made by half-N, thickened or crossed. "NS " Flant. Circlet left rear end straight letter. •'E" Frant. Left front hook on straight letter. «'B" Frant. Front hook on curved letter. "R" (Exception.) THL is a right curve upper hook. (See THR.) "R" (Exception.) When thickened, adds L. " 8 " Frant. Circlet upper and right-hand of straight letter. " 8 " Flant. Circlet upper and right-hand of straight letter. " 8 '♦ Frant and Flant. Circlet either end curved letter. ' ' SH ' ' Frant and Flant. Loop on straight letter. Reverse of CH. "8H" (Exception.) When thickened, adds L. « ' 8T " Frant and Flant. Flat loop either end of letter. ♦'8TR" Plant. Reversed curve. "T" Compound. Shown by half-length letter. *'THIj " Compound. Upper end hook on TH. "THR" Frant. Upper end hook on large S. Reverse of THL. "V" Plant. Light stroke. F shown by half -circlet. "Z " Frant and Flant. Same as S only larger circle "ZH" Frant and Flant. Half-SH, thickened or crossed. 75 Section 91. — Abbreviations. Vest-pocket Dictionary. As an illustration of how abbreviations can be made, and how, when made, the words and abbreviations can be put into a little (or vest-pocket) dictionary, we give the following table. The table shows the Glan ik equivalent of some common words, and the figures which follow each word show by reference the consonantal-outline of the word as given in the table of Sklen ez. (Section 97.) In the said table the numbers are found at the bottom of the pages. The Slen ik characters are brief and simple, and anyone can see by a dictionary like this how to accurately write a word of which he is in doubt, and everybody can be brought to write the same word alike. Adventure vad v2 Lamentation lant l34 Approbation pran pb28 Liberality llrl l46 Beauty bult b68 Malevolence mlv m23 Blandishment blan bl28 Minimum mlm m25 Commerce koms k27 Neglect nit n22 Criticism krlt k52 Nourishment nursh n51 Depredation drp d49 Objection jb j35 Diversion vird v42 Organization gorn g48 Exaggeration za] z7 Palingenesis pllng pl34 Experiment sprent 8Pb84 Presumption zump z26 Facility flaV f17 Ramification rams b27 Fortification frlf f43 Reflection nerk rL45 Garrison garz g50 Sophistry saaf b3 Geometry 3 cm j25 Specification spef bp3 Hesitation hz h55 Translation tral t46 Hypnotism Iilms h27 Transmission trat t52 Identification dnk d82 Ubiquity bik b8 Inconvenience vonk v32 Unanimity yoem y25 Justification juf j3 Vacation vaik v8 Jocularity Jok j8 Veneration vren v48 Kaleidoscope kled Kl5 Wantonness ■wronz w38 Knowledge nol n13 Workmanship "WTirp w49 76 Section 92. — Dictionary of Foreign Language. A dictionary of a foreign language may be easily made so as to enable a foreigner to write the Glan ik. A dictionary with the fore- going grammar will enable anyone to make himself understood in writing. We give an illustration from the Italian. PAZZO t Whimsical H^wim-ik Hw25 PECCA n Blemish Blem Bl9 PECULATO n Peculation Pkl p9 PECULIABE t Peculiar Plek-ik p17 PECTJNTA n Money Mtiti m28 PEDAGOGO n Pedagogue Pi p7 PEDANEO t Inferior Fren-ik e48 PEDANTE n Pedant Pdr p72 PEDATA n Footstep Fsp f62 PEDICCUOLO n Pedicle Dikl d9 PEDIGNONE n Chillblain Cliibl ch36 PEDONAGGIO n Infantry Trin t48 PBGOIiA n Beeswax Swaks BWll PEIiAGO n Confusion Ellin f28 PELLE n Pretense Prens pe83 PEIiliEGEINO t Foreign Forn-ik 1-48 PELLUCIDO t Pellucid Ploos-ik pl55 PELO n Surface Frus f50 PELOSO t Shaggy 81iag-ik bh8 PELTRO n Pewter Puitr p72 PENA n Punishment Nlsh n56 PENAIilTA n Penalty Peen p28 PENARE V to Loiter I/oltr l72 PENDAGTiTA n Girdle Gurd-ul g42 PENDENZA n Declivity Kliv k23 Section 93. — The Glan ik Type-writer. The type-writer can be modified and adjusted, to the Glan ik lan- guage. It will not be necessary to use the simple uncombined character-signs in so restricted a manner as in printing, but the type-writer can be made to carry over fifty of the most impor- tant consonants, leaving the remainder of the key-board for vowels, 77 punctuation, etc. In a bar machine there is no difficulty. In a shuttle machine we make an arrangement as follows: — a w e r t y 1 o u P aa sw oe rd tw nd 01 00 on pi. . . Cap. key. )) — ■ $ rt tr nt - sp pr. ...Fig. key. oh s d f g h j k 1 au si dw fl gl hw sk kl kw . . Cap. key. sr dr fr gr ? St kr 1 2 . ...Pig. key. ai sh ee V b n m ii oa ui z zh dh th bl sn sm * : ) . . Cap. key. 3 4 5 6 br ng mp 7 8 9 . ...Fig. key. The characters according to the above arrangement would appear as follows : — $ V. 1 i / > G i I i/ a f H s J - L ^ u n 1 X ^ i C S « 3 4» 3 4 5 6 t^ u o 1 8 78 Section 94. — The Written and Printed Form. Written and printed charactera represent definite words and sounds, and are arbitrary. That which has herein preceded is pre- paratory. In order to illustrate the pa.st, present, and future, we will take an ancient citation. Boethius, the great councillor of Theodoric, the Ostrogth, wrote, about A. D. 500, among other things, a treatise which King Alfred the Great, of England, translated nearly 400 years later into verse. It was concerning agriculture. (Lib. Ill, Metr. I.) We will first give the Anglo-Saxon of Alfred, following it with a literal translation in English. Then following it we will give the Glan-ik in roman type ; then the same in Glan-ik type, as used in printing and on the type-writer ; then the same in Glan-ik longhand as written, fully punctuated, and vocalized ; then in reporting style, the whole quotation being reduced to its briefest form. First Translation. Second Translation. Bjr King iUtred. Literal. Se-the wille wyrcan He that will work Wsestm-baere lond Fruit-bearing land [acres A-teo of th^m secere [Let him] tear off [from] the JErest sona First soon [straightway] Fearn and thorn as Fern and thorns And fyrsas, swa-same weod . . . And furzes, so same [also] weeds Tha the willadth [Such] as that will Well-hwaer derian Everywhere harm Clsenum hwsete Clean wheat Thy-lses he cidtha-leds Lest it root-less Liege on thsem lande Lie on the land. TTiird Translation, Olan Ik Boman. Lt hee hoo wil wurk frool land it straut furn and thorn ez and aulz weed ez such az wil erv hweet 1st it az root Is lit on pluk from furz ez haarm kleen dhe land. Fourth Translation. aUa Ik PrlntlDg. I-T /- /•• I'f ■Xr /laef r-ui \fv= • T )TL-vT ALU -Ui CeLU -1 -Ul AU xvQ 1-i -1 >i -2 ■)'C -u A-Ul V-T m ..T U.T o (" '>u h /L©n -2 =r-o Ml, 79 Fifth Translation. Glan Ik Type-writing. fT /- /. y( yL= ^.r roi ^"^ i'^ 't fL^T rw ^Ui ('^.U "I ^Ui All "I <2 1-1 "i )'^ 'i 'JT -U ^xCn ^-U VT fP 'T L.T D f' -u i- r\iu Sixth, Translation. Glan Ik Writing. Section 95. — Illustration, — Ornamental. jtji.. Tt /.. ^. Ii^Ut n-Y Am v," /i.n iT n/- /.. ":i,r Ut A..r r ui Vvf rka ckMitun^ ' ttion. «f LM>tbn..Unio. U..S.A. / V\\ I- V v\[L vA 80 Section 96. — Illustration, in Letter Writing. June 9, 1908. Blanco and Weyler, Manila. Sirs : — Please send me by the first ship that sails from your port one hundred and sixteen bales of hemp. Take duplicate receipts from the master of the vessel and draw on me through the Crown Bank of Hong Kong with receipt and insurance policy attached. Telegraph me briefly date of shipment, and amount in dollars. Ar- range for a similar shipment in ninety days, and in the meantime advise me by mail of prices and condition of market. I want none but the best grades. Yours very truly, Thoen & Hill. We put the above into Glan ik roman. Blanco and Weylbb, Manila. June 9, 1903. Sr-ez : — Pleez send mee bii dhe wun ik ship dhat sail from yee -sz poart wun huu and siks teen bail ov hemp. Taik tui Pl resp from dhe mastr ov dhe vsl and drau on mee throo dhe Kroun Bank ov Hong Kong widh resp and shoorn polz tach. Telp mee breef li dait ov ship eng and moun in daal. Ranj for ai smil ship eng in niin ti dai and in dhe hween viids mee bii mail ov priis ez and kish ov mart. Me waunt nun but dhe bs est graid ez. Yee sz vri trui li Thoen & Hill. We will now put this correspondence into Glan ik type-writing. ru?o ^ui "J -a >u 9 1903 t -1: ^~j )./ n- \> i- r\i •? J'\ rr >c ^'(\ c- n \>^ >u ^u ^ui)'=) T-u A-r -z /d, tv fv r« Lm^ /•L ^ P'f J'\ "U: 'U U'U T' i> "Ul 'U £- VU Z«l) fl- i' ft^f •I *\o'fi "HI (rv V Ox... n- "^'u u*u vi L- i) "f 1-1 'I* c- n A- iv r 'cj ^ ^ 81 Section 97. — Condensation. Skeleton Outlines. The best method of condensing the language is, and would natur- ally be, as follows : First. Condense the limited number of words that are in greatest use, — such as, all of the pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. These are few in number. Second. Straighten up all of the irregular verbs ; make them reg- ular, monosyllabic, and phonetic. Third. Treat all of the irregular nouns, adjectives and adverbs in the same way as the irregular verbs. The foregoing has been attempted in this pamphlet, and the prod- uct is found in section 98 and the reverse is found in section 99. The next task is to take all of the monosyllabic words in the English dictionary, not included in the foregoing, spell them pho- netically, and recast the homonyms (Sec. 38). This has been done in section 100. The foregoing are the foundation words of the Glan ik language, about 5,000 in number. In order that they may not be duplicated in the condensation of the balance of the dictionary, we have taken these foundation words and have arranged them on a plan (Sec. 101) so that any word can be quickly found by its final letter, and being found, the proposed word can then be compared with the skeleton outlines (pages 82, 88, 84), to see how it may be properly written. In the making of new words and new condensations we can consult Sec. 101, and not duplicate a sound. Skeleton Outlines. — The following three pages contain the conso- nant-outlines of the Glan ik language. In the first vertical column on the left are found the Frant ez, which begin the words. On the top of the pages are found the Flant ez, which end the words. There are a few words which are complicated and require two ref- erences. For instance: splurge, we find spl in column 86, and we add to it the rj found in column 7. Such illustrations are, how- ever, rare, because in pronoun elation the word splurge has prac- tically two syllables. J3 t e. ^ e. ^ ^ ^ e "> ^ 3 e. 1 cjO ^ ? J \ X \ \ \ ^ ^ ^ ^ > J\ \ ^ «N. ^ V J V. V. \ *, Vi J V i ^ 1/ -> K, ^ C- «» /■ J3 S c < ^ \ -- ^ V 3 L I ^ L I. ^ V ^ s J J L ^ J J I 3 (_ c. \ c c. J ^ c ) .y^ J ^ ^ '— ^ -- 0> Y 3 t. t. s <. \ J V ( ) ^ J t. ^ ^ O- h >J L .^ ^ 'v. ^ jr ^ ( ) ^ J u ^ IZ i I / _L J ^ SI jr I ^ ; i |J ( 5 ; ; y\i ^s. N. < ^o ^ r\. ?l 1^ s. \ \ V ^ \ \ s > 5 \ \ \ ^ > u. \ N. \ \ \> r - r Q — &- \ - r r \. c ■) / J ^ -\ -' Vw/» r d >o T \ » /* f -L c ') y^ J o- -\ -^ O- r* \ V \ n: n r 1 L c ) / ^ O -\ — v_/ r wm \ <5 u. >l I 3 X J M s 2 0. oi N| V) ^1 ^^ -//<■ / / r c ^ i / J J 'V c^ r^ J> 1 c D / J ■J/ ^ c-J r^ C i i i ^. 3 5 i I [ S ; s s -c j: .< f s J v) \. J ^ c s. ^ b ^ 6 d i ; J J -N J <-^l c" £ / / c / / c (f s // / ^ ^ rT c S -/ ^ \. J J C "U c :! ^ c/ ^ "\ c-" rN< '2 J v/ \> J J c ^ c i <^ J J- ^ -^ r\ c 1 J v7 \. J p t to t :> ^ Jf J "^ u> ^ ^.» :> P \ ? P r c ] /° S' D -^ — D or^ ? z i !) k :> ^ \ d d b > h b -h J, J> H is S 5 <: ^ ^ ^ C ( ^ / 5 5 ^ ^ Lf (^ s 5^ ) <\ ) ) 1 (L c 5 ^ j> :) ^ -^ o r z ^^ :) e\ :> t) ^ _i o> n z )^ ;) 'N ) ^ T (L c *) 7 J ^ ■^ _5 vj" r ;s c c ^ c c S I ^ s ; 5 c -C _c .^ ; a. S t 3 c ^ _£ k5 ^ SI s c c ^ c ^ S I [ s ; 5 C X j: S ; ev* \ d II. >l I s z a, X Ml eg % > \ No \ V ^ \ > ^ > ^K \ N N. C^ > £1 - i-o ^ -^ ^ r 5l P Z! <*-T> V -- 3-3 r e r r /^ jr "V-3 J ^^ r-' k l^^ o ^ iTs r f ^ r 5^ /^ r --K-N "V-v -^ v-?^ r «, H w i^ X ^— ' "s^ M c r r A^ J- v-^ r^ H — &— X 1 - • v_ c J • J r^ -\ - v^ c ..g v^r- \ - P f/ <^ ■e ^ ;^ J3 /ti -^ -fe> ^ p U) Q v^ \ <^ r" f o i^ c o ^ ? i d-s -Vt, J J r^ '^ c ^ ^ X .X ^ ^ ^ s ; S X < X s ^ HI v^ ^. \ a y V V V 5- V ^ ^ -0 -^ -L h . 1 I p K I / 1 » ^ b > J ^ ■H 4 J> rt di J rJ K \ r-J c 1 c" i ^ J rJ i J J H ^ •< ^ °\ ^ n t o :j^ / .>r\ ■^ ~^ — p -^ r\ Ml ^ iTN "\ r^ r 1 e c !) / J <^ "i — v-» r tS _A > J\ oA ^ A A ^ 1 J^ »>^ \: ^ ^ r c c- c t J^ ^ N. ^ /^ I o o J^ / J^ '^ c-<> ^ r\ ^k J ^ "\» ;> ^ I ^ c D / J J ^ 1 X I ol >l s 2 CO) a N| ^ (- Q| % -•1 85 Section 98. — Abbkeviations in thib Pamphlet. A (article).. al "a-" z a "ab-" z ab abaft z baft abbot n abt abbreviation.n breef abide v biid able t bul "-able"....p bul aboard w.z. . . .broa abode n bood abode v. Aid. biid abode v biid ed about W.Z.. .bont above w.z.. .buv abreast z bres abroad w — brod absent w.z. . .znt abutting .. .z ub according ..k.z... kring accordingly .i. u). . .kril account n kouud accusitive. .t jif acquest n Ifwk acquisition. n .li:"wl£ across z — ".krost active t akt iv "ad-" z ad add t) . .to ad adjective ...t ticb "adiective".j5 — ik adown z ...a. doun adventure ..n vad adverb w Avrb " adverb "..p 11 advice n vlidz advise v vlidz aeroplane . . n erp afar w . .. .faar affix V fajf affright v friit afore w.z. . .aarf aft w.z. . .aft after k.w.. .afr afterward-s.M) twxd again Ic.w.. .gn against z gne " against "..z ob age n aij "-age" p aij aggression, .n gres ago w — ag an j aaa aij abv J albeit k anlp alike w — kl almost w . . . . Tuoas alms n aams aloft '..w.z... alt alone w loan along z Ion aloof w.z . .loot aloud w ... .lod alphabet . . . n fab already w auld also k.w. . .aulz although . ..k dboa altogether, .w audbr aluminum.. >i luln always w -waiz am V bin "am-" z am amid w.z. . .mid amidst w.z. . .mldz amiss w ams among-st.. .w.z. . .mung amount n moun an ( article), .ai anent z nnt Anglo- American.; glan annual t yeer al anon k.w.. .aln another . . . ./ nudh. any ./ en anybody / eb anyhow w you anything, . ./ otb anywhere . .w yar apart w .... aarp apple n... ..apl approbation.™ pran April n pril arc n aark "-ard" p aard are v bin arise v. ... . .rilz arisen v riiz ea arose v. did rilz around z roun "around". .z am arrange . .. .v ranj art noun. . .aart art verb. . .bin article n arl as follows . .k.w.. .viz ashore w.. .a, sboar aside w zad aslant z slan assuredly ..w shrd asunder w zun ate t).did eet athwart z tbort attach V tach atween z t-ween atwixt s twiks aught n.f. . .aat August n aug auxiliary. ..n aurk awake v Tvalk awaked v . did walk awaked v -walk ed awaken v -walk awakened . .v 'walk ed away w 'Wg awl n aal awoke v .did walk "aye" j.w. . .ill Backward . .w .... bak wrd backwards.. ■«; bak wrd bade r.did bid bare v nuid bare v bar, bnrtb bare I'.did bar, burtb bared v. did nuid bathe i;. . .to batb be «...tobee, zist be aux bin "be-" z be bear n nrs bear v bar, burtli " bearing "..p fr bear up v brup beat V beet beat I) .did beet beat V beet ed beaten v beet ed beauty n buit became «; .did bm because k.w.. . bks become v bm bee noun . . . bi been aux . . .bin been v bee ed beeswax n swaks befall V bauf befallen v banf ed befell V. did bauf before ( in order) . . .i.w.z..bf before ( in time) w.z. . ."pre-" began v. did gin begat I) .did gat beget V gat begin v gin begot V gat ed begotten . . .» gat ed begun V gin ed behalf n baf behave v baiv beheld v. did bid behind ( in order) ...t lat behind ( in place ) . . . t.w.z. . Mind behind ( in time) .. ..t lalt behold V bid beholden ...v bid ed 86 being o bee ing zlst ing "being" ..att2;...blng belay v blal belle n bl below w.z. . .bol beneath — w.z... neeb bent V .did bnd bent V bnd ed bequest . . . .n kwb bereave v breev bereft v . did breev bereft v breev ed bes t bs beseech — v seecb beset V zt beset V .did zt beset V zt ed beside z zlid besides k.w... bz besought. . .