n.^mwi^'^^ «!!(!#' (IJnrnrU ICam i>rl|nol ICibrary Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library KD 358.E73 1870 V.2 Speeches of Lord Erskine while at the b 3 1924 021 694 447 Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Corneii University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in iimited quantity for your personai purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partiai versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commerciai purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archivai;jj^/d^^ii§^u31924021694447 Digitized by Microsoft® Speeches of LORD ERSKIN^, While At The Bar. Edited By- James Lambert High, Counselor At Law. Volume II. Chicago Gallaghan and Cockcroft, Digitized by Microsoft® "B ?a-537 Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS OF VOL. II. Page. Subject of the Trial of John Stockdale for a Libel. ... 5 The Attorney-General's Speech in Support of the Prosecution. 6 Mr. Erskine's Speech for th^ Defendant. .^1, .... 14 Reply of the Attorney-General. . .** • . . . .76 Lord Kf nyon's summing up in this Cause. .... 89 Introduction to the Trial of Mr. John Frost 94 Speech of the Attorney-General in Support of the Prosecution. 94 Evidence for the Crown in this Cause 108 Mr. Erskine's Speech for the Defendant 135 Reply of the Attorney-General. 165 Subject of the Trial of James Perry and another. . . . 180 Speecli of the Attorney-General for the Crown in this Cause. 203 Mr. Erskine's Speech for the Defendants 319 Reply of the Attorney Gentral. 251 Lord Kenyon's Charge on summing up 360 Finding of the Jury 366 Subject of the Trial of Mr. Thomas "Walker 267 Mr. Law's Speech in Support of the Prosecution. . . . 268 Mr. Erskine's Speech in Defence of Mr. Walker. . . . 283 Proceedings against Charles Bembridge for a Misdemeanor. . 331 Lord Mansfield's Charge to the Jury. 323 Mr. Erskine's Speech on the Motion for a Kew Trial. . . 330 Statement of the Case of John Vint and others. . . . 358 Speech of the Attorney-General for the Prosecution. . . 359 Mr. Erskine's Speech for the Defendants. .... 363 Evidence for the Defendants 378 Reply of the Attorney-General. . . . ... . 379 Lord Kenyon's Summing up 381 Trial of Thomas Hardy 386 Mr. Erskine's Application for Delay. 893 Speech of Mr. Erskine for the Defendant. .... 403 Verdict 692 Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Case of the KING against JOHN STOCKDALE, tried in the Court of Elng^ Bench, before Lord Kenyon and a Special Jury at Westminster, on the Ninth of Decem- ber, A. D. 1798, upon an Information filed against him by the Attorney- General, for a Libel on the Souse of Commons. STATEMENT OF THE CASE. The trial of Mr. John Stookdale, of Piccadilly, is so immediately connected witli the well-known impeachment of Warren- Hastings, governor-general of India, that very little preface is necessary for the illustration of Mr. Erskine's defence of him. , When the commons of Great Britain ordered that im- peachment, the articles were prepared by Burke, who had the lead in aU the inquiries which led to it, and, instead of being drawn tip in the usual dry method of legal accusation, they were expanded into great length, and were character- ized by the fervid and affecting language which distin- guishes all the writings of that extraordinary person. The articles so prepared, instead of being confined to the records of the house of commons, until they were carried up to the lords for trial, were printed and sold in every shop in the kingdom, without question or obstruction by the managers of the impeachment or the house of commons, and undoubt- edly, from the style and manner of their composition, made a very considerable impression against the accused. To repel the effects of the articles, thus prematurely pub- lished, the Rev. Mr. Logan, one of the ministers of Leith, in Scotland, a person eminent for learning, drew up a review of the articles of impeachment, and carried it to Mr. Stock- dale, an eminent and respectable bookseller in Piccadilly, Digitized by Microsoft® 6 SPEECH OP THE ATTORNEY - aETSTBRAL •who published it in the usual course of his business. Mr. Logan's review having an immediate and very extensive sale, was complained of by Mr. Fox, to the house of com- mons. Upon motion of Mr. Fox, then one of the managers of the impeachment, the house unanimously voted an ad- dress to the king, praying his majesty to direct his attorney- general to file an information against Mr. Stockdale, as the publisher of a libel upon the commons house of parliament ; and the information was accordingly filed. It must be confessed that the book in question contained some very indiscreet and offensive passages. For example, Mr. Logan did not scruple to assert that the charges against Hastings had their origin in misrepresentation and false- hood ; that the house of commons, in pushing one of these charges, was " a tribunal of inquisition, rather than a court of parliament," and that the impeachment was " carried on from motives of personal animosity — not from regard to public justice." StUl the merits of the case were ably and exhaustively treated, the author seeming desirous of demon- strating the ianocence of the illustrious accused. It is deserving of remark that, notwithstanding the book w^as published pending the trial of Hastings, and doubtless was not without its influence upon the august tribunal before which he was arraigned, yet no efibrt was made to commit either author or publisher by authority of the commons, and the prosecution was left to take the ordinary course at law. The evidence consisted simply of .the common proof of publication, and is therefore omitted as unnecessary. The attorney-general, Sir ArcMbald Macdonald, opened the case as follows : Gentlemen op the Jury: This information, which it has been my duty to file against the de- fendant, John Stockdale, comes before you in con- Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHN STOCEDALE. 7 sequence of an address from the house of commons. This you may well suppose I do not mention as in any degree to influence the judgment which you are by and by to give upon your oaths. I state it as a measure which they have taken, thinking it in their wisdom, as everybody must think it, to be the fittest to bring before a jury of the country an offender against themselves, avoiding thereby what sometimes indeed is unavoidable, but which they wish to avoid, whenever it can be done with pro- priety, the acting both as judges and accusers; which they must necessarily have done had they resorted to their own powers, which are great and extensive, for the purpose of vindicating themselves against insult and contempt, but which, in the present instance, they have wisely forborne to exercise, thinking it better to leave the defendant to be dealt with by a fair and impartial jury. The offence which I impute to him is that of calumniating the house of commons; not in its ordinary legislative character, but when acting in its accusatorial capacity, conceiving it to be their duty, on adequate occasions, to investigate the con- duct of persons in high stations, and to leave that conduct to be judged of by the proper constitu- tional tribunal, the peers in parliament assembled. After due investigation, as it is well known to the public, the commons of Great Britain thought it their duty to submit the conduct of a servant of Digitized by Microsoft® 8 SPEECH OF THE ATTORlSrET-GEITEEAL this country, who had governed one of its most opulent dependencies for many years, to an inquiry before the tribunal. One would have thought: that every good subject in this country would have forborne imputing to the house of commons motives utterly unworthy of them, and of those whom they represent ; instead of this, to so great a degree now has the licentiousness of the press arisen, that motives, the most unbecoming that can actuate any individual who may be concerned in the prosecution of public justice, are imputed to the representatives of the people, JSTo credit is given to them for meaning to do justice to their country, but, on the contrary, private, personal, and malicious motives have been imputed to the commons of Great Britain. When such an imputation is made upon the very first tribunal that this country knows ; namely, the great inquest of the nation, the commons in parlia- ment assembled, carrying a subject, who, as they thought, had offended, to the bar of the house of lords, I am sure you will think this attack so dan- gerous to the whole administration of justice, that if it be well proved you cannot fail to give it your stigma, by a verdict against the defendant. Gentlemen, the particular passages which I shall put my finger upon in this libel, it will now be my duty to state. You know very well that it is your duty to consider of the meaning that I have imputed Digitized by Microsoft® ON" THE TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 9 to them by the information ; if you agree with me in that meaning, you convict ; if you disagree with me, of course you acquit. The rule of your judgment, I apprehend, with submission to your lordship, will be the ordinary acceptation of the words, and the plain and obvi- ous sense of the several passages; if there be doubt, or if there be difficulty ; if there be screw- ing or ingenuity, or unworthy straining, on the part of a public prosecutor, you certainly will pay no attention to that ; but, on the contrary, if he who runs may read; if the meanest capacity must imderstand the words, in their plain and obvious sense, to be the same as imputed in this informa- tion, in such a case as that, ingenuity on the other side must be laid aside by you, and you will not be over-anxious to give a meaning to words, other than the ordinary and plain one. In my situation, it does not become me to raise in you more indignation than the words them- selves, and the plain and simple reading of the libel will do ; far be it from me, if it were in my power to do so, to provoke any undue passion or animosity in you, against conduct even such as this. The solemnity of the situation in which I am placed on this occasion, obliges me to address the intellect both of the court and jury, and neither their passions nor their prejudices ; for that reason I shall content myself with the few observations I Digitized by Microsoft® 10 SPEECH OF THE ATTOENET-GElSrEEAIi have made, and betake myself merely to the words^ of the libel ; and leaving that with you, I am most confident that if you follow the rule of interpreta- tion which you always do upon such occasions, it cannot possibly happen that you should diifer from me, in the construction which I have put upon them. Gentlemen, this, I should however mention to you, is a libel of a more dangerous nature than the ribaldry that we daily see crowding every one of the prints which appear every morning upon our tables ; because it is contained in a work which discovers the author of it to be by no means ignor- ant of composition, but certainly to be of good understanding, and eminently acquainted with let- ters. Therefore when calumny of this sort comes so recommended, and addressing itself to the under- standings of the most enlightened part of mankind — I mean those who have had the best education ■ — it may sink deep iato the minds of those who compose the thinking and the judging part of the community; and, by misleading them, perhaps may be of more real danger than the momentary misleading, or the momentary inflammation, of common minds, by the ordinary pubhcations of the day. This book is entitled, " A Review of the Prin- cipal Charges against Warren Hastings, Esquire, late Governor-General of Bengal," Digitized by Microsoft® Om THE TRIAL OP JOEnST STOCKDALE. 11 One passage in it is tMs : " The house of com- mons has now given its final decision with regard to the merits and demerits of Mr. Hastings. The grand inquest of England has delivered their charges, and preferred their impeachment; their allegations are referred to proof; and from the appeal to the collective wisdom and justice of the nation in the supreme tribunal of the kingdom, the question comes to be determined, whether Mr. Hastings be guilty or not guilty." Another is this : " What credit can we give to multiplied and accumulated charges, when we find that they originate from misrepresentation and falsehood ? " Another is: "An impeachment of error in judgment with regard to to the quanturm of a fine, and for an intention that never was executed, characterizes a tribunal of inquisition, rather than a court of parhament." In another part it is said : " The other charges aj-e so insignificant in themselves, or founded on such gross misrepresentations, that they would not affect an obscure individual, much less a public character." And again : " If success in any degree attends the designs of the accusers of Mr. Hastings, the voice of Britain henceforth to her sons is. Go and serve your country ; but if you transgress the line of official orders, though compelled by necessity, Digitized by Microsoft® 12 SPEECH OP THE ATTOKPTBT - GETSTEEAL you do so at the risk of your fortune, your honor, and your life; if you act with proper prudence against the interests of the empire, and bring calamity and disgrace upon your country, you have only to court opposition and coalesce with your enemies, and you will find a party zealous and devoted to support you. You may obtain a vote of thanks from the house of commons for your services, and you may read your history in the eyes of the mob, by the light of bonfires and illuminations. But if, after exerting all your efforts in the cause of your country, you return covered with laurels and crowned with success ; if you pre- serve a loj'al attachment to your sovereign, you may expect the thunders of parliamentary ven- geance ; you will certainly be impeached, and probably be undone." Another passage is this : " The office of calm,, deliberate justice, is to redress grievances as well as to punish offences. It has been af&rmed that the natives of India have been deeply injured ; but has any motion been made to make them compen- sation for the injuries they have sustained ? Have the accusers of Mr. Hastings ever proposed to bring back the Rohillas to the country from which they were expelled ? to restore Cheit Sing to the Zemindary of Benares, or to return the Nabob of Oude the present which the governor of Bengal received from him for the benefit of the company ? Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OP JOHN STOOKDALE. 13 Till suet measures are adopted, and in the train of negotiation, the world has every reason to conclude that the impeachment of Mr. Hastings is carried on " — now, gentlemen, I leave you to judge what sort of motives are imputed to the house of com- mons here — " from motives of personal animosity, not from regard to public justice." The general meaning, without specifying it in technical language, which I have thought it my duty to impute to these words, is shortly this : That the house of commons, without consideration, without reading, without hearing, have not been ashamed to accuse a man of distinguished situation, and to pervert their accusatorial character from the purposes of deliberate, thoughtful, considerate justice, to immediate, hasty, passionate, vindictive, personal animosity. The work represents that the better a man conducts himself, that the more de- serving he has rendered himself of his country's favor from his past conduct, the more he exposes himself to the vindictive proceedings of parlia- ment ; and that such a man will be impeached and ruined. In another passage, personal animosity (the very words are used) is imputed to the commons of Great Britain as the motive of their conduct; these are too plain for you, gentlemen, to differ with me in the interpretation. I do not choose to waste your time, and that of Digitized by Microsoft® 14 MR. eeskine's speech on the the court, in so plaiu a case, witli mucli observa- tion ; but hackneyed as it may be, it is my duty, upon every one of these occasions, to remind you that the liberty of the press consists in its good regulation ; if it be meant that it should be pre- served with benefit to the public, it must be from time to time lopped of its unjust excesses, by reasonable and proper verdicts of juries, in fit and clear cases. SPEECH OF MR. ERSKINE. The publication having been proven, Mr. Ers- kine addressed the jury as follows ; first saying : I admit that the witness has proved that he bought this book at the shop of Mr. Stockdale — Mr. Stockdale himself being in the shop — from a young man who acted as his servant. GrBifTLEMEN OF THE JuKT : Mr. Stockdale, who is brought as a criminal before you for the publi- cation of this book, has, by employing me as his advocate, reposed what must appear to many an extraordinary degree of confidence, since, although he well knows that I am personally connected in friendship with most of those whose conduct and opinions are principally arraigned by its author, he nevertheless commits to my hands his defence and justification. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 15 From a trust apparently so delicate and singular, vanity is but too apt to whisper an application to some fancied merits of one's own ; but it is proper, for the honor of the English bar, that the world should know that such things happen to all of us daily, and of course ; and that the defendant, with- out any knowledge of me, or any confidence that was personal, was only not afraid to follow up an accidental retainer, from the knowledge he has of the general character of the profession. Happy indeed is it for this country, that whatever inter- ested divisions may characterize other places, of which I may have occasion to speak to-day ; how- ever the counsels of the highest departments of the state may b^ occasionally distracted hj personal considerations, they never enter these walls to disturb the administration of justice; whatever may be our public principles, or the private habits of our lives, they never cast even a shade across the path of our professional duties. If this be the characteristic even of the bar of an English court of justice, what sacred impartiality may not every man expect from its jurors and its bench ! As, from the indulgence which the court was yesterday pleased to give to my indisposition, this information was not proceeded on when you were attending to try it, it is probable you were not altogether inattentive to what passed at the trial of the other indictment, prosecuted also by the Digitized by Microsoft® 16 ME. eeskine's speech ok the house of commons; and, therefore, without a restatement of the same principles, and a similar quotation of authorities to support them, I need only remind you of the law applicable to this subject, as it was then admitted by the attorney- general, in concession to my proposition, and confirmed by the higher authority of the court, viz. : First, that every information or indictment must contain such a description of the crime that the defendant may know what crime it is which he is called upon to answer. Secondly, that the jury may appear to be war- ranted in their conclusion of guilty or not guilty. And, lastly, that the court may see such a pre- cise and definite transgression upon the record, as to be able to apply the punishment which judicial discretion may dictate, or which positive law may inflict. It was admitted also to follow as a mere corol- lary from these propositions, that where an information charges a writing to be composed or published of and concerning the commons of Great Britain, with an intent to bring that; body into scandal and disgrace with the public, the author cannot be brought within the scope of such a charge, unless the jury, on examination and com- parison of the whole matter written or published,- shall be satisfied that the particular passages Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 1? charged as criminal, when explained by the con- text, and considered as part of one entire work, were meant and intended by the author to vilify the house of commons as a body, and were written of and concerning them in parliament assembled. These principles being settled, we are now to see what the present information is. It charges that the defendant, " unlawfully, wickedly, and maliciously devising, contriving, and intending to asperse, scandalize, and vilify the commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled ; and most wickedly and audaciously to represent- their proceedings as corrupt and unjust, and to make it believed and thought, as if the commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled were a most wicked, tyrannical, base, and corrupt set of persons, and to bring them into disgrace with the ■ public " — the defendant published — What ? Not those latter ends of sentences which the attorney- general has read from his brief, as if they had followed one another in order in this book ; not those scraps and tails of passages which are patch- ed together upon this record, and pronounced in one breath, as if they existed without intermediate matter in the same page, and without context any- where. No. This is not the accusation, even mutilated as it is; for the information charges, that, with intention to vilify the house of commons, the defendant published the whole book, describing 2 B Digitized by Microsoft® 18 MB. ERSKIWe's speech ON" THE it on the record by its title : " A Review of tJie principal charges against Warren Hastings, Esq., late governor general of Bengal;" in which, amongst other things, the matt,er particularly selected is to be found. Your inquiry, therefore, is not confined to, whether the defendant published those selected parts of it ; and whether, looking at them as they are distorted by the information, they carry in fair construction the sense and mean- ing which the innuendos put upon them; but whether the author of the entire work — I say the author, since, if he could defend himself, the pub- lisher unquestionable can, whether the author wrote the volume which I hold in my hand, as a fi'ee, manly, hona fide disquisition of criminal charges against his fellow citizen, or whether the long, eloquent discussion of them, which fills so many pages, was a mere cloak and cover for the intro- duction of the supposed scandal imputed to the selected passages ; the mind of the writer all along being intent on traducing the house of commons, and not fairly answering their charges against Mr. Hastings ? This, gentlemen, is the principal matter for your consideration; and therefore, if after you shall have taken the book itself into the chamber which will be provided for you, and shall have read the whole of it with impartial attention ; if, after the performance of this duty, you can return here, and Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 19 with clear consciences pronounce upon your oaths that the impression made upon you by the pages is, that the author wrote them with the wicked, seditious, and corrupt intentions charged by the information ; you have then my full permission to find the defendant guilty ; but if, on the other hand, the general tenor of the composition shall impress you with respect for the author, and point him out to you as a man, mistaken perhaps him- self, but not seeking to deceive others ; if every line of the work shall present to you an intelligent, animated mind, glowing with a Christian compas- sion towards a fellow man, whom he believed to be innocent, and with a patriot zeal for the liberty of his country, which he considered as wounded through the sides of an oppressed fellow-citizen ; if this shall be the impression on your consciences and understandings, when you are called upon to deliver your verdict ; then hear from me, that you not only work private injustice, but break up the press of England, and surrender her rights and liberties forever, if you convict the defendant. Gentlemen, to enable you to form a true judg- ment of the meaning of this book, and of the inten- tion of its author, and to expose the miserable juggle that is played off in the information, by the combination of sentences, which in the work itself ^ have no bearing upon one another — I will first give you the publication as it is charged upon the Digitized by Microsoft® 20 ME. EESKmE's SPEECH OTST THE record and presented hj tlie attorney-general in opening the case for the crown ; and I will then, by reading the interjacent matter, which is studi- ously kept out of view, convince you of its true interpretation. The information, beginning with the first page of the book, charges as a libel upon the house of commons, the following' sentence : " The house of commons has now given its final decision with regard to the merits and demerits of Mr. Hastings. The grand inquest of England have delivered their charges, and preferred their impeachment ; their allegations are referred to proof; and from the appeal to the collective wisdom and justice of the nation in the supreme tribunal of the kingdom, the question comes to be determined, whether Mr. Hastings be guilty or not guilty." It is but fair however to admit, that this first sentence, which the most ingenious malice cannot torture into a criminal construction, is charged by the information rather as introductory to what is made to follow it, than as libelous in itself; for* the attorney-general from this introductory passage in the first page, goes on at a leap to page thirteenth, and reads, almost without a stop, as if it imme- diately followed the other, this sentence : " What credit can we give to multiphed and accumulated charges, when we find that they originate from misrepresentation and falsehood?" Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 21 From these two passages thus standing together, without the intervenient matter which occupies thirteen pages, one would imagine, that instead of investigating the probability or improbabihty of the guilt imputed to Mr. Hastings; instead of care- fully examining the charges of the commons, and the defence of them which had been dehvered before them, or which was preparing for the lords ; the author had immediately, and in a moment after stating the mere fact of the impeach- ment, decided that the act of the commons origi- nated from misrepresentation and falsehood. Gentlemen, in the same manner a veil is cast over all that is written in the next seven pages ; for knowing that the context would help to the true construction, not only of the passages charged before, but of those in the sequel of this informa- tion ; the attorney-general, aware that it would convince every man who read it that there was no intention in the author to calumniate the house of commons, passes over, by another leap, to page twenty ; and in the same manner, without drawing his breath, and as if it directly followed the two former sentences in the first and thirteenth pages, reads from page twentieth : " An impeachment of error in judgment with regard to the quantum of a fine, and for an intention that never was executed, and never known to the offending party, charac- Digitized by Microsoft® 22 ME. EESKINe's speech OS THE terizes a tribunal of inquisition rather than a court of parliament." From this passage, "by another vault, he leaps over one-and-thirty pages more, to page fifty-one ; where he reads the following sentence, which he mainly relies on, and upon which I shall by and by trouble you with some observations : " Thir- teen of them passed in the house of commons, not on]y without investigation, but without being read; and the votes were given -without inquiry, argu- ment, or conviction. A majority had determined to impeach ; opposite parties met each other, and 'jostled in the dark,' to perplex the political drama, and bring the hero to a tragic catastrophe." From thence, deriving new vigor from every exertion, he makes his last grand stride over forty- four pages more, almost to the end of the book, charging a sentence in the ninety-fifth page. So that out of a volume of one hundred and ten pages, the defendant is only charged with a few scattered fragments of sentences, picked out of three or four. Out of a work consisting; of about two thousand five hundred and thirty lines, of manly, spirited eloquence, only forty or fifty lines are culled from different parts of it, and artfully put together, so as to rear up a libel, out of a false context, by a supposed connection of sentences with one another, which are not only entirely independ- ent, but which, when compared with their antece- Digitized by Microsoft® ,TEIAL or JOHBT STOCKDALE. 23 dents, bear a totally different construction. In this manner, the greatest works upon government, the most excellent hooks of science, the sacred scriptures themselves might be distorted into libels, by forsaking the general context, and hanging a meaning upon selected parts : thus, as in the text put by Algernon Sidney, " The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God ;" the attorney-general, on the principle of the present proceeding against this pamphlet, might indict the publisher of the Bible for blasphemously denying the existence of Heaven, in printing, " There is no God." These words alone, without the context, would be selected by the information, and the Bible, like this book, would be underscored to meet it ; nor could the defendant, in such a case, have any possible de- fence, unless the jury were permitted to see, by the book itself, that the verse, instead of denying the existence of the Divinity, only imputed that imagi- nation to a fool. Gentlemen, having now gone through the attor- ney-general's reading, the book shall presently come forward and speak for itself. But before I can venture to lay it before you, it is proper to call your attention to how matters stood at the time of its publication ; without which the author's mean- ing and intention cannot possibly he understood. The commons of Great Britain, in parliament assembled, had accused Mr. Hastings, as Governor- Digitized by Microsoft® 24 ME. eeskijste's speech on the General of Bengal, of higli crimes and misdemean- ors ; and their jurisdiction, for that high purpose of national justice, was unquestionably competent ; but it is proper you should know the nature of this inquisitorial capacity. The commons, in voting an impeachment, may be compared to a grand jury finding a bill of indictment for the crown ; neither the one nor the other can be supposed to proceed but upon the matter which is brought before them ; neither of them can find guilt without accusation, nor the truth of accusation without evidence. When therefore we speak of the accuser or accusers of a person indicted for any crime, although the grand jury are the prosecutors in form, by giving effect to the accusation ; yet in common parlance we do not consider them as the responsible authors of the prosecution. If I were to write of a most wicked indictment, found against an innocent man, which was preparing for trial, nobody who read it would conceive that I meant to stigmatize the grand jury that found the bill ; but it would be inquired imme- diately, who was the prosecutor, and who were the witnesses on the back of it ? In the same manner I mean to contend, that if this book is read with only common attention, the whole scope of it will be discovered to be this : that, in the opinion of the author, Mr. Hastings had been accused of mal- adininistratiou in India, from the heat and spleen of political divisions in parliament, and not from Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALK. 25 any zeal for national honor or justice; that the impeachment did not originate from government, but from a faction banded against it, which, by misrepresentation and violence, had fastened it on an unwilling house of commons ; that, prepos- sessed with this sentiment, which, however un- founded, makes no part of the present business, since the publisher is not called before you for defaming individual members of the commons, but for a contempt of the commons as a body, the author pursues the charges, article by article; enters into a warm and animated vindication of Mr. Hastings, by regular answers to each of them ; and that, as far as the mind and soul of a man can be visible, I might almost say embodied in his writ- ings, his intention throughout the whole volume appears to have been to charge with injustice the private accusers of Mr. Hastings, and not the house of commons as a body, which undoubtedly rather reluctantly gave way to, than heartily adopted, the unpeachment. This will be found to be the pal- pable scope of the book; and no man who can read English, and who, at the same time, will have the candor and common sense to take up his im- pressions from what is written in it, instead of bringing his own along with him to the reading of it, can possibly understand it otherwise. But it may be said, that admitting this to be the scope and design of the author, what right had Digitized by Microsoft® 26 MR. EESKIKe's speech OTSr THE he to canvass the merits of an accusation upon the records of the commons ; more especially while it was in the course of legal procedure? This, I confess, might have been a serious question ; but the commons, as prosecutors of this information, seem to have waived or forfeited their right to ask it. Before they sent the attorney-general into this place to punish the publication of answers to their charges, they should have recollected that their own want of circumspection in the maintenance of their privileges, and in the protection of persons accused before them, had given to the public ftie charges themselves, which should have been con- fined to their own journals. The course and prac- tice of parliament might warrant the printing of them for the use of their own members ; but there the publication should have stopped, and all fur- ther progress been resisted by authority. If they were resolved to consider answers to their charges as a contempt of their privileges, and to punish the publication of them by such severe prosecutions, it would have well become them to have begun first with those printers who, by publishing the charges themselves throughout the whole kingdom, or rather throughout the civilized world, were antici- pating the passions and judgments of the pubhc against a subject of England upon his trial, so as to make the publication of answers to them not merely a privilege, but a debt and duty to humanity Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 27 and justice. The commons of Great Britain claimed and exercised the privilege of questioning the in- nocence of Mr. Hastings by their impeachment ; but as, however questioned, it was stUl to be pre- sumed and protected until guilt was established by a judgment, he whom they had accused had an equal claim upon their justice, to guard him from prejudice and misrepresentation until the hour of trial. Had the commons, therefore, by the exercise of their high, necessary, and legal privileges, kept the public aloof from all canvass of their proceedings, by an early punishment of printers, who, without reserve or secrecy, had sent out the charges into the world from a thousand presses in every form of publication, they would have then stood upon ground to-day from whence no argument of policy or justice could have removed them ; because nothing can be more incompatible with either, than appeals to the many upon subjects of judica- ture, which by common consent a few are appointed to determine, and which must be determined by facts and principles, which the multitude have neither leisure nor knowledge to investigate. But then let it be remembered, that it is for those who have the authority to accuse and punish, to set the example of, and to enforce this reserve, which is so necessary for the ends of justice. Courts of law therefore in England never endure the publication Digitized by Microsoft® 28 ME. EESKINIi's SPEECH ON THE of their records ; and a prosecutor of an indictment would be attached for such a publication; and, upon the same principle, a defendant would be punished for anticipating the justice of his country by the publication of his defence, the public being no party to it until the tribunal appointed for its determination be open for its decision. Gentlemen, you have a right to take judicial notice of these matters, without the proof of them by witnesses; for jurors may not only, without evidence, found their verdicts on facts that ^e notorious, but upon what they know privately themselves, after revealing it upon oath to one another ; and therefore you are always to remem- ber, that this book was written when the charges against Mr. Hastings, to which it is an answer, were, to the knowledge of the commons, for we cannot presume our watchmen to have been asleep, publicly hawked . about in every pamphlet, maga- zine and newspaper in the kingdom. You well know with what a curious appetite these charges were devoured by the whole public, interesting as they were, not only from their importance, but from the merit of their composition ; certainly not so intended by the honorable and excellent com- poser* to oppress the accused, but because the com- monest subjects swell into eloquence under the touch of his sublime genius. Thus by the remiss- * Edmund Burke. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHW STOCKDALE. 29 ness of tlie commons, who are now the prosecutors of this information, a subject of England, who was not even charged with contumacious resistance to authority, much less a proclaimed outlaw, and therefore fully entitled to every security which the customs and statutes of the kingdom hold out for the protection of British liberty, saw himself pierced with the arrows of thousands and ten thou- sands of libels. Grentlemen, ere I venture to lay the book before you, it must be yet further remembered, for the fact is equally notorious, that under these inauspi- cious circumstances, the trial of Mr. Hastings at the bar of the lords had actually commenced long before its publication. There the most august and striking spectacle was daily exhibited, which the world ever witnessed. A vast stage of justice was erected, awful from its high authority, splendid from its illustrious dignity, venerable from the learning and wisdom of its judges, captivating and affecting from the mighty concourse of all ranks and conditions which daily flocked into it, as into a theatre of pleasure ;* there, when the whole public mind was at once awed and softened to the impression of every human affection, there appeared, day after day, one after another, men of the most powerful and * The impeachment was carried on in the great Hall of West- jninster. Digitized by Microsoft® 30 MR. eeskike's speech ok the exalted talents, eclipsing bj their accusing elo- quence the most boasted harangues of antiquity ; rousing the pride of national resentment by the boldest invectives against broken faith and violated treaties, and shaking the bosom with alternate pity and horror by the most glowing pictures of insulted nature and humanity ; ever animated and ener- getic, from the love of fame, which is the inherent passion of genius ; firm and indefatigable, from a strong prepossession of the justice of their cause. Gentlemen, when the author sat down to write the book now before you, all this terrible, unceasing, exhaustless artillery of warm zeal, matchless vigor of understanding, consuming and devouring elo- quence united with the highest dignity, was daily, and without prospect of conclusion, pouring forth upon one private, unprotected man, who was bound to hear it, in the face of the whole people of England, with reverential submission and silence. I do not complain of this as I did of the publica- tion of the charges, because it was what the law allowed and sanctioned in the course of a public trial ; but when it is remembered that we are not angels, but weak, fallible men, and that even the noble judges of that high tribunal are clothed beneath their ermines with the common infirmities of man's nature, it will bring us all to a proper temper for considering the book itself, which will in a few moments be laid before you. But first, Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN" STOCKDALE. 31 let me once more remind you, that it was under all these circumstances, and amidst the blaze of pas- sion and prejudice, which the scene I have been endeavoring faintly to describe to you might be supposed likely to produce, that the author, whose name I will now give to you, sat down to compose the book which is prosecuted to-day as a libel. The history of it is very short and natural. The Eev. Mr. Logan, minister of the Gospel at Leith, in Scotland, a clergyman of the purest morals, and, as you will see, by and by, of very superior talents, well acquainted with the human character, and knowing the difficulty of bringing back public opinion after it is settled on any sub- ject, took a warm, unbought, unsolicited interest in the situation of Mr. Hastings, and determined, if possible, to arrest and suspend the public judg- ment concerning him. He felt for the situation of a fellow-citizen, exposed to a trial which, whether right or wrong, is undoubtedly a severe one ; a trial, certainly not confined to a few criminal acts like those we are accustomed to, but comprehend- ing the transaction of a whole life, and the com- plicated policies of numerous and distant nations ; a trial which had neither visible hmits to its dura- tion, bounds to its expense, nor circumscribed com- pass for the grasp of memory or understanding ; a trial, which had therefore broken loose from the common forms of decision, and had become the Digitized by Microsoft® 32 MR. BESKHiTE's SPEECH OK THE universal topic of discussion in tlie world, supersed- ing not only every other grave pursuit, but every fashionable dissipation. Gentlemen, the question you have therefore to try upon all this matter is extremely simple. It is neither more nor less than this. At a time when the charges against Mr. Hastings were, by the implied consent of the commons, in every hand and on every table ; when, by their managers, the lightning of eloquence was incessantly consuming him, and flashing in the eyes of the public ; when every man was with perfect impunity saying, and writing, and publishing just what he pleased of the supposed plunderer and devastator of nations ; would it have been criminal in Mr. Hastings him- self to have reminded the public that he was a native of this free land, entitled to the common protection of her justice, and that he had a defence in his turn to oifer to them, the outlines of which he implored them in the meantime to receive, as an antidote to the unlimited and unpunished poison in circulation against him? This is, without color or exaggeration, the true question you are to decide ; because I assert, without the hazard of contradiction, that if Mr. Hastings himself could have stood justified or excused in your eyes for publishing this volume in his own defence, the author, if he wrote it horm fide, to defend him, must stand equally excused and justified ; and Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHlSr 8T0CKDALE. 33 if the author be justified, the publisher cannot be criminal, unless you had evidence that it was pub- lished by him, with a different spirit and intention from those in which it was written. The question therefore is correctly what I just now stated it to be : Could Mr. Hastings have been condemned to infamy for writing this book ? Gentlemen, I tremble with indignation, to be driven to put such a question in England. Shall it be endured, that a subject of this country instead of being arraigned and tried for some single act in her ordinary courts, where the accusation, as soon at least as it is made public, is followed within a few hours by the decision, may be impeached by the commons for the transactions of twenty years ; that the accusation shall spread as wide as the region of letters ; that the accused shall stand, day after day, and year after year, as a spectacle before the public, which shall be kept in a perpetual state of inflammation against him ; yet that he shall not, without the severest penal- ties, be permitted to submit anything to the judg- 'ment of mankind in his defence? If this be law, ■which it is for you to-day to decide, such a man has no trial ; this great hall, built by our fathers for English justice, is no longer a court, but an altar ; and an Englishman, instead of being judged in it by God and his country, is a victim and a sacrifice. 3 B Digitized by Microsoft® 34 ME. ekskine's speech on the You will carefully remember that I am not pre- suming to question either the right or the duty of the commons of Great Britain to impeach ; neither am I arraigning the propriety of their selecting, as they have done, the most extraordinary persons for ability which the age has produced, to manage their impeachment. Much less am I censuring the managers themselves, charged with the conduct of it before the lords, who were undoubtedly bound, by their duty to the house, and to the public, to expatiate upon the crimes of the person whom they had accused. None of these points are questioned by me, nor are in this place questionable. I only desire to have it decided, whether, if the commons, when national expediency happens to call in their judgment for an impeachment, shall, instead of keeping it on their own records, and carrying it with due solemnity to the peers for trial, permit it without censure and punishment to be sold like a common newspaper in the shop of my client, so crowded with their own members, that no plain man, without privilege of parliament, can hope even for a sight of the fire in a winter's day ; every man buying it, reading it, and commenting upon it; the gentleman himself who is the object of it, or his friend in his absence, may not, without step- j)ing beyond the bonds of English freedom, put a copy of what is thus published into his pocket, and send back to the very same shop for publica- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 35 tion a honA fide, rational, able answer to it, in order that the bane and antidote may circulate together, and the public be kept straight till the day of decision. If you think, gentlemen, that this com- mon duty of self-preservation, in the accused him- self, which nature writes as a law upon the hearts of even savages and brutes, is nevertheless too high a privilege to be enjoyed by an impeached and suffering Englishman ; or if you think it beyond the offices of humanity and justice, when brought home to the hand of a brother or a friend, you will say so by your verdict of guilty ; the decision will then be yours, and the consolation mine, that I labored to avert it. A very small part of the misery which will follow from it, is likely to light upon me ; the rest will be divided amongst your- selves and your children. Gentlemen, I observe plainly, and with infinite satisfaction, that you are shocked and offended at my even supposing it possible you should pro- nounce such a detestable judgment ; and that you only require of me to make out to your satisfaction, as I promised, that the real scope and object of this book is a hona fide defence of Mr. Hastings, and not a cloak and cover for scandal on the house of commons. I engage to do this, and I engage for nothin -y more. I shall make an open, manly de- fence ; I mean to torture no expressions fi'om their natural constructions ; to dispute no innuendos on Digitized by Microsoft® 36 ME. EESxrisrE's speech ok the the record, should any of them have a fair appli- cation ; nor to conceal from your notice any un- garded intemperate expressions which may perhaps be found to chequer the vigorous and animated career of the work. Such a conduct might, by accident, shelter the defendant; but it would be the surrender of the very principle on which alone the liberty of the English press can stand ; and I shall never defend any man from a temporary im- prisonment, by the permanent loss of my own liberty, and the ruin of my country. I mean, therefore to submit to you, that though you should find a few lines in page thirteen, or twenty- one ; a few more in page fifty-one, and some others in other places ; containing expressions bearing on the house of commons, even as a body, which, if written as independent paragraphs by themselves, would be indefensible libels, yet that you have a right to pass them over in judgment, provided the substance clearly appears to be a bond fide conclu- sion, arising from the honest investigation of a subject which it was lawful to investigate, and the questionable expressions, the visible effusions of a zealous temper, engaged in an honorable and legal pursuit. After this preparation, I am not afraid to lay the book in its genuine state before you. The pamphlet begins thus : " The house of commons has now given its final decision with regard to the merits and demerits of Mr. Hastings. Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 37 The grand inquest of England liave delivered their charges and preferred their impeachment; their allegations are referred to proof; and from the ap- peal to the collective wisdom and justice of the nation in the supreme tribunal of the kingdom, the question comes to be determined whether Mr. Hast- ings be guilty or not guilty ?" Now if, immediately after what I have just read to you, which is the first part charged by the in- formation, the author had said, " Will accusations built on such a baseless fabric prepossess the public in favor of the impeachment ? What credit can we give to multiplied and accumulated charges, when we find that they originate fifem misrepre- sentation and falsehood ?" every man would have been justified in pronouncing that he was attacking the house of commons, because the groundless ac- cusations noticed in the second sentence could have no reference but to the house itself mentioned by name ia the first and only sentence which preceded it. But, gentlemen, to your astonishment, I will now read what intervenes between these two passages ; from which you will see, beyond a possibility of doubt, that the author never meant to calumniate the house of commons, but to say that the accusa- tion of Mr. Hastings before the whole house grew out of a committee of secrecy established some years before, and was afterwards brought forward Digitized by Microsoft® 38 ME. eeskine's speech on the by the spleen of private enemies, and a faction in the government. This will appear, not only from the grammatical construction of the words, but from what is better than words, from the meaning which a person writing as a friend of Mr. Hastings must be supposed to have intended to convey. Why should such a friend attack the house of com- mons? Will any man gravely tell me that the house of commons, as a body, ever wished to im- peach Mr. Hastings ? Do we not all know that they constantly hung back from it, and hardly knew where they were, or what to do, when they found themselves entangled with it ? My learned friend, the attorney-general, is a member of this assembly ; perhaps he may tell you, by and by, what he thought of it, and whether he ever marked any disposition in the majority of the commons hostile to Mr. Hastings. But why should I dis- tress nay friend by the question ? the fact is suffi- ciently notorious ; and what I am going to read from the book itself, which is left out in the infor- mation, i^ too plain for controversy. " Whatever may be the event of the impeach- ment, the proper exercise, of such power is a valua- ble privilege of the British constitution, a formida- ble guardian of the public liberty and the dignity of the nation. The only danger is, that from the influence of faction, and the awe which is annexed to great names, they may be prompted to deter- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHK STOCKDALE. 39 mine before they inquire, and to pronounce judg- ment without examination." Here is the clue to the whole pamphlet. The author trusts to and respects the house of commons, but is afraid their mature and just consideration may be disturbed by faction. 'Now, does he mean government, by faction ? Does he mean the ma- jority of the commons, by faction ? Will the house, which is the prosecutor here, sanction that applica- tion of the phrase ? or will the attoriiey-general admit the majority to be the true innuendo of faction? I wish he would; I should then have gained something at least by this extraordinary debate ; but I have no expectation t)f the sort ; such a concession would be too great a sacrifice to any prosecution, at a time when, everything is con- sidered as faction that disturbs the repose of the minister in parliament. But, indeed, gentlemen, some things are too plain for argument. The author certainly means my friends, who, whatever qualifications may belong to them, must be con- tented with the appellation of faction,*' while they oppose the minister in the house of commons ; but the house, having given this meaning to the phrase of faction for its own purposes, cannot in decency change the interpretation in order to convict my client. I take that to be beyond the privilege of parliament. The same bearing upon individual members of Digitized by Microsoft® 40 ME. ehskine's speech ok the tBe commons, and not on the commons as a body, is obvious tbrougbout. Thus, after saying, in pag'e nine, that the East India Company had thanked Mr. Hastings for his meritorious services, which is unquestionably true, he adds, " that mankind would abide by their deliberate decision, rather than by the intemperate assertion of a committee. This he writes after the impeachment was found by the commons at large ; but he takes no account of their proceedings ; imputing the whole to the original committee, i. e. the committee of secrecy; so called, I suppose, from their being the authors of twenty volumes in folio, which will remain a secret to alt posterity, as nobody will ever read them. The same construction is equally plain from what immediately- follows : " The report of the committee of secrecy also states that the happiness of the native inhabitants of India has been deeply affected, their confidence in English faith and lenity shaken and impaired, and the character of this nation wantonly and wickedly degraded." Here again you are grossly misled by the omis- sion of near twenty-one pages; for the author, though he is here speaking of this committee by name, which brought forward the charges to the notice of the house, and which he continues to do onward to the next select paragraph ; yet, by arbi- trarily sinking the whole context, he is taken to be speaking of the house as a body, when, in the Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHBT STOCKDALE. 41 passage next charged by the information, he re- proaches the accusers of Mr. Hastings ; although, so far is he from considering them as the house of commons, that in the very same page he speaks of the articles as the charges, not even of the com- mittee, but of Mr. Burke alone, the most active and intelligent member of that body, having been circulated in India by a relation of that gentleman : " The charges of Mr. Burke have been carried to Calcutta, and carefully circulated in India." 'Now, if we were considering these passages of the work as calumniating a body of gentlemen, many of whom I must be supposed highly to re- spect, or as reflecting upon my worth ji friend whose name I have mentioned, it would give rise to a totally different inquiry, which it is neither my duty nor yours to agitate ; but surely, the more that consideration obtrudes itself upon us, the more clearly it demonstrates that the author's whole direction was against the individual accusers of Mr. Hastings, and not against the house of com- mons, which merely trusted to the matter they had collected. Although, ftom a caution which my situation dictates as representing another, I have thought it my duty thus to point out to you the real intention of the author, as it appears by the fair construction of the work, yet I protest, that in my own appre- hension it is very immaterial whether he speaks of Digitized by Microsoft® 42 MR. ebskihe's speech on the the committee or of the house, provided you shall think the whole volume a honafide defence of Mr. Hastings. This is the great point I am, by all my observations, endeavoring to establish, and which I think no man who reads the following short pas- sages can doubt. Very intelligent persons have indeed considered them, if founded in facts, to render every other amplification unnecessary. The first of them is as follows : "It was known, at that time, that Mr. Hastings had not only descended from a public to a private station, but that he was persecuted with accusations and impeachments. But none of these suffering millions have sent their complaints t® this country ; not a sigh nor a groan has been wafted from India to Britain. On the contrary, testimonies the most honorable to the character and merit of Mr. Hastings, have been transmitted by those very princes whom he has been supposed to have loaded with the deepest injuries." Here, gentlemen, we must be permitted to pause together a little ; for in examining whether these pages were written as an honest answer to the charges of the commons, or as a prostituted de- fence of a notorious criminal, whom the writer believed to be guilty, truth becomes material at every step ; for if in any instance he be detected of a wilful misrepresentation, he is no longer an object of your attention. Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALT.. 43 Will the attorney-general proceed then to detect the hypocrisy of our author, by giving us some detail of the proofs by which these personal enor- mities have been established, and which the writer must be supposed to have been acquainted with ? I ask this as the defender of Mr. Stockdale, not of Mr. Hastings, with whom I have no concern. I am sorry indeed to be so often obliged to repeat this protest ; but I really feel myself embarrassed with those repeated coincidences of defence which ■thicken on me as I advance, and "which were, no doubt, overlooked by the commons when they directed this interlocutory inquiry into his conduct, I ask then, as counsel for Mr. Stockdale, whether, _ when a great state criminal is brought for justice at an immense expense to the pubhc, accused of the most oppressive cruelties, and charged with the robbery of princes and the destruction of nations, it is not open to any one to ask. Who are his accusers? What are the sources and the authorities of these shocking complaints ? Where are the ambassadors or memorials of thtose princes whose revenue he has plundered ? Where are the witnesses for those unhappy men in whose persons the rights of humanity have been violated ? How deeply buried is the blood of the innocent, that it does not rise up in retributive judgment to con- found the guilty! These surely are questions, which, when a fellow-citizen is upon a long, painful, Digitized by Microsoft® 44 ME. EESKms's SPEECH ON THE and expensive trial, humanity has a right to pro- pose ; which the plain sense of the most unlettered man may be expected to dictate, and which all history must provoke from the more enlightened. When Cicero impeached Verres before the great tribunal of Rome of similar cruelties and depreda- tions in her provinces, the Eoman people were not left to such inquiries. All Sicily surrounded the Forum, demanding justice upon her plunderer and spoiler, with tears and imprecations. It was not by the eloquence of the orator, but by the cries and tears of the miserable, that Cicero prevailed in that illustrious cause. Verres fled from the oaths of his accusers and their witnesses, and not from the voice of T ully . To preserve the fame of his eloquence, he composed his five celebrated speeches, but they never were delivered against the criminal because he had fled from the city, appalled with the sight of the persecuted and the oppressed. It may be said, that the cases of Sicily and India are widely different ; perhaps they may be ; whether they are or not, is foreign to my purpose. I am not bound to deny the possibility of answers to such questions ; I am only vindicating the right to ask them. Gentlemen, the author in the other passage which I marked out to your attention goes on thus : — " Sir John Macpherson, and Lord Corn- wallis, his successors in office, have given the same Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 45 voluntary tribute of approbation to Ms measures as Governor General of India. A letter from the former, dated the 10th of August, 1786, gives the following account of our dominions in Asia : ' The native inhabitants of this kingdom are the happiest and best protected subjects in India ; our native allies and tributaries confide in our protection ; the country powers are aspiring to the friendship of the English : and from the King of Tidore, towards New Guinea, to Timur Shaw, on the banks of the Indus, there is not a state that has not lately given us proofs of confidence and respect.' " Still pursuing the same test of sincerity, let us examine this defensive allegation. Will the attorney-general say that he does not believe such a letter from Lord Cornwallis ever existed ? No : for he knows that it is as authentic as any document from India upon the table of the house of commons. What then is the letter ? The native inhabitants of this kingdom, says Lord Cornwallis, writing from the very spot, are the happiest and best protected subjects in India, etc., etc., etc. The inhabitants of this kingdom ! Of what kingdom ? Of the very kingdom which Mr. Hastings had just returned from governing for thirteen years, and for the mis-government and desolation of which, he stands every day as a criminal, or rather as a spectacle, before us. This is matter for serious reflection ; and fuUy entitles Digitized by Microsoft® 46 ME. eeskine's speech on the the author to put the question, which immediately follows : " Do.es this authentic account of the ad- ministration of Mr. Hastings, and of the state of India, correspond with the gloomy picture of de- spair drawn by the committee of secrecy ? " Had that picture been even drawn by the house of commons itself, he would have been fully justi- fied in asking this question ; but you observe it has no bearing on it ; the last words not only entirely destroy that interpretation, but also the meaning of the very next passage ; which is selected by the information as criminal, viz.: " What credit can we give to multiplied and accu- mulated charges, when we find that they originate from misrepresentation and falsehood ? " This passage, which is charged as a libel on the commons, when thus compared with its immediate antecedent, can bear but one construction. It is impossible to contend that it charges misrepresen- tation on the house that found the impeachment, but upon the committee of secrecy just before adverted to, who were suppostd to have selected the matter, and brought it before the whole house for judgment. I do not mean, as I have often told you, to vindi- cate any calumny on that honorable committee, or upon any individual of it, any more than upon the commons at large ; biit the defendant is not charged by this information with any such offences. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOKN STOCKDALE. 4^ Let me here pause once more to ask you, whether the book in its genuine state, as far as we have advanced in it, makes the same impression on your minds now, as when it was first read to you in detached passages ; and whether, if I were to teai' off the first part of it which I hold in my hand, and give it to you as an entire work, the first and last passages which have been selected as libels on the commons, would now appear to be so, when blended with the interjacent parts. I do not ask your answer. I shall have it in your verdict. The question is only put to direct your attention in pursuing the remainder of the volume to this main point, is it an honest, serious defence ? For this purpose, and as example for all others, I will read the author's entire answer to the first article of charge concerning Cheit Sing, the Zemindar of Benares, and leave it to your impartial judgments to determine, whether it be a mere cloak and cover for the slander imputed by the information to the concluding sentence of it, which is the only part attacked ; or whether, on the contrary, that con- clusion itself, when embodied with what goes before it, does not stand explained and justified? " The first article of impeachment," continues our author, " is concerning Cheit Sing, the Zemin- dar of Benares. Bulwant Sing, the father of the rajah, was merely an Aumil, or farmer and collec- tor of the revenues for Sujah ul Dowlah, nabob of Digitized by Microsoft® 48 ME. eeskike's speech on the Oude, and vizir of tlie Mogul empire. When, on the decease of his father, Cheit Sing was confirmed in the office of collector for the vizir, he paid 200,- 000 pounds as a gift or nuzzeranah, and an addi- tional rent of 30,000 pounds per annum. " As the father was no more than an Aumil, the son succeeded only to his rights and pretensions. But by a sunnud granted to him by the nabob, Sujah Dowlah, in September, 1773, through the influence of Mr. Hastings, he acquired a legal title to property in the land, and was raised from the office of Aumil to the rank of Zemindar. About four years after the death of Bulwant Sing, the governor-general and council of Bengal obtained the sovereignty paramount of the province of Benares. On the transfer of this sovereignty the governor and council proposed a new grant to Cheit Sing, confirming his former privileges, and conferring upon him the addition of the sovereign rights of the mint, and powers of criminal justice with regard to life and death. He was then recognized by the company as one of their Zemindars; a tributary subject, or feudatory vassal, of the British empire in Indostan. The feudal system, which was formerly supposed to be peculiar to our Gothic ancestors, has always prevailed in the east. In every description of that form of government, not- withstanding accidental variations, there are two associations expressed or understood ; one for inter- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 49 nal security, the other for external defence. The king, or nabob, confers protection on the feudatory- baron as tributary prince, on condition of an annual revenue in time of peace, and of military service, partly commutable for money, in the time of war. The feudal incidents in the middle ages in Europe, the fine paid to the superior on mar- riage, wardship, relief, etc., correspond to the annual tribute in Asia. Military service in war, and extraordinay aids in the event of extraordi- nary emergencies were common to both.*_ " When the governor-general of Bengal, in 1778, made an extraordinary demand on the Zemindar * " Notwithstanding this analogy, the powers and privileges of a Zemindar liave never been so well ascertained and defined as those of a baron in the feudal ages. Though the office has usually- descended to the posterity of the Zemindar, under the ceremony of fine and investiture, a material decrease in the cultivation, or decline in the population of the district, has sometimes been considered as a ground to dispossess him. When Zemindars have failed in their engagements to the state, though not to the extent to justify expul- sion, supervisors have been often sent into the Zemindaries, who have farmed out the lands, and exercised authority under the Duan- nee laws, independant of the Zemindar. These circumstances strongly mark their dependence on the nabob. About a year after the departure of Mr. Hastings from India, the question concerning the rights of Zemindars was agitated at great length in Calcutta; and after the fullest and most accurate investigation, the governor- general and council gave it as their deliberate opinion to the court of directors, that the property of the soil is not in the Zemindar, but in the government ; and that a Zemindar is merely an oflBcer of gov- ernment appointed to collect its revenues. Cheit Sing understood himself to stand in this predicament. ' I am,' said he, on various occasions, '.the servant of the Circar (government), and ready to obey your orders.' The name and ofllce of Zemindar is not of Hindoo, but Mogul institution." 4 B Digitized by Microsoft® 50 ME. erskbste's speech on the of Benares, for five lacs of rupees, tlie British empire, in that part of the world, was surrounded with enemies which threatened its destruction. In 1779, a general confederacy was formed among the great powers of Indostan for the expulsion of the English from their Asiatic dominions. At this crisis the expectation of a French armament aug- mented the general calamities of the country. Mr. Hastings is charged by the committee with mak- ing his first demand under the false pretence that hostilities . had commenced with France. Such an insidious attempt to pervert a meritorious action into a crime, is new, even in the history of impeach- ments. On the 7th of July, 1778, Mr. Hastings received private intelligence from a merchant at Cairo, that war had been declared by Grreat Britain on the 23rd of March, and by France on the 30th of April. Upon this intelligence,, considered as authentic, it was determined to attack all the French settlements in India. The information was afterwards found to be premature ; but in the latter end of August a secret despatch was received from England authorizing and appointing Mr. Hastings to take the measures which he had already adopted in the preceding month. The directors and the board of control have expressed then' approbation of this transaction by liberally reward- ing Mr. Baldwin, the merchant, for sending the earliest intelligence he could procure to Bengal. Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 51 It was two days after Mr. Hasting' s information of the French war, that he formed the resolution of exacting the five lacs of rupees from Cheit Sing, and would have made similar exaction from all the dependencies of the company in India, had they been in the same circumstances. The fact is, that the great Zemindars of Bengal pay as much to government as their lands can afford. Cheit Sing's collections were above fifty lacs, and his rent not twenty-four. The right of calling for extraordinary aids and military service in times of danger being univer- sally established in India, as it was formerly in Europe during the feudal times, the subsequent conduct of Mr. Hastings is explained and vindi- cated. The governor-general and council of Bengal having made a demand upon a tributary Zemindar for three successive years, and that demand having been resisted by their vassal, they are justified in his punishment. The necessities of the company, in consequence of the critical situation of their affairs in 1781, calling for a high fine; the ability of the Zemindar, who possessed near two crores of rupees in money and jewels, to pay the sum required; his backwardness to comply with the demands of his superiors; his disaffection to the English interest, and desire of revolt, which even then began to appear, and were afterwards conspic- uous, fully justify Mr. Hastings in every subse- Digitized by Microsoft® 52 MB. eeskine's speech oisr the quent step of his conduct. In the whole of his proceedings it is manifest that he had not early formed a design hostile to the Zemindar, but was regulated by events which he could neither foresee nor control. When the necessary measures which he had taken for supporting the authority of the company, by punishing a refractory vassal, were thwarted and defeated by the barbarous massacre of the British troops, and the rebellion of Cheit Sing, the appeal was made to arms, an unavoidable revolution took place in Benares, and the Zemindar became the author of his own destruction." Here follows the concluding passage, which is aiTaigned by the information : " The decision of the house of commons on this charge against Mr. Hastings, is one of the most singular to be met with in the annals of parlia- ment. The minister, who was followed by the majority, vindicated him in everything that he had done, and found him blameable only for what he intended to do ; justified every step of his conduct, and only criminated his proposed intention of con- verting the crimes of the Zemindar to the benefit of the state, by a fine of fifty lacs of rupees. An impeachment of error in judgment with regard to the quantum of a fine, and for an intention that never was executed, and never known to the offend- ing party, characterizes a tribunal of inquisition rather than a court of parliament." Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOOKDALE. 63 Gentlemen, I am ready to admit that tMs senti- ment might have been expressed in language more reserved and guarded ; but you will look to the sentiment itself, rather than to its dress; to the mind of the writer, and not to the bluntness Avith which he may happen to express it. It is obviously the language of a warm man, engaged in the honest defence of his friend, and who is brought to what he thinks a just conclusion in argument, which perhaps becomes offensive in proportion to its truth. Truth is undoubtedly no warrant for writ- ing what is reproachful of any private man. If a member of society lives within the law, then, if he offends, it is against Grod alone, and man has noth- ing to do with him ; and if he transgress the laws, the libeler should arraign him before them, instead of presuming to try him himself; but as to writings on general subjects, which are not charged as an infringement on the rights of individuals, but as of a seditious tendency, it is far otherwise. When, in the progress either of legislation, or of high national justice in parliament, they, who are ameu- able to no law, are supposed to have adopted through mistake or error a principle which, if drawn into precedent, might be dangerous to the public, I shall not admit it to be a libel in the course of a legal and bona fide publication, to state that such a principle had in fact been adopted. The people of England are not to be kept in the Digitized by Microsoft® 54 MK. erskine's speech ok the dark touching tlie proceedings of their own repre- sentatives. Let us therefore coolly examine this supposed offence, and see what it amounts to. First, was not the conduct of the right honorable gentleman, whose name is here mentioned, exactly what it is represented ? Will the attorney-general, who was present in the house of commons, say that it was not ? Did not the minister vindicate Mr. Hastings in what he had done, and was not his consent to that article of the impeachment founded on the intention only of levying a fine on the Zemindar f6r the service of the state, beyond the qyumtum which he, the minister, thought reasona- ble ? What else is this but an impeachment of error in judgment in the quantum of a fine ? So much for the first part of the sentence, which, regarding Mr. Pitt only, is foreign to our purpose ; and as to the last part of it, which imputes the sentiments of the minister to the majority that followed him with their votes on the question, that appears to me to be giving handsome credit to the majority for having voted from conviction, and not from courtesy to the minister. To have supposed otherwise, I dare not say, would have been a more natural libel, but it would certainly have been a greater one. The sum and substance, therefore, of the paragraph, is only this : that an impeachment for error in judgment is not consistent with the theory or the practice of the English gov Digitized by Microsoft® TKIAL OF JOHK STOCKDALE. 55 ernment. So say I. I say, without reserve, speak- ing merely in tlie abstract, and not meaning to decide upon tlie merits of Mr. Hasting' s cause, that an impeachment for an erpor in judgment is contrary to the whole spirit of English criminal justice, which, though not binding on the house of commons, ought to be a guide to its proceedings. I say that the extraordinary jurisdiction of im- peachment ought never to be assumed to expose error, or to scourge misfortune, but to hold up a terrible example to corruption and wilful abuse of authority by extra legal pains. If public men are always punished with due severity, when the source of their misconduct appears to have been selfishly corrupt and criminal, the public can never suffer when their errors are treated with gentle- ness. From such protection to the magistrate, no man can think lightly of the charge of magistracy itself, when he sees, by the language of the saving judgment, that the only title to it is an honest and zealous intention. If at this moment, gentlemen, or indeed in any other in the whole course of our history, the people of England were to call upon every man in this impeaching house of commons, who had given his voice on public questions, or acted in authority civil or military, to answer for the issues of' our councils and our wars, and if honest single intentions for the public service were refused as answers to impeachments, we should Digitized by Microsoft® 56 MR. EESKHOl's SPEECH OlS" THE have many relations to mourn for, and many friends to deplore. For my own part, gentlemen, I feel, I hope, for my country as much as any man that inhabits it ; but IVould rather see it fall, and be buried in its- ruins, than lend my voice to wound any minister, or other responsible person, however unfortunate, who had fairly followed the lights of his understanding and the dictates of his conscience for its preservation. Gentlemen, this is no theory of mine ; it is the langiiage of English law, and the protection which it affords to every man in office, from the highest to the lowest trust of government. In no one in- stance that can be named, foreign and domestic, did the Court of King's Bench ever interpose its extraordinary jurisdiction, by information, agaiast any magistrate for the widest departure from the rule of his duty, without the plainest and clearest proof of corruption. To every such application, not so supported, the constant answer has been. Go to a grand jury with your complaint. God forbid that a magistrate should suffer from an error in judgment, if his purpose was honestly to dis- charge his trust. We cannot stop the ordinary course of justice ; but wherever the court has a discretion, such a magistrate is entitled to its pro- tection. I appeal to the noble judge, and to every man who hears me, for the truth and universality of this position ; and it would be a strange solecism Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL, OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 57 indeed to assert, that in a case where the Supreme Court of criminal justice in the nation would refuse to interpose an extraordinary though a legal juris- diction, on the principle that thet)rdinary execution of the laws should never be exceeded, hut for the punishment of malignant guilt, the commons, in their higher capacity, growing out of the same constitution, should reject that principle, and stretch their prerogative yet further by a jurisdiction still more eccentric. Many impeachments have taken place, because the law could not adequately ptinish the objects of them; but who ever heard of one being set on foot because the law upon principle would not punish them ? Many impeachments have been adopted for a higher example than a prosecution in the ordinary courts, but surely never for a dif- ferent example. The matter, therefore, in the offensive paragraph, is not only an indisputable truth, but a truth, in the propagation of which we are all deeply concerned. "Whether Mr. Hastings, in the particular instance, acted from corruption or from zeal for his em- ployers, is what I have nothing to do with ; it is to be decided in judgment ; my duty stops with wishing him, as I do, an honorable deliverance. Whether the minister or the commons meant to found this article of the impeachment, on mere error without corruption, is likewise foreign to the purpose. The author could only judge from what Digitized by Microsoft® 58 ME. eeskhste's speech on the was said and done on the occasion. He only- sought to guard the principle, which is a common interest, and the rights of Mr. Hastings under it. He was therefore justified in publishing that an impeachment, founded in error in judgment was to all intents and purposes illegal, unconstitutional, and unjust. Gentlemen, it is now time for us to return again to the work under examination. The author, hav- ing discussed the whole of the first article through so many pages, without even the imputation of an incorrect or intemperate expression, except in the concluding passage (the meaning of which I trust I have explained), goes on with the same earnest disposition to the discussion of the second charge respecting the princesses of Oude, which occupies eighteen pages, not one syllable of which the attorney-general has read, and in which there is not even a glance at the house of commons. The whole of this answer is indeed so far from being a mere cloak for the introduction of slander, that I aver it to be one of the most masterly pieces of writing I ever read in my life. From thence he goes on to the charge of contracts and salaries, which occupies five pages more, in which there is not a glance at the house of commons, nor a word read by the attorney-general. He afterwards de- fends Mr. Hastings against the charges respecting, the opium contract. Not a glance at the house Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 59 of commons ; not a word by the attorney-general ; and, in short, in this manner he goes on with the others to the end of the "book. , Now is it possible for any human being to believe that a man having no other intention than to vilify the house of commons, as this information charges, should yet keep his mind thus fixed and settled as the needle to the pole, upon the serious merits of Mr. Hasting' s defence, without ever straying into matter even questionable, except ui the two or three selected parts out of two or three hundred pages 1 This is a forbearance which could not have existed, if calumny and detraction had been the malignant objects which led him to the inquiry and publica- tion. The whole fallacy, therefore, arises from holding up to view a few detached passages, and carefully concealing the general tenor of the book. Having now finished most, if not all of these crit- ical observations, which it has been my duty to make upon this unfair mode of prosecution ; it is but a tribute of common justice to the attorney- general, and which my personal regard for him makes it more pleasant to pay, that none of my commentaries reflect in the most distant manner upon him ; nor upon the solicitor for the crown, who sits near me, who is a person of the most cor- rect honor; far from it. The attorney-general having orders to prosecute, in consequence of the address of the house to his majesty, had no choice Digitized by MiQrosoft® 60 MB. eeskine's speech on the in the mode ; no means at all of keeping the pros- ecutors before you in countenance, but by the course which has been pursued ; but so far has he been from enlisting into the cause those prejudices which it is not difficult to slide into a business originating from such exalted authority, he has honorably guarded you against them; pressing indeed severely upon my client with the weight of his ability, but not with the glare and trappings of high office. Gentlemen, I wish that my strength would enable me to convince you of the author's single- ness of intention, and of the merit and ability of his work, by reading the whole that remains of it. But my voice is already nearly exhausted ; I am sorry my client should be a sufferer by my infirm- ity. One passage, however, is too striking and important to be passed over ; the rest I must trust to your private examination. The author having discussed all the charges, article by article, sums them all up with this striking appeal to his readers : "The authentic statement of facts which has been given, and the arguments which have been employed, are, I think, sufficient to vindicate the character and conduct of Mr. Hastings, even on the maxims of European policy. When he was appointed governor-general of Bengal, he was invested with a discretionary power to promote Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOOKDALE. 61 the interests of the India company, and of the British empire in that quarter of the globe. The general instructions sent to him from his constitu- ents were, ' That in all your deliberations and reso- lutions, you make the safety and prosperity of Bengal your principal object, and fix your atten- tion on the security of the possessions and revenues of the company.' His superior genius sometimes acted in the spirit, rather than complied with the letter, of the law ; but he discharged the trust, and preserved the empire committed to his care, iu the same way, and with greater splendor and success than any of his predecessors in office ; his depart- ure from India was marked with the lamentations of the natives, and the gratitude of his country- men ; and on his return to England, he received the cordial congratulations of that numerous and respedtable society, whose interests he had pro- moted, and whose dominions he had protected and extended." Gentlemen of the jury, if this be a wilfully false account of the instructions given to Mr. Hastings for his government, and his conduct under them, the author and publisher of this defence deserve the severest punishment, for a mercenary imposi- tion on the public. But if it be true that he was directed to make the safety and prosperity of Ben- gal the first object of his attention, and that, under his administration, it has been safe and prosperous; Digitized by Microsoft® 62 ME. eeskine's speech on the if it be true tLat the security and preservation of our possessions and revenues in Asia were marked out to him as the great leading principle of his government, and that those possessions and reve- nues, amidst unexampled dangers, have been secured and preserved ; then a question may be unaccountably mixed with your consideration, much beyond the consequence of the present prosecution, involving, perhaps, the merit of the impeachment itself which gave it birth ; a question which the commons, as prosecutors of Mr. Hastings, should in common prudence have avoided ; unless regretting the unwieldy length of their proceedings against him, they wished to afford him the opportunity of this strange anomalous defence ; since, although I am neither his counsel, nor desire to have anything to do with his guilt or innocence ; yet, in the col- lateral defence of my client, I am driven to" state matter which may be considered by many as hostile to the impeachment ; for if our dependen- cies have been secured, and their interests pro- moted, I am driven in the defence of my client to remark, that it is mad and preposterous to bring to the standard of justice and humanity, the exer- cise of a dominion founded upon violence and ter- ror. It may, and must be true, that Mr. Hastings has repeatedly offended against the rights and privileges of the Asiatic government, if he was a faithful deputy of a power which could not main- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 63 tain itself for an liour without trampling upon both ; he may and must have offended against the laws of God and nature, if he was the faithful vice- roy of an empire wrested in blood from the people to whom Grod and nature had given it ; he may and must have preserved that unjust dominion over timorous and abject nations by a terrifying, over- bearing, insulting superiority, if he was the faith- fdl administrator of your government, which hav- ing no root in consent or affection, no foundation in similarity of interests, nor support from any one principle which cements men together in society, could only be upheld by alternate stratagem and force. The unhappy people of India, feeble and effeminate as they are from the softness of their climate, and subdued and broken as they have been by the knavery and strength of civilization, still occasionally start up in all the vigor and intel- ligence of insulted nature ; to be governed at all, they must be governed with a rod of iron ; and our empire in the East would, long since, have been lost to Great Britain, if civil skill and military prowess had not united their efforts to support an authority which Heaven never gave, by means which it never can sanction. Gentlemen, I think I can observe that you are touched with this way of considering the subject, and I can account for it. I have not been con- sidering it through the cold medium of books, but Digitized by Microsoft® 64 MR. ERSKHfE's SPEECH ON THE have been speaking of man and his nature, and of human dominion, from what I have seen of them myself amongst reluctant nations submitting to our authority. I know what they feel, and how such feelings can alone be repressed. I have heard them in my youth from a naked savage, in the indignant character of a prince surrounded by his subjects, addressing the governor of a British colony, holding a bundle of sticks in his hand, as the notes of his unlettered eloquence : " Who is it ?" said the jealous ruler over the desert, encroached upon by the restless foot of English adventure, " who is it that causes this river to rise in the high mountains, and to empty itself into the ocean? Who is it that causes to blow the loud winds of winter, and that calms them again in the summer ? Who is it that rears up the shade of these lofty forests, and blasts them with the quick lightning, at his pleasure ? The same Being who gave to you a country on the other side of the waters, and gave ours to us ; and by this title we will defend it," said the warrior, throwing down his tomahawk upon the ground, and raising the war-sound of his nation. These are the feelings of subjugated man all round the globe ; and depend upon it, nothing but fear will control where it is vain to look for affection.* * The effect of this inimitaWe passage on all present, is said by an' eye witness to have been electrical. The audience was stirred as one man ; they seemed to see the Indian chieftain before them and to drinlt in the entire scene as depicted by the matchless skill of the advocate. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL or JOHN 8T0CKDALE. 65 These reflections are the only antidotes to those anathemas of super-human eloquence which have lately shaken the walls that surround us ; but which it unaccountably falls to my province, whether I will or no, a little to stem the torrent of, by reminding you that you have a mighty sway in Asia, which cannot be maintained by the finer sympathies of life, or the practice of its charities and affections ; what will they do for you when surrounded by two hundred thousand men, with artillery, cavalry, and elephants, calling upon you for their dominions which you have robbed them of? Justice may, no doubt, in such a case forbid the levying of a fine to pay revolting soldiery ; a treaty may stand in the way of increasing a tribute to keep up the very existence of the government ; and delicacy for women may forbid all entrance into a Zenana for money, whatever may be the necessity for taking it. All these things must ever be occurring. But under the pressure of such con- stant difficulties, so dangerous to national honor, it might be better, perhaps, to think of effectually securing it altogether, by recalling our troops and our merchants, and abandoning our Oriental em- pire. Until this be done, neither religion nor philosophy can.be pressed very far into the aid of reformation and punishment. If England, from a lust of ambition and dominion, will insist on maintaining despotic rule over distant and hostile 5 B Digitized by Microsoft® 66 MR, eeskeste's speech on the nations, beyond all comparison more numerous and extended than herself, and gives commission to her viceroys to govern them with no other instructions fhan to preserve them, and to secure permanently their revenues; with what color of consistency or reason can she place herself in the moral chair, and affect to be shocked at the execu- tion of her own orders ; adverting to the 'exact measure of wickedness and injustice necessary to their execution, and complaining only of the excess as the immorality, considering her authority as a dispensation for breaking the commands of God, and the breach of them as only punishable when contrary to ordinances of man. Such a proceeding, gentlemen, begets serious reflections. It would be better perhaps for the masters and the servants of all such governments to join in supplication, that the great Author of violated humanity may not confound them together in one common judgment. Gentlemen, I find, as I said before, I have not sufficient strength to go on with the remaining parts of the book.* I hope, however, that notwitL standing my omissions, you are now completely satisfied that whatever errors or misconceptions may have misled the writer of tljese pages, the justification of a person whom he believed to be innocent, and whose accusers had themselves ap- * Lord Brskine was now so ill that he could scarcely stand up while he addressed the jury. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. • 67 pealed to the public, was tlie single object of his contemplation. If I have succeeded in that object, every purpose which I had in addressing you has been answered. It only now remains to remind you, that another consideration has been strongly pressed upon you, and, no doubt, will be insisted on in reply. You will be told that the matters which I have been justifying as legal, and even meritorious, have therefore not been made the subject of complaint; and that whatever intrinsic merit parts of the book may be supposed or even admitted to possess, such merit can afford no justification to the selected passages, some of which, even with the context, carry the meaning charged by the information, and which are indecent animadversions on authority. To this I would answer, still protesting as I do against the application of any one of the innuen- dos, that if you are firmly persuaded of the single- ness and purity of the author's intentions, you are not bound to subject him to infamy, because, in the zealous career of a just and animated composi- tion, he happens to have tripped with his pen into an intemperate expression in one or two instances of a long work. If this severe duty were binding on your consciences, the liberty of the press would be an empty sound, and no man could venture to write on any subject, however pure his purpose, Digitized by Microsoft® 68 . ME. ekskiwe's speech ok the without an attorney at- one elbow, and a counsel at tlie other. From minds thus subdued by the terrors of punishment, there could issue no works of genius to expand the empire of human reason, nor 'any masterly compositions on the general nature of government, by the help of which the great com- monwealths of mankind have founded their estab- lishments ; much less any of those useful applica- tions of them to critical conjunctures by which, from time to time, our own constitution, by the exertion of patriot citizens, has been brought back to its standard. Under such terrors, all the great lights of science and civilization must be extin- guished, for men cannot communicate their free thoughts to one another with a lash held over their heads. It is the nature of everything that is great and useful, both in the animate and inanimate world, to be wild and irregular ; and we must be contented to take them with the alloys which belong to them, or live without them. Genius breaks from the fetters of criticism, but its wan- derings are sanctioned by its majesty and wisdom, when it advances in its path ; subject it to the critic, and you tame it into dulness. Mighty rivers break down their banks in the winter, sweeping away to death the flocks which are fattened on the soil that they fertilize in the summer ; the few may be saved by embankments from drowning, but the Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 69 flock must perisli from hunger. Tempests occa- sionally shake our dwellings and dissipate our commerce ; but they scourge before them the lazy elements, which without them would stagnate into pestilence. In like manner, liberty herself, the last . and best gift of God to his creatures, must be taken just as she is ; you might pare her down into bash- ful regularity, and shape her into a perfect model of severe, scrupulous law, but she would then be liberty no longer ; and you must be content to die under the lash of this inexorable justice which you had exchanged for the banners of freedom. If it be asked where the line to this indulgence and impunity is to be drawn, the answer is easy. The liberty of the press on general subjects com- prehends and implies as much strict observance of positive law as is consistent with perfect purity of intention, and equal and useful society ; and what that latitude is, cannot be promulgated in the abstract, but must be judged of in the particular instance, and consequently, upon this occasion, must be judged of by you, without forming any possible precedent for any other case. And where can the judgment be possibly so safe as with the members of that society which alone can suffer if the writing is calculated to do mischief to the public ? You must therefore try the book by that criterion, and say whether the publication was pre- mature and offensive, or, in other words, whether Digitized by Microsoft® 70 MK. EKSKIWe's speech OJSr THE the publisher was bound to have suppressed it until the public ear was anticipated and abused, and every avenue to the human heart and under- standing secured and blocked up ? I see around me those by whom, by and by, Mr. Hastings will be most ably and eloquently defended ;* but I am , sorry to remind my friends, that but for the right of suspending the public judgment concerning him till their season of exertion comes round, the tongues of angels would be insufficient for the task. Gentlemen, I hope I have now performed my duty to my client. I sincerely hope that I have ; for, certainly, if ever there was a man pulled the other way by his interests and affections ; if ever there was a man who should have trembled at the situation in which I have been placed on this occa- sion, it is myself, who not only love, honor and respect, but whose future hopes and preferments are linked from free choice with those who, from the mistakes of the author, are treated with great severity and injustice. These are strong retard- ments ; but I have been urged on to activity by considerations which can never be inconsistent with honorable attachments, either in the political or social world; the love of justice and of liberty, and a zeal for the constitution of my country, which is the inheritance of our posterity, of the public, and * Mr. Law, afterward Lord EUenborough, Mr. Plumer, afterward vice-chancellor, and Mr. Dallas. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN STOCK!) ALE. 'Tl of the world. These are the motives which have animated me in defence of this person, who is an entire stranger to me ; whose shop I never go to ; and the author Of whose publication, as well as Mr. Hastings, who is the object of it, I never spoke to in my life. One word more, gentlemen, and I have done. Every human tribunal ought to take care to ad- minister justice, as we look hereafter to have justice administered to ourselves. Upon the principle on which the attorney-general prays sentence upon my client — God have mercy upon us ! Instead of standing before him in judgment with the hopes and consolations of Christians, we must call upon the mountains to cover us ; for which of us can present, for omniscient examination, a pure, un- spotted, and faultless course ? But I humbly ex- pect that the benevolent Author of our being will judge us as I have been pointing out for your example. Holding up the great volume of our lives in his hands, and regarding the general scope of them, if he discovers benevolence, charity, and good-will to man beating in the heart, where he alone can look ; if he finds that our conduct, though often forced out of the path by our infirmities, has been in general well directed, his all-searching eye will assuredly never pursue us into those little cor- ners of our lives, much less will his justice select them for punishment, without the general context Digitized by Microsoft® 72 MR. eesktne's speech on the of our existence, by wMcli faults may be sometimes found to have grown out of virtues, and very many of our heaviest offences to have been grafted by human imperfections upon the best and kindest of our affections. JSTo, gentlemen, believe me, this is not the course of divine justice, or there is no truth in the Gospels of Heaven. If the general tenor of a man's conduct be such as I have represented it, he may walk through the shadow of death, with all his faults about him, with as much cheerfulness as in the common paths of life ; because he knows, that instead of a stern accuser to expose before the Author of his nature those frail passages which, like the scored matter in the book before you, chequer the volume of the brighest and best-spent life, his mercy will obscure them from the eye of his purity, and our repentance blot them out forever. All this would, I admit, be perfectly foreign and irrelevant, if you were sitting here ia a case of pro- perty between man and man, where a strict rule of law must operate, or there would be an end of civil life and society. It would be equally foreign, and still more irrelevant, if applied to those shame- ful attacks upon private reputation which are the bane and disgrace of the press; by which whole families have been rendered unhappy during life, by aspersions cruel, scandalous, and unjust. Let such libelers remember, that no one of my princi- ples of defence can at any time or upon any occar Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN 8T0CKDALE, 73 « sion ever apply to shield ttem from punishment ; because such conduct is not only an infringement on the rights of men, as they are defined by strict law, but is absolutely incompatible with honor, honesty, or mistaken good intention. On such men let the attorney-general bring forth all the artillery of his oflalce, and the thanks and blessings of the whole public will follow him. But this is a totally different case. Whatever private calumny may mark this work, it has not been made the subject of complaint, and we have therefore noth- ing to do with that, nor any right to consider it. We are trying whether the public could have been considered as offended and endangered, if Mr. Hastings himself, in whose place the author and publisher have a right to put themselves, had, under all the circumstances which have been con- sidered, composed and published the volume under examination. That question cannot, in common sense, be anything resembling a question of law, but is a pure question of fact, to be decided on the principles I have humbly recommended. I there- fore ask of the court that the book itself may now be delivered to you. Read it with attention, and as you shall find it, pronounce jour verdict.