■» .did seech. besought . ..V seech, ed best t.w. . .bs est bestrid -v .did strllb beatrid v strllb ed bestridden..!) strllb ed bestride v strllb bestrode v .did strllb bet V .did bt bet V bt ed betid v.did tld betid V tld ed betide v tld betimes ....w bms better t.w. . .bs er between z tween betwixt w.z. . .twlks beware v bTrar beyond z yund bicycle n bilk bid n.v. . .bid bid ti.did bid bid V bid ed bidden v bid ed biennial t tul yeer al bier n blr "bii" o6w....b bilge n bllch billion t zan yan birth n.v. . .burth bisect V tul id bit ^..didbllt bit V bllted bitten v bllt ed blandish- ment n blan bled V did bleed bled V bleed ed blemish n blem blent V blend ed blest V bles ed blew V .did bloa blown V bloa ed body n bod bore V .did bar, burth bore V .did brup born V bar ed bom V burth ed borne v brup ed bought V. did bwll bought V b-wll ed boughten. ..v bTrll ed bound V .did blind bound V blind ed bower n bour breadth — n braud breathe v breth bred V .did breed bred V breed ed brethren . . .n. . .brudhr ez brief n bref brief t breef brilliant n.t brll bring forth, t) bar broke V .did bralk broken v bralk ed brother n brudhr brought . ...i) . did bring brought V bring ed built v.didblld built V blld ed bulb n bulp bulge n bulch buoy n b'wee burned v . did burn burned v burn ed burnt V .did burn burnt V burn ed burst V burs burst V .did burs burst V burs ed buy V b-wll "by" a6i)....b(bii) bye j bill by reason of w . . . . bren Oalves n kaf ez came v .did kum can arix ...kan canst aux . . .kan cap. letter. . n kalt cardinal. .. n.t.. . .kaarl "cardinal".p tl cast V kast cast V .did kast cast V kast ed castle n kasl catched r .did kach catched . .. .v kach ed caught V .did kach caught V kach ed cede V seeth cellar n slar certain t srt certainly. . .w srt li character (sign) n kars chaw V .did choo chemistry . . n km chest n chst chid V .did child chid V child ed chidden v child ed chiefly w cheef li chilblain . . . n chlbl children n chllld ee chose V . did chooz chose V chooz ed chosen v chooz ed circle n surl circumfer- ence n kurm circus n surk clad V. did kloadh clad V kloadh ad clave V .did klalv cleave (to split), .f klalv cleave (to stick to). .« kleev cleft V .did klalv cleft V klalv ed dim V .did klllm clime n kllm clomb V .did klllm clove V .did klalv cloven V klalv ed clum V .did klllm clung V .did kllng clung V kllng ed colon n klon color n klor combination.n.p. .kom come V kum come V kum ed comes V kum comma n kaum commerce . . n koms comparative .t — komp ik "compara- tive" p er comparison. n komp "con-" « kon conception, .n snk concerning .z zrn condition. . .n klsh "condition" .p 1 confusion. ...n... .fuln conjunction, k konj conquest.. ..n kwun consequent- ly k.w.. .k'won considering. {; zing consonant, .n nant contiguous. .t.2 .. . .tig contiguously .w . . .tig li continuity . . n k'wln continuous- ly w k'wlnli 87 contra k.z.... contrary.... *.» copper n corporation. n corps n corpse n corse n cost n cost V. did cost V could au.r couldst. .. aux counter z cower V cracker n crept v. did crept V crew v. did crew V criticism . . .n cursed v .did cursed v curst V .did curst V cut V. . ._. . out 'V . did cut V traa ont kopr korp korz kors kors kaust kaust kaust ed koed koed koun kour krakr kreep kreep ed kroa kroa ed krit kurs kurs ed kurs kurs ed kut kut kut ed .klend ..kllv . . mond Day after tomorrow.^ drom day before yesterday .w drad "de-" 2 de dead V diled dealt V .did deel dealt ti deel ed death n dll December . .n dees declension., n. declivity... .n. demonstra- tion n. demonstra- tive ( mond ik depiction ...n plkt depth n deep depredation .n drp despite z dps dhe abv dll diameter . . . n dlt dice n dlls ez dictionary . . n dlks J.J „(diddoo ^'^ "ididlromp did aux. . . . did didst aux did j:.j-j. . (dlddoo •I'd** ''ididfromp die n dlis die r dll died V .did dll "dis-" a dls distance. . . . n dlst distant ( diversion. . .n. . . do V. .. do aux . does aux . does V. .. dollar n. .. domain n.p. "-Aom"....p... done r. .. dost V. .. dost aux . . doth aux . . doth V. .. double t doubly w dove ».did dower n drank b .did draught n drawn v drave c.did dreamt t> .did dreamt c drest «.did drest D drew T.did driven 11 drove B.did drunk v .did drunk v drunken v dual (pleotal)..( dual (kronal) ..t dug V .did dug « duplex t during z durst B.did dwell V dwelt B.did dwelt « dye n dlst ik vlrd doo, fromp du du doo, fromp daal dom dom doo ed doo, fromp du du doo, fromp tulpl tul pi li dllv dour drink draf drau ed drllv dreem dreem ed dres dres ed drau drllv ed drllv drink drink ed drink ed tulpl tulal dig dig ed tul pleks drlng dar dwl dwl dwled dol Each and all of them . ./ clim each other. ./ clitti early w url easily ui eez li eat V eet eat V . did eet eat T eet ed eaten v eet ed "-ed" p ed "-ed" abv. ...A e'en h.w...eeii e'er w evr eftsoon w .. . .zoon either /.Jfc... .eth. elder t oald er eldest t oald est electricity, .n trls eleven t. wun teen eleventh., .t .wun teen ith else .f.k.w elz elsewhere ..w .... svirr elves n elf ez "-en" t.p an energy n nurj engrave v gralf engraved. . .«> .did gralf engraved . . .v gralf ed engraven . . .« gralf ed enough f.w... nuf entire t ent entirely w ent li equality n kwaul equal t k-waul ik equally w k'waul li "-er' '(comp) .p . . . . er "-er"(noun) ur er abv r ere k.z air erst w ers "-es" ra.p...es es abv . . .s "-est" <.p....est est abv. . . ts especial . . . .t spesta. especially ..w spesb. li euphony 71 yool euphonic letter — p.t . ..y even k.w.. . een ever w evr evermore. . .w erm ever so w erz every ./ vur everybody../ vurp everyone f vurn every person ./ vurp everything. ./ vurg every where.w erv evil n vl ewer n yulp exaggera- tion n za] examination n . . .zam except h.z . .. zp excepting ..k.z . . .zng exclamation .n sklalm exist V bee, zlst experiment.n sprent exhilaration.n . . . . zll extra w.z...straa ez abv . . .z ez slf abv . . . zlf ei oan abv . . .zoan 88 Facility n flak: fallen v faul ed false t faulz family n f am far t.z faar farther t.w ... faar er farther k furd farthest t faar est father n faadlir February ...n f b fed «. did feed fed D feed ed feet n foet ez fell c. did faul felt «. did feel felt V feeled female n fm feminine . . .* fm ik " feminine ".p e fetter n ftr "-fer" t.p... fr ferninst z frin fewer t f ui er fifth (in portion) . .n flf id fifth (in order)....* f if ith filth n fllf final con- sonant . . . n f lant finally k foin first t wun ith first w ■wnn li first con- sonant .. .n frant firstly w ■wun li five t flf fied ».did flee fled ® flee ed flew D.didflii flex D fleks flower n flor flown V fill ed flung u. did fling flung. v fling ed fold n f oald "-fold"....p foald "fold" p pleks "fold"....a6«....pl footstep n f sp for as much as,. A: fraz forbear v forb forborne. ...» forb ed forebore. . . .«. did forb foreign t f orn foremost ...t.w. . .frem est forever w .. . .frevr forget V forg forgot B . did f org forgot V forg ed forgotten ...v forg ed former f.t.. . .frem er forsake v fors forsaken.. ..v fors ed forsook V . did fors forsooth w . J . . frooth. forthwith . .w frldb fortification. n frlf forty t foar ti forward-s . .w frod fought ». did flit fought i> filted found .did f llnd found V f llnd ed fourth w .... foar li fourth (in order).* foar ith fourth (in portion) . .n foar id fourthly w foar li fowl n fou frequence . .n f rek frequent t frek ik frequently, .w frek 11 Friday n frlld fried c.did frll fried v frll ed friendship . . n f rip frighten o . . to f rllt from z from "from". ...2 de front con- sonant . . . re frant fronting z f ring froze ■» .did freez frozen » freez ed fruitful t frool function .... re funk further k furd further t.w... faar er f urthermore.fc — f rum furthermost, w . . . . frums furthest t faar est Garrison. ... re garz gave c.did glv geese n goos ez gelt V gld ed gelded v gld ed gender n jnd general n.t ...jrl generally. ..w jrl li a gen. rec. name n gren gentleman . . re gnt gentlemen, .n gnt ez geometry ... re jom gift (noun) glv gilt (noun) gild gilt ®.did gild gilt « gilded girdle n gurd ul girt B-did gurd girt ■» gurd ed given e glv ed gone i> goa ed good t goed, bs got v.didgt got v gt ed gotten « gt ed grave t) . .to gralf graved v. did gralf graven v gralf ed grew V. did groa grieve » . .to greef ground v. did grllnd ground v grllnd ed growing " .p zn grown ■» groa ed growth n g^roa Had B.did baav " had " aua;.did bav hadst «. did baav ' ' hadst ' ' . aux .did bav half re ... a tul id halve t! . .to tul id halves re tui id ez haply w halp hardly w baarl harpoon re poou has V baav "has" aux. . . bav hast .. ..V baav "hast" aux... bav hath V baav "hath" . . .aux. . . bav have T> baav " have "... aux . . .bav havest v baav havest aux . . . bav " having " . aux . . . vlng he / bee headlong. . .w bd li health n bit heard ® .did beer heard « beer ed hearken « baark hee abv b held V. did boald held V boald ed her (ob) — / sbee her (pos) / shee es hereafter. ..w brf hereby w brb herein w brn hereinafter .Ml natt hereinbefore, w. . .nurb hereto to brt hers / shee es herself / sbee slf hesitation . .re bz hewn V hul ed hid D.didblld hid V bllded hidden v blld ^d him ./ hee himself / hee bU 89 hinder o hud hinder t.w .. .Iiiind er hindest ( tiliiid est his / liee es hither t.w . . .Mdli hitherto w hith. hives n iLlidli "-hood"....jp hoed hove «).didheev howbeit — w houb however — h.w. . . houvr hundred t hun hundredth (in order), t hun ith hundredth (in por- tion) n hun id hung .did hang hung V hang ed hwich ahv h"w hyphen n hiif hypnotism . n hlms I / mee "-ice" '. .p Is "-ics" p iks idea n Ud identifica- tion n dnk idiom n yum ig (thing).. a6« g "-ik" abv....^ immediate, .w meej impound . . .v poun impugn ■» puin inconveni- ence n vonk indeed w deeth individual . .n vld "individuaF.z vld infantry n trin inferior t f ren ik in fine z feen infra h.z . . .fraa in front t frem "-ing". v.p ...Ing "-ing" n.p. . .eng "-ing" abv n initial letter. n nllt in opposi- tion to . . .e nopt in order that k nort inquest n k'wrn inside z sld instead z stid insurance . .n shoom interjection .n — ink interrogation. n. . .trog intransitive. (...untranz ik intuition . . .« tvrlsh investiga- tion n vs - iron n lim is v bin "-ish" t.p ...IslL "-ism " p Izm "-ist" p ist it f It, tee italic t tilk "-ite" p lit "-ith" t.p ...Itli "-ith".... abv.... th. its / it es its / tee es itself / itslf itself / teeslf "-ive" p iv "-ize" p iiz January n jan jocularity . . n jok judge n juj er judgment . . n juj July n juil June n Juin justification. n juf juxta z jukt Kaleido- scope n kled kept B. did keep kept V keeped kine n kou ez kist 2>.did kis knarl n.v nurl knelt V. did neel knelt ■» neeled knew B.did noa knew B.did wis knit V nit knit c.did nit knit V nit ed know ■» noa, wis knowledge .n nol known v noa ed known v wis ed know not., .v nis knurl n nurl "-kom" p kom kronal t kroal "kional".. t.p ...al Laden v load ed laid D.didlai laid V lal ed lain i> kliln ed lamentation.n .... lant language. ..n lang last t.w. . .lat est later t lait er latest ( lait est latter f.t lat er lay V lal lay down. ..v. did kliln lead f .didleed leant o.did leen leapt D. did leep learnt o .did lurn ( lee est least t.w. < lit est ( Is est leastwise ...h leez leaves n leef ez led V. did leed led V leed ed left V. did leev left V leev ed length n long lengthen , to » . . to long lent V. did Ind lent V Inded less t.w. ..lee, lit. Is "-less" ... .t.p. .. .Is I lee er lesser t.w. < lit er ( Is er let V It let o.did It let V It ed letter n Itr li abv 1 liberality. ..n lirl lice n lous ez lie down . . .v kliin "-like" ....p.<...lilk likewise . . . .k.iu... kw^iiz list V lis listen V. ..'. .lis lit B.did lilt lit V lilted little by little w lil little, in amount.p .t.w... Is little, in quality ...t.w... lee little in size.p.t.w.lit loan n Ind loath t loth loathe V loadh logic n jik loiter V loitr lone t loan loose t loos loosen V . .to loos loosened ■ . .v loos ed loost V loos ed lose » ..to laus lost «.did laus lost V laus ed loth t loth lumber n lum "-ly" p 11 lymph n flimp Made v. did malk made v maikied "made ot".p an "making".. p flic "mal-" 2 mal malevolence. n. . . .mlv manifold. . .t mn foald many f.t mn March (month) ..n march. market n mart masculine . .t mail ik "masculine" .p aa master n mastr maugre k maug may aux. . . mal May(month).n maitb. may be w maib mayst aux. . . mal me / mee meant D.did meen meant v meen ed meantime ..w li'ween meanwhile .w li'ween meddle « mdl mee abv m men n man ez "-ment" . . .p mnt merely w meer li met ■o.did meet met V meet ed metathesis .n tath. methinks...'!) mtli methought .s.did mtli methought .» mth ed mice n mous ez middle n mldl midst n midz might aux. . . .milt million . . . .t yan mine / mee es minimum . .n mim minus z mlnz "mis-" .... 2 mis molten v mlt ed Monday. . ..n mund money n mun DMnosy lia- ble n "wib month n munt more t much, er "-more" (comp) . . .p moar moreover . .k.w ..morv most t mneh est "-most" (supr) ....p moast mother n mudhr mouthe ....... to mouth mown « moa ed mulct n mulk multiple . . .t mn pi multiplex . .f mn plekg must au:r must 90 my / mee es myself . . . . ./ mee slf Namely k.w.. viz naught / naat necessary ..t ssr ne'er w nvr neglect . . . .n nit neither f.k . . .nth "-ness" p ns nether t ndh neuter t nuitr never w . .. .nvr nevermore .w nrm nevertheless. 2;. w .nlz next w.z. . .nka nickel n nik nobody / nb nominative (case) t nif "non-" z non nonoplex ...t niin pleks nothing / noth notwith- standing .k.z .. .nang nourish- ment n nursh November, .n noav nowadays ..w noudz nowhere . ..w noar no-wise ... .w nilz number — n nurm numeral. ...t nrl nymph n nlmp O abv or "-oan" p oan "-oan" (plural) ..p zoan "ob-" z Ob object n jk "object," ...p um objection . . n jb objective (case) ....< ;jif "objective" the p ee October n okt octoplex . . .t ait pleks octuple — t alt pi o'er z oavr off t.w.z..a,VLl off abv t oft w auft often w auft older t oald er oldest t oald est once t wun im once w "WTins one t wun "one" / tee " one who does" — n.p...iip "one who is" p aard only k.w. ..noor on the other hand k ond onward t.w on ■wrd open V oap opposite ....w.z... op "-or" n ur or abv o or (disj) k yor ordinal t orl "ordinal" .t.p ...Ith. organization. n gorn original ....«." or j ik "-ose" p oas other / udh otherwise . .k.w. . .dhrz otter n otr ought to . . .1) aut our ./ mee sz ours / mee sz ourselves. . ./ mee zlf outdid 1) .did oud outdo V oud outdone.... » oud ed outside . . . . z ous ov abv. . . .V over z oavr overboard ..w oord overcoat . . . n vurk own .f.p oan own (pi). . .f.p zoan oxen n oks ez Paid «. did pal paid V pal ed palingenesis. n plingf pantomime . n peem paralysis ...n pralz participle . .v slip particular, .n prul particularly . w . . .prul li part of speech ...n posh passive w paz iv passiveness.n paz past n pas past o.did pas past V pas ed peculation .n pkl peculiar t plek ik pedagogue .n pj pedant n pdr pedicle n dikl pellucid t ploos ik pen (to write) ■» pn pen (to pen up) T . .t» pnt penalty n peen pence n pns ez pending x png penned . . . . « . did pnt pent V. did pnt pent « pnt ed pen up . V pnt people . ....n peeps "people" . ./ tee ez peradven- ture w prad perchance, .w — prancli perform e. . to Iromp, doo perhaps . . . .w . . . .praps period n peerd person n purz "person" . ./ tee personal w purz al "pertaining to" p al pewter n pultr philosophy .n Ilos piece n peez " place where" ..p rl platinum . . . n plam ^'-ple" <.p...pl plectal t plekl pled o . did pleed plex n foald "-plex " p pleks plinth n pUmp plural t ploor ik "plural" ..p ez plurality ...n ploor • plural poss. n.p . .sz poignant ...t poln policy n polz poUysylla- ble n mlb 'pon abv p ponderous . .t paan positive t poz ik positiyeness .n poz possess V pos,Iiaav possession, .n pos possessive, .t pos ik "possessive" .p — es possible t pobl post word . -p purd power n ... .pour " pre-" w.z. . .pre prefix z preft preposition -z zish. presumption .n. . .zump pretense ra — prens primal t "Wiin ith primally .. .w .. . .'WTin li primarily ..v>... ."vrun li primary. . . .t 'wun ith "pro-" « pro probability. » — prob probable ...t prob ik prompt t.i> promp promptness n ... .promp 91 pronoun . . . ./ fron pronuncia- tion n.. . .prouns proposition . n .... zosh. proper t propr propriety . .n propr ns propt D. did prop propt e prop ed prove « prool proved «. did proof proven v proof ed provided . ..k prid provided always ...i.. ..pridz providing . .z pring pudding n poen pulse n. . . .pulz punishment .n nisb punctuation . n . . . pung put « poet put r. did poet put V poet purchase . ..n purcb. Quadrisect .v foar id quadruplex.< foar pleks quadruple .t foar pi quality n kwol "quality" .p.«...hoed, al quarter . . . .n.t.B. .foar id quarterly ..w .... foar id li quartz n. . . .kworz quaternary. t foar ith quicksilver .n kwllf quid n.. . .kud quiet n ... .kwt quit V kwlt quit D.did kwit quit v kwlt ed quoth T> kwoath Ramification .n. . .rams ran s.did run rang ® . did ring rapt V .did rap rapt V raped rather Tc.^b . .radb. "re-" 2 re read n reed read ®. did reed read n reed ed reality n raul really w raul li receipt n rsp recline v kllln refiection . .n flerk reft t breev ed regarding . .« gnrn regular t rg ik regularity, .n ... .rg relation n rl relationship.n rip relative t rl iv rent e. did rnd rent o rnd ed repetal t rpl "repetal"..<.p...lm representa- tion n pm request n. . . .k^wrt respecting, .z speng "retro-" ...z rt rhomb n rolm rhythm n. . ..rldh riches n rlcb rid r rid rid ».did rid rid V rid ed rid «..did rlld rid V rllded ridden v rlld ed ript B. did rip risen b riiz ed riven « rliv ed rode f.did rlld rose v. did rilz rotted u. did rot rotten c rot ed rouge n roosb 'round z roun rove o.did reev rove * reev ed roven xi reev ed run V run run .did run run V run ed rung ii.did ring rung t> ringed Said 'D.did sal said V sal ed said / sd sang o.did sing sank «. did sink sans z sanz sat f.did sit sat V sit ed Saturday . ..n satr saving k salng saw r.did see sawn v sau ed second w tul li second ( tul ith secondary ..t tul ith secondarily. w tul li secondly . . .w tul li sectal t ski "sectal"...p ....Id seeing k seeng seen v see ed seldom w slom selective ag- glutina- tion n ....slen self (plural) .f.p . . . slf 92 selfsame . . ./ slalm "-selves " . .f.p . . . zlT semi-colon . n smln sensuous ...t snus ik sent t7. did snd sent » snded sentence . . . n suz separate t spralt separately ..w spralt li September .n spt set r> St set o.did st set » St ed settle B stl seven t sf seventeen ..t sf teen seventy t sf ti sever B svr several /. srl sew ® stich. sewer ii, suir "sez" (pi. poss.)'P sz shaggy t shag ik shaken v sliaik ed shall aux slial Shalt aux sbal shapen t> sliaip ed shaven v shaiv ed she / shee sheathe ■» sheetli shed e shd shed cdid slid shed ■» slided shee dbv sh. shekel n slikl shelve »..to shlf shew V sboa shewn v shoa ed shod o.did shoo shod slioo ed shone o. did shlin shone e sMiii ed shook e. did shalk shorn v sheer ed shot c. did shoot shot « shoot ed should aux. . . shoed shouldst . .aux. . . shoed shower n shour shown «J shoa ed shrank b . did srink; shred « sred shred B-did sred shred o sred ed shredded . . .■» sred ed shrieve v shrllv shrift n srllv shrift !). did srllv shrifted — v srllv ed shrink e srlnlc shrive. v srllv shrove v. did srllv shrunk «. did srlnk shrunk v srlzLk ed shrunken. ..v srliik ed sieve n sift silver n.. . .sllv similarity . .n . . . .smll similar t smll ik "simul-" .z slm simultane- ous t slm sine die ... .w .... sned single t -wun al singly w -wun al li singular t -wun ik sister n slstr situation ...n ... .sltr Sesl----^e- skewer n .... skulr slain V slal ed slept v .did sleep slept V sleep ed slew ■y.did slal slid ». did sUid slid V sllld ed slidden v sllld ed slung ■B.did sling slung ■» sUug ed slunk V. did slink slunk V slink ed smelt V. did smel smelt V smel ed smit V smllt ed smitten . . . .v smllt ed smote V. did smllt so k.w . .soa sodden V seedh ed sold B.did si sold « sled solution . . . .n solv somebody , ./ sum bod "somebody" ./ tee somehow. . . w smou something . / smlg sometime ..w smet somewhat, .w smot "somewhat" .p Ish somewhere w . .. . smer soon w .... soen soon after- ward -s . . .w snaard sophistry . . .n ... .saaf sough V soef sought B.did seek Bought V seek ed sow V soan sown i> soaned spake i>. did speek spat B.did spit special t spesh specification, n spef sped V. did speed sped B speed ed spelt « .did spel spelt B spel ed spent « . did spend spent V spend ed sphere n spoer sphinx n splnk spilt B.didspll spilt B spll ed spoilt B. did spoil spoilt e spoil ed spoke B . did speek spoken b speek ed sprang b. did spring spread b spred spread b . did spred spread b spred ed sprung B . did spring sprung B spring ed spun B .did spin spun B spin ed staid B. did stal staid B stal ed stank ., B . did stink stealth n stelt steel n staal stick to B kleev stole B. did steel stolen. . .:. .V steel ed stood B . did stand stood B stand ed stove B . did stalv stove B stalv ed straightway .«;. . . .strant stratum n strat strength . . . n strong strengthen .v strong strew B strul strewn b strul ed stricken v strllk ed strid V. did strlld strid B strlld ed stridden . . .b strlld ed strife n strllv striven b strllv ed strode b. did strlld strove B .did strllv strow B strul strown ® strul ed struck B. did strllk struck B strllk ed strung B. did string strung B string ed stuck B . did stlk stuck B stlked stung B . did sting stung B stlug ed stunk B. did stink stunk B stink ed "sub-" z sub subdivision .n srb such abv ch sudden t sud suffer B suf sufficiency. . n slf suffix p.. . .purd Sunday n sund 93 sundry f.t drlg sung B.did slug sung V singed sunk w. did sink sunk V sink ed super z sulpr superior . . . ( spor superlative A ..... sperl ik " superla- tive" p est superlative- ness n . . ., sperl suppose h spoaz sur a sur surely w slioor li surface n frus swam e. did swim swath n S"WOtli swathe v swaldh. sweat V swt sweat e. did S"wt sweat V svrt ed swept D. did sweep swept D s-weep ed swolen v s wl ed swore V. did swar sworn V s'war ed swum o.did S'wlm. swum V swim ed swung D. did swing swung V swing ed syllable n lb Ta'en « talk ed taken » talk ed taught « . did teecli taught 'B teech. ed tee dbv t teeth n tooth, ei "-teen" p.t . ..teen -teenth t teen ith telegraph ..n tip telephone ..n tlf tempt « tm temptation. n . . . .tm ten p.t . ..teen tenth (in order). ...t teen ith tenth (in portion), .t teen id termination, n trum terror n tr tertiary t tliree ith text n tks "-ith" p ....itli thanksgiv- ing n thang the (article)., dlie thee / diLOU theirs.... /...jgj^ggg^ I. tee sz theirs and {^^f^T" their own./... UVeTzoan ttee zoan fh.ee ez "hfee. tee ez !hee zlf sheezlf tee zlf thereby w ... .dhrb therefore ...k.w... dhrf therefrom, .w dhrm therein .. ..w dhrn thereof w dhrv thereto w dhrt these / dhls ez these and those / dhant ez ihee ez "heeez tee ez thief n thlt ur thieve o . .to thlt thieves « thJft urz thine ./... j^?**"^^' •' ( dhou oan thine (pi.). ■/ dhou zoan thing ./ thing "thing" — (an active agent).. p ....Ig " thing " — (a passive agent).. p ul " thing " — (a passive object).. jp yur third w three li third (in order). ...t three ith third (in portion), .n three id thirdly w three li thirds n . .three id ez thirst n thurs thirteen 1 . . .three teen thirty t three ti this and that./ dhant thither h.w... dhldh tho' le dhoa thorough. . .t thur thoroughly. w thur li those / dhat ez thou ./ dhou though h dhoa thought n . . a think thought v .did think thought v think ed thousand. ..t zan three sound. re thrond threw •» .did throa thrice t.w. . .three Im thrift n thrliv thriven v thrliv ed thro' z throo throughout .z throot throve r> .did thrilT thrown » throa ed Thursday . . n thurz thwack n hwak thwart » thaurt thy / dhou ea thy (pi.) / dhou sz thyself ./ dhou slf thyselves. . ./ dhou zlf 'til Tc.w.z.tU till V tilch tillage n tllch tilth n ....tllch "-tion " p shon time n tlim "time" p im 'tis V tee bee to aux.. ..to to and tvo..w torf to be sure ..w tsh today n.w . .tai together . . .k.w . .gdh told tJ-didtl told V tied tomorrow . .n.w . .trom tongs n — taung took ». did talk tore 0. did tar torn v tar ed "-tory"....p ....trl tost V. did taus tost « taus ed toward -s. . .« tord. tower n tour to wit fc.'U)...vlz " trans-" . . .a tranz transition . .n tran transitive ..t tran ik translation . n tral transmission .n . . .trat treasure n trez triennial t three yeer al trillion . . ..t yan yan triple t three pi trod i>- did tred trod . . .' B tred ed trodden v tred ed trousers n trooz truly w trul Tuesday. . . -n tooz twain t tul twelfth i . tui teen ith twelve ( . tui teen twenty t tul ti twice t.w.. .tul im 'twixt w.z. . .twlks two-or-more.n . . . .ploo two sound ..n twond "-ty" f.p...tl 94 Ubiquity. ..n ... .btk ubi supra... z blp "un-" z un unanimity .n . . . .yoem unawares ■ .w narz under t.w. z . uud underneath.w.z. . .neeth. understand- ing n .... drs union n yoon unless fc uulz until k.vi.z.tiX. unto z uut upon z pon "upon" ahv p upside z ups "-ur" ahv u ur ez p urz us / mee ez use n uis use (uze) . . .0 uls utility n yoot utter t ut utterly w ut li Vacation ...n .... valk veneration .n vren " ver" B yre verb V vrb " verbal noun" . ..p eng verily w ■■ . . vurl " verl" .. ..D vrl versus z vrz very w .... vrl vessel n ... .vsl via z vaa viz k.w.. .viz vocabulary .n ... .vob vowel n ... .voul Wake r> -walk waked n walk ed waken v walk wantonness. n . . . . wonz ward n w^aurd "-ward" .. .p WTd warm t -waurm warmth n ■waurm warrant .. ..n ... . waar was V. did bin, woz wast c.did bin, woz waxed v w^aks ed waxen t w^aks an waxen v waks ed waxen t waks ik waxy ( waks i we / mee ez wealth n wlf Wednesday .ra . . . .wnz ween v ween Welsh n — w^lch went o. did goa wept V .did weep wept o weep ed were « .did bin, woz wert J), did bin, woz wet V vrt wet T. did wi; wet o wi; ed whatever. . ./ li-wov whatsoever./ h.'WOAT whencever .ib bwns evr whenceso- ever w . .. .hwns evr whenever ..w... .bwn evr whensoever .w . . . .bwn evr whereabout.^ bwout whereabouts. w . . .bwout ez whereas Ic.w... bwaz whereat w bwat whereby . . .w b^vrrb wherefore . .Ic.w. . .bwxf wherefrom .w . . . .hwrm wherein w hwln whereof f.te. . .bwof whereon ...v> bwon whereso. . . .w bwTS wheresoever. w . . .h.'wv^r whereto — m bwrt whereunto .w hwiin whereupon .w bwurp wherever. ..w bwv wherewith. . k.w. . . h"wltb wherewithal.^ . . .h-waul whet B.did bvrt whether f.k. . .bwdh whichever . ./ bwlv whichsoever./ liwlvr whilst k.w . .hwlll whimsical ..t bwlm ik whither k.w . . .bwldb whitherso- ever w . .bwldhevr whittle . . . .« bwltl who / boo who ( solemn ) ./ bwee whoever / boov whole t boel wholly w boel li whom ./ boo whose / boo es whosoever. ./ boovr width n ... .wild wil 060 w will n wll will aux. . .wll wilst aux . . .wll wilt ■» . . to wilt wilt aux . . .w^ll wis V wis wisdom . . . .n wlz wist ■p.did wis with x^ wldb "with" 2 con withal te.z. . .dbanl within w.z. . .dbln without w dbout without z ouf wives n — wllf ez woke V walk ed woman n ... .woem women n woem ez won V. did win won t Tvln ed won't V wll not wood n wood word-sign . .« sklen wore V .did war work » . . to rant work B . . to wurk workman- ship n WTirp world n wurl worn 1) war ed worser ( WTirs er worst ( wurs est wot «. did -wis would aux. . . .v^oed wouldst . . aux. . . ."woed wound V .did "wllnd wound V wllnd ed wove « . did weev wove ■» "weev ed woven « weev ed wreath n reetb wreathe » . .to reetb wrestle . . . .0 rsl wring ■» rng write V rlt write V pn writ ».did rlt written v rlt ed wrote « .did rlt wrought . . .c .did raut wrought . . . « . did wnrk wrought . . .« raut ed wrought . . .V wTirk ed wrung V. did rng wrung « rng ed Y [euphonic] ye / dbou ez yesterday . .w yrd yon f.t.ic — yon yond /. «. M — yon yonder. . ./. t.w. . .. yon you / yee you (pi) — / yee ez your ./ yee es your (pi) — / yee sz yours / yee es yours (pi).. / yee sz yourself . . . ./ yee slf yourselves ..f yee zlf Zenith n zeent zone n zoen 95 Section 99. — Abbreviations in this Pamphlet. (Rev&rse.) A «...."a-" aa ^. ■ • "masculine" aaa ^° .. ..ah aal n awl aams n.. ..alms aard p . ."one who is", "-ard" aarf w.z. .afore aark n — arc aarp w apart aat n.f... aught ab z "ab-",from abt n abbot ad t».z."a(i-",addto aft w.z..a.ti afr fc.w.. after ag «;.... ago al article, .a, an alj n.p.. "-age", age aln A;.'w;..anon atp fc.«..ere alt pi ( . . . . octuple alt plex . . . ( — octoplex al t.p. .." pertaining to" ' ' -al " . . . . p. . . .quality alf to.z.. aloft am .... " am-" around ams w ...amiss an t.p.. "made of" "-en" apl n apple arl n — article audhr — w. .. altogether aixf t.w.z. .ofi aiift w . . .oft, often aug n August aiirk n auxiliary auld w .. .already aulp h albeit aulz k.w. .also aat v.. .. ought to B aft®. ...bii baf n behalf baft 2 abaft bak wrd. . .w . . .backward-s bar v.. . .bring forth, bare bar, did. ...... .bare, bore bar ed v — born batb V bathe baiif V befall bauf , did. .v befell bauf ed . . .v befallen be z...."be-" bee V be, exist bee ed v been bee ing v,,. .being, exist- ing beet, did ..v beat beet ed v beat, beaten bf i.w.2. .before ( in order ) bi n . ..bee bid, did., .v.. . .bade, bid bid ed 0... . bid, bidden bll z....by bill j bye blld V abide, bide blld, did . -v abode blld ed V abode bilk n — bicycle blind, did.u . . . .bound blind ed . .V bound but, did...t) bit bllt ed V bit, bitten blk n ubiquity bllch. n bilge blld, did.. ».... built blld ed v.. . .built bin aux . .am, are, art, be, been, is bin, did. ..V... .was, wast, were,wert bln'ed v been blng aux. . ' ' being " bip a. .. .ubi supra blr n bier bks k.w. .because bl n.. ..belle blal V belay blan n blandish- ment bid V behold bid, did ... V ... . beheld bid ed V — beholden bleed, did.v bled bleed ed . .tj bled blem n blemish blend ei..v blent bles ed v blest bloa, did. .v blew bloa ed. . . .r blown bm V become bm, did. ..v became bms w betimes bnd, did ..v bent bnd ed . . . .« bent bod n body bol w.z.. below bood n abode bour n bower bout w.z. .about bralk, did.'w broke bralk ed...v broken brand n breadth breed, did .v.. .bred breed ed . . u bred breef n abbreviation breev v bereave breev,did.D bereft breev ed. .« bereft, reft bref ra....abrief bren w... .by reason of bres z abreast bretb v.. . .breathe brll n.t . .brilliant bring, did. V brought bring ed. .1) brought broa w.z. .aboard brod w abroad brudbr ...n brother brudbr ez.n... brethren brup V — bear up brup, did.v bore brup ed. . .V borne bs t — bes, good bs er t.w. .better bs est t.w. .best bt, did V bet bt ed V bet bult n beauty bul p. f . ."-able", able bulcb n bulge bulp n bulb burn, did.i; burnt,burned burn ei...v — bumt.burned burs V burst burs, did..'!; burst burs ed . . .11 — burst burth V bear, birth burth, did.t). . .bare, bore burtb ed . .« born buv w.z. .above bwar V beware b"wee n buoy b"wll V buy bAvll, did..i; bought bwll ed .. .V... .bought, boughten bz k.w. .besides Ch. a6«...such cblbl n chilblain cblld, did.!; chid cblld ed.. .v.. . .chid, chidden cMlld ez . . n children ch.m / each and all of them cboo, did .V. . . .chaw, chewed cbooz,did .v.. .chose cbooz ed . .■!; chose, chosen cbst n chest ebtli / — each other D abv..."-ed" daal n. .. .dollar dar, did.. .«... .durst de z "de-"from deel, did. .v dealt deel ed v... .dealt 96 deep n. . ..depth dees n December deeth. w indeed dh. a5B..."dhe dliant /. . . dbant ez. ./. . . dres, did. .v drest dresed — v drest drlg f.t .. sundry drllv, did. K drave, drove this and that driiv ed. . .v driven . these and those . those drlng z during drinkjdid.i) drank drink ed. .r dliat ez . . ./ dliaul ■«).«. .withal dlie article . . the dlLln w.z. .within dbldli .... k.w. .thither dJiis ez . . . ./ these dlLoa k.. .. although, tho' jthough du aux. dliou ./. . . .thee, thou dbou es. . ./ thine, thy dliOTiez.../ — ye dhou oa,n..f thine dtou slf . . f thyself dliou sz...f thy ( pi.) dliout — w .. .without dliou zlf ../... . thyselves dhou zoan ./ thine ( pi.) .drunk, drunken .day after tomorrow .depredation drom w. drp n . dr 3 n — understand- ing do", does, dost, doth dwl, did ..V dwelt dwl ed , v.. ..dwelt dlirb... . ..VJ... .thereby dhrf . . . . ..k.w. , .therefore dlirm. . ...w . . . therefrom dhrn. . . ...w... ..therein dhrt . . . ...w .. .thereto E.... eb... ed... ee... een . .p.. ..p.. ..p. "feminine" , anybody ."