* * Mr. Erskine's argument in this celebrated cause may be con- sidered as the first full and exhaustive exposition of a doctrine now generally received both in England and America, in the law of libel, viz. : that the libelous composition must be judged as -a whole, and not by detached parts; and that, judging it by this standard, though Digitized by Microsoft® 74 ME. EESKirnE's SPEECH, « heated expressions and invective may be found in some of its parts, which, taken singly, might even be construed as libelous, yet, if taken as a whole it shall not be found to exceed the limits of fair dis- cussion, the defendant shall be acquitted. However individual tastes may differ as to the place which should be assigned this speech of Mr. Erskine's, its high merit none will deny. Comparison has been most frequently instituted between this and his argument in defence of Lord George Gordon, and with varying opinions. A cotemporary of Erskine in a critical review of his published speeches, does not hesitate to pronounce this the " finest of all his orations, whether we regard the wonderful skill with which the argument is conducted, the soundnessof the principles laid down, and their happy application to the case, or the exquisite fancy with which they are embellished, and illustrated, and the powerful and touching language in which they are conveyed. It is justly regarded by all English lawyers as a consummate specimen of the art of addressing a jury ; as a standard, a sort of precedent for treating cases of libel, by keep- ing which in his eye, a man may hope to succeed in special pleading his client's case within its principle, who is destitute of the talent required even to comprehend the other and higher merits of hia original. By those merits it is recommended to the lovers of pure diction, of copious and animated description, of lively, picturesque, and fanciful illustration, of all that constitutes, if we may so speak, the poetry of eloquence, all for which we admire it when prevented from enjoying its music and its statuary.'' See Edinburgh Beview, Vol. XVI., 110-11. Digitized by Microsoft® REPLY OF THE ATTORNEY-aENEEAL. GEWTLEMEif or THE JuRT : My learned friend and I stand very mucTi contrasted with each other in this cause. To him belong infinite eloquence and ingenuity, a gift of persuasion, beyond that which I almost ever knew fall to any man's share, and a power of language greater than that which ever met my ear. In his situation it is not only permitted to him, but it is commendable ; it is his duty to his client, to exert all those faculties, to comprehend every possible topic, that by the utmost stretch of inge- nuity can possibly be introduced into the most remote connection with the cause. I, on the other hand, gentlemen, must disclaim those qualities which I ascribe to my learned friend, namely that ingenuity, that eloquence, and that power of words; but if they did belong to me, we stand contrasted also in this circumstance, that I durst not in my present situation use them, whatever little effort I might make to that effect, acting the part simply of an advocate in a private cause. All that I must abandon to-day, recollecting the situation in which I stand. Gentlemen, however unworthily, yet so Digitized by Microsoft® 76 EEPLT OF THE ATTORNEY - GEWEKAL it is, that I stand in the situation of the first officer of this high court ; therefore the utmost fair deal- ing, the plainest common sense, the clearest argu- ment, the utmost iond fides with the court and jury, are the duties incumbent upon me. In that spirit therefore, gentlemen, you will not ezpect from me the discharge of my duty, in any other way than by the most temperate observation, and by the most correct and the fairest reasoning in my power. . One should have thought, from the general tiu"n of my learned friend's arguments, that I had in this information imputed it as a crime to the deceased gentleman whom he named, and whom I think I hardly recollect ever to have heard named before, that I had imputed it to him as an offence, merely that he reasoned in defence of Mr. Hastings ably and eloquently, as is asserted. My • learned friend has said, that I have picked out passages here and there disconnected and disjointed, and have omitted a vast variety of other passages. I hardly think that his second observation would have been made, had it not been for the sake of his first ; but inasmuch as I studiously avoided, and would insert no one single line that consisted of fair reasoning and defence for Mr. Hastings, inasmuch as it was no part of my duty so to do ; so he has exculpated me by saying, that the loading an information with that which was not Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. ^'I immediately to the point, was a tMng whicli I had avoided with propriety. This book, as my learned friend himself has described it to you, and read the greater part of, consists of many different heads ; it consists of an historical narration of facts, with which I do not quarrel. It consists of extracts from original papers, with which I do not quarrel. It consists of arguments, of reasoning, and of very good declamation ; with that I do not quarrel. But it consists also of a stain, and a deep stain, upon your representatives in parliament. My learned friend says, that this is written with a friendly zeal for Mr. Hastings. I commend that zeal ; but at the same time you . will permit me to distinguish, if that could avail, between the zeal of an author for Mr. Hastings, and the cold lucrative motives of the printer of that author's work. It was the duty of that printer to have the work revised by some one else, if he has not the capacity to do it himself, and to see that poison does not circulate among the public. It was his bounden duty to do that : zeal could not excuse or exculpate even the author, much less the mechanical printer ; though, perhaps, if this had been shown in manuscript as the work of a zealous friend, great allowance might have been made for that zeal. My learned friend, for the purpose of argument, deviated into almost every field that it was possible Digitized by Microsoft® 78 EEPLT OF THE ATTORNEY -GENEEAL for knowledge such as liis, for reading, experience, for knowledge of nature, and every thing that belongs to human affairs; he has deviated into them at great length, and nine-tenths of his argu- ment consisted of nothing else. Instead of that, what is this question ? The coldest, the dullest, the driest of all possible questions. It is neither more nor less than this, whether, when the great tribunal of the nation is carrying on its most solemn proceeding for the benefit and for the interests of the public, whether, while it is even depending, and not ripe for judgment, the accusers, the house of commons, who carry up their impeach- ment to the house of lords, are slandered by being called persons acting from private and interested animosity ; persons who studiously, when they find a meritorious servant of the country come home crowned with laurels, as it is expressed, are sure to do what ? — To impeach and to ruin him. I shall also studiously avoid anything respecting politics or party, or anything respecting the con- duct or opinions of any men in another place ; and my learned friend will excuse me also, if I do not state my own. These I avoid for this reason, that when we are within these walls, we are to betake ourselves to the true and genuine principles of our law and constitution ; the justest picture of oppres- sion of one man cannot justify the calumniating other men ; it may justify the defending that man, Digitized by Microsoft® OK THE TRIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 79 but it -will not justify a stain upon tlie house of com- mons of tMs country. And, gentlemen, surely this author, considerable as he is as a man acquainted with composition, betrays the cause of Mr. Hast- ings, as I should think; at least he does Mr. Hastings no service by going beyond his defence, by deserting and abandoning the declamation, and the reasoning, of which he seems to be a con- siderable master, and deviating into slander and calumny upon the house of commons, his accusers. My learned friend has used an analogy. He tells you the house of commons is a grand jury ; I close with him in that analogy ; I ask you, as lovers of good order, as men desirous of repressing licen- tiousness, as persons who wish that your country should be decently and well governed, whether you would endure for an instant, if this were an information against the defendant, who had pub- lished that a grand jury found a bill, not because they thought it a right thing that the person ac- cused should be put upon his trial, but that they found the indictment against him because he was meritorious ; that they did it from principles of private animosity, and not with a regard to pubhc justice. If an indictment were brought before you, for a slander of that sort upon a grand jury, could you hesitate an instant in saying that it was repre- hensible, and a thing not to be endured ? Why then, if the whole representatives of the nation are Digitized by Microsoft® 80 EEPLT OF THE ATTOElSrET-GEJrEEAL acting in tliat capacity ; if, after many years' in- vestigation, they "bring charges against an individ- ual, is it any apology, justification it cannot be, for an author, in his zeal for his friend, to tack to it that which must be a disgrace to the country if it were true, and therefoi-e must not be circulated with impunity? The commendation which even my learned friend has bestowed upon this work, the impassioned and animated manner in which he has recommended it to your perusal, and that of every man in the country, most manifestly prove what I stated in opening this cause ; that when such mischief as this is found in a book, written by a person of no mean abilities, it comes recom- mended to, and in fact misleads, the best under- standings in the country. I leave any man to judge of the mischievous tendency of such a com- position, compared with the squibs, paragraphs, and idle trash of the day, which frequently die away with it. Upon this principle, those passages which I selected and put into this information, and which immediately regard the house of commons, naturally gave offence to the house. They felt themselves calumniated and aspersed, and entitled to redress from a jury. My learned friend says : Why don't the house of commons themselves punish it ? Is that an argu- ment to be used in the mouth of one who recom- mends clemency? Does he recommend that the Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 81 iron hand of power should come down upon a man of this sort, instead of temperately, wisely, and judiciously submitting to the common law of this country, saying, let him be dealt with by that common law ? There he will have a scrupulously impartial trial. There he will have every advan- tage that the meanest subject of the country is entitled to. But, says my learned friend, passages are selected from distant pages, and tacked together ; the con- text between must explain the meaning of those passages ; and he compares it to taking one-half of a sentence, and tells yoii that if any man should say, there is no God, taking that part alone, he would be a blasphemer ; whereas taking the whole verse, that the fool hath said in his heart, there is no Grod, in that sense it becomes directly the re- verse of blasphemy. Kow, has he found any one garbled sentence in the whole course of this infor- mation? Is not every one a clear, distinct, and separate proposition ? On the contrary, when he himself accuses me, not personally but officially, of not having stated the whole of this volume upon record, and undertaking to supply my de- fects, he misses this very sentence: "Assertions so hardy, and accusations so atrocious, ought not to have been introduced into the preamble of an impeachment, before an assembly so respectable as the house of peers, without the clearest and 6 B Digitized by Microsoft® 82 EEPLY OF THE ATTOEKET - GENERAL most incontrovertible evidence. In all transactions of a political nature there are many concealed movements that escape the detection of the world ; but there are some facts so broad and glaring, so conspicuous and prominent, as to strike the general eye and meet the common level of the human understanding." Now, gentlemen, I only adduce this to show that it is possible that two leaves may be turned over at once on the defendant's side of the question ; and likewise to show you that I have not, for the purpose of accusation, culled and picked out every passage that I might have picked out, or every one that would bear an offensive construction ; but have taken those prominent parts where this author has abandoned the purpose my learned friend as- cribes to him, that of extenuating the guilt imputed to Mr. Hastings, and of showing that he had merit rather than demerit with the public. The passages were selected to show that I have betaken myself to the fifth head of the work, as I enumerated them before, where the author does not content himself with executing that purpose, but holds out the house of commons as persons actuated by pri- vate malice, not only to the eyes of the subjects of this country, but also to surrounding nations, whose eyes are unquestionably upon us, throughout the whole course of the proceeding. Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OP JOHN STOOKDALE. 83 I ask you whetlier any reasonable answer has been given to the interpretation which I put upon the various passages in this book? The first of them, I admit, with my learned friend, is simply an introduction, and is stated in the information merely to show that the author himself knew the position and the state of things, viz. : that the impeachment had been carried up to the house of lords, and was there depending for their judg- ment. Then, after having reasoned somewhat upon the introduction to these several articles of impeach- ment, and after having stated that these had been circulated in India, he goes on to say : " Will accusations, built upon such a baseless fabric, prepossess the public in favor of the impeachment ? What credit can we give to multi- plied and accumulated charges, when we find that they originate from misrepresentation and false- hood?" My learned friend himself told you, in a subse- quent part of his speech, that those accusations originated from an inquiry which lasted two years and a half, by a secret committee of the house of commons, of which I myself was a pretty laborious member : if that be so, what pretence is there here for impregnating the public with a belief that from false, scandalous and fabricated materials, those charges did originate ? Is not that giving a Digitized by Microsoft® 84 EEPLT OF THE ATTOEISTEY- GENERAL directly false impression to the public ? Are not those to be protected from slander of this sort who take so much pains to investigate what appears to them, in the result, to be a fit matter not for them to decide ultimately upon, but to put in a course of trial where, ultimately, justice will be done ? Has my learned friend attempted any explana- tion, or other interpretation, to be put upon these words than that which the information imputes ? " If, after exerting all your efforts in the cause of your country, you return covered with laurels and crowned with success; if you preserve a loyal attachment to your sovereign ; you may expect the thunders of parliamentary vengeance — you will certainly be impeached, and probably be undone." Is it to be said and circulated in print all over the world that the house of commons is composed of such materials that exactly in proportion to a man's merit is their injustice and inhuman tyranny? Is that to be said or printed freely under the pre- text that the author is zealous in the interest of a gentleman under misfortune ? But it is said there are forty libels every day published against this gentleman, and no one is permitted to defend him. Let all mankind defend him ; let every man that pleases write what he will, provided he does it withia the verge of the law; if he does it as a Digitized by Microsoft® OIT THE TEIAL OF JOHN STOCKDALE. 85 manly and good subject, confining himself to rea- sonable and good argument. My learned friend says, if you stop this, the press is gagged; that it never can be said with impunity that the king and the constable are in the same predicament. The king and the con- stable are in one respect in the same predicament, with great difference indeed in the gradation, and in the comparison ; but, without all question, both are magistrates-; the one, the highest, to whom we look with awe and reverence ; and to the other with obedience when within his sphere ; that may be freely said in this country, and ever will be said. But is it the way to secure the liberty of the press, that at the time when the nation is solemnly engaged in the investigation of the con- duct of one of its first servants, that servant should not only be defended by fair argument and reason as far as it goes, but that his accusers are to be charged with mahce and personal animosity against him ? If the audacious voice of slander shall go so high as that with impunity, who is there that will ever undertake to be an accuser in this country ? I am sure I, for one, who sometimes am called upon, I hope as sparingly as public exigency will admit of, to exercise that odious and disagreeable task, would with pleasure sacrifice my gown, if I saw it established, that even the highest accusers Digitized by Microsoft® 86 REPLY OF THE ATTORISTET - GENERAL that the country knows are, under the pretence of the defence of an individual, to be vilified and degraded. If this be permitted, can subordinate accusers expect to escape ? Gentlemen, give me leave again to remind you, that nothing can ever secure a valuable blessing so effectually as enforcing the temperate, legal and discreet use of it ; and it cannot be necessary for the liberty of the press that it should be licentious to such an extreme. Believe me, that if this country should be worked up, as I expressed it yesterday, to a paroxysm of disgust against the licentiousness of the press, which has attacked all ranks of men, and now at last has mounted up to the legislative body, its liberty perhaps never can be in greater danger; something may be done in that paroxysm of disgust which might be the grad- ual means of sapping the foundation of that best of our liberties — a free press. Is it not obvious to common sense, that if the whole country is rendered indignant by the licen- tiousness of the press knowing no bounds, this is the instant of greatest hazard to its freedom ? Be- sides, is the folly of the subjects of Great Britain such, that, in order to enjoy a thing in all its per- fection, and to all its good purposes, it is necessary to encourage its extremest licentiousness ? If you shall encourage this its extremest licentiousness (I venture to call it such when the great accusatorial Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHK STOCKDALB 87 body of the nation is slandered in this manner), if you give it such encouragement to-day, no man can tell where it will reach hereafter. Therefore, so far from cramping the press, so far from sapping its foundation, so far from doing it an injury, you are, on the contrary, taking the surest means to preserve it, hy distinguishing the two parts of this book, and by saying, true it is, that any man is at liberty to expound and to explain in print the conduct of another, to justify it, if he pleases, by stating, in a manly way, that which belongs to his subject ; but the moment that he steps aside, and slanders an individual, much more the awful body of the representatives of the people, there he has done wrong; there he has trespassed upon the liberty of the press, and has imminently hazarded its existence. Gentlemen, lay you hands upon your hearts, ask yourselves as men of honor, because I know that binds you as much as your oaths ; ask yourselves, whether the true meaning of this libel is not, that not from public grounds, not from conviction, not with a view to render public service, but from private pique, from private malice, from bye motives. Which I call corruption, the house of com- mons have been induced to send this gentleman to an inquiry before the proper tribunal ; and that too, as the hbel expresses it, without even reading it, without hearing, without consideration ; judge, Digitized by Microsoft® 88 REPLY OF THE ATTORNEY- GENERAL. I say, whetlier that be not the true exposition of this libel, and then, gentlemen, consider with your- selves what the effect will be, if you ratify and con- firm such an offence, by suffering this defendant to escape. Digitized by Microsoft® CHAEGE TO THE JURY. Lord Kenyon then summed up as follows : Gentlemen" of the Jtjey : I do not feel that I am called upon to discuss the nature of this libel, or to state to you what the merit of the composi- tion is, or what the merit of the argument is, but merely to state what the questions are, to which you are to apply your judgment, and the evidence given in support of this information. It is impos- sible, when one reads the preface to it, which states that the libel was written to asperse the house of commons, not to feel that it is a matter of con- siderable importance ; for I do not know how far a fixed general opinion that the house of commons deserves to have crimes imputed to it, may go ; for men that are governed will be thereby much influenced by the confidence which should be reposed in government. Mankind will never for- get that governors are not made for the sake of themselves, but are placed in their respective sta- tions, to discharge the function of their office for the benefit of the public ; and if they should ever conceive that their governors are so inattentive to Digitized by Microsoft® 90 CHARGE TO THE JUET their duty, as to exercise their functions only to keep themselves in power, and for their own emolu- ment, without attending to the interests of the public, government must be relaxed, and at last crumble into dust ; and, therefore if the. case be made out, which is imputed to the defendant, it is no doubt a most momentous case indeed; but though it is so, it does not follow that the defen- dant is guilty; and juries have been frequently told, and I am bound, in the situation in which I stand, to tell you, that, in forming your judgment upon this case, there are two points for you to attend to, namely : ; Whether the defendant, who is charged with having published this, did publish it ; and whether the sense which the attorney-general, by his innu- endos in this information, has affixed to the different passages, is fairly affixed to them. From any consideration as to the first of these points you are delivered, because it is admitted, that the book was published by the defendant; but the other is the material point to which you are to apply your judgment. It has been entered into with wonderful abilities, and much in the detail ; but it is not enough for a man to say, I am innocent; it belongs alone to the Great Searcher of hearts to know whether men are innocent or not ; we are to judge of the guilt or innocence of Digitized by Microsoft® OTS THE TRIAL OP JOHN STOCKDALE. 91 men, because we have no other rule to go by, by their overt acts, i. e., from what they have done. In applying the innuendoa, I accede entirely to what was laid down by the counsel for the defend- ant, and what was admitted yesterday by the attorney-general, as counsel for the crown, that you must, upon this information, make up your minds that this was meant as an aspersion upon the house of commons ; and I admit also that in forming your opinion you are not bound to confine your inquiry to those detached passages which the attorney-general has selected as offensive matter, and the subject of prosecution. But let me on the other side warn you, that though there may be much good writing, good argument, morality, and humanity, in many parts of it, yet if there are offensive passages, the good part will not sanctify the bad part. Having stated that, I ought also to tell you, that in order to see what is the sense to be fairly imputed to those parts which are culled out as the offensive passages, you have a right to look at all the context ; you have a right to look at the whole book; and if you find it has been garbled, and that the passages selected by the attorney-general do not bear the sense imputed to them, the man has a right to be acquitted ; and God forbid he should be convicted. It is for you, upon reading the information, which, if you go out of court, you Digitized by Microsoft® 92 CHAEaE TO THE JUBT will undoubtedly take with you, and by comparing it with this pamphlet, to see whether the sense the attorney-general has aflfixed, is fairly affixed ; always being guided by this, that where it is truly ambiguous and doubtful, the inclination of your judgment should be on the side of innocence ; but if you find you cannot acquit him without distort- ing sentences, you are to meet this case, and aU other cases, as I stated yesterday, with the fortitude of men feeling that they have a duty upon them superior to all leaning to parties; namely, the administration of justice in the particular cause. It would be in vain for me to go through this pamphlet which has been just put into my hand, and to say whether the sense affixed is the fair sense or not. As far as disclosed by the informar tion, these passages afford a strong bias that the sense aflfixed to them is the fair sense ; but of that you will judge, not from the passages themselves merely, but by reading the context, or the whole book ; so much at least as is necessary to enable you to ascertain the true meaning of the author. If I were prepared to comment upon the pam- phlet, in my situation it would be improper for me to do it. My duty is fulfilled when I point out to you what the questions are that are proposed to your judgment, and what the evidence is upon the questions ; the result is yours, and yours only. Digitized by Microsoft® OK THE TRIAL OF JOHN STOOKDALE. 93 The jury retired, and after an absence of two hours, returned with a verdict of " not guilty." Lord Campbell mentions the length of their deliberations as a somewhat remarkable fact ill yiew of the powerful argument of Mr. Erskine, and its wonderful effect upon all who heard it. He alludes, however, as explanatory of the doubts of the jury, and as adding to the triumph of the advocate, to the fact that this trial took place before the passage of Mr. Fox's libel act, and during a period when judges did not hesitate to instruct juries that their only province, in cases of libel, was to determine the bare fact of whether the alleged libel had been published by the defendant. Digitized by Microsoft® THE TRIAL OF JOHN FROST. Hilary Term, 1793. The trial of John Frost, an eminent London attorney, is the first of that remarkable series of state trials in which Mr. Erskine appeared for the defence, and in which his labors accomplished so much for the cause of personal lib- erty. Mr. Frost was, with the full concurrence of the Lord Chancellor,* indicted by the attorney-general for having, in a coifee-house, while heated with wine, made use of the expression, " I am for equality, and no king." The entire history of the case sufficiently appears in the speech of the attorney-general and in the evidence subjoined. Tlie indictment having been opened by Mr. Wood, the attorney-general spoke as follows ; Gentlemen of tiie Jubt : Though I have the honor to attend you, in my official character, it will not have escaped your attention that this charge is brought against the present defendant by an indictment. Gentlemen, the transaction, with the guilt of which the defendant is charged, happened upon * Lougliborough. Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TBIAL OF JOHN FEOST. 95 the 6tli of November last. I hope I shall not be thought guilty of stating anything that can be con- sidered as improper, when I call your attention to a fact that is notorious to the whole country ; that about that period public representations had been made, that the minds of men were alienated from that constitution, which had long been the subject of the warmest encomiums of the best informed men in this country ; which we have been in the habit of considei'ing as the best birthright which our ancestors could have handed down to us, and which we have been long in the habit of consider- ing as the most valuable inheritance that we had to transmit to our posterity. This constitution had been represented as that from which the affec- tions of the country had become altogether alienated ; we were told that this disaffectiaai was moving along the country with the silence of thought ; and something like a public challenge was written to meet men who are fond of other systems, by fair appeals to the public, who are finally to decide upon every question between every individual of this country, and the govern- ment. Grentlemen, the attorney-general of tha^ day, who found himself by the duty of his office called upon to watch over, what he considered, a property and inheritance of inestimable value, thought it neces- sary to meet this sort of observation, by stripping Digitized by Microsoft® 96 SPEECH OF THE ATTOENET-GElSrEEAL Mmself of what belonged to him in his official character ; and appealing, as far as he could appeal, to the tribunals of the country, which the wisdom of the constitution had established, for the purpose of protecting men from improper accusations ; and he did not therefore call upon those whom he thought proper to prosecute, by the exercise of any official authority of his own, putting them and himself at issue upon these points, as it were, before a jury of the country, but he directed indictments to be carried to the grand juries of the country, to take their sense upon the subject, and to have their opinion, whether it was fit that persons propagat- ing such doctrines as this defendant stands charged, with, should, or should not, be suffered in this country to state them with impunity ? GeijJ;lemen, in consequence of this determination the present defendant stands indicted ; and before I state the words to you, I think it my duty to mention to you, that he is now to be tried upon the second indictment which a grand jury of this country has found. When the first indictment was carried before the grand jury, this defendant was abroad ; a warrant was issued for his appre- hension, and he returned to this country in the month of February last : he appeared to the indict- ment, and gave bail to it ; by some accident he had been indicted by a name which does not belong to him, and pleaded the misnomer in abate- Digitized by Microsoft® OK THE TEIAL OF JOHN FEOST. 97 ment. Another indictment was carried before the second grand jury, who found that second indictment without any hesitation, and it is in con- sequence of that proceeding that he is called upon to-day to deny the truth of the charges which this information contains, or to state to you upon what grounds he is to contend, that his conduct as stated in this indictment is to be considered as legal. Gentlemen, the transaction which the indictment charges him with, happened on the 6th of Novem- ber last ; you will find from the conversation, as it will be given in evidence to you, that Mr. Frost had, I think, returned from France shortly before ; that he had dined with a set of gentlemen, whom I believe to be very respectable, at the Percy Coffee-house upon that day. He came into the public coffee-house between nine and ten in the evening, as nearly as I am able to ascertain the time, and a gentleman who had long been acquaint- ed with him, to whom I believe I may venture to say, Mr. Frost was certainly under no disobliga- tions in life, seeing him, addressed him as an acquaintance, asked whether he was lately come from France, and how matters went on in that countiy ? Mr. Frost told hi)n he was lately come from France, and expected soon to go there again ; he then added the words that have been read to you from the indictment : " I am for equality ; I Digitized by Microsoft® 98 SPEECH OF THE ATTORNEY - GENERAL can see no reason why any man should not be upon a footing with another ; it is every man's birth- right." Gentlemen, some persons present in this coffee- room, the general conduct of all of whom, I think, will have some influence upon your judgment, with respect to the mind with which Mr. Frost conducted himself upon that day, immediately asked him, what he meant by equality ; to which he answered, "Why, I mean no king." "What! dare you own, in any public or private company in this country, such sentiments?" "Yes, I mean no king; the constitution of this country is a bad one." Gentlemen, what were the other particulars of the conversation that passed I am unable to state to you, but you will find the zeal and anxiety which a number of respectable persons acted with upon this Occasion, made it very difficult for Mr. Frost to pursue this sort of conversation any further ; and in what manner Mr. Frost left the coffee-house, and under what feelings and apprehensions in the minds of those who were there, I shall leave to you to collect from the witnesses, rather than attempt to state it myself. Now, gentlemen, it is for you to decide, whether, in cases of this nature, prosecutions shall be carried on against defendants who think proper to use language so contemptuous to the sovereign of the country ; and surely, I need not in this place con- Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL 0¥ JOHN FROST. 99 tend, ttat anything that is contemptuous to the sovereign of the country, anything grossly reflect- ing upon the administration of the magistracy of this country, or persons holding the offices of mag- istrates, according to the law of this country, such as it is, and such as I hope it will continue to be, has never been suffered with impunity. Gentlemen, when you consider, not merely whether the prosecution is to produce a verdict of guilty, but whether the prosecution is expedient and proper, it is not unnecessary to advert to the circumstances of the times, and the temper with which the particular defendant may have proceeded, who is charged with guilt by an indictment brought before a jury of this country. Gentlemen, this doctrine of equality and no king has been held in this country, which never did, and which, I hope, never will, interfere with the right of free, of temperate, of sober, and of ample discus- sion, conducted under those restraints, upon every political subject, in which the interests and the happiness of Englishmen can be concerned ; but, gentlemen, when a doctrine of this sort, equality and no king, a doctrine which either means this, or it means nothing, that there shall be no distinc- tion of ranks in society, is brought forward, under circumstances so peculiar as those which attended the statement of this doctrine by the defendant, it becomes the duty of those who are entrusted with Digitized by Microsoft® 100 SPEECH OE THE ATTOETSTET - GEITEEAIi watcting over the laws of this country, iinder the control of juries who are finally to decide between them and individuals who may be charged with a breach of them, at least to do their duty in stating this to the pubhc, that no one shall dare to hold language like this, without being prepared to tell a jury of this country upon what grounds he con- ceives himself justifiable in holding it under the circumstances of the present case. Gentlemen, advert a little to the time ; this was in November, 1792. There does not exist upon the face of the earth, I hope, a man more zealously attached to this doctrine than I am. I mean, that every man in this country, and in every country, has an equal right to equal laws, to an equal pro- tection of personal security, to an equal protection of personal liberty ; to an equal protection of that, without which, it requires no reasoning to prove, that neither personal security, nor personal liberty, ever can exist, I mean to an equal protection of property, that property which the labor of his life, under the blessing of Providence, may have gained to him, or which the superior kindness of Provi- dence may have given him, without bestowing the labor of life in order to acquire it ; all this sort of ■ equality is that which the constitution of Great Britain has secured to every man who lives under it, but is not the equality which was connected Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOSN FEOST. lOS with the doctrine no king, upon the 6th of Novem- ber, 1792. Grentlemen, that country, from which it appears, from this conversation, Mr. Frost came, and to which it appears, from this conversation, that he expected to go, in the year 1789 had framed what was called a constitution, and almost everything that was valuable in it was borrowed from the con- stitution of this country in which we live, which had provided for the equal rights of man to equal laws ; it had laid down in doctrine, however ill or well it supported the principle, the equal right of every man to the protection of his personal liberty, of his personal security, and of his property. But in 1792, that first year of equality, as it was called, a different system of equality, connected materially with this system of no king, had been estabhshed ; a system, which, if it meant anything, meant this, it meant equality of property, for all other equality had been before provided for. Grentlemen of the jury, it is every man's birth- right to have a certain species of equahty secured to him, but it neither requires reasoning, nor is it consistent with common sense, and cannot be con- sistent with reason and common sense, because it is not consistent with the nature of things, as established by the Author of nature, that any other system of equality should exist upon the face of the world. Digitized by Microsoft® 103 SPEECH OF THE ATTOENET-GEWERAI. Gentlemen, this equality, recommended by this gentleman, advisedly, as I think you will be satis- fied in this transaction of the 6th of November, 1792, is a system which has destroyed aU ranks, is a system which has destroyed all property, is a system of universal proscription, is a system which is as contrary to the order of moral nature as it is contrary to the order of political nature ; it is a system which cuts up by the roots all the enjoy- ments that result from the domestic relations of life, or the political relations of life ; it is a system which cuts up by the roots every incentive to virtuous ~and active industry, and holds out to the man who chooses to hve a life of profligacy and idleness, that he may take from him who has exerted through life a laborious and virtuous conduct, those fruits which the God of justice, and every law of justice, have endeavored to secure to him. This is the only sort of equality that can be connected with this doctrine of no king, upon the 6th of November, 1792. Gentlemen, I am ready to agree that where the charge is that words have been spoken, it is fit for those who prosecute for the public to remember that in that situation they are in a certain degree advocates for the defendan t ; for no man can do his duty who wishes to press a defendant, charged upon the part of the public with acting more improperly than he shall appear, upon the candid examination Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN FEOST. 103 of the circumstances, to have acted ; it is fit for me also to observe, that the degree of criminality of these words will depend very much upon the tem- per, the circumstances, the quo anvmo, with which this gentleman thought proper to utter them. Gentlemen, I will not depart from this principle which I have before stated, that if men will dare to utter words, expressions of more serious import than those which produced the mischief to which I have been alluding in other places, it will be the duty of persons in official situations to watch for you and the public over that which they conceive to be a blessing to you and the public ; at least to inform thosS gentlemen that they must account for their conduct ; it will be for them, if they can, to account for it satisfactorily. Gentlemen, you will hear from the witnesses with what temper, with what demeanor, and ia what manner, these words were uttered ; and I allude again to that which will be described to you, I mean the feelings of the persons present, as some degree of evidence, which will have its due, and not more than its due weight, in your minds. Gentlemen, I will read to you the words of Mr. Justice Forster, as containing the principle upon which, though the law holds seditious expressions as an exceeding high misdemeanor, it has not thought proper to consider them as a crime of the magnitude of high treason. He says, " As to mere Digitized by Microsoft® 104 SPEECH OF THE ATTOKNE Y - GENEEAIi words, supposed to be treasonable, tbey differ widely from writings in point of real malignity and proper evidence. They are often tbe effect of mere heat of blood, which in some natures, other wise well disposed, carrieth a man beyond the bounds of decency or prudence. They are always liable to great misconstruction from the ignorance and inattention of the hearers, and too often from a motive truly criminal." Loose words, therefore, not relative to any act or design, are not overt acts of treason, but words of advice or persuasion, and all consultations for the traitorous purposes treated of in this chapter, are certainly so. They are uttered in contemplation of some traitorous pur- pose, actually on foot or intended, and in prosecu- tion of it. Gentlemen of the jury, it is competent to Mr. Frost, and he will give me leave to say, I think it is incumbent uj)on him, having made use of words of this sort, to state to you, that in the sentiment which that language conveys, he does not express those sentiments by which his general conduct in life is regulated. For aught I know, he is other- wise well disposed ; and I am sure, if evidence of that sort is given to you, you will feel the propriety of giving to it not only a candid, but you have my leave to give it the very utmost consideration that can be possibly given to it. Gentlemen, you ob- serve, too, that words are not made treason, because Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHN FROST, 105 words may be sworn to by witnesses from a motive truly criminal. You will be to judge, whether the evidence of the witnesses to be called to you to-day proceeds from motives truly criminal, or whether laudable zeal for the constitution of their country is not their only motive for stating to you the con- duct of this defendant. Gentlemen, there is another circumstance. I will say but a word to you upon it ; that is this : that the propriety of prosecuting for words of this sort depends a great deal upon the time and season at which those words are uttered. Gentlemen, we know that in this country the legislature fdund it necessary to interfere, and by a positive law to enact that any man who should dare to affirm that the king and parliament could not regulate the succession to the crown, should be guilty of high treason ; God foi'bid the time should ever come, and I do not believe it ever can come, when the legislature, acting upon the same princi- ple, shall be obliged to say, that, if it is at this hour high treason for men dehberately to affirm that the king and parliament of this country can- not regulate the succession to the crown, it shall be innocent for men to say that the king and parliament of this country have no right to continue any goviernment in this country. Why then, gentlemen, if this doctrine of equality and no king has been attended with such consequences as it is Digitized by Microsoft® 106 SPEECH OF THE ATT0ENET-GEN:EEAL notorious to all mankind it has been attended with, the notoriety of the fact renders it incumbent upon those, whose duty it is to bring such defendant before a jury of their country, for that jury to say, as between the country and individuals, whether, under such circumstances as will be laid before you, he is to be publicly permitted to hold such doctrines as those which are stated, in a manner that seems to evince that they are not stated for any useful purpose ; but that they are stated for the purpose of trying, whether there is any law ia this country that will secure the government of the country from attacks, which mean nothing but to display the audacity with which nlen dare to attack that government? And if you shall be convinced, upon the whole of the evidence before you, that the case is such as I have stated it to be, this I am sure of, that you will duly weigh the consequences of the verdict, however you shall be disposed to give it, for the crown, or for the defendant; and I am sure the crown, upon the temperate consideration of what the jury does, will not be dissatisfied with that verdict, let it be what it may. The constitution of this country, if it be excellent, if it has really handed down to us those great and invaluable blessings, which, I believe, ninety-nine persons out of a hundred are convinced it has, and if it be a matter of anxiety to transmit them to our posterity, you wiU remember that the Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHN FROST. 107 stability of those blessings finally and ultimately depends upon tlie conduct of juries. It is with them, by their verdicts, to establish their fellow- subjects in the enjoyment of those rights ; it is with them to say in what cases those rights have been invaded ; and the same constitution that has left it to them to say in what cases those rights have been invaded, has also bound every honest man to say, that when they have given their decision upon it, they have acted properly between the country and the individual who is charged with the offence. Gentlemen, under these circumstances, I shall proceed to lay the case before you, and I have only again to repeat, if you shall find, upon a due con- sideration of this case, that this is an hasty, an unguarded, and unadvised expression of a gentle- man otherwise well disposed, and who meant no real mischief to the country, you will be pleased, with my consent, to deal with the defendant as a person under those circumstances ought to be dealt with. I never will press a jury for a verdict, in a case in which, whatever may be the strictness of the law as between man and man, acting upon moral and candid feelings, it ought not to be asked for ; and having given you my sentiments, I leave the defendant in your hands. Digitized by Microsoft® EVIDENCE FOE THE CROWN. JoHBT Taitt, of Oxford street, upholstei-er, sworn. Examined by Mr. Solicitok-Geioieal. Q. Do you know Mr. John Frost ? •ji. I never saw him but that evening in my life. Q. "What evening ? A. The 6th of November last. Q. Where were you that evening ? A. In the Percy coffee-house. Q. Who was with you ? A. Mr. Paul Savignac. Q. Were there any other persons in the coffee- house ? A. Yes, several gentlemen. Q. Can you name any ? A. Mr. Yatman was there ; Mr. BuUock ; there were not many that I knew. Q. Did you see Mr. Frost there ? A. Yes. Q. At what time ? A. About ten in the evening. Q. Where did Mi-. Frost come from ? Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHIT PEOST. 109 A. He came from a room above stairs with several gentlemen in the coffee-room. Q. What did you first perceive with respect to Mr. Frost ? A. He addressed himself, I think, first to Mr. Yatman, but of that I am not certain ; he was asked how long he had been returned from France. Lord Kenyon. Was he asked that by Mr. Yat- man? A. By Mr. Yatman or some of the other gentle- men. He said he was very lately returned. Mt. Solicitor-General. What did he say more? A. He asked him what they were doing there, and he said things were going on very well there ; they were doing very well. Q. Did you hear him say anything more ? A. That he should very shortly return there. Q. What more ? A. There was nothing more till a few minutes after, he went into the body of the coffee-room, two or three boxes from where I was. I heard him exalting his voice, and he was for equality. "I am for equality." Upon which I got off my seat, and I went forward and inquired, " Who are you, sir?" Lord Kenyon. You asked him ? A. Yes, because I did not know him. Mr. Yat- man answered. That is Mr. Frost; upon which I asked him how he dared to utter such words. He Digitized by Microsoft® 110 EVIDENCE EOR THE CEOWN" Still continued, " I am for equality and no ting." Mr. Yatman asked Mm if he meant no king in this - country, and he said yes, no king, or no kings ; I rather think it was in the plural number. That the constitution of this country was a very bad one. Q. Did he say anything more ? A. He said nothing more. I said he ought to be turned out of the coffee-room ; upon which he walked up the room and placed his back to the fire, and wished, I believe, rather to retract, if he could have retracted, what he had said; but he still continued, he was for no king, and he was for equality. He quitted the room very shortly after by a general hiss from all the company. Q. How long did he continue there ? A. I suppose not above five minutes. John Taitt — cross-examined by Mr. Ekskhse. Q. You went, I suppose, to the coffee-house, just in the ordinary course of your recreation, I take for granted ? A. It is a coffee-house I very seldom go to. ^. How came you there that night ? A. I went there to sup. Q. You have been there often ? A. Very often. Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHK FROST. Ill Q. Then of course you went to have your supper and read the newspaper ? A. Exactly so. Q. I take it you remember all the conversation that passed between Mr. Savignac and you that night ? A. I believe Mr. Savignac wrote down to the same effect, Q. I dare say you wrote down this ? A. I wrote none down. Q. But do you recollect the conversation be- tween Mr. Savignac and you ? A. No. Q. Mr. Frost had been above stairs ? A. Yes. Q. "With whom he was dining you do not know? A. No. Q. Can you get out of that room without going through the coffee-room ? A. I don't know. Q. Don't you know the contrary ? ^. I do not. Q. You must have seen people coming from above stairs, having frequented that house ? A. Yes. Q. Then you know the way from up-stairs is through the coffee-room ? A. Yes. Digitized by Microsoft® 112 EVIDETSrCE FOR THE CEOWIT Q. You say you are not certain tliat Mr. Frost addressed himself first to Mr. Yatman ? A. No, I am not. Q. The first of the conversation, you will ven- ture to swear to, was a question put by Yatman to him? A. Yes. Q. Will you venture to swear that when Mr. Frost came down stairs, he was not going straight through the coffee-house into the street, till Mr. Yatman stopped him and asked him that question? A. That I cannot say, Q. What time was it ? A. About ten in the evening, rather before than after. Q. Mr. Frost was perfectly sober, I suppose ? A. I cannot say whether he was or not. Q. There was a good dinner, where a number of gentlemen had been present ? A. I cannot say. Q. You saw other gentlemen come down ? A. Yes. Q. Were they not all drunk ? A. They might be ; I don't know. Q. He asked Mr. Frost how long he had been from France, and he told him he was lately returned ; the conversation went about France ? A. Yes. Q. Will you venture to swear, the conversation Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHN FEOST. 113 did not continue between Mr. Yatman and Mr. Frost from the time it first began tiR the time you heard him say he was for equahty ? A. I cannot say ; I did not attend to it till he exalted his voice, and said, he was for equality. Q. Then what question was put to him, and what turn the conversation was taking, you don't know, till you heard him exalt his voice ? A. No. Q. Then you did not know whether the conver- sation respected France or England ; but hearing the word equality, you was all a-gog ? A. 'No, I was not all a-gog. Q. You was in another part of the coffee-house ? A. I was in the next box. Q. By your own account you don't appear to have been very attentive ; but hearing his voice louder than before, you immediately went up, and asked him how he dared to utter such words ? A. Yes. Q. You said that in a tone of voice that showed you felt yourself insulted ? A. Yes. Q. Before you knew to what his words alluded ; for he had been talking about France, you know, and how things went on there, and you immediately then interfered. I believe several other persons interfered in the same insulting manner ? A. Yes, T believe they did. 8 B Digitized by Microsoft® 114 EVIDENCE EOR THE CEOWSr Q. At tMs time you make use of an expression wMcli probably may be owing to my dullness, but I cannot understand you. You said, he seemed to wish to retract, but still continued to say the same thing over again ? A. He did not say much. Q. You said, he ought to be put upon the fire, you know ? A. Yes. Q. Somebody talked of sending for a constable ? A. Yes ; and he said every man there was a constable. Mr. Solioitor- General. Did Mr. Frost appear to be disabled by liquor ? A. If I had known him before, I should have been better able to say, but I think there was hardly a doubt but he might ; but as I don't know, I cannot say whether he was or no, but I rather believe he was. Q. Did he repeat the words more than once ? A. I don't think he did. Q. You said, he wished to retract, but still con- tinued, that he was for no king and equality ? A. He did not repeat that twice. Q. What did you mean by saying he wished to retract? A. I rather thought he was sorry for what he had said ; that is what I meant by it. Digitized by Microsoft® OW THE TRIAL OF JOHN JFROST. 115 Paul SAViG-ifAC, of Carslialton, in Surrey, sworn. Examined by Mr. Bearcroft. Q. Do you remember being at the Percy coffee- house with Mr. Taitt, upon the 6th of November last? A. Yes. Q. Do you remember seeing Mr. Frost there ? A. I saw a person whom they called Mr. Frost, but I never saw him before nor since. Q. That gentleman that sits there ? [pointing to Mr. Frost.] A. I cannot say. Q. "What time in the evening did you see him in the room ? A. Between nine and ten. Q. Did you hear any particular expressions he made use of? A. When he passed the box I was sitting in, he was in the company of Mr. Yatman ; and I heard him say, " I am for equality and no king." Lord Kenyan. What did he say ? A. He was not in the box; he was walking up the middle of the coffee-room, and he said, " I am for equality and no king." I heard Mr. Yatman, pressing his brow, say, " "What ! equality and no king in this country ? " Upon which Mr. Frost answered, " Yes, no king ; there ought to be no Digitized by Microsoft® 116 EviDEisrcE -pon the ceowit king." 1 heard nothing more in conversation pass. I stepped from the box, and asked him how he dared to hold a doctrine of that kind in a public coffee-room ? He made some reply as before, that he was for equality and no king. I told him if he was not under the protection of the very king he was then reviling, I would kick him out of the coffee-room. Upon which he asked me if I doubted his courage. I told him, certainly he would not have made use of such expressions without, because I should have supposed it to be an insult to make use of such expressions in a public coffee-house. He was then handled by other gentlemen, and I sat down ; but very soon afterwards he left the room, under the execrations and hisses of all the room. Q. Did you see him when he first came down into the public coffee-room ? A. I don't know that I might. I saw him soon after I saw Mr. Yatman. Q. Eecollect yourself, and teU me how long you can speak to it, as near as you can, recollect how long he was in the public coffee-room before he went away. A. Not ten minutes ; not more I am sure. Q. I would ask you whether this conduct and these expressions of his produced any, and what kind of notice in the company ? A. That every gentleman there was under the Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TBIAL OF JOHN JFEOST. 117 same idea witli me, that lie ouglit to be kicked out of th.e coffee-room. Paul Savignac — cross-examined by Mr. Serjeant EuNNINGTON. Q. You don't live in that neighborliood, do you? A. N'o, in Carshalton, in Surrey. Q. How long had you been in the coffee-room, before you saw Mr. Frost come in ? A. He was up stairs. Q. Was he obliged to come through the coffee- room from up-stairs to to go into the street ? A. I cannot say. Q. How far were you from Mr. Yatman ? A. They were walking up the coffee-room close to me. I Q. Did anything pass from Mr. Yatman to Mr. Frost? A. Yes. Q. Before Mr Frost spoke at all ? A. No. Q. Do you recollect Mr. Yatman saying as he come down stairs, " Well, Mr. Equality, where are you going to ? " A. No,! do not. Digitized by Microsoft® 118 EVIDENCE EOE THE CROWN Matthew Yatman, of Percy street, sworn. Examined by Mr. Baldwin. Q. Were you at the Percy coffee-house on the 6th of November, in the evening ? A. I was. Q. Did you see Mr. Frost there ? A. I did. Q. You have long known Mr. Frost ? A. Mr. Frost was in the commission for watch- ing and lighting the street in which I live, and I am one of the commissioners. Q. Tell us what passed between Mr. Frost and you at the Percy coffee-house ? A. He came from the room where he dined into the coffee-room ; he came up to where I was, and kno'W'ing he was lately come from France, I said, Well, how do they go on in France ? He seemed to be stimulated at the question, and he extended his arm, and exalted his voice sufficiently to be heard up-stairs, if the door had been open, " I am for equality and no king." " What ! " says I, " no king in this country ? " " No king ! " as loud as he could haUoo. Q. Did anything more pass between you and your old friend ? A. No, I had enough. Upon this, the gentle- men in the coffee-room seemed to be stimulated Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHIT FEOST. 119 witli anger, and Mr. Taitt and Mr. Savignac got up, and so enraged at him, I supposed they would have kicked him out of the coffee-room, and I believe it would have been done, but one gentle- man got him to the door, and prevailed on him to go out. Q. Did he say anything more that you recol- lect? A. No, it was all confusion after that. Q. And the manner of it was as you have des^ cribed it ? A. Yes. Q. With vehemence ? A. Yes ; he was very warm. Matthew Yatman — cross-examined by Mr. Erskestb. Q. It was all general confusion after Mr. Taitt had interfered ? A. Yes. Q. I believe Mr. Frost said this extremely loud, that he might have been heard up stairs ? A. I- am just of that opinion. Q. And then it was that Mr. Taitt interfered ? A. Yes. Q. After that was all confiision ? A. Yes. Digitized by Microsoft® 120 EVIDEirOE FOE THE OBOWN Mr. Baldwin. Though there was confusion after- wards, there was not when he spoke those words ? A. JS"©. Q. Did he speak it coolly or otherwise, except- ing the warmth with which you have spoken? How was he in his understanding ? A. He spoke it very distinctly, and wished to be heard by everybody. Q. Was he sober or no ? A. Certainly he was not drunk. Mr. Erskine. It was ten o'clock, was it not ? A. Between nine and ten. I don't know whether it was quite ten. Q. Do you mean to say he was just as sober as he might be at twelve o'clock in the day ? A. That he walked. Q. Do you mean to stake your character and your honor before the jury, by saying he was as sober as if you had seen him before dinner % A. I don't say he was sober. Q. I ask you whether you mean to stake your character and your honor before the jury, by say- ing that he was as sober as at twelve o'clock at day? A. I should not have known that he was not by his conversation and his walk. Whether he was in his right senses when he used those words, is another thing. Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TBIAL OF JOHN FEOST. 121 ^. Do you mean to say lie spoke in the manner and the pitch of voice like a sober man ? A. He was stimulated. Q. He extended his arm ? A. Yes. Q. You think that a mark of sobriety, do you ? A. I do not think it a mark of good sense. Bullock, of , sworn. — Examined by Mr. Wood. Q. Were you at the Percy coffee-house on the 6th of November last ? A. I was. Q. Did you see Mr. Frost there ? A. I did. Q. Be so good as to tell us whether you heard him say anything, and what it was. A. I did not attend to the conversation till I heard what I thought very treasonable words, upon which I committed them to paper. I wrote it at the time with an idea of having it signed. Q. Be so good as to read it slowly, A. [Reads.] Percy coffee-house, 6th of Novem- ber, 1792. We, the undermentioned, do hereby certify, that at about ten o'clock this evening, Mr. John Frost came into this coffee-room, and did then, and in our presence, openly declare, that he Digitized by Microsoft® 122 EVIDEIirCE FOE THE CEOWN ■wished to see equality prevail in tMs country, and no king, in a loud and factitious way ; and upon teing asked whether he meant that there should be no king in this country, he answered yes. That is all I recollect of seditious words. Lord Kenyon. You put this down with a view that they might have been signed. A. I did. Mr. Wood. "Was Mr. Frost drunk or sober at that time ? A. I never saw Mr. Frost -before that time ; but he did not appear to me to be a man in liquor ; not in the least so. Q. Have you ever seen him at any other time ? A. I have frequently since. Q. Where may that be ? A. In Paris. Q. How soon after this was it ? A. I arrived in Paris on the 27th of December, 1 think, to the best of my recollection ; and I saw him a few days after my arrival there. Mr. Erskme. We have surely nothing to do with what passed in Paris. Lord Kenyon. I think I may hear it ; if words in this country constituting a different offence, that might be prosecuted here ; but this is quite a new question. In common slander this is always allowed. Mr. JErsMne. I confess I cannot help entering Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHK ITROST. 123 my protest against it, and upon this plain princi pie, that it may be recollected that that question did arise, and that the defendant may have the benefit of it. Mr. Attorney-General. I believe Mr. Erskine has misunderstood what I meant by putting the ques- tion. I meant merely whether he had ever seen Mr, Frost at any future time anywhere, and whether, from any conversation he had with him, he can take upon him to judge of the state in which Mr. Frost was upon the 6th of November, 1792 ; that is, comparing his modes of conversing at future times, near or distant from that 6th of November, 1792. I don't wish to ask a single qaestion respect- ing Mr. Frost's conversation since that time, what- ever the law may be upon the subject. I have a still more important reason for not asking it. Mr. Erskine. My objection is by no means cured, but still more important. The question was this : whether the witness shall be allowed to say from conversations with Mr. Frost — Mr. Bullock. I believe I can save you a great deal of trouble. I know nothing about it. Lm'd Kenyon. I am clearly of opinion that it might have been asked in the way in which the attorney-general put it, if by his general deport- ment afterwards he could judge whether he was in liquor or not. I have not the least particle of doubt. Digitized by Microsoft® 124 EVIDENCE FOK THE CKOWlf. Mr. JErskim. Neither haVe I certainly upon that point, my lord. Q. Where have you seen him since ? A. At Calais the first time. Lord Kmyon. I will not have aU his life and conversation brought forward ; I would not have him give evidence from conjecture or knowledge of what he was doing at Paris ; all that I mean to allow is, whether from his general deportment at other times he thinks he was sober at that time ? Q. How many times might you see him, think you? A. It is impossible to say. I have frequently seen him at a coffee-house. Q. Are you able to judge from that, whether he was sober or not when you saw him at Percy street coffee-house ? A. He was what you may call a sober man. Mr. M'sJeine. Was he Hke a man that had been drinking ? A. Drinking moderately. Q. Two bottles of port; what do you say to that? A. I cannot say. Q. It is very difficult to judge by weights and scales ? A. I thought he was sober by his manner. Digitized by Microsoft® SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE. GrENTLEMEN OE THE JunT : I risG to address you under circumstaaces so peculiar that I consider myself entitled, not only for tlie defendant ar- raigned before you, but personally for myself, to the utmost indulgence of the court. I came down this morning with no other notice of the duty cast upon me in this cause, nor any other direction for the premeditation necessary to its performance, than that which I have ever considered to be the safest and the best, namely, the records of the court, as they are entered here for trial, where for the ends of justice the charge must always appear with the most accurate precision, that the accused may know what crime he is called upon to answer, and his counsel how he may defend him. Finding, therefore, upon the record which arraigns the de- fendant, a simple, unqualified charge of seditious words, unconnected, and uncomplicated with any extrinsic events, I little imagined that the conduct of my client was to receive its color and construc- tion from the present state of France, or rather of all Europe, as affecting the condition of England ; I little dreamed that the 6th day of November, Digitized by Microsoft® 126 SPEECH OP ME. EKSKEO; ■wLicli, reading the indictment, I had a right to consider like any other day in the calendar, was to turn out an epoch in this country, for so it is styled in the argument, and that instead of having to deal with idle, thoughtless words, uttered over wine, through the passage of a coifee-house, with what- ever at any time might belong to them, I was to meet a charge, of which I had no notice or concep- tion, and to find the loose dialogue which, even upon the face of the record itself, exhibits nothing more than a casual sudden conversation, exalted to an accusation of the most premeditated, serious, and alarming nature, verging upon high treason itself, by its connection with the most hostile pur- poses to the state, and assuming a shape still more interesting from its dangerous connection with cer- tain mysterious conspiracies, which, in confederacy with French repubhcans, threaten, it seems, the constitution of our once happy country. Gentlemen, I confess myself much unprepared for a discussion of this nature, and a little discon- certed at being so ; for though, as I have said, I had no notice from the record, that the politics of Europe were to be the subject of discourse, yet experience ought to have taught me to expect it ; for what act of government has for a long time past been carried on by any other means ? when or where has been the debate, or what has been the object of authority, in which the affairs of Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN FROST. 127 France have not taken the lead ? The affairs of France have indeed become the common stalking- horse for all state purposes. I know the honor of my learned friend too well to impute to him the introduction of them for any improper or dishonor- able purpose ; I am sure he connects them in his own mind with the subject, and thinks them legally before you — I am bound to think so, be- cause the general tenor of his address to you has been manly and candid ; but I assert, that neither the actual condition of France, nor the supposed condition of this country, are, or can be, in any shape before you, and that upon the trial of this indictment, supported only by the evidence you have heard, the words must be judged of as if spoken by any man or woman in the kingdom, at any time from the Norman conquest, to the mo- ment I am addressing you. I admit, indeed, that the particular time in which words are spoken, or acts committed, may most essentially alter their quality and construction, and give to expressions, or conduct, which in another season might have been innocent, or at least indif- ferent, the highest and most enormous guilt ; but for that very reason the supposed particularity of the present times as applicable to the matter before you, is absolutely shut out from your consideration, shut out upon the plainest and most obvious prin- ciple of justice and law ; because, wherever time Digitized by Microsoft® 128 SPEECH OF ME. EESKEVTE or occasion mix with an act, affect its quality, and constitute or enhance its criminality, they then become an essential part of the misdemeanor itself, and must consequently be charged as such upon the record. I plainly discover I have his lordship's assent to this proposition. If therefore the crown had considered this cause originally in the serious light which it considers it to-day, it has wholly mistaken its course. If it had considered the gov- ernment of France as actively engaged in the encouragement of disaffection to the monarchy of England, and that her newly-erected republic was set up by her as the great type for imitation and example here ; if it had considered that numbers, and even classes of our countrymen were ripe for disaffection, if not for rebellion, and that the de- fendant, as an emissary of France, had spoken the words with the premeditated design of undermin- ing our government ; this situation of things might and ought to have been put as facts upon the record, and as facts established by evidence, instead of resting as they do to-day upon assertion. By such a course the crime indeed would have become of the magnitude represented; but on the other hand, as the conviction could only have followed from the proof, the defendant upon the evidence of to-day must have an hour ago been acquitted; since not a syllable has been proved of any emissaries from France to debauch our monarchial principles ; Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHW FBOST. 129 not even an insinuation in evidence, that, if there were any sucli, the defendant was one of them ; not a syllable of proof, either directly or indirectly, that the condition of the country, when the words were uttered, differed from its ordinary condition in times of prosperity and peace. It is therefore a new and most compendious mode of justice, that the facts which wholly constitute or at all events lift up the dignity and danger of the offence, should not be charged upon record, because they could not be proved; but are to be«taken for granted in the argument, so as to produce the same effect upon the trial, and in the punishment, as if they had been actually charged, and completely established. If the affairs of France, as they are supposed to affect this country, had been introduced without a warrant from the charge or the evidence, I should have been wholly silent concerning them ; but as they have been already mixed with the subject in a manner so eloquent and affecting, as too probably to have made a strong impression, it becomes my duty to endeavor at least to remove it. The late revolutions in France have been repre- sented to you as not only ruinous to their authors, and to the inhabitants of that country, but as likely to shake and disturb the principles of this and all other governments ; you have been told, that though the English people are generally well affected to their government, ninety-nine out of one 9 B Digitized by Microsoft® 130 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE Imndred, upon Mr. Attorney-General's own stat ment, yet that wicked and designing men hav long been laboring to overturn it, and that not] ing short of the wise and spirited exertions of tl present government, of which this prosecution i it seems, one of the instances, has hitherto avertec or can continue to avert the dangerous contagioi which misrule and anarchy are spreading over th world ; that bodies of Englishmen, forgetting thei duty to their own country and its constitutioi have congratulated the c»nvention of France upo: the formation of their monstrous government ; am that the conduct of the defendant must be coi sidered.as a part of a deep-laid system of disaffet tion, which threatened the establishment of thi kingdom. Gentlemen, this state of things having no suf port whatever from any evidence before you, anc resting only upon opinion, I have an equal righ to mine ; having the same means of observatioi with other people of what passes in the world and as I have a very clear one upon this subject, . will give it you in a very few words. I am of opinion, then, that there is not th( smallest foundation for the alarm which has beei so industriously propagated ; ia which I am so fai from being singular, that I verily believe thi authors of it are themselves privately of the sam( way of thinking ; but it was convenient for certaii Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OS' JOHN FROST. 131 persons, who had. changed their principles, to find some plausible pretext for changing them ; it was convenient for those, who when out of power had endeavored to lead the public mind to the neces- sity of reforming the corruptions of our own gov- ernment, to find any reasons for their continuance and conformation, when they operated as engines to support themselves in the exercise of powers, which were only odious when in other hands. For this honorable purpose the sober, reflecting, and temperate character of the English nation, was to be represented as fermenting into sedition, and into an insane contempt for the revered institutions of their ancestors; for this honorable purpose the wisest men, the most eminent for virtue, the most splendid in talents, the most independent for rank and property in the country, were, for no other crime than their perseverence in those sentiments which certain persons had originated and aban- doned, to be given up to the licentious pens and tongues of hired defamation, to be stabbed in the dark by anonymous accusation, and to he held out to England and to the whole world, as conspiring under the auspices of cut-throats, to overturn every- thing sacred in religion, and venerable in the ancient government of our country. Certain it is, that the whole system of government, of which the business we are now engaged in is no mean speci- men, came upon the public with the suddenness of Digitized by Microsoft® 132 SPEECH OF MB. ERSKUiTE a clap of thunder, without one act to give it foun- dation, from the very moment that notice was given of a motion in parliament, to reform the representation of the people. Long, long before that time the Rights of Man and other books, though not complained of, had been written; equally long before it, the addresses to the French government, which have created such a panic, had existed ; but as there is a give and take in this world, they passed unregarded. Leave but the practical corruptions, and they are contented to wink at the speculations of theorists, and the com- phments of public-spirited civility ; but the moment the national attention was awakened to look at things in practice, and to seek to reform corrup- tions at home, from that moment, as at the ringing of a bell, the whole hive began to swarm, and every man in his turn has been stung. This, gentlemen, is the real state of the case ; and I am so far from pushing the observation beyond its bearing for the defence of a client, that I am ready to admit Mr. Frost in his conduct has not been wholly invulnerable, and that in some measure he has brought this prosecution upon him- self. Gentlemen, Mr. Frost must forgive me if I take the liberty to say, that, with the best inntentions in the world, he formerly pushed his observations and conduct respecting government further than Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OP JOHN FBOST. 133 many would be disposed to follow him. 1 cannot disguise or conceal from you, that I find his name in this green book * as associated with Mr. Pitt * Mr. Erskine read the following minutes from Mr. Pitts's hand- writing : Thatched House Taybbn, May 18ft, 1783. ' At a numerous and respectable meeting of members of parliamfent, friendly to a constitutional reformation, and of members of several committees of counties and cities : The Duke of Richmond, Sir C. Turner, Lord Surry, Lord Mahon, The Lord Mayor, Hon. Wm. Pitt, Sir Watkin Lewes, Rev. Mr. WyviU, Mr. Falconer, Mr. Redman, Mr. Withers, Mr. Bodely, Mr. Vardy, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Aid. Turner Mr. Trecothick, Mr. Vincent, Mr. Taylor Mr. Amherst, Mr. Duncombe, Mr. J. Martin, Dr. John Jebb, Major Cartwright, Mr. Hill, Mr. Baynes, Mr. Shove, Mr. Aid. Townsend, Mr. Churchill, Mr. Aid. Creichton, Mr. Tooke, Mr. Aid. Wilkes, Mr. Horne, Rev. Mr. Bromley, Mr. Frost, Mr. B. Hollis, Mr. Disney Fitche, Mr. Edmunds, General Hale, Sir. Cecil Wray, Mr. B. Hayes, Sir. J. Norcliife, Mr. Trevanion, Mr. Brocklesby, Rev. Dr. Rycroft, Colonel Byron, Major Parry, Mr. Green, Etc., etc., etc. Resolved unanimously. That the motion of the Honorable William Pitt on the 7th instant, for the appointment of a committee of the house of commons, to inquire into the state of the representation of the people of Great Britain in parliament, and to report the same to the house, and also what steps it might be proper in their opinion to take thereupon, having been defeated by a motion made for the order of the day, It is become indispensably necessary t hat application should be made to parliament, by petitions from the collective body of the people in their respective districts, requesting a substantial reformation of the commons house of parliament. Resolved, unanimously, That this meeting, considering that a gen- Digitized by Microsoft® 134 SPEECH OP MR. ERSKIIO; and the Duke of Eiclimond at the Thatched House Tavern, in St. James' street ; that I find him also the correspondent of the former, and that I discover in their publications on the structure and conduct of the house of commons, expressions, which, however merited, and in my opinion com- mendable, would now be considered not merely as intemperate and unguarded, but as highly criminal.* eral application by the collective body to the commons house of par- liament cannot be made before the close of the present session, is of opinion, that the sense of the people should be taken at such times as may be convenient this summer, in order to lay their several peti- tions before parliament early in the next session, when their proposi- tion for a parliamentary reformation, without which neither the liberty of the nation can be preserved, nor the permanence of a wise and virtuous administration can be secured, may receive that ample and mature discussion which so momentous a question demands. Besulved, unanimously, That the thanks of this meeting be given to the Honorable William Pitt for moving, John Sawbridge, Esq., for seconding, and the one hundred and forty-one other members who supported, the motion for a committee to inquire into the state of parliamentary representation, and to suggest what in their opinion ought to be done thereupon; as well as lo the Duke of Richmond, Lord John Cavendish, Mr. Secretary Fox, and every other member of the present ministry, or of either house of parliament, who has in any way promoted the necessary reform that was the object of the foregoing motion. William Plombb, Chairman. And they resolved to have another meeting at the same place on Saturday, June 1. * (copy.) Dear Sir. — I am extremely sorry that I was not at home, when you and the other gentlemen from the Westminster committee did me the honor to call. May I beg the favor of you to express, that I am truly happy to find that the motion of Tuesday last has the approbation of such zealous friends to the public, and to assure the committee, that my Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHIT FROST. 135 Gentlemen, tlie fashion of this world speedily passeth away. We find these glorious restorers of equal representation determined, as ministers, that, so far from every man being an elector, the me- tropolis of the kingdom should have no election at all, but should submit to the power or to the softer allurements of the crown. Certain it is, that for a short season, Mr. Frost, being engaged profession- ally as agent for the government candidate, did not, indeed he could not, oppose this inconsistency between the doctrine and practice of his fiiends ; and in this interregnum of public spirit, he was, in the opinion of government, a perfect patriot, a faithful friend to the British constitution. As a member of the law he was therefore trusted with government business in matters of revenue, and exertions shall never be wanting in support of a measure, which I agree with them in thinking essentially necessary to the independ- ence of parliament and the liberty of the people. I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem, sir, Tour most obedient and most humble servant, W. PITT. Lincoln's Inn, Friday, May lOiA, John Frost, Esq., Percy Street. Lincoln's Inn, May 12th, 1783. Sib.— I have received the favor of your note, and shall be proud to receive the honor intended me by the gentlemen of the Middlesex committee, at the time you mention. I am, with great regard, sir, your most humble servant, W. PITT. John Fkost, Esq., Percy Street. Digitized by Microsoft® 136 SPEECH OE ME. EESKINE was, in short, what all the Mends of government of course are, the best and most approved. To save words, he was, like all the rest of them, just what he should be. But the election being over, and, with it, professional agency, and Mr. Frost, as he lawfully might, continuing to hold his former opinions which were still avowed and gloried ia, though not acted on, by his ancient friends, he unfortunately did not change them the other day, when they were thrown off by others. On the contrary, he rather seems to have taken fire with the prospect of reducing them to practice; and being, as I have shown you, bred in a school which took the lead in boldness of remonstrance of all other reformers before or since, he fell, in the heat and levity of wine, into expressions which have no correspondence with his sober judgment; which would have been passed over or laughed at in you or me, but which coming from him were never to be forgiven by government. This is the genuine history of his offence ; for this he is to be the sub- ject of prosecution; not the prosecution of my learned friend ; not the prosecution of the attorney- general ; not the prosecution of his majesty ; but the prosecution of Mr. Yatman, who wishes to show you his great loyalty to the state and consti- tution, which were in danger of falling, had it not been for the drugs of this worthy apothecary. With regard to the new government of France, Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHN FEOST. 137 since the subject has been introduced, all I can say of it is this : that the good or evil of it belongs to themselves ; that they had a right, like every other people upon earth, to change their government ; that the system destroyed was a system disgraceful to free and rational beings, and if they have neither substituted, nor shall hereafter substitute, a better in its stead, they must eat the bitter fruits of their own errors and crimes. As to the horrors which now disfigure and desolate that fine country, all good men must undoubtedly agree in condemning and deploring them ; but they may differ never- theless in deciphering their causes. Men to the full as wise as those who pretend to be wiser than Providence, and stronger than the order of things, may perhaps reflect that a great fabric of unwar- rantable power and corruption could not fall to the ground without a mighty convulsion ; that the agi- tation must ever be in proportion to the surface agitated ; that the passions and errors inseparable from humanity must heighten and swell the confu- sion, and that perhaps the crimes and ambition of other nations, under the mask of self defence and humanity, may have contributed not a little to aggravate them ; may have tended to embitter the spirits and to multiply the evils which they con- demn ; to increase the misrule and anarchy which they seek to disembroil, and in the end to endan- ger their own governments, which by carnage and Digitized by Microsoft® 138 SPEECH OP ME. EBSKESTE bloodshed, instead of by peace, improvement, and wise administration, they profess to protect from the contagion of revolution. As to the part which bodies of men in England have taken, though it might in some instances be imprudent and irregular, yet I see nothing to con- demn or to support the declamation which we daily hear upon the subject. The congratulations of Englishmen were directed to the fall of corrupt and despotic power in France, and were animated by the wish of a milder and freer government, hap- pier for that country and safer for this. And they were besides addressed to France when she was at peace with England, and when no law was there- fore broken by the expression of opinion or satis- faction. They were not congratulations on the murders which have since been committed, nor on the desolations which have since overspread so large a portion of the earth, neither were they traitorous to the government of this country. This we may safely take in trust, since not one of them, even in the rage of prosecution, has been brought before a criminal court. For myself, I never joined in any of these addresses, but what I have delivered concerning them is all I have been able to dis- cover; and government itself, as far as evidence extends, has not been more successful. I would therefore recommend it to his majesty's servants to attend to the reflections of an eloquent writer, at Digitized by Microsoft® OW THE TEIAL OF JOHN FEOST. 139 present high in their confidence and esteem, who has admirably exposed the danger and injustice of general accusations. " This way of proscribing the citizens by denominations and general descriptions, dignified by the name of reason of vstate, and secu- I'ity for constitutions and commonwealths, is noth ing better at bottom than the miserable invention of an ungenerous amhition, which would fain hold the sacred trust of power, without any of the vir- tues or energies that give a title to it ; a receipt of policy made up of a detestable compound of malice, cowardice, and sloth. They would govern men against their will ; but in that, government would be discharged from the exercise of vigilance, provi- dence, and fortitude ; and therefore that they may sleep on their watch, consent to take some one division of the society into partnership of the tyi-anny over the rest. But let government, in whatever form it may be, comprehend the whole in its justice, and restrain the suspicious by its vigilance ; let it keep watch and ward ; let it dis- cover by its sagacity, and punish by its firmness, all delinquency against its power, whenever it ex- ists in the overt acts, and then it wiU be as safe as God and nature intended it should be. Crimes are tSe acts of individuals, and not of denominations ; and therefore arbitrarily to class men under gen- eral descriptions, in order to proscribe and punish them in the lump for a presumed delinquency, of Digitized by Microsoft® 140 SPEECH Off MK. EESKINE wHch perhaps but a part, perhaps none at all, are guilty, is indeed a compendious method, and saves a world of trouble about proof j but such a method, instead of being law, is an act of unnatural rebel- lion against the legal dominion of reason and jus- tice ; and a vice, in any constitution that entertains it, which at one time or other will certainly bring on its ruin."* Gentlemen, let us now address ourselves to the cause, disembarrassed by foreign considerations; let us examine what the charge upon the record is, and see how it is supported by the proofs ; for, unless the whole indictment, or some one count of it, be in form and substance supported by the evi- dence, the defendant must be acquitted, however in other respects you may be dissatisfied with his imprudence and indiscretion. The indictment charges, " That the defendant, being a person of an impious, depraved, seditious disposition, and maliciously intending to disturb the peace of the kingdom ; to bring our most serene sovereign into hatred and contempt with all the subjects of the realm, and to excite them to discontent against the government, he, the said defendant, his aforesaid wicked contrivances and intentions to complete, perfect, and render effectual, on the 6th day of November," spoke the words imputed to him by the crown. This is the indictment, and it is drawn * Edmund Burke. Digitized by Microsoft® ON- THE TRIAL OP JOHIST JFEOST. 141 witli a precision which marks the true principle of English criminal law. It does not merely charge the speaking of the words, leaving the wicked in- tention to be supplied and collected by necessary and unavoidable inference, because such inference may or may not follow from the words themselves, according to circumstances, which the evidence alone can disclose ; it charges therefore the wicked intention as a fact, and as constituting the very essence of the crime, stating as it must state, to apprise the defendant of the crime alleged against him, the overt act, by which such malicious pur- pose was displayed, and by which he sought to render it effectual. No man can be* criminal with- out a criminal intention, actus non fouiit reum nisi 'm&iis sit rea. God alone can look into the heart, and man, could he look into it, has no jurisdiction over it, until society is disturbed by its actions ; but the criminal mind being the source of all crim- inality, the law seeks only to punish actions which it can trace to evil disposition ; it pities our errors and mistakes ; makes aEowances for our passions, and scourges only our crimes. Gentlemen, my learned friend, the attorney-gen- eral, in the conclusion of his address to you, did more than ratify these propositions ; for, with a liberality and candor very honorable to himself, and highly advantageous to the public which he represents, he said to you, that if the expressions Digitized by Microsoft® 142 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE charged upon tlie defendant, should turn out in your opinion to be unadvised and unguarded, aris- ing on the sudden, and unconnected with previous bad intention, he should not even insist upon the strictness of the law, whatever it might be, nor ask a verdict but such as between man and man, acting upon moral and candid feelings, ought to be asked and expected. These were the suggestions of his own just and manly disposition, and he confirmed them by the authority of Mr. Justice Forster, whose works are so deservedly celebrated; but judging of my unfortunate client, not from his own charity, but from the false information of others, he puts a construction upon an expression of this great author, which destroys much of the intended effect of his doctrine ; a doctrine which I will myself read again to you, and by the right interpretation of which I desire the defendant may stand or fall. In the passage read to you, Forster says, " As to mere words, they differ widely from writings in point of real malignity and proper evidence ; they are often the effect of mere heat of blood, which in some natures, otherwise well-dis- posed, carrieth the man beyond the bounds of prudence ; they are always liable to great miscon- struction, from the ignorance or inattention of the hearers, and too often from a motive truly criminal." Forster afterwards goes on to contrast such loose words, " not relative to any act or design," for so Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN FROST. 143 Le expresses himself, with " words of advice and persuasion in contemplation of some traitorous purpose actually on foot or intended, and in prose- cution of it." Comparing this rule of judgment with the evidence given, one would have expected a consent to the most favorable judgment, one would have almost considered the quotation .as a tacit consent to an acquittal ; hut Mr. Attorney- General, still looking through the false medium of other men's prejudices, lays hold of the words, " otherwise well-disposed," and engrafts upon them this most extraordinary requisition. Show me, he gays, that Mr. Frost is otherwise well-disposed. Let him bring himself within the meaning of Forster, and then I consent that he shall have the fullest benefit of his indulgent principle of judg- ment. Good God, gentlemen, are we in an English court of justice? Are "we sitting in judgment before the chief justice of England, with the assist- ance of a jury of Englishmen ? and am I in such a presence to be called upon to prove the good disposition of my client, before I can be entitled to the protection of those rules of evidence which ap- ply equally to the just and to the unjust, and by which an evil disposition must be proved before it shall even be suspected ? I came here to resist and to deny the existence of legitimate and credible proof of disloyalty and disaffection ; and am I to .be called upon to prove that my client has not Digitized by Microsoft® 144 SPEECH OP ME. EESKINE been, nor is disloyal and disaffected ? Are we to be deafened with panegyrics upon the English con- stitution, and yet to be deprived of its first and distinguishing feature, that innocence is to be pre- sumed until guilt be established ? Of what avail is that sacred maxim, if, upon the bare assertion and imputation of guilt, a man may be deprived of a rule of evidence, the suggestion of wisdom and humanity, as if the rule applied only to those who need no protection, and who were never accused? If Mr. Frost, by any previous overt acts, by which alone any disposition, good or evil, can be proved, had shown a disposition leading to the offence in question, it was evidence for the crown. Mr. Wood, whose learning is unquestionable, undoubti edly thought so, when, with the view of crimination he asked, where Mr. Frost bad been before the time in question, for he is much too correct to have put an irregular and illegal question in a criminal case ; I must therefore suppose his right to ask it, appeared to him quite clear and established, and I have no doubt that it was so. Why then did he not go on and follow it up, by asking what he had done in France? what declarations he had made there, or what part he proposed to act here, upon his return ? The charge upon the record is, that the words were uttered with malice and pre- meditation; and Mr. Attorney-General properly disclaims a conviction upon any other footing.. Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHBT FEOST. 145 Surely theii it was open to the crown, upon every principle of common sense, to have proved the previous malice by all previous discourses and pre- vious conduct, connected with accusation ; and yet, after having wholly and absolutely failed in this most important part of the proof, we are gravely told, that the crown having failed in the affirmative we must set about establishing the negative, for that otherwise we are not within the pale or pro- tection of the very first and paramount principles of the law and government of the country. Having disposed of this stumbling-block in the way of sound and indulgent judgment, we may now venture to examine this mighty offence as it is proved by the witnesses for the crown, supposing the facts neither to have been misstated from mis- apprehension, nor wilfully exaggerated. Mr. Frost, the defendant, a gentleman, who upon the evidence stands wholly unimpeached of any design against the public peace, or any indis- position to the constitution of the kingdom, appears to have dined at the tavern over the Percy coffee- house, not even with a company met upon any political occasion, good or evil, but, as has been admitted in the opening, with a society for the encouragement of agriculture, consisting of most reputable and inoffensive persons, neither talking nor thinking about government, or its concerns; so much for the preface to this dangerous conspir- 10 B Digitized by Microsoft® 146 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE acy. Tlie company did not retire till the bottle had made many merry circles ; and it appears upon the evidence for the crown, that Mr. Frost, to say the least, had drank very freely ; but was it then, that, with the evil intention imputed to him, he went into this coffee-house to circulate his opinions, and to give effect to designs he had premeditated ? He could not possibly go home without passing through it; for it is proved that there was no other passage into the street from the room where he had dined ; but having got there by accident, did he even then stop by design and collect an audience to scatter sedition ? So far from it, that Mr. Yatman, the very witness against him, admits that he interrupted him as he passed in silence towards the street, and fastened the subject of France upon him ; and every word which passed, for the whole is charged upon the very record as a dialogue with this witness, in answer to his entrap- ping questions, introduced with the familiarity of a very old acquaintance, and in a sort of banter, too, that gave a turn to the conversation, which renders it ridiculous as well as wicked, to convert it into a serious plan of mischief: "Well," says Mr. Yatman, " well, Mr. Equality, so you have been in France — when did you arrive ? I suppose you are for equality, and no kings?" "O yes," says Mr. Frost, " certainly I am for equality ; I am for no kings." Now, beyond all question, when Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN FROST. 147 this answer was made, whether in jest or in earnest, whether when drunk or sober, it neither had, nor could have the remotest relation to England or its government; France had just abolished its new constitution of monarchy, and set up a republic ; she was at that moment divided and in civil con- fusion on the subject, the question therefore, and the answer, as they applied to France,were sensible and relevant ; but to England or to English affairs they had not, except in the ensnaring sequel, the remotest application. Had Yatman therefore ended here, the conversation would have ended, and Mr. Frost would have been the next moment in the street ; but still the question is forced upon him, and he is asked. What ! " no kings in Eng- land ?" although his first answer had no connection with England ; the question, therefore, was self- evidently a snare ; to which he answered, " No kings in England," which seemed to be all that was wanted, for in a moment everything was con- fusion and uproar ; Mr. Frost, who had neither delivered nor meant to deliver any serious opinion concerning government, and finding himself inju- riously set upon, wished, as was most natural, to explain himself, by stating to those around him what I have been just stating to you ; but all in vain ; they were in pursuit of the immortal fame of the very business we are engaged in at this moment, and were resolved to hold their advantage; his Digitized by Microsoft® 148 SPEECH or MK. EKSKIISTE voice was immediately drowned by the clamors of insult and brutality, he was baited on all sides like a bull, and left the coifee-house without the possi- bility of being heard either in explanation or defence. An indictment was immediately prefer- red against him, and from that moment the public ear has been grossly and wickedly abused upon the subject ; his character shamefully calumniated, and his cause prQ-judged before the day of trial. Grentlemen, it is impossible for me to form any other judgment of the impression which such a proceeding altogether is likely to make upon your minds, but from that which it makes upon my own. In the first place, is society to be protected by the breach of those confidences, and in the destruction of that security and tranquility,, which constitutes its very essence everywhere, but which, till of late, most emphatically characterized the life of an Eng- lishman? Is government to derive dignity and safety by means which render it impossible for any man who has the least spark of hdnor to step for- ward to serve it ? Is the time come when obedi- ence to the law and correctness of conduct are not a sufiicient protection to the subject, but that he must measure his steps, select his expressions, and adjust his very looks in the most common and pri- vate intercourses of life ? Must an English gentle- man in future fill his wine by a measure, lest, in the openness of his soul, and whilst believing his Digitized by Microsoft® OIT THE TEIAL OF JOHN FBOST. 149 neighbors are joining witli Mm in tliat Happy relaxation and freedom of thought which is the prime blessing of life, he should find his character blasted, and his person ia a prison? Does any man put such restraint upon himself in the most private moment of his life, that he would be con- tented to have his loosest and lightest words recorded, and set in array against him in a court of justice ? Thank God, the world hves very dif- ferently, or it would not be worth living in. There are moments when jarring opinions may be given without inconsistency, when truth herself may be sported Math without the breach of veracity, and where well-imagined nonsense is not only superior to, but is the very index to wit and wisdom. I might safely assert, taking, too, for the standard of my assertion, the most honorably correct and enlightened societies in the kingdom, that if malig- nant spies were properly posted, scarcely a dinner would end without a duel and an indictment. When I came down this morning, and found, contrary to my expectation, that we were to be stuifed into this miserable hole in the wall,* to con- sume our constitutions; suppose I had muttered along through the gloomy passages, What, is this cursed trial of Hastings going on again ? Are we to have no respite ? Are we to die of the asthma *The King's Bench sat in the small Court of Common Pleas, the impeachment having shut up its own court Digitized by Microsoft® 150 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKUfE in this damned corner ? I wish to God the roof would come down and abate the impeachment, lords, commons and all together. Such a wish proceeding from the mind would be desperate wickedness, and the serious expression of it a high and criminal contempt of parliament. Perhaps the bare utterance of such words, even without meaning, would be irreverent and foolish ; but still, if such expressions had been gravely imputed to me as the result of a malignant mind, seeking the de- struction of the lords and commons of England, how would they have been treated in the house of commons, on a motion for my expulsion ? How ? The witness would have been laughed out of the house before he had half finished his evidence, and would have been voted to be too "great a blockhead to deserve a worse character. Many things are indeed wrong and reprehensible, that neither do nor can become the objects of criminal justice, because the happiness and security of social life, which are the veiy end and object of all law and . justice, forbid the communication of them ; because the spirit of a gentleman, which is the most refined morality, either shuts men's ears against what should not be heard, or closes their lips with the sacred seal of honor. This tacit but well understood and delightful compact of social life is perfectly consistent with its safety. The security of free governments, and Digitized by Microsoft® OTS THE TEIAL OF JOHW FROST. 151 the unsuspecting confidence of every man Avho lives under them, are not only compatible but inseparable. It is easy to distinguish where the public duty calls for the violation of the private one ; criminal intention but not indecent levities, not even grave opinions unconnected with conduct, are to be exposed to the magistrate; and when men, which happens but seldom, without the honor or the sense to make the due distinctions, force complaints upon governments, which they can nei- ther approve of nor refuse to act upon, it becomes the office of juries, as it is yours to-day, to draw the true line in their judgments, measuring men's conduct by the safe standards of human life and experience. Gentlemen, the misery and disgrace of society, under the lash of informers, running before the law, and hunting men through the privacies of domestic life, is described by a celebrated speaker* with such force and beauty of eloquence, that I will close my observations on this part of the sub- ject, by repeating what cannot, I am persuaded, be uttered amongst Englishmen without sinking deep into their hearts : " A mercenary informer knows no distinction. Under such a system the obnoxious people are slaves, not only to the government, but they live at the mercy of every individual ; they are at once the slaves of the whole community and * Edmund Burke. Digitized by Microsoft® 152 SPEECH OF MR. EESKINE of every part of it ; and the worst and most unmer- ciful men are those on whose goodness they most depend. " In this situation men not only shrink from the frowns of a stern magistrate, but are obliged to fly from their very species. The seeds of destruction are sown in civil intercourse, and in social habi- tudes. The blood of wholesome kindred is infected. Their tables and beds are surrounded with snares. All the means given by Providence to make life safe and comfortable are perverted into instruments of terror and torment. This species of universal subserviency, that makes the very servant who waits behind your chair the arbiter of your life and fortune, has such a tendency to degrade and abase mankind, and to deprive them of that assured and liberal state of mind which alone can make us what we ought to be, that I vow to God, I would sooner bring myself to put a man to immediate death for opinions I disliked, and so to get rid of the man and his opinions at once, than to fret him with a feverish being, tainted with the jail distemper of a contagious servitude, to keep him above ground, an animated mass of putrefaction, corrupted himself, and corrupting all about him." If these sentiments apply so justly to the repro- bation of persecution for opinions, even for opinions which the laws, however absurdly inhibit ; for opin- ions thougJi certainly and maturely entertained, Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TKIAL OP JOHN FROST. 153 tkougli publicly professed, and though followed up by corresponding conduct, how irresistibly do they devote to contempt and execration all eaves- dropping attacks upon loose conversations, casual or convivial, more especially when proceeding from persons conforming to all the religious and civil institutions of the state, unsupported by general and avowed profession, and not merely unconnected with conduct, but scarcely attended with recollec- tion or consciousness ! Such a vexatious system of inquisition, the disturber of household peace, began and ended with the Star Chamber. The venerable law of England never knew it. Her noble, dig- nified, and humane policy soars above the little irregularities of our lives, and disdains to enter our closets without a warrant founded upon complaint. Constructed by man, to regulate human infirmities, and not by God to guard the purity of angels, it leaves to us our thoughts, our opinions, and our conversations, and punishes only overt acts of con- tempt and disobedience to her authority. Grentlemen, this is not the specious phrase of an advocate for his client ; it is not even my exposi- tion of the spirit of our constitution ; but it is the phrase and letter of the law itself. In the most critical conjunctures of our history, when govern- ment was legislating for its own existence and con- tinuance, it never overstepped this wise moderation. To give stability to establishments, it occasionally Digitized by Microsoft® 154 SPEECH OF MR. EESKIKE bridled opinions concerning them; but its pun- ishments, though sanguinary, laid no snares for thoughtless life, and took no man by surprise. Of this the act of Queen Anne, which made it high treason to deny the right of parliament to alter the succession, is a striking example. The hereditary descent of the crown had been recently broken at the revolution by a minority of the nation, with the aid of a foreign force, and a new- inheritance had been created by the authority of the new establishment, which had but just estab- lished itself. Queen Anne's title and the peaceable settlement of the kingdom under it, depended wholly upon the constitutional power of parlia- ment to make this change. The superstitions of the world, and reverence for antiquity, which de- serves a better name, were against this power and the use which had been made of it. The dethroned king of England was living in hostile state at our veiy doors, supported by a powerful monarch at the head of a rival nation, and our own kingdom itself full of factious plots and conspiracies, which soon after showed themselves in open rebellion. If ever, therefore, there was a season when a nar- row jealousy could have been excusable in a gov- ernment ; if ever there was a time when the sacrifice of some private liberty to common security would have been prudent in a people, it was at such a juncture. Yet mark the reserve of the crown and Digitized by Microsoft® OIT THE TBIAL OF JOHN FROST. 