-ed" ." objective " e'en, even eet, did . ..v ate, eat eet ed v eat, eaten eez li.. elf ez . . elz — ..w easily ..n — elves f. k.w.. else ../....any .. n.jj .." verbal were wert noun»,-ing ^i„ AiA , ^,?I ent «.... entire dig, did... r.... dug gj^^lj „... .entirely er p.... the compar- ative, -er' dhrv w .. .thereof dlirz k.w . otherwise „„ did aw.. "did", didst ^^- ■ did bin. ..v .. .was, wast, eng.. dlged V dug dil n.t).. death, to die dii, did D....died dil ed V dead diis n a die dlls ez n dice dliv, did. .« dove dlkl n pedicle dlks n dictionary, dis z...."&ia-" dist n distance dist i.w.. distant, ut dlt n diameter erm w. .. .evermore erp n aeroplane ers w erst erv «)... .everywhere erz w ever so es p..." possessive " est p.. .. the superla- tive etli /.i.. either evr w e'er, ever Si:u::::::::;-.:i=fl^ion- ^..-thepiurai dol n dye dom . . . .71.;). . .domain,-dom doo i).,.do,does,dost, F a6i;...auf, oflE" doth, to f aadbr ...n father perform f aar t.w.z. . far faar er . .t.w. doo, did...f did, didst doo ed V don6 dour n dower dps z... .despite drad w day before yesterday faf ».. ..affix draf n. ...draught fam n — family farther, further faar est ... i farthest, furthest fab n alphabet drau, did.t;.. . .drew drau ed. . .V drawn dreemjdid.'w.. .dreamt dreem e&.v.. . .dreamt faul, did..« fell faul ed — V fallen faulz t false fb n February feed, did. .v. ...fed feed V fed feel, did...« felt feeled v felt feen z in fine flf «....flve f If id n... .fifth (in por- tion) flf ith t.. . .fifth (in or- der) flind, did.D.. . .found f llnd ed . . . » found flit, did ...V fought fllted V fought f Ik J? " making " filf n.... filth flak n facility flaut n.. ..final conso- nant flee, did...t> fled flee ed v fled f lerk n reflection fill, did... «.... flew fill ed V flown fllmp n lymph fling, did .V flung fling ed. . .« flung flor n flower f los n philosophy fm n a female f m ik t feminine foald p.... "-fold" foar iA.,.n.t,v. .fourth (in portion), to quadriseot, to quarter ,foar id li . .w quarterly foar ith t fourth (in or- der,) qua- ternary foar li w fourth, fourthly foar pi ....*. . . .quadruple foar pleks.t quadruplex foar ti t forty foet ez n feet foln k finally f orb V forbear forb, did. .v forebore f orbjed v f oreborne forg V to forget forg, did. .V forgot forg ed — V forgot, for- gotten fom t foreign fors V forsake fors, did . .V forsook fors ed — v forsaken fou n fowl fr .p ..,." bearing ", "-fer" fraa h.z . .infra [nant ( front conso- frant n. . < first conso- ( nant fraz h.. . .for as much as freez, did.t) froze freez ed. ..v... .frozen f rek n — frequence Irek ik 1 frequent frem t in front frem ei. ..f.t.. .former frem. est. .i.u; . .foremost fren t inferiority frevr w forever Jridli w forthwith frif n fortification Iril, did. ..v fried friied o.... fried frlid n Friday friit V affright, fright, frighten frln z "ferninst" tring 2 fronting trip n... .friendship frod w forward, forwards fromp ....V to perform, to do Iron. / " pronoun " f rool t fruitful frooth. w forsooth f rum k furthermore frums w furthermost frus n surface Isp n footstep ftr n.r.. fetter Itil er t fewer luin n confusion ful p....full, "-ful" funk: n function furd k. . ..farther, further G o6?)..."-ig", thing garz n garrison gat V beget gat, did ...V begat gat ed V — begot, begot- ten gdlL k.w. .together gild n. . .gilt gild, did..i; gilt gild ed V gilt gin V begin gin, did . . .v — began gin ed v begun glv n gift giv, did. . .V gave giv ed V given glan t Anglo- Am. gld ed V gelt, gelded gn k.w .again gns z against gnt n gentleman gut ez n... . gentlemen 97 goa, did ...V went goa ed V gone goed t good goos ez. ...n geese gorn n organization graif V to grave, engrave gralf , did .v graved, engraved graif ed . . . 0) graven , engraven graved, engraved greef v to grieve gren n.. .gen.rec.name gres n aggression griind,did.D. . .ground grlind ed .i; ground groa n growth groa, did .v. . ..grew groa ed . . .■!; grown gt, did V got gt ed V got, gotten gurd , did . 1) girt gurd ed. . .v girt gurd ul . . . n girdle gum z regarding H a6i;..."hee" liaark v hearken, hark haarl w hardly liaav V has, hast, hath, have possess liaav, did.w had, hadst liaav ed. . .v had liaiv V behave Iialp w haply hang, did.?' — hung hanged ..v....h.\iug hav aux. have, havest has, hast, hath hav, did...?)...."had", "hadst" hd li w.. . .headlong hee / he, him hee es / his hee ez f them, they hee slf / himself hee sz / their, theirs hee zlf / — themselves hee zoan . ./ theirs, their own heer, did .v heard heered...tJ — heard heev, did.v hove hidh <.w. .hither hiid, did. .v hid hild ed — v hid, hidden hiidh n hives hiif n hyphen hlind t.w.z.hehini ( in- place ) hiind er . .t.w. .hinder hiiud est..t hindest hims n hypnotism hith w hitherto hit n health hoald,did.« held hoald ed. .V held hoed p " quality ", "-hood" hoel t whole hoel li w wholly hoo f who, whom hoo es ./ whose hoov / whoever hoovr / whosoever houh w howbeit houvr k.w. .however hrb w hereby hrf w hereafter hrn w herein hrt w hereto hui ed V hewn hun t hundred Ixw abv ...hwich h"wak n whack, thwack hwat w whereat h-waul w wherewithal h"waz k.w. .whereas h-wdh f.k. .whether h^vee / who (solemn) hTveen . ..w meanwhile, , meantime hwidh k.w. .whither hwidh-evr .w.. whitherso- ever hwiil k while, whilst hTvim ik . . i whimsical h-win w... .wherein h^with k.w . .wherewith jh-witl V whittle hwiv / — whichever h"Wivr . . . ./ whichsoever hwof ./.w. .whereof hwon w whereon hwout w whereabout h"wout ez.w whereabouts hwov ./ whatever hwovr . . . ./ whatsoever h"wrb w whereby h"WTf k.w. .wherefore h"VSTni w wherefrom hwrs w — whereso h'WTt w whereto hwt V whet h^wt, did..?) whet h"wun w whereunto hwurp . . .w whereupon h"w~v w wherever h\v~vr w.. ..wheresoever hz n hesitation 98 1... .p. ib n syllable id p.... a. sectal ig p. ..."thing", active agent lid n idea 111. j.w.." a,ye" Urn n iron lit p...."-ite" llz p...."-ize" Ik p.. Iks p.. Im p.. Ing p.. Is p 'condition " kasl n.. . .castle kum, did .i> came kum ed . ....... come kurm n . . .circumference kurs, did ...... curst, cursed kur 8 ed . . . V . . . . curst, cursed kut, did. . .V cut kut ed V cut k^waul n ... equality k-waul ik ...... equal k"waTil li . . w. . . . equally kwb n bequest .i.w. .likewise split kTvllf 7i. ...quicksilver klalv,did .v clave, cleft, kwin n. . . .continuity clove k-wln li . . .w . . . continuously klalv ed ..« cleft, cloven kwlt, did.v quit ..cast . .cast ..comma ..cost . .cost . .kept ..kept kast, did .v. kast ed .. .v.. kaum. n. kaust,did.v. kaust ed..ti. keep, did .v. keep ed. ..V. kls, did ....... .kist klsli n condition kl w alike ad jective " klalv v to cleave, to k-wllz -ics " time" -ing" -ice kleev V stick to, kwk n.. ..acquest, ac- cleave quisition klend n declension k-woath. ..«.. ..quoth kliim, did .«... dim, clomb, kwol n. ...quality Isli p. i. ."somewhat" kled n — kaleidoscope kwit ed. Isli p...."-ish" ' ' ■ ■ ' ' ist p...."-ist" It / — it, tee It es / its It ez ./ them, they Itslf ./....itself It sz /. . . . their, theirs It zlf ./ themselves it zoan /. . . . theirs and their own Ith «.p.." ordinal" Iv p — "-ive" izm p "-ism " .quit kom . J a6t»..."-ai3", age jan n. . . .January Jb n... .objection Jif t... .accusative, objective jlk n logic Jk ..n ...object Jnd n gender jnk n...'. interjection jok n jocularity jom n geometry jrl n.t.. general juf n.... justification kopi- ju.il n — July juln n....June juj n judgment juj er n — judge jukt z juxta clum kllln \! to lie down, to recline kllln, did.«....lay kllln ed . . . V lain kllm n clime kllng, did.v. . . .clung kllng ed . . « clung kllv n declivity kloadIi,dld.v. . .clad kloadb ed.v clad klon n. . ..colon klor n. . . .color km n chemistry koed am.. "could" kwon t.u).. consequently kworz. . ..n.... quartz kwrn fi inquest kwrt n. . . .request kTvt n.... quiet kwTin n conquest li a&t...."-li" lai, did. ...v.... laid laled V laid laid v.. ..lade, (load) lalded v — laden lalt er t.w.. later laltest....t latest " couldst " lang n language .n.p .combination, lant n. . . .lamentation -kom lat t behind, (in komp n. . . . comparison order ) komp ik . .t comparative lat er .f.t. .latter koms n commerce lat est .... .t.w.. la.Bt kon z "con-", with laus n.v..to lose, loss konj k conjunction laus, did.. v.. ..lost n copper laus ed v lost korp n corporation lee t.w. .little (in kors n — corse , corpse quality ) korz 74 — corps lee er t.w. .lesser kou ez n kine lee est t.w. . least koun z counter leed, did..t) lead, led kound — n account leed ed v led kour V cower leef ez n... .leaves krakr — n cracker leen , did . .ii . . . . leant kreep,did .«. . .crept leep, did ..v.. . .leapt kreep ed . .« crept leev, did. .v left krll t.ii). .accordingly leev ed v left kring k.z .. according leez k.... leastwise krit n criticism 11 p...."-ly" kroa, did .v crew lilk p.t ..like "-liik" kait n capital letter kroa ed .. -v crew, crowed lilt, did . . .v lit kan aua;.. "can", kroal t kronal lilted v lit "canst" krost z — across 111 «».... little by little kars n. . ..character kud n — cud, quid llrl n. ...liberality (sign) kum v — come, comes lis v listen, list K ahv. kaarl n.t kacb., did .11.. ."-ik" cardinal .caught catched kacb ed. . .« caught, catched kaf ez n calves 99 lit p. i.u>. .little in size liter t.w. .lesser lit est t.w. .least Ind v.. . .to lend Ind n a loan Ind, did. ..v.. . .lent Ind ed v lent load ed v laden loadli V loathe loan t.w. .alone, lone lod ..w — aloud loltr V loiter Ion z along long n length long ,1). ...to lengthen loot W.2.. aloof loos v.. . .loose, loosen loos ed....v....loo8t, loosened loth. t loth, loath Ions ez.. . .n. . ..lice Is p.t.w . ."-less", less, little in amount Is er t.w. .lesser Is est t.w . .least It, did V let It ed v.... let Itr n. . ..letter lain n — aluminum Inm n — lumber Inru, did.. v.. . .learnt H a&v...mee mal o«a;.."may ", mayst malb w... .may be malk, did.ti — made maik ed . . v. . . . made mall ik . . . ( masculine malth. n May (month) mal 1 " mal-" man ez ...n men marcli . . .n. . . .March (month) mart n. . . .market mastr . . . . ra . . . .master mang i.. . .maugre mdl V meddle mee ./ I, me mee es f mine, my mee ez..../ we, us mee slf . . ./ myself mee sz / our, ours mee zlf . . ./ ourselves mee3 w immediate meen,did.v....meant meen ed . .t; meant meer li . . .w merely meet, did .v met meet ed...D met mlb n... .polysyllable mid w.^.-amid midl n middle midz 2... .amidst, midst milt oua;.." might" mlm n.. . .minimum mlnz z minus mis z...."mis-" mlt ed V molten mlv n maleTolence mn ./.«. . .many mn foald . .{ manifold mn pi ( . . . . multiple mn pleks ..t multiplex mnt p "-ment" moa ed v mown moar p "-more" moas 1^.... almost moast . .. .p.. .."-most" mend . . . . n. . . . demonstra- tion morT" k.w . .moreover moun ....n amount mous ez . . n mice moutli.. ..V mouthe mth. V methinks mtli, did . .V methought mth. ed v methought much er..t more much est . t most mudhr ...n mother mulk n — mulct mun n. . . .money mund n.... Monday mung . . . .w.z. .among, amongst munt n month must our.." must " N o6«. .."-ing" naat ./ naught naft w hereinafter nang k.g. .notwith- standing nant n consonant narz w unawares nb / — nobody ndh t — nether neeb w.z. .beneath neel, did. .v. . . .knelt neel ed v knelt neeth w.s. .underneath nlf t ...." nomina- tive" niiz w.... nowise nlli; n.. . .nickel nilt n... .initial letter nimp ft.. ..nymph nis V to know not nlsh n punishment nit, did . . .v — knit nit ed V knit nks w.z. .neit nit n. . ..neglect nlz k.w. .nevertheless nnt 2....anent noa v.. . .know noa, did...* knew noa ed ...'.♦ known noar w.. . .nowhere noav n November nol n knowledge non » — "non-" noor k... . .oxen okt n October ond i on the other hand ont i.2. .contrary on wrd t.w. . onward oord w. ...overboard op If .<. .opposite orj i original orl t ordinal oth /. . . . anything otr B.. ..otter oud «. . . .outdo oud, did . .« outdid oud ed ■» outdone ouf a.,., without ous g., . .outside P «*«...on, 'pen, upon paan t — ponderous pal, did ...V... .paid 100 pal ed V paid pas v.. ..pass pas, did. ..V past pas ed past paz n passiveness paz iv w passive pdr n pedant peem n. . . .pantomime peen n... .penalty peeps n — people peerd n period peez n piece plkt n depiction pj n... pedagogue pkl n.. . .peculation pi «...."-foald", "-pel " plam n platinum plek ik ....t peculiar pleed, did. I;.. . . pled pleks p "-plex", "-fold " plekl t plectal plimp n plinth pllng n ploor n prld h provided prldz k.. .. provided al- vrays prll n.. ..April prlng .... z ... . providing prn n... .representa- tion pro z — "pro-" prob n probability prob ik . ..t — probable promp . ..n — promptness promp . . .V to prompt proof V prove proof, did.i) proved proof ed . .v — proven prop, did .V propt prop ed . . .V propt propr t — proper propr ns. .n propriety proiins. ..n... .pronuncia- tion prnl n.t. .particular prul li w.. . .particularly puln D.-.. .to impugn . . .palingenesis pultr n pewter . .plurality, two pulz n pulse .punctuation purchase postword, suffix purz n — person purz al . . .w.. . .personal pung purcli purd.. .p. or more ploor ik . . .« — plural ploos ik. . .< — pellucid pn v.. ..to pen, (to write) pug z pending pns ez ....n- ..pence pnt V to pen up put, HA...V penned, pent R abv..."-er' put ed V. . . penned, pent radh. k.w.. rather pobl t possible poen n pudding poet V put poet, did..v — put poet ed V put poin t poignant polz n policy pon z — upon poou n. . . . harpoon pos n. . ..possession pos D. . . . to possess, to have pos ik t possessive posh. n.. ..part-of- speeeh poun ti. . . . to impound pour n power poz 71.. . . positiveness poz ik t — positive prad . rams n ramification ran j v — arrange rap, did. . .v.. . .rapt raped v — rapt raul n reality rani li — w . . .really raut V to work rant, did..i). • . .wrought raut ed «... .wrought re 2 "re-" reed, did. .•« read reed ed . . .v read reeth. ..... w wreath reeth. v to wreathe reev v reeve reev, did .v rove reev ed ....... .rove, roven rg n regularity rg ik t — jegular .perad venture ri p " place pralz n — paralysis _ pran n approbation pranch.. . .w perchance praps w — perhaps pre w.z.."pre-",be- fore(intime)rlld, did . .v — rode preft z...." prefix" rlid ed — v — ridden prens ....n.... pretense rllv ed ....v.... riven where ' ricli n riches rid, did . . .v rid rid ed v rid rldh. n — rhythm rllz v.. ..arise, rise riiz, did . .v... .arose, rose rilz ed — v.. .. arisen, risen ring, did. .v — rang, rung ring ed v.. . .rung rip, did . ..v ript rlt I). ... to write rlt, did v.. . .wrote, writ rlt ed v.. . .written rl n.. .relation rl iv t — relative rip n relationship rnd, did ..v rent rnd ed — v — rent rng V wring rng, did ..v wrung rng ed — v wrung roim n. . . . rhomb roosh. ».... rouge rot, did . ..V rotted rot ed v.. . .rotten roun .2.... 'round, around rpl t — repetal rsp «.. ..recipt rsl V wrestle rt z... ."retro-" run, did ..v... ran, run run ed ....ti....run S abv..."-es" saaf n sophistry sal, did . ..V said sal ed V said saing k saving sanz z. . . . sans satr n Saturday sau ed ....v.... sawn sd /....said see, did ...v... .saw see ed v seen seecb. v. .. beseech seech., did ..v... besought seech. ei..v besought seedh ed ..■».. . sodden seek, did. .v. . . .sought seek ed . . .v... .sought seeng k.v. .seeing seeth v.. , .cede s£ t seven sf teen t seventeen sf ti t.... seventy sh a6v..."shee" shalk, did.v shook shalk ei..v — shaken shalp ed . .« shapen shalv ed . . V shaven shal cttta;. "shall", shalt shd, did ..V shed shd ed V shed shee / — she shee f — her (obj.) shee es . . ./ — her(pos.)her 101 sliee ez . . ./.... them, they sliee slf . . ./ — herself sh.ee sz / — their, theirs sliee zlf . .•/.... themselves sliee zoan ./ — theirs, their sheer ed . . v shorn [own sheetli .. .V to sheache shiiu, did.v — shone sta-iin ed . . v shone sUkl n shekel sblf ra.... shelf sbU V to shelve shoa v.... show, shew shoa ed .. .v.. . shewn, shown Slioed ....otta;.." should", shouldst shon p "-tion" shoo, did -v. . ..shod shoo ed . . . V shod shoor li ..w surely shoorn ...n insurance shoot, did.v shot shoot ed. .V shot shour n shower shrd w assuredly sld z — inside sif n sufficiency sift n sieve slip V participle silv n — silver slm t.v. .simultaneous sing, did -v sang, sung sing ed — v sung sixLk, did. .v — sank, sunk sink ed . . . V — sunk slstr n sister sitr n — situation sit, did ....V sat sit ed V sat ski t sectal sklaim ...n exclamation {skeleton- outlines, word-sign sknir n — skewer si, did V — sold si ed V sold slai, did. . .V slew slaied v slain slaim / — selfsame slan z aslant slar n cellar sleep, did .v slept sleep ed . .v — slept slen n sel. aggn. sllid, did .V slid sllid ed . ..V slid, slidden sling, did.i; slung sling ed. ..v slung slink, did.v slunk slink ed . .v.. . .slunk slom w... .seldom smel, did .v.. ..smelt smel ed . . .V smelt smer w somewhere sred ed....v.. ..shred, sinet w — sometime shredded smig / — something sriiv n shrift smiit, did.t) — smote sriiv v shrieve, smilt ed ..v — smit, smitten shrive smil n similarity sriiv, did . y. . . .shrift, shrove sriiv ed...?) shrifted smil ik 1 similar smin n. . . .semicolon smot. . . . .w. . . somewhat smou — .w. . . somehow snaard . , ,.w. , . . soon after- ward-s sud, did . ..v.. ..sent snd ed . . ..v.. ..sent sned ..w.. . . sine die STik n — conception snt n cent snus ik . ..t sensuous snz n sentence soan V... .sow soan ed . ..V sown soef V to sough solv n.. . . solution speed, did.-!) sped speed ed..v sped speek,did.i) — spake, spoke steel, did .v. speek ed..v spoken steel ed. ..v srink v shrink srink, did.w. . . .shrank, shrunk srink ed . .« shrunk, shrunken srl / several srt t — certain srt li w — certainly ssr t — necessary St, did v.. . .set St ed V set staal «.. . .steel stai, did ..v staid stai ed v... . staid staiv, did.-!) stove staiv ed. ..v — stove stand, did.j) stood stand ed . .v.. ..stood . . stole . . .stolen spef n specification stelt n stealth spel, did. .V spelt speied — V spelt spend, did.v.. . .spent spend ed..v spent speng z respecting sperl sperl ik , spesh ... spesh li . spil, did , .superlative- ness ..superlative ..especial, special ..especially .spilt spil ed V spilt spin, did .V spun spin ed . ..v spun spink n sphinx spit, did ..V spat, spit spit ed V spit spoaz k suppose spoer n sphere spoil, .did .V spoilt spoil ed...v — spoilt spor t superior spred, did.v spread spred ed . .t! — spread sprait t separate sprait li ..w... separately sprent . ..n. spring, did. V experiment sprang, sprung sprung stich V sew stid i — instead stik, did ..V... .stuck stlk ed — V — stuck sting, did.v stung sting ed ..V stung stink, did.v stank, stunk stink ed ..V stunk stl V settle straa w.z.. extra strat n.. . stratum straut — w straightway striih V bestride striib,did.-y. . ..bestrid, be- strode striib ed..v bestrid, be- stridden striidjdid.t) strid, strode striid ed. .v strid, stridden striik,did.v struck striik ed . . V. . . . struck, stricken striiv n strife striiVjdid.v strove striiv ed..v striven string,did.'y. . .strung spring ed. v. spt n September srb n subdivision sred ii shred sred, did .v shred stringed.?), strong ...n. strong .. .v.. . strung . . strength ..to strengthen strui t)....to strew, to strow strui ed. ..v strewn, strown sub 2 — "sub-" sud t — sudden 102 suf «... STilpr z... sulr n.. . suud n... sum bod ../... sur X... surk n.. . surl n . . . svr v.. . svraidli ...... swaks — n. .. STvar, did.ti.. . s'war ed. ...... S"weep,did.9. . sweep ed.v... S'wiTna.,iid.v... S"wiirL ed . .v. .. s^v^iiig,did ■¥. . swing ed .».. . s wl ed — » . . . s^wotli — n.. . S'vrr VI... STrfc, did . .v.. . S"wi; ed v... sz p.. . T a6«.. tacli V... tai n.t» talk, did..t).. . talk ed — v... tar, did .. .v.. . tared v... tath. n.. . tauug — n.. . taus, did .v. . . taus ed ....... tee /. . . .suffer tlift V. . ..to thieve, to super steal sewer th.f t ur — n. . . . thief .Sunday tlif t urz . . . n thieves . somebody think — n. . . . a thought . sur th.ink, did.t; . . . .thought . circus think ed . . « thought . circle thort z athwart sever three id . .n.t ..third (in . swathe portion) beeswax three id ez.n. . .thirds .«wore three im. .<.«).. thrice .sworn three ith. .t.. . .third (in or- . swept der), ter- . swept tiary .swam, swum three li ...w.. third, thirdly .swum . swung . swung .swollen . swath .elsewhere . sweat . sweat ,"sez",pl. poss. three pi . .t. three teen.i. three ti . . . t . . threeyeerai.i . thrliv n. . thriiVjdid.v. thriiv ed .?). . throa,did.i).. throa ed. .v. . thrond. ..n.. throo z .. . triple .thirteen . thirty . triennial .thrift . throve , .thriven . threw ..thrown . three-sound .thro', through it, "tee" attach today took ta'en, taken tore torn metathesis tongi .tost tost ■it, "one", "person" tliroot z throughout thur t thorough thur li w. . .thoroughly thnrs n ... thirst thurz n.. .Thursday ti p ..." cardinal ", "-ty" tieh * — adjective tid V betide tid, did .. .V betid tld ed V betid tig t.z. . .contiguous til k.w.z. until, 'til tilch n .. . tillage, tilth .ntilch V to till tee bee...f. tee es /. tee ez — ./. "somebody"-—;;;;;-;;;;—^ .'tis .its tee slf . . . tee sz tee zlf — tee zoan . . . them, they, people .itself teech, did.ti.. teeched..».. teen p.t teen id (.. tks n . . .text tl, did V told tied V — told tlf n .. .telephone , . ^, . tip n.. .telegraph ■ • their, theirs tm n . . . temptation ..themselves tm u.. ..to tempt . .theirs, their tnk n . . .contents own to oua;."to" . . taught tooth ez ... n ... teeth ..taught tooz n... Tuesday .ten, "-teen " tord z... .toward, towards teen ith. th. abv. thang n.. thaurt ...v.. .tenth (in portion ) torf w. .tenth ( in tour n . order) tr n . "-teenth"traa k.z ."-ith" tral n. . thanksgiving tran n. . .thwart tranik — t. ..to and fro .tower .terror .contra . .translation .transition , transitive tranz »..,." trans-" trat n, .. .transmission tred, did. .■» trod tred ed . . .* trod, trodden trez n ... treasure tri p. .. "-tory " trln n . . .infantry trls n . . .electricity trog n. . . interrogatioM trom n.w .tomorrow trooz n . . .trousers trul w.. .truly trum n . .. termination ts abn. .."-est" tsh w . . ." to-be-sure" tul t twain, two tui al t ... dual ( kronal ) tulid. . . .n.t.v. . half , to bisect, to halve tul id ez. . .n .. .halves tul im t.w. .twice tul ith t second, sec- ondary tul li w. . .second, secondly, secondarily tul pi t.. ..double, dual tul pi li . . .w. . .doubly tul pleks ...... .duplex tul teen ...t twelve tui teen ith. « twelfth tul ti ( twenty tui yeer al.t — biennial tween ....... . .atween, be- tween twlks w.«.'twixt,atwixt, betwixt twlsh . . . .n . . .intuition t'wond....n. ..two-sound tTvrd w ... afterward, -i XJ.. a6«..."-ur" ub z abutting udh / other uls V use (uze) ul p ...a "thing", passive agent um p.. . an " object " un z " un-" und t.w.z.xxndev unt z — unto ups z — upside ur n.p. "-or" and "-er" url w ...early urs n ...bear urz p.. . ur ez ut e . . . . utter, distant ut li w . . .utterly T a5»..."0T" vaa 2 — via 103 Tad vaik . . . vid vlidz . . . Tildz . . . vlng . . . vlrd viz vl vob . . . "voiik.. ...n . . . .n. . . . .n. ..n . . ..v.. . . .aux. . .n . . .k.w .n . . n. .n . adventure vacation ."vid-", in- dividual .advice . to advise ."having" .diversion , as follows, namely, viz, .evil weev, did.v weev ed ..v. wg w . . wib n. . . ■wild n . . "will ez n. . ■wilndjdid.v . . "wiinded. -v.. ■wil n . . ■wll aux towit wil not v . . ■win, did ..v. . VOTll - vr Txb V. vren n. vri w . srrl V. TTZ vs vsi vur . . . vurg . . Turk . . vurl .. "VTirn . . ■VTirp.. . . .z. ...n . . . .n. . . .n . ...w , W waar . walk. .abv. . .n. ..V . . vocabulary ^vin ed v. . . .inconven- wis v .. ience .vowel wis, did ..v.. ." ver", verb form wis ed v . . . .verb wiz n . . . veneration wlcli n. . .very wlf n . . ."verl", verb"woem. n. . . form woem. ez. .n . . .versus wnz n.. . investigation woed aux .vessel .every wonz n . .everything woz c .overcoat .verily .everyone 'wrb w... . every person , wrd p . . everybody wt, did — v.. wi; ed V . . wun al — t... wun al li. .w. . wun ik t... WTin im ...<.. . wun ith ...<.. . . wove yar w .. . anywhere wove, woven yee / you .away yee es /. . . .your, yours monosylla- yee ez /. . . .you ( pi.) [bleyee slf /....yourself yee sz / your, yours, (plural ) yee zlf / yourselves yeer al .. .i... .annual wilt yoem n ... unanimity yon f.t.w .yon, yond, yonder yoof n. . . euphony, "y" yoon n... union yoot n ... utility yor k.. ."or" (disj.) you w .. .anyhow yrd w. . .yesterday yuir n .. .ewer yum n. . . idiom yund z beyond .width .wives .wound . wound .will ."will'' .wont .won won . to know, to wis .wist, knew, wot . known wisdom . welsh .wealth woman yur p . .women .Wednesday ."would", wouldst . .wantonness .was, did bin , Z abv wast, were, zad w . wert adverb ."-ward ' a thing which is ", a passive object .)) ."-ez' . aside zaj n. . .exaggeration zam n ... examination zan {. . . .thousand ■waLk, did.?; ■walked...t> walz 10 . "waks an . . < . . waks ed ..v. waks i — t.. "wak8ik...«.. war, did ..v. w^ar ed v . -veaurd — n. waurm. . .n . ween v.. ■weep, did.?) . ■weep ed . .v. . ."wil" . warrant .to wake, awake, awaken, waken WTin li w. .awaked, awoke . awaked , ■vrun teen . t . . awakened, wunteenith .t. waked, "WTins w . woke -wurk, did.w . , . always ■wurk ed . . « . , . waxen "wurl n . .waxen, waxed -wurp n. .waxy . waxen .wore .worn . ward .warmth weeri .wept wept .wet zanyan..i billion .wet zeent n... zenith .single zild z beside .singly zll n . . .exhilaration . singular zing k.. . considering . once zisti ^ preposition .first, primal, zist «> ...to exist, to be primary zist ing. . ..v.. ..existing, ■wurs est..t. •vrors er...t. ..first, firstly, primarily, zlf primally zn, . . eleven ..eleventh . .once . .wrought . wrought . .world . . workman ..worst [ship zosh. .p.t yan : t. yanyan-.t. ."euphonic letter" .million .trillion being plural" -self" growing, "-zn" i.z.. excepting ,10 .2.. absent ./.p . . plural"-oan", own .zone .eftsoon . proposition .k.z . .except .k.z . .concerning zt V. . . .beset zt, did V — beset zt ed V — beset zump n.. .presumption zun w.. .asunder zng. znt.. zoan zoen zoon. ■f-P- .p.. ..w . . .n. zp zrn 104 Sec. 100. English Monosyllables. The following list comprises all of the monosyllables of the English language except names of places or persons ; or of natural objects not generally known, such as birds, fish, etc. There have been also omitted foreign words, seldom used; also slang and words wholly obsolete. The omissions, however, are but few. Every useful English monosyllable that is a language word has been retained, and it has been spelled in Glan ik, according to best usage. Upon page 18 hereof will be found the vowel sounds by which the Glan ik trans- lation of these monosyllables are to be pronounced. 105 Ace aia ache ailE act akt add ad adze adz aft aft age aij ah aaa aid aid ail ail aim aim. air ar aisle iil ale ail all aul and and ant aant ape aip apt apt arc aark arch aarch ark ark arm aarm art...(n)...aart as az ash ash ask ask asp asp ass as at at aunt ant awe au axe aks Babe baib back bak bad bad badge baj bag bag bail bail bait bait baize baiz bake baik bald bauld bale bail balk bank ball baul balm baam ban ban band band bane bain bang bang bank bank banns banz bar baar barb baarb bard baard barge baarj bark baark barn baam base bais bask bask bass baas bass bas baste baist bat bat batch bach bate bait bath bath bawd baud bawl baul bay bai beach beech bead beed beak beek beal beel beam beem bean been bear.. .(«).. .bar beard beerd beast beest beat beet beau boa beck bk bed bd beech beech beef beef beer beer beet beet beeve beev beg bg belch blch bell bl belle bl belt bit bench bnch bend bnd bent...(ji)...bnt berg brg berme burm berth brth bet bt bid bib bid. ..(n)... -bid bide biid big big bile biil bilk bilk bill bil bin bin biud blind birch burch bird burd birth burth. bit bit bitch bich bite biit bitt bit blab blab black blak blade blaid blame blaim blanch blanch bland bland blank blank blare blar blast blast blaze blaiz bleach bleech bleak bleek blear bleer bleat bleet bleed bleed blench blench blend blend bless bles blet blet blight bliit blind bliind blink blink bliss blis blithe bliidh bloat bloat block blok blonde blond blood blud bloom bloom blot blot blotch bloch blouse blous blow bloa blue blui bluff bluf blunt blunt blur blur blurt blurt blush blush. boar boar board board boast boast boat boat bode boad bog bog boil boil bold boald bole boal boll boal bolt boalt bomb bom bond bond bone boan book boek boom boom boon boon boor boor boost boost boot boot booth boodh. bore boar bosh bosh boss baus bot bot botch boch both boath bough bou bounce bouns bound bound bourn boam bout bout bow boa bow bou bowl boal box boks boy boi brace brais brack brak bract brakt brad brad brag brag braid braid brail brail brain brain brake braik bran bran branch branch. brand brand brash brash. brass bras 106 brat brat brave braiv brawl braul brawn braun bray brai braze braiz breach breech bread bred break braik breast brest breath breth. breeoh braeeh, breed breed breeze breez breve breev brew brui bribe briib brick brik bribe briid bridge brij brief breef brig brig bright briit brim brim- brine briin bring bring brink brink brisk brisk broach broach broad braud brogue broag broil broil broke break brooch brooch brood brood brook broek broom broem broth brauth brow brou brown broun browse brouz braise bruiz brunt brunt brush brush brusque. -..brusk brute bruit buck buk bud bud budge buj bufE bui bug bug build bUd bulk bulk bull boel bump bump bun bun bunch bunch bung bung bunk bunk bunn bun bunt bunt buoy bwee burg burg burl burl burn burn burr bur burse burs bush boesh buss bus bust bust but but butt... but buzz .buz by bii Oab kab cad kad cache kaash cage kaij cairn karn cake kaik calf kaf calk kauk call kaul calm kaam cam kam camp kamp can...(7i)...kan cane kain cant kant cap kap cape kaip car kaar card kaard care kar cark kaark carp kaarp cart kaart carve kaarv case kais cash kash cask kask cast kast cat kat catch kach cause kauz cave kaiv caw kau cease sees ceil seel cell si eelt sit cent snt chafe chaif chaff chaf chain chain chair char chaise shaiz chalk chauk champ champ chance chans change chainj chant chant chap chap char ohaar charge chaar j charm chaarm chart chaart chase chaia chasm kazm chaste chaist chat chat cheap cheep cheat cheet check chk cheek cheek cheer cheer cheese cheez chef shf chert churt chess chs chest chst chew choc chick chik chide child chief. cheef child chUld chill chil chimb chiim chime chiim chin chin chinch chinch chine chiin chink chink chintz chins chip chip chirp churp chit chit chock chok choice chois choir kwiir choke choak choose chooz chop chop chord kord chose.. (n)..shoaz chore choar chrism krizm chrome kroam chub chub chuck chuk chum chum chump chump church church churl churl churn churn chute shuit chyle kill chyme kiim cinch sinch cite siit clack klak claim klaim clam klam. clamp klamp clan klan clang klang clank klank clap klap clash klash clasp klasp class klas clause klauz claw klau clay klai clean kleen cleanse klenz clear kleer cleat kleet cleave kleev clef kief cleft... (7i)...kleft clerk klurk clew klui click klik cliff klif climb kliitti clinch klinch 107 cling kling clink klink clip klip clique kleek cloak kloak Clock klok clod klod clog klog close kloas close.. (B)...kloaz clot klot cloth kloth clothe kloadh cloud kloud clout klout clove.. (n)..kloav clown kloun cloy kloi club klub cluck kluk clue klui clump klump clutch klucli coach koach. coal koal coarse koars coast koast coat koat coax koaks cob kob cock kok cod kod code koad cog kog coif koif coil koil coin .........koin coke koak cold koald colt koalt comb koam come kum conch konk cone koan coo koo cook koek cool kool coom koom coon koon coop koop cope koap copse kops cord kord core koar cork kork corn korn corse kors cost...