155 the prudence of our ancestors in the wording of the statute. Although the denial of the right of par- liament to alter the succession was tantamount to the denial of all legitimate authority in the king- dom, and might be considered as a sort of abjui-a- tion of the laws, yet the statute looked at the nature of man, and to the private security of indi- viduals in society, while it sought to support the public society itself. It did not therefore dodge men into taverns and coffee-houses, nor lurk for them at corners, nor watch for them in their do- mestic enjoyments. The act provides, " That every person who should maliciously, advisedly and di- rectly, by writing or printing, affirm, that the queen was not the rightful queen of these realms, or that the pretender had any right or title to the crown, or that any other person had any right or title, otherwise than according to the acts passed since the revolution for settling the succession, or that the legislature had not sufficient authority to make laws for limiting the succession, should be guilty of high treason, and suffer as a traitor ;" and then enacts, " That if ^ny person shall maliciously, and directly, by preaching, teaching, or advised speak- mg, declare and maintain the same, he shall incur the penalties of a prcmiunirer " I will make a short observation or two," says Forster, "on the act. First, the positions con- iemnod by them had as direct a tendency to involve Digitized by Microsoft® 156 SPEECH OF ME, EESKINE these nations in the miseries of an intestine war, to incite her majesty's subjects to withdraw their alle- giance from her, and to deprive her of her crown and royal dignity, as any general doctrine, any declaration not relative to actions or designs, could possibly have ; and yet in the case of bare words, positions of this dangerous tendency, though main- tained maliciously, advisedly, and directly, and even in the solemnities of preaching and teaching, are not considered as overt acts of treason. " Secondly. In no case can a man be argued into the penalties of the act by inferences and con- clusions drawn from what he hath affirmed; the criminal position must be directly maintained, to bring him within the compass of the act. " Thirdly. Nor will every rash, hasty, or un- guarded expression, owing perhaps to natural warmth, or thrown out in the heat of disputation, render any person criminal within the act ; the criminal doctrine must be maintained maliciously and advisedly." He afterwards adds, " Seditious writings are permanent things, and if published, they scatter the poison far and wide. They are acts of delib- eration, capable of satisfactory proof, and not ordinarily liable to misconstruction ; at least they are submitted to the judgment of the court, naked and undisguised, as they came out of the author's hands. Words are transient and fleeting as the Digitized by Microsoft® OK THE TRIAL OF JOHN FROST. 157 wind ; the poison they scatter is, at the worst, con- fined to the narrow circle of a few hearers ; they are frequently the effect of a sudden transport, easily misunderstood, and often misreported." Gentlemen, these distinctions, like all the dictates of sound policy, are as obvious to reason as they are salutary in practice. What a man writes that is criminal q,nd pernicious, and disseminates when written, is conclusive of his purpose ; he manifestly must have deliberated on what he wrote, and the distribution is also an act of deliberation ; intention in such cases is not therefore matter of legal proof but of reasonable inference, unless the accused, by proof on his side, can rebut what reason must otherwise infer : since he who writes to others, un- doubtedly seeks to bring over other minds to assimilate with his own. So he who advisedly speaks to others upon momentous subjects, may be presumed to hav« the same intention ; but yet so frail is memory, so imperfect are our natures, so dangerous would it be to place words, which, to use the language of Forster, are transient and fleet- ing, upon a footing with deliberate conduct, that the criminating letter of the law itself interposes the check and excludes the danger of a rash judg- ment by curiously selecting from the whole circle of language an expression which cannot be mis- taken ; for nothing said upon the sudden without the evidence of a context, and sequel in thought or Digitized by Microsoft® 158 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE conduct, can in common sense deserve the title of advised speaking, Try the matter before you upon tie principle of the statute of Queen Anne, and examine it with the caution of Forster. Suppose then, that, instead of the words imputed by this record, the defendant coming half drunk through this coffee-house, had, in his conversation with Yatman, denied the right of parliament to alter the succession : could he have been adjudged to suffer death for high treason under the statute of Queen Anne? Reason and humanity equally revolt at the position, and yet the decision asked from you is precisely that decision; for if you could not have found advised speaking to bring it within that statute of treason, so neither can you find it as the necessary evidence of the intention charged upoh the present indictment, which inten- tion constitutes the misdemeanor. If anything were wanting to confirm these prin- ciples of the law and the commentaries of its ablest judges, as applicable to words, they are in another way emphatically furnished by the instance before us ; for in the zeal of these coffee-house politicians to preserve the defendant's expressions, they were instantly to be put down in writing, and signed by the persons present ; yet the paper read by Colonel Bullock, and written, as he tells you, at the very moment with that intention, contains hardly a single word, from the beginning to the end of it, Digitized by Microsoft® ON TH"E TEIAL OF JOHN FK08T. 159 either in meaning or expression, the same as has been related by the witnesses ; it sinks in the first place the questions put to the defendant, and the whole dialogue which is the best clue to the busi- ness, and records " that Mr. Frost came into' the coffee-house, and declared," an expression which he never used, and which wears the color of delibera- tion, " that he wished to see equality prevail in this country." Another expression, which it is now agreed on all hands he never uttered, and which conveys a very different idea from saying in answer to an impertinent or a taunting question, " O yes, I am for equality." I impute nothing at all to Colonel Bullock, who did not appear to me to give his evidence unfairly ; he read his paper as he wrote ; but this is the very strength of my observa- tion ; for suppose the case had not come for months to trial, the other witnesses, and honestly, too, might have let their memories lean on the written evidence, and thus you would have been trying, and perhaps condemning, the defendant for speak- ing words, stript too of their explanatory concomi- tants, which it stands confessed at this moment were never spoken at all. Gentlemen, the (iisposition which has of late pre- vailed to depart from the wise moderation of our laws and constitution, under the pretext, or from the zeal of preserving them, and which has been the parent of so many prosecutions, is an awful Digitized by Microsoft® 160 SPEECH OF ME. EESKESTE monument of human weakness. These associators to prosecute, wlio keep watcli of late upon our words and upon our looks, are associated, it seems, to preserve our excellent constitution from the con- tagion of France, where an arbitrary and tyran- nous democracy, under the color of popular free- dom, destroys all the securities and blessings of iiie; but how does it destroy them ? How, but by the very means that these new partners of executive power would themselves employ, if we would let them, by inflicting, from a mistaken and barbar- ous state necessity, the severest punishments for offences never defined by the law; by inflicting them npon suspicion instead of evidence, and in the .blind, furious, and indiscriminate zeal of persecu- tion, instead of by the administration of a sober and impartial jurisprudence. Subtracting the hor- rors of invading armies which France cannot help, what other mischief has she inflicted upon herself? From what has she suffered but from this undisci- , plined and cruel spirit of accusation and rash judg- ment ? A spirit that will look at nothing dispas- sionately, and which, though proceeding from a zeal and enthusiasm for the most part honest and sincere, is nevertheless as pernicious as the wicked fury of demons, when it is loosened from the sober dominion of slow and deliberate justice. What is it that has lately united all hearts and voices in lamentation ? What but those judicial executions, Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF JOHN FROST. 161 wliicli we have a right to style murders, when we see the axe falHng, and the prison closing upon the genuine expressions of the inoffensive heart ; sometimes for private letters to friends, uncon- nected with conduct or intention ; sometimes for momentary exclamations in favor of royalty, or some other denomination of government different from that which is established. * These are the miseries of France, the unhappy attendants upon revolution ; and united as we all are in deploring them, upon what principle of com- mon sense shall we vex and terrify the subjects of our own country, in the very bosom of peace, and disgust them with the government, which we wish them to cherish, by nnusual, irritating, and degrad- ing prosecutions ? Indeed, I am very sorry to say that we hear of late too much of the excellence of the British govern- ment, and feel but too little of its benefits. They, too, who pronounce its panegyrics, are those who alone prevent the entire public from acceding to them ; the eulogium comes from a suspected quar- ter, when it is pronounced by persons enjoying every honor from the crown, and treating the people upon all occasions with suspicion and con- tempt. The three estates of the kingdom are co-ordinate, all alike representing the dignity, and jointly executing the authority of the nation ; yet all our loyalty seems to be wasted upon one of 11 B Digitized by Microsoft® 162 SPEECH OF ME. EESKIirE them. How happens it else, that we are so exqui- sitely sensible, so tremblingly alive to every attac]< upon the crown, or the nobles that surround it, yet so completely careless of what regards the once respected and awful commons of Great Britain? If Mr. Frost had gone into every coffee-house, from Charing-cross to the Exchange, lamenting the dangers of po;^ular government, reprobating the peevishness of opposition in parliament, and wish- ing in the most advised terms, that we could look up to the throne and its excellent ministers alone, for quiet and comfortable government, do you think that we should have had an indictment ? I ask pardon for the supposition ; I can discover that you are laughing at me for its absurdity. Indeed, I might ask you whether it is not the notorious language of the highest men, in and out of parlia- ment, to justify the alienation of the popular part of the government from the spirit and principle of its trust and ofiice, and to prognosticate the very ruin and downfall of England, from a fi'ee and uncorrupted representation of the great body of the people ? I solemnly declare to you, that I think the whole of this system leads inevitably to the dangers we seek to avert ; it divides the higher and the lower classes of the nation into adverse parties, instead of uniting and compounding them into one harmonious whole ; it embitters people against authority, which, when they are made to Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TKIAL OF JOHN FROST. 163 feel and know is but their own security, they must, from the very nature of man, unite to support and cherish. I do not believe that there is any set of men to be named in England, I might say, that I do not know -an individual, who seriously wishes to touch the crown, or any branch of our excellent constitution ; and when we hear peevish and disre- spectful e;s:pressions concerning any of its functions, depend upon it, it proceeds from some obvious variance between its theory and its practice. These variances are the fatal springs of disorder and dis- gust ; they lost America, and in that unfortunate separation laid the foundation of all that we have to fear ; yet, instead of treading back our steps, we seek recovery in the system which brought us into peril. Let government in England always take care to make its administration correspond with the true spirit of our genuine constitution, and nothing will ever endanger it. Let it seek to maintain its corruptions by severity and coercion, and neither laws nor arms will support it. These are my sentiments, and I advise you, however un- popular they may be at this mome.nt, to consider them before you repel them. If the defendant, amongst others, has judged too lightly of the advantages of our government, re- form his errors by a beneficial experience of them ; above all, let him feel its excellence to-day in its beneficence ; let him compare in his trial the con- Digitized by Microsoft® 164 SPEECH OF ME. EESKESTE dition of an English subject with that of a citizen of France, which he is supposed in theory to prefer. These are the true criterions by which, in the long run, individuals and nations become affectionate to governments, or revolt against them ; for men are neither to be talked nor written into the belief of happiness and security when they do not practi- cally feel them, nor talked or written out of them when they are in the full enjoyment of their bless- ings. But if you condemn the defendant upon this sort of evidence, depend upon it he must have his adherents, and, as far as that goes, I must be one of them. Gentlemen, I will detain you no longer, being satisfied to leave you, as conscientious men, to judge the defendant as you yourselves would be judged; and if there be any amongst you who can say to the rest that he has no weak or inconsideriate mo- ments ; that all his words and actions, even in the most thoughtless passages of his life, are fit for the inspection of God and man, he will be the fittest person to take the lead in a judgment of guilty, and the properest foreman to deliver it with good faith and firmness to the court. I know the privilege that belongs to the attor- ney-general to reply to all that has been said ; but perhaps, as I have called no witnesses, he may think it a privilege to be waived. It is, however, pleasant to recollect, that if it should be exercised, Digitized by Microsoft® OK THE TEIAL OF JOHN FEOST. 165 even witli his superior talents, Ms honor and candor will guard it fcom abuse. REPLY OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Gentlemen of the Juky : The experience of some years has taught me that in the useful admin istration of justice, as it is administered by the juries in this country, little more is necessary than to lay before them correctly the facts upon which they are to form their judgment, with such obser- vations as naturally arise out of those facts. Gentlemen, feeling that very strongly at present, I am certainly bound in some measure to account to you why I feel it my duty in this stage of this proceeding to avail myself of that liberty which my learned friend has stated- to belong to me in addressing you again. Gentlemen, my learned friend has thought proper to state this prosecution as the prosecution of informers, of men whom he cannot caU merce- Digitized by Microsoft® 166 EEPLT OF THE ATTORNEY - GENERAL nary informers, but certainly whom lie has been anxious to represent as officious informers ; as a prosecution wbicb it was uiy duty, independently of any considerations that I might feel myself upon the subject, to bring before you, that it was what I could not approve of, but what I was bound to persevere in till I received your verdict. Gentlemen, with respect to bringing the cause before the court, my learned friend has not confined his observations to that point. He has stated also, and every thing that falls from him, and more especially in a case that concerns the crown and an individual, deserves and must have an answer from me. He has given you a comment upon words, upon which I hkewise offered you some humble observations ; I Jiiean the words, " otherwise well- disposed. I remarked that where words in their natural meaning did import a seditious mind, it would be competent to a defendant to show upon a general principle that, whatever might be the words uttered, the circumstances attending the expression of them might be stated to the jury, in order to give a different sense to them from their primary import. Gentlemen, I hold it to be my duty, standing here responsible to the public for the acts that I do — deeply impressed with a consciousness that I am so responsible, to state to you that I must be extremely guilty of a breach of my duty if I Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN FBOST. 167 should now call upon you for a verdict, or if I sliould now take your opinion; because there is not a single tittle of evidence before you which was not before me when the indictment was laid. I protest against that doctrine that the attorney- general of England is bound to prosecute because some other set of men choose to recommend it to him to prosecute, he disapproving of that prosecu- tion. I know he has it in his power to choose whether he will or not, and he will act according to his sense of duty. Do not understand me to be using a language so impertinent as to say that the opinions of sober-minded persons in any station in life as to the necessity that calls for a prosecu- tion ought not deeply to aifect his judgment. But I say it is his duty to regulate his judgment by a conscientious pursuance of that which is recom- mended to him to do. And if any thing is recommended to him which is thought by other persons to be for the good of the country, but which he thinks is not for the good of the country, no man ought to be in the oflS.ce who would hesi- taste to say, " My conscience must direct me, your judgment shall not direct me." And I know I can do this — I can retire into a situation in which I shall enjoy what, under the blessings of that con- stitution thus reviled, is perhaps the best proof of its being a valuable constitution — I mean the fair fruits of an humble industry, anxiously and con- Digitized by Microsoft® 168 EEPLY OF THE ATTOENT - GENERAL scientiously exercised in the fair and honorable pursuits of life. I state, therefore, to my learned friend that I cannot accept that compliment which he paid me when he supposed it was not my act to bring this prosecution before you, because it was not what I myself could approve. Certainly this prosecution was not instituted by me, but it was instituted by a person whose conduct in the humane exercise of his duty is well known; and I speak in the presence of many who have been long and often witnesses to it ; and when it devolved upon me to examine the merits of this prosecution it was my bounden duty to examine, and it was my bounden duty to see if this was a breach of the sweet confidences of private life. If this is a story brought from behind this gentleman's chair by his servants, I can hardly figure to myself the case in which the public necessity and expediency of a prosecution should be so strong as to break in upon the relations of private life. But, good God ! is this prosecution to be so represented — when a man goes into a coffee-house, who is from his profession certainly not ignorant of the respect which the laws of his country require from him as much as from any other man ; and when he, in that public coffee-house (provided it was an advised speaking) uses a language, which I admit it is clear upon the evidence given you to-day, provoked the indignation, if you please so to call it, of all who Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN FKOST. 169 heard it — when persons, one, two, three, or more, come to ask him what he meant by it, when he gives them the explanation, and when he makes the offensive words still more offensive by the explanation that he repeatedly gives — will any man tell me, that if he goes into a public coffee- house, whether he comes into it from up-stairs, or whether he goes into it from the street, that he is entitled to the protection that belongs to the con- fidences of private life, or that it is a breach of the duties that result out of the confidences of private life to punish him ? Gentlemen, I call upon you seriously to consider the case, to act with candor, to act with indulgence to him if you please, but at the same time to act with firmness as between him and the country. My learned friend has tried me in some measure to-day ; now I avow it again — when respectable persons will state to me that such circumstances did pass, I will not take upon myself to say, that it is consistent with my duty to the king, or that it is consistent with my duty to the country, for whose benefit it is that he is king, that I should hear that such things have passed unnoticed. And when it is stated by such men as these are, unim- peached, feeling something, though their political theories are not the same as those of this defendant, surely they may be allowed to feel and to express at least with zeal their indignation, if not to assert Digitized by Microsoft® 170 EEPLT OP THE ATTOENEY - GENERAL witli industry their right to what they enjoyed through the blessings of Providence, and the con- stitution under which they lived. It was a case which excited the honest zeal and the fair and reasonable indignation of a great number, of gen- tlemen ; all respectable men, and competent to sit in that jury-box, as between this or any other individual and the justice of the country. But, gentlemen, according to my learned friend, I was to do one of these things : I was to say to Mr. Frost, which I certainly would have been glad to have said to him, or any man who stands in the situation of a defendant, if I could do it with pro- priety. What is this story^ Mr. Frost ? Can I ask a defendant, whom I am to prosecute upon the prima facie evidence laid before me, what he is to say for himself in that stage of the business ? It was open to Mr. Frost in every stage of the busi- ness to have explained his conduct. He does not come upon this record to say as many persons have said, " I admit I spoke the words, I wiU not give you the trouble to prove the words ; I spoke them in a degree of heat. I am (what he has never yet said, for he only seemed to retract) I am sorry for the words I have used." Gentlemen, my learned friend says I should have said nothing to you upon the subject of France, and he pa,rticularly alludes to a question put by my learned friend, who will do me the justice to Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN FROST. l7l say that I had no communication with him upon any such question. But I will explain myself upon that, as I think I ought to do upon everything which occurs in a cause. Gentlemen, if words of this sort spoken in Fi'ance are a crime, I know from his lordship's authority, as well as the authority of every prin- ciple of settled law, that I cannot give them in evidence ; and if acts done in France amount to a crime against the law of this country, I know also I ought not to give in evidence upon an indictment such as this is, any evidence with respect to the act so done. They ought to be the subject of a separate prosecution ; and if my opinion had risen higher upon that subject than it does, I would not in the prosecution of this case have even risked such a question as that, whether certain acts can be done and declarations made in another country by a subject of this country without his being amenable to the law of this country? It is a question that ought to be tried, if it is to be tried at all, in a more solemn form than taken as a mere collateral point in evidence. But was not I enti- tled to speak about France ? Did not this gentle- man state, that things were going on well in France; that he had come from France; that it was his intention to go again to France, and that, according to that intention, he did go to France ? Is not this evidence that he knew what he was Digitized by Microsoft® 172 EEPLT o:f the attoenet- general saying — that he was speaking that which his future acts confirmed? Then how does it appear, that he was drunk, or at least so much so, that he could not speak about anything — that he could not cor- rectly speak his opinion? It is clear, that he stated a fact with respect to what he was to do, that the future act of his life corresponded with ; and yet my learned friend says, he did not speak advisedly at aU. Gentlemen, another observation that fell from my learned friend was, with respect to what I have stated as to the words, " otherwise well dis- posed." Gentlemen, give me leave, in the first place, to call youi' attention, as far as my Lord may think your attention ought to be called to it, to what I take to be a clear distinction in the law of England. Gentlemen, if words of their own efficacy and import manifest a seditious intention, the utter- ing those' words is a misdemeanor. I do not desire you to try this question in that manner, because I again repeat what I said towards the conclusion of what I before addressed to you, that if you should be of opinion that Mr. Frost did not utter the words advisedly and knowingly, and with an intea- tion to work the mischief this record imputes to him, I do not desire this conviction ; but I will say this, that it is a very clear distinction in law, with respect to words as they amount to high treason. What . did the legislature sis.y iu those just and Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OP JOHN FROST. 173 beautiful passages that were read to you by Mr. Erskine, from Mr. Justice Forster's Reports ? —that the penalties in high treason are so exceedingly great, that, although treasonable words were spo- ken, yet if not spoken with such, intention, they would not, as in the case of high treason, expose the subject to those pains and penalties. Did they mean to say they should be no offence at all, if the conscience of the jury should be satisfied that they were used in a way to make them criminal ? By no means. But if you are of opinion that these words were advisedly spoken, if the words them- selves import that seditious intent which this record ascribes to them, I say it falls directly within the principle of Mr. Justice Forster, namely, that it would be competent to the defendant to give evidence of his general demeanor as a good subject of the country, to show that he had not that meaning, which is th.e jyrima facie sense of the words. If that principle be just, I say that Mr. Frost has not found in the company below stairs, nor has he found upon the face of the earth, a singly person to state to you, that from his general demeanor, when he uttered these words, he must not have had the fair use of that judgment and disposition which conducts him through general life. I say no more about it ; I am sure it would have been competent to him to have produced such witnesses. Gentlemen, it would not only have Digitized by Microsoft® 174 EEPLY OF THE ATTOENET ■ GENEEAL been competent to him, but, from the turn the cause has taken, it was made almost necessary. If Mr. Frost was drunk, as my learned friend wishes you to believe, from what Mr. Taitt said, though I think his evidence will bear no such sense, was there no man up-stairs who could have stated it ? Was there no man who saw"Mr. Frost in the course of that evening that could have stated it ? Then what is it that Mr. Taitt says upon the subject? He does not mean to say that he had not drank ; he says he might be in liquor, and he did say tie did not doubt but he was in liquor, but he had not seen him before. The question is, whether, when he made use of those expressions, he made use of them as expressing his judgment upon the subject, and with the intent that this record ascribes' to him, or whether^ he was so far bei'eaved of his judgment by ebriety as to stand before you enti- tling himself to the benefit of this excuse, that he ought not to be answerable for the consequences of these acts upon that ground ? and it would be extremely strange if a jury upon this ground could acquit Mr. Frost. Here are these gentlem^m re- spectable in their situation, and what have they done ? According to what they conceived to be their duty as subjects of the country, they have been famishing the means of this prosecution, and they have not thought that it would disgrace them to bring before a jury of their country Mr. Frost, Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHK FKOST. 175 to relate this story, that he stood in that situation of mind in which my learned friend's cross-exami- nation would endeavor to place him. Whatever is your verdict, it is contrary to my duty to press for it against your impression of the real nature of the case ; but the true question will be, and here I will not avail myself at any length of that privilege my learned friend says belongs to me, whether these words were advisedly spoken ? Mr. Frost goes in a public coffee-room, asserts that they were doing very well in France, and at the same time he asserts that it was because there was a doctrine of equality, and a doctrine of no king, at that time established. But was it an equality such as my learned friend has stated to you ? No ; the equality of right to personal security, to personal liberty and property, and a right to equal laws, was asserted indeed in the constitution of the year 1789 ; it was an equal- ity which left every man in possession of that situ- ation which the constitution had assigned him, from the kina: on the throne to the meanest sub- ject, who would be equally entitled to the benefit of the law of the country as any man in it ; but that equality did not live till the 6th of November, 1792. Why then, equality might mean one thing, or it might mean another; it might mean the equality of 1789, or it might mean the equality of 1792. Then a stranger comes up to Mr. Frost, and feeling a great deal of indignation at hearing Digitized by Microsoft® 176 EEPLT OF THE ATTOENEY- GENERAL this doctrine held, lie says, Sir, what do you mean' by equality? ]S"o-w did the Duke of Richmoud, did Mr. Pitt, the present minister of state, who has been alluded to, did my learned friend, and the other persons, who are very respectable men, as I readily admit them to be, did they ever give such an answer as Mr. Frost gave ? I am free to declare this is a country in which every man has a right to his opinion temperately discussed. I am free to say, with respect to my learned friend, I beheve he and some of the most respectable persons in the country have their opinions upon that sub- ject. I believe the actual quantum of political happiness that is enjoyed in this country, is, upon the present system of government, far beyond that which the providence and favor of God has ever dispensed to any nation that ever hved upon the face of the earth. I have never been able to find, in the discordant systems of those respectable per- sons, argument enough to lead my mind to doubt, for a moment, whether I should not sacrifice my duty to my country, if I risked a change upon any principles that they have stated ; but, gentlemen, do not understand me to say that I am wiser than they — far from it. But I say it is my duty to exercise my best judgment, and act according to it. Grentlemen, what was the answer that Mr. Frost gave ? " I wiU tell you what I mean by equality ; I mean no king." Have any of those gentlemen Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TKIAL OF JOHN FROST. 177 stated sucli language? But this, is not all; for that which is no act of deliberation is followed up by another question : " Why, surely you cannot mean that there is to be no king in this country ? " Says Mr. Frost, " Yes, no king in any country." Why, gentlemen, the single question is : Is it the law of England that these words can be spoken under such circumstances with impunity ? I am free to say, that -upon the best information I can give myself upon the subject, I cannot feel a doubt that the law of England does not permit it. I say it is the law of England, that where men will hold language of this sort, they shall be deemed guilty of an offence against the law of England. Why then, what am I to do, if I, standing in this situa- tion, am to govern myself by the wisdom of the law ? I say it is my duty to submit to your deci- sion the fact upon the law as it stands; if my learned friend is satisfied that the law is not so, he has one course before him, or if he thinks that the law ought not to be so, he has another before him. But is the attorney-general of this country to say, I will, in the regulation of my official con- duct, take upon me to say, that I am wiser than the legislature of this country ; I will enforce what I please, let the exigency of the country be what it may ? Gentlemen, in the first place it is to be observed, that the language of that act of parliament is 12 B Digitized by Microsoft® 178 EBPLT or THE ATTOBjSTET - GENERAL exceedingly strong with respect to malicious and advised speaking, and it points out to a jury, that they are to have distinct evidence of the intention. This species of the intention may fall under a dif- ferent consideration; because if in this case the words import the intent that the record attributes to them, you have that case in point of law, that justifies you in finding the defendant guilty. Grentlemen, having stated thus much, rather with a view of explaining my conduct to you, than for the purpose of troubling you with particular obser- vations upon the evidence, I will leave the case here. I think, upon the best consideration that I can give the case, that the late attorney-general did right to bring it before the public. I should not have appeared here to-day, if I had not thought it right so far as to bring it before the public ; and the reason I do it is, that when a considerable number of his majesty's subjects in a respectable situation feel, my learned friend says, your verdict is to secure us from being in a situation like France, but when they feel that these words were uttered in a manner that has led them to think, that some of the most valuable blessings they enjoy under the constitution of this country, wedded to it as they are, are in danger when this language is publicly held; I say it is fit, as between the attorney- general and such persons, that a jury of the coun- try should say, whether such words shall be spoken Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TRIAL OF JOHN EEOST. 179 with absolute impunity ? It does appear to me that they ought not to escape with absolute impu- nity ; but if you have any doubt in your minds, you will find a verdict for the defendant. Lord Kenyon having summed up the evidence, the jury retired for an hour and a half, and then returned with a verdict of " Guilty." The prisoner was sentenced to six month's imprisonment in Newgate, to stand one hour in the pillory at Charing Cross, and to be stricken off the roll of attorneys, a disgrace from which he never recovered. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL MR. PERRY AND MR. LAMBERT, EDITOR AND PRDSTBR OF THE MORNINa CHBONICLB, FOR A LIBEL. The trial of Mr. Perry and Mr. Lambert on the 9tli of December, A.D., 17 93, derives additional importance from tbe fact of its being tbe first case of a libel tried after the pas- sage of Mr. Fox's celebrated Libel Act. The attorney-gen- eral's information charged the defendants, Mr. Perry and Mr. Lambert, as editor and printer of the Morning Chronicle, with publishing an address of a society for political informa- tion, held at the Talbot Inn, at Derby, which had been sent to the Morning Chronicle for insertion, in the ordinary course of business; neither Mr. Perry nor Mr. Lambert having had any kiad of connection or correspondence with the authors. A sufficient presentation of the facts of the case is given in the foUowing extracts from the address selected by the attorney-general from the information itself, with the innu- endoes : "We (meaning the society aforesaid), feel too mnch not to believe that deep and alarming abuses exist in the British government (meaning his said majesty's government of this kingdom), yet we are Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEERT AND ME. LAMBEET. 181 at the same time fully sensible that our situation is comfortable compared witb that of the people of many European kingdoms, and that as the times are, in some degree, moderate, they ought to be free from riot and confusion. '' III. Yet we think there is sufficient cause to inquire into the necessity of the payment of seven- teen millions of annual taxes, exclusive of poor- rates, county-rates, expenses of collection, etc., etc., by seven millions of people ; we think that these expenses may be reduced, without lessening the true dignity of the nation (meaning this kingdom), or the government (meaning the government of this kingdom) , and therefore wish for satisfaction in this important matter. " IV. We view with concern the frequency of wars (meaning, amongst others, the wars of his "Said majesty and his subjects with foreign powers), we are persuaded that the interests of the poor can never be promoted by accession of territory, when bought at the expense of their labor and blood ; and we must say, in the language of a celebrated author, we who are only the people, but who pay ibr wars with our substance and our blood, will not cease to tell kings or governments, that to them alone wars are profitable ; that the true and just conquests are those which each make at home by comforting the peasantry, by promoting agricul- ture and manufactories, by multiplying men and Digitized by Microsoft® 182 mFOEMATIOK OK THE TEIAL the otBer productions of nature ; that then it is that kings may call themselves the image of God whose will is perpetually directed to the creation of new beings ; if they continue to make us fight and kill one another in uniform, we will continue to write and speak until nations shall bo cured of this folly. "We are certain our present heavy bur- dens (meaning burdens of the subjects of this king- dom), are owing, in a great measure, to cruel and impolitic wars (meaning cruel and impolitic wars entered into by his said majesty against foreign powers), and therefore we will do all on our part, as peaceable citizens, who have the good of the community at heart, to enlighten each other, and protest against them. " V. The present state of the representation of the people (meaning the representation of the people of this kingdom in the parliament thereof), * calls for the particular attention of every man M^ho has humanity sufficient to feel for the honor and happiness of his country, to the defects and corrup- tions of which we are inclined to attribute unneces- sary wars, etc., etc. We think it a deplorable case when the poor (meaning the poor of this king-, dom), must support a corruption (meaning corrup- tion of the representation of the, people of this kingdom in the parliament thereof), which is cal- culated to oppress them (meaning the poor of this kingdom), when the laborer must give his money Digitized by Microsoft® OF MR. PEKEY AND MR. LAMBERT. 183 to afford tlie means of preventing him liaving a voice in its disposal, when the lower classes mav say, we give you our money for which we have toiled and sweat, and which would save our fami- lies from cold and hunger, but we think it more hard that there is nobody whom we have delegated to see that it is not improperly and wickedly spent ; we have none to watch over our interests, the rich only are represented ; the form of govern- ment (meaning the government of this kingdom), since the revolution is in. somo (meaning some), respects changed for the worst, by the triennial and septennial acts (meaning acts of the parliament of this kingdom) ; we lost annual parliaments, besides which, the wholesome provisions for obliging (meaning obliging), privy counsellors to subscribe their (meaning their), advice with their ' names, and against placemen and pensioners sitting in parliament (meaning the parliament of this kingdom), have been repealed. It is said that the voice of the people is the constitutional conti'ol of parliament (meaning the parliament of this king- dom), but what is this but saying that the repre- sentatives (meaning the representatives of the people in the parliament of this kingdom), are nat- urally inclined to support wrong measures, and that the people must (meaning must), be con- stantly assembhng to oblige them to do their duty. An equal and uncorrupt representation (meaning Digitized by Microsoft® 184 rNTOEMATIOI^" OIT THE TRIAL representation in the parliament of tMs kingdom), would, we are persuaded, save us from heavy- expenses, and deliver us from many oppressions ; we win therefore do our duty to procure this reform, which appears to us of the utmost import- ance. " VI. In short, we see with the most lively con- cern an army of place-men, pensioners, (meaning persons holding places and pensions under the government of this kingdom), etc., fighting in the cause of corruption and prejudice, and spreading the contagion far and wide, a large and highly expensive military establishment (meaning the military establishment of this kingdom), though we have a well-regulated militia ; the increase of all kinds of robberies, riots, executions, etc., though the nation (meaning this kingdom) pays taxes equal to the whole land rental (meaning rental) of the kingdom, in order to have his property pro tected and secured; and is also obliged to enter into separate associations against felonious depre- dations — a criminal code of laws (meaning the criminal code of laws of this kingdom) sanguine and inefficacious — a civil code (meaning the civil code of laws of this kingdom) so voluminous and mysterious as to puzzle the best understandings : by which means justice is denied to the poor (mean- ing the poor of this kingdom), on account of the expense attending the obtaining it. Corporations Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEEET AND MR. LAMBEET. 185 (meaning corporations of this kingdom) under ministerial or party influence, swallowing up the importance, and acting against the voice of the people (meaning the people of this kingdom) ; penalties (meaning penalties) inflicted on those who accept of oflaces without conforming to the viola- tion of their consciences and their rights, the voice of free inquiry drowned in prosecutions, and the clamours of the pensioned and interested ; and we view with the most poignant sorrow a part of the people (meaning the people of this kingdom) de- luded by a cry of the constitution and church in danger, fighting with the weapons of savages under the banners of prejudice against those who have their true interest at heart — we see with equal sensibility the present outcry , against reforms, and a proclamation (meaning his said majesty's royal proclamation) tending to cramp the liberty of the press, and discredit the true friends of the people, receiving the support of numbers of our country- men — we see the continuation of oppressive game laws (meaning the game laws of this kingdom) and destructive monopolies ; we see the education and comfort of the poor (meaning the poor of this kingdom) neglected, notwithstanding the enormous weight of the poor-rates ; we see burdens multipli- ed, the lower classes (meaning the lower classes of the subjects of this kingdom) sinking into poverty, disgrace, and excesses; and the means of these Digitized by Microsoft® 186 EM^OEMATIOK 0]Sr THE TRIAL shocking abuses increased for the purpose of re- venue for the same, and the excise laws (meaning the excise laws of this kingdom), those badges and sources of oppression, kept up and multiplied ; and when we cast our eyes on a people just formed in a free community, without having had time to grow rich under a government by which justice is duly administered, the poor taught and comforted, pro- perty protected, taxes few and easy ; and at an expense as small as that of our pension list — we ask ourselves, are we in England ? Have our fore- fathers fought, and bled, and conquered, for liberty ? And did they not think that the fruits of their patriotism would be more abundant in peace, plenty, and happiness? Are we always to stand still or go backward ? Are our burdens (meaning the burdens of the subjects of this king- dom) to be as heavy as the most enslaved people ? Is the condition of the poor (meaning the poor of this kingdom) never to be improved ? Great Britain must have arrived at the highest degree of national happiness and prosperity, and our situa- tion must be too good to be mended, or the present outcry against reforms and improvements is inhu- man and criminal ; but we hope our condition will be speedily improved, and to obtain so desirable a good is the object of our present association, an (meaning an) union founded on principles of benev- olence and humanity, disclaiming all connexion Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEBRT AKD ME. LAMBEET. 187 witli riots and disorders, but firm in our purpose, and warm in our afi'ections for liberty. VII. Lastly, we invite the friends of freedom throughout Grreat Britain to form similar societies, and to act with unanimity and firmness, till the people (meaning the people of Great Britain) be too wise to be imposed upon, and their influence in the govei'nment be commensurate with their dig- nity and importance ; then shall we be free and happy. By order of tlie society, S. Eyre, chair- man (meaning the chairman to the said society) ." Iisr Trinity term a rule was made in the usual way, on the motion of the prosecutor, for a special jury. Forty-eight jurors were struck; and in Easter term they were reduced by the parties to twenty-four. In the sittings after Easter the cause came on, and seven of the special jurors came into the box. Sir John Scott, the then attorney-general, did not pray a tales, and the trial went off as a remanet pro defeotu juratorum. In Michaelmas term the prosecutor, on a motion of course, took out a rule for a new special jury. This the defendants thought irregular. On Friday, the 16 th day of November, the Hon. Thomas Erskine moved the court as fol- lows : My lord, the motion which I am about to address to the court "will deserve your lordship's particular attention, as it relates to one of the Digitized by Microsoft® 188 IDSTFOEMATIOBT OK THE TEIAL most essential rights and liberties of the subject, tie trial by jury. Your lordsbip may recollect that at the sittings after the last term in this place, an information, filed by the attorney-general, against the proprie- tors and printer of the Morning Ohronicle, for a supposed libel in that newspaper, was called on for trial in the ordinary course of things. Seven of the special jurors, struck under the rule obtained by the crown itself for the trial of the cause, appeared, and came into the box to be sworn ; but the attorney-general did not think proper to pray a tales to complete the panel. The cause, therefore, of course, went oS pro defectu jv/ratorum. My lord, if any special reason existed why the jury so appearing should not be permitted to try the information when it came on again for trial, and the crown had moved npon such special mat- ter, verified by affidavit, to discharge the original rule under which the jury was appointed, I should, according to the nature of the objections, have been prepared to give them an answer. But, my lord, no such proceedings have been had or attempted. The crown has made no objection to the jurors, nor any motion in court to discharge the original rule under which the jury was impan- neled ; but assuming it to be the law that the rule was spent and expired, by the trial going over, for defect of jurors, they have, as a motion of course, Digitized by Microsoft® OF MK. PEEET AND MR. LAMBERT. 189 drawn up under the signature of counsel out of court, obtained a second rule for striking a jury, as if no former rule had ever existed, and as if no jury had been struck under it. I confess I was not a httle surprised at this attempt to impannel a jury, without the consent of the defendants, between whom and the crown the former had been reduced and ascertained under the first rule. On their pai-t I therefore now object to the proceeding, as totally illegal and hostile to the freedom of trial ; and I humbly move that this new rule may be discharged. I do not know that I am able to state, at this moment, any direct precedent for my motion, nor is it necessary that I should, because I found my application upon the whole statute law of the kingdom respecting the trial by jury, which is positive and unequivocal on the subject, which no practice can shake, and which no decisions of the court, if there were any, could repeal or overrule. Lord Kenyon. The application crosses all my ideas of the law upon the Subject. It would be highly dangerous to impartial trial if the juries were known to the parties so long before the trial. It is very strange if the law be so. Mr. Ershine. My lord, the authors of our laws seem to have thought very diflferently on this sub- ject. They seem to have entertained no jealousy that the trial by the country, which was instituted Digitized by Microsoft® 190 INFOKMATIOBr ON THE TEIAL for the people's protection, could ever be too favorable to them; on the contrary, the most ancient statutes of the kingdom express no fears for the crown, but for the subject only, and pro- vide that jurors shall be struck so long before the day of trial, that the defendant may know them, and be prepared to take his challenges. The act of the 42nd of Edward III. chap. 11, expressly gives this reason. After stating that divers of the people had been disheartened and oppressed from not having had knowledge beforehand of those who were to pass in the inquest, it enacts that, the names of the jurors should be retui'ned into court in the term before the assizes, and that in the mean time, the parties on demand should view the same. The whole statute law, from that period, speaks the same language, down to the famous statutes of King William and Queen Anne, which give to defendants, accused of high treason, the names and abodes not merely of the jurors, but of the very witnesses to be examined against them on the trial. So far, indeed, is it from being true, that, by the common law, a jury once summoned and not attend ing, could not be distrained again to appear at a future day, as is supposed by Mr. Justice Page, in Masterman's note, that they were bound to give their attendance from assizes to assizes, in mjmitum^ until the reign of William the Third. Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEEEY AKD MR. LAMBEET. 191 The statute of the 13th Edward I. chapter 30, had expressly directed that, upon the default of jurors, the justices should put in the inquest no other than those first summoned ; and this regula- tion was so much the settled law, that the act of William, for the ease of jurors, and the regulation of trial, recites that, as the law then stood, it often happened that upon causes going off at the assizes, for defect of jurors, the same jurors were obliged to attend again and again at the trial of one and the same cause, to their great expense and trouble. And after this preamble, a new venire facias^ for the first time in the history of the law, was given to the parties to bring in a new jury, upon the default of those impanneled under the first writ. It is therefore only by the effect of this statute that a juiy, once summoned, is discharged before trial; and the statute not extending, nor indeed relating at all to special juries, they remain upon the old footing. Special juries do not exist, as many people seem to suppose, by the authority of a statute ; on the contrary, they are as ancient as the law itself, and were always struck, as they are at this day, by direction of the court, when trials were had at the bar and not at nisi prius ; the act of the 3rd of George II. chapter 25, having no relation to such juries, except as it removes a doubt with regard to the legality of striking them foi- the trial of misde- meanors. This legality the statute recognizes ; and Digitized by Microsoft® 192 rNFOKMATION ON THE TRIAL putting special juries, struck in the crown office, on the same footing with those in civil cases, directs them, to be struck by rule, as they anciently were in cases of trial at bar, and enacts that the jury so struck shall be the jury to try the cause. Indeed, so notorious is it, that a jury summoned, and not attending, could be distrained to appear again, till the law, as far as it related to common juries, was altered by the statute of King WilHam, that we know that the whole jury process of the courts at this day is founded upon that law ; for the venire is always returnable on the last day of the term before trial, at which day it is entered on record, as of course, that default was made by the jurors summoned ; and then the distringas issues to bring them in on the day in banc, in the term fol- lowing, unless the justices shall come to the assizes in the interval, under which clause of nid prius \kii trials are all had. So that the process at this day, building fiction on reality, to give precision and uniformity to practice, ratifies that which is sup- posed now to have been contrary to all practice whatsoever. In ancient times, every man in a civil cause knew, upon the return of the venire in term, the jury that was to come at the assizes. The sheriff now, by the act of the 3rd of George II., returns one panel for all, which effectually pre- vents a defect of jurors ; but special juries remaia untouched by that statute. The reason and justice Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEERY AKD ME. XAMBERT. 193 of the thing, moreover, support my construction. The attorney-general alone can pray a tales in a criminal cause, for the statutes go no farther than to give defendants a right to pray the tales in penal actions, prosecuted qui tarn -ndth the crown, but not in cases where the crown is the prosecutor alone. It is true that the attorney-general now grants his warrant of course to a defendant to pray one, but he may legally refuse it ; and the subject's liberties are not to rest upon the courtesies of the officers of the crown. What, then, is contended for in this right to change the jury ? Why, nothing short of this, that if the attorney-general does not like his jury, he may forbear to pray a tales himself; he may also refuse his warrant, without which the defendant .cannot pray one; and this he may do, toties qviotiea until he has got a jury to his fancy. I am not arguing that Mr. Attorney-General is likely to attempt this practice for such purposes ; but the country is not to hold its rights upon the courtesy of the prerogative, or the honesty of those who may occasionally represent it. Mr. Erskine then proceeded to state the modern cases, which clearly showed that the practice of the court bore him out in the law on the subject. He stated the King v. Hart, and the King v. Joddrell ; but he relied implicity, he said, on the law. One of the officers of the crown office handed up to Mr. Justice BuUer, an opinion of Judge Page, 13 B Digitized by Microsoft® 194 IKFOEMATIOK ON THE TBfAL in the 13th of George II., that a new jury ought to be granted ; but Mr. Justice BuUer said, the de- fendants should take a rule to show cause, as it was of great importance to be argued and ascer- tained. Zc/rd Kmyon said, he thought it scarcely neces- sary ; but granted they might take a rule. A rule was therefore granted. On Monday, the 25th of JSTovember, 1792, the rule came on to be argued. Mr. Bea/raroft, on the part of the crown, contend- ed that the cases cited by Mr. Erskine were not in point. In the case of the king against Hart, the special jury of forty-eight had not been reduced to twenty-four by the parties, and the jurors had not come into court. In the case of the kiag against Jolifle, the cause had been put off on account of some publications, which might have influenced the jury. In the next term, a new jury was struck, so that the case was in point for the crown, and it was so much the more so, as the new jury was mov- ed for by a solicitor as well versed in the general practice as any solicitor of that court. Their lord- ships would agree with him in this description, when they heard that the solicitor for the defend- ant in that cause was Mr. Lowten, and he was solicitor also for the present defendants. In that cause, then, Mr. Lowten had moved for a new trial, and here he opposed a new jury. [Mr. Bearcroft Digitized by Microsoft® OF MR, PEERY AND ME. LAMBERT. 195 was set right in the case of Joliffe. In that instance the trial first went ojff, because, fi'om the pubhca- tions which had been made, the court thought that the jury might be influenced. In the term after this, the cause came on again, and both parties agreed to have a new jury. A second time it was put off, through the delicacy of Mr. Justice Gould ; and on the third time it was brought on again, and the prosecutor moved for a new jury, without any pretext of influence, or of any other argument for a new jury. This, Mr. Lowten, as solicitor for the defendant (and who had not been employed in the beginning of the cause), objected to, and the court refused.] Mr. Bearcroft read from the notes of the late Mr. Masterman, one of the secondaries of the crown office, a case, where it was his opinion, that a new jury was conformable to the practice; and he quoted also a cause against Lord Charles Fitzroy, where Mr. Lowten had also, as solicitor for the defendant, moved for a new jury, and had suc- ceeded ; but he owned, that in this case it had been consented to hy both parties. Mr. Bearcroft then said he would argue the question on the reason of the rule. It struck him as a most important point indeed, that juries should not be continued from term to term, as they might be tampered with by the parties ; a thing so out- rageous to justice, and so opposite to the spirit of Digitized by Microsoft® 196 nSTFORMATIOK OW THE TKIAL our jurisprudence, that it had been ever the study of the courts, and indeed the very aim of parHa- ment, in making the statute of the 3rd of George II. to prevent juries from becoming permanent, or from being so long known beforehand, as to be sulgect to influence. That in regard to the prayer for a tales, though undoubtedly the defendant must have the warrant of the attorney-general to enable him to pray a tales, yet the attorney-general never denied such a warrant. Another argument against the continuance of a jury was, that it must subject genttemen to great inconvenience — they never would know when they were to be discharged. Here seven of them attended to do their duty, and they were again to be called upon; eleven of them might attend, and still be subject to be called a£i:ain ; there was no end of this, and he owned he did not know how they could call upon them again, for he did not know an instance of an alias distmmr gas to bring up special jurors. Mr. Adam stated, on the part of the defendants, that there were many instances in the books, espe- cially in Brooke's Abridgment, where an alias distringas had gone to compel the attendance of jurors of all descriptions. Mr. Justice BuUer said that as this case compre- hended so important a rule of practice he had taken pains to inform himself on the point, and he had found a case which, in his mind, determined Digitized by Microsoft® OF MK. PEKEY AND MB. LAMBERT. 197 the rule. He would read it, and then Mr. Bear- croft would see what he could make of the argument. Mr. Justice Buller then read a manu- script note of the case the King v. Franklin, the publisher of the famous paper called the Crafts- man. It was important to remark the time and the judges — it was the 5th of Greorge II. only three years after the law recognizing special juries in misdemeanors had passed, and the judges on the bench were Mr. Justice, afterwards Lord Chief Justice Lee, Mr. Justice Page,* etc. ; and the crown lawyers were men of the first eminence. Frank- lin was convicted of printing and publishing a hbel in the Craftsman. The case was only so far different from the present that the defendant there moved the court to reverse the judgment, because the cause, after being put ofl* from one term to another, had not been tried by a new jury. Here the defendants moved to continue the same jury. The doctrine was the same in both cases, only that in this case it is upon the application of the attorney-general that the new jury is required ; in that case the attorney-general or the crown con- tended that the old jury should continue. Chief Justice Lee pronounced the opinion of the court, which Mr. Justice Buller read. The opinion of the court was, that the words of the statute were *The same judges who are supposed to have decided the case of the King against Waring. Digitized by Microsoft® 198 INFORMATION OK THE TRIAL express, and could not be departed from, unless cause could be shown that there had been some irregularity in the striking of the jury, or in the reducing, or in some part of the proceeding, or in the writ of veni/re, or otherwise. The words of the statute were, " that the jury so struck and so reduced shall be the jury to try the issue joined in such cause." The jury were not dissolved until the, cause was determined, and an alias distringas might issue. The opinion was at great length, and detailed the practice of striking juries by the ancient statutes downwards, and showed that by the act then recently passed, the 11th of George II. the alteration with respect to juries related only to the common jury, and left the practice as to s])ecial jurors exactly as it stood by the ancient law, except as it declared that special jurors might be demanded by the crown in cases of misdemeanor. In regard to common juries, it was thought hard and severe to compel their attendance from time to time ; but the special jury was left by that act precisely as it stood before. This opinion, Mr. Justice BuUer said, delivered so soon after the act had passed, so solemnly and argumentatively, in a question discussed by such great legal characters must in his mind, determine the question. He concluded with saying, that he could not see how the crown officers could go on without creating error on the record. Digitized by Microsoft® OF MR. PEEET AND ME. LAMBBET. 199 Jjord Chief Justice Kenyon said, he mast bow to sucli great authority, though the incliuation of his disposition was the other way. But a point so solemnly argued (and where such a man as Mr. Pulteney, Earl of Bath, being implicated, error would have been pleaded, if they could have found error on the record), must decide the present case. He made no inquiry at all, and did not take into his consideration the merits of the question at issue between the present parties ; but it was, in his opinion, of the utmost interest to criminal jurispru- dence, that juries should not be subject to influence. It was that consideration which gave rise to the law for the balloting-box. Every lawyer knew the necessity that there was for that statute ; as all the provisions which had been previously made to guard against influence, had proved ineffectual, though any person convicted of trying to influence jurors, was subject to a penalty of ten times the amount of the object at issue in the cause. What held good as to civil suits was equally applicable to criminal prosecutions. The principle of the balloting-box was equally applicable to both ; but it was impossible to resist the precedent, standing as it did upon so high authority. Mr. Justice Qrose and Mr. Justice AsTihurst were of the same opinion. Digitized by Microsoft® 200 LNFOIIMATIOW ON THE TRIAL The case of tlie King v. Franklin,* therefore, *In consequence of that case, viz. : the King v. Pranljlin, It became unnecessary for Mr. Erskine and Mr. Adam, as counsel for the defend- ants, to say anything on the part of the defendants ; but it may not be unacceptable to know, by a short statement, how far the old prac- tice confirms the good sense and authority of the case of the King v. Franklin. Special juries existed long before the statute of the third George II., by the act of the parties ; and that as well in misdemeanor as in other cases. One party applied for a special jury, and the other party consented ; so that the special jury was then the result of com- pact between the parties. But when the parties had so contracted, the authority of the court was necessary to give validity to the compact. Accordingly the court, upon application, made a rule for a special jury; and that rule ran in the same words before the statute, that are used now since the statute ; an observation very material, espe- cially in considering the last words. The rule ordered then, and it orders now, that forty-eight shall be retuined-; that the prosecutor shall strike twelve and the defendant twelve; and that tweuty-four, the remainder of the forty-eight, shall be the jury returned for the trial of the issue joined in that cause. This being agreed between the parties, and enforced by a rule of court, the parties, before the statute, chose their forum, and by this forum, their own compact, and the authority of the rule of court compelled them to abide ; insomuch, that they could not get quit of the jury by the common mode of challenging the array ; that is, chal- lenging the whole panel of jurors ; such challenge, after the rule of court, being deemed, like every other breach of the authority of the court, a contempt, by the party who should so challenge. This had met with a decision in several cases, but particularly in the case of the King v. Burridge, for a misdemeanor, which came before the Court of King's Bench, in Trinity Term, 10 George I., a very short time before the passing of the act respecting special juries. That case is reported in Lord Strange's Reports, vol. I., p. 593 ; in Lord Raymond, 1364 ; in Andrew's Reports, 52 ; in Eighth Modern Reports, 245 ; and in many other books ; and the case, as reported in all of them, not only confirms the argument and statement above given, but explains the only remaining difSculty in the case, viz. ; the meaning to be put upon the words in the rule of court, that the twenty-four shall be the jury returned for Uie trial of the issue in that cause. For the judges, in the reports given of their opinions, consider as Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEEEY AND ME. LAMBEET. 201 decided this question ; and the court determined, that the rule for another special jury, obtained upon the motion of the crown lawyers, must be discharged. synonymous, and meaning the same thing, the above phrase ; and that they shall be the jury who shall actually try the the cause ; con- trary to the construction contended for by the crown, on the present occasion, where it was pressed that the statute and the rule were both satisfied, when the jury had been returned, although they had not actually tried the cause. Soon after this case, that Is, in the 3d George II. came the statute ; and it is very material to observe, that the statute transcribes verba- tim the latter words of the rule used before the statute. Therefore whatever was the construction of those words in the rule, the same must be their construction in the statute. It has been shown in what sense the judges considered the words in the rule, and it will not be contended tliat the words in the statute, " which said jury, so struck, shall be the jury returned for the trial of the said issue," can bear a different construction. There is, therefore, judicial authority, added to that of common sense, to settle the meaning of these words. The only other consideration in this case is, what change the siatute made in the rights of the parties, if it made none from the words of the rule ; and it is evident that it did no more than convert into a statutory obligation, carried into execution by a rule of court, what had been a matter of compact, executed by a rule of court ; but that in all other respects, except that the one party was, after the statute, bound lo agree to a special jury, if the other proposed it, the consequences were the same. The disobedience to the rule remained a contempt, and the rule remained valid, unless the court, for particular cause of corruption, or undue interference, properly verified, should see ground to have another jury; but that otherwise, the jury of compact or statute must continue. This was the more material, because of the attorney-general's power to refuse the defendant a warrant to have a tales, to make up the special jury, if deficient, out of the common jury, which was so far from being an idle right, as mentioned by Mr. Bearcroft, that there was a case in wliich it was solemnly agitated, and which formei.1 a ground of decision that the attorney could and ought, in certain cases, to exercise the right. The King v. Jacob Banks, Sixth Modern Reports, p. 346, as follows : Digitized by Microsoft® SPEECH OF THE ATTOENEY-GENEEAL. On tLe 9tli of December, 1793, tlie cause having been called on for trial, Mr. Attorney-General opened the case for the crown as follows : Gentlemen of the Jtjey: The information charges the defendants with having, printed and published a seditious libel, the contents of which you have now heard stated. The information originally was not filed by me, but by my prede- cessor in office, who was then, as you now are, sworn to discharge an important duty to the public according to the best of his judgment. It has since fallen to my lot to execute that duty, in stating to you the grounds upon which this information has been filed. And I have no difficulty in saying And as to another objection that was made, " that such a course, if tolerated, would be of great mischief; for then most profligate offenders would get themselves acquitted by surprise, or over-hasten- ing the trial, without allowing the queen convenient time to manage her prosecution." It was answered, " that there could be none, because in crown causes there cannot be nisiprius or tales, without a warrant from the attorney-general, who shall be sure to grant none if he find any such danger." And that such a thing may be, at least by consent, appears I. Keb. 195. Rex. v. Jones. And the granting a nisipi'itia amounta to a consent. Digitized by Microsoft® TRlAh OF MR. PEECT AWD ME. LAMBEET. 203 ttat, previous to my coming forward for this pur- pose, I thought it incumbent upon me to consider whether, in the office which I now hold, I should, of my own accord, have instituted this prosecution; because I thought that it became me not mei'ely to follow up the measures of that highly respectable character, and to bring his opinion before a jury, but to be able, in so doing, to say that I approved of those measures, and concurred in that opinion ; and to act exactly as he had done, according to the best of my judgment, for the public. Had I been clearly of opinion that this paper was not fit for the consideration of a jury, I have no hesitation in confessing that I should certainly have discontinued the prosecution. You, gentlemen of the jury, I am sure, will do me the justice to believe that I am not capable of the impertinence of saying, that because I may think this paper fit for prosecution, and may think the defendants guilty, you therefore must think so too. The prosecution does nothing more than declare that the paper is a proper sub- ject for the discussion of a jury, and as such, that I consider myself as bound to bring it forward in the course of my professional duty. With respect to the guilt or innocence of the defendants in pubhsh- ing this paper, that question which falls to your consideration I am perfectly satisfied to leave to your decision. This is a cause of the highest im- portance, as indeed, every cause which involves a Digitized by Microsoft® 204 SPEECH OF THE ATTOEJSrET-GENEEAL OW THE criminal charge must be impoj-tant, but this more particularly so from the nature of the charge. It is connected with the press, which has ever been deemed the great palladium of British freedom. In every case in which it is concerned, it is natural, therefore, that the most watchful attention of Eng- lishmen should be excited. It is of great conse- quence, then, in the first instance, to ascertain what properly constitutes the liberty of the press ; what are its bounds, and how far it extends ; and on this subject I shall take the liberty of reading to you the sentiments of a character of the highest legal authority, namely, the late Mr. Justice Black- stone : " In this and the other instances which we have lately considered, where blasphemous, immoral, treasonable, schismatical, seditious, or scandalous libels are punished by the English law, some with a greater, others with a less degree of severity, the liberty of the press, properly understood, is by no means infringed or violated. The liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state ; but this consists in laying no previous re- straints upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter, when published. Every freeman has an undoubted right to lay what senti- ments he pleases before the public. To forbid this is to destroy the freedom of the press. But if he publishes what is improper, mischievous, or illegal, Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL 0¥ ME. PEEEY AKD ME. LAMBBET. 205 he must take tlie consequences of his own temerity. To subject the press to the restrictive power of a Hcenser, as was formerly done, both before and since the revolution, is to subject all freedom of sentiment to the prejudices of one man, and make him the arbitrary and infallible judge of all con- troverted points in learning, religion, and govern- ment ; but to punish, as the law does at present, any dangerous or offensive writings, which, when pubHshed, shall, on a fair and impartial trial, be adjudged of a pernicious tendency, is necessary for the preservation of peace and good order, of gov- ernment and religion, the only solid foundation of civil liberty. Thus, the will of individuals is left still free ; the abuse only of that free will is the object of legal punishment. Neither is any re- straint hereby laid upon freedom of thought or inquiry ; liberty of private sentiment is still left ; the disseminating or making public of bad senti- ments, destructive of the ends of society, is the crime which society corrects. A man, says a fine writer on this subject, may be allowed to keep poisons in his closet, but not publicly to vend them as cordials. And to this we may add, that the only plausible argument heretofore used for the restraining the just freedom of the press, ' that it was necessary to prevent the daily abuse of it,' will entirely lose its force, when it is shown, by a seasonable exertion of the laws, that the press can- Digitized by Microsoft® 206 SPEECH OF THE ATTORNEY-GENEEAL OjST THE not be abused to any bad purpose, without incur- ring a suitable punishment ; whereas it never can be used to any good one, when under the control of an inspector. So true will it be found, that to censure the licentiousness, is to maintain the liberty of the press." * These principles of the law of England; thus laid down by this great man, must be admitted to be incontrovertible. The law allowed defendants in this, as in every other case, a fair, impartial trial, upon the result of which they were to be adjudged guilty or acquitted of the charge exhibited against them; and this principle has been ex- plained by the last act of parliament, for removing doubts of the functions of juries in cases of libel; the meaning of which act I take to be, that the jury shall try these charges of hbels precisely as they try any other charge of a criminal nature ; that they shall hear the case with attention, and hear it impartially ; that they shall hear the advice of the bench in point of law, and then apply the law, as they understand it, to the facts that appear in evidence, and then they shall acquit or find guilty, as to them shall appear right. The ques- tion in this case is, " Whether, upon the facts as they shall appear in evidence, under the law, as you shall understand it, after the advice of the * Blackstone's Commentaries, vol. IV., page 151, 8vo. edition, 1791. Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF MR. PERKY AND MR. LAMBERT. 207 learned judge, tlie defendants be guilty, as the information charges them to be ? " With respect to the fact, the paper stated in the information, appeared in the Morning Clvronicle on the 25th of December, 1792. And here I must particularly beg the attention of the jury to the date of the libel. This paper, charged to be the libel, is dated at the Talbot Inn, at Derby, on the 16th of July, 1792, and it did not appear in the Morning Ohroiv icle till the 25th of December, 1792. Thus you will observe that the date of the paper preceded ' its appearance in the Morning Olironicle six months. Having said this upon the paper itself, it is now my duty to the defendants to state, that it ap- peared not to be a publication actually composed by the defendants, but was said to be, with what truth I do not know, composed and agreed to at a society for political information, held at the Talbot Inn, Derby, signed S. Eyre, chairman. Whether there was such a person, or, if there was, whether he was the author, is to me entirely un- known. It was said to be unanimously agreed to by the persons holding the meeting, and ordered to be printed ; how it happened that that order was not executed till the 25th of December, I am unable to explain to you. But be that circumstance as it may, the defendants are the persons interested in the property and management of the newspaper Digitized by Microsoft® 208 SPEECH OF THE ATTOENET-GENEEAL ON THE in wliicli this publication appeared. And I appre- hend that the propric^tors, printers, and publishers of a newspaper are rctsponsible for whatever it may- contain, unless it be admitted as a doctrine, that men may carry on a trade, which is a source of great profit and emolument, entirely through the medium of servants, without being themselves in the smallest degree accountable. Can it be deemed a sufiicient apology for the evil tendency of a pub- lication, of which they reap the advantage, that they are not its authors, or that they had no im- mediate hand in its insertion, and therefore are not bound to answer for what they themselves did not actually commit ? On the contrary, I apprehend, that by adopting any publication, they become liable in law for the consequences of that pub- lication, as much as if they were themselves the authors. It is true that there are many circum- stances to be considered, either by me in moving judgment, or when it comes to be determined by the court, what ought to be the nature and extent of the penalty. The consideration of the degree of guilt incurred by the particular act, might then be attended to, independent of the law of the case. Negligence, omission, inadvertence, all of which, however, constituted a degree of criminality, might then, perhaps, j)roperly be urged as circumstances of extenuation. Though this paper, therefore, appeared in the Morning Ohronicle, not as the Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF ME. PEREY AND ME. LAMBERT. 209 projected act of the defendants, or of either of them, but as an advertisement signed by a Mr. Eyre, still it was a publication for which the defend ants, in their capacity, as connected with this paper, were clearly answerable. Another circumstance which deserves your atten- tion is the time at which this advertisement was brought forward ; you will find in the same paper in which it appeared a vast number of advertise- ments from various associations in different parts of the kingdom, stating that there had lately been many seditious writings circulated with the great- est industry, and from the worst intentions, which had already done much mischief, and expressing a determination to take every method in future to discountenance and suppress such publications. You are then to consider how far these advertise- ments might operate as an antidote to the state- ment contained in this publication ; you are to take into review the whole of the paper and advertise- ments, that you may be able to judge fairly of the tendency of the contents, and the intention of the writers ; you will then decide whether this paper was published with a peaceable temper, and from upright intentions. I have nothing to say in order to exaggerate the case or influence your decision ; I have never had occasion to do so in any instance ; it is neither my duty nor my wish in the present, and I trust that no man in my situation will ever 14 B Digitized by Microsoft® 210 SPEECH OE THE ATTOENET-GE]SrEEAL ON THE do SO upon any future occasion. All cases of whicli tlie law takes cognizance, and which are to be determined by ascertaining facts and applying the law to them are, thank Grod, safe in the hands of a jury, the best guardians of our rights. Every thing in this country that deserves to be called a blessing is indisputably deposited in their hands, as well as the power to apply a remedy, wherever their interference is called for to check the pro- gress of an evil. It is from our blessings being vested in their hands that we derive our security for their enjoyment, and our confidence in their duration. It is for you, gentlemen of the jury, exercising your privilege in its fall extent, from the facts which I shall now lay before you, to judge of the tendency of this paper, which is the subject of prosecution; from the bench you will hear laid down from the most respecable authority the law which you are to apply to those facts. The right of every man to represent what he may conceive to be an abuse or grievance existing in the govern- ment of the country, if his intentions in so doing be honest, and the statement made upon fair and open grounds, can never for a moment be ques- tioned. I shall never think it my duty to prosecute any person for writing, printing, and publishing fair and conscientious opinions on the system of the government and constitution of this country; Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF MK. PERRY AND MR. LAMBERT. 211 nor for pointing out what lie may honestly con- ceive to be grievances; nor for proposing legal means of redress. But was this the case with respect to the present publication ? Did the mode in which the writers exposed what they considered as the abuses of the constitution indicate a peace- able temper, or honest intentions, and a desire only to obtain redress by legal and constitutional means ? Did not this paper, on the contrary, de- scribe the whole system as one mass of abuse, grievances, misery, corruption, and despair, not so much as bringing forward one alleviating circum- stance, or affording even a ray of hope ? [Here Mr. Attorney-General read some extracts from the paper]. It attacked the government in every branch, in its legislature, in its courts of justice, which had ever been deemed sacred, and, in short, represented all as equally corrupt and oj)pressive. There was no circumstance mentioned fairly that the public might be left to judge freely upon their situation. What could be the tendency of such a representation, but to excite murmurs and inflame discontent, without effecting one good purpose? If a man wishes to state honestly what he con- ceives to be a grievance, let him do it candidly, and propose what he conceives to be the proper means of redress. Let him not take one side of the picture only, or confine himself entirely to an Digitized by Microsoft® 212 SPEECH OF THE ATTOEJSTET-aEIinERAL O'S THE Tinfavoralble view of the subject, but let him bal- ance tbe good with the evil, let him enumerate the blessings as well as the inconveniences of the sys- tem, and while he points out abuses and errors, not forget, likewise, to enumerate wise and salutary regulations; such conduct only can answer the purposes of candid and useful discussion. The contrary conduct adopted in this paper can only have a tendency to unsettle men's minds, and stir up sedition and anarchy in the kingdom. I never will dispute the right of any man fully to discuss topics respecting government, and honestly to point out what he may consider as a proper remedy of grievances ; every man has a right so to do, if the discussion be fairly and temperately conducted ; I never . will stand against such a per- son, even though I should differ with him in my opinion of the grievance, or disapprove of the proposed means of remedy. But when men publish on these points they must not, as in the present instance, do it unfairly and partially ; they must not paint the evil in the most glow- ing colors, while they draw a veil over the good. The writers of this paper in describing the government of this country as productive only of one scene of misery, must have acted contrary to their own knowledge of its bless- ings, and in opposition to the sense which they could not but perceive was entertained by the Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF MR. PERKY AND MR. LAMBERT. 213 people at large of the happiness of their con- dition. To what motives, I will ask, can such a representation be ascribed, or what are the effects to which it is naturally calculated to lead ? Are the motives such only as can be set down to fair and honest intention, and the effects only such as can terminate in a legal and peaceable Hne of con- duct ? We are to consider, too, that this mode of representation is adopted with respect to a consti- tution which has been the admiration of the wisest and best men in all ages, who have thought it barely possible that a constitution should exist so nearly approaching to a model of perfection. It is a constitution under which a greater degree of happiness has been enjoyed than by the subjects of any government whatever ; and the sense enter- tained of its blessings depends not upon the vague results of theory, but the solid conviction of ex- perience. These blessings have, in a great measure, sprung from the properly regulated freedom of the press ; a freedom, therefore which it is more dan- gerous to abuse ; and on maintaining that freedom on its proper principles chiefly depends our secu- lity for the enjoyment of those blessings. That this country has enjoyed a greater sum of happiness under its present constitution than any other, depends not merely upon the testimony of our own experience ; let us recur to the evidence of history, we shall be more deeply impressed with 'Digitized by Microsoft® 214 SPEECH OF THE ATTOENET-GENERAL ON THE a sense of our present felicity ; let us take a view of the situation of tlie subjects .of the other Euro- pean governments, we shall be more strongly con- vinced of the superiority of our own. What, then, do the writers of this paper mean, when they say, " that we feel too much not to believe that deep and alarming abuses exist in the British govern- ment ; yet we are at the same time fully sensible that our situation is comfortable compared with that of the people of many European kingdoms ; and that as the times are in some degree moderate, they ought to be free from riot and confusion ?" Let this paragraph be taken by way of illustration. When they talk of our situation being comfortable compared with many European kingdoms, what need, I will ask, for this qualification ? Is there any European government that in point of real liberty and actual comfort can be compared with the British constitution ? In this country we have the fullest security for the possession of our liberty and the enjoyment of our property, the acquisition of which must be the greatest spur to every honest and laudable exertion. But on the 25th of Decem- ber, 1792, while this country was actually experi- encing the blessings resulting from its admirable constitution, the principles which this paper seemed to recommend were producing very different effects in a neighboring country. The effects which had there been produced did not surely hold out to Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL Oli' MR. PEKET AKD MR. LAMBERT 215 Britisli subjects any encouragement to adopt a sys- tem of experiment and innovation. The result of this, in my mind, is, that no man should be at liberty, without a specific object, to state truly or falsely what appears to him to be a grievance merely for the purpose of exciting a spirit of gen- eral" discontent, which I will venture to say never can be called into action without endangering the public prosperity and happiness. We have always been in the habit of regarding the revolution as the greatest blessing that, ever befeU this country. But how do the writers of this paper reason with respect to this event ? They enumerate all the abuses which they pretend have since crept into the constitution, while they mention none of the many improvements which have taken place since that period. Is this, I will ask, a fair mode of stating the question ? Besides, they show them- selves ignorant of that revolution, by talking of the annual parliaments which we then lost. What was the end of all this ? The cause of truth and justice can never be hurt by fair and temperate discussion ; if you, gentlemen of the jury, consider this paper as coming under that description, you will of course acquit the defendants. Look at the beginning and conclusion of their paper. You will find that they set out with declaring that they are in the pursuit of truth in a peaceable, calm, and unbiassed manner ; and from an opinion that the Digitized by Microsoft® 216 SPEECH o:f the attorney-general on the cause of truth and of justice can never be hurt by temperate and honest discussion, that they claim the right to associate together merely for the com- munication of thoughts, the formation of opinions, and to promote the general happiness. You will find that they conclude thus : " We hope our con- dition will be speedily improved, and to obtain so desirable a good is the object of our present asso- ciation ; an union founded on principles of benevo- lence and humanity ; disclaiming all connection with riots and disorder, but firm in our purpose, and warm in our affections for Hberty." It is with you to decide whether you think the general tenor of this paper consistent with the principles assumed at the beginning and asserted at the end. If you shall judge that it contains matter very inconsistent ■with these principles, you are then to consider whether in a case like this, humble language ought to ransom strong faults. If you shall be clearly of opinion that the paper has a different tendency from that which is professed in the outset and con- clusion, and that the defendants themselves were aware of this tendency, you are then bound by your oath, and by the law of the country, to find the defendants guilty. Once more, as to the contents of this paper ; you will find that the taxes are loudly complained of, but that not a word is said of the general wealth and prosperity of the kingdom. But let a deduc- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF MK. PEEEY ANJ) MR. LAMBERT. 217 tion be made of the national taxes from the amount of the national wealth, and I am confident that this country will appear in a higher state of opu- lence and prosperity than it ever was at any former period. What purpose then can such partial and unfair statements answer, except to inflame the discontented and encourage the seditious ? What- ever I have said of the tendency of this paper, I have stated only as my own opinion ; it does not follow that the society at Derby might not view the subject in a very different light. All that my duty demands is, solemnly to declare that I con- sidered this prosecution, though not originating with myself, as a proper case to be submitted to the consideration of a jury. You have now heard from me almost all that I intended to say at pres- ent, or thought necessary to submit to you, except what may fall from my learned friend shall require me to add some farther observations in reply. You will hear from the evidence all the facts which the defendants have to urge in their own justifica- tion, and from his lordship all that shall appear to him to be the law on this subject. I now leave the matter to your decision. If you think the defendants ought to be acquitted, I shall retire from the court with a full conviction, not inconsist- ent however with that respect which I owe to your decision, that in bringing this matter before Digitized by Microsoft® 218 SPEECH OE THE ATTOEBrEY-GE]SrEEA.L. you, I have acted according to the best of my judgment. Mr. Wood, the junior counsel on the part of the prosecution, was then proceeding to call witnesses, and Mr. Berry was called, when the counsel for the defendants said he was instructed to save the court all this trouble, as the defendants were anxious to try the question on its own merits. As counsel for the defendants, he therefore admitted that John Lambert, charged in the information as printer of the Morning Ohronide, was in fact printer of that paper ; that the paper was purchased at the print- ing-bouse; and that the defendants, James Perry and James Gray, charged in the information as proprietors of the same paper, were in fact so. If these were the facts meant to be ascertained by ■witnesses, they would spare the court unnecessary time and trouble, by admitting them fuUy and un- equivocally. The attorney-general said these were all the facts they meant to establish by proof; he thanked his learned friend for the admission. Digitized by Microsoft® SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE FOR THE DEFENDANTS. With the two gentlemen charged in the infor- mation,, as proprietors of the Morning OJironicle, I have "been long and well acquainted. Of Mr. John Lambert, who conducts the mechanical part of the printing business, I have no personal know- ledge; but from my intimate acquaintance with the other two, I have no difficulty in saying, that if I had in my soul the slightest idea that they were guilty, as charged in the information, of mali- cious and wicked designs against the state, I should leave the task of defending them to others. Not that I conceive I have a right to refuse my profes- sional assistance to any man who demands it ; but I have for a day or two past been so extremely indisposed, that I feel myself scarcely equal to the common exertion of addressing the court ; and it is only from the fullest confidence in the innocence of the defendants that I come forward for a very short time to solicit the attention of the jury. You, gentlemen, indeed, are the sole arbitrators in this cause, and to you it belongs to decide on the Digitized by Microsoft® 220 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE ON THE TEIAL whole merits of tie question. Mr. Attorney-Gen- eral has already given a history of the prosecution, which was originally taken up by his predecessor, now called to a high situation in his profession. I do not mean by anything I shall say to impute unbecoming conduct to either of those respectable gentlemen for the part which they have taken in this,business ; they no doubt brought it forward, because they considered it as a proper matter for the discussion of a jury. I take it for granted that they would not have acted so, but from a sense of duty: be this however as it may, the weight of their characters ought to have no influence upon your minds against the defendants. It would be dangerous to justice indeed, if, because a charge was brought by a respectable attorney-general, it were to be received as an evidence of guilt which ought at all to bias the judgment or affect the decision of the jury. It is the privilege of every British subject to have his conduct tried by his peers, and his guilt or innocence determined by them. In this case Mr. Attorney-General has given no judgment ; he has taken up the business merely in the course of his professional duty. The whole of the matter comes before you, gentlemen of the jury, who of course will reject everything that can have a tendency to influence your decision independently of the merits of the cause ; you will * suffer no observation that may fall from my leam- Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEEKT ATSTD ME. LAMEEET. 221 ed friend, or from myself, to interfere with your own honest and unbiased judgments. You are to take everything that relates to the case into your own consideration ; you are to consult only your own judgments; you are to decide, as you are bound by your duty, according to your own con- sciences ; and your right to decide fally, on every point, is clearly ascertained by the law of libels. To the act lately passed you are to look as the only rule of your conduct in the exercise of your functions. With respect to the interpretation of that act, I must confess that my learned friend and I materi- ally differ. In one principle, however, we entirely agree, that a case of libel is to be tried exactly as any other criminal case ; this point indeed he has most correctly stated. When a man accused of a libel is brought before a jury, they are to consider only the mind and intention with which the matter was written, and accordingly as they shall find that, they are to form their decision of guilt or in- nocence. They are to dismiss every other consid- eration, and allow themselves to be biased by no motive of party or political convenience. There is this essential difference between criminal and civil cases : in criminal cases, the jury have the subject entirely in their own hands ; they are to form their judgment upon the whole of it, not only upon the act alleged to be criminal, but the motive by Digitized by Microsoft® 222 SPEECH OF ME. EESKTNH ON THE TRIAL wLicla it was influenced ; the intention witli whicli it was committed ; and according to their natural sense of the transaction, they ought to find a man innocent or guilty ; and their verdict is conclusive. ISTot so in civil cases : in these the jury are bound to abide in their decision by the law as explained by the judge ; they are not at liberty to follow their own opinions. For instance, if I am deprived of any part of my property, the loss of my prop- erty lays a foundation for an action, and the fact being found, the jury are bound to find a verdict against the person who has occasioned my loss, whatever might be his intentions. Here the judge pronounces law, the jury only find the fact. The law and the fact are as distinct and separate, as light from darkness ; nor can any verdict of a jury pass for a farthing in opposition to the law, as laid down by the judge, since the courts have a power to set such a verdict aside. But in criminal cases, the very reverse has been immemorially establish- ed, the law and the fact have been inseparably joined ; the intention of the party accused is the very gist of the case. We are criminal only in the eyes of Grod and man, as far as the mind and intention in committing any act have departed from the great principles of rectitude, by which we are bound as moral agents, and by the indispen'sible duties of civil society. It is not the act itself, but the motive from which it proceeds, that constitutes Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEEET AWD ME. lAMBEET. 223 guilt, and the general plea therefore in all criminal cases is not guilty. Sucli is the answer which the justice and clemency of our laws have put into the mouth of the accused ; leaving him the right of acquittal, if the circumstances of the transaction shall be found to exculpate his motives. The criminality of a person under the libel act, is not to be taken as an inference of law from the fact, as Mr. Attorney-General has stated it ; but if, as one of the authors of that bill, I may be allowed to interpret its meaning, it connects and involves the law and the fact together, and obhges the jury to find in this crime, as in all others, by extrinsic as well as intrinsic means, the mind and intention with which the fact was committed. Nothing can be more simple than the doctrine. It goes directly to the reason of the thing. Two men, for instance, are in company, and one of them is killed. It is not an inference in the law from the fact of the killing that the person was guilty of murder ; it might be manslaughter, justifiable homicide, chance-medley, or it might be murder; the fact does not infer the crime ; it is the intention mth which the act was committed, and this the jury are bound to discover and decide upon from all the accompanying circumstances. If I had been wrong in holding this opinion, all my opposition to that great luminary of the law now departed, but who win always live in public memory, was Digitized by Microsoft® 224 SPEECH OE ME. ERSKfTSnE ON THE TRIAL wrong and false ; I revered his venerable authority, I admired tlie splendor of his talents which illus- trated the age he lived in, and perhaps ages will pass without producing his rival. I still opposed him, in the meridian of his fame, on the doctrine that the law of libel was an inference from the fact, and now the legislature have solemnly con- firmed my opinion, that the law and fact are com- pounded together, and are both to be found by the jury. I could not have held up my head in this court, nor in the world, if it had been adjudged otherwise ; and how my learned friend can hold an opinion that the question of libel is to be tried precisely like all other criminal cases, and yet that criminal intent is an inference from law, T am utterly at a loss to comprehend. I aver that you are solemnly set in judgment on the hearts of the defendants, in the publication of this paper ; you are to search for their intention by every means which can suggest itself to you, you are bound to believe in your consciences that they are guilty of malicious and wicked designs, before you can pronounce the A'"erdict of guilty. It is not because one of them published the paper, or because the others are proprietors of it, but because they were, or were not, actuated by an evil mind, and had seditious intentions, that you must find them guilty or not guilty. Such was the opinion of the ven- erable Hale. He clearly stated that such should Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEEKT AND MK. LAMBERT. 225 he the charge given to you by the judge. It is his sacred function to deliver to you an opinion, but not to force it upon you as a rule for yours. A jury will always listen with reverence to the sol- emn opinion of the judge, but they are bound to examine that opinion as rigorously as that of an advocate at the bar ; they cannot, and they ought not, to forget that a judge is human, like them- selves, and of course not exempt from the infirmi- ties of man. I do not say this to inspire you with any jealousy of the explanations which may be given you by the noble and learned judge, who presides here with so much wisdom, integrity, and candor, and whose ability in explaining the law derives both force and lustre from the impartiality which so eminently distinguishes him in the dis- charge of the duties of his office. I now come to the consideration of the question ; What is the charge against the defendants ? Let us look at the indictment, which sets out with referring to his majesty's proclamation which had appeared against all seditious writings, previous to the publication of the libel. I will not here talk of the propriety of that proclamation ; it is not at all my business here to enter into political ques- tions ; I have a privilege to discuss them in another place. I will suppose the proclamation to have been dictated by a wise and prudent policy ; I will give credit to it as a measure of salutary pre- 15 B Digitized by Microsoft® 226 -. SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE TBIAL caution and useful tendency. I will only remind its authors when it was issued. It was issued at a period the most extraordinary and eventful which ever occurred in the annals of mankind; at a period when we beheld ancient and powerful mon- archies overturned, crumbled into dust, and repub- lics rising upon their ruins; when we beheld despotic monarchy succeeded by the despotism of anarchy. In this state of alarm, confusion, and devastation in other countries, the defendants are accused by this information of wickedly, mali- ciously, and seditiously endeavoring to discharge his majesty from the hearts of his subjects, and to alienate the people of England from what their affections were riveted on, a Hmited and well-regu- lated monarchy. The proclamation appeared pro- fessedly to check a spirit of innovation, which had already displayed itself by such alarming effects in a neighboring country, and which it was feared, by its authors, might in its progress become fatal to all establishments. How, then, can this paper be deemed seditious, in the spirit of that proclama- tion ? It was not surely against a reform in our own constitution, which this paper recommends, that the proclamation was pointed, but against those who, in imitation of that neighboring country, wished to establish a republican anarchy. Can any man produce a single expression which, in the " smallest degree countenances such a system ? How Digitized by Microsoft® OF MR. PERRY AND MR. LAMBERT. 