(n)...kaust cot kot couch kouoh cough kauf could koed count kount course koars court koajt cove koav cow kou covsfl koul coy koi crab krab crack krak craft kraft crag krag cram kram cramp kr amp crane krain crank krank crape kraip crash krash. crate krait crave kraiv cravr krau crawl kraul craze kraiz creak kreek cream kreem crease kreeB creed kreed creek kreek creep kreep cress kres crest kreet crew.. (ra)...krui crib krib crick krik crime kriim crimp krimp cringe krinj crisp kriap croak kroak crock krok croft kroft crone kroan crook kroek croon kroon crop krop cross kraus crotch kroch, crouch krouch. croop kroop crow kroa crowd kroud crown kroun crude kruid cruise kruiz crumb krum crunch krunch cruse kruis crush krusli crust kruBt crutch kruch cry krii crypt kript cub kub cube kuib cud kud cue kui cuff kuf cull kul culm kulm cult kult cup kup cur kur curb kurb curd kurd cure kuir curl kurl curse kurs curt burt curve kurv cut kut cute kuit cyme siim cyst sist czar zaar Dab dab dad dad daft daft dale dail dam dam dame daim damn dam damp damp dance dans dane dain dank dank dare dar darn dsarn dark daark dart daart dash dash date dait daub daub daunt.. "...daunt dawn daun day dai daze daiz deaf df deal desl dean deen dear deer dearth durth. debt dt deck dk deed deed deem deem deep deep deer deer deft dft deign dain delf dll dell dl delve dlv den dn dense dns dent dnt desk dsk deuce duis dew dui die....(i))....dii dig dig dike diik dim dim dime diim din din dine diin ding ding dint dint dip dip dire diir dirge durj dirk durk dirt durt dish dish disk disk ditch dich dire diir 108 do doo dock dob dodge doj doflE dof dog dog doge doaj dole doal doll do! dolt doalt dome doam don don doom doom door doar dose doas dot dot dote doat doubt dout dough doa douse douB dove-..(n)...duv down doun doze doaz drab drab draft draft drag drag drain draiu drake draik dram dram drape draip draw drau drawl draul dray drai dread dred dream dreem drear dreer dredge drej dreg dreg drench drench dress dres drib drib drift drift drill dril drink drink drip drip drive driiv droll droal drone droa.n drool drool droop droop drop drop dross draus drought.... drout drouth drouth drown droun drowse drouz drove . .(n). . droav drub drub drudge druj drug drug drum drum drunk..(w).-drunk drupe druip dry drii dub dub duck duk duct dukt dud dud dude duid due dui duke duik dull dul dumb dum dump dump dun dun dunce duns dune duin dung dung dupe duip dusk dusk dust dust dutch duch dwarf dwaurf dwell dwl dyke diik Each, ear.... earl... ..eech ,.eer ..erl earn urn earth urth ease oez east eest eat eet eave eev ebb eb edge ej eel eel egg eg eight... ait eke eek elf elf elk elk ell el elm elm end end ere air err ur etch ech eve eev ewe ui eye ii Feuse fais fact fakt fad fad fade faid fag fag fail fail fain fain faint faint fair far faith faith fake faik fall faul fame faim fan fan fane fain fang fang far faar farce faars fare far farm faarm fast fast fat fat fate fait fault fault fawn faun fay fal fear feer feast feest feat feet fee fee feed feed feel feel feign fain feint faint fell fl felt fit fen fn fence fna fend fnd fern fum fetch fch fete fait feud fuid few fui fib fib fie fli fief feef field feeld fiend feend fierce feers fife fiif fig fig fight flit filch filch file flil fill fll film. film fin fin finch finch find fiind fine fiin fir fur fire fiir firm furm fish fish fist fist fit fit fix fiks fizz fiz fiag flag flail flail flake flaik flame flaim flange flanj flank flank flap flap flare flar flash flash flask flask flat flat flaunt flaunt flaw flau flax flaks flay flat flea flee fleam fleem fleck flek fledge flej flee flee fleece flees fleer fleer fleet fleet fiesh flesh fiex fleks flight fliit flinch flinch 109 fling fling flint flint flip flip flirt flurt flit flit flitch flich float float flock flok floe floa flog flog flood flud floor floar flop flop floss flaus flounce flouns flour flour flout flout flow floa flue flui fluff fluf fluke fluik flume fluim flunk flunk flush flush. flute fluit flux fluks fly flii foal foal foam foam fob fob foe foa fog fog foil foU foist foist fold foald folk foak fond fond font font food food fool fool foot foet fop fop for for force foars ford foard fore foar forge for] fork fork form form fort foart forth foarth, foul foul found found fount fount four foar fox foks frail frail frame fraim frank frank fraud fraud fraught fraut fray frai freak freek free free freeze freez freight frait french french fresh fresh fret fret friend frend frieze freez fright friit frill fril fringe frinj frisk frisk frith frith frizz friz fro froa frock frok frog frog from from frond frond front frunt frore froar frost fraust froth froth frown froun fruit froot fry frii fudge fuj fugue fuig full foel fume fuim fun fun fund fund fur fur furl furl furze furz fuse fuiz fuss fus fuzz fuz Gab . gad... .gab •gad ,.gaf •gag gag... gain gain gait gait gail gail gall g.anl game gaim gang- gap... gape., garb., gas.... ..gang ..gap •gaip ..gaarb •gas ..gash gasp gasp gate gait gauge gai] gaul gaul gaunt gaunt ..gauz .gauk gauze.. gauk... gay .gai gaze gaiz gear geer geld gld gem jm germ jrm get gt ghost goast ghoul gool gibe jiib gig gig gild gild gill gil gill jil gimp gimp gin jin gird gurd girl gurl girth gurth gist jist give giv glad glad glade glaid glance glans gland gland glare glar glass glas glaze glaiz gleam gleem glean gleen glebe gleeb glee glee gleed gleed gleet gleet glen glen glib gUb glide gliid glimpse glims glint glint gloam gloam gloat gloat globe gloab gloom gloom gloss glaus glove gluv glow gloa glue glui glum glum glut glut glyph glif gnarl naarl gnash nash gnat nat gnaw nau gneiss nils go go» goad goad goat goat goal goal gob gob god god gold goald goK gof gong gong good goed goose goos gore goar gorge gorj goth goth gouge gouj gourd goard gout gout gown goun grab gnrab grace grais grade graid graft graft grail grail grain gn^ain grand grand gran ge g:r ainj grant grant grape graip grasp grasp 110 grass gras grate grait grave..(re)...graiv grave..(t)...gTaiv graze graiz grease grees great grait greed greed greek greek green green greet greet grey grai gride griid grief greef grill gril grim g^im grime griim grin grin grind griind grip grip gripe griip grippe grip grist grist grit grit groan groan groat groat grog grog groin groin groom groom groove groov grope groap gross groas grot grot ground ground group groop grouse grous grout grout grove groav grow groa growl groul grub grub grudge gruj gruff gruf grum grum grunt grunt guard gaard guess gs guest gst guide giid guild gild guile griil guilt gilt guise giiz gulch gulcb gulf gulf gull gul gulp gulp gum gum gump gump gun gun gush gush. gust gust gut gut guy gii Hack hak haft haft hag hag hah haa hail hail hair har hale hail hall haul halt hault ham ham hame haim hand hand hang hang hank hank hap hap hard haard hare har hark haark harm ........haarm harp haarp harsh haarah hart haart hash hash hasp hasp haste haist hat hat hatch hach hate hait haul haul haunch haunch haunt haunt have hav haw hau hawk hauk hay hai haze haiz he he« head hd heal heel heap heep hear heer hearse hurs heart haart hearth haarth heat heet heath heeth heave heer hedge hj heed heed heel heel heft hft height hiit heir ar hell hi helm him help hip helve hlv hem hm hemp hmp hen hn hence hna herb urb herd hurd here heer hew hui hide hiid hie hii high hii hill hU hilt hilt hind hiind hinge hlnj hint hint hip hip hire hiir hiss his hist hist hit hit hitch hioh hive hiiv hoar hoar hoard hoard hoarse hoars hoax hoaks hob hob hock hok hod hod hoe hoa hog hog hoist hoist hold hoald hole hoal home hoam hone hoan hood hoed hoof hoef hook hoek hoop hoep hoot hoot hop hop hops hops hope hoap horde hoard horn horn horse hors hose hoaz host hoast hot hot hound hound hour our house hous how hou howl houl hub hub hue hui huff. huf hug hug huge huij hulk hulk hull hui hum hum hump hump hunch hunch hunk hunk hunt hunt hurl hurl hurt hurt hush hush husk husk hut hut hymn him Ice iis if if ilk ilk ill U imp imp in in inch inch ink ink inn in ire iir isle ill Ill itch ich Jab jab jack jak jade jaid jag jag jail jail jam jam jamb jam jar jaar jaunt jaant jaw jau jay jai jeans jeenz jeer jesr jerk jurk jest jst jet jt jew jui jib jib jibe jiib jig jig jilt jilt job job jog joe join join joint joint joist joist joke joak jolt joalt jot jot jounce jouns jowl joal joy joi judge juj jug jug juice juis jump jump June join junk junk just just jut jut jute juit Elale kail kedge kj keel keel keen keen keep keep keg kg; kelp kip ken kn kerf krf key kea kick kik kid kid kill kil kiln kil kilt kilt kin kin kind kiind king king kink kink kip kip kirk kirk kiss kiB kit kit kite .....kiit kith kith knab nab knack nak knag nag knave naiv knead need knee nee kneel neel knell nl knife niif knight niit knit nit knob nob knock nok knoll noal knot not knout nout know noa knurl nurl kythe kiidb Lace lais lack lak lad lad lag lag lair lar lake laik lamb lam lame laim lamp lamp lance lans land land lane lain lank lank lap lap lapse laps larch laarch lai'd laard large laarj lark laark lash lash lass laa last. ..(n)... last latch lach late lait lath lath lathe, laidh laud laud laugh laf launch launch lave laiv law lau lawn laun lax laks lay lai lea leo leach leech lead...(n)...ld lead...(n)...leed lead...(t))...leed leaf leef league leeg leak leek leal .....leel lean leen leap leep learn lurn lease lees leash leesh leave leev ledge Ij leech leech leek leek leer leer lees leez left 1ft leg Ig lend Ind lens Inz lent...(n)...lnt less Is lest Ist let It lewd luid lick lik lid lid lie Ill lief laef liege leej lieu lui life liif lift lift light hit like liik lilt lilt limb lim lime liim. limp limp line liin link link lint lint lip lip lisp lisp list ....list lithe liidh live liv live liiv load load loaf loaf loam loam loathe loadh lobe loab lock lok lode load lodge loj loft loft log log loin loin loll lol lone loan long long look loek loom loom loon loon loop loop loose loos loot loot lop lop lord lord lore loar lorn lorn loss laus lot lot loth loth loud loud lounge lounj louse lous lout lout love luv low loa 112 luck Ink lufiE luf lug lug lull lul lump lump lunch lunch lung lung lunge lunj lurch lurch lure luir lurk lurk lush lush lust lust lute luit lye lit lynch Unoh lyre liir Ma maa mace mais mad mad maid maid mail mail maim maim main main maize maiz make maik male mail malt mault man man mane main mange mainj map map mar maar march maarch mare mar marge maarj mai'k maarJE marl maarl mars maarz marsh maarsh mart maart mash mash mask mask mass mas mast mast mat mat match mach mate mait maul maul mauve moav maw mau may mai maze maiz me mee meal meel mean meen means meenz meat meet meed meed meek meek meet meet melt mlt mend mnd mere meer merge murj mesh msh mess ms mete meet mew mui mid mid midge mij mien meen mifE mif might milt mild miild mile mill milk mUk mill mil milt milt mime miim mince mins mind miind mine..(n)...miin mink mink mint mint mire miir mirth murth miss mis mist mist mit mit mite miit mix miks moan moan moat moat mob mob mock mok mode moad moil moil moist moist mold moald mole moal molt moalt monk monk mood mood moon moon moor moor moose moos moot moot mop mop mope moap more moar morgue morg morn morn mosque mosk moss maus most moast mote moat moth moth mould moald moult moalt mound mound mount mount mourn moarn mouse mous mouth mouth move moov mow moa mow mou much much muck muk mud mud muff muf mug mug mulch mulch mule muil mull mul mum mum mumps mums munch munch murk murk muse muiz mush mush musk musk muss mus must must mute ruuit mux muks myrrh mur myth mith Nag nag nail nail name naim nap nap nape naip nave naiv nay nai neap neep near neer neat neet neck nk need need needs needz neigh nai nerve nurv nest nst net nt new nui news nuiz nib nib nice nils niche nioh nick nik niece nees nigh nil night nlit nill nil nine niin nip nip nit nit no noa nod nod node noad noise noiz none nun nook noek noon noon noose.. .....noos nor nor norse nors north north nose noaz not not notch noch note noat noun noun now nou nub nub nude nuid nudge nuj null nul numb num nun nun nurse nurs nut nut Oak oak 113 oar oar oat oat oath oath odd od odds odz ode oad of ov off aui oft auft ohm oam oil oil old oald on on once wuns one vnin ooze ooz ope oap or or orb orb ore oar ouch ouch ought (to).aut ounce ouns oust oust out out owe oa owl oul own oan ox oks Pa paa pace pals pack pak pact pakt pad pad page paij pail pail pain pain paint paint pair par pale.. pail pall paul palm .paam pan pan pane pain pang pang pant pant pap pap par paar parch paarch pard paard pare par park... parse . part... ..paark ..paars ..paart pass pas past...(n)...past paste paist pat pat patch pach pate pait path path paunch paunch pause pauz pave paiv paw pau pawn paun pay pal pea pee peace pees peach peech peak peek psal peel paar par pearl purl peat peet peck pk peel peel peep peep peer peer peg pgr pelf pM pelt pit pen pn pend -pnd per pr perch prch pert prt pest pst pet pt pew pui phase iaiz phlegm .. .flem phrase fraiz pick pik pie pii pied piid pier peer pierce peers pig pig pike piik pile piil piles piilz pill pin pinch- ..pU ..pin ..pinch pine pun pink pink pint piint pipe piip pit pit pitch pich pith pith place plais plague plaig plaid plad plain plain plaint plaint plait plait plan plan plane plain plank plank plant plant plash plash plat plat plate plait play plai plea plee plead pleed please pleez pleat pleet pledge plej plight pliit plod plod plot plot plow plou pluck pluk plug plug plum plum plumb plum plume pluim plump plump plunge plunj plus plus plush plush ply plii poach poach pock pok pod pod point point poise poiz poke poak pole poal poll poal pond pond pone poan pomp pomp pool pool poor poor pop pop pope...' poap porch poarch pore poar pork poark port poart pose poaz post poast pot pot pouch pouch pounce pouns pound pound pour poar pout pout poi poks praise praiz prance prans prank prank prate prait pray prai preach preech press prea prey prai price priis prick prik pride priid priest preest prim prim prime priim primp primp prince prins print print prism prizm prize priiz probe proab prod prod prone proan prong praung proof proof prop prop prose proaz proud proud prow prou prowl proul prude pruid prune pruin pry prii Im saam 114 pafi piif pug- pug puke puik pull poel pulp pulp pump pump pun pun punch punch punk punk punt punt pup pup pure puir purge purj purl purl purr pur purse purs pus pus push poesh puss poes put poet pyre piir Quack kwak quaS kwaf quail kwail quaint kwaint quake kwaik qualm kwaam quart kwort quash kwosh quay kee queen kween queer kweer quell kwl quench kwnch. quest kwst quick kwik quill kwil quilt kwilt quince kwins quire kwiir quirk kwurk quit kwit quite kwiit quiz kwiz quod kwod quoin koin quoit kwoit quote kwoat quoth kwoath Eace rais rack rak raft raft rag rag rage raij raid raid rail rail rain rain raise raiz rake raik ram ram ranch ranch range rainj rank ran}( rant rant rap rap rape raip rapt..(w) ...rapt rare rar rase raiz rash rash rasp rasp rat rat rate rait rave raiv raw*. rau ray rai raze raiz reach reech. read reed realm rim ream reem reap reep rear reer red rd reed reed reef reel reek reek reel reel reeve reev reign rain rein rain rend md rent..(ra)....rnt rest rst retch rch rheum ruim rhyme riim rib rib rice riis rich rich rick rik rid... rid ride riid ridge rij rife t..riit rift rift rig rig right riit rill ril rim rim rime riim rind riind ring ring rink rink rinse rins rip rip ripe rilp rise riiz risk risk rite riit rive riiv roach roach road road roam roam roan roan roar roar roast roast rob rob robe roab rock rok rod rod roe roa rogue roag roil roil role roal roll roal romp romp rood rood roof roof rook roek room room roost roost root root rope roap rose..(re) roaz rot rot rote roat rough ruf round round rouse rouz rout rout route root rove roav row roa row rou rub rub ruche....'. ...ruish rude ruid rue rui ruflf ruf rug rug rule ruil rum rum rump rump run run rune roon rung..(n)...rting runt runt ruse ruiz rush rush rusk rusk rust rust rut rut ruth ruith rye rii Sack sak sad sad safe sail sag sag sage saij Baid..{f) sd sail sail saint saint sake saik sale sail salt sault salve saav same saim sand sand sane sain sans sanz sap sap sash sash sate salt sauce saus save saiv saw..(n) sau say sai scab skab scald skauld scale skail scalp skalp scamp skamp scan skan scant skant 115 scar skaar scarce skars scare skar scarf skaarl scarp skaarp scat skat scathe skaidh scene seen scent snt scheme skeem schism sizm schist shist school skool scoS skauf scold skoald scoop skoop scoot skoot scope skoap scorch skorch score skoar scorn skom scotch skocta. scour skour scourge skurj scout skout scow skou scowl skoul scrag skrag scrap skrap scrape skraip scratch skrach scrawl skraul screak skreek scream skreem screech .... skreech screed skreed screen skreen screw Bkrui scribe skriib scrimp skrimp scrip skrip script skript scroll skroal scrub skrub scud skud scull skul scum skum scurf skurf scutch skuch scythe Biidh sea see seal seel seam seem sear seer search surch seat seet sect skt sedge sj see see seed seed seek seek seem seem seep seep seer seer seethe seedh seine seen seize seez self slf sell si send snd sense sns sere seer serf srf serge surj serve surv set st sew soa sex Bks shad shad shade shaid shaft shaft shag shag shake shaik shale shall shall shal sham sham shame shaim shank shank shape shaip shard shaard share shar shark shaark sharp shaarp shave shaiv shawl shaul she shee sheaf sheef shear sheer shears sheerz sheathe sheeth shed shd sheen sheen sheep sheep sheer sheer sheet sheet shelf shlf shell shl shield sheeld shift shift shin shin shine shiin ship ship shire shiir shirk shurk shirr shur shirt shurt shoal shoal shock shok shoe shoo shoo shui shoot shoot shop shop shore shoar short short shot shot shote shoat should shoed shout shout shove shuv show shoa shred sred shrew srui shrewd sruid shriek sreek shrill sril shrimp srimp shrine sriin shrink srink shrive sriiv shroud sroud shrub srub shrug srug shuck shuk shun shun shunt shunt shut shut shy shii sick sik side slid siege see] sift sift sigh sii sight siit sign siin silk silk sill sil silt silt sin sin since sins sine siin sing singr singe sinj sink sink sip sip sir sur sire siir sit sit site siit six siks size siiz skate skait skein skain sketch skech skew skui skid skid skiff skif skill skil skim skim skin skin skip skip skirt skurt skit skit skulk skulk skull skul skunk skunk sky skii slab slab slack slak slag. slag slake slaik slam slam slang slang slant slant slap slap slash slash slat slat slate slait slave slaiv slaw slau slay slai sled sled sledge slej sleek sleek sleep sleep sleet slaet sleeve sleev sleigh slai slice sliis 116 slick alik slide sliid slight sliit slim slim slime sliim sling sling slink slink slip slip slit slit sloe sloa sloop sloop slop slop slope sloap slops slops slosh slosh. slot. slot sloth sloth slouch slouch slough slui slough sluf glow slba slub slub slue ..slui slug slug sluice sluis slum slum slump slump slur slur slush -slush slut slut sly slii smack smafe small smaul smalt smault smart smaart smash smash smear smeer smell smel smelt..(n). ..smelt smile smiil smirch smurch smirk smurk smite smiit smith smith smock smok smoke smoak smooth .... smoodh smudge.. -.smuj smug smug smut smut snack snak snag snag snail snail snake snaik snap.. snap snare snar snarl snaarl snatch snach snath snath sneak sneek sneer sneer sneeze sneez sniff snif snip snip snipe sniip snob snob snooze snooz snore snoar snort snort snot snot snout snout snow ;..snoa snub snub snuff snuf snug snug so soa soak soak soap soap soar soar sob sob sock sok sod sod soft sauit soil soil sole soal solve solv some sum son sun song song soon soen goot soat sooth sooth soothe soodh sop sop sore soar sort sort sot sot soul soal sound sound soup soop sour sour source soars souse sous south south sow ...(n).. -sou space .. spade. ..spais .spaid span span spank spank spar spaar spare spar spark spaark sparse spaars spasm spazm spat spat spawl spaul spawn spaun spay... speak.. ..spai .speek spear speer speck spek speech speech speed speed spell spel spend spend sperm spurm spew spui spice spiis spike spiik spile spill spill spil spin spin spine apiin spire epiir spit spit spite split splash splash spleen spleen splice spliis splint splint split split splotch sploch splurge splurj spoil spoil 6poke-(n).. speak sponge spunj spook spook spool spool spoon spoon spore spoar sport. spoart spot spot spouse spouz spout spout sprain sprain sprawl spraul spray eprai spread spred spree spree sprig. sprig spring spring sprint sprint sprit sprit sprite spriit sprout sprout spruce sproos spry sprii spume spuim spunk spunk spur spur spurn spurn spurt spurt spy spii squab ekwob squad skwod squall skwaul square skwor squash skwosk squat skwot squaw skwau squawk ...skwauk squeak skweek squeal skweel squeeze, •-.skwees squelch . . . skwelch. squib Bkwib squid skwid squint skwint squire skwiir squirm ...skwurm squirt skwurt stab stab stack stak staff staf stag stag stage staij staid staid stain stain stair star stake stalk stale stall stalk stauk stall staul stamp stamp stanch stanch stand stand star staar Starch staarch 117 stare star gtark staark gtart staart etarve staarv •tate stait staunch ...staunch fltave staiv stay stai stead sted steak staik steal steel steam steem steed steed steep steep steer steer stem stem stench stench step step stern stum stew stui stick stik stiff. stif stile stiil still stil stilt stilt sting sting stink stink stint stint stir stur stitch stich stock stok stoke steak stone stoan stool. ..stool stoop stoop stop stop store stoar stork stork storm storm stout stout stove stoav stow stoa straight.... strait strain strain strait strait strand strand strange; str ainj strap strap straw strau stray strai streak streek stream atreem street street stress stres stretch strech strew strut strict strikt stride striid strife striif strike striik string string strip strip stripe striip strive striiv stroke stroak stroll stroal strong strong strop strop strow stroa strum strum strut strut stub stub stud stud stuff stuf stump stump stun stun stunt stunt sty stii style stiil suave swaav such such suck suk suds sudz sue sui suit suit suite sweet sulk sulk sum sum sun sun sup sup surd surd sure shoor surf surf surge surj swab swob swag swag swage Bwaij swain swain swale swail swamp swomp swan swon sward swaurd swarm swaurm swart Bwaurt swash awosh swath swoth swathe swaidh sway swai swear swar sweat swt swede sweod sweep sweep sweet sweet swell swl swerve swurv swift swift swig swig swill swil swim swim swine swiin swing swing swipe swiip swirl swurl Swiss swis switch swich swoon swoon swoop swoop swop swop sword soard sylph BiU Tab tab tack tak tact takt tag tag tail tail taint taint take talk talc talk tale tail talk tauk tall taul tame taim tamp tamp tan tan tang tang tank tank tap tap tape taip tar taar tare tar tart taart task task taste taist taunt taunt taut taut taw tau tax taks tea tee teach teecli teak teek team teem tear tar tear teer tease teez teat tit teem teem teen teen tell tl tend tnd tense tns tent tnt term turm terse turs test tst than dhan thane thain thank thank that dhat thatch thach thaw thau the dhe theft thft theme theem then dhn thence dhns there dhar thew thui thick thtb thigh thii thill thU thin thin thing'. thing think think this dhis thong thong thorn thorn though dhoa thrall thraul thrash thrash thread thred threat thret three three thrill thru thrive thriiv throat throat throb throb throe tbroa 118 throne throan throng throng through ...throo throw throa thrum thrum thrush thrush thrust thrust thud thud thug thug thumb thum thump thump thus dhus tick tik tide tiid tie til tier teer tierce teers tiff tif tight tiit tile tul till..(ra) tU tilt tilt time tiim tin tin tine tiin tinge tinj tint tint tip tip tire tiir tithe tlidh to to toad toad toast toast toe toa toil toil tole toal toll toal tomb toom tome team ton tun tone toan tongue tung too too tool tool toot toot tooth tooth top top torch torch tort tort toBB taus tote toat touch tuch tough tat tour toor tow toa town toun toy toi trace trais track trak tract trakt trade traid trail trail train train traipse traips trait trait tram tram tramp tramp trance trans trap trap trash trash trawl traul tray trai tread tred treat treat tree tree trench trench trend trend tress tres trey trai tribe triib trice triis trick trik trill tril trim trim trip trip tripe triip trite triit troll troal troop troop trope troap trot trot troth troth trough traui trounce . . . .trouns troupe troop trout trout troy troi truce truis truck truk trudge truj true trai trump trump trunk trunk truss trus trust trust truth trooth try trii tryst trist tub tub tube tuib tuck tuk tuft tuft tug tug tune tuin turf turf turk turk turn turn tusk tusk twang twang tweak tweek tweed tweed twig twig twill twil twin twin twine twiin twinge twinj twirl twurl twist twist twit twit twitch twich two tui type tiip dp up urge urj urn urn use uis Vague vaig vain vain vale vail valve valv vamp vamp van van vane vain vase vais vast vast vat vat vault vault vaunt vaunt veal veel veer veer veil vail vein vain vend vnd vent vnt verb vrb verge vurj verse vurs verve vurv vest vst vex vks vice viis vie vii view vui vile' viil vim vim vine viin vise viis vise veez viz viz vogue voag voice vols void void volt voalt vote voat vouch vouch vow vou Wad waad wade waid waft waft wag wag wage waij waif waif wail wail wain wain waist waist wait wait waive waiv wake walk wale wail walk wauk wall waul waltz waulz wan waan wand waand wane wain want waunt war waur ward waurd ware war warm waurm warn waum warp waurp wart waurt wash wosta. wasp wosp 119 waste waist watch wooh. wave waiv wax waks way wai weak week weal weel wean ween. wear war wear weer weave weev web wb wed wd wedge wj wee wee weed weed week week ween ween weep weep weigh wai weir weer weird weerd weld... ....wld well wl welt wit wen wn wench wnch wend wnd west wBt wet wt whack hwak whale hwail whang hwang wharf hworf what hwot wheat hweet wheel hweel wheeze hweez whelm hwlm whelp hwlp when hwn whence hwna where hwar whet hwt whew hwui whey hwai which hwich whiff hwif whig hwig while hwiil whim hwim whine hwiin whip hwip whir hwur whirl hwurl whisk hwisk whist hwist whit hwit white hwiit whiz hwiz who boo whoa bwoa whoop hwoop whore hoar whorl bworl whop bwop why bwii wick wik wide wild wield weeld wife wiii wig wig wild wiild wile will will wil wilt wilt win win wince wina winch winch wind wind wind wiind wine wiin wing wing wink wink wipe wiip wire wiir wise wiiz wish wish wisp wisp wit wit witch wicb with widh withe with woe woa wolf woelf womb woom wont ^Funt woo woo wood wood woof woof wool woel word wTird work wurk worm wurm worse wurs wort wurt worth wurtb would weed wound, (ra). wound wraith raith wrap rap wrath rath wreak reek wreath reetb wreck rk wren m wrench rnch wrest rst wretch rcb Wright riit wrist rist writ.-(M)....rit writhe riidb wrong rong wroth roth wry rii Yacht yaat yam yam yank yank yard yaard yarn yaarn yawl yaul yawn yaun yea yai year yeer yearn yum yeast yeest yelk ylk yell yl yelp yip yes ys yet yt yew yui yield yeeld yoke yoak yolk ylk yon yon yore yoar young yung youth yuith yule yail Zeal zeel zest zst zinc zink zip zip zouave zwaav Sec. 101. Dictionary. (Arranged by terminals.) The following is a dictionary of all words in this book, to- gether with all the regular English monosyllables. They are ar- ranged according to terminals, like a rhyming dictionary, for convenience. In order to find if any proposed new word has been already adopted for use, find the last terminal ; then, under it, the first. 120 -A a aa aaa fraa haa maa paa traa straa vaa -OA oa boa bloa broa doa dhoa foa floa froa foa gloa groa.hoa woa kroa loa moa noa Toa soa shoa sloa snoa stoa stroa toa throa woa -3 ab ab blab dab drab fab gab grab jab kab krab nab skab slab stab tab aab (None) aib baib maib aub daub eb eb f.b j.b kw.b w.b n.b eeb gleeb neeb' lb ib bib drib flb glib jib krib mib nib rib skwib wib lib briib jiib skriib striib triib ob ob fob gob hob job kob mob nob prob rob sob skwob snob swob throb vob oab gloab loab proab roab oeb (None) olb (None) oob (None) OTib houb ub ub chub dub drub grub hub kub klub nub rub sub skrub slub snub srub stub tub nib kaib tuib -RB baarb gaarb dh.rb h.rb hw.rb s.rb v.rb w.rb orb forb urb kurb nurb -D ad ad bad brad dad drad fad gad glad kad lad mad pad plad prad sad shad vad zad aad waad aid aid blaid braid faid glaid graid jaid laid maid raid shaid spaid staid traid waid aud baud braud fraud laud ed ed b.d bred dred h.d kled l.d r.d E.d sh.d sled sned spred Bred sted thred tred w.d eed beed bleed breed deed feed gleed greed heed kreed Teed meed need pleed reed seed skreed speed steed sweed tweed weed id id bid did kid lid mid prid rid sid skid skwid stid tid vid lid iid biid briid child friid giid gliid griid hiid piid priid riid slid sliid Btriid tiid wild zlid od od bod brod frod god hod kod klod kwod lod nod pod plod prod rod sod skwott oad oad boad goad koad load moad noad road toad oed goed hoed koed shoed woed old void ood bood brood food mood rood wood ond oud kloud kroud loud proud shroud ud bud blud dud flud kud mud sud skud stud thud uld duid fuid kruid luid nuid pruid ruid sruid -LD auld bauld skauld b.ld g.ld w.ld feeld sheeld weeld yeeld bild gild chiild miild wiild oald boald foald goald hoald koald moald skoald -ND and band bland brand gland grand hand land sand stand strand waand b.nd blend end f.nd frend j.nd klend l.nd m.nd p.nd r.nd s.nd spend t.nd trend v.nd w.nd feend wind blind bliind fiind griind blind kiind miind riind wiind ond bond blond fond frond mond pond thrond twond bound found ground hound kound mound pound round sound wound und fund mund sund yund -RD aard baard gaard haard kaard laard paard shaard snaard yaard swaurd waurd sh.rd tw.rd w.rd y.rd beerd peerd weerd vird kord lord tord board foard goard hoard soard oord burd furd gurd hurd kurd purd surd wurd -E e be de dhe pre re -EE ee bee bwee fee flee free glee hee hwee kee lee mee nee pee plee see shee spree tee three tree wee yee -OE oe (None) 121 -F at baf chaf draf faf gaf kaf kwaf laf staf aaf saaf alf chaif graif saif waif auf auf bauf kauf skauf trauf el b.f bref d.f kief s.f sh.f spef eet beef breef cheef feef greef leef reef If if flf frif glif hwif jif klif mif nif sif skif snif stif tif iil flif hiif liif nilf riif striif wiif of dof gof hwof oaf loaf oef hoef soef olf koif oof loof proof roof woof yoof ouf ouf nf buf bluf fluf gruf huf juf kuf luf muf nuf puf ruf Buf sluf snuf stuf tuf ulf (None) -LF alf elf d.lf p.lf s.lf 8h.lf t.lf w.lf z.lf fllf kwilf silf woelf golf -RF aarf skaarf dwaurf dh.rf h.rf hw.rf k.rf s.rf hworf torf ■kurf surf turf -G a^ ag bag brag drag fag flag gag hag jag krag lag nag rag Bag shag skrag slag snag stag swag tag wag tLBg (None) aig plaig vaig aug aug maug eg eg b.g dreg k.g I.g p.g r.g w.g eeg leeg ig ig big brig dig drig flg gig hwig jig pig rig smig sprig swig tig twig wig ilg (None) og bog dog fog flog frog grog hog jog kog klog log trog oag broag roag voag oeg (None) olg (None) oog (None) oug (None) ug bug drug hug jug lug mug plug pug rug slug smug snug srug tug thug ulg fuig -NG bang fang gang hang hwang klang lang nang pang slang tang thang twang saing praung taung eng p.ng r.ng speng z.ng seeng Ing bing bring ding dring fling fring king kling kring pling pring ring sing sling spring sting string swing thing ving wing zing gong long rong gong strong thong throng bung dung lung mung pung rung tung yung -RG b.rg forg morg burg vurg -CH acli bach hach kach lach mach pach skrach snach tach thach aacb. (None) alch. (None) aucb. (None) ech. ech f.oh r.oh skech strech eecb. eech beech bleech breech leech peech preech reech seech skreech speech teech Ich. ich bich dich flich hich hwich nich pich rich stich swich tich twich wich lich (None) ocli boch bloch kroch nock skoch splooh woch oacb. broach koach poach roach oech. (None) olch. (None) oocll brooch oucli ouch kouch krouch pouch slouch vouch ucli duch kluch kruch much such skuch tuch ■alch. (None) -LCH b.lch w.lch skwelch bilch filch tilch bulch gulch mulch -NCH blanch branch pranch ranch stanch haunch launch paunch staunch b.nch blench drench french kw.nch r.nch stench trench w.noh inch chinch finch flinch klinch linch pinch sinch winch bunch hunch krunch lunch munch punch -RCH march aarch laarch maarch paarch staarch p.rch skorch torch poarch burch church lurch purch smurch surch 122 -DH adb radh aadh. (None) aidh. laidh skaidh swaidh audh. (None) edh. g.dh hw.dh n.dh eedh. seedh idh. dhidh fridh hidh hwidh ridh widh iidh bliidh hiidh kiidh liidh riidh siidh tiidh odh. (None) oadta. kloadh loadh oedh. (None) oidh. (None) oodli boodh smoodh Boodh oudh. (None) udh. nudh udh iildta. (None) -SH asli ash brash dash flash gash hash kash klash krash lash mash nash plash rash sash slash smash splash thrash trash aasta. kaash aish. (None) aush. (None) esli flesh fresh m.sh spesh t.sh eesta. leesh Isb. ish dish flsh kish nish twish wish zish lisli (None) osli bosh kwosh posh skwosh slosh swosh wosh zosh oash. (None) oesh. boesh poesh oista. (None) oosh. roosh oush. (None) usix blush brush flush gush hush krush lush mush plush rush slush thrush TilslL ruish -RSH haarsh maarsh nursh -TH atta. bath lath path rath snath tath aatb. (None) alth. faith maith raith autb. brauth eth. eth breth ch.th m.th n.th eeth. deeth heeth neeth reeth seeth sheeth 1th. ith frith hith hwith kith mith pith smith with iitli (None) oth. oth froth goth kloth loth moth noth roth sloth Bwoth troth oath, oath boath kwoath oeth (None) oith (None) ooth frooth sooth tooth trooth outh drouth mouth south Tith (None) ulth ruith yuith -RTH haarth b.rth north foarth urth burth durth gurth murth wurth -I i bi li ri ti tri vri -A I ai bai blai brai dai drai fai flai frai gai frai hai hwai jai lai lai mai nai pai plai prai rai sai shai slai spai sprai stai strai swai tai trai wai yai -II ii bii biii bwii dii drii fli flii frii gii hii hwii iii krii lii nii pii plii prii rii sii shii skii slii spii Bprii stii tii thii trii vii ■Ol oi boi doi joi koi kloi troi toi -Ul ui blui brui dui fui flui glui hui hwui jui kui klui krui lui mui nui pui rui sui shui skui skrui slui spui srui stui strui tui thui trui vui yui aj baj zaj aaj (None) aij aij gaij kaij paij raij saij staij swaij waij auj (None) ej ej drej flej h.j k.j l.j p-j plej s.j slej w.j eej leej meej seej ij brij mij rij llj (None) oj doj loj oa3 doaj oej (None) oij (None) ooj (None) OTlj gouj uj buj druj fuj gru] juj nuj smuj truj ulj huij NJ flanj ranj chainj grain] mainj rainj strainj frinj hinj krinj sinj tinj twin] konj lounj lunj plunj spunj -RJ baarj chaarj laarj maarj orj for] gorj urj durj murj nurj purj skurj splurj surj vurj 123 -K ak bak blak brak flak hak hwak jak klak krak kwak lak nak pak rak sak slak smak snak stak tak trak aak (None) aik: aik baik braik draik faik flaik kaik kwaik laik maik raik saik Bhaik slaik snaik staik talk Talk waik auk bauk chauk gauk hauk kauk skwauk stauk tauk wauk ek b.k d.k ch.k flek frek j.k kw.k n.k p.k plek r.k spek eek eek beek bleek cheek freek greek kleek kreek leek meek peek reek seek skreek skweek Bleek sneek speek sreek streek teek tweek week Ik ik bik brik chik flk jlk kik klik krik kwik lik nik pik prik rik sik slik stik tik thlk trlk wik Ilk biik diik lilk piik spllk striik ok blok chok dok flok frok hok jok kok klok krok lok mok nok pok rok sok fihok smok stok oak oak broak choak foak joak koak kloak kroak peak soak smoak spoak stoak streak yoak oek boek broek hoek koek kroek loek noek roek oik (None) ook spook ouk (None) uk buk ohuk duk kluk luk muk pluk Buk shuk tuk truk ulk duik fluik puik talk elk y,lk LK ilk bilk milk silk tilk bulk hulk mulk sulk skulk -NK bank blank dank flank frank hank klank- krank lank plank prank rank shank spank tank thank yank d.nk j.nk s.nk t.nk ink blink brink chink drink kink klink link mink pink rink sink slink spink srink stink think wink zink konk monk vonk bunk drunk funk flunk hunk junk punk Bkunk spunk trunk -RK ark aark baark daark haark kaark laark maark paark shaark spaark staark aurk flerk kirk fork kork stork poark durk jurk klurk kwurk lurk murk surk shurk smurk turk vurk wurk -SK ask bask flask kask mask task d.sk brisk disk frisk hwisk risk mosk brusk dusk husk musk rusk tusk al al mal shal tral aal aal daal staal ail ail bail brail dail fail flail frail gail grail hail hwail jail kail kwail mail nail pail rail sail shail skail snail stail swail tail trail vail wail aul aul baul braul dhaul draul faul gaul haul hwaul kaul kraul kwaul maul paul raul shaul skraul skwaul smaul spaul spraul staul taul thraul traul waul yaul el el b.l d.l dw.l f.l h.l k.l kw.l n.l p.l r.l s.l sh.l smel sp.l sw.l t.l v.l w.l y.l eel eel beel deel feel heel hweel keel leel meel neel peel reel seel skweel steel veel weel zeel il il bil bril ohil dril fil fril gil gril hil jil kil kril kwil lil mil nil pil pril ril sil skil smil spil sril stil swil til thil thril tril twil wil zil ill iil biil flil giil hwiil kiil mill piil smiil spiil stiil tiil viil wiil ol bol dol kwol lol nol oal boal deal droal foal goal hoal joal koal kroal moal noal poal roal soal shoal skroal stroal toal troal oel boel foel hoel poel woel oil oil boil broil foil koil moil roil soil spoil toil ool drool fool frool gool kool pool skool spool stool tool oul oul foul groul houl koul proul skoul voul ul ul bul dul ful gul hul kul lul mul nul prul skul trul uil juil muil ruil yuil BL pobl ohibl 124 m.dl midl p.kl dikl apl r.pl -DL -KL plekl B.kl sh.kl -PL -RL arl haarl kaarl maarl naarl snaarl erl j.rl n.rl s.rl sperl v.rl lirl orl hworl nrl burl churl furl gurl hurl hwurl kurl nurl purl surl swurl twurl vurl wurl ■SL kasl r.Bl v.sl ■TL i.ti hwitl -M Am am dam dram fam ham jam kam klam kram lam plam ram sham slam tram yam zam aam. baam kaam kwaam paam Baam aim aim blaim daim faim flaim fraim gaim haim klaim laim maim naim saim shaim Bklaim slaim taim aum kaum em b.m blem oh.m f.m flem frem h.m j.m k.m stem t.m eem beem deem dreem fleem gleem kreem peem reem seem Bkeem skreem Bteem streem teem theem Im im brim dim grim him hwim klim lim mim prim rim sim skim slim swim trim vim llm chiim diim griim kiim kliim kriim liim miim priim riim siim sliim tiim om bom dom drom from jom kom slom trom oam cam doam foam gloam hoam koam kroam loam roam toam oem broem woem yoem oim roim oom boom bloom doom gloom groom koom loom room toom woom oum (None) um um chum drum frum glum grum kum krum mum num rum sum. Blum strum thrum trum ulm fuim pluim ruim spuim dum gum hum lum plum skum thum yum nuim LM elm h.lm r.lm film kulm hw.lm RM aarm chaarm faarm haarm swaurm waurm erm dh.rm hw.rm j.rm n.rm form storm burm furm kurm nurm spurm skwurm turm wurm -ZM kazm spazm izm krizm prizm Bizm -N an an ban blan bran dhan fan glan jan kan klan man pan plan pran skan slan span tan tran van yan zan aan paan waan alu ain bain brain chain dain drain fain gain grain kain krain Jain main pain plain rain sain skain sprain stain strain swain thaln train vain wain aim braun daun faun laun paun spaun yaun en en bren d.n dh.n f.n fren g.n glen gren h.n hw.n k.n m.n p.n r.n sklen slen vren w.n z.n een een been deen feen gleen green hween keen kleen kween leen meen peen seen sheen skreen spleen teen tween ween In in bin chin dhin din fln frin gin grin hwin jin kin kwin pin sin shin skin Bmin spin tin thin trin twin win iln briin chiin diin fiin hwiin kliin liin miin niin piin siin shiin spiin sriin swiin tiin twlin viin wiin on on don fron hwon kon klon kwon Ion non pon shon Bwon yon oan oan boan droan groan hoan koan kroan loan moan poan proan roan soan stoan toan throan zoan oen poen soen zoen oin foin groin join koin loin poin oon boon koon kroon loon moon noon poon roon spoon swoon yoon zoon 125 onn broun doun droun froun goun koun kloun kroun moun noun poun roun toun Tm un bun dun fun gun hun hwun kwun mun nun pun run sun shun stun tun wun zun uln duin fuin juin lain puin pruin tuin RN karn baam daarn yaarn waurn dh.m h.rn kw.rn p.m z.rn iirn forn gorn horn korn lorn morn skorn thorn boarn moorn shoorn nm bum chnm furn gurn Ittrn spurn stum turn vurn yurn pro to ■o ) ■oo choo doo hoo koo ploo shoo throo troo too woo ap chap flap gap hap kap klap lap map nap pap rap sap skrap slap snap strap tap trap aap (None) aip aip draip gaip graip kaip kraip naip raip shaip skraip taip anp (None) ep step z.p eep cheep deep heep keep kreep leep neep peep reep seep sheep sleep steep sweep weep ip blp chip dip drip flip frip grip hip hwip kip klip lip nip rip sip ship skip skrip slip snip strip tip trip zip lip griip piip riip sniip striip swiip tiip triip wiip op op chop drop fop flop hop hwop krop lop mop pop prop sop shop slop stop strop swop top oap oap groap hoap koap moap poap roap soap skoap sloap troap oep hoep olp (None) oop droop groop hwoop koop kroop loop soop skoop sloop sroop stoop swoop troop oup (None) up up brup kup pup sup nip duip druip -LP halp skalp aulp h.lp hw.lp k.lp r.lp t.lp y.lp silp bulp gulp pulp -MP champ damp kamp klamp kramp lamp skamp stamp tamp tramp vamp h.mp imp flimp gimp krimp limp nimp plimp primp skrimp srimp fromp komp pomp promp romp swomp bump chump dump gump hump jump klump lump pump plump rump slump stump thump trump zump -RP aarp haarp kaarp shaarp skaarp waurp erp d.rp korp churp hwurp vurp wurp -SP asp gasp grasp hasp klasp rasp f.sp r.sp krisp lisp wisp wosp -R ar ar bar blar bwar char dar dhar far flar glar har hwar kar lar mar par rar shar skar skwar slar snar spar star swar tar war yar aar baar chaar faar jaar kaar maar paar skaar spaar staar taar waar zaar air air aur waur er er f.r smer sw.r t.r v.r eer eer beer bleer cheer deer dreer feer fleer geer heer jeer kleer kweer leer meer neer peer reer seer sheer smeer sneer speer steer teer veer weer yeer Ir bir llr iir diir flir hiir kwiir liir miir piir siir shiir skwiir spiir tiir wiir or or for flor klor nor spor yor oar oar boar choar doar foar floar froar goar hoar koar loar moar noar poar roar soar shoar skoar snoar spoar stoar yoar oer spoer oir (None) oor boor moor noor poor ploor shoor toor OTir our hour dour flour kour pour sour shour skour tour ■or ur bur blur fur hwur kur mur pur sur shur slur spur stur thur vur yur 126 ^Ir kuir luir puir suip skuir yuir -DR p.dr -DHR faadhr audhr mudhr brudhr afr krakr -FR -KR -PR kopp propr suipr -SR s.sr -TR satr f.tr l.tr sitr otr loitr nuitr puitr -STR mastr sistr -VR evr frevr hw.vr n.vr s.vr hwivr hwovr oavr hoovr houvr -s as as bas bras gas glas gras klas las mas pas aas baas als ais bais brais chais fais grais kais lais mais pais plais rais spais trais vais aus baus draus flans glaus kraus laus mauB saus taus traus es es b.s bles bres ch.s dres g.s gres kres l.s m.s n.s pres stres t.s tres v.B y.s ees dees flees grees krees lees nees pees sees is is blis dis dhis his kis lis mis nis tris swis wis lis iis diis niis priis riis sliis spiis spliis triis viis OS flos pos oas oas doas groas kloas moas oes poes ois chois vois oos goos loos moos noos plooa sproos ous ous blous dous grous hous lous mous sous us bus dhua fus frus mus plus pus snus trus uis uis duis juis kruig sluis truis -KS aks flaks laks swaks taks waks b.ks fleks n.ks pleks s.ks t.ks v.ks iks diks fiks miks siks twiks oks boks foks poks hoaks koaks fluks muks -MS ams rams aams b.ms glims hims koms frums mums -NS chans dans glans lans prans trans d.na dh.ns f.ns g.ns h.ns hw.ns p.ns prens s.ns t.ns chins kwins mins prins rins sins wins ouns bouns flouns jouns pouns prouns trouns duns wuns -PS laps prapa traips d.ps peeps hops kops slops ups -RS kars skars faars paars spaars ers d.rs hw.rs feers peers teers fors hors kors nors foars hoars koars soars urs burs hurs kurs nurs purs tura thurs vurs wurs -T at at bat brat chat dhat fat flat gat hat hwat kat lat mat nat plat pat rat skat slat spat strat trat vat aat aat naat yaat ait ait bait dait fait frait gait grait hait krait lait mait pait plait prait rait salt skait slait sprait stait strait trait wait aut aut fraut raut straut taut et b.t blet d.t fret g.t j.t hw.t kw.t l.t n.t p.t r.t s.t smet sw.t thret w.t y.t z.t eet eet beet bleet cheet feet fleet gleet greet heet hweet kleet meet neet peet pleet seet sheet sleet street sweet treet it it bit chit dit fit flit grit hit hwit kit krit kwit lit mit nit pit rit sit skit slit spit split sprit tit twit wit 127 lit lit biit bliit briit flit fliit friit hiit hwiit kilt kwiit liit miit niit pliit riit siit sliit smiit split spriit tilt trlit ot bot blot dot grot hot hwot jot kot klot lot not plot pot rot sot shot skwot slot smot snot spot trot oat oat boat bloat doat float goat gloat groat koat kwoat moat noat roat shoat toat throat voat oet foet poet soet ojt kwoit oot boot froot hoot loot moot root shoot skoot toot throot yoot out out bout dout dhout drout flout gout grout hwout klout lout nout pout rout shout skout snout spout sprout stout trout ut ut but gut glut hut jut kut nut rut shut slut smut strut nit buit bruit fluit juit kuitt luit muit suit shuit -FT aft baft daft draft graft haft kraft Daft raft shaft waft auft sauft d.ft h.ff kleft l.ft preft th.ft drift lift rift shift ■LT kalt fault hault mault smault sault vault b.lt f.lt h.lt m.lt n.lt p.lt s.lt smelt stelt w.lt gilt hilt jilt kilt kwilt lilt milt nilt silt stilt tilt wilt boalt doalt joalt koalt moalt voalt kult -NT ant chant dhant flant frant grant kant lant nant pant plant rant skant slant aant jaant faint kwaint plaint paint saint taint daunt flaunt gaunt haunt taunt vaunt waunt ent b.nt d.nt g.nt l.nt m.nt n.nt p.nt r.nt s.nt sprent t.nt v.nt z.nt zeent dint flint glint hint lint mint print skwint splint sprint stint tint piint ont font joint point fount kount mount unt bunt blunt brunt frunt grunt hunt munt punt runt shunt stunt wunt -PT sift svrift loft kroft tuft apt rapt s.pt kript skript nopt -KT -RT akt brakt fakt pakt takt trakt s.kt pikt strikt okt dukt jukt mart aart chaart daart haart kaart maart paart smaart staart taart swaurt thaurt waurt dh.rt h.rt hw.rt kw.rt p.rt s.rt kwort nort sort short snort tort thort foart koart poart spoart blurt churt durt flurt hurt kurt shurt skurt skwurt spurt wurt -ST blast fast kast last mast past vast baist chaist haist paist taist waist fraust kaust est brest ch.st g.st j.st krest kw.st l.st n.st p. St r.st t.st v.st w.st z.st eest beest feest preest yeest ist dist flst grist hist hwist jist list mist rist sist shist trist twist zist krost boast goast hoast koast moast poast roast toast foist hoist joist moist boost roost oust bust dust gust just krust lust must rust trust thrust a.du -u -AU au drau flau hau jau kau klau krau lau mau nau pau rau sau skwau slau strau tau than -ou ou bou brou dhou fou hou kou mou nou plou prou rou sou skou smou vou you 128 av hav aav haav saav swaav zwaav aiv braiv graiv haiv kaiv klaiv kraiv laiv naiv paiv raiv saiv shaiv slaiv staiv waiv auv (None) ev hw.v eeT eev beev breev heev kleev leev reev sleev weev iv iv giv hwiv Wiv liv liv diiv driiv hiiv liiv riiv sriiv striiv thriiv ov ov hwov oav droav groav koav kloav nioav noav roav stoav oev (None) olv (None) oov groov hoov moov OUT (None) UT buy duv gluv luv shuv uiv (None) valv d.lv h.lv m.lT silv solv •RV kaarv staarr erv dh.rv morv kUFT nuTT Burv swurT vurT az az fraz hwaz paz aaz (None) aiz baiz blaiz braiz daiz faiz fraiz gaiz glaiz graiz haiz kraiz maiz praiz raiz shaiz waiz auz gauz kauz klauz pauz ez ez b.z h.z s.z trez eez eez breez oheez freez hweez leez peez pleez seez skweez sneez teez veez iz flz friz hwiz kwiz viz wiz llz iiz giiz kwiiz niiz priiz riiz siiz wiiz oz poz woz oaz doaz hoaz kloaz noaz poaz proaz roaz shoaz spoaz oez (None) olz noiz poiz ooz ooz chooz snooz tooz trooz ouz brouz drouz Touz spoaz uz buz fuz ulz bruiz fuiz kruiz muiz nuiz ruiz DZ adz needz midz pridz viidz odz noudz Budz LZ pralz aulz faulz waulz elz n.lz piilz polz nulz pulz banz sanz tranz klenz l.nz s.nz w.nz jeenz meenz minz wonz ■RZ garz narz maarz erz dh.rz v.rz sheerz korz kworz urz furz purz thurz