227 then can tMs paper be urged to be publislied in defiance of Ms majesty's authority, or to have a tendency to alienate the minds of his subjects from his government ? A proclamation is always con- sidered as the act of ministers ; it becomes the fair subject of discussion ; nor do the contents of this paper at all breathe a spirit, either disrespectful to his majesty's person, or injurious to his govern- ment. If you, gentlemen of the jury, can think that the defendants were actuated by the criminal motive, not of wishing to reform and restore the beautiful fabric of our constitution, somewhat impaired by time, but to destroy and subvert it, and to raise on its ruins a democracy or anarchy —an idea at which the mind of every honest man must shudder, you will find them guilty. Nay, if any man knows or believes them to be capable of entertaining such a wish, or will say he ever heard, or had cause to know, that one sentence intimating a desire of that nature ever fell from the lips of any one of them, I will give them up. How they came to be so charged upon the record, I can not tell ; there are not among his majesty's subjects men better disposed to the government under which they live than the defendants. There have appeared in the Morning Chronicle^ day after day, advertisements to a vast number, warning the people of this country against seditious persons, and against the eifects of sedi- Digitized by Microsoft® 228 SPEECH OP ME. EESKINE ON THE TKIAL tious publications. How any jury can be brought to think the defendants are what they are stated to be upon the record, I know not. 'The informa- tion states, that the defendants being wicked, mali- cious, seditious, and ill-disposed persons, did wil- fully, wickedly, maliciously, and seditiously, pub- lish a certain malicious, scandalous, and seditious libel against the government of this kingdom, against its peace and tranquility, and to stir up revolt, and to encourage his majesty's subjects to resistance against his person and government. This is the charge. All records have run in this form from the most remote antiquity in this coun- try, for the purpose of charging the defendant expressly and emphatically with an evil intention. So we charge a man accused of treason ; so of mur- der ; so of all the worst and most dangerous crimes; first, we begin with the intention, and then we state the overt act as evidence of that intention which constitutes the crime. Now the record charges these defendants with this evil intention, and that, in order to give effect to that intention, they did publish the paper now before the jury. Such is the charge. Mr. Attorney-General has stated to you iu his opening, that if it shall appear to you that the paper in question was not written with a good intention by its authors, then the defendants are guilty of the crime imputed to them upon the record. This I deny. Your lordship Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEREY AND MR. LAMBERT. 229 will recollect tlie case of the King and Stockdale, and I shall leave to tlie jury in this, as your lord- ship did in that case, the question of the intention of the party from the context of the whole publi- cation, and the circumstances attending it; and upon this I will maintain that it is not sufficient that it should appear the paper was wi'itten with a criminal intention by its author, or that the paper itself was criminal, but that it must also appear that the defendants published it with a criminal intention. Here, as in every other case, the great maxim of the law is to be recollected : actios non fadt rewm ; the mere act, taken by itself, and separated from the intention, can never in any instance constitute guilt. There is no evidence who are the authors of this paper ; the attorney- general has not proved, or shown in any way that the person who composed the paper was of the description which the record states the defendants to be. If the design of the writers of this paper was so mischievous, then the society that gave it birth were seditious and evil-disposed men. What steps have been taken to discover and hunt out this treason? Have the society been prosecuted, or any of its members ? Has the writer been sought after and punished ? No such thing. At Derby all is quiet. No sedition has been found lurking there, no prosecution has been instituted against any person whatever for this paper. But Digitized by Microsoft® 230 SPEECH OF ME. EESKIWE ON THE TRIAL it has "been said, the paper itself will prove the seditious design. After reading it over and over again, and paying to it all the attention possible, I protest I cannot discover any such tendency ; on the contrary, I can very well conceive, that the man who wrote it might honestly be induced to write and circulate it, not only with the most unblemished intentions, but from motives of the purest attachment to the constitution of the coun- try, and the most ardent wishes for the happiness of the people. I can conceive that he had no other object in pointing out the defects of the constitution than to show the necessity of a reform which might bring it back to its ancient principles, and establish it in its original purity. Animated by those wishes, the author was naturally enough led to advert to what was passing on the continent of Europe, and to consider how far it might affect the inter- ests of his country and the attainment of •his favorite object. He was thence led to conclude that nothing could be more fatal to us, or more likely to increase the calamities undei: which we have already suffered, than an interference in those destructive wars which were ravaging Europe, and against which every good citizen, as well as every friend to humanity, ought to enter his pro- test. This may be gathered from the conclusion of the fourth section of the paper : " We are cer- Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PERRY AND MR. LAMBERT. 231 tain our present heavy burdens are owing, in a great measure, to cruel and impolitic wars, and, therefore, we will do all, on our part, as peaceable citizens who have the good of the community at heart, to enlighten each other, and to protest against them." Here it is evident that the author considers the state of the representation as the cause of our present evils, and to a constitutional reform of parliament he looks as their remedy. In the conclusion of the fifth section he thus exphcitly states his sentiments : " An equal and uncorrupt representation would, we are persuaded, save us from heavy expenses and deliver us from many oppressions ; we will, therefore, do our duty to procure this reform, which appears to us of the utmost importance." How is it proposed to procure this reform ? Why, " by constitutional means ; by the circulation of truth in a peaceable, calm, unbiased manner." Can this, then, be maliciously intended ? Does it fall within the attorney-general's description of sedition ? Is it fit that a subject of this country should be convicted of a crime, and subjected to heavy punishment, for publishing that abuses sub- sist in the government of this country, and arguing from thence the necessity of reform ? Mr. Attorney-General seems to admit that a man may publish, if he pleases, the evils which appear to him to subsist ; but he qualifies it by saying, that Digitized by Microsoft® 232 SPEECH OF MB. EKSKIKE ON THE TRIAL when lie points out the defects he should point out also the advantages arising from our representa- tion ; that he should state the blessings we enjoy from the mixed nature of our monarchy ; that if he draws the gloomy part, he should present us also with the bright side of the picture, in order that we may see the whole together, and be able to compare what is beautiful with what is de- formed in the structure of our government. I must own I was rather surprised to hear such an argument from my learned friend ; I can hardly think the observation fair, or by any means wor- thy of his enlightened understanding. He must know that when a zealous man pours out his thoughts, intent on urging a particular point, he confines himself to the question he has in view ; he directs his whole attention to illustrate and enforce it, and does not think it necessary to run into every angle and corner to rake together heterogeneous materials, which, though they may be connected with the general subject, are foreign to his particular purpose. No man, if he felt himself goaded by the excise laws, could be expected, in his petition for redress, to state all the advantages which arose to the state out of the other branches of the revenue. If this were to be adopted, as a rule, a man could not complain of a grievance, however intolerable he felt it to himself, without also stating the comforts Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEEEY AKD ME. LAMBEET. 233 wMcli were enjoyed by others. Is a man not to be permitted to seek redress from any part of the government under which he lives, and to support which he contributes so much, unless, in enumer- ating his particular grievance, he enters into a general panegyric on the constitution ? Will Mr. Attorney-General say to-day that this is the law of libel? This very point has been most admirably touched upon by a person who ranks in the high- est class of genius, and whose splendid and powerful talents, once exerted in the cause of the people, may possibly bear away the palm in the minds of posterity from the most illustrious names of Greece and Rome. Mr. Burke, in his Reflections on the Affairs of France, at the commencement of the revolution, most justly observes, that when a man has any particular thing in view, he loses sight for a time even of his own sentiments on former occasions; when that right honorable gentleman was asked by those who had so often listened to his eloquence in favor of the people, why he had excluded his former favorite topic from a share in his work, and made monarchy the sole subject of his vindication and panegyric? Whatever may belong to the work itself, the answer which he gave upon that occasion must be admitted to be sound and forcible. When the rights of the people appeared to him to be in Digitized by Microsoft® 234 SPEECH OF MB. EESKINE ON THE TRIAL danger, from the Increasing and overpowering in- fluence of the crown, he brought forward, he said, sentiments favorable to such rights. But when monarchy was in danger, monarchy became the object of his protection ; the rights of the people were nothing to him then ; they did not form the subject of his book ; his object was, to show where the danger lay ; and the beautiful illustration from Homer, relative to the death of Hector, was most applicable:- "When his body was placed before the aged king, his other sons surrounded him, anxious to afford that consolation which so great a calamity required ; the unhappy father, as if offended with their tenderness, flung his affection- ate oflfepring from him like a pestilence. Was it that the inanimate and useless corpse was dearer to the parent than the living children ? No. But his mind was so absorbed, so buried in the fate of Hector, that he was for a while incapable of entertaining any other impression." So said the author of that book; and it was well said; for when a man writes upon a particular subject he centres his mind in it; he calls forth all its powers and energy to the discussion, and allows nothing that has not an immediate relation to the object he has in view to divide his feelings or distract his attention. But if the observations of Mr. Attorney General are to be adopted as a rule, it will be im- possible to discuss any point of a question without Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PERBY AND MK. LAMBERT. 235 entering into the whole merits ; no man will dare to complain of any abuse of the constitution, without, at the same time, enumerating all its ex- cellencies, or venture to touch upon a topic of grievance, without bringing forward a recital of blessings. A paragraph would be swelled to a pamphlet, and an essay expanded to a disserta- tion. But it seems the circumstances of the times ren- der any opinion in favor of a reform of parliament, peculiarly improper, and even dangerous, and that the recommendation of it, as the only remedy for our grievances, must, therefore, in the present mo- ment, be ascribed to mischievous intentions. Were I impressed with a sense of that corruption, which has, to a certain degree, impaired and defaced the fair fabric of our constitution, and which, if not stopped in its progress, may lead to its decay and ruin ; were I to address you, gentlemen of the jury, to petition for a reform of parliament, I would address you particularly now, as the season most fit for the purpose ; I would address you now, because we have seen in other countries the eifect of sujffering evils to prevail so long in a government, and to increase to such a pitch, that it became impossible to correct them, without bringing on greater evils than those which it was the first object of the people to remove; that it became impossible to remedy abuses without opening a door to revolu- Digitized by Microsoft® 236 SPEECH OE MK. ERSKTK^ ON THE TRIAL tion and anarchy. There are many diseases which might be removed by gentle medicines in their beginning, and even corrected by timely regimen, which, wBen neglected, are sure to bring their vic- tims to the grave. A slight wound, which may be certainly cured by the simplest application season- ably administered, if left to itself will end in gangrene, mortification, and death. If experience can be of any service to warn men of their danger, and to instruct them how to avoid it, this is the season to teach men the best sort of wisdom, that wisdom which comes in time to be useful. I have myself no hesitation i)i subscribing to all the great points in this declaration of the meeting at Derby. To the abuses of our representative system they ascribe our unnecessary war, our heavy burdens, our many national calamities. And at what period have not the best and wisest men whom this coun- try ever produced adopted the same sentiments and employed the same language ? The illustrious Earl of Chatham has dignified the cause by the noblest specimens of eloquence. And who has not read the beautiful and energetic letter of Sir George Saville, to his constituents, on the same subject — a letter which is so much m point that 1 must beg leave to repeat it to you. "I return to you, bafiied and dispirited; and I am sorry the truth obliges me to add, with hardly Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PERRY ANT) ME. LAMBERT. 237 a ray of hope of seeing any change in the miserable course of public calamities. " On this melancholy day of account, in render- ing up to you my trust, I deliver to you your share of a country maimed and weakened ; its treasure lavished and misspent ; its honors faded ; and its conduct the laughing-stock of Europe ; our nation in a manner without allies or friends, except such as we have hired to destroy our fellow-subjects, and to ravage a country in which we once claimed an invaluable share. I return to you some of your principal privileges impeached and mangled. And lastly, I leave you, as I conceive, at this hour and moment, fully, effectually, and absolutely, under the discretion and power of a military force, which is to act without waiting for the authority of the civil magistrates. " Some have been accused of exaggerating the public misfortunes, nay, of having endeavored to help forward the mischief, that they might after- wards raise discontents. I am willing to hope that neither my temper, nor my situation in life, will be thought naturally to urge me to promote misery, discord, or confusion, or to exult in the subversion of order, or in the ruin of property. I have no reason to contemplate with pleasure the poverty of our country, the increase of our debts and of our taxes, or the decay of our commerce. Trust not, Digitized by Microsoft® ■-n 238 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE OWTHE TEIAL however, to my report ; reflect, compare, and judge for yourselves. " But, under all these disheartening circumstan- ces, I could yet entertain a cheerful hope, and undertake again the commission with alacrity as well as zeal, if I could see any effectual steps taken to remove the original cause of the mischief. Then would there be a hope. " But, till the purity of the constituent body, and thereby that of the representative, be restored, there is none. " I gladly embrace this most public opportunity of delivering my sentiments, not only, to all my constituents, but to those likewise not my constitu- ents, whom yet, in the large sense, I represent, and am faithfully to serve. '' I look upon restoring election and representa- tion in some degree, for I expect no miracles, to their original purity, to be that without which all other efforts will be vain and ridiculous. " If something be not done, you may, indeed, retain the outward form of your constitution, but not the power thereof" Such were the words of that great and good man, surely equally forcible with any of those em- ployed in the declaration of the meeting at Derby, yet, whoever imputed to him mischievous inten- tions, or suspected him of sedition ? His letter was published and circulated, not only among his Digitized by Microsoft® OF HE. PERET AND MR. LAMBERT. 239 constituents in tlie extensive county of York, but addressed to the nation at large, and recommended by bim to tbeii- attention. Wbo does not recollect the conduct which had been adopted on the same subject by the very men now nearest his majesty, and highest in his counsels ? Had not the same truths published in this declaration been repeatedly asserted and enforced by them ? Names it is un- necessary to mention ; the proceedings to which I refer are sufficiently known ; but at the same time, I beg leave to be understood to convey no personal reflection or reproach. I am the more anxious, in this instance, to guard against misrepresentation from what happened to me upon a late occasion, when, in consequence of my argument being mis- understood, an observation was put into my mouth which would have disgraced the lips of an idiot. It was ascribed to me to have said, that if any man had written a libel, and could prove the publica- tion of the same libel by another person before, he might justify himself under that previous publica- tion. I cannot conceive how so egregious a blunder could have been committed. What I said was, that a man may show he was misled by another in adopting his opinion, and may use that circumstance as evidence of the innocence of his intention in a publication where the writing is not defamatory of an individual which may be brought to a known standard of positive law, but is only criminal from Digitized by Microsoft® 240 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE ON THE TRIAL a supposed tendency, in fact, to excite sedition and disorder. He may then repel that tendency, by showing the jury, who alone are to judge of it, that the same writing had before been in extensive cir- culation, without either producing, or being sup- posed to produce, sedition ; and he may also repel the inference of criminal intention by showing that the wisest and most virtuous men in other times had maintained the same doctrines, not merely with impunity, but with the approbation and rewards of the public. This I maintained to be the law in the case of Mr. Holt, the printer, and this upon every suitable occasion I shall continue to main- tain. To bring home the application. The first men in the present government have held and published every doctrine contained in this paper. I studi- ously avoid all allusion which may seem to convey reproach to the high persons to whom I have re- ferred, on account of any change apparent in their conduct and sentiments, because I conceive it to be unnecessary to my present argument, and because I have a privilege to discuss their conduct in an- other place, where they are themselves present to answer. Besides, a man has a right to his senti* meuts, and he has a right to change them ; on that score I attack no man, I only defend my clients. But thus far I am entitled to say, that if they pub- lished sentiments without having it imputed to Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PBEEY AISTD ME. LAMBEET 241 tTiem, that they were seditious, evil-minded, and wicked, it is but fair and reasonable to allege that others, in bringing forward the same sentiments, may be equally exempted from impure motives. I repeat, that every man has a right to publish what he thinks upon matters of public concern, to point out the impolicy of wars, or the weight of taxes, to complain of grievances, and to expose abuses. It is a right which has ever been exercised, and which cannot be annihilated without at the same time putting an end to all freedom of discussion. If we talk of the circumstances of the times, do the present afford less ground for remonstrance and complaints than former periods ? I might read you many extracts from the writings of Mr. Burke, who, to eloquence, the fame of modern times adds the most extensive and universal acquaintance with the history of both his own country and »f every other. Mr. Burke, it is' a merit I never can forget, with no less vehemence, and in language not less pointed and forcible than we find in this declara- tion, exposes the same abuses, and laments the same evils. What he wrote during the American war, are not the authors of this declaration justified in writing at present ? To the defects and abuses of our system of representation may in my opinion be ascribed all the calamities that we then suffered, that we are now suffering, or are still apparently doomed to suffer. The evils which we now lament 16 B Digitized by Microsoft® 243 SPEECH OF MR. ERSKINE OK THE TRIAL originated from the same source with those which we formerly endured. To the defects of our repre- sentation we owe the present war, as to them also we owe that disastrous and unprincipled conflict which ended in the separation of Great Britain from her colonies. The events indeed were nearly- connected. That mighty republic beyond the At- lantic gave birth to the new republic in Europe, with which we are at present engaged in hostilities. From all the consequences which we have already experienced, which we now suffer, and which we have yet to anticipate in reserve, I will venture to say, that a reform in the representation,' applied seasonably, would have effectually saved the coun- try. Is it likely, while this fruitful source of misfortune remains, that we shall not continue to suffer ? and if a man really entertains this opinion, is it not his duty to publish his thoughts, and to urge the adoption of a fair and legal remedy ? Is he to be set down as a seditious and evil-minded man because he speaks the truth and loves his country ? Of the war in which this nation is en- gaged, I will here say nothing ; it will soon come to be discussed in another place, where I have not failed to exercise that privilege, which I there pos- sess, to deliver my opinion of its dreadful conse- quences. But of all these consequences, there is none which I conceive to be more dreadful and alarming than that I can see no end to it ; and I Digitized by Microsoft® dp MB,. PEERT AND MR. LAMBERT. 243 believe wiser persons than myself are equall}^ at a loss to predict its termination. This paper, which so justly reprobates wars, is rumored to come from the pen of a writer whose productions justly entitle him to rank as the first poet of the age ; who has enlarged the "circle of the pleasures of taste, and embellished with new flowers the regions of fancy. It was brought forward in a meeting, in ^ legal and peaceable manner; and I have never heard that either the author, or any of the members present at the meeting, have been prosecuted, or that the smallest censure has fallen upon their con- duct. But even if they had been made the objects of the prosecution, sanctioned as they are in what they have written by every principle of the con- stitution, and supported in their conduct by its. best and most virtuous defenders in all times, I should have had little difficulty in defending them. How much less, in the case of the defendants, who are not stated to be the authors of this paper, who only published it in the course of their business, and who published it under such peculiar circum- stances as, even if the contents could have admit- ted any criminal interpretation, must have done away on their part all imputation of any criminal intention. They have in a manly way instructed me, how- ever, to meet the question upon its own merits ; not because they could not have proved a very peculiar Digitized by Microsoft® 244 SPEECH OF MR. ERSKIKE OT^ THE TRIAL alleviation, but because they have always pre- sented a fair and unequivocal responsibility for the conduct of their paper. Let me particularly call your attention to this circumstance, that for the number of years during which the defendants have conducted a newspaper, they have never before, in a single instance, been tiied for any offence, either against an individual or against the state ; they have, in the execution of their task, assiduously endeavored to enlighten the minds of their fellow- subjects, while they have avoided everything that might tend to endanger their morals. They have displayed in the conduct of their paper a degree of learning, taste, and genius, superior to what has distinguished any similar undertaking. They have done their fellow-citizens a very essential service by presenting them with the most full and correct intelligence of what has been passing on the political theatre of Europe, neither sulhed by prejudice, nor disguised by misrepresentation. The attention which they have paid to the important occurrences that have taken place in a neighboring country, and the impartiality with which they have stated them, do them the greatest credit. I trust that it will be no objection to them iu their character of editors, that they have sought only for the truth, and, wherever they have found facts, have not hesitated to bring them before the public. They have thus enabled their readers to Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEERY AND MR. LAMBERT. 245 judge for themselves, and have furnislied them with the means to form a proper judgment. This is the true value of a free press. The more men are enlightened, the better will they be qualified to be good subjects of a good government; and the British constitution, as it has nothing to fear from comparison, so it can receive no support from those arts which disguise or suppress the truth re- specting other nations. Wherever the defendants have delivered their sentiments upon public occur- rences, they have equally avoided being misled by the credulity of alarm, and the frenzy of innovation ; and have reprobated, with the same spirit and boldness, the abuse of freedom and the perversion of power, the outrages of a sanguinary mob and the expressions of an unprincipled despot. What- ever may have been their political partialities, they are such as cannot but do them the highest honor, and their partialities have been the result of honest conviction. Though uniformly consistent in their friendship, they have never been accused by those who know them of being partisans for interest. Their opinions have been honest, as well as steady ; and through life they have maintained and assert- ed the pure principles of rational freedom, and given the most strenuous support to the best interests of man. They have, in their daily task, ever pre- served reverence for private character, and in no instance violated the decorums of life, by low Digitized by Microsoft® 246 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKIIfE ON THE TRIAL ribaldry or wanton defamation. Thougli adverse in their sentiments to ministers and their measures, they have confined themselves to manly discussion, and fair argument : and never descended to inde- cent attack, or scurrilous abuse. My learned friend cannot produce a single in- stance in the course of seventeen years, the term of my acquaintance with them, in which they have been charged in any court with public libel, or with private defamation ; and I challenge the world to exhibit a single instance in which they have made their journals the vehicles of slander, or where from interest, or malice, or any other base motive, they have published a single paragraph to disturb the happiness of private life, to wound the sensibility of innocence, or to outrage the decencies of well-regulated society. I defy the world to produce a single instance. Men who have so conducted themselves are entitled to pro- tection from any government, but certainly they are particularly entitled to it whei-e a free press is part of the system. In the fair and liberal man- agement of their paper, fifteen shillings out of every guinea which they receive flow directly into the public exchequer ; and besides the inces- sant toil, and the unwearied watching, all the expenses by which this great gain to government is produced, are borne exclusively by them. They essentially contribute therefore, by their labors, to Digitized by Microsoft® OF MR. PEEBT AKD ME. LAMBERT. 247 the support of government, and they are as hon- estly and fervently attached to the true principles of the British constitution, to the crown, and to the mixed system of our government, as any sub- ject of his majesty ; but at the same time they are ready to acknowledge, that they ever have been advocates for a temperate and seasonable reform of the abuses which have crept into our system. Their minds are to be taken from the whole view of their conduct. It is a curious, and I will ven- ture to say in times so convulsed, an unexampled thing, that in all the productions of my friends, that in all the variety of their daily miscellany, the crown officers have been able to pick out but one solitary advertisement from all that they have published, on which to bring a charge of sedition ; and of this advertisement, if they thought fit to go into the detail, they would show even by internal evidence, that it was inserted at a very busy moment, without revision or correction, and about the very time that this advertisement appeared, seven hundred declarations, in support of the king's government, appeared in the same paper, which they revised and corrected for publication. You are not therefore to take one advertisement, inserted in their paper, as a criterion of their prin- ciples, but to take likewise the other advertise- ments which appeared along with it. Would the readers then of this paper, while they read in this Digitized by Microsoft® 248 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE TEIAL advertisement a recital of the abuses of the consti- tution, not be in possession of a sufficient antidote from the enumeration of it-s blessings.? While the admirers of the constitution came forward with an unqualified panegyric of its excellencies, were not the friends of reform justified in following them with a fair statement of grievances? If it is alleged, that the pecuniary interest which the pro- prietors have in a newspaper, ought to subject them to a severe responsibility for its contents, let it be recollected, that they have only an interest in common with the public. I again call upon Mr. Attorney-General to state, whether the fact appears to him clearly established, that the writers of this paper were influenced by seditious motives. I put it to you, gentlemen of the jury, as honest men, as candid judges of the conduct, as fair interpreters of the sentiments of others, whether you do not, in your hearts and consciences believe, that these men felt as they wrote — that they complained of grievances which they actually experienced, and expressed sentiments with the truth of which they were deeply impressed. If you grant this, if you give them the credit of honest feelings and upright intentions, on my part any farther defence is unneces- sary ; we are already in possession of your verdict; you have already pronounced them not guilty; for you will not condemn the conduct when you have acquitted the heart. You will rather desire that Digitized by Microsoft® OF ME. PEKRT AND MR. LAMBERT. 249 Britisli justice should resemble that attribute of Heaven whicli looks not to the outward act, but to the princijile from which it proceeds, to the intention by which it is directed. In summing up for the crown, I would never wish to carry the principles of liberty farther than Mr. Attorney-Greneral has done, when he asserted the right of poHtical discussion, and desired you only to look to the temper and spirit with which such discussion was made ; when he asserted, that it was right to expose abuses, to complain of griev- ances, provided always that it were done with an honest and fair intention. Upon this principle,- 1 appeal to you whether this advertisement might not be written with a iona, fide intention, and inserted among a thousand others, without any seditious purpose, or desire to disturb the public peace. Undoubtedly our first duty is the love of our country ; but this love of our country does not con- sist in servile attachment and blind adulation to authority. It was not so that our ancestors loved their country ; because they loved it, the}' sought to discover the defects of its. government ; because thej'- loved it, they endeavored to apply the remedy. They regarded the constitution not as slaves, with a constrained and involuntary homage, but they loved it with the generous and enlight- ened ardor of free men,. Their attachment was Digitized by Microsoft® 250 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKmE. founded upon a conviction of its excellence, and they secured its permanence by freeing it from blemish. Such was the love of our ancestors for the constitution, and their posterity surely do not become criminal by emulating- their example. I appeal to you, whether the abuses stated in this paper do not exist in the constitution, and whether their existence has not been admitted by all par- ties, both bv the friends and enemies of reform. Both, I have no doubt, are honest in their opinions, and God forbid that honest opinion in either party, should ever become a crime. In their opinion, the necessity of a reform, as the best and perhaps the only remedy of the abuses of the constitution, the writers of this paper coincide with the most emi- nent and enlightened men. On this ground I leave the question, secure that your verdict will be agreeable to the dictates of your consciences, and be directed by a sound and unbiased judgment. Digitized by Microsoft® THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL'S REPLY. There are some propositions wliicli my learned friend, Mr. Erskine, has brought forward for the defendants, which not only I do not mean to dis- pute, as an officer of the crown, carrying on this prosecution, but which I will also admit to their full extent. Every individual is certainly in a con- siderable degree interested in this prosecution ; at the same time I must observe, that I should have, in my own opinion, betrayed my duty to the crown, if I had not brought this subject for the consideration of a jury. Considering, however, every individual as under my protection, I think it a duty which I owe to the defendants, to acknowl- edge, that in no one instance before this time were they brought to the bar of any court, to answer for any offence either against government or a private individual. This is the only solitary instance in which they have given occasion for such a charge to be brought against them. In everything, there- fore, that I know of the defendants, you are to take them as men standing perfectly free fi'om any im- putation but the present ; and I will also say, from Digitized by Microsoft® 252 EEPLY OF THE ATTOIiSTEY-GENERAL ON" THE all I have ever heard of the defendants, and from all I have ever observed of their morals in the conduct of their paper, I honestly and candidly believe them to be men incapable of wilfully pub- lishing any slander on individuals, or of prostituting their paper to defamation or indecency. But my learned friend, Mr. Erskine, has stated some points which my duty calls upon me to take notice of I bouad myself by the contents of the paper only ; I did not know the author of it. I did not know any society from which the paper purported to have originated. It is said to be the production of a man of great abilities ; I do not know that he is the author ; at any rate, this is the first time I ever heard of that circumstance. There is one fact on which we are all agreed, that the paper itself was dated on the 16th of July, 1792, and that it ap- peared in the Morning Ohronide on the 25th of December, 1792. It was then presented to the public with a variety of other advertisements, which it will be proper for you to peruse ; and for that purpose you will carry out the paper with you, if you find it necessary to withdraw, in order to see what the intent of the defendants was in publishing this paper, A bill, I also admit, passed into a law, the last session of parliament, upon the subject of libels ; but it would be exceedingly un- fortunate for the people of this country if my learned friend and myself were to be allowed to Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF ME. PEBRY AJSTD MK. LAMBERT. 253 give evidence in a court of justice of what was our intention in passing that bill. The bill has now become a • solemn act of the legislature, and must speak for itself by its contents ; but, however, it has, in my opinion, done what it was intended to do. It refers the question of guilt to the jury in cases of libels, precisely as in every other criminal case. My learned friend has insisted that criminal intention is matter of fact, mixed with matter of law. I agree to this description ; but then the law says, that such and such facts are evidence of such aad such intentions. Treason, for instance, de- pends upon intention ; but such and such acts are evidence of a criminal intention; and if the jury entertain any doubts upon any part of the charge, his lordship will only do his duty by giving them his advice and direction, which will be, that he who does such and such things, if he does them with a criminal intention, is amenable to the law, and that such and such acts are evidence of the criminal intention ; and then the jury must decide upon that evidence, and upon that advice, whether the defendant was, or was not guilty. So says Mr. Erskine, and so I say ; for it is a matter of plain common sense, coming home to the understanding of every man. Mr. Erskine has contended that the jury must not draw the inference of criminal inten- tion from the mere fact of publishing a paper. Certainly not ; but they may draw the inference of Digitized by Microsoft® 254 EEPLT OF THE ATTOEKEY-GENEBAL OW THE guilty intention if they discover in the contents of the paper a wicked and malicious. spirit, evidently pursuing a bad object by unwarrantable means. If I should put a paper into the hands of the jury, desiring them to put my learned friend to death, would not that prove an evil intention against my friend's life ? In all cases of publication contain- ing anything improper, the bad intention of the person publishing was clear, unless on his Own part, he could prove the contrary. Such has always been the law of England, in criminal cases of this description. Mr. Erskine has desired you to carry out the paper, and look at the other advertise: ments. Upon this I am bound to remark, that there is not one of therii, except that in question, which is not dated in the month of December, while this advertisement is dated on the 16th of July, though it did not find its way into the Morn- ing Chronicle until the end of the month of Decem- ber. How that came to happen I cannot tell ; it must be left to you to determine ; but it does appear that at a very critical moment to the con- stitution of this country, it was brought out to counteract the intention and efifect of all the other declarations in support of government. At what time the defendants received the paper in question, they have not attempted to prove. Why, if they received it in July, they did not insert it, they have not said. They have brought no exculpatory evi- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF MR. PEEEY AND ME. LAMBEET. 255 dence whatever to account for tlie delay. It was urged that the defendants only published it in the way of business, as an advertisement, and therefore they could not be said to be guilty. If I should be brought to admit this as a sufficient answer, and never institute a prosecution where such was the case, I should, in so doing, deliver the jury, and \ every man in this country, to the mercy of any newspaper printer in this kingdom, to be traduced and vilified, just as the malice of any man, who chose to pay for vending his own scandal, should dictate ; I therefore entreat you to bring the case home to your own bosoms, and to act for the jmblic as in such an instance you would wish to act for yourselves. I must likewise say, that if you are to look at the intention of the defendants in the other matter contained in the same paper, you will find various strong, and even intemperate things. — Among others, you will find the following, which, if it did not show a seditious, did not breathe a very temperate spirit : " Well might Mr. Fox call this the most momentous crisis that he ever heard of in the history of England ; for we will venture to say there is not any one species of tyranny which might not, in the present day, be tried with impu- nity ; no sort of oppression which would not find, not merely advocates, but supporters ; and never, never in the most agitated moments of our history. Digitized by Microsoft® 256 EEPLT OF THE ATTORTTET-GENEEAL OK" THE were men so universally tame, or so despicably feeble." This paragraph is no advertisement; it came from no society; and will, I take it for granted,, not be disavowed by the defendants. ^ Upon the question of a reform of parliament, I remain of the same opinion which I have always entertained ; and whatever may have been said or thought by Mr. Fox, Mr. Pitt, the Duke of Rich- mond, the late Earl of Chatham, or the late Sir George Saville, or by any man, let his authority have been ever so great, never while I live, will I consent to vote for a reform in parliament, until I see something specific to be done, and can be very sure that the good to be gained will make it worth while to hazard the experiment. In this way of thinking I am the more confirmed from the circumstance, that of all the wise and excellent men who have at different times agitated the question of reform, none of them have ever been able to agree upon one specific plan. And I declare, that I would rather suffer death than consent to open a door for such alterations in the government of this country as chance or bad men might direct ; or even good men, misled by bad, might, in the first instance, be inclined to adopt. I shudder, indeed, when I reflect on what have been the consequences of innovation in a neighboring country. The many excellent men Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL 0"F MR. PERRY AND MR. LAMBERT. 25T who there began to try experiments on govern- ment, confining their views within certain limits of modei'ation, and having no other object than the public good, little did they foresee in their outset the excesses and crimes which would follow in the progress of that revolution, of which they were the authors, and of which they were themselves des- tined to become the victims. They are now lying in the sepulchres of the dead, and the tombs of mortality ; and most willingly, I am persuaded, would they have consigned themselves to their fate, if, by their death, they could have saved their unhappy country from the horrors and miseries of that dreadful anarchy into which it has fallen. Never, with such examples before my eyes, will I stake the blessings which we possess under the government of this country, upon the precarious consequences of innovation ; nor consent to any alteration, of which, whatever may be stated as its object, the precise effects can never be ascertained. Indeed, I must think that my friend, Mr. Erskine, in his propositions with respect to a reform, allows himself to talk like a child, and does not sufficiently consult that excellent judgment which he displays on every other occasion. But let me entreat him to reflect on the situation in which both of us are now placed, and which, if twenty years ago, any person told me I should have attained, I should have regarded it as madness. If we, by 17 B Digitized by Microsoft® 258 EEPLT OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL ON THE our inditstry (my friend, indeed, with the advan- tage of his superior talents), have acquired a degree of opulence and distinction vi^hich we could not reasonably have looked for, let us be thankful to that government to whose protection and favor we are, in a great measure, indebted for our success ; and do not let us, by any rash attempt upon our constitution, put it out of the power of our children to rise to similar situations, or depiive them of those blessings which we have ourselves so signally experienced. Do not let us pull down a fabric, which has been the admiration of ages, and which it may be impossible to erect anew. Let me again call your attention to the paper upon which this prosecution is founded. [Here Mr. Attoney-Gen- eral read several extracts from the declaration.] After what you have heard, I think it is impossible to doubt of the libelous tendency of this publica- tion. It states, as I have already said, the whole of our government as one mass of grievances and abuse ; while it does not so much as enumerate a single blessing or advantage with which it is at- tended. It represents it as corrupt and oppressive in every branch, as polluted in its very source, its legislature, and its courts of justice. What, I ask, can be supposed to be the spirit with which such representations are dictated, and the consequences to which they are calculated to lead ? Can you admit such representations to have been brought Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF MR. PERRT AKD MB. LAMBERT. 259 forward bona fide^ and from no other motive, than the wish to procure a peaceable and legal redi-ess of grievances ? If you can admit this, you will of course find the defendants not guilty. But if it shall appear otherwise, let me remind you of that duty which you owe to the public, with whose safety and protection you are entrusted, and whose interests you are to consult in the verdict which you shall give. Let me remind you of the necess- ity of checking, in proper time, the spirit of sedition, and frustrating the designs of the factious, before it be too late. Let me conclude with observ- ing, that I have brought forward this prosecution as a servant of the public, influenced by my own judgment, and acting from what I conceived to be my duty. *I had no other view than the public advantage ; and should you be of opinion that the defendants ought to be declared not guilty, I trust you will acquit me of any intention of acting either impertinently with respect to you, or oppressively to the defendants. I shall then retire, conscious of having done my duty in having stated my opin- ion, though inclined, in deference to your verdict, to suppose myself mistaken. Digitized by Microsoft® LOED KENYON'S CHARGE TO THE JURY. Gejsttlemew of the Jury : There are no cases which call forth greater exertions of great abilities, than those that relate to political libels. And as this cause, both on the part of the prosecution, and also on behalf of the defendants, has been so amply discussed that the subject is exhausted, I should have satisfied myself with what has been already said, if there was not a duty lying on me which, by the law of the land, it is incumbent on me to discharge. The liberty of the press has always been, and has justly been, a favorite topic with Englishmen. They have looked at it with jealousy whenever it has been invaded; and though a licenser was put over the press, and was suffered to exist some years after the coming of William, and after the revolution, yet the reluctant spirit of English liberty called for a repeal of that law ; and from that time to this, it has not been shackled and limited more than it ought to be. Gentlemen, it is placed as the sentinel to alarm Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF MB. PEERT AND MR. LAMBERT. 261 US when any attempt is made on our liberties ; and we ought to be watchful, and to take care that the sentinel is not abused and converted into a traitor. It can only be protected by being kept within due limits, and by our doing those things which we ought, and watching over the liberties, of the people ; but the instant it degenerates into licen- tiousness, we ought not to suifer it to exist without punishment. It is, therefore, for the protection of hberty that its licentiousness is brought to pun- ishment. A great deal has been said respecting a reform of parliament, that is, an alteration of parliament. If I were called upon to decide on that point, be- fore I would pull down the fabric, or presume to disturb one stone in the structure, I would consider what those benefits are which it seeks, and whether they, to the extent to which they are asked, ought to be hazarded; whether any imaginary reform ought to be adopted, however virtuous the breast, or however able the head, that might attempt such a reform. I should be a little afraid that when the . water was let out nobody could tell how to stop it ; if the lion was once let iato the house, who would be found to shut the door? I should first feel the greater benefits of a reform, and should not hazard our present blessings out of a capricious humor to bring about such a measure. Digitized by Microsoft® 262 LOED KEN yon' S SXJMMIN& UP ON THE The merits or demerits of the late law respecting libels, I shall not enter into. It is enough for me that it is the law of the land, which, by my oath I am bound to give effect to, and it commands me to state to juries what niy opinion is respecting this or any other paper brought into judgment before them. In forming my opinion on this paper, or on any other, before I arrive at a positive decision on that point, I would look about, and see what the times were when the publication took place. I would look at all the attendant circum- stances, and, with that assistance, I would set about to expound the paper. The observations which this cause calls for, form a part of the noto- rious history of the country. How long this paper was penned before it appeared in this newspaper, I know not; the 25th of December is the day when it was published, and it is dated the 16th of July, 1792. Gentlemen, you will recollect the appearance of public affairs, and the feelings of every mind in the country, at the tune that parliament met, and for some time after, in December last. I do not know whether I color the picture right, when I say very gloomy sensations had pervaded the whole country. It is for you to say whether at that time there were not emissaries from a neighboring country making their way, as well as they could, in this country. It is for you to say, looking at the great anarchy ■ Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF MR. PERRY AND MR, LAMBERT. 263 and confusion of France, whether they did not wish to agitate the minds of all orders of men, in all countries, and to plant their tree of liberty in every kingdom in Europe. It is for you to say whether their intention was not to eradicate every kind of government that was not sympathetic with their own. I am bound, gentlemen, to declare my opinion on this paper, and to do so I must take within my consideration all the circumstances of the time when it appeared. I have no hesitation in saying, then, that they were most gloomy. The country was torn to its centre by emissaries from France. It was a notorious fact — every man knows it — I could neither open my eyes nor my ears without seeing and hearing them. Weighing thus all the circumstances, that, though dated in July, it was not published till December, when those emissaries were spreading their horrid doc- trines ; and believing there was a great gloominess in the country, and I must shut my eyes and ears if I did not believe that there was ; beheving also, that there were emissaries from France, wishing to spread the maxims prevalent in that country; in this; believing that the minds of the people of this country were much agitated by these political topics, of which the mass of the population never can form a true judgment ; and reading this paper, which appears to be calculated to put the people in a state of discontent with everything done in Digitized by Microsoft® 264 liOEB KENTOSr's STJMMIKG TJP ON THB this country ; I am bound on my oath to answer, that I think this paper was published with a wicked, malicious intent, to vilify the government, and to make the people discontented with the consti- tution under which they live. That is the mat- ter charged in the information ; that it was done with a view to vilify the constitution, the laws, and the government of this country, and to infu|e into the minds of his majesty's subjects a behef that they were oppressed, and on this ground I consider it as a gross and seditious libel. This is the question put to you to decide. It is admitted the defendants are the proprietors of the paper in which this address was published. There is one topic more. It is said they were not the authors of the address, and that it got inad- vertently into their paper. It never was doubted, and I suppose it never will be doubted, that the publishers of a newspaper are answerable for the contents of it. Those who think most favorably for the defendants, will go no farther than to say, that the parties publishing ought to give an account how they published it, and if there is any- thing baneful in the contents, to show how it came to them, and whether it was inserted inadvertently or otherwise. If anything of that sort had been offered, I certainly should have received it as evi- dence. But nothing of the kind has been offered, and the defendants stand as the proprietors and Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF ME. PEERT AND ME. LAMBEET. 265 publishers of the paper, witlioiit the slightest evi- dence in alleviation being offered in theii' favor. It is not for human judgment to dive into the heart of man, to know whether his intentions are good or evil. We must draw our conclusions with regard to his intentions from overt acts ; and if an evil tendency is apparent on the face of any par- ticular paper, it can only be traced by human judg- ment prima facie to a bad intention, unless evi- dence is brought to prove its innocence. This cause is destitute of any proof of that kind. It is said that this paper contains other adver- tisements and paragraphs ; and therefore from the good moral tendency of the whole, for aught I know to the contrary, you are to extract an opinion that the meaning was not bad. I cannot say that the traveling into advertisements which have noth- ing to do with this business, is exactly the errand you are to go upon. From this paper itself, and all the contents of it, you will extract the meaning; and if upon the whole you should think the ten- dency of it is good, in my opinion the pai'ties ought to be acquitted. But it is not sufficient that there should be in this paper detached good morals in part of it, unless they give an explanation of the rest. The charge will be done away, if -those parts which the attorney-general has stated are so ex- plained as to leave nothing excepted. There may be morality and virtue in this paper, Digitized by Microsoft® 266 Fmbrisra ojf the juet. and yet, apparently, latet anguis in TierM. There may be much that is good in it, and yet there may be much to censure. I have told you my opinion. Gentlemen, the constitution has intrusted it to you, and it is your duty to have only one point in view. Without fear, favor, or affection, without regard either to the prosecutor or the defendants, look at the question before you, and on that decide on the guilt or innocence of the defendants. The jury then withdrew, at two o'clock in the after- noon. The learned judge, understanding that they were divided and likely to be some time in making up their minds, retu'ed from the bench, and directed Mr. Lowten to take the verdict. At seven in the evening, they gave notice that they had agreed on a special verdict, which Mr. Lowten could not receive ; they went up in coaches, each attended by an oiBcer, \o Lord Kenyon's house; the special verdict was, " guilty of publishing, but with no malicious intent." This verdict Lord Kenyon refused to receive, insisting that it was no verdict at all. The jury then withdrew, and after sitting in discussion till within a few minutes of five in the morning, they found a general verdict of "Not guilty." Digitized by Microsoft® Trial of Mr. THOMAS WALKER, o/ Manchester, Mer- chant, and six other persons, indicted for a conspiracy to overthrow the Constitution and Government of Great Britain, and to aid and assist the French, being the King's enemies, in case they should invade England. Tried at Lancaster, before Mr. Justice Heath, one of the Judges of the Court of Common Fleas, and a Special Jury, on the 2nd of April, 1794. SUBJECT. It has not seemed necessary for the full understanding of this interesting and extraordinary case, to print the evi- dence given upon the trial; because, to the honor of Lord EUenborough, then Mr. Law, who conducted the prosecution for the crown, after hearing positive contradiction of the only witness ia support of it, by several unexceptionable per- sons, he expressed himself as follows : " I know the characters of several of the gentlemen who have been examined; particularly of Mr. Jones. I cannot expect one witness alone, unconfirmed, to stand against the testimony of all these witnesses ; I ought not to desire it." To which just declaration, which ended the trial, Mr. Justice Heath said, " Tou act very properly, Mr. Law." The jury found Mr. Walker "ISTot guilty;" and the wit- ness was immediately committed, indicted for perjury, and convicted at the same assizes. Mr. Law's speech to the jury is first given, which contains the whole case, afterwards proved by the witness, who was disbelieved. The speech of Mr. Erskine in reply, states the evidence afterwards given to contradict him. Digitized by Microsoft® SPEECH OF MR. LAW. The indictment having been opened by Mr. James, Mr. Law addressed the jury as follows : Gentlemek of the Jtjkt : The indictment which has been read to you, imputes to the defend- ants a species of treasonable misdemeanor, second only in degree, and inferior only in malignity, to the crime of high treason itself. It imputes to them a conspiracy for the purpose of adhering with effect to the king's enemies, in case the calamity of foreign invasion or of internal and domestic tumult should afford them the desired opportunity of so doing — a conspiracy for the purpose of employing against our country those arms which should be devoted to its defence, and of overthrowing a con- stitution, the work of long-continued wisdom and virtue in the ages that have gene before us, and which, I trust, the sober-minded virtue and wisdom of th'e present age will transmit unimpaired to ages that are yet to succeed us. It imputes to them a conspiracy, not indeed levelled at the person and life of our sovereign, but at that constitution at tte head of which he is placed, and at that system of Digitized by Microsoft® TKIAL OF THOMAS WALKEB. 269 beneficial laws wHcli it is his pride and his duty to administer; at that constitution which makes us what we are, a great, free, and, I trust, with a few exceptions only, a happy and united people. Gentlemen, a conspiracy formed for these purposes, and to be effected eventually by means of arms ; a conspiracy which had either for its immediate aim or probable consequence, the introduction into this country, upon the model of France, of all the miseries that disgrace and desolate that unhappy land, is the crime for which the defendants stand arraigned before you this day ; and it is for you to say, in the first instance, and for my lord hereafter, what shall be the result and effect in respect to persons, against whom a conspiracy of such enor- mous magnitude and mischief shall be substantiated in evidence. Gentlemen, whatever subjects of political differ- ence may subsist among us, I trust we are in general agreed in venerating the great principles of our constitution, and in wishing to sustain and render them permanent. Whatever toleration and indulgence we may be willing to allow to differ- ences in matters of less importance, upon some subjects we can allow none ; to the friends of France, leagued in unity of counsel, inclination, and interests with France, against the arms and inter- ests of our country however tolerant in other respects, we can afford no grains of allowance, no Digitized by Microsoft® 270 SPEECH OF ME. LAW ON THE sentiments of indulgence, or toleration whatsoever; to do so, at a time when those arms and counsels are directed against our political and civil, against not our national only, but natural existence (and at such a period you will find that the very conspi- racy now under consideration was formed), would be equally inconsistent -with every rule of law and every principle of self-preservation : it would be at once to authorize every description of mischievous persons to carry their destructive principles into immediate and fatal effect ; in other words, it would be to sign the doom and downfall of that constitu- tion which protects us all. I am sure, therefore, that for the crime, such as I have represented it to be, my learned friend will not, in the exercise of his own good sense, choose to offer any defence or apology ; but he will en- deavor to make the evidence I shall lay before you appear in another point of view : he will en- deavor to conceal and soften much of that malignity which I impute, and I think justly, to the inten- tions and actings of these defendants. It was about the close of the year 1V92, that the French nation thought fit to hold out to all the nations on the globe, or rather, I should say, to the discontented .subjects of all those nations, an en- couragement to confederate and combine together, for the purpose of subverting all regular estabhshed authority amongst them, by a decree of the lyth Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS WALKEK. 271 of November, 1792, whicli I consider as the immediate source and origin of this and other mischievous societies. That nation, in convention, pledged to the discontented inhabitants of other countries, its protection and assistance, in case they should be disposed to innovate and change the form of government under which they had hitherto lived. Under the influence of this fostering en- couragement, and meaning, I suppose, to avail themselves of the protection and assistance thus held out to the'm, this and other dangerous societies sprang up and spread themselves within the bosom of this realm. Gentlemen, it was about the period I mentioned, or shortly after, I mean in the month of Decem- ber, which followed close upon the promulgation of this detestable decree, that the society on which I am about to comment, ten members of which are now presented in trial before you, was formed.* The vigilance of those to whom the administration of justice and the immediate care of the police of the country is primarily entrusted, had already pre- vented or dispersed every numerous assembly of persons which resorted to public-houses for such purposes ; it therefore became necessary for per- sons thus disposed, to assemble themselves, if at *The Manchester Constitutional Society was instituted in Octo- ber, 1790 ; the Reformation Society, in March, 1793 ; the Patriotic Society, in April, 1793. Digitized by Microsoft® 272 SPEECH OF MR. LAW OW THE all, within the walls of some private mansion. The president and head of this society, Mr. Thomas Walker, raised to that bad eminence by a species of merit which will not meet with much favor or encouragement here, opened his doors to receive a society of this sort at Ma^jchester, miscalled the Reformation Society; the name may, in some senses, indeed, import and be understood to mean a society formed for the purpose of beneficial reform ; but what the real purposes of this society were, you will presently learn, from-their declared sentiments and criminal actings. He opened his doors, then, to receive this society ; they assem- bled, night after night, in numbers, to an amount which you will hear from the witnesses ; sometimes, I believe, the extended number of such assembhes amounting to more than a hundred persons. There were three considerable rooms allotted for their reception. In the lower part of the house, where they were 'first admitted, they sat upon business of less moment, and requiring the presence of smaller numbers ; in the upper part, they assembled in greater multitudes, and read, as in a school, and as it were to fashion and perfect themselves in every- thing that is seditious and mischievous, those writ- ings which have been already reprobated by other juries, sitting in this and other places, by the courts of law, and in eJiect, by the united voice of both houses of parliament. They read, amongst other Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKEK. 273 •works, particularly the works of an author whose name is in the mouth of everybody in this country ; I mean- the works of Thomas Paine; an author, who, in the gloom of a French prison, is now con- templating the full effects, and experiencing all the miseries of that disorganizing system of which he is, in some respect, the parent, certainly, the great advocate and promoter. The works of this author, and many other works of a similar tendency, were read aloud by a per- son of the name of Jackson, who exercised upon those occasions the mischievous function of reader to this society. Others of the defendants had dif- ferent functions assigned to them ; some were busied in training them to the use of arms, for the purpose, avowedly, in case there should be either a landing of the French, with whom we were then, I think, actually at war or about to be immediately at war ; or in case there should take place a revolt in the kingdoms of Ireland or Scotland, to minister to their assistance, either to such invasion or to such revolt. That they met for such purposes is not only clear from the writings that were read aloud to them, and the conversations that were held, but by the purposes which were expressly declared and avowed by those who may be considered as the mouth-pieces and organs of the society upon these occasions; The first time, I think, that the witness Dunn, 18 B Digitized by Microsoft® 274 SPEECH OF ME. LAW ON THE ■whom I shall presently produce to you, saw the defendant, Mr. Walker, Mr. Walker declared to him, " that he hoped they should' soon overthrow the constitution." The witness I have alluded to was introduced to the society by two persons, I think of the names of M' Galium and Smith, and who, if I am not misinformed, have since taken their flight from this country to America. The first night he was there, he did not see their presi- dent, Mr. Walker, but on the second night that he went there, Mr. Walker met him as he entered the door, and observing, from his dialect, that he was a native of Ireland, Mr. Walker inquired of him how the volunteers went on, and said, with a smile as he passed him in his way up-stairs to the rest of the associated members, "we shall overthrow the constitution by-and-by." The witness was then ushered into this room, where he saw assem- bled nearly to the number of a hundred or a hun- dred and fifty persons. The room was, I under- stand, a large warehouse at the top of the house ; there were about fourteen or fifteen persons then actually under arms, and some of those whose names are to be found in this record were em- ployed in teaching others the military exercise. It would be endless, as well as useless, to relate to you the whole of what passed at these several meetings. Upon some occasions, Mr. Walker would talk in the most contumelious and abominable language Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OP THOMAS "WALKEE. 275 of the sacred person of our sovereign. In one in- stance, when talking of monarchy he said, " Damn kings ! what have we to do with them, what are they to us ?" and, to show the contempt in which he held the lives of all kings, and particularly that of our own sovereign, taking a piece of paper in his hand, and tearing it, he said, " If I had the king here, I would cut off his head as readily as I tear this paper." Upon other occasions, others of the meml)ers, and particularly a person of the name of Paul, who I believe is now in court, held similar language ; damning the king ; reviling and defaming him in the execution of his high office ; representing the whole system of our public government as a system of plunder and rapacity ; representing, particularly, the administration of a neighboring kingdom by a lord-lieutenant, as a scheme and device merely invented to corrupt the people, and to enrich and aggrandize the individual to whose care the gov- ernment of that kingdom is more immediately delegated ; in short, arraigning every part of our public economy as directly productive of mis-gov- ernment and oppression. The king himself was sometimes more particularly pointed at by Mr. Walker. He related of him a strange, incredible, and foolish fable, which I never heard suggested from any other quarter : " That his majesty was possessed of seventeen millions of money in some Digitized by Microsoft® 276 SPEECH OF ME. LAW ON THE bank or other at Vienna, which he kept locked up there, and would not bestow a single penny of it to relieve the distresses and indigence of any part of his own subjects." Many other assertions of this sort were made, and conversations of a similar import held, between Mr. Walker and the persons thus assembled. About three months after the formation, as far as I can collect it, of this society, that is, about the month of March, 1793, a person of the name of Yorke — Yorke of Derby, I think he is called — arrived at Manchester, with all the apparatus of a kind of apostolic mission, addressed to the various assemblies of seditious persons in that quarter of the kingdom. He harangued them upon such topics as were most likely to interest and inflame them; he explained to them the object of the journey he was then making through the country; he said he was come to visit all the combined societies, in order to learn the numbers they could respectively muster, in case there should be an invasion by the French, which was then talked of, and is yet, I am afraid, talked of but upon too much foundation ; to know, in short, what number they could add to the arms of France, in case these arms should be hos- tilely directed against Great Britain itself. He stated that the French were about to land in this country, to the number of forty or fifty thousand men, and that he was collecting, in the different Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS WALKEE. 277 societies, tlie names of such persons as could be best depended upon, in order to ascertain what number in the whole could actually be brought into the field upon such an emergency. When this person was present, there seems to have been a sort of holiday and festival of sedi- tion; each member strove with his fellow which should express sentiments the most injurious and hostile to the peace and happiness of their country. Dunn, the witness I have already alluded to, will speak to the actual communication of all the sev- eral persons who are defendants upon this record in most of the mischievous councils which were then held, and which are the subject of this prose- cution. They met during a considerable length of time he attended, (and here you will not be called upon to give credit to a loose and casual recollec- tion of a few random expressions, uttered upon one or two accidental occasions, capable of an innocent or doubtful construction) ; but he attended, I believe, at nearly forty of these meetings; he attended them from about the month of December or Januaiy, down to the month of June, when, either through compunction for the share he had himself borne in those mischievous proceedings, or whatever else might be his motive — I trust it was an honorable one, and that it will in its eflfects prove beneficial to his country — he came forward and detailed this business to the magistrates of Digitized by Microsoft® 278 SPEECH OF MK. LAW OST THE this country. It became them, having such circum- stances related to them, and having it also con- firmed by other evidence, that there were numerous nightly meetings of this sort held at stated inter- vals at the house of "Walker, upon having the objects of these meetings detailed and verified to .them — it became them, I say, to use means for suppressing a mischief of such extent and magni- tude. It was accordingly thought proper to insti- tute this prosecution for the purpose of bringing these enormous proceedings into public discussion and inquiry, before a jury of the country, and for the purpose of eventually bringing to condiga punishment the persons immediately concerned in them. Grentlemen, the evidence of this person, the witness I have mentioned, will unquestionably be assailed and attacked by a great deal of attempted contradiction. His character will, I have no doubt, be arraigned and drawn in question from the ear- liest period to which the defendants can have an opportunity of access for materials respecting it. Upon nothing but upon the effectual impeachment of the character of this witness, can they bottom any probable expectations of acquittal; to that point, therefore, their efforts will be mainly di- rected. I wish their efforts had been hitherto directed innocently towards the attainment of this object, and that no opportunities had been recently Digitized by Microsoft® TBIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 279 taken, in occasional meetings and conversations, to attempt to tamper with the testimony of this wit- ness. There are other practices, which, next to an actual tampering with the testimony of a witness, are extremely mischievous to the regular course and administration of justice. I mean attempts to lure a witness into conversations respecting the subject of his testimony; of this we have seen many very blamable instances in the course of the present circuit, where conversations have been set on foot for the purpose of catching at some particular expressions, inadvertently dropped by a witness, and of afterwards bringing them forward, separately and detached from the rest of the con- versation, in order to give a different color and complexion to the substance of his evidence, and to weaken the effect and credit of the whole. Gentlemen, these attempts are too commonly made; happily, however, for public justice, they are commonly unsuccessful, because they do and must, with every honorable mind, recoil upon the party making them. Private applications to a person not only known to be an adverse witness, but to be the very witness upon whose credit the prosecution most materially depends ; private con- versations with such a witness, for the purpose of getting from him declarations which may be after- wards opposed in seeming contradiction to his solemn testimony upon oath, are of themselves so Digitized by Microsoft® 280 SPEECH OF ME. LAW ON THE dishonorable, that, with every well-disposed and well-judging mind, they will naturally produce an effect directly contrary to the expectations of the persons who make them. I know, gentlemen, what I have most to fear upon this occasion ; I know the vigor and energy of the mind of my learned friend. I have long felt and admired the powerful effects of his vari- ous talents; I know the ingenious sophistry by which he can mislead, and the fascination of that eloquence by which he can subdue the minds of those to whom he addresses himself. I know what he can do to-day, by seeing what he has done upon many other occasions before. But at the same time, gentlemen, knowing what he is, I am some- what consoled in knowing you. I have practiced for several years in this place ; I know the sound discretion and judgment by which your verdicts are generally governed ; and upon the credit of that experience, I trust that it will not be in the power of my friend, by any arts he is able to em- ploy, to seduce you a single step from the sober paths of truth and justice. You will hear the evi- dence with the attention which becomes men who are deciding on the fate of others. If these defend- ants be innocent, and my learned friend is able to substantiate their innocence, to your satisfaction, for God's sake let them be acquitted ; but if that innocence cannot be clearly and satisfactorily estab-' Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 281 lislied, I stand here interested as I am in common witli him in the acquittal of innocence, at the same time, however, demanding the rights of public jus- tice against the guilty. It imports the safety of yourselves, it imports the safety of our country, it imports the existence and security of everything that is dear to us, if these men be not innocent, that no considerations of tenderness and humanity, no considerations of any sort, short of what the actual -abstract justice of the case may require, should prevent the hand of punishment from fall- ing heavy on them. Having therefore, gentlemen, given you this short detail and explanation of the principal facts which are about to be laid before you in evidence, I will now close the first part of the trouble I must give you. I shall, by-and-by, when my learned friend has adduced that evidence by which he will attempt to assail the character and credit of the principal witness for the prosecution, have an op- portunity of addressing you again ; and, I trust, in the meantime, whatever attention you may be dis- posed to pay to the exertions of those who will labor to establish the innocence of the persons now arraigned before you, that you will, at the same time, steadily bear in mind the duties which you owe to yourselves and to your country ; recollect- ing, as I am sure you will, that we all look up to your firmness and integrity at this moment, for the Digitized by Microsoft® 282 SPEECH OE ME. EESKEWE ON THE protection of that constitution from whicli we derive every blessing we individually or collectively enjoy. SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE. Gektlemek of THE JuET : I listened with the greatest attention, and in honor of my learned friend I must say with the greatest approbation, to much of his address to you in the opening of this cause; it was candid and manly, and con- tained many truths which I have no interest to deny ; one in particular which involves in it indeed the very principle of the defence, the value of that happy constitution of government which has so long existed in this island. I hope that none of us will ever forget the gratitude which we owe to the Divine Providence, and, under its blessings, to the wisdom of our forefathers, for the happy estab- lishment of law and justice under which we live, and under which, thank God, my clients are this day to be judged. Great indeed will be the con- demnation of any man who does not feel and act as he ought to do upon this subject; for surely if Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS WALKEK. 283 there be one privilege greater than another, which, the benevolent Author of our being has been pleased to dispense to his creatures since the exist- ence of the earth which we inhabit, it is to have cast our lots in this age and country. For myself, I would in spirit prostrate myself daily and hourly before Heaven to acknowledge it, and instead of coming from the house of Mr. Walker, and accom- panying him at Preston, the only truths which the witness has uttered since he came into court, if I believed him capable of committing the crimes he is charged with, I would rather have gone into my grave than have been found as a friend under his roof. Gentlemen, the crime imputed to the defendant is a serious one indeed ; Mr. Law has told you, and told you truly, that this indictment has not at all for its object to condemn or to question the par- ticular opinions which Mr. Walker and the other defendants may entertain concerning the principles of this government, or the reforms which the wisest governments may from time to time require ; he is indeed a man of too enlarged a mind to think for a moment that his country can be served by interrupting the current of liberal opinion, or overawing the legal freedom of English sentiment by the terrors of criminal prosecution ; he openly disavows such a system, and has, I think, even more than hinted to us that there may be seasons Digitized by Microsoft® 284 SPEECH OF MR. ERSKUS-E ON THE when an attention to reform may be salutary, and ttat every individual under our happy establish- ment has a right upon this important subject to think for himself. The defendants, therefore, are not arraigned be- fore you, nor even censured in observation, for hav- ing associated at Manchester to promote what they felt to be the cause of religious and civil liberty; nor are they arraigned or censured for seeking to collect the sentiments of their neighbors and the public concerning the necessity of a reform in the constitution of parliament; these sentiments and objects are wholly out of the question ; but they are charged with having unlawfully confederated and conspired to destroy and overthrow the gov- ernment of the kingdom by open force and rebel- lion, and that to effect this wicked purpose they exercised the king's subjects with arms, perverting that which is oui' birthright, for the protection of our lives and our property, to the malignant pur- pose of supporting the enemies of this kingdom in case of an invasion ; in order, as my friend has truly said, for I admit the consequence if the fact be established, in order to make our country that scene of confusion and desolation which fiUs every man's heart with dismay and horror, when he only reads or thinks of what is transacting at a distance upon the bloody theatre of the war that is now desolating the world. This, and nothing different Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 285 or less than this, is the charge which is made upon the defendants, at the head of whom stands before you a merchant of honor, property, character, and respect ; who has long enjoyed the countenance and friendship of many of the worthiest and most illustrious persons in the kingdom, and whose prin- ciples and conduct have more than once been pub- licly and gratefully acknowledged by the com- munity of which he is a member, as the friend of their commerce and liberties, and the protector of the most essential privileges which an Englishman can enjoy under the laws. Gentlemen, such a prosecution against such a person ought to have had a strong foundation; putting pi'ivate justice and all respect of persons wholly out of the question, it should not, but upon the most clear conviction and the most urgent necessity, have been instituted at all. We are at this moment in a most awful and fearful crisis of affairs ; we are told authentically by the sovereign from the throne, that our enemies in France are meditating an invasion, and the kingdom, from one end to another, is in motion to repel it. In such a state of things, and when the public transactions of government and justice in the two countries pass and repass from one another as if upon the wings of the wind, is it politic to prepare this sol- emn array of justice upon such a dangerous subject, without a reasonable foundation, or rather without Digitized by Microsoft® 286 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE an urgent call ? At a time when it is our common interest that France should believe us to be, what we are and ever have been, one heart and soul to protect our country and our constitution, is it wise or prudent, putting private justice wholly out of the question, that it should appear to the councils of France, apt enough to exaggerate advantages,- that the judge representing the government in the northern district of this kingdom should be sitting here in judgment in the presence of all the gentle- men whose property lies in this great county, to trace and to punish the existence of a rebellious conspiracy to support an invasion from France ? a conspiracy not existing in a single district alone, but maintaining itself by criminal concert and cor- respondence in every district, town, and city in the kingdom ; projecting nothing less than the utter destruction and subversion of the government. Good God ! can it be for the interest of govern- ment that such an account of the state of this country should go forth ? Unfortunately, the rumor and effect of this day's business will spread where the evidence may not travel with it, to serve as an antidote to the mischief; for certainly the scene which we have this day witnessed can never be im- agined in France or in Europe, where the spirit of our law is known and understood ; it never will be credited that all this serious process has no founda- tion either in fact or probability, and that it stands Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL or THOMAS WALZEE. 287 upon the single evidence of a common soldier, or rather a common vagabond, discharged as unfit to be a soldier ; of a wretch, lost to all reverence for God and religion, who avows that he has none for either, and who is incapable of observing even common decency as a witness in the court ; this wOl never be believed ; and the country, whose best strength at home and abroad is the soundness of all its members, will suffer from the very credit which government will receive for the justice of this proceeding. What, then, can be more beneficial, than that you should make haste, as public and private men, to undeceive the world, to do justice to your fel- low-subjects, and to vindicate your country ? what can be more beneficial than that you, as honest men, should upon your oaths pronounce and record by your verdict, that, however Englishmen may differ in religious opinions, which in such a land of thinking ever must be the case ; that however they may separate in political speculations as to the wisest and best formation of a house of commons ; that though some may think highly of the church and its establishment, whilst others, but with equal sincerity, prefer the worship of God with other ceremonies, or without any ceremonies ; that though some may think it unsafe to touch the constitution at this particular moment, and some, that at no time it is safe to touch it, while others think that Digitized by Microsoft® 288 SPEECH OF ME. EESKnSTE OK THE its very existence depends upon immediate reforma- tion ; what, I repeat, can be more beneficial than that your verdict should establish that though the country is thus divided upon those political sub- jects, as it ever has been in every age and period of our history, yet that we all recollect our duty to the land which our fathers have left us as an inher- itance ; that we all know and feel we have one common duty and one common interest ? This will be the language of your verdict, whatever you yourselves may think upon these topics' connected with, but still collateral to the cause ; whether you shall approve or disapprove of the opinions or objects of the defendants, I know that you will still, with one mind, revolt with indignation at the evidence you have heard, when you shall have heard also the observations I have to make upon it, and what is far more important, the facts I shall bring forward to encounter it. To these last words I beg your particular attention. I say, when you shall hear the facts with which I mean to encounter the evidence. My learned friend has supposed that I had nothing wherewith to support the cause, but by railing at his witness, and endeavoring to tra- duce his character by calling others to reproach it. He has told you, that I could encounter his testi- mony by no one fact, but that he had only to apprehend the influence which my address might have upon you; as if I, an utter stranger here, Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 289 could have any possible weight or influence, to oppose to him who has been so long known and honored in this place. But although my learned fiiend seems to have expected no adverse evidence, he appears to have been apprehensive for the credit and consistency of his own ; since he has told you that we have drawn this man into a lure not uncommon for the purpose of entrapping witnesses into a contradic- tion of testimony ; that we have ensnared him into the company of persons who have drawn him in by insidious questions, and written down what he has been made to declare to them in destruction of his original evidence, for the wicked purpose of attacking the sworn testimony of truth, and cutting down the consequences which would have followed from it to the defendants. If such a scene of wick- edness had been practiced, it must have been known to the witness himself; yet my learned friend will recollect, that though he made this charge in his hearing before his examination, he positively denied the whole of it ; I put it to him point by point, pursuing the opening as my guide, and he denied that he had been drawn into any lure ; he denied that any trap had been laid for him ; he denied that he had been asked any ques- tions by anybody. If I am mistaken, I desire to be corrected, and particularly so by my learned friend, because I wish to state the evidence as it 19 B Digitized by Microsoft® 290 SPEECH OF MR. EESKINE OJST THE was given. He lias then denied all these things ; lie has further sworn that he never acknowledged to Mr. Walker that he had wronged or injured him, or that the evidence he had given against him was false ; that he never had gone down upon his knees in his presence, to implore his forgiveness ; that he never held his hands before his face, to hide the tears that were flowing down his cheeks in the moment of contrition, or of terror at the consequence of his crimes : all this he has positively and repeatedly sworn in answer to questions dehb- erately put to him } and instead of answering with doubt, or as trying to recollect whether anything approaching such a representation had happened, he put his hands to his sides, and laughed, as you saw, at me who put the questions, with that sneer of contempt and insolence which accompanied the whole of his evidence, on my part at least of his examination. If nothing therefore was at stake but the destruction of this man's evidence, and with it the pi'osecution which rests for its whole existence upon it, I should proceed at once to confound him with testimony, the truth of which my learned friend himself will, I am sure, not bring into ques- tion ; but as I wish the whole conduct of my clients to stand fairly before you, and not to rest merely upon positive swearing destructive of op- posite testimony : and as I wish the evidence I mean to bring before you, and the falsehood of Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 291 that whicli it opposes, to be clearly understood ; I will state to you how it has happened that this strange prosecution has come before you. The town of Manchester has been long extremely divided in religious and civil opinions ; and while I wish to vindicate those whom I represent in this place, I desire not to inflame differences which I hope in a short season will be forgotten; I am desiroug, on the contrary, that everything which proceeds from me may be the means of conciliating rather than exasperating dissensions which have already produced much mischief, and which per- haps, but for the lesson of to-day, might have produced much more. Gentlemen, you all know that there have been for centuries past in this country various sects of Christians, worshipping God in different forms, and holding a diversity of religious opinions ; and that the law has for a long season deprived numerous classes, even of his majesty's protestant subjects, of privileges which it confers upon the rest of the public, setting as it were a mark upon them, and keeping them below the level of the community, by shutting them out from offices of trust and con- fidence in the country. Whether these laws be wise or unwise, whether they ought to be continued or abolished, are questions for the legislature, and not for us ; but thus much I am warranted in saying, that it is the undoubted privilege of every man or Digitized by Microsoft® '■,««^1, 292 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE class of men in England, to petition parliament for tlie removal of any system or law, which either actually does aggrieve, or which is thought to be a grievance. Impressed with the sense of this in- herent privilege, this very constitutional society, which is supposed by my learned friend the attor- ney-general, to have started up on the breaking out of the war with France, for the purpose of desti'oy- ing the constitution — this very society o.wed its birth to the assertion of this indisputable birthright of Englishmen, which the authors of this prosecu- tion most rashly thought proper to stigmatize and resist. It is well known that in 1790 the dissenters in the different parts of the kingdom were solicitous to bring before parliament their application to put an end forever to all divisions upon religious sub- jects, and to make us all, what I look forward yet to see, one harmonious body, living like one family together. It is also well remembered with what zeal and eloquence that great question was managed in the house of commons by Mr. "Fox, and the large majority with which the repeal of the test acts was rejected ; it seems therefore strange that the period of this rejection should be considered as an era either of danger to the church or of re- ligious triumph to Christians ; nevertheless, a large body of gentlemen and others at Manchester, whose motives I am far from wishing to scrutinize or condemn, considered this very wish of the dis- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 293 senters as injurious to their rights, and as dangerous to the church and state ; they published advertise- ments expressive of these sentiments, and the rejection of the bill in the commons produced a society styled the Church and King club, which met for the first time to celebrate what they called the glorious decision of the house of commons in rejecting the prayer of their dissenting brethren. Gentlemen, it is not for me to' say, that it was unjust or impolitic in parliament to reject the ap- plication ; but surely I may without offence suggest that it was hardly a fit subject of triumph, that a great number of fellow-subjects, amounting, I be- heve, to more than a million in this country, had miscarried in an object which they thought bene- ficial, and which they had a most unquestionable right to submit to the government under which they lived; yet for this cause alone, France and every other topic of controversy being yet unborn — the church and king were held forth to be in danger ; a society was instituted for their protec- tion, and an uniform appointed with the church of Manchester upon the button. Gentlemen, without calling for any censure upon this proceeding, but leaving it to every man's own reflection, is it to be wondered at or condemned, that those who thought more largely and liberally on subjects of freedom both civil and religious, but who found themselves persecuted for sentiments Digitized by Microsoft® 294 SPEECH OF MR. ERSKINE OW THE and conduct the most avowedly legal and constitu- tional, should associate for the support of their rights and privileges as Englishmen, and assemble to consider how they might best obtain a more adequate representation of the people of Great Britain in parliament ? Gentlemen, this society continued with these objects in view until the issuing of the proclama- tion against Republicans and Levellers, calling upon the magistrates to exert themselves through- out the kingdom to avert some danger with which, it seems, our rulers thought this kingdom was likely to be visited. Of this danger, or the proba- bility of it, either generally or at Manchester in particular, my learned friend has given no evi- dence from any quarter but that of Mr. Dunn ; he has not proved that there has been in any one part of the kingdom anything which could lead govern- ment to apprehend that meetings existed for the purposes pointed at ; but that is out of the question ; government had a right to think for itself, and to issue the proclamation. The publicans however (as it appears iipon the cross-examination of the witness), probably directed by the magistrates, thought fit to shut up their houses opened by im- memorial law to all the king's subjects, and to re-: fuse admission to all the gentlemen and tr-adesinen of the town who did not associate under the ban- ners of this Church and King club. This iUega] Digitized by Microsoft® r"" TEIAL OF THOMAS "WALKER. 295 proceeding was accompanied with an advertisement containing a vehement libel against all those per- sons, who, under the protection of the laws, thought themselves as much at liberty to consider their various privileges, as others were to maintain the establishment of the church. . Upon this occasion Mr. Walker honorably stood forth, and opened his house to this constitutional society at a time when they must otherwise have been in the streets by a combination of the publicans to reject them. Now, gentlemen, I put it to you as men of honor, whether it can be justly attributed to Mr. Walker as seditious, that he opened his house to a society of gentlemen and tradesmen, whose good principles he was acquainted with, who had been wantonly opposed by this Chui-ch and King club, whose privileges they had never invaded or questioned, and against whom, in this day of trial, there is no man to be found who can come forward to impeach anything they have done, or a syllable they have uttered. Vehement as the desire most apparently has been, to bring this gentleman and his associates, as they are called, to justice, yet not one magistrate, no man of property or figure in this town or its neighborhood, no person having the king's author- ity in the country, has appeared to prove one fact or circumstance from Vi^hence even the vaguest suspicion could arise, that anything criminal had been intended or transacted ; no constable, who Digitized by Microsoft® 296 SPEECH 01* ME. ERSKINE OK THE had ever been sent to guard, lest the peace might be broken, or to make inquiries for its preservation; not a paper seized throughout England, nor any- other prosecution instituted except upon the unsup- ported evidence of the same miserable wretch who stands before you ; the town, neighborhood, and county, remaining in the same profound state of tranquility as it is at the moment I am addressing you. Gentlemen, when parliament assembled at the end of 1792, previous to the commencement of the war, these unhappy differences were suddenly, and, as you will see, from no fault of Mr. Walker's, brought to the crisis which produced this trial ; a meeting was held in Manchester to prepare an address of thanks to the king for having embodied the militia during the recess of parliament, and for having put the kingdom in a posture of defence. I do not seek to question the measure of govern- ment which gave rise to this approbation, or the approbation itself which the approvers had a right to bestow ; but others had an equal right to enter- tain other opinions. On all public measures the decision is undoubtedly with government ; but the people at the same time have a right to think upon them, and to express what they think ; surely war, of all other subjects, is one which the people have a right to consider ; surely it can be no offence for those whose properties were to be taxed, and , Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 297 wliose inlieritances were to be lessened by it, to pause a little upon the eve of a contest, the end of which no man can foresee, the expenses of which no man can calculate, or estimate the blood to flow from its calamities. Surely it is a liberty secured to us by the first principles of our constitution, to address the sovereign, or instruct our representa- tives, to avert the greatest evU that can impend over a nation. Gentlemen, one of those .societies, called the Keformation Society, met to exercise this un doubted pri\'ilege, and in my mind, upon the fittest occasion that ever presented itself; yet mark the moderation of Mr. Walker, whose vio- lence is arraigned before you. Though he was no member of that body, and though he agreed in the propriety of the measure in agitation, yet he sug- gested to them, that their opposition might be made a pretence for tumult, that tranquility in such a crisis was by every means to be promoted, and therefore advised them to abstain from the meeting ; so that the other meeting was left to carry its approbation of government and of the war, without a dissenting voice. If ever, there- fore, th'ere was a time when the church and king might be said to be out of danger at Manchester, it was at this moment ; yet on this very day they hoisted the banners of alarm to both ; they paraded with them through every quarter of the town ; Digitized by Microsoft® 298 SPEECH OF MK. EESKIWE ON THE mobs by degrees were collected, and in the even- ing of this very 11th of December, the houses of Mr. "Walker and others were attacked. You will observe, that before this day no man has talked about arms at Mr. "Walker's ; if an honorable gentleman upon the jury who has been carefully taking notes of the evidence, will have the good- ness to refer to them, he will find that it was not till near a week after this, so Dunn expresses it, that a single firelock had been seen ; nor indeed does any part of the evidence go back beyond this time, when Mr. "Walker's house was thus surroundefl and attacked by a riotous and disorderly mob. He was aware of the probable consequences of such an attack ; he knew, by the recent example of Birmingham, what he and others professing sentiments of freedom had to expect ; he therefore got together a few fire-arms, which he had long had publicly by him, and an inventory of which, mth the rest of his furniture at Barlow Hall, had been taken by a sworn appraiser, long before any- thing connected with this indictment had an exist- ence ; and with these, and the assistance of a few steady friends, he stood upon his defence. He was advised, indeed, to retire for safetj- ; but knowing his own innocence, and recollecting the duty he owed to himself, his family, and the public, he declared he would remain there, to support the laws, and to defend his property, and that he Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS "WALKER. 299 ■would porish, rather than surrender those privi- leges, which every member of the community is bound both from interest and duty to maintain ; to alarm the multitude, he fired from the windows over their heads, and dispersed them ; but when, the next morning, they assembled in very great numbers before his house, and when a man got upon the churchyard wall, and read a most violent and inflammatory paper, inciting the populace to pull the house down, Mr. Walker went out among them, and expostulated with • them, and asked why they had disgraced themselves so much by attacking him the night before ; adding, that if he had done any of them, or any person whom they knew, any injury, he was, upon proof of it, ready to make them every satisfaction in his power; he also told them, that he. had fired upon them the night before, because they were mad as well as drunk ; that, if they attacked him again, he would, under the same circumstances, act as he had done before ; but, that he was then alone and unarmed in the midst of them, and if he had done anything wrong, they were then sober, and had him completely in their power. Gentlemen, this was most meritorious conduct. You all live at a distance from the metropolis, and were probably, therefore, fortunate enough neither to be within or near it in 1T80, when, from begin- nings smaller than those which exhibited them- Digitized by Microsoft® 300 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKINE ON THE selves at Birmingham, or even at Manchester, the metropolis of the country, and with it the country itself, had nearly been undone. The beginning of these things is the season for exertion; I shall never indeed forget what I have heard the late mild and. venerable magistrate, Lord Mansfield, say upon this subject, whose house was one of the first attacked in London ; I have more than once heard him say, that perhaps some blame might have attached upon himself and others in author- ity, for their forbearance in not having directed force to have been at the first moment repelled by force, it being the highest humanity to check the infancy of tumults. Gentlemen, Mr.Walker's conduct had the desired . effect ; he watched again on the 13th of December, but the mob returned no more, and the next morn- ing the arms were locked up in a bed-chamber in his house, where they have remained ever since, and where, of course, they never could have been seen by the witness, whose whole evidence com- mences above a week subsequent to the 11th of December, when they were finally put aside. This is the genuine history of the business ; and it must therefore not a little surprise you, that when the charge is wholly confined to the use of arms, Mr. Law should not even have hinted to you that Mr. Walker's house had been attacked, and that he was driven to stand upon his defence, as if such Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS 'WALKEE. 301 a tiling had never had an existence ; indeed the armory which must have been exhibited in such a statement, would have but ill suited the indictment or the evidence, and I must therefore undertake the description of it myself. The arms having been locked up as I told you, in the bed-chamber, I was shown last week into this house of conspiracy, treason, and death, and ' saw exposed to view the mighty armory which was to level the beautiful fabric of our constitu- tion, and to destroy the lives and properties'of ten millions of people. It consisted, first, of six little swivels purchased two years ago at the sale of Livesey, Hargi'ave & Co., of whom we have all heard so much, by Mr. Jackson, a gentleman of Manchester, who is also one of the defendants, and who gave them to Master Walker, a boy of about ten years of age. Swivels, you know, are guns so called because they turn upon a pivot ; but these were taken oif their props, were painted, and put upon blocks resembling carriages of heavy cannon, and in that shape may be fairly called children's toys ; you frequently see them in the neighborhood of London adorning the houses of sober citizens, who, strangers to Mr. Brown and his improve- ments, and preferring grandeur to taste, place them upon their ramparts at Mile-End or Islington. Having, like Mr. Dunn (I hope I resemble him in nothing else) having, like him, served his majesty Digitized by Microsoft® 302 SPEECH OF MR. EHSKINE OW THE as a soldier (and I am ready to serve again if my country's safety should require it), I took a closer review of all I saw, and observing that the muzzle of one of them was broken off, I was curious to know how far this famous conspiracy had pro- ceeded, and whether they had come into action, when I found the accident had happened on firing a feu de joie upon his majesty's happj' recovery, and that they had been afterwards fired upon the Prince of Wales' birthday. These are the only times that, in the hands of these conspirators, these cannon, big with destruction, had opened their little mouths ; once to commemorate the indulgent and benign favor of Providence in the recovery of the sovereign, and once as a congratulation to the heir apparent of his crown on the anniversary of his birth. I went next, under the protection of the master- general of this ordnance, Mr. Walker's chamber- maid, to visit the rest of the formidable array of death, and found a little musketoon about so high (describing it); I put my thumb upon it, when out started a little bayonet like the Jack-in-a-box which we buy for children at a fair ; in short, not to weary you, gentlemen, there was just such a parcel of arms of different sorts and sizes as a man collecting amongst his friends, for his defence against the sudden violence of a riotous multitude, might be expected to have collected. Here lay Digitized by Microsoft® TKIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 303 ttree or four rusty guns of different dimensions, and here and there a bayonet or broad-sword, cov- ered over with dust and rust, so as to be ahnost undistinguishable ; for, notwithstanding what this infamous wretch has sworn, we will prove by wit- ness after witness, till you desire us to finish, that they were principally collected on the 11th of December, the day of the riot, and that from the 12th in the evening, or the 13th in the morning, they have lain untouched, as I have described them ; that their use began and ended with the necessity, and that, from that time to the present, there never has been a fire-arm in the warehouse of any sort or description. This is the whole on which has been built a proceeding that might have brought the defendants to the punishment of death, for both the charge and the evidence amount to high treason ; high treason indeed, un- der almost every branch of the statute, since the facts amount to levying war against the king by a conspiracy to wrest by force the government out of his hands, to an adherence to the king's ene- mies, and to a compassing of his death, which is a necessary consequence of an invading army of republicans or of any other enemies of the state. Yet notwithstanding the notoriety of these facts, the unnamed prosecutors, and indeed I am afraid to slander any man or body of men by even a guess upon the subject, have been beating up as for Digitized by Microsoft® 304 SPEECH OF ME. EESKLtTE ON THE volunteers, to procure another witness to destroy the lives of the gentlemen before you, against many of whom warrants . for high treason were issued to apprehend them. Mr. Walker, among the rest, was the subject of such a warrant, and as soon as he knew it, he behaved, as he has through- out, like a man and an Englishman; he wrote immediately to the secretary of state, who was summoned here to-day, and whose absence I do not complain of, because we have by consent the benefit of his testimony. lie wrote three letters to Mr. Dundas, one of which was delivered by Mr. Wharton, informing him that he was in London on his business as a merchant ; that if any warrant had been issued against him he was ready to meet it, and for that purpose delivered his address where it might be executed. This Mr. Walker did when the prosecutors were in search of another witness, and when this Mr. Dunn was walking like a tame sparrow through the New Bailey, fed at the pubHc or some other expense, and suffered to go at large,:, though arrested upon a criminal charge, and sent into custody under it. And to what other circumstances need I appeal for the purity of the defendants, than that, under the charge of a conspiracy extensive enough to comprehend in its transactions, if any existed, the whole compass of England, the tour of which waa to have been made by Mr. Yorke, there has not Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 805 been one man found to utter a syllable about them; no, not one man, thanks be to God, who has so framed the characteristics of Englishmen, except the solitary infamous witness before you, who, from what I heard since I began to address you, may have spoken the truth when he claimed ray acquaintance, as I have reason to think he has seen me before in a criminal court of justice. Having now, for the satisfaction of the defend- ants rather than from the necessity of the case, given you an account of their whole proceedings, as I shall establish, them by proof; let us examine the evidence that has been given against them, and see how the truth of it could stand with reason or probability, supposing it to have been sworn to by a witness the most respectable. According to Dunn's own account, Mr. Walker had not been at the first meeting, so that when he first saw Dunn he did not know either his person or his name ; he might have been a spy (God knows there are enough of them), and at that season in particular, informers were to be expected ; Mr. Walker is supposed to have said to him, "What is your business here ? " to which he answered, " I am going to the society," which entitled him at once to admission without further ceremony ; there was nobody to stop him ; was he asked his name ? was he balloted for ? was he questioned as to his principles ? No; he walked in at once; but first, it 20 B Digitized by Microsoft® 306 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKIWE ON THE seems, Mr. Walker, wLo had never before seen him, inquired of him the news from Ireland, ob- serving by his voice that he was an Irishman, and asked what the volunteers were about, as if Mr. Walker could possibly suppose that such a person was likely to have been in a correspondence with Ireland, which told him more than report must have told everybody else. Mr. Dunn tells you indeed he was no such person, he was a friend, as he says, to the king and constitution, which Mr. Walker would have found by asking another ques- tion ; but, without further inquiry, he is supposed to have said to him at once, " We shall overthrow the constitution by and by;" M^hich the moment Dunn had heard, up walked that affectionate subject of our sovereign lord the king into Mr. Walker's house, where the constitution was to be so overthrown ; but then he; tells you he thought there was no harm to be done, that it was only for the benefit of the poor, and the public good ; hut how could he think so after what he had that moment heard? but he did not know, it seems, what Mr. Walker meant. Gentlemen, do you collect from Mr. Dunn's discourse and deportment to-day, that he could not tell but that; a man meant good when he had heard him even express a wish to overthrow the government? would you pull a fe;.ther out of a sparrow's wing upon the oath of a man, who swears that he beheved a person to have Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKEK. 307 been a good subject in the very moment lie was telling bim of an intended rebellion? But why should I fight a phantom with argument ? Could any man but a driveller have possibly given such an answer, as is put into Mr. Walker's mouth, to a man he had never seen in his life? However many may differ from Mr. Walker in opinion, every- body, I believe, Mall admit that he is an acute, in- telligent man, with an extensive knowledge of the world, and not at all likely to have conducted him- self like an idiot. What follows next ? Another night he went into the warehouse, where he saw Mr. Yorke called to the chair, who said he was going the tour of the kingdom, in order to try the strength of the different societies, to join fifty thousand men that were expected to land from France in this country, and that Mr. Walker then said, "Damn all kings — I know our king has seventeen millions of money in the bank of Vienna, although he won't afford any of it to the poor." Gentlemen, is this the language of a man of sense and education ? If Mr. Walker had the malignity of a demon, would he think of giving effect to it by such a senseless lie ? When we know that, from the immense expense attending his majesty's numerous and illustrious family and the great neces- sities of the state, he has been obliged over and over again to have recourse to the generosity and justice of parliament to maintain the diginity of Digitized by Microsoft® 308 SPEECH OF ME. EESKEO! OX THE the crown, could Mr. "Walker ever have thought of inventing this nonsense about the bank of Vienna, when there is a bank too, in our own coun- try, where he might legally invest his property for himself and his heirs? But Mr. Walker did not stop there ; he went on and said, " I should think no more of taking off the king's head than I should of tearing this piece of paper." All this happened soon after his admission ; yet this man, who repre- sents himself to you upon his oath this day, as having been uniformly a friend to the constitution, as far as he understood it ; as having left the society as soon as he saw their mischievous inclina- tions, and as having voluntarily informed, against them, I say this same friend of the constitution tells you, almost in the same breath, that he con- tinued to attend their meetings from thirty to forty times, where high treason was committing with open doors ; and that, instead of giving infor- mation of his own free choice, he was arrested in the very act of distributing some seditious publican tion. Gentlemen, it is really a serious consideration, that upon such testimony a man should even be put upon his defence in the courts of this country; upon such principles what man is safe? I was, indeed but ill at ease myself when Mr. Dunn told me he knew me better than I supposed. What security have I at this moment that he should not Digitized by Microsoft® TBIAL OF THOMAS WALKEE. 309 swear that lie had met me under some gateway in Lancaster, and that I had said to him, " Well Dunn, I hope you will not swear against Mr. Walk- er, but that you will stick to the good cause : damn all kings : damn the constitution :" if the witness were now to swear this, into gaol I must go; and if my client is in danger from what has been sworn against him, what safety would there be for me ? The evidence would be equally positive, and I am equally an object of sus})icion as Mr. Walker ; it is said of him, that he has been a member of a society for the reform of parliament ; so have I, and so am I at this moment, and so at all hazards I win continue to be, and I will tell you why, gen- tlemen — because I hold it to be essential to the preservation of all the ranks and orders of the state, ahke essential to the prince and to the peo- ple ; I have the honor to be allied to his majesty in blood, and my family has been for centuries a part of what is now called the aristocracy of the country ; I can therefore have no interest in the destruction of the constitution. In pursuing the probability of this stftry (since it must be pursued), let us next advert to whether anything appears to have been done in other places which might have been exposed by this man's information. The whole kingdom is under the eye and dominion of magistracy, awakened at that time to an extraordinary vigilance ; yet has Digitized by Microsoft® 310 SPEECH OF MK. EESKIinE ON THE any one man been arrested even upon the suspicion of any correspondence with the societies of Man- chester, good, bad, or indifferent ? Or has any person within the four seas come to swear that any such correspondence existed? So that you are desired to believe, upon Mr. Dunn's single declara- tion, that gentlemen of the description I am representing, without any end or object, or concert with others, were resolved to put their lives into the hands of any miscreant who might be disposed to swear them away, by holding public meetings of conspiracy with open doors, and in the presence of all mankind, liable to be handed over to justice every moment of their lives, since every tap at the door might have introduced a constable as readily as a member ; and to finish the absurdity, these gentlemen are made to discourse in a manner that would disgrace the lowest and most uninformed classes of the community. Let us next see what interest Mr. Walker has in the proposed invasion of this peaceable country ; has Mr. Law proved that Mr. Walker had any' reason to expect protection from the French from any secret correspondence or com- munication more than you or I have, or that he had prepared any means of resisting the troops of this country ? How was he to have welcomed these strangers into our land ? W^hat, with this dozen of rusty muskets, or with those conspirators whom he Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKBE. 311 exercised? But wlioarfe they? They are, it seems, " to the jurors unknown," as my learned friend has called them, who drew this indictment, and he might have added, who will ever remain unknown to them. But has Mr. Walker nothing to lose, like other men who dread an invasion ? He has long had the acquaintance and friendship of some of the best men in this kingdom, who would be destroyed if such an invasion should take place. Has he, like other men, no ties of a nearer descrip- tion ? Alas, gentlemen ! I feel at this moment that he has many. Mr. Dunn told you that I was with Mr. Walker, at Manchester ; and it enables me to say, of my own knowledge, that it is impos- sible he could have had the designs imputed to him. I have been under his roof, where I have seen him the husband of an amiable and affectionate woman, and the happy parent of six engaging children ; and it hurts me not a little to think what they must feel at this moment. Before prosecu- tions are set on foot, those things ought to be con- sidered ; we ought not, like the fool in the prov- erbs, to scatter firebrands and death, and say, " Am I not in sport ? " Could we look at this moment into the dwelling of this unfortunate gen- tleman, for so I must call him, I am persuaded the scenes wo aid distress us ; his family cannot but be unhappy ; they have seen prosecutions equally un- just as even this is, attended with a success of Digitized by Microsoft® 312 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE equal injustice, and we have seen those proceed ings, I am afraid by those who are at the bottom of this indictment, put forward for your imitation. I saw, to my astonishment, at Preston, where, as a traveller, I called for a newspaper, that this im- maculate society (the Manchester Church and King club), had a meeting lately, and had pub- lished to the world the toasts and sentiments which " they drank ; some of them I like, some of them deserve reprobation : " The Church and King ; " very well. " The Queen and Royal Family ; " be it so. " The Duke of York and the Army ; " be it so. But what do vou think came next ? m/ [Here Mr. Justice Heath interrupted Mr. Ers- kine, by saying, " We are not to go into this, of which you cannot give evidence."] M9\ JErskine. I don't know what effect these publications may have upon the administration of justice ; why drink " The Lord Advocate and the Court of Justiciary in Scotland," just when your lordship is called upon to administer justice accord: ing to the laws of England ? if I had seen " The king and his judges upon the northern circuit" published as a toast — Mr. Justice Heath. You know you cannot give this in evidence. Mr. JErskim. Gentlemen, considering the situa tion in which my clients stand at this moment, I expressed the idea which occurred to me, ani Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OP THOMAS WALKER. 313 which. I thought it right not to suppress ; but let it pass ; this is not the moment for controversy ; it is my interest to submit to any course his lord- ship may think proper to dictate ; the evidence is more than enough for my purpose ; so mainly im- probable, so contrary to everything in the course of human affairs, that I know you will reject it even if it stood unanswered ; what then will you say, when I shall prove to you by the oaths of the various persons who attended these societies, that no propositions of the sort insinuated by this wit- ness ever existed; that no hint, directly or indi- rectly, of any illegal tendency, was ever whispered ; that their real objects were just what were openly professed, be they right or wrong, be they wise or mistaken, namely, reformation in the constitu- tion of the house of commons, which my learned friend admitted they had a right by constitutional means to promote. This was their object; they neither desired to touch the king's authority, nor the existence or privileges of the house of lords ; but they wished, that those numerous classes of the community, who, by the law as it now stands, are excluded from any share in the choice of mem- bers to the parliament, should have an equal right with others, in concerns where their interests are equal. Gentlemen, this very county furnishes a familiar instance ; there are, I believe, at least thirty thousand freeholders in Lancashire, each of Digitized by Microsoft® 314 SPEECH OF MR. EESKINE OK THE whom has a vote for two members of parliament ; and there are two boroughs within it, if I mistake not, Clithero and Newton, containing a handful of men who are at the beck of two individuals ; yet these two little places send for themselves, or rather for these two persons, two members each, which makes four against the whole power and interest of this county in parliament, touching any meas- ure, how deeply soever it may concern their pros- perity. Can there be. any offence in meeting together to consider of a representation to parliar ment, suggesting the wisdom of alteration and amendment in such a system ? Mr. Justice Heath. There can be no doubt but that a petition to parliament, for reform or any- thing else, can be no offence. Mr. Ershine. Gentlemen, I expected this inter- ruption from the learning of the judge ; certainly it can be no offence, and consequently my chents can be no offenders. Having now exposed the weakness of Dunn's evidence, from its own intrinsic defects, and from the positive contradiction every part of it is to receive from many witnesses, I shall conclude with the still more positive and unequivocal contradic- tion which the whole of it has received from Dunn himself. You remember that I repeatedly asked him whether he had not confessed that the whole he had sworn to-day was utterly false ; whether he Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 315 tad not confessed it to be so with tears of contri- tion, and whetlier he had not kneeled down before Mr. Walker, to implore his forgiveness. My learned friend, knowing that this would be proved upon him, made a shrewd and artful observation to avoid the effects of it ; he said that such things had fallen often under the observation of the court upon the circuit, where witnesses had been drawn into similar snares by artful people to invalidate their testimony. This may be true, but the answer to its application is, that not only the witness him- self has positively denied that any such snare was laid for him, but the witnesses I have to call, both in respect of number and credit, will put a total end to such a suggestion ; if I had indeed but one witness, my friend the attorney-general might un- doubtedly put it to you in reply, whether his or mine was to be believed, but I will call to you, not one, but four or five ; or, if necessary, six witnesses, above all suspicion, in whose presence Dunn voluntarily confessed the falsehood of his testimony, and, with tears of apparent repentance, offered to make , any reparation to these injured and unfortunate defendants. This I pledge myself to prove to your satisfaction. Gentlemen, the object of all public trial and punishment is the security of mankind in social life. We are not assembled here for the purposes of vengeance, but for the ends of justice ; to give Digitized by Microsoft® 316 SPEECH OF ME. EBSKINE ON THE tranquility to human life, wliicli is the scope of all government and law ; yon will take care, therefore, how, in the very administration of justice, you dis- appoint that which is the very foundation of ita institution; you vnl\ take care that in the very moment you are trying a man as a disturber of the public happiness, you do not violate the rules which secure it. The last evidence I have been stating ought by itself to put an instant end to this cause. I remem- ber a case, very lately, which was so brought to its conclusion, where, upon a trial for perjury of a witness who had sworn against a captain of a vessel in the African trade, it appeared that the witnesses who swore to the perjury against the defendants, had themselves made deliberate declarr ations which materially clashed with the testimony they were giving. Lord Kenyon, who tried the cause, would after this proceed no further, and asked me, who was counsel for the prosecution, whether I would urge it further, saying emphati- cally, what I hope every judge under similar circumstances will think it his duty to say also, " No man ought or can be convicted in England, unless the judge and the jury have a firm assur- ance that innocence cannot, by any possibility, be the victim of conviction and sentence." And how can the jury or his lordship have that assurance here, when the only source of it is brought into Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKEE. 317 sncli serious doubt and question ? Upon tlie whole, then, I cannot help hoping that my friend the attorney-general, when he shall hear my proofs, will feel that a prosecution like this ought not to be offered for the seal and sanction of your verdict. Unjust prosecutions lead to the ruin of all govern- ments. Whoever will look back to the history of the world in general, and of our own particular country, will be convinced, that exactly as prose- cutions have been cruel and oppressive, and main- tained by an inadequate and unrighteous evidence, in the same proportion, and by the same means, their authors have been destroyed instead of being supported by them. As often as the principles of our ancient laws have been departed from in weak and wicked times, so often the governments that have violated them have been suddenly crumbled into dust. And therefore wishing, as I most sin- cerely do, the preservation and prosperity of our happy constitution, I desire to enter my protest against its being supported by means that are likely to destroy it. Violent proceedings bring on the bitterness of retaliation, until all justice and moderation are trampled down and suVjverted. Witness those sanguinary prosecutions previous to the awful period in the last century, when Charles the First fell ; that unfortunate prince lived to lament those vindictive judgments by which his impolitic, infatuated followers imagined they were Digitized by Microsoft® 318 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE ON 'THE supporting Ms throne ; he lived to see how they destroyed it ; his throne, undermined by violence, sunk under him, and those who shook it were guilty in their turn, such is the natural order of injustice, not only of similar, but of worse and more violent wrongs ; witness the fate of the unhappy Earl of Stafford, who, when he could not be reached by the ordinary laws, was impeached in the house of commons, and who, when still beyond the consequences of that judicial proceeding, was at last destroyed by the arbitrary, wicked man- date of the legislature. James the Second lived to ask assistance in the hour of his distress, from those who had been cut off from the means of giv- ing it by unjust prosecutions ; he lived to ask sup- port from the Earl of Bedford, after his son, the unfortunate Lord Kussell, had fallen under the axe of injustice. " I once had a son," said that noble person, " who could have served your majesty upon this occasion," but there was then none to assist him, I cannot possibly tell how others feel upon these subjects, but I do know how it is their interest to feel concerning them ; we Ouglit to be persuaded that the only way by which government can be honorably or safely supported, is by cultivating the love and affection of the people ; by showing them the value of the constitution by its protec- tion ; by making them understand its principles Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS WALKER. 319 by tte practical benefits derived from them ; and above all, by letting them feel tbeir security in the administration of law and justice. What is it in the present state of that unhappy kingdom, the contagion of which fills us with such alarm, that is the just object of terror? what, but that accusa- tion and conviction are the same, and that a false witness or power without evidence is a warrant for death ? Not so here ; long may the countries dif- fer ! and I am asking for nothing more, than that you should decide according to our own whole- some rules, by which our government was estab- lished, and by which it has been ever protected. Put yourselves, gentlemen, in the place of the defendants, and let me ask, if you were brought before your country, upon a charge supported by no other evidence than that which you have heard to-day, and encountered by that which I have stated to you, what would you say, or your chil- dren after you, if you were touched in your persons or your properties by a conviction ? May you never be put to such reflections, nor the country to such disgrace ! The best service we can render to the public is, that we should live like one harmoni- ous family, that we should banish all animosities, jealousies, and suspicions of one another ; and that, Hving under the protection of a mild and impartial justice, we should endeavor, with one heart, accord- Digitized by Microsoft® 320 FinroniTG of the jury. ing to our best judgments, to advance the freedom and maintain the security of Great Britain. Gentlemen, I will trouble you no further ; I am afraid, indeed, I have too long trespassed on your patience, I will therefore proceed to call my witnesses. On the examination of the witnesses, to the matters men- tioned by Mr. Erskiiie in his speech, the witness for the crown, Thomas Dunn, was so entirely contradicted, that Mr. Law interposing, in the manner stated in the preface, the trial ended, and Mr. Walker and the other defendants were acquitted. Digitized by Microsoft® PEOCEEDINGS AGAINST CHARLES BEMBRIDGE, FOB A MISDEMEANOE. 1783. In Trinity Term, 1783, an information was filed by the attorney-general against Charles Bembridge, an accountant in the pay-ofBce, charging him with having wilHiiUy and fraudulently concealed numerous large and important items which were a charge against Lord Holland, a paymaster, and which should have been so returned. The trial came on in the Court of King's Bench, July 18th, 1783. Mr. Erskine, though of counsel for the defendant, and partici- pating in the trial, did not address the jury, the argument being reserved for Mr. Bearcroft, a prominent barrister who appeared in many important trials either with or against Ml-. Erskine. No further report of the trial, therefore, is here presented than the charge of Lord Mansfield to the jui-y, from which the reader will be enabled to gain a clear idea of the merits of the case. Following this wiU be found Mr. Erskine's speech on the motion for a new trial. 21 B Digitized by Microsoft® LORD MANSFIELD'S CHARGE TO THE JURY. Gentlemeet of the Jury : This is an informa- tion against the defendant, which states, that the office of accountant, in the paymaster's office, is a place of important public trust and confidence, and is relative particularly to the passing of the accounts of paymasters out of the office, as well as paymasters in office. That the defendant was ap- pointed accountant in the year 1776. That the accounts of my Lord Holland, then paymaster, had been finally brought in, in the year 1772, before the time he was appointed accountant. That froiB the year 1776, when he was accountant, down to October or November, 1782, he concealed will- fully, corruptly, and fraudulently, from the auditor of the imprest, a variety of items, which were a charge upon my Lord Holland, amounting in the total, to the sum of £48,799 10s. lid. From, this charge, you see, there are two propositions for you to be satisfied of. The first is, that this place of accountant in the paymaster's office, is a place of public trust and confidence, relative to the passing the accounts of the paymasters out of office, that Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF CHAELES BEMBRIDGE. 323 is, that it is a check upon those who pass the account of a paymaster out of office, that they should be examined, controlled, and surcharged before the auditor, by the accountant ; that is the first proposition of fact necessary for you to be satisfied of. The next proposition in point of fact necessary for you to be satisfied of, is, that .these concealments were made by defendant, Bembridge, corruptly and fraudulently. If you are satisfied of these two facts, you are then warranted to find the defendant guilty of the indictment, in point of fact. With regard to the law of the case, when I come to state that to you, I will tell you all I think necessary for you to consider upon the subject. The first fact is with regard to the nature and duty of this office. On the part of the prosecu- tion, they prove, by Mr. Hughes and by Mr. Wig- gles worth, two of the deputy-auditors, that the business of the office in passing accounts before them is, to send every observation they make to the accountant; and from the accountant they expect a solution, an explanation, and assistance ; that in this particular case, from I'T'TG, the time that defendant was accountant, they made objec- tions to him, they talked to him, they applied to him, and they considered him as the person who was to answer those objections, etc. Besides that, they have read the examination of the defendant, Digitized by Microsoft® 324 LOED maksfield's charge to the jury upon oath, before the commissioners of accounts, in which he expressly says, " that he, as accountant, carries on and makes up the accounts of the pay- masters after they are out of office, as well as of those of the paymasters in office." They farther call Mr. Rose, as to his examination before the treasury, and there, upon a question being put to him, he says, "he knew that it was his duty to have discovered those items." Farther, they have produced a warrant for a deduction to be made by the executor of my Lord Holland, of the sum of £14,000 for expenses and fees attending the pass- ing of those accounts of Lord Holland's, in which, the fees belonging to the defendant relative to those accounts, is £2,600, and to his clerk £500. In contradiction to this, and to show that it is not the duty of the office, they have first cross-ex- amined Mr. Hughes, who says, that in the case of , Mr. Winnington, Mr. Ingram, who was his execu- tor, passed the account and was permitted by Mr. Bangham, who did ask information from the accountant, but that Mr. Ingram, himself, and nobody else, passed the account of Mr. Winnington; but, afterwards, the accountant had the fees allow- ed upon passing those accounts. This comes out from the cross-examination of Mr. Hughes, for Mr. Hughes says, he personally knows of no such in- stance since that time ; but they have called Mr. Bangham, who has been a clerk in the pay-office Digitized by Microsoft® OW THE TEIAL OF CHARLES BEMBKIDGE. 325 tliirty-three years, and lie gives an account of the duty of the office, that makes it a very important ofSce indeed, for you observe the long list and roll that he and Mr. Crawfurd gave of the duties of the accountant-general, and at last he concluded with saying, that the whole business almost en- tirely lay upon him, for he keeps all the accounts, extraordinaries and ordinaries, abroad and at home ; but as to this particular point, the duty of passing the ex-paymaster's account, he swears expressly, that in his opinion, it is his own option, whether he will or will not make up the accounts of the paymasters out of office ; and he says, in my Lord Chatham's case, after the death of the accountant, who had begun to pass his account, that the rest of them were passed by Mr. Lamb, and not by the accountant. The next witness was Mr. Crawfiird, who speaks to the same effect, and enumerates all the other articles of the duty of the accountant ; but as to the making up the ex-paymaster's account, he denies that it belongs to him, and that there was an instance, in the time of Lord Chatham, where it had been otherwise. Thus stands the evidence, on both sides, with regard to this first proposition, the nature and importance of this office, relative to passing the ex-paymaster's accounts ; if he has nothing to do with passing the accounts of the paymasters out Digitized by Microsoft® 326 LORD Mansfield's charge to the jury of office, then, to be sure, ttis information falls, because the basis of the information is, that it is the duty of his office. Supposing you tQ be of opinion, it is the duty of his office, then, the next consideration is, whether this is a willfal, fraudulent, and corrupt concealment. Lord Holland was ap- pointed paymaster in the year 1757, and M'ent out of office in the year 1765, but his accounts came down to the midsummer following; in 1772, the last, the final accounts were to be filed ; what was given in then as a final account, he says, does not mean, that no items might not be added to it ; at this time, there are in the books of the pay-office, some charges to Paris Taylor, which are not brought in ; observations are sent from the auditor's office to the defendant ; he is called upon, repeat- edly, to give his answers and explanations upon these observations ; he sees them, and he does not say a word with regard to any of these items. At last they send to close the account ; it is sent to the payvoffice ; in October or November he is called upon again, and then it is proved, by Mr. Wigglesworth, and by Mr. Hughes, that he tells them he has nothing more to say ; the books go to the office to have two items, making up thirteen hundred odd pounds, inserted ; the defendant tells them he has nothing more to do, but refers them to Mr. Powell; Mr. Powell was the accountant, and, to be sure, referring them to Mr. Powell was Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF CHAELES BEMBKIDGE. 327 saying — I have nothing more to chai'ge them with, I have no farther observations to make ; they are referred to Mr. Powell, and then comes the account with a 'pencilled balance struck, to about sixty odd thousand pounds, and the two items that the books were sent to have inserted in them, are not inserted, but they are taken into the balance. After this pencilled balance is made out, notice is given that the treasury were to have the accounts sent to them, and this is at the end of January, or the beginning of February ; the book being sent back for the sake of inserting those items into it, it is returned to the auditor's office, and it had been in the office, unobserved, for nine or ten days ; at last, upon looking into it, they find, between the two items inserted and the last passed item, a number of items, amounting to £48,700 inserted as a charge upon Lord Holland. To fix this as voluntary upon the defendant, they use several facts and observations ; the first is, that every one of the items appeared in the public books, except- ing twenty thousand odd hundred pounds, all in small items ; the long dependency of the account gave the defendant an opportunity to examine everything ; but the strength of the charge here is, that the defendant being examined before the lords of the treasury, owned, that for a long time before the account of the pencilled balance was sent back, which account did not contain any of those items, Digitized by Microsoft® 328 LORD majs'Sfield's chaege to the jury that lie knew of them all. Now, with whatever, view, whether in aid of Mr. Powell, or for any- other improper purpose, if you are satisfied it was a fraudulent concealment, and to be sure, many- purposes might he answered by the concealment — it lessens the balance demanded by the public — it could turn, in a variety of ways, for the bene- fit of the accountant ; but to convict the defendant of a crime, it is necessary that you should be satis- fied that it is willfully and fraudulently done ; in short, that he does not do that which it was his duty to do, in disclosing this. If, upon these two facts you are satisfied that the charge is made out, with regard to the law of the case, I have very little difficulty in saying what my opinion is; I have not a particle of doubt, that where a man has an office, created by the king's letters patent, im- mediately or derivatively, which is of important trust and consequence to the public, that for the violation of that office, he is as much indictable as any magistrate or officer that has been alluded to. It is an office the duty of which the public are in- terested in, and I have no manner of doubt, but upon principles, there is no want of any precedent of the same kind as this ; I have no doubt a -vvdllful violation of the duty of that office is indictable, but if it is not indictable, the objection appears upon the record, and judgment will be arrested. Therefore if you are satisfied in both of the points, Digitized by Microsoft® ON THE TEIAL OF CHARLES BEMBRIDGE. 329 you "will find the defendant guilty ; if you are not satisfied in either of them, then you ought to acquit him. The jury withdrew for a short time, and then returned into court, with a verdict, finding the defendant guUty. PROCEEDESrGS ON THE MOTION" FOE A NEW TRIAL. The motion for a new trial, in the case of the King vs. Bembeedge, came on to be argued, November 10th, 1783, and was opened by Mr. Beareroft and Mr. Scott, afterward Lord Eldon. These gentlemen were succeeded by Mr. Erskine ia the following speech : Digitized by Microsoft® SPEECH OF MR. ERSKINE ON THE MOTION FOE A liTEW TRIAL IN THE CASE OF CHAELBS BEMBRIDGE. My duty at present, according to the common practice of the court, I conceive to be, to offer grounds to your lordships for having a review of this verdict ; and I shall not enter at all into the punishment, which your lordships, in your discre- tion — Lord Mansfield. You had better take the whole, as I told Mr. Scott. Mr. Erskvne. Then I shall first take the liberty, notwithstanding how much has been said already, to remind your lordship of the charge which this information contains against the defendant, because your lordship is certainly not inquiring now whether the conduct of Mr. Bembridge has been, ' upon the whole, that of a good subject, — under the particular circumstance in which he stood, and in which he acted as accountant of the pay-office, — but whether he be guilty or not guilty of the particular criminal charge made against him by this information. My lord, the information makes this positive Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TEIAL IN KING VS. BEMBRIDGE. 331 averment, "that tKe place and employment of accountant, in the office of the paymaster, is a place of great public trust and confidence, touching the making up the accounts of the paymaster general, and the adjusting and settling of the same with the aiiditor of the imprest." Your lordship, at the trial, told the jury, in the most precise and unequivocal terms, that, unless that averment were substantiated by the evidence, the information, of course, fell to the ground, for that all the other propositions, and averments contained in it vi^ere merely corollary to that first proposition, and that if the foundation were removed, they, of course, were taken away ; for, undoubtedly, no man could be guilty of any misprision, unless the thing which the other person had done, and which he ought to have discovered, were part of his own duty. Now, I conceive, that the meaning of this averment in the information (if it has any meaning at all), is this : that the place and office of accountant to the paymaster is an official check, provided by the wisdom and discretion of the government, upon paymasters both in and out of office, against those frauds which might be committed by persons hav- ing such immense sums of the public money in their hands, and for such long periods. It is not enough to entitle the crown to a verdict in this cause, that it has been the custom of the account- ants to make up these accounts, but that it is their Digitized by Microsoft® 332 MR. erskeste's speech on the motion for official duty ; and if it be their official duty, so as to make the breach of it an indictable offence, it must be, as I said before, an official check, consti- tuted by the public for that express pui'pose; that the public intrust him with the duty, and that the paymaster is not himself intrusted and responsible for the rectitude of his accounts, but tbat another man is intrusted with that check; that the public looks to him, and him alone, for a check upon the duty of the paymasters. If, then, that averment be as I have taken the liberty, in point of law, to suppose it, it would follow, as a necessary consequence, that if it had turned out in point of fact, that Mr. Powell, without any knowl- edge in Mr. Bembridge, had been guilty of a fraud upon the public, Mr. Bembridge would have been equally subject to an information, at the suit of the crown, for suffering that public loss, arising from the fraud of another's doing that duty which the public imposed upon him ; and I contend, that it is impossible to say, that Mr. Bembridge is guilty of any misprision in point of law, although he knew, in point of fact, of those items being held back, unless it would have been criminal in Mr. Bembridge to have suffered Mr. Powell to act at all, and, unless he would have been liable to an information, for the willful omission in Mr. Powell, although he had not known of any such omission ; for if the public look upon Mr. Bembridge's office Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TRIAL IN KING VS. BEMBEIDGE. 333 as a check upon the office of tlie paymaster, it would have been a crime in Mr. BembriHge to have suffered Mr. Powell to do it at all ; and if it had been a crime, then all paymasters, and all accountants, have been in the habit of committing it; for it is in evidence, that Lord Chatham and Mr. Winnington made up their accounts by par- ticular persons, employed by themselves, and not by the accountants. Then, if the averment be as I have stated it, that this is the official duty of the accountant, and that the information charges it to be his official duty, and so much his duty, as to render it crimi- nal, — as Mr. Hose thought, for he went so far in his evidence, — as to make it criminal in Mr. Bem- bridge, to intrust Mr. Powell to do it, then to establish such an averment, the evidence must go the whole length, as your lordship laid down the law to .the jury, it must go the whole length un- equivocally, to establish this proposition, that Mr. Bembridge was bound, at all events, to do that duty to the public himself, which, in point of fact, was done by Mr. Powell, and, therefore, was responsible, at all events, whether he had been guilty of this willful misprision or not. The next material consideration, therefore, is, to see how the evidence does support that averment. Your lordship has had nothing of an original nature and institution of this office laid before you, Digitized by Microsoft® 334 ME. erskiste's speech on the motion eoe and it is surprising to me, that when the gist of this information was the particular official duty of a man in a public office, and one of the most im- portant public offices in this country, that the officers of the crown, coming into a court of justice with a criminal charge, were not able to show to your lordship any one document, any one instru- ment of appointment, any one record, anything, in short, written to establish his duty, but are obliged to trust to the loose opinions of witnesses, who are called to support their cause. There is nothing before the court from which your lordship can see what is the official duty of the accountant ; there is nothing before the court to lead your lordships to think that he is placed th^re as a check upon the ex-paymaster by the discretion of the govern- ment ; but the whole proof arises upon the testi- mony of witnesses. I agree with Mr. Scott, that that evidence, so far from substantiating that prop- osition, proves the direct contrary, and the very first and most material witness called on the part of the prosecution, entirely overturned the first averment in the infornation. Mr. Hughes stated, that he was sent to Mr. Bembridge by the auditor of the imprest, after having written a letter with- out any effect ; that, in the very first instance of his application to Mr. Bembridge, he was referred, by him, to Mr. Powell. What would have been the answer of the auditor of the imprest, or of his Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TEIAL IIT KINa VS. BEMBRIDGE. 335 deputy, if the observations I have made to the court be well founded ? for, if I am right in saying, that if Mr. Bembridge be criminal in this willful misprision, taking that willful misprision to be proved, he must likewise, if the first averment be true, have been criminal for Mr. Powell's guilt, even if he had not known it ; because he would have been criminal by intrusting to another per- son that which it was his own duty to fulfil. If that be so, how was it possible for Mr. Hughes to say to him what he did ? He would have said to him as Mr. Rose did, are you aware that we are entitled to call upon you for these accounts ? But no ; in the very first instance, and at least two or three times afterwards, they went to Mr. Powell ; they corresponded with Mr. Powell, Mr. Powell considered it as his own duty, he never referred them back again to Mr. Bembridge ; the auditor of the imprest never went back again to Mr. Bem- bridge, but the whole was conducted between them and Mr. Powell; this clearly shows out of the mouth of that witness, that he himself, at that time, whatever new lights he might have had upon the subject before he came into court, that he did, at that time, believe it to be the duty of Mr. Pow- ell, and not of Mr. Bembridge. He said that Mr. Powell, as executor to Lord Holland, was making up the accounts ; he referred him to Mr. Powell, as a person responsible for them, and there was no Digitized by Microsoft® 336 ME. EKSKLNIl's SPEECH OjST THE MOTION EOK ansvrer made, either by Mr. Hughes, at that time, or by Lord Sounds, telling Mr. Bridge, that he was the man responsible, and not Mr. Powell, to whom he had referred them ; the evidence of Mr. Hughes seems to me to go a great deal farther, for he states a case that is absolutely incompatible with the averment in the information; he says, Mr. Ingram was the executor of Mr. Winnington, who was paymaster, that as such he had the books delivered to him from the pay-office to make up his accounts, and the witness added : I made them up, and they were delivered to the auditor ; and, upon his cross-examination, he said : Ingram had leave from Bangham, the deputy-auditor, to take the book, and that he had a power over it as executor. Will your lordship, then, permit me only to call the attention of the court to this ? If these be the books which contain the paymasters' accounts, and for which the accountant is answerable, how came the auditor of the imprest to deliver them to Mr. Ingram, without any order from the account- ant ? It seems a strange proposition, that if an accountant in the pay-office, and it is a strange soi't of presumption that neither that officer, nor any of his predecessors, ever knew anything of their duties; if the accountant, I say, had conceived himself bound to make up these accounts, and was answerable for their rectitude, how should it have been in the power of the auditor to put them into Digitized by Microsoft® A ITEW TEIAL IN KING VS. BEMBRIDGE. 337 any other hands ? The information charges, that it is the duty of the accountant to make up these accounts with the auditor of the imprest ; and it would therefore have been a high breach, of trust in that auditor, knowing it to be the duty of the accountant to make up these books, and, knowing that he was criminally responsible, either for will- ful misprisions, or even for mistakes in them, who- ever made them up ; it would, I say, have been criminal in him to have delivered them up to any person but the accountant. The witness swore that the deputy-auditor deliv- ered the books to him, and that he made up the accounts, and delivered the books back again. Now, how can the accountant be responsible for an act, which it was not in his power to prevent, unless the paymaster gave him leave to do it ? If Ingram had a right to those books, as the execator of Winnington, demanded them as executor, and received from the auditor as executor; if he, the witness, made up those accounts, and delivered them to him, without any communication with the accountant, how can the accountant be criminal for not doing that which another man had a right to put out of his power to do ? It is not at all immaterial what Mr. Bearcroft stated, respecting the late act of parliament, which seems to show the sense of the legislature, that these books were not formerly considered as the property of the 22 B Digitized by Microsoft® 338 MR. eeskine's speech on the motiok foe pay-office, nor as public books, but as the property of the paymaster, whose accounts were contained in them; and therefore, seeing the inconvenience which arose from that, they made the law other- wise, for the future, and enacted that the books should be the property of the public, and should not be taken out of the pay-office. Surely, then, the first proposition in the informa- tion is not maintained, even on the evidence for the crown ; and your lordship will recollect, like- wise, that we called a witness who confirmed Hughes in his testimony, with respect to the accounts of Lord Chatham ; viz., that they were made up by a person appointed by himself, with- out any communication with the officers of the pay-office ; and he said it was in the power of the ex-paymaster to make up his accounts by any private hands he thought fit. Where, then, is the evidence to be found that is to confirm this first proposition ? "Where is it to be found except, I shall presently remark, out of the mouth of the defendant, Mr. Bembridge himself which was the great pressure at the trial ? Suppose the defendant had not been examined, either by the commissioners of accounts, or the lords of the treasury ; supposing Mr. Bembridge not to have been examined at all ; and that his confession had been entirely out of the case, it would have then been, impossible, for a moment, to have said that the first proposition in Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TRIAL JN KING VS. BEMBRIDGE. 339 the information, upon which all the others depend, had been substantiated, because it entirely depends upon the evidence of Hughes and Wigglesworth both agreeing in that proposition, namely, that though in point of fact the accountant hath often made up these accounts, yet, that it was in the power of the ex-paymaster to put his own accounts into private hands, a proposition utterly inconsist- ent with its being the duty of the accountant. The matter then to be considered is, how the defendant Mr. Berabridge's testimony weighs against himself; whether it be so unequivocal, so clear, and precise, an admission of his duty, as shall be taken to be decisive against him, notwith- standing the witnesses, even on the part of the prosecution, carry the testimony the other way : now before the commissioners' of accounts, Mr. Bembridge, admitted nothing like that. Mr. thistice Willes. Was his exanaination before tLe commissioners' of accounts upon oath, or not ? Mr. Sol. Gen. Upon oath. Mr. Mr shine. I hope that the few observations I have made, go the length of establishing this proposition; that if Mr. Bembridge's evidence were out of the question ; if there were nothing to be taken against himself from his own admission,^ there is not sufficient matter to convict him of the crime charged by this information; because the first averment falling to the ground, all the other Digitized by Microsoft® 340 MR. erskine's speech on the motion for propositions, which are merely corollary, must fall to the ground likewise. Mr. Bembridge was not asked by the commissioners of the public accounts, whether it was his duty to make up the accounts of the paymasters out of office, as well as the ac- counts of the paymasters in office ; he was asked no such question, and it is impossible that a man's answer can be taken to extend beyond the limits of the question put to him ; and your lordship will never take an admission of that sort in a case where, if a man had any criminality, he would have been earnest to conceal it, and where no man could have bound him to reveal it ; and it is decisive that he did not conceive himself in his own heart to be guilty, otherwise he would have held his tongue. If he had thought any of these answers he gave, would have gone to criminate him, here or elsewhere, most unquestionably he would not have given them ; his admissions, therefore, proved the idea he had of the rectitude of his own conducti The account he gave was, that as accountant of the pay-office, he carried on and made up the accounts of paymasters, not that it was his duty to do so. Lord Mansfield. What was the question upon the examination? Mr. GTiamberlayne. He gives in his examina- tion upon oath ; it is a narrative ; there are no questions. Mr. Ershine. The words are, " That he car- Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TKIAIi rN KING VS. BEMBRIDGE. 341 ries on and makes up tlie accounts of tlie pay- masters, after they are oat of office, as well as those of the paymasters in office." He does not say, that he does this as accountant ; he says, in the outset, undoubtedly, that he is accountant ; he is called before the commissioners of accounts, as accountant of the pay-office, and he describes him- self to be accountant ; but when he gives in this narrative, he says he carries on and makes up the accounts of paymasters in, as well as out of office ; that is, that in point of fact, he does it ; not that it is his official duty to do so ; not that he could be indicted if he did not do it ; for this averment goes so far as to maintain, that if Mr. Bembridge had refused to make up these accounts, he would have been subject to an information for that refusal. Now, all that he says is, that he carries on and makes up these accounts. He says, true, for he had carried on and made up the accounts of other paymasters out of office ; but as it is in the power of any paymaster out of offijce, to entrust the mak- ing up those accounts to any other person out of the office, or to have left it to be done by his execu- tor at his death, then it is not the duty of the accountant ; because that never can be the duty of the accountant which another man can prevent him from doing. And the whole evidence goes to establish the proposition, that in point of fact, other paymasters have made up their accounts by Digitized by Microsoft® 342 ME. ERSKIKTe's speech ON" THE MOTION" FOB other hands; and that the auditor has had the Looks, without any interference with the acccount- ant. Then, if Mr. Bembridge's examination may be taken consistent with his own innocence, your lord- ship will surely not wrest it to convict him ; you will not take a voluntary confession of any man conceiving that he was not drawing himself into a snare, in a sense to operate to his conviction, if it can possibly be made consistent with his innocence ; if it can be taken in any possible sense consistent with his innocence, though not the most obvious one, most undoubtedly your lordship will adopt that construction ; and it seems, too, with great submis- sion to the court, to be perfectly consistent with it, for Mr. Bembridge did make up the accounts of several paymasters, though not of Lord Holland, And why did he not make up the accounts of Lord Holland ? Because Lord Holland had put those accounts into other hands ; and the information does not state that Mr. Bembridge ever made up those accounts nor does it state that it was his duty to have made up those accounts; it only states that it was his duty to adjust and make up those accounts with the auditor of the imprest; which may be thus : it was his duty, if he was ordered to do it ; it was his duty, if he undertook it ; it was his duty, if the paymaster had imposed it upon him ; and if it had appeared in point of Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW" TRIAL IN KIKG VS. BEMBRIDaE. 343 fact, that lie had had the making up of Lord Hol- land's accounts imposed upon him, then, taking it to be his duty in point of law, and having it im- posed upon him, it might be a wilful misprision. But the information does not make any such charge ; it states that the office of accountant, in the paymaster's office, is a place of important pub- lic trust and confidence, and is relative particularly to the passing the accounts of paymasters out of office, as well as paymasters in office. It then states that Lord Holland went out of office ; that John Powell, being then accountant, made up and delivered the account of Lord Holland to the auditor of the imprest ; that Mr. Bembridge suc- ceeded as accountant, and that it was his duty to disclose certain items omitted in the account by Mr. Powell. But if Mr. Bembridge never was charged with making up this account, and it was not his duty to make it up, this narrative, upon his examination before the commissioners of accounts, seems perfectly consistent with his innocence, for it only says this : I do make up these accounts ; but suppose he had gone farther, and had said, it is the duty of the accountant to make up these accounts, and pass them with the auditor of the imprest ; that is to say, which must be implied from the whole examination, if the pay- master, who is the head of the office, chooses to order it, then only it becomes his official duty, and Digitized by Microsoft® 344 ME. eeskhste's speech oisr the motion foe then taking upon him de facto to fulfQl it, I admit he is responsible. Most unquestionably, if a man takes upon him- self the doing of anything in which the public has an interest, and is guilty either of a willful omis- sion, or of any neglect in the performance of it, he cannot say then that it was not his official duty, because he has taken it upon himself, and the pub- lic trusts him upon his assumption of the trust; but in this case, neither the information charges, nor would the evidence have warranted the charge that Mr. Bembridge was ever directed to take upon him the adjusting and settling this account, as the accountant of the pay-office, or that he ever took it upon himself. It was entrusted to Mr. Powell in virtue of his office. Mr. Powell made it up. Mr. Powell de- livered it to the auditor of the imprest ; and the only charge against Mr. Bembridge is, the conceal- ing these omissions which the information only charges to have been made by Mr. Powell. The examination before the lords of the treasury seems not to go much farther than that before the commissioners of accounts, for it applies chiefly to the second part of the information ; viz. : to the willful concealment, more than to the duty of his office. It says he was perfectly apprized of these particular articles, long before the pencil balance was drawn out ; but it says he left it to Mr. Powell. Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TEIAL IN KLNG VS. BEMBEIDGB. 345 It is true, he said it was the duty of the account- ant to make up the accounts ; but that could only be if he was ever directed by the paymaster, or had ever charged himself to make them out ; in that case it is admitted to have been his duty, but if the paymaster, who is the head of that office, does not direct the accountant to make it up, and if he chooses to trust a private individual, and that private individual has a right to take away those books, without the leave of the accountant, and, as Mr. Bearcroft has truly observed, might maintain an action of trover, against him, if he detained them, then how can it be said that this officer is the official check, provided by the wis- dom of government over a paymaster's accounts, and is responsible for all the errors contained in them ? Your lordship has nothing in support of the charges in this information from any written document ; from any patent of office ; from any matter of record ; it all rests upon parol evidence, the whole of which concurs in maintaining a prop- osition directly the contrary of that which it is necessary for the prosecutor to maintain before he can be entitled to hold this verdict. One argument more has been pressed into the service upon this occasion, to show that this is the official duty of Mr. Bembridge, and to show that he was the officer looked to by the public for offi- cially making up and adjusting these accounts; Digitized by Microsoft® 346 ME. EESKlWs SPEECH ON THE MOTION FOR for I hope your lordship will always keep in view the great diiFerence between its being the custom for the accountant to do so, and its being his duty, if commanded by the paymaster, or if he takes it upon himself to do it ; for although a man cannot be called upon to take upon himself any public office, unless he has accepted of a patent, or some commission from the crown, which makes him responsible for the execution of the duty of it, yet if he voluntarily takes it upon himself, he is responsible for the due discharge of it ; but Mr. Bembridge never took this upon him ; he says, it was intrusted to Mr. Powell, and his offence, as stated by the information, is a willful concealment. Now, in point of law, I firmly maintain, that unless Mr. Solicitor-General, when he rises, is able to show your lordships, upon the evidence given on the trial of this information, that if Mr. Bembridge had trusted Mr. Powell to insert, or not to insert these items, and had kept his mind from all knowledge of what was there ; if he had been perfectly igno- rant of any of the charges against Lord Holland, if he had known nothing contained in the accounts, yet, that he would still have been subject to a criminal information in this court, if, in point of fact, Mr. Powell had been guilty of any wiUful omission, because being charged with an official duty by the public, he had trusted to another that which he ought to have done himself, by which Digitized by Microsoft® A. NE"W TRIAL IN Kma VS. BEMBRIDGE. 347 means the public receive a material injury by tbe fraud of Mr. Powell ; I say Mr. Solicitor-General must maintain that proposition, because there can be no misprision at law, except in. the case of high treason, but from a man's neglect of his own duties. Unless, therefore, Mr. Bembridge was bound to do the thing himself, which Mr. Powell did not do, he cannot be subject to an information for not having disclosed this fraud, or the omission. If, indeed, he was the check the public had pro- vided; if being entrusted to make up these ac- counts ; if, though it was his duty to make them up, he had entrusted it to another to do it, whose duty it was not ; in such case, whether he knew of the criminal neglect or not, he would be a criminal for having entrusted that to another which he ought to have done himself. Then, is there any- thing upon the evidence that can warrant the court to say that the jury have not done wrong in draw- ing such conclusion? If it was the office of Mr. Bembridge, as accountant, under any circumstances to make up these accounts, so that Mr. Powell could not make them up ; if it was even criminal in Mr. Bembridge to suffer him to do it, what a number of criminals there must have been in this office, from its first institution ! and if we should not be so happy as to persuade your lordships to give us a review of this cause, it will avail me at the least Digitized by Microsoft® 348 ME. eeskine's speech ok the motion foe to say, when I come to the other part of the sub-' ject, in mitigation of punishment, that he has only been doing that which the most upright men have constantly done before him — which Lord Chatham did — which Mr. Winnington did — which the auditor of the imprest suffered him to do — and which would have been a great breach of the duty of the public auditor so to trust the books into private hands, if it was the official duty of the accountant to have made up this account himself; if everything found on such accounts from which the public may suffer, shall be chargeable on this accountant, how can it be in the power of that auditor of the imprest, without consulting him, to deliver it to another ? And, you see, the witnesses come here and say, I accepted from Mr. Bem- bridge a reference to another, when I knew it was criminal of me to do so. I left the man whom I knew was responsible to the public, because the man who was so, thought fit to shove it oft' his own shoulders, and desired me to go to another, to whom we were not called upon to look ! I never can forget the distinction which I laid down, that if Mr. Bembridge is criminal for this misprision, he must have been criminal even if it had not been a misprision, he must have been criminal for the omission of the man to whom he entrusted it, if the public suffered for it ; yet, in the whole course of the negotiation with those persons who were Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TRIAL EST KING VS. BEMBRIDGE. 349 called upon to animadvert upon this misdemeanor, not one of them ever said to Mr. Bembridge, you are referring to another, to whom you ought not to refer us. It is plain Mr. Powell thought himself responsible; there are many calamitous reasons why the court will take it for granted that he thought himself so ; if he had thought Mr. Bembridge responsible, would he npt have been happy to have referred them back to Mr. Bembridge? Would not he have said, why has Mr. Bembridge referred you to me? He is the accountant, it is his duty ? He made no such reference back to Mr. Bembridge, and Mr. Hughes never went back to Mr. Bembridge, but the whole of the negotiation went through Mr. Powell. Upon these grounds I hope that the first aver- ment to the information is not supported ; if it be not supported, as your lordship -told the jury, and have again said to-day, the other propositions will fall to the ground ; but I hope, though it should be supported, that there are other considerations for your lordships in the present stage of the busi- ness ; for there is another averment that he will- fully and corruptly concealed. Now, it appears upon the evidence, as plainly as I ever saw any- thing appear upon any trial, that all these items, which were not introduced into the charge upon Lord Holland by Mr. Powell, were open to public view in the pay-office ; every man saw them ; Digitized by Microsoft® 350 MR. EESKINE S SPEECH ON THE MOTIOBT FOE every man knew that they existed, and when the witness was asked, why they were not introduced, Mr. Powell said the question was, whether Lord Holland should ultimately be charged with them, because they were accounts respecting Paris Taylor, and until these were adjusted, he did not know whether he should be called upon to introduce them as charges against Lord Holland. The items themselves, as they afterwards were, put in the balance, were open ; every person saw them; and how could Mr. Bembridge hope to conceal that which there was not a clerk in the office who could not have instantly detected ? And if I, or your lordship, were disposed to go into that office, there was not one of these charges that we should not have seen ; but if you had asked Mr. Colborne, who, though he was clerk under Mr. Bembridge, was employed by Mr. Powell, for that purpose, if you had asked him, why the items were not introduced, he must have given the answer Mr. Powell gave, when he was referred to, viz., that these accounts were not adjusted. Is it fair, then, upon this evidence, to say that when Lord Holland appointed his own executor to make up his accounts ; when Mr. Bembridge saw- that Mr. Powell was responsible for them ; and that he was a person making them up with the public, and when he might not know, besides, how far Mr. Powell had a right to keep back these Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TRIAL IN KlWa VS. BEMBRIDOE. 351 items until these points were adjusted, how can the court, or the jury, suppose, without any sort of evidence of a motive of corruption in Mr. Bern- bridge, that he willfully, and with an intent to defraud the public, kept back these articles? There is not a syllable of evidence to support so cruel a conclusion against him, for it appears most palpably, through the whole of the testi- mony, that these items were kept back by Mr. Powell, upon these considerations. Lord Mansfield. Not upon Paris Taylor's con- sideration, because his accounts were questioned as to what allowance was to be made, and there was no relation to that. These items go to the discharge of Lord Holland ; Paris Taylor had nothing to do with that. Mr. UrsTdne. Though the account of Paris Taylor had no relation to these particular items, yet it does not follow from thence that Mr. Bern- bridge, knowing there was something to keep the accounts opened, was guilty of any willful omission in not letting the public know there were these particular items ; since the account was not closed, nor could be till the consideration of these items of Paris Taylor's account could be closed also. Therefore, it is evident, he had no corrupt motive for not doing that ; for he knew there was an account, with respect to Paris Taylor, to a large amount, which was not finally settled ; and Digitized by Microsoft® 352 MR, ehsktn-e's speech ow the motion eoe as it was not known what allowance should be made to Lord Holland, upon that account, he. might naturally think Mr. Powell would deliver in those items -as soon as the account of Paris Taylor should be finaEy settled. Nor- is there any evidence to show that Mr. Powell could derive one farthing advantage from any such concealment. Upon these two grounds, even if there were not a third, I should hope that your lordship would be inclined to grant this rule ; but I shall certainly not forsake the ground that has been taken by my friends who spoke before me, namely : that this is not an indictable offence ; and I am sure that I should be the last man in the world to stand up to contend in any court, much less in a court filled as this is, that any person trusted by the pubhc, either by the general iraposition of the common law, or by any statute, any magistrate, in short, who has a name, or an existence in the constitution of the realm, be he what he may, should not be subject to an information, or to an indictment for a criminal neglect of duty. I certainly shall not contend that; my only reason, as my learned friends have contended before me, and in which I shall follow them, is, that Mr. Bembridge does not appear to be such an officer, or magistrate, as either the general law of the country takes any cognizance of, or by the specific institution of any statute. I think, to Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TRIAL IN KING- VS. BEMBEIDGE. 353 make this an indictable offence, they must main- tain not merely that the manual labor of making up these accounts was thrown upon him, as a clerk in the office, but that he was the official check ; that the paymaster was not the person looked to by the public — that he was not the person who was responsible to the public for the rectitude of his own accounts ; whei-eas the office of the pay- master is the most important office, he is appointed by patent, and then he is an officer that the law takes notice of; and when the public issues money to a paymaster, the public expects from that pay- master an account of the expenditure. But, surely, an officer of such magnitude is entitled to have an accountant and clerks, and to have several persons under him who are, perhaps, entitled to have fees and perquisites ; but still the paymaster himself is the responsible person to the public, and the accountant is not the check the public has imposed over him. It does not, in my humble conception, fall within the meaning of the word magistrate, nor is he that public man whom the law looks to for that particular responsibility; and, although he might be subject to an indictment, if he refuse the labor of making up these accounts, yet the question would still remain, whether he was an- swerable by indictment, or by information, for not giving intelligence of something that another per- son had done or had left undone, relating to his 23 B Digitized by Microsoft® 354 ME. eeskiwb's speech ow the MOTIOlSr roE own office ? IS'ow, none of these cases that have been cited by the gentleman on the other side, at the trial, go this length. In the case of Mr. Leheup, it was an indictable offence ; it was con- trary to the form of the lottery act. In the case of Mr. Kennett, there was a duty laid upon him by the statute, to read the riot act ; but suppose there had been no xiuty laid upon him by the statute, yet a man who is a common law officer, has a duty imposed upon him ; what I mean is, that there is nothing specific in the duty of this officer, which can lead the court to think that he is that official check upon the paymaster, and that he ought to have made up these accounts himself, so as to be answerable for the omission of another. The sum of £2,600 seems not to me to be con- sidered as a salary paid by the public ; it is part of the account of the paymaster; it is de- ducted from his funds, and is distributed, not only to the accountant, but to all the menial servants in ,the office; the paymaster is the person who pays it, and it seems that the paymaster being responsible to the public, he has a sum of money issued to him, out of which he makes these deduc- tions. Supposing the accountant and paymaster to be two distinct persons, and that the accounts ant is not subordinate, but superior to the pay- master, which he ought, according to the informa- tion, to be, if he is a check upon him ; then cer- Digitized by Microsoft® A NEW TRIAL IK KING VS. BEMBKIDGE. 355 tain sums of money would be issued to the pay- master for performing that duty; whereas he is considered as subordinate, and certain sums are deducted out of the paymaster's account, accord- ing to the abuse, as it should seem to me, of office ; therefore, I should hope that your lordship will not conceive this to be an indictable offence. It does not appear by the evidence that it was Mr. Bembridge's official duty to make up and ad- just these accounts with the auditor of the im- prest ; and it not being his official duty, he him- self could not be accountable for an omission in another, inasmuch as there can be no misprision ia the English law, except in treason, for another person's concealing a thing, omitted to be done by another, which it was his duty to do himself. But, inasmuch as your lordship has said, that we ought in this stage of the business, to consider what the discretion of the court would dictate as a punishment if we shall have been so unfortunate as not to prevail in the objections we have taken to the verdict; in that case, I am sure, we can safely rely, not only upon the humanity, but even upon the most rigid justice of the court, when the sentence is to fall upon a man, not only respected and beloved in his private life, but who stands upon the evidence as a most intelligent and faithful servant of the pubjic for a long series of years. Under such circumstances, your lordships will not Digitized by Microsoft® 356 ME. EESKINE S SPEECH OTST THE MOTION EOR suffer any consideration of the prevalence and the danger of abuses in public offices, which, probably, led astray the jury in forming their conclusion, to effect your more calm and deliberate judgments if his offence is not tainted with the corruption im- puted to him ; and it is quite impossible the court can believe that if he had been conscious of even criminal neglect, much less of a foul and sordid misdemeanor, he would have spontaneously poured out a labored accusation against himself before inquisitors who had no right to demand from him any admissions, which could criminate himself. God alone can look into the hearts of men, but judges have a constant recourse to the most lenient constructions of human conduct when they sit in judgment upon their fellow-creatures; and even when they are brought to the most manifest conclusions of guilt, however heinous, administer justice in mercy, I am aware that a solemn duty is cast upon your lordships when you are executing the laws, that guard the public rev- enue, above all in times which calls loudly for its , support ; but in a case like this, even the officers of the crown, who are its guardians, will feel them- selves justified in leaving to the court the full measure of merciful consideration, which it is always so pleasant to your lordships to exercise. I conclude with expressing my hope, that the pain- ful duty of punishment will be spared altogether Digitized by Microsoft® A ITEW TBIAL IN KXCfa VS. BEMBEIDGE. 357 by your finding that there is no guilt in the defendant to be punished. The court having refused the motion for a new trial sen- tenced Bemtridge to be committed to the custody of the marshal for six calendar months, to pay a fine of £2,650, and to be imprisoned until payment of the fine. Digitized by Microsoft® Trial of JOHN VmT, GEORGE ROSS, and JOHN PARRY, for a libel on his Imperial Majesty, Paul the Mrst, Emperor of all the Russias : tried by a Special Jury, before the Bight Ron. Lloyd Lord Kenyon, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench, at Guild- hall, London, on the Uh day of March, 39 George III. A. D. 1799. STATEMENT. The information filed by the attorney-general against John Vint priater, George Ross publisher, and John Parry proprietor of The Courier, a newspaper published in Lon- don, charged them with the publication of a libel against the emperor of Russia. The tenor of the alleged libelous publication was that the emperor had " made himself ob- noxious to his subjects by various acts of tyranny, and ridiculous in the eyes of Europe by his inconsistency." The crown sought to establish, that, a close friendship ex- isting between the king of England and the emperor of Russia, a libel upon the one monarch was an ofience of which the other might take cognizance, and that each nation was bound to enforce a decent respect to the ruling powers of the other. The information is omitted as the substance of the charge sufficiently appears in the argu- ments of counsel and in the summing up of Lord Kenyon. The information was opened by the attorney-general, Sie John Scott, afterwards Lord Chancellor Eldon Digitized by Microsoft® SPEECH OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL. Gektlemen op the Jury : This is an informa- tion filed against three persons : John Vint, printer ; George Ross, publisher ; and John Parry, proprietor of a newspaper called the Oourier^ which, from its extensive circulation, I have no doubt you have all of you had frequent occasion to see. The information states, that there was a strict and firm friendship and alliance between our present sovereign lord the king and his imperial majesty, Paul the First, emperor of all the Rus- sias, etc. ; and that the defendants, well know- ing the premises, but wrongfully and maliciously contriving and intending, not only to defame, tra- duce and vilify, his said imperial majesty, but also, as much as in them lay, to interrupt, disturb, and destroy the friendship, good-will, and harmony, subsisting between our said sovereign lord the king, and his imperial majesty, and their said re- spective subjects ; and to create, stir up, and excite hatred, jealousies, and discord between our said lord the king and his subjects, and his said impe- rial majesty and his subjects ; on the first day of November, in the thirty-ninth year of tlie reign of Digitized by Microsoft® 360 THE ATTOEiraT GENEEAL's SPEECH ON THE our said present sovereign lord, George the Third, king of Great Britain^ etc., at London, to' wit : in the parish of St. Dunstan, in the West, in the , ward of Fai-ringdon, "Without, in London, did print and publish, and cause to be printed and published, in a certain public newspaper, called The Courier and Evening Gazette^ a most malicious, mischievous, and scandalous libel, of and concern- ing his said imperial majesty, to the tenor and effect following : " The emperor of Russia is rendering himself obnoxious to his subjects by various acts of tyranny, and ridiculous in the eyes of Europe by his inconsistency. He has now passed an edict, prohibiting the exportation of timber, deals, etc. In consequence of this ill-timed law, upwards of one hundred sail of vessels are likely to return to this kingdom without freights." Gentlemen, I have been commanded to file the information now before you for trial, in order to vindicate the character of the emperor of Russia ; a prince in amity with his country, defamed in a libel, contrary to the laws and usual policy of nations, which protect not only the magistracies but the individuals of each other from insult and reproach. With regard to the just limits of the liberty of the press, I have never , entertained different opin- ions from Mr. Erskine, even when representing defendants at the bar ; their applications, of coui'se, Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OP JOHN VXNT AND OTHERS. 361 create differences, and these are to be considered in tMs trial. I admit the right of free discussion, as it regards all subjects of importance to the interest or happiness of mankind; and that it is only the malevolent and useless excess which ought to be punished. The attorney-general, after several other pre- liminary observations, said, the emperor had made an edict against the importation of timber, which, in friendship to Great Britain, he had relaxed as to this country, and the paragraph in question not merely charges him with this act as one of foolish impolicy in the management of his own empire, but with a system of tyranny and oppression in various instances, wholly unconnected with the edict which it condemns. The principle, therefore, upon which the prosecution proceeds, is perfectly plain and simple, and I will not enlarge upon it farther than to remind you of the consequences of permitting such unwarrantable publications to pass unpunished. I am aware that there are plausi- ble and ingenious arguments which may occur to the learned advocate for the defendants, from whom you will no doubt have the gratification of a brilliant speech ; but without rejecting the pleas- ure and information which may be fairly derived from it, I know you will still recollect the solemn- ity of your oaths, and the obligation you owe to the laws of your country. Digitized by Microsoft® [The treaty with Russia was then produced, and the publication of the newspaper proved.] ME. ERSKINE'S SPEECH IN DEFENCE. Gentlemek of the JtJKT : I never rose with so little anxiety as counsel for defendants in a criminal prosecution as I at this moment feel; because I do not recollect to have ever before had to answer a charge so completely and manifestly unfounded. My only embarrassment would be, if I were less accustomed to this place, that the attorney-general had bespoken from me a brilliant speech ; which is like suddenly calling in a large company for a song from a man who is but little of a singer, and the more disqualified by so unex- pected a summons. The case, however, of the defendants, requires neither eloquence nor music to set it off, being the plainest and clearest that can be imagined; whilst that of the crown, if it is seriously to be insisted on, demands the most determined resistance from all who wish to pre- serve that freedom and security of political discus- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN VINT AKD OTHEES. 363 sion, the right of whicli the attoriiey-general has so honestly acknowledged, and the value of which acknowledgment is so clear, because when princi- ples are once ascertained and adnlitted by those who prosecute for the crown, it must be the fault of juries only if the press is not free. It has been admitted, then, that it is the clear right of every man in England to examine every > subject connected with its interests, and to observe upon the transactions of other nations and the general affairs of the world, and without that re- straint which turns into a service of danger the propagation of useful information, and the sacred assertion of truth. Malicious mischief indeed, whether it appears in printing or in any other human action, ought to be punished ; but the rep- resentation of facts acknowledged to be true, and the promulgation of useful opinions fairly connect- ed with them, can never in conscience or in reason be accounted a misdemeanor, unless they are obviously directed and intended to excite disobedi- ence and disaffection to the government of our own country; a charge upon this occasion quite out of the question. Is every writing necessarily to be adjudged a libel, which questions the wisdom or integrity of a foreign prince, or which condemns his counsels as weak, capricious, and unjust, though manifestly injurious to our own people, merely because not Digitized by Microsoft® 364 ME. ERSKmE S SPEECH Olf THE being at war with Ms nation, lie is styled as in amity with our state ? This is a prosecution which cannot possibly be supported, without saying that the contemporaneous history of the world is shut out from the British press ; because if it is open to it at all, it must be liberally, impartially, and fear- lessly open to it, and ought not to be dependent upon the interests or passions of the transient rulers of the day. I am prepared fairly to examine this, and not speculatively, but practically as it appears from the whole reason, intelligence, and custom of our country, as it is embodied in all our publications, not merely from private presses with- out an instance of prosecution or interruption, but from the public councils of the kingdom. The world, gentlemen, is at this moment so singularly circumstanced, and the characters and conduct of foreign princes are unfortunately so inseparably connected with British interests, that there must be an universal and perilous silence of the only rational policy of this empire, or a reasonable lati- tude must be allowed, not only to consider the transactions of foreign governments, but the dis- positions and characters of their princes ; because it is notorious that the councils of their nations are dependent upon their sovereign's will. At this very moment, gentlemen, above all others the British government, should be very slow indeed to lay down a rule which must shut the mouths, and Digitized by Microsoft® TBIAL OF JOHN VINT AND OTHERS. 365 break tie presses of its own subjects and defenders, to prevent their showing that guilt and dishonor, which must be fixed somewhere, does not rest here, but with those princes of Europe, who, if protected by our laws from all examination of their conduct, the disgrace must attach upon our- selves. It is by no means my purpose, either by asser- tion or insinuation, to bring before this court and jury, who have no jurisdiction upon the subject, any reproach or reflection upon our own ministers or counsels ; I can appeal, indeed, confidentially to the noble judge, that though as a private man I have a right to my own opinions, I have never mixed such topics with any pleadings, unless they were not merely relevant, but the very subject to be discussed ; and I feel a pleasure that my duty to-day directs to me a very different course, and which will lead to the justification of this supposed misdemeanor. It is, indeed, the best defence of British ministers, or rather the only one they have against responsibility for our present condition, that no libel can be written upon the sovereigns of Europe ; but that on the contrary, no language is sufficiently impressive or copious to express the indignation and contempt that every Briton who loves his country ought to feel for them ; but even if it could be decided that the law may be set in motion against those who speak the truth concern- Digitized by Microsoft® 366 ME. eeskine's speech om- the ing them, yet privilege of speecli at the bar is above this legal jurisdiction, and if any one hap- pens to be here who is writing correctly what I am now saying to you, I will send it emblazoned to their foreign majesties that they may knoW' what every body thinks at least concerning them, even if nobody should have the privilege of ex- pressing it. Our country, to speak plainly, is at this moment in a most tremendous crisis of her affairs ; no man can look forward to the future without affliction, nor the bravest without dismay. Suppose, then, that any political writer, impressed with a sense of our danger, and actuated by the purest patriotism, were thus to address the councils of the king : " It is true that England stands at this moment the first amongst the nations of the world, and that her activities have been more honorable and more distinguished than at any former period in her his- tory; but to what rational object have they been exerted ? And what useful end are her exertions likely to produce ? Neither humanity nor reason would consent to tear to pieces the muscles of a noble animal for the mere exhibition of its strength; you ought to have known from the beginning that your contest with France would end exactly as with the present management it is most likely to do." Would this, if committed to writing, be a libel even on our own government? Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHK VIKT AND OTHERS. 36'r Against sucli a charge, could no defence be made consistently witli our laws and constitution ? Could the many worthy and independent men, who from honest principle, for opinions may be various upon such subjects, supported the war in its commence- ment, have no means of defence for exposing a mad and disgraceful waste of national strength without a national object ? Suppose a man to be convinced that if the war had been conducted with integrity and concert by all the powers engaged, it might, in fair probability, have been successful ; can it be contended that such a person, though he saw the disgust of the people excited by such dis- asters against our own government, must neverthe- less suffer it to take its unjust and dangerous course, for fear of offending those worthy and active allies which it has pleased God to bless us with ? Might not a political writer publish in a pamphlet his opinion that the war had not mis- carried from any default in our own arms or coun- cils, and show to what causes so many reverses were l^irly to be imputed ? And would the attor- ney-general prosecute, because truth impelled such a writer to cast the blame upon our allies ? And who can doubt that truth must so direct and im- pel every writer upon the subject ? If the princes of Europe were convinced, as they declared themselves to be, that the very princi- ples, even without the arms of the French repub- Digitized by Microsoft® 368 MR. eeskine's speech ok the lie, threatened tBe existence of tteir establist ments, was not this an earnest to Great Britain of a most faithful and energetic confederacy, sufficienf to overwhelm a power then in the first throes and convulsions of a sanguinary revolution ? Was not this state of things a signal for universal activity and concord from the Mediterranean to the Baltic ? Did it not promise a bond of union more sacred and indissoluble than ever before had united nations in the leagues of war? Was not their very existence as monarchs clearly at stake, whilst England, from her insular situation, was more secure ? And from the moment when their war- like confederacy was declared and acted upon, was. there not then another and still stronger pledge for their fidelity, since, having declared that repub- lican France was incompatible with the safety of Europe, they could not but know, that, like the first law of nature in the action and reaction of matter, the motto of republican France would be, the destruction of all thrones ? Now, all this forms, the defence of our own country and its govern- ment for carrymg on the war ; and could it possi-, bly be considered as a libel in our courts of justice, to prove that from no fault of ours, it had been unsuccessful, and even disastrous ? Would it, I say, be a libel in a man fairly thinking and acting with government, and writing from unanswerable facts in its defence, to expose the causes which disap- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHN VINT AKD OTHERS. 369 pointed so just an expectation, and ended in the rout and discomtiture of this seemingly invulnerar ble phalanx ? If, then, the right of defending our own government be admitted, and the attorney- general will not deny it, how, in God's name, could such a defence or history be written, without hold- ing up to the ridicule and contempt of the world, the very princes concerning whose edicts it seems we must not dare to write, even though they most materially affect the commerce and prosperity of our country, and relate to nothing political, but only to the exportation of deal timber. For my own part, gentlemen, if I were to write my own thoughts concerning them, they would be very shortly expressed, but would throw very far into the shade the writing which is now prosecuted ; I should probably express myself in some such manner as this : If the princes of Europe were not convinced, from the strongest and the clearest evi- dence, that the consequences of the French revolu- tion did actually violate the freedom and independ- dence of other nations, they ought to have been wholly neutral ; but if they were justified in think- ing the contrary, which it is not my province, and therefore would not be a fair exercise of my priv- ilege to agree to or deny in this place, then they ought to have made an united, continued, and unexampled exertion, which no sacrifices, however great, or difficulties, however perplexing, should 24 B Digitized by Microsoft® 370 ME. ERSKINe's speech OlSr THE for a single instant have disappointed or relaxed. Now, has this been their conduct ? Directly the reverse ; and for this reason the friends of our gov- ernment, and all its subjects interested in its honor or security, have a right to complain in terms which no bitterness of sarcasm could adequately express, but which ought rather to be criticised for tameness than censured as a libel. Gentlemen, this is not declamation, but a correct introduction to facts which I mean to state ; and I will therefore first examine, to support it, the con- duct of the late king of Prussia, who was the first to accede to the confederacy and to provoke the war. He penetrated into the heart of France with a mighty army, and then, as if he had been predesti- nated to establish that invasion was impracticable, he turned quickly round as if he had s6en a spirit in his path, and dissolved his army as by enchant- ment. At that critical time the French were in a manner a naked and defenceless people, tearing from the sepulchres the transmutation of animal substances for the materials of war, which thus death itself was to furnish for the destruction of the living ; whilst the bells of their churches and the irons that surrounded them, were the principal weapons she could present against the invading sovereigns of Europe, though supported by their immense military establishments and the energies of their ancient governments, undisturbed by civil Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN VINT AND OTHEES. S'll commotions or by external war. Yet this was the period when these confederate princes, to whom all wisdom is, it seems, alone with safety to be imput- ed, lay upon their arms in slumbrous unison, whilst civil fury was preying upon the bowels of republi- can France ! Peace then be to the remains of the late king of Prussia. He was succeeded by the present, who began his reign in an ominous vibra- tion between peace and war, between empty threats and contemptible submission, suffering his nearest and dearest kindred to remain exiles from the countries and ancient inheritances of their fathers, whilst he was engaged in some slippery, shabby compromise for his own security, magnani- mously contending as he was at that moment with Hamburg for the imprisonment of JS^apper Tandy, after having suffered without a remonstrance the ancient states of Switzerland to be over-run and subverted; whilst he himself, a leader and chief of the Germanic empire, with one hundred and fifty thousand men in arms was contented to suffer it to be dissolved for ever. If this prince thought it better that France should prevail, and acted upon this principle, why was he not her ally? Why did he tamper and temporize ? Why did he keep the word of prom- ise to the ear but break it to the hopes of Europe ? I apprehend, therefore, that it is out of the power, at least of a British subject, to libel the king of Digitized by Microsoft® 373 MR. eeskhste's speech on the Prussia ; and to defame the emperor of Germany would scarcely be less difficult. They had played their parts of pusillanimity and folly together in rapid and disgraceful succession. The present emperor I have heard described as an amiable man, and it is therefore painful to speak of him when truth must be spoken. What was his con- duct when he listened to the treaty of Campo Formio? Did he suppose that Bonaparte, the most able and enterprising general since the days of Alexander, would have offered Mm peace on his near approach to Vienna, if he had had full confi- dence in his own security ? That sagacious officer knew the contrary ; he knew that Italy was con- quered, but not organized, and might follow his steps in the revulsion of conquest ; and other impending dangers suggested the treaty. The bait to the emperor was Venice : a bauble to please a child, to be taken away again when it went to sleep ; yet for this he gave up the key of Italy, It may be said that this was an act of necessity; but if it was, why did he not yield to its imperious dictates, and, if the continuance of the war was impol- itic, act fairly upon the principles of peace ? But he did neither; and, when he saw danger approach- ing the thrones of Tuscany, Naples and Sardinia, instead of calling out the legions of Bohemia and Hungary, and making one great and last effort to baffle the gigantic projects of France, he contented Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHi^' VINT AND OTHERS. 373 Mmself witli sending a harlequin into Italy to assist at a carnival. Now I desire to ask the attorney- general, whether it would be a libel to publish that the timidity and distracted weakness of this prince had contributed to exhaust the finances, and to defeat the objects of the ministers and par- liament of Great Britain? And if it must be admitted, for this reason, to be no libel, can any writing be declared one which stands upon the same principles, merely because it is considered one by the crown I As to the emperor of Kussia, whose character is to be supported by this prosecution of a transient publication in a daily newspaper, he might have laid for it a lasting foundation, if he had consulted his own honor and security ; he had been bred in the school of adversity, and the world looked up to him with high expectation, realized by some acts of sound policy and wisdom on his first com- ing to the throne ; but he had afterwards but too much vindicated the paragraph complained of Instead of endeavoring, like one of his great pred- ecessors, who worked in dock-yards in England, to carry the useful arts of the world into his own country, no man could enter it for purposes of trade or science, without a passport, and even personal recommendation; a regulation founded upon the weak imagination, that evil principles could be imported like corporeal pestUence, and Digitized by Microsoft® 374 ME. erskine's speech on the slnit out by a police on the principle of quarantine; an idea which reminds me of what Milton says, in his Areopagitica, of a wise country gentleman who raised the wall of his park to keep out the crows. Gentlemen, I shall close here this disgusting his- tory ; for the introduction of which, or any part of it, I ought to apologize to the court, but for its direct and unanswerable application. I persuade myself that there is not a man in England, who would consider as a libel, any of the instances I have insisted on by way of example; and if the principle is once admitted, it is impossible to draw any rational line in the application, except the one I have freely admitted, viz., whether the writing be honestly intended, or malicious. If malicious, I abandon the justification. As to the danger to the state fi-om these sort of writings, more especially as when in this case, there has been no kind of complaint; I should think that Russia, from its immense distance, and fi'om the circumstance that our newspapers do not circulate there as in France and Germany, and that our language is but little known among the inhabitants, was of all instances of apprehension on that score the most singular to select ; and if it succeeds I expect to see, very soon, an information filed for a libel upon the planet Saturn, setting forth that the printer of some London newspaper, maliciously intending and contriving to disturb Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHJSr VINT AND OTHERS. 375 the laws of gravitation, and to create great dis- order and mutiny amongst the planets, had printed and published that Saturn had no dependence on the sun, and was not governed in his orbit by its influence ; with another count for publishing that he had only four satellites, whereas in truth, and in fact, he had five. Gentlemen, this may be thought a ridiculous parallel, as the laws of nature could not be changed by a paragraph in a newspaper, but so neither can any relations amongst states that are worth pre- serving. The only thing the resemblance fails in, is that Saturn does not send an ambassador to the earth ; but I have already said, and I am ready to prove, that the Russian ambassador has neither directly nor indirectly interfered. I have already, gentlemen, or rather with the most tiresome tautology very frequently, admitted that none of the cases I have troubled you with, by way of IQustration and example, apply to cases of malicious falsehood; but where a jury can plainly see that the writing, however severe, was intended to be real history and observation, it does not fall, upon any just or useful principle, under the acceptation of a libel. Since the libel act, the judge cannot say what is a libel, as a judgment of law ; he can only give his opinion, as I have, upon general principles, though with the high authority of his station ; but Digitized by Microsoft® 376 MB. eeskeste's speech oisr the the jury, after all, are bound upon their oaths to decide from all the circumstances of the case, and I feel myself oblied to say, cannot, in the present instance, decide against the defendants without manifest injustice. Writers, in all times, have not only written with impunity on such subjects, but the press has literally teemed with them without censure or question. Paragraphs, ten times more severe than the present, against the Emperor and King of Prussia, have been in great circulation within these few hours past, which the Times and True JBriton have re-printed, and I confess I see no fault in it ; but, be that as it may, I will, for a most trifling premium, underwrite their security, because they are truths which nobody can deny, and which all England has an interest in exposing. PMr. Erskine here read the letters from Mr. Sharp, the British consul at St. Petersburgh, to the governor of the Russia Company, to prove that the edict was in fact issued and existed as represented in the Courier by the article in ques- tion, and made a forcible appeal to the feelings of the jury upon the injustice of subjecting innocent men, perhaps, to an ignominous punishment, as the punishment was discretionary, and the judgment of the court, when a humiliating sacrifice was to be made to a supposed insult upon a foreign ally, on the principle adverted to, might not be easily satisfied.] Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF JOHlSr VINT AND OTHERS. 377 I do not wish, continued Mr. Erskine, to see the laws relaxed ; but it would be still worse to see them strained for any foreign power, however deserving, in opposition to the liberal policy of our aucestors, and the freedom of the British con- stitution, both of which would be grossly violated by a verdict against any of the defendants. Mr. Parry I know personally to be a liberal gentleman, incapable of malicious falsehood, and it has been candidly admitted by the attorney-general himself, as well as established by proof, that the paragraph was a literal narration of a fact extremely import- ant to be generally known, and which had, there- fore, been circulated by the Russia Company, for the express purpose of communicating it to the rttercantile world. Thus, what related to the edict was strictly the fact, not enlarged upon in any manner whatsoever ; and as to the introduction so much complained of, it was general and just ob- servation, quite within the scope of history upon the transactions of the great political world ; for who ever heard of a history which confined itself to facts only, without the qualities and characters which belonged to them ? Justice, too, should be impartially administered; the matter complained of did not originate with the Oamier, but notori- ously came to it from the Caledonian Mercury^ whose proprietors, or publishers, have never been questioned by the crown. If, therefore, the pro- Digitized by Microsoft® 378 EVIDENCE FOE THE DEFENDANTS. prietor, printer, or publisher now before you is to be held responsible, and deprived of liberty on such an account as this, our boasted liberty of the press is but an empty sound. EVIDENCE FOE THE DEFENDANTS. Mr. Forster, the governor of the Russia Com- pany, was called to prove Mr. Sharp's letters; which were brought by the waiter of Batson's coffee-house, where they had been sent for the information of merchants. The attorney-general objected to their admissi- bility, but said he waived the objection. Lord Kenyon, however, disapproving of the pro- duction of the papers, the admission was therefore taken, without reading the letters. Digitized by Microsoft® REPLY OF THE ATTOEl^EY-GENERAL. GEWTLBMEiir OF TBTE Jtjry : It IS plain tliat I have not mucli embarrassed my learned ftiend by bespeaking from him a brilliant speech. After twenty years experience of him, I knew I might safely do it ; I knew also his clients had bespoken it, and were not likely to be disappointed. I never desire to deprive defendants of their defences, and the argument of their learned counsel is entitled to attention ; but I trust, that you, gen- tlemen, will distinguish between the charges whicb the councils of nations may have against each, other, and the unauthorized invectives of news- papers. These libels might produce the very cold- ness and indifferences complained of. The question is just what I stated it in the opening to be, namely, whether the paragraph is a libel, and whether the defendants printed and published it. In the case of Mr. Reeves, perhaps, I hardly con- ducted myself as I ought to have done, having from delicacy abstained in the house of commons from taking any share in the debate ; whereas, I ought rather to have followed the example of Lord Digitized by Microsoft® 380 ON THE TRIAL OF JOHJST VINT AND OTHEES. Hardwicke, and have spoken my sentiments upon it, and after tke address was voted, have begged that his majesty might command the alleged libel to be prosecuted by some other of his servants. I admit the paragraph complained of in the book of Mr. Reeves was improper, but upon reading the whole of it, I thought it manifest that the author had no evil intention. In the present case I have no doubt, gentlemen, that you will decide accord- ing to the sound rule and principle of law, and rather take the noble and learned judge for your guide in that respect than either Mr. Erskine or myself. As to the punishment, it does not follow that it must be severe. The conviction is the legal conse- quence of the offence against the law ; but the ambasador of the emperor at our court, is a man of mild and amiable manners, concerned, of course, for the dignity of his sovereign, but greatly at- tached to the subjects of Great Britain ; and proper representations might obtain for the defend- ants what the law, in its just administration, could not possibly confer. Digitized by Microsoft® LORD CHIEF JUSTICE KENYON'S SUM- MING UP. Gentlemen op the Jury: I shall make no apology for any punishment whicli the Court of King's Bench has e.ver ordered any individual to undergo, during the time I have been one of its judgos. They, and all their proceedings are before the public ; they may be brought before parlia- ment, and they are liable to 'punishment them- selves in case of misbehavior. They are bound by their oaths to discharge their duty to the king and his subjects, and to discharge it conscientiously, as the king himself is bound to do, who, by his coronation oath is sworn in the most solemn man- ner to administer justice in mercy. I shall say nothing, therefore, on the anticipation of justice from the judges ; I trust they are fully conscious of having always discharged their duty. The learned counsel for the defendants has told you that the situation of the country is critical and awful ; and I am afraid he has drawn too faithful a picture of some of the causes to which it may be ascribed. Digitized by Microsoft® 383 LOED kejstyon's summing- tip on the That the contest is left chiefly to our own exer- tions, and that onr nearest and dearest interests are embarked in it, is most true. What remains at the foot of this account I know not, but the whole seems now to rest upon the emperor of Russia and ourselves. The learned counsel has very properly avoided all political discussions unconnected with the sub- ject, and I shall follow his example. Courts of justice have nothing to do with them, but I admit that his observations as they regard the princes of Europe, were relevant to the cause, and open to him to enlarge on, as illustrations that the press could not be free if discussions of that nature were held to be illegal ; but it is pretty plain to me that the learned counsel presented with great dexterity, — and, indeed, who is more dextrous — the best part of his case, concealing from you that which was vulnerable, drawing his arguments from materials so very near the subject as to appear convincing, though differing in fact, when you had freed your- selves from the delusion. What could have in- duced the princes of Europe to the conduct some of them have pursued, I will not venture to investi- gate ; but sitting in a court of law, I am bound to say that it does not absolve states from enforcing a decent respect to the magistracies of each other, and to the persons of sovereigns executing the law, etc. A breach of these rules might produce Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHK VINT AND OTHERS. 383 discord. In the last century, when there was less connection between us and the powers of the con- tinent, and when, perhaps, the assistance of the court of Russia was less important, the legislature thought it wise to interpose. In the reign of Queen Anne, if I mistake not, when an ambassa- dor had been detained on a civil suit, which was complained of as contrary to the law of nations, an act of parliament was not only passed to pro- tect the persons of foreign ministers from deten- tion against civil demands, but the act was sent over to the capital of that kingdom. All governments rest mainly on public opinion, and to that of his own subjects every wise sover- eign win look. The opinion of his subjects will force a sovereign to do his duty, and by that opinion will he be exalted or depressed in the poHtics of the world. Our papers, it is well known, are not only circulated over Europe, but much farther ; and the sentiments they contain are interesting and popular, so that if poison appears in them without its antidote, the effect might be fatal to ourselves, as it might be reasonably con- cluded, that if government winked at or slumbered over such a publication, it was disposed to adopt it. Letters from the consul to the Russia Com- pany were produced, and it was proposed, on the part of the defendants, that they should be received. They were not, however, read, and it Digitized by Microsoft® 384 liOED KEwyoiir's summing tip oisr the was well for the government of that company that they were not ; they were state papers, and were very improperly brought into court. They related to the interests of a great commercial company, whose concerns no person charged with having committed a misdemeanor had any business to unravel. There was no power upon earth, to force them here without the consent of their owners, and most strangely had they mistaken their duty in producing them. There was no real interest of any served by their production, and the interests of the company, and through theirs, those of the commercial world might be materially injured by it, if it became a precedent. As to the paragraph itself, gentlemen, you have heard it ; the substance of it is, that the Emperor of Russia is a tyrant to his own subjects, and ridiculous in the face of Europe. Between the sovereign and the people of every country there is an express or an implied compact for a govern- ment of justice ; by which the former is most solemnly and emphatically bound not to be tyran- nical or unjust; yet here he is wantonly said to be a transgressor against all decency in the adminis- tration of his trust. I can only say, that if one were so to oifend another in private life in this country, it might be made the subject of an action; and when these papers went to Russia, and held up this great sovereign as being a tyrant, and Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF JOHN VnSTT AND OTfiEES. 385 ridiculous over Europe, it might tend to his calling for satisfaction as for a national ajBfront, if it passed unreprobated by our government and in our courts of justice. It is for you, gentlemen of the jury, who come out of that rank which enables you to judge of the interests of the commercial world, to pronounce whether this is, or is not, a dangerous publication. I am bound by my oath to declare my own opinion ; and I should forget my duty, if I were not to say to you that it is a gross libel. The jury witlidrew, and, after remaining out of court nearly an hour, returned a verdict of guUty against all the defendants. On the 30th day of May sentence was passed, that the proprietor of the Courier be confined six months in the King's Bench Prison, and pay a fine of one hundred pounds, besides giving sureties for his good behavior for five years. The printer and publisher were each sentenced to one month's confinement in the same prison. 25 B Digitized by Microsoft® THE TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY FOE HIGH TEEASOK This prominent, and in every way remarkable trial, had its origin in the measures of parliamentary reform which were, by the aid of secret societies, attempted to be brought about during the latter part of the last century. In the year 1794, several of these societies were in existence and in active operation throughout England, among others, the " Corresponding Society," and the " Society for Constitu- tional Information." Though some of their proceedings and printed addresses were of an inflammatory character, yet in the main the members and leaders were warmly devoted to the government and the constitution. No other explanation of the conduct of the government in indicting the members of these societies for high treason, can be satifactorily given than a foolish and causeless dread of the influence of the French Revolution upon the public mind in England. Never, perhaps, in the history of any free state, were more frantic efforts attempted on behalf of government to secure a conviction than in these memorable " State Trials." ■ Secret committees were appointed in both houses of parliament, upon whose reports the habeas cor- pus act was suspended to facilitate the prosecutions. The preamble to the bill suspending the writ recited» that, " whereas a treacherous and detestable conspiracy has been formed for subverting the existing laws and constitu- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL Oi' THOMAS HARDY. 387 tion, and for introducing the system of anarchy and confu- sion which has so lately prevailed in France," etc. In addi- tion to thus declaring by act of pai-liament that the treacher- ous conspiracy, which should have been left to the finding of a jury, already existed, a large mass of testimony was collected by the committees jiist before the trial of Hardy, the printed reports of which had been circulated, from which most of the evidence used by the crown upon the trial was drawn. Authority was also given for the detention, without bail, of persons then in custody or who should thereafter be committed on mere susijicion of being engaged in the supposed conspiracy. These legislative preparations to secure a judicial convic- tion having been completed, the grand jury for the county of Middlesex found an indictment for high treason against twelve members of the reform societies, charging them with having conspired to call a convention for the purpose of effecting a revolution. The indictment charged, in substance, that the prisoners, being subjects of our lord the king, not having the fear of God in their hearts, nor weighing the duty of their alle- giance, but being moved and seduced by the instigation of the devU, as false traitors against our said lord the king, their supreme, true, lawful, and undoubted lord, and wholly withdrawing the cordial love and true and due obedience which every true and faithful subject of our said lord the king should and of right ought to bear towards our said lord the king, and contriving, and with all their strength intending, traitorously to break and disturb the peace and common tranquility of this kingdom of Great Britain, and to stir, move, and excite insurrection, rebellion, and war against our said lord the king within this kingdom, and to subvert and alter the legislature, rule, and government now duly and happily established in this kingdom, and to depose our said lord the king from his royal state, title, power, and government of this kingdom, and to bring and put our said lord the king to death, on the first day of March, in the Digitized by Microsoft® 388 TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. thirty-third year of the reign of our sovereign lord the now king, and on divers other days and times, maliciously and traitorously, with force and arms, etc., did amongst them- selves, and together with divers other false traitors, to the said jurors unknown, conspire, compass, imagine, and intend to stir up, move, and excite insurrection, rebellion, and war against our said lord the king, within this kingdom of Great Britain, and to subvert and alter the legislature, rule, and government now duly and happUy established within this kingdom of Great Britain, and to depose our said lord the king from the royal state, title, power, and government of this kingdom, and to bring and put our said lord the king to death. And that to fulfill, perfect, and bring to effect their most evU and wicked treason and treasonable compass- ings and imaginations aforesaid, they, with force and arms, maliciously and traitorously did meet, conspire, consult, and agree among themselves, and together with divers other false traitors, to the said jurors unknown, to cause and pro- cure a convention and meeting of divers subjects of our said lord the king to be assembled and held within this king- dom, with intent and in order that the persons to be assem- bled at such convention and meeting should and might wickedly and traitorously, without and in defiance of the authority, and against the wUl of the parliament of this kingdom, subvert and alter, and cause to be subverted and altered, the legislature, rule, and government now duly and liappily established in this kingdom, and depose and cause to be deposed our said lord the king from the royal state, title, power, and government thereof. And further to ful- fill, perfect, and to bring to effect their most evil and wicked treason and treasonable compassings and imaginations aforesaid, and in order the more readUy and effectually to assemble such convention and meeting as aforesaid, for the traitorous purposes aforesaid, and thereby to accomplish the same purposes, they, together with divers other false trai- tors, to the jurors unknown, maliciously and traitorously did compose and write, and did then and there maliciously Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 389 and traitorously cause to be composed and written divers books, pamphlets, letters, instructions, resolutions, orders, declarations, addresses, and writings, and did then and there maliciously and traitorously publish, and did then and there maliciously and traitorously cause to be published, divers other books, pamphlets, letters, instructions, resolu- tions, orders, declarations, addresses, and writings, the said books, pamphlets, letters, instructions, resolutions, orders, declarations, addresses, and writings so respectively com- posed, written, published, and caused to be composed, writ- ten, and pubhshed, purporting and containing therein, among other things, incitements, encom-agements, and exhortations to move, induce and persuade the subjects of our said lord the king to choose, depute, and send, and cause to be chosen, deputed, and sent, persons as delegates, to compose and constitute such convention and meeting as aforesaid, to be 80 holden as aforesaid, for the traitorous purposes aforesaid. And further to fulfill, perfect, and bring to eifect their most evil and wicked treason and treasonable compassings and imaginations aforesaid, and in order the more readily and effectually to assemble such convention and meeting as aforesaid, for the traitorous purposes aforesaid, and thereby to accomplish the same purjsoses, they did meet, consult, and deliberate among themselves, and together with divers other false traitors, to the said jurors unknown, of and con- cerning the calling and assembling such convention and meeting as aforesaid, for the traitorous purposes ■ aforesaid, and how, when, and where such convention and meeting should be assembled and held, and by what means the sub- jects of our said lord the king should and might be induced and moved to send persons as delegates to compose and constitute the same. And further to fulfill, perfect, and bring to effect then* most evil and wicked treason and treasonable compassings and imaginations aforesaid, and in order the more readily and effectually to assemble such con- vention and meeting as aforesaid, for the traitorous pur- poses aforesaid, and thereby to accomplish the same pur- Digitized by Microsoft® 390 TEIAL OF THOMAS HAKDT. poses, maliciously and tr.aitorously did consent and agree that the said Jeremiah Joyce, John Augustus Bonney, John Home Tooke, Thomas Wardle, Matthew Moore, John Thel- wall, John Baxter, Richard Hodgson, one John Lovett, one William Sharp, and one John Pearson, should meet, confer, and co-operate among themselves, and together with divers other false traitors, to the jurors unknown, for and towards the calling and assenibling such convention and meeting as aforesaid, for the traitorous purposes aforesaid. And fur- ther to fulfill, perfect, and bring to effect, their most evil and wicked treason and treasonable compassings and imagina- tions aforesaid, they maliciously and traitorously did cause and procure to be made and provided, and did then and there maliciously and traitorously consent and agree to the making and providing of divers arms and offensive weap- ons, to wit, guns, muskets, pikes, and axes, for the purpose of arming divers subjects of our said lord the king, in order and to the intent that the same subjects should and might unlawfully, forcibly, and traitorously oppose and withstand our said lord the king in the due and lawful exercise of his royal power and authority in the execution of the laws and statutes of this realm, and should and might unlawfully, forcibly, and traitorously subvert and alter, and aid and assist in subverting and altering, without and in defiance of the authority and against the will of the parliament of this kingdom, the legislature, rule, and government now duly and happily established in this kingdom, and depose, and aid and assist in deposing, our said lord the king from the royal state, title, power and government of this king- dom. And further to fulfill, perfect, and bring to effect theu" most evil and wicked treason and treasonable com- passing and imaginations aforesaid, they with force and arms maliciously and traitorously did meet, conspire, con- sult, and agree among themselves to raise, levy, and make insurrection, rebellion, and war within this kingdom of Great Britain, against our said lord the king. And further to fulfill, perfect, and bring to effect their most evil and Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 391 wicked treason and treasonable compassings and imagina- tions aforesaid, tliey maliciously and traitorously did meet, conspire, consult and agree amongst themselves, and to- gether with divers other false traitors, to the jurors un- known, unlawfully, wickedly, and traitorously to subvert and alter, and cause to be subverted and altered, the legis- lature, rule, and government now duly and happily estab- lished in this kingdom, and to depose and cause to be deposed our said lord the king from the royal state, title, power, and governments of this kingdom. And further to fulfill, perfect, and bring to effect their most evil and wicked treason and treasonable compassing and imaginations afore- said, and in order the more readily and effectually to bring about such subversion, alteration, and despotism as last aforesaid, they maliciously and traitorously did prepare and compose, and did then and there maliciously and traitoi-- ously cause and procure to be prepared and composed, divers books, pamphlets, letters, declarations, instructions, resolutions, orders, addresses, and writings, and did then and there maliciously and traitorously publish and disperse, and did then and there maliciously and traitorously cause and procui-e to be published and dispersed, divers other books, pamphlets, letters, declarations, instructions, resolu- tions, orders, addresses, and writings so respectively pre- pared, composed, published, dispersed, and caused to be prepared, composed, published, and dispersed, as last afore- said, purporting and containing therein, amongst other things, incitements, encouragements, and exhortations, to move, induce, persuade the subjects of our said lord and king to aid and assist in carrying into effect such traitorous subversion, alteration, and deposition as last aforesaid, and also containing therein, amongst other things, information, instructions,' and directions to the subjects of our said lord the king, how, when, and upon what occasions the traitor- ous purposes last aforesaid should and might be carried into efieot. And further to fulfill, perfect, and bring to effect their most evil and wicked treason and treasonable com- Digitized by Microsoft® 392 TEIAl OF THOMAS HABDT. passings and imaginations aforesaid, they did, maliciously and ti-aitorously consent and agree to the procuring and providing arms and offensive weapons, to wit, guns, mus- kets, pikes, and axes, therewith to levy and wage war, insurrection, and rebellion against our said lord the king within this kingdom, against the duty of their allegiance, against the peace of our said lord the now king, his crown and dignity, and against the form of the statute in that case made and provided. Mr. Erskine and Mr. Gibbs, afterwards attorney-general and chief justice of the common pleas, were assigned as counsel for the prisoners. The prisoners having requested a separate trial, the attorney-general decided to proceed first with the case of Thomas Hardy, a shoemaker, against whom he was most hopeful of securing a verdict. The trial began at the session house in the Old Bailey, on the 28th of October 1194, and continued until the 5th of November, before a special commission of oyer and ter- miner, Lord Chief Justice Eyre, presiding. The attorney-general. Sir John Scott, afterwards Lord Eldon, opened for the crown, with a speech of nine hours duration. So prolonged was his address that, though the trial proceeded imtil midnight, but little of the evidence for the government had been adduced. It was therefore neces- sary to adjourn from day to day, it being the first trial for high treason in England which had not been closed at a single sitting. The com-t assembled at nine in the morning and continued in session until past midnight. The case for the crown occupied Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, and the attention of the counsel for the prisoner being thus constantly occupied, not a moment's time was ' offered for arranging and preparing their defence. When the court, therefore, was about adjourning at two o'clock Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 393 Saturday morning, the evidence for the crown being almost closed, thus throwing upon Mr. Erskine the necessity of opening the case for the prisoner at nine o'clock the same morning, the following proceedings took place : Mr. ErsMne. My lords, this is the fourth day that my friend Mr. Gibbs and myself have stood in a very anxious situation ; there has been a most voluminous body of written evidence, all of which has not been printed ; copies of that part which is unpriuted have not as yet reached me : there have been two days spent in hearing parol evidence ; and we, being but two, assigned as counsel for the prisoner, have been obliged to be constantly en- gaged in court, in cross-examining the witnesses for the crown ; and your lordships very well know, that the cross-examination of the witnesses presents an important feature ia our case on the part of the prisoner, a great deal of which has fallen upon me : your lordships must be sensible that it was impos- sible I could, at the time of cross-examining a witness, take any particular note of what he had said. When the evidence for the crown was near closing, I humbly requested of your lordships the indulgence of an hour or two to look over the papers ; your lordships were pleased to grant my request, which I considered as a personal civility to myself; but I was prevented, by extreme sick- ness, from availing myself of those two hours, for I was indeed so lU, that nothing less than a case of Digitized by Microsoft® 394 TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. this magnitude could have brought me into court. Since that time I have not had natural rest, not having got home till between two and three o'clock in the morning, and having been here again at nine ; so that I can say with a safe conscience, I have not had an opportunity of even casting my eye upon any part of the evidence, though I trust I have something of the general result of it in my mind. I should hope, under these circumstances, that the prisoner might be indulged with some opportunity for my friend Mr. Gibbs and myself to arrange our papers, and consider them together as counsel for the prisoner, before we are called apon to make our defence. It is necessary to do this, not for my address to the jury only, but that, when I do address them, I may present to them properly the prisoner's case, which depends much upon the arrangement of the evidence. I feel my- self in no condition to do this, either in a manner respectful to the court, or for the safety of the prisoner. I do not wish to propose any particular time, but merely to leave it to the indulgence and justice of the court, perfectly sure, that when I leave it there, I leave it in a safe place. Lord Chief Justice Eyre. I feel the weight of your observations, of the difficulty under which you labor, in an extraordinary case, which can hardly be judged of by the common rules on which we proceed in cases of this nature ; the court are Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 89 5 of a disposition to give you all the indulgence they possibly can, because there is a vast mass of evi- dence ; the case arises out of the evidence, and it is fit the case should be thoroughly canvassed. At the vsame time, it is certainly notorious that the great bulk of that evidence has been in print a great while, and I cannot believe that it has not been very well considered as far as it has been in print ; I am sure that must be understood. Now, I will tell you very fairly, if the question was only the personal accommodation of yourself and Mr. Gibbs, at the expense of the personal con- venience of myself, my lord, and my brothers, I am quite sure we should have no difficulty in the sacrifice of our personal convenience ; but there is a great deal more in the case: we have a jury who have been thrown into the most arduous service that ever I saw jury engaged in ; they have borne it in a njanner that does them infinite honor, and I have no doubt, that, as far as it is necessary that they should continue in the situation they are in, they will bear it cheerfully. I have seen such a specimen of their behaviour, that I cannot en- tertain a doubt of that; but that we could give you an absolute suspension of the business in the situation that we are in, upon the terms of keeping the jury in the situation in which they must be kept, is a thing that it is perfectly impossible for us to think of. Now this occurs to me, my Digitized by Microsoft® 396 TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. brothers -will consider of it ; I merely throw it out for their consideration. You are men of honor, you will tell us whether you really do mean to call witnesses, or to take the case upon the ground upon which it is already made : if you mean to call witnesses, you may call them to-morrow ; you may go on with the case as far as it wQl be neces- sary for you to go on, to fill up all the time that ought to be filled up, leaving only a part of Sun- day, the common interval of rest, without our keeping the jury in a situation to do nothing. If you do not mean to call witnesses, but mean to leave the case with the observations which arise upon the evidence that is before the court, we will go as far as we can ; but if witnesses are to be call- ed, and you desire not »to address the jury imme- diately, you must immediately begin to examine your witnesses, as soon as they have closed on the part of the crown ; and fill up bhe time that will intervene between that time and the time when you will be ready to go on with your address to the jury. In that way I think we shall put the jury under no unnecessary hardships, because, whether they hear the witnesses before or after the speech, is a matter of no importance to them. Mr. ErsTdne. I should be afraid to take upon myself the experiment of trying a cause, par- ticularly of this magnitude, in a manner totally different from any that has ever occurred in the Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 397 annals of this country. I stould be afraid to begin an experiment of that sort, more especially when counsel in a capital case ; because evidence comes with infinitely more weight, by which I mean the proper weight evidence ought to have, from the bearing of it upon the case when it is first stated by the counsel who is to support his cause by it ; much of the effect of evidence is lost, and much of it distorted by the cross-examinations of counsel, imtil the true bearing of it has been, explained. I do not propose what can be properly termed a suspension of the trial, or which can throw any sort of inconrenience upon the jury, which would, I am sure, give me as much pain as anybody in the world ; but your lordships will recollect that the attorney-general in opting his case, I am sure I think as highly as is possible of his ability, and of the manner in which he performed his duty, but he found it necessary to spend nine hours in the opening of his case. The prisoner most unquestiona- bly may expect an equal time, if it were necessary, for his counsel to take the same course in opening his ; and if I were thrown upon it in the present moment, not having a sufficient recollection of the great points of the evidence, if I were put upon speaking to the jury, at this moment, I must take that course of reading at great length, great num- bers of papers ; whereas, if I had the opportunity of a few hours more, which is the nature of my Digitized by Microsoft® 398 TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. application, merely to arrange my papers, and to select such as, in the judgment of my learned friend and myself, we shall think sufficient foi- our defence, it would save time — Lord Chief Justice Eyre. I dread the* explana- tion of a few hours. Mr. Attorney-Greneral, what further evidence have you to produce ? Mr. Attmmey- General. I think my evidence will not take up more than forty minutes. Mr. ErsMne. I do not know whether your lord- ships mean to sit on Sunday ? Lord OMef Justice Eyre. I shall sit late on Saturday night ; I say nothing of Sunday. Mr. Ers/dne. I am literally at this moment, and have been all day yesterday and to-day, so ex- tremely unwell, that I dm not think if I were called upon to speak for any length of time, I could pos- sibly support it. Lord Chief Justice Eyre. I can easily think that to be the case, and it is a circumstance I am ex- tremely sorry for ; on the other hand, I cannot hazard the situation of the jury. Mr. ErsMne. I should be sorry to put the jury to any inconvenience. I do not shi'ink from the business, I am extremely willing to endure any- thing, but I assure your lordship that my health is extremely sufPering by it. Lord Chief Justice Eyre. What is it you ask for? ' • Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 399 Mf. Erskine. As I stated before, tlie attorney- general found it necessary to consume nine hours ; I shall not consume half that time, I think at least I shall not consume half that time, if I have an opportunity of doing that which I humbly request of the court, that is, of arranging the materials in such a manner, that I should be able to make only those observations which occur to me to be the fittest to be made, as counsel for the prisoner. Lord Ohief Justice Eyre. We have offered you an expedient ; neither of you say to ns whether you can accept it. Mr. GMs. With respect to that expedient, I have no doubt to say that it is utterly impossible, for Mr. Erskine and myself, in the situation in which we are, respecting ourselves, respecting the court, and respecting the public and the jury, it is utterly impossible for us to think of that, because, if anything adverse should happen when we have taken such a line, the imputation will lie upon us. Lord Chief JusUee Eyre. That it may not be in your judgment a desirable thing, is very well ; but that there is any other objection to it, I can- not agree to. Whether the case is taken upon the summing up of the evidence, or whether it is taken upon the opening of the evidence, is, as to all legal purposes, the same ; I can see no differ- ence; it may make a vast difference in your judg- ment, as to what is the best manner and the best Digitized by Microsoft® 400 TRIAL OP THOMAS HARDY method of laying your case before tlie jury; undoubtedly we are assisting tbe prisoner by put- ting the counsel in a situation to do his business in the best manner, by proposing it thus ; whereas, if they were put upon doing it in the ordinary course, they would lie under a peculiar difficulty and disadvantage. Mr. Erskine has not yet told us what he asks. Mr. JErsMne. Since it is put expressly to me, I shall propose, unless the jury profess it to be a very serious inconvenience to them, that instead of coming in the morning at the time we generally come, our coming should be at twelve o'clock, so that the attorney-general can finish at one. Mr. Gribbs will have the goodness to take a note of the few facts stated by the witnesses, and I shall be able by that time to come. Lord Chief Justice Eyre. Then suppose we ad- journ to eleven o'clock. Mr. Gihbs. "We conceive your lordships will permit Mr. Erskine to open the case of Mr. Hardy; then our witnesses will be examined, and then I shall be, heard after our witnesses. Lord OJiief Justice Eyre. You will conduct your case in the manner you think best for the interest of your client. Mr. Erskine. I should be glad if your lordships would allow another hour. Lord Chief Justice Eyre. I feel so much for the Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 401 situation of the jury, that on their account I can- not think of it. Mr. Erskine. My lord, I never was placed in such a situation in the whole course of my prac- tice before, with so many gentlemen on the other side ; however, I don't shrink from it. One of the Jury. My lord, we are extremely willing to allow Mr. Erskine another hour, if your lordship thinks proper. Lord Chief Justice Eyre. As the jury ask it for you, I wUl not refuse you. Accordingly an adjonrnmentwas had until twelve o'clock of the same day, when two hours being spent in finishing the evidence for the crown, Mr. Erskine came into court, and addressed the jury as follows: Digitized by Microsoft® SPEECH OF MR. ERSKINE. Gbwtlembk" of the Jtjet: Before I proceed to the performance of the momentous duty which is at length cast upon me, I desire in the first place to return my thanks to the judges, for the indul- gence I have received in the opportunity of ad- dressing you at this later period of the day, than the ordinary sitting of the court ; when I have had the refreshment which nature but too much required, and a few hours' retirement, to arrange a little in my mind that immense matter, the result of which I must now endeavor to lay before you. I have to thank you also, gentlemen, for the very condescending and obliging manner in which yon so readily consented to this accommodation ; the court could only speak for itself, referring me to you, whose rest and comforts had been so long interrupted. I shall always rememember yoiA kindness. • Before I advance to the regular consideration of this great cause, either as it regards the evidence or the law, I wish first to put aside all that I find in the speech of my learned friend, the attorney-gen- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 403 eral, which is either collateral to the merits, or in which I can agree with him. First, then, in the name of the prisoner, and speaking his sentiments, which are well known to be my own also, I con- cur in the eulogium which you have heard upon the constitution of our wise forefathers. But be- fore the eulogium can have any just or useful ap- plication, we ought to reflect upon what it is which entitles this constitution to the praise so justly bestowed upon it. To say nothing at present of its most essential excellence, or rather the very soul of it, viz.: the share the people ought to have in their government, by a pure representation, for the assertion of which the prisoner stands arraigned aa a traitor before you, what is it that distinguishes the government of England from the most despotic monarchies? What, but the security which the subject enjoys in a trial and judgment by his equals ; rendered doubly secure as being part of a system of law which no expediency can warp, and which no power can abuse with impunity ? The attorney-general's second preliminary ob- servation, I equally agree to. I anxiously wish with him that you shall bear in memory the anarchy which is desolating France. Before I sit down, I may perhaps, in my turn, have occasion to reflect a little upon its probable causes ; but wait- ing a season for such reflections, let us first consider what the evil is which has been so feelingly lament- Digitized by Microsoft® 404 SPEECH OP MR. EKSKINE ON. THE ed, as having fallen on that unhappy country. , It is, that under the dominion of a barbarous state necessity, every protection, of law is abrogated and destroyed ; it is, that no man can say, under such a system of alarm and terror, that his life, his lib- erty, his reputation, or any one human blessing, is secure to him for a moment ; it is, that, if accused of federalism, or moderatism, or incivism, or of what- ever else the changing fashions and factions of the day shall have lifted up into high treason against , the state, he must see his friends, his family, and the light of heaven, no more ; the accusation and the sentence being the same, following one another as the thunder pursues the flash. Such has been the state of England, such is the state of France ; and how then, since they are inti'oduced to you for application, ought they in reason, and sobriety to be applied? If this prosecution has been com- menced, as is asserted, to avert from Great Britain the calamities incident to civil confusion, leading in its issues to the deplorable condition of France, I call upon you, gentlemen, to avert such calamity from falling upon my client, and through his side upon yourselves and upon our country. Let him not suffer under vague expositions of tyrannical laws, more tyrannically executed. Let not him be hurried away to pre-doomed execution, from , an honest enthusiasm for the public safety. I ask for him a trial by this applauded constitution of our Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 405 country : I call upon you to administer the law to him, according to our own wholesome institutions, by its strict and rigid letter; however you may eventually disapprove of any part of his conduct, or viewing it through a false medium, may think it even wicked, I claim for him, as a subject of England, that the law shall decide upon its crimi- nal denomination ; I protest, in his name, against all appeals to speculations concerning consequences, when the law commands us to look only to inten- tions. If the state be threatened with evils, let parliament administer a prospective remedy, but let the prisoner hold his life under the law. Gentlemen, I ask this solemnly of the court, whose justice I am persuaded will afford it to me ; I ask it more emphatically of you, the jury, \vho are called upon your oaths to make a true deliver- ance of your countryman, from this charge : but lastly, and chiefly, I implore it of Him in whose hands are all the issues of life ; whose humane and merciful eye expands itself over all the transactions of mankind ; at whose command nations rise, and fall, and are regenerated ; without whom not a sparrow falleth to the ground; I implore it of God hunself, that He will fill your minds with the spirit of justice and of truth ; so that you may be able to find your way through the labyrinth of matter laid before you, a labyrinth in which no man's life was ever before involved, in the annala Digitized by Microsoft® 406 SPEECH OP ME. eeskhste o'n the of Britisli trial, nor indeed in the wLole history of human justice or injustice. Gentlemen, the first thing in order, is to look at the indictment itself; of the whole of which, or of some integral part, the prisoner must be found guilty, or be wholly discharged from guilt. The indictment charges that the prisoners did maliciously and traitorously conspire, compass, and imagine, to bring and put our lord the king to death ; and that to faMll,perfect, and bring to effect, their most evil and wicked purpose, that is to say, of bringing and putting the king to death, "they met, conspired, consulted, and agreed amongst themselves, and other false traitors un- known, to cause and procure a convention to be assembled within the kingdom, with intent (I am reading the very words of the indictment, which I entreat you to follow in the notes you have been taking with such honest perseverance) , with intent, and in order that the persons so assembled at such convention, should and might traitorously, and in defiance of the authority, and against the wiU of parliament, subvert and alter, and cause to be subverted and altered, the legislature, rule anti government of the country; and to depose the king from the royal state, title, power, and govern- ment thereof." This is the first and great leading overt act in the indictment ; and you observe that it is not charged as being treason substantially and Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 407 in itself, but only as it is committed in pursuance of tlie treason against the king's person, antece- dently imputed ; for the charge is not, that the prisoners conspired to assemble a convention to depose the king, but that they conspired and com- passed his death ; and that, in order to accomplish that wicked and detestable purpose, i. e. in order to fulfill the traitorous intention of the mind against his life, they conspired to assemble a convention, with a view to depose him. The same observation applies alike to all the other counts or overt acts upon the record, which manifestly indeed lean up- on the establishment of the first for their support ; because they charge the publication of diiferent writings, and the provision of arms, not as distinct offences, but as acts done to excite to the assem- bhng of the same convention, and to maintain it when assembled; but above all, and which must never be forgotten, because they also uniformly charge these different acts as committed in fulfill- ment of the same traitorous purpose, to bring the king to death. You will, therefore, have three distinct matters for consideration, upon this trial : First, What share, if any, the prisoner had, in con- cert with others, in assembling any convention or meeting of subjects within- this kingdom: Sec- ondly, ■ What were the acts to be done by this convention, when assembled : and Thirdly, What was the view, purpose, and intention of those who Digitized by Microsoft® 408 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE projected its existence. This third consideration,; indeed, comprehends, or rather precedes and swal-, lows up the other two; because, before it can be, material to decide upon the views of the conven- tion, as pointed to the subversion of the rule and order of the king's political authority, even if such views could be ascribed to it, and brought home even personally to the prisoner, we shall have to examine whether that criminal conspiracy against the established order of the community was hatch- ed and engendered by a wicked contemplation to destroy the natural life and person of the king ; and whether the acts charged and established by the evidence, were done in pursuance and in fulfill- ment of the same traitorous purpose. Gentlemen, this view of the subject is not only, correct, but self-evident; the subversion of the king's political government, and all conspiracies to subvert it, are crimes of great magnitude and enormity, which the law is open to punish; but neither of them are the crimes before you. The prisoner is not charged with a conspiracy against the king's political government, but against his natural life. He is not accused of ha^ang merely taken steps to depose him from his authority, but. with having done so with the intention to bring him to death. It is the act with the specific intention, and not the act alone, which consti-, tutes the charge. The act of conspiring to Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 409 depose the king, may indeed be evidence, according to circumstances, of an intention to destroy his natural existence ; but never as a proposition of law, can constitute the intention itself. Where an act is done in pursuance of an intention, surely the intention must first exist ; a man cannot do a thing in fulfillment of an intention, unless his mind first conceives that intention. The doing an act, or the pursuit of a system of conduct wHch leads in probable consequences to the death of the king, may legally, if any such be before you, affect the consideration of the traitorous pur- pose charged by the record, and I am not afraid of trusting you with the evidence. How far any given act, or course of acting, independently of intention, may lead probably or inevitably to any natural or political consequence, is what we have no concern with ; these may be curious questions of casuistry or politics ; but it is wickedness and foUy to declare that consequences unconnected even with intention or consciousness, shall be synony- mous in law with the traitorous mind; although the traitorous mind alone is arraigned, as consti- tuting the crime. Gentlemen, the first question consequently for consideration, and to which I must therefore ear- nestly implore the attention of the court, is this : "What is the law upon this momentous subject? And recollecting that I am invested with no au- Digitized by Microsoft® 4i0 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKESTE ON THE thority, I shall not presume to offer you anything of my own ; nothing shall proceed from myself upon this part of the inquiry, but that which is merely introductory, and necessary to the under- standing of the authorities on which I mean to rely for the establishment of doctrines, not less essential to the general liberties of England, than to the particular consideration which constitutes our present duty. First, then, I maintain that that branch of the statute 25th of Edward the Third, which declares it to be high treason " when a man doth compass or imagine the death of the king, of his lady the queen, or of his eldest son and heir," was intended to guard by a higher sanction than felony, the natural lives of the king, queen, and prince ; and that no act, therefore, either inchoate or consum- mate, of resistance to, or rebellion against, the king's regal capacity, amounts to high treason of compassing his death, unless where they can be charged upon the indictment, and proved to the satisfaction of the jury at the trial, as overt acts, committed by the ]:)risoner, in fulfillment of a traitorous intention to destroy the king's natural life. Secondly, that the compassing the king's death, or in other words, the traitorous intention to de- stroy his natural existence, is the treason, and not the overt acts, which are only laid as manifesta- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HABDT. 411 tions of the traitorous intention, or, in other words, as evidence competent to be left to a jury to prove it ; and that no conspiracy to levy war against the king, nor any conspiracy against his regal charac- ter or capacity, is a good overt act of compassing his death, unless some force be exerted, or in con- templation, against the king's person ; and that such force, so exerted or in contemplation, is not substantively the treason of compassing, but only competent, in point of law, to establish it if the jury, by the verdict of guilty, draw that conclu- sion of fact from the evidence of the overt act. Thirdly, that the charge in the indictment, of compassing the king's death, is not laid as legal inducement or introduction, to follow , as a legal inference from the establishment of the overt act, but is laid as an averment of a fact ; and, as such, the very gist of the indictment, to be affirmed or negatived by the verdict of guilty or not guilty. It will not, I am persuaded, be suspected by the attorney-general, or by the court, that I am about to support these doctrines by opposing my own judgment to the authoritative writings of the ven- erable and excellent Lord Hale, whose memory will live in this country, and throughout the enhghtened world, as long as the administration of pure justice shall exist ; neither do I wish to oppose anything which is to be found in the other learned authorities principally relied on by the Digitized by Microsoft® 413 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE crown, because all my positions are perfectly con- sistent with a right interpretation of them; and because, even were it otherwise, I could not expect successfully to oppose them by any reasonings of my own, which can have no weight, but as they shall be found at once consistent with acknowl- edged authorities, and with the established prin- ciples of English law. I can do this with the greater secui^ty, because my respectable and learned friend, the attorney-general, has not cited cases which have been the disgrace of this country in former times, nor asked you to sanction by your judgment those bloody murders, which are re- corded by them as acts of English justice ; but, as might be expected of an honorable man, his expo- sitions of the law, though I think them frequently erroneous, are drawn from the same sources which I look up to for doctrines so very different. I find, indeed, throughout the whole range of authorities, I mean those which the attorney-general has prop- erly considered as deserving that name and char- acter, very little contradiction ; for, as far as I can discover, much more entanglement has arisen from now and then a tripping in the expression, than from any difference of sentiment amongst eminent and virtuous judges, who have either examined, or sat in judgment upon this momentous subject, Grentlemen, before I pursue the course I have prescribed to myself, I desire most distinctly to be Digitized by Microsoft® lEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 413 understood, that in my own judgment, the most successful argument that a conspiracy to depose the king does not necessarily establish the treason charged upon this record, is totally beside any possible judgment that you can have to form upon the evidence before you; since throughout the whole volumes that have been read, I can trace nothing that even points to the imagination of such a conspiracy ; and, consequently, the doctrines of Coke, Hale, and Forster, on the subject of high treason, might equally be detailed in any other trial that has ever been proceeded upon in this place. But, gentlemen, I stand in a fearful and deUcate situation. As a supposed attack upon the king's civil authority has been transmuted, by con- struction, into a murderous conspiracy against his natural person, in the same manner, and by the same arguments, a conspiracy to overturn that civil authority, by direct force, has again been assimi- lated, by further construction, to a design to undermine monarchy by changes wrought through public opinion, enlarging gradually into universal •wlU; so that I can admit no false proposition, however wide I may think it of rational applica- tion. For as there is a constructive compassing, so also there is a constructive deposing ; and I cannot, therefore, possibly know what either of them is separately, nor how the one may be argued to involve the other. There are, besides, many Digitized by Microsoft® 414 SPEECH OF MK. EESKHiTE ON TUE prisoners whose cases are behind, and whose lives may be involved in your present deliberation; their names have been already^ stigmatized, and their conduct arraigned in the evidence you have heard, as a part of the conspiracy. It is these considerations which drive me into so large a field of argument, because, by sufficiently ascertaining the law in the outset, they who are yet looking up to it for protection, may not be brought into peril. Grentlemen, I now proceed to establish, that a compassing of the death of the king, within the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third, which is the charge against the prisoner, consists in a traitorous intention against his natural life ; and that nothing short of your firm beKef of that detestable inten- tion, from overt acts which you find him to have committed, can justify his conviction. That I may keep my word with you in building my argu- ment upon nothing of my own, I hope my friend, Mr. Gibbs, will have the goodness to call me back, if he finds me wandering from my engagement; that I may proceed, step by step, upon the most venerable and acknowledged authorities of the law. In this process I shall begin with Lord Hale, who opens this important subject by stating the reason of passing the statute of the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third, on which the indictment is founded. Lord Hale says, in his pleas of the crown, vol. i., page 82, that "at common law there Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OP THOMAS HARDY. 415 was a great latitude used in raising offences to the crime and punishment of treason, by way of inter- pretation and arbitrary construction, which brought in great uncertainty and confusion. Thus accroach- ing, i. e., encroaching, on royal power was an usual charge of treason anciently, though a very uncer- tain charge; so that no man could tell what it was, or what defence to make to it." Lord Hale then goes on to state various instances of vexation and cruelty, and concludes with this striking observation : " By these and the like instances that might be given, it appears how arbitrary and uncertain the law of treason was before the statute of the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third, whereby it came to pass that almost every offence that was, or seemed to be, a breach of the faith and alle- giance due to the king, was, by construction, conse- quence, and interpretation, raised into the offence of high treason." This is the lamentation of the great Hale upon the state of this country previous to the passing of the statute, which, he says was passed as a remedial law, to put an end to them ; and Lord Coke, considering it in the same light, says, in his Third Institute, page 2nd, " The parlia- ment which passed this statute was called, as it well deserved, Parliamentum .Benedictum ; and the like honor was given to it by the different statutes which from time to time brought back treasons to its standards, all agreeing in magnifying and Digitized by Microsoft® 416 SPEECH OF MR. EESKINE ON THE extolling this blessed act." Now tWs statute, which has obtained the panegyric of these great men, whom the chief justice in his charge looked up to for light and for example, and whom the attorney-general takes also for his guide, would very little have deserved the high eulogium be- stowed upon it, if, though avowedly passed to de- stroy uncertainty in criminal justice, and to beat down the arbitrary constructions of judges, lamented by Hale, as disfiguring and dishonor- ing the law, it had, nevertheless, been so worded as to give birth to new constructions and uncertain- ties, instead of destroying the old ones. It would but ill have entitled itself to the denominatiou of a blessed statute, if it had not in its enacting letter which professed to remove doubts, and to ascertain the law, made use of expressions the best known and understood ; and it will be found accordingly that it cautiously did so. It will be found that in selecting the expressions of compassing the death, it employed a term of the most fixed and appro- • priate signification in the language of English law, which not only no judge or counsel, but which no attorney or attorney's clerk, could misunderstand; because, in former ages, before the statute, com- passing . the death of any man had been a felony, and what had amounted to such compassing, had been settled in a thousand instances. To estabhsh this, and to show, also, by no reasoning of mine, Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 417 that the term " compassing the death " was in- tended by the statute, when applied to the king, as high treason, to have the same signification as it had obtained in the law when applied to the subject as a felony, I shall refer to Mr. Justice Forster, and even to a passage cited by the attor- ney-general himself, which speaks so unequivocally and unanswerably for itself, as to mock all com- mentary : " The ancient writers," says Forster, "in treating of felonious homicide, considered the felonious intention manifested by plain facts, in the same light, in point of guilt, as homicide itself. The rule was, voluntas reputatur pro facto / and while this rule prevailed, the nature of the offence was expressed by the term compassing the death. This rule has long been laid aside as too rigoi'ous in the case of common persons ; but , in the case of the king, queen, and prince, the statute of ti'easons has, and with great propriety, retained it in its full extent and vigor ; and in describing the offence has likewise retained the ancient mode of expression, when a man doth compass or imagine the death of our lord the king, etc., and thereof be upon sufficient proof, provablement, . attainted of open deed by people of his condition ; the words of the statute descriptive of the offence, must, therefore, be strictly pursued in every indict- ment for this species of treason. It must charge that the defendant did traitorously compass and 27 B Digitized by Microsoft® 418 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE imagine the king's death, and then go and charge the several acts made use of by the prisoner to effectuate his traitorous purpose ; for the compass- ing the king's death is the treason and the overt acts are charged as the means made use of to effectuate the intentions and imaginations of the heart ; and, therefore in the case of the regicides, the indictment charged that they did traitorously compass and imagine the death of the king, and the cutting off the head was laid as the overt act, and the person who was supposed to have given the mortal stroke was convicted on the same indictment." This concluding instance, though at first view it may appear ridiculous, is well selected as an illus- tration ; because, though in that case there could be no possible doubt of the intention, since the act of a deliberate execution involves, in common sense, the intention to destroy life, yet still the anomaly of the offence, which exists wholly in the intention, and not in the overt act, required the preservation of the form of the indictment. It is surely impossible to read this commentary of Fors- ter, without seeing the true purpose of the statute : The common law had anciently considered, even in the case of a fellow subject, the malignant inten- tion to destroy, as equivalent to the act itself; but that noble spirit of humanity which pervades the whole system of our jurisprudence, had, before the Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 419 time of King Edward the Third, eaten out and de- stroyed this rule, too rigorous in its general applica- tion ; but, as Forster truly observes in the passage I have read : " This rule, too rigorous in the case of the subject, the statute of treasons retained in the case of the king, and retained also the veiy expressions used by the law when compassing the death of a subject was felony. The statute, therefore, being expressly made to remove doubts, and accurately to define treason, adopted the ancient expression of the common law, as applicable to felonious homicide, meaning that the life of the sovereign should remain an excep- tion, and that voluntas pro facto^ the wicked inten- tion for the deed itself, as it regarded his sacred life, should continue for the rule ; and, therefore, says Forster, the statute meaning to retain the law which was before general, retained also the expres- sion. ' It appears to me, therefore, incontrovertible, not only by the words of the statute itself, but upon the authority of Forster, which I shall follow up by that of Lord Coke and Hale, contradicted by no syllable in their M-'orks, as I shall demon- strate, that the statute, as it regarded the security of the king's life, did not mean to enact a new security never known to the*common law in other cases, but meant to suffer a common law rale which formerly existed universally, which was precisely known, but which was too severe in common cases, Digitized by Microsoft® 420 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE OlST THE to remain as an exception in favoi' of the king's security. I do, therefore, positively maintain, not as an advocate merely, but in my own person, that, within the letter and meaning of the statute, noth- ing can be a compassing the death of the king that would not, in ancient times, have been a felony in the case of a subject; for otherwise Forster and Coke, as will be seen, are very incor- rect when they say the statute retained the old law, and the appropriate word to express it ; for if it went beyond it, it would, on the contrary, have been a new rule, unknown to the common law, enacted for the first time, for the preservation of the king's life. Unquestionably the legislature might have made such a rule ; but we are not inquiring what it might have enacted, but what it has enacted. But I ought to ask pardon for hav- ing relapsed into any argument of my own upon this subject, when the authorities are more express to the purpose than any language I can use. For Mr. Justice Forster himself expressly says. Dis- course First, of High Treason, p. 207 : " All the words descriptive of the offence, viz., ' If a man doth compass or imagine, and thereof be attainted of open deed,' are plainly borrowed from the com- mon law, and therefore must bear the same con- struction they did at common law." Is this dis- tinct? I will read it to you again: "All the words descriptive of the offence, viz., ' If a man Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL or THOMAS HAEDY. 421 dotli compass or imagine, and thereof be attainted of open deed,' are plainly borrowed from the com- mon law, and therefore must bear the same construc- tion they did at common law." Gentlemen, Mr. Justice Forster is by nO means singular in his doctrine. Lord Coke, the oracle of the law, and the best oracle that one can consult, when standing for a prisoner charged with treason, as he was the highest prerogative lawyer that ever existed, maintains the same doctrine ; even he, even Coke, the infamous prosecutor of Raleigh, whose character with posterity, as an attorney -general, ray worthy and honorable friend would disdain to hold, to be the author of all his valuable works ; yet even this very Lord Coke himself, holds pre- cisely the same language with Forster. For, in his Commentary on this statute, in his third Insti- tute, p. 5, when he comes to the word, " doth compass," he says, " Let us see first what the com- passing the death of a subject was before the making of this statute, when voluntas reputaiatur pro factor Now, what is the plain English of this? The commentator says, I am going to instruct you, the student, who are to learn from me the law of England, what is a compassing of the death of the king ; but that I cannot do, but by first carrying you to look into what was the compassing of the death of a subject at the ancient common law ; because the statute having made a Digitized by Microsoft® 422 SPEECH OF ME. EESKITSTE OTST THE compassing, as applied to the king, the crime of high treason, which, at common law, was felony in the case of a subject, it is impossible to define the one without looking back to the records which illustrate the other. This is so directly the train of Lord Coke's reasoning, that in his own singularly precise style of commentating, he immediately lays before his reader a variety of instances from the ancient records and year-books, of compassing the subject's death ; and what are they ? 'Not acts wholly collateral to attacks upon life, dogmatically laid down by the law from speculations upon prob- able or possible consequences, but assaults with intent to murder, conspiracies to waylay the per- son with the same intention, and other murderous machinations. These were only compassings before the statute against the subject's life, and the exten- sion of the expression was never heard of in the law till introduced by the craft of political judges, when it became applicable to crimes against the state. Here again I desire to appeal to the high- est authorities for this source of constructive treasons ; for although the statute of Edward the Third had expressly directed that nothing should be declared to be treason but cases within its enacting letter, yet Lof d Hale says, in his pleas of the crown, page 83, that " things were so carried by parties and factions, in the succeeding reign of Richard the Second, that this statute was but little Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 423 observed, but as tHs or that party got the better. So the crime of high treason was in a manner arbi- trarily imposed and adjudged, to' the disadvantage of the partgT" that was to be judged, which, by various vicissitudes and revolutions, mischiefed all parties, first and last, and left a great unsettledness and unquietness in the minds of the people, and was one of the occasions of the unhappiness of that king. " All this mischief was produced by the statute of the 21st of Richard the Second, which enacted, That every man that compasseth or pursueth the death of the king, or to depose him, or to render up his homage liege, or he that raiseth people and rideth against the king, to make war within his realm, and of that be duly attainted and adjudged, shall be adjudged a traitor, of high treason against the crown. " This," says Lord Hale, " was a great snare to the subject, insomuch that the statute, first of Henry Fourth, which repealed it, recited that no man knew how he ought to behave himself, to do, speak, or say, for doubt of such pains of treason ; and therefore, wholly to remove the prejudice, which might come to the king's subjects, the stat- ute, first of Henry Fourth, chap. 10, was made, which brought back treason to the standard of the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third." Now if we look to this statute of Richard the Digitized by Microsoft® 424 SPEECH OF MR. ERSKIISTE ON THE Second, wliicli produced such mischiefs — what are they ? As far as it re-enacted the treason of com- passing the king's death, and levying war, it only re-enacted the statute of Edward the Third, but it went beyond it by the loose construction of com- passing to depose the king, and raising the people, and riding to make war, or a compassing to depos§ him, terms new to the common law. The actual levying of force, to imprison, or depose the king, was already and properly high treason, within the second branch of the statute ; but this statute of Richard the Second enlarged only the crime of compassing, making it extend to a compassing to imprison or depose, which are the great objects of an actual levying of war, and making a compassing to levy war, on a footing with the actual levying it. It seems, therefore, most astonishing, that any judge could be supposed to have decided, as an abstract rule of law, that a compassing to imprison or de- pose the king was high treason, substantively, with- out previous compassing of his death ; since it was made so by this statute, twenty-first of Richard the Second, and reprobated, stigmatized, and repealed by the statute, first of Henry the Fourth, chap. 10. "And so little effect," says Mr. • Justice Blackstone,. "have over-violent laws to prevent any crime, that within two years after this new law of treason respecting imprisonment and depos- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY, 425 ing, tliis very prince was botli deposed and murdered." Gentlemen, this distinction, made by the humane statute of Edward the Third, between treason against the king's natural life, and rebellion against his civil authority, and which the act of Richard the Second, for a season, broke down, is founded in wise and sound policy. A successful attack may be made upon the king's person by the malignity of an individual, without the combination of ex- tended conspiracy, or the exertions of rebellious force; the law therefore justly stands upon the watch to crush the first overt manifestation of so evil and detestable a purpose. Considering the life of the chief magistrate as infinitely important to the public security, it does not wait for the possible consummation of a crime, which requires neither time, combination, nor force to accomplish, but considers the traitorous purpose as a consummat- ed treason ; but the wise and humane policy of our forefathers extended the severity of the rule, volun- tas pro facto^ no further than they were thus impelled and justified by the necessity ; and there- fore an intention to levy war and rebellion, not consummated, however manifested by the most overt acts of conspiracy, was not declared to be treason, and upon the plainest principle in the world. The king's regal capacity, guarded by all the force and authority of the state, could not, like Digitized by Microsoft® 426 SPEECH OF MR. EESKnSTE ON THE liis natural existence, be overtTirown or endangered in a moment, by the first machinations of the traitorous mind of an individual, or even by the unarmed conspiracy of numbers; and therefore this humane and exalted institution, measuring the sanctions of criminal justice by the standard of civil necessity^ thought it sufficient to scourge and dissipate unarmed conspirators by a less vindictive proceeding. These new treasons were, however, at length all happily swept away on the accession of king Henry the Fourth, which brought the law back to the standard of Edward the Third ; and, indeed, in reviewing the history of this highly-favored island, it is most beautiful, and, at the same time, highly encouraging to observe, by what an extra- ordinary concurrence of circumstances, under the superintendence of a benevolent Providence, the liberties of our country have been established. Amidst the convulsions, arising from the maddest ambition and injustice, and whilst the state was alternately departing from its poise, on one side, and, on the other, the great rights of mankind were still insensibly taking root and flourishing ; though sometimes monarchy threatened to lay them prostrate, though aristocracy occasionally undermined them, and democracy, in her turn, rashly trampled on them, yet they have ever come safely round at last. This awful and sublime con- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 427 templation stould teach us to bear witli one another when our opinions do not quite coincide ; extracting final harmony from the inevitable dit- ferences which ever did, and ever must exist amongst men. Gentlemen, the act of Henry the Fourth was scarcely made when it shared the same fate with the venerable law which it restored. IS^obody regarded it. It was borne down by factions, and, in those days, there were no judges, as there are now, to hold firm the balance of justice amidst the storms of state; men could not then, as the pris- oner can to-day, look up for protection to magis- trates independent of the crown, and awfully accountable in character to an enlightened world. As fast as arbitrary constructions were abolished by one statute, unprincipled judges began to build them up again, till they were beat down by another; to recount their strange treasons would be tiresome and disgusting ; but their system of construction, in the teeth of positive law, may be well illustrated by two lines from Pope : " Destroy his fib and sophistry in vain, The creature's at his dirty work again." This system, both judicial and parliamentary, became indeed so intolerable in the interval be- tween the reign of Henry the Fourth, and that of Philip and Mary, that it produced, in the first Digitized by Microsoft® 428 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE 3'-ear of the latter reign, the most remarkable statute that ever passed in England, repealing not only all former statutes upon the subject, except that of Edward the Third, but also stigmatizing, upon the records of parliament, the arbitrary con- structions of judges, and limiting them, in all times, to every letter of the statute. I will read to you Lord Coke's commentary upon the subject. In his third Institute, page 23, he says : " Before the act of the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third, so many treasons had been made and declared, and in such sort penned, as not only the ignorant and unlearned people, but also learned and expert men, were trapped and snared, * * so as the mischief before Edward the Third, of the uncertainty of what was treason and what not, became so frequent and dangerous, as that the safest and surest remedy was by this excellent act of Mary to abrogate and repeal all, but only such as are specified and expressed in the statute of Edward the Third. By which law the safety of both the king and of the subject, and the preservation of the common weal, were wisely and sufficiently provided for, and in such certainty, that nihil relictum est a/rbi- trio judioisr The whole evil, indeed, to be remedied and avoided by the act of Queen Mary was, the arhi- trium judiois, or judicial construction beyond the letter of the statute. The statute itself was per- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 429 feet, and was restored in its full vigor ; and to sup- pose, therefore, tliat when an act was expressly- made, because judges had built treasons by con- structions beyond the law, they were to be left, consistently with their duty, to go on building again, is to impute a folly to the legislature, which never yet was imputed to the framers of this admirable statute. But this absurd idea is ex- pressly excluded, not merely by the statute, ac- cording to its 2)lain interpretation, but according to the direct authority of Lord Coke himself, in his commentary upon it. For he goes on to say : "Two things are to be observed, first, that the word expressed, in the statute of Mary, excludes all implications or inferences whatsoever ; secondly, that no former attainder, judgment, precedent, resolution, or opinion of judges, or justices, of high treason, other than such as are specified and ex- pressed in the statute of Edward the Third, are to be followed or drawn into example. For the words be plain and direct ; that from henceforth no act, deed, or offence shall be taken, had, deemed, or adjudged to be high treason, but only such as are declared and expressed in the said act of the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third, any act of par- liament, or statute after twenty-fifth of Edward the Third, or any other declaration or matter, to the contrary notwithstanding." Gentlemen, if the letter of the statute of Mary, Digitized by Microsoft® 430 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE OK THE when coupled with Lord Coke's commentary, re- quired further illustration, it would amply receive it from the preamble, which ought to be engraved on the heart of every man who loves the king, or who is called to any share in his councils ; for, as Lord Coke observes in the same commentary : It truly recites, that " the state of a king standeth and consisteth more assured by the love and favor of the subjects toward their sovereign, than in the dread and fear of laws, made with rigorous and extreme punishment; and that laws, justly made for the preservation of the common weal, without extreme punishment or penalty, are more often and for the most part better kept and obeyed, than laws and statutes made with extreme punishment." But, gentlemen, the most important part of Lord Coke's commentary on this statute is yet behind, which I shall presently read to you, and to which I implore your most earnest attention ; be- cause I will show you by it, that the unfortunate man, whose innocence I am defending, is arraigned before you of high treason, upon evidence not only wholly repugnant to this particular statute, but such as never yet was heard of in England upon any capital trial ; evidence which, even with all the attention you have given to it, I defy any one of you, at this moment, to say of what it consists ; evidence, which, since it must be called by that name, I tremble for my boldness in presuming to Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OP THOMAS HAEDY. 431 stand up for the life of a man, wlien 1 am con- scious that I am incapa"ble of understanding from it, even what acts are imputed to him ; evidence, which has consumed four days in the reading ; not ill reading the acts of the prisoner, but the uncon- nected writings of men, unknown to one another, upon a hundred different subjects ; evidence, the very listening to which has deprived me of the sleep which nature requires ; which has filled my mind with unremitting distress and agitation, and which, from its discordant, unconnecting nature, has suffered me to reap no advantage from the indulgence, which I began with thanking you for ; but which, on the contrary, has almost set my brain on fire, with the vain endeavor of collecting my thoughts upon a subject never designed for any rational course of thinking. Let us, therefore, see how the unexampled con- dition I am placed in, falls in with Lord Coke upon this subject, whose authority is appealed to by the crown itself; and let us go home and burn our books if they are to blazon forth the law by eulogium, and accurately to define its protector, which yet the subject is to be totally cut off from, when even under the sanction of these very authors, he stands upon his trial for his existence. Lord Coke says in the same commentary, page 12, that the statute had not only accurately defined the charge, but the nature of the proof on which Digitized by Microsoft® 432 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKIETE ON THE alone a man shall be attainted of any of tlie branches of high treason. " It is to be observed," says he, '' that the word in the act of Edward the Third is •provablement, i. e., upon direct and manifest proof, not upon conjectural presumptions, or inferences, or strains of wit, but upon good and sufficient proof. And herein the adverb provably hath a great force, and signifieth a direct, plain proof, which word the lords and commons in par- liament did use, for that the offence of treason was so heinous, and was so heavily and severely pun- ished, as none other the like, and therefore the offender must be provably attainted, which words are as forcible as upon direct and manifest proof N'ote, the word is not probably, for then carmnvm a/rgummtum might have served, but the word is provably be attainted." Nothing can be so curiously and tautologously labored as this commentary^ of even that great prerogative lawyer. Lord Coke, upon this single word in the statute ; and it manifestly shows that, so far from -its being the spirit and principle of the law of England to loosen the construction of this statute, and to adopt rules of construction and proof, unusual in trials for other crimes, on the contrarv, the lesrislature did not even leave it to the judges to apply the ordinary rules of legal proof to trials under it, but admonished them to do Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 433 justice in that respect in the very body of the statute. Lord Hale treads in the same path with Lord Coke, and concludes this part of the subject by the following most remarkable passage, vol. i. chap, xi. 86. " Now although the crime of high treason is the greatest crime against faith, duty, and human society, and brings with it the greatest and most fatal dangers to the government, peace, and happi- ness of a kingdom or state, and therefore is deservedly branded with the highest ignominy, and subjected to the greatest penalties that the law can inflict, it appears, first, how necessary it was that there should be some known, fixed, settled boun-' dary for this great crime of treason, and of what great importance the statute of twenty-fifth of Edward the Third was, in order to that end. Second, how dangerous it is to depart from the letter of that statute, and to multiply and enhance crimes into treason by ambiguous and general words, such as accroaching royal power, subverting fundamental laws, and the like. And third, how dangerous it is by construction and analogy, to make treasons where the letter of the law has not done it. For such a method admits of no limits or bounds, but runs as far and as wide as the wit and invention of accusers, and the detestation of persons accused, will carry men." 28 B Digitized by Microsoft® 434 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKUVTB OTST THE Surely the admonition of this super-eminent judge ought to sink deep into the heart of every judge, and of every juryman, who is called to administer justice under this statute ; above all, in the times and under the peculiar circumstances which assemble us in this place. Honorable men, feeling, as they ought, for the safety of govern- ment, and the tranquillity of the country, and naturally indignant against those who are supposed to have brought them into peril, ought for that very cause to proceed with more abundant caution, lest they should be surprised by their resentments or their fears ; they ought to advance, in the judg- ments they form, by slow and trembling steps; they ought even to fall back and look at every- thing again, lest a false light should deceive them, admitting no fact but upon the foundation of clear and precise evidence, and deciding upon no inten- tion that does not result with equal clearness from the fact. This is the universal demand of justice in every case, criminal or civil; how much more then in this, when the judgment is every moment in danger of being swept away into the fathomless abyss of a thousand volumes ; where there is no anchorage for the understanding ; where no reach of thought can look round in order to compare their points ; nor any memory be capacious enough to retain even the imperfect relation that can be collected from them ? Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDT. 435 Gentlemen," my mind is the mor(! deeply affected with this consideration, by a very recent example in that monstrous phenomenon which, under the name of a trial, has driven us out of Westminster Hall for a large portion of my professional life. No man is less disposed than I am to speak lightly of great state prosecutions, which bind to their duty those who have no other superiors, nor any other control; least of all am I capable of even glancing a censure against those who have led to or conducted the impeachment, because I respect and love many of them, and knew them to be amongst the best and wisest men in the nation. I know them, indeed, so well, as to be persuaded that could they have foreseen the vast field it was to open, and the length of time it was to occupy, they never would have engaged in it ; for I defy any man, not illuminated by the Divine Spirit, to say, with the precision and certainty of an Eng- lish judge deciding upon evidence before him, that Mr. Hastings is guilty or not guilty ; for who knows what is before him, or what is not ? Many have carried what they knew to their graves, and the living have lived long enough to forget it. Indeed, I pray God that such another proceeding may never exist in England ; because I consider it as a dishonor to the constitution, and that it brings, by its example, insecurity into the administration Digitized by Microsoft® 436 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKIKE ON THE of justice.* Every man in civilized' society Las a right to hold his life, liberty, property, and reputar tion, under plain laws that can be well undei'stood, and is entitled to have some limited specific part of his conduct, compared and examined by their standard ; but he ought not for seven years, no nor for seven days, to stand as a criminal before the highest human tribunal, until judgment is bewil- dered and confounded, to come at last, perhaps, to defend himself, broken down with fatigue, and dis- pirited with anxiety, which, indeed, is my own con- dition at this moment, who am only stating the case of another. What then must be the condi- tion of the unfortunate person whom you are try- ing? The next great question is, how the admonitions of these great writers are to be reconciled with what is undoubtedly to be found in other parts of their works ; and I think I do not go too far, when I say, that it ought to be the inclination of every person's mind who is considering the meaning of any writer, particularly if he be a person of supe- rior learning and intelligence, to reconcile, as much as possible, all he says upon any subject, and not to adopt such a construction as necessarily raises up one part in direct opposition to another. * It -was the good fortune of Mr. Erskine to remedy, in his" own person, the evil thus complained of, when he presided as chancellor on the trial of Lord Melville. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 437 The law itself, indeed, adopts this sound rule of judgment in the examination of every matter which is laid before it, for a sound construction ; and the judges, therefore, are bound by duty as well as reason to adopt it. It appears to me, then, that the only ambiguity which arises, or can possibly arise, in the examina- tion of the great authorities, and in the! comparison of them with themselves, or with one another, is from not rightly understanding the meaning of the term overt act as applied to this species of treason. The moment you get right upon the true meaning and signification of this expi'ession, the curtain is drawn up, and all is light and certainty. Gentlemen, an overt act of the high treason charged upon this record, I take, with great sub- mission to the court, to be plainly and simply this : the high treason charged, is the compassing or imagining, in other words, the intending or design- ing, the death of the king ; I mean his natural death; which being a hidden operation of the mind, an overt act is anything which legally proves the existence of such traitorous design and intention. I say, that the design against the king's natural Hfe, is the high treason under the first branch of the statute ; and whatever is evidence, which may be legally laid before a jury to judge of the traitorous intention, is a legal overt act; Digitized by Microsoft® 438 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE ON THE because an overt act is nothing but legal evidence embodied upon the record. The charge of compassing being a charge of intention, which, without a manifestation by con- duct, no human tribunal could try, the statute requires by its very letter, but without which letter, reason must have presumed, that the inten- tion to cat off the sovereign should -be manifested by an open act ; and as a prisoner charged with an intention, could have no notice how to defend himself without the charge of actions from whence the intention was to be imputed to him, it was always the practice, according to the sound prin- ciples of English law to state, upon the face of the indictment, the overt act, which the crown charges as the means made use of by the prisoner to effect his traitorous purpose ; and as this rule was too frequently departed from, the statute of the seventh of King William enacted, for the benefit of the prisoner, that no evidence should even be given of any overt act not charged in the indictment. The charge, therefore, of the overt acts in the indict- ment is the notice, enacted by statute, to be given to the prisoner for his protection, of the means by which the crown is to submit to the jury the existence of the traitorous purpose, which is the crime alleged against him, and in pursuance of which traitorous purpose the overt acts must also be charged to have been committed. Whatever, Digitized by Microsoft® ■ TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 439 therefore, is relevant or competent evidence to be received in support of the traitorous intention, is a legal overt act, and what acts are competent to that purpose, are, as in all other cases, matter of law for the judges ; but whether, after the overt acts are received upon the record as competent, and are established by proof upon the trial, they be suffi- cient or insufficient in the particular instance, to convince the jury of the traitorous compassing or intention, is a mere matter of fact, which, from its very nature, can be reduced to no other standard than that which each man's own conscience and understanding erects in his mind, as the arbiter of his judgment. This doctrine is by no means new nor peculiar to high treason, but pervades the whole law, and may be well illustrated in a memor- able case lately decided upon writ of error in the house of lords, and which must be in the memory of all the judges now present, who take a part in its decision ; there the question was, whether, upon the establishment of a number of facts by legal evidence, the defendant had knowledge of a fact, the knowing of which would leave him defenceless. To draw that question from the jury to the judges, I demurred to the evidence, saying, that though each part of it was legally admitted, it was for the law, by the mouth of the judges, to pronounce whether this fact of knowledge ' could legally be inferred from it ; but the lords, with the assent of Digitized by Microsoft® 440 SPEECH OF MK. ER8KINE OK THE all the judges, decided, to my perfect satisfaction, that such a demurrer to the evidence was irregular and invalid; that the province of the jury over the effect of evidence, ought not to be so trans- ferred to the judges, and converted into matter of law; that what was relevant evidence to come before a jury, was the province of the court, but that the conclusion to be drawn from admissible evidence, was the unalienable province of the country. To apply that reasoning to the case before us : The matter to be inquired of here is the fact of the prisoner's intention, as in the case I have just cited it was the fact of the defendant's knowledge. The charge of a conspiracy to depose the king is, therefore, laid before you to establish that inten- tion ; its competency to be laid before you for that purpose is not disputed; I am only contending, with all reason and authority on my side, that it is to be submitted to your consciences and under- standings, whether, even if you believed the overt act, you believe also that it proceeded from a traitorous machination against the life of the king. I am only contending that these two beliefs must coincide to establish a verdict of guilty. I am not contending that, under circumstances, a conspiracy to depose the king, and to annihilate his regal capacity, may not be strong and satisfactory evi- dence of the intention to destroy his life; but only Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 441 that in this, as in every other instance, it is for you to collect or not to collect this treason against the king's life, according to the result of your con- scientious belief and judgment, from the acts of the prisoner laid before you ; and that the estab- lishment of the overt act, even if it were estab- lished, does not establish the treason against the king's life, by a consequence of law; but, on the contrary, the overt act, though punishable in another shape, as an independent crime, is a dead letter upon this record, unless you believe, exer- cising your exclusive jurisdiction over the facts laid before you, that it was committed in accom- phshment of the treason against the natural life of the king. Gentlemen, this particular crime of compassing the king's death, is so complete an anomaly, being wholly seated in unconsummated intention, that the law cannot depart from describing it accord- ing to its real essence, even when it is followed by his death; a man cannot be indicted for killing the king, as was settled in the case of the regicides of Charles the First, after long consultation among all the judges ; it was held that the very words of the statute must be pursued, and that although the king was actually murdered, the prisoners who destroyed him could not be charged with the act itself, as high treason, but with the compassing of his death ; the very act of the executioner in be^ Digitized by Microsoft® 442 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE heading him being only laid as the overt act upon the record. There, though the overt act was so connected with, as to be even inseparable from the traitorous intention, yet they were not confounded, because of the effect of the precedent in dissimilar cases ; and although the regicides came to be tried immediately on the restoration of the king, in th(( day-spring of his authority, and before high pre- rogative judges, and under circumstances when, in any country but England, their trial would have been a mockery, or their execution have been awarded without even the forms of trial ; yet in England, that sacred liberty, which has forever adorned the constitution, refused to sacrifice to zeal or enthusiasm, either the substance or the forms of justice. Hear what the chief baron pro- nounced upon that occasion : " These persons are to be proceeded with according to the laws of the land, and I shall speak nothing to you but what are the words of the law. By the statute of Edward the Third, it is made high treason to compass and imagine the death of the king ; in no case else imagination or compassing, without an actual effect, is punishable by law." He then speaks of the sacred life of the king, and speaking of the treason, says : " The treason consists in the wicked imagination which is not apparent; but when this poison swells out of the heart, and breaks forth into action, in that case it is high Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 443 treason. Then what is an overt act, of an imagi- nation, or compassing of the king's death ? Truly, it is any thing which shows what the imagination of the heart is." Indeed, gentlemen, the proposition is so clear, that one gets confounded in the argument from the very simplicity of it ; but still I stand in a sit- iiation which I am determined at all events to ful- fill to the utmost ; and I shall, therefore, not leave the matter upon these authorities, but will bring it down to our own times, repeating my challenge to have produced one single authority in contradic- tion. Lord Coke, in his Third Institute, pages 11 and 12, says : " The indictment must charge that the prisoner traitorously compassed and imagined the death and destruction of the king." He says, too: "There must be a compassing or imaginar tion ; for an act, without compassing, intent, or imagination, is not within the act, as appeareth by the express letter thereof. Et actus nonfacit reum nisi mens sit rea." Nothing in language can more clearly illustrate my position. The indictment, like every other indictment, must charge distinctly and specifically the crime ; that charge, must, there- fore, be in the very words of the statute which creates the crime ; the crime created by the statute not being the perpetration of any act, but being in the rigorous severity of the law, the very con- templation, intention and contrivance of a purpose Digitized by Microsoft® 444 SPEECH OE ME. EESKINE OjST THE directed to an act ; that contemplation, purpose, and contrivance, must be found to exist, without which, says Lord Coke, there can be no compass- ing ; and as the intention of the mind cannot be investigated without the investigation of conduct, the overt act is required by the statute, and must be laid in the indictment and proved. It follows from this deduction, that upon the clear principles of the English law, every act may be laid as an overt act of compassing the king's death, which may be reasonably considered to be relevant and competent to manifest that intention ; for, were it otherwise,, it would be shutting out from the view of the jury, certain conduct of the prisoner, which might, according to circumstances, lead to manifest the criminal intention of his mind ; and as more than one overt act may be laid, and even overt acts of different kinds, though not in themselves substantively treason, the judges appear to be justified in law when they ruled them to be overt acts of compassing the death of the king ; because they are such acts as before the statute of King WilHam, which required that the indictment should charge all overt acts, would have been held to be relevant proof; of which relevancy of "proof the judges are to judge as matter of law ; and there- fore being relevant proof, must also be relevant matter of charge, because nothing can be rele- vantly charged which may not also be relevantly Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OP THOMAS HABDT. 445 admitted to proof. These observations explain to the meanest capacity in what sense Lord Coke must be understood, when he says, in tlie very same page, that " a preparation to depose the king, and to take the king by force and strong hand, until he has yielded to certain demands, is a sufficient overt act to prove the compassing of the king's death." He does not say as a proposition of law, that he who prepares to seize the king, compasseth his death, but that a preparation to seize him is a sufficient overt act to prove the com- passing ; and he directly gives the reason, " because of the strong tendency it has to that end." This latter sentence destroys all ambiguity. I agree perfectly with Lord Coke, and I think every judge would so decide, upon the general principles of law and evidence, without any resort to his authority for it ; and for this plain and obvious reason : The judges who are by law to decide upon the rele- vancy or competency of the proof, in every mat- ter, criminal and civil, have immemorially sanc- tioned the indispensable necessity of charging the traitorous intention as the crime, before it was re- quired by the statute of King Wilfiam. As the crime is in its nature invisible and inscru- table, until manifested by such conduct as in the eye of reason is indicative of the intention, which consti- tutes the crime ; no overt act is therefore keld to be sufficient to give jurisdiction, even to a jury to Digitized by Microsoft® 446 SPEECH OF MK. EESKTNE OTST THE draw the inference in fact of the traitorous pur- pose, but such acts from whence it may be reason- ably inferred ; and therefore as the restraint and imprisonment of a prince has a greater tendency to his destruction than in the case of a private man, such conspiracies are admitted to be laid as overt acts upon this principle ; that if a man does an act from whence either an inevitable or a mainly probable consequence may be expected to Mlow, much more if he persists deliberately in a course of conduct, leading certainly or probably to any given consequence, it is reasonable to believe that he fore- saw such consequence, and by pursuing his pur- pose with that foreknowledge, the intention to pro- duce the consequence may be fairly imputed.- But then all this is matter of fact for the jury, from the evidence, not matter of law for the court ; farther than it is the privilege and duty of the judge to direct the attention of the jury to the evidence, and to state the law as it may result from the dif ferent views the jury may entertain of the facts; and if such acts could not be laid as overt acts, they could not be offered in evidence ; and if they could not be t)ffered in evidence, the mind of the prisoner, which it was the object of the trial to lay open as a clue to his intention, would be shut up and concealed from the jury, whenever the death of the sovereign was sought by circuitous, but obvious means, instead of by a direct and Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 447 murderotis machination. But wlien they are thus submitted, as matter of charge and evidence to prove the traitorous purpose M'hich is the crime, the security of the king and of the subject is equally provided for ; all the matter which has a relevancy to the crime, is chargeable and provea- ble, not substantively, to raise from their establish- ment a legal inference, but to raise a presumption in fact, capable of being weighed by the jury with all the circumstances of the transaction, as offered to the crown and the prisoner: their province being finally to say, not what was the possible or the probable consequence of the overt act laid in the indictment, but whether it has brought them to a safe and conscientious judgment of the guilt of the prisoner ; *. e., of his guilt in compassing the death of the king, which is the treason charged in the indictment. Lord Hale is, if possible, more direct and ex- plicit upon the subject. He says, page 107, " The words compass or imagine, are of a great latitude ; they refer to the pur{>ose or design of the mind or will, though the purpose or design takes not effect; but compassing or imagining, singly of itself is an internal act, and, without something to manifest it, could not possibly fall under any judicial cognizance but of God alone; and therefore this statute requires such an overt act as may render the compassing or imagining Digitized by Microsoft® 448 SPEECH OF ME. EESKIETE ON THE capable of a trial and sentence by human judica tures." Now can any man possibly derive from such a writing, proceeding, too, from an author of the character of Lord Hale, that an overt act of compassing, might in his judgment be an act com- mitted inadvertently without the intention ? Can any man gather from it, that a man, by falling into bad company, can be drawn in to be guilty of this species of treason by rash conduct, while the love of his sovereign was glowing in his bosom ? Can there be any particular acts which can entitle a judge or counsel to pronounce as a matter of law, what another man intends ? or that what a man intends is not a matter of fact ? Is there any man that will meet the matter fairly, and advance and support that naked proposition ? At all events, it is certainly not a proposition to be dealt with pub licly ; because the man whose mind is capable even of conceiving it, should be treasured up in a museum, and exhibited there as a curiosity, for money. Gentlemen, all I am aski»g, however, from my argument, and I defy any power of reason upon earth, to move me from it, is this ; that the prisoner being charged with intending the king's death, you are to find whether this charge be founded or un- founded ; and that, therefore, put upon the record what else you will — prove what you will — read these books over and over again — and let u& stand Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 449 here a year and a day in discoursing concerning them — still the question must return at last to what you, and you only, can resolve, is he guilty of that base, detestable intention, to destroy the king ? Not whether you incline to believe that he is guilty; not whether you suspect; nor whether it be probable ; not whether he may be guilty ; no, but that proveably he is guilty. If you can say this upon the evidence, it is your duty to say so, and you may, with a tranquil conscience, return to your families; though by your judgment the unhappy object of it must return no more to his. Alas! gentlemen, what do I say? He has no family to return to ; the affectionate partner of his life has already fallen a victim to the surprise and horror which attended the scene now transacting. But let that melancholy reflection pass, it should not perhaps, have been introduced, it certainly ought to have no effect upon you, who are to judge upon your oaths. I do not stand here to desire you to commit perjury from compassion ; but at the same time my earnestness may be forgiven, since it proceeds from a weakness common to us all. I claim no merit with the prisoner for my zeal; it proceeds from a selfish principle inherent in the human heart. I am counsel, gentlemen, for myself. In every word I utter, I feel that I am pleading for the safety of my own life, for the lives of my children after me, for the happiness of my 29 B Digitized by Microsoft® 450 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINII ON THE country, and for the universal condition of civil society throughout the world. But let us return to the subject, and pursue the doctrine of Lord Hale upon the true interpretation of the term overt act, as applicable to this branch of treason. Lord Hale says, and I do beseech most earnestly the attention of the court and jury to this passage : " If men conspire the death of the king, and thereupon provide weapons, or send let- ters, this is an overt act within the statute." Take this to pieces, and what does it amount to ? " If men conspire the death of the king," that is the first thing, viz., the intention ; " and thereupon," that is, in pursuance of that wicked intention; " provide weapons, or send letters for the execu- tion thereof," i e., for the execution- of that destruc- tion of the king which they have meditated ; "this is an overt act within the statute." Surely the meaning of all this is self-evident. If the inten- tion be against the king's life, though the conspir- acy does not immediately and directly point to his death, yet still the overt acif will be sufficient if it be something which has so direct a tendency to that end, as to be competent, rational evidence of the intention to obtain it. But the instances given by Lord Hale himself furnish the best illustration : " If men conspire to imprison the king by force and a strong hand, until he has yielded to certain demands, and for that purpose gather company, or Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAKDT. 451 write letters, ttat is an overt act to prove the com- passing the king's death, as it was held in Lord Cobham's case, by aU the judges." In this sen- tence Lord Hale does not depart from that precis- ion which so eminently distinguishes all his writ- ings; he does not say, that if men conspire to imprison the king until he yields to certain de- mands, and for that purpose to do so and so, this is high treason — no, nor even an overt act of high treason, though he might in legal language cor- rectly have said so ; but to prevent the possibility of confounding the treason with matter which may be legally charged as relevant to the proof of it, he follows Lord Coke's expression in the third institute, and says : " This is an overt act to prove the compassing of the king's death," and as if by this mode of expression he had not done enough to keep the ideas asunder, and from abundant regard for the rights and liberties of the subject, he immediately adds : " But then there must be an overt act to prove that conspiracy; and then that overt act to prove such design, is an overt act to prove the compassing of the death of the kings." The language of this sentence labors in the ear from the excessive caution of the writer ; afraid that his reader should jump too fast to his conclu- sion upon a subject of such awful moment, he pulls him back, after he has read that a conspiracy to imprison the king is an overt act to prove the Digitized by Microsoft® 452 SPEECH OF MR. EESKINE ON THE compassing of his death, and says to him : Bnt, recollect that there must be an overt act to prove, in the first place, that conspiracy to imprison the king, and even then, that intention to imprison him so manifested by the overt act, is but in its turn an overt act to prove the compassing or in- • tention to destroy the king. Kor does the great and benevolent Hale rest even here, but after this almost tedious perspicuity, he begins the next sen- tence with this fresh caution and limitation : " But then this must be intended of a conspiracy, forci- bly to detain and imprison the king." What then is a conspiracy forcibly to imprison the king ? Surely it can require no explanation : it can only be a direct machination to seize and detain his pei'son by rebellious force. Will this expression be satisfied by a conspiracy to seize speculatively upon his authority, by the publication of pamph- lets, which, by the inculcation of republican prin- ciples, may in the eventual circulation of a course of years, perhaps in a course of centuries, in this king's time, or in the time of a remote successor, debauch men's minds from the English constitution, and, by the destruction of monarchy, involve the life of the monarch ? Will any man say that this is what the law means by a conspiracy against the king's government, supposing even that a con- spiracy against his government were synonymous with a design upon his life ? Can any case be pro- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEBY. 453 duced -wliere a person has been found guilty of Mgh treason, under this branch of the statute, where no war has been actually levied, unless where the conspiracy has been a forcible invasion of the king's personal liberty or security ? • I do not mean to say that a conspiracy to levy war, may not, in many instances, be laid as an overt act of ■ compassing the king's death, because the war may be mediately or immediately pointed distinctly to his destruction or captivity; and as Lord Hale truly says : " small is the distance between the prisons and graves of princes." But multiply the instances as you will, stiU the principle presents itself. The truth of this very maxim, built upon experience, renders an overt act of this description rational and competent evidence to be left to a jury, of a design against the king's life ; but it does not, therefore, change the nature of the crime, nor warrant any court to declare the overt act to be legally and conclusively indicative of the trai- torous intention ; because, if this be once admitted to be law, and the jury are bound to find the ti'ea- son upon their belief of the existence of the overt act, the trial by the country is at an end, and the judges are armed with an arbitrary uncontrollable dominion over the lives and liberties of the nation. Gentlemen, I will now proceed to show you that the doctrines which I am insisting on have been held by all the great judges of this country, in even the Digitized by Microsoft® 454 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKIWE OBT THE worst of times, and that tliey are, besides, not at all peculiar to the case of high treason, but pervade the whole system of the criminal law. Mr. Justice Forster, so justly celebrated for his writings, lays down the law thus : It may be laid down as a gen- eral rule, that " indictments founded upon penal statutes, especially the most penal, must pursue the statute so as to bring the party within it." And this general rule is so expressly allowed to have place in high treason, that it is admitted on all hands, that an indictment would be radically and incurably bad, unless it charged the compass- ing of the king's death, as the leading and funda- mental averment, and unless it formerly charged the overt act to be committed in order to effectuate the traitorous purpose. Nobody ever denied this proposition ; and the present indictment is framed accordingly. Now it is needless to say, that if the benignity of the general law requires this precision in the indictment, the proof must be correspond- ingly precise, for otherwise the subject would derive no benefit from the strictness of the indict- ment ; the strictness of which can have no other meaning in law or common sense, than the protec- tion of the prisoner ; for if, though the indictment must directly charge a breach of the very letter of the statute, the prisoner could, nevertheless, be convicted by evidence not amounting to a breach of the letter, then the strictness of the indictment Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL 0¥ THOMAS HAEDT. 455 would not only be no protection to tlie prisoner, but a direct violation of the first principles of justice criminal and civil, which call universally for the proof of all material averments in every legal proceeding. But Mr. Justice Forster ex- pressly adverts -to the necessary severity of proof, as well as of charge — for he says, that " although a case is brought within the reason of a penal statute, and within the mischief to be prevented, yet, if it does not come within the unequivocal letter, the benignity of the law interposeth." If the law then be thus severe in the interpretation of every penal proceeding, even down to an action for the killing of a hare or a partridge, are its constructions only to be enlarged and extended as to the statute of high treason, although the single object of passing it was to guard against construc- tions ? Gentlemen, the reason of the thing is so palpably and invincibly in favor of this analogy, that it never met with a direct opposition. The attorney- general himself distinctly admits it in one part of his address to you, though he seems to deny it in another. I hope that when I state one part of his speech to be in diametrical opposition to another, he wiU not suppose that I attribute the inconsist- ency to any defect, either in his understanding or his heart; far frona it — they arise, I am convinced, Digitized by Microsoft® 456 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE from some of the authorities not being sufficiently understood. In the beginning of his speech he admits that the evidence must be satisfactory and convincing as to the intention; but in the latter part he seems, as it were, to take off the effect of that admission. I wish to give _you the very words. I took them down at the time ; and if I do not state them cor rectly, I desire to be corrected. "I most distinctly disavow," said my honorable friend, "every case of construction. I most distinctly disavow any like case of treason not within the letter of the statute. I most distinctly disavow cumulative treason. I most distinctly disavow enhancing guilt by parity of reason. The question undoubt- edly is, whether the proof be full and satisfactory to your reasons and consciences that the prisoner is guilty of the treason of compassing the king's death." Gentlemen, I hope that this will always ■with equal honor be admitted. Now let us see how the rest of the learned gentleman's speech falls in with this. For he goes on to say, that it is by no means necessary that the distinct, specific intention should pre-exist the overt act. " If the overt act," says he, " be deliberately committed, it is a compassing." But how so, if the intention be admitted to be the treason ? What benefit is ob- tained by the rigorous demand of the statute, that the compassing of the king's death shall be Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OJF THOMAS HAEDT. 457 charged by the indictment as the crime, if a crime different, or short of it, can be substituted for it in the proof? And how can the statute of Eichard the Second be said to be repealed, which made it high treason to compass to depose the king, inde pendently of intention upon his life, if the law shall declare, notwithstanding the repeal, that they are synonymous terms, and that the one conclus- ively iavolves the other ? Gentlemen, if we examine the most prominent cases, which have come in judgment before judges of the most unquestionable authority, and after the constitution had become fixed, you will find every thing that I have been saying to you justi- fied and confirmed. The first great state trial, after the revolution, was the case of Sir John Freind, a conspirator in the assassination plot. Sir John Freind was indicted for compassing and imagining the death of King William ; and the overt acts chai'ged, and principally relied on, were, first, the sending Mr. Charnock into France to King James, to desire him to persuade the French king to send forces over to Great Britain, to levy war against, and to depose the king, and that Mr. Charnock was actu- ally sent; and, secondly, the preparing men to be levied to form a corps to assist in the restoration of the pretender, and the exjmlsion of King William, of which Sir John Freind was to be colonel. In Digitized by Microsoft® 458 8PKECH OF ME. EESKINE OK THE this case, if the proofs were not to be wholly dis- credited, and the overt acts were consequently established, they went rationally to convince the mind of every man of the pre-existing intention to destroy the king. The conspiracy was not to do an act which, though it might lead eventually and speculatively to the king's death, might not be foreseen or designed by those who conspired together; the conspiracy was not directed to an event, probably leading to another, and a different one, and from the happening of which second, a third, still different, might be engendered, which third might again lead, in its consequences, to a fourth state of things, which might, in the revolu- tion of events, bring on the death of the king, though never compassed or imagined. Freind's conspiracy, on the contrary, had for its direct and immediate object the restoration of the pretender to the throne, by the junction of foreign anji rebel- lious force. In my opinion, and I am not more disposed than others to push things beyond their mark in the administration of criminal justice, Sir John Freind, if the evidence against him found credit with the jury, could have no possible defence ; since the evidence went directly to prove the dispatch of Charnock to France, under his direction, to invite the French king to bring over the pretender into England, and to place him on the throne. The intention, therefore, of Sir Jolin Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 459 Freind, to cut off King William, was a clear infer- ence from the overt act in question ; not an infer- ence of law for the court, but of fact for the jury, under the guidance of plain common sense ; because the consequence of the pretender's regaining the throne, must have been the attainder of King William by act of parliament. Some gentlemen seem to look as if they thought not, but I should be glad to hear the position contradicted. I repeat, that if the pretender had been restored, as king of England, the legal consequence would have been, that King William would have been a traitor and an usurper, and subject as such to be tried at the Old Bailey, or wherever else the king, who took his place, thought fit to bring him to judgment. From these premises, therefore, there could be no difiiculty of inferring the intention; and, therefore, if ever a case existed where, from the clearness of the inference, the province of the jury might have been overlooked, and the overt act confounded with the treason, it was in the instance of Freind ; but so far was this from being the case, that you will find, on the contrary, every thing I have been saying to you, since I began to address you, summed up and confirmed by that most eminent magistrate. Lord Chief Justice Holt, who presided upon that trial. He begins thus : " Gentlemen of the jury, look ye, the treason that is mentioned in the indictment Digitized by Microsoft® 460 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE is conspiring, compassing, and imagining the death of the king. To prove the conspiracy and design of the king's death, two principal overt acts are insisted on." He does not consider the overt act of conspiracy and consultation to be the treason, but evidence, as it undoubtedly was in that case, to prove the compassing the death. The chief justice then states the two overt acts above men- tioned, and sums up the evidence for and against the prisoner, and leaves the intention to the jury as matter of fact. For it is not till afterwards that he comes to answer the prisoner's objection in point of law, as the chief justice in terms puts it : " There is another thing," said Lord Chief Justice Holt, " he did insist upon, and that is matter of law. The statute of the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third was read, which is the great statute about treasons, and that does contain divers species of treason, and declares what shall be ti'eason : one treason is the compassing and imagining the death of the king; another is the levying war. Now, says he" (i. e., Freind), "here is no war actually levied ; and a bare conspiracy to levy war does not come within the law against treason." To pause here a little. Freind's argument was this : Whatever my intentions might be ; whatever my object of levying war might have been ; whatever might have been my design to levy it ; however the destruction of the king might have been Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 461 effected by my conspiracy, if it had gone on ; and however it might have been my intention that it should, it is not treason within the twenty-fifth of Edward the Third. To which Holt replied, a little incorrectly in language, but right in sub- stance : " Now for that I must tell you, if there he only a conspiracy to levy war, it is not trea- son;" i. e., it is not a substantive treason ; it is not a treason in the abstract. " But if the design and conspiracy be either to kill the king, or to depose him, or imprison him, or put any force or restraint upon him," i. e., personal restraint by force, " and the way of effecting these purposes is by levying a war, there the conspiracy and consultation, to levy war for that purpose, is high treason, though no war be levied; for such consultation and con- spiracy is an overt act, proving the compassing the death of the king." But what sort of war is it, the bare conspiracy to levy which is an overt act to prove a design against the king's life, though no war be actually levied ? Gentlemen, Lord Holt himself illustrates this matter so clearly, that if I had any thing at stake, short of the honor and life of the prisoner, I might sit down as soon as I had read it; for if one did not know it to be an extract from an ancient trial, one would say it was admir- ably and accurately written for the present pur- pose. It is a sort of prophetic bird's-eye view of what we are engaged in at this moment. " There Digitized by Microsoft® 462 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE OK THE may be war levied," continues Lord Holt in Freind's case, "without any design upon the king's person, which, if actually levied, is high treason, though purposing and designing such a levying of war is not so. As for example : if persons do assemble themselves, and act with force, in oppo- sition to some law, and hope thereby to get it repealed; this is a levying war, and treason, though the purposing and designing of it is not so. So when they endeavor, in great numbers, with force, to make reformation of their own heads, without pursuing the methods of the law, that is a levying war, but the purpose and designing is not so. But if there he, as I told you, a purpose and design to destroy the king, and" (not or to depose him, but and to depose him) " to depose him from his throne, which is proposed and designed to be effected by war that is to be levied ; such a con- spiracy and consultation to levy war for the bring- ing this to pass," *. e., for bringing the king's death to pass, "is an overt act of high treason. So that, gentlemen, as to that objection which he makes, in point of law, it is of no force, if there be evidence sufficient to convince you that he did conspire to levy war for such an end." And he concludes by again' leaving the intention expressly to the jury. ' It is the end, therefore, for which the war is to be levied, and not the conspiracy to do any act Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAKDT. 463 wMcli the law considers as a levying of war, that constitutes an overt act of treason against the king's life. The most rebellious movements towards a reform in government, not directed against the king's person, will not, according to Lord Holt, support the charge before you. I might surround the house of commons with fifty thousand men, for the express purpose of forcing them, by duress, to repeal any law that is oifensive to me, or to pass a bill for altering elections, with- out being a possible object of this prosecution. Under the other branch of the statute I might indeed be convicted of levying war, but not of compassing the king's death ; and if I only con- spired and meditated this rising to repeal laws by rebellion, I could be convicted of nothing but a high misdemeanor. I would give my friends the case upon a special verdict, and let them hang me if they could. How much more might I give it them if the conspiracy imputed was not to effect a reform by violence, but, as in the case before us, by pamphlets and speeches, which might produce universal suffrage, which universal suffrage might eat out and destroy aristocracy, which destruction might lead to the fall of monarchy, and, in the end, to the death of the king. Gentlemen, if the cause were not too serious, I should liken it to the play with which we amuse our children : This is the cow with a crumpledy horn, which gored the dog, Digitized by Microsoft® 464 SPEECH OF MR. ERSKESTE ON THE that worried the cat, that ate the rat, etc., ending in the house which Jack built. I do therefore, maintain, upon the express au- thority of Lord Holt, that, to convict a prisoner, charged with this treason, it is absolutely necessary that you should be satisfied of his intention against the king's life, as charged in the indictment, and that no design against the king's government will even be a legal overt act to be left to a jury as the evidence of such an intention, much less the substantive and consummate treason, unless the conspiracy be directly pointed against the person of the king. The case of Lord Greorge Gordon is opposed to this as a high and modern decision ; and the attorney-general descended indeed to a very humble and lowly authority, when he sought to maintain his argument by my own speech, as counsel for the unfortunate person. The passage of it alluded to lies at this moment before me ; and I shall repeat it, and re-maintain it to-day. But let it first be recollected, that Lord George Gor- don was not indicted for compassing or imagining the king's death, under the first branch of the statute, but for levying war under the second. It never indeed entered into the conception of any man living, that such an indictment could have been maintained, or attempted against him ; I ap- peal to one of your lordships now present, for whose learning and capacity I have the greatest Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 465 and highest respect, and who sat upon that trial, that it was not insinuated from the bar, much less adjudged by the court, that the evidence had any bearing upon the first branch of treason. I know that I may safely appeal to Mr. Justice BuUer for the truth of this assertion ; and nothing surely in the passage from my address to the jury, has the remotest allusion to assimilate a conspiracy against the king's government, collateral to his person, with a treason against his life. My words were, " To compass, or imagine the death of the king ; such imagination, or purpose of the mind, visible only to its great Author, being manifested by some open act; an institution obviously directed, not only to the security of his natural person, but to the stability of the government; the life of the prince being so interwoven with the constitution of the state, that an attempt to destroy the one, is justly held to be a rebellious conspiracy against the other." What is that but to say that the king's sacred life is guarded by higher sanctions than the ordi- nary laws, because of its more inseparable connec- tion with the public security, and that an attempt to destroy it is therefore made treason against the state ? But the attorney-general is, I am sure, too correct in his logic to say, that the converse of the proposition is therefore maintained, and that an attack upon the king's authority, without design 30 B Digitized by Microsoft® 466 SPEECH OF MR. EBSKINE ON THE upon his person, is affirmed by the same expres- sion to be treason against Ms life. His correct and enlarged mind is incapable of such confusion of ideas. But it is time to quit what fell from me upon this occasion, in order to examine the judgment of the court, and to clothe myself with the authority of that great and venerable magistrate, whose memory will always be dear to me, not only from the great servi6es he rendered to his country in the administration of her justice, but on account of the personal regard and reverence I had for him when living. Lord Mansfield, in delivering the law to the jury upon Lord George Gordon's trial, — I appeal to the trial itself, and to Mr. Justice Buller, now present, who agreed in the judgment, — expressly distinguished between the safety provided for the king's natural person, by the first branch of the statute, and the security of his executive power, under the second. That great judge never had an idea that the natural person of the king, and the majesty of the king, were the same thing, nor that the treasons against them were synonymous; he knew, on the contrary, for he knew all that was to be known, that as substantive crimes they never had been blended. I will read his own words: " There are two kinds of levying war : one against the person of the king ; to imprison, to dethrone, Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 467 or to kill Mm ; or to mate him change measures, or remove counsellors : the other, which is said to be levied against the majesty of the king, or, in other words, against him in his regal capacity ; as when a multitude rise and assemble to attain by force and violence any object of a general public nature ; that is levying war against the majesty of the king ; and most reasonably so held, because it tends to disolve all the bonds of society, to destroy property, and to overturn government; and, by force of arms, to restrain the king from reigning according 'to law." But then observe, gentlemen, the war must be actually levied ; and here again, I appeal to Mr. Justice BuUer, for the words of Lord Mansfield, expressly referring for what he said to the authority of Lord Holt, in Sir John Freind's case, already cited , " Lord Chief Justice Holt, in Sir John Freind's case, says : If persons do assemble themselves and act with force, in op- position to some law which they think inconven- ient, and hope thereby to get it repealed, this is a levying war and treason. In the present case it don't rest upon an implication that they hoped by opposition to a law to get it repealed ; but the prosecution proceeds upon the direct ground, that the object was, by force and violence, to compel the legislature to repeal a law; and therefore, without any doubt, I tell you the joint opinion of us all, that, if this multitude assembled with intent, Digitized by Microsoft® 468 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE ON THE by acts of force and violence, to compel the legis- lature to repeal a law, it is high treason." Let these words of Lord Mansfield be taken down, and then show me the man, let his rank and capacity be what they may, who can remove me from the foundation on which I stand, when I maintain that a conspiracy to levy war for the object of reformar tion, is not only not the high treason charged by this indictment, when not directly pointed against the king's person, but that even the actual levying it would not amount to the constitution of the crime. But this is the least material part* of Lord Mansfield's judgment, as applicable to the present question ; for he expressly considers the intention of the prisoner, whatever be the act of treason alleged against him, to be all in all. So far from holding the probable or even inevitable conse- quences of the thing done as constituting the quality of the act, he pronounces them to be nothing as separated from the criminal design to produce them. Lord George Gordon assembled an im- mense multitude around the house of commons, a system so opposite to that of the persons accused before this commission, that it appears from the evidence they would not even allow a man to come amongst them, because he had been Lord George's attorney. The lord-s and commons were absolutely blockaded in the chambers of parlia- ment; and if control was the intention of the Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 469 prisoner, it must be wholly immaterial what were the deliberations that were to be controlled; whether it was the continuance of Eoman Catholics under penal laws, the repeal of the septennial act, or a total change of the structure of the house of commons, that was the object of violence; the attack upon the legislature of the country would have been the same. That the multitude were actually assembled round the houses, and brought there by the prisoner, it was impossible for me as his counsel even to think of denying, nor that their tumultuous proceedings were not in effect produc- tive of great intimidation, and even danger, to the lords and commons, in the exercise of their author- ity; neither did I venture to question the law, that the assembling the multitude for that purpose, was levying war within the statute. Upon these facts therefore, applied to the doctrines we have heard upon this trial, there would have been nothing in Lord George Gordon's case to try ; he must have been instantly, without controversy, convicted. But Lord Mansfield did not say to the jury, according to the doctrines that have been broached here, that if they found the multitude assembled by the prisoner, were in fact palpably intimidating and controlling the parliament in the exercise of their functions, he was guilty of high treason, whatever his intentions might have been. He did not tell them that the inevitable conse- Digitized by Microsoft® 470 SPEECH OF MR. EKSKINE ON THE quence of assembling a hundred thousand people round the legislature, being a control on their proceedings, was therefore a levying war ; though collected from folly and rashness, without the in- tention of violence or control. If this had been thp doctrine of Lord Mansiield, there would, as I said before, have been nothing to try ; for I admit- ted in terms, that his conduct was the extremity of rashness, and totally inconsistent with his rank in the country, and his station as a member of the house of commons. But the venerable magistrate never for a moment lost sight of the grand ruling principle of criminal justice, that crimes can have no seat but in the mind ; and upon the prisoner's intention, and upon his intention alone, he ex- pressly left the whole matter to the jury, with the following directions, which I shall read verbatim from the trial; "Having premised these several propositions and principles, the subject matter for your consideration naturally resolves itself into two points : " First, whether this multitude did assemble and commit acts of violence, with intent to terrify and compel the legislature to repeal the act called Sir Greorge Saville's. If upon this point your opinion should be in the negative, that makes an end of the whole, and the prisoner ought to be acquitted ; but if your opinion should be, that the intent of this Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAB0Y. 471 multitude, and- the violence they committed, was to force a repeal, there arises a second point: " Whether the prisoner at the bar incited, encour- aged, promoted, or asssisted in raising this insur- rection, and the terror they carried with them, with the intent of forcing a repeal of this law. " Upon these two points, which you will call your attention to, depends the fate of this trial; for, if either the multitude had no such intent, or, supposing they had, if the prisoner was no cause, did not excite, and took no part in conducting, counselling, or fomenting the insurrection, the prisoner ought to be acquitted ; and there is no pretence that he personally concuri-ed in any act of violence." I therefore consider the case of Lord George Gordon as a direct authority in my favor. To show that a conspiracy to depose the king, independently of ulterior intention against his life, is high treason within the statute, the attorney- general next supposes that traitors had conspired to depose King William, but still to preserve him as Stadtholder in Holland, and asks whether that conspiracy would not be a compassing his death. To that question I answer, that it would not have been a compassing of the death of King WUham, provided the conspirators could have con- vinced the jury that their firm and bona jkie inten- tion was to proceed no further, and that, under Digitized by Microsoft® 472 SPEECH OP ME. ERSKmE ON THE that belief and impression, tlie jury, as they law- fully might, have negatived by their finding the fact of the intention against the king's natural existence. I have no doubt at all, that, upon such a finding, no judgfuent of treason could be pro- noijpced ; but the difficulty would be, to meet with a jury, who, upon the bare evidence of such a con- spiracy, would find such a verdict. There might be possible circumstances to justify such a negative of the intention, but they must come from the pris- oner. In such a case the crown would rest upon the conspiracy to depose, which would be 'prima, facie and cogent evidence of the compassing, and leave the hard task of rebutting it, on the defend- ants. I say the hard task, because the case put is of a direct rebellious force, acting against the king; not only abrogating his authority, but im- prisoning and expelling his person from the king- dom. I am not seeking to abuse the reasons and consciences of juries in the examination of facts, but am only resisting the confounding them with arbitrary propositions of law. Gentlemen, I hope I have now a right to con- sider that the existence of the high treason charged against the unfortunate man before you, is a mat- ter of fact for your consideration upon the evi- dence. To establish this point, has been the scope of all that you have been listening to, with so much indulgence and patience. It was my inten- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAKDY. 473 tion to have further supported myself, by a great many authorities, which I have been laboriously ext.racting from the different books of the law; but I find I must pause here, lest I consume my strength in this preliminary part of the case, and leave the rest defective. Gentlemen, the persons named in the indict- ment are charged with a conspiracy to subvert the rule, order, and government of this country; and it is material that you should observe most particularly the means by which it alleges this purpose was to be accomplished. The charge is not of a conspiracy to hold the convention in Scot- land, which was actually held there; nor of the part they took in in its actual proceedings; but the overt act, to which all the others are subsidiary and subordinate, is a supposed conspiracy to hold a convention in England, which never, in fact, was held; and consequently all the vast load of mat- ter which it has been decided you should hear, that does not immediately connect itself with the charge in question, is only laid before you, as the court has repeatedly expressed it, to prove that in point of fact such proceedings were had, the quality of which is for your judgment ; and as far, and as far only, as they can be connected with the prisoner, and the act which he stands charged with, to be left to you, as evidence of the intention with which Digitized by Microsoft® 474 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE ON THE the holding of the second convention was pro- jected. This intention is therefore the whole cause, for the charge is not the agreement to hold a conven- tion, which it is notorious, selfevident, and even admitted that they intended to hold ; but the agreement to hold it for the purpose alleged, of assuming all the authority of the state and in fulfillment of the main intention against the life of the king. Unless, therefore, you can collect this double intention from the evidence before you, the indictment is not maintained. Gentlemen, the charge being of a conspiracy, which, if made out in point of fact, involved beyond all controversy, and within the certain knowledge of the conspirators, the lives of every soul that was engaged in it, the first observation which I shall make to you, because in reason it ought to precede all' others, is, that every act done by the prisoners, and every sentence written by them, in the remotest degree connected with the charge, or offered in evidence to support it, were done and written in the public face of the world ; the transactions which constitute the whole body of the proof, were not those of a day, but in regular series of two years together; they were not the peculiar transaction of the prisoners, but of im mense bodies of the king's subjects, in various parts of the kingdom, assembled without the Digitized by Microsoft® TKIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 475 smallest reserve, and giving to the public, through the channel of the daily newspapers, a minute and regular journal of their whole proceedings. Not a syllable have we heard read, in the week's impris- onment we have suffered, that we had not all of us read for months and months, before the prose- cution was heard of; and which, if we are not sufficiently satiated, we may read again upon the file of every coffee-house in the kingdom. It is admitted distinctly by the crown, that a reform in the house of commons is the ostensible purpose of all the proceedings laid before you ; and that the attainment of that object only, is the grammatical sense of the great body of the written evidence. It rests, therefore, with the crown to show, by legal proof, that this ostensible purpose, and the whole mass of correspondence upon the table, was only a cloak to conceal a hidden machination, to subvert by force the entire authorities of the king- dom, and to assume them to themselves. Whether a reform of parliament be a wise or an unwise expedient; whether, if it were accomplished, it would ultimately be attended with benefits, or dangers, to the country, I will not undertake to investigate, and for this plain reason ; because it is wholly foreign to the subject before us. But when we are trying the integrity of men's intentions, and are examining whether their complaints of defects in the representation of the house of com- Digitized by Microsoft® 476 SPEECH OE ME. ERSKINE OM" THE raons be hona fide, or only a mere stalking-horse for treason and rebellion, it becomes a most essen- tial inquiry, whether they be the first who have uttered these complaints ; whether they have taken up notions for the first time, which never occurred to others ; and whether, in seeking to interfere practically in an alteration of the constitution, they have manifested, by the novelty of their con- duct, a spirit inconsistent with aflPection for the government, and subversive of its authority. Gentlemen, I confess for one, for I think the safest way of defending a person for his life before an enlightened tribunal is to defend him ingenu- ously, I confess for one, that if the defects in the constitution of parliament, which are the subject of the writings, and the foundation of all the proceed- ings before you, had never occurred to other persons at other times, or, if not new, they had only existed in the history of former conspiracies, I should be afraid you would suspect, at least, that the authors of them were plotters of mischief. In such a case I should naturally expect that you would ask yourselves this question : Why should it occur to the prisoner at the bar, and to a few others in the year 1794, immediately after an important revolu- tion in another country, to find fault, on a sudden, with a constitution which had endured for ages, without the imputation' of defect, and which no good subject had ever thought of touching with Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 477 the busy hand of reformation ? I candidly admit that such a question would occur to the mind of every reasonable man, and could admit no favor- able answer. But surely this admission entitles me, on the other hand, to the concession, that if, in comparing their writings, and examining their conduct with the writings and conduct of the best and most unsuspected persons in the best and most unsuspected times, we find them treading in the paths which have distinguished their highest superiors ; if we find them only exposing the same defects, and pursuing the same or similar courses for their removal, it would be the height of wickedness and injustice to torture expressions, and pervert conduct, into treason and rebellion, which had recently lifted up others to the love of the nation, to the confidence of the sovereign, and to all the honors of the state. The natural just- ness of this reasoning is so obvious, that we have only to examine the fact ; and, considering under what auspices the prisoners are brought before you, it may be fit that I should set out with reminding you, that the great Earl of Chatham began and established the fame and glory of his life upon the very cause which my unfortunate chents were engaged in, and that he left it as an inheritance to the present minister of the crown, as the foundation of his fame and glory after him ; and his fame and glory were accordingly raised Digitized by Microsoft® 478 SPEECH OP ME. EESKINE ON THE upon it; and if the crown's evidence had been carried as far back as it might have been — for the institution of only one of the two London societies is before us — you would have found that the Con- stitutional Society owed its earliest credit with the country, if not its very birth, to the labor of the present minister, and its professed principles to his grace the Duke of Richmond, high also in his majesty's present councils, whose plan of reform has been clearly established by the whole body of the written e\adence, and by every witness exam- ined for the crown, to have been the type and model of all the societies in the supposed conspir- acy, and uniformly acted upon in form and in substance by the prisoner before you, up to the very period of his confinement. Gentlemen, the Duke of Richmond's plan was universal suffrage and annual parliaments; and urged , too with a boldness, which, when the com- parison comes to be made, will leave in the back- ground the strongest figures in the writings on the table. I do not say this sarcastically ; I mean to speak with the greatest respect of his grace, both with regard to the wisdom and integrity of his conduct ; for although I have always thought in politics with the illustrious person whose letter was read to you ; although 1 think with Mr. Fox, that annual parliaments and universal suffrage would be nothing Hke an improvement in the con- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 479 stitution ; yet I confess that I find it easier to say so than to answer the Duke of Richmond's argu- ments on the subject ; and I must say besides, speaking of his grace from a long personal knowl- edge, which begun when I was counsel for his relation, Lord Keppel, that, independently of his illustrious rank, which secures him against the im- putation of trifling with its existence, he is a per- son of enlarged understanding, of extensive read- ing, and of much reflection ; and that his book cannot therefore be considered as the effusion of rashness and folly, but as the well-weighed, though perhaps erroneous, conclusions drawn from the actual condition of our affairs, viz., that without a speedy and essential reform in parliament — and there my opinion goes along with him — the very being of the country, as a great nation, would be lost. This plan of the Duke of Richmond, was the grand main-spring of every proceeding we have to deal with ; you have had a great number of loose conversations reported from societies, on which no reliance can be had; sometimes they have been garbled by spies, sometimes misrepre- sented by ignorance ; and even if correct, have frequently been the extravagances of unknown individuals, not even uttered in the presence of the prisoner, and totally unconnected with any de- sign ; for whenever their proceedings are appealed to, and their real object examined, by living mem- Digitized by Microsoft® 480 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKTNE OW THE bers of tLem, brought before you by the crown, to testify them under the most solemn obligations of truth, they appear to have been following, in form and in substance, the plans adopted within our memories, not only by the Duke of Richmond, but by hundreds of the most eminent men in the king- dom. The Duke of Richmond formally published his plan of reform in the year 1780, in a letter to LieutenantColonel Sharman, who was at that time practically employed upon the same object in Ire- land ; and this is a most material part of the case ; because you are desired to believe that the terms convention, and delegates, and the holding the one, and sending the other, were all collected from what had recently happened in France, and were meant as the formal introduction of her republican constitution; but they who desire you to believe all this, do not believe it themselves ; because they know certainly, and it has indeed already been proved by their own witnesses, that conventions of reformers were held in Ireland, and delegates regularly sent to them, whilst France was under the dominion of her ancient government. They knew full well that Colonel Sharman, to whom the Duke's letter was addressed, was at that very moment supporting a convention in Ireland, at the head of ten thousand men in arms, for the defence of their country, without any commission from the king, any more than poor Franklow had, who is Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 481 now in ISTewgate for regimenting sixty. These volunteers asserted and saved tlie liberties of Ire- land ; and the king would, at this day, have had no more subjects in Ireland than he now has in America, if they had been treated as traitors to the government. It was never imputed to Colonel Sharman and the volunteers, that they were in rebellion ; yet they had arms in their hands, which the prisoners never dreamed of having ; whilst a grand general convention was actually sitting under their auspices at the Royal Exchange of Dublin, attended by regular delegates from all the counties in Ireland. And who were these dele- gates ? I will presently tear off their names from this paper and hand it to you. They were the greatest, best, and proudest names in Ireland; men who had the wisdom to reflect, before it was too late for reflection, that greatness is not to be supported by tilting at inferiors, till, by the separa- tion of the hio;her from the lower orders of man- kind, every distinction is swept away in the tem- pest of revolution ; but in the happy harmoniza- tion of the whole community ; by conferring upon the people their rights ; sure of receiving the au- spicious return of affection, and of insuring the stability of the government, which is erected upon that just and natural basis. Gentlemen, they who put this tortuT-ed construction upon conven- tions and delegates, know also that repeated meet- ■ 31 B Digitized by Microsoft® 482 SPEECH OP MR. eeskhste on the ings of reforming societies, both in England and Scotland, had assumed about the same time the style of conventions, and had been attended by regular delegates long before the phase had, or could have had, any existence in France; and that upon the very model of these former associations, a formal convention was actually sitting at Edin- burgh, with the lord chief baron of Scotland in the chair, for promoting a reform in parliament, at the very moment the Scotch convention, following its example, assumed that title. To return to this letter of the Duke of Rich- mond : It was written to Colonel Sharman, in . answer to a letter to his grace, desiring to know his plan of reform, which he accordingly commu- nicated by the letter which is in evidence; and which plan was neither more nor less than that adopted by the prisoners, of surrounding parlia- ment, unwilling to reform its own corruptions, not by armed men, or by importunate multitudes, but by the still and universal voice of a whole people claiming their known and unalienable rights. This is so precisely the plan of the Duke of Richmond, that I have almost borrowed his expressions. His grace says : " The lesser reform has been attempted with every possible advantage in its favor; not only from the zealous support of the advocates for a more effectual one, but from the assistance of men of groat weight, both in and out of power. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 483 But with all these temperaments and helps it has failed. JSTot one proselyte has been gained from corruption, nor has the least ray of hope been held out from any quarter, that the house of commons was inclined to adopt any other mode of reform. The weight of corruption has crushed this more gentle, as it would have defeated any more effica- cious, plan in the same circumstances. From that quarter, therefore, I have nothing to hope. It is from the people at large that I expect any good ; and I am convinced, that the only way to make them feel that they are really concerned in the business, is to contend for their full, clear, and indisputable rights of universal representation." Now how does this doctrine apply to the defence of the prisoner? I maintain that it has the most decisive application ; because this book has been put into the hands of the crown witnesses, who have one and all of them recognized it, and declared it to have been, iona fide^ the plan which they pursued. But are the crown's witnesses worthy of credit ? If they are not, let us return home, since there is no evidence at all, and the cause is over. AH the guilt, if any there be, proceeds from their testi- mony ; if they are not to be believed, they have proved nothing; since the crown cannot force upon you that part of the evidence which suits its purpose, and ask you to reject the other which Digitized by Microsoft® 484 SPEECH OF MB. ERSKIWE OK THE does not. The witnesses are either entirely credi- ble, or undeserving of all credit, and I have no interest in the alternative. This is precisely the state of the cause. For, with regard to all the evidence that is written, let it never be forgotten, that it is not upon me to defend my clients against it, but for the crown to extract from it the mate- rials of accusation. They do not contend that the treason is upon the surface of it, but in the latent intention ; which intention must, therefore, be sup- ported by extrinsic proof; but which is, neverthe- less, directly negatived and beat down by every witness they have called, leaving them nothing but commentaries and criticisms against both fact and language, to which, for the present, I shall content myself with replying in the authoritative language of the court, in the earliest stage of their pro- ceedings : " If there be ground to consider the professed purpose of any of these associations, a reform in parliament, as mere color, and as a pretext held out in order to cover deeper designs — designs against the whole constitution and government of the country ; the case of those embarked in such designs is that which I have already considered. Whether this be so, or not, is mere matter of fact; as to which I shall only remind you, that an inquiiy into a charge of this nature, which under- takes to make out that the ostensible purpose is a Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEBY. 485 mere veil, under wliicli is concealed a traitorous conspiracy, requires cool and deliberate examina- tion, and the most attentive consideration; and that the result should be perfectly clear and satis- factory. In the affairs of common life, no man is justified in imputing to another a meaning contrary to what he himself expresses, but upon the fullest evidence. " To this, though it requires nothing to support it, either in reason or authority, I desire to add the direction of Lord Chief Justice Holt to the jur}'^, on the trial of Sir John Perkyns ;■ " Gentlemen, it is not fit that there should be any strained or forced construction put upon a man's actions when he is tried for his life. You ought to have a full and satisfactory evidence that he is guilty, before you pronounce him so." In this assimilation of the writings of the societies to the writings of the Duke of Eichmond and others, I do not forget that it has been truly said by the lord chief justice, in the course of this very cause, that ten or twenty men's committing crimes, furnishes no defence for other men in committing them. Certainly it does not ; and I fly to no such sanctuary ; but in trying the prisoner's intentions, and the intentions of those with whom he associated and acted, if I can show them to be only insisting upon the same principles that have distinguished the most eminent men for wisdom and virtue in the country, it wiU Digitized by Microsoft® 486 SPEECH OF ME. EESKITSTE ON THE not be very easy to declaim or argue them into the pains of death, whilst our bosoms are glowing with admiration at the works of those very persons who would condemn them. Gentlemen, it has been too aiuch the fashion of late to overlook the genuine source of all law and authority, but more especially totally to forget the character of the British house of commons as a representative of the people ; whether this has arisen from that assembly's having itself forgotten it, would be indecent for me to inquire into or to insinuate ; but I shall preface the authorities which I mean to collect in support of the prisoner, with the opinion on that subject of a truly cele- brated writer, whom I wish to speak of with great respect ; I should, indeed, be ashamed, particularly at this moment, to name him invidiously, whilst he is bending beneath the pressure of a domestic misfortune, which no man out of his own family laments more sincerely than I do.* No difference of opinion can ever make me forget to acknowledge the sublimity of his genius, the vast reach of his understanding, and his universal acquaintance with the histories and constitutions of nations ; 1 also disavow the introduction of the writings with the view of involving the author in any apparent in- consistencies, which would tend, indeed, to defeat rather than to advance my purpose. I stand here * Mr. Burke's son was then dying. ' Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL or THOMAS HARDY. 487 to-day, to claim at your hands, a fair and charitable interpretation of human conduct, and I shall not set out with giving an example of uncharitable- ness. A man may have reason to change his opin- ions, or perhaps . the defect may be in myself, who collect that they are changed ; I leave it to God to judge of the heart ; my wish is, that Christian charity may prevail; that the public harmony which has been lost may be restored ; that all England may re-unite in the bonds of love and affection ; and that, when the court is broken up by the acquittal of the prisoners, all heart-burnings and animosities may cease; that, whilst yet we work in the light, we may try how we can save our country by a common effort ; and that, instead of shamelessly setting one half of society against the other by the force of armed associations, and the terrors of courts of justice, our spirits and our strength may be combined in the glorious cause of our country. By this, I do not mean in the cause of the present war, which I protest against as un- just, calamitous, and destructive ; but this is not the place for such a subject ; I only advert to it to prevent mistake or misrepresentation. The history and character of the English house of commons was formerly thus described by Mr. Burke : " The house of commons was supposed originally to be no part of the standing govern- ment of this country, but was considered as a con- Digitized by Microsoft® 488 SPEECH OE MR. ERSKINE OJr THE trol issuing immediately from the people, and speedily to be resolved into the mass from whence it arose ; in this respect it was in the higher part of government what juries are in the lower. The capacity of a magistrate being transitory, and that of a citizen permanent, the latter capacity, it was hoped, would of course preponderate in all discus- sions, not only between the people and the standing authority of the crown, but between the people and the fleeting authority of the house of com- mons itself It was hoped, that, being of a mid- dle nature, between subject and government, they would feel with a more tender and nearer interest, everything that concerned the people, than the other remoter and more permanent parts of legis- lature. "Wh-atever alterations time and the necessary accommodation of business may have introduced, this character can never be sustained, unless the house of commons shall be made to bear some stamp of the actual disposition of the people at large; it would, among public misfortunes, be an evil more natural and tolerable, that the house of commons should be infected with every epidemical frenzy of the people, as this would indicate some consanguinity, some sympathy of nature with their constituents, than that they should, in all cases, be wholly imtouched by the opinions and feelings of the people, out of doors. By this want of sym- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 489 pathy, they would cease to be a house of commons. " The virtue, spirit, and essence of a house of commons, consists in its being the express image of the feelings of the nation. It was not insti- tuted to be a control upon the people, as of late it has been taught, by a doctrine of the most per- nicious tendency, but as a control for the people." He then goes on to say, that to give a technical shape, a color, dress, and duration to popular opin- ion, is the true office of the house of commons. Ml'. Burke is unquestionably correct ; the control upon the people is the king's majesty, and the hereditary privileges of the peers ; the balance of the state is the control for the people upon both, in the existence of the house of commons ; but how can that control exist for the people, unless they have the actual election of the house of com- mons, which, it is most notorious, they have not ? I hold in my hand a state of the representation which, if the thing were not otherwise notorious, I would prove to have been lately offered in proof to the house of commons, by an honorable friend of mine now present, whose moti^on I had the honor to second, where it appeared that twelve thousand people return near a majority of the house of commons, and those again, under the con- trol of about two hundred. But though these facts were admitted, all redress, and even discus- sion, was refused. What ought to be said of a Digitized by Microsoft® 490 SPEECH OF MR. EESKINE ON THE house of commons that so conducts itself, it is not for me to pronounce ; I will appeal, therefore, to Mr. Burke, who says, " that a house of commons, which in all disputes between the people and * administration, presumes against the people, which punishes their disorders, but refuses even to in- quire into their provocations, is an unnatural, monstrous state of things in the constitution." But this is nothing ; Mr. Burke goes on after- wards to give a more full description of parliament, and in stronger language, let the solicitor-general take it down for his reply, than any that has been employed by those who are to be tried at present as conspirators against its existence. I read the passage to warn you against considering hard words against the house of commons as decisive evidence of treason against the king. The pass- age is in a well-known work called, " Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontents ; " and such discontents will always be present whilst their causes continue. The word present will apply just as well now, and much better than to the times when the honorable gentleman wrote his book ; for we are now in the heart and bowels of another war, and groaning under its additional burdens. I shall therefore leave it to the learned gentleman who is to reply, to show us what has happened since our author wrote, which renders the parliament less liable to the same observations now. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 491 " It must alw'ays be the wish of an unconstitu- tional statesman, that a house of commons, who are entirely dependent upon him, should have every right of the people entirely dependent upon their pleasure. For it was soon discovered that the forms of a free, and the ends of an arbitrary government, were things not altogether incom- patible. "The power of the crown, almost dead and rotten as prerogative, has grown up anew, with much more strength and far less odium, under the narae of influence. An influence which operated without noise and violence ; which converted the very antagonist into the instrument of power; which contained in itself a perpetual principle of growth and renovation; and which the distresses and the prosperity of the country equally tended to augment, was an admirable substitute for a pre- rogative, that, being only the offspring of anti- quated prejudices, had moulded in its original stamina irresistible principles of decay and disso- lution." What is this but saying that the house of com- mons is a settled and scandalous abuse fastened upon the people, instead of b(dng an antagonist power for their protection; an odious instrument of power in the hands of the crown, instead of a popular balance against it ? Did Mr. Burke mean that the prerogative of the crown, properly under- Digitized by Microsoft® 492 SPEECH OF MR. ERSKINE ON THE stood and exercised, was an antiquated prejudice ? Certainly not ; because his attachment to a prop- erly balanced monarchy is notorious ; why then is it to be fastened upon the prisoners, that they stigmatize monarchy, when they also exclaim only against its corruptions? In the same manner, when he speaks of the abuses of parliament, would it be fair to Mr. Burke to argue, from the strict legal meaning of the expression, that he included, in the censure on parliament, the king's person, or majesty ; which is part of the parliament? In examining the work of an author you must collect the sense of his expressions from the subject he is discussing ; and if he is writing of the house of commons as it affects the structure and efficacy of the government, you ought to understand the word parliament so as to meet the sense and obvious meaning of the writer. Why then is this common justice refused to others? Why is the word parliament to be taken in its strictest and least obvious sense against a poor shoemaker, or any plain tradesman at a Sheffield club, while it is interpreted in its popular, though less correct acceptation, in the works of the most distinguished scholar of the age ? Add to this, that the cases are not at all similar ; for Mr. Burke uses the word parliament throughout, when he is speaking of the house of commons; without any concomitant words which convey an explanation, but the sense Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 493 of his subject; whereas parliament is fastened upon the prisoner as meaning something beyond the house of commons, when it can have no possible meaning beyond it; since from the beginning to the end it is joined with the words "representation of the people;" the representation of the people in parliament ! Does not this most palpably mean the house of commons, when we know that the people have no representation in either of the other branches of government ? A letter has been read in evidence from Mr. Hardy to Mr. Fox, where he says their object was universal representation. Did Mr. Fox suppose, when he received this letter, that it was from a nest of republicans clamoring publicly for an uni- versal representative constitution like that of France? If he had, would he have sent the answer he did, and agreed to present their peti- tion? Thej^ wrote also to the Society of the Friends of the People, and invited them to send delegates to the convention ; the attorney-general, who has made honorable and candid mention of that body, will not suppose that it would have contented itself with refusing the invitation in terms of cordiality and regard, if, with all the knowledge they had of their transactions, they had conceived themselves to have been invited to the formation of a body, which was to over-rule and extinguish all the authorities of the state; yet Digitized by Microsoft® 494 SPEECH OP ME. ERSKINE ON THE upon the perversion of these two terms, parlia- ment and convention, against their natural inter- pretation, against a similar use of them by others, and against the solemn explanation of them by the crown's own witnesses, this whole fabric of terror and accusation stands for its support. Letters, it seems, written to other people, are to be better understood by the gentlemen round this table, who never saw them till months after they were written, than by those to whom they were addressed and sent; and no right interpretation, forsooth, is to be expected from writings when pursued in their regular series, but they are to be made distinct by binding them up in a large volume, alongside of others totally unconnected with them, and the very existence of whose authors was unknown to one another. I will now, gentlemen, resume the reading of another part of Mr. Burke, and a pretty account it is of this same parliament : " They who will not conform their conduct to the public good, and cannot support it by the prerogative of the crown, have adopted a new plan. They have totally abandoned the shattered and old-fashioned foi'tress of prerogative, and made a lodgment in the strong- hold of parliament itself If they have any evil design to which there is no ordinary legal power commensurate, they bring it into parliament. There the whole is executed from the beginning Digitized by Microsoft® TKIAL OP THOMAS HA.RDT. 495 to the end; and the power of obtaining their object absolute ; and the safety in the proceeding perfect; no rules to confine, nor after-reckonings to terrifj^. For parliament cannot, with any great propriety, punish others, for things in which they themselves have been accomplices. Thus its con- trol upon the executory power is lost." This is a proposition universal. It is not that the popular control was lost under this or that administration, but, generally, that the people have no control in the house of commons. Let any man stand up and say that he disbelieves this to be the case ; I believe he would find nobody to believe him. Mr. Burke pursues the subject thus : " The distempers of monarchy were the great subjects of apprehension and redress in the last century — in this, the distempers of parliament." Here, the word parliament, and the abuses belonging to it, are put in express opposition to the monarchy, and cannot therefore comprehend it ; the distempers of parliament then are objects of serious apprehension and redress. What distempers ? JS'ot of this or that year, but the habitual distempers of parlia- ment ; and then follows the nature of the remedy, which shows that the prisoners are not singular in thinking that it is by the voice of the people only that parliament can be corrected. " It is not in parhament alone," says Mr. Burke, "that the remedy for parliamentary disorders can be com- Digitized by Microsoft® 496 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE plefced; and hardly, indeed, can it begin there. Until a confidence in government is re-established, the people ought to be excited to a more strict and detailed attention to the conduct of their repre- sentatives. Standards for judging more system- atically upon their conduct ought to be settled in the meetings of counties and corporations, and fre- quent and correct lists of the voters in all import- ant questions ought to be procured. By such means something may be done." It was the same sense of the impossibility of a reform in parliament, without a general expression of the wishes of the people, that dictated the Duke of Eichmond's letter ; all the petitions in 1780 had been rejected by parliament ; this made the Duke of Richmond exclaim, that from that quarter no redress was to be expected, and that from the people alone he expected any good ; and he, there- fore, expressly invited them to claim and assert an equal representation as their indubitable and unal- ienable birthright. How to assert their rights, when parliament had alread;)* refused them without even the hope, as the Duke expressed it, of listen- ing to them any more ? Could the people's rights, under such circumstances, be asserted without rebellion ? Certainly they might, for rebellion is, when bands of men within a state oppose them- selves, by violence, to the general will, as expressed or implied by the public authority ; but the sense Digitized by Microsoft® TRIA.L OF THOMAS HABDT. 49? of a whole people, peaceably collected, and operat- ing by its natural and certain effect upon the pub- lic councils, is not rebellion, but is paramount to, and the parent of, authority itself. Gentlemen, I am neither vindicating, nor speak- ing, the language of inflammation or discontent; I shall speak nothing that can disturb the order of the state ; I am full of devotion to its dignity and tranquility, and would not for worlds let fall an expression in this or in any other place that could lead to disturbance or disorder ; but for that very reason, I speak with firmness of the rights of the people, and am anxious for the redress of their complaints ; because I believe a system of atten- tion to them to be a far better security and estab- lishment of every part of the government, than those that are employed to preserve them. The state and government of a country rest, for their support, on the great body of the people, and I hope never to hear it repeated, in any court of jus- tice, that peaceably to convene the people upon the subject of their own privileges, can lead to the destruction of the king ; they are the king's worst enemies who hold this language. It is a most dangerous principle, that the crown is in jeopardy if the people are acquainted with their rights, and that the collecting them together to consider them, leads inevitably to the destruction of the sovereign. Do these gentlemen mean to say that the king sits 32 B Digitized by Microsoft® 498 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE upon Ms throne without the consent, and in defi- ance of the wishes of the great body of his people, and that he is kept upon it by a few individuals who call themselves his friends, in exclusion of the rest of his subjects ? Has the king's inheritance no deeper or wider roots than this ? Yes, gentle- men, it has ; it stands upon the love of the people, who consider their own inheritance to be supported by the king's constitutional authority ; this is the true prop of the throne ; and the love of every people upon earth will forever uphold a govern- ment, founded, as ours is, upon reason and consent, as long as government shall be itself attentive to the general interests which are the foundations and the ends of all human authority. Let us banish, then, these unworthy and impolitic fears of an unrestrained and enlightened people ; let us not tremble at the rights of man, but, by giving to. men their rights, secure their affections, and through their affections, their obedience ; let us not broach the dangerous doctiine, that the rights of kings and of men are incompatible. Our gov- ernment at the revolution began upon their har- monious incorporation; and Mr. Locke defended King William's title upon no other principle than the rights of man. It is from the revered work of Mr. Locke, and not from the revolution in France, that one of the papers in the evidence — the most stigmatized — most obviously flowed; for Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 499 it is proved that Mr. Yorke held in Ms hand Mr. Locke upon government, when he delivered his speech on the Castle Hill at Sheffield, and that he expatiated largely upon it; well, indeed, might the witness say he expatiated largely, for there are many well-selected passages taken, verbatim from the book; and here, in justice to Mr. White, let me notice the fair and honorable manner in which, in the absence of the clerk, he read this extraordi- nary performance. He delivered it not merely with distinctness, but in a manner so impressive, that, I believe, every man in court was affected by it. Gentlemen, I am not driven to defend every ex- pression ; some of them are undoubtedly improper, rash and inflammatory ; but I see nothing in the whole taken together, even if it were connected with the prisoner, that goes at all to an evil pur- pose in the writer. But Mr. Attorney-General has remarked upon this proceeding at Sheffield, and whatever falls from a person of his rank and just estimation deserves great attention, he has re- marked that it is quite apparent they had resolved not to petition. They had certainly resolved not at that season to petition, and that seems the utmost which can be maintained from the evi- dence. But supposing they had negatived the measure altogether ; is there no way by which the people may actively associate for the purposes of Digitized by Microsoft® 500 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINl! ON THE a reform in parliament, l)ut to consider of a peti tion to the house of commons ? Might they not legally assemble to consider the state of their liberties, and the conduct of their representatives ? Might they not legally form conventions or meet- ings, for the name is just nothing, to adjust a plan of rational union for a wise choice of representa- tives when parliament should be dissolved ? May not the people meet to consider their interests preparatory to, and independently of, a petition for any specific object? My friend seems to con- sider the house of commons as a substantive and permanent part of the constitution ; he seems to forget that the parliament dies a natural death ; that the people then re-enter into their rights, and that the exercise of them is the most important duty that can belong to social man ; how are such duties to be exercised with effect, on momentous occasions, but by concert and communion ? May not the people, assembled in their elective dis- tricts, resolve to trust no longer those by whom they have been betrayed ? May they not resolve to vote for no man who contributed by his voice to this calamitous war, which has thrown such grievous and unnecessary burdens upon them? May they not say : " We will not vote for those who deny we are their constituents ; nor for those Vi^ho question our clear and natural right to be equally represented?" Since it is illegal to carry Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 501 up petitions, and nnwise to transact any public business attended by multitudes, because it tends to tumult and disorder, may they not, for that very reason, depute, as they have done, the most trusty of their societies to meet with one another to consider, without the specific object of petitions, how they may claim, by means which are consti- tutional, their imprescriptible rights ? And here I must advert to an argument employed by the attorney-general, that the views of the societies towards universal sufli-age, carried in themselves, however sought to be effected, an implied force upon parliament ; for that, supposing by invading it with the vast pressure, not of the public arm, but of the public sentiment of the nation, the influence of which upon that assembly is admitted, ought to be weighty, it could have prevailed upon the commons to carry up a bill to the king for universal representation and annual parliaments, his majesty was bound to reject it ; and could not, without a breach of his coronation oath, consent to pass it into an act; I cannot conceive where my friend met with this law, or what he can pos- sibly mean by asserting that the king cannot, con- sistently with his coronation oath, consent to any law that can be stated or imagined, presented to him as the act of the two houses of parliament ; he could not, indeed, consent to a bill sent up to Mm framed by a convention of delegates assuming Digitized by Microsoft® 502 SPEECH OP ME. EKSKINE ON THE legislative functions ; and if my friend could have proved that the societies, sitting as a parliament, had sent up such a bill to his majesty, I should have thought the prisoner, as a member of such a pai'liament, was at least in a different situation from that in which he stands at present ; but as tliis is not one of the chimeras whose existence is contended for, I return back to ask, upon what authority it is maintained, that universal represen- tation and annual parliaments could not be con- sented to by the king, in conformity to the wishes of the other branches of the legislature? on the contrary, one of the greatest men that this country ever saw, considered universal representation to be such an inherent part of the constitution, as that the king himself might grant it by his prerogative, even without the lords and commons ; and I have never heard the position denied upon any other footing than the union with Scotland. But be that as it may, it is enough for my purpose that the maxim, that the king might grant universal repres,entation, as a right before inherent in the whole people to be represented, stands upon the authority of Mr. Locke, the man, next to Sir Isaac Newton, of the greatest strength of understanding that England, perhaps, ever had ; high, too, in the favor of King William, and enjoying one of the most exalted offices in the state. Mr. Locke says, book 2d, chap. 13, sect. 157 and 158: "Things Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 503 of, this world are in so constant a flux, that notting remains long in the same state. Thus people, riches, trade, and power, change their stations, flour- ishing, mighty cities come to ruin, and prove, in time, neglected desolate corners, whilst other unfre- quented places grow into populous countries, filled with wealth and inhabitants. But things n^t always changing equally, and private interest often keeping up customs and privileges, when the rea- sons of them are ceased, it often comes to pass, that in governments, where part of the legislature consists of representatives chosen by the people, that in tract of time this representation becomes very unequal and disproportionate to the reasons it was at first estabhshed upon. To what gross absurdities the following of custom," when reason has left it, may lead, we may be satisfied, when we see the bare name of a town, of which there remains not so much as the ruins, where scarce so much housing as a sheep-cote, or more inhabitants than a shepherd is • to be found, sends as many representatives to the grand assembly of law- makers as a whole coulity, numerous in people and powerful in riches. This, strangers stand amazed at, and every one must confess needs a remedy." "/&/ms pojmli suprema lex, is certainly so just and fundamental a rule, that he who sincerely follows it, cannot dangerously err. If, therefore, the executive, who has the power of convoking Digitized by Microsoft® 504 SPEECH or ME. EESKIKB ON THE the legislative, observing rather the true propor- tion, tha£n fashion of representation, regulates, not Tby old custom, but true reason, the nuaiber of members in all places that have a right to be dis- tinctly represented, which no part of the people, h-owever incorporated, can pretend to, but in pro- p'brtion to the assistance which it affords to the public, it cannot be judged to have set up a new legislative, but to have restored the old and true one, and to have rectified the disorders which succession of time had insensibly, as well as inevi- tably introduced ; for it being the interest as well as the intention of the people to have a fair and equal representative, whoever brings it nearest to that, is an undoubted friend to, and establisher of the government, and cannot miss the consent and approbation of the community; prerogative being nothing but a power, in the hands of the prince, to provide for the public good, in such cases, which depending upon unforeseen and uncertain occur- rences, certain and unalterable laws could not safely direct ; whatsoever shall be done manifestly for the good of the people* and the establishing the government upon its true foundations, is, and always will be, just prerogative. Whatsoever can- not but be acknowledged to be of advantage to the society, and people in general, upon just and lasting measures, will always, when done, justify itself; and whenever the people shall choose their Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 505 representatives upon just and undeniably equal measures, suitable to the original frame of tlie government, it cannot be doubted to be tlie will and act of the society, whoever permitted or caused them so to do." But as the very idea of universal suffrage seems now to be considered not only to be dangerous to, but absolutely destructive of monarchy, you certainly ought to be reminded that the book which I have been reading, and which my friend kindly gives me a note to remind you of, was written by its immortal author, in defence of King William's title to the crown ; and when Dr. Sacheverel ventured to broach those doctrines of power and non-resistance, which, under the same establishments, have now become so un- accountably popular; he was impeached by the people's representatives for denying their rights, which had been asserted and established at the glorious era of the revolution. Gentlemen, if I were to go through all the mat- ter which I have collected upon this subject, or which obtrudes itself upon my mind, from com- mon reading, in a thousand directions, my strength would fail long before my duty was fulfilled ; I had very little when I canie into court, and I have abundantly less already ; I must, therefore, man- age what remains to the best advantage. I pro- ceed, therefore, to take a view of such parts of the evidence as appear to me to be the most material for Digitized by Microsoft® 506 SPEECH OF ME. EESKTNE OTST THE the proper understanding of the case ; I have had no opportunity of considering it, but in the inter- val which the indulgence of the court, and your own, has afforded me, and that has been but for a very few hours this morning ; but it occurred to me, that the best use I could make of the time given to me was, if possible, to disembroil this chaos ; to throw out of view everything irrelevant, which only tended to bring chaos back again, to take what remained in order of time, to select cer- tain stages and resting-places, to review the effect of the transactions, as brought before us, and then to see how the written evidence is explained by the testimony of the witnesses who have been examined. The origin of the Constitutional Society not having been laid in evidence before you, the first thing, both in point of date, and as applying to show the objects of the different bodies, is the original address and resolution of the Correspond- ing Society on its first institution, and when it first began to correspond with the other, which had formerly ranked amongst its members so many illustrious persons ; and before we look to the mat- ter of this institution, let us recollect that the objects of it were given without reserve to the public, as containing the principles of the associa- tion ; and I may begin with demanding, whether the annals of this country, or indeed the universal Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 507 Mstory of mankind, afford an instance of a plot and conspiracy voluntarily given up in its very infancy to government, and the whole public, and of which, to avoid the very thing' that has -hap- pened, the arraignment of conduct at a future period, and the imputation of secrecy where no secret was intended, a regular notice by letter was left with the secretary of state, and a receipt taken at the public office, as a proof of the pub- licity of their proceeding, and the sense they entertained of their innocence. For the views and objects of the society, 'we must look to the institution itself, which you are indeed desired to look at by the crown ; for their intentions are not considered as deceptions in this instance, but as plainly revealed by the very writing itself. Gentlemen, there was a sort of silence in the court, I do not say an affected one, for I mean no possible offence to any one, but there seemed to be an effect expected from beginning, not with the address itself, but with the very bold motto to it, though in verse : " Unblest by virtue, government a league Becomes, a circling junto of the great To rob by law ; religion mild, a yoke To tame tlie stooping soul, a trick of state To mask their rapine, and to share the prey. Witliout it, what are senates, but a face Of consultation deep and reason free, "While the determin'd voice and heart are sold? What boasted freedom, but a sounding name? And what election, but a market vile, Of slaves self-bartered? " Digitized by Microsoft® 508 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKINE ON THE I almost fancy I heard them say to me, what think you of that to set out with ? Show me the parallel of that. Gentlemen, I am sorry, for the credit of the age we live in, to answer, that it is difficult to find the parallel ; because the age affords no such poet as he who wrote it ; these are the words of Thomson ; and it is under the ban- ners of his proverbial benevolence, that these men are supposed to be engaged in plans of anarchy and murder ; under the banners of that great and good man, whose figure you may still see in the venerable shades of Hagley, placed there by the virtuous, accomplished, and public-spirited Lyttel ton ; the very poem, too, written under the au- spices of his majesty's royal father, when heir-appar- ent to the crown of Great Britain, nay, within the very walls of Carlton House, which afforded an asylum to matchless worth and genius in the person of this great poet ; it was under the roof of a Prince of Wales that the Poem of Liberty was written ; and what better return could be given to a prince for his protection, than to blazon, in immortal numbers, the only sure title to the crown he was to wear, the freedom of the people of Great Britain ? And it is to be assumed, forsooth, in the year 1794, that the unfortunate prisoner before you was plotting treason and rebellion, because, with a taste and feeling beyond his humble station, his first proceeding was ushered into view, under Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAKDT. 509 the hallo-wed sanction of this admirable person, the friend and defender of the British constitution ; whose countrymen are preparing at this moment (may my name descend amongst them to the latest posterity ! ) to do honor to his immortal memory. Pardon me, gentlemen, for this desultory digres- sion — I must express myself as the current of my mind will carry me. If we look at the whole of the institution itself, it exactly corresponds with the plan of the Duke of Richmond as expressed in the letters to Colonel Sharman, and to the high sheriff of Sussex ; this plan they propose to follow, in a public address to the nation, and all their resolutions are framed for its accomplishment ; and I desire to know in what they have departed from either, and what they have done which has not been done before, without blame or censure, in the pursuance of the same object. I am not speaking of the libels they may have written, which the law is open to punish, but what part of their conduct has, as applicable to the subject in question, been unprecedented. I have, at this moment, in my eye, an honorable friend of mine, and a distinguished member of the house of commons, who, in my own remembrance, I believe in 1780, sat publicly at Guildhall with many others, some of them magistrates of the city, as a convention of delegates, for the same objects ; and, what is still more to the point, just before the Digitized by Microsoft® 510 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE convention began to meet at Edinlaurgli, whose proceedings have been so much relied on, there was a convention regularly assembled, attended' by the delegates from all the counties of Scotland, for the express and avowed purpose of altering the constitution of parliament; not by rebellion, but by the same means employed by the prisoner ; the lord chief baron of Scotland sat in the chair, and was assisted by soine of the first men in that country, and amongst others, by an honorable person to whom I am nearly allied, who is at the very head of the bar in Scotland, and most avow- edly attached to the law and the constitution.* These gentlemen, whose good intentions never fell into suspicion, had presented a petition for the alteration of election laws, which the house of commons had rejected, and on the spur of that very rejection they met in a convention at Edin- burgh, in 1793 ; and the style of their first meeting was, " A convention of delegates, chosen from the counties of Scotland, for altering and amending the laws concerning elections" — not for considering how they might be best amended — not for peti- tioning parliament to amend them ; but for altering; and amending the election laws. These meetings were regularly published, and I will prove, that their first resolution, as I have * The Hon. Henry Erskine, Mr. Erfkin'e's brother, then Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, at Edinburgh. Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 51 1 read it to you, was brought up to London, and de- livered to the editor of the Morning Ohronide, by Sir Thomas Dnndas, lately created a peer of Great Britain, and paid for by him as a public advertise- ment. Now, suppose any man had imputed trea- son or sedition to these honorable persons, what would have been the consequence? They wo aid have been considered as infamous libellers and traducers, and deservedly hooted out of civilized life ; why then are different constructions to be put upon similar transactions? Why is every- thing to be held up as hona fide when the example is set, and mala fide when it is followed ? Why have I not as good a claim to take credit for honest purpose in the poor man I am defending, against whom not a contumelious expression has been proved, as when we find the same expressions in the mouths of the Duke of Richmond or Mr. Burke ? I ask nothing more from this observation, than that a sober judgment may be pronounced from the quality of the acts which can be fairly established ; each individual standing responsible only for his own conduct, instead of having our imaginations tainted with cant phrases, and a far- rago of writings and speeches, for which the prisoner is not responsible, and for which the authors, if they be criminal, are Hable to be brought to justice. But it will be said gentlemen, that all the con- Digitized by Microsoft® 612 SPEECH OF MR. EESKESTE ON THE stitutional privileges of the people are conceded ; that their existence was never denied or invaded ; and that their right to petition and to meet for the expression of their complaints, founded or un- founded, was never called in question ; these, it will be said, are the rights of subjects ; but that the rights of man are what alarms them : every man is considered as a traitor who talks about the rights of man ; but this bugbear stands upon the same perversion with its fellows. The rights of man are the foundation of all gov- ernment, and to secure them is the only reason of men's submitting to be governed ; it shall not be fastened upon the unfortunate prisoner at the bar, nor upon any other man, that because these nat- ural rights were asserted in France, by the destruc- tion of a government which oppressed and sub- verted them — a process happily effected here by slow and imperceptible improvements — that, there- fore they can only be so asserted in England^ where the government, through a gradation of improvement, is well calculated to protect them. We are, fortunately, not driven in this country to the terrible alternatives which were the unhappy lot of France, because we have had a happier des- tiny in the forms of a free constitution ; this, indeed, is the express language of many of the papers before you, that have been complained of; particularly in one alluded to by the attorney-gen- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 513 eral, as having been written by a gentleman witli whom I am particularly acquainted ; and though in that spirited composition there are, perhaps, some expressions proceeding from warmth which he may not desire me critically to justify, yet I will venture to afl&rm, from my own pei'sonal knowledge, that there is not a man in court more honestly public-spirited and zealously devoted to the constitution of king, lords, and commons, than the honorable gentleman I allude to (Felix Vaughan, Esq., barrister-at-law) ; it is the phrase, therefore, and not the sentiment expressed by it, that can alone give justifiable offence ; it is, it seems, a new phrase, commencing in revolutions, and never used before in discussing the rights of British subjects, and therefore can only be applied in the sense of those who framed it ; but this is so far from being the truth, that the very phrase sticks in my mem- ory, from the memorable application of it to the rights of subjects, under this and every other establishment, by a gentleman whom you will not suspect of using it in any other sense. The rights of man were considered by Mr. Burke, at the time that the great uproar was made upon a supposed invasion of the East India Company's charter, to be the foundation of, and paramount to all, the laws and ordinances of a state ; the ministry, you may remember, were turned out for Mr. Fox's [ndia Bill, which their opponents termed an attack 30 B Digitized by Microsoft® 514 SPEECH OF ME. EESKTNE OTST THE upon the chartered rights of man, or in other words, upon the abuses supported by a monopoly in trade. Hear the sentiments of Mr. Burke, when the natural and chartered rights of men are brought into contest. Mr. Burke, in his speech in the house of commons, expressed - himself thus : " The first objection is, that the bill is an attack on the chartered rights of men. As to this objec- tion, I must obsei've that the phrase of ' the char- tered rights of men,' is full of affectation; and very unusual in the discussion of privileges con- ferred by charters of the present description. But it is not difiicult to discover what end that ambigu- ous mode of expression, so often reiterated, is meant to answer. " The rights of men, that is to say, the natural rights of mankind, are indeed sacred things ; and if any public measure is proved mischievously to affect them, the objection ought to be fatal to that measure, even if no chai-ter at all could be set up against it. And if these natural rights are further affirmed and declared by express covenants, clearly defined and secured against chicane, power, and authority, by written instruments and positive engagements, they are in a still better condition ; they then partake not only of the sanctity of the object so secured, but of that solemn public faith itself, which secures an object of such importance. Indeed, this formal recognition, by the sovereign Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT, 515 power, of an original right in the subject, can never be subverted, but by rooting up the holding radical principles of government, and even of society itself/' The Duke of Richmond also, in his public letter to the high sheriff of Sussex, rests the rights of the people of England upon the same horrible and damnable principle of the Rights of Man. Let gentlemen, therefore, take care they do not pull down the very authority which they came here to support; let them remember, that his majesty's family was called to the throne upon the very principle, that the ancient kings of this country had violated these sacred trusts; let them recol- lect, too, in what the violation was charged to exist : it was charged by the bill of rights to exist in cruel and infamous trials ; in the packing of juries, and in disarming the people, whose arms are their unalienable refuge against oppression. But did the people of England assemble to make this declaration ? ]S"o ! because it was unnecessary. The sense of the people, against a corrupt and scandalous government, dissolved it, by almost the ordinary forms by which the old government itself was administered. King William sent his writs to those who had sat in the former parliament ; but ■wiU any man, therefore, tell me, that that parlia- ment re-organized the government without the win of the people ? and that it was not their con- Digitized by Microsoft® 516 SPEECH OF ME. EESKIKE ON THE sent which entailed on King William a particulai inheritance, to he enjoyed under the dominion of the law? Grentlemen, it was the denial of these pl^nciples, asserted at the revolution in England, that bi'ought forward the author of the Rights of Man, and stirred up this controversy which has given such alarm to government ; but for this the literary labors of Mr. Paine had closed. He asserts it himself in his book, and every body knows it. It was not the French revolution, but Mr. Burke's reflections upon it, followed up by another work on the same subject, as it regarded things in England, which brought forward Mr. Paine, and which rendered his works so much the object of attention in this country. Mr. Burke denied positively the very foundation upon which the revolution of 1688 must stand for its support, viz., the right of the people to change their gov- ernment; and he asserted' in the teeth of his majesty's title to the crown, that no such right in the people existed ; this is the true history of the Second Part of the Rights of Man. The First Part had little more aspect to this country than to Japan ; it asserted the right of the people of France to act as they had acted, but there was little which pointed to it as an example for Eng- land. There had been a despotic authority in France which the people had thrown down, and Mr. Burke seemed to question their right to do so. Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAKDY. 517 Mr. Paine maintained the contrary in his answer ; and having imbibed the principles of republican government, during the American revolution, he mixed with the controversy many coarse and harsh remarks upon monarchy as established, even in England, or in any possible form. But this was collateral to the great object of his work, which was to maintain the right of the people to choose their government ; this was the right which was questioned, and the assertion of it was most inter- esting to many who were most strenuously attached to the English government. For men may assert the right of evejy people to choose their govern- ment without seeking to destroy their own. This accounts for many expressions imputed to the unfortunate prisoners, which I have often uttered myself, and shall continue to utter every day of my life, and call upon the spies of government to record them. I will *say anywhere, without fear, nay, I will say here, where I stand, that an attempt to interfere, by despotic combination and violence, with any government which a people choose to give to themselves, whether it be good or evil, is an oppression and subversion of the natural and unalienable rights of man ; and though the gov- ernment of this country should countenance such a system, it would not only be still legal for me to express my detestation of it, as I here deliberately express it, but it would become my interest and Digitized by Microsoft® 518 SPEECH OF MK. EKSKIKE ON THE my duty. For, if combinations of despotism can accomplish such a purpose, who shall tell me, what other nation shall not be the prey of their ambi- tion? Upon the very principle of denying to a people the right of governing themselves, how are we to resist the Fi'ench, should they attempt by violence to fasten their government upon us ? Or, what inducement would thei'e be for resistance to preserve laws, which are not, it seems, our own, but which are unalterably imposed upon us ? The very argument strikes, as with a palsy, the arm and vigor of the nation. I hold dear the privi- leges I am contending for, not as privileges hostile to the constitution, but as necessary for its pres- ervation; and if the French were to intrude by force upon the government of our own free choice, I should leave these papers and return to a pro- fession that, perhaps, I better understand. The next evidence relied 6n, after the institution of the Corresponding Society, is a letter written to them from Norwich, dated the 11th of Novem- ber, 1792, with the answer, dated the 26th of the same month ; it is asserted, that this correspond- ence shows, they aimed at ' nothing less than the total destruction of the monarchy, and that they therefore, veil their intention under covert and ambiguous language. I think, on the other hand, and I shall continue to think so, as long as I am capable of thought, that it was impossible for Digitized by Microsoft® TKIAL OF THOMAS HAKDT. 519 •words to convey more clearly the explicit avowal of their original plan for a constitutional reform in the house of commons. This letter from Norwich, after congratulating the Corresponding Society on its institution, asks several questions arising out of the proceedings of other societies in different parts of the kingdom, which they profess not thoroughly to understand. The SheiSeld people, they observe, seemed at first determined to support the Duke of Rich- mond's plan only, but that they had afterwards observed a disposition in. them to a more moderate plan of reform proposed by the Friends of the People in London ; whilst the Manchester people, by addressing Mr. Paine, whom the Norwich people had not addressed, seemed to be intent on republican principles only; they therefore put a question, not at all of distrust, or suspicion, but lona fide^ if ever there was good faith between men, whether the Corresponding Society meant to be satisfied with the plan of the Duke of Rich- mond ? or, whether it was their private design to rip up monarchy by the roots, and place democracy in its stead ? Now hear the answer, from whence it i-g inferred that this last is their intention ; they begin their answer with recapitulating the demand of their correspondent, as regularly as a trades- man, who has an order for goods, recapitulates the order, that there may be no ambiguity in the refer. Digitized by Microsoft® 520 SPEECH OP MK. ERSKINE ON THE ence or application of the reply, and then they say, as to the objects they have in view they refer them to their addresses. " You will thereby see that they mean to disseminate political knowledge, and thereby engage the judicious part of the nation to demand the recovery of their lost rights in annual parliaments — the members of these parliaments owing their election to unbought sufl&'ages." They then desire them to be careful to avoid all dispute, and say to them, put monarchy, democracy, and even religion, quite aside, and " Let your endeavors go to increase the numbers of those who desire a full and equal representation of the people, and leave to a parliament so chosen, to reform all exist- ing abuses ; and if they don't answer, at the year's end, you may choose others in their stead." The attorney-general says this is lamely expressed ; I, on the other hand, say that it is not only not lamely expressed, but anxiously worded to put an end to dangerous speculations. Leave all theories undiscussed ; do not perplex yourselves with ab- stract questions of government ; endeavor practi- cally to get honest representatives, and, if they deceive you, then what? bring on a revolution? No ! Choose others in their stead. They refer also to their address, which lay before their cor- respondent, which address expresses itself thus : '' Laying aside all claim to originality, we claim no other merit than that, of reconsidering and verity- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 521 ing what has ali-eady been urged in our common cause by the Duke of Richmond and Mr. Pitt, and their then honest party." When the language of the letter, which is branded as ambiguous, thus stares them in the face as an undeniabble answer to the charge, they then have recourse to the old refuge of mala fides; all this they say is but a cover for hidden treason. But I ask you, gentlemen, in the name of God, and as fair and honest men, what reason upon earth there is to suppose that the writers of this letter did not mean what they expressed? Are you to presume in a court of justice, and upon a trial for life, that men write with duplicity in their most confidential correspondence, even to those with whom they are confederated? Let it be recollected, also, that if this correspondence was calculated for deception, the deception must have been understood and agreed upon by all parties concerned; for otherwise you have a conspiracy amongst persons who are at cross purposes with one another ; consequently the conspiracy, if this be a branch of it, is a conspiracy of thousands and ten thousands, from one end of the kingdom to the other, who are all guilty, if any of the prison- ers are guilty ; upwards of forty thousand persons, upon the lowest calculation, must alike be liable to the pains and penalties of the law, and hold their hves as tenants at will of the ministers of the Digitized by Microsoft® 522 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE OHf THE crown. In whatever aspect, therefore, this prose- cution is regarded, new difficulties and new uncer- tainties and terrors surround it. The next thing in order that wo have to look at, is the convention at Edinburgh. It appears that a letter had been written by Mr. Skirving, who was connected with reformers in Scotland, proceed- ing avowedly upon the Duke of Richmond's plan, proposing that there should be a convention from the societies assembled at Edinburgh. JS^ow you will recollect, in the opening, that the attorney- general considered all the great original sin of this conspiracy and treason to have originated with the societies in London ; that the country societies were only tools in their hands, and that the Edin^ burgh convention was the commencement of theit projects ; and yet it plainly appears that this con^ vention originated from neither of the London societies, but had its beginning at Edinburgh, where, just before, a convention had been sitting for the reform in parliament, attended by the principal persons in Scotland ; and surely, without adverting to the nationality so peculiar to the peo- ple of that country, it is not at all suspicious, that, since they were to hold a meeting for similar objects, they should make use of the same style for their association ; and that their deputies should be called delegates, when delegates had attended the other convention from all the coun- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 523 ties, and whom they were every day loojiing at in their streets, in the course of the very same year that Skirving wrote his letter on the subject. The views of the Corresponding Society, as they regarded this convention, and consequently the views of the prisoner, must be collected from the written instructions to the delegates, unless they can be falsified by matter which is collateral. If I constitute an agent, I am bound by what he does, but always with this limitation, for what he does within the scope of his agency ; if I constitute an agent to buy horses for me, and he commits high treason, it will not, I hope, be argued that I am to be hanged. If I constitute an agent for any business that can be stated, and he goes beyond his instructions, he must answer for himself beyond their limits ; for beyond them he is not my repre- sentative. The acts done, therefore, at the Scotch convention, whatever may be their quality, are evidence to show, that, in point of fact, a certain number of people got together, and did anything you choose to call illegal; but, as far as it con- cerns me, if I am not present, you are limited by my instructions, and have not advanced a single step upon your journey to convict me ; the in- structions to Skirving have been read, and speak for themselves ; they are strictly legal, and pursue the avowed object of the society ; and it will be for the solicitor-general to point out, in his reply, Digitized by Microsoft® 524 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE OW THE any counter or secret instructions, or any collateral conduct, contradictory of the good faith with which they were written. The instructions are in these words : " The delgates are instructed, on the part of this society, to assist in bringing for- ward and supporting any constitutional measure for procuring a real representation of the commons of Great Britain." What do you say, gentlemen, to this language ? how are men to express them- selves who desire a constitutional reform? The object and the mode of eifecting it were equally legal; this is most obvious from the conduct of the parliament of Ireland, acting under directions from England — they passed the convention bill, and made it only a misdemeanor, knowing that, by the law as it stood, it was no misdemeanor at all. Whether this statement may meet with the approbation of others, I care not ; I know the fact to be so, and I maintain that you cannot prove upon the convention which met at Edinburgh, and which is charged to-day with high treason, one- thousandth part of what, at last, worked up gov- ernment in Ireland to the pitch of voting it k misdemeanor. Gentlemen, I am not vindicating anything that can promote disorder in the country, but I am maintaining that the M'orst possible disorder that can fall upon a country is, when subjects are deprived of the sanction of clear and unambiguous Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAKDT. 525 laws. If wrong is committed, let" pimishment follow according to the measure of that wrong ; if men are turbulent, let them- be visited by the laws according to the measure of their turbulency ; if they write libels upon government, let them be punished according to the quality of those libels ; but you must not, and will not, because the sta- bility of the monarchy is an important concern to the nation, confound the nature and distinctions of crimes, and pronounce that the life of a sover- eign has been invaded, because the privileges of the people have been, perhaps, irregularly and hotly asserted ; you will not, to give security to government, repeal the most sacred la^s instituted for our protection, and which are, indeed, the only consideration for our submitting at all to govern- ment. If the plain letter of the statute of Ed ward the Third applies to the conduct of the prisoners, let it in God's name be applied; but let neither their conduct nor the law that is to judge it, be tortured by construction; nor suffer the tran- saction, from whence you are to form a dispassion- ate conclusion of intention, to be magnified by scandalous epithets, nor overwhelmed in an undis- tinguishable mass of matter, in which you may be lost and bewildered, having missed the only parts which could have furnished a clue to a just or rational judgment. Gentlemen, this religious regard for the liberty Digitized by Microsoft® 526 SPEECH OP MK. EESKIKE ON THE of the subject, against constructive treason, is well illustrated by Dr. Johnson, the great author of our English Dictionary, a man remarkable for his love of order, and for high principles of govern- ment, but who had the wisdom to know that the great end of government, in all its forms, is the security of liberty and life tinder the law. This man, of masculine mind, though disgusted at the disorder which Lord George Gordon created, felt a triumph in his acquittal, and exclaimed, as we learn from Mr. Boswell, " I hate Lord George Gordon, but I am glad he was not convicted of this constructive treason ; for, though I hate him, I love my country and myself." This extraordi- nary man, no doubt, remembered, with Lord Hale, that,^ when the law is broken down, injustice knows no bounds, but runs as far as the wit and invention of accusers, or the detestation of persons accused, will carry it. You will pardon this almost perpetual recurrence to these considerations ; but the present is a season when I have a right to call upon you by everything sacred in humanity and justice ; by every principle which ought to influence the heart of man, to consider the situation in which I stand before you. I stand here for a poor, unknown, unprotected individual, charged with a design to subvert the government of the country, and the dearest rights of its inhabitants ; a charge which has collected against him a force sufficient to crush Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY 527 to pieces any private man ; tte whole weight of the crown presses upon him ; parliament has been sitting upon ex-parte evidence for months together ; and rank and property is associated, from one end of the kingdom to the other, to avert the supposed consequences of the treason. I am making no complaint of this ; but surely it is an awful sum- mons to impartial attention ; surely it excuses me for so often calling upon your integrity and firm- ness to do equal justice between the crown, so supported, and an unhappy prisoner, so unpro- tected. Gentlemen, I declare that T am utterly astonish- ed, on looking at the clock, to find how long I have been speaking ; and that, agitated and dis- tressed as I am, I have yet strength enough remaining for the remainder of my duty ; at every peril of my health it shall be exerted; for although, if this cause should miscarry, I know I shall have justice done me for the honesty of my intentions ; yet what is that to the public and posterity? What is it to them, when, if upon this evidence there can stand a conviction for high treason, it is plain that no man can be said to have a life which is his own ? For how can he possibly know by what engines it may be snared, or from what unknown sources it may be attacked and overpow- ered ? Such a monstrous precedent would be as ruinous to the king as to his subjects. We are in Digitized by Microsoft® 528 SPEECH OF MR. ERSKINE ON THE a crisis of our affairs ; which, putting justice out of the question, calls in sound policy for the great- est prudence and moderation. At a time when other nations are disposed to subvert their estab- lishments, let it be our wisdom to make the subject feel the practical benefits of. our own ; let us seek to bring good out of evil ; the distracted inhabit- ants of the world will ' fly to us for sanctuary, driven out of their countries from the dreadful consequences of not attending to seasonable reforms in government; victims to the folly of suffering corruptions to continue, till the whole fabric of society is dissolved and tumbles into ruin ; landing upon our shores, they will feel the blessings of security, and they will discover in what it consists ; they will read this trial, and their hearts will pal- pitate at your decision ; they will say to one another, and their voices will reach to the ends of the earth : May the constitution of England endure forever ! the sacred and yet remaining sanctuary of the oppressed ; here, and here only, the lot of man is cast in security. "What though authority, established for the ends of justice, may lift itself up against it ; what though the house of commons itself should make an ex-parte declaration of guilt ; what though every species of art should be em- ployed to entangle the opinions of the people, which in other countries would be inevitable de- struction ; yet in England, in enlightened England, Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 529 all this will not pluck a hair from the head of innocence ; the jury will still look steadfastly to the law, as the great polar star, to direct them in their course ; as prudent men they will set no example of disorder, nor pronounce a verdict of censure on authority, or of approbation or disap- probation beyond their judicial province ; but, on the other hand, they will make no political sacrifice, but deliver a plain, honest man, from the toils of injustice. When your verdict is pronounced, this will be the judgment of the world ; and if any amongst ourselves are alienated in their aflFections to government, nothing will be so likely to reclaim them. They will say : Whatever we have lost of our control in parliament, we have yet a sheet- anchor remaining to hold the vessel of the state amidst contending storms ; we have still, thank God, a sound administration of justice secured to us, in the independence of the judges, in the rights of enlightened juries, and in the integrity of the bar ; ready at all times, and upon every possible occasion, whatever may be the consequences to themselves, to stand forward in defence of the meanest man in England, when brought for judg- ment before the laws of the country. To return to this Scotch convention. Their papers were all seized by government. What their proceedings were, they best know; we can only see what parts they choose to show us ; but, 34 B Digitized by Microsoft® 530 SPEECH OF ME. EESKIISTE ON THE from what we have seen, does any man seriously believe, that this meeting at Edinburgh meant to assume and to maintain by force all the functions and authorities of the state ? Is the thing within the compass of human belief? If a man were offered a dukedom, and twenty thousand pounds a year for trying to believe it, he might say he believed it, as what will not maH say for gold and honors? but he never, in fact, could believe that this Edinburgh meeting was a parliament for Grreat Britain ; how, indeed, could he, from the proceedings of a few peaceable, unarmed men, dis- cussing, in a constitutional manner, the means of obtaining a reform in parliament? and who, to maintain the club, or whatever you choose to call, it, collected a little money from people who were well disposed to the cause, a few shillings one day, and perhaps as many pence another ? I think, as far as I could reckon it up, when the report, from this great committee of supply was read to you, I counted that there had been raised, in the first session of this parliament, fifteen pounds, from which, indeed, you must deduct two bad shillings, which are literally noticed in the account. Is it to be endured, gentlemen, that men should gravely say, that this body assumes to itself the offices of parliament ? that a few harmless people, who sat, as they profess, to obtain a full representation of the people, were themselves, even in their own Digitized by Microsoft® : TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 531 imaginations, the complete representation whicli they sought for ? Why should they sit from day to day to consider how they might obtain what thej'' had already got? If their object was an universal representation of the whole people, how is it credible they could suppose that universal repre- sentation to exist in themselves — in the represen- tatives of a few societies, instituted to obtain it for the country at large ? If they were themselves the nation, why should the language of every resolution be, that reason ought to be their grand engine for the accomplishment of their object, and should be directed to convince the nation to speak to parliament in a voice that must be heard ? The proposition, therefore, is too gross to cram down the throats of the English people, and this is the prisoner's security. Here, again, he feels the ad- vantage of our free administration of justice ; this proposition, on which so much depends, is not to be reasoned upon on parchment, to be dehvered privately to magistrates for private judgment ; no, he has the privilege of appealing aloud, as he now appeals by me, to an enlightened assembly, full of eyes, and ears, and intelligence, where speaking to a jury is, in a manner, speaking to a nation at largej and flying for sanctuary to its universal justice. Gentlemen, the very work of Mr. Paine, under the banners of which this supposed rebellion was Digitized by Microsoft® 532 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE set on foot, refutes the charge it was brought for- ward to support; for Mr. Paine, in his preface, and throughout his whole work, reprobates the use of force against the most evil govei'nments ; the contrary was never imputed to him. If his book had been written in pursuance of the design of force and rebellion, with which it is now sought to be connected, he would, like the prisoners, have been charged with an overt act of high treason; but such a proceeding was never thought of. Mr. Paine was indicted for a misdemeanor, and the misdemeanor was argued to consist not in the false- hood that a nation has no right to choose or alter its government, but in seditiously exciting the nation, without cause, to exercise that right. A learned lord (Lord Chief Baron Macdonald), now on this bench, addressed the jury as attorney-gen- eral upon this principle ; his language was this : The question is not what the people have a right to do, for the people are, undoubtedly, the foundar tion and origin of all government ; but the charge is, for seditiously calling upon the people, without cause or reason, to exercise a right which would be sedition, supposing the right to be in them ; for though the people might have a right to do the thing suggested, and though they are not excited, to doing it by force and rebellion, yet, as the sug- gestion goes to unsettle the state, the propagation of such doctrines is seditious. There is no other Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 533 ■way, undoubtedly, of describing that charge. I am not here entering into the application of it to Mr. Paine, whose counsel I Avas, and who has been tried already. To say that the people have a right to change their government, is indeed a truism; everybody knows it, and they exercise the right; otherwise the king could not have had his estab- lishment amongst us. If, therefore, I stir up individuals to oppose by force the general will, seated in the government, it may be treason ; but to induce changes in a government, by exposing to a whole nation its errors and imperfections, can have no bearing upon such an offence ; the utmost which can be made of it is a misdemeanor, and that, too, depending wholly upon the judgment which the jury may form of the intention of the writer. The courts, for a long time, indeed, assumed to themselves the province of deciding upon this intention, as a matter of law, conclu- sively inferring it from the act of publication ; I say the courts assumed it, though it was not the doctrine of Lord Mansfield, but^ handed down to him from the precedents of judges before his time ; but even in that case, though the publication was the crime, not, as in this case, the intention, and though the quality of the thing charged, when not rebutted by the evidence for the defendant, had so long been considered to be a legal inference, yet the legislature, to support the province of the Digitized by Microsoft® 534 SPEECH OF MR; EESKINE ON THE jury, and in tenderness for liberty, has lately altered the law upon this important subject. If, therefore, we were not assembled, as we are, to consider of the existence of high treason against the king's life, but only of a misdemeanor for sedi- tiously disturbing his title and establishment, by the proceedings for a reform in parliament, I should think the crown, upon the very principle which, under the libel law, must now govern such a trial, quite as distant from its mark ; because, in my opinion, there is no way by which his majesty's title can more firmly be secured, or by which (above all, in oui" times) its permanency can be better established, than by promoting a more full and equal representation of the people, by peace- able means ; and by what other means has it been sought, in this instance, to be promoted ? Grentlemen, when the members of this conven- tion were seized, did they attempt resistance? Did they insist upon their privileges as subjects under the laws, or as a parliament enacting laws for others ? If they had said or done anything to give color to such an idea, there needed no spies to convict them; the crown could have given ample indemnity for evidence from amongst them- selves ; the societies consisted of thousands and thousands of persons, some of whom, upon any calculation of human nature, might have been pro- duced ; the delegates, who attended the meetings, Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 535 could not be supposed to have met with a different intention from those who sent them ; and, if the answer to that is, that the constituents are involved in the guilt of their representatives, we get hack to the monstrous position which I observed you before to shrink back from, with visible horror, when I stated it; namely, the involving ia the fate and consequence of this single trial every man who corresponded with these societies, or who, as a member of societies in any part of the kingdom, consented to the meeting which was assembled, or which was in prospect ; but, I thank God, I have nothing to fear from such hydras, when I see before me such just and honorable men to hold the balance of justice. Gentlemen, the dissolution of this parliament ' speaks as strong a language as its conduct when sitting. How was it dissolved ? When the magis- trates entered, Mr. Skirving was in the chair, which he refused to leave ; he considered and asserted his conduct to be legal, and, therefore, informed the magistrate he must exercise his authority, that the dispersion rSight appear to be involuntary, and that the subject, disturbed in his rights, might be entitled to his remedy. The magistrate on this took Mr. Skirving by the shoulder, who immediately obeyed ; the chair was quitted in a moment, and this great parliament broke up. What was the effect of aU this pro- Digitized by Microsoft® 536 SPEECH OF MR. EKSKDfE OK THE ceeding at the time, when whatever belonged to it must have been best understood? Were' any of the parties indicted for high treason? Were they indicted even for a breach of the peace in holding the convention? None of these things. The law of Scotland, arbitrary as it is, was -to be disturbed to find a name for their offence, and the rules of trial to be violated to convict them ; they were denied their challenges to their jurors, and other irregularties were introduced, so as to be the subject of complaint in the house of commons. Gentlemen, in what I am saying, I am not stand- ing up to vindicate all that they published during these proceedings, more especially those which were written in consequence of the trials I have just alluded to ; but allowance must be made for a state of heat and irritation ; they saw men whom they believed to be persecuted for what they be- lieved to be innocent ; they saw them the victims of sentences which many would consider as equiv- alent to, if not worse than, judgment of treason ; sentences which, at all events, had never existed before, and such as, I believe, never will again with impunity. But since I am on the subject of intention, I shall conduct myself with the same moderation which I have been prescribing ; I will cast no aspersions, but shall content myself with lamenting that these judgments were productive of consequences, which rarely follow from authority Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 537 discreetly exercised. How easy is it then to dis- pose of as much of the evidence as consumed half a day in the anathemas against the Scotch judges ! It appears that they came to various resolutions concerning them; some good, some bad, and all of them irregular. Amongst others, they com- pare them to Jefferies, and wish that they, who imitate his example, may meet his fate. What then ? Irreverent expressions against judges are not acts of high treason ! If they had assembled round the court of justiciary, and hanged them in the execution of their offices, it would not have been treason within the statute. I am no advocate for disrespect to judges, and think that it is dan- gerous to the public order ; but, putting aside the insult upon the judges now in authority, the repro- bation of Jefferies is no libel, but an awful and useful memento to wicked men. Lord Chief Justice Jefferies denied the privilege of English law to an innocent man. He refused it to Sir Thomas Arm- strong, who in vain pleaded, in bar of his outlawry, that he was out of the realm when he was exacted (an objection so clear, that it ^as lately taken for granted in the case of Mr. Purefoy). The daughter of this unfortunate person, a lady of honor and quality, came publicly into court to supplicate for her father ; and what were the effects of her sup- plications, and of the law in the mouth of the prisoner?' " Sir Thomas Armstrong," said Jefferiea, Digitized by Microsoft® 538 SPEECH OP ME. ERSKINE ON THE " you may amuse yourself as much as you please with the idea of your innocence, hut you are to be hanged next Friday ; " and, upon the natural ex- clamation of a daughter at this horrible outrage against her parent, he said, " Take that woman out of court;" which she answered by a prayer, that God Almighty's judgments might light upon him. Gentlemen, they did light upon him ; and when, after his death, which speedily followed this transaction, the matter was brought before the house of commons, under that glorious revolution which is asserted throughout "the proceedings before you, the judgment against Sir Thomas Armstrong was declared to be a murder under color of justice! Sir Robert Sawyer, the attorney- general, was expelled the house of commons for his misdemeanor in refusing the writ of error, and the executors of Jefferies were commanded to make compensation to the widow and the daughter of the deceased. These are great monuments of justice; and, although I by no means approve of harsh expressions against authority, which tend to weaken the holdings of society, yet let us not go beyond the mark in our restraints, nor suppose that men are dangerously disaffected to the gov- ernment, because they feel a sort of pride and exultation in events, which constitute the dignity and glory of their country. Gentlemen, this resentment against the proceed- Digitized by Microsoft® TBIAL OF THOMAS HARBT. 539 ings of the courts in Scotland, was not confined to tliose wiio were the objects of them ; it was not confined even to the friends of a reform in parlia- ment — a benevolent public, in both parts of the island, joined them in the complaint ; and a gen- tleman of great moderation, and a most inveterate enemy to parliamentary reform, as thinking it not an improvement of the government, but neverthe- less a lover of his country and its insulted justice, made the convictions of the delegates the subject of a public inquiry; I speak of my friend, Mr. William Adam, who brought these judgments of the Scotch judges before the house of commons, arraigned them as contrary to law, and proposed to reverse them by the authority of parliament. Let it not then be matter of wonder, that these poor men, who were the immediate victims of this injustice, and who saw their brethren expelled from their country by an unprecedented and ques- tionable judgment, should feel like men on the subject, and express themselves as they felt. Gentlemen, amidst the various distresses and embarrassments which attend my present situation, it is a great consolation that I have marked from the beginning your vigilant attention and your capacity to understand ; it is, therefore, with the utmost confidence that I ask you a few plain ques- tions, arising out of the whole of these Scotch pro- ceedings. In the first place, then, do you believe Digitized by Microsoft® 5-40 SPEECH OF ME. EESKIWE ON THE it to be possible, that, if these men had really pro- jected the convention as a traitorous usurpation of the authorities of parliament, they would have invited the friends of the people, in Frith street, to assist them, when they knew that this society was determined not to seek the reform of the con- stitution, but by means that were constitutional, and from whom they could neither hope for sup- port nor concealment of evil purposes ? I ask you next, if their objects had been traitorous, would they have given them, without disguise or color, to the public and to the government, in every com- mon newspaper ? And yet it is so far from being a charge against them, that they concealed their objects by hypocrisy or guarded conduct, that I have been driven to admit the justice of the com- plaint against them, for unnecessary inflammation and exaggeration. I ask you further, whether, if the proceedings, thus published and exaggerated, had appeared to government, who knew every- thing belonging to them, in the light they repre- sent them to you to-day, they could possibly hav-e slept over them with such complete indifference and silence ? For it is notorious, that after this convention had been held at Edinburgh, after, in short, everything had been said, written, and tran- sacted, on which I am now commenting, and after Mr. Paine's book had been for above a year in universal circulation, aye, up to the very day when Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAKDT 541 Mr. Grey gave notice, in the house of commons, of the intention of the Friends of the People for a reform in parliament, there was not even a single indictment on the file for a misdemeanor ; Irat from that moment, when it was seen that the cause was not heat down or abandoned, the proclamation made its appearance, and all the proceedings that followed had their birth. I ask you, lastly, gentle- men, whether it be in human nature, that a few unprotected men, conscious in their own minds, that they had been engaged and detected in a de- testable rebellion to cut off the king, to destroy the administration of justice, and to subvert the whole fabric of the government, should turn round upon their country, whose ruin they had projected, and whose most obvious justice attached on them, complaining, forsooth, that their delegates, taken by magistrates, in the very act of high treason, had been harshly and illegally interrupted in a merito- rious proceeding ? The history of mankind never furnished an instance, nor ever will, of such extrav- agant, preposterous, and unnatural conduct ! No, no, gentlemen ; all their hot blood was owing to their firm persuasion, dictated by conscious inno- cence, that the conduct of their delegates had been legal, and might be vindicated against the magis- trates who obstructed them ; in that they might be mistaken ; I am not arguing that point at pres- ent ; if they are hereafter indicted for a misde- Digitized by Microsoft® 542 SPEECH OP ME. ERSKESTE OBT THE meanor, and I am counsel in that cause, I will then tell you what I think of it ; sufficient for the day is the good or evil of it ; it is sufficient, for the present one, that the legality or illegality of the business has no relation to the crime that is im- puted to the prisoner. The next matter that is alleged against the authors of the Scotch convention, and the societies which supported it, is, their having sent addresses of friendship to the convention of France. These, addresses are considered to be a decisive proof of republican combination, verging closely in them- selves upon an overt act of treason. Grentlemen, if the dates of these addresses are attended to, which come no lower down than November, 1792, we have only to lament that they are but the acts of private subjects, and that they were not sanc- tioned by the state itself. The French nation, about that period, under their new constitution, or under their new anarchy, call it what you will, wei-e nevertheless most anxiously desirous of main- taining peace with this country. But the king was advised to withdraw his ambassador from France, upon the approaching catastrophe of its most unfortunate prince ; an event which, however to be deplored, was no justifiable cause of offence to Great Britain. France desired nothing but the regenei'ation of 'her own government ; and if she mistook the road to her prosperity, what was that Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OP THOMAS HAKDY. 543 to US ? But it was alleged against her in parlia- ment, that .she had introduced spies amongst us, and held correspondence with disaffected persons, for the destruction of our constitution; this was the charge of our minister, and it was, therefore, held to be just and necessary, for the safety of the country, to hold France at arm's length, and to avoid the very contagion of contact with her at the risk of war. But, gentlemen, this charge against France was thought hj many to be sup- ported by no better proofs than those against the prisoner. In the public correspondence of the ambassador from the French king, and upon his death, as minister from the convention, with his majesty's secretary of state, documents which lie upon the table of the house of commons, and which may be made evidence in the cause, the executive council repelled with indignation all the imputations which to this very hour are held out as the vindications of quarrel. " If there be such persons in England," says Monsieur Chauvelin, " has not England laws to punish them ? France disavows them; such men are not Frenchmen." The same correspondence conveys the most solemn assurances of friendship down to the very end of the year 1792, a period subsequent to all the cor- respondence and addresses complained of Whether these assurances were faithful or otherwise, whether it would have been prudent to have depended on Digitized by Microsoft® 544 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINB OK THE them or otherwise — whether the war was advis- able or unadvisable — are questions over which we have no jurisdiction ; I only desire to bring to your recollection that a man may be a friend to the rights of humanity and to the imprescriptible rights of social man, which is now a term of derision and contempt, that he may feel to the very soul for a nation beset by the sword of des- pots, and yet be a lover of his own country and its constitution. Grentlemen, the same celebrated person, of whom I have had occasion to speak so frequently, is the best and brightest illustration of this truth. Mr. Burke, indeed, went a great deal further than re- quires to be pressed into the present argument; for he maintained the cause of justice and of truth, against all the perverted authority and rash violence of his country, and expressed the feelings of a Christian and a patriot in the very heat of the American war; boldly holding forth our victories as defeats, and our successes as calamities and disgraces. " It is not instantly," said Mr. Burke, " that I can be brought to rejoice, when I hear of the slaughter and captivity of long lists of those names which have been familiar to my ears from my infancy, and to rejoice that they have fallen under the sword of strangers, whose barba- rous appellations J scarcely know how to pronounce. The glory acquired at the White Plains, by Col- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 545 onel Raille, has no charms for me ; and I fairly acknowledge, that I have not yet learned to delight in finding Fort Kniphausen in the heart of the British dominions." If this had been said or written by Mr. Yorke, at Sheffield, or by any other member of these societies, heated with wine at the Globe Tavern, it would have been trumpet- ed forth as decisive evidence of a rebellious spirit, rejoicing in the downfall of his country ; yet the great author whose writings I have borrowed from, approved himself to be the friend of this nation at that calamitous crisis, and had it pleased Grod to open the understandings of our rulers, his wisdom might have averted the storms that are now thickening around us. We must not, there- fore, be too severe in our strictures upon the opinions and feelings of men as they regard such mighty public questions. The interests of a nation may often be one thing, and the interests of its government another ; but the interests of those who hold government for the hour is at all times different from either. At the time many of the papers before you were circulated on the subject of the war with France, many of the best and wisest men in this kingdom began to be driven by our situation to these melancholy reflections ; and thousands of persons, the most firmly attached to the principles of our constitution, and who never were members of any of these societies, considered, 35 B Digitized by Microsoft® 546 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKIKE OS THE and still consider, Great Britain as the aggressor against France ; they considered, and still consider, that she had a right to choose a government foi herself, and that it was contrary to the first principles of justice, and, if possible, still more repugnant to the genius of our own free constitu- tion, to combine with despots for her destruction ; and who knows but that the external pressure upon France may have been the cause of that un- heard-of state of society which we complain of? who knows, but that, driven as she has been to exertions beyond the ordinary vigor of a nation, it has not been the parent of that unnatural and giant strength which threatens the authors of it with perdition? These are melancholy considera- tions, but they may reasonably, and at all events, be lawfully entertained. We owe obedience to government in our actions, but surely our opinions are free. Gentlemen, pursuing the order of time, we are arrived at length at the proposition to hold another convention, which, with the supposed support of it by force, are the only overt acts of high treason charged upon this record. For, strange as it may appear, there is no charge whatever before you of any one of those acts or writings, the evidence of which consumed so many days in reading, and which has already nearly consumed my strength in only passing them in review before you. If every Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 547 line and letter of all the writings I have been com- menting upon were admitted to be traitorous machinations, and if the convention in Scotland was an open rebellion, it is conceded to be foreign to the present purpose, unless as such criminality in them might show the views and objects of the persons engaged in them ; on that princiiDle only the court has over and over again decided the evidence of them to be admissible ; and on the same principle I have illustrated them in their order as they happened, that I might lead the prisoner in your view up to the very point and moment when the treason is supposed to have burst forth into the overt act for which he is ar- raigned before you. The transaction respecting this second conven- tion, which constitutes the princijDal, or more properly the only overt act in the indictment, lies in the narrowest compass, and is clouded with no ambiguity. I admit freely every act which is imputed to the prisoner, and listen not so much with fear as with curiosity and wonder, to the treason sought to be connected with it. You will recollect that the first motion towards the holding of a second convention, orginated.in a letter to the prisoner from a country correspondent in which the legality of the former was vindicated, and its dispersion lamented; this letter was an- Digitized by Microsoft® 048 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE swered on the 2H}i of March, 1794, and was read to you in the crown's evidence in these words : "March 27, 1794. " Citizen, / am directed by the London Cor- responding Society to transmit the following resolutions to the Society for Constitutional Infor- mation, and to request the sentiments of that society respecting the important measures which the present juncture of affairs seems to require. " The London Corresponding Society conceives that the moment is arrived, when a full and ex- plicit declaration is necessary from all the friends of freedom, whether the late illegal and unheard- of prosecutions and sentences shall determine us to abandon our cause, or shall excite us to pursue a radical reform, with an ardor proportioned to the magnitude of the object, and with a zeal as distinguished on our parts as the treachery of others in the same glorious cause is notorious. The Society for Constitutional Information is therefore required to determine whether or no they will be ready, when called upon, to act in conjunc- tion with this and other societies to obtain a fair representation of the people ; whether they concur with us in seeing the necessity of a speedy conven- tion, for the purpose of obtaining, in a constitu- tional and legal method, a redress of those grievances under which we at present labor, and Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OTP THOMAS HAKDT. 549 whicli can only be effectually removed by a full and fair representation of the people of Great Britain. The London Corresponding Society cannot but remind their friends that the present crisis demands all the prudence, unanimity, and vigor, that may or can be exerted by men and Britons ; nor do they doubt but that manly firm- ness and consistency will finally, and they believe shortly, terminate in the full accomplishment of all their wishes. " I am, Fellow-citizen, " (In my humble measure), " A friend to the Eights of Man, (Signed) " T. Hardy, Secretary." « They then resolve that there is no security for the continuance of any right but in equality of laws ; not in equality of property, the ridiculous bugbear by which you are to be frightened into injustice ; on the contrary, throughout every part of the proceedings, and most emphatically in Mr. Yorke's speech, so much relied on, the beneficial subordinations of society, the security of property, and the prosperity of the landed and commercial interests are held forth as the very objects to be attained by the reform in the representation which they sought for. In examining this first moving towards a second convention, the first thing to be considered is, what Digitized by Microsoft® 5.^0 SPEECH OF MR. EESKINE ON THE reason there is, from the letter I have just read to you, or from anything that appears to have led to it, to suppose that a different sort of convention was projected from that which had heen before assembled and dispersed. The letter says another British convention 5 and it describes the same ob- jects as the first — compare all the papers for the calling the second convention with those for as- sembling the first, and you will find no difference, except that they mixed with them extraneous and libellous matter, arising obviously from the irrita- tion produced by the sailing of the transports with their brethren condemned to exile. These papers have already been considered, and separated, as ihej ought to be, from the charge. I will now lay before you all the remaining ojDorations of this formidable conspiracy up to the prisoner's imprisonment in the tower. Mr Hardy having received the letter just adverted to, regard- ing a second convention, the Corresponding Society wrote the letter of the 27tli of March, which was found in his hand-writing, and is pub- lished in the first report, page 11. This letter, enclosing the resolutions they had come to upon the subject, was considered by the Constitutional Society on the next day, the 28th of March, the ordinary day for their meeting, when they sent an answer to the Corresponding Society, informing them that they had received their communication, Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 551 tliat they heartily concurred with them in the objects they had in view, and invited them to send a delegation of their members to confer with them on the subject. Now, what were the objects they concurred in, and what was to be the subject of conference between the societies by their delegates? Look at the letter, which distinctly expresses its objects, and the means by which they sought to effect them ; had these poor men (too numerous to meet altogether, and therefore renewing the cause of parliamentary reform by delegation from the socie- ties), any reason to suppose that they were involv- ing themselves in the pains of treason, and that they were compassing the king's death, when they were redeeming, as they thought, his authority from probable downfall and ruin ? Had treason been imputed to the delegates before ? Had the imagining the death of the king ever been sus- pected by anybody? Or when they were prose- cuted for misdemeanors, was the prosecution con- sidered as an indulgence conferred upon men whose lives had been forfeited ? And is it to be endured, then, in this free land, made free, too, by the virtue of our forefathers, who placed the king upon his throne to maintain this freedom, that forty or fifty thousand people, in the different parts of the king- dom, assembling in their little societies to spread useful knowledge, and to diffuse the principles of Digitized by Microsoft® 552 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE liberty, whicli, the more widely they are spread, the surer is the condition of our free government, are in a moment, without warning, without any law or principle to warrant it, and without prece- dent or example, to be branded as traitors, and to be decimated as victims for punishment ! The Constitutional Society having answered the letter of the 2'rth of March, in the manner I stated to you, committees, from each of the two societies, were appointed to confer together. The Constitutional Society appointed Mr. Joyce, Mr. Kidd, Mr. Wardle, and Mr. Holcroft, all indicted ; and Mr. Sharpe, the celebrated engraver, not indicted, but examined as a witness by the crown ; five were appointed by the Corresponding Society to meet these gentlemen, viz., Mr. Baxter, Mr. Moore, Mr. Thelwall, and Mr. Hodgson, all indicted, and Mr. Lovatt, against whom the bill was thrown out. These gentlemen met at the house of Mr. Thel- wall, on the 11th of April, and there published the resolutions already commented on, in con- formity with the general objects of the two socie- ties, expressed in the letter of the 27th of March, and agreed to continue to meet on Mondays and Thursdays for further conference on the subject. The first Monday was the 14th of April, of which we have heard so much, and no meeting was held on that day ; the first Thursday was the 17th of April, but there was no meeting ; the 21st of April Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAKDY. 553 was the second Monday, but there was still no meeting ; the 24th of April was the second Thurs- day, when the five of the Corresponding Society attended, but nobody coming to meet them from the other, nothing of course was transacted ; on Monday, the 27th of April, three weeks after their first appointment, this bloody and impatient band of conspirators, seeing that a convention bill was in projection, and that Hessians were landing on our coasts, at last assembled themselves ; and now we come to the point of action. Gentlemen, they met ; they shook hands with each other ; they talked over the news and the pleasures of the day; they wished one another a good evening, and retired to their homes ; it is in vain to hide it, they certainly did all these things. The same alarming scene was repeated on the three follow- ing days of meeting, and on Monday, May the 12th, would, but for the vigilance of government, have probably again taken place ; but on that day Mr. Hardy was arrested, his papers seized, and the conspiracy which pervaded this devoted country was dragged into the face of day. To be serious, gentlemen, you have literally the whole of it before you in the meetings I have just stated ; in which you find ten gentlemen, appointed by two peaceable societies, conversing upon the sub- ject of a constitutional reform in parliament, pub- lishing the result of their deliberations, without Digitized by Microsoft® 554 SPEECH OE ME. EESKTNE OW THE any other arms than one supper-knife, which, when I come to the subject of arms, I will, in form lay before you. Yet for this, and for this alone, you are asked to devote the prisoner before you, and his unfortunate associates, to the pains and penal- ties of death, and not to death alone, but to the eternal stigma and infamy of having conceived the detestable and horrible design of dissolving the government of their country, and of striking at the life of their sovereign, who had never given offence to them, nor to any of his subjects. Grentlemen, as a conspiracy of this formidable extension, which had no less for its object than the sudden annihilation of all the existing authorities of the country, and of everj'thing that supported them, could not be even gravely stated to have an existence, without contemplation of force to give it effect ; it was absolutely necessary to impress upon the public mind, and to establish, by formal evidence, upon the present occasion, that such a force was actually in preparation. This most im- portant and indispensable part of the cause was attended with insurmountable difficulties, not only from its being unfounded in fact, but because it had been expressly negatived by the whole con- duct of government ; for although the motions of all these societies had been watched for two years together; though their spies had regularly at- tended, and collected regular journals of their Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 555 proceedings; yet when the first report was fin- ished, and the habeas corpuB act suspended upon the foundation of the facts contained in it, there was not to be found, from one end of it to the other, even the insinuation of arms ; I believe that this circumstance made a great impression upon all the thinking, dispassionate part of the public, and that the materials of the first report were thought to furnish but a slender argument to sup- port such a total eclipse of liberty. No wonder, then, that the discovery of a pike in the interval between the two reports, should have been highly estimated. I mean no reflections upon govern- ment, and only state the matter, as a man of great wit publicly reported it; he said that the dis- coverer, when he first beheld the long-looked-for pike, was transpoi'ted beyond himself with enthu- siasm and delight, and that he hung over the rusty instrument with all the raptures of a fond mother, who embraces her first-born infant, " and thanks her God for all her travail past." In consequence of this discovery, whoever might have the merit of it, and whatever the discoverei' might have felt upon it, persons were sent by government, and properly sent, into all corners of the kingdom to investigate the extent of the mis- chief; the fruit of this inquiry has been laid before you, and I pledge myself to sum up the evidence which you have had upon the subject, not by Digitized by Microsoft® 556 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE OK THE parts, or by general observations, but in the same manner as the court itself must sum it up to you, when it lays the whole body of the proof with fidelity before you. Notwithstanding all the declamations upon French anarchy, I think I may safely assert, that it has been distinctly proved, by the evidence, that the Sheffield people were for univei'sal representation in a British house of com- mons. This appears to have been the general sentiment, with the exception of one witness, whose testimony makes the truth and hona fides of the sentiments far more striking ; the witness I allude to, George Widdison, whose evidence I shall state in its place, seems to be a plain, blunt, honest man, and, by the bye, — which must never be for- gotten of any of them, — the crown's witness. I am not interested in the veracity of any of them, for, as I have frequently adverted to, the crown must take them for better for worse; it must support each witness, and the whole body of its evidence throughout. If you do not believe the whole of what is proved by a witness, what confidence can you have in part of it, or what part can you select to confide in ? If you are deceived in part, who shall measure the boundaries of the deception? This man says he was at first for universal suf- frage ; Mr. Yorke had persuaded him, from all the books, that it was the best ; but that he afterwards saw reason to think otherwise, and was not for Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF TH0MA8 HARDY. 557 going the length of the Duke of Eichmond ; but that all the other Sheffield people were for the duke's plan ; a fact confirmed by the cross-examin- ation of every one of the witnesses. You have, therefore, positively and distinctly, upon the uni- versal authority of the evidence of the crown, the people of Sheffield, who are charged as at the head of a republican conspiracy, proved to be associated on the very principles which, at different times, have distinguished the most eminent persons in this kingdom ; and the charge made upon them, with regard to arms, is cleared up by the same universal testimony. You recollect that, at a meeting held upon the Castle-hill, there were two parties in the countrv, and it is material to attend to what these two parties were. In consequence of the king's proclamation, a great number of honorable, zealous persons, who had been led by a thousand artifices to believe, that there was a just cause of alarm in the country, took very extraordinary steps for support of the magistracy. The publicans were directed not to entertain persons who were friendly to a reform of parliament ; and alarms of change and revolution pervaded the country, which be- came greater and greater, as our ears were hourly assailed with the successive calamities of France. Others saw things in an opposite hght, and consid- ered that these calamities were made the pretext Digitized by Microsoft® 558 ■ SPEECH OP ME. EESKHSTE OIST THE for extinguishing British liberty; heart-burnings arose between the two pai'ties ; and some, I am afi-aid a great many, wickedly or ignorantly inter- posed in a quarrel which zeal had begun. The societies were disturbed in their meetings, and even the private dwellings of many of their mem- bers were illegally violated. It appears by the very evidence for the crown, by which the cause must stand or fall, that many of the friends of reform were daily insulted, their houses threatened to be pulled down, and their peaceable meetings beset by pretended magistrates, without the pro- cess of the law. These proceedings naturally suggested the propriety of having arms for self- defence, the first and most unquestionable privilege of man, in or out of society, and expressly provided for by the very letter of English law. It was ingeniously put by the learned counsel in the ex- amination of a witness, that it was complained of amongst them, that very little was suifioient to obtain a warrant from some magistrates, and that therefore it was as well to be provided for those who might have warrants as those who had none. Gentlemen, I am too much exhausted to pursue or argue such a difference, even if it existed upon the evidence, because if the societies in question, how- ever mistakenly, considered their meetings to be legal, and the warrants to disturb them to be be- yond the authority of the magistrates to grant, Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. ' 659 they had a right, at the peril of the legal conse quences, to stand upon their defence ; and it is no transgression of the law, much less high treason against the Mng, to resist his officers when they pass the bounds of their authority. So much for the general evidence of arms ; and the first and last time that even the name of the prisoner is connected with the subject, is by a letter he re- ceived from a person of the name of Davison. I am anxious that this part of the case should be dis- tinctly understood, and I will, therefore, bring back this letter to your attention. The letter is as follows : " Fellow-Citizetst : The bare-faced aristocracy of the present administration has made it necessary that we should be prepared to act on the defensive, against any attack they may coinmand their newly-armed minions to make upon us. A plan has been hit upon, and, if encouraged sufficiently, will, no doubt, have the effect of furnishing a quan- tity of pikes to the patriots, great enough to make them formidable. The blades are made of steel, tempered and polished after an approved form. They may be fixed into any shafts, but fir ones are recommended, of the girt of the accompanying hoops at the top end, and about an inch more at the bottom. The blades and hoops, more than which cannot Digitized by Microsoft® 560 SPEECH OP ME. ERSKINE ON THE properly be sent to any great distance, will be charged one shilling. Money to be sent with the orders. " As the institution is in its infancy, immediate encouragement is necessary. " Orders may be sent to the Secretary of the Sheffield Constitutional Society. [Struck out.] "RiCHAED D AVISOS. " Sheffield, April 24, 1794." Gentlemen, you must recollect, for, if it should escape you* it might make a great difference, that Davison directs the answer of this letter to be sent to Robert Moody, at Sheffield, to prevent post- office suspicion ; and that he also encloses it in a similar one, which Mr. Hardy was to forward to Norwich, in order that the society at that place might provide pikes for themselves, in the same manner that Davison was recommending, through Hardy, to the people of London. Now what fol- lowed upon the prisoner's receiving this letter? It is in evidence, by this very Moody, to whom, the answer was to be sent, and who was examined as a witness by the crown, that . he never received any answer to the letter ; and, although there was an universal seizure of papers, no such letter, nor any other, appeared to have been written; and, what is more, the letter to Norwich, from Davison, enclosed in his letter to Hardy, was never forward- Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OP THOMAS HAEDY. 661 ed, but was found in his custody when he was arrested, three wefeks afterwards, folded up in the other, and unopened, as he received it. Good God ! what is become of the humane sanctuary of English justice, where is the sense and meaning of the term proveably in the statute of King Edward, if such evidence can be received against an English subject, on a trial for his life ? If a man writes a letter to me about pikes, or about any thing else, can I help it ? And is it evidence (except to acquit me of suspicion) when it appears that nothing is done upon it? Mr. Hardy never be'fore corre- sponded with Davison, he never desired him to write to him. How indeed could he desire him when his very existence was unknown to him ? He never returned an answer ; he never forwarded the enclosed to Norwich ; he never even communicated the letter itself to his own society, although he was its secretary, which showed he considered it as the unauthorized, officious correspondence of a private man ; he never acted upon it at all, nor appears to have regarded it as dangerous or im- portant, since he neither destroyed nor concealed it. Gentlemen, I declare I hardly know in what language to express my astonishment, that the crown can ask you to shed the blood of the man at the bar upon such foundations. Yet this is the whole of the written evidence concerning arms; for the remainder of the plot rests, for its founda- 36 B Digitized by Microsoft® 562 SPEECH OP ME. ERSKnSTE ON THE tion, upon the parole evidence, tlie whole of which I shall pursue with precision, and not suffer a link of the chain to pass unexamined. William Carnage was the first witness; he swore that the Sheffield Societies were frequently insult- ed, and threatened to be dispersed ; so that the people in general thought it necessary to defend themselves against illegal attacks ; that the justices having officiously intruded themselves into their peaceable and legal meetings, they thought that they had a right to be armed ; but they did not claim this right under the law of nature, or by theories of government, but as English subjects, under the government of England ; for they say in their paper, which has been read by the crown that would condemn them, that they were entitled hj the Bill of Rights to be armed. Gentlemen, they state their title truly. The preamble of that statute enumerates the offences of King James the Second ; amongst the chief of which was, his caus- ing his subjects to be disarmed, and then our ancestors claim this violated right as their inde- feasible inheritance. Let us therefore be cautious how we rush to the conclusion, that men are plot- ting treason against the king, because they are asserting a right, the violation of which has been adjudged against a king to be treason against the people ; and let us not suppose that English sub- jects are a banditti, for preparing to defend their Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL 01' THOMAS HAEDY. 563 legal liberties witli pikes, because pikes may have been accidentally employed in another country to destroy both liberty and law. Carnage says he was spoken to by this Davison about three dozen of pikes. What then ? He is the crown's witness, whom they offer to you as the witness of truth, and he started with horror at the idea of violence, and spoke with visible reverence for the king; saying, Grod forbid that he should touch him ; but he, nevertheless, had a pike for himself. Indeed, the manliness with which he avowed it, gave an additional strength to his evidence, " 'No doubt," he says, " I had a pike, but I would not have re- mained an honr a member of the society, if I had heard a syllable, that it was in the contemplation of anybody to employ pikes or any other arms against the king or the government. We meant to petition parliament, through the means of the Convention of Edinburgh, thinking that the house of commons would listen to this expression of the general sentiments of the people ; for it has been thrown out, he said, in parliament, that the people did not desire it themselves." Mr. Broomhead, whose evidence I have already commented upon, a sedate, plain, sensible man, spoke also of his affection to the government, and of the insults and threats which had been offered * to the people of Sheffield. He says: "I heard of arms on the Castle-hill, but it is fit this should be Digitized by Microsoft® 564 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE distinctly explained ; a wicked Band-bill, to pro- voke and terrify the multitude, had been thrown about the town in the night, which caused agita- tion in the minds of the people ; and it was then spoken of, as being the right of every individual, to have arms for defence; but there was no idea ever started of resisting, much less of attacking the government. I never heard of such a thing. I fear God," said the witness, " and honor the king ; and would not have consented to send a delegate to Edinburgh, but for peaceable and legal purposes." The next evidence upon the subject of arms, is what is proved by Widdison, to which I beg your particular attention, because, if there be any reli- ance upon his testimony, it puts an end to every criminal imputation upon Davison, through whom, in , the strange manner aheadj observed upon. Hardy could alone be criminated. This man, Widdison, who was both a turner and hair-dresser, and wlro''"-dBessed Davison's hair, and was his most intimate acquaintance, gives you an account of their most confidential conversations "upon the subject of the pikes, when it is impossi- ble that they could be imposing upon one another; and he declares, upon his solemn oath, that Davi^ son, without even the knowledge or authority of the Sheffield Society, thinking that the same insults might be offered to the London Societies, wrote the Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL 01^ THOMAS HAEDT, 565 lettef to Hardy, of Ms own head, as the witness expressed it, and that he, Widdison, made the pike-shafts, to the number of a dozen and a half. Davison, he said, was his customer ; he told him that people began to think themselves in danger, and he therefore made the handles of the pikes for sale, to the number Of a dozen and a half, and one likewise for himself, without conceiving that he offended against any law. " I love the king," said Widdison, " as much as any man, and all the people I associated with did the same ; I would not have staid with them if they had not ; Mr. Yorke often told me privately that he was for universal representation, and so were we all ; the Duke of Richmond's plan was our only object." This was the witness who was shown the Duke's letter, and spoke to it as being circulated, and as the very creed of the Societies. This evidence shows, beyond all doubt, the genuine sentiments of these people, because it consists of their most confidential communications with one another ; and the only answer, therefore, that can possibly be given to it is, that the witnesses, who deliver it, are imposing upon the court. But this, as I have wearied you with reiterating, the crown cannot say ; for, in that case, their whole proof falls to the ground together, since it is only from the same, witnesses that the very existence of these pikes and their handles comes before us; and, it you Digitized by Microsoft® 566 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKIKE ON THE suspect their evidence in part, for the reasons already given, it must be in toto rejected. My friend is so good as to furnish me with this further observation : that Widdison said he had often heard those who called themselves aristocrats say, that if an invasion of the country should take place, they would begin with destroying their enemies at home, that they might be unanimous in the defence of their countiy. John Hill was next called ; he is a cutler, and was employed by Davison to make the blades for the pikes; he saw the letter which was sent to Hardy, and knew that it was sent, lest there should be the same call for defence in London against illegal attacks upon the Societies ; for that at Shef- field they were daily insulted, and that the opposite party came to his house, fired muskets under the door, and threatened to pull it down ; he swears that they were, to a man, faithful to the king, and that the reform proposed was in the commons house of parliament. John Edwards was called, further to connect the prisoner with this combination of force ; but so far from establishing it, he swore, upon his cross- examination, that his only reason for going to Hardy's was, that he wanted a pike for his own .defence, without connection with Davison or Shef- field, and without concert or correspondence with anybody. He had heard, he said, of the violences Digitized by Microsoft® TKIAL OF THOMAS HAKDT. 567 at Sheffield, and of the pikes that had been made there for defence ; that Hardy, on his application, showed him the letter which, as has appeared, he never showed to any other person. This is the whole sum and substance of the evidence which applies to the charge of pikes, after the closest investigation, under the sanction, and by the aid of parliament itself; evidences which, so far from establishing the fact, would have been a satis- factory answer to almost any testimony by which such a fact could have been supported ; for in this unparalleled proceeding, the prisoner's counsel is driven by his duty to dwell upon the detail of the crown's proofs ; because the whole body of it is the completest answer to the indictment which even a free choice itself could have selected. It is further worthy of your attention, that, as far as the evidence proceeds from these plain, natural sources, which the crown was driven to, for the necessary foundation of the proceeding before you, it has been simple, uniform, natural, and consist- ent; and that whenever a different complexion was to be given to it, it was only through the medium of spies and informers, and of men inde- pendently of their infamous trade, of the most abandoned and profligate characters. Before I advert to what has been sworn by this description of persons, I will give you a whole- some caution concerning them, and, having no Digitized by Microsoft® 568 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE eloquence of my own to enforce it, I will give it to you in the language of the same gentleman whose works are always seasonable, when moral or polit- ical lessons are to be rendered delightful. Look then at the picture of society, as Mr. Burke has drawn it, under the dominion of spies and in- formers ; I say under their dominion, for a resort to spies may, on occasions, be justifiable, and their evidence, when confirmed, may deserve imj)licit credit ; but I say under the dominion of spies and informers, because the case of the crown must stand alone upon their evidence, and upon their evidence, not only unconfirmed, but in direct con- tradiction to every witness, not an informer or a spy, a,nd in a case, too, where the truth, whatever it is, lies within the knowledge of forty or fifty thousand people. Mr. Burke says — I believe I can remember it without reference to the book : " A mercenary informer knows no distinction. Under such a system the obnoxious people are slaves, not only to the government, but they live at the mercy of every individual; they are at once the slaves of the whole community, and of every part of it ; and the worst and most unmerciful men are those on whose goodness they most depend. " In this situation men not only shrink from the frowns of a stern magistrate, but are obliged to fly from their very species. The seeds of destruction are sown in civil intercourse and in social habt Digitized by Microsoft® TBIAL OB' THOMAS HAEDT. 569 fudes. The blood of wholesome kindred is infected. The tables and beds are surrounded with snares. AH the means given by Providence to make life safe and comfortable, are perverted into instru ments of terror and torment. This species of uni versal subserviency that makes the very servant who waits behind your chair, the arbiter of your life and fortune, has such a tendency to degrade and abase mankind, and to. deprive them of that assured and liberal state of mind which alone can make us what we ought to be, that I vow to God, I would sooner bring myself to put a man to immediate death for opinions I disliked, and so to get rid of the man and his opinions at once, than to fret him with a feverish being, tainted with the jail distemper of a contagious servitude, to keep him above ground, an animated mass of putre- faction, corrupted himself, and corrupting all about him." Gentlemen, let me bring to your recollection the deportment of the first of this tribe, Mr. Alexander, who could not in half an hour even tell where he had lived, or why he had left his master. Does any man believe that he had forgotten these most recent transactions of his life ? Certainly not; but his history would have undone his credit, and must, therefore, be concealed. He had lived with a linen-draper, whose address we could scarcely get from him, and they had parted because they Digitized by Microsoft® 570 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINE ON THE had words. What were the words? We were not to be told that. He then went to a Mr. Killer by' s, who agreed with him at twenty-five guineas a year. Why did he not stay there ? He was obliged, it seems, to give up this lucrative agreement, because he was obliged to attend here as a witness. Gentlemen, Mr. Killerby lives only in Holborn, and was he obliged to give up a per- manent engagement with a tradesman in Holborn, because he was obliged to be absent at the Old Bailey for five minutes in one single day? I asked him if he had told Mr. White, the solicitor for the treasury, who would not have been so cruel as to deprive a man of his bread, by keeping him upon attendance which might have been avoided by particular notice. The thing spoke for itself; he had never told Mr. White ; but had he ever told Mr. Killerby ? For how else could he know that his place was inconsistent with his engagement upon this trial ? No, he had never told him ! How then did he collect that his place was incon- sistent with his duty here ? This question never received any answer. You saw how he dealt with it, and how he stood stammering, not daring 'to lift up his countenance in any direction, confused, disconcerted, and confounded. Priven from the accusation upon the subject of pikes, and even from the very color of accusation, and knowing that nothing was to be done without Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 571 the proof of arms, we have got this miserable, solitary knife, held up to us as the engine which was to destroy the constitution of this country ; and Mr. Groves, an Old Bailey solicitor, employed as a spy upon the occasion, has been selected to give probability to this monstrous absurdity, by his respectable evidence. I understand that this same gentleman has carried his system of spying to such a pitch as to practice it since this unfortunate man has been standing a prisoner before you, proffering himself, as a friend, to the committee preparing his defence, that he might discover to the crown the materials by which he meant to defend his life. I state this only from report, and I hope in God I am mistaken ; for human nature starts back ap- palled from such atrocity, and shakes and trembles at the very statement of it. But as to the perjury of this miscreant, it will appear palpable beyond all question, and he shall answer for it in due season. He tells you he attended at Chalk Farm ; and that there, forsooth, amongst about seven or eight thousand people, he saw two or three persons with knives ; he might, I should think, have seen many more, as hardly any man goes without a knife of some sort in his pocket. He asked, how- ever, it seems, where they got these knives, and was directed to Green, a hair-dresser, who deals besides in cutlery; and accordingly this notable Mr. Groves went, as he told us, to Green's, and Digitized by Microsoft® 572 SPEECH OB' MB. ERSKINE ON' THE asked to purchase a knife ; when Green, in answer to him, said: " Speak low, for my wife is a damh'd aristocrat." This answer was sworn to by the wretch, to give you the idea that Green, who hacl the knives to sell, was conscious that he kept theni for an illegal and a wicked purpose, and that they were not to be sold in public. The door, he says, being ajar, the man desired him to speak low, from whence he would have you understand that it was because this aristocratic wife was within hearing. This, gentlemen, is the testimony of Groves, and Green himself is called as the next witness; and called by whom? Not by me; I know nothing of him ; he is the crown's own wit ness. He is called to confirm Groves' s evidence ; but, not being a spy, he declared solemnly upon his oath, and I can confirm his evidence by several respectable people, that the knives in question lie constantly, and lay then, in his open shop-window, in what is called the show-glass, where cutlers, like other tradesmen, expose their ware, to pu blic view ; and that the knives diflfel" in nothing from others publicly sold in the Strand, and every other street in London ; that he bespoke them from a rider, who came round for orders in the usual way ; that he sold only fourteen in all, and that they were made up in little packets^ one of which Mr. Hardy had, who was to choose one for himself, but four more were found in his possession, because he was Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OP THOMAS HAEDT 573 arrested before Green had an opportunity of send- ing for them. Gentlemen, I think the pikes and knives are now completely disposed of; but something was said also about guns ; let us, therefore, see what that amounts to. It appears that Mr. Hardy was applied to by Samuel Williams, a gun-engraver, who was not even a member of any society, and who asked him if he knew any body who wanted a gun. Hardy said he did not ; and undoubtedly, upon the crown's own showing, it must be taken for granted that if at that time he had been acquainted with any plan of arming, he would have given a different answer, and would have jumped at the offer. About a fortnight after- wards, however — Hardy in the interval having become acquainted with Franklow - — Williams called to buy a pair of shoes, and then Hardy, recollecting his former application, referred him to Franklow, who had in the most public manner raised the forty men, who were called the Loyal Lambeth Association ; so that, in order to give this transaction any bearing upon the charge, it became necessary to consider Franklow' s Associa- tion as an armed conspiracy against the govern- ment; though the forty people who composed it were collected by public advertisement; though they were enrolled under public articles ; and though Franklow. himself, as appears from the Digitized by Microsoft® 574 SPEECH OF ME. EBSKINi: ON THE evidence, attended publicly at the Grlobe Tavern in his uniform, whilst the cartouch-boxes and the other accoutrements of these secret conspirators lay openly upon his shop-board, exposed to the open view of all his customers and neighbors. This story, therefore, is not less contemptible than that which you must have all heard concerning Mr. Walker, whom I went to defend at Lancaster, where that respectable gentleman was brought to trial upon such a trumped-up charge, supported by the solitary evidence of one Dunn, a most infamous witness; but what was the end of that prosecu- tion? I recollect it to the honor of my friend, Mr. Law, who conducted it for the crown, who, knowing that there were persons whose passions were agitated upon these subjects at that moment, and that many persons had enrolled themselves in societies to resist conspiracies against the govern- ment, behaved in a most manful and honorable manner, in a manner, indeed, which the public ought to know, and which I hope it never will forget ; he would not even put me upon my chal- lenges to such persons, but withdrew them from the pannel ; and . when he saw the complexion of the affair, from the contradiction of the infamous witness whose testimony supported it, he honor- ably gave up the cause. Gentlemen, the evidence of Lynam does not re- quire the same contradiction which fell upon Mr. Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 5Y5 Groves, because it destroys itself by its own intrin- sic inconsistency ; I could not, indeed, if it were to save my life, undertake to state it to you. It lasted, I think, about six or seven hours, but I have mai'ked under different parts of it, passages so grossly contradictory, matter so impossible, so inconsistent with any course of conduct, that it will be sufficient to bring these parts to your view, to destroy all the rest. But let us first examine in what manner this matter, such as it is, was re- corded. He professed to speak from notes, yet I observed him frequently looking up to the ceiling whilst he was speaking ; when I said to him, are you now speaking from a note ? Have you got any note of what you are now saying? He answered. Oh no, this is from recollection. Good God Almighty ! recollection mixing itself with notes in a case of high treason ! He did not even take down the words, nay, to do the man justice, he did not even affect to have taken the words, but only the substance, as he himself expressed it. O excellent evidence ! The substance of words taken down by a spy, and supplied, when defective, by his memory. But I must not call him a spy ; for it seems he took them honafide as a delegate, and yet Una fide as an informer ; what a happy com- bination of fidelity ! faithful to serve, and faithful to betray ! correct to record for the business of the society, and correct to dissolve and to punish it ! Digitized by Microsoft® 576' SPEECH OP ME. ERSKINE ON THE What, after all, do the Botes amount to 1 I will advert to the parts I allude to : they were, it seems, to go to Frith street, to sign the Declaration of the Friends of the Liberty of the Press, which lay there already signed hj between twenty and thirty members of the house of commons, and many other respectable and opulent men, and then they were to begin civil confusion, and the king's head and Mr. Pitt's were to be placed on Temple Bar. Immediately after which we find them resolving unanimously to thank Mr. Wharton for his sj)eech to support the glorious revolution of 1688, which supports the very throne that was to be destroyed ! which same speech they were to circulate in thousands for the use of the societies throughout the kingdom. Such incoherent, impossible mat- ter, proceeding from such a source, is unworthy of all further concern. Thus driven out of everything which relates to arms, and from every other matter which can possibly attach upon life, they have recourse to an expedient, which, I declare, fills my mind with horror and terror ; it is this : The Corresponding Society had, you recollect, two years before, sent delegates to Scotland, with specific instructions, peaceably to pursue a parliamentary reform ; when the convention which they were sent to was dis- persed, they sent no others, for they were arrested ' when only considering of the propriety of another Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 577 convention. It happened that Mr. Hardy was the secretary during the period of these Scotch pro- ceedings, and the letters consequently written by him, during that period, were all official letters from a large body, circulated by him in point of form. When the proposition took place for call- ing a second convention, Mr. Hardy continued to be secretary, and, in that character, signed the circular letter read in the course of the evidence, which appears to have found its way, in the course of circulation, into Scotland. This single circum- stance has been admitted as the foundation of re- ceiving in evidence against the prisoner, a long transaction imputed to one Watt, at Edinburgh, whose very existence was unknown to Hardy. This Watt had been employed by government as a spy, but at last caught a Tartar in his spy- ship ; for, in endeavoring to urge innocent men to a project which never entered their imaginations, he was obliged to show himself ready to do what he recommended to others ; and the tables being turned upon him, he was hanged by his employers. This man Watt read from a paper designs to be accomplished, but which he never intended to attempt, and the success of which he knew to be visionary. To suppose that Great Britain could have been destroyed by such a rebel as Watt, would ,be, as Dr. Johnson says, to expect that a great city might be drowned by the overflowing 37 B Digitized by Microsoft® 678 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKIPfE OK THE of its kennels. But whatever migM be the peril of Watt's conspiracy, what had Hardy to do with it ? The people with Watt were five or six per- sons, wholly unknown to Hardy, and not members of any society of which Mr. Hardy was a mem- ber; I vow to God, therefore, that I cannot ex- press what I feel, when I am obliged to state the evidence by which he is sought to be affected. A letter, viz., the circular letter signed by Hardy for calling another convention, is shown to Greorge Ross, who says he received it from one Stock, who belonged to a society which met in Nicholson street, in Edinburgh, and that he sent it to Perth, Strathaven, and Paisley, and other places in Scot- land ; and the single unconnected evidence of this public letter, finding its way into Scotland, is made the foundation of letting in the whole evidence, which hanged Watt, against Hardy, who never knew him. Government hanged its own spy in Scotland upon that evidence, and it may be suffi cient evidence for that purpose ; I will not argue the case of a dead man, and, above all, of such a man; but I will say, that too much money was spent upon this performance, as I think it cost government about fifty thousand pounds. M'Ewen says, that Watt read from a paper to a committee of six or seven people, of which he, the witness, was a member, that gentlemen, residing in the country, were not to leave their habitations under Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 579 pain of death ; that an attack was to be made in the manner you remember, and that the lord justice clerk, and the judges, were to be cut off by these men in buckram ; and then an address was to be sent to the king, desiring him to dismiss his ministers and to put an end to the war, or that he might expect bad consequences. What is all this to Mr. Hardy ? How is it possible to affect him with any part of this ? Hear the sequel, and then judge for yourselves. Mr. Watt said {i. e., the man who is hanged, said), after reading the paper, ' that he, Watt, wished to correspond with Mr. Hardy in a safe manner ; so that because a ruffian and a scoundrel, whom I never saw or heard of, chooses, at the distance of four hundred miles, to say, that he wishes to correspond with me, I am to be involved in the guilt of his actions ! It is not pi*oved, or insinuated, that Mr. Hardy ever saw, or heard of, or knew, that such men were in being as Watt or Downie ; nor is it proved, or asserted, that any letter was, in fact, written by either of them to Hardy, or to any other person. No such letter has been found in his possession, nor a trace of any connection between them and any member of any English society ; the truth I believe is, that nothing was intended by Watt but to entrap others to obtain a reward for himself, and he has been amply and justly rewarded. Gen- tlemen, I desire to be understood to be making no Digitized by Microsoft® 580 SPEECH OF ME. ERSKINE OK THE attacks upon government ; I have wished, through- out the whole cause, that good intentions may be imputed to it, but I really confess, that it requires some ingenuity for government to account for the original existence of all this history, and its subse- (|uent. application to the present trial. They went down to Scotland, after the arrest of the prisoners, in order, I suppose, that we might be taught the law of high treason by the lord justice clerk of Edinburgh, and that there should be a sort of re- hearsal to teach the people of England to admin- ister English laws ; for, after all this expense and preparation, no man was put upon his trial, nor even arraigned under the special commission in Scotland, but these two men ; one for reading this paper, and the other for not dissenting from it when it was read ; and, with regard to this last unfortunate person, the crown thought it was indecent, as it would indeed have been indecent and scandalous, to execute the law upon him ; as a gentleman upon his jury said, he would die rather than convict Downie without a recommendar tion of mercy, and he was only brought over to join in the verdict, under the idea that he would not be executed, and, accordingly, he has not suf- fered execution. If, Downie, then, was an object of mercy, or rather of justice, though he was in the very room with Watt, and heard distinctly the proposition, upon what possible ground can they Digitized by Microsoft® TKIAL OF THOMAS HAKDY. 581 demand the life of the prisoner at the bar, on account of a connection with the very same indi- vidual, though he never corresponded with him, nor saw him, nor heard of him, to whose very- being he was an utter stranger ? Gentlemen, it is impossible for me to know what impression this observation makes upon you, or upon the court ; but I declare I am deeply im- pressed with the application of it. How is a man to defend himself against such implications of guilt ? Which of us all would be safe, standing at the bar of God or man, if he were even to answer for all his own expressions, without taking upon him the crimes or rashnesses of others? This poor man has, indeed, none of his own to answer for ;' yet how can he stand safely in judgment before you, if, in a season of alarm and agitation, with the whole pressure of government upon him, your minds ai'e to be distracted with criminating materials brought from so many quarters, and of an extent which mocks all power of discrimination? I am con- scious that I have not adverted to the thousandth part of them ; yet I am sinking under fatigue and weakness, I am at this moment scarcely able to stand up whilst I am speaking to you, deprived as I have been, for nights together, of everything that deserves the name of rest, repose, or comfort. I therefore hasten, whilst yet I may be able, to Digitized by Microsoft® 582 SPEECH OF MK. EESKINE ON THE remind you once again of the great principle into which all I have been saying resolves itself. Grentlemen, my whole argument then amounts to no more than this, that before the crime of compassing the king's death can be found by you, the jury, whose province it is to judge of its exist- ence, it must be believed by you to, have existed in point of fact. Before you can judge a fact, you must believe it, not suspect it, or imagine it, or fancy it, but believe it, and it is impossible to im- press the human mind with such a reasonable and certain belief, as it is necessary to be impressed, before a Christian man can adjudge his neighbor to the smallest penalty, much less to the pains of death, without having such evidence as a reason- able mind will accept of, as the infallible test of truth. And what is that evidence ? Neither more nor less than that which the constitution has estab- lished in the courts for the general administration of justice ; namely, that the evidence convinces the jury, beyond all reasonable doubt, that the criminal intention, constituting the crime, existed in the mind of the man upon trial, and was the main- spring of his conduct. The rules of evidence, as they are settled by law, and adopted in its general administration, are not to be over-ruled or tamper- ed with. They are founded in the chariti-es of religion, in the philosophy of nature, in the truths of history, and in the experience of common life ; Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT, 583 and whoever ventures rasUy to depart from them, let him remember that it wiU be meted to him in the same measure, and that both God and man will judge him accordingly. These are arguments addressed to your reasons and consciences, not to be shaken in upright minds by any precedent, for no precedents can sanctify injustice ; if they could, every human right would long ago have been ex- tinct upon the earth. If the state trials in bad times are to be searched for precedents, what mur- ders may you not commit ; what law of humanity may you . not trample upon ; what rule of justice , may you not violate ; and what maxim of wise policy may you not abrogate and confound ? If precedents in bad times are to be implicitly follow- ed, why should we have heard any evidence at all ? You might have convicted without any evidence, for many have been so convicted, and in this man- ner murdered, even by acts of parliament. If pre- cedents in bad times are to be followed, why should the lords and commons have investigated these charges, and the crown have put them into this course of judicial trial ? since, without such a trial, and even after an acquittal upon one, they might have attainted all the prisoners by act of parliament ; they did so in the case of Lord Straf- ford. There are precedents, therefore, for all such things; but such precedents as could not for a moment survive the times of madness and distrac- Digitized by Microsoft® 584 SPEECH OF MK. EESKINE ON THE tion whicli gave tliem birth, but wMcli, as soon as the spurs of the occasions were blunted, were repealed, and execrated even by parliaments which (little as I may think of the present) ought not to be compared • with it ; parliaments sitting in the darkness of former times, in the night of freedom, before the principles of government were developed and before the constitution became fixed. The last of these precedents, and all the proceedings upon it, were ordered to be taken off the file and burnt, to the intent that the same might no longer be visible in after ages; an order dictated, no doubt, by a pious tenderness for national honor, and meant as a charitable covering for the crimes of our fathers. But it was a sin against posterity ; it was a treason against society, for, instead of commanding them to be burnt, they should rather have directed them to be blazoned in large letters upon the walls of our courts of justice, that, like the characters deciphered by the prophet of God, to the eastern tyrant, 'they might enlarge and blacken in your sights, to terrify you from acts of injustice. In times, when the whole habitable earth is in a state of change and fluctuation ; when deserts are starting up into civilized empires around you ; and when men, no longer slaves to the prejudices of particular countries, much less to the abuses of particular governments, enlist themselves, like the Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 585 citizens of an enlightened world, into whatever communities their civil liberties may be best pro- tected ; it never can be for the advantage of this country to prove, that the strict, unextended letter of her laws, is no security to its inhabitants. On the contrary, when so dangerous a lure is every- where holding out to emigration, it will be found to be the wisest policy of Great Britain to set up her happy constitution, the strict letter of her guardian laws, and the proud condition of equal freedom, which her highest and her lowest subjects ought equally to enjoy; it will be her wisest policy to set up these first of human blessings against those charms of change and novelty which the varying condition of the world is hourly dis- playing, and which may deeply affect the popula- tion and prosperity of our country. In times, when the subordination to authority is said to be everywhere but too little felt, it will be found to be the wisest policy of Great Britain, to instil into the governed an almost superstitious reverence for the strict security of the laws ; which, from their equality of principle, beget no jealousies or dis- content; which, from their equal administration, can seldom work injustice; and which, from the reverence growdng out of 'their mildness and an- tiquity, acquire a stability in the habits and affections of men, far beyond the force of civil obligation; whereas severe penalties, and arbi' Digitized by Microsoft® 586 SPEECH OP ME. EESKINE ON THE trary constructions of laws intended for security, lay the foundations of alienation from every human 2'overnment, and have been the cause of all the calamities that have come, and are coming upon the earth. Gentlemen, what we read of in books makes but'a faint impression upon ns, compared to what we see passing under our eyes in the living world. I remember the people of another country, in like manner, contending for a renovation of their con- stitution, sometimes illegally and turbulently, but still devoted to an honest end ; I myself saw the people of Brabant so contending for the ancient constitution of the good Duke of Burgundy ; how was this people dealt by ? All, who were only contending for their own rights and privileges, were supposed to be, of course, disaffected to the , emperor ; they were handed over to courts consti- tuted for the emergency, as this is, and the em- peror marched his army through the country till aU was peace ; but such peace as there is in Vesu- vius, or JEtna, the very moment before they vomit forth their lava, and roll their conflagrations over the devoted habitations of mankind ; when the French approached, the fatal effects were suddenly seen of a government of constraint and terror ; the well-affected were dispirited, and the disaffected inflamed into fury. At that moment the arch duchess fled from Brussels, and the Duke of Saxe- Digitized by Microsoft® TRIAL OF THOMAS HAEDT. 587 Teschen was seat express to offer the joyeuse ent/ree so long petitioned for in vain ; but the season of concession was past; the storm blew in every quarter, and the throne of Brabant departed for- ever from the house of Burgundy. Gentlemen, I venture to affirm, that, with other councils, this fatal prelude to the last revolution in that country might have been averted ; if the emperor had been advised to make the concessions of justice and affection to his people, they would have risen in a mass to maintain their prince's authority inter- woven with their own liberties ; and the French, the giants of modern times, would, like the giants of antiquity, have been trampled in the mire of their own ambition. In the same manner a far more splendid and important crown passed away from his majesty's illustrious brows — the imperial crown of America. The people of that country, too, for a long season, contended, as subjects, aind often with irregularity and turbulence, for what they felt to be their rights; and, O gentlemen! that the inspiring and immortal eloquence of that man, whose name I have so often mentioned, had then been heard with effect! what was his lan- guage to this country when she sought to lay burdens on America, — not to support the dignity of the crown, or for the increase of national reve- nue, but to raise a fund for the purpose of cor- ruption; a fund for maintaining those tribes of Digitized by Microsoft® 588 SPEECH OF ME. EESKINB OTST THE Mreling skip-jacks, which Mr. Tooke so well con- trasted with the hereditary nobility of England ! Though America would not bear this imposition, she would have borne any useful or constitutional burden to support the parent state. "For that service, for all service," said Mr. Burke, " whether of revenue, trade, or empire, my trust is in her interest in the British constitution. My hold of the colonies is in the close affection which grows from common names, from kindred blood, frojn similar privileges, and equal protection. These are ties which, though light as air, are as strong as links of iron. Let the colonies always keep the idea of their civil rights associated with your gov- ernments, they will cling and grapple to you, and no force under heaven will be of power to tear them from their allegiance. But let it be once understood, that your government may be one thing, and their privileges another ; that these two things may exist without auy mutual relation ; the cement is gone ; the cohesion is loosened ; and every thing hastens to decay and dissolution. As long as you have the wisdom to keep the sovereign authority of this country as the sanctuary of lib- erty, the sacred temple consecrated to our common faith, wherever the chosen race and sons of Eng- land worship freedom, they will turn their faces toward you. The more they multiply, the more friends you will have ; the more ardently they love Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HAEDY. 589 liberty, the more perfect will be their obedience. Slavery they can have anywhere. It is a weed that grows in every soil. They may have it from Spain, they may have it from Prussia. But until you become lost to all feeling of your true interest and your natural dignity, freedom they can have from none but you. This is the commodity of price, of which you have the monopoly. This is the true act of Eiavigation, which binds to you the com- merce of the colonies, and through them secures to you the wealth of the world. Is it not the same virtue which does every thing for us here in Eng- land ? Do you imagine then, that it is the land- tax act which raises your revenue ? that it is the annual vote in the committee of supply, which gives you your army ? or that it is the tnutiny bill which inspires it with bravery and discipline? No ! surely no ! It is the love of the people; it is their attachment to their government, from the sense of the deep stake they have in such a glori- ous institution, which gives you your army and your navy, and infuses into both that liberal obe- dience, without which your army would be a base rabble, and your navy nothing but rotten timber." Grentlemen, to conclude, my fervent wish is, that we may not conjure up a spirit to destroy ourselves, nor set the example here of what in another country we deplore. Let us cherish the old and venerable laws of our forefathers. Let our judicial Digitized by Microsoft® 590 SPEECH OF ME. EKSKINE ON THE administration be strict and pure ; and let the jury of the land preserve the life of a fellow-subject, who only asks it from them upon the same terms under which they hold their own lives, and all that is dear to them and their posterity for ever. Let me repeat the wish with which I began my ad- dress to you, and which proceeds from the very bot- tom of my heart ; may it please God, who is the author of all mercies to mankind, whose provi- dence, I am persuaded, guides and superintends the transactions of the world, and whose guardian spirit has forever hovered over this prosperous island, to direct and fortify your judgments. I am aware I have not acquitted myself to the unfortunate man, who has put his trust in me, in the manner I could have wished ; yet I am unable to proceed any further ; exhausted in spirit and in strength, but confident in the expectation of justice. There is one thing more, however, that, if I can, I must state to you, namely, that I will show, by as many witnesses as it may be found necessary or convenient for you to hear upon the subject, that the views of the Societies were what I have .alleged them to be ; that whatever irregularities or indis- cretions they might have committed, their purposes were honest; and that Mr. Hardy's, above all other men, can be established to have been so. I have, indeed, an honorable gentleman (Mr. Fran- cis) in my eye, at this moment, to be called Digitized by Microsoft® TEIAL OF THOMAS HARDY. 591 hereafter as a witness, who being desirous in his place, as a member of parliament, to promote an mqmry into the seditious practices complained of, Mr. Hardy offered himself voluntarily to come forward, proffered a sight of all the papers, which were afterwards seized in his custody, and ten- dered every possible assistance to give satisfaction to the laws of his country, if found to be offended. I will show likewise his character to be rehgious, temperate, humane, and moderate, and his uniform conduct all that can belong to a good subject, and an honest man. When you have heard this evi- dence, it will, beyond all doubt, confirm you in coming to the conclusion which, at such great length, for which I entreat your pardon, I have been endeavoring to support. Upon the conclusion of Mr. Erskine's speech, so power- fully had it affected the multitude of eager auditors that they burst into an irrepressible acclamation which spread through the vast multitude outside and was taken up and repeated to a great distance around. Thousands of people thronged the streets, all whose sympathies were in favor of the prisoner. So dense was the crowd that it was for some time impossible for the judges to reach theu- carriages. Mr. Erskine appeared and spoke to the multitude, asking moderation and desiring them to confide in the justice of the country; reminding them that their only security was Digitized by Microsoft® 692 THE VEEDIOT. under tte laws, and that any attempt to tliTvart or overawe their execution would endanger the lives of the accused. At his request the vast audience quietly dispersed, and the streets were speedily restored to their usual quiet. The trial continued to the 5th of November, the evidence for the prisoner being ably summed up by Sir Yicary Gibbs, to which the Solicitor-General, afterwards Lord Redesdale replied. The jury were charged by the Lord Chief Justice who presided over the commission, and returned a verdict of « Not GuUty." END OF VOL